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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics January 1984 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner The Monthly Labor Review is published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. Communications on editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212. Phone: (202) 523-1327. Subscription price per year—$26 domestic; $32.50 foreign. Single copy $5, domestic; $6.25, foreign. Subscription prices and distribution policies for the Monthly Labor Review (ISSN 0098-1818) and other Government publications are set by the Government Printing Office, an agency of the U.S. Congress. 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Ehrenhalt 1515 Broadway, Suite 3400, New York, N Y. 10036 Phone: (212) 944-3121 New Jersey New York Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Region III— Philadelphia: Alvin I. Margulis 3535 Market Street P.O. Box 13309, Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 Phone: (215) 596-1154 Delaware District of Columbia Maryland Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia Region IV—Atlanta: Donald M. Cruse 1371 Peachtree Street, N.E., Atlanta, Ga. 30367 Phone: (404) 881-4418 Alabama Florida Georgia Kentucky Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Region V—Chicago: William E. Rice 9th Floor, Federal Office Building, 230 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago, III. 60604 Phone: (312) 353-1880 Illinois Indiana Michigan Minnesota Ohio Wisconsin Region VI—Dallas: Bryan Richey Second Floor, 555 Griffin Square Building, Dallas, Tex. 75202 Arkansas Louisiana New Mexico Oklahoma Texas Regions VII and VIII— Kansas City: Elliott A. Browar 911 Walnut Street, Kansas City, Mo. 64106 Phone: (816) 374-2481 VII Iowa Kansas Missouri Nebraska VIII Colorado Montana North Dakota South Dakota Utah Wyoming January cover: Emblem marking the Centennial of Labor Statistics. Design by Richard Mathews https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Regions IX and X— San Francisco: Sam M. Hirabayashi 450 Golden Gate Avenue, Box 36017, San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Phone: (415) 556-4678 IX American Samoa Arizona California Guam Hawaii Nevada Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands X Alaska Idaho Oregon Washington MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW JANUARY 1984 LIBRARY VOLUME 107, NUMBER 1 JAN 3 1 1984 Henry Lowenstern, Eclitor-in-Chief Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor Janet L. Norwood 2 Centennial Richard J. McDonald 4 The ‘underground economy’ and BLS statistical data Critics argue that some BLS statistical data are significantly affected by unreported economic activity: Have they made their case? John J. Lacombe II, James R. Conley 19 Collective bargaining calendar crowded again in 1984 If trends continue, wage and benefit gains are likely to dominate the agenda, as contracts expire or are reopened for 38 percent of 8 million unionized workers George Ruben 33 Economy improves, bargaining problems persist in 1983 Wage gains were lower than in recent years and there were cuts as labor and management tried to overcome economic problems Joyanna Moy 44 Labor market developments in U.S. and nine other countries Unemployment declined in the United States and Canada, but reached postwar highs in Japan, Australia, and Western Europe Donato Alvarez, Brian Cooper https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 52 Productivity trends in manufacturing at home and abroad Output per hour increased in 1982 in the U.S. and 11 other industrial countries; unit labor costs, in U.S. dollars, rose 12 percent here relative to U.S. rivals Richard R. Nelson 59 State labor legislation enacted in 1983 In addition to employment standards, many of the major pieces of legislation addressed newer issues such as comparable worth and the closing of plants R EPORTS Craig Howell and others 76 Producer price trends continue moderate in the third quarter Arthur S. Herman 80 Productivity declined in 1982 in a majority of industries measured D E PAR TM EN TS 2 76 80 84 85 Labor month in review Anatomy of price change Productivity reports Major agreements expiring next month Current labor statistics https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CENTENNIAL century ago, in 1884, the Congress of the United States voted to establish a Bureau of Labor—later named the Bureau o f Labor Statistics. This innovative act marked government’s attem pt to establish a permanent and independent agency to “ collect inform ation” on the earnings and working conditions of “ laboring men and w om en.” However, data-gathering was not a new Federal activity. The government had conducted studies and hearings on economic and social problems earlier, and had taken a decennial census since 1790. But these activities lacked continuity—even the census. After each census was completed, the staff was disbanded until the next decade. The 1890 census was actually completed under the direction of the first b l s commissioner, Carroll Wright. Founded almost 20 years before the Bureau of the Census was established in 1902 as a separate and continuing agency, the Bureau o f Labor Statistics was thus a forerunner o f a Federal statistical establishment that now includes a number of agencies in departments and commissions throughout government. The act establishing the b l s was noteworthy in another way. It provided that the commissioner be appointed to a fixed 4-year term, unlike cabinet officers and other political appointees who served at the pleasure of the President. Thus, the b l s was assured of a measure of stability and independence that served its im partial and nonpolitical role during later periods o f uncertainty and controversy. The appointm ent of Wright, who had headed the Massachusetts Bureau of Labor, as the first commissioner established the tradition that the commissioner should be a social scientist, and W right’s leadership made for the early professionalization of the Bureau’s work. A history of the b l s , written by Joseph P. Goldberg and William T. Moye, will be published later this year as part of the Bureau’s centennial observance. Other special publications, conferences, and opportunities for Bureau staff and friends to m ark the occasion appropriately are also being planned for the centennial year. A his history shows how the Bureau has grown and evolved in response to changing conditions and changes in b l s leadership. It is a social and economic history as well as the history of an institution. The m ajor statistical programs conducted today by the b l s arose from clearly recognizable social needs. For example, during World W ar I the need to adjust wages in shipyards to rapidly rising prices led to the development of a cost-of-living measure that later became the Consumer Price Index ( c p i ) . Today, the c p i is used not only to adjust wages under collective bargaining agreements, but also to adjust social security payments as well as private agreements ranging from divorce settlements to a variety of commercial transactions. It is hard to think of the economic life of the country being carried out today without a Consumer Price Index. Similarly, during the depression of the 1930’s, perhaps a fourth of the labor force was unemployed—but no one knows precisely what proportion because there were no adequate statistical surveys to gather data on unemployment. The need for better inform ation to inform policymakers and the electorate and to assist in planning government programs led Congress in 1932 to increase the appropriation for b l s so that monthly data on hourly earnings and weekly hours could be collected from business establishments. Studies of industrial employment had been started by b l s in 1915 and had been gradually expanded. Today, payroll data on employment, hours, and earnings are gathered economy-wide under a cooperative Federal-State program covering 200,000 establishments and government. It was the depression, too, that led to the development of a T sophisticated household survey—conducted for b l s by the Census Bureau—that yields monthly data on employment and unemployment. The spread of collective bargaining during the 1930’s and 1940’s increased demand for data on wage rates in different areas for different occupations, data on strikes, and data on characteristics of collective bargaining agreements. Program s dealing with productivity measurement, economic growth, and occupational projections, and with occupational safety and health were also responses to expressed needs. centennial should serve as a period of stock-taking—an opportunity to reflect on what we can learn from history and a time to think about emerging problems and their implications for the next hundred years. I have tried to identify some of the ideas and principles that have guided the b l s over its first century. They have not been codified or collected in any one place, but explicitly or implicitly they are repeatedly confirmed in the history of the b l s . They suggest what the b l s stands for: * A commitment to objectivity and fairness in all of its data-gathering and interpretive and analytical work. W ithout this commitment—and public recognition of it—data will lack credibility and will lose its usefulness. * An insistence on candor at all times—full disclosure of the methods employed in obtaining and analyzing the data, clear explanations o f the limitations of the data, and a willingness to admit and correct errors should they occur. * Protection of confidentiality, b l s assures its respondents that the inform ation they provide will be kept confidential and used only for the purpose of statistical compilations. The willingness of employers to cooperate in b l s surveys is attributable in no small measure to the view that b l s can be trusted to protect its sources and handle the data professionally. * The pursuit of improvement. Research at the Bureau means not only gathering inform ation that will contribute to an understanding of economic and social trends, but it also means studying how to gather better inform ation more efficiently and present it more effectively. Along with other agencies in and out o f government, the Bureau has assiduously worked on problems of statistical methodology in order to improve the quality of inform ation obtained for public purposes. * Willingness to change Bureau programs to keep them relevant to changing economic and social conditions. * Finally, consistency. The b l s cannot afford to have good days and bad days. It must m aintain the highest standards of performance at all times. A n trying to live up to these ideals, the Bureau has been aided not only by the commitment of its staff but by the support of the Congress and successive secretaries of labor. Business and labor advisory committees have offered valuable counsel. The press, too, has been indispensable in disseminating the results of b l s surveys and special studies, and it has spoken up for the importance and independence of statistical research in government agencies. President Chester A rthur signed the bill creating the Bureau on June 27, 1884. The first commissioner, Carroll W right, took office in January 1885. As we enter our centennial year, we are heartened by the record of the Bureau’s first 100 years and determined to sustain the Bureau’s commitment for a second century. I January 1984 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Janet L. Norwood Commissioner o f Labor Statistics The “ underground economy’’ and BLS statistical data Critics have argued that BLS employment, price, and productivity indexes are significantly affected by unreported economic activity: Have they made their case? R ichard J. Mc Donald Over the past several years, a large number of books and articles on an “ underground economy,” have appeared.1 There is no generally agreed-upon definition of the activities that constitute this “ irregular economy,” but a common element is the absence of normal business recordkeeping, or— if records are kept— their unaccessibility, concealment, or falsification for tax avoidance or other reasons. Because the existence of an underground economy usually implies the existence of unrecorded economic activity, the idea has evolved that government statistics may be missing a sig nificant portion of economic activity. If data are deficient because of the existence and growth of an underground economy, then we may have erroneous ideas about economic trends in employment, output, pro ductivity, and inflation. Establishing the existence of a sub terranean economy, however, does not necessarily prove that government statistics are invalid. To determine whether a particular government statistic is affected also requires careful consideration of the way the data are gathered— the nature of the survey, what is known about responses to the survey, and the relation between economic activities that Richard J. McDonald is an economist in the Office of Research and Eval uation, Bureau of Labor Statistics. He was assisted in the preparation of this article by Jack E. Triplett, Associate Commissioner of that Office; Paul O. Flaim, Chief of the Division of Data Development and User Services, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics; and David Malmquist, formerly an economist in the Office of Productivity and Tech nology, who is with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Edward Denison and Edgar L. Feige provided helpful comments on an earlier draft. 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis may be covered by the survey and those that are not. Our review of the literature on the underground economy has convinced us that many of the critics of government statistics have simply not taken this necessary step. In many cases, they have done little more than form some estimate of the size of the underground economy and then jumped to the conclusion that various pieces of government statistical in formation must be in error. Careful consideration of some government surveys that have been attacked in this literature suggests that most of the claims of error reveal misunderstandings of vital aspects of the surveys. In short, the “ case” for error in government statistics is not nearly so strong as some critics make it out to be. This article evaluates statements made about the effect of the underground economy on Bureau of Labor Statistics ( b l s ) data. It reviews the pertinent literature on the under ground economy, and examines critically charges that var ious b l s data series may be flawed. No new empirical work has been undertaken, and no new data collection has oc curred. Further, no attempt has been made to assess the methods by which various writers have estimated the size of underground Gross National Product because this ground has been well covered by others.2 Finally, the large literature on tax avoidance and the potential loss of government rev enues, a major thrust of much of the underground economy literature, is covered only to the extent that it is directly relevant to b l s data measurement. Defining the underground economy As indicated, there is no general agreement as to which activities constitute the underground economy.3 The nar rowest view considers only government revenues lost when individuals or firms engaged in legal pursuits fail to comply with tax laws. A wider perspective includes economic ac tivity ordinarily included in official government statistics but which is excluded because those involved have reasons for false reporting. A still wider perspective includes illegal activities (proscribed drug sales, prostitution, and so on), treating them analogously to legal employments and out puts. The broadest perspective brings traditionally nonmar ket activities (such as housework) into the official statistical framework. The approach taken in this article is pragmatic. Each b l s data series has a concept being measured. We concentrate on examining the extent to which evidence on the under ground economy— by any definition— implies that these concepts may be mismeasured. We also look at whether the statistical concepts themselves give a distorted view of the “ true” economic situation. The principal b l s statistical series singled out by critics are the Consumer Price Index, series computed from the Current Population Survey (such as the unemployment rate, labor force participation rates, and employment levels), and the productivity measures. Series derived from the estab lishment-based survey of employment, hours and earnings, and so on, are mentioned only occasionally by critics, and then most often with respect to their use in compiling the productivity data. The Producer Price Index, wage measures such as the Employment Cost Index, and other data series are not specifically mentioned. Analysis of how any series might be affected by the ex istence of a large or growing underground economy is im possible without an understanding of how that series is constructed and what it is intended to measure. Thus the following discussion begins with a definition and brief de scription of each series, and then turns to an evaluation of critics’ positions. Consumer Price Index The Consumer Price Index ( c p i ) is a fixed-weight index of the prices of goods and services purchased by a particular population. One index refers to “ all urban consumers” and the other is a subset consisting of “ urban wage earners and clerical workers.” For both indexes, the expenditure weights currently in use were taken from the 1972-73 Consumer Expenditure Survey ( c e s ). (Weights have been updated at approximately 12-14 year intervals in the past.4) This sur vey was the first to include a diary component along with the traditional quarterly interviews of consumers, in order to capture more accurately small, frequently purchased com modities and services. Total consumer expenditures are grouped into strata of similar items; from these strata, probability samples of items https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis to be priced for the index are drawn. Prices are collected in retail outlets drawn from another continuing survey of consumers, the Point of Purchase Survey ( p o p s ) . 5 The se lection of items for which prices are collected is done by probability sampling within the outlets and the entire process is controlled in such a manner as to minimize biases from quality changes. There are three places in this process where the presence of an underground economy might influence the index: 1. The expenditure weights might be wrong, either be cause respondents to the c e s deliberately or through for getfulness misreported certain categories of expenditure (possibly including purchases from the underground econ omy), or because the composition of consumer expenditures has shifted toward underground purchases and is no longer accurately reflected by the weights.6 The bias this could create in the index depends on the extent to which expen ditures are misreported and on the sensitivity of the index to “ weighting effects.” 2. The selection of outlets from the p o p s may be dis torted. A majority of those few retailers excluded from the selection process used for choosing c p i outlets are dropped because their addresses turn out to be erroneous. Addition ally, it is sometimes apparent that a retail outlet picked up in the p o p s is unlikely to be locatable for repeated pricing (for example, college students painting houses or the person who sells watches on the street). It is then excluded from the outlet sample. These excluded cases may very likely be associated with “ underground” transactions. 3. The goods and services that b l s prices in retail outlets may not necessarily be representative of all goods and ser vices which are sold in those outlets (for example, plumbers who work during the day at one price and moonlight at another). Note, however, that b l s does not use the price levels in particular retail outlets, but only the price changes for comparable items from one month to the next. Only if prices in the underground sector are falling (or rising) rel ative to normal prices for the same goods and services will this factor make a difference. Thus, for the accuracy of price indexes for individual items generally, it is not the existence of an underground sector that matters, but whether the prices in that sector are moving differently from those in the mea sured sector. (There is a qualification to this to be discussed later.) The accuracy of c e s weights has been considered in sev eral studies. Independent estimates of consumer expendi tures are available from the Personal Consumption Expenditure ( p c e ) data in the Gross National Product Accounts compiled by the U.S. Department of Commerce. The p c e data are intended to represent the market value of goods and services purchased by private individuals and nonprofit institutions in the United States. The estimation procedure for the na tional accounts is considerably more roundabout than that used in the c e s . Roughly, production and sales values from economic censuses and other sources, and various estimates 5 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • The 'Underground Economy’ and BLS Statistics of values of services are traced through the economy using input-output analysis, with cost and profit margins added at each stage.7 In principle, the expenditures measured by the c e s should be exhaustive, containing everything measured in the p c e plus that part of the underground economy missed by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. However, for those com ponents of expenditure gathered in the interview component of the expenditure survey, recall is a problem, and those expenditures made in small amounts (for example, food and drink, personal care) tend to be underreported, even in the survey’s diary component. Robert Pearl compared the 1972-73 c e s results with re vised detailed p c e estimates for 1972.8 He stresses that a number of incomparabilities and conceptual disparities exist between the two bodies of data, and that the p c e estimates are “ subject to various errors and biases and considerable caution must be exercised in interpreting the results.” Pearl found that, on average, expenditures estimated by the c e s were 85-90 percent of the same categories of expenditures estimated by the p c e , w ith s o m e c a t e g o r ie s far b e lo w that. (See table 1.) Two categories where the effects of the un derground economy might most likely turn up— household services and home repairs and alterations— were both 4 percent greater in the c e s than in the p c e estimates. In view of the potential errors in both sets of estimates, it is not clear that the p c e is a reliable standard by which to measure the c e s . It is even more unclear whether the differences reflect underground activity. Judging statistical significance of differences between the c e s and p c e data is handicapped by p c e variance estimates not being available. However, 21 of 47 of the ratios in Table 1 indicate c e s p c e differences of 10 percent or less. There also remain small unreconciliable discrepancies between the definitions of categories in the two surveys. Data from the diary component of the continuing c e s has just been released by b l s . Comparisons with the 1972-73 c e s data and with current p c e data may shed additional light on this issue. Many of the more interesting categories of expenditure for this inquiry, however, are only included in the interview component of the continuing c e s , which will not be available until late this year. Even if there are errors of moderate size in the expenditure estimates, past research on “ weighting effects” indicates that it takes very large, disproportionate misreporting by categories to have an appreciable effect on the measurement Table 1. Ratio of consumer expenditures in the 1972-73 Consumer Expenditure Survey to those in the 1972 Personal Consumption Expenditures estimates Category Ratio Food purchases for home use............................................................................................ 85 Meat or poultry ..................................................................................................... 1.02 Eggs ................................................................................................................................95 Fresh m ilk ........................................................................................................................ 92 Bread and other fresh baked item s............................................................................... 88 Food staples (flour, sugar, shortening, canned milk, e tc .)......................................... 59 Fruits— fresh or processed............................................................................................ 86 Vegetables— fresh or processed.....................................................................................74 Purchased meals or snacks ...................................................................................... 1.07 Alcoholic beverages ........................................................................................................... 36 Small nonfood expenditures Products Items purchased mainly by homemaker (laundry and cleaning products, paper goods, etc.) ................................................................................................. 82 Items likely to be purchased by various members (toiletries, film, reading material, e tc .)............................................................................................ 55 Services Mainly responsibility of homemaker (laundry services, household help, etc.) .................................................................................... 1.04 Dispersed responsibility (hair care, shoe and watch repairs, sporting events, etc.) ............................................................................................ 54 Clothing expenditures ......................................................................................................... 73 Larger items (coats, suits, e tc .)............................................................................ 1.01 Medium and smaller articles (dresses, shirts, underwear, hosiery, e tc .)................... 66 Accessories (ties, handbags, gloves, e tc .) ........................................... ....................... 72 Footwear.............................................................................................. 77 Household appliances Major appliances (refrigerators, washers, television, e tc .) ......................................... 96 Minor appliances (toasters, hair dryers, radios, e t c .) ................................................. 75 Household furnishings Furniture.................................................................................................................. S ource : Réévaluation of the 1972-73 Consumer Expenditure Survey: A Further Examination Based on Revised Estimates of Personal Consumer Expenditures, 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 91 Category Ratio Other larger items (floor coverings, drapes, slipcovers, etc.) .................................... 81 Household linens (sheets, tablecloths, towels, e tc .)....................................................77 Smaller items (dinnerware, cookware, luggage, decorative items, . Automobile and other vehicle expenses Vehicle purchase...................................................................................................... 1.01 Gasoline and oil ...................................................................................................... 98 Tires and accessories....................................................................................................... 75 Vehicle repairs and maintenance..................................................................... 91 Vehicle insurance ................................................................................................. 93 Housing expenses R ent........................................................................................................................... Mortgage payments and taxes ........................................................................ Home repairs and alterations............................................................................... 1.06 1 02 1 04 Fuel costs (fuel oil, bottled gas, coal, e tc .).......... ................................... Health expenditures Hospital services.......................................................................... Physician, dental, and nther professional services Drugs and medicines .................................................................. Medical supplies and appliances Health insurance premiums..................................................................... Other expenditures Education tuition and fe e s ...................................................... Trips and vacations .................................................................. Public transportation ........................................................................ 76 76 Qfi 96 72 1 10 82 1 02 Miscellaneous Large items (pianos, organs, funeral costs) .............................................. Moderate items (musical instruments, sporting equipment, appliance repairs)................................................................ Watches and jewelry ................................................................ Moving and storage costs.................................... .......... Technical Paper No. 46 (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1979), pp. 7-8. 53 96 81 48 51 of the rate of inflation. Several researchers, among whom are Robert Michael and Robert Hagemann, have calculated cpi-type indexes for a wide variety of different expenditure weights. While some differences in levels show up over a period of time, they are small relative to the overall rate of inflation. In reconciling differences between the c p i and the p c e Deflator (the index used by b e a to deflate the p c e ), Jack E. Triplett compares current- and base-weighted in dexes and also finds that alternative weighting patterns cause very small differences in measured rates of inflation (less than two-tenths of a percentage point). Steven Braithwait compared a fixed-weight index with an estimated cost-ofliving index in which weights implicitly shift with changing expenditure patterns and found very small deviations from this source for the aggregate index. These studies do not mean that weighting never matters in a price index measurement. It does. The studies indicate that measured price movements are relatively insensitive to actual patterns of weights that are drawn from a variety of expenditure data sources, and that reflect weight differences that actually occur between groups of consumers and in different periods. Accordingly, the probability that weight ing errors from under-reporting will appreciably affect price indexes is very low. The potential for systematic bias in the Point-of-Purchase Survey is difficult to assess. As mentioned earlier, some of the retail outlets provided by respondents in the p o p s can not be traced when an attempt is made to locate them for price collection. It is impossible to determine, however, whether this is because they are part of the underground economy, the normal fluidity of the regular economy, or simply, erroneous reporting of addresses by respondents. We are aware of little direct evidence on the price levels in the underground economy, much less on the rate of change relative to regular economy prices. Edgar Feige and Jeffrey Nichols infer that prices are 20-40 percent lower under ground.9 Feige reasons that most underground transactions go untaxed, and current marginal tax rates are roughly in the 20-40 percent range for relevant underground suppliers. Consequently, he feels that sellers would be willing to pass along about that much advantage to buyers. To reach this conclusion, Nichols relies on his own informal survey of purchases of commodities such as fruits and vegetables, denim jeans, small appliances, plumber’s and electrician’s services, and so on, in New York City. Carl Simon and Ann Witte claim that lower prices in the underground economy have caused us to overstate infla tion. 10 Their only analysis of price measurement, however, is with respect to the fencing of stolen goods.11 They claim that “ price discounts are substantial with retail and whole sale buyers receiving discounts as high as 80 percent of the legitimate price.” However, they present no evidence on differences in rates of change in prices in the underground and regular economies. Peter Gutmann, on the other hand, agrees that price levels https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis might be lower in the underground economy, but disagrees on the net effect of that economy on the c p i . He thinks that prices are rising faster underground than in the regular econ omy12 because the underground economy is concentrated in those sectors of the economy— retailing services and con struction— where productivity growth has been least. He also claims that if all underground transactions were sud denly included in the c p i — he is implicitly assuming that they are all excluded now— there would be a once and for all drop in the index, and then the index would rise at a faster rate than otherwise, because of the difference in rates of change. Like the others, Gutmann offers no firm evidence on the difference in price levels. Feige disagrees with Gutmann’s reasoning;13 he points out that it is based on mea sured productivity growth, which he thinks is biased by the growth in the underground economy. Although they disagree on the direction of the effect on measured inflation, both Feige and Gutmann conclude that its quantitative impact is small.14 The other possibility— that price levels are lower in the underground, and that a growing share of consumer expen ditures are taking place there— has been advanced by Feige, Gutmann, Nichols, and Simon and Witte. The first point is if the weights are wrong but stay the same year to year, the error in the price index will be small. Only if the share of expenditure in the underground economy grows steadily larger will it have a continuing effect on the c p i . 15 Even if this is the case, it makes a great deal of difference how it is happening. If consumers are shifting between the fixedweight expenditure categories (there are 265 of them) then there is a possible weighting effect, since these weights are held constant. In this case, the preceding discussion of weighting effects in price indexes applies. And studies have invariably shown small effects. But if the shift is taking place within expenditure categories (that is, from “ above ground” to “ underground” plumbing repair), then the effect is much less clear. The continuing p o p s allows us to gather prices from the retail outlets from which consumers are currently purchasing, and the retail outlets actually priced for the index continually change to reflect shifting consumer patronage of retail establishments. The most transient of these outlets are likely to be excluded from the price col lection process. We conclude that the way the c p i is designed means that much of the evidence on prices in the underground economy has no clear implications for the measured rate of inflation. Unemployment rate and other cps data Feige, Gutmann, and Simon and Witte have all argued that the unemployment rate, as measured, is too high— Gutmann suggests by 1Vi to 2 percentage points— and em ployment measures too low because of the existence of a large underground economy. Others, notably Louise Bemdt, Barry Molefsky, and Peter Reuter, have expressed skepti7 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • The ‘Underground Economy’ and BLS Statistics cism about these claims. Before examining the arguments presented by the various writers, we will sketch the process by which the unemployment rate and other labor estimates are constructed. Survey description. The monthly Current Population Sur vey ( c p s ) of the (J.S. Bureau of the Census uses a stratified probability sample of living quarters representative of the civilian noninstitutional population of the United States. About 60,000 households are interviewed each month. Each housing unit remains in the sample for 16 calendar months, but is sampled for eight (in a four months in, eight out, four in rotation). The regeneration of the sampling frame is stag gered so that an eighth of the sample, called a rotation group, is replaced every month. The first interview for each house hold is carried out in person when possible, while a greater proportion of later interviews are by telephone. The re spondent in the household is asked questions about all mem bers of the household. Among other questions (concerning age, education, mar ital and veterans status, and so forth), the respondent is asked a series of questions concerning the major activities of each person in the household who was 16 years of age or older during the previous week. (See exhibit 1, a facsimile of this portion of the c p s questionnaire.) The respondent’s answers are used to place the individuals in one of three mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories: employed, unemployed, or out of the labor force. The respondents are not asked directly to place the respective household mem bers in these categories, however. Rather, specific questions are asked about labor force activities during recent weeks and the reasons for them. The first relevant question for labor force status (number 19) asks what the household member was doing most of last week. The many parts of the next question uncover, among other things, if the household member worked at all last week (excluding housework). Question 21 inquires about temporary absences from work and the reasons for them (layoff, illness, vacation, and so forth). Question 22 con cerns job search. First it is determined whether household members who had not worked at all the previous week and were not temporarily absent from work (including layoff) had looked for work in the past 4 weeks. The type of search activity engaged in (if any) is then determined, and then the line of questioning goes into other related matters, including (for those in the outgoing rotation group) earnings. The answers to these questions determine each eligible household member’s labor force status: people are counted as employed if during the past week they worked at least 1 hour as paid employees or in their own business, profession or farm, or for at least 15 hours as unpaid workers in a family-operated enterprise, or if they had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management dispute, or var ious personal reasons. Each employed person is counted 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis only once, no matter how many jobs they might have worked at during the week. Individuals are classified as unemployed only if they meet all the following conditions: they did not work at all during the survey week, and were looking for work (had made specific efforts to find work within the preceding 4-week period) or were on layoff, and were avail able for work during the reference period (except for tem porary illness). All civilians 16 years of age and older who are not classified as employed or unemployed are defined as being not in the labor force. This concept of employment is all-embracing, and, at least in theory, would arguably cover most of the activities that are generally associated with the underground economy. There are no questions in the c p s about the legality or propriety of one’s work, and it is not known to what extent illegal or quasi-illegal activities are reported. Interviewers report that some activities generally considered illegal (pros titution, for example) are occasionally reported to them, but there are obvious reasons to suspect that such activities are not well reported. Some persons engaged in illegal activities may report themselves as engaged in an entirely different and legal type of work. It is, of course, also possible that some legal activities may go unreported because of apprehension that disclosure may lead to a loss of some benefits— such as unemployment insurance, food stamps, welfare payments, social security benefits— or to an increase in tax liabilities. Kenneth W. Clarkson and Roger E. Meiners speculated that unemploy ment was overstated in the c p s because respondents who should have been classified “ out of the labor force” were fearful that they would lose benefits unless they indicated they were looking for work.16 This possibility was not sup ported by c p s evidence.17 While all respondents in the c p s are assured that the information they provide will be used only for statistical purposes, we know from having observed the interviewing process that some respondents are still not convinced. Recent trends. While there is still relatively little respon dent resistance to c p s questions on employment activities, the refusal rate— the proportion of households which refuse to participate in the survey— has edged upward from 0.8 percent in 1960, to 1.6 percent in 1970, and to 2.5 percent in 1982.18 This might be symptomatic of growing reluctance by part of the population to report their labor force activity. In fact, some writers on the underground economy have speculated that the well-documented decline in labor force participation among adult men might reflect concealment of some employment activities.19 Over the past two decades, the rates for men 25 to 54 have behaved as follows: M en 2 5 -3 4 ........... M en 3 5 - 4 4 ........... M en 4 5 - 5 4 ........... 1960 1970 1980 C hange (1 9 6 0 -8 0 ) 97.5 97.7 95.7 96 .4 96 .9 94.2 95.3 95.5 91.2 - 2 .2 - 2 .2 - 4 .5 Exhibit 1. Extract from Current Population Survey interviewer Schedule 18. L IN E N U M B ER 19. What was . . . . doing most o f LAST W EEK - H a s . . •. been looking for w ork business from which he/she during the past 4 weeks? (Note: I f farm or business was temporarily absent or No O Yes O / ___ Going to school or something else? did . . . work at all jobs? 20B. IN T E R V IE W E R Going to school......................S C H EC K IT E M Unable to work (Skip to 24). .U 49 Retired.....................................R Other (Specify)..................... OT \ O 1 -3 4 (Skip to item 23) O (G o to 20C) f 3 5 -4 8 O / (Go to 22) Yes O No O / ---------------------------------------- 0 0 3 3 3 * * 5 5 w o r1 c\A S T WEEK? Bad weather. Labor dispute.. . . O Indefinite layoff or slack work? H ow many hours did . . . take off? , O n ot already deducted; salary for any o f the tim e What is the reason i f 20A reduced below 35, o ff LA ST WEEK? . . . U S U A L L Y works correct 20B and fill 20C; less than 3 5 hours otherwise, skip to 23.) No O -V- (Mark the appropriate reason) Self-employed 20E. Did . . . w ork any overtime Slack w o r k ............................... O or at more than one job Material shortage....................... O LA ST WEEK? O New job started during week .. O Job terminated during week... O Yes O / No Could find only part-time work O necessary i f extra hours Holiday (Legal o r religious) . . . . O not already included and skip to 23.) Labor d isp u te........................... O O Own illness............................... O On vacation............................... O No O «r % E \ ? 7 8 8 9 9 5 5 6 6 Ref. Yes O ■ ^ IN D U S T R Y Full-time work week under 35 h o u rs ................... O Other reason (Specify) ............... O O (Skip to 23 and enter job No O o o o Did not want full-tim e work. .. O O O F o G H o o J K o o o L M o Yes O Wanted temporary work O Other (Specify in notes) O q q has . . . been looking j j for work? g g did . . . start looking ^ g g 0 0 I I 8 8 3 3 3 ° r 4- ‘h ■ ® O Part 5 6 ? 8 9 Ref. 5 6 ? 8 9 O N P o o Q R o ■ g g Yes.......................... O _ Maybe —it depends O 5 S T 6 U ? V 8 9 w X Y z (Skip to 25D ) 25C . H ow much Dollars Cents O earn 0 0 0 0 O per hour? I I 33 2 a 3 3 3 does . . . O O O I (Skip to 24E) ( 5 5 5 G G ? ? 8 8 ? ? 8 8 0 0 (A sk^SD ) 24D . What are the reasons . . . is not looking for work? (Mark each reason mentioned) 25 D . H ow much does . U S U A L L Y earn per week at this Couldn't find any w ork.................... ® 0 o o o o o o o o O Temporary illness . . . . O O 0 0 deductions? I I nclude any 8 8 8 3 3 3 O Employers think too young or too old......... O or tips usually 5 3 5 Other pers. handicap in finding job O received. 6 6 6 ? ? ? 8 :8 8 9 9 overtim e pay, commissions, $ Family responsibilities...................... O 22F. When did . . . last w ork at a fu ll-tim e job or business lasting 2 consecutive weeks or more? 0 I Lacks nfec. schooling, training, skills or experience. . . . Can't arrange child care.................... O j Going to school........... O (o th e r (Specify in notes) O W ithin last 12 months (Specify) . . 3 4• ^ G 6 5 ( ._ / (Go to \ g g O 1 I °r °c (Specify in notes) N o .......................... Don't k n o w ........... ^ i Already has a job........ (M onth) 0 ( G o to 2 5 C ) O 24C. Does. . . want a regular jo b now, either fu ll-o r part-time? 3 3 q . or for work? No O Temporary nonseasonal job completed. . . . Unsatisfactory work arrangements (Hours, pay, etc.) O ther.............................................. 22E. Is there any reason w hy . . . could not take a job LA ST WEEK? 1 C D O O Quit j o b ......................... Left school..................... Full | o o O job B EFOR E (Skip to 23) A B Too busy w ith housework, school, personal bus., etc. .. Lost job........................... 22 D . Has . . . been looking for full-tim e o r part-time work? held last week) 0 0 0 X I I 8 8 8 3 3 0 on this job? was . . . laid off? O 5 G 25B . Is . . . paid by the hour Health.............................................. O at this job? Yes O (Correct 20A and 20B as Bad weather.............................. O ? ? How many extra hours d id . . .w ork? 5 G ■ 8? 8? ™ Retirement or old a g e ................... 3) H ow many weeks ago 21C . Does . . . usually work 3 5 hours or more a week Plant or machine repair............. Q O ) . * } (Skip to O t 24C) Slack work or business conditions 2) How many weeks ago c 3 ?r or was there some other reason? 22C . 1) How many weeks © c 3 fin d , pregnancy) or school. 2 1 B. Is . . . getting wages or (Correct 20A i f lost time © U SU A LLY w ork at this job? O \ O ' or q uit a job at that tim e (pause) / a week? per week does . . . Seasonal job completed................. O Other (Specify) . . 2 or 6 (Go to 2 5 A ) Personal, family CETA, union o r prof, register, e tc .). ................. )(S kip to \ 22C3) (30 days or more o r no def. recall date) ................ 1,3, 4, 5, 7 or d f Skip to 26) O 24B . W hy did . . . leave th at job? Other (Specify in notes, e.g., . . . worked fess than No | for work? Was it because . . . lost such as illness, holiday 3 5 hours LA ST W EEK? Never worked.......... .. 22B. W hy did . . . start looking (Under 3 0 days) W EEK for any reason What is the reason 5 or more years ago . . Temporary layoff take any tim e o ff LAST Yes O 3 up to 4 years ago . . . 4 up to 5 years ago. . . O O / 2 5 A . H ow many hours O \ 1 up to 2 years ago .. t O f 2 up to 3 years ago . . . O >(Go to 24B) O Placed or answered ads............ O Nothing (Skip to 2 4 ) . ............... O New jpb to begin (skip to within 30 days O 22B and number is: part-time? O friends or relatives . . First d ig it o f S E G M E N T regular job o r business, either fu ll-o r W ithin past 12 months pvt. employ, agency (Rotation number) 2 4 A . When did . . . last work for pay at a employer directly - • • O G6 ?? 8 8 00 25. IN T E R V IE W E R C H E C K IT E M 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 or 8 (Skip to 26) O 2 or 6 (Go to 2 4 A ) -----------------------........................ Checked with — On vacation. . (Go to 20D ) Yes O (G o to 24) pub. employ, agency 20D . Did . . . lose any tim e or hours or more a week at this job? O methods used; <jo not read list.) 22C2) 20C. Does . . . U S U A L L Y w ork 35 O (Rotation number) First d igit o f S E G M E N T number is: 4 weeks to find work? (M ark ql[ X 3 No V 22 A . W hat has . . . been doing in the last 21 A. W hy was . . . absent from I LA ST W EEK With a job but not at work .. j Looking for w ork................. LK Keeping house........................ H j — Yes O on layo ff LA ST W EEK? (Go to 21) 20 A . H o w many hours Working (Skip to 20A ) . .. .WK 24. IN T E R V IE W E R CH EC K ITEM | Did . . . have a job or w ork around the house? unpaid work.) ) Keeping house 22. ( I f t K i n 19, Skip to 2 2 A .) LA ST W EEK , not counting operator in hh., ask about i W orking ( 21. ( I f J in 19, •skip te 2J A .p 20. Did . . . do any w o rk at all In school or other training............... O III health, physical disability............ O Other (Specify in n o tes) ................... O 9 25E . On this job, is . . . a member o f a labor union or o f ap O employee association similar to a union? /" One to five years ago..................... O More than 5 years ago................... O Never worked full-tim e 2 wks. or more............ O Never worked at a ll .............. > . . . O (SK IP to 23. I f la y o ff entered in 21 A, enter job, either fu ll or part time, from which laid off. Else enter last fu ll time iob lasting 2 weeks or more, or “never worked.") Don't kn o w ....................................... Yes O No O O 24E. Does . . . intend to look fo r work o f any kind in the n ext 12 months? j|$ (Skip to 26) (A s k 2 5 F ) 2 5 F . On this job, is . . . covered Y e s.................................. It depends (Specify in notes) O O N o ......................................... Don't know .......................... O O by a union or employee association contract? Yes O No O ( I f entry in 24B, describe jo b in 23. otherwise, skip to 26) ( (Go to 26) Ì 23. D E S C R IP T IO N OF JOB OR B USINESS 23 A . For whom did . . . work? (Name o f company, business, organization or other employer.) 23E. Was this person 23 F . IN T E R V IE W E R o . .F O ( . s o i . ; .L o C H EC K IT E M bus., or individual for wages, salary or comm. . . P 23B. What kind o f business or industry is this? (F o r example: T V and radio mfg., retail shoe store, State Labor Dept., farm.)\ A FEDERAL government employee................... A STATE government employee......................... A LOCAL government employee......................... ^ 1 23 F ) [ 23C. What kind o f work was . . . d o i n g F o r example: electrical engineer, stock clerk, typist, farmer.) Self-empJ. in OWN bus., prof, practice, or farm ■ 23 D . What were . . .'s most im portant activities or duties at this job? (F o r example: types, keeps account books, files, sells cars, operates printing press, finishes concrete.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . SE 9O l Ypc Working WITHOUT PAY in fam. bus. or farm. . .WP NEVER WORKED................................................ NEV O O Is the business incorporated? \ . I N o ............. 1 Entry (or NA) in item 20A ! Entry (or NA) in item 21B ( (Go to 25 /■ at top o f l posc> j , (Skip 1 A ll other cases l to 26 ) ; 9 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • The ‘Underground Economy’ and BLS Statistics Labor force participation for black men 20 years of age and over has dropped from about 85 percent in 1960 to about 75 percent in 1980. On the other hand, it should be noted that there has not been an intensification of many of these trends in recent years. The refusal rate in the c p s has been at its current level since about 1976, and the partici pation rates for men 25 to 54, after falling for decades, have also been relatively stable since the mid-1970’s. John Cogan has examined the declining employment-topopulation ratio for black teenagers. He attributes much of the decline from 1950 to 1970 to the drying up of oppor tunities for low-skilled agricultural labor, and not to the increasing concentration of black teenagers in central cit ies.20 The following tabulation, which Cogan developed from Censuses of Population, compares the changes in the black teenagers’ employment ratios from 1950 to 1970 for total and agricultural employment, both for the United States and for four regions.21 U nited States .......................... N ortheast ............................ N orthcentral ..................... S o u t h .................................... W est .................................... ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. Total -1 9 .6 2.6 - .3 -2 7 .0 1.3 A gricultural -2 0 .2 - .8 - 1.0 -2 6 .4 - 6 .7 Cogan admits, however, that this explanation does not hold for the 1970’s when black teenage employment-to-population ratios continued to decline, while the corresponding rates for white teenagers went up. He concludes that this puzzle remains unresolved. Various recent studies have explained participation rate declines by pointing to the greater ease with which workers can now qualify for disability benefits,22 increased schooling and training, and earlier retirement. The possibility, how ever, that part of these declines may be associated with the nonreporting of underground economic activity cannot en tirely be discounted. Simon and Witte address this issue. They assert: “ Our research leads us to believe that minority teenage unemployment is particularly overstated, since rel atively large numbers of young minority group members find employment in the underground economy.” 23 Nowhere in their book, however, do they present evidence that these teenagers show up as unemployed in the CPS. Only if underground economic activity is the primary job would it possibly affect data in the household survey. That is, if the alleged increase in underground economic activity is in the form of secondary jobs, the fact that it may go unreported would have no impact on the basic measurements of employment— and of unemployment— so long as the first or principal job is reported correctly. The only statistical bias that would result would be an underestimation of hours worked, or total labor input. But establishment-based data are used to measure labor input for many purposes. There is as yet relatively little respondent resistance to CPS questions concerning employment. There is clearly, 10 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis however, more reluctance to answering questions concern ing earnings, even when these relate only to one’s principal job. For example, failures to respond to questions on usual weekly earnings, now asked monthly of one-fourth of the c p s sample, have been running in the 16-20 percent range. In such cases, earnings are imputed by assuming that non respondents earn as much as persons of the same charac teristics who reported their earnings. (Experimentally, this method has proven to work well in predicting the earnings of workers whose earnings were known, but questions have recently been raised as to whether the method performs as well in predicting the earnings of nonrespondents.24) For the workers whose earnings are reported, a special test made in 1977 indicated an average underreporting of 3 to 5 percent relative to payroll records for the same workers.25 These more sophisticated response problems in the c p s have not, so far as we can tell, motivated the underground economy researchers, and provide little or no support for the particular hypotheses they have advanced. Benchmarking. An analysis of the structure of responses to the c p s can provide insight into labor force statistics expressed in the form of rates, such as the unemployment rate or labor force participation rates. But to examine the levels of employment, unemployment, and so on, the prac tice of “ benchmarking” must be considered; that is, the responses from the survey are not used to estimate labor force levels. Instead they are adjusted to independent pop ulation estimates using Decennial Census of Population fig ures and inter-censal projections. If these “ benchmarks” are in error, the level estimates will be correspondingly affected. During the 1970's, the inter-censal projections did not perform as well as in the past. By April 1980, the month the decennial Census was conducted, these projections turned out to be much lower than the actual population counts obtained in the Census. In preliminary reports on the average problem in the Census itself, the Bureau of the Census concludes that reasonably reliable estimates of the under count can now be made only for the black population, and for this group the estimates are in the 5 -6 percent range.26 For the rest of the population, the undercount question is clouded by the difficulty of obtaining good data on the num ber of illegal immigrants. It is very difficult to relate Census coverage and illegal immigration issues to the question of the underground economy. Critics. Many writers have claimed that the existence of the underground economy causes the measured unemploy ment rate to be too high. Few, however, seem to have considered how the unemployment rate is measured and fewer still, how respondents answer particular questions. We have seen, for example, that respondents are never asked to directly categorize household members as unemployed. In addition, some writers appear unaware of the distinction between the official unemployment rate calculated from the Current Population Survey, and the unemployment rate that can be computed using the Unemployment Insurance system data, c p s definitions of the unemployed are different from insured definitions (benefit claimants). Feige has stated, “ . . . unemployment statistics are al most certain to overestimate the true situation,” but gives no reason for this statement except to include it in a list of “ unavoidable implications” of his estimates of the size of the underground economy.27 As we have noted, the impli cations of any presumed level or type of underground ac tivity must be considered within the context of the way the c p s measures unemployment. In this early paper, Feige mentions the c p s only in reference to the high nonresponse rate on earnings questions. But as we have stated, earnings questions are only asked after the questions about labor force status, which have unremarkable nonresponse rates. In a later paper28, Feige elaborates on his earlier claim. His reasoning concerns the illegal acquisition of unemploy ment benefits: M easured unem ploym ent rates are also expected to be tem po rarily increased by shifts o f resources into the unobserved sector. W orkers finding em ploym ent opportunities in the unobserved sector are likely to leave, lose, or not report their form er jobs and at least tem porarily enjoy the benefits o f unem ploym ent in surance.29 This quotation seems to link responses on the c p s to claims for unemployment benefits. He gives no indication in either paper of how particular non-response patterns might affect the official unemployment rate measured by b l s . Simon and Witte also conclude that unemployment is mismeasured (along with other official economic statistics): “ Because the prices are often lower and employment is high in the underground economy, we have overestimated official inflation and unemployment.” 30 Their analysis is based on detailed case studies of various sectors of the underground economy, rather than on indirect inferences from financial data, but they fail to document their claims about the un employment rate. On illegal gambling they say “ As men tioned earlier, illegal gambling organizations can benefit society by providing employment for tens of thousands of individuals who are officially listed as being unem ployed.” 31 They cite Lawrence Kaplan’s and J. Maher’s estimate that 10,000-100,000 New York City residents are employed in the “ numbers” business.32 On loansharking they say “ The loan shark industry also provides employment opportunities for a large number of people— many of whom may be listed as ‘unemployed’ on official employment rec ords.” 33 Leaving aside the questionable assumption (in each instance) that those employed in illegitimate activities have not been diverted from other productive pursuits, nowhere do they present evidence that many of those so employed are miscounted as unemployed by c p s interviewers, nor do they discuss c p s procedures in making their estimates. They fail to distinguish between unemployment as measured by https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the c p s and the receipt of illegal u i benefits. Their only comments on the c p s accuracy occur in their concluding chapter: ” . . . given current laws, we will probably be unsuccessful in encouraging the drug sellers, thieves, pimps, prostitutes, fences, etc. of this sector to report their em ployment status accurately to the interviewers of the Current Population Survey.” 34 Again, nowhere in their book do they discuss the incentives those illegally employed might have to try and get themselves classified in the c p s as un employed, as opposed to concocting a cover story for the benefit of probers into their private affairs (or simply re fusing to participate in the survey). (These comments also apply to the remarks earlier on black teenage unemploy ment.) Gutmann claimed that the actual unemployment rate for April 1978 was not 5.8 percent as announced by b l s , but 4.3 percent or 1.5 percentage points lower.35 His calcula tions reveal, however, that he attributed only one-third of this difference to the underground economy. The other twothirds were arrived at by using a differential weighting for part-time workers and by making further assumptions about the amount of unemployment attributable to liberal welfare policies. In making the underground-economy adjustments, Gut mann adds 2.16 million persons to the denominator (civilian labor force) and subtracts 310,000 from the numerator (un employment level). His reasoning is that during 1961-1977, there was a 2-percentage point decline in labor force par ticipation among prime-age males, most of whom, in his opinion, simply “ went off the books.” To estimate the total number of persons in this category. Gutmann states, “ we apply the two percent drop in labor force participation to the total labor force of 98.87 million, obtaining 1.98 million who work on a full or part-time basis exclusively in the subterranean sector, while they are officially not in the labor force.” 36 But Gutmann applies the 2-percent adjustment to the en tire labor force, including groups— such as young women— whose labor force participation rates had actually risen dra matically over the period. Thus Gutmann implies that the actual growth in women’s participation rates was even faster than measured by b l s . H o w this can be rationalized, he does not say. In his next step, Gutmann subtracts from the unemploy ment level and adds to the labor force his estimate of the number of persons receiving unemployment insurance while “ working off the books.” Making his own adjustment to some data from the Unemployment Insurance Service on the number of claimants found to be working in 1977, he pegs their number at 350,000, or approximately 13 percent of the 1977 insured unemployment level. Then adjusting for full-time/part-time status, he reduces their number to 310,000. Gutmann makes a clear conceptual error when he sub tracts these persons from the unemployment level, and adds 11 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • The ‘Underground Economy’ and BLS Statistics them to the labor force. Since the labor force is the sum of the employed and the unemployed, these 310,000 were al ready a part of it and should not be added again. So the Gutmann methodology clearly would be faulty even if all of his assumptions were correct. He is also assuming that all individuals collecting illegal ui benefits would be counted as unemployed in the c p s . Gutmann has strong views about how individuals col lecting benefits would respond to the c p s : The governm ent naively takes for granted that the questions are answ ered with the gospel truth. But there is a great deal o f incentive to do otherw ise. Put bluntly, plenty o f respondents lie; they lie consistently, and they lie with good reason. Will som eone collecting unem ploym ent insurance— but also w orking “ off the b o o k s,” paid in cash in the subterranean econom y— tell the C ensus interview er that he is, in fact em ployed? O f course not. He know s that w hat he is doing is illegal. Will som eone collecting w elfare benefits, who has been required to register for em ploym ent as a condition for receiving such ben efits, tell the C ensus interview er that he is, in fact, not looking for w ork? O f course not! He know s that he is supposed to be tossed out o f the program if he fails to look for work. But these groups would be only a small part of his under ground economy total. Even if those collecting benefits were to respond this way, their benefits would run out eventually, and the incentive to lie would disappear. Louise Berndt, on the other hand, has argued that because of the questions actually asked in the c p s , the employment numbers probably include individuals engaged in under ground work: T heoretically the c p s estim ates o f em ploym ent should classify irregular w orkers as em ployed. No questions are asked regarding unem ploym ent insurance paym ent, a f d c , social security, dis ability or any incom e received other than through the jo b . Unless we assum e a substantially greater degree o f caution w ith respect to reporting irregular work than our ow n research leads us to expect, we can assum e that m any, if not m ost, irregular workers are counted as em ployed by the c p s . 38 Barry Molefsky argues that ‘‘Berndt’s thesis may be sup ported by the sharp rise in the number of self-employed workers.” 39 His findings are based on c p s employment data. In discussing professional workers who fail to report earn ings for income tax purposes, Molefsky says: These individuals are obviously part o f the underground econ om y. But m any o f them are also established businessm en and if asked about their em ploym ent status w ould probably indicate that they were self-em ployed. Those who are collecting benefits under various G overnm ent program s and who have underground jo b s m ight be reluctant to adm it their em ploym ent. It should be noted that less than half the officially counted unem ployed col lect unem ploym ent benefits.40 Peter Reuter’s analysis of the c p s interviewing process is probably the most careful, and deserves to be quoted in full: I have been unable to find any literature specifically dealing w ith this issue. A review o f the survey instrum ent itself suggests that the m atter is a com plex one. R espondents are not asked to 12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis label their em ploym ent as regular or reported. Indeed, the ques tions probe very little into the nature o f the em ploym ent setting. N or are respondents ever asked w hether they are unem ployed; they are only asked if they are looking for work. The first issue for the irregular sector w orker, when ap proached by the c p s interview er, is w hether to becom e a re spondent. It seem s reasonable to assum e that he is m ore likely to be a nonrespondent than he would be if he were not in the irregular sector. But the nonresponse rate for the c p s is sur prisingly low; about 4 percent overall, with refusals am ounting to 2.5 percent o f the total. If irregular sector w orkers tend to be nonrespondents, the consequence for m easured unem ploy m ent is m inor. A lternatively, and it is clear that this is w hat Feige and G ut m ann assum e, irregular sector w orkers m ay classify them selves as unem ployed. T otal labor force counts w ould be unaffected but m easured unem ploym ent w ould be raised. This possibility cannot be discounted but it is not obviously the dom inant re sponse pattern, am ong the three alternatives. First, the respondent m ay also be em ployed in the regular sector. G iven the conditions o f social security, unem ploym ent insurance, and m edical insurance program s, the optim al situa tion may in fact be part-tim e em ploym ent in both sectors. In that situation the c p s , insofar as it is used sim ply to estim ate the overall unem ploym ent rate, will not be biased by irregular sector em ploym ent. Second, if the irregular sector w orker has no regular sector em ploym ent and is not looking for w ork, he m ay choose to provide a pattern o f responses w hich leads to him being classified as ‘‘not in the labor fo rc e .” T his will lead to an underestim ate o f the labor force but have only a second-order effect on m ea sured unem ploym ent. The third situation is the one that G utm ann and Feige probably refer to, an irregular sector w orker who is receiving unem ploy m ent benefits. Presum ably he responds to the questions solely in his capacity as registered unem ployed, thus raising m easured unem ploym ent. H ow ever, in order to be eligible for unem ploy m ent benefits the w orker m ust have held, w ithin a relatively recent period, a jo b in the regular sector. W hile one cannot discount the possibility that a significant portion o f the registered unem ployed is able to m ove at will betw een regular and irregular em ploym ent, it does require im plausibly high access to regular sector jo b s .41 A few comments on the way individuals engaged in un derground activities might respond to the c p s are in order. One group of underground workers includes those people with regular employment, but who also enter the under ground sector through moonlighting or whatever. These workers have a clear incentive to report their regular sector activities to the c p s interviewer, as this is the course that (in the respondent’s eyes) would arouse the least suspicion. These people are highly unlikely to wind up classified as unemployed in the c p s . A second group are those whose entire income comes from underground activity. These respondents may well conceal their source of income from the c p s interviewer. But rather than give the interviewer the kinds of responses that would cause them to be reported as unemployed, they would be more likely to present some cover story that amounts to an assumed regular economy job. It may even be that the household respondent is unaware of the underground activities of other household members, but has been given a phony job that gets passed on to the c p s interviewer. For criminal activity, this is especially likely. An example is provided by the notorious case of the wealthy Washington, D.C., burglar who shot a prominent Georgetown doctor during a burglary. The burglar’s neighbors were told that he was engaged in legitimate financial activity. What would he have told a c p s interviewer about his labor force status? That he was a burglar? That he was unemployed but living in an obviously very expensive house in an exclusive sub urb? For cases like this, the type of c p s responses posited by Gutmann seem naive. Cover stories to hide the true sources of respondents’ incomes could distort the measured distribution of jobs across occupations and industries in the c p s , but would not affect aggregate employment and un employment levels at all. Even in the case of individuals who are illegally receiving government benefits tied by law to unemployment status, the issue is not as clearcut as Gutmann (and to some extent Reuter) would have it. The interviewer does not ask about the receipt of benefits. All questions about earnings come after the questions on labor force status have been answered. On the one hand, the respondent presumably does not want to lose the illegally obtained benefits, and may give the c p s enumerator the same answers that (falsely) were given to the ui people. On the other hand, the respondent may want to avoid telling anyone the truth about sources of income, and so will have concocted a convenient story intended to arouse the least suspicion. A nonspecific but legitimate sounding job would appear the easiest way out for those individuals. Which of these effects would dominate is any one’s guess. We conclude that while there is a basis for concern about the possible effects of the underground economy on c p s data, particularly the earnings data, there are as yet no soundly based estimates of those effects on employment and unemployment. Moreover, the extreme views taken by some writers on the underground economy are based largely on conjecture. Our analysis of the c p s survey fails to confirm these conjectures. Evidence that labor force status has been reported incorrectly in the c p s because of the underground economy has yet to be collected. Productivity measures BLS publishes two sets of productivity indexes for the U.S. business economy. One relates real output to labor input and the other relates output to labor and capital input— multifactor productivity. Only indexes of output per unit of labor input— output per employee or per employee hour— are published at the industry level. For the productivity measures covering the business sec tor, the output measures are based on real gross product data developed by the b e a of the U.S. Department of Com merce. In deriving these measures, b e a , in turn, relies for the most part on data from b l s ’ Consumer Price Index and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Producer Price Index to deflate nominal output to obtain real output. Any biases in the price deflators will have an equal and opposite effect on b e a ’ s measures of real output and thus on b l s ’ s measures of productivity.42 Labor input is alternatively measured by the total count of, or the total hours of, all persons, including paid em ployees, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers. The data for employees is taken from b l s ’ establishmentbased survey of employment, hours, and earnings. The data on the self-employed and unpaid family workers come from various sources, but principally from the Current Population Survey. Errors in labor input measures will cause errors of equal magnitude but of opposite direction from output errors in the b l s productivity measures. The b e a measures of nominal output are strongly chal lenged by Feige and Gutmann, who based their separate and methodologically different analyses on changes in the relationship between various financial variables. Their re vised estimates of output are nearly enough to explain the post-1973 productivity slowdown. Both their methods are indirect, however, and have been questioned by some an alysts.43 In 1982, Edward Denison analyzed the issue in terms of how the official national accounts are actually pre pared, and in terms of comparison of the output and income sides of the accounts. He reached the conclusion that mismeasurement of g n p as officially defined due to the under ground economy is relatively small.44 An analysis of Feige’s or Gutman’s methods is beyond the scope of this report, but it is of some value to examine the implications that their findings would have for produc tivity measurement even if they were only approximately true. Feige has provided several estimates of the size of the underground economy.45 His latest estimates are to be pre ferred, if only because they no longer produce a negative estimate for the underground sector for the 1939-68 period. They provide similarly much higher estimates for the recent past, with two of his estimates of the “ Monetary unobserved sector as a percentage of g n p ” set at about 28 percent in 1979.46 Feige does not prepare estimates of underground employment, but argues that shifts in employment should lag shifts in output because of moonlighting, skimming, and so forth.47 He further claims that people tend to “ save the best performances for moonlighting.” 48 Feige does not con struct new indexes of productivity but does find a high degree of correlation between his measures of the output of the unobserved sector and measures of the unexplained pro ductivity residual prepared earlier by Denison,49 and claims that he has explained two-thirds of the observed productivity slowdown.50 Gutmann has prepared independent estimates of output and employment.51 His method for constructing employ ment estimates based on the Current Population Survey has been discussed earlier in this report. His estimates of output and employment can be used to calculate his implied esti mate of the impact of the underground economy on estimates 13 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • The ‘Underground Economy’ and BLS Statistics of national productivity. If for the sake of argument we accept his estimates of underground g n p and underground employment, we can add these to previously measured g n p and employment and get a rough idea of the impact upon b l s productivity measures. To do this, we are forced to assume that everything about Gutmann’s work is correct, that all otherwise uncounted g n p actually belongs in g n p , and that the subterranean rest-of-the-world sector is small enough to be ignored. Though Gutmann’s employment es timates (discussed earlier) are based on adjustment to the c p s , and not on b l s ’ establishment survey primarily used in b l s productivity measurement, we use them because they are the only estimates available. That would imply roughly 1.7 million persons employed in the subterranean economy in 1971 and 1.9 million persons in 1976. Gutmann’s esti mates of underground g n p are based upon the growth of currency in circulation relative to demand deposits. Richard X. Bove and Thomas D. Klingenstein have prepared esti mates of subterranean g n p derived from the Gutmann meth odology of $69.2 billion in 1971 and $190.6 billion in 1976.52 Using the implicit price deflator and average weekly hours that apply to the legitimate economy as proxies for those in the underground economy, we find that the ratio53 of output to hours for the total economy (with the underground in cluded) would have been 6.96 in 1971 and 8.09 in 1976. This implies a 3.1-percent compound annual growth rate. By contrast, unpublished b l s data on productivity in the total economy54 indicate that output per hour was 6.67 in 1971 and 7.28 in 1976, implying that productivity in the legitimate economy grew at a 1.8-percent compound annual rate over the same period. Thus if Gutmann’s underground estimates were accurate, they could serve to explain much of the post-1973 productivity slowdown. How believable is the productivity differential implied by Gutmann’s work? Molefsky points out that Gutmann’s out put and employment estimates, if taken at face value, imply that value added in the subterranean sector was more than Ì9 5 8 -7 9 $100,000 per worker in 1978 compared with $22,000 per worker in the legitimate economy.55 One aspect of the underground economy that is consistent with these numbers is the possibility of skimming— output or revenue kept off the books. If it is possible for some business to make a lot of their sales off the books without getting much of their employment off the books, they might well do so because of the economic rewards in the form of reduced tax bills associated with the resulting lower reported profits. This could mean that more output than employment is off the books, and that a certain amount of recorded employment is actually engaged in producing unrecorded output. If it were possible for this to occur on any kind of scale, and if the national accounts were affected, the result would be an understatement of observed productivity in the measured economy with an implied very high productivity in the unmeasured economy. The results which we have seen in recent years for the published b l s productivity measures show declining pro ductivity growth, declining unit profits, and increasing unit labor cost, results which might be attributable to increas ingly important skimming. Of course, they are also consis tent with other economic forces. A sectoral breakdown of productivity might shed some light on this issue. Table 2 measures the productivity slowdown in 10 sectors of the private economy and in government enterprises (the man ufacturing and trade sectors are broken down further) by computing the difference between average annual rates of growth in labor productivity in the 1958-73 and 1973-79 periods. Measuring productivity by output per hour or output per employee makes only trivial differences in the results. The sectors where skimming would appear most likely (for example, wholesale and retail trade and services) show large slowdowns in productivity. The striking feature of the table is that the slowdown has occurred in nearly all sectors of the economy. Notwithstanding these results, the possibility that part of the story of the underground economy is connected with Sectoral breakdown of the productivity slowdown, average annual rates of growth (least squares method), Output/hour Industry Farming....................... Mining.............................. Construction1 .................... Durable manufacturing .......... Nondurable manufacturing . . . Transportation............................ Communications .................. Electricity, gas, utilities.................. Wholesale trade....................... Retail trade......................... Finance, Insurance and real estate1 . . . . Services1 .............................. Government enterprises . . . 1958 to 1973 1973 to 1979 5.3 3.9 3.0 -5 .1 -1 .7 0.2 2.9 3.4 3.1 5.0 4.5 3.6 2.5 0.9 1.8 0.8 2.1 1.8 1.3 6.0 1.1 0.9 1.4 0.4 0.4 1.3 Because of the limitations in the real output measures for these sectors, these data do not meet BLS standards for publication and are not published. They are in cluded here for illustrative purposes. 14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Output/person Difference Rank -2 .3 -9 .0 -1 .9 -0 .8 -1 .6 -1 .8 + 1.0 -3 .4 -2 .7 -1 .1 -0 .5 -1 .4 + 0.5 4 1 10 7 6 13 2 5 3 9 11 8 12 T = a tie 1958 to 1973 1973 to 1979 5.2 4.4 3.4 -4 .6 -1 .6 0.0 3.1 3.4 2.9 5.0 4.6 3.3 1.4 0.6 1.2 0.5 2.0 1.8 1.0 6.1 1.1 0.7 0.0 0.3 -0 .2 1.4 Difference -1 .8 -9 .0 -1 .6 -1 .1 -1 .6 -1 .9 + 1.1 -3 .5 -2 .6 -1 .4 -0 .3 -1 .4 + 0.9 Rank 5 1 6(T) 10 6(T) 4 13 2 3 8(T) 11 8(T) 12 skimming would tend to diminish the validity of Denison’s position.56 He argues that the case made so far for a bias in output measures is not compelling, and that employmentto-population ratios and labor force participation rates, which are more pertinent than monetary ratios, have been stable over time. A measured productivity slowdown along with stable employment ratios and labor force participation rates would be consistent with increased skimming, however. On the other hand, the critics themselves have argued that mea sured employment is increasingly biased. Even if Feige’s or Gutmann’s measures of subterranean economic activity were correct, it is still not clear that it would be appropriate to add them to the published output and employment measures (thus changing the productivity calculations). Some underground activity may end up in the official measures anyway, since b e a makes an attempt to adjust for it based on Internal Revenue Service estimates. Further, that portion of underground activity that is illegal, even apart from the issue of tax evasion, is not included in the definition of g n p . For this reason the b e a does not attempt to measure such activities. It is also worth repeating what Denison has said: “ . . . m uch o f the value o f illegal products— an estim ated 99.5 percent in the case o f drugs— exists only because their illegality has m ade their prices high. The value o f the quantities o f drugs now produced w ould be o f trivial im portance in the econom y if they were leg alized .” 57 The establishment survey. The b l s survey of employment, hours, and earnings in establishments has not come under much specific criticism. In fact, many writers on the un derground economy seem unaware that more than one b l s measure of employment exists. However, this survey is used in the measurement of productivity and it provides an es timate of employment that is largely independent of that derived from the c p s , aspects of this survey may make it susceptible to inaccuracy because of misreporting of un derground activity. We begin with the definition and con struction of the survey, then discuss the possible effects of various aspects of the underground economy. b l s cooperates with State agencies in collecting monthly data on employment, hours, and earnings from a sample of about 200,000 establishments in all nonagricultural activi ties including government. For this survey, an establishment is defined as an economic unit producing goods or services, such as a factory, mine, or store. Where a single physical location encompasses two or more distinct and separate activities these are treated as separate establishments, pro vided that separate payroll records are available and certain other criteria are met. When a company has more than one establishment engaged in the same activity in a geographic area, these establishments may be covered by a combined report. In general, data refer to persons who worked during, or received pay for, any part of the pay period that includes the 12th of the month. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The definition of employed persons includes both per manent and temporary employees and those who are work ing either full or part time. Payroll workers on paid sick leave, or paid holiday or vacation, or who work only a part of the specified pay period are counted as employed. The survey is a count of jobs filled, as reported by employers, and makes no attempt (in contrast to the c p s ) to count the number of persons at work. This means that persons on two or more payrolls during the survey pay period are counted in each establishment whether the replication is due to turn over or multiple jobholding. Proprietors, self-employed, un paid family workers and domestic workers in households are excluded. Data on government employment refer to civilian employees only. The sampling universe for the establishment employment survey is largely derived from the Unemployment Insurance records of employers maintained by State employment se curity agencies, which, since the expansion of ui coverage in 1972, include 97 percent of private nonagricultural es tablishments. The ui records are augmented by various other sources to ensure complete coverage of employers. Sam pling is stratified by industry and by establishment size. In nearly all industries, establishments with 250 or more em ployees are included in the sample with certainty and in many industries the cutoff is lower. In industries with con siderable employment in small establishments, the sample includes all large establishments and a substantial number of small ones. Because of cost considerations, it is necessary to accept samples in these divisions with a smaller propor tion of universe employment than is the case for most man ufacturing industries. State agencies (usually the employment security agency) collect the primary data by mail, using a shuttle schedule ( b l s form 790, which provides the common name for this series). The data collected are limited to what can be ex tracted from payroll records, which respondents would or dinarily maintain for a variety of tax and accounting purposes. The establishment estimates exclude, by definition, all self-employment and all private household work, and these two fields are where much of the unreported income that help make up the underground economy is likely to origi nate. Thus the extent of potential error in the establishment series due to the misreporting of underground activities is limited. The establishment survey is, nonetheless, subject to mea surement difficulties which, as in the case of the household survey, depend primarily on the complex motives of po tential respondents, who may choose not to respond, or not to respond accurately. Establishments that are attempting to elude the tax and law enforcement arms of the government may choose not to respond to the survey despite b l s as surances of confidentiality.58 Establishments that are at tempting to avoid some kinds of taxes (unemployment insurance, workers’ compensation, social security, and so forth) may underreport their employment and payroll for 15 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • The 'Underground Economy and BLS Statistics the same reasons. On the other hand, payroll is a tax-de ductible expense, so the latter incentive may be moderated or even reversed, depending on the establishments’ tax li ability situation and depending on their trade-off between paying less income tax and reporting low profits (or losses) to owners. Feige cites anecdotal evidence that firms engaged in “ skimming” activities may take workers off the books (for tax purposes) when their profits start to look too low.59 The actual extent of this behavior is unknown. As Reuter points out, firms engaged in illegal activities doubtless take the probability of detection into account when deciding how to deal with the various data requests they receive.60 We do not know where the payroll employment survey stands in underground establishments’ rankings of various potential sources of detection. Perhaps most important in terms of the accuracy of the estimates derived from the establishment survey are the problems of keeping track of the universe. Many of the incentives mentioned in the previous paragraph could also work to keep establishments out of the sampling universe, which comes largely from Unemployment Insurance re ports. The birth of new firms and the death of old ones raise particular problems for this survey, particularly during a slide into and recovery from a recession. An annual benchmarking process, again using data from the ui program and other independent sources, attempts to correct for any déficiences. Thus the accuracy of long-term trends hinges on the adequacy of the benchmarking process. The accuracy of the benchmark estimates probably im proved when coverage by the ui system became nearly uni versal. It was previously necessary to make some estimates of the number of small employers. When coverage was extended from firms with 4 or more employees to firms with one or more employees, it was found that the number of such small employers had previously been underestimated. It was also found, at least in some States, that some em ployers with more than four employees had previously es caped ui coverage by allegedly claiming they had only one to four employees. In a series of studies, David Birch concluded (based on an analysis of Dun and Bradstreet files) that small firms accounted for most of the employment growth during the 1970’s.61 If Birch’s findings were true, this could have implications for the measured level of employment. His conclusions have been challenged by Catherine Armington and Majorie Odle, however. Using a later version of the same data base, they found that 55 percent of employment growth between 1978 and 1980 took place in establishments with fewer than 20 employees in 1978, and 78 percent of net growth took place in establishments of fewer than 100. They then examined the question of whether these estab lishments were truly small, or were parts of larger enter prises. This changed their findings drastically: However, a significant portion of these growing small estab lishments are branches or subsidiaries of large firms. Indeed, if 16 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis we retain the 100 em ployee size lim it, but apply it to the size o f the whole firm, rather than to separate establishm ents, the share o f total em ploym ent accounted for by small business (firms with few er than 100 em ployees) is 38.6% . These truly small businesses contributed 39.1% o f the em ploym ent grow th be tw een 1978 and 1980. Thus the small business share o f em ploym ent grow th was alm ost exactly proportional to its share o f the private sector, paid labor fo rce.62 Armington and Odle also conclude that the same result is generally true in all regions and industry divisions, with some exceptions in sectors with shrinking shares of em ployment. If Armington and Odle’s findings are also applicable to earlier periods, then the case for bias in employment levels as measured by the establishment survey is weakened con siderably. It is unlikely that there are any Exxons or other large establishments lurking around out there without being entered in the ui records. So potential errors would have to come from small establishments. But if small establishment employment growth is roughly proportional to large estab lishment employment growth, as Armington and Odle con clude, then only trivial errors could occur in employment trends. And for many purposes, such as measurement of changes in productivity, only trends matter. We conclude this section with a brief comparison of the b l s establishment and household employment surveys. Al though there are conceptual differences between the two surveys, they do provide independently derived estimates of nonagricultural employment. The main differences be tween the two surveys are: the payroll survey excludes un paid fam ily w orkers, private household em ployees, proprietors, and other self-employed persons, all of whom are included in the c p s . The payroll survey counts a person employed by more than one establishment at each place of employment, while the c p s counts each individual only once. Certain persons on unpaid leave are counted as employed in the c p s but not in the payroll survey. The b l s attempts to reconcile the movements in the two surveys. The most recent report is by Gloria Green and John Stinson who provide references to earlier literature on the subject.63 They conclude that although the levels of employment estimated by the two series differ significantly, in the long-term they have moved similarly. The relevant question is whether household and establishment survey samples would both be motivated by the underground economy to respond (or not respond) in ways that would make the two independent measurements track the same in the long run. Is bls data affected? We have examined the claims that have been made about the possible effects of a large and growing underground economy on b l s data. Because of the very nature of the underground economy, it tends to leave very few quanti fiable traces, either in official data or elsewhere. Thus many of the claims made have been based on indirect evidence. Further, the main thrust of the research has been directed With regard to the Consumer Price Index, we have con cluded that because of the manner in which it is constructed, which few of the critics considered, the chance of a large systematic bias attributable to the underground economy is minimal. This conclusion is reinforced by the disagreement among the critics of the series as to the supposed direction of bias. In both the household- and establishment-based employ ment surveys, we have seen that the possible effects of the underground economy hinge to a large degree on whether the respondents to the surveys answer truthfully. We have argued that their motives are complex and may be different than the critics have assumed. Considering how various classes of people might wish to respond, together with the way the survey instruments are designed, we argue that there is little basis for the often extravagant claims that have been made, particularly with regard to the unemployment rate. Measures of productivity change may be affected by the underground economy, through mismeasurement of national output, of the price deflators, or of labor input. But we have seen that the relation between possible mismeasurement of output change, on the one hand, and of input change, on the other, is not at all direct. Given the state of the evidence on the possible extent of mismeasurement, any claims, on the direction of productivity mismeasurement are specula tion. Findings from economic research must be monitored closely by a statistical agency, for research can often point to areas of new statistical needs and suggest improvements in ex isting series. We have reviewed the literature on the “ un derground economy” with this objective in mind. It is of course always possible that underground activity affects b l s statistical series. The crucial question is: Does the evidence suggest that major effects are probable? We conclude that the literature on the underground economy has not made the case— far from it. The issues however remain important ones that will continue to be monitored as new findings emerge. □ 1An annotated bibliography of this literature will be included with the reprint of this article. 1 D evelopm en t o f N ation al Incom e M easu res, supplement of Survey o f C urrent B usiness (U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Business 2See Richard X. Bove and Thomas D. Klingestein, “ The Underground Economy: How is it Measured?” F inancial M arkets (New York, Wertheim and Co. Inc., 1981); Edward F. Denison , Accounting f o r S lo w er E conom ic G row th (Washington, D .C ., The Brookings Institution, 1979), and Den ison, “ Is U .S. Growth Understated Because of the Underground Economy? Employment Ratios Suggest N ot,” R eview o f Incom e a n d W ealth, March 1982, pp. 1-16; Gillian Garcia, “ The Currency Ratio and the Subterranean Economy,” Financial A nalysts Journal, November-December 1978, pp. 6 4 66, 69; Barry Molefsky, “ America’s Underground Economy,” chapter 3 in Vito Tanzi, ed., The U nderground E conom y in the U nited States and A b ro a d (Lexington, M A., D.C. Heath and Co., 1981); Richard Porter, “ Some Notes on Estimating the Underground Economy,” Federal Reserve Board, 1979, mimeographed; Vito Tanzi, “ A Second (and More Skeptical) Look at the Underground Economy in the United States,” chapter 6 in Vito Tanzi, e d ., op. cit.; and E stim ates o f Incom e U nreported on Individual Incom e Tax Returns, Publication 1104, (U.S. Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 1979). Economics (Now Bureau of Economic Analysis), 1954. to topics other than the accuracy of b l s statistics, so sta tistical methods have not been examined closely by many of the researchers. We have concentrated on examining the adequacy of the analysis— the facts and logic— behind the claims that the underground economy has caused error in some b l s statistical series. Our general conclusion is that the claims made do not stand up to close scrutiny. What has been done, for the most part, is to document in some manner that some sort of underground activity exists or that it probably exists, and then to form estimates of its size. Some critics have then simply leaped to the conclusion that some b l s series are in error, without even the most elemental consideration or review of the way the series is constructed, and whether the actual collection of b l s data is likely to be affected by characteristics of the underground economy. We believe we have shown that when one looks at the way the data are collected, claims of major defects in b l s statistics must be deemed unproven. 8R éévaluation o f the 1 9 7 2 -7 3 C onsum er E xpenditure Survey: A F urther E xam ination B ased on R evised E stim ates o f P erson al C onsum er E xpen ditu res (U .S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Technical Paper No. 46, 1979). 9Edgar L. Feige, “ A New Perspective,” p. 39; and Jeffrey Nichols’ testimony in U ndergroun d E conom y (U.S. Congress, Committee on Ways and Means Subcommittee on Oversight, 1980), Hearings held in 1979. l0Carl P. Simon and Ann D. Witte, B eating the System (Boston, Auburn House, 1982), pp. x iv -x v . " I b id ., pp. 9 3 -4 . 12 Peter Gutmann, in “ Wertheim’s Underground Economy ConferencePalace Hotel-June 24, 1981, ” F inancial M arkets, Vol. 2, No. 5 (Wertheim and C o., 1981), pp. 4 3 -4 . ’’ Feige in “ Wertheim’s Underground Economy Conference” pp. 9 0 92. ■ ’ Other names for the underground economy are “ irregular,” “ subter ranean,” and “ black.” l4Feige and Gutmann in “ Wertheim’s Underground Economy Confer en ce,” p. 91. 4 Beginning in 1980, a Continuing Consumer Expenditure Survey was implemented which may make possible more frequent updating of the weights in the future. 15 It is interesting to note that Simon and Witte (p. 98) believe the big growth in fencing occurred during the 1960’s when inflation was not very large, but tapered off in the 1970’s, just as inflation began to hit double digit values. Their view is also somewhat inconsistent in that they realize that theft increases the cost of doing business in the legitimate sector, but ignore the fact that these costs may be passed on to consumers of regular sector products. Whether the two opposing effects on the cpi would net out is an open question. 5 Exceptions are items such as house prices, utility rates, and certain tax rates which are collected from other sources. 6 Edgar L. Feige, “ A New Perspective on Macroeconomic Phenomena: The Theory and Measurement of the Unobserved Sector of the United States Economy: Causes, Consequences and Implications,” August 1980 (mimeographed), p. 39, contends that the shift has occurred. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis l6Kenneth W. Clarkson and Roger E. Meiners, “ Government Statistics 17 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • The ‘Underground Economy’ and BLS Statistics as a Guide to Economic Policy: Food Stamps and the Spurious Increase in the Unemployment Rate,” P o licy R e v ie w , Summer 1977, pp. 2 7-51. 17 Richard M. Devens, “ Unemployment Among Recipients of Food Stamps and a f d c , ” M onthly L a b o r R eview , March 1979, pp. 4 7 -5 2 . 18 Data provided by Demographic Survey Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census. l4Peter M. Gutmann, “ The Subterranean Economy,” F inancial A n a lysts Journal, November-December 1977, pp. 26-27; “ Are the Unem ployed, Unemployed?” Financial A nalysts Journal, September-October 1979, pp. 26-29; and “ Taxes and the Supply of National Output,” F i n an cial A nalysts Journal, November-December 1979, pp. 6 4 -6 6 . 20 John F. Cogan, “ The Decline in Black Teenage Employment: 19507 0 ,” A m erican E conom ic R eview , September 1982, pp. 621-638. 21 Ib id ., p. 626. % 12 William Deutermann, “ Another look at working-age men who are not in the labor force,” M onthly L a b o r R eview , June 1977, pp. 9 -1 4 . 23Simon and Witte, p. 292. 24See John Greenlees, William S. Reese, and Kimberly D. Zieschang, “ Imputation of Missing Values When the Probability of Response Depends on the Variable Being Imputed,” Journal o f the A m erican S ta tistical A s socia tio n , June 1982, pp. 251-61; and Lee Lillard, James P. Smith, and Finis Welch, What Do We Really Know About Wages: The Importance o f Non-Reporting and Census Imputation,” University of California at Los Angeles Discussion Paper (1981). - See Larry Carstensen and Henry Woltman, “ Comparing Earnings Data from the c p s and Employers' Records,” P ro ceed in g s o f the A m erican S tatistica l A ssociation , So cia l Sta tistics Section, 1979. 26 See “ Coverage of the National Population in the 1980 Census by Age, Sex and Race: Preliminary Estimates by Demographic Analysis,” C urrent P opu lation R ep o rts, Special Studies P-23, No. 115 (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1983). -7 Edgar L. Feige, “ How Big is the Irregular Economy? C hallenge, November-December 1979, p. 11. 28Feige, “ A New Perspective” . 29Ib id ., p. 40. 30 Simon and Witte, pp. x iv-xv. 31 Ib id ., p. 223. 32 Lawrence Kaplan and J. Maher, “ The Economics of the Numbers G am e,” A m erican Journal o f E conom ics a n d S o cio lo g y, October 1970, p. 402. 33Simon and Witte, p. 239. 34Ib id ., p. 294. 35Gutmann, “ Are the Unemployed, Unemployed?” pp. 2 6 -2 9 . 36Ib id ., p. 27. 7Peter M. Gutmann, “ The Grand Unemployment Illusion,” Journal o f the Institute f o r Socioeconom ic Stu dies, Summer 1979, pp. 2 5 -2 6 . 38 Louise E. Bemdt, “ Effects of the Irregular Economy on the Reliability o f Estimates o f Labor Force Utilization.” Unpublished draft of a paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, San Francisco, September 1978. 39Molefsky, p. 25. 40Ib id ., p. 24. 18 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 41 Peter Reuter, “ The Irregular Economy and the Quality of Macroeconomic Statistics,” chapter 8 in Vito Tanzi, ed.. The U nderground E conom y in the U nited States and A b ro a d (Lexington, MA., D.C. Heath and Co., 1981). 42See the discussion of 43 See footnote 2. bls price data earlier in this article. 44Denison, “ Is U.S. Growth Understated?” pp. 1-16. 45 Edgar L. Feige, “ The Irregular Economy: Its Size and Macroeconomic Implications” (Madison, WI., University of Wisconsin, ssri Workshop Series, May 1979), 23 pp.; Feige, “ How Big is the Irregular Economy?” ; pp. 7-1 1 ; and Feige, “ A New Perspective” , pp. 18-32. 46Feige, “ A New Perspective,” table 3. 41 I b id ., p. 42. 48 Feige, quoted in “ The Underground Economy’s Hidden Force,” B usi ness W eek, April 5, 1982, p. 70. 49 Denison, A ccounting f o r Slow er E conom ic G row th. “ Denison, “ Is U.S. Growth Understated Because of the Underground Economy? Employment Ratios Suggest N ot,” p. 42. 51 Peter M. Gutmann, “ Professor Gutmann Replies,” F inancial A nalysts Journal, November-December 1978, pp. 6 7 -9 . 52Bove and Klingestein, p. 4. 53 All productivity figures used in this article are ratios of constant (1972) dollar output to total hours. 54 Because of limitations in the data for general government, owneroccupied housing, and households and institutions, the largest sector for which b l s publishes productivity indexes is the business economy. The b l s , however, calculates but does not publish productivity data for the total economy. We have used the total economy here because that has been the context of Gutmann's work on the underground economy. While it may be difficult to draw inferences about b l s ’ published productivity mea sures for the major sectors such as private business, this is the best way of analyzing Gutmann’s claims as well as any possible productivity impact that such claims, if valid, might have. 55 Molefsky, pp. 2 7 -2 8 . 56Denison, “ Is U.S. Growth Understated Because of the Underground Economy?” 51 Ib id ., p. 3. 58 Reuter, p. 130. 59Feige, “ A New Perspective,” p. 42. “ Reuter, p. 130. 61 David Birch, “ The Job Generation Process,” The Effective U tilization o f Sm all B usiness to P rom ote E conom ic G row th (U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee, 96th Cong., 1st Sess, October 1979); see also, Richard Greene, “ Tracking Job Growth in Private Industry,” M onthly L a b o r R eview , September 1982, pp. 3 -9 . 62Catherine Armington and Majorie Odle, “ Sources o f E m ploym ent G row th 1 9 7 8 -1 9 8 0 " (Washington, D.C., The Brookings Institution, March 1982). 63 Gloria P . Green and John Stinson Jr., “ Comparison of Nonagricultural Employment Estimates from Two Surveys, E m ploym ent an d E arnings 1982, pp. 9 -1 2 . Collective bargaining calendar crowded again in 1984 I f current economic trends continue, wages and benefits are likely to dominate bargaining“this year, as contracts expire or are reopened for 38 percent of the nearly 8 million workers covered by major agreements J ohn J. L acombe II and J ames R. Conley Collective bargaining activity in 1984 will be heavy for the third consecutive year, breaking the 30-year pattern of 2 years of heavy bargaining followed by 1 year of light ac tivity. About 635 contracts covering 38 percent, or 3 mil lion, of the 7.9 million workers in major collective bargaining situations (involving 1,000 or more workers)1are scheduled to expire or are subject to reopening during the year. (See tables 1 and 2.) Typically, a “ heavy” year has involved roughly two-fifths of the workers under major situations and a “ light” year, fewer than three-tenths. The cycle was broken when agreements in the automobile industry, reached early in 1982, were negotiated for a V/iyear term, rather than 3 years as had been the case since the mid-1950’s. In addition, other 1982 and 1983 settle ments, particularly in the construction industry, were of shorter duration than usual, reflecting the uncertainty that bargainers felt about the future based on events in the last 2 years, including recession, double-digit unemployment, deregulation, and nonunion competition. Historically, terms of individual settlements have re flected general economic conditions; the health and strength of individual companies, industries, and unions; and the terms of pattern-setting agreements. Of course, economic conditions that will exist at the time of the coming nego tiations cannot be predicted; however, current data suggest that the economic climate will be better than in recent years. John J. Lacombe II and James R. Conley are economists in the Office of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The composite index of leading indicators, compiled by the U.S. Department of Commerce to predict movements in aggregate economic activity, rose steadily during the first 9 months of 1983. The Federal Reserve Board’s total in dustry utilization rate was 78.6 percent in October 1983, the highest rate since October 1981 and up from a historic low of 69.6 percent in November 1982. The civilian un employment rate fell to 8.4 percent in November, the lowest level in 2 years. The Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers in October 1983 was 2.9 percent above a year earlier, compared to a 5.1-percent rise the preceding year. The break in the three-year cycle is only one interesting aspect of 1984 collective bargaining. Answers to some in triguing captions will emerge during the year: Were the small increases, freezes, and cuts in wages negotiated in 1982 and 1983 mere aberrations? Is pattern bargaining dead? How will bargainers react to economic conditions? Will job security concerns continue to be reflected in negotiations on layoff, plant closing, and job retraining provisions? If cur rent economic trends continue, wage-and-benefit improve ments may be of greater concern to negotiators in 1984 than in 1983 when job security and company survival were par amount issues. The improving economic conditions of 1983 are not re flected in major settlements reached in private industry dur ing the first 9 months of the year. Wage adjustments for that period averaged 1.7 percent in the first year and 2.8 percent annually over the life of the contract. The first-year average was the lowest for any 3-quarter period (except the 19 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Bargaining Calendar for 1984 Table 1. Calendar of major collective bargaining activity [Workers in thousands] Year and month Agreement expirations and/or scheduled wage reopenings Workers Number covered All years' ....................... 1,629 7,925 Total 19842 . . . . January .......................... February.......................... March ............................ April ............................... M a y ................................. June ............................... 635 36 25 67 114 103 3,004 122 69 195 292 270 738 J u ly ................................. August............................ September .................... 34 32 40 930 October .......................... November....................... December....................... 29 Total 19853 ____ January .......................... February.......................... March ............................ 416 21 15 88 164 Construction Construction Construction Railroads, construction, maritime Food stores Automobiles, bituminous coal 80 56 49 2,136 60 9 47 531 April ............................... M a y ................................. 59 78 179 376 June ............................... 79 426 J u ly ................................. August............................ September ..................... October ......................... November....................... December....................... 28 28 24 9 144 95 132 38 93 42 322 237 85 1,944 805 1,139 282 965 Total 19864 . . . . January-June ............... July-December ............. Year unknown or in negotiation5 ............... Petroleum refining 88 21 22 12 Principle industry and activity Talks in petroleum refining 20 Trucking, men's apparel, construction R u b b e r, c o n s tr u c tio n Women's apparel, construction Electrical products, construction, trade Electrical products Automobiles 'Total exceeds the sum of the parts because 46 agreements covering 187,000 workers have both reopenings and expirations in the reference period. includes 36 agreements covering 136,000 workers which have wage reopenings scheduled in 1984. includes 9 agreements covering 49,000 workers which have wage reopeninqs sched uled in 1985. 4lncludes 1 agreement covering 2,000 workers which has a wage reopeninq scheduled in 1984. includes agreements which were scheduled to expire between October 1 and Decem ber 31, 1983; agreements which expired prior to October 1, 1983 but new agreements were not reached by then; agreements which expired prior to October 1, 1983 but for which necessary information had not been gathered; and agreements which have no fixed expiration or reopening date. N ote : Because of rounding, sum s of individual items may not equal totals. one ending June 1983), and the over-the-life average was the lowest since the series began in 1968. The average adjustments were low because about twofifths of the workers covered by settlements took wage cuts or will have no wage increase over the contract term. (Most of them were in steel, aluminum, and agricultural equipment manufacturing and construction.) For the remaining threefifths, many of whom were in electric and gas utilities, retail trade, construction, paper manufacturing, and communi cations, wage increases averaged 4.9 percent a year over the contract duration. In many industries, 1983 settlements were similar, re flecting industrywide concerns about economic conditions. For example, in the steel indusjry, the unemployment rate 20 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis was 28.1 percent; declining capacity utilization and inter national competition pressured both labor and management to trim labor costs. In construction, high interest rates, com petition from nonunion construction firms, and an unem ployment rate of 18 percent at midyear resulted in record low settlements. This article examines 1984’s scheduled contract negoti ations, wage changes, and cost-of-living adjustment ( c o l a ) reviews which will directly affect the economic well-being of the 7.9 million workers under major agreements, and indirectly affect millions of others. In addition, it discusses likely issues for the coming negotiations in the petroleum refining, construction, railroad, automobile manufacturing, and bituminous coal mining industries. (See table 3 for expiration dates and wage adjustment provisions of these and other industries.) Most of the workers under collective bargaining contracts with the Nation’s oil companies2 are represented by the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers ( o c a w ); others are repre sented by the Operating Engineers, Teamsters, Seafarers, and independent or single-company unions. Negotiations are conducted locally by individual bargaining units, each of which reaches an agreement customarily patterned after the contract of the first company to settle. Contract negotiators again will be facing uncertainty about the supply and demand for oil because of the world economy and potential international developments which could dis rupt the flow of oil. During the last few years, consumption of oil has fallen in response to the sharp increase in the price of international crude since 1978, and the prolonged worldwide economic recessions.3 Industry profits have been steadily improving since the first quarter of 1983 when they were down because of un usually warm weather and weak economic conditions. Ac cording to industry experts, earnings are expected to im prove through early 1984, in part, because of a recovery in nonoil operations such as chemicals, metals, and coal.4 The last round of settlements, in 1982, followed a pattern set by the 2-year agreement between Gulf Oil Corp. and the o c a w . It covered 50,000 workers at 400 facilities owned by 100 companies. The accord provided for a 9-percent wage increase in January 1982 and a 90-cent-an-hour in crease in January 1983. The union was not successful in obtaining a no-layoff clause to protect workers from job cutbucks that had hit the industry.5 The pattern agreements also provided that companies which already had pension improvements for nonunion employees extend these im provements to unionized workers. Pension issues complicated o c a w ’ s negotiations with Texaco at Port Arthur, Tex., resulting in a 7 l/2-month strike. A subsequent 4-year agreement provided the same terms as the pattern contract for the first 2 years; during the last 2 years, the workers are scheduled to receive any 1984 and Table 2. Agreement expirations and/or scheduled wage reopenings in major collective bargaining situations, by year and industry [Workers in thousands] Year of expiration and/or scheduled wage reopening 19864 19853 Total1 Industry All industries ................................................... Manufacturing...................................... Food and kindred products ............................ Tobacco manufacturing.................................... Textile mill products......................................... Apparel and other finished products ............. Lumber and wood products, except furniture Furniture and fixtures...................................... Paper and allied products ............................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries . . . Chemicals and allied products ....................... Petroleum refining and related industries . . . Rubber and miscellaneous plastics ............... Leather and leather products ......................... Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products . . . Primary metals industries ............................... Fabricated metal products ............................... Machinery, except electrical............................ Electrical machinery equipment and supplies Transportation equipment ............................... Instruments and related products .................. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries . . . . Nonmanufacturing ............................... Mining, crude petroleum, and natural gas production ................................................... Construction...................................................... Transportation, except railroads and trucking . Railroads........................................................... Trucking ........................................................... Communications .............................................. Utilities, gas and electric................................. Wholesale trade................................................. Retail trade, except restaurants....................... Restaurants ...................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate ............... Services, except hotels and health services . . Flotéis................................................................ Health services ................................................. Number of Workers agreements covered Unknown or in negotiation5 Number of Workers Number of Workers Number of Workers Number of Workers agreements covered agreements covered agreements covered agreements covered 19842 1,629 7,925 635 3,004 416 2,136 322 1,944 282 965 712 81 3,300 240 18 37 342 57 16 82 47 65 34 58 34 75 440 79 162 380 1,092 25 15 219 31 — 1,155 74 — 7 192 26 986 132 1 2 1 158 15 5 147 14 — 401 24 — 6 21 10 33 1 6 5 4 9 4 3 33 26 16 28 4 24 19 18 25 52 50 747 769 25 18 3 7 44 1 1 11 6 8 1 6 11 44 13 11 52 25 33 18 12 13 30 77 43 64 71 86 12 10 917 4,625 13 435 60 26 16 44 75 189 1,265 268 394 430 726 238 45 553 61 93 130 117 115 12 119 17 18 37 19 26 2 3 3 3 20 12 8 16 1 7 6 8 1 10 3 4 5 9 14 23 24 2 11 10 13 12 2 54 7 7 7 14 1 3 5 1 12 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 37 354 23 60 96 44 5 — 8 2 16 9 18 2 — 2 6 2 3 5 214 146 5 9 2 2 — 416 1,850 224 1,150 164 1,176 135 564 2 162 604 95 394 1 1 238 52 — 427 26 94 25 150 30 3 81 8 97 290 2 7 39 26 — 18 176 1 15 23 15 30 4 3 230 21 26 2 10 12 — 9 29 23 3 18 5 13 61 17 26 17 152 4 — 11 12 10 20 15 22 13 3 — — 8 24 37 7 35 5 100 14 9 25 13 213 37 11 6 8 27 44 77 3 22 1 25 3 16 9 8 43 32 12 86 4 4 4 10 11 6 — — 'Total exceeds the sum of the part because 46 agreements covering 187,000 workers have both reopenings and expirations in the reference period. includes 36 agreements covering 136,000 workers which have wage reopenings scheduled in 1984. includes 9 agreements covering 49,000 workers which have wage reopenings scheduled in 1985. 4lncludes 1 agreement covering 2,000 workers which has a wage reopening scheduled in 1984. 1985 wages and benefits negotiated at other Texaco facilities in 1984. The National Oil Bargaining Conference of the o c a w has already determined goals for the coming negotiations. The goals ratified by the union membership in August reflect slack demand in the industry, with job security a crucial element. By the union’s tally, about 7,200 of its members have lost jobs over the last 3 years because of plant closings and modernization programs. National goals include: • “ Substantial” annual wage increases over a 2-year term. • No yielding on previously won terms (including those covering layoff, plant closing, wage rate retention, health and safety, and pension review). • Insurance coverage for laid-oflf workers during periods of recall rights. • Employer payment of insurance premiums for em ployees and retirees and their spouses and dependents. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 9 7 316 1 4 7 10 32 9 11 10 18 3 120 — 1 1 1 2 24 9 671 33 4 3 14 112 19 5 5 52 3 77 16 41 33 9 13 2 27 3 2 6 9 1 3 includes agreements which were scheduled to expire between October 1 and December 31, 1983; agreements which expired prior to October 1, 1983, but new agreements were not reached by then; agreements which expired prior to October 1, 1983, but for which necessary information had not been gathered; and agreements which have no fixed expiration or reopening date. NotE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals • No actuarial reduction in pension after 30 years’ ser vice. • Plant closing and layoff protection through provisions dealing with severance, transfer, relocation, retraining, and recall rights. • Protected benefits for active union members and officers while on approved leave of absence. • Check-off provision for Political Action Committee. Negotiations on national goals generally have been con ducted concurrently with talks on local issues such as work rules and grievances. Construction talks scheduled for midyear More than 600,000 workers are covered by 230 major collective bargaining agreements in the construction indus try that will expire or are subject to reopening in 1984. Text continues on p. 26 21 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Bargaining Calendar for 1984 Table 3. Expiration and wage adjustment provisions of selected major collective bargaining agreements [Listed in order of Standard Industrial Classification code] 1972 SIC Code Industry and employer Union1 Number of workers2 Contract term3 Provisions for 1984 Provisions for 1984 automatic cost-of- deferred wage in living review4 creases15 Manufacturing 20 Food and kindred products: California Processors, Inc......................... Frozen Food Employers Association (California) ........................................... Nabisco, Inc........................................ Sugar Cos. Negotiating Committee (Hawaii)...................................... Wilson Foods Corp..................................... 21 22 23 24 26 27 30 32 Tobacco manufactures: Philip Morris, U.S.A. (Richmond, Va.) Bakery, Confectionery and Tobacco Workers Longshoremen and Warehousemen (Ind.) Food and Commercial Workers 10,000 Bakery, Confectionery and Tobacco Workers July 1, 1982 to July 1, 1985 July July 1, 1982 to June 30, 1985 Sept. 1, 1983 to Aug. 31, 1985 Feb. 1, 1983 to Jan. 31, 1985 June 27, 1982 to Sept. 1, 1985 July 1: 10-55 cents July 1: 30 cents 10,300 Feb. 1, 1983 to Jan. 31, 1986 January, thereafter quarterly Feb. 1: 4.1 percent June June 4: 50 cents 7,500 4,800 Clothing and Textile Workers 5,000 Mar. 1, 1981 to Feb. 29, 1984 Apparel and other finished products: Clothing Manufacturers Association of U.S.A..................................... Shirts, pajamas and other cotton garment manufacturers....................... Greater Blouse, Skirt and Undergarment Association, Inc................. New York Coat and Suit Association . . . Clothing and Textile Workers 70,000 Clothing and Textile Workers 12,500 Ladies Garment Workers 23,000 Ladies Garment Workers 20,000 Apr. 1, 1982 to May 31, 1985 Sept. 6 , 1982 to Sept. 6 , 1985 June 1, 1982 to May 31, 1985 June 1, 1982 to May 30, 1985 Lumber and wood products, except furniture: Western States Wood Products Employers Association (Boise-Cascade Woodworkers; Lumber Production Corp., Champion International Co., and Industrial Workers (Ind.) Crown Zellerbach Corp., Georgia-Pacific Corp., International Paper Co., ITTRayonier Inc., Louisiana-Pacific Corp., Publishers Paper Co., Simpson Timber Co., and Weyerhauser Co.) . . . . Sept. 1: 60 cents Feb. 1: 30 cents January July: 40 cents February June 2: 40 cents February June 2: 40 cents 36,000 June 1, 1983 to May 31, 1986 June 1: 4 percent Paperworkers and Electrical Workers (IBEW) 6,000 June 1, 1983 to May 30, 1986 June 1: 6 percent Amalgamated Lithographers of America, Local One 5,000 July 1, 1982 to June 30, 1984 Rubber Workers 8,700 Apr. 21, 1982 to Apr. 20, 1985 January, thereafter quarterly Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. . . Rubber Workers 9,500 General Motors Corp., Inland Manufacturing Division (Dayton, Ohio) Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. . . Rubber Workers 3,600 January, thereafter quarterly March and June Rubber Workers 18,000 Apr. 21, 1982 to Apr. 20, 1985 May 10, 1982 to Sept. 14, 1984 Apr. 21, 1982 to Apr. 20, 1985 Paper and allied products: International Paper Co., Multiple Mill Group ............................ Printing: Metropolitan Lithographers Association, Inc. (New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania).......... Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products: B.F. Goodrich Co................... Stone, clay, and glass products: Brockway Glass Co., Inc. . . . Glass, Pottery and Plastics Workers Glass, Pottery and Plastics Workers Primary metal industries: 7 major basic steel companies: Armco Inc.; Bethlehem Steel Corp.; . . Steelworkers Inland Steel Co.: Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.; National Steel Corp.; Republic Steel Corp.; United States Steel Corp. Aluminum Co. of America . . . . Aluminum Workers 7,000 April April 1: 30 cents April April 1: 30 cents 240,000 Feb. 28, 1983 to July 31, 1986 August and November Feb.: 40 cents 10,000 June 1, 1983 to May 31, 1986 June 1, 1983 to May 31, 1986 May 15, 1983 to July 31, 1986 June 1, 1983 to May 31, 1986 June 1, 1983 to May 31, 1986 June 1, 1983 to May 31, 1986 March, thereafter quarterly March, thereafter quarterly August and November March, thereafter quarterly March, thereafter quarterly March, thereafter quarterly Steelworkers Armco Steel Corp. (Middletown, Ohio) . . Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp. Armco Employees Independent Federation (Ind.) Steelworkers 7,500 Reynolds Metals Co............... Steelworkers 7,900 Reynolds Metal Co................... Aluminum Workers 7,500 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January, thereafter quarterly Apr. 1, 1983 to Mar. 31, 1986 Apr. 1, 1983 to Mar. 31, 1986 8,600 Aluminum Co. of America . See footnotes at end of table. 22 50,000 4,000 Textile mill products: Fieldcrest Mills, Inc. (Virginia and North Carolina) ...................................... Owens-Illinois, Inc................. 33 Teamsters (Ind.) Teamsters (Ind.) 10,000 4,800 Table 3. Continued— Expiration and wage adjustment provisions of selected major collective bargaining agreements [Listed in order of Standard Industrial Classification code] 1972 SIC Code 34 Union1 Industry and employer Fabricated metal products: American Can Co........................................ Steelworkers Number of workers2 5,500 5,400 35 36 371 Machinery, except electrical: 7,000 Auto Workers 18,000 International Harvester Co......................... Auto Workers 19,000 Timken Co. (O hio).................................... Steelworkers 8,000 Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies: General Electric Co..................................... Electrical Workers (UE, Ind.) 13,000 General Electric Co..................................... Electrical Workers (IUE) 60,000 General Motors Corp. (New Jersey, New York, and O hio).................................... Hughes Aircraft Co. (California) ............. Electrical Workers (IUE) 30,000 Carpenters 12,000 RCA Corp.................................................... Electrical Workers (IBEW) RCA Corp.................................................... Electrical Workers (IUE) 8,000 8,000 Western Electric Co. Inc............................ Communications Workers 58,000 Westinghouse Electric Corp....................... Electrical Workers (IBEW) 12,000 Apr. 25, 1983 to June 1, 1986 May 4, 1981 to Apr. 29, 1984 June 1, 1983 to June 1, 1986 May 3, 1982 to Sept. 30, 1984 Aug. 28. 1983 to Aug. 25, 1986 June, thereafter quarterly February and April June 28, 1982 to June 27, 1985 June 28, 1982 to June 27, 1985 Apr. 3, 1982 to Sept. 14, 1984 Dec. 5, 1982 to Nov 2, 1985 June and December June 25: 3 percent June and December June 25: 3 percent Dec. 1, 1982 to Dec. 1, 1985 Dec. 1, 1982 to Dec. 1, 1985 Aug. 2, 1983 to Aug. 6 , 1986 July 12, 1982 to July 21, 1985 July 16, 1982 to July 21, June and December Apr. 7: 13-22 cents, Aug 4: 13-22 cents, Dec. 1: 30-56 cents Dec. 3: 3 percent June and December Dec. 3: 3 percent August Aug.: 1.5 percent January and July July 9: 3 percent January and July July 9: 3 percent January and July July 9: 3 percent March, thereafter quarterly March, thereafter quarterly March and June June 4: 3 percent 15,000 Westinghouse Electric Corp....................... Federation of Westinghouse Independent Salaried Unions (Ind.) 11,000 July 12, 1982 to July 21, 1985 Transportation equipment-motor vehicle and motor vehicle equipment: American Motors Corp. (Wisconsin) . . . Auto Workers 14,000 American Motors Corp., Jeep Corp. (Ohio) ................................................... Budd Co. (P & M )...................................... Auto Workers 5,750 Auto Workers 7,800 Chrysler Corp., Engineering Dept............. Auto Workers 5,300 ............................ Auto Workers 41,500 Ford Motor Co............................................ Auto Workers 160,000 General Motors Corp.................................. Auto Workers 470,000 Mack Trucks, Inc....................................... Auto Workers 8,500 Mar. 1, 1982 to Sept. 16, 1985 Mar. 1, 1982 to Jan. 31, 1985 Apr. 26, 1982 to Mar. 8 , 1985 Aug. 15, 1983 to Sept. 15, 1985 Aug. 5, 1983 to Sept. 14, 1985 Mar. 1, 1982 to Sept. 14, 1984 Apr. 12, 1982 to Sept. 14, 1984 Dec. 7, 1982 to Oct. 20, 1984 Machinists 6,000 Bendix Corp................................................ Auto Workers 5,500 Boeing Co.................................................... Machinists 26,000 Cessna Aircraft Co. (Kansas).................. Machinists 6,000 Lockheed Aircraft Corp. (California and Georgia)................................................. McDonnell-Douglas Corp. (St. Louis, Mo.) ...................................................... Rockwell International Corp. (California, Ohio, and Oklahoma) ......................... United Technologies Corp., Pratt Whitney Aircraft Division (Connecticut)............. Machinists 25,000 Machinists 9,500 Auto Workers 13,000 Machinists 16,000 Provisions for 1984 deferred wage in creases’ February, thereafter quarterly February, thereafter quarterly Electrical Workers (IUE) Transportation equipment-aircraft: Beech Aircraft Corp.................................... Provisions for 1984 automatic cost-ofliving review4 Mar. 9, 1983 to Feb. 16, 1986 Mar. 9, 1983 to Feb. 16. 1986 Westinghouse Electric Corp....................... Chrysler Corp. (P&M) 372 20,400 Diesel Workers Union (Ind.) Cummins Engine Co., Inc. (Columbus, Inc.) ...................................................... Deere and Co. (Illinois and Iowa) .......... Contract term3 June, thereafter quarterly March and June Sept. 30: 3 percent September, thereafter July 29: 40 cents quarterly March and June June 4: 3 percent March and June March, June, and September March and June Aug. 3, 1981 to Aug. 5, 1984 October Apr. 30, 1983 to Apr. 30, 1986 Oct. 4, 1983 to Oct. 3, 1986 January, thereafter quarterly Sept. 28, 1981 to Sept. 30, 1984 Oct. 2, 1983 to Oct. 1, 1986 January, thereafter quarterly February May 11, 1981 to May 13, 1984 January and April Sept. 5, 1981 to June 30, 1984 June and December Nov 29, 1982 to Dec. 1, 1985 May 7: 3 percent Dec. 3: 19-54 cents See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 23 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Bargaining Calendar for 19B4 Table 3. Continued— Expiration and wage adjustment provisions of selected major collective bargaining agreements [Listed in order of Standard Industrial Classification code] 1972 SIC Code 373 374 38 39 Industry and employer Transportation equipment-shipbuilding: Bethlehem Steel Corp , Shipbuilding Department........................................... Litton Systems, Inc., Ingalls Shipbuilding Division (Pascagoula, Miss.) ............. Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Co. (Virginia) ...................................... Pacific Coast Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Firms...................................................... Transportation equipment-railway cars: Pullman, Inc., Pullman Standard Division Union1 Marine and Shipbuilding Workers 5,000 Pascagoula Metal Trades Council and Teamsters (Ind.) Steelworkers 18,000 Pacific Coast Metal Trades District Council and Teamsters (Ind.) Steelworkers Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks; Honeywell, Inc. (Minneapolis and St. Paul. Teamsters (Ind.) M in n .)............................................ Miscellaneous manufacturing: National Association of Doll Manufacturers, Inc. and Stuffed Toy Manufacturers Association, Inc. (New York, N .Y .)........................................... Number of workers2 Novelty and Production Workers Contract term3 Provisions for 1984 Provisions for 1984 automatic cost-of- deferred wage in living review4 creases3 Aug. 14. 1981 to Aug. 19, 1984 Feb. 1. 1981 to Jan. 29, 1984 Nov. 1, 1983 to May 31, 1987 July 1, 1983 to June 30, 1986 February and May 4,500 Apr. 4, 1981 to May 4. 1984 January 7.000 Feb. 1, 1982 to Jan. 31, 1985 6.000 July 1, 1982 to June 30. 1985 July 1: $15.00 per week June 7, 1981 to Sept. 30, 1984 July 1, 1981 to Oct. 1, 1984 March 25: 15 cents. June 25: 30 cents March 25: 15 cents, June 25: 30 cents 7,500 11,000 March 1: 7 percent February, thereafter quarterly Nonmanufacturing 12 15 16 17 40 Bituminous coal and lignite mining: Association of Bituminous Contractors, Inc........................................................... Bituminous Coal Operators Association . Mine Workers (Ind.) 11,000 Mine Workers (Ind.) 160,000 Construction: Mid-America Regional Bargaining Association (Illinois)............................ Carpenters 16,500 June 1, 1983 to May 31, 1984 Construction: Associated General Contractors (Northern California).............................................. Operating Engineers 12,000 June 16, 1983 to June 15, 1986 Construction: New York Electrical Contractors Association, Inc...................................... Electrical Workers (IBEW) 10,000 June 10, 1983 to June 12, 1986 Locomotive Engineers (Ind.) 26,000 85,000 Apr. 1, 1981 to June 30, 1984 Apr. 1, 1981 to June 30, 1984 January Transportation Union Apr. 1, 1981 1984 Apr. 1, 1981 1984 Apr. 1, 1981 1984 Apr. 1, 1981 1984 Apr. 1, 1981 1984 Apr. 1, 1981 1984 Apr. 1, 1981 1984 Apr. 1, 1981 1984 Apr. 1, 1981 1984 to June 30, January to June 30, January to June 30, January Railroads: Class I railroads: Operating unions ................................. Nonoperating unions: Shop c ra ft......................................... Electrical Workers (IBEW) Firemen and Oilers Machinists 42 8,400 15,000 Railway Carmen 31,700 Nonshop c ra ft...................................... Maintenance of Way Employees 61,000 Railway Clerks 70,500 Conrail and Amtrak, maintenance and equipment employees ......................... Conrail, clerks ......................................... Transport Workers and Railway Carmen Railway Clerks 12,450 Conrail, operating employees.................. United Transportation Union 16,100 7,000 Trucking and warehousing: Local Cartage, for Hire, and Private carriers agreement (Chicago, III.) . . . National Master Freight agreements and Local Cartage supplements.................. Local Cartage ...................................... Over-the-road.................................... Teamsters (Ind.) Teamsters (Ind.) 100,000 United Parcel Service....................... Teamsters (Ind.) 69,000 See footnotes at end of table. 24 9,300 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Chicago Truck Drivers (Ind.) 7,500 200,000 November June 16: 5 percent June 14: $1.00 January to June 30, January to June 30, January to June 30, January to June 30, January to June 30, January to June 30, January Apr. 1, 1982 to Mar. 31, 1985 Mar. 1, 1982 to Mar. 31, 1985 April Mar. 1, 1982 to Mar. 31, 1985 May 1, 1982 to June 1, 1985 April April May Table 3. Continued— Expiration and wage adjustment provisions of selected major collective bargaining agreements [Listed in order of Standard Industrial Classification code] 1972 SIC Code 44 Industry and employer Water transportation: Dry Cargo and Tanker Cos., . 49 53 58 63 65 3,300 15,000 Pacific Maritime Association .................. Longshoremen and Warehousemen (Ind.) Seafarers 10,000 June 16, 1981 to June 15, 1984 Airlines: American Airlines, Inc............................... Transport Workers 10,400 Sept 1, 1982 to Aug 31, 1985 Communications: American Telephone and Telegraph Co. . Communications Workers 525,000 100,000 Aug. 28, 1983 to Aug. 9, 1986 Aug. 7, 1983 to Aug. 9, 1986 Aug. 7, 1983 to Aug. 9, 1986 Mar. 4, 1983 to Mar. 6 , 1986 May 16, 1983 to May 16, 1986 July 28, 1982 to July 27, 1985 9,600 American Telephone and Telegraph Co. . Electrical Workers (IBEW) Telecommunications Workers 50,000 General Telephone Co. of California . . . . Communications Workers 21,000 General Telephone Co. of the Southwest Communications Workers 9,000 Western Union Telegraph Co.................... Telegraph Workers 8,800 Utility Workers 16,000 Aug. 22, 1983 to June 17, 1986 June 1, 1982 to May 31, 1984 Jan. 1, 1983 to Dec 30, 1985 Apr. 1, 1982 to Mar. 31, 1984 Electrical Workers (IBEW) 7,700 Pacific Gas and Electric Co. (California) . . Electrical Workers (IBEW) 18,000 Southern California Gas Co. (California) . . Utility Workers 4,900 Retail. Wholesale and Department Store Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Food and Commercial Workers 4,000 5,500 Food and Commercial Workers 8,000 Jan. 18, 1981 to Jan. 18, 1984 Chain and independent food stores (Minneapolis, Minn.) .......................... Chicago area grocery stores (Illinois) . . . Food and Commercial Workers 7,500 Food and Commercial Workers 6,750 Cleveland Food Industries Committee (Ohio) ................................................... Food Employers Council, Inc. Independent retail operators, general merchandise (Los Angeles, Calif.) . . Food Employers Labor Relations Association of Northern California . . Food Industry Agreement (St. Louis, Mo.) Food and Commercial Workers 3,500 Mar. 6 , 1983 to Mar. 5. 1986 June 27, 1982 to Mar. 25, 1985 Mar. 14, 1983 to Sept. 4, 1984 Food and Commercial Workers 65,000 Food and Commercial Workers 13,000 Food and Commercial Workers 8,500 Meijer, Inc. (Michigan)............................ Food and Commercial Workers 9,000 Stop and Shop Cos., Inc. (New England) Food and Commercial Workers 10,250 Retail trade-general merchandise: Bloomingdale Bros. (New York) ............. Retail trade— food stores: Acme Food Stores and others (Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware).............................................. 4,000 July 27, 1981 to July 29, 1984 Mar. 1, 1983 to Feb. 28, 1985 May 9, 1982 to May 11, 1985 Aug. 2, 1981 to July 21, 1984 Feb. 24, 1982 to Feb. 9, 1985 Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees 5,000 June 1, 1981 to May 31, 1984 Insurance: John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co. Insurance Employees 6,000 July 1, 1981 to June 27, 1984 Service Employees 3,300 Service Employees 6,500 Service Employees 20,000 Sept. 15, 1982 to Mar. 14, 1986 Mar. 29, 1982 to Mar 28. 1984 Apr. 21, 1982 to Apr 20, 1985 Realty Advisory Board of Labor Relations, Inc., Apartment Buildings (New York, N .Y .)...................................................... August August August Aug. 5: 0-1.5 percent Aug. 5: 0—1.5 percent Aug. 5: 0—1.5 percent Mar.: 4 percent, Oct.: 4 percent May: 5.25 percent, Nov.: 1.95 percent July: 7.1 percent July 29: 7 percent January Mar. 1, 1982 to Feb. 28, 1985 June 1, 1981 to May 31, 1984 Feb. 1, 1983 to Jan. 31, 1986 Retail trade-eating and drinking places: Seattle Restaurant and Hotel Association (Seattle, W ash.).................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate: Bronx Realty Advisory Board, Inc. (New York)..................................................... Building Managers Association of Chicago Sept 8 : 7 percent / American Telephone and Telegraph Co. . Electric, gas, and sanitary services: Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc................................................. Niagara Mohawk Power Corp (New York) Provisions for 1984 Provisions for 1984 automatic cost-of- deferred wage in living review4 creases’ June 16, 1981 to June 15, 1984 June 16, 1981 to June 15, 1984 July 1, 1981 to July 1, 1984 Maritime Union R. H. Macy and Co., Inc. (New York, N .Y .)..................................................... Woodward and Lothrop, Inc. (Maryland, D.C., and Virginia).............................. 54 Masters, Mates and Pilots Contract term3 Dry Cargo and Tanker Cos , Tankers, . . Dry Cargo and Tanker Cos...................... 48 Number of workers2 Union1 Jan. 1:3 percent Feb. 5: 5 percent average Mar. 1: 5 percent Mar. 25: 0-35 cents, Sept. 30: 15 cents January May 6 : 0-30 cents, Nov. 11: 0-20 cents February Feb. 12: 10-30 cents part time, $10-30 per week full time April Apr. 21: 50-52.5 cents See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 25 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Bargaining Calendar for 1984 Table 3. Continued— Expiration and wage adjustment provisions of selected major collective bargaining agreements [Listed in order of Standard Industrial Classification code] 1972 SIC Code 70 Industry and employer Hotels, rooming houses, camps, and other lodging places: Hotel Association of New York City, Inc. (New Y o rk )........................................... Hotel Industry (Hawaii)............................ Nevada Resort Association, Resort Hotels (Las Vegas, Nev.) ............................... 78 80 Union1 New York Hotel Trades Council Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Motion pictures: Screen Actors Guild/American Federation of Television and Radio Artists .......... Actors Medical and other health services: Health Employers, Inc. (Minneapolis and St. Paul, M inn.).................................... Service Employees 1Unions are affiliated with afl - c io , except where noted as independent (Ind ). 2Number of workers at time of settlement. Contract term refers to the date contract is to go into effect, not the date of signing. Where a contract has been amended or modified and the original termination date extended, the effective date of the change becomes the new effective date of the agreement. For purposes of this listing, the expiration is the formal termination date established by the agreement. In general, it is the earliest date on which termination of the contract could be These agreements cover half of all construction workers under major agreements and account for more than half of the industry’s major contracts. Most workers are under 200 contracts that expire in March through June. The number of expiring agreements is relatively large and stems from the recent tendency to negotiate shorter term agreements when faced with economic uncertainty. The av erage duration of construction agreements reached in the first 9 months of 1983 was 25.5 months, compared with 28.1 months when the same parties previously bargained. About 40 percent of the 180 construction agreements ne gotiated in the first 9 months in 1983 will expire or reopen in 1984, compared with 33 percent of the 181 contracts negotiated in 1982 that expired or reopened in 1983. Weak demand for new construction, which caused high unemployment, and continuing competition from nonunion firms have sharply limited the size of construction contract settlements. The industry’s unemployment rate was 15.2 percent in October 1983, down from 22.3 percent in October 1982, but still high when compared with the 10-percent rate of October 1979. Agreements reached in the first 9 months of 1983 provided the industry’s lowest average wage and compensation ad justments for any 3-quarter period since this component of the major collective bargaining series began in 1968. Wage adjustments averaged 1.3 percent for the first contract year and 2.2 percent annually over the life of the contracts; cor responding adjustments in compensation (wage and benefit costs) averaged 2.2 percent and 2.7 percent. Unless the industry’s business improves, the 1983 con tract provisions designed to reduce employer costs can be expected in many new agreements. These provisions in clude: lower regular rates for new hires, modification of overtime provisions, and lower wage rates for projects val 26 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Number of workers2 25,000 7,000 25,000 Contract term3 Provisions for 1984 Provisions tor 1984 automatic cost-of- deferred wage in living review4 creases* June 1, 1981 to May 31, 1985 Dec. 1, 1980 to May 31, 1984 Apr. 2, 1980 to Apr. 1. 1984 86,000 July 1, 1983 to June 30, 1986 4,800 Mar. 1, 1982 to Feb. 28, 1984 effective, except for special provisions for termination as in the case of disagreement arising out of wage reopening. Many agreements provide for automatic renewal at the expiration date unless notice of termination is given. 4Dates shown indicate the month in which adiustment is to be made, not the month of the Consumer Price Index on which adjustment is based. 5Hourly rate increase unless otherwise specified. ued below a specified amount. (This last provision is in tended to allow unionized employers to compete with nonunion employers on small contracts while, at the same time, maintain wage levels on the larger contracts for which nonunion firms may be too small to compete.) Rail contracts expire in June Agreements for 345,000 railroad workers expire June 30, 1984. Eighty-four percent of these workers are employed by private Class I railroads (carriers with operating revenues of more than $50 million a year); 11 percent by Consolidated Rail Corp. (Conrail); and the remainder by Amtrak. Rep resentatives of 13 railroad unions will conduct coordinated bargaining sessions with the National Railway Labor Con ference, the bargaining agent for most of the rail carriers. Three unions represent a majority of the workers— the United Transportation Union; the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees; and the Brotherhood of Railway, Airline and Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers, Express and Sta tion Employees.6 The conference, formed in 1963, repre sented all the major rail carriers except Amtrak until 1978. Since then, it has represented most Class I railroads; Conrail and several bankrupt railroads bargained on their own. Between 1973 and 1978, the major unions and the con ference coordinated bargaining of agreements providing for common expiration dates and for identical changes in wages, cost-of-living adjustments ( c o l a ) , and health and welfare benefits. Some unions negotiated supplemental agreements, however, covering sickness plans. Issues specific to indi vidual unions are considered in separate negotiations be tween each union and the conference. The 1981 rail negotiations resulted in 39-month agree ments in December which provided for a 2-percent wage increase retroactive to April (when the previous contracts Table 4. Scheduled deferred wage adjustments in 1984 under major collective bargaining agreements, by industry Selected industry All private nonagricultural Industries Manufacturing2 .......................... Food and kindred products . . Apparel and other finished products ............................ Paper and allied products . . . Metalworking ......................... Nonmanufacturing4 .................... Construction ......................... Transportation, communications and gas and electric utilities Wholesale and retail trade . . . Services ................................. ber Number Num of of orkers agree w(thou ments sands) Mean adjustment With COLA Total Median adjustment Mean increase Mean decrease Without COLA Cents Percent1 Cents Percent1 Cents Percent1 Cents Percent1 Cents Percent1 Cents Percent1 637 273 29 3,407 1,415 76 46.8 39.1 50.8 4.1 42 4.9 30.8 35.7 35.4 3.1 3.8 3.2 67.3 51.2 54.3 5.5 5.3 5.3 40.0 40.0 41.7 3.3 3.2 5.1 47.2 39.1 50 8 4.2 4.2 4.9 35 40.9 57.8 35.5 52.3 90.0 5.9 5.5 3.3 4.1 5.7 41.1 5.9 33.3 24 0 92.5 36.6 57.8 56.9 71.5 89.7 6.1 118 364 159 318 30 786 1,992 467 40.0 56.1 35.5 45 0 5.8 5.9 3.0 3.3 5.9 5.5 3.3 4.2 100.0 6.1 40.9 57.8 35.6 53.0 93.8 84 77 36 884 344 107 36.9 41.6 62.3 4.9 97.7 44.0 61.7 7.0 5.3 15.8 43.8 58.9 1.4 4.7 7.0 36.9 41.6 62 3 4.9 — — 6.2 — — 20 2.8 6.2 — 18.2 30.0 72.3 — 3.0 2.0 5.7 1.5 2.8 6.1 5.5 5.9 5.6 5.7 6.2 6.0 48.1 44.4 36 (3) — — 44 4 48 4 48.4 — (3) 36 -3 .6 2.8 includes 164,000 workers in the mining industry and 24,000 workers in the finance, 'Percent of straight-time average hourly earnings. insurance and real estate industries for which data are not shown separately to ensure includes workers in the following industry groups for which data are not shown sep confidentiality of earnings data. arately to ensure confidentiality of earnings data: textiles (5,000); lumber (45,000); furniture N ote : Workers are distributed according to the average adiustment for all workers in (10.000) ; printing (14,000); chemicals (26,000); leather (15,000); stone, clay and concrete (42.000) ; instruments (11,000); tobacco (18,000); rubber (8,000); and miscellaneous each bargaining situation considered. Deferred wage increases include guaranteed minimum adjustments under cost-of-living clauses. Because of rounding, sums of individual items manufacturing ( 1 0 ,000 ). may not equal totals. Dashes indicate no adjustment. 3Data do not meet publication criteria. expired), 3 percent retroactive to October, and 3 percent in July of 1982 and 1983. They provided automatic “ cost-ofliving increases” of 32 cents an hour retroactive to July 1981, 35 cents an hour in January 1982, and semiannual c o l a ’ s of 1 cent for each 0.3-point change in the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers ( c p i - w ) , with a maximum increase of 8 percent per year. Portions of the c o l a were incorporated into base rates twice during the term of the agreement. Improved vacations, an additional paid holiday, and improved medical and dental benefits were also provided.7 Financially troubled Conrail (a quasi-government cor poration) reached agreements with its 70,000 union-repre sented workers concurrently with the conference. These agreements conform with the understanding between Conrail and the unions that employees would forego part of the increases under national pattern agreements. Thus, Conrail employees did not receive 10 percent of the 1981 wage increase and about 2 percent of the 1982 increase negotiated under the other railroad agreements.8 The enactment of the Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 19839 will alleviate concern about the viability of the railroad pension fund during the coming negotiations. In the absence of this act, pensions of more than 1 million railroad retirees would have been reduced 40 percent be ginning in October 1983. The act ensures the solvency of the railroad pension plan through the 1980’s, but current and future retirees are subject to some benefit cuts and changes. Undoubtedly, negotiations will be influenced by the in dustry’s improved economic performance and by the recent deregulation, which spurred merger proposals and increased competition among major carriers. At its convention in Au gust, Fred Hardin, president of the 230,000-member United https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Transportation Union predicted that the railroads would seek givebacks and concessions similar to those negotiated in other industries in 1982 and 1983. He also mentioned the possibility of the “ Caboose Issue,” concerning a proposal by the companies to replace humans in the caboose with electric monitors, surfacing at the talks.10 According to an industry analyst at the National Railway Labor Conference, such replacements have been cost effective in trial runs in Florida and would save up to $400 million for the industry. Ford and GM contracts expire M a s te r a g re e m e n ts b e tw e e n th e U n ite d A u to m o b ile , Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America ( u a w ) and the two largest automobile manufacturing com panies— General Motors Corp. ( g m ) and the Ford Motor Co.— expire September 14, 1984. Approximately 750,000 workers are covered by motor vehicle equipment industry agreements expiring in 1984; about three-fifths are em ployed by g m or Ford.11 These expiring agreements were negotiated before previous agreements had expired to pro vide relief to a financially troubled industry. Currently, de mand for automobiles is the strongest since 1978; therefore, auto workers will probably seek improved wages and ben efits in their 1984 agreements. The auto companies are likely to respond by proposing tougher rules on crew size and absenteeism.12 The u a w bargains individually with each major firm. In the past, the union “ targeted” one of the “ Big Three” companies ( g m , Ford, and Chrysler) for its primary effort at reaching a pattern-setting agreement. In 1979, the financially troubled Chrysler Corp. deviated from the pattern contracts that had characterized the “ Big Three” since the mid-1950’s. Chrysler negotiated a 3-year agreement that was less costly than those at Ford and g m . 27 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Bargaining Calendar for 1984 Subsequently, in January 1980 and in January 1981, Chrys ler employees agreed to further wage and benefit reductions to aid the company’s effort to win Federal loan guarantees. The givebacks at Chrysler, combined with the continuing slump in sales of domestic automobiles, caused GM and Ford to press the uaw for wage-and-benefit concessions during 1981. Although the existing agreements were not due to expire until September 1982, high unemployment in the industry and the threat of further layoffs and future plant closings led the uaw to agree to an unscheduled reopening of the contracts. Settlements were reached with Ford in February 1982 and with gm in April 1982, superseding the existing 3-year contracts. The new accords did not provide for any specific wage increases over the 2'/2 -year contract term, but retained cola provisions. However, each of the first three cola ’ s was delayed for 18 months. (The cola provisions of the Ford and gm contracts differed slightly to equalize labor costs as gm had already paid the March 1982 cola increase called for in the previous agreement.) At the Chrysler Corp., a $482-million profit in the first 6 months of 1983 and plans to pay back $1.2 billion in federally backed loans 7 years early prompted demands by the uaw for a reopening of the contract slated to expire in June 1984. The union’s primary goal was an immediate $2an-hour raise in wages to attain the level at Ford and gm . Following an unsuccessful effort in July, new talks quickly resulted in a new accord in September which restored pen sion benefits and insurance to current parity with Ford and gm , and also provided an initial $l-an-hour increase ret roactive to August 15, and increases of 3 percent (averaging 30 cents an hour) in June 1984; 40 cents an hour in March and June of 1985; and 32 cents in September 1985. Quarterly Table 5. Distribution of workers scheduled to receive deferred wage increases in 1984 under major collective bargaining agreements, by industry and amount of increase [Workers in thousands] Selected manufacturing Industries1 Increase All private nonagricultural industries Total and Paper and Food and Apparel other kindred finished allied Metalworking Total products products products Selected nonmanufacturing industries2 Transportation, communications Wholesale and and Construction Services gas and retail electric trade utilities Cents per hour — — — — 7 176 5 77 __ 148 658 69 107 380 94 30 24 39 359 under 4 0 .................... under 45 .................... under 50 .................... under 60 .................... under 70 .................... 125 583 245 323 170 52 520 48 131 64 15 109 70 51 130 77 146 21 __ 9 4 5 9 5 — — 9 Under 2 percent.................... 2 and under 3 ....................... 3 and under 4 ....................... 4 and under 5 ....................... 5 and under 6 ....................... 819 231 858 230 418 135 116 570 93 242 6 20 5 29 148 6 and under 7 ....................... 313 348 96 42 16 126 5 110 1 — — — 65 85 — — — — — — — 76 29 318 35 30 35 40 45 50 60 and and and and and 70 and under 80 .................... 80 and under 90 .................... 90 and under 1 0 0 .................. 100 and under 1 1 0 ............... 110 and under 1 2 0 ............... 120 and over ......................... 4 — — — — 54 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... Under 15 cents 15 and under 20 20 and under 25 25 and under 30 30 and under 35 2 — 1 17 8 7 4 8 2 — 2 2 4 — 11 2 __ — — — — 9 — — — — 78 25 23 33 228 54 629 45 23 287 9 23 42 7 4 68 21 3 — — 26 7 30 613 4 — 4 73 63 197 192 106 5 4 13 58 14 6 20 88 5 5 45 18 2 35 36 3 53 32 15 7 101 8 40 5 3 3 7 5 27 61 47 125 68 32 29 14 96 43 2 140 112 684 115 289 137 177 27 41 43 32 646 11 115 103 469 24 27 66 58 13 — 24 15 2 1 1 67 107 38 17 14 84 28 46 40 1 188 239 80 41 13 2 18 — — — — — — — — — — — 51 29 2 23 27 6 8 1 22 3 14 4 2 — __ — 8 4 2 1 — Percent3 7 and under 8 ....................... 8 and under 9 ....................... 9 and under 10 .................... 10 and under 11 .................... 11 and under 12 .................... 12 and over ............................ Number of workers (in thousands) .................. Number of agreements . . . . 2 15 1 — 3 19 4 3,393 633 1,414 272 6 5 17 8 'Includes workers in the following industry groups for which data are not shown sep arately to ensure confidentiality of earnings data: textiles (5,000); lumber (45,000); furniture (10.000) ; printing (14,000); chemicals (26,000); leather (15,000); stone, clay, and concrete (42.000) ; instruments (11,000); tobacco (18,000); rubber (8,000); and miscellaneous manufacturing ( 1 0 ,0 00 ). includes 164,000 workers in the mining industry and 24,000 workers in the finance, insurance, and real estate industry for which data are not shown separately to ensure 28 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 — — — 20 — 4 785 117 8 31 2 — — 2 11 2 15 3 12 1,979 361 454 156 884 84 11 61 47 74 47 1 _ 3 6 29 5 41 6 12 4 2 — — 344 77 107 36 confidentiality of earnings data. 3Percent of straight-time average hourly earnings. N ote : Workers are distributed according to the average adjustment for all workers in each bargaining situation considered. Deferred wage increases include guaranteed minimum adjustments under cost-of-living clauses. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate no workers. cost-of-living adjustments of 1 cent for each 0.26-point rise in a consumer price index were reinstated. The agreement expires in October 1985. Bargainers in 1984 will be dealing with a changing in dustry. Productivity gains through the increasing use of robotics may mean a permanent loss of employment despite any upturn in the economy.13 While all major U.S. auto manufacturers showed a marked increase in profits and sales in the third quarter of 1983,14 about 130,000 workers were still on indefinite layoff in mid-September.15 Coal contracts expire in fall Bargaining in the coal industry will be influenced by the new leadership of the United Mine Workers of America ( u m w , Ind.) and a weak market. The national contract be tween the u m w and the Bituminous Coal Operators Asso ciation ( b c o a ) , covering about 160,000 miners, is scheduled to expire September 30, 1984. This pact traditionally sets the pattern for the contract between the u m w and the As sociation of Bituminous Contractors ( a b c ) , covering about 10,000 mine construction workers, also scheduled to expire September 30. Other u m w contracts include an agreement expiring May 31 which covers 2,500 anthracite workers in Pennsylvania, and about a dozen separate contracts with individual operators (primarily in the West) expiring at var ious times in 1984. Other unions representing miners include the Southern Labor Union (Ind.), the Progessive Mine Workers Union (Ind.), the International Union of Operating Engineers ( a f l c i o ) , and the International Brotherhood of Electrical Work ers ( a f l - c i o ) . Independent single-firm unions also have collective bargaining agreements with operators. About two-thirds of all coal miners work in underground mines, most of which are located east of the Mississippi. The remainder work in surface mines which account for about 60 percent of the coal mined in the United States. Surface mining operations are about evenly divided between the East and West. Western surface mining has accounted for an ever-increasing proportion of total coal production, and a majority of the miners are unionized, although the proportion is smaller than in the East. Coal negotiations in 1984 will be held in a troubled in dustry. The Energy Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy estimates that U.S. coal production for 1983 dropped to 769.0 million tons,16 from a record 838.1 million tons in 1982— the lowest production since 1978. In 1980— the year before the last round of coal col lective bargaining— 829.7 million tons of coal were pro duced. Coal consumption growth in the United States was moderated by economic problems affecting the demand for energy production by electrical utilities (which account for 80 percent of domestic use), by structural problems in the iron and steel industry, and by relatively stable prices for oil, coal’s chief competitor. Because of poor coal produc tion, unemployment in the industry was 27.6 percent in the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis third quarter of 1983— nearly triple the nationwide unem ployment rate.18 In contrast, in the third quarter of 1980 (the year before the last round of coal negotiations), 8.9 percent of the coal miners were unemployed, compared with a national unemployment rate of 7.7 percent. Although the economy improved in the latter half of 1983, the growth in domestic demand for coal was sluggish and did not offset the drop in coal exports.18 Major factors con tributing to the drop included a more competitive world market for coal and the continued economic slump abroad, which left other countries with large stockpiles of coal. Coal production may improve in 1984, but not robustly, according to the Energy Information Administration. This assumes a continued economic recovery both domestically and abroad. Purchases of coal by electric utilities and by industrial users are expected to increase. In addition, producer/distributor and consumer stocks of coal may be in creased following reductions in inventories, and there may also be traditional prebargaining stockpiling. Unemployment in the industry is likely to remain high when the 1984 coal negotiations begin and will be a major concern of u m w President Richard L. Trumka, who will be negotiating as head of the union for the first time. Trumka succeeded Sam Church who also headed negotiations for the first time during the 1981 bargaining round. Reportedly, Trumka will take a firm stand against any possible contract “ givebacks.” The union's continuing concern with occu pational health and safety for miners will also have an impact on talks. The last coal agreement between the u m w and the b c o a was ratified on June 6, 1981, ending a strike which began March 27. An earlier contract proposal had been rejected by the rank and file. Agreement was reached when the mine operators agreed to continue to pay royalties into the work ers’ benefit fund on coal purchased for sale or resale. The miners had contended that elimination of the royalty pay- Table 6. Deferred wage increases scheduled in 1984 in major collective bargaining situations, by month [Workers in thousands] Effective month Total1 ............... January.......................... February ....................... M arch............................ April ............................... May ............................... J u n e ............................... July ............................... August .......................... September..................... October.......................... November .................... December .................... P r in c ip le in d u s tr ie s All industries Construction, men's apparel Steel Food stores Construction, glass manufacturing Construction Bituminous coal mining, men's apparel, electrical products, construction Women's apparel, construction, electrical products Communications Food stores, motion picture production Communications Construction, food stores Electrical products W orkers covered 3,393 247 382 363 268 236 721 501 779 161 105 106 142 1The total is smaller than the sum of individual items because 460,000 workers are scheduled to receive more than one increase. Total is based on data available as of October 1983 and, thus, may understate the number of workers scheduled to receive deferred increases for the entire year; 13,500 workers are scheduled to have a deferred wage decrease in 1984. 29 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Bargaining Calendar for 1984 ment would have led to widespread purchase of coal from nonunion mines. The approved contract gave miners more protection against layoffs by prohibiting operators from con tracting out work or leasing coal lands or operations if it deprived u m w members of work they had normally per formed. The union did not win its demand for restoration of a cost-of-living clause providing automatic pay adjustments based on the movement of the b l s Consumer Price Index. However, it did negotiate “ set” pay increases designated as cost-of-living adjustments— 15 cents quarterly from March 1982 through March 1984, and 30 cents in Ju i||l9 8 4 . The contract provided wage increases of $1.20 an hour effective on resumption of work, 50 cents in June 1982, and 40 cents in June 1983. There also were improvements in pensions and health and welfare benefits. The union later negotiated a separate but similar agree ment for 10,000 mine construction workers and a less costly agreement for miners in the nine-county hard coal region Table 7. in eastern Pennsylvania, where workers had been on strike since May 1, 1981. Wage changes of expiring agreements Agreements expiring in 1984 will have yielded average effective wage adjustments over their life of at least 5.1 percent a year. When c o l a adjustments through October 1983 are ta k e n in to a c c o u n t, th e a d ju s tm e n t a v e ra g e s 5 .5 p ercen t. S p e c ifie d S p e c ifie d p lu s C O L A 5 .1 2 8 5 .5 7 4 7 .4 A g r e e m e n t s e x p i r i n g in 19 8 4 . . W i t h c o l a ....................................... W ith o u t co la ................................ 3 .9 Some of the contracts with c o l a provide for reviews after October 1983; however, if the current trends continue, it is unlikely that any future c o l a adjustments will substantially change the averages. Prevalence of cost-of-living adjustment clauses in major collective bargaining agreements, October 1983 (Workers in thousands] Agreements with COLA clauses Percent of 1972 workers SIC W orkers W orkers Number covered Number covered covered by Code COLA clauses All agreements 1972 SIC Code Private nonagricultural industry Total ......................... 10 11 12 Metal mining ....................... Anthracite mining ............... Bituminous coal and lignite m ining.............................. 15 Building construction general contractors....................... 16 Construction other than building construction . . . . 17 Construction-special trade contractors....................... 20 Food and kindred products . 21 Tobacco manufacturing . . . . 22 Textile mill products............. 23 Apparel and other finished products............................ 24 Lumber and wood products, except furniture ............... 25 Furniture and fixtures.......... 26 Paper and allied products . . 27 Printing, publishing, and allied industries......................... 28 Chemicals and allied products 29 Petroleum refining and related industries......................... 30 Rubber and miscellaneous plastics ............................ 1,630 11 1 1 7,926 573 2 160 4,539 57 22 2 84 8 1 27 — — 100 0 151 521 9 48 9 110 369 13 65 18 36 Electrical machinery equipment and supplies....................... 73 382 56 341 89 37 Transportation equipment . . . 38 Instruments and related products ............................ 86 12 1,092 68 1,025 94 25 4 6 26 26 3 16 10 15 394 17 430 26 2 1 21 100 86 100 37 174 81 6 11 375 240 18 37 14 24 5 29 105 18 5 44 96 13 15 3 394 15 428 44 342 27 300 88 44 Water transportation ............. 19 89 6 33 13 11 57 16 38 44 162 726 5 24 637 52 82 75 238 14 50 88 21 25 33 47 65 3 7 36 25 o 70 18 34 12 12 58 30 78 34 Fabricated metal products . . 35 Machinery, except electrical 33 1 1 2 1 2 3 17 0 45 Transportation by a i r ............. 48 Communications.................... 49 Electric, gas, and sanitary services............................... 24 13 51 19 50 Wholesale trade— durables . . 51 Wholesale trade— nondurables 0 53 Retail trade— general merchandise....................... — — 11 7 — — 10 — 75 441 25 71 43 79 63 161 8 52 89 0 — 54 Food stores............................ 55 Automotive dealers and service stations.............................. 67 421 90 95 56 Apparel and accessory stores 58 Eating and drinking places . . 30 63 80 53 148 92 59 Miscellaneous retail stores , . 60-65 Finance, insurance, and real estate ................................. 70-89 Services ................................. N ote : Due to rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals, and percentages may not reflect shown ratios. Dashes indicate absence of cost-of-living coverage. 30 Private nonagricultural industry 39 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries............................ 40 Railroad transportation.......... 41 Local and urban transit . . . . 42 Motor freight transportation . . 31 Leather and leather products 32 Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products............. 33 Primary metals industries . . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Agreements with COLA clauses Percent of workers W orkers W orkers Number covered Number covered covered by COLA clauses All agreements 8 1 21 13 17 61 3 13 22 89 464 20 90 19 7 10 8 2 17 61 5 13 18 82 93 362 o _ — 1 6 9 0 0 — 4 32 46 50 21 6 Scheduled wage changes in 1984— all agreements About 3.4 million of the 7.9 million workers covered by major collective bargaining agreements are scheduled to receive deferred wage increases in 1984. (See table 4, p.27; table 5, p. 28; and table 6, p. 29.) This compares with 3 million or about a third of the total in 1983 (record lows for this component of the major collective bargaining series which began in 1967) and 4.3 million or nearly half of the total in 1982. About 13,500 workers will incur wage de creases in 1984, primarily as a result of 1983 construction industry settlements. Deferred adjustments (increases and decreases) scheduled for 1984 average 4.1 percent or 46.8 cents.19 Increases alone will average 4.2 percent, the lowest percent increase since this information was first compiled in 1970. This moderation reflects the size of settlements reached in 1982 and through the third quarter of 1983. Deferred increases from 1982 settlements will average 5.3 percent; those from 1983 set tlements will average 3.6 percent. In contrast, 1983 deferred increases averaged 6.7 percent from 1981 settlements and 5.8 percent from 1982 settlements. Contracts with c o l a ’ s generally provide smaller deferred wage increases than those without because they are nego tiated with the anticipation that the c o l a will generate some wage increases. Of the workers scheduled to receive de ferred increases in 1984, about 56 percent have c o l a cov erage. Their deferred wage adjustments will average 3.1 percent, compared with 5.5 percent for those without c o l a clauses. Cost-of-living adjustments, c o l a clauses are designed pri marily to help workers recover purchasing power lost through price increases. Some c o l a clauses, however, also decrease Table 8. wages if prices drop. Wage adjustments are based on a measure of price change, usually the b l s c p i - w . The size of the c o l a wage change varies, depending on the formula used in adjustment calculations, the timing of reviews, whether or not maximum amounts (“ caps” ) are specified, and if the formula provides for c o l a decreases. As of October 1983, 57 percent (4.5 million) of the 7.9 million workers under major agreements were covered by c o l a clauses. (See table 7.) Coverage peaked at 61 percent in 1977, and proportionally coverage has remained rela tively stable. Numerically, however, it has declined steadily (from 6.0 million in 1977 to 4.5 million in the third quarter of 1983) largely because of falling employment in industries where c o l a clauses are common. The following shows the number of workers under major contracts and the number and percent covered by c o l a clauses, 1971-84 (numbers in m i l l i o n s ) : N um ber W ith C O L A c o v e r a g e u n d e r m a jo r Year a g r e e m e n ts N um ber 1971 .............................. 1 0 .8 3 .0 2 7 .8 1 9 7 2 .............................. 1 0 .6 4 0 .6 P ercen t 1 9 7 3 .............................. 1 0 .4 4 .3 4.1 1 9 7 4 .............................. 1 0 .2 4 .0 32.2 1 9 7 5 .............................. 1 0 .3 5 .3 51.5 1 9 7 6 .............................. 10.1 6 .0 5 9 .4 1 9 7 7 .............................. 9 .8 6 .0 61 .2 3 9 .4 1 9 7 8 .............................. 9 .6 5 .8 6 0 .4 1 9 7 9 .............................. 9 .5 5 .6 5 8 .9 1 9 8 0 .............................. 9 .3 5 .4 5 8 .1 1981 .............................. 9.1 5 .3 5 8 .2 1 9 8 2 .............................. 1 9 8 3 .............................. 1 9 8 4 .............................. 9 .0 8.5 5.1 4 .9 5 6 .7 57 .6 7 .9 4 .5 5 7 .3 Timing and frequency of 1984 cost-of-living reviews in agreements in major collective bargaining situations [Workers in thousands] Frequency of review All Total ........................................................... Quarterly.................................................................. Semiannual............................................................. Annual ..................................................................... Other2 .................................................................. Expiring in 1984 Total ........................................................... Quarterly.................................................................. Semiannual ............................................................. Annual ..................................................................... Other2 ..................................................................... First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Full year1 Number of Workers Number of Workers Number of Workers Number of Workers Number of Workers agreements covered agreements covered agreements covered agreements covered agreements covered 218 145 38 35 0 88 59 28 1 0 1,870 1.154 466 250 164 15 28 1.699 1,077 146 475 1.213 812 399 3 36 33 3 756 751 5 15 15 657 343 67 248 128 942 326 141 475 174 107 0 0 121 0 0 0 0 0 0 189 122 12 55 0 0 0 0 1,657 638 69 950 136 114 13 9 805 624 141 40 387 178 56 127 26 3,925 1,478 615 1,715 117 32 32 1 1 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 101 0 0 0 1,247 812 404 3 28 1,625 605 69 950 135 113 13 9 803 622 141 40 286 119 25 126 16 0 0 0 59 31 1 10 Expiring in later years Total ........................................................... Quarterly.................................................................. Semiannual............................................................. Annual ..................................................................... Other2 ..................................................................... 130 86 10 34 0 0 88 12 28 0 Agreements that have at least one review in the year. includes monthly, combinations of annual and quarterly, combinations of annual and semiannual, and reviews dependent on the levels of the Consumer Price Index. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0 12 55 0 0 0 0 2,679 667 210 1,713 89 N ote : Data include only cost-of-living reviews through the termination of the present agreement; does not assume the continuation of existing reviews after expiration dates 31 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Bargaining Calendar for 1984 Almost 3.7 million of the 4.5 million workers with c o l a provisions are covered by contracts that tie possible ad justments to the movement in the b l s - c p i for "all cities.” An additional 120,000 workers are under contracts which use an index for an individual city, and contracts for 700,000 in the motor vehicle and equipment industry relate adjust ments to a combination of the U.S. and Canadian indices because contracts cover workers in both countries. The most prevalent c o l a adjustment formula calls for a 1-cent per hour wage change for each 0.3-point change in the c p i . This formula is found in c o l a clauses for more than 1.7 million workers in industries such as steel, rail roads, trucking, and aerospace, c o l a clauses in major agreements in the automobile and rubber industries provide adjustments of 1 cent for each 0.26-point movement in the index they use; those in the electrical equipment industry provide 1 cent for each 0.175-percent change in the c p i ; and those in telephone communications call for adjustments of 55 cents a week plus 0.65 percent of the individual’s weekly rate for each 1.0-percent increase in the c p i . Cost-of-living reviews are made at intervals specified in each clause. Eighty-six percent of the workers covered by c o l a clauses will have at least one review in 1984. (See table 7, p. 30; and table 8, p. 31.) Annual reviews are the most common, affecting 1.7 million workers, primarily in the telephone communications, trucking, and apparel in dustries; quarterly reviews cover 1.5 million, including 'Major collective bargaining situations cover 1,000 workers or more. Agreements in these situations may be embodied in more than one contract. However, negotiations for all workers in a situation are conducted among all parties to the agreement. Thus, a situation may include one or more companies and/or one or more employee organizations that bargain together to reach an agreement. 2Major oil companies are Gulf, Citgo, Texaco, Mobil, Union Oil of California, Phillips Petroleum, Standard Oil of California (Chevron), Brit ish Petroleum, Standard Oil of Ohio (Sohio), Standard Oil of Indiana (Amoco), and Atlantic Richfield. 3See 1982 A nnual E nergy O utlook: With P rojection s to 1990 (U.S. Department o f Energy, Energy Information Administration, April 1983). 4 See P etroleum Inform ation International, O cto b er 10, 1983, weekly publication o f Petroleum Information Corporation. 5 For more details on the 1982 petroleum industry agreements see “ Wage Highlights,” C urrent W age D evelopm ents, February 1982, p. 1. 6 The 10 other unions participating in the negotiations are the American Train Dispatchers Association; Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers (Ind.); International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers; Railroad Yardmasters o f America; Sheet Metal Workers International Association; Brotherhood o f Railroad Signalmen; International Brotherhood of Firemen & Oilers; International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers; Brotherhood o f Railway Carmen o f the United States and Canada; and International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers. 7 For more details of the 1981 railroad accords see C urrent W age D e velopm en ts, December 1981, p. 1. 8 For more details of the Conrail settlement see C urrent W age D e ve l opm en ts, November 1981, p. 2. 9 “ President Signs Rail Pension B ill,” The N ew York Tim es, Aug. 13, 32 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis workers in the automobile, steel, and aerospace industries; semiannual reviews affect 615,000 workers, mostly in rail roads and electrical products. More than 60,000 workers are covered by provisions for minimum or "guaranteed” c o l a payments. These amounts were determined at the time the contracts were negotiated and are not dependent on the movement of a price index. Therefore, the Bureau of Labor Statistics does not treat these amounts as c o l a adjustments. Recently, there have been .negotiated modifications in c o l a clauses designed to reduce employer costs related to c o l a ’ s . These changes include delays or deferrals of c o l a payments, diversions of c o l a adjustments from wages to help finance benefits, elimination of some c o l a adjust ments, and formulas that provide smaller increases. B a r g a i n i n g i n 1984 will be conducted at a time when economic conditions are predicted to be brighter nationally but may still be uncertain in many industries. Unscheduled contract reopenings to raise or lower wages to reflect chang ing circumstances would not be as surprising as they were 2 years ago. The 1984 bargaining scene may, therefore, differ somewhat from what has been described. In any case, bargaining will be watched carefully to see if historic pat terns are re-established, or if the events of the last 2 years presage a new direction. □ 1983. 10 “ Hardin Recaps utu Gains, Sets G oals,” U TU N ew s, Aug. 20, 1983. "Agreements covering 66,000 American Motors Corp. and Chrysler Corp. workers do not expire until September and October 1985, respec tively. 12General Motors currently has an absenteeism plan that penalizes work ers who miss more than 20 percent of scheduled work time by reducing benefits following counseling. This counseling was a “ major factor” lead ing to the decline in “ controllable absences” from 11.3 percent in 1981 to 10.3 percent in 1982 and to 8.8 percent in the first quarter of 1983. See C urrent W age D evelopm en ts, August 1983, pp. 3 -4 . 13 “ Detroit’s Jobs That Will Never Come Back,” B usiness W eek, May 23, 1983, pp. 168-170. 14 “ The 1983. u a w Wants A Piece Of The A ction,” B usiness W eek, Aug. 8, 15 Figures supplied by the u a w Research Department. Approximately 27,000 were on indefinite layoff at Chrysler as of September 19, 1983, and, as of October 5, 1983, 65,000 at g m , 36,700 at Ford, and 700 at American Motors. 16 Energy Information Administration, Q uarterly C oal R eport, A prilJune 1983 (U .S. Department of Energy, September 1983). 17 Unpublished data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. 18 Energy Information Administration, Q uarterly C oal R eport. 19 About 231,000 construction workers will receive deferred increases under settlements in which the parties agreed to a total wage and benefit package, with the allocation between wages and benefits to be determined later by the union. Because the final allocation was not known at the time this article was prepared, the entire package has been treated as a wage increase which, thus, may be overstated. Economy improves; bargaining problems persist in 1983 Wage gains were lower than in recent years, and there were some cuts, as labor and management tried to overcome problems resulting from the recession, deregulation, technological change, andforeign competition G eorge R uben In late 1982, the Nation began to emerge from a 16-month recession and economic indicators generally showed con tinuing improvement in 1983: • Unemployment, which reached a 42-year high in Decem ber 1982, declined 2.4 percentage points, to 8.4 percent in November 1983.1 • Civilian employment rose to 102.7 million workers in November, from 99 million 12 months earlier. • Consumer prices rose less than 3 percent during the 12 months ending in October 1983, compared with about 5.0 percent during the preceding 12 months. • Productivity for all persons in the business sector of the economy increased 3.5 percent during the four quarters ending with September 1983, which was the largest in crease for any comparable period since 1976. Despite the improvement in the economy, several major industries, and their employees, continued to struggle with problems that resulted from economic policies, and from other factors such as the growing inroads by foreign pro ducers, shifts in customer preference, and plant obsoles cence. Clearly, the domestic policy of deregulation of in dustry increased competition in the airline and trucking in dustries, resulting in the entry of new firms, the closing of George Ruben is coeditor of C urrent W age D evelopm ents, a monthly publication o f the Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis others, employee concessions on compensation, and high unemployment. Other industries, particularly steel, shipbuilding, and cop per, also continued to experience low operating levels that industry leaders attributed, in part, to foreign governments’ subsidization of their producers that sell in the United States. The domestic automobile industry shared in the surge in the economy, as the major companies generally reported sharp increases in sales and profits. Still, sales did not ap proach their historic highs as the companies faced the chal lenge of overcoming the cost advantages of foreign producers and reducing their 25-percent share of the U.S. market. However, despite U.S. companies’ continuing efforts, the prospect was that a sizable number of laid-off employees would never regain their jobs. As a result of this backdrop, 1983 was a difficult year for unions and management. Some employers closed ob solete facilities or introduced new production methods and machines, reduced staff, or asked their unions for conces sions. The unions generally gave up part of the wages and benefits they had won over the years when convinced that the employer was in economic straits. In some cases, the unions charged that management was using the unsettled conditions to press for unwarranted compensation cuts. During the first 9 months of 1983, 1.9 million private industry workers were covered by major collective bar gaining settlements (those affecting 1,000 workers or more). One-fifth of these workers had their wages cut in industries 33 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Bargaining Problems Persist in 1983 including steel, airline transportation, and meat processing. Another fifth of the workers did not receive specified wage increases over the contract term. This occurred in the alu minum, farm and construction equipment, and copper in dustries and, to some extent, in construction. For the 1.2 million workers whose settlements provided for specified increases at some time during the contract term, the average increase was 6.1 percent in the first contract year and 4.9 percent a year averaged over the contract term. These settlements were mostly in nonmanufacturing indus tries, including public utilities, retail trade, construction, and telephone communications. Considering the entire 1.9 million workers covered by settlements, wage adjustments— the combined net result of wage increases, decreases, and no changes— averaged 1.7 percent in the first contract year. Over the life of these contracts, adjustments averaged 2.8 percent annually, the lowest such average for any 3-quarter period in the 15-year history of the series. The last time the same parties bargained (2 to 3 years ago in most cases), average wage adjustments were 9.1 percent in the first contract year and 7.3 percent a year over the life of the contracts.2 The first big settlement of the year involved the steel industry. The issue in the steel talks was the need to cut costs. The same issue dominated trucking industry negoti ations, but did not result in a settlement, and in airline transportation, where settlements were recorded throughout the year. Virtually all of the airline settlements provided for some form of aid to the carriers. The largest bloc of workers covered by 1983 settlements was at American Telephone and Telegraph Co., where the primary objective of the 675,000 employees was to obtain contract provisions to protect them selves from job cutbacks that might result from the January 1, 1984 breakup of a t & t . Steel In December 1982, U.S. steel mills operated at a 50-year low of about 30 percent of capacity. Throughout 1983, the utilization rate increased with the improving economy to about 60 percent in October. Despite the improvement, firms generally suffered substantial losses, traceable to import competition; increased use of alternate materials such as aluminum and concrete; lighter automobiles, requiring less steel; and the costs of shutting down obsolete mills. The eight Coordinating Committee Steel Companies that usually set the pattern for settlements in the industry ne gotiated a concessionary agreement with the United Steel workers in 1983, after two earlier failures. The first, in July 1982, ended when the union leadership rejected an employer proposal calling for employee concessions beyond those in the Auto Workers settlements with Ford Motor Co. and General Motors Corp. The second, in November 1982, was backed by the union’s officers but was rejected (231 to 141) by the Union’s Basic Steel Industry Conference, a group of officers of local unions. 34 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A major reason for the turndown was a provision that would have resulted in lower compensation for 9,000 workers in steel warehousing, lime and chemical production, and other such operations. Accordingly, 75 leaders of their locals voted against the proposals. The 1983 settlement was accepted because the wage and benefit concessions were apparently less than in the 1982 proposals, and because most of the cuts will be restored by the August 1, 1986, termination of the agreement. The accord, which superseded the balance of a 3-year contract scheduled to expire on July 31, 1983, provided for a $1.31-an-hour cut in pay, of which $1.25 will be restored in stages during the term. The cut for incentive employees was somewhat larger because part of it came from the base rates used to calculate earnings but essentially all of the cut will be restored as it would be for hourly workers. Although the c o l a clause was retained, the 265,000 workers covered gave up the first five quarterly adjustments. Thereafter, quarterly adjustments will be calculated at the existing rate of 1 cent an hour for each 0.3-point rise in the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, payable only to the extent that any rise in the Index exceeds specified amounts: 4 percent over a 12-month period for the first 4 adjustments and 1.5 percent over a 6-month period for the next two adjustments. The final two adjustments (in February and May of 1986) will not be restricted. The union estimated that c o l a increases will total 70 cents an hour if the c p i rises at a 7-percent annual rate in the Index during the final years of the contract. A major union concession was termination of the Savings and Vacation Plan established in 1962 to provide savings and supplemental retirement and vacation benefits. Ex tended Vacation Benefits were an important part of this plan, established to give workers longer-than-usual vacations at set intervals, as well as to help maintain the size of the work force. At the time of the 1983 settlement, employees in the top half of the seniority roll received 13 weeks off (including regular annual vacations) every 5 years and other workers received 3 weeks plus their regular annual vacation. Other changes beneficial to the employers were a tem porary cut to time and one-fourth, from time and one-half, in the pay premium for scheduled nonovertime Sunday work and elimination of one of 10 paid holidays. A change ben eficial to the employees was increased company financing of Supplemental Unemployment Benefits and additional guarantees of weekly benefits to laid-off workers, regardless of the condition of the fund. The union did not gain its demand for company guarantees that they would not shut down steel operations but the com panies did agree to apply the savings resulting from the agreement to facilities covered by the agreement. The settlement also ended the Experimental Negotiating Agreement for the foreseeable future. The e n a , which had been established in 1973 to assure a strike-free settlement in the 1974 round of wage and benefit bargaining, was subsequently renewed to cover 1977 and 1980 bargaining but it was not renewed in 1980 to cover 1983 bargaining. This occurred because management had become increas ingly concerned that the cost savings resulting from the stabilization of production were not worth the economic “ floor" under wage and benefit accords that the employees received in return for giving up the right to strike over national issues. Aluminum The groundwork for the 1983 round of settlements be tween the United Steelworkers and the three major alumi num companies actually was laid in September 1982, when the parties met to consider a management request for im mediate renegotiation of their contracts, which were not scheduled to expire until May 1983. They did not reach an agreement for the 25,000 employees at that time. Despite the breakofif, the Steelworkers and the companies agreed that the informal talks were beneficial in “ clearing the air.” The Steelworkers and Aluminum Workers negotiated similar 3-year contracts with the companies in May 1983. Specified wage increases were not provided. Also, em ployees will receive automatic quarterly cost-of-living ad justments each contract year only to the extent that the c p i w rises more than 1.5 percent, with adjustments calculated at 1 cent an hour for each 0.3-point movement in the index during the first 2 years and at 1 cent for each 0.26-point movement during the final year. Previously, the entire movement in the index was used in calculating adjustments, which were at the rate of 1 cent for each 0.26-point move ment. Benefit changes included giving employees an extended vacation every 7 years instead of every 5 years; suspension until 1984 of the vacation bonuses employees received to take vacations other than in the summer; and elimination of the paid personal holidays plan established by the 1980 agreement. In one difference between the settlements, the Aluminum Workers agreed to a new “ medical reimbursement account” intended to induce employees to seek less costly forms of care. Each employee will be credited with a company-funded $700 account each year to be used for paying deductibles, which were raised. At yearend, the employee will receive any money remaining in the account. The Steelworkers’ accords were with the Aluminum Co. of America ( a l c o a ) , Reynolds Metals Co., and Kaiser Alu minum and Chemical Corp., while the Aluminum Workers settled for the 17,500 workers it represents at a l c o a and Reynolds. Copper Bargaining in the copper mining, smelting, and refining industry departed from historical practice, as Phelps Dodge refused to accept the wage and benefit pattern accepted by https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis other companies in settlements with a coalition of unions headed by the Steelworkers. This led to a walkout by 2,400 workers in Arizona and Texas on the July 1 contract ter mination date. Phelps Dodge maintained some production by utilizing supervisors and management employees. Later, the company began hiring replacements and some strikers returned to work. The company’s chief objection to the pattern terms was the retention of the provision for automatic cost-of-living pay adjustments. As early as April 1982, when Phelps Dodge had asked the unions to renegotiate their contracts to help counter operating losses, the company had argued that c o l a clauses were “ not realistic” in an industry that has no con trol over its selling price. The pattern accords, which were led off by a settlement at Kennecott Copper Corp., provided for the wage freeze and maintenance of existing benefits, and retention of the c o l a clause. At the time of these settlements, about half of the 40,000 workers in the industry were on layoff because of a slowdown in sales attributed to the recession, the in creased use of alternate substances, and foreign “ dumping” on world markets to earn foreign exchange and provide jobs. Trucking Although the Teamsters’ National Master Freight Agree ment with the major trucking concerns is not scheduled to expire until April 30, 1985, the employers in February pro posed immediate negotiations on modification of the wage and benefit provisions. The proposed negotiations were im pelled by the generally poor condition of the economy and, even more, by the influx of nonunion, lower-cost trucking firms since enactment of the Motor Carrier Deregulation Act of 1980, which removed most of the industry-entry and tariif-setting regulations that had been introduced since 1935. According to the Interstate Commerce Commission, which exercises the remaining restraints on the industry, 8,000 trucking firms have opened since 1980. Nonetheless, union leadership rejected the call for talks. In August, Trucking Management, Inc., the industry’s major bargaining arm, and the union agreed on a proposal to aid the industry and open jobs to some of the more than 100,000 truckers on layoff. This “ Voluntary Laid Off Em ployee Relief Plan,” which was backed by the union lead ership, was decisively rejected by union members. The agreement would have established lower pay rates, reduced paid sick leave, and eliminated c o l a for the recalled em ployees, and encouraged companies to establish divisions to handle only “ full truckload” shipments, enhancing their ability to compete with nonunion carriers. One of the reported reasons for rejection of the proposal was membership concern that the accord would have low ered compensation costs for the larger companies at the expense of smaller companies. Teamsters for a Democratic Union, a long-standing dissident group, opposed the pro posal because it would have divided the union “ into two 35 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Bargaining Problems Persist in 1983 permanent ‘classes’ of members” and would not have guar anteed the creation of jobs. Airlines In 1982, the airline industry piled up large losses for the third year in a row and the forecast was for further losses in 1983. As the year progressed, however, the condition of the economy improved some carriers’ positions. Despite this development, the industry’s difficulties continued, including high fuel costs (which did decline slightly during the year); lingering effects of the recession; the high cost of buying new airplanes; and high labor costs. However, the mostcited reason for difficulties was the fare wars resulting from the deregulation of the industry. Under the Airline De regulation Act of 1978, the Civil Aeronautics Board had relinquished control over routes but had still retained some control over fares. This ended on January 1, 1983, when the act gave the carriers the right to change domestic fares without seeking c a b approval. The airlines’ plight led to a number of concessionary collective bargaining settlements; and to a move by Con tinental Airlines to seek protection under the Federal Bank ruptcy Code, followed by resumption of operation at a severely reduced level and the possibility that other carriers might follow suit. This state of affairs led unions to lobby Congress for aid. The unions were not able to convince Congress to restore some regulation of the industry. Consequently, carriers be set by financial difficulties moved to improve conditions. The Continental Airlines move to seek protection under Section 11 of the Federal Bankruptcy Code triggered a round of complex legal and labor-management maneuvering that was apparently going to extend into 1984 and even beyond. In announcing the decision, company head Frank Lorenzo cited operating losses, which totaled $471.0 million since 1979. The unions— the Air Line Pilots, the Union of Flight Attendants, and the Machinists— challenged the airline’s action in bankruptcy court. There was no immediate deci sion on the legality of the abrogation of the contracts and Continental reopened as a low-fare carrier employing about 4,200 workers, compared with its previous work force of 12,000, and servicing about one-third of its previous routes. Pay was a flat $43,000 a year for pilots, compared with a previous average of $77,000 and $14,000 for flight atten dants, compared with $29,000. There also were changes in work hours. The Air Line Pilots and Flight Attendants reacted by striking, joining the Machinists, who had been out since August in a dispute over contract renewal. The Air Line Pilots union moved to persuade its members not to return to work at Continental by offering strike pay of $45,600 a year for captains and $30,000 for first and second officers. The strike pay was financed by a $94 to $352 a month assessment of members of the union employed by other carriers. 36 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Later, Continental and the unions engaged in sporadic negotiations but a resolution of the dispute was not in sight as the year drew to a close. Eastern Airlines. Following the Continental bankruptcy action, Eastern Airlines, through Chairman Frank Borman informed, the 37,000 employees that a similar action was one of the options being considered to help counter increas ing losses. Borman’s proposal, which was approved by 17,000 non union workers but not by members of the three unions, was for a 15-percent pay cut effective November 1, 1983; and an additional 5-percent cut on January 1, 1984, if payroll costs were not improved by that amount through improve ments in productivity; lower pay rates for new employees; a reduction in paid vacation time; and a new plan that would give employees 20 percent of any 1984 and 1985 profits. The proposal drew bitter criticism from the union leaders but they subsequently formed a committee to consider fur ther aid to Eastern after studying the results of an exami nation of the company’s financial condition conducted by two independent firms. During these developments, Eastern ended 18 months of negotiations with Local 553 of the Transport Workers by settling on a 3-year contract for 5,800 flight attendants. Terms included pay increases totaling more than 22 percent and cancellation of a Variable Earnings Plan adopted in 1977 under which 3.5 percent of employees’ pay was with held to be returned at the end of each year if a profit target was met, partly or completely retained by Eastern if profits fell short, or returned to employees along with an additional amount up to 3.5 percent if profits exceeded the target. Two other unions had settled in April. The Machinists agreed on a 3-year contract covering 12,000 employees that included wage increases totaling more than 30 percent, elim ination of the c o l a clause, and substitution of an Investment Bonus Agreement for the Variable Earnings Plan. The other union, the Air Line Pilots, reached a 2-year accord, covering 4,200 employees, and providing for 17.5 percent of pay to be taken in the form of debentures paying 5-percent interest and convertible into Eastern common stock, at the employ ee’s option, beginning in 1985. Other terms included in creased flight time and a reduction in paid vacations. In December, the three unions agreed to a 12-month, 18percent pay cut (22 percent for pilots) and cost-reducing changes in work rules in return for a voice in management and stock in the company. Pan American. Agreements negotiated by three unions at Pan American consisted of restoration of 10-percent pay cuts negotiated in 1981 and 1982 and further postponement of the effective dates of 1982 and 1983 wage increases that had been scheduled under 1981 and 1982 contracts. Thus, the February 1983 settlement for 4,900 employees repre sented by the Independent Union of Flight Attendants pro- vided for extending a 10-percent pay cut until October 1, 1983, when half of it was to be restored, followed by res toration of the balance on June 1, 1984. The accord also postponed to January 1, 1985 pay increases that had been scheduled for June and October 1983. The 3-year agreement for 7,200 members of the Transport Workers Union and the 2-year agreement for 7,200 members of the Teamsters applied the same general pay-cut resto ration-pay increase postponement formula but the wage changes involved differed from the Flight Attendants’. American Airlines. Faced with an expected expenditure of $2.5 billion over 10 years to modernize its fleet, and the current intense competition in the industry, American Air lines and its unions agreed on new contracts with cost-saving features. In November, the Allied Pilots Association agreed with American on a 2-year contract that provided for pilots hired in the future to receive about half the pay of incumbents, who earned, on average, about $110,000 a year. In another move to aid the company, the 4,000 union members agreed to a 3-percent pay increase in March 1984 to replace a 7 percent increase that had been scheduled for November 1983. The new contract, replacing one that could be amended in April 1984, also guaranteed that current pilots will not be furloughed and that 504 employees on furlough will be recalled by December 1986. The contract also established a profit-sharing plan. American earned $117 million in the third quarter. Later in the month, the 6,000-member Association of Professional Flight Attendants also agreed to cuts in pay of new employees, expanded use of part-time employees, more “ cross-utilization” of employees outside their usual duties, and establishment of profit sharing. Other airlines. Delta Air Lines, which suffered its first full fiscal year loss ($86.7 million) in 36 years, held the line on pay, after granting an 8-percent increase in Septem ber 1982. In appreciation for the increase, more than 65 percent of the 36,000 employees participated in the purchase of a new Boeing 767 aircraft, to be financed by a 2.5 percent reduction in their pay during 1983. Despite the loss, the carrier continued its no layoff policy, which has been in existence since 1957. The 4,000 pilots and flight engineers, the only organized unit at Delta, agreed to extend their current contract by 1 year, to March 1985, with no pay increase and an increase in the maximum number of hours they work each month. In September, 10,000 Republic Airlines employees ap proved a 15-percent pay cut scheduled to last for 9 months. Later in the year, leaders of the six unions involved endorsed creation of a new employee stock ownership program, or expansion of the current program, that would buy as much as a 25-percent interest in the company. In another action to aid Republic, 700 unpaid volunteers traveled to 23 cities https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis to tout the carrier’s flights. Republic, which has not earned a profit in 4 years, lost $102.9 million in the first half of the year. At Western Airlines, which has lost more than $180 mil lion since 1980, 10,000 union members agreed to a 1-year, 10 to 18 percent pay cut beginning October 1. They also agreed to forego c o l a adjustments during the period. In addition, nonunion management employees agreed to extend for the same period a 12.5-percent cut that had been in effect since December 1981. In return for the aid, the employees will be given 25 percent of the company’s stock and at least one seat on its board of directors. The other part of the “ partnership plan” accepted by the five unions is a profit-sharing program giv ing the workers 15 percent of the first $25 million of annual profit plus 20 percent of any excess. The program is sched uled to apply to 1985, 1986, and 1987 profits but it is subject to extension if profits are less than $2 million in two of the years. In 1981, members of four of the unions had agreed to compensation concessions lasting 2 years but the cuts had expired prior to the agreement on the new plan. At that time, members of the Air Line Pilots Association extended a 10-percent pay cut, scheduled to expire on January 1, 1984, to September 30, 1984, and also to defer to that date an 8-percent pay increase scheduled for January 1, 1984. Telephone settlement The major bargaining goal for leaders of the three unions that bargained with American Telephone & Telegraph Co. was job security, a goal predetermined by the problems of protecting their 675,000 members from the effects of ac celerating technology and the pending 1984 breakup of the Bell Telephone System specified in a 1982 settlement of a Government antitrust action. The Communications Workers bargained for 525,000 employees, the International Broth erhood of Electrical Workers represented 100,000, and the Telecommunications International Union, 50,000. The unions struck for a period that extended to 22 days for c w a members, who stayed out until the last of their locals completed bargaining on local issues. Members of the other two unions settled local issues before the c w a and their members returned to work several days earlier. In any case, the stoppage was the largest since the steel strike of 1946, which involved 750,000 workers. One approach to employee job security was a new per sonal or career development training program. It was de signed to assist employees by providing company-financed, voluntary training that will be reviewed by the company when considering the employee for promotion or transfer. Another new protection is a job displacement program to aid employees affected by job terminations or downgrades by informing them of the possibility of the adverse action as soon as possible and providing company-financed training to qualify for potential openings. Other moves to help employees retain jobs or maintain 37 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Bargaining Problems Persist in 1983 income were accomplished by: — establishing joint advisory boards at each company to advise the company on providing the best possible train ing and to encourage employee participation; — improving the Supplemental Income Protection plan, which provides financial payments to employees who leave the company because of technological changes or other rea sons resulting in layoffs or involuntary reassignments to lower-paying jobs or to work locations requiring a change of residence. Eligible employees— those who are under the company’s normal retirement, have 20 years of ser vice, and whose age plus years of service total 75— receive monthly and lump-sum payments up to $22,200; — establishing a Voluntary Income Protection Program for workers who leave the company because their jobs are threatened but who are not eligible for Supplemental In come Protection through monthly payments (continuing for 60 months or attainment of the normal retirement age, whichever comes first) calculated at 1 week of pay for each year of service up to 10, plus 2 weeks of pay for each year from 10 up to 20, plus 3 weeks of pay for each year of service from 20 up to 30 years, and up to $2,500 for training, relocation, or other purposes; and — improving the Reassignment Pay Protection plan by ex tending the period for which eligible employees retain their pay rates after being downgraded because of tech nological change. The wage and benefit package provided for an immediate 5.5-percent increase in the pay rates at the upper end of each pay grade, lesser increases in intermediate rates, and no change in starting rates. However, all employees, in cluding those at starting rates, were guaranteed a $2.50 a week pay increase. In August of 1984 and 1985, there will be increases of 1.5 percent in the rates at the upper end of each grade, lesser increases in intermediate rates, and no change in starting rates. In addition, the workers may receive c o l a adjustments according to the same formula as in the prior contract. The c w a ’ s concern with job security was indicated at a special convention in March. In an unusual action for a labor union, the delegates adopted a comprehensive set of long-term operating goals that stressed the need for training and retraining programs to aid members in facing future uncertainties. The program, which emanated from an 18month study by a Committee on the Future, also called for the establishment of “ strategy centers” to provide new ap proaches to traditional union objectives ranging from col lective bargaining to the handling of grievances. Auto industry Bargaining in the domestic automobile industry was lim ited to Chrysler Corp., to Volkswagen’s Pennsylvania plant, and to Ford Motor Co.’s River Rouge complex. There was a surge in sales at the Big Three domestic producers that 38 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis led to the recall of some laid-ofif workers, while others faced continuing bleak job prospects resulting from the growing “ internationalization” of auto production and sales and em ployer drives to reduce costs. These concerns were mani fested in intense union-management pressures to compel Japan to continue its voluntary limit on vehicle exports to the United States and continued lobbying by the Automobile Workers Union for enactment of a Federal “ domestic con tent” law. After months of negotiations with the U.S. Government, the Japanese manufacturers agreed to extend the export limit, but raised it to 1,850,000 (from 1,680,000) vehicles during the 12-month period beginning April 1, 1984. Toyota Motor Co. also moved to begin production in the United States by entering into a proposed joint venture with General Motors Corp. to produce small cars at a closed g m plant in Cali fornia. This proposal drew bitter criticism from Chrysler and Ford, which contended that the venture would undercut their ability to compete. Ford also indicated that it might undertake a similar small car venture with Toyo Kogyo C o., its Japanese affiliate, if the Federal Trade Commission ap proved the GM-Toyota venture. The disparity between Chrysler Corp. pay and that of g m and Ford, which had developed as a result of 1979, 1980, and 1981 settlements intended to alleviate Chrysler’s finan cial plight, was reduced in December 1982, when Chrysler agreed to a 13-month contract that provided for a specified wage increase averaging 75 cents an hour and resumption of automatic quarterly cost-of-living adjustments. In July 1983, Chrysler offered pay increases totaling $1.41 an hour over a 26-month contract term but the u a w turned down the offer, contending that the wage increase was $1 short of the amount needed for parity with Ford and G M . The union leaders also objected to a provision that would have suspended the cost-of-living allowance following any quarter in which Chrysler suffered a loss and to a provision that would have required the parties to strive for a $15million-a-year reduction in health insurance costs, with any shortfall to be deducted from the cost-of-living allowance. Despite this inauspicious start, Chrysler and the u a w agreed in September after only a few hours of bargaining on an accord providing about $2.42 an hour in wage in creases over a 26-month term ending on October 14, 1985. The cost-of-living allowance also was continued, using the same formula as at g m and Ford (1 cent for each 0.26 point movement in a composite 1967 = 100 price index derived from the official U.S. and Canadian government consumer price indexes). Pension and insurance benefits were to be raised to the Ford-GM level in two steps, in September of 1983 and 1984. The Volkswagen of America agreement with the u a w was negotiated just after a company announcement that it had lost $141.6 million in 1982 on sales of 202,000 vehicles in the U.S., compared with a $553,000 profit on sales of 337,000 units in 1981. Production at the company’s only domestic assembly plant, in New Stanton, Pa., totaled 92,000 units in 1982, down from 205,000 in 1981. In these bleak circumstances, the uaw was able to negotiate a 3-year con tract covering 2,500 active and 2,400 laid-off workers that was overwhelmingly approved by the members of the New Stanton local union and by the local union at the company’s body stamping plant in South Charleston, W.Va. The accords did not provide for any specified wage in creases, but a modified cost-of-living pay adjustment for mula was continued. Under it, the workers will receive annual adjustments in the first 2 years and quarterly ad justments in the final year. Other terms included increased employer financing of Supplemental Unemployment Ben efits; and restrictions on “ outsourcing” (subcontracting) and other job security gains. The concessionary settlement at the steelmaking plant in Ford’s River Rouge complex in Dearborn, Mich, led the company to withdraw its plan to get out of steelmaking. Instead, Ford indicated that it would invest $200 million in modernizing the operation. Meatpacking Labor-management relations in the meatpacking industry, tumultuous in recent years, continued to be beset in 1983 by permanent plant closings; reopening of closed plants, under new corporate names or after purchase by other firms; bankruptcy moves followed by reopening at lower employee compensation levels; union concessions that averted shut downs; union rejection of concessions that led to shutdowns; expansion of some beef processing firms into pork pro cessing; and bad weather that caused uneven work schedules at some locations. Much of the agitated state of the industry has resulted from the entry of companies that have utilized new, more efficient, processing, distribution, and packaging tech niques. These new firms, including Iowa Beef Processors ( ibp), Excel Corp., and Monfort of Colorado, have strongly resisted United Food and Commercial Workers’ efforts to organize their plants and, in cases where the union has been successful, the firms have just as strongly resisted union efforts to attain the standard wage and benefit terms of con tracts with the “ old line” companies. A major development in the industry began in April when Wilson Foods Corp. filed for protection from creditors under Chapter 11 of the Federal Bankruptcy Code. The company, claiming that the move nullified its agreement with the ufcw covering 6,000 employees, reduced pay by 40 to 50 percent, and cut benefits. The unilateral cut in compensation by the Nation’s largest pork processor led to a 6-week strike that ended when the union and company settled on a contract that provided for a pay rate of about $8 an hour (compared with $10.69 before the unilateral cut and $6.50 afterwards). The accord also included most of the benefit cuts the com pany had unilaterally imposed but it also added a profitsharing plan and a 12-month ban on plant closings. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In another development, Rath Packing Co. of Waterloo, Iowa, filed for protection from creditors under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code and asked its 2,000 employees— who own 60 percent of the company— for further wage and benefit concessions. The employees, represented by the Food and Commercial Workers, had gained their stock shares in 1980 in lieu of part of their pay. Early in 1983, the em ployees had agreed to defer payment of $2.50 of their base wage to further aid the company. However, at the time of the bankruptcy filing a company spokesman said that the resulting $7.24 base hourly pay rate was still too high to compete with nonunion firms. In the filing, Rath reported assets of $56.7 million and liabilities of $91.6 million, in cluding $38 million owed to the Federal Pension Benefit Guarantee Corp., which indicated that it will continue to pay benefits to 4,300 retired employees, and those who retire in the future. The competitive difficulties faced by Wilson and other “ old line” pork processors will apparently be intensified by ibp ’s expansion plans. The subsidiary of Occidental Pe troleum Corp. announced that it will build the Nation's largest pork processing plant (4 million hogs a year) in Stanwood, Iowa, ibp also announced that it was going to double the capacity of its Storm Lake, Iowa, plant to 3 million hogs a year. This led Swift Independent Packing Co. to intensify its efforts to win lower pay rates for its pork operations at Sioux City and Glenwood, Iowa, and National Stockyards, 111., where the base wage is $10.69 an hour, compared with $6.50 at the ibp facility. Aerospace The Machinists and the Auto Workers entered the 1983 round of aerospace bargaining buoyed by the fact that com panies were generally receiving new production orders and were reporting substantial profits and were dismayed by the Department of Defense’s pressure on the companies to hold down labor costs on military products. The first settlement, between the iam and Boeing, more or less set a pattern for the union’s later settlements with Lockheed Corp. and McDonnell Douglas Corp. and the uaw ’s settlement for other McDonnell Douglas employees. The 3-year Boeing settlement did not provide for specified wage increases but it did provide for “ prepayments” of cola adjustments. Under this approach, all employees re ceived an immediate 3-percent pay increase, to be offset against the next three quarterly cola adjustments. Similar 3-percent prepayments in October of 1984 and 1985 will not apply to employees in specified lower pay grades. (This was done to alleviate the narrowing of the pay differential between the lower and higher paid workers that had devel oped over the years as a result of all employees receiving uniform cents per hour cola adjustments.) A new pay struc ture also set lower pay for new employees. All employees were to receive annual lump-sum payments (the first in December 1983) equal to 3 percent of their earnings during 39 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Bargaining Problems Persist in 1983 the preceding October-to-October period. To aid employees in dealing with rapid change in the industry, the parties established a “ new technology clause” providing that Boeing will pay all training expenses for employees who wish to improve their skills in classes held after work hours. Other benefit changes included increased pension rates and revisions in the health benefits plan in tended to encourage sick care in outpatient facilities rather than using more expensive hospital emergency rooms. A joint committee on cost containment also was established. The iam followed the Boeing accord by settling with Lockheed on a contract that differed somewhat. The differ ences were— • a 3-percent specified wage increase in base rates in Oc tober 1985, instead of a lump-sum payment, with Lock heed workers receiving a 3-percent lump sum in December of 1983 and 1984 similar to those at Boeing; • continuation of quarterly cola reviews with no 3 percent annual prepayments; • an increase in the ceiling on employee investments in their savings plan, resulting in an increase in Lockheed’s required contributions on their behalf; and • a reduced pay scale for new employees in lower grades that permits them to progress to a higher pay rate than the current maximum for incumbent employees in the same grades. The next iam settlement, with McDonnell Douglas Corp., for employees in Torrance and Huntington Beach, Calif., was approved by union members despite their officers’ rec ommendation that they reject it. The wage terms were sim ilar to Boeing but the com pany would not agree to improvements in profit sharing and pension benefits and the retraining of workers. Also at McDonnell Douglas, 7,000 workers in California, Oklahoma, and Arkansas began a strike on October 17 after rejecting a company offer. These employees are represented by the Auto Workers. Longshoring In April, the International Longshoremen’s Association and Atlantic and Gulf coast port employers agreed on a 3year “ master” contract covering 50,000 employees at 36 ports that provided for wage and benefit improvements to taling $4.25 an hour. It was scheduled to go into effect on the October 1 termination date of the existing contract, if the parties could reach agreement on local issues by that date. The parties were still negotiating local issues in Sep tember when the Federal Maritime Commission asked a Federal judge for an injunction to stop the ila and ocean carriers from implementing cargo containerization rules that preserve work for the union’s members. The ila responded by suspending the local talks and scheduling a ratification vote in which members were urged to reject the April set tlement. This could have led to a strike but the union can 40 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis celled the ratification vote and negotiated a stopgap 106day master contract, during which the local talks were ex pected to be concluded, regardless of the judge’s decision on the injunction. ila President Thomas W. Gleason said that the September settlement permits the union to renegotiate every item in the master contract if the rules on containers cannot be enforced. The 106-day agreement provided for the same wage and benefit package as the April contract, including a $1,42-an-hour increase in pay and benefit fund payments effective October 1. The container rules, intended to reserve for ila all packing and unpacking of cargo containers within 50 miles of a port, had been in limbo for more than 10 years because of legal challenges by other unions and freight forwarders. This changed in mid-1983 when the National Labor Relations Board supported the ila ’s claim that the container jurisdic tion was “ a valid form of work preservation.” This cleared the way for negotiations on implementing the provision, until the fmc asked for a court injunction at the request of an importer in New Orleans. The fmc’s contention that the provision was inequitable also was supported by 23 em ployers who claimed they would be harmed by the provision. But the U.S. Department of Labor and the U.S. Department of Transportation filed briefs opposing the fmc position. Government workers During the year, there were several developments af fecting Federal workers’ pay. In a departure from the practice of recent years, the annual “ comparability” pay raise of 1.4 million Federal white collar employees was deferred from October to January 1984. Early in the year, President Reagan proposed that Federal pay be frozen during the fiscal year beginning on October 1 in view of budgetary problems. Later, the Pres ident’s “ Pay Agent,” (a triad consisting of the Secretary of Labor, the Director of the Office of Personnel Manage ment, and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget) found that a 21.5-percent increase was necessary to attain parity with similar jobs in private industry, based on an annual National Survey of Professional, Administra tive, Technical and Clerical Pay conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. However, the President used his au thority under the Federal Pay Comparability Act of 1970 to propose a 3.5-percent increase and its deferral to January 1984. Congress did not reject the proposal, so it went into effect. About 450,000 blue-collar employees also will re ceive a 3.5-percent increase sometime in the 1984 fiscal year. Their pay is raised at various times during the year based on the results of local surveys of wages for similar private industry jobs. However, their potential increase was “ capped” at the level for white-collar employees. The 2.1 million military personnel received a 4-percent pay increase in January 1984. State and local government payrolls dropped 0.8 percent during the 12 months ending in October 1982, following the 1.2-percent drop during the preceding 12 months, which was the first since the end of World War II. The current drop, reported in the Bureau of the Census publication “ Public Employment in 1982,” resulted from a rise of 20,882 in State employees, which was more than offset by a reduction of 53,110 public school teachers. At the end of the period, there were 3,747,000 State workers and 9,324,000 local government workers. Although there were few reported instances of salary and benefit cuts, it was clear that wage and benefit increases were smaller in fiscal year 1984 than in the preceding fiscal year. One indication of this was the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics’ Employment Cost Index, which showed that during the third quarter of the year— the period when most gov ernments begin their fiscal year— pay increased 3.0 percent in 1983, compared with 4.4 percent in 1982. Similarly, compensation— pay plus benefits— rose 3.2 percent during the third quarter of 1983, compared with 4.6 percent in the third quarter of 1982. Litigation and decisions Bankruptcy litigation. A development of increasing con cern to unions in 1983 was instances of employers seeking protection from creditors under chapter 11 of the Federal Bankruptcy Code and then resuming business with a non union, lower paid work force. Use of this tactic was facil itated by 1978 legislation that was intended to encourage more troubled companies to seek protection from creditors while still solvent and thus preserve jobs. Companies that filed for protection in 1983 and then re sumed operations on a nonunion basis included Continental Airlines and Wilson Foods. Rath Packing Co. also sought protection under chapter 11; but its only choice apparently was to seek concessions from its employees who owned 60 percent of the company. In October, the Supreme Court heard a case that might resolve the issue when the decision is announced, probably early in 1984. It involved a New Jersey building supply company, Bildisco and Bildisco, which filed for protection under chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code in 1980 and then replaced its employees, who had been represented by the Teamsters union, with nonunion workers. A major issue that faced the Court was whether a company seeking to abrogate a contract must prove that the contract would cause the company’s collapse if not eliminated. The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit has required such proof but the Third Circuit, hearing the Bildisco case, had set a lesser requirement. It held that an employer need only prove that the contract is a burden, leaving the bankruptcy court to balance the interests of the employer against those of its union-represented employees. Davis-Bacon decision. In July, the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for Washington, D.C., upheld most of the De partment of Labor’s changes in the Davis-Bacon Act, which https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis sets a “ prevailing wage” floor on federally financed con struction projects. In July 1982, the Department had an nounced a number of changes in the 52-year-old Act intended to reduce construction costs. But District Court Judge Har old Greene temporarily blocked implementation of the changes in response to a suit filed by the afl-cio ’s Building and Construction Trades Department. Five months later, Judge Greene struck down parts of the provisions in the new reg ulations but he let stand a provision that alters how pre vailing wages are determined. In its decision, the Court of Appeals agreed with Judge Greene on the legality of the alteration, which defines the prevailing wage as that paid a majority of the members of the particular craft in a particular geographic area, or the mean average if there is no majority wage. Previously, the prevailing wage could be set at the rate paid to 30 percent of the workers in the craft. According to a 1979 study by the General Accounting Office, Congress’ investigative arm, that rate was generally a union wage and usually was higher than the average wage. The appeals court also upheld the use of lower paid“ helpers” and an expanded definition of their duties but it rejected the Department’s plan to increase their number in relation to the skilled trades workers. J . P. Stevens. Twenty years of bitter confrontation be tween J. P. Stevens & Co. and the Clothing and Textile Workers appeared to draw to a conclusion in October when they settled the last eight complaints of unfair labor practices brought by the union. During the years the union had at tempted to organize the textile firm’s plants, and to negotiate contracts at plants where the effort was successful, the Na tional Labor Relations Board had found Stevens guilty of a number of unfair labor practices. There was a breakthrough in October 1980, when Stevens agreed to resolve some charges of unfair labor practices by paying $3 million in back wages to some employees and to recognize and bargain with the union at 10 plants. In return, the union agreed to drop its nationwide boycott of Stevens products and cease organizing on Stevens property for 18 months. (See Monthly Labor Review, December 1980, p. 66.) The 1983 settlement, which was approved by the nlrb , required the company to pay $1 million to the union and a total of $200,000 to at least 18 employees affected by unfair labor practices. As part of the settlement, company chairman Whitney Stevens sent nlrb general counsel William Lub bers a letter in which Stevens promised he would not “ tol erate conduct by any of our personnel which would infringe on employee rights.” Continuing, he said, “ I personally will take the steps necessary to insure that corrective action is undertaken in the event such conduct should occur.” The Stevens plants involved in the settlement are in Roan oke Rapids and Wallace, N.C., Milledgeville and Tifton, Ga., West Boylston, Ala., and Stuart, Va., and employ about 4,000 union members. Stevens’ 50 other plants, with about 26,000 employees, are not organized. 41 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Bargaining Problems Persist in 1983 There were a number of rulings by the Supreme Court regarding discrimination issues: legal, legislative, and collective bargaining developments. In general, comparable worth means paying workers the same amount for jobs that differ in specific duties but require equal judgment, knowledge, and skill. In practice, studies have indicated that the principle is frequently violated, usu ally to the detriment of women holding “ traditional” wom en’s jobs. A key past development that triggered interest in the issue was a 1981 strike— the first known stoppage over the is sue— against the City of San Jose, Calif., that led to special pay adjustments for some women employees. (See Monthly Labor Review, September 1981, p. 51.) Another was a 1981 case (County o f Washington v. Guenther) in which the Su preme Court— while specifically not endorsing the principle of comparable worth— ruled that women could claim illegal sex discrimination in wages even though they were not doing precisely the same work as better paid male coworkers. (See Monthly Labor Review, August 1981, pp. 61-62.) A 1983 development was a decision by a Federal District Court judge that the State of Washington had discriminated against some of its female employees by paying them less that male employees for “ comparable” work. The State contended that it was merely following the job market, which usually pays less for traditionally female occupations. However, Judge Jack Tanner held that the State was guilty of “ direct, overt and institutionalized discrimination” against women in administering its 3,000 categories of workers. In the collective bargaining area, one of the few settle ments that addressed the issue was between the State of Minnesota and Council 6 of the State, County and Municipal Employees (afscme). Subsequently, other unions repre senting 10,000 State workers agreed on similar terms. The afscme accord, covering 17,000 employees, pro vided for 7,300 employees, mostly women, to receive larger increases in both years than the 4 percent first-year and 4.5 percent second-year increases that applied to the other em ployees. State officials indicated that the pay inequality would be eliminated with the 1984 increase, which was subject to funding by the State legislature. • In Arizona v. Norris, the Court held that employers may not require female employees to make the same contri butions to a pension plan as men while giving the males a larger benefit. The employer in this case, the State of Arizona, had contended that the unequal benefits were proper because actuarial studies showed that, on average, women would draw benefits for a longer period. Nathalie Norris, who initiated the case in 1975, contended that the State had violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which bars sex, race, and ethnic discrimination in employment. Writing for the majority, Justice Thurgood Marshall conceded that actuarial tables could identify dif ferences in life expectancy based on sex or race but said that even a true generalization about a class may not be applied to individuals in the class. The Court limited its ruling to plan contributions made after July 31, 1983, and did not specify how equalization of benefits must be achieved, which meant that it could be attained by raising women’s benefits, lowering men’s benefits, or a combi nation of the two approaches. • In Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Wyo ming, the Court upheld the Federal Government’s 1974 extension of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act to cover State and local government workers. The case arose when an employee of the State was involuntarily retired at age 55, which was permissible under Wyoming law but was contrary to the Federal law, which prohibits the failure to hire or the firing of employees between the ages of 40 and 70 because of their age. Writing for the five-member majority, Justice William Brennan said that the State could continue to assess its employees and dis miss those it finds to be unfit, but it must do so “ in a more individualized and careful manner than otherwise would be the case.” • In Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co. v. EEOC, the court ruled that the company had discriminated against a male employee by providing limited health in surance coverage of his wife’s pregnancy costs, while providing full coverage of health costs for the spouses of female employees. Writing for the majority, Justice John Stevens said that the Newport News plan violated the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978. Continuing, Jus tice Stevens said that in enacting the law, the Congress had “ unambiguously expressed its disapproval” of the Court’s 1976 ruling in General Electric Co. v. Gilberto that the exclusion of disabilities caused by pregnancy from an employer’s disability plan did not constitute discrim ination based on sex. Despite the end of the recession, indications were that there was a continuing decline in union membership in 1983, based on the membership in the 96 unions making up the afl -cio . When it was formed in 1955, the afl -cio unions had 12.6 million members, which increased, after some downward movement, to a high of 14.1 million in 1975. Since then, membership has decreased to 13.8 million in 1983. (There was a temporary high of 14.5 million in 1981 when the Auto Workers union reaffiliated with the Feder ation.) Comparable worth. “ Comparable worth,” which has been described as the “ Issue of the 1980’s,” did not live up to that description in 1983 but there were some significant Mergers. In another indication of the difficulties unions have been encountering in recent years, 1983 was marked by a continuation of the trend toward mergers that began in 42 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Union affairs Leadership changes. Steelworkers’ Union President Lloyd McBride, 67, died of a heart ailment in November. He had held the post since 1977 and had steered the union through some of the most trying times in its 47-year history. Steel workers’ Secretary Lynn Williams was selected to direct the union until completion of a vote on a new president by the 720,000 members. In May, Douglas Fraser ended his 6-year tenure as pres ident of the Auto Workers, after reaching the union’s madatory retirement age. Like Mr. McBride’s, Fraser’s leadership was sorely tested by economic developments during his administration. The major difficulty he encountered was the increasing inroads of foreign vehicle producers, and the resulting cutbacks in auto production and employment, which he moved to alleviate by developing a more cooperative relationship with the domestic producers. Fraser was suc ceeded by uaw vice president Owen Bieber. In a change at the Teamsters union, Roy L. Williams resigned as president after being convicted of briberyconspiracy. Vice President Jackie Presser was selected to head the Nation’s largest union for the 3 remaining years of Williams’ term of office. In other leadership changes, the Air Line Pilots elected Henry A. Duffy to replace John J. O’Donnell as president; Laundry Workers President Russell R. Crowell retired and vice president Frank Ervolino succeeded him; and Grain Millers President Frank T. Hoese retired and was succeeded by executive vice president Robert Willis. 1The discussion of economic measures in this article is based on the information available in early December. 2 All o f the preceding preliminary information on negotiated wage and compensations changes excludes possible pay adjustments under cost-of- living formulas because such adjustments are contingent on the future movement of a Consumer Price Index. For more information on the set tlements during the first 9 months and a complete description o f the data series, see C urrent W age D evelopm en ts. November 1983, p. 47. 1978. During the 5-year period beginning with 1978, there were 24 mergers, which amounted to 30 percent of all merg ers that have occurred since 1955. In most cases, the mergers occurred because unions with declining membership sought to restore their strength by joining with another union, often one with membership in some of the same industries. Some 1983 mergers are— • The United Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers Union became a division of the Amalgamated Clothing and Tex tile Workers Union. • The Graphic Arts International Union and the Interna tional Printing and Graphic Communications Union merged to form the Graphic Communications International Union headed by Graphic Arts President Kenneth J. Brown. • The Insurance Workers International Union affiliated with the United Food and Commercial Workers International Union. • The Ohio Civil Service Employees Association, Inc., af filiated with the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees. • The 800-member National Association of Government Inspectors and Quality Assurance Personnel affiliated with the American Federation of Government Employees. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 43 Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries During 1983, unemployment declined in the United States and Canada, but continued up to postwar highs in Japan, Australia, and Western Europe; for the first time unemployment rates are available by sex Joy anna Moy During 1982, the United States, Canada, Australia, and the six European countries covered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics series on comparative unemployment rates all re corded post-World War II high unemployment rates. Un employment began to recede in the United States and Canada in the first quarter of 1983 and continued downward through the third quarter. In contrast, unemployment in most of the other countries continued to increase or stabilized at his torically high rates. Even Japan, which has had much lower rates than most industrial nations, recorded a post-World War II high in unemployment during the first three quarters of 1983. Of the countries studied, Great Britain had the highest jobless rate in the third quarter of 1983 (13.6 per cent), and Japan, the lowest (2.7 percent); among the Eu ropean countries, Sweden recorded the lowest rate (3.7 percent). In 1982, North American and British unemployment rates were higher for men than for women. In the United States, it was the first time that the rates were consistently higher for men than for women. In contrast, jobless rates for women in Japan, Australia, and most continental European nations remained above those for men. This article analyzes unemployment through the third quarter of 1983 and related labor market statistics during 1982 for the United States and nine foreign nations. The foreign data have been adjusted for comparability with U.S. Joyanna Moy is an economist in the Division of Foreign Labor Statistics, Bureau o f Labor Statistics. 44 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis definitions of employment and unemployment.1 For some countries, data are not available to make adjustments for every difference from U.S. definitions. Nevertheless, the adjusted figures provide a much better basis for comparison than the “ official rates” for these countries. The estimates presented here may differ from those previously published by bls because of revisions of basic data and the availability of more recent survey results.2 This article presents, for the first time, unemployment rates approximating U.S. concepts by sex for the United States and the nine foreign countries. Long-term unemployment trend upward Since the 1960’s, unemployment has generally moved upward in the major industrial countries, and unemployment rates have tended to reach new highs during each successive recession. In the 1970’s, the average unemployment rate for the 10 countries was 1.4 percentage points higher than in the 1960’s. Over the 1980-82 period, the average rate rose by an additional 2.2 percentage points. From the 1960’s through the mid-1970’s, unemployment rates were much higher in North America than in Western Europe, Japan, and Australia. However, during the late 1970’s, jobless rates in several Western European nations began to match and then exceed the rates in the United States and Canada. In 1981 and 1982, British and Dutch unemployment rates surpassed U.S. and Canadian rates. (See table 1.) The 1982 British and Dutch jobless rates of more than 12 percent were the highest annual rates of the 10 countries Table 1. Civilian labor force, employment, and unemployment, approximating U.S. concepts, selected countries, 1974-82 [Numbers in thousands] United States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Great Britain Labor force: 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1 9 8 1 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 91,949 93,775 96,158 99,009 102,251 104,962 106,940 108,670 110,204 9,639 9,974 10,206 10,498 10,882 1t,207 11,522 11,830 11,879 6,053 6,169 6,244 6,358 6,399 6,480 6,655 6,771 6,876 52,440 52,530 53,100 53,820 54,610 55,210 55,740 56,320 56,980 21,590 21,640 21,870 22,140 22,310 22,500 22,580 122,700 122,900 26,400 26,130 25,900 25,870 26,000 26,240 26,500 26,630 126,650 24,890 25,150 25,330 25,450 25,630 25,730 25,810 25,820 125,610 Participation rate:2 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1 981............................................ 1982 ............................................ 61.2 61.2 61.6 62.3 63.2 63.7 63.8 63.9 64.0 60.5 61.1 61.1 61.5 62.6 63.3 64.0 64.7 64.0 63.0 63.2 62.7 62.7 62.0 61.7 62.2 62.0 61.8 63.0 62.4 62.4 62.5 62.8 62.7 62.6 62.6 62.7 57.2 56.8 56.9 57.1 57.2 57.1 56.8 156.8 156.9 55.1 54.4 53.8 53.4 53.3 53.3 53.2 53.3 153.4 Employment: 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1 981............................................ 1982 ............................................ 86,794 85,846 88,752 92,017 96,048 98,824 99,303 100,397 99,526 9,125 9,284 9,479 9,648 9,972 10,369 10,655 10,933 10,574 5,891 5,866 5,946 20,960 20,730 20,870 21,050 5,997 6,075 6,250 6,380 6,385 51,710 51,530 52,020 52,720 53,370 54,040 54,600 55,060 55,620 Employment-population ratio:3 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1 981............................................ 1982 ............................................ 57.8 56.1 56.8 57.9 59.3 59.9 59.2 59.0 57.8 57.3 56.9 56.7 56.6 57.4 58.6 59.2 59.8 56.9 61.3 60.1 59.7 59.2 58.1 57.9 58.4 58.4 57.3 62.2 61.2 61.1 61.2 61.3 61.4 61.3 61.2 61.2 5,156 7,929 7,406 6,991 514 690 727 850 911 838 867 808 1,305 162 302 298 358 402 405 406 390 491 5.3 6.9 7.1 2.7 4.9 4.8 5.6 6.3 Year Unemployment: 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 198 1 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ Unemployment rate: 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 198 1 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ Unemployment rate (as published):4 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 198 1 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 6,202 6,137 7,637 8,273 10,678 5.6 8.5 7.7 7.1 6.1 5.8 7.1 7.6 9.7 5.6 8.5 7.7 7.1 6.1 5.8 7.1 7.6 9.7 8.1 8.4 7.5 7.5 7.6 11.0 5.3 6.9 7.1 8.1 8.4 7.5 7.5 7.6 11.0 6,000 6.2 6.1 5.8 7.1 2.7 4.9 4.8 5.6 6.3 6.2 6.1 5.8 7.1 730 1,000 1,100 1,080 1,240 1,170 1,140 1,260 1,360 1.4 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.4 1.4 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.4 'Preliminary estimate based on incomplete data. Civilian labor force as a percent of civilian working-age population. 3Clvllian employment as a percent of civilian working-age population. 4Published and adjusted data for the United States, Canada, and Australia are Identical. Unemployment rates are computed as follows: for France, unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force; for Japan, Italy, and Sweden, unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force plus career military personnel; for Germany, Great Britain, and the Netherlands, registered unemployed as a percent of employed wage-and-salary workers plus the unemployed. With the exception of France, which does not publish an unem ployment rate, these are the usually published unemployment rates for each country. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Italy Netherlands Sweden 19,890 20,080 20,300 20,530 20,630 20,910 21,380 21,410 4,770 4,820 4,890 4,950 5,010 5,100 5,270 5,480 15,580 4,037 4,123 4,149 4,168 4,203 4,262 4,312 4,326 4,350 62.7 63.2 63.3 63.3 63.4 63.2 63.0 62.6 — 47.5 47.5 47.8 48.0 47.7 47.8 48.0 48.0 47.4 48.2 49.2 49.1 49.0 48.9 49.0 49.8 51.4 152.0 64.9 65.9 66.0 65.9 66.1 66.6 66.9 66.8 166.9 24,120 24,000 23,820 23,840 24,040 24,300 24,000 23,090 122,470 19,340 19,470 19,600 19,790 19,870 120,970 120,940 25,980 25,230 25,010 24,970 25,130 25,460 25,730 25,550 125,090 20,380 20,460 20,390 4,590 4,570 4,630 4,700 4,750 4,830 4,950 4,990 14,900 3,956 4,056 4,083 4,093 4,109 4,174 4,226 4,218 4,213 55.5 54.4 54.3 54.3 54.1 53.6 53.1 152.4 152.0 54.2 52.5 52.0 51.6 51.5 51.7 51.6 51.1 150.3 60.8 60.3 59.6 59.3 59.4 59.7 58.6 56.0 — 46.2 46.0 46.1 46.3 45.9 46.0 46.1 45.9 45.2 46.4 46.6 46.5 46.5 46.3 46.4 46.8 46.8 145.6 63.6 64.8 64.9 64.8 64.6 65.3 65.6 65.1 164.8 630 910 420 890 890 900 870 780 770 1,080 11,560 770 1,150 1,510 1,610 1,590 1,430 1,810 2,730 13,140 550 610 700 740 760 810 830 920 180 250 260 250 260 270 320 490 1680 1.6 3.1 4.6 2.8 3.8 5.2 5.3 5.0 5.2 5.3 21,110 21,120 21,120 1,000 1,090 1,200 1,380 1,460 11,730 11,960 2.9 4.2 4.6 4.9 5.4 6.1 6.5 17.6 18.6 2.8 4.2 4.5 4.8 5.3 6.0 6.4 7.5 8.8 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.0 2.9 4.1 15.8 2.6 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.3 3.8 3.8 5.5 7.5 6.0 6.3 6.2 5.6 7.0 10.6 112.3 2.5 3.9 5.4 5.7 5.6 5.2 6.7 10.3 12.1 21,210 20,100 1,020 3.0 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.9 3.9 4.3 4.8 6.1 8.9 112.2 5.4 5.9 6.7 7.2 7.2 7.7 7.6 8.4 9.1 3.5 5.0 5.3 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.9 9.0 12.4 80 67 66 75 94 88 86 108 137 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.5 3.1 2.0 1.6 • 1.6 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.5 3.1 N ote : Data for the United States relate to the population 16 years and over. Published data for France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands relate to the population 14 years and over; for Sweden, to the population age 16 to 74; and for Canada, Australia, and Japan, to the population 15 years and over. For Great Britain, the lower age limit was raised from 15 to 16 years in 1973. The statistics have been adapted, insofar as possible, to the age at which compulsory schooling ends in each country. Therefore, the adjusted statistics for France relate to the population 16 and over, and for Germany and the Netherlands, to the population 15 years and over. The age limits of the statistics for Canada, Australia, Japan, Great Britain, and Italy coincide with the age limits of the published statistics. Statistics for Sweden remain at the lower age limit of 16, but have been adjusted to include persons 75 years and over. Dashes indicate that data are not available. 45 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Labor Market Developments in 10 Countries studied. Canada’s 11 percent jobless rate remained well above the U.S. rate of 9.7 percent. Unemployment rates rose to about 8.5 percent in France, more than 7 percent in Australia, nearly 6 percent in Germany, and about 5 percent in Italy. The lowest rates in 1982, around 3 percent, were in Sweden and Japan— maintaining the pattern of previous years. Unemployment rates rose steadily during 1982 in all countries studied, accelerating in the second half of the year in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Great Britain. (See table 2.) By the fourth quarter of 1982, double-digit jobless rates were reached in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, and the Netherlands.3 North American unemployment rates began receding at the beginning of 1983. By October, the U.S. rate had fallen to 8.8 percent from a peak of 10.8 percent in December 1982. French unemployment stabilized at about 8.5 percent from around mid-1982 throughout the first three quarters of 1983, but unemployment continued rising in the other coun tries until about mid-1983. By the third quarter, it appeared that the upward trend had been halted in all countries. How ever, only Italy showed any significant downward trend. Foreign worker unemployment. Since the 1973-74 Eu ropean Community ban on recruitment of foreign workers from outside the Community, many unemployed foreign workers have remained in their host country. This trend has Table 2. contributed to the rising jobless rates recorded in Western Europe since the 1974-75 recession. Moreover, by the 1981 — 82 period, foreign workers accounted for about 9 percent of the civilian labor force in Germany, 6 percent in France, and 5 percent in Sweden. In each country, foreign workers’ unemployment rates were significantly higher than those for their native-born counterparts. This is in sharp contrast with the situation in the 1960’s and early 1970’s when unemployed foreign work ers usually returned to their home countries and were there fore not included in host-country unemployment statistics. The jobless rate among Germany’s foreign workers has been 50 percent higher than the overall rate since 1981. Sweden’s foreign worker unemployment rate has been nearly double the overall rate since 1977, the year such data were first collected in the Swedish labor force survey. By the first quarter of 1983, the ratio had declined somewhat, as the overall rate began to increase more rapidly than the foreign worker rate. Employment showed broad declines In 1982, employment rose in only 2 of the 10 countries studied— Japan and Australia. Employment rose by 1 per cent in Japan and marginally in Australia. In North America and Western Europe, employment declined, with the sharp est drops, about 3 percent, occurring in Canada and Great Britain. U.S., German, and Dutch employment fell by 1 to Quarterly unemployment rates, approximating U.S. concepts, selected countries, seasonally adjusted, 1978-83 Period 1 9 7 8:.............................. I ................................. II ................................. Ill ............................... IV ............................... United States 6.1 6.3 6.0 6.0 Canada 8.4 8.4 8.5 8.5 Japan France1 Germany1 6.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.3 5.4 4.8 5.3 5.7 5.6 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.2 6.1 5.8 6.2 6.3 6.2 6.5 Australia 6.6 6.3 6.2 5.9 8.1 6.3 1 9 7 9:.............................. I ................................. I I ................................. Ill ............................... IV .............................. 5.8 5.9 5.7 5.9 5.9 7.5 7.9 7.6 7.1 7.2 6.2 1 9 8 0:............................... I ................................. I I ................................. Ill .............................. IV ............................... 7.1 6.3 7.3 7.7 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.8 7.4 7.2 1981: .............................. I ................................. I I ................................. Ill .............................. IV .............................. 7.6 7.4 7.4 7.4 8.3 7.6 7.4 7.2 7.4 8.4 5.8 5.8 5.5 5.8 5.9 1 9 8 2:............................... 1 ................................. I I ................................. Ill .............................. IV .............................. 9.7 8.8 9.4 10.0 11.0 7.1 6.3 1983: I ................................. I I ................................. Ill ............................... 10.3 10.7 10.1 9.4 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.3 6.1 6.0 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.2 12.7 7.0 8.7 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 12.5 12.4 11.7 9.7 10.3 10.3 2.7 2.7 2.7 8.9 10.5 12.1 6.6 1Preliminary for France from 1981 forward, and for Germany and Great Britain from 1982 forward. Quarterly data are for January, April, July, and October. 46 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Great Britain1 6.2 Italy2 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.0 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.9 3.0 3.2 3.0 2.9 5.6 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.5 3.9 3.8 3.8 4.0 3.9 6.2 2.9 2.7 6.6 3.0 3.2 7.0 5.7 6.4 7.3 3.9 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 7.6 7.0 7.7 7.9 7.9 4.1 3.4 3.8 4.3 4.8 8.6 5.8 5.3 5.6 12.3 11.9 6.5 6.5 2.8 2.8 8.3 8.5 8.7 8.6 6.5 8.6 8.6 8.6 7.0 7.4 7.5 6.0 8.6 10.6 9.5 10.3 11.1 11.6 4.3 3.9 4.3 4.2 4.8 Sweden 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.8 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.5 3.0 12.1 12.6 12.9 4.8 5.0 5.0 4.6 4.5 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.0 13.5 13.8 13.6 4.9 5.7 4.8 3.3 3.6 3.7 N ote : Quarterly figures for France, Germany, Italy, and Great Britain are calculated by applying annual adjustment factors to current published data, and therefore should be viewed as only approximate Indicators of unemployment under U.S. concepts. Published data for Australia, Canada, Japan, and Sweden require little or no adjustment. Table 3. Labor force participation rates approximating U.S. concepts, by sex, selected countries, 1970-82 Year United States Canada Australia Japan France1 Germany Great Britain Italy Netherlands1 Sweden 0 0 0 75.5 0 74.7 78.5 78.0 77.3 76.8 76.7 77.0 0 0 71.8 0 71.8 0 76.5 75.6 75.1 75.1 74.9 73.8 373.6 Men: 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ 79.7 79.1 79.0 78.8 78.7 77.9 77.8 77.3 77.5 78.2 78.7 78.4 84.1 83.8 83.6 83.2 82.7 82.2 81.5 81.9 81.9 81.9 81.6 81.2 74.9 74.4 74.1 73.3 73.0 73.2 78.7 77.8 76.1 75.3 74.1 73.1 82.2 81.6 81.3 82.8 81.2 81.4 73.5 73.2 71.8 71.0 70.8 70.4 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ 77.5 77.7 77.9 77.8 77.4 77.0 76.6 77.6 77.6 77.9 78.4 78.3 78.3 76.9 81.5 81.0 79.8 79.5 79.2 78.9 78.4 81.0 80.4 80.1 79.9 79.6 79.6 79.3 72.6 71.6 71.4 71.6 70.6 69.9 (2) 72.1 71.6 71.3 71.1 70.4 70.2 370.0 81.3 80.7 80.2 79.5 79.2 378.6 (2) 70.2 69.2 Women: 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ 43.3 43.4 43.9 44.7 45.7 46.3 38.3 39.4 40.2 41.9 43.0 44.4 40.4 41.0 41.2 42.4 43.5 44.5 49.3 47.7 46.8 47.3 45.7 44.8 40.1 39.8 40.5 41.0 41.6 42.5 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.9 38.8 38.4 42.4 42.5 43.3 45.0 46.2 46.7 26.2 26.1 25.4 25.9 26.3 26.6 0 0 0 27.4 0 28.0 50.0 50.9 51.5 51.7 53.3 55.2 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ 47.3 48.4 50.0 50.9 51.5 52.1 52.6 45.2 46.0 47.8 48.9 50.3 51.6 51.6 44.3 44.8 44.5 44.3 45.5 45.5 45.4 44.8 45.7 46.4 46.6 46.6 46.7 47.0 42.9 44.2 43.3 44.3 42.7 43.1 (2) 38.2 37.8 37.8 37.9 38.2 38.6 338.9 47.1 47.5 48.1 48.4 48.3 348.1 (2) 27.5 28.6 28.6 29.2 29.9 30.1 29.9 0 0 30.2 0 33.3 0 55.8 56.7 57.5 58.5 59.3 60.1 360.7 'Data are for March for France and for March-May for the Netherlands. 2Not available. Preliminary estimate. N ote : Data relate to the civilian laborforce approximating U.S.concepts as apercent of the civilian noninstltutionallzed workingage population.Working age Isdefined as 16 2 percent, and lesser declines occurred in France, Italy, and Sweden. For Canada, 1982 was the first year in nearly a quarter of a century in which employment declined. During the recessionary periods of the 1960’s and 1970’s, Canadian employment growth was maintained, although at a slack ened pace. In 1974-75, employment dropped in most coun tries, but Canadian employment rose 1.7 percent. During the second half of 1982, employment declined in most countries studied. By mid-1983, employment was ris ing in North America, Japan, Australia, Italy, and Sweden. Between the first and third quarters of 1983, employment rose sharply in the United States and Canada (each by about 2.5 percent) and moderately in Australia, Italy, and Sweden (all by less than 0.5 percent). Employment maintenance programs. In several Western European nations, special employment and training pro grams cover a significant number of persons in the labor force. In March 1983, 657,000 persons were covered by various employment and training schemes in Great Britain. In fact, these schemes kept approximately 365,000 persons, or 1.4 percent of the British labor force, from becoming unemployed, according to the British Department of Em ployment.4 In Sweden, the number enrolled in programs to assist the jobless has exceeded the number of unemployed since 1973. In 1982, total enrollment in the various public works and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 68.6 68.2 67.8 67.6 66.6 73.4 28.8 years and over in the United States, France, and Sweden; 15 years and over in Australia, Canada, Germany, and Japan; and 14 years and over in Italy. For Great Britain, the lower age limit was raised from 15 to 16 in 1973. For the Netherlands, the lower age limit was raised from 14 to 15 in 1975. The institutionalized working age population Is included In Japan and Germany. training programs accounted for 3.2 percent of the labor force, compared with a 3.1-percent unemployment rate. Programs subsidizing employees placed on reduced work schedules were extensive in France, Germany, Great Brit ain, and Italy. In France, 200,000 such workers, nearly 2 percent o f the w o rk fo r c e , r e c e iv e d partial unemployment benefits in 1982. While even more workers had collected short-time benefits in 1981, the average number of hours subsidized per worker was greater in 1982. In Germany, the number of persons on short-time work schedules increased 75 percent to nearly 610,000, approx imately 2.3 percent of the labor force in 1982. In Britain, the Temporary Short-Term Working Compensation Scheme subsidized 124,000 persons, or 0.5 percent of the 1982 labor force. In Italy, the number of hours subsidized by the Wage Supplement Fund rose 86 percent in 1982. An estimated 1.4 percent of the labor force were covered by this program. Employment-population ratios. In 1982, employmentpopulation ratios declined in all nations studied except Ja pan. Because Japanese employment growth matched growth of the working-age population, the ratio remained un changed. The decrease in the proportion of the working-age population with jobs was most pronounced in Great Britain and Canada, the countries with the largest percentage de clines in employment. The employment-population ratio continued to be highest in Sweden, 65 percent, and lowest in Italy5 and the Neth47 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Labor Market Developments in 10 Countries erlands, about 45 percent. The ratios ranged between 55 and 60 percent in the United States, Canada, Japan, Aus tralia, and Great Britain, and were slightly lower in France and Germany. Participation rates steady In 1982, labor force participation rates rose in the Neth erlands and held virtually steady in the United States, Japan, France, Germany, and Sweden. As shown in table 3, rising female participation rates offset declining male rates in the United States, Japan, Germany, and Sweden. (Data by sex were not yet available for France.) Participation rates declined in Canada, Australia, Great Britain, and Italy. In Italy, the decline may have been ex acerbated by a new law introduced in April 1981 which increased opportunities for early retirement.6 In Great Brit ain, voluntary early retirement contributed to falling partic ipation rates. Discouraged workers. Several of the countries studied collect data on the number of discouraged w o rk e rs — persons not in the labor force who state a current desire for work but who are not actively seeking a job because they think they cannot find one. Data are available on a regular basis for the United States, Canada, Australia, Sweden, and Italy, although each nation’s definitions of these workers vary. In the United States, discouraged workers increased by Table 4. more than one-third between the first and fourth quarters of 1982, and averaged 1.5 million (compared with around 10.7 million unemployed persons) for the year. During the first three quarters of 1983, the number of such workers moved downward along with the number of unemployed. The ratio of discouraged workers to unemployment, however, re mained at about 15 percent. In Canada, where the definition of discouraged workers is more restrictive than the U.S. definition, the number of these workers nearly doubled dur ing 1982 to 110,000, comparable to more than 8 percent of the unemployed. In Australia, discouraged jobseekers rose by 13 percent in 1982, and were roughly comparable to 16 percent of the unemployed. In Sweden, the number of dis couraged workers has remained about half the number of unemployed since 1978. According to the Italian definition, discouraged jobseek ers declined steadily in that nation to about 8 percent of the number of unemployed. In Italy, discouraged workers are defined as persons not in the labor force who declare their desire and availability for work but who have not sought work because they think they cannot find a job. However, nearly half of the recorded unemployed, under Italian def initions, had not actively sought work in the past 4 weeks. They have been excluded from the bls adjusted unemploy ment figures for Italy because U.S. definitions require active jobseeking within the past 4 weeks. However, they would be classified as discouraged under U.S. concepts. The ratio Unemployment rates by sex, approximating U.S. concepts, selected countries, 1970-82 Year United States Men: 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 4.4 5.3 5.0 4.2 4.9 7.9 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 7.1 6.3 5.3 5.1 6.9 7.4 9.9 Women: 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 6.7 9.3 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 7.2 6.8 7.4 7.9 9.4 5.9 6.9 6.6 6.0 8.6 8.2 Canada 5.6 6.0 5.8 4.9 4.8 6.2 6.3 7.3 7.6 6.6 6.9 7.1 11.1 Australia Japan1 France2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.3 2.0 1.6 1.9 3.8 3.9 4.6 5.4 5.2 5.1 4.8 6.3 5.8 2.8 6.6 3.1 3.9 3.6 4.1 7.0 7.0 6.7 6.4 8.1 8.4 9.4 9.6 8.8 8.4 8.3 10.8 6.4 7.5 7.9 8.2 7.9 7.4 8.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.2 48 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .5 .5 .7 1.6 .6 1.8 2.9 1.5 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.7 4.3 4.3 5.4 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.3 2.3 3.4 55.2 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.9 (4 ) 2.5 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.9 3.8 4.1 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.8 6.3 3.8 4.3 4.3 4.1 3.3 3.6 4.0 7.2 7.6 <nind*usied rates estimated on the basis of special March survey data for 1977 through 1980. Adjustments for 1970-76 are based on March 1977 data, and adjustments for 198182 are based on March 1980 data. 2Data refer to March. Germany 8.0 9.0 9.8 11.1 (4) .8 .9 1.8 3.6 4.0 4.5 4.4 4.1 3.8 5.1 56.9 Great Britain 3.4 4.2 4.7 3.5 3.1 4.9 6.3 6.6 6.2 Italy 2.2 2.2 2.6 2.4 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.6 5.5 7.3 11.4 13.3 2.9 3.4 2.5 3.3 3.4 2.7 3.0 4.1 4.5 4.5 5.2 5.4 4.5 5.0 5.4 5.9 6.3 5.6 5.8 6.6 9.4 10.8 2.7 2.6 6.0 6.1 6.4 6.6 7.2 7.6 3Data refer to March-May. 4Not available. Preliminary estimate based on incomplete data. Netherlands3 Sweden ( 4) 1.4 2.4 2.5 2.8 2.2 (4 ) 3.8 1.7 1.4 4.0 1.3 1.5 (4 ) 2.1 3.7 (4 ) 6.3 (4 ) 4.2 (4) 6.9 (4) 6.7 (4) 8.1 (4) 11.0 (4 ) 1.9 1.7 2.4 3.0 1.7 2.8 3.0 2.8 2.4 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.7 3.4 Chart 1. Unemployment rates by sex, approximating U.S. concepts, selected countries, 1970-82 Percent of all discouraged workers to adjusted unemployed would thereby be more than 100 percent. Unemployment rates by sex Historically, women have had higher unemployment rates than men in all countries studied except Great Britain. This reflected their relatively higher rate of movement into and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Percent 14 out of the labor force and their lower levels of experience and seniority which make women more vulnerable to layoff. During economic downturns, however, the concentration of men in the more seriously affected goods-producing sector worsened their position relative to women. In 1982, the unemployment rates were consistently higher for men than for women for the first time in the United States. (See table 49 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Labor Market Developments in 10 Countries Table 5. Ratio of female to male unemployment rates, selected countries, 1970-82 Year United States 1970 ................................. 1 9 7 1 ................................. 1972 ................................. 1973 ................................. 1974 ................................. 1975 ................................. 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1976 ................................. 1977 ................................. 1978 ................................. 1979 ................................. 1980 ................................. 1 9 8 1 ................................. 1982 ................................. 1.2 1.2 Canada Australia 1.0 1.1 1.2 2.6 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.1 2 1 2.2 2.0 1.4 1.3 1.3 2.0 2 2 2.2 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.6 Japan 1.8 2.2 2.0 2.2 France Germany 2.7 2.7 1.2 1.6 1.1 2.8 2 8 2.7 15 1.2 2.2 1.1 2.4 2.3 1.3 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.3 2.1 (1) 2.1 Great Britain .7 .8 .7 8 1.0 .8 .9 .9 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.3 .8 .8 .9 Italy Netherlands Sweden 2.0 2.0 2.0 2 2 2.2 (1) (1) l1) 1.5 (1) 12 1 2 12 2.3 1.8 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.2 0) 18 2.2 (1) (1) 1.7 (1) 1.3 14 1.4 15 15 1 1 1 2 14 1 1 1.1 1Not available. 4 and chart 1. Rates for the Netherlands are not shown in the chart because annual data are not available.) Canada showed a similar pattern.7 In Australia, Japan, France, Ger many, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden, such a turnabout did not occur: unemployment rates for women remained well above those for men. However, the difference between the rates by sex narrowed in most countries. In Great Britain, the unemployment rate for women continued to be signif icantly lower than that for men. The unemployment rates by sex have been adjusted to approximate U.S. concepts by the same procedures that are used to adjust the overall unemployment rates for all coun tries, except Japan. Special March labor force surveys con ducted from 1977 through 1980 have been used to obtain the male and female unemployment rates for Japan. These special surveys indicate that the regular monthly Japanese survey overstates unemployment rates for men and under states those for women.8 The regular Japanese surveys show little difference between the jobless rates for men and women, while the more probing March surveys show a rather wide differential. For the 1970-76 period, male and female un employment rates for Japan were estimated based on 1977 relationships. Similarly, 1981 and 1982 rates were estimated based on 1980 relationships. Therefore, figures for years other than the 1977-80 period should be regarded with caution. From 1970 through 1982, the average ratio of female to male unemployment rates was widest in France, Italy, and Japan, where the ratio was greater than 2. In the United States, Canada, and Sweden, the ratio was much lower, slightly above 1. In Australia, Germany, and the Nether lands, the ratio was about 1.5. Britain was the only country studied where the ratio was less than 1. (See table 5.) The ratio of female to male unemployment rates declined between the 1970’s and early 1980’s in the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, France, and Sweden. Further more, while declines were evident during the 1974-75 recession, they were more marked in the 1980-82 period. Two reasons underlie this narrowing of the differential. First, the goods-producing sector, which employs relatively more men than women, was especially hard hit during 1980-82. In contrast, employment in the service-producing sector, with its high concentration of women, increased or stabi lized, except in Great Britain where it has been falling in recent years. Second, the rate of female labor force growth has slowed substantially since 1979, thereby easing the up ward pressure on female unemployment. In 1982, the ratio of female to male jobless rates rose in only one country studied— Japan. Withdrawal from the la bor force in response to job loss has long been the practice among Japanese women. Recently, however, they have re mained in the labor market, immediately seeking work upon becoming jobless. The number of Japanese women re-en tering the work force has also grown, reflecting the greater availability of childcare and part-time jobs.9 In 1982, the growth rate of the female labor force increased for the first time since 1977, putting upward pressure on jobless rates among Japanese women. Q 'Beginning with January 1983 data, the national U.S. employment and labor force statistics are available including and excluding the resident Armed Forces. The data presented in this article are on the civilian labor force basis. Foreign data including the Armed Forces— the total labor force basis— are available upon request. and employment based on 1980 population census results. For Great Brit ain, new estimates of employment based on the September 1981 Census of Employment and new figures on registered unemployment based on a new method of collecting the data have been incorporated. For further information, see Intern ational C om parisons o f U nem ploym ent, Bulletin 1979 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1978), Appendix B; and Supplement to Bulletin 1979 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1983), Appendix B. 2 German data have been revised to reflect new estimates of labor force 50 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3Seasonally adjusted quarterly jobless rates approximating U.S. con cepts are not available for the Netherlands. However, there is very little difference between the adjusted and as published unemployment rates, and the seasonally adjusted published rates have been more than 10 percent since the fourth quarter of 1981. The registered unemployment rates have risen steadily throughout 1982 and the first half of 1983. 4 “ Trends in Labour Statistics-Commentary,” Employment G azette, May 1983, p. S4. The actual effect on the unemployment register is less than the number o f persons covered by the various measures. The Department of Employment estimates that only a portion of those covered by these measures would have become unemployed in their absence. 5 The employment ratio for Italy is understated because of the significant https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis number of persons whose employment goes unrecorded— black labor. For further information, see Intern ational C om parisons o f U nem ploym ent. 6 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, E conom ic o e c d , December 1982), p. 14. Su rvey o f Italy (Paris, 7Unlike women in the United States, Canadian women have not always had higher annual average jobless rates than men prior to 1982. During the 1960's, there were also a few years when female rates were slightly below the male rates in Canada. 8See Constance Sorrentino’s comment on Japan’s low unemployment in a forthcoming issue of the R eview . 9 U .S. Embassy’s (Tokyo) summary of the Japanese Ministry o f Labor’s A nnual W hite P a p e r, Aug. 20, 1983, p. 1. ERRATA In “ Trends in employment and unemployment in families,” by Deborah Pisetzner Klein, the chart 3 legends should be transposed and the left vertical axis labeled “ M illions,” instead of “ Thousands” (December M onthly Labor Review , p. 23). A corrected version of the chart appears below. 51 Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries For the U.S. and most industrial rivals, output per hour in manufacturing rose in 1982; unit labor costs, measured in U.S. dollars, increased by 12 percent in the U.S. in comparison to the other 11 nations Donato A lvarez and B rian C ooper Labor productivity in manufacturing increased from about 1 to 5 percent in 1982 in the United States, Japan, and in eight of nine European countries studied. Only Canada and, marginally, Norway registered declines in output per hour. These generally favorable results occurred in a year that was, for most countries, the second or third year of eco nomic stagnation. Manufacturing output fell in every coun try except Japan, Belgium, and Denmark. Therefore, with the exception of these three countries, the recorded gains in labor productivity resulted entirely from reductions in employment and hours. The United States, along with Italy, Denmark, and Sweden, registered the smallest productivity gains and, next to Canada, the largest declines in output, employment, and hours. Unit labor costs, which reflect changes in both output per hour and hourly compensation costs, declined in Japan, but rose in all other countries. The increases varied from under 1 percent in Belgium to 3 to 6 percent in West Germany1, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom to 7 percent in the United States, to about 9 to 11 percent in Denmark, France, and Norway, and to more than 15 percent in Canada and Italy.2 However, when measured in U.S. dollars— to take account of relative changes in exchange rates— Canada was the only country besides the United States to show an increase. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs rose steeply in 1981 and 1982 relative to a trade-weighted average for the 11 rival industrial countries— thereby canceling much of the gains in comparative unit labor costs that U.S. manufac turers experienced during most of the 1970’s. All of the recent increase, however, resulted from the appreciation of the U.S. dollar. Measured on a national currency basis, U.S. unit labor costs fell nearly 2 percent in 1981 relative to the other countries and remained unchanged in 1982. Measured on a dollar basis, the United States posted relative increases of more than 12 percent in both 1981 and 1982. As a result, the competitive unit labor cost position of U.S. manufacturers in 1982, on average, was about equivalent to that in 1972. The data for 1982 are preliminary, while those for other recent years include revised statistics for several countries. In addition, new long-term series on output, labor input, and labor costs have been introduced for France3 and new labor input series have been introduced for Germany, the United Kingdom, and Belgium.4 The new series for Ger many and the United Kingdom affect the year-to-year move ments in output per hour and hourly compensation but have no effect on the unit labor cost measures. The data series for Norway are being published for the first time.5 Productivity and output trends Donato Alvarez and Brian Cooper are economists in the Division of Foreign Labor Statistics and Trade, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 52 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In 1982, manufacturing productivity increased about 3 to 5 percent in Japan, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, and Table 1. Annual percent changes in manufacturing productivity, 12 countries, 1960-82 Year Output per hour: 1960-82 ................................. 1960-73 ................................. 1973-82 ................................. 1973-79 ................................. 1980 .................................... 1981 .................................... 1982 .................................... United Canada Japan States 3.6 4.5 2.6 3.0 1.7 1.6 2.4 -2 .3 2.5 -2 .7 2.0 .2 3.5 1.2 France Germany Italy 9.2 10.7 7.2 5.8 6.7 4.5 5.1 5.7 3.6 5.7 6.9 3.7 3.6 4.4 7.2 7.0 1.8 6.0 6.8 5.4 1.5 2.4 4.8 4.5 1.4 2.3 1.7 3.0 5.8 3.5 1.3 1.6 - 1.0 6.8 2.6 6.7 3.8 5.6 5.1 9.5 5.7 4.1 1A trade-weighted average of the 11 foreign countries. See description of weights in text. 5.9 6.4 4.1 7.0 7.6 4.8 3.7 4.5 4.5 1.4 7.1 5.8 1.0 Eleven foreign countries (weighted)1 4.8 5.6 6.6 2.0 6.6 2.2 3.8 2.1 1.8 2.6 2.0 1.6 2.2 2.4 3.3 1.9 -.2 .4 1.3 2.0 4.2 3.6 N ote : Rates of change computed from the least squares trend of the logarithms of the index numbers. Index numbers for the underlying data series are available from the authors. The 1982 productivity increases in the United States, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom reflected declines in output accompanied by larger decreases in hours. (See tables 2 and 3.) In Canada and Norway, the only countries to show productivity de creases, output and hours both fell, but the drop in output was larger than the decrease in hours. the United Kingdom, and about 1 to 2 percent in the United States, Denmark, Germany, Italy and Sweden.6 (See table 1.) Canadian output per hour dropped by nearly 3 percent, while Norway showed a marginal decline. In the United States and six of the nine other countries that had increases in manufacturing productivity, the rates of growth in 1982 were smaller than in 1981. Only France, the Netherlands, and Sweden showed larger increases. Although productivity rose in 10 of the 12 countries stud ied, only Japan and Denmark recorded significant 1982 gains in output. (See table 2.) Output remained nearly unchanged in Belgium and fell in each of the other countries. The declines were largest in Canada and the United States, about 12 and 7 percent. Among the European countries, Germany had the largest decrease in output, about 3 percent. Japan, the postwar leader in productivity growth, posted a rise in 1982 in both output per hour and total output, about 4 percent and 3 percent. However, 1982 marked the second consecutive year in which the rates of increase of both manufacturing productivity and output were smaller than those of the preceding year. In 1982, most of the industrialized world continued the pattern of economic stagnation that began in 1980 or, for some countries, 1981. For the United States, manufacturing output in 1982 was the lowest since 1976. German output dropped to its lowest level since 1978 and British output to its lowest point since 1967. Only two countries, Japan and Denmark, experienced a sustained increase in output from 1980. Table 2. United Kingdom Belgium Denmark Netherlands Norway Sweden Employment and hours Employment and total hours in manufacturing decreased in every country in 1982, with the exception of Denmark, where hours increased about 1 percent. (See table 3.) This was at least the second consecutive year of decline in both these measures for the United States and the European coun tries other than Denmark. Canada registered the most sub stantial 1982 drop in employment, 9 percent, while Japan and Denmark showed declines of less than 1 percent. In the United States, employment decreased by more than 6 per cent, the third year of decline, bringing total employment in manufacturing to a level about 10 percent lower than in 1979 and to its lowest point since 1975. In Canada, the sharp 1982 drop in employment brought its level below any year since 1972. In most of the European countries, the recent slowdown only accentuated prerecession trends in employment. The 1982 declines in employment, in most cases, brought man ufacturing employment levels to their lowest points since the early 1960’s. In the United Kingdom and the Nether lands, 1982 employment was lower than in any year since Annual percent changes in manufacturing output, 12 countries, 1960-82 Year United States Canada Japan France Germany Output: 1960-82 ...................................... 1960-73 ...................................... 1973-82 ...................................... 3.4 4.7 1.7 4.5 6.3 1.3 9.9 13.0 6.9 5.4 7.3 1973-79 ...................................... 1980 ......................................... 1981 ......................................... 1982 ......................................... 2.9 -4 .4 2.9 -6 .9 2.5 -2 .9 5.7 3.2 .4 2.1 2.1 10.8 6.6 - 2.0 -1 2 .3 3.4 -.6 Italy United Kingdom Belgium Denmark Netherlands Norway 3.6 5.2 1.4 5.2 1.3 3.0 - 2.0 4.8 6.5 3.8 5.2 3.0 4.5 6.4 3.0 4.8 1.1 1.8 1.6 -.2 2.0 2.9 6.3 - .9 - 1.8 -.5 -9 .1 -6 .4 -.7 1.8 - 1.0 1.7 1.8 .0 -2 .3 .5 .5 1.7 -.9 -.9 -.4 1.3 .5 -1 .9 - 2.6 6.8 1.8 - 1.0 - 2.0 Sweden 3.0 5.0 -.4 -.5 .4 - 3 .3 - 2.2 Note : Rates of change computed from the least squares trend of the logarithms of the Index numbers. Index numbers for the underlying data series are available from the authors. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 53 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Manufacturing Productivity in 12 Countries Table 3. Annual percent changes in manufacturing employment and hours, 12 countries, 1960-82 Year Aggregate hours: 1960-82 ...................................... 1960-73 ...................................... 1973-82 ...................................... 1973-79 ...................................... 1980 ......................................... 1981 ......................................... 1982 ........................................ Employment: 1960-82 ...................................... 1960-73 ...................................... 1973-82 ...................................... United States 0.7 1.6 .0 .9 -4 .5 -.6 - 8.0 Canada 0.9 1.7 Japan France Germany Italy United Kingdom Belgium Denmark Netherlands 0.6 2.1 -0 .4 -.2 -.3 -2 .3 -1 .4 -.5 - 2.1 .1 - 1.1 -.7 -.4 -9 .9 1.2 .8 - 2.0 - 1.0 -4 .3 -5 .1 -2 .4 -.9 -4 .1 -4 .3 .4 1.1 -.5 .3 -1 .5 - 1.2 -.2 -3 .1 - 1.6 .6 .1 .2 - 1.6 -5 .0 -2 .5 -3 .7 -1 .9 - 2.2 -.7 1.4 3.0 -.4 .6 .8 1.2 1.5 1.9 .2 .1 1973-79 ...................................... 1980 ......................................... 1981 ......................................... 1982 ......................................... .9 -3 .4 -.5 -6 .5 .4 -.3 - 1.1 .2 -9 .3 1.4 -.5 - 1.2 -1 .4 -3 .5 - 2.0 Average hours: 1960-82 ...................................... 1960-73 ...................................... 1973-82 ...................................... - 0.1 -0 .3 1973-79 ...................................... 1980 ......................................... 1981 ......................................... 1982 ......................................... 1.2 -0 .4 - 2.0 - 1.1 - 2.2 -2 .3 - 1.1 -3 .1 - 2.2 - 1.8 -1 .5 -2 .5 .5 -4 .3 -3 .0 - 2.1 - 8.1 -1 2 .3 -4 .3 -4 .7 -3 .5 -7 .5 -4 .4 - 2.6 -1 .4 - 6.1 .8 -3 .7 -.4 -3 .2 -4 .0 - 2.1 -1 .3 - 2.8 - 1.8 -2 .4 - 1.2 -3 .7 -3 .4 1.0 -1 .4 1.4 -.9 .5 -3 .7 -.8 .2 - 1.8 - 1.2 -.6 -2 .5 .6 1.2 -.8 - 1.2 - 11.1 - 6.0 -3 .8 - 2.0 -5 .4 -4 .5 -1 .9 - 2.0 -4 .9 -.5 - 2.6 - 1.2 -3 .1 -4 .4 -.8 -.1 - 2.1 -1 .5 -3 .1 -3 .9 -1 .4 -1 .5 -.4 - 0.8 -.7 -.7 -1 .3 - 1.0 -.9 -1 .3 -1 .4 -.4 - 1.2 - 1.1 -.7 - 1.2 - 1.0 -1 .4 -1 4 -1 3 -1 .3 -.5 -3 .3 -1 .3 - 1.0 -1 .5 - 2.2 - 1.1 1.8 0.1 -.7 .7 -1 .3 1.3 - 1.8 -.4 - 7 -.3 -1 5 - 1.1 - 6 .5 -.1 - 0.8 -.5 -.3 .1 -.8 -.9 0.0 - 1.1 -.3 -.4 -.1 -.6 -1 .7 -.9 .3 - .7 -.7 -1 .5 - 1.6 -.3 .3 -2 .4 -.6 -.8 ro i C O - 0.8 -.9 -0 .9 -.2 0.0 -.8 - 0.6 -2 .3 -.5 -4 .6 .1 -.1 -.6 -.2 Sweden - 2.2 -1 .3 -3 .8 -.1 -.7 -.3 -.8 Norway .0 .8 -.1 .4 .2 -.3 - 4 -.2 -.9 N ote : Rates of change computed from the least squares trend of the logarithms of the Index numbers. Index numbers for the underlying data series are available from the authors. 1950. Among all the other European nations, with the ex ception of Italy, employment in 1982 was lower than in any other year in the 1970’s or 1980’s. Most countries also experienced long-term declines in aggregate hours in manufacturing. The United States, Japan, and Canada had almost no overall change in aggregate hours during 1973-82, but all the European countries recorded downward trends in hours over this 10-year period. The reductions that took place in most of the European countries were due primarily to the fall in employment. However, all the European countries also reduced average hours during the period. The sharp declines in employment and hours that took place during 1980-82, a period of recession for most in dustrialized countries, reflect the practices followed by em ployers to accommodate the reduced level of demand for output. In most countries, the 1982 reductions in total hours were brought about either entirely or primarily by reducing employment. In the United States, for example, employ ment declined by more than 6 percent and average hours by less than 2 percent. The exception to this pattern was France, which recorded a substantial decline of more than 3 percent in average hours, while keeping the decline in employment to 2 percent. Statutory provisions entitling most workers to a basic 39hour week, instead of a 40-hour norm, took effect in France in February 1982. The statutes also increased paid leave from four to five weeks leading to a further reduction in annual working time. In addition, a French Government ordinance granting part timers rights comparable to those enjoyed by full-time employees became effective in March 1982. 54 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Aside from France, average hours in the European coun tries either increased or decreased at a reduced pace. In the United Kingdom, average hours rose by 1.8 percent, even though employment fell about 6 percent, as the proportion of all manufacturing operatives working overtime increased while the average number of operatives working on short time declined markedly. Small 1982 increases in average hours of about 1 percent or less were recorded in Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Sweden and small decreases of less than 1 percent in the other European nations. These changing patterns in the trend of average hours occurred while all of the European nations were experiencing at least the second straight year of substantial cutbacks in employ ment. Hourly compensation and unit labor costs In 1982, most countries had lower rates of growth in hourly compensation than in 1981. (See table 4.) Japan had the smallest increase, 3.4 percent, followed by Belgium, Germany, Sweden, and the Netherlands with increases of about 5 to 7 percent, while France and Italy had the largest rises, 17 and 18 percent. France and the Netherlands were the only countries not to show some degree of moderation in hourly compensation rates for 1982. In the Netherlands, however, a substantial slowdown had occurred in 1980-81. The most significant moderations in 1982 occurred in the United Kingdom, Ja pan, Sweden, and Belgium. The growth in hourly compen sation fell markedly in the United Kingdom, from about 17 percent in 1981 to 9 percent in 1982. Increases in unit labor costs reflect the extent that in creases in hourly compensation outstrip gains in labor pro- Table 4. Annual percent changes in hourly compensation and unit labor costs in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1960-82 Year United Canada Japan States Hourly compensation: 1960-82 ................................. 1960-73 ................................. 1973-82 ................................. 7.0 5.0 9.5 1973-79 ................................. 1980 .................................... 1981 .................................... 1982 .................................... 9.3 11.7 9.9 8.5 Unit labor costs: 1960-82 ................................. 1960-73 ................................. 1973-82 ................................. 4.3 1.9 7.7 1.8 10.0 7.2 11.5 9.6 12.9 1973-79 ................................. 1980 .................................... 1981 .................................... 1982 .................................... Unit labor costs in U.S. dollars: 1960-82 ................................. 1960-73 ................................. 1973-82 ................................. 1973-79 ................................. 1980 .................................... 1981 .................................... 1982 .................................... 9.0 6.4 11.8 12.2 10.4 14.8 12.2 5.2 France Germany Italy 13.2 12.7 12.8 11.7 9.8 9.1 12.1 11.9 10.4 12.3 13.5 10.9 11.4 5.2 5.0 6.5 13.8 14.4 11.0 12.1 10.2 11.1 10.8 5.3 4.8 4.1 7.7 5.1 9.8 5.3 3.0 2.5 3.2 11.8 8.2 10.1 .2 9.4 3.3 8.7 7.5 5.0 5.6 8.3 9.6 6.1 6.0 6.0 9.3 7.4 4.3 7.1 10.8 2.2 10.9 4.0 -1 8 .2 -3 .9 13.7 12.0 9.9 11.0 10.9 -7 .3 -1 5 .2 10.0 13.4 8.7 17.8 12.3 10.5 20.5 18.9 19.0 17.2 9.1 13.5 9.6 8.9 5.3 5.1 15.4 9,5 4.1 15.7 4.7 3.3 4.9 4.6 7.3 5.1 3.8 16.9 12.4 18.0 16.5 17.1 22.9 9.9 5.1 6.3 8.6 6.8 7.3 12.5 9.6 15.4 10.0 11.4 7.9 6.3 3.4 16.0 14.1 16.0 16.7 9.2 7.6 5.5 22.1 4.8 3.5 4.7 3.7 4.7 10.2 1.8 6.3 2.7 10.4 10.1 12.4 13.4 11.3 9.6 8.5 8.8 18.1 21.6 11.1 6.1 12.1 7.2 15.3 4.3 -1 .5 0.5 -0 .7 4.3 1.9 7.7 4.7 1.9 7.0 7.6 4.9 5.1 6.3 2.4 7.8 8.8 6.1 7.4 5.4 7.5 6.8 13.5 7.0 4.4 5.5 10.5 13.3 11.0 9.2 9.2 6.1 6.4 13.1 9.3 9.7 -4 .7 3.1 7.2 12.0 - 12.2 12.7 34.6 -4 .4 -9 .2 11.3 7.3 -1 8 .7 -1 9 .0 7.2 11.5 - 11.6 -8 .5 8.3 -1 5 .3 -3 .7 ductivity. In 1982, unit labor costs increased in all countries with the exception of Japan, but Canada and Denmark were the only countries to record significantly higher rates in 1982 than in 1981. The United States, Norway, and the Neth erlands showed modestly larger increases. However, the increase in the Netherlands, about 3 percent, was still very moderate. The most substantial 1982 slowdowns in unit labor costs were recorded in Belgium, Sweden, and the United King dom. For Belgium and the United Kingdom, this was the second consecutive year of substantial moderation. The slowdown in Sweden reflected both a smaller compensation increase and larger productivity gain, while the moderations in Belgium and the United Kingdom were due solely to declines in compensation increases. Moderation in unit labor cost increases in 1982 in Germany and Italy and the decline in Japan reflected slowdowns in hourly compensation gains; in France, it was due solely to the large productivity gain. Unit labor costs in U.S. dollars Because labor costs are a principal component of the costs of manufactured goods, unit labor costs play a major role in conjunction with the exchange rates among currencies in determining the relative prices of goods offered for sale on the world market. During 1982, changes in currency exchange rates had a significant effect on relative changes in unit labor costs mea sured in U.S. dollars. The U.S. dollar appreciated 3 percent versus the Canadian dollar, 7 percent versus the German - 10.8 - 2.6 2.6 Eleven foreign countries (weighted)1 11.8 12.2 16.5 12.3 19.6 14.4 14.6 9.1 1A trade-weighted average of the 11 foreign countries. See description of weights in text. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis United Kingdom Belgium Denmark Netherlands Norway Sweden 3.1 10.6 9.8 6.8 5.1 7.8 -18.1 -7 .5 10.4 -5 .4 - 1.8 12.1 10.1 12.3 13.4 11.7 12.0 7.2 9.3 6.8 6.1 3.5 3.4 10.0 8.1 12.1 8.9 9.3 9.3 10.4 5.8 8.1 7.1 7.1 4.0 7.5 -5 .8 -4 .6 N ote : Rates of change computed from the least squares trend of the logarithms of the index numbers. Index numbers for the underlying data series are available from the authors. mark and the Dutch guilder, and 11 to 20 percent versus the currencies of all the other countries. This was the second straight year in which the dollar appreciated against the currencies of each of these countries with the exception of the Japanese yen, which rose against the dollar in 1981. In 1982, as in the previous year, unit labor costs in U.S. dollars dropped in almost every country. In 1981, Canada and Japan were the only countries to post increases; in 1982, only Canada showed an increase. Measured in U.S. dollars, unit labor costs declined about 2 to 4 percent in Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Norway; 7 to 9 percent in France, Denmark, and the United Kingdom; 12 percent in Japan; and 15 percent in Sweden and 19 percent in Belgium. In Canada, unit labor costs rose less in U.S. than Canadian dollars, but still more than U.S. costs. The total effect of U.S. dollar appreciation on unit labor costs during the last 2 years is critical. On a national cur rency basis, the increase in U.S. unit labor costs was rel atively low. Only Japan, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands posted lower cost increases. However, when converted to a U.S. dollar basis, only the Canadian increase exceeded that of the United States. The following tabulation shows each country’s total percentage change in unit labor costs over the 2-year period, as measured in national cur rencies and on a U.S. dollar basis: National currency U nited States ...................... C anada ................................ Japan ..................................... 13.8 2 9.2 -.1 U.S. dollars 13.8 22.4 —9.5 55 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Manufacturing Productivity in 12 Countries B elgium ............................ D e n m a r k ............................ France ................................ G e r m a n y ............................ Italy .................................... N etherlands ..................... N orw ay .............................. Sw eden .............................. U nited K in g d o m ............. 3.3 12.3 26.2 9.1 37.5 5.8 21.4 16.8 15.5 averages of the 11 rival nations’ indexes were calculated for 1960 to 1982. These percent changes, shown in table 5, indicate the annual movements in each country’s pro ductivity and labor costs relative to its competitors’ pro ductivity and costs. - 3 4 .1 -2 4 .2 - 19.1 - 18.4 - 13.1 -2 1 .4 - 7 .2 -2 1 .4 - 13.2 Relative productivity changes. Table 5 indicates that U.S. manufacturing productivity has experienced a relative de cline compared to the trade-weighted average of the other countries. Over the 1960-82 period, the average annual productivity growth rate was nearly 3 percent higher in rival countries; in 1982, almost 1 percent higher. In 1982, manufacturing productivity in Canada and Nor way fell substantially, by about 3 to 4 percent, relative to the positions of their competitors. Smaller relative declines occurred for Germany, Italy, Sweden, and Denmark. Man ufacturing productivity increased in 1982 in the other five countries, relative to their competitors, with France record ing the largest relative increase, almost 3 percent. Over the entire period since 1960, Japan shows the largest relative increase, followed by Belgium and the Netherlands, while the United States shows the largest relative decline, followed by the United Kingdom and Norway. A similar pattern has prevailed since 1973. Relative productivity and labor cost trends Trends in labor productivity and unit labor costs are often used in analyses of changes in the international trade of manufactures. This section examines changes in the trends of each country’s own productivity and labor costs relative to a trade-weighted average of its major international com petitors.7 Indexes of a country’s relative productivity and labor costs were constructed by taking ratios of each coun try’s own indexes to weighted geometric averages of the corresponding indexes for the other 11 countries. The weights used to combine the other 11 countries’ indexes into an average “ competitors” index reflect the relative importance of each country as a manufacturing trade competitor. Annual percent changes in the ratio of each country’s productivity and labor cost indexes to the trade-weighted Table 5. Relative annual percent changes in output per hour, hourly compensation and unit labor costs in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1960-82. Year Output per hour: 1960-82 ...................................... 1960-73 ...................................... 1973-82 ...................................... 1973-79 ...................................... 1980 ......................................... 1981 ......................................... 1982 ......................................... Hourly compensation: 1960-82 ...................................... 1960-73 ...................................... 1973-82 ...................................... 1973-79 ...................................... 1980 ......................................... 1981 ......................................... 1982 ......................................... Unit labor costs in national currency: 1980-82 ...................................... 1960-73 ...................................... 1973-82 ...................................... 1973-79 ...................................... 1980 ........................................ 1981 ......................................... 1982 ......................................... United States -2 .8 -3 .3 -2 .0 -2 .1 -2 .0 -.1 -.8 -4 .5 -4 .6 -2 .4 -3 .6 .0 Canada Japan 0.2 .6 4.7 5.5 4.2 0.6 3.5 8.4 -.7 -.1 -3 .1 -1 .1 -4 .3 .6 -.1 1.4 1.6 -1 .9 -.7 -1 .3 4.2 3.5 -1 .7 -1 .4 -.4 -.6 2.1 -1 .5 2.0 .1 -1 .8 Unit labor costs in U.S. dollars: 1960-82 ...................................... 1960-73 ...................................... 1973-82 ...................................... -2 .6 -2 .0 1973-79 ...................................... 1980 ......................................... 1981 ......................................... 1982 ......................................... -2 .5 1.4 12.7 12.4 .2 0.4 1.7 1.8 5.4 8.1 -.4 -.6 -.7 -1 .6 1.7 6.6 8.5 France Germany https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis United Kingdom Belgium Denmark Netherlands -0 .3 -.5 0.4 .9 -1 .6 -1 .6 -1 .8 2.2 2.0 1.5 -.9 -1 .3 2.5 .4 -1 .1 -1 .5 -1 .3 -1 .1 3.8 -2 .4 -3 .3 3.3 1.4 3.7 5.9 -2 .4 -.3 3.3 .8 -2 .0 -.3 -4 .2 .7 .9 -.9 -4 .1 -4 .8 -5 .5 8.0 -4 .5 -3 .8 -4 .6 -4 .4 -1 .0 .4 -6 .4 0.2 -1 .7 -.9 2.4 -4 .3 -1 1 .5 -6 .9 -7 .4 1.1 1.3 -2 .7 .1 -1 5 .4 9.0 -1 0 .7 2.9 1.9 4.5 -.2 1.4 2.8 6.0 5.3 -1 .0 -2 .0 .1 .3 2.9 -4 .1 -4 .2 .2 .0 -.1 -1 .3 4.9 2.6 7.9 7.7 7.0 11.1 9.8 4.4 1.7 -4 .0 8.0 -4 .9 -2 .7 -3 .2 -3 .1 8.9 3.1 2.0 2.4 -.1 .8 -2 .5 -9 .2 2.8 N ote : Rates of change computed from the least squares trend of the logarithms of a ratio of 2 index numbers. The ratio Is the Index of the reference country divided by a trade-weighted average index for the other 11 countries. 56 Italy 2.2 6.1 6.2 9.6 6.1 -.7 .3 3.8 .8 8.1 8.8 11.2 11.2 13.4 2.7 -1 .1 .2 1.1 .4 -1 .4 -.9 6.0 -1 .0 -.9 -2 .9 2.7 2.7 24.6 2.8 -5 .5 1.7 .7 2.1 2.4 .6 2.4 2.2 .4 .4 -.9 .3 -2 .0 -2 .3 -3 .9 -1 .3 -.3 -2 .9 -2 .0 -2 .6 -4 .5 -6 .0 -.5 -.1 -2 .2 .6 -3 .2 -8 .8 -1 4 .3 0.8 .4 .6 .8 -.6 3.6 -1 .4 1.3 1.8 .1 .2 -1 .2 -.7 1.3 0.5 1.4 -.6 -.6 -.6 -4 .1 2.7 .2 .8 -2 .3 .1 -8 .5 -1 1 .5 -1 .2 Norway Sweden 1.6 1.0 -1 .7 -1 .8 -1 .6 -0 .2 .7 -1 .3 1.5 -2 .1 .3 -1 .8 -2 .6 -1 .8 -.3 -3 .4 -1 .1 1.5 .2 -1 .1 .5 1.2 2.9 -2 .2 -1 .0 -5 .9 -5 .5 -1 .8 -.2 .2 .6 -.7 1.1 -.3 1.9 .5 .8 .4 1.3 -1 .0 -.5 -1 .4 -0 .4 1.4 -3 .2 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.7 -2 .5 -6 .1 -4 .4 -2 .3 2.7 -1 .0 3.0 4.6 3.2 - 7 3.0 -.3 .9 22 18 3 1.8 -1 .6 .3 -6 .1 -9 .8 2.5 07 1 2 1.5 -.7 2.9 16 - 1 - .4 -1 1 .4 .8 1.6 5.6 Recent developments C urrent econom ic data available when this article was prepared indicated that the U nited States and som e o f the other countries covered were em erging from the recession ary trends that generally prevailed throughout 1982. The U nited States has show n the m ost dram atic recovery, with m anufacturing output increasing strongly and at an accel erating pace in each o f the first three quarters o f 1983. By m id-year, there were also signs o f m ore m oderate turnarounds in C anada, G erm any, and Sw eden. In addition, m anufacturing output in Japan, one o f the few countries in w hich output rose in 1982, was increasing at a m ore rapid pace. In other countries, how ever, including France, Italy, and the U nited K ingdom , little overall change, or additional declines in m anufacturing output, were experienced in the first h a lf o f 1983. M anufacturing productivity and unit labor cost indicators through the first h a lf o f 1983 w ere available only for the U nited S tates, Japan, G erm any, and the U nited K ingdom . P roductivity w as rising in each o f the four countries and, w ith the possible exception o f the U nited K ingdom , unit labor costs w ere falling. In the third quarter o f 1983, U .S. manufacturing productivity rose at a 12-percent annual rate— the largest gain since the fourth quarter o f 1980— and unit labor costs declined at an 8-percent annual rate— the largest drop since 1975. Relative compensation. The largest 1982 increases in manufacturing hourly compensation, relative to changes in competitor countries, occurred in France and Italy; the in creases were between 8 and 10 percent. Relative decreases in hourly compensation ranged from about 1 percent in the United States to more than 5 percent in Japan. In the United States, a steady decline in relative hourly compensation has occurred since 1960, though the declines since 1977 have been comparatively small. Germany is the only other coun try with a significant long-term relative decline. Italy and Japan have had the largest relative increases in hourly com pensation since 1960; however, Japan has had a relative decline in hourly compensation since 1975. Relative unit labor costs. Relative unit labor costs, mea sured in national currencies, fell in 1982 in Japan, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United King dom. The relative trends ranged from about 6-7 percent lower in Japan and Belgium to about 1 percent or less in Sweden and the United Kingdom, which recorded its first drop in relative unit labor costs since 1973. Over the years 1960-1977, the U.S. trend in unit labor costs relative to the 11 other countries was steadily down ward. This decline reflected the joint influence of the relative declines in U.S. productivity and in hourly compensation: though U.S relative productivity fell over this period, the relative decline in hourly compensation was greater. Rel ative unit labor costs increased from 1977 to 1980, fell in 1981, and remained stable in 1982. Over the full 1960 to 1982 period, the United States, Belgium, and Germany had the largest relative declines in unit labor costs, followed by Japan; Italy and the United Kingdom had the largest relative increases. Since 1973, Japan, followed by Germany, has had the largest relative decline; Italy and the United King dom have continued to have the largest relative increases. In U.S. dollars. After adjustment for the relative change in the foreign exchange rate of the dollar, U.S. unit labor costs rose more than 12 percent in 1982 relative to com petitors, matching the sharp increase of the previous year. Relative unit labor costs adjusted for relative exchange rate changes were up more than 8 percent in Canada and about 3 to 6 percent in Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Norway. For the Netherlands, this was the first increase in five years. The revaluations of the German mark and the Dutch guilder within the European Monetary System offset declines in relative unit labor costs in national currency in both countries. Relative unit labor costs in U.S. dollars rose in Italy despite a drop of 8 percent in the trade-weighted exchange rate. In Belgium, relative unit labor costs in U.S. dollars fell 14 percent in 1982, nearly matching the largest relative declines recorded by any country (Japan in 1979 and 1980) over the 1960-82 period. Sweden and Japan also recorded large relative decreases in 1982— 11 percent; France and the United Kingdom experienced relative declines of about 4 and 6 percent. Despite the large 1981-82 relative increases, U.S. unit labor costs have still fallen by 2.6 percent per year relative to competitors since 1960. The only other countries to show relative declines measured in U.S. dollars over this 23-year period were Canada, Belgium, and France— 1 percent or less per year. Germany and Norway had the largest relative increases— about 2 percent per year. Since 1973, however, U.S. unit labor costs have risen on a par with its competitors, whereas Japan, Belgium, Denmark, and the Netherlands have registered significant declines relative to their com petitors, led by a 2.7 percent annual relative decline in Japan. The only countries with large relative increases since 1973 are the United Kingdom— 6 percent per year— and Norway. □ FO OTN O TE S 'The Federal Republic, including West Berlin. 2The data relate to all employed persons, including the self-employed, n the United States and Canada, and to all wage and salary employees in he other countries. Hours refer to hours paid in the United States, hours https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis worked in the other countries. Compensation comprises all payments made by employers directly to their employees (before deductions) and employer contributions to legally required insurance programs and to contractual and private welfare plans 57 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Manufacturing Productivity in 12 Countries for the benefit of employees. Labor costs include, in addition to compen sation, employer expenditures for recruitment and training; the cost of cafeterias, medical facilities, and other plant facilities and services; and taxes (other than social security taxes, which are part of compensation) levied on payrolls or employment rolls. Annual data are not available for total labor costs. Labor costs, as measured in the data series used for this article, approximate more closely the concept of compensation. However, compensation has been adjusted to include all significant changes in taxes that are regarded as labor costs. For the United States and Canada, com pensation o f self-employed workers is measured by assuming that their hourly compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary employees. 3 b l s has introduced a new series on output, employment, and employee compensation for France beginning 1959 and a revised average hours series beginning 1970. The new series on output, employment, and compensation refer to mining and manufacturing less energy-related products. The prin cipal deferences from the U.S. definition of manufacturing are the exclu sion o f petroleum refining and the inclusion of some mining. This change has been made because consistent series for manufacturing, as defined in the United States, are not available for France. All the new series are from the French national accounts. Previously, the employee compensation fig ures from 1965 were b l s estimates. The new average hours worked series is based on scheduled hours adjusted to an hours worked basis by the Institut national d e la Statistiqu e et d es E tudes econom iques ( I N S E E ) . Pre viously, b l s made its own estimated adjustments. 4The new employment series for Germany is a comprehensive series prepared by the German Federal Statistical Office which covers all em ployees in manufacturing, including manufacturing handicrafts. It is there fore consistent with the national accounts measures of output and employee compensation. The previous series, based on a monthly establishment survey, excluded all manufacturing handicrafts and establishments with less than 10 employees prior to 1970; beginning 1970, it included han dicrafts, but excluded all establishments with less than 20 employees. The establishment survey still provides the trend measure for average hours. The new employment series for the United Kingdom is on a “ census o f employment” basis and is constructed by the British Department of Employment. The Census of Employment was first conducted in 1971. Figures for earlier years based on a count of national insurance cards were adjusted for consistency and linked to the census of employment series by the Department of Employment. The previous employment series used by b l s was derived from the Census of Production. According to the British Central Statistical Office, employment data available from the Census of Production are less reliable than the Department of Employment series for use as time series alongside the output measure. 58 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis b ls has also incorporated a new average hours worked series for the United Kingdom beginning 1976. The new series, prepared by the De partment of Employment, includes adjustments for changes in holiday and vacation entitlements. Previously, adjustments for holiday and vacation trends were made by b l s ; adjustments prior to 1976 are still b l s estimates. For Belgium, a new average hours worked series for production workers has been introduced from 1960. The new series is based on data on ag gregate wage worker hours and employment from a monthly industrial survey. The previous series was based on a survey of hours and earnings in April and October only, with adjustment by b l s for estimated changes in annual holiday and vacation leave. This change affects unit labor costs as well as output per hour because total labor costs are computed as the product of houly compensation and total hours. 5 The indexes for Norway were compiled from basic series on manu facturing output, aggregate employee compensation, and employment pub lished with the Norwegian national accounts and average hours worked computed by b l s from industrial survey statistics. The output measure is calculated within the framework of annual input-output tables compiled using statistics from an annual industrial survey. Data on wages and salaries are also obtained from the annual industrial survey; data on other labor expenditures from administrative statistics. The employment data are of ficial estimates of the average number of employees obtained primarily from the annual industrial survey. Average hours worked refer to produc tion workers only; they were computed from statistics on aggregate wageearner hours and the number of wage earners in establishments with 5 or more employees. 6 Although the labor productivity measure relates output to the hours of persons employed in manufacturing, it does not measure the specific con tributions of labor as a single factor of production. Rather, it reflects the joint effects of many influences, including new technology, capital in vestment, the level of output, capacity utilization, energy use, and man agerial effectiveness, as well as the skills and efforts of the work force. 7 The trade weights were adapted from weights developed by the Inter national Monetary Fund and described in “ Intercountry Cost and Price Comparisons,” a paper by Michael C. Deppler, Research Department, I M F , November 1979. For more information about the relative indexes of manufacturing productivity and costs, see Patricia Capdevielle, Donato Alvarez, and Brian Cooper, “ International Trends in Productivity and Labor C osts,” M onthly L ab o r R e v ie w , December 1982, pp. 3 -1 4 . The weights are available from the authors, as are the relative indexes for each country and the underlying “ own country” and “ competitor countries” indexes used to compute the relative indexes. Indexes of trade-weighted exchange rates are also available from the authors. State labor legislation enacted in 1983 In addition to traditional employmen t standards fields, many of the major pieces of legislation addressed newer issues such as comparable worth, plant closings, and the rights of employees to receive information on toxic substances R ic h a r d R. N elson State labor legislation enacted in 1983 covered a wide va riety of subjects and included several significant new laws.1 A growing interest was evident in newer areas of concern such as equal pay for jobs of comparable worth, the impact on employees of plant closings or relocations, and require ments that employees be informed of and given training on toxic substances found in the workplace. Major laws were also passed in some of the more traditional labor standards fields, including minimum wage, employment discrimina tion, public employee collective bargaining, job training, and restrictions on the use of polygraph examinations. Eight States enacted legislation this year providing for minimum wage-rate increases effective in 1983 or 1984, and in addition, rates were raised in two States as the result of automatic increases provided for by previous enactments. Across-the-board increases were adopted in Arkansas, Col orado, Delaware, Illinois, and Oklahoma. Rates were in creased in New York for farmworkers, eliminating the previous wage differential for this group, in New Mexico for tipped employees, and in the District of Columbia for employees covered by wage orders for clerical and semitechnical and for laundry and drycleaning occupations. Twenty-two jurisdictions now have a minimum rate for some Richard R. Nelson is a State standards adviser in the Division of State Employment Standards Programs, Office of State Liaison and Legislative Analysis, Employment Standards Administration, U.S. Department of La bor. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis or all occupations equal to or exceeding the $3.35 per hour Federal standard, and Illinois will reach $3.35 in July 1985. The extent to which employers may offset employees’ tips against the minimum wage was reduced in Delaware and Illinois. Among other minimum wage and overtime changes, per sons age 65 and older will no longer be exempt from min im um-wage paym ent requirem ents in Oklahom a; a subminimum wage rate will be permitted for participants in resident drug-abuse and alcohol treatment programs in Alaska; Colorado expanded coverage under a revised wage order to include the food and beverage, janitorial, and medical profession industries; and Michigan issued new wage-de viation rules for handicapped workers to ensure payment at a minimum rate commensurate with productive capacity. Minnesota made requirements for the prompt payment of wages when an employee is discharged, quits, or resigns applicable to farmworkers, and New Hampshire added to the kinds of payments to be considered as wages under its wage-payment law. Employers in Illinois will now be liable for punitive damages in civil actions to recover underpay ments under the minimum wage law, and California em ployers who pay less than the required minimum wage will now be subject to a civil penalty in addition to any criminal penalties. The Commissioner of Labor in New Hampshire was authorized to impose a civil penalty for any labor law violation. 59 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • State Labor Legislation Enacted in 1983 State prevailing wage laws, which specify that wage rates paid on publicly funded construction contracts be not less than those prevailing in the locality, continued to be of interest, with measures introduced in a number of States. A bill to repeal the Idaho law passed the legislature but was vetoed by the Governor. Maryland extended coverage of its law to local and school construction contracts receiving less than the total State funding previously required, and amended the rate-determination procedures. The New York law was amended to require use of the collectively bargained rate as the prevailing rate when at least 30 percent of the workers in a locality receive such a rate. Among several changes in the Illinois law, coverage was extended to the performance of maintenance work, the labor department was given a greater role in the rate-determination process, and debar ment of contractors for violation of the law was authorized. The minimum project dollar amount was increased for cov erage under prevailing wage laws in Nevada and Oregon. A constitutional amendment permitting garnishment of wages for the enforcement of court-ordered child support payments was passed by Texas voters in the November general election; in a separate measure, employees were authorized to make voluntary wage assignments and the court to order involuntary assignments, to satisfy required child-support payments. Nine other States enacted laws per taining to wage garnishment or assignment. Most of these laws dealt with support payments and set limits on the amount of earnings subject to these actions. Employees in North Dakota and Texas were protected from disciplinary action imposed as the result of any garnishment or assignment, while the Louisiana law was amended to permit discharge of persons whose wages have been subjected to three gar nishments or more for unrelated debts in a 2-year period. There was little activity this year related to child labor law or regulations. Alaska and Minnesota made changes in restrictions on work in places were liquor is sold; New York reduced the minimum age for newspaper deliveries from 12 to 11; and South Carolina prohibited work for those under age 18 in occupations involving power-driven bakery ma chines and in connection with mining other than coal. In late 1982, Mississippi enacted a new Compulsory School Attendance Law as part of a comprehensive Education Re form Act with implementation scheduled on a staggered basis, with 1 year added to the compulsory age bracket each year until the 1989-90 school year, when attendance will be required of children ages 6 to 14. Employment discrimination received considerable atten tion in 1983, with 29 jurisdictions enacting laws addressing at least one of its various forms. Among the significant actions, new laws covering many forms of employment discrimination and applicable to both the public and private sector were enacted in Louisiana and North Dakota, and a similar measure applicable to the private sector was passed in Texas. In addition, Kansas adopted an age discrimination in employment act applicable to both the public and private 60 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis sector, and California abolished mandatory retirement ages for most State and local public employees. Rhode Island and South Carolina enacted new protections for handicapped workers, and Minnesota and New Mexico passed laws re quiring employers to make reasonable accommodations for the handicapped. Delaware prohibited sex-based pay dif ferentials for equal work under a new equal pay law. Major amendments to existing law raised the upper age limit in the ban or age discrimination in employment from 62 to 70 in Pennsylvania, made the Nebraska equal pay and age discrimination in employment laws specifically appli cable to the State and its political subdivisions, and in Il linois added agricultural labor to employment covered under the Human Rights Act and made sexual harassment in em ployment a civil rights violation. The concept of “ comparable worth” in setting salaries in State government in male- or female-dominated occu pations on the basis of the value of the work performed attracted increased attention. A new law in Washington requires that comparable worth for the jobs of State em ployees be achieved by June 30, 1993. The Montana De partment of Administration is to work toward the goal of equal pay for jobs of comparable worth in the State service, and Iowa established a policy to begin in 1984 of payment to State employees based on comparable worth. Maine passed a law providing for consideration, at the November 1984 election, of a proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the State Constitution, and nine States adopted resolutions urging the Congress to approve an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Thirteen States enacted legislation affecting the regulation of private employment agencies. Among these were laws in Iowa where employers may not require job applicants to pay a fee as a condition of application or hire, including reimbursement for fees paid to employment agencies, and in California which required licensing of job listing services. In Tennessee, administration of the regulatory law was transferred from the labor department to the Department of Insurance, and in Colorado the employment agency law was repealed and agency fee restrictions added to the criminal code. In an area of increasing concern, laws requiring employ ees to be informed of and given training on toxic substances found in the workplace were adopted in seven States (Alaska, Illinois, Maine, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Rhode Island) and a commission was established in Maryland to study the issue and develop proposed legisla tion. A West Virginia law enacted in 1981 survived a con stitutional challenge this year when a Federal appellate court held among other points that the State law was not preempted by the Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act. Aid to workers and communities facing mass layoffs or plant closings, an area that has received a growing amount of legislative attention in the last few years, continued as an issue in 1983 with five States taking action. California and New York initiated programs to assist employees of plants that are about to be closed or relocated, to acquire such plants and operate them as employee-owned corpo rations. The Alabama Commissioner of Labor is to assist cooperative employee efforts to minimize the impact of a closing and is to provide services such as educational sem inars and meetings with affected individuals and organiza tions. Connecticut employers of 100 persons or more who close or move their businesses must continue group health insurance for affected employees for up to 90 days. Rhode Island extended the life of a legislative study commission. Legislation was enacted in several States to implement participation under the Federal Job Training Partnership Act. This law, designed to provide job training and related as sistance to economically disadvantaged individuals, dislo cated workers, and others with significant employment barriers, was signed in 1982 and became effective on Oc tober 1, 1983. Under the Act, many responsibilities pre viously performed by the Federal Government are transferred to State and local governments. Also in this area, following the trend of the past few years, five additional States (Ar kansas, Indiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, and Nevada) passed laws designed to create new jobs in economically depressed areas, designated as enterprise zones, within which em Alabama P lant closings. The C om m issioner o f La bor is to aid w orkers affected by mass lay offs or plant closings by such m eans as educational sem inars on financial counsel ing, providing w ritten m aterials, and m eet ing with em ployees or em ployers or their organizations. The C om m issioner may also assist cooperative em ployee efforts and take other m easures to m inim ize the im pact o f the closing. E m p lo y m e n t a n d tr a in in g . T he S tate M anpow er Planning C ouncil ( c e t a ) was renam ed the Office o f E m ploym ent and T raining, and was m erged along with sev eral other agencies into a new D epartm ent o f Economic and Com m unity Affairs within the office o f the G overnor. O ther law s. State em ployees were given the specific right to participate in State po litical activities on their ow n tim e, but were barred from using State funds or property for political activities and from soliciting p o litical c o n trib u tio n s from subordinate em ployees or attem pting to coerce them to w ork in a political cause. Alaska W ages. Participants in residential drugabuse and alcoholism treatm ent program s m ay be paid less than the State m inim um w age for w ork therapy em ploym ent if the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ployers will be encouraged to locate or expand through use of tax credits and other financial incentives. Comprehensive new laws grant collective bargaining rights to State and local public sector employees in Ohio, and in Illinois to teachers and most other public employees with the exception of police and firefighters. Strikes are prohib ited in Ohio, but a limited right to strike is permitted in the Illinois laws. Other enactment of interest this year include laws in Iowa and West Virginia prohibiting employers from requiring employees or applicants to take a polygraph ex amination as a condition of employment, measures in Ar kansas, Delaware, and Wyoming protecting workers from discharge or other retaliation because of required jury ser vice, and laws in eight States giving preference to State contractors or residents on public works projects. North Carolina made it a felony offense to hold a person against his or her will by coercion or intimidation for the perfor mance of labor. Maine enacted a Whistleblowers’ Protection Act prohibiting reprisal against any employee who reports a violation of law, who refuses to take part in an illegal activity, or who participates in an enforcement proceeding. The following is a summary, by jurisdiction, of labor legislation during 1983. rate has been approved by the labor com m issioner. Child labor. It was specified that the newly enacted restrictions on the presence o f 19and 20-year-olds in hotels and restaurants w ith liquor licenses does not prevent the em ploym ent o f this age group if they do not sell, serve, deliver, or despense alco holic beverages. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r t u n it y . T h e C om m ission on the Status o f W om en, scheduled to term inate on June 30, 1983, was renam ed the W om en’s Com m ission and continued through June 30, 1987. In ad dition to it’s prior duties, the C om m ission is now to encourage the developm ent o f regional and m unicipal w om en’s councils or com m issions. A jo in t resolution requests that the U .S. C ongress again propose an am endm ent to the C onstitution guaranteeing equal rights to w om en. O c c u p a tio n a l sa fe ty a n d h e a lth . E m ployers m ust conduct safety education pro gram s for em ployees before they perform w ork that m ay result in being exposed to a toxic or hazardous substance. Inform ation on such substances m ust also be posted and provided to the em ployees on request. O ther law s. Em ployers m ay request rec ords o f all convictions involving contrib uting to the delinquency o f a m inor and any sex crim es o f a person holding or applying for a jo b involving supervisory or discipli nary pow er over a m inor. Arkansas Wages. The minim um wage rate rose from $ 2 .80 an hour to $2.95 on January 1, 1983, and will rise to $3.05 on January 1, 1984, w ith a further increase to $3.15 scheduled for January 1, 1985. A lso, tourist attrac tions having an annual sales volum e o f less than $ 3 62,500 were added to the list of establishm ents that m ust pay overtim e after 48 hours in a w orkw eek, as required for hotels, m otels, and restaurants, rather than after 40 hours as is otherw ise required. The exem ption from the m inim um wage law for em ployees o f an em ployer not using m ore than 500 “ m an-days” o f agricultural labor in any calendar quarter o f the pre ceding year, was clarified to specify that the em ployer be an agricultural em ployer. A resolution w as adopted requesting an interim legislative com m ittee to study the econom ic im pact o f the State prevailing wage law on publicly funded construction con tracts. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r t u n it y . T h e C om m ission on Hum an Resources was given authority to adopt rules and regulations, and is now to encourage the em ploym ent o f qualified people w ithout regard to handicap 61 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • State Labor Legislation Enacted in 1983 in addition to race, sex, religion, age, or national origin as before. The H ouse C om m ittee on Aging and Legislative Affairs was directed to conduct a study o f the O lder W orkers Service Pro gram and o f the current m ethod o f adm in istering the program . O ccupational safety and health. Among am endm ents to the State R adiation Control A ct, the requirem ent to m aintain individual radiation exposure records and m ake them available to em ployees will now apply to those who m anufacture, distribute, sell, in stall, or repair a source o f ionizing radia tion, as well as those who possess or use these m aterials as was previously required. E co n o m ic d e v e lo p m e n t. An E nterprise Zone A ct was enacted to stim ulate business and industrial grow th in econom ically de pressed areas o f the State by providing as s is ta n c e to b u s in e s s e s an d in d u s trie s , including providing a variety o f tax incen tives. Enterprise zones will be identified based on such factors as rate o f overall and youth unem ploym ent, and the num ber o f residents receiving public assistance. Other laws. Employers are prohibited from taking any retaliatory actions, including discharge or loss o f sick leave and vacation tim e against em ployees because o f ju ry ser vice. Procedures for the exam ination and li censing o f electrical contractors and elec tricians, adm inistered and enforced by the D epartm ent o f L abor, were am ended to au thorize a new c la s sific a tio n o f electrician’s license for industrial m aintenance electri cians. California W ages. A n em ployer who pays less than the required m inim um w age, except for household o ccupations, will now be subject to a civil penalty in addition to any crim inal penalty arising from the violation. The L a bor C om m issioner was authorized to bring court action to recover any civil penalties due. H ours. The authority o f the C hief o f L a bor Standards Enforcem ent to exem pt, for reasons o f hardship, an em ployer or em ployees from a m andatory days off require m ent contained in an Industrial W elfare O rder was extended from January 1, 1984, to January 1, 1986. W orkers in underground m ines, sm elt ers, and plants reducing or refining ores or m etals m ay now work up to 12 hours in a 24-hour period, instead o f 8, w hen the em ployer and the em ployee’s union have a 62 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis collective bargaining agreem ent providing for w ages, hours, and w orking conditions. A griculture. The subject o f safe use of pesticides m ust appear on the licensing ex am ination for farm labor contractors. T heir annual licensing fee is increased from $100 to $250, and each m ay renew the license w ithout reexam ination if, am ong other con ditions, no violation o f any pesticide worker safety requirem ent is found against the con tractor. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . M a n datory retirem ent ages for State and local public em ployees, except those in public safety, have been abolished. Able em ploy ees may continue to w ork past their antic ipated retirem ent dates upon w ritten request and approval, as previously applicable to private sector em ployees. M andatory re tirem ent is still perm itted for tenured higher education faculty m em bers, and certain ex ecutives and physicians. By resolution, the C om m ission on the Status o f W om en is to undertake several activities pertaining to the issue o f com parable w orth, such as reporting annually to the legislature on pay inequity for women; preparing com m ents on the D epartm ent o f Personnel A dm inistration’s findings with respect to pay inequities in State govern m ent; and establishing a representative task force to propose solutions to pay problem s for w ork o f equal value in the public and private sectors, w ith recom m endations for legislative change. A resolution urged the State Personnel B oard to develop proposals for new em ploym ent testing procedures for the dis a b le d in o r d e r to in c r e a s e th e i r jo b opportunities in State governm ent. A nother resolution requested the P resi dent and the C ongress to propose to the S ta te s the a d o p tio n o f a c o n s titu tio n a l am endm ent prohibiting denial o f rights on the basis o f sex. W orker p rivacy. The law guaranteeing em ployees the right to inspect their per sonnel files was am ended to extend cov erage to em ployees o f local public agencies. Inspection is to be at the location w here the files are stored and at no loss o f pay. P rivate em ploym ent agencies. The em ploym ent agency law was am ended to re quire licensing o f jo b listing services. These services and prepaid com puter em ploym ent agencies m ust furnish a $10,000 surety bond instead o f $ 3,000 as required o f other agen cies, are subject to specific refund proce d u re s an d re q u ire m e n ts , an d m u st use contract language giving specific jo b and fee inform ation. The Bureau o f E m ploym ent A gencies is now specifically required to hold public hearings before m aking changes in licens ing and other fees for private em ploym ent agencies. In addition, under the regulatory law for talent agencies, which is adm inis tered by the Labor C om m issioner, the an nual license fee was raised from $150 to $225. P lant closings. T hrough enactm ent o f the E m ployee O w nership Act o f 1983, the D e partm ent o f E conom ic and Business D e velopm ent is to assist em ployees, upon request, in the formation o f em ployee-owned corporations, to assum e ow nership o f busi nesses or places o f w ork that are closing or in danger o f closing, by providing technical assistance, information, or access to sources o f financing. E m ploym ent and training. Various changes w ere m ade in the jo b preparation, training and placem ent services program to assist econom ically disadvantaged persons in o r der to conform to the requirem ents o f the Federal Job T raining P artnership Act. The State Econom ic A djustm ent T eam , w hich was previously created to alleviate adverse conditions that m ight cause plant closures and assist local efforts to secure alternative em ploym ent and retraining op portunities for displaced w orkers, is to es ta b lis h a o n e -s to p D is p la c e d W o rk e r A ssistance C enter, when funding has been allocated from the Federal Job T raining Partnership A ct, to assist local entities in obtaining access to Federal and State pro gram s. A nother m easure to use Federal Job T raining Partnership A ct funds was passed to provide a variety o f training and em ploym ent program s for econom ically dis advantaged older w orkers. The program s are to be developed through the State Job T raining C oordinating C ouncil in conjunc tion w ith private industry councils. The G overnor w as requested to direct the Job T raining C oordinating C ouncil to d e velop a program enabling V ietnam era, d is abled, and recently separated veterans to be assisted under the Federal Job T raining Partnership A ct in proportion to their needs and representation in the State w ork force, and to direct the State agency assigned to adm inister the Act to assist com m unity-based veterans organizations in m axim izing their participation under the program . A C om m unity Services Block G rant P ro gram w as established to adm inister Federal block grants for various program s including those designed to assist low -incom e partic ipants to secure and retain m eaningful em ploym ent. O ther law s. The labor departm ent was re quired to establish and m aintain a distinct field enforcem ent unit. This unit, known as the Bureau o f Field E nforcem ent, was cre ated by reorganization within the Division o f L abor Standards Enforcem ent. A referendum m easure was passed by San Francisco voters in N ovem ber, ap proving a sm oking pollution control ordi n a n c e r e q u i r in g e m p lo y e r s to m a k e accom m odations for the preferences o f both nonsm oking and sm oking em ployees. If a satisfactory accom m odation to all affected nonsm oking em ployees cannot be reached, the em ployer is to prohibit sm oking in the office w orkplace. Colorado W ages. U nder a revised m inim um wage order with coverage expanded to include the food and beverage, janitorial, and m ed ical profession industries, the minimum wage rate was increased from $1.90 to $2.50 an hour on July 1, 1983, with an additional increase to $3.00 scheduled for July 1, 1984. For unem ancipated m inors under 18, the new rate is $2.15 now and $2.55 in 1984. Prem ium overtim e pay is now required after 12 hours a day, aside from after 40 hours a w eek. Federally certificated handicapped w orkers were exem pted from the State law, but other handicapped w orkers m ust be paid at least the sam e as the youth rate. E m ployee-authorized wage deductions, by revocable w age assignm ent, may be au thorized by em ployees for rent, board, and subsistence in connection with em ploy m ent, but the em ployer m ay not m ake such deductions a condition o f employment. Such wage assignm ents are not subject to oth erw ise applicable procedural requirem ents. P rivate em ploym ent agencies. The law regulating the activities o f private em ploy m ent agencies, including the licensing o f agencies, was repealed. H ow ever, by ad dition to the crim inal code, it was m ade a m isdem eanor for an em ploym ent agency to charge a jo b applicant a fee until placed in em ploym ent, and in cases o f em ploym ent term inating for any reason w ithin 100 days, agencies are prohibited from charging more than 1 percent o f the total fee for each day em ployed. E m ploym ent and training. The appren ticeship council is to establish a level o f training ratio as part o f its policies and pro cedures perm itting an em ployer to hire an apprentice for each m aster or journeym an em ployee. O ther law s. The executive director o f the D epartm ent o f L abor and E m ploym ent now has specific directorate and supervisory au https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis thority over the adm inistration o f the com ponent D ivision o f L abor, and D ivision of Em ploym ent and T raining, including rule m aking; regulation; licensing; prom ulga tion o f rules, rates, regulations, and stan dards; and the rendering o f findings, orders, and adjudications. Connecticut W ages. Individuals em ployed as head residents or resident assistants by a college or university were excluded from coverage o f the m inim um wage law. A change was made in the prevailing wage law to specify that agents em pow ered to aw ard public w orks construction con tracts are to contact the labor com m is sioner, at least 10 but not more than 20 days before such contracts are advertised for bid, to ascertain the prevailing rate o f w ages and w elfare fund paym ents, as de term ined by the labor com m issioner. L abor relations. The exem ption from the m unicipal em ployee collective bargaining law for part-tim e em ployees w orking less than 20 hours a week was lim ited to those part-tim ers who w ork on a seasonal basis, defined as w orking not more than 65 w ork ing days in a calendar year. Private and public sector em ployers may not discipline or discharge em ployees be cause they exercise their first am endm ent rights, provided such activity does not in terfere with the em ployees jo b perform ance or the w orking relationship betw een the em ployee and the em ployer. P rivate em ploym ent agencies. E m p loy m ent agen cies m ust n ow identify them se lv e s as such in all advertisem ents. P lant closings. E m ployers o f 100 or m ore who close or relocate their establishm ents m ust pay for the continuation o f existing group health insurance for each affected em ployee and dependents for up to 90 days. E m ploym ent and training. The C om m is sioner o f Hum an R esources is to establish a program o f grants for com prehensive job training and related services or jo b oppor tunities program s for econom ically disad vantaged, unem ployed, and under em ployed persons, through opportunities industrialization centers and other com m unity-based organizations. E m ployers who operate or create pro gram s for the em ploym ent and training o f unem ployed w orkers 50 years o f age or older w ere m ade eligible for State tax cred its. The labor com m issioner is to provide as sistance in the form o f jo b training and other em ploym ent services for hom em akers dis placed because o f dissolution o f m arriage or other loss o f fam ily incom e, and w hose opportunity for finding work is dim inished by age and lack o f recent paid jo b experi ence. The com m issioner is to appoint an advisory council to develop criteria for identifying displaced hom em akers and de term ining appropriate program s and ser vices. The labor com m issioner is also to estab lish a pilot training program to prepare eco nomically disadvantaged women for entrance into apprenticeship program s in em erging occupational areas and in occupations with a shortage o f skilled w orkers. Priority is to be given to w om en receiving public assis tance and to displaced hom em akers. Delaware W ages. The m inim um wage rate was in creased to $ 3.00 an hour effective June 29, 1983. F orm erly, the rate was $2.00 for nontipped em ployees and $ 1 .60 for those re ceiving tips. A lso, the tip credit allow ance was reduced from 50 percent o f the required m inim um w age to 33-1/3 percent, and em ployers w ere prohibited from taking or re taining any part o f an e m p lo y ee's tips. Equal em ploym ent opportunity’. Sex-based discrim ination in rate o f pay in the sam e establishm ent for equal work is now pro hibited under a new equal pay law. A sep arate m easure prohibits State agencies from m aking purchases or requisitions from per sons or firms that discrim inate on the basis o f sex. Public servants w ho know lingly perform their official functions in a way intended to discrim inate on the basis o f age or handi capped status, as well as because o f race, creed, color, sex, o r national origin, as be fore, are guilty o f official misconduct, which is a C lass A m isdem eanor. O th er. E m p lo y ers m ay not d isch arg e, threaten to discharge, intim idate, or coerce any em ployee because o f his or her jury service. District of Columbia W ages. U nder a revised w age order for clerical and sem itechnical occupations, the m inim um w age rate w as increased from $ 2 .9 0 an hour to $ 3 .90 effective June 4, 1983. T he rate for m inors under age 18 was raised from $ 2 .4 0 to $3.35 an hour. A nother revised w age order increases the m inim um w age rate for laundry, dryclean ing, and shoe repair em ployees from $3.00 an hour to $ 3 .7 0 effective January 7, 1984. The m inim um for learners w ith less than 63 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • State Labor Legislation Enacted in 1983 60 days o f experience was set at $3.50 an hour. Florida A griculture. Pow ers and duties under the farm labor contractor registration law were transferred from the Farm Labor and Rural M anpow er Section o f the Bureau o f Rural M anpow er Service w ithin the D ivision of E m ploym ent Security o f the D epartm ent of L abor and E m ploym ent Security to the Di vision o f Em ploym ent Security. The D epartm ent o f L abor and Em ploy m ent Security was authorized to enter into an agreem ent with the U .S. D epartm ent of L abor to adm inister the M igrant and Sea sonal A gricultural W orker Protection Act w ith the State. The law regulating m igrant labor cam ps was extended from O ctober 1, 1983, to O c tober 1, 1993. The D epartm ent o f Health and R ehabilitative Services m ay enter any prem ises which it has reason to believe is being established, m aintained, or operated as a m igrant labor cam p w ithout a perm it, but perm ission o f the ow ner is required in the absence o f a w arrant from the C ircuit C ourt. C am ps providing housing for four w orkers or few er were exem pted from this act. E m ploym ent and training. The D ivision o f L abor, E m ploym ent and T raining was created in the D epartm ent o f Labor and E m ploym ent Security by com bining two ex isting divisions. The new division’s re sponsibilities include operation o f the State em ploym ent service, adm inistration o f the apprenticeship law , licensing o f union busi ness agents and registration o f labor orga nizations, enforcem ent o f the child labor law , and im plem entation o f State respon sibilities under the Federal Job Training Partnership Act. Georgia W ages. A requirem ent for overtim e pay after 40 hours a week for em ployees o f cotton and w oolen mills was repealed and replaced w ith a provision fixing a m axim um 10-hour day or, alternatively, a m axim um o f 60 hours a w eek. T hose em ployed as engineers, firefighters, guards, m echanics, team sters, yard em ployees, clerical w ork ers, or persons needed to clean up and re pair m achinery were exem pted. E qual em ploym ent opportunity. A m ong m any changes in the Fair E m ploym ent Practices Act w hich applies to public em ploym ent only, the authority o f the adm in i s t r a t o r w a s e x p a n d e d . A s id e fro m conciliating com plaints as before, the ad m inistrator can now m ake determ inations, 64 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis require production o f docum ents, issue reg ulations, and approve or disapprove plans required by the G overnor to elim inate or reduce im balance in em ploym ent with re spect to race, color, handicap, religion, sex, national origin, or age. A lso, com plainants may now seek court enforcem ent o f a con ciliation agreem ent. A term ination date of July 1, 1985, for the act was rem oved. Guam Provision was m ade for a 1983 Sum m er Youth E m ploy m ent Program for registered college and high school students 14 to 23 years o f age. E m ploym ent o f up to 30 hours a week paid at the m inim um wage rate in an area m ean ingful to the student’s career developm ent was to be with the governm ent o f G uam or private firms com plying with all fair labor law s. At least 25 percent o f the student em ployees w ere to be assigned to a Farm Preparatory T raining Program . P articipat ing private em ployers were to be reim bursed o ne-half o f w ages paid under the program . E m p lo y m e n t a n d tr a in in g . Hawaii W ages. Salespersons prim arily engaged in selling autom obiles or trucks and em ployed by licensed dealers were exem pted from coverage o f the w age and hour law , and the exem ption for salaried em ployees was am ended to raise the minim um monthly guaranteed com pensation requirem ent from $700 to $1,000. P rivate em ploym ent agencies. The em ploym ent agency law is now adm inistered by the D irector o f the D epartm ent o f C om m erce and C onsum er Affairs instead o f the D irector o f the D epartm ent o f Regulatory A gencies. The process for appeals and hearings on license revocation, suspension, or denial w as changed. E conom ic developm ent. In order to create m ore jo b opportunities for skilled, techni cal, and scientific personnel, a high tech nology developm ent corporation was created to develop industrial parks and assist in the construction o f facilities for high technol ogy enterprises. A lso, a Pacific Interna tional C enter for High Technology Research w as established to provide support for such enterprises. E m ploym ent a n d training. E xecutive D i rector and Program A ssistant positions were created to serve as staff to the Job T raining C oordinating C ouncil in order to im plem ent the new Federal Job T raining Partnership Act. The D irector o f the D epartm ent o f Labor and Industrial Relations is to establish a program to assist dislocated w orkers, in cluding the long-term unemployed and those term inated as the result o f a business clos ing, to obtain em ploym ent through assis tance, training, and related em ploym ent services. O ther law s. In order to address certain problem s attributed to unlicensed contrac tors, such as high unem ploym ent rates in unions w ithin the State, financial losses to the construction industry and the State it self, and failure o f out-of-State contractors to pay Hawaii w orkers' com pensation pre m ium rates, all contractors perform ing con struction directly or indirectly for the Federal G overnm ent are now subject to the S tate’s contractor licensing requirem ents. Idaho W ages. A bill w hich w ould have repealed the prevailing w age law passed the legis lature but was vetoed by the G overnor. The legislature voided, by resolution, an adm inistrative rule change by the labor de partm ent w hich w ould have required con tractors subject to the prevailing wage law to subm it, on a w eekly basis, certified pay rolls show ing wages and fringe benefits paid to each em ployee perform ing w ork on pub lic buildings or projects. Illinois W ages. M in im u m w age a m e n d m e n ts in crease th e m in im u m ra te fo r p e rso n s 18 y ears o f age o r o ld e r fro m $2.30 p e r h o u r to $2.65 o n J a n u a r y 1, 1984, w ith fu r th e r in creases to $3.35 sc h e d u le d by Ju ly 1, 1985. T h e ra te fo r m in o rs u n d e r 18 will rise fro m $1.95 to $2.25 o n J a n u a r y 1, 1984, to $2.55 o n O c to b e r 1, 1984, a n d to $2.85 o n Ju ly 1, 1985. T h e tip c re d it allo w a n c e o f 50 p e rc e n t o f th e m in im u m w age declines to 45 p e rc e n t o n J a n u a r y 1, 1984, a n d th e n to 40 p e rc e n t o n J u ly 1, 1984. E m p lo y e e s o f re s ta u ra n ts a n d m o tio n p ic tu re th e a te rs , c u rre n tly e n title d to o v e rtim e p a y a fte r 46 h o u rs (re s ta u ra n ts ) a n d 45 h o u rs (m o tio n p ic tu re s) in a w eek w ill b e e n title d to o v e rtim e p a y a fte r 43 h o u rs effectiv e J a n u a r y 1, 1984, a n d a fte r 40 h o u rs e f fective Ju ly 1, 1984. C am p counselors residing in a seasonal cam p o f a nonprofit corporation w ill not be subject to the adult m inim um w age if they w ork 40 or m ore hours a w eek and receive a total w eekly salary o f at least the m ini m um w age for a 40-hour w eek. E m ployers are entitled to an allow ance for m eals and lodging up to 25 percent o f the m inim um w age rate. In an em ployee civil action to recover underpaym ents under the m inim um wage law , em ployers will now also be liable for punitive dam ages in the amount of the lesser o f 2 percent o f the underpaym ent for each month it remains unpaid, or an amount equal to the underpaym ent. The D irector o f the D epartm ent o f L abor was authorized to su pervise the paym ent o f any unpaid m ini mum wage or overtime compensation owing and to bring any legal action necessary to recover these w ages and an equal am ount as punitive dam ages. A m ong changes in the wage paym ent and collection law , the definition o f wages now includes any com pensation ow ed an em ployee pursuant to an em ploym ent contract or agreem ent betw een the em ployee and em ployer. The S tate's A ttorney o f any county is specifically authorized to prose cute actions for violations o f the act or to enforce the provisions independently and w ithout specific direction o f the D epart m ent o f Labor, and em ployers are now pro h ib ite d fro m d is c h a rg in g o r o th e rw ise discrim inating against any em ployee for fil ing a com plaint, instituting a proceeding, or testifying in an investigation under the act. A m ong changes in the prevailing wage law , coverage was extended to the perfor m ance o f m aintenance w ork, by rem oval o f the form er exclusion, and the rate setting procedures were am ended. Prior to the am endm ent, prevailing wage rates were es tablished by the public agency aw arding a contract or by the labor departm ent if re quested to do so by the public body. N ow , the departm ent is required to annually de term ine rates for each county in the State, and these rates will be used if a public body does not investigate and ascertain the rate as required. At the request o f any laborer, w orkm an, or m echanic w ho is paid less than the re quired prevailing wage rate by a public works contractor, the D epartm ent o f L abor may now take an assignm ent o f the wage claim and bring any legal action necessary to col lect the w ages due, with the contractor re quired to pay the collection costs incurred. The director o f the labor departm ent is to publish a list o f contractors and subcon tractors found to be in violation o f the pre vailing w age law follow ing receipt o f a com plaint and a hearing. Public works con tracts are not to be aw arded to those on the list for 2 years from the date o f publication. A griculture. A m ong am endm ents to the M igrant L abor C am p L aw , the S tate’s A t torney o f a county in w hich a violation oc curs is authorized to bring an action for an injunction to restrain such violations or to enjoin the operation o f a migrant labor cam p, and the D epartm ent o f Public H ealth was https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis given pow er to close a cam p in em ergen cies, with suspension or revocation o f the license. M igrant w orkers may bring suit for violation, but m ay not be evicted, dis charged, or otherw ise discrim inated against for filing a com plaint or instituting or tes tifying in any proceeding under the act. A new Field Sanitation Act requires ev ery farm operator em ploying 10 agricultural w orkers or more for a period o f more than 2 hours during any day to com ply with specified standards in the provision o f readily accessible drinking w ater and toilet and handw ashing facilities. Retaliation against a w orker who files a com plaint or partici pates in a proceeding under the act is un law ful. E qual em ploym ent opportunity. The State H um an Rights Act was am ended to now cover agricultural labor, and to m ake sexual harassm ent in em ploym ent a civil rights vi olation. L a b o r relations. A new L abor Relations Act was adopted, granting collective bar gaining rights for m ost public em ployees except teachers, who are covered under an other new law , and police and firefight ers. The A ct, which is to be adm inistered by a L abor R elations B oard, establishes perm issible subjects for bargaining, unfair labor practices, and procedures for the res olution o f disputes, and perm its a lim ited right to strike. E m ployees m ay be required to pay a fee equivalent to their share o f the costs o f the collective bargaining process, not including political contributions. Those w ho object on religious grounds m ay pay an equal am ount to a nonreligious chari table organization. An E ducational Labor R elations A ct, to be adm inistered by an E ducational Labor R elations B oard, grants collective bargain ing rights to teachers in public schools, col leges, and universities. It is sim ilar to the new L abor Relations A ct in that it includes provisions governing the scope o f bargain ing, im passe resolution, unfair labor prac tices, and fair share fee, and it perm its a lim ited right to strike. O ccupational safety a n d health. A Toxic Substances D isclosure to Em ployees Act w as adopted to ensure that em ployees be given information concerning the nature and suspected health hazards o f the toxic sub stances w ith w hich they w ork. The director o f the labor departm ent is to establish and periodically update a list o f toxic sub stances. E m ployers are to obtain safety data sheets for, and to label toxic substances used in the w orkplace, and provide em ployees w ith education and training pro gram s. E m ployees m ay refuse to w ork with substances for w hich required inform ation has not been furnished and m ay not be dis charged or otherw ise disciplined or dis crim inated against for such refusal, for exercising any other rights under the act, or for taking part in any proceeding or ac tion related to the act. E m ploym ent and training. U nder a new V ietnam V eterans L eadership Program Act the director o f C om m erce and C om m unity A ffairs is to designate m ultipurpose service centers for veterans operated by com m unity nonprofit agencies or organizations. The centers are to provide services including job counseling, referral, and placem ent. O ther law s. An E m ployee Patent Act was a d o p te d p ro v id in g th a t an e m p lo y m e n t agreem ent provision requiring an em ployee to assign his or her rights in an invention to the em ployer will not apply to inventions for w hich no equipm ent, supplies, facili ties, or trade secrets o f the em ployer were used, w hich do not relate to the em ployers business or w ork perform ed for the em ployer, and w hich were developed entirely on the em p lo y ee’s ow n tim e. Indiana P riva te em p lo y m e n t a g en cie s. A m ong changes to the law , em ploym ent agencies are no longer required to subm it copies o f their records each m onth, and the D epart m ent o f R evenue w as authorized to inspect agency records at any tim e. O ccupational safety and health. The State occupational safety and health law was am ended to prohibit the C om m issioner o f the D ivision o f L abor from adopting or en forcing any provision o f the law that is more stringent than corresponding provisions un der the Federal law. A m ong new m ine safety requirem ents, coal m ine operators are to keep, in a surface location, detailed m aps o f each m ine, with tem porary notations indicating such things as the location o f each w orking face and escapew ays. A m ine rescue team , trained by the B u reau o f M ines, is to be provided at each underground m ine in the State, and at any surface coal m ine at the request o f the m ine ow ner or operator. A lso, the Bureau o f Mines is to acquire and m aintain the equipm ent required to equip two com plete rescue teams. E conom ic developm ent. A new law es tablished a program to redevelop and create new jo b s in areas designated as enterprise zones on the basis o f high levels o f poverty and unem ploym ent and general econom ic distress through use o f tax credits and other incentives. 65 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • State Labor Legislation Enacted in 1983 Kansas Legislation was e n a c te d to im p le m e n t the F e d e ra l Job Training Partnership Act within the State. Responsibility was assigned to the Office o f O ccupational D evelopm ent and a newly created Job T raining C oordinating C ouncil. A Jobs T raining Program was created to provide job training and related services to dislocated w orkers including those unem ployed as the result o f any perm anent clo sure o f a plant or facility. Equal em ploym ent opportunity. A new age discrim ination in em ploym ent act is appli cable to em ployers o f four w orkers or m ore, including public em ployers and contrac tors, em ploym ent agencies, and unions. The law protects persons betw een the ages of 40 and 70 from age discrim ination in hir ing, com pensation, and term s and condi tions o f em ploym ent. A dm inistration is vested in the C om m ission on Civil Rights. Iowa Louisiana Equal em ploym ent opportunity. A new law establishes a policy, to begin July 1, 1984, that State em ployees will be paid at a rate based on com parable w orth. Prior to im plem entation o f this policy, the M erit Em ploym ent D epartm ent is to conduct a job evaluation study o f m erit system jobs on the basis o f their com parable w orth, with particular attention given to predom inantly male- or fem ale-dom inated jobs. W ages. Persons m ay now be discharged from em ploym ent if their earnings are sub jected to three garnishm ents or m ore for unrelated debts in a 2-year period, exclud ing garnishm ent resulting from an accident or illness w hich causes 10 consecutive days or m ore absence from w ork. Previously, there could be no discharge because o f wage garnishm ent. E m p lo y m e n t a n d tr a in in g . W orker privacy. Em ployers, other than those hiring peace officers, m ay not require an em ployee or an applicant for em ploy m ent to take a polygraph exam ination as a condition o f em ploym ent. P r iv a te e m p lo y m e n t a g e n c ie s . E m ployers are prohibited from requiring job applicants to pay a fee as a condition o f application or hire, including reim burse m ent for fees paid to em ploym ent agencies. E m ploym ent and training. The Office of the G overnor was directed to establish a jo b training partnership program , to sup plem ent and im plem ent the legislative re quirem ents o f the Federal Job Training Partnership A ct. U nder the program , em ploym ent and training assistance will be provided to dislocated w orkers and the eco nom ically disadvantaged. An industrial new jobs training program was established under w hich vocational schools and com m unity colleges m ay enter into agreem ents w ith em ployers for the ed ucation and training o f w orkers for jobs in new or expanding industries. Costs to em ployers m ay be partially offset by property and other tax credits or by tuition or other student fees. O ther law s. Sm all businesses will be per m itted a business deduction for incom e tax purposes o f 50 percent o f the w ages paid to handicapped individuals or to persons w ho are convicted felons, on parole, on probation, or in a w ork release program w ho are hired for the first tim e by the em ployer during the tax year and who suc cessfully com plete a probationary period. 66 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Child labor. E m p lo y e rs m u st p o s t a schedule o f the hours o f em ploym ent for each m inor under 16 years o f age, rather than only for those under 14 as was pre viously required. E qual em ploym ent opportunity’. It is un law ful for public or private sector em ploy e rs , in c lu d in g u n io n s an d e m p lo y m e n t agencies, to intentionally discrim inate against or in favor o f an individual with respect to com pensation, term s, conditions or privi leges o f em ploym ent, because o f race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. C om plain ants m ay sue for com pensatory dam ages, back pay, reinstatem ent, and related ben efits. Private educational or religious insti tutions and nonprofit corporations were excluded from coverage. O c c u p a tio n a l s a f e ty and h e a lt h . R esponsibility for inspection and regulation o f boilers outside the City o f N ew O rleans was transferred from the D epartm ent o f L a bor to the State Fire M arshal. The City o f N ew O rleans retains jurisdiction over boil ers w ithin the city itself. The Board o f Boiler Inspector E xam iners w as abolished and its functions transferred to the Office o f the Fire M arshal. E m ploym ent and training. A H ouse res olution requested the B oard o f E lem entary and Secondary E ducation, B oard o f R e gents, D epartm ents o f E ducation, C om m e rc e , L a b o r, U rb a n and C o m m u n ity A ffairs, and local school boards to begin preparations for im plem enting the coordi nated jo b training program envisioned by the Federal Job T raining Partnership A ct, and to com bine and coordinate their efforts to create a viable w ork force capable o f attracting new industries and jobs to the State. O ther law s. The law granting resident contractors preference in the letting o f pub lic w ork contracts over contractors from States w hich give their contractors a pref e re n c e o v e r th o s e fro m L o u isia n a w as am ended to rem ove an exem ption for con tracts for m aintenance o r repair of highw ays and streets and to extend coverage to con tracts subject to the State procurem ent code. An exem ption was retained for contracts financed in w hole or in part with Federal funds. Maine W ages. F orm er em ployees o f em ployers who have term inated their businesses with no assets to pay earned w ages or have filed for Federal bankruptcy may now receive paym ent for w ages for up to 2 w eeks in stead o f 1 w eek from the W age A ssurance Fund. W age garnishm ent for support paym ents is now restricted to 50 percent o f disposable earnings if the individual is supporting an o ther spouse or child, or 60 percent if not. These am ounts are increased by 5 percent if the garnishm ent is to enforce an order for delinquent support paym ents. Equal em ploym ent opportunity. A law was passed providing for consideration, at the Statew ide election in N ovem ber 1984, o f a proposed Equal R ights A m endm ent to the State C onstitution. The G o v ern o r’s C om m ittee on E m ploy m ent o f the H andicapped, scheduled for term ination on June 30, 1983, under pre v iously ad o p ted sunset leg islatio n , w as continued, and the program for subsidized personal care assistance services to the se verely physically handicapped to enable them to w ork w as reinstituted. L abor relations. A new law stipulates that State paym ents to health care institutions m ay not be allow ed for the hiring o f a per son w hose services result in com m itting an unfair labor practice under Federal or State law. The Suprem e Judicial C ourt w as autho rized to provide for collective bargaining for Judicial D epartm ent em ployees. O ccupational safety and health. The B u reau o f L abor Standards was given specific authority, w ith certain exceptions, to ad m inister the chem ical substance identifi cation law under w hich em ployers m ust m aintain and m ake available to em ployees a safety data sheet for each hazardous or toxic substance to w hich em ployees m ay be exposed, and m ust provide an education and training program for exposed em ploy ees. Em ployers may not retaliate against em ployees who assist in the enforcem ent o f the law. The D epartm ent o f Labor is directed to debar from participation in State contracts for 2 years an em ployer found to have com m itted a serious, w illful violation or seri ous, repeated violations o f safety standards under the U .S. O ccupational Safety and H ealth Act o rS ta te requirem ents on chem ical substance identification. If an em ployer w illfully and repeatedly violates standards, rules, or orders pro m ulgated by the Board o f O ccupational Safety and H ealth, and the violations are determ ined to be serious, conviction may result in a fine o f up to $10,000, 6 m onths im prisonm ent, or both, with the penalties doubled for subsequent violations. Previ ously, such penalties could be im posed only for w illful violations resulting in an em ployee death. E m ploym ent and training. A Job T rain ing Partnership Fund was created and the C om m issioner o f Labor authorized to enter into agreem ents with Federal, State, and C ounty agencies to im plem ent the new Fed eral Job T raining Partnership Act. A C onservation C orps was created in the D epartm ent o f C onservation to provide job training and w ork opportunity for unem ployed individuals on projects involving im provem ent o f public property. A target o f filling 10 percent o f the reg istered apprenticeships in State agencies with qualified candidates who are recipients o f A id to Fam ilies with D ependent C hildren was established. The B ureau o f L abor S tan dards is to assist in the developm ent o f the program and in the developm ent o f ap prenticeships established by State agencies. O ther law s. A W histleblow ers’ Protec tion A ct was passed, prohibiting reprisal against public or private sector em ployees who report any violation o f a State, local, or Federal law , o r w ho refuse to carry out illegal directives, or who participate in an investigation, hearing, inquiry, or court ac tion. A n em ployer m ay not discharge, threaten, or otherw ise discrim inate against such an em ployee. In case o f violation, the em ployee m ay bring a civil action, and the court m ay order reinstatem ent, back pay, and other relief. Maryland W ages. By clarification o f the State m in im um w age law , em ployees engaged in ag riculture w ho are exem pt from overtim e pay under the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act are to receive tim e and one-half the em p lo y ee’s regular rate for any tim e w orked over 60 hours a w eek. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C overage o f the prevailing wage law was am ended to include local contracts involv ing 50 percent or m ore State funding (75 percent in the case o f school construction). Previously, local contracts were covered only if 100 percent State-funded. A lso, proce dures for determ ination o f prevailing wage rates, previously included in regulations, were m ade part o f the law and am ended to provide for a 40 rather than 30 percent rule as the second basis for determ ination (the first basis is the rate paid to at least 50 percent o f the w orkers if that m any in a classification receive the sam e rate). The authority o f the L abor C om m is sioner to assess civil penalties against em ployers for failure to pay w ages under the w age paym ent and collection law was re pealed, and a provision added perm itting the court to aw ard em ployees up to three tim es the am ount o f w ages unlaw fully w ith held in cases brought by the com m issioner. A C hild Support E nforcem ent A dm in istration was established w ithin the D e partm ent o f H um an R esources and assigned responsibility for the State program to re cover support paym ents including court ac tion to garnish w ages. The A dvisory C om m ittee on W age and Hour Law scheduled for termination on July 1, 1984, under sunset legislation was ex tended to July 1, 1994. Equal em ploym ent opportunity. Senate and H ouse Joint R esolutions were passed urg ing the C ongress to again pass an Equal R ights A m endm ent to the U .S. C onstitu tion so that it m ay be subm itted to the States for ratification. P rivate em ploym ent agencies. The E m ploym ent A gency A dvisory B oard, sched uled to term inate on July 1, 1984, through sunset legislation, was extended to July 1, 1994. O ccupational safety and health. A H az ards Com m unication Study Com m ission was established to develop a report and propose legislation concerning necessary and ap propriate standards and requirem ents for em ployers regarding access to inform ation on and the handling o f hazardous and toxic substances in the w orkplace. The O ccupational Safety and H ealth A d visory B oard and statutory provisions re lated to the regulation o f occupational safety and regulations prom ulgated under the act scheduled to term inate July 1, 1983, were extended to July 1, 1993. Employm ent and training. A cabinet-level D epartm ent o f E m ploym ent and T raining was established. The new D epartm ent will consolidate and increase the focus on e m ploym ent security, jo b training and retrain ing, and place m en t ac tiv itie s, form erly perform ed under the D epartm ent o f Hum an R esources, and will also absorb the ap prenticeship program and council, form erly in the D ivision o f L abor and Industry o f the D epartm ent o f L icensing and R egula tion. A jo b training partnership program was established to im plem ent the new Federal law in the State, and to provide em ploy m ent, training, supportive, and related ser vices for unem ployed individuals who are econom ically disadvantaged, for dislocated workers, and other qualified individuals such as displaced hom em akers, school dropouts, teenage parents, the handicapped, older w orkers, and veterans. O ther law s. In aw arding State contracts under com petitive bid, resident firms will receive the same percentage preference over nonresident firms as the State o f the non resident firm gives to its ow n residents. Pre v io u s ly , th e re s id e n t p re fe re n c e w as 2 percent. T he D iv is io n o f L a b o r and In d u stry scheduled to term inate July 1, 1983, under sunset legislation, was extended to July 1, 1993. A lso, the A dvisory C ouncil on Pre vailing W age R ates due to term inate on July 1, 1984, was continued to July 1, 1994. Massachusetts W ages. A m usem ent parks operated not m ore than 150 days a year were exem pted from overtim e pay requirem ents. E m ployers are now required to rem it to food and beverage em ployees, in propor tion to the service provided by the em ployees, any service charges added to the cu sto m er’s bill. T his is com parable to the existing provision barring the em ployer from appropriating tips given directly to the em ployee. The C om m issioner for the Blind is to establish standards for the assignm ent and com pensation o f blind w orkers and trainees in w orkshops operated by the State C om m ission for the Blind. N o blind w orker or trainee in a com m ission operated w orkshop m ay be paid less than the full Federal m in im um w age. The com m issioner is also to set standards for closing C om m ission-op erated w orkshops that cannot becom e fi nancially viable and for transferring blind w orkers to private nonprofit or sim ilar w orkshops for the em ploym ent o f handi capped persons. C hild labor. F ourteen- and fifteen-yearolds w ho have been certified by the D e partm ent o f Education as having com pleted training in vocational agriculture may op erate farm tractors and are exem pt from the age 16 m inim um otherw ise applicable. 67 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • State Labor Legislation Enacted in 1983 E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r t u n it y . T he Congress was urged, by resolution, to ap prove an equal rights am endm ent to the Constitution. W orker privacy. A person receiving a pardon from the G overnor shall have all records sealed relating to the pardoned of fense. Such sealed records shall not dis q u a lify a p e rs o n in an y e x a m in a tio n , appointm ent, or application for em ploy m ent, and the conviction need not be ac k n o w le d g e d on jo b a p p li c a ti o n s o r interview s. O ther laws. A cabinet-level Executive Office o f L abor, headed by a Secretary of L abor, was established. The new Office in cludes the existing D epartm ent o f Labor and Industries, the M inim um W age C om m ission, and the H ealth, W elfare and Re tirem ent T rust Funds Board. Several other agencies with labor functions are also within the new office but are expressly not subject to its jurisdiction, including the D ivision o f Industrial A ccidents, the L abor Relations C om m ission, the D epartm ent o f the Board o f Conciliation and Arbitration, and the Joint L abor-M anagem ent C om m ittee. Michigan W ages. N ew w age deviation rules issued for handicapped w orkers establish specific procedures and criteria to ensure paym ent at a m inim um rate com m ensurate w ith pro ductive capacity. A law passed late in 1982 m ade it un law ful for an em ployer to require, as a con dition o f em ploym ent, nondisclosure by an em ployee o f his or her w ages, or to dis charge, discipline, or otherw ise discrim i nate against em ployees who disclose their w ages. E m ploym ent and training. Provision was m ade for State participation, under the F ed eral Job T raining Partnership A ct, in pro v id in g c o m p re h e n s iv e jo b tra in in g and related services by establishing criteria for p articip atio n by eco n o m ically d isa d v a n taged and unem ployed individuals and for the selection o f service providers. A youth corps program was created to provide sum m er em ploym ent and w ork training, w ith paym ent at the m inim um w age, for unem ployed youths o f 18 through 21 years o f age. Minnesota W ages. A m ong changes in application of the State m inim um wage to farm w orkers, coverage w as extended to m inors under age 18 w ho do hand fieldw ork when one o r both o f their parents are also hand fieldw orkers. S alaried farm w orkers, w hose w eekly wage 68 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis is m ore than the equivalent o f 48 straight hours and 17 overtim e hours at the m ini m um w age, were excluded from coverage. A nother am endm ent to the minim um wage law exem pts from the overtim e provisions on-farm silo builders w orking on a unit or piece rate basis w hose pay per hour exceeds the State m inim um wage rate. R equirem ents for the prom pt paym ent o f w ages w hen an em ployee is discharged, quits, or resigns were m ade applicable to farm laborers. C hild labor. The prohibition on the em ploym ent of persons under 18 in room s where intoxicating liquors are sold at retail was am ended to perm it the em ploym ent o f w ait ers or w aitresses in restaurants, hotels, or m otels, in room s in w hich only wine is sold, provided they do not actually serve or sell w ine, in the sam e m anner that m u sicians, busboys, or dishw ashers may be em ployed on such prem ises. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . E m ployers o f 50 w orkers or m ore m ust m ake reasonable accom m odation to facilitate the em ploym ent o f qualified disabled persons including jo b restructuring, m odified work schedules, acquisition or m odification o f equipm ent, provision o f aides, and other m easures. P r iv a te e m p lo y m e n t a g e n c ie s . P e r sonnel consulting firms paid solely by em ployers are now specifically exem pt from the em ploym ent agency law. Such firms, along w ith m anagem ent consultants, are classified as “ search firm s,” and m ust reg ister w ith the labor com m issioner and post a surety bond, but are exem pt from other requirem ents. Em ployers are prohibited from requiring jo b applicants placed by such firms to pay any o f the firm ’s fee. m aking recom m endations on the designa tion o f enterprise zones within which em ployers will be encouraged to locate or expand through such incentives as tax cred its. A m ong the criteria is the degree o f pov erty and unem ploym ent in the area and the extent to w hich the projected developm ent in the zone will provide em ploym ent to lo cal residents. E m ploym ent a n d training. A jo b skills partnership program was created to bring together em ployers having specific training needs with educational or other nonprofit institutions w hich can design program s to fill those needs. The C om m issioner o f Econom ic Secu rity was authorized to distribute funds for com prehensive jo b training and related ser vices for econom ically disadvantaged, un e m p lo y e d , an d u n d e re m p lo y e d p e rs o n s through opportunities industrialization cen ters. An em ergency em ploym ent develop m e n t p r o g r a m w a s e n a c t e d , to be adm instered by a coordinator reporting d i rectly to the G overnor. C ounties experiencing chronic high un em ploym ent are authorized to establish em ergency em ploym ent program s includ ing providing jo b training and jo b s through public w orks projects to m eet the needs o f econom ically disadvantaged, unem ployed residents. O ther law s. Any public w orks construc tion project for w hich com petitive bidding is not required by law is to be aw arded to a State resident, and if com petitive bidding is required, the contract is to be aw arded to the resident m aking the low est bid if it is not m ore than 10 percent higher than the low est nonresident bid. W henever possi ble, resident laborers, w orkers, and m e chanics are to be used to perform all work covered by the contract. A new law requires em ployers w ho per m it paternity or m aternity leave to biolog ical parents to provide the sam e benefits to adoptive parents upon request. O ccupational safety a n d health. A Right to K now A ct requires that before assigning an em ployee to a w orkplace w here he or she w ould routinely be exposed to hazard ous substances, em ployers m ust provide training concerning such substances. E m ployees are to receive inform ation on the nam es, locations, properties, sym ptom s o f e x p o su re , a p p ro p riate em erg en cy tre a t m ent, proper m ethods o f safe use, and pro cedures for cleanup o f leaks and spills o f such toxic substances. E m ployees acting in good faith can refuse to w ork under co n ditions w hich they reasonably believe pre sent an im m inent danger. In such cases, em ployers are prohibited from discim inating against the em ployees. School attendance. A Com pulsory School A ttendance L aw w as enacted as part o f the Education Reform Act approved in late 1982. Im plem entation is m andated on a staggered basis w ith children 6 and 7 years o f age required to attend school during the 1983— 84 school year. Each year thereafter, 1 year is to be added to the com pulsory age bracket, and by the 1 9 8 9 -9 0 school year, attendance will be required o f children aged 6 to 14. E conom ic d evelopm ent. C riteria w ere es tablished for the C om m issioner o f E nergy, P lanning and D evelopm ent to consider in E c o n o m ic d e v e lo p m e n t. T he B oard o f E conom ic D evelopm ent w as authorized to designate certain counties or areas as en- Mississippi terprise zones in order to stim ulate business and industrial grow th in distressed areas having high levels o f poverty and unem ploym ent by providing special tax incen tives and financial assistance. Employment and training. A D epartm ent and Board o f Rehabilitation Services were both created in order to provide rehabili tation and other services to disabled persons in order that they may engage in useful occupations to the extent o f their capabil ities. R ehabilitation for adults was form erly provided by the D epartm ent o f Education. Missouri Other laws. M issouri contractors will re ceive the sam e percentage preference on bids on State contracts over out-of-State contractors as those contractors w ould re ceive in a sim ilar contract from the State in w hich they are located. Montana Wages. W hen established by collective bargaining agreem ent, or by m utual agree m ent o f the em ployer and em ployee when no collective bargaining agreem ent exists, m unicipal or county governm ent em ploy ees w orking for a period not to exceed 40 hours in a 7-day period and em ployees of hospitals and sim ilar health-care establish m ents w orking for 80 hours or less in a 14day period and 8 hours a day were excluded from overtim e pay requirem ents otherw ise applicable, but they m ust be paid overtim e pay for any excess hours. Firefighters w orking under a collectively bargained w ork schedule with a public em ployer w ere exem pted from the overtim e pay requirem ent o f the m inim um wage law and from the provision designating 8 hours as constituting a d a y ’s work for certain pub lic em ployees. Earnings are now exem pt from garnish m ent for m aintenance or child support only to the extent perm itted by Federal law. Equal employment opportunity. A new law directs the D epartm ent o f A dm inistration to w ork tow ard the goal o f establishing a standard o f equal pay for jo b s o f com pa rable w orth in the State service. The D e partm ent is to com pare, in the classification o f positions, factors for determ ining jo b w orth across occupational groups, w hen ever those groups are dom inated by m en or w om en, and is to elim inate the use o f ju d g e ments and factors that contain inherent biases based on sex. The prohibition in the H um an Rights Act against discrim ination because o f m arital status w as restricted to situations where the reasonable dem ands o f a jo b training or apprenticeship program do not require such https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis a distinction, or where the differentiation is a bona fide occupational qualification. The legislature requested that an interim com m ittee be assigned to study the S tate’s em ploym ent preference laws for veterans, veteran s’ spouses and dependents, and dis abled civilians, as a result o f a recent court decision that m inim ally qualified persons in these categories are entitled to em ploy m ent preference over all others rather than preference only in cases o f ties. Labor relations. The law governing col lective bargaining for nurses was am ended to include unfair labor practices com m itted by em ployee organizations. A dm inistrative duties concerning this law are now handled by the Board o f Personnel A ppeals instead o f the D epartm ent o f Labor and Industry. Private employment agencies. P lace m ent fees charged by agencies m ust now be based on a percentage o f the first full m o n th ’s gross incom e rather than the ap plicants first y e a r’s incom e as was previ ously required. Other laws. The functions o f the C om m issioner o f L abor and Industry under the M aternity Leave A ct, including jurisdiction over unlaw ful em ployer practices, were transferred to the C om m ission for Hum an Rights. Nebraska Wages. R esolutions designated the B usi ness and L abor C om m ittee o f the legislature to review the need to raise the State m in im um w age, and to study the W age Pay m e n t and C o lle c tio n A ct to d e te rm in e w hether changes are needed in the proce dures governing employee claims for wages. Equal employment opportunity. The equal pay and age discrim ination in em ploym ent laws now specifically apply to the State and its political subdivisions, which may be sued in the sam e m anner as other em ployers un der these law s. The num erical exem ption, applicable to the private sector, does not apply to public sector coverage. Nevada Wages. The m inim um project am ount for coverage under the prevailing wage law was increased from $4,000 to $20,000. The m axim um am ount o f an em ployee’s lien w hen a corporation becom es insolvent or is dissolved w as increased from $600 to $1000 for w ages due the em ployee, other than officers o f the corporation, w hich were earned w ithin 3 m onths prior to the date o f the insolvency or dissolution. M oney w ithheld from an em ployee’s w ages for deposit in a financial institution m ust be deposited by the em ployer w ithin 5 w orking days o f the em ployee’s payday. Child labor. As part o f the S tate's overall program to prom ote tourism and econom ic developm ent, including the production o f m otion pictures, the child labor law was am ended to exem pt m inors em ployed as m otion picture perform ers from the m ini m um age, m axim um hours, and work dur ing school hours restrictions. Labor relations. A m ong other changes, the law governing local governm ent col lective bargaining was am ended to specify that em ployee safety is a subject o f m an datory bargaining, but that safety o f the public is not. Economic development. The G overnor was given authority to designate certain areas as specially benefited zones in order to en courage business and industrial grow th and the revitalization o f neighborhoods through incentives including tax credits and loans. Z ones are to be selected on the basis o f factors such as levels o f poverty, unem ploym ent, loss o f jo b s, and population. New Hampshire Wages. The provision perm itting a youth rate o f 75 percent o f the applicable m ini m um w age rate will now apply to persons age 17 or under rather than 18 or under as before. The w age paym ent law was am ended to add severance pay, personal days, holiday pay, sick pay, and paym ent o f em ployee expenses, to vacation pay, as benefits con sidered w ages under the law when they are a m atter o f em ploym ent practice or policy. Child labor. A new law stipulates that it is not unlaw ful for a person age 18 or older to drive in intrastate com m erce any vehicle carrying hom e heating oil for the purpose o f m aking retail deliveries, provided he or she holds a valid d riv e r’s license for the particular vehicle class and the driver and vehicle are in com pliance w ith all other applicable law s and rules. Labor relations. M em bership on the leg islative jo in t com m ittee on em ploym ent re lations w as increased from 8 to 14 m em bers w ith the chairperson and ranking m inority m em ber o f the house labor, hum an re sources and rehabilitation com m ittee among the additions. T he com m ittee is to hold hearings and m ake recom m endations to the le g is la tu re on all c o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g agreem ents w ith State em ployees and on all relative fact-finders reports. Occupational safety and health. U nder a new W orkers R ight to K now A ct, appli cable to both public and private em ploy m ent, em ployers m ust keep on file and post inform ation on toxic substances to w hich 69 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • State Labor Legislation Enacted in 1983 em ployees m ay be exposed, provide train ing to em ployees on safe handling, and in form em ployees o f their rights under the law. Em ployees may refuse to w ork with toxic substances if the em ployer fails to furnish them with requested inform ation on the substance, and are protected from dis charge or discipline for the filing o f a com plaint or exercising any rights under the act. The C om m issioner o f L abor may conduct inspections if there is cause to believe vi olations are occurring. The D ivision o f Public Health Services in the D epartm ent o f H ealth and W elfare is to contain an occupational health unit and is to develop policies and conduct program s for evaluation o f hazards associated with the use o f chem ical or physical agents, to advise, consult, and cooperate with other agencies, including the State labor depart m ent, and to collect and dissem inate health information relating to protection from these agents. The C om m issioner o f L abor is to provide occupational health and safety ser vices to public and private sector em ploy ers. Other laws. The C om m issioner o f Labor m ay now im pose a civil penalty o f up to $500, in addition to any crim inal penalty previously provided, for any violation o f the S tate’s labor laws. A penalty appeal board was established to hear appeals from penalties im posed. E m ployers are to give em ployees, upon request, the opportunity to inspect and copy their personnel files. In the event o f a dis agreem ent with any inform ation in the file, the em ployee m ay subm it a w ritten state m ent, explaining his or her version together w ith supporting evidence, that will becom e a part o f the perm anent record. New Jersey Child labor. A late 1982 law exem pted p a rtic ip a n ts in ju n io r a c h ie v e m e n t p ro gram s from the occupational lim itations o f the child labor law. U nder such program s, m inors under the age o f 18 engage in busi ness activities pursuant to an econom ic ed ucation program supervised by adults from the business com m unity. An additional exem ption to the child la bor law perm its m inors to be em ployed in dom estic services in a residence other than a m inor’s ow n hom e, when perform ed out side o f school hours or during school va cation, w ith parental perm ission. This is sim ilar to an existing exem ption for do m estic service in the m inor’s ow n hom e for the parent. Equal employment opportunity. An affir m ative action program for V ietnam veter ans w as enacted guaranteeing them equal 70 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis em ploym ent opportunity on public works projects o f the State exceeding $250,000 in cost in areas including recruitm ent, hiring, training, prom otion, and com pensation. Occupational safety and health. A com prehensive W orker and C om m unity Right to K now A ct to be effective A ugust 29, 1984, requires public and private sector em ployers to report hazardous substances in the w orkplace to the H ealth D epartm ent and to provide the D epartm ent o f E nviron m ental Protection with inform ation on each hazardous substance, including its chem i cal nam e, use, and am ount discharged. This inform ation m ust be m aintained at places o f em ploym ent and be available to em ployees upon request. If such request is not honored in 5 days, the em ployee m ay stop w ork w ithout penalty until given the infor m ation. E m ployers, in addition, m ust pro vide education and training on the use, s to ra g e , an d e ffe c ts o f h a z a rd o u s s u b stances in their w orkplaces. Employment and training. The C om m is sioner o f the D epartm ent o f L abor is to im plem ent program s to provide jo b training and em ploym ent opportunities for long-term u n e m p lo y ed , u n d erem p lo y ed , ec o n o m i cally disadvantaged, and displaced w orkers including those displaced because o f plant closings, technological change, or m odifi cations in the product line, and others in need o f jo b training or retraining. The State legislature urged the introduc tion in the C ongress o f an equal rights am endm ent to the U .S. C onstitution. Occupational safety and health. The State O ccupational H ealth and Safety law was am ended to specify that it and its regula tions are to apply to places o f em ploym ent subject to the jurisdiction o f the U .S. D e partm ent o f Labor under the Federal O c cupational Safety and H ealth A ct, rather than acts and regulations enforced by the State m ine inspector. T he State law was also am ended to spec ify that the E nvironm ental Im provem ent D ivision o f the H ealth and E nvironm ent D epartm ent m ay not privately question em ployers and em ployees, until after regula tions have been adopted protecting the rights o f those questioned. U nder a M edical R adiation H ealth and S a fe ty A c t, p e rs o n s o p e ra tin g m e d ic a l equipm ent w hich em its ionizing radiation m ust m eet standards o f education and train ing and be certified by the E nvironm ental Im provem ent D ivision. Employment and training. The C om m erce and Industry D epartm ent was di rected to establish program s to provide quickresponse preem ploym ent and in-plant de v elo p m en t tra in in g , cu sto m -d esig n ed to provide new or expanding industries w ith qualified personnel. T his program replaces the D evelopm ent T raining A ct, enacted in 1972, w hich had sim ilar purposes. New Mexico Wages. For tipped em ployees, the m ini m um w age aside from tips was increased from $ 1 .60 to $2.01 an hour. In a separate m easure, the m inim um w age law was ex tended to persons regularly enrolled in vo cational or training schools. The fact that a plaintiff or com plainant is an undocum ented w orker may not be used as a defense to any action brought under the w age paym ent law. The m axim um w ages that m ay be w ith held for past due child support is now 50 percent instead o f 60 percent o f disposable earnings, w hether or not a spouse or other dependent child is being supported. Equal employment opportunity. It is a discrim inatory practice under the Hum an Rights A ct for an em ployer to refuse or fail to accom m odate to an individual’s physical or m ental handicap unless such accom m odation is unreasonable or an undue hards h ip . T h e e x e m p t io n fro m th e a g e discrim ination provisions applicable to the com pulsory retirem ent o f high-salaried ex ecutives betw een the ages o f 65 and 70, as contained in Federal law , w as adopted un der the State law. New York Wages. The m inim um w age for farm w orkers will be increased from $ 2.00 to $2.75 an hour, effective February 4, 1984, w ith a further increase to $3.35 scheduled for July 1, 1984, bringing it on a par w ith the current rate for nonfarm w orkers. The penalty section o f the m inim um wage act w as am ended to provide for an addi tional fine o f up to $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 , in addition to any other penalties including fines, upon conviction for a second o r subsequent vi olation if the previous conviction was within the preceding 5 years. V iolations o f the m inim um w age act will now be class B m isdem eanors rather than m isdem eanors as before, resulting in changes in possible prison sentences. T he prevailing w age law was am ended, changing the w age determ ination form ula. The collectively bargained rate will be the prevailing rate for 1 year starting July 15, 1983. A fter July 15, 1984, the collectively bargained rate is to be used in localities w here at least 30 percent o f the w orkers receive such a rate. (The previous law called for use o f the m ajority rate; or, if none, the rate paid to 40 percent; if none, then the average rate.) Hours. The requirem ent that truck and bus drivers receive at least 8 consecutive hours off w as am ended to apply after 15 rather than 14 hours duty in any consecutive 24hour period, or after 10 hours driving tim e w ithin a consecutive period o f 15 rather than 14 hours. Child labor. T he m inim um em ploym ent age as a new spaper carrier was reduced from 12 to 11. A new chapter o f the consolidated laws w as enacted entitled the A rts and Cultural A ffairs L aw . Included in the new chapter are provisions substantially the sam e as ex isting provisions regulating child perform ers and m odels transferred from repealed sections o f the education law , and provi sions substantially the sam e as existing pro visions regulating theatrical em ploym ent agencies replacing repealed sections o f the general business and labor law s. Employment and training. The legislature declared a State policy to utilize the Federal Job T raining P artnership A ct structure and m echanism s in the adm inistration or fund ing o f jo b training and developm ent pro g ra m s , a n d e s ta b lis h e d a jo b tra in in g coordinating council as required to im ple m ent the Federal law. A dislocated w o rk ers’ program was es tablished under w hich funds will be pro v id e d fo r o n - t h e - j o b t r a in i n g a n d a p p re n tic e s h ip p ro g ra m s fo r d is lo c a te d w orkers including those term inated as a re sult o f a perm anent closure o f a plant or facility, and in another m easure an em er gency em ploym ent intervention program was initiated to provide training for private sec tor jo b s for such w orkers. Other laws. E m p lo y e rs m ay n o t d is charge or otherw ise penalize em ployees for their absence from w ork to serve as a w it ness as a result o f being a crim e victim . H o w e v e r, e m p lo y e rs m ay w ith h o ld the w ages o f any such em ployee. Labor relations. The law m aking it an unfair labor practice for a public sector em ployer to deliberately refuse to continue all the term s o f an expired agreem ent until a new agreem ent is negotiated, was am ended in late 1982 to exclude those instances where the em ployee organization strikes during negotiations. Private employment agencies. The m ax im um tim e perm itted betw een inspections o f em ploym ent agencies was increased from 6 to 18 m onths, and sp eakers’ bureaus were specifically exem pted from licensing and regulation under the em ploym ent agency law . T he N ew Y ork City D epartm ent o f C on sum er A ffairs, w hich regulates em ploym ent agencies in the city, issued new regulations. A gencies placing persons in unskilled or sem iskilled positions will now be required to m aintain detailed records on fees charged and refunds to applicants, and to provide applicants w ith receipts show ing how re funds are com puted. A career counseling firm will be exem pt from the law only if it states in all advertising and contracts that it is not an agency, does not try to get clients jo b s, arrange interview s, o r contact em ployers, and does not have access to oth erw ise unavailable jo b inform ation. North Carolina Wages. As provided in a prior law , the m inim um w age rate w as increased from $ 3.10 an hour to $3.35 effective January 1, 1983. Seasonal religious or nonprofit educa tional conference centers w ere exem pted from the m inim um w age and overtim e re quirem ents o f the w age and hour act. Equal employment opportunity. The O f fice o f State Personnel and the State Per sonnel C om m ission were designated by the State as the official deferral agency under Section 706 o f the Civil Rights A ct o f 1964, for charges filed by covered public sector em ployees w ith the Federal Equal E m ploy m ent O pportunity C om m ission. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis North Dakota Wages. V oluntary w age assignm ents are perm itted for court-ordered child support paym ents, and em ployers are prohibited from disciplining any em ployee as a result o f such w age assignm ent. Equal employment opportunity. A H u m an R ights A ct was enacted prohibiting discrim ination in em ploym ent, housing, and other fields, on the basis o f race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age for p er sons betw een 40 and 70 years, physical or m ental handicap, m arital status, or public assistance status. The law applies to all public and private sector em ployers o f 10 or m ore, labor organizations, and em ploym ent agen cies. A n aggrieved person m ay bring court action or file a com plaint with the labor departm ent, w hich has 60 days to negotiate a settlement. A previous declaration o f State policy prohibiting discrim ination in all em ploym ent practices by em ployers o f m ore than 15 w as repealed. A resolution urged the C ongress to again propose to the States for ratification, an equal rights am endm ent to the U .S. C on stitution. Employment and training. Economic development. A concurrent resolution calls for a L egislative C ouncil study and evaluation o f the S tate’s w ork force and jo b m arket to determ ine the need for legislation to create em ploym ent op portunities and jo b training for the unem ployed and underem ployed, w ith a special em phasis on the needs o f youth. Other laws. It was m ade a felony offense to hold a person against his or her w ill, by coercion or intim idation, for the perfor m ance o f labor, w hether or not for com p e n s a t io n , o r w h e th e r o r n o t fo r th e satisfaction o f a debt, o r to induce som eone to go to another place w ith the intent that they be held in involuntary servitude. It was Other laws. The L egislative C ouncil was directed by a Senate resolution to study the feasibility o f com bining the D epartm ent o f L a b o r, S ta te Jo b S e rv ic e , W o rk m e n ’s C om pensation B ureau, and any other State agencies w hose prim ary responsibilities are related to labor and em ploym ent services. A report on findings, recom m endations, and any legislation required is to be m ade to the 1985 L egislative A ssem bly. A nother resolution urged the President and the C ongress to propose and enact leg- Occupational safety and health. M unicipalities w ith a population o f 10,000 o r few er m ay by resolution exclude their fire departm ents from the State safety and health program requirem ents. A T echnological D evelopm ent A uthority w as created to in crease the rate at w hich new jo b s are created by stim ulating the developm ent o f existing and new sm all businesses. Plant closings. A n em ployee ow nership assistance program w as established in order to encourage and assist em ployees o f plants that are about to be perm anently closed or relocated to acquire such plants and to con tinue to operate them as em ployee-ow ned enterprises. L oans are available to em ployee ow nership associations through lo cal developm ent corporations. also m ade a m isdem eanor for a party to any labor contract to fail to report to the county sheriff a violation o f these prohibitions, when any person reports the violation to the con tracting party. Paym ent and perform ance bonds will now be required o f any contractor w ith a public construction contract o f more than $15,000 on a project w here total contracts exceed $3 0 ,0 0 0 , or on any other construction con tracts at the discretion o f the contracting body. P reviously, bonds w ere required o f contractors receiving public construction contracts in excess o f $10,000. 71 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • State Labor Legislation Enacted in 1983 islation am ending the Em ployee R etire m ent Incom e Security Act to elim inate the Federal preem ption and to perm it the re spective States to regulate em ployee health benefit plans. Ohio Equal employment opportunity. A jo in t resolution requests the C ongress to adopt, and subm it to the States for ratification, an equal rights am endm ent. Labor relations. A com prehensive new law grants collective bargaining rights to State and local public sector em ployees. The law includes procedures for grievance resolution including fact-finding, m edia tion, and final and binding arbitration, as well as requirem ents for certification, unit determ ination, and perm issible subjects o f bargaining. U nfair labor practices for both em ployers and em ployee organizations were established and include a strike prohibition. Em ployees m ay not be required to join an em ployee organization but may be required to pay a fair share fee in an am ount equal to union dues. A State E m ploym ent R ela tions B oard was created to adm inister the law. Oklahoma Wages. T h e m in im u m w age law w as am ended, effective N ovem ber 1, 1983, to delete the specific m inim um wage rate o f $ 3 .10 an hour and to adopt the current Fed eral m inim um w age by reference for em ployers o f 10 or m ore at one location and all those w ith annual gross sales over $100,000. F or all other em ployers, the m inim um hourly wage w as increased from $1.00 to $ 2 .0 0 , and an exem ption for those age 65 and over w as elim inated. W age garnishm ent for judgm ents arising from consum er credit sales, leases, or loans m ay not exceed the am ount by w hich dis posable earnings exceed 30 tim es the Fed e ra l m in im u m w a g e . F o r o th e r d e b ts , garnishm ent rem ains lim ited to 25 percent o f disposable earnings, except for child support paym ents (33-1/3 percent). Labor relations. The School D istrict and E m ployee N egotiation A ct was am ended to prohibit an em ployee organization, em ployee, or em ployer from im peding, re s t r a i n i n g , o r c o e r c in g e m p lo y e r s o r em ployees in the exercise o f their guaran teed rights, and to give the district courts jurisdiction to prevent and restrain viola tions o f the act or to grant relief to em p lo y e r s o r e m p lo y e e o rg a n iz a tio n s if violations occur. T he Public E m ployees R elations B oard, scheduled for term ination under sunset leg islation, w as continued until July 1, 1989. 72 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Oregon Wages. V olunteer firefighters w ere spe cifically excluded from coverage under the m inim um w age law. In addition, the ex em ption from coverage for persons p er form ing voluntary noncom pensated service for a religious or charitable nonprofit in stitution w as expanded to also exem pt such service for educational, public service, or sim ilar nonprofit corporations, organiza tions, o r institutions. A m ong am endm ents to the prevailing w age law , the threshold am ount for cov erage was increased from $2,000 to $10,000, contractors are now required to post the prevailing w age rates for a project in or about that project, and new requirem ents w ere enacted on reporting and m aintaining payroll records. A lso, the labor com m is sioner or any other person m ay now bring a civil action to require a public agency party to a public contract to w ithhold tw ice the w ages in dispute if a contractor has intentionally failed to pay the prevailing rate, and to require contractor to pay the prevailing rate and any deficiencies. In ad dition to other relief, the court m ay enjoin any such person from com m itting future violations, and the contractor m ay be de barred from public contracts for 3 years. If the aw arding agency fails to include a pro vision in the contract stating the prevailing wage rate, it shall be liable for unpaid wages. Any contractor or subcontractor on pub lic w orks contracts w ho violates hours o f labor and overtim e requirem ents will now be liable to the em ployees affected in the am ount o f their unpaid overtim e w ages and an equal am ount as liquidated dam ages. An action to enforce liability to w orkers m ay be brought as an action on the co n tracto r’s bond. The C om m issioner o f the B ureau o f L a bor and Industries is now authorized to as sign w age claim judgm ents for collection o r to obtain assistance in collection o f such judgm ents and to deduct and pay a collec tion fee from any m onies collected. Agriculture. Persons w ho act as farm la bor contractors in forestation or reforesta tion m ust obtain an authorizing endorsem ent on their license from the labor com m is sioner and are to provide the com m issioner w ith a copy o f all payroll records. A m ong other am endm ents to the farm labor con tractor law , the form at to be used in fur nishing inform ation to workers was specified, contractors w ere prohibited from inducing w orkers to give up any part o f their w ages, and m oney penalties for violation w ere in creased. H ereafter, the labor com m issioner, who already has responsibility for farm labor contractor licensing, m ay issue the license only to a sole proprietor under the p erso n ’s ow n nam e or an assum ed registered busi ness nam e; to tw o persons or m ore oper ating as a partnership under their own names or an assum ed registered business nam e; or to a corporation authorized to do business in the State. Equal employment opportunity. The list o f unlaw ful em ploym ent practices, subject to action under the civil rights act, was expanded to include certain already banned e m p lo y e r p ra c tic e s , su ch as re ta lia tio n against the em ployee, use o f lie detector tests, em ployee paym ent for em ployer-re q u ire d m e d ic a l e x a m in a tio n s , and e m ployer refusal to em ploy a person because another fam ily m em ber is currently em ployed by the em ployer. It w as also m ade unlaw ful for an em ployer to refuse to em ploy a person because another fam ily m em ber form erly w orked for that em ployer. A C om m ission for W om en was created to w ork for econom ic, social, legal, and political equality for w om en and to contin ually assess issues and needs, including evaluations o f nontraditional jo b opportun ities and em ploym ent policies and practices o f public and private sector em ployers. State agencies are to include in their af firm ative action reports to the G overnor and legislature, inform ation concerning the award o f construction, service, and personal ser vice contracts to m inority businesses. Labor relations. The Public E m ployee R elations B oard m ay aw ard a civil penalty, o f up to $ 1 ,000 per case, to any person as a result o f an unfair labor practice com plaint hearing w hich has either found re peated or flagrant violations or w hich has determ ined that the com plaint w as frivo lously filed, or filed w ith the intent to harass the other person. Private employment agencies. A ny busi ness w hich offers as one o f its m ain objects to assist, teach, or prepare individuals to obtain em ploym ent, and w hich charges for its services, is subject to the em ploym ent agency regulatory law . T he required surety bond for em ploym ent agencies w as in creased from $ 2 ,0 0 0 to $5,000. T he law regulating private em ploym ent agencies is scheduled for repeal on June 30, 1988, under sunset review legislation. Pennsylvania Equal employment opportunity. A late1982 law extended the age discrim ination provisions o f the H um an Relations A ct from persons ages 40 to 62 to those ages 40 to 70. Persons protected by future am end m ents to the F ederal A ge D iscrim ination in E m ploym ent A ct w ill autom atically be cov ered. Rhode Island Wages. T he D irector o f the D epartm ent o f A dm inistration was requested to conduct a survey o f the S ta te ’s jo b classification system to determ ine the presence and extent o f sex-based pay inequities w ithin the State system . Equal employment opportunity. A com prehensive new chapter w as added to the State A ffairs and G overnm ent law prohib iting em ploym ent and other form s o f dis crim ination against handicapped persons by any person or entity doing business in the State or receiving financial assistance from the State. H andicapped individuals con tinue to be protected against discrim ination by public and private sector em ployers un der the State Fair E m ploym ent Practices A ct. A jo in t resolution called for the creation o f a legislative com m ission to study the feasibility o f establishing a revolving lowinterest loan fund to purchase equipm ent enabling the em ploym ent o f severely dis abled persons, and to recom m end legisla tion. A nother resolution requested the D irec tor o f the State D epartm ent o f T ranspor tation to use all diligent effort to seek out and hire qualified State w om en, as w ell as m en, to perform w ork funded with Federal construction grants to be received by the D epartm ent o ver the next 2 years. T he C ongress w as requested to enact an equal rights am endm ent to the U .S . C on stitution for State ratification. Worker privacy. A pplicants for em ploy m ent, except fo r law enforcem ent agency positions, w hose conviction o f a crim e has been expunged, m ay state that they have never been convicted o f a crim e. Occupational safety and health. Em ployers w ho use, transport, store, or oth erw ise expose em ployees to toxic or haz ardous substances m ust m ake available to em ployees at each w orkplace a list o f all such substances, and provide initial training to all new em ployees and annual training thereafter. E m ployees who request infor m ation cannot be required to w ork w ith a substance until the inform ation has been provided and are not to be disciplined for such action. A dm inistration o f the law is vested in the D epartm ent o f Labor. It w as specified that occupational safety program s in the State m ay include in-ser vice training and other educational pro gram s, and the D ivision o f O ccupational Safety w as authorized to apply for and ac cept grants and to enter into contracts w ith public or private organizations or individ uals in carrying out its functions. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Plant closings. A special legislative com m ission created in 1982 to study the p rob lem s caused by the closing o f industrial plants w as extended for 1 year. Findings and recom m endations are now due by Feb ruary 2, 1984. South Carolina Child labor. T he le g islatu re approved regulations o f the State labor departm ent ado p tin g re stric tio n s, id en tical to those adopted under the Federal Fair L abor S tan dards A ct, for w ork by m inors betw een 16 and 18 years o f age in occupations involv ing the operation o f pow er-driven bakery m achines and all occupations in connection w ith m ining other than coal. R egulations identical to the other Federal hazardous oc cupation orders had been adopted by the State in 1981. Equal employment opportunity. A bill o f rights for handicapped persons was enacted under w hich discrim ination in em ploym ent is prohibited. The H um an Affairs C om m ission is to adm inister the act, and vio l a t io n s w ill b e c o n s i d e r e d u n la w f u l em ploym ent practices under the H um an A f fairs law . Occupational safety and health. An oc cupational health and safety review board w as established and authorized to hear con tested cases and to provide adm inistrative review o f citations issued by the C om m is sioner o f L abor, penalties assessed, or p e riods o f abatem ent set. The adm inistrative review w as previously conducted by the C om m issioner o f L abor. Economic development. A Jo b s -E c o nom ic D evelopm ent Fund program w as en acted to encourage the location o f new businesses in the State, and the rehabili tation o f existing businesses in order to pro vide m axim um opportunities for creation and retention o f jo b s. T he program is to be accom plished through loans, investm ents, research, technical and m anagerial advice, data com pilations, and other m eans. Employment and training. A H ouse res olution w as adopted, urging the G overnor to call a statew ide conference o f govern m ental and business leaders to address the problem s o f econom ic and technological unem ploym ent and to develop short- and long-range strategy on em ploym ent in the State. South Dakota Labor relations. T he law regulating pub lic em p lo y ees’ unions w as am ended to es ta b lis h tim e lim its o n r e q u e s ts to th e D epartm ent o f L abor to intervene in im passe situations, and for filing certain no tices o f appeal and unfair labor practice com plaints w ith the departm ent. Tennessee Wages. A ny business, including private clubs, lounges, bars, or restaurants, w hich includes on bills given to and paid by cus tom ers an autom atic percentage or dollar am ount for tips, m ust pay that full am ount to the em ployee or em ployees who rendered the service. Equal employment opportunity. It is no longer a prohibited practice to discrim inate on the basis o f age in referral, adm ission to, or em ploym ent in apprenticeship and training program s. Private employment agencies. By E xec utive O rder, adm inistration o f the law reg ulating private em ploym ent agencies was transferred from the labor departm ent to the D epartm ent o f Insurance. Occupational safety and health. P ro visions requiring periodic inspection o f e l evators and escalators now include dum b w aiters as w ell, and the tim e betw een inspections o f each w as m ade uniform at 6 m onths. A lso, inspection fees for elevators and boilers w ere increased. Texas Wages. T he paym ent o f w ages law now perm its m onthly paym ent to em ployees who are exem pt from the overtim e pay provi sions o f the Fair L abor Standards A ct, re ta i n in g th e s e m im o n th ly p a y m e n t requirem ent for all other em ployees. The m axim um 16-day holdover period was re m oved. A proposed constitutional am endm ent was adopted for subm ission to the voters and approved at the N ovem ber 1983 election, perm itting garnishm ent o f w ages for the enforcem ent o f court-ordered child support paym ents. T he constitution previously pro hibited w age garnishm ent for any purpose. E m ployees w ere authorized to m ake vol untary w age assignm ents to satisfy courtordered child support paym ents, and the em ployer m ust withhold the assigned amount up to one-third o f the em ployee’s dispos able earnings. E m ployers m ay not take any disciplinary action against an em ployee or refuse to hire an applicant because o f such assignm ent. W ith passage o f the proposed constitutional am endm ent authorizing wage garnishm ent for court-ordered child sup port, the courts w ere also em pow ered to order involuntary w age assignm ent for such purposes. Agriculture. T he law regulating m igrant labor housing facilities by the D epartm ent 73 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • State Labor Legislation Enacted in 1983 o f Health was am ended to increase license fees and penalties, to add specific time pe riods for fulfilling certain requirem ents, and to m ake license revocation or suspension subject to specified hearing rules. Equal employment opportunity. An antidiscrim ination law applicable to the private sector was enacted for the first tim e. A d m inistered by a new ly created Com m ission on Hum an R ights, the law prohibits dis crim ination by em ployers o f 15 w orkers or m ore, unions, and em ploym ent agencies on the basis o f race, color, handicap, religion, sex, national origin, or age. The C om m is sion is em pow ered to receive and investi gate com plaints; to endeavor to elim inate alleged unlaw ful practices through confer ence, conciliation, and persuasion; to seek tem porary injunctive relief; and to bring civil action if attem pts to resolve the dis crim inatory practice are unsuccessful. Pre viously, laws prohibited discrim ination in public em ploym ent only, and against hand icapped persons. By E x e c u tiv e O rd e r, the G o v e rn o r’s C om m ittee on E m ploym ent o f the H andi capped was restructured and renam ed the G overnor’s C om m ittee for D isabled Per sons. A m ong its functions, the com m ittee is to encourage coordination betw een local, State, and Federal agencies in their activ ities to prom ote the em ploym ent and public aw areness o f persons with disabilities, en courage em ployer acceptance and place m e n t o f su c h w o rk e rs , an d a d v is e in preparing and im plem enting a State plan for disabled persons. Employment and training. A Job T rain ing Partnership A ct w as passed for purposes o f im plem enting the new Federal law. The State program is to be im plem ented and m anaged by the D epartm ent o f Com m unity A ffairs, w ith policy developm ent, plan n in g , m o n ito rin g , and e v a lu a tio n p e r form ed by a job-training and em ploym ent staff created in the G o vernor’s Office. Other laws. A State or local governm en tal body m ay not suspend or term inate the em ploym ent of, or otherw ise discrim inate against, a public em ployee w ho in good faith reports a violation o f law to an ap propriate law enforcem ent authority. In case o f violation, the em ployee m ay bring a civil action for injunction or dam ages, or both, and the court m ay order reinstatem ent, back pay, and other relief. Institutions o f higher education are now entitled to obtain crim inal record inform m ation pertaining to applicants for em ploym ent in security-sensitive positions, and to deny em ploym ent to any applicant for such a position who fails to provide a com plete set o f fingerprints upon request. 74 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In a sim ilar m easure, the D epartm ent o f M ental H ealth and M ental Retardation and certain com m unity centers were authorized to obtain conviction data from law enforce m ent agencies that is relevant to applicants for em ploym ent in positions in direct con tact w ith m entally ill patients or m entally retarded clients. Em ploym ent may be de nied to applicants determ ined to be not qualified or suitable as a result o f previous crim inal conviction. The em ploym ent agency advisory board was abol ished and its functions were assum ed by the existing Board o f C om m erce. E m ployer-paid agencies w ere specifically ex em pted from the law. Utah Employment and training. Hours. W ork in excess o f 8 hours per day in s m e lte rs and u n d e rg ro u n d m in e s o r w orkings will no longer be unlaw ful in non em ergency situations if the Industrial C om m ission certifies in w riting to the em ployer that such w ork is not detrim ental to the life, health, safety, and w elfare o f the w orkers. Occupational safety and health. M ine ow ners are to m aintain rescue team s at each o f their m ines o r otherw ise ensure the avail ability o f a m ine rescue team in the event o f an em ergency, in accordance w ith Fed eral requirem ents. Any person who partic ip a te s in a m in e re s c u e o p e ra tio n and provides em ergency care o r assistance is not to be liable for dam ages arising from such actions. M ine electricians m ust now be certified by the Industrial C om m ission. Other laws. C ontractors subm itting bids on State contracts for supplies, services, or construction, w ho, w hen available, use products grow n or m anufactured in the State and em ploy State residents, will receive preference in the aw ard o f the contracts if their bid is w ithin 5 percent o f nonpreferred bidders, and if they agree to m eet the low bid in w riting w ithin 72 hours after noti fication. A new m easure requires that prior to the aw ard o f a contract by the State or any o f its political subdivision for a public w orks construction project, the contractor is to furnish the awarding agency a paym ent bond in an am ount equal to the contract price for the protection o f persons supplying labor or m aterials. Vermont Employment and training. The D epart m ent o f E m ploym ent and T raining is to adm inister a public w orks jo b s program to provide tem porary em ploym ent o f up to 18 w eeks to unem ployed residents o f the State, m eeting prescribed eligibility criteria. Virginia Wages. A resolution requested the C om m ission on the Status o f W om en to study the subject o f equal pay for equal work for w om en in the State and to report and make recom m endations to the G overnor and leg islature by O ctober 1, 1983. Private employment agencies. A w ork-study program , to be adm inistered by the State C ouncil o f H igher E ducation, was estab lished to provide financial assistance to stu dents attending eligible postsecondary State institutions. Jobs created under the program are to be lim ited usually to part-tim e or sum m er em ploym ent that is career related, and m ay not displace em ployed w orkers. The Joint Subcom m ittee to Study the F unding and A dm inistration o f Sheltered W orkshops, established in 1982, was con tinued and is to com plete its work in time to m ake recom m endations to the 1984 G en eral A ssem bly. Washington Equal employment opportunity'. A new law requires the State D epartm ent o f Personnel and the H igher E ducation Personnel Board to adjust their salary and com pensation plans at least annually to achieve com parable worth for the jo b s o f State em ployees by June 30, 1993. C om parable w orth is defined as the provision o f sim ilar salaries for positions that require or im pose sim ilar responsibil ities, ju d g m en ts, know ledge, skills, and w orking conditions. A D epartm ent o f Services for the Blind was created to deliver a variety o f services to blind persons including a program o f vocational rehabilitation to assist them in overcom ing vocational handicaps and to develop skills necessary for self-support and self-care. The State C om m ission for the Blind was abolished. T he State legislature urged the President and the C ongress to renew efforts to pass an equal rights am endm ent to the U .S . C on stitution. Occupational safety and health. A m ong a num ber o f changes in the law relating to elevators, lifting devices, and m oving walks, adm inistration o f the law and rulem aking w as assigned directly to the labor depart m ent rather than that departm ent’s D ivision o f Industrial Safety and H ealth, and new provisions authorize suspending or revok ing perm its obtained through fraud or error or w here the conveyance has becom e un safe or w as not properly installed or m ain t a i n e d . O th e r c h a n g e s e m p o w e r th e departm ent to assess a penalty against vi- olators and authorize the A ttorney General to take legal action against those who re peatedly violate the law. Employment and training. A jo b skills program was established to provide short term training designed for specific indus tries; train prospective em ployees before a new plant opens or an existing industry ex pands; train and retrain w orkers em ployed in an industry where necessary to avoid dislocation, or to provide upgrading o f ex isting em ployees w hich would create new vacancies for unem ployed persons; and to serve areas w ith high concentrations o f eco nom ically disadvantaged persons and high unem ploym ent, areas with new and grow ing industries, and areas with shortages o f skilled labor. A Youth E m ploym ent and C onservation Act was enacted to provide public service jo b s, o f up to 1 y e a r’s duration, for un em ployed persons from 18 to 25 years o f age in assignm ents addressing com m unity needs and conservation problem s and that will assist the com m unity in econom ic de velopm ent efforts. Such work is not to dis place currently em ployed workers. Enrollees are to be assisted in the transition to per m anent em ploym ent through such activities as orientation to the labor m arket, on-thejo b training, and placem ent in the private sector. The act is to be adm inistered by a Y outh E m ploym ent Exchange w ith the E m ploym ent Security D epartm ent. A separate act creates a conservation corps, with sim ilar enrollm ent requirem ents and project guidelines, to be im plem ented by several State departm ents concerned w ith the ecol ogy and natural resources and coordinated by the Youth E m ploym ent Exchange. Other laws. The D irector o f G eneral A d m inistration is to adopt and apply rules de signed to provide some reciprocity in bidding on State purchasing betw een W ashington and those States with in-State preferences o f their ow n. West Virginia Worker privacy. A new law requires the licensing o f polygraph exam iners by the C om m issioner o f Labor and prohibits pri vate and public sector em ployers from re quiring or requesting that em ployees or prospective em ployees take a polygraph or sim ilar test as a condition o f em ploym ent. E xem pted are law enforcem ent agencies, State m ilitary forces, and em ployers autho rized to m anufacture, distribute, or dis p e n se c e rta in d ru g s . Q u a lific a tio n s are specified for polygraph exam iners, includ ing taking a com petency test conducted by the C om m issioner, who is to prom ulgate rules governing adm inistration o f tests to em ployees. Occupational safety’ and health. A Fed eral appellate court upheld the constitu tionality o f a 1981 State law requiring em ployer disclosure to em ployees o f chem ical hazards in the w orkplace. The court held, am ong other points, that the Federal O ccupational Safety and Health Act does not preem pt this State law because o f dif ferences betw een them , in that Federal stan dards cover exposure levels, w hereas the State law seeks to im plem ent a “ notice and p o stin g ” standard. Employment and training. A n E m e r gency Em ploym ent Supplem ental M atch ing Program was enacted, under which private em ployers may be reim bursed up to one-half o f the em p lo y er’s prevailing start ing hourly wage for each eligible unem ployed person hired for a period not to exceed 6 m onths. The S ta te ’s contribution m ay not exceed the Federal m inim um wage for a m axim um 40-hour week. Other laws. Until D ecem ber 31, 1984, public works contracts will require that more than 50 percent o f the nonm anagem ent per sonnel em ployed by the contractor and sub contractors m ust be State residents. D uring the sam e tem porary period, in-State bidders on highway contracts financed entirely from State funds will receive preference over outof-State bidders if their bids are no more than 5 percent higher, instead o f the 2 per cent as in the current law. Political subdi visions including boards o f education may grant the sam e preference percentage to res ident bidders w ho claim it. Wisconsin Equal employment opportunity. A W om e n ’s C ouncil was created to identify barriers that prevent w om en from fully and equally participating in all aspects o f life, and to recom m end changes including legislation to further w om en’s econom ic and social equality. Employment and training. The G over n o r’s E m ploym ent and T raining Office was directed to establish a statew ide coordi nated em ploym ent and training delivery system to m eet the needs o f persons un- em ployable because o f lack o f skills or ed ucation. A lso, a labor training program was established w ithin the D epartm ent o f De velopm ent to provide specialized jo b train ing to State residents in new technologies and industrial jo b skills to m eet critical m anpow er needs w here the training is not otherw ise available. Wyoming Wages. C o u rt o rd ered garn ish m en t o f w ages for child support has priority over all other garnishm ent or w ithholdings, and is lim ited to 30 percent o f incom e if the parent is single and not supporting any other dependent child, or 25 percent if rem arried or supporting another dependent child. Occupational safety and health. An in vestigator o f the O ccupational H ealth and Safety C om m ission m ust give w ritten no tification to an em ployer im m ediately be fore an inspection starts, o f the em ployer’s right to refuse entry w ithout a w arrant. All contests o f notice o f violation, proposed penalty, or abatem ent periods for violations will no longer be heard by a com m ission review board, but by independent hearing officers, who will recom m end a decision to the com m ission. As part o f a recodification o f the mine safety law , a provision was added dealing with bonding o f inspectors, and the m axi m um fine for w illful violations was in creased from $200 to $750. Employment and training. A plan for d is placed w o rk ers’ education and training is to be established and m aintained by the D i vision o f M anpow er Planning w ithin the Office o f the G overnor. O ccupational trans fer and retraining program s and other ser v ic e s a re to be p ro v id e d fo r w o rk e rs unem ployed because o f plant closures or m ajor layoffs, those eligible for retraining under the Federal T rade A djustm ent A ssis tance A ct, and other unem ployed w orkers as determ ined by the div isio n ’s director. Other laws. The law giving State resi dents em ploym ent preference on public w orks projects w as am ended to include skilled m anual labor in addition to unskilled as before, and to increase the penalty for violation. E m ployers are prohibited from discharg ing, threatening to discharge, or intim idat ing em ployees because o f their ju ry service or attendance or scheduled attendance in connection w ith ju ry service. □ ---------- F O O T N O TE ---------- 1Unemployment insurance and workers’ compensation are not within the scope of this article. Separate articles on each of these subjects are included in this issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Kentucky was the only State in which the legislature did not meet in 1983. Sessions were https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis held in Arizona and the Virgin Islands, but no significant legislation was enacted in the fields covered by this article. Information on Puerto Rico was not received in time to include in this article, which is based on information received by November 10, 1983. 75 The Anatomy of Price Change Producer Price trends continue moderate in the third quarter C raig Howell, A ndrew C lem , R oger B urns and Prices received by producers of finished goods rose at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 2.5 percent during the third quarter of 1983, slightly below the 3.0 percent rate in the second quarter. By contrast, prices received by produc ers of intermediate goods doubled from a 3.3-percent sea sonally adjusted annual rate in the second quarter to a 6.6percent rate in the third. Crude material prices rose at a rate slightly less than the 6-percent rate recorded in the preceding quarter. (See table 1.) (All percent changes in this report are annual rates unless otherwise indicated.) Among finished goods, the energy index slowed from 11.4 percent in the second quarter to a rate of 3.7 percent in the third. The finished consumer foods index turned up slightly, rising 1.5 percent from June to September after showing no change during the preceding 3 months. The index for finished goods other than foods and energy con tinued to rise modestly (2.8 percent in the third quarter, in the wake of 2.5 percent in the previous 3 months). Over the first 9 months of 1983, the Finished Goods Price Index inched up at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of just 0.2 percent, as a sharp drop in the first quarter was balanced by moderate advances in each of the subsequent quarters. The general economy continued to improve during the third quarter, although the rate of growth was somewhat lower than the unusually high rate in the second quarter. Consumer spending remained robust for a broad range of goods, and businesses became more willing to accumulate inventories to keep up with demand. Although industrial production and capacity utilization rates continued to rise, expenditures for many kinds of capital investment goods lagged behind the overall recovery. The persistence of his torically high U.S. interest rates dampened demand for res idential construction and depressed foreign markets for American-made products. Inflation continued to be reCraig Howell, Andrew Clem, and Roger Bums are economists in the Division o f Industrial Prices and Price Indexes, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 76 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis strained by modest wage increases, improved productivity, the stage of the recovery, and stiff competition from imports; however, an unusually hot, dry summer devastated many portions of the agricultural sector and strongly affected the outlook for prices of foods in both the short and the long run. Finished goods Finished consumer goods. The Producer Price Index for finished consumer goods moved up at an annual rate of 2.7 percent after seasonal adjustment, following a 3.3-percent increase from March to June. A substantial deceleration in price increases for household energy items, coupled with falling passenger car prices, offset a small upturn in food prices. Within the finished energy goods category (most of its components are lagged 1 month), the gasoline index in creased 5.5 percent, far below the 26.9 percent of the pre vious 3 months. The slowdown in inflation for home heating oil was somewhat less pronounced— 9.5 versus 20.3 per cent. Prices for most refined petroleum products tended to stabilize over the summer, after the last round of general price increases in the spring. The relatively high inflation rate in home heating oil prices partly reflected concern about the historically low levels of inventory as the new heating season approached. The natural gas index dropped for the second consecutive quarter, largely because of a serious oversupply in the face of weak demand. The September 1983 natural gas index was only 1.2 percent higher than in September 1982, in sharp contrast to its 21.2 percent jump between September 1981 and September 1982 and its 30.2 percent surge in the 12 months ended in September 1981. The price index for new passenger cars dropped at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 2.9 percent, somewhat larger than the second quarter drop. All of the third quarter decline occurred in September, when the index reflected the impact of the inventory liquidation allowances which do mestic auto manufacturers traditionally grant their dealers to help close out the old model year. During the summer, consumer demand for new cars was far higher than in recent years, an expression of pent-up demand and renewed op timism among consumers following two recent, severe recessions. Demand was so strong that inventories in deal ers’ lots plunged to unusually low levels, in sharp contrast Table 1. Percent changes in selected producer price indexes by stage of processing, 1982-1983 Index Finished goods............. Finished consumer foods.................... Finished energy goods Finished consumer goods excluding foods and energy Capital equipment . . Intermediate materials, supplies, and components............. Intermediate foods and feeds.................... Intermediate energy goods .................. Intermediate materials excluding foods and energy .................. Crude materials for further processing . . Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs............. Crude nonfood materials ............. 12 Seasonally adjusted annual rate for 3 months ending— months ending Sept. Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. 1983 1982 1982 1983 1983 1983 1.4 4.2 5.2 -4 .7 3.0 2.5 1.3 -5 .5 -7 .7 30.9 .8 7.0 4.1 -3 5 .5 0 11.4 1.5 3.7 2.9 2.4 4.2 3.5 7.9 3.6 -2 .0 3.1 1.7 2.9 2.5 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.3 -4 .0 3.3 6.6 10.1 -1 3 .7 -4 .5 10.3 5.8 32.4 -2 2 .5 2.6 11.6 -2 .6 2.1 7.3 6.6 1.0 1.0 .8 2.9 4.0 2.9 6.0 .8 12.1 5.6 3.9 -1 2 .2 1.5 6.0 1.6 -2 6 .4 1.3 18.1 1.7 -1 1 .3 6.8 5.9 5.3 to the excessive stocks that had plagued the industry for some time. As a result, some car manufacturers scaled back or discontinued some of their sales incentive programs, such as direct rebates to buyers and subsidies to banks that had agreed to give below-market financing. By raising the net unit proceeds received by producers, this served to offset, for the third quarter as a whole, some of the effect of the September liquidation allowances. Prices for many kinds of consumer foods— such as pro cessed poultry, fresh vegetables, and cooking oils— rose substantially during the third quarter because of reduced supplies due to the drought in many growing areas. For example, the drought boosted processed chicken prices both directly through its impact on the supply of chickens and indirectly through upward pressure on feed costs. Harvests of sweet and white potatoes, lettuce, tomatoes, and many other vegetables were severely reduced by the weather. Prices for some kinds of cooking oils processed from soybeans and other oilseeds soared because of extensive damage to the domestic soybean crop. However, the impact of the adverse weather on food prices was muted, at least temporarily, by lower red meat prices. Many cattle and hog owners rushed to liquidate their herds to avoid the rapid runup in feed costs associated with the drought. The large number of cattle and hogs coming to market, including some breeding stock, kept prices for beef and pork falling for much of the third quarter. Once this liquidation process has run its course, however, it is expected that the relatively small remaining supply of live stock will lead to higher meat prices. Among other consumer goods, prices for tobacco prod ucts and floor coverings turned up after declining during the first half of the year, and price increases accelerated for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis cosmetics, luggage and small leather goods, lamps and bulbs, and prescription drugs. At the same time, however, sub stantial decreases were registered for costume jewelry, tires and tubes, glassware, and flatware. Price advances for most other consumer products remained moderate. The impulse towards raising prices to improve profits during a time of resurgent consumer demand was tempered or outweighed by the need to restrain price hikes to preserve or extend market shares in the face of strong foreign and domestic competition. Some firms increasingly concentrated on cut ting production costs of higher-value specialty items that could be sold profitably without boosting prices. Capital equipment. The Producer Price Index for capital equipment rose at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 2.5 percent, somewhat more than in either the first or second quarters of 1983. Despite improved demand, declines in prices for heavy and light trucks at the end of the 1983 model year (September) helped to hold down the third quarter rise in this index. Prices for energy production machinery also moved down; however, demand for oilfield drilling and production equipment was notably higher than the low point reached this spring. Prices for most other kinds of capital equipment moved up sluggishly. Machinery producers gen erally were still waiting for the upsurge in other sectors of the economy to translate into improved demand for projects to modernize or expand industrial capacity. Intermediate goods The index for Intermediate Materials, Supplies, and Com ponents climbed at a 6.6-percent seasonally adjusted annual rate in the third quarter, up from a 3.3-percent rate in the previous quarter. The broad-based acceleration was evident in foods, energy, and a number of other products. The dominant influences were the overall economic expansion and the unusual heat experienced in major crop-producing areas of the country. Foods and feeds. The intermediate foods and feeds index soared 32.4 percent, the highest since the fall of 1980. This year’s hot summer reduced harvests of com, soybeans, and other crops used in the processing of feeds and vegetable oils and, at the same time, boosted demand for feeds by damaging pastures. As a result, prices for prepared animal feeds climbed 17.5 percent from June to September (before compounding), and crude vegetable oil prices soared 65.6 percent, the largest quarterly rise on record. The climb in the index for animal fats and oils was also substantial, al though less than what was registered for crude vegetable oils. Because items within these two categories are often substituted for each other, their price trends usually move in tandem. Energy. The index for intermediate energy goods (which consist of products purchased by businesses) moved up 11.6 77 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Anatom y o f Price Change percent, after falling rapidly at the beginning of the year, then turning up in the late spring. Residual fuel prices ad vanced substantially, partly as the result of increased de mand from industrial users. Utilities also purchased greater amounts of residual fuel in order to accommodate peak summer demand for electricity, as air conditioning usage in the hot summer was unusually high. The price index for this fuel had fallen in eight of the nine preceding calendar quarters, inducing many industrial plants and utilities which had switched to natural gas to switch back to residual fuel oil. The index for diesel fuel also turned up somewhat after recent declines, as the economic recovery spurred rail, truck, and ship freight traffic. Prices for coke oven products likewise turned up, partly reflecting improved conditions in the steel industry. In contrast, commercial jet fuel prices continued the steady decline evident for many months. The long-term contracts prevalent in this market result in a pat tern of price movements which typically lags behind other refined petroleum products. Manufacturing materials. The index for nondurable man ufacturing materials rose 9.3 percent, after declining during the first half of the year. Prices for industrial chemicals moved up 9.5 percent, the first significant increase in two years, even though costs for crude petroleum had remained virtually flat. Similarly, the index for plastic resins and materials registered an accelerated increase because of in creased petrochemical costs and strengthened demand from domestic makers of plastic construction and automotive products and from foreign buyers. Prices for inedible fats and oils continued to rise sharply in line with the recent surge in oilseed prices. Higher oilseed prices were also a major cause of the substantial upturn in the index for paint materials. Generally, improved demand was responsible for accelerated prices increases for both processed yarns and paper. The index for durable manufacturing materials slowed from an 8.9-percent increase to 1.9 percent between the second and third quarters. However, this was largely due to a downturn in the index for jewelers’ materials and find ings, which had soared in the preceding quarter. Burden some supplies in world markets led to lower prices for primary copper and tin after relatively little movement in the second quarter. Most other types of durable materials displayed larger increases compared to the previous quarter. The p p i for steel mill products recorded an 11.2-percent advance, following a year and a half of virtually flat prices. The increases were concentrated in carbon sheet and strip, which are widely used by the expanding automotive industry. Continued weak demand from some sectors, such as capital equipment man ufacturers, prevented significant price advances for most other kinds of steel. Improved demand led to sizable in creases for aluminum, hardwood lumber, and Portland ce ment. 78 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Construction materials.. The index for construction ma terials and components moved up 1.7 percent, even less than in other recent quarters. Renewed uncertainty over the strength of the recovery in housing construction was re flected in mixed price signals among various products. The annual rate of new private housing starts reached a peak of nearly 1.9 million units in August after a fairly steady climb dating from the end of 1981. However, an upturn in mort gage interest rates which began in late spring threatened the housing industry once again. Prices for gypsum products (such as wallboard) rose very sharply, as the dominant firms in this industry moved to restore sagging profit margins while supplies tightened. In addition, asphalt roofing prices experienced the first quart erly increase in a year. Improved demand was a key element in price advances for plastic construction products, millwork, and asphalt paving mixtures. The softwood lumber industry, which had experienced major gains in prices and production earlier in the year, was quickly affected by indications of a downturn in the housing market. In fact, prices for both softwood lumber and ply wood began to fall in July, while actual housing construction starts did not turn down until September. Domestic pro ducers had kept lumber inventories down during the reces sion, but by July it was apparent that output was running ahead of demand. Labor problems in Canadian sawmills had little effect on the high level of imports into the U.S., which further contributed to the oversupply of lumber. Other intermediate goods. The index for electronic com ponents rose 10.3 percent, far more than in most recent times. After a prolonged slump, manufacturers of semicon ductors began to rebuild output levels, as demand for certain devices such as random access memory chips pulled prices sharply higher. The economic recovery also contributed to price hikes for electric motors and generators, photographic supplies, and glass containers. Prices were lower, however, for internal combustion engines and fertilizers. Crude materials The Producer Price Index for Crude Materials for Further Processing increased at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 5.6 percent, following a 6.0-percent advance in the pre ceding 3 months. A marked third quarter acceleration in price increases for foodstuffs was balanced by a slowdown in inflation for nonfood items. Foodstuffs. The index for crude foodstuffs and feedstuff's increased 5.9 percent at a seasonally adjusted annual rate. Third quarter price movements among crude foodstuffs were dominated by the effects of the summer’s unusually hot and dry weather. The price level for soybeans was 49.7 percent higher in September (before compounding) than in June, with similar increases for other oilseeds. This steep climb was due to the crop-damaging weather, tight stock holdings by farmers, and higher demand for animal feeds. Soybean yields were down one-fifth from 1982. The price level for corn rose 7.8 percent over the quarter (before compounding) as a result of the summer weather, tight farmer holdings, and a reduction in planted acreage by the Federal paymentin-kind ( p i k ) program. The drought was the overriding rea son that corn yields fell more than one-fourth from 1982. Prices for hay, barley, oats, and rye also surged because of the heat wave. Although affected by both the drought and by acreage reduction, corn prices were less volatile than soybean prices for several reasons. There is usually a fairly consistent ratio between the prices for corn and soybeans because they can substitute for each other in their primary use as feedstuffs. In the first half of the year, corn prices increased substan tially because of acreage reduction, while soybean prices were depressed by high inventories and a low volume of exports (due to the strong dollar). Consequently, a realign ment of these prices was expected. In the summer, corn price increases caused by the crop-damaging weather were moderated by high inventories from previous bumper har vests. Once prices started moving, the overdue correction for the abnormal shift in the corn-soybean price ratio also dampened com price increases while pulling up soybean prices. An abundant wheat crop, harvested for the most part before the onset of severely hot weather, caused prices to fall in July. The good harvest was augmented by the si multaneous release of payment-in-kind wheat stocks to farmers. Prices for wheat rose for the rest of the quarter, pulled up by other grain prices as well as by the base price for the U.S. loan program. Many farmers realized that they could net more dollars per bushel by borrowing against their wheat than by selling at the low July market price. Thus, less wheat was available for markets, and prices approached the loan program base price. Expanded livestock production combined with higher feed costs caused livestock farmers to cut back their herds and add to their already large marketings, bringing livestock prices down. Much grazing land for cattle was parched because of the drought, and prospective feed costs were likely to rise as well. As a result, cattle farmers reduced their large 1983 inventory by raising slaughter rates and cutting back breeding stock, which increased current mar ketings and lowered prices. Hog prices showed a brief in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis crease in August when hot weather prompted farmers to ship fewer hogs to market, to prevent suffocation in trans port. However, September prices resumed their long down ward trend begun early in the year. Live poultry stocks, which had already been reduced in the spring because of rising feed costs, experienced a slower rate of weight gain in the summer’s hot weather, further reducing marketings. The resulting sharp price increases were strengthened by reports of high mortality rates. Sensitive industrial materials. The index for crude non food materials other than energy rose 20.2 percent at & seasonally adjusted annual rate. Aluminum base scrap prices climbed very sharply for the third consecutive quarter on the strength of robust demand from the transportation and construction sectors. Prices for iron and steel scrap showed small increases as demand from steel mills remained steady. On the other hand, copper base scrap prices fell, reflecting the overall weakness in copper markets. Raw cotton prices continued to rise, as they had during the first half of the year; apparel demand improved, and cotton production was curtailed by the p i k program. Cattle hide prices advanced strongly, as good demand continued. However, the increase was smaller than in the second quarter because of expanded slaughtering. Prices for crude natural rubber turned up; demand increased and production was cut back in response to the second quarter’s excess supplies. Contrary to this general upward trend, potash prices plum meted. Demand for potash is tied to fertilizer needed for com plantings, which had been lowered by the spring acreage reduction. Large end-of-season surpluses of potash led to heavy discounting in early summer. Crude energy materials. Third quarter prices for crude energy materials showed the smallest decreases of the year. Natural gas prices fell for the second consecutive quarter. The index for natural gas reached a peak last March after steadily climbing for several years as a result of legislation phasing out price controls. In reaction to these rising prices, industrial users adjusted their demand downwards, in part by switching to residual fuel oil. These market changes began to be felt at the producer’s level during the second and third quarters. Also, the Canadian government lowered their export prices during the third quarter to preserve their share of the U.S. natural gas market. □ 79 Productivity Reports Productivity declined in 1982 in a majority of industries measured A rthur S. H erm an Productivity, as measured by output per employee hour, declined in 1982 in more than half of the industries for which the Bureau of Labor Statistics regularly publishes data. This falloff is in contrast to 1981, when most industries recorded productivity gains. The 1982 productivity drop in a majority of the industries is consistent with the situation in the nonfarm business sector of the economy, where pro ductivity declined 0.1 percent. Table 1 shows productivity trends in industries measured by the Bureau and includes new measures introduced for additional industries: miscellaneous plastics products, in struments to measure electricity, valves and pipefittings, fabricated pipe, red meat products (including separate meas ures for meatpacking plants and sausages), switchgear and switchboard apparatus, and apparel and accessory stores (including separate measures for men’s and boys’ clothing stores, women’s ready-to-wear clothing stores, family cloth ing stores, and shoe stores).1 Changes by industry greatest since the measure for this industry was begun in 1954. Other metal-related industries with large productivity drops included: metal forming machine tools ( - 13.1 per cent); copper rolling and drawing ( - 9 .4 percent); primary aluminum ( - 6.5 percent); primary copper ( - 4 .2 percent); and gray iron foundries ( - 4 . 0 percent). These industries recorded output declines of more than 20 percent in 1982. Many other manufacturing industries recorded large pro ductivity drops in 1982. Several of these can be attributed to the lowered construction activity in 1982: construction machinery, in which productivity declined 16.0 percent as output dropped steeply, 37.9 percent; brick and structural clay tile, with productivity down 11.9 percent and output down 26.0 percent; clay refractories, in which productivity fell 10.2 percent and output dropped 34.0 percent; and clay construction products, in which productivity decreased 6.1 percent and output fell 20.3 percent. Although some manufacturing industries posted produc tivity gains in 1982, most of these advances resulted from hours dropping more sharply than output. Among the in dustries with large increases were: metal cans (12.5 percent); glass containers (7.8 percent); household furniture (7.4 per cent); household refrigerators and freezers (6.6 percent); sawmills and planing mills (4.4 percent); corregated and solid fiber boxes, and folding paperboard boxes (both 4.1 percent); and flour and other grain mill products (4.0 per cent). Of these industries, only metal cans and flour had gains in output in 1982 and these were less than 1 percent. Manufacturing. The steel industry, one of the more im portant industries covered, had a steep 1982 productivity decline of 19.5 percent as output dropped sharply— 40.1 percent. These declines in productivity and output were the largest since the measure was begun in 1947. Demand fell in almost all steel markets, as the industry was severely affected by the economic slowdown. The 1982 productivity falloff in this industry is in contrast to a large gain (8.8 percent) in 1981. Another key industry, motor vehicle man ufacturing, posted a productivity gain of 5.7 percent in 1982, its second annual productivity increase after 3 years of de clines. A drop in output of motor vehicles of 6.5 percent was more than offset by a decline in employee hours. Many of the basic metal and metal fabricating industries also were adversely affected by the economic downturn and experienced large declines in productivity. Steel foundries had a productivity decrease of 21.5 percent, as output fell 41.2 percent. As in the basic steel industry, both the pro ductivity and the output drops in steel foundries were the Mining. With the exception of copper mining, all of the mining industries covered experienced productivity declines in 1982, whereas in 1981, all the industries except nonmetallic minerals posted gains. Iron mining (usable ore) had a large 1982 drop in productivity of 14.9 percent. Produc tivity decreased 7.5 percent in nonmetallic minerals, as out put fell 13.7 percent, because of the slowdown in construction activity. Construction is the major market for nonmetallic minerals. Productivity in coal mining dropped 5.2 percent as output was up slightly, but hours increased even more. On the other hand, copper mining (recoverable metal) re corded a large productivity increase of 14.5 percent. How ever, this gain was based on a very large decline in output of 25.9 percent, as demand for copper fell off sharply, and an even larger drop in hours as many mines were closed in 1982. Arthur S. Herman is an economist in the Office of Productivity and Tech nology, Bureau o f Labor Statistics. Transportation and utilities. Productivity changes were mixed among transportation and utility industries. Produc- 80 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 1. Indexes of output per employee hour in selected industries, 1977-82, and percent changes 1981-82 and 1977-82 A verag e In d u s try S IC c o d e 1 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 19822 P e rc e n t annual change, p e rc e n t 1 9 8 1 -8 2 change, 1 9 7 7 -8 2 M in in g 1011 10 1 1 10 2 1 1021 1 1 1 ,1 2 1 121 14 142 Iron mining, crude ore .............................. Iron mining, usable o re............................... Copper mining, crude ore ......................... Copper mining, recoverable m etal............. Coal mining ................................................ Bituminous coal and lignite mining .......... Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels .......... Crushed and broken stone......................... 2 0 1 1 ,1 3 2011 2013 2026 203 2033 204 2041 2043 2044 2045 2046 2 0 4 7 ,4 8 205 2 0 6 1 ,6 2 ,6 3 2 0 6 1 ,6 2 2063 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 1 6 .8 1 1 9 .2 1 0 9 .6 1 0 7 .6 1 0 6 .4 1 0 6 .7 1 0 4 .6 1 0 9 .0 1 2 5 .5 1 2 5 .6 1 0 8 .8 9 7 .8 9 9 .4 9 9 .6 1 0 2 .4 1 0 8 .4 1 2 9 .0 1 2 7 .5 9 9 .1 9 1 .3 1 1 2 .5 1 1 2 .6 9 6 .2 1 0 3 .3 1 3 9 .0 1 3 6 .8 1 0 1 .4 9 7 .2 1 2 2 .2 1 2 2 .7 9 6 .0 1 0 0 .7 Red meat products .................................... Meatpacking plants .................................... Sausages and other prepared meats . . . . Fluid m ilk...................................................... Preserved fruits and vegetables ............... Canned fruits and vegetables .................... Grain mill products .................................... Flour and other grain mill products.......... Cereal breakfast foods ............................... Rice milling ................................................ Blended and prepared flour ....................... Wet corn milling ......................................... Prepared feeds for animals and fowls . . . Bakery products ......................................... Sugar ........................................................... Raw and refined cane sugar....................... Beet sugar................................................... 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .1 1 0 1 .4 9 3 .6 1 0 8 .0 1 0 4 .4 1 0 3 .7 1 0 0 .4 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .7 9 2 .7 9 2 .5 1 0 2 .0 1 0 0 .8 9 7 .2 1 0 1 .0 1 0 0 .7 1 0 1 .2 1 0 2 .9 1 0 6 .5 9 4 .6 1 1 6 .3 9 9 .3 1 0 1 .4 1 0 2 .2 9 8 .5 1 0 7 .6 9 6 .3 9 1 .0 1 1 0 .8 1 0 2 .0 9 4 .1 1 0 9 .1 1 0 7 .3 1 1 0 .9 1 0 8 .1 1 1 0 .9 1 0 1 .8 1 2 4 .8 1 0 1 .2 1 0 0 .6 1 0 7 .5 9 9 .8 1 0 6 .5 1 1 1 .8 1 0 4 .8 1 2 9 .2 1 0 6 .2 9 2 .3 1 0 9 .1 1 0 7 .8 1 1 1 .7 1 0 9 .8 1 1 6 .8 9 4 .3 1 2 9 .3 9 9 .6 9 9 .7 1 1 2 .9 9 8 .8 1 1 0 .0 1 1 7 .9 1 0 4 .6 1 4 3 .8 1 1 2 .6 9 4 .3 1 1 1 .2 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .4 2082 2086 2 1 1 1 ,2 1 ,3 1 2 1 1 1 ,3 1 2121 2 2 5 1 ,5 2 2281 2421 2431 2 4 3 5 ,3 6 2435 2436 Malt beverages ........................................... Bottled and canned soft drinks.................. All tobacco products ................................. Cigarettes, chewing and smoking tobacco Cigars........................................................... Hosiery ........................................................ Nonwool yarn mills .................................... Sawmills and planing mills, general.......... Millwork ...................................................... Veneer and plywood.................................... Hardwood veneer and plywood.................. Softwood veneer and plywood .................. 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 4 .5 1 0 2 .8 1 0 3 .8 9 8 .2 1 0 1 .4 1 0 4 .2 1 0 1 .4 9 0 .4 1 0 1 .7 1 0 0 .7 1 0 2 .1 1 0 7 .4 1 0 5 .6 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .1 1 0 3 .7 1 0 6 .5 1 0 3 .9 1 0 4 .6 9 2 .3 9 4 .6 9 7 .8 9 3 .4 1 1 2 .1 1 0 9 .8 1 0 2 .2 1 0 1 .1 1 1 0 .3 1 0 5 .3 9 9 .8 1 0 1 .8 9 2 .7 1 0 2 .7 1 0 4 .1 1 0 2 .7 1 1 3 .0 1 1 4 .3 1 0 0 .6 9 8 .9 1 1 2 .5 1 1 8 .6 1 0 3 .2 1 0 4 .5 9 6 .9 1 0 7 .8 1 0 2 .2 1 1 2 .4 1 1 2 .7 1 1 7 .8 1 0 0 .3 9 8 .5 1 1 3 .0 1 1 5 .0 1 0 3 .1 1 0 9 .1 251 2 5 1 1 ,1 7 2512 2514 2515 252 2521 2522 2 6 1 1 ,2 1 , 3 1 ,6 1 2643 2651 2653 Household furniture .................................... Wood household furniture......................... Upholstered household furniture............... Metal household furniture ......................... Mattresses and bedsprings ....................... Office furniture ........................................... Wood office furniture ................................. Metal office furniture ................................. Paper, paperboard, and pulp mills .......... Paper and plastic bags ............................... Folding paperboard boxes ......................... Corrugated and solid fiberboard boxes . . . 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 4 .6 1 0 4 .9 1 0 8 .8 9 7 .4 1 0 1 .4 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .7 9 9 .9 1 0 3 .2 9 9 .9 1 0 2 .8 1 0 3 .5 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .5 1 0 4 .9 8 9 .9 1 0 2 .6 1 0 7 .3 1 1 0 .7 1 0 4 .8 1 0 5 .4 9 7 .6 1 0 1 .4 1 0 7 .1 9 9 .7 9 7 .1 1 0 1 .9 9 3 .1 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .5 1 0 9 .2 1 1 4 .4 1 0 5 .2 9 4 .0 9 7 .1 1 1 1 .3 1 0 2 .6 9 7 .0 1 1 0 .1 9 7 .9 1 1 3 .7 1 0 9 .1 9 9 .4 1 1 4 .7 1 0 5 .2 9 1 .7 9 8 .6 1 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .2 2 8 2 3 ,2 4 2834 2841 2844 2851 2911 301 3079 314 3221 3241 325 3 2 5 1 ,5 3 ,5 9 3251 3253 3255 3 2 7 1 ,7 2 3273 331 Synthetic fibers........................................... Pharmaceutical preparations....................... Soaps and detergents................................. Cosmetics and other toiletries .................. Paints and allied products......................... Petroleum refining...................................... Tires and inner tubes ................................. Miscellaneous plastics products ............... Footwear...................................................... Glass containers ......................................... Hydraulic cement......................................... Structural clay products ............................ Clay construction products ....................... Brick and structural clay tile ....................... Ceramic wall and floor tile ......................... Clay refractories ......................................... Concrete products ...................................... Ready-mixed concrete ............................... Steel ............................................................. 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 5 .2 9 9 .0 1 0 5 .2 9 9 .3 1 0 4 .7 1 0 1 .3 1 0 8 .8 1 0 0 .8 1 0 2 .5 1 0 1 .4 1 0 1 .3 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .6 9 6 .5 1 1 5 .3 1 0 2 .9 9 8 .6 1 0 3 .1 1 0 8 .3 1 1 5 .0 1 0 6 .4 1 0 4 .0 9 3 .1 1 0 5 .7 9 4 .9 1 0 9 .5 9 4 .8 1 0 0 .2 1 0 6 .7 9 6 .0 9 6 .1 9 2 .1 8 5 .8 1 1 1 .8 1 0 9 .1 9 4 .6 9 9 .9 1 0 6 .9 1 1 5 .7 1 0 7 .3 1 0 8 .4 8 2 .5 1 0 1 .8 9 4 .2 1 0 5 .6 9 5 .7 9 9 .1 1 1 2 .0 8 7 .0 9 7 .8 9 4 .8 8 5 .6 1 2 0 .3 1 0 8 .0 9 3 .2 9 3 .1 1 0 2 .9 1 2 0 .9 1 0 5 .8 1 0 5 .9 7 4 .9 1 0 2 .5 8 3 .7 1 2 3 .2 9 8 .5 9 7 .0 1 1 8 .7 9 1 .1 1 0 0 .9 9 8 .4 8 5 .2 1 2 6 .5 1 0 9 .0 9 2 .5 9 5 .4 1 1 2 .0 3321 3 3 2 4 ,2 5 3 3 3 1 ,3 2 , 3 3 Gray iron foundries .................................... Steel foundries ........................................... Primary copper, lead, and zin c .................. 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .1 9 8 .1 9 6 .5 9 6 .8 9 9 .4 1 0 6 .5 9 0 .8 9 9 .1 1 0 3 .7 9 2 .5 9 0 .8 1 1 8 .5 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .4 1 0 3 .1 1 1 1 .3 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .9 8 8 .8 9 6 .5 - 1 6 .5 1 4 .9 1 .7 1 4 .5 - 5 .2 - 4 .7 - 7 .5 - 4 .2 - - 3 .8 3 .5 0 .5 0 .5 3 .7 3 .9 2 .6 1 .3 M a n u fa c tu r in g (3) (3) () (3) 0 CM CO (3) 1 3 3 .4 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 1 0 2 .8 4 .0 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) - 2 .8 - 0 .7 - 2 .2 9 1 .7 1 1 0 .4 1 0 8 .7 1 1 3 .1 1 .5 - 0 .3 3 .1 0 .3 0 .4 0 .4 3 .0 0 .1 4 .4 - (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 7 .4 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 0 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 1 0 6 .6 1 .3 (3) (3) 1 0 2 .6 4 .1 4 .1 .1 1 4 . 7 1 0 5 .4 - (3) (3) 3 (3) 0 - 3 .7 - 1 .4 - 1 .0 (3) - 6 .1 9 8 .7 8 2 .5 1 2 2 .0 3 9 1 .1 1 2 7 .9 9 2 .0 9 3 .7 9 2 .4 7 5 .1 (3) 9 7 .9 7 .8 1 .0 - 7 .1 - 6 .1 - 1 1 .9 (3) - 10.2 0 0 9 0 .2 8 8 .8 7 1 .3 116.7 1 2 .8 (3) 2 .9 3 .3 0 .1 0 .7 3 .1 3 .4 0 .2 1 .4 4 - 0 .4 4 1 .6 40 .8 42 .4 - 1 .2 1 .4 4 1 .3 4 - 0 .9 43 .6 43 .0 40 . 7 44 .2 1 .1 4 - 2 .3 - 0 .1 2 .6 4 - 2 .0 42 .0 4 1 .5 4 - 7 .3 - 0 .5 - 4 .3 3 .9 4 - 0 .8 - 1 .8 5 .1 - 2 .4 - 1 .0 - 1 .4 - 5 .0 45 .3 0.2 1 9 .5 4 - 2 .1 4 - 1 .9 - 1 .3 4 .0 2 1 .5 - 1 .5 -2 7 -5 .4 4.0 0 0 - 42 .8 44 .1 4 - 0 .3 - 6 .0 4 - 0 .4 4 - 0 .4 43 .2 0 .2 42 .4 4 5 .3 4 2 .2 4 1 0 .1 42 .9 - 1 .5 2 .3 2 .1 2 .6 See foonotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 81 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Productivity Reports Table 1. Continued— Indexes of output per employee hour in selected industries, 1977-82, and percent changes 1981-82 and 1977-82 Industry SIC code1 Average annual percent change, 1977-82 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 99.4 99.6 100.3 104.6 102.3 113.3 99.7 98.5 101.5 103.6 104.3 105.3 124.4 103.8 99.3 99.4 108.1 95.8 98.3 103.5 93.1 98.6 98.0 101.3 96.1 96.5 99.3 119.2 97.1 90.0 99.9 80.7 87.5 91.3 -1 6 .0 -9 .3 - 8.1 -3 .9 -2 .5 -1 .7 88.0 76.5 -13.1 -5 .0 0 0 0 40.2 4 -0 .3 4 1.3 4 -3 .4 0.8 - 0.8 0 331 334 3351 3353,54,55 3411 3423 3441 3494 3498 352 3523 3524 3531 3541,42 3541 Primary copper........................................... Primary aluminum...................................... Copper rolling and drawing ....................... Aluminum rolling and drawing .................. Metal c a n s ................................................... Hand and edge tools ................................. Fabricated structural metal......................... Valves and pipe fittings............................... Fabricated pipe and fittings ....................... Farm and garden machinery....................... Farm machinery ......................................... Lawn and garden equipment .................... Construction machinery and equipment . . Machine to o ls.............................................. Metal cutting machine to o ls ....................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3542 3561,63 3561 3563 3562 3612 3613 3621 3631,32,33,39 Metal forming machine tools .................... Pumps and compressors............................ Pumps and pumping equipment............... Air and gas compressors............................ Ball and roller bearings............................... Transformers .............................................. Switchgear and switchboard apparatus . . . Motors and generators ............................... Major household appliances....................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.5 105.6 103.4 102.4 98.6 100.5 3631 3632 3633 3639 Household cooking equipment .................. Household refrigerators and freezers . . . . Household laundry equipment .................. Household appliances, not elsewhere classified ................................................ Electric lamps.............................................. Lighting fixtures ......................................... Radio and television receiving sets .......... Motor vehicles and equipment .................. Instruments to measure electricity............. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.3 98.4 102.3 108.5 112.2 103.4 114.3 108.2 102.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 104.0 103.0 104.3 106.2 95.0 118.2 98 5 99.0 101.6 104.7 102.9 98.3 98.6 96.6 113.1 101.7 107.3 107.9 3641 3645,46,47,48 3651 371 3825 Percent change, 1981-82 19822 100.6 100.4 100.9 100.7 102.0 101.0 104.3 90.1 103.3 98.4 108.6 105.8 102.5 103.6 113.9 100.3 101.9 103.1 99.9 102.6 101.1 100.6 113.1 99.7 100.3 100.2 98.4 102.5 100.7 106.1 105.3 108.5 102.7 97.9 108.9 100.0 95.0 101.9 102.6 99.0 101.9 101.4 89.9 96.3 94.0 107.0 97.4 98.7 100.9 92.4 99.6 96.9 105.5 94.7 110.8 102.6 94.9 105.9 104.7 93.9 116.4 92 2 106.3 102.7 100.6 121.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4 .2 -6 .5 -9 .4 0.5 12.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40.1 106.8 93.4 107.0 98.4 97.7 108.1 86.4 103.1 97.1 101.3 106.3 -7 .5 -3 .6 -1 .3 3.7 -1 .7 104.9 117.2 104.0 91.2 124.9 103.5 -13.1 103.9 108.8 89.4 126.9 95 0 109.1 113.0 111.5 85.1 111.7 107.6 90.9 98.7 92.5 104.9 115.9 109.7 92.7 6.6 -0 .5 8.8 2.5 -4 .8 0 0 0 0 100.4 4.3 - 0.1 -1 .7 -0 .4 3.3 4 - 1.0 4 - 0.2 40.7 4 -2 .5 4 - 0.8 4 -0 .9 5.7 1.4 - 1.1 4.8 0.5 1.7 2.0 -3 .3 45.2 -0 .5 42.4 Other 401 401 4111,31,414 PT 4213 PT 4213 PT 4511,21 PT 4612,13 4811 491,492,493 491,493 PT 492,493 PT 54 Railroad transportation, revenue traffic . . . Railroad transportation, car miles ............. Class I bus carriers .................................... Intercity trucking6 ...................................... Intercity trucking, general freight6 ............. Air transportation6 ...................................... Petroleum pipelines .................................... Telephone communications ....................... Gas and electric utilities ............................ Electric utilities ........................................... Gas utilities ................................................ Retail food stores7 ...................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 5511 5541 56 5611 5621 5651 5661 58 5912 602 7011 721 Franchised new-car dealers ....................... Gasoline service stations7 ......................... Apparel and accessory stores.7 ............... Men’s and boys’ clothing stores7 ............. Women's ready-to-wear stores7 ............... Family clothing stores7 ............................... Shoe stores7 .............................................. Eating and drinking places7 ....................... Drug and proprietary stores7 .................... Commercial banking.................................... Hotels, motels, and tourist courts7 .......... Laundry and cleaning services7 ............... 100.0 100.0 100 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 As defined in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1972 published by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. Preliminary data. 3Not available. Percent change, 1977-81. 5Rate of change is less than 0.05 percent. 60 utput per employee. 70 utput per hour of all persons. 82 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 104.5 102.8 96.7 99.8 98.6 109.3 101.7 105.8 98.2 96.8 101.4 96.0 110.8 97.6 95.4 103.4 98.3 98.6 104.5 94.6 109.8 110 0 112.0 105.4 111.3 96.4 108.7 99.3 102.3 110.5 115.0 99.6 101.2 103.1 100.6 111.2 99.4 102.9 99.3 102.4 94.0 100.8 94.3 87.9 106.2 93.0 118.1 96.2 94.0 102.1 101.3 99.5 108.3 116.4 110.0 116.2 109.6 107.7 99.5 105.6 92.7 98.6 87.7 86.0 124.4 94.4 93.1 98.0 100.7 96.6 111.7 123.6 117.5 124.3 116.3 109.3 97.2 104.7 90.6 96.7 85.0 0 0 114.4 85.9 130.1 90.0 89.8 90.2 101.6 97.0 119.7 129.4 118.6 130.1 114.9 115.2 98.9 103.3 0 90.1 87.1 3.8 2.8 2.0 2.0 1.9 -1 .5 4 - 0.8 4 -2 .7 1.4 -3 .8 5.5 -1 .9 -1 .9 - 1.8 0.7 0 0 9.1 - 0.1 4.6 -4 .7 -3 .5 - 8.0 0.9 0.4 7.2 4.7 0.9 4.7 - 1.2 5.4 1.7 -1 .3 0 - 6.8 2.5 -0 .5 3.1 4.9 3.4 48 3.9 2.0 -0 .3 0.7 4 - 2.8 -2 1 - 3 .6 N ote : Although the output per employee hour measures relate output to the hours of all employees engaged in each industry, they do not measure the specific contribution of labor, capital, or any other single factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint ef fects of many influences, including new technology, capital investment, the level of out put, capacity utilization, energy use, and managerial skills, as well as the skills and efforts of the work force. Some of these measures use a labor input series that is based on hours paid and some use a labor input series that is based on plant hours. tivity was up 9.1 percent in air transportation, as output grew 3.7 percent and employee hours fell 5.0 percent. In railroads (revenue traffic), productivity grew 3.8 percent. Although railroad output dropped 12.1 percent because of declines in freight and passenger service caused in part by the economic downturn, hours fell even more. This was the third consecutive year that railroad output declined. Pro ductivity grew 2.0 percent for bus carriers, as output was up 1.0 percent and hours fell 1.0 percent. The 1982 pro ductivity gain in this industry was in contrast to a sharp decline of 9.8 percent in 1981. In petroleum pipelines, pro ductivity dropped 0.1 percent, the third consecutive annual decline in this industry. Productivity was up 4.6 percent in the telephone com munications industry as output grew 2.9 percent and em ployee hours dropped 1.6 percent. This increase extended the gains in this industry which have been recorded since the measure was begun in 1951. Productivity continued to decline in gas utilities ( —8.0 percent) and electric utilities ( - 3 .5 percent) in 1982. Output of gas utilities fell 7.1 percent because of a lack of demand from the industrial sector which can be attributed to the economic slowdown; however, employee hours were up slightly, because of growth in the overall number of customers. In electric utilities, where output declines have been very unusual, output fell 0.5 percent, while hours were up slightly, resulting in the 1982 falloff. Trade and services. Productivity increased in most of the trade and service industries. Gasoline service stations posted a productivity advance of 7.2 percent as output grew slightly (0.9 percent), and employee hours fell 5.9 percent. Other industries with gains were: laundries and cleaning services (2.5 percent); eating and drinking places (1.7 percent); retail food stores (0.9 percent); and franchised new-car dealers (0.4 percent). However, productivity in the hotel and motel industry declined sharply, 6.8 percent. There was a large drop in output in this industry because of the economic slowdown, which affected both business and vacation travel, but hours were up slightly as new buildings were completed and staffed. Productivity also fell in the drug and proprietary store industry ( - 1 .3 percent). Trends, 1977-82 Except for metal forming machine tools, all the industries measured have recorded average annual rates of gain in productivity over the long term (1947-82 for many of the industries). However, over the more recent period, 1977— 82, nearly half of the industries posted declining rates of productivity. In addition, about three-quarters of the indus tries had lower rates of productivity during 1977-82 than in the preceding long-term period (1947-77 for many in dustries). This slowdown in productivity in the more current period matches the trend in the nonfarm business sector of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the economy, in which productivity recorded no growth from 1977 to 1982, compared with an average annual gain of 2.3 percent from 1947 to 1977. Gains. In recent years, the wet corn milling industry had the highest rate of productivity gain, an average of 10.1 percent per year from 1977 to 1981 (1982 data are not yet available). Output in this industry increased at the high rate of 8.6 percent per year as the markets for high fructose syrup, one of the industry’s key products, continued to expand. Especially noteworthy was the growth in demand for the syrup from the soft drink industry. During this pe riod, several new plants in the wet corn milling industry were opened and a significant amount of highly automatic manufacturing equipment came on line. The industry with the second highest rate of productivity growth was fluid milk, with an annual rate of gain of 6.0 percent from 1977 to 1982. Although output did not grow over the period, hours dropped sharply, as large new plants, using highly automatic computerized processing equipment, replaced older, less efficient plants. Other industries with high rates of growth were: telephone communications (5.5 percent); rice milling and ceramic wall and floor tile (both 5.3 percent from 1977 to 1981); radio and television sets (5.2 percent from 1977 to 1981); and glass containers (5.1 percent). Declines. Among the numerous industries with declining productivity rates over the more recent period, the largest falloff was in cosmetics— 7.3 percent annually from 1977 to 1981. Output in this industry dropped sharply, in contrast to its previous high rate of gain, partly because of the impact of the economic slowdown as consumers purchased fewer impulse and luxury items. Other industries with large declines during 1977-82 in cluded: steel foundries ( - 5 .4 percent); brick and structural clay tile and metal forming machine tools (both —5.0 per cent); petroleum refining ( —4.3 percent); construction ma chinery ( —3.9 percent); and petroleum pipelines ( - 3 .8 percent). Except for petroleum pipelines, these industries recorded average annual declines in output from 1977 to 1982. Many of these decreases were quite large. A full report, Productivity Measures for Selected Indus tries, 1954-82, b l s Bulletin 2189, is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. □ ---------- F O O T N O T E ---------1 For a detailed report on these industries, see the following M onthly L a b o r R eview articles: James D. York, “ Productivity growth in plastics lower than all manufacturing average,” September 1983, pp. 17-21; Bar bara J. Bingham, “ Instruments to measure electricity: industry’s produc tivity growth rises,” October 1983, pp. 11-17; and Horst Brand and Clyde Huffstutler, “ Productivity in two fabricated metals industries,” October 1983, pp. 18-24. Articles on the red meat products, switchgear, and apparel and accessory stores industries will appear in forthcoming issues of the R eview . 83 Major Agreements Expiring Next Month This list of selected collective bargaining agreements expiring in February is based on contracts on file in the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering 1,000 workers or more. Employer and location American Can Company (Interstate)........................................................ AMF Incorporated (York, Pa.) ................................................................. Industry Fabricated metal products . . . . Transportation equipment . . . . Labor organization1 Steelworkers............................................. Machinists ................................................ Number of workers 5,000 1,500 1,250 12,000 1,450 Campbell Soup Company (Camden, N .J .) ............................................... Continental Can Company, U.S.A. master agreement (Interstate) ......... Crown Cork & Seal Company, Inc. (Philadelphia, Pa.) ......................... Dennison Manufacturing Company, National Blank Book Company, Inc. (Holyoke, Mass.) ................................................................................. Printing and publishing........... Graphic Communications......................... 1,400 Exxon Company, U.S.A., Bayway Refinery and Exxon Chemicals Americas, Bayway Chemical Plant (Linden, N.J.) ............................. Petroleum ................................ Teamsters (Ind.) ....................................... 1,150 Fieldcrest Mills, Inc. (Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia) ............. Textiles.................................... Clothing and Textile Workers ................ 6,500 Grand Union Company, Weingarten Region (Houston, Tex.) ................ Retail trade ............................. Food and Commercial Workers .............. 2,100 Kroger Co. (Houston, T ex .)...................................................................... Retail trade ............................. Food and Commercial Workers .............. 3,250 Long Beach and Orange County Restaurant Association (California)......... Restaurants ............................. Midtown Realty Owners Association, Inc. (New York, N.Y.) .................. Real estate................................ Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees ........................................... Service Employees .................................. 3.500 2,500 Piper Aircraft Corporation (Lock Haven, Pa.) ............................................. Printing Industries of Metropolitan New York, Inc., Printers League Section (New York, N .Y .)...................................................................................... PPG Industries, Inc. (Maryland, Missouri, and Pennsylvania).................... Transportation equipment . . . . Machinists ................................................ 1,600 Printing and publishing........... Stone, clay, and glass products Graphic Communications......................... Aluminum, Brick and Glass Workers . . . 2,300 2,200 Quaker Oats Company (Cedar Rapids, Iowa) ............................................. Food products ......................... Retail, Wholesale and Department Store 1,050 Rochester Telephone Corporation (Rochester, N.Y.) .................................. Rohr Industries, Inc. (Chula Vista, Calif.) .................................................. Rohr Industries, Inc. (Riverside, Calif.) ...................................................... Communication ....................... Transportation equipment . . . . Transportation equipment . . . . Communications Workers ....................... Machinists ................................................ Machinists ................................................ 1,000 5,000 1,850 San Diego Gas and Electric Company (San Diego, Calif.) ......................... U tilities.................................... Electrical Workers ( ibew ) ....................... 2,300 Universal Manufacturing Corporation (Mendenhall, M iss.)......................... USAir, mechanics (Interstate)2 ...................................................................... Electrical products .................. Air transportation.................... Electrical Workers ( ibew ) ....................... Machinists ................................................ 1,600 1,900 Wean United, Inc. (Ohio and Pennsylvania) ............................................... White Consolidated Industries, Inc. Blaw-Knox Foundry & Mill Machinery, Inc. and Aetna-Standard Engineering Company (Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Indiana) ............................................................................... Machinery................................ Steelworkers.............................................. 1,300 Primary m etals......................... j Steelworkers.............................................. 2,500 'Affiliated with afl -cio except where noted as independent (Ind.). information is from newspaper reports. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Current Labor Statistics Notes on Current Labor S tatistics ..................................................................................................................................................... 86 Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series 86 Employment data from household survey. Definitions and n o te s ......................................................................... 87 87 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, selected years, 1950-82 .................................................................... Employment status of the population, including Armed Forces in the United States, by sex,seasonally adjusted . . . . Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin,seasonally ad ju sted ........................ Selected employment indicators, seasonally ad ju sted ...................................................................................................................... Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally ad ju sted ................................................................................................................. Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted ........................................................................................................... Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally ad ju sted .................................................................................. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted............................................................................................................................... Employment, hours, and earnings data from establishment surveys. Definitions and notes 9. 10., 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. . Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-82 ........................................................................................................................ Employment by State ............................................................................................................................................................................. Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ....................................................... Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-82 ........................................................................................... Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted .................................................. Hburly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group .................................................................................... Hourly Earnings Index, by industry division ................................................................................................................................... Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group .................................................................................... Indexes o f diffusion: industries in which employment in creased .................................................................................................. Unemployment insurance data. Definitions 18. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations 93 94 94 95 96 97 98 98 99 99 100 100 ....................................................................................................................................................... Consumer Price Index, 1967-82 .......................................................................................................................................................... Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, general summary and selected it e m s .................................................................... Consumer Price Index, cross-classification of region and population size c l a s s ....................................................................... Consumer Price Index, selected areas ................................................................................................................................................. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing ............................................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings .......................................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes, by special commodity groupings ............................................................................................................. Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product ............................................................................................................................. Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries ............................................................................................... 1 01 Productivity data. Definitions and notes 28. 29. 30. 31. 89 90 91 92 92 92 .................................................................................................... Price data. Definitions and notes 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 88 102 102 108 109 110 111 113 113 114 115 Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950-82 ......................... Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1972-82 .................................................... Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted .............................. Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation,unit costs, and p r ic e s................ 115 116 116 117 Wage and compensation data. Definitions and notes ............................................................................ Employment Cost Index, total compensation, by occupation and industry group .................................................................. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group .................................................................. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size ....................................... Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1978 to d a te ....................................................... Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1978 to date ..................... H8 119 120 121 122 122 Work stoppage data. Definition .................................................................................................................. 123 37. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date ............................................................................................... 123 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 85 NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS T his section o f the R eview presents the principal statistical series collected and calculated by the Bureau o f L abor Statistics. A brief introduction to each group o f tables provides definitions, notes on the data, sources, and other m aterial usually found in footnotes. R eaders who need additional inform ation are invited to consult the BLS regional offices listed on the inside front cover o f this issue o f the R eview . Som e general notes applicable to several series are given below . Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect of such factors as climatic conditions, industry pro duction schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods, and vacation practices, which might otherwise mask short-term movements o f the statistical series. Tables containing these data are identified as “ sea sonally adjusted.” Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 3 - 8 were revised in the February 1983 issue of the R eview , to reflect experience through 1982. Beginning in January 1980, the BLS introduced two major modifications in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data. First, the data are being seasonally adjusted with a new procedure called X -11 / ARIMA, which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard X -l 1 method. A detailed description of the procedure appears in The X - l I ARIMA Seasonal A djustm ent M eth od by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12-564E, February 1980). The second change is that seasonal factors are now being calculated for use during the first 6 months o f the year, rather than for the entire year, and then are calculated at mid-year for the July-December period. Revisions of historical data continue to be made only at the end of each calendar year. Annual revision of the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in tables 11, 13, and 15 were made in August 1981 using the X -l 1 ARIMA seasonal adjustment methodology. New seasonal factors for productivity data in tables 29 and 30 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month to month and from quarter to quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U .S. average. All Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Adjustments for price changes. Some data are adjusted to eliminate the effect of changes in price. These ad justments are made by dividing current dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate component of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of 150, where 1967 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1967 dollars is $2 ($3/150 X 100 = $2). The resulting values are described as “ real,” “ constant,” or “ 1967” dollars. Availability of information. Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a variety of sources. Press releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule given below. More information from household and establishment surveys is provided in E m ploym en t an d E arnings, a monthly publication o f the Bureau. Comparable household information is published in a two-volume data book-L a b o r Force Statistics D erived From the Current Population Su rvey, Bulletin 2096. Comparable establishment information appears in two data b o o k s-E m p lo y m en t a n d E arnings, U nited States, and E m ploy m ent an d E arnings, S tates an d A reas, and their annual supplements. More detailed information on wages and other aspects of collective bargaining appears in the monthly periodical. C urrent W age D evelopm en ts. More detailed price information is published each month in the periodicals, the C P I D e ta ile d R ep o rt and P rodu cer P rices an d P rice Indexes. Symbols p = preliminary. To improve the timeliness of some series, pre liminary figures are issued based on representative but in complete returns. r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability of later data but may also reflect other adjustments, n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. Schedule of release dates fc>r BLS statistical series Release date Series Period covered Release date Period covered Release date Period covered MLR table number 1 -1 1 E m p lo y m e n t s itu a t io n ..................................................... Ja n u a ry 6 Decem ber F e b ru a ry 3 J a n u a ry M a rc h 9 Fe b ru a ry P r o d u c e r P r ic e In d e x ..................................................... Ja n u a ry 13 Decem ber F e b ru a ry 1 0 Ja n u a ry M a rc h 16 Fe b ru a ry C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x ..................................................... Ja n u a ry 24 Decem ber F e b ru a ry 2 4 Ja n u a ry M a rc h 2 3 Fe b ru a ry R e a l e a r n i n g s ...................................................................... J a n u a ry 2 4 Decem ber F e b ru a ry 2 4 Ja n u a ry M a rc h 2 3 Fe b ru a ry M a jo r c o lle c tiv e b a r g a in in g s e t tle m e n ts . . . . Ja n u a ry 27 2 3 -2 7 1 9 -2 2 1 2 -1 6 1983 3 5 —3 6 P r o d u c t iv ity a n d c o s ts : N o n f a r m b u s in e s s a n d m a n u fa c t u r in g . . . J a n u a ry 3 0 4 th q u a r te r 2 8 -3 1 N o n f in a n c ia l c o r p o r a t i o n s ........................................ Fe b ru a ry 2 8 4 th q u a r te r 2 8 -3 1 E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x ................................................ U . S . Im p o r t a n d E x p o r t P r ic e In d e x e s 86 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . . . . J a n u a r y 31 4 th q u a r te r 3 2 -3 4 F e b ru a ry 8 4 t h q u a r te r EMPLOYMENT DATA FROM THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY rate for all civilian workers represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The labor force consists of all employed or unemployed civilians plus members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Persons not in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unemployed; this group includes persons who are retired, those engaged in their own housework, those not working while attending school, those unable to work because of long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work because of personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle. The noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years of age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sani tariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy, and members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. The labor force participation rate is the proportion of the noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The employment-population ratio is total employment (including the resident Armed Forces) as a percent of the noninstitutional population. E m p l o y m e n t d a t a in this section are obtained from the Current Population S urvey, a program o f personal interview s conducted m onthly by the Bureau o f the C ensus for the Bureau o f Labor Statistics. The sam ple consists o f about 6 0 ,000 households selected to represent the U .S population 16 years o f age and older. H ouse holds are interview ed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths o f the sam ple is the sam e for any 2 consecutive m onths. Definitions Employed persons include (1) all civilians who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. Members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States are also included in the em ployed total. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed. The overall unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force, including the resident Armed Forces. The unemployment 1. Notes on the data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the preceding years. These adjustments affect the compara bility of historical data presented in table 1. A description of these ad justments and their effect on the various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes of E m ploym en t an d E arnings. Data in tables 2 - 8 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal ex perience through December 1982. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-82 [Numbers in thousands] Labor force Year 1950 ...................... Noninsti tutional population 1 0 6 ,1 6 4 Employed Number 6 3 ,3 7 7 Percent ot population 5 9 .7 Total Resident Armed Forces Total Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent ot labor torce Not in labor force 5 6 .6 1 ,1 6 9 1955 ...................... 1 1 1 ,7 4 7 6 7 ,0 8 7 6 0 .0 6 4 ,2 3 4 5 7 .5 2 ,0 6 4 6 2 ,1 7 0 6 ,4 5 0 5 5 ,7 2 2 2 .8 5 2 4 .3 4 4 ,6 6 0 1960 ...................... 1 1 9 ,1 0 6 7 1 ,4 8 9 6 0 .0 6 7 ,6 3 9 5 6 .8 1 ,8 6 1 6 5 ,7 7 8 5 ,4 5 8 6 0 ,3 1 8 3 ,8 5 2 5 .4 4 6 ,6 1 7 1965 ...................... 1 2 8 ,4 5 9 5 9 .5 7 3 ,0 3 4 1 ,9 4 6 7 1 ,0 8 8 4 ,3 6 1 6 6 ,7 2 6 3 ,3 6 6 4 .4 5 2 ,0 5 8 1966 ...................... 1 3 0 ,1 8 0 7 7 ,8 9 2 5 9 .8 7 5 ,0 1 7 5 7 .6 2 ,1 2 2 7 2 ,8 9 5 3 ,9 7 9 6 8 ,9 1 5 2 .8 7 5 3 .7 5 2 ,2 8 8 1967 ...................... 1 3 2 ,0 9 2 7 9 ,5 6 5 6 0 .2 7 6 ,5 9 0 5 8 .0 2 ,2 1 8 7 4 ,3 7 2 3 ,8 4 4 7 0 ,5 2 7 2 .9 7 5 3 .7 5 2 ,5 2 7 1968 ...................... 1 3 4 ,2 8 1 8 0 ,9 9 0 6 0 .3 7 8 ,1 7 3 5 8 .2 2 ,2 5 3 7 5 ,9 2 0 3 ,8 1 7 7 2 ,1 0 3 2 ,8 1 7 3 .5 5 3 ,2 9 1 7 6 ,4 0 1 6 0 ,0 8 7 Percent ot population Unemployed Civilian 5 6 .9 5 8 ,9 1 8 7 ,1 6 0 5 1 ,7 5 8 3 ,2 8 8 5 .2 4 2 ,7 8 7 1969 ...................... 1 3 6 ,5 7 3 8 2 ,9 7 2 6 0 .8 8 0 ,1 4 0 5 8 .7 2 ,2 3 8 7 7 ,9 0 2 3 ,6 0 6 7 4 ,2 9 6 2 ,8 3 2 3 .4 5 3 ,6 0 2 1970 ...................... 1 3 9 ,2 0 3 8 4 ,8 8 9 6 1 .0 8 0 ,7 9 6 5 8 .0 2 ,1 1 8 7 8 ,6 7 8 3 ,4 6 3 7 5 ,2 1 5 4 ,0 9 3 4 .8 5 4 ,3 1 5 1971 ...................... 1 4 2 ,1 8 9 8 6 ,3 5 5 6 0 .7 8 1 ,3 4 0 5 7 .2 1 ,9 7 3 7 9 ,3 6 7 3 ,3 9 4 7 5 ,9 7 2 5 ,0 1 6 5 .8 5 5 ,8 3 4 1972 ...................... 1 4 5 ,9 3 9 8 8 ,8 4 7 6 0 .9 8 3 ,9 6 6 5 7 .5 1 ,8 1 3 8 2 ,1 5 3 3 ,4 8 4 7 8 ,6 6 9 4 ,8 8 2 5 .5 5 7 ,0 9 1 1973 ...................... 1 4 8 ,8 7 0 9 1 ,2 0 3 6 1 .3 8 6 ,8 3 8 5 8 .3 1 ,7 7 4 8 5 ,0 6 4 3 ,4 7 0 8 1 ,5 9 4 4 ,3 5 5 4 .8 5 7 ,6 6 7 1974 ...................... 1 5 1 ,8 4 1 9 3 ,6 7 0 6 1 .7 8 8 ,5 1 5 5 8 .3 1 ,7 2 1 8 6 ,7 9 4 3 ,5 1 5 8 3 ,2 7 9 5 ,1 5 6 5 .5 5 8 ,1 7 1 1975 ...................... 1 5 4 ,8 3 1 9 5 ,4 5 3 6 1 .6 8 7 ,5 2 4 5 6 .5 1 ,6 7 8 8 5 ,8 4 5 3 ,4 0 8 8 2 ,4 3 8 7 ,9 2 9 8 .3 5 9 ,3 7 7 1976 ...................... 1 5 7 ,8 1 8 9 7 ,8 2 6 6 2 .0 9 0 ,4 2 0 5 7 .3 1 ,6 6 8 8 8 ,7 5 2 3 ,3 3 1 8 5 ,4 2 1 7 ,4 0 6 7 .6 5 9 ,9 9 1 1977 ...................... 1 6 0 ,6 8 9 1 0 0 ,6 6 5 6 2 .6 9 3 ,6 7 3 5 8 .3 1 ,6 5 6 9 2 ,0 1 7 3 ,2 8 3 8 8 ,7 3 4 6 ,9 9 1 6 .9 6 0 ,0 2 5 1978 ...................... 1 5 3 ,5 4 1 1 0 3 ,8 8 2 6 3 .5 9 7 ,6 7 9 5 9 .7 1 ,6 3 1 9 6 ,0 4 8 3 ,3 8 7 9 2 ,6 6 1 6 ,2 0 2 6 .0 5 9 ,6 5 9 1979 ...................... 1 6 6 ,4 6 0 1 0 6 ,5 5 9 6 4 .0 1 0 0 ,4 2 1 6 0 .3 1 ,5 9 7 9 8 ,8 2 4 3 ,3 4 7 9 5 ,4 7 7 6 ,1 3 7 5 .8 5 9 ,9 0 0 5 9 .6 1 ,6 0 4 9 9 ,3 0 3 3 ,3 6 4 9 5 ,9 3 8 7 ,6 3 7 7 .0 6 0 ,8 0 6 1980 ...................... 1 6 9 ,3 4 9 1 0 8 ,5 4 4 6 4 .1 1 0 0 ,9 0 7 1981 ...................... 1 7 1 ,7 7 5 1 1 0 ,3 1 5 6 5 .2 1 0 2 ,0 4 2 5 9 .4 1 ,6 4 5 1 0 0 ,3 9 7 3 ,3 6 8 9 7 ,0 3 0 8 ,2 7 3 7 .5 6 1 ,4 6 0 1982 ...................... 1 7 3 ,9 3 9 1 1 1 ,8 7 2 6 4 .3 1 0 1 ,1 9 4 5 8 .2 1 ,6 6 8 9 9 ,5 2 6 3 ,4 0 1 9 6 ,1 2 5 1 0 ,5 7 8 9 .5 6 2 ,0 6 7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 87 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 2. Employment status of the population, including Armed Forces in the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] 1982 Annual average Employment status and sex 1981 1982 Nov. 1983 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. TOTAL N o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1 ' 2 L a b o r fo rc e 2 ................................... 1 7 1 ,7 7 5 1 7 3 ,9 3 9 1 7 4 ,7 1 8 1 7 4 ,8 6 4 1 7 5 ,0 2 1 1 7 5 ,1 6 9 1 7 5 ,3 2 0 1 7 5 ,4 6 5 1 7 5 ,6 2 2 1 7 5 ,7 9 3 1 7 5 ,9 7 0 1 7 6 ,1 2 2 1 7 6 ,2 9 7 1 7 6 ,4 7 4 1 7 6 ,6 3 6 ...................................................................... 1 1 0 ,3 1 5 1 1 1 ,8 7 2 1 1 2 ,7 0 2 1 1 2 ,7 9 4 1 1 2 ,2 1 5 1 1 2 ,2 1 7 1 1 2 ,1 4 8 1 1 2 ,4 5 7 1 1 2 ,4 1 8 1 1 3 ,6 0 0 1 1 3 ,5 3 9 1 1 3 ,9 4 3 1 1 4 ,0 6 3 1 1 3 ,5 1 0 1 1 3 ,7 2 1 6 4 .2 6 4 .3 6 4 .5 6 4 .5 6 4 .1 6 4 .1 6 4 .0 6 4 .1 6 4 .0 6 4 .6 6 4 .5 6 4 .7 6 4 .7 6 4 .3 6 4 .4 1 0 2 ,0 4 2 1 0 1 ,1 9 4 1 0 0 ,7 9 6 1 0 0 ,7 5 8 1 0 0 ,7 7 0 1 0 0 ,7 2 7 1 0 0 ,7 6 7 1 0 1 ,1 2 9 1 0 1 ,2 2 6 1 0 2 ,4 5 4 1 0 2 ,9 4 9 1 0 3 ,2 4 5 1 0 3 ,6 4 0 1 0 3 ,6 2 3 1 0 4 ,3 5 6 5 9 .4 5 8 .2 5 7 .7 5 7 .6 5 7 .6 5 7 .5 5 7 .5 5 7 .6 5 7 .6 5 8 .3 5 8 .5 5 8 .6 5 8 .8 5 8 .7 5 9 .1 P a r tic ip a tio n r a te 3 ....................................... T o ta l e m p lo y e d 2 E m p lo y m e n t -p o p u la t io n 4 R e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s 1 ...................... ............................... 1 ,6 4 5 1 ,6 6 8 1 ,6 6 0 1 ,6 6 5 1 ,6 6 7 1 ,6 6 4 1 ,6 6 4 1 ,6 7 1 1 ,6 6 9 1 ,6 6 8 1 ,6 6 4 1 ,6 8 2 1 ,6 9 5 1 ,6 9 5 1 ,6 8 5 C iv ilia n e m p l o y e d ................................................ 1 0 0 ,3 9 7 9 9 ,5 2 6 9 9 ,1 3 6 9 9 ,0 9 3 9 9 ,1 0 3 9 9 ,0 6 3 9 9 ,1 0 3 9 9 ,4 5 8 9 9 ,5 5 7 1 0 0 ,7 8 6 1 0 1 ,2 8 5 1 0 1 ,5 6 3 1 0 1 ,9 4 5 1 0 1 ,9 2 8 1 0 2 ,6 7 1 A g r ic u ltu r e ......................................................... 3 ,3 6 8 3 ,4 0 1 3 ,4 6 6 3 ,4 1 1 3 ,4 1 2 3 ,3 9 3 3 ,3 7 5 3 ,3 7 1 3 ,3 6 7 3 ,5 2 2 3 ,5 2 7 3 ,4 8 9 3 ,2 9 0 3 ,2 0 2 3 ,2 3 2 N o n a g ric u lt u r a l i n d u s t r i e s ...................... 9 7 ,0 3 0 9 6 ,1 2 5 9 5 ,6 7 0 9 5 ,6 8 2 9 5 ,6 9 1 9 5 ,6 7 0 9 5 ,7 2 9 9 6 ,0 8 8 9 6 ,1 9 0 9 7 ,2 6 4 9 7 ,7 5 8 9 8 ,0 7 4 9 8 ,6 5 5 9 8 ,7 2 6 9 9 ,4 4 0 U n e m p l o y e d .................................................................. U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e 5 ................................... N o t in la b o r f o r c e ......................................................... 8 ,2 7 3 1 0 ,6 7 8 1 1 ,9 0 6 1 2 ,0 3 6 1 1 ,4 4 6 1 1 ,4 9 0 1 1 ,3 8 1 1 1 ,3 2 8 1 1 ,1 9 2 1 1 ,1 4 6 1 0 ,5 9 0 1 0 ,6 9 9 1 0 ,4 2 3 9 ,8 8 6 9 ,3 6 4 7 .5 9 .5 1 0 .6 1 0 .7 1 0 .2 1 0 .2 1 0 .1 1 0 .1 1 0 .0 9 .8 9 .3 9 .4 9 .1 8 .7 8 .2 6 1 ,4 6 0 6 2 ,0 6 7 6 2 ,0 1 6 6 2 ,0 7 0 6 2 ,8 0 6 6 2 ,9 5 2 6 3 ,1 7 2 6 3 ,0 0 8 6 3 ,2 0 4 6 2 ,1 9 3 6 2 ,4 3 1 6 2 ,1 7 9 6 2 ,2 3 4 6 2 ,9 6 5 6 2 ,9 1 6 Men, 16 years and over N o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1 ' 2 L ab o r fo rc e 2 ................................... 8 2 ,0 2 3 8 3 ,0 5 2 8 3 ,4 0 2 8 3 ,5 8 1 8 3 ,6 5 2 8 3 ,7 2 0 8 3 ,7 8 9 8 3 ,8 5 6 8 3 ,9 3 1 8 4 ,0 1 4 8 4 ,0 9 9 8 4 ,1 7 3 8 4 ,2 6 1 8 4 ,3 4 4 8 4 ,4 2 3 ...................................................................... 6 3 ,4 8 6 6 3 ,9 7 9 6 4 ,4 1 4 6 4 ,3 8 4 6 3 ,9 1 6 6 3 ,9 9 6 6 3 ,9 5 7 6 4 ,2 0 7 6 4 ,2 7 6 6 4 ,8 1 6 6 4 ,8 6 4 6 4 ,8 1 4 6 4 ,9 4 4 6 4 ,6 9 0 6 4 ,8 8 5 ....................................... 7 7 .4 7 7 .0 7 7 .2 7 7 .0 7 6 .4 7 6 .4 7 6 .3 7 6 .6 7 6 .6 7 7 .1 7 7 .1 7 7 .0 7 7 .1 7 6 .7 7 6 .9 T o ta l e m p lo y e d 2 ......................................................... 5 8 ,9 0 9 5 7 ,8 0 0 5 7 ,4 0 8 5 7 ,3 3 8 5 7 ,2 8 3 5 7 ,2 3 4 5 7 ,3 0 0 5 7 ,4 7 6 5 7 ,6 5 6 5 8 .4 6 4 5 8 ,6 2 5 5 8 ,5 7 0 5 8 ,8 2 6 5 8 ,9 1 2 5 9 ,4 3 8 7 1 .8 6 9 .6 5 8 .8 6 8 .6 6 8 .5 6 8 .4 6 8 .4 6 8 .5 6 8 .7 6 9 .6 6 9 .7 6 9 .6 6 9 .8 6 9 .8 7 0 .4 P a r tic ip a tio n r a te 3 E m p lo y m e n t -p o p u la t io n r a te 4 R e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s 1 . . . . ............................... 1 ,5 1 2 1 ,5 2 7 1 ,5 1 6 1 ,5 2 9 1 ,5 3 1 1 ,5 2 8 1 ,5 2 8 1 ,5 3 0 1 ,5 2 8 1 ,5 2 5 1 ,5 2 1 1 ,5 3 8 1 ,5 4 9 1 ,5 4 3 1 ,5 3 4 C iv ilia n e m p l o y e d ................................................ 5 7 ,3 9 7 5 6 ,2 7 1 5 5 ,8 9 2 5 5 ,8 0 9 5 5 ,7 5 2 5 5 ,7 0 6 5 5 ,7 7 2 5 5 ,9 4 6 5 6 ,1 2 8 5 6 ,9 3 9 5 7 ,1 0 4 5 7 ,0 3 2 5 7 ,2 7 7 5 7 ,3 6 9 5 7 ,9 0 4 U n e m p l o y e d .................................................................. 4 ,5 7 7 6 ,1 7 9 7 ,0 0 6 7 ,0 4 6 6 ,6 3 3 6 ,7 6 2 6 ,6 5 7 6 ,7 3 1 6 ,6 2 0 6 ,3 5 1 6 ,2 3 8 6 ,2 4 4 6 ,1 1 8 5 ,7 7 8 5 ,4 4 7 U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te 5 ................................... 7 .2 9 .7 1 0 .9 1 0 .9 1 0 .4 1 0 .6 1 0 .4 1 0 .5 1 0 .3 9 .8 9 .6 9 .6 9 .4 8 .9 8 .4 Women, 16 years and over N o n in s t it u tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1 ' 2 L ab o r fo rc e 2 ................................... 8 9 ,7 5 1 9 0 ,8 8 7 9 1 ,3 1 6 9 1 ,2 8 3 9 1 ,3 6 9 9 1 ,4 4 9 9 1 ,5 3 2 9 1 ,6 0 9 9 1 ,6 9 1 9 1 ,7 7 9 9 1 ,8 7 1 9 1 ,9 4 9 9 2 ,0 3 6 9 2 ,1 2 9 9 2 ,2 1 4 ...................................................................... 4 6 ,8 2 9 4 7 ,8 9 4 4 8 ,2 8 8 4 8 ,4 1 0 4 8 ,2 9 9 4 8 ,2 2 0 4 8 ,1 9 1 4 8 ,2 5 1 4 8 ,1 4 2 4 8 ,7 8 4 4 8 ,6 7 5 4 9 ,1 3 0 4 9 ,1 1 9 4 8 ,8 1 9 4 8 ,8 3 6 5 2 .2 5 2 .7 4 2 .9 4 3 .0 5 2 .9 5 2 .7 5 2 .6 5 2 .7 5 2 .5 5 3 .2 5 3 .0 5 3 .4 5 3 .4 5 3 .0 5 3 .0 4 3 ,1 3 3 4 3 ,3 9 5 4 3 ,3 8 8 4 3 ,4 2 0 4 3 ,4 8 6 4 3 ,4 9 3 3 ,4 6 7 4 3 ,6 5 3 4 3 ,5 6 9 4 3 ,9 9 0 4 4 ,3 2 4 4 4 ,6 7 5 4 4 ,8 1 4 4 4 ,7 1 2 4 4 ,9 1 8 4 8 .1 4 7 .7 4 7 .5 4 7 .6 4 7 .6 4 7 .6 4 7 .5 4 7 .7 4 7 .5 4 7 .9 4 8 .2 4 8 .6 4 8 .7 4 8 .5 4 8 .7 P a r tic ip a tio n r a te 3 ........................................ T o ta l e m p lo y e d 2 ......................................................... E m p lo y m e n t -p o p u la t io n r a te 4 R e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s 1 . . . . ............................... 133 139 144 136 136 136 136 1 41 14 1 143 143 144 146 152 151 C iv ilia n e m p l o y e d ................................................ 4 3 ,0 0 0 4 3 ,2 5 6 4 3 ,2 4 4 4 3 ,2 8 4 4 3 ,3 5 0 4 3 ,3 5 7 4 3 ,3 3 1 4 3 ,5 1 2 4 3 ,4 2 8 4 3 ,8 4 7 4 4 ,1 8 1 4 4 ,5 3 1 4 4 ,6 6 8 4 4 ,5 6 0 4 4 ,7 6 7 U n e m p l o y e d .................................................................. 3 ,6 9 6 4 ,4 9 9 4 ,9 0 0 4 ,9 9 0 4 ,8 1 3 4 ,7 2 7 4 ,7 2 4 4 ,5 9 7 4 ,5 7 2 4 ,9 9 5 4 ,3 5 1 4 ,4 5 5 4 ,3 0 5 4 ,1 0 8 3 ,9 1 7 U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e 5 ................................... 7 .9 9 .4 1 0 .1 1 0 .3 1 0 .0 9 .8 9 .8 9 .5 9 .5 9 .8 8 .9 9 .1 8 .8 8 .4 8 .0 1 T h e p o p u la tio n a n d A r m e d F o rc e s fig u r e s a r e n o t a d ju s te d f o r s e a s o n a l v a r ia t io n . 4 T o ta l e m p lo y e d a s a p e r c e n t o f th e n o n in s tit u tio n a l p o p u la tio n . 2 In c lu d e s m e m b e r s o f th e A r m e d F o rc e s s ta tio n e d in th e U n ite d S ta te s . U n e m p l o y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e la b o r f o r c e (in c lu d in g t h e r e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s ). 3 L a b o r f o r c e a s a p e r c e n t o f th e n o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u la tio n . 88 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted [ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ] Annual average 1981 1983 1982 1982 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. TOTAL ...................... 1 7 0 ,1 3 0 1 7 2 ,2 7 1 1 7 3 ,0 5 8 1 7 3 ,1 9 9 1 7 3 ,3 5 4 1 7 3 ,3 0 5 1 7 3 ,6 5 6 1 7 3 ,7 9 4 1 7 3 ,9 5 3 1 7 4 ,1 2 5 1 7 4 ,3 0 6 1 7 4 ,4 4 0 1 7 4 ,6 0 2 1 7 4 ,7 7 9 1 7 4 ,9 5 1 C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ......................................................... 1 0 8 ,6 7 0 1 1 0 ,2 0 4 1 1 1 ,0 4 2 1 1 1 ,1 2 9 1 1 0 ,5 4 8 1 1 0 ,5 5 3 1 1 0 ,4 8 4 1 1 0 ,7 8 6 1 1 0 ,7 4 9 1 1 1 ,9 3 2 1 1 1 ,8 7 5 1 1 2 ,2 6 1 1 1 2 ,3 6 8 1 1 1 ,8 1 5 1 1 2 ,0 3 6 P a r t ic ip a tio n r a t e ............................................ 6 3 .9 6 4 .0 6 4 .2 6 4 .2 6 3 .8 6 3 .7 6 3 .6 6 3 .7 6 3 .7 6 4 .3 6 4 .2 6 4 .4 6 4 .4 6 4 .0 6 4 .0 1 0 0 ,3 9 7 9 9 ,5 2 6 9 9 ,1 3 6 9 9 ,0 9 3 9 9 ,1 0 3 9 9 ,0 6 3 9 9 ,1 0 3 9 9 ,4 5 8 9 9 ,5 5 7 1 0 0 ,7 8 6 1 0 1 ,2 8 5 1 0 1 ,5 6 3 1 0 1 ,9 4 5 1 0 1 ,9 2 8 1 0 2 ,6 7 1 C iv ilia n n o n in s tit u tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1 E m p lo y e d ....................................................................... E m p lo y m e n t -p o p u la t io n r a tio 2 . . . . 5 9 .0 N o n a g ric u lt u r a l In d u s tr ie s .......................... 5 7 .3 5 7 .2 5 7 .2 5 7 .1 5 7 .1 5 7 .2 5 7 .2 5 7 .9 5 8 .1 5 8 .2 5 8 .4 5 8 .3 5 8 .7 3 ,4 0 1 3 ,4 6 6 3 ,4 1 1 3 ,4 1 2 3 ,3 9 3 3 ,3 7 5 3 ,3 7 1 3 ,3 6 7 3 ,5 2 2 3 ,5 2 7 3 ,4 8 9 3 ,2 9 0 3 ,2 0 2 3 ,2 3 2 9 6 ,1 2 5 9 5 ,6 7 0 9 5 ,6 8 2 9 5 ,6 9 1 9 5 ,6 7 0 9 5 ,7 2 9 9 6 ,0 8 8 9 6 ,1 9 0 9 7 ,2 6 4 9 7 ,7 5 8 9 8 ,0 7 4 9 8 ,6 5 5 9 8 ,7 2 6 9 9 ,4 4 0 9 ,3 6 4 8 ,2 7 3 U n e m p l o y e d .................................................................. 1 0 ,6 7 8 1 1 ,9 0 6 1 2 ,0 3 6 1 1 ,4 4 6 1 1 ,4 9 0 1 1 ,3 8 1 1 1 ,3 2 8 1 1 ,1 9 2 1 1 ,1 4 6 1 0 ,5 9 0 1 0 ,6 9 9 1 0 ,4 2 3 9 ,8 8 6 ................................... 7 .6 9 .7 1 0 .7 1 0 .8 1 0 .4 1 0 .4 1 0 .3 1 0 .2 1 0 .1 1 0 .0 9 .5 9 .5 9 .3 8 .8 8 .4 ......................................................... 6 1 ,4 6 0 6 2 ,0 6 7 6 2 ,0 1 6 6 2 ,0 7 0 6 2 ,8 0 6 6 2 ,9 5 2 6 3 ,1 7 2 6 3 ,0 0 8 6 3 ,2 0 4 6 2 ,1 9 3 6 2 ,4 3 1 6 2 ,1 7 9 6 2 ,2 3 4 6 2 ,9 6 4 6 2 ,9 1 5 U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te N o t in la b o r f o r c e 5 7 .8 3 3 ,6 8 9 7 ,0 3 0 A g r i c u lt u r e .................................................................. Men, 20 years and over ...................... 7 2 ,4 1 9 7 3 ,6 4 4 7 4 ,0 9 4 7 4 ,2 3 6 7 4 ,3 3 9 7 4 ,4 3 4 7 4 ,5 2 8 7 4 ,6 1 1 7 4 ,7 1 2 7 4 ,8 1 4 7 4 ,9 2 7 7 5 ,0 1 2 7 5 ,1 1 5 7 5 ,2 1 6 7 5 ,3 2 7 C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ......................................................... 5 7 ,1 9 7 5 7 ,9 8 0 5 8 ,4 5 4 5 8 ,4 4 3 5 8 ,0 4 8 5 8 ,1 7 7 5 8 ,1 7 0 5 8 ,4 5 4 5 8 ,5 0 6 5 8 ,8 0 4 5 9 ,0 1 6 5 8 ,9 4 5 5 9 ,0 5 3 5 8 ,9 4 7 5 9 ,1 0 3 P a r t ic ip a tio n r a t e ............................................ 7 9 .0 7 8 .7 7 8 .9 7 8 .7 7 8 .1 7 8 .2 7 8 .1 7 8 .3 7 8 .3 7 8 .6 7 8 .8 7 8 .6 7 8 .6 7 8 .4 7 8 .5 5 3 ,5 8 2 5 2 ,8 9 1 5 2 ,5 8 9 5 2 ,5 3 4 5 2 ,4 5 2 5 2 ,4 2 8 5 2 ,5 8 9 5 2 ,7 5 2 5 2 ,9 0 1 5 3 ,5 1 6 5 3 ,8 0 8 5 3 ,7 7 1 5 3 ,9 2 8 5 4 ,1 2 1 5 4 ,5 0 3 7 4 .0 7 1 .8 7 1 .0 70 8 7 0 .6 7 0 .4 7 0 .6 7 0 .7 7 0 .8 7 1 .5 7 1 .8 7 1 .7 7 1 .8 7 2 .0 7 2 .4 2 ,3 8 4 2 ,4 2 2 2 ,4 3 4 2 ,3 8 9 2 ,4 2 6 2 ,3 7 4 2 ,4 2 0 2 ,4 0 4 2 ,4 4 3 2 ,5 2 9 2 ,5 4 4 2 ,4 9 6 2 ,4 3 1 2 ,3 6 2 2 ,3 1 9 .......................... 5 1 ,1 9 9 5 0 ,4 6 9 5 0 ,1 5 5 5 0 ,1 4 5 5 0 ,0 2 5 5 0 ,0 5 4 5 0 ,1 6 9 5 0 ,3 4 8 5 0 ,4 5 8 5 0 .9 8 7 5 1 ,2 6 4 5 1 ,2 7 5 5 1 ,4 9 7 5 1 ,7 5 8 5 2 ,1 8 5 U n e m p l o y e d .................................................................. 3 ,6 1 5 5 ,0 8 9 5 ,8 6 5 5 ,9 0 9 5 ,5 9 7 5 ,7 4 9 5 ,5 8 1 5 ,7 0 2 5 ,6 0 5 5 ,2 8 8 5 ,2 0 8 5 ,1 7 4 5 ,1 2 5 4 ,8 2 6 4 ,6 0 0 6 .3 8 .8 1 0 .0 1 0 .1 9 .6 9 .9 9 .6 9 .8 9 .6 9 .0 8 .8 8 .8 8 .7 8 .2 7 .8 C iv ilia n n o n in s tit u tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1 E m p lo y e d .................................................................. E m p lo y m e n t -p o p u la t io n r a tio 2 . . . . A g r i c u lt u r e .................................................................. N o n a g ric u lt u r a l in d u s tr ie s U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te ................................... Women, 20 years and over C iv ilia n n o n in s tit u tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1 ...................... 8 1 ,4 9 7 8 2 ,8 6 4 8 3 ,3 8 5 8 3 ,3 8 3 8 3 ,4 9 0 8 3 ,5 9 3 8 3 ,6 9 9 8 3 ,7 9 4 8 3 ,8 9 9 8 4 ,0 0 8 8 4 ,1 2 2 8 4 ,2 2 4 8 4 ,3 3 3 8 4 ,4 4 3 8 4 ,5 5 3 C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ......................................................... 4 2 ,4 8 5 4 3 ,6 9 9 4 4 ,1 1 2 4 4 ,2 8 6 4 4 ,2 0 1 4 4 ,2 1 6 4 4 ,1 6 6 4 4 ,2 3 8 4 4 ,2 2 8 4 4 ,6 4 8 4 4 ,6 8 5 4 5 ,0 0 3 4 5 ,1 3 2 4 4 ,9 3 0 4 4 ,9 3 6 P a r tic ip a tio n r a t e ............................................ 5 2 .1 5 2 .7 5 2 .9 5 3 .1 5 2 .9 5 2 .9 5 2 .8 5 2 .8 5 2 .7 5 3 .1 5 3 .1 5 3 .4 5 3 .5 5 3 .2 5 3 .1 3 9 ,5 9 0 4 0 ,0 8 6 4 0 ,1 2 3 4 0 ,2 1 5 4 0 ,2 3 8 4 0 ,2 9 1 4 0 ,2 7 7 4 0 ,5 0 9 4 0 ,4 8 4 4 0 ,7 8 9 4 1 ,1 6 4 4 1 ,3 9 4 4 1 ,6 1 4 4 1 ,5 8 3 4 1 ,7 6 5 4 8 .6 4 8 .4 4 8 .1 4 8 .2 4 8 .2 4 8 .2 4 8 .1 4 8 .3 4 8 .3 4 8 .6 E m p lo y e d .................................................................. E m p lo y m e n t -p o p u la t io n r a tio 2 . . . . A g r i c u lt u r e .................................................................. 4 8 .9 4 9 .1 4 9 .3 4 9 .2 4 9 .4 604 601 590 628 625 657 647 622 597 636 607 630 574 581 643 .......................... 3 8 ,9 8 6 3 9 ,4 8 5 3 9 ,5 3 3 3 9 ,5 8 7 3 9 ,6 1 3 3 9 ,6 3 4 3 9 ,6 3 0 3 9 ,8 8 6 3 9 ,8 8 7 4 0 ,1 5 3 4 0 ,5 5 7 4 0 ,7 6 4 4 1 ,0 4 0 4 1 ,0 0 2 4 1 ,1 2 2 U n e m p l o y e d .................................................................. 2 ,8 9 5 3 ,6 1 3 3 ,9 8 9 4 ,0 7 1 3 ,9 6 3 3 ,9 2 5 3 ,8 8 9 3 ,7 2 9 3 ,7 4 4 3 ,8 5 9 3 ,5 2 1 3 ,6 0 9 3 ,5 1 8 3 ,3 4 7 3 ,1 7 0 6 .8 8 .3 9 .0 9 .2 9 .0 8 .9 8 .8 8 .4 8 .5 8 .6 7 .9 8 .0 7 .8 7 ,4 7 .1 N o n a g ric u lt u r a l in d u s tr ie s U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te ................................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years C iv ilia n n o n in s tit u tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1 ...................... 1 6 ,2 1 4 1 5 ,7 6 3 1 5 ,5 7 9 1 5 ,5 8 0 1 5 ,5 2 5 1 5 ,4 7 8 1 5 ,4 2 9 1 5 ,3 8 9 1 5 ,3 4 2 1 5 ,3 0 3 1 5 ,2 5 7 1 5 ,2 0 4 1 5 ,1 5 4 1 5 ,1 2 0 1 5 ,0 7 2 C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ......................................................... 8 ,9 8 8 8 ,5 2 6 8 ,4 7 6 8 ,4 0 0 8 ,2 9 9 8 ,1 6 0 8 ,1 4 8 8 ,0 9 4 8 ,0 1 5 8 ,4 8 0 8 ,1 7 3 8 ,3 1 3 8 ,1 8 4 7 ,9 3 8 7 ,9 9 7 P a r t ic ip a tio n r a t e ............................................ 5 5 .4 5 4 .1 5 4 .4 5 3 .9 5 3 .5 5 2 .7 5 2 .8 5 2 .6 5 2 .2 5 5 .4 5 3 .6 5 4 .7 5 4 .0 5 2 .5 5 3 .1 7 ,2 2 5 6 ,5 4 9 6 ,4 2 4 6 ,3 4 4 6 ,4 1 3 6 ,3 4 5 6 ,2 3 7 6 ,1 9 7 6 ,1 7 2 6 ,4 8 1 6 ,3 1 3 6 ,3 9 7 6 ,4 0 4 6 ,2 2 5 6 ,4 0 3 4 4 .6 4 1 .5 4 1 .2 4 0 .7 4 1 .3 4 1 .0 4 0 .4 4 0 .3 4 0 .2 4 2 .4 4 1 .4 4 2 .1 E m p lo y e d .................................................................. E m p lo y m e n t -p o p u la t io n r a tio 2 . . . . 4 2 .3 4 1 .2 4 2 .5 A g r i c u lt u r e .................................................................. 380 378 442 394 361 362 308 344 327 357 376 362 285 259 270 .......................... 6 ,8 4 5 6 ,1 7 1 5 ,9 8 2 5 ,9 5 0 6 ,0 5 2 5 ,9 8 3 5 ,9 2 9 5 ,8 5 3 5 ,8 4 5 6 ,1 2 4 5 ,9 3 7 6 ,0 3 5 6 ,1 1 9 5 ,9 6 6 6 ,1 3 3 U n e m p l o y e d .................................................................. 1 ,7 6 3 1 ,9 7 7 2 ,0 5 2 2 ,0 5 6 1 ,8 8 6 1 ,8 1 5 1 ,9 1 1 1 ,8 9 7 1 ,8 4 3 1 ,9 9 9 1 ,8 6 0 1 ,9 1 6 1 ,7 8 0 1 ,7 1 3 1 ,5 9 4 ................................... 1 9 .6 2 3 .2 2 4 .2 2 4 .5 2 2 .7 2 2 .2 2 3 .5 2 3 .4 2 3 .0 2 3 .6 2 2 .8 2 3 .0 2 1 .8 2 1 .6 1 9 .9 N o n a g ric u lt u r a l in d u s tr ie s U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te White ...................... 1 4 7 ,9 0 8 1 4 9 ,4 4 1 1 4 9 ,8 8 7 1 5 0 ,0 5 6 1 5 0 ,1 2 9 1 5 0 ,1 8 7 1 5 0 ,3 8 2 1 5 0 ,5 1 8 1 5 0 ,6 7 1 1 5 0 ,8 1 0 1 5 0 ,9 5 9 1 5 1 ,0 0 3 1 5 1 ,0 2 1 1 5 1 ,1 7 5 1 5 1 ,3 2 4 C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ......................................................... 9 5 ,0 5 2 9 6 ,1 4 3 9 6 ,7 1 9 9 6 ,8 6 4 9 6 ,1 7 6 9 5 ,9 8 7 9 5 ,9 9 6 9 6 ,2 8 7 9 6 ,3 6 2 9 7 ,2 5 0 9 7 ,3 4 1 9 7 ,6 0 2 9 7 ,6 0 5 9 7 ,3 0 0 9 7 ,6 3 1 P a r t ic ip a tio n r a t e ............................................ 6 4 .3 6 4 .3 6 4 .5 6 4 .6 6 4 .1 6 3 .9 6 3 .8 6 4 .0 6 4 .0 6 4 .5 6 4 .5 6 4 .6 6 4 .6 6 4 .4 6 4 .5 8 8 ,7 0 9 8 7 ,9 0 3 8 7 ,4 3 5 8 7 ,4 4 3 8 7 ,4 6 6 8 7 ,1 9 4 8 7 ,3 2 4 8 7 ,7 0 9 8 7 ,7 7 7 8 8 ,8 8 0 8 9 ,3 8 2 8 9 ,5 7 3 8 9 ,7 1 9 8 9 ,7 9 8 9 0 ,5 5 2 6 0 .0 5 8 .8 5 8 .3 5 8 .3 5 8 .3 5 8 .1 5 8 .1 5 8 .3 5 8 .3 5 8 .9 5 9 .2 5 9 .3 5 9 .4 5 9 .4 5 9 .8 6 ,3 4 3 8 ,2 4 1 9 ,2 8 4 9 ,4 2 1 8 ,7 1 1 8 ,7 9 3 8 ,6 7 2 8 ,5 7 7 8 ,5 8 5 8 ,3 7 0 7 ,9 5 9 8 ,0 2 9 7 ,8 8 5 7 ,5 0 2 7 ,0 7 9 6 .7 8 .6 9 .6 9 .7 9 .1 9 .2 9 .0 8 .9 8 .9 8 .6 8 .2 8 .2 8 .1 7 .7 73 C iv ilia n n o n in s tit u tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1 E m p lo y e d ...................................................................... E m p lo y m e n t -p o p u la t io n r a tio 2 . . . . U n e m p l o y e d .................................................................. U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te ................................... Black C iv ilia n n o n in s tit u tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1 ...................... 1 8 ,2 1 9 1 8 ,5 8 4 1 8 ,7 2 3 1 8 ,7 4 0 1 8 ,7 6 8 1 8 ,7 9 6 1 8 ,8 2 3 1 8 ,8 5 1 1 8 ,8 8 0 1 8 ,9 1 1 1 8 ,9 4 2 1 8 ,9 6 6 1 8 ,9 9 4 1 9 ,0 2 6 1 9 ,0 5 7 C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ......................................................... 1 1 ,0 8 6 1 1 ,3 3 1 1 1 ,4 7 5 1 1 ,5 2 2 1 1 ,5 4 2 1 1 ,5 4 8 1 1 ,5 5 4 1 1 ,6 3 1 1 1 ,6 7 2 1 1 ,7 8 3 1 1 ,7 6 4 1 1 ,7 4 5 1 1 ,7 2 9 1 1 ,5 0 2 1 1 ,5 8 2 P a r t ic ip a tio n r a t e ............................................ 6 0 .8 6 1 .0 6 1 .3 6 1 .5 6 1 .5 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .7 6 1 .8 6 2 .3 6 2 .1 6 1 .9 6 1 .7 6 0 .5 6 0 .8 9 ,3 5 5 9 ,1 8 9 9 ,1 5 9 9 ,1 2 7 9 ,1 4 2 9 ,2 7 6 9 ,2 5 3 9 ,2 0 9 9 ,2 7 0 9 ,3 5 2 9 ,4 6 9 9 ,3 9 8 9 ,5 0 5 9 ,4 2 0 9 ,5 7 6 5 1 .3 4 9 .4 4 8 .9 4 8 .7 4 8 .7 4 9 .4 4 9 .2 4 8 .8 4 9 .1 4 9 .5 5 0 .0 4 9 .6 5 0 .0 4 9 .5 5 0 .3 1 ,7 3 1 2 ,1 4 2 2 ,3 1 6 2 ,3 9 5 2 ,4 0 0 2 ,2 7 1 2 ,3 0 2 2 ,4 2 3 2 ,4 0 2 2 ,4 3 2 2 ,2 9 5 2 ,3 4 7 2 ,2 2 4 2 ,0 8 2 2 ,0 0 5 1 5 .6 1 8 .9 202 2 0 .8 2 0 .8 1 9 .7 1 9 .9 2 0 .8 2 0 .6 2 0 .6 1 9 .5 2 0 .0 1 9 .0 1 8 .1 1 7 .3 E m p lo y e d ....................................................................... E m p lo y m e n t -p o p u la t io n r a tio 2 . . . . U n e m p l o y e d .................................................................. U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te ................................... Hispanic origin C iv ilia n n o n in s tit u tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1 ...................... 9 ,3 1 0 9 ,4 0 0 9 ,3 5 5 9 ,3 0 1 9 ,3 2 8 9 ,3 6 8 9 ,5 5 1 9 ,6 6 5 9 ,7 4 7 9 ,7 3 8 9 ,6 4 0 9 ,6 9 0 9 ,7 0 0 9 ,7 4 5 9 ,6 7 7 C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ......................................................... 5 ,9 7 2 5 ,9 8 3 5 ,9 2 3 5 ,8 9 8 5 ,9 8 1 5 ,9 9 2 6 ,0 7 4 6 ,2 0 6 6 ,1 6 7 6 ,2 5 3 6 ,0 7 9 6 ,1 2 4 6 ,2 0 0 6 ,1 4 2 6 ,2 2 2 P a r tic ip a tio n r a t e ............................................ 6 4 .1 6 3 .6 6 3 .3 6 3 .4 6 4 .1 6 4 .0 6 3 .6 6 4 .2 6 3 .3 6 4 .2 6 3 .1 6 3 .2 6 3 .9 6 3 .0 6 4 .3 5 ,3 4 8 5 ,1 5 8 5 ,0 1 2 4 ,9 9 8 5 ,0 5 3 5 ,0 4 2 5 ,0 8 8 5 ,3 0 4 5 ,3 1 8 5 ,3 7 9 5 ,3 3 1 5 ,3 3 3 5 ,3 9 0 5 ,3 8 5 5 ,4 5 5 5 7 .4 5 4 .9 5 3 .6 5 3 .7 5 4 .2 5 3 .8 5 3 .3 5 4 .9 5 4 .6 5 5 .2 5 5 .3 5 5 .0 5 5 .6 5 5 .3 5 6 .4 E m p lo y e d ....................................................................... E m p lo y m e n t -p o p u la t io n r a tio 2 . . . . U n e m p l o y e d ..................................................... U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te ................................... 624 825 911 900 929 950 986 902 849 874 748 790 811 756 767 1 0 .4 1 3 .8 1 5 .4 1 5 .3 1 5 .5 1 5 .8 1 6 .2 1 4 .5 1 3 .8 1 4 .0 1 2 .3 1 2 .9 1 3 .1 1 2 .3 1 2 .3 l T h e p o p u la tio n f ig u r e s a r e n o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d . f o r t h e " o t h e r r a c e s " g r o u p s a r e n o t p r e s e n te d a n d H is p a n ic s a r e in c lu d e d in b o th t h e w h it e a n d b la c k ‘ C iv ilia n e m p lo y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e c iv ilia n n o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u la tio n . p o p u la tio n g r o u p s . N O TE : D e t a il f o r t h e a b o v e ra c e a n d H is p a n ic -o r ig in g r o u p s w ill n o t s u m t o to ta ls b e c a u s e d a ta https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 89 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 4. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted [ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ] 1981 1982 1983 1982 Annual average Selected categories Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. CHARACTERISTIC ............................... 1 0 0 ,3 9 7 9 9 ,5 2 6 9 9 ,1 3 6 9 9 ,0 9 3 9 9 ,1 0 3 9 9 ,0 6 3 9 9 ,1 0 3 9 9 ,4 5 8 9 9 ,5 5 7 1 0 0 ,7 8 6 1 0 1 ,2 8 5 1 0 1 ,5 6 3 1 0 1 ,9 4 5 1 0 1 ,9 2 8 1 0 2 ,6 7 1 M e n ..................................................................................................... 5 7 ,3 9 7 5 6 ,2 7 1 5 5 ,8 9 2 5 5 ,8 0 9 5 5 ,7 5 2 5 5 ,7 0 6 5 5 ,7 7 2 5 5 ,9 4 6 5 6 ,1 2 8 5 6 ,9 3 9 5 7 ,1 0 4 5 7 ,0 3 2 5 7 ,2 7 7 5 7 ,3 6 9 5 7 ,9 0 4 W o m e n ............................................................................................ 4 3 ,0 0 0 4 3 ,2 5 6 4 3 ,2 4 4 4 3 ,2 8 4 4 3 ,3 5 0 4 3 ,3 5 7 4 3 ,3 3 1 4 3 ,5 1 2 4 3 ,4 2 8 4 3 ,8 4 7 4 4 ,1 8 1 4 4 ,5 3 1 4 4 ,6 6 8 4 4 ,5 6 0 4 4 ,7 6 7 M a r r ie d m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ........................................ 3 8 ,8 8 2 3 8 ,0 7 4 3 7 ,6 4 1 3 7 ,5 0 7 3 7 ,4 5 0 3 7 ,4 2 8 3 4 ,4 5 2 3 7 ,5 2 3 3 7 ,5 6 0 3 7 ,9 2 5 3 8 ,2 9 3 3 8 ,3 0 8 3 8 ,2 5 3 3 8 ,2 4 1 3 8 ,4 0 6 M a r r ie d w o m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ............................... 2 3 ,9 1 5 2 4 ,0 5 3 2 3 ,9 8 5 2 4 ,1 5 5 2 4 ,2 0 5 2 4 ,0 7 0 2 4 ,1 7 1 2 4 ,3 7 1 2 4 ,2 2 9 2 4 ,3 3 5 2 4 ,6 4 0 2 4 ,9 7 2 2 4 ,9 9 6 2 4 ,9 7 1 2 5 ,0 8 3 ................................... 4 ,9 9 8 5 ,0 9 9 5 ,0 2 5 4 ,9 8 5 5 ,0 3 8 5 ,0 5 0 5 ,0 9 7 4 ,9 4 4 4 ,9 4 2 5 ,0 1 6 5 ,0 8 8 5 ,1 0 4 5 ,1 2 4 5 ,1 8 7 5 ,2 5 8 C iv ilia n e m p lo y e d , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r W o m e n w h o m a in t a in fa m ilie s MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS OF WORKER A g r ic u ltu r e : W a g e a n d s a la ry w o r k e r s ................................................ 1 ,4 6 4 1 ,5 0 5 1 ,5 8 4 1 ,5 4 7 1 ,6 3 7 1 ,6 2 4 1 ,5 1 5 1 ,5 6 0 1 ,5 9 5 1 ,6 3 6 1 ,6 6 3 1 ,6 6 4 1 ,5 8 5 1 ,4 8 1 1 ,4 5 6 S e lf- e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s ..................................................... 1 ,6 3 8 1 ,6 3 6 1 ,6 2 8 1 ,6 2 7 1 ,5 8 7 1 ,5 4 1 1 ,5 8 5 1 ,6 0 7 1 ,5 5 8 1 ,6 0 8 1 ,5 8 3 1 ,5 6 6 1 ,4 7 3 1 ,5 1 4 1 ,5 5 9 U n p a id f a m ily w o r k e r s ......................................................... 266 261 241 224 231 223 260 c2 0 8 229 263 259 245 237 224 220 9 1 ,1 2 9 N o n a g ric u lt u r a l in d u s tr ie s : ................................................. 8 9 ,5 4 3 8 8 ,4 6 2 8 7 ,9 3 6 8 7 ,9 7 6 8 7 ,8 1 3 8 7 ,7 9 4 8 7 ,9 1 2 8 8 ,1 8 7 8 8 ,3 9 5 8 9 ,3 5 4 8 9 ,7 6 5 8 9 ,9 9 5 9 0 ,8 1 3 9 0 ,6 6 3 G o v e r n m e n t ...................................................................... 1 5 ,6 8 9 1 5 ,5 6 2 1 5 ,5 1 4 1 5 ,4 7 7 1 5 ,3 8 6 1 5 ,5 0 1 1 5 ,4 5 2 1 5 ,5 1 8 1 5 ,5 2 3 1 5 ,4 9 8 1 5 ,6 1 5 1 5 ,6 9 7 1 5 ,5 4 9 1 5 ,5 9 4 1 5 ,6 1 8 P r iv a te I n d u s t r i e s ......................................................... 7 3 ,8 5 3 7 2 ,9 4 5 7 2 ,4 2 2 7 2 ,4 9 9 7 2 ,4 2 7 7 2 ,2 9 3 7 2 ,4 5 9 7 2 ,6 6 8 7 2 ,8 7 2 7 3 ,8 5 6 7 4 ,1 5 0 7 4 ,2 9 9 7 5 ,2 6 5 7 5 ,0 6 9 7 5 ,5 1 1 W a g e a n d s a la ry w o r k e r s ....................................... 1 ,2 0 8 1 ,2 0 7 1 ,2 2 1 1 ,1 6 3 1 ,1 6 2 1 ,2 3 2 1 ,2 3 5 1 ,2 0 5 1 ,2 2 8 1 ,3 1 7 1 ,2 8 6 1 ,2 9 0 1 ,2 9 5 1 ,2 9 1 1 ,1 9 7 O t h e r ........................................................................... 7 2 ,6 4 5 7 1 ,7 3 8 7 1 ,2 0 1 7 1 ,3 3 6 7 1 ,2 6 5 7 1 ,0 6 1 7 1 ,2 2 5 7 1 ,4 6 3 7 1 ,6 4 4 7 2 ,5 3 9 7 2 ,8 6 4 7 3 ,0 0 9 7 3 ,9 6 9 7 3 ,7 7 8 7 4 ,3 1 4 7 ,0 9 7 7 ,2 6 2 7 ,3 4 9 7 ,3 3 5 7 ,4 6 5 7 ,3 8 5 7 ,4 5 3 7 ,5 2 8 7 ,4 0 8 7 ,4 9 3 7 ,5 9 8 7 ,6 5 8 7 ,6 6 0 7 ,7 0 3 7 ,8 4 6 390 401 382 383 380 353 342 353 335 345 320 376 376 415 480 P r iv a te h o u s e h o ld s S e lf- e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s ..................................................... U n p a id f a m ily w o r k e r s ......................................................... PERSONS AT WORK1 9 1 ,3 7 7 9 0 ,5 5 2 9 0 ,2 3 8 9 0 ,2 1 9 9 0 ,9 0 3 9 0 ,2 0 7 9 0 ,2 7 1 9 2 ,2 6 7 9 0 ,9 4 1 9 0 ,5 3 9 9 2 ,2 5 3 9 1 ,9 8 6 9 3 ,7 3 7 9 3 ,3 2 4 9 4 ,0 4 2 .............................................................. 7 4 ,3 3 9 7 2 ,2 4 5 7 1 ,4 4 2 7 1 ,4 9 9 7 1 ,7 8 6 7 1 ,5 6 4 7 1 ,8 7 8 7 3 ,5 9 4 7 2 ,9 7 5 7 2 ,9 7 8 7 4 ,0 0 4 7 3 ,4 9 5 7 4 ,8 8 3 7 5 ,1 6 7 7 5 ,5 5 3 P a r t t im e f o r e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s ................................... 4 ,4 9 9 5 ,8 5 2 6 ,4 1 1 6 ,4 2 5 6 ,8 4 5 6 .4 8 1 6 ,2 0 2 6 ,0 8 2 5 ,9 2 8 5 ,7 2 9 5 ,6 3 6 5 ,7 8 9 6 ,1 0 6 5 ,6 7 0 N o n a g r ic u lt u r a l i n d u s t r i e s .............................................................. F u ll- tim e s c h e d u le s U s u a lly w o r k fu ll t im e 5 ,8 9 3 ............................................ 1 ,7 3 8 2 ,1 6 9 2 ,2 2 8 2 ,1 5 3 2 ,2 0 0 2 ,0 9 7 1 ,9 2 7 1 ,8 7 1 1 ,6 8 5 1 ,7 0 2 1 ,8 0 9 1 ,7 1 8 1 ,7 9 8 1 ,5 7 5 1 ,7 3 6 U s u a lly w o r k p a r t t i m e ............................................ 2 ,7 6 1 3 ,6 8 3 4 ,1 8 3 4 ,2 7 2 4 ,6 4 5 4 ,3 8 4 4 ,2 7 5 4 ,2 1 1 4 ,2 4 3 4 ,0 2 7 3 ,8 2 6 4 ,0 7 1 4 ,3 0 9 4 ,0 9 5 4 ,1 5 6 P a r t t im e f o r n o n e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s .......................... 1 2 ,5 3 9 1 2 ,4 5 5 1 2 ,3 8 5 1 2 ,2 9 5 1 2 ,2 7 1 1 2 ,1 6 2 1 2 ,1 9 1 1 2 ,5 9 2 1 2 ,0 3 8 1 1 ,8 3 3 1 2 ,6 1 4 1 2 ,7 0 1 1 2 ,7 4 8 1 2 ,4 8 8 1 2 ,5 9 7 1 E x c lu d e s p e r s o n s " w i t h a jo b b u t n o t a t w o r k " d u r in g th e s u r v e y p e r io d f o r s u c h r e a s o n s as v a c a t io n , illn e s s , o r in d u s tr ia l d is p u te s . 90 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted [ U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te s ] Annual average Selected categories 1981 1982 1982 Nov. 1983 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. CHARACTERISTIC T o t a l, all c iv ilia n w o r k e r s .............................................................. 7 .6 9 .7 1 0 .7 1 0 .8 1 0 .4 1 0 .4 1 0 .3 1 0 .2 1 0 .1 1 0 .0 9 .5 9 .5 9 .3 8 .8 8 .4 B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s ............................................ 1 9 .6 2 3 .2 2 4 .2 2 4 .5 2 2 .7 2 2 .2 2 3 .5 2 3 .4 2 3 .0 2 3 .6 2 2 .8 2 3 .0 2 1 .8 2 1 .6 1 9 .9 M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ..................................................... 6 .3 8 .8 1 0 .0 1 0 .1 9 .6 9 .9 9 .6 9 .8 9 .6 9 .0 8 .8 8 .8 8 .7 8 .2 7 .8 W o m e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............................................ 6 .8 8 .3 9 .0 9 .2 9 .0 8 .9 8 .8 8 .4 8 .5 8 .6 7 .9 8 .0 7 .8 7 .4 7 .1 W h it e , t o t a l .................................................................................... B o th s e x e s , 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s ............................... 6 .7 8 .6 9 .6 9 .7 9 .1 9 .2 9 .0 8 .9 8 .9 8 .6 8 .2 8 .2 8 .1 7 .7 7 .3 1 7 .3 2 0 .4 2 1 .2 2 1 .6 2 0 .0 1 9 .7 2 1 .4 2 0 .4 1 9 .8 2 0 .0 1 9 .5 1 9 .8 1 7 .9 1 8 .5 1 6 .8 1 7 .9 2 1 .7 2 2 .6 2 2 .8 2 1 .2 2 1 .1 2 2 .9 2 1 .7 2 0 .2 1 9 .8 2 0 .4 2 1 .1 1 8 .7 2 0 .1 1 7 .2 ........................... 1 6 .6 1 9 .0 1 9 .8 2 0 .4 1 8 .7 1 8 .2 1 9 .7 1 9 .0 1 9 .4 2 0 .2 1 8 .5 1 8 .4 1 7 .1 1 6 .7 1 6 .4 M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ........................................ 5 .6 7 .8 9 .1 9 .2 8 .4 8 .7 8 .5 8 .6 8 .6 7 .8 7 .7 7 .7 7 .8 7 .3 6 .9 ............................... 5 .9 7 .3 8 .0 8 .1 7 .8 7 .7 7 .4 7 .2 7 .3 7 .4 6 .7 6 .7 6 .6 6 .3 5 .9 B la c k , t o t a l .................................................................................... 1 5 .6 1 8 .9 2 0 .2 2 0 .8 2 0 .8 1 9 .7 1 9 .9 2 0 .8 2 0 .6 2 0 .6 1 9 .5 2 0 .0 1 9 .0 1 8 .1 1 7 .3 ............................... 4 1 .4 4 8 .0 4 9 .8 4 9 .5 4 5 .7 4 5 .4 4 3 .5 4 9 .0 4 8 .2 5 0 .6 4 8 .1 5 3 .0 5 2 .0 4 8 .3 4 6 .2 ................................... 4 0 .7 4 8 .9 5 3 .0 5 2 .5 4 5 .9 4 5 .3 4 4 .5 4 8 .0 5 3 .1 5 1 .1 4 7 .6 5 6 .8 5 4 .8 4 3 .9 4 3 .4 4 5 .5 4 5 .4 4 2 .3 5 0 .0 4 8 .8 M e n , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a rs ................................... W o m e n , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a rs W o m e n , 2 0 ye a rs and o v e r B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s M e n , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s .......................... 4 2 .2 4 7 .1 4 6 .2 4 6 .2 4 2 .3 5 0 .0 4 8 .9 4 8 .7 5 3 .3 4 9 .6 M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ........................................ 1 3 .5 1 7 .8 1 9 .2 2 0 .5 1 9 .7 1 8 .7 1 8 .8 2 0 .3 1 9 .8 1 9 .2 1 8 .7 1 8 .4 1 6 .9 1 6 .0 1 5 .1 ............................... 1 3 .4 1 5 .4 1 6 .5 1 6 .5 1 8 .2 1 7 .0 1 7 .7 1 7 .0 1 7 .1 1 7 .0 1 6 .0 1 6 .4 1 6 .1 1 5 .8 1 5 .4 H is p a n ic o r ig in , t o t a l .............................................................. 1 0 .4 1 3 .8 1 5 .4 1 5 .3 1 5 .5 1 5 .8 1 6 .2 1 4 .5 1 3 .8 1 4 .0 1 2 .3 1 2 .9 1 3 .1 1 2 .3 1 2 .3 M a r r ie d m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ........................................ 4 .3 6 .5 7 .6 7 .8 7 .1 7 .2 7 .1 7 .1 7 .0 6 .6 6 .1 6 .3 6 .1 5 .8 5 .5 M a r r ie d w o m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ............................... 6 .0 7 .4 8 .2 8 .2 7 .8 7 .6 7 .5 7 .3 7 .5 7 .8 7 .0 6 .9 6 .8 6 .3 5 .9 1 0 .3 W o m e n , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a rs W o m e n , 2 0 ye a rs and o v e r ................................... 1 0 .4 1 1 .7 1 2 .5 1 3 .2 1 3 .2 1 3 .0 1 3 .5 1 3 .2 1 2 .9 1 2 .8 1 1 .6 1 1 .6 1 2 .2 1 1 .1 F u ll- tim e w o r k e r s ....................................................................... 7 .3 9 .6 1 0 .6 1 0 .8 1 0 .3 1 0 .4 1 0 .3 1 0 .2 9 .9 9 .7 9 .4 9 .4 9 .2 8 .7 8 .2 P a r t -t im e w o r k e r s 9 .4 1 0 .5 1 1 .3 1 1 .1 1 0 .6 1 0 .1 1 0 .5 1 0 .6 1 1 .0 1 2 .1 1 0 .2 1 0 .1 1 0 .0 9 .8 9 .6 W o m e n w h o m a in t a in f a m ilie s .................................................................. ............................... 2 .1 3 .2 4 .1 4 .3 4 .2 4 .2 4 .2 3 .9 4 .1 4 .1 3 .9 3 .6 3 .4 3 .2 3 .1 L a b o r f o r c e t im e lo s t 1 .......................................................... 8 .5 1 1 .0 1 2 .4 1 2 .7 1 1 .7 1 2 .0 1 1 .8 1 1 .4 1 1 .5 1 0 .8 1 0 .4 1 0 .6 1 0 .6 1 0 .0 9 .8 U n e m p lo y e d 1 5 w e e k s a n d o v e r INDUSTRY . . 7 .7 1 0 .1 1 1 .4 1 1 .6 1 0 .8 1 0 .8 1 0 .8 1 0 .5 1 0 .5 1 0 .0 9 .6 9 .8 9 .4 9 .0 ............................................................................................. 6 .0 1 3 .4 1 8 .1 1 8 .1 1 7 .1 1 8 .4 1 8 .6 2 0 .3 2 2 .7 1 8 .2 1 6 .6 1 4 .8 1 7 .2 1 1 .3 1 2 .5 1 5 .6 2 0 .0 2 1 .8 2 2 .0 2 0 .0 1 9 .7 2 0 .3 2 0 .3 2 0 .4 1 8 .1 1 8 .0 1 8 .1 1 8 .2 1 5 .2 1 5 .0 N o n a g r ic u lt u r a l p r iv a te w a g e a n d s a la ry w o rk e r s M in in g C o n s t r u c tio n ................................................................................ M a n u fa c t u r in g ........................................................................... 8 .3 1 2 .3 1 4 .8 1 4 .8 1 3 .0 1 3 .3 1 2 .8 1 2 .4 1 2 .3 8 .5 1 1 .5 1 0 .5 1 1 .2 1 0 .2 9 .5 8 .2 1 3 .3 1 7 .0 1 7 .1 1 4 .7 1 4 .7 1 4 .1 1 3 .5 1 3 .5 1 2 .2 1 1 .2 1 1 .6 1 0 .9 1 0 .2 9 .1 ..................................................... 8 .4 1 0 .8 1 1 .4 1 1 .4 1 0 .5 1 1 .4 1 1 .1 1 0 .8 1 0 .5 1 0 .4 9 .6 1 0 .6 9 .2 8 .5 8 .7 T r a n s p o r ta t io n a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ............................... 5 .2 6 .8 8 .3 8 .0 7 .8 8 .0 7 .8 7 .7 7 .0 7 .8 7 .0 8 .0 7 .4 7 .4 6 .6 W h o le s a le a n d re ta il t r a d e ................................................ 8 .1 1 0 .0 1 0 .6 1 1 .0 1 0 .8 1 0 .9 1 1 .2 1 0 .4 1 0 .1 1 0 .2 9 .7 9 .8 9 .6 9 .9 9 .1 ................................... 5 .9 6 .9 7 .7 7 .9 7 .6 7 .3 7 .2 7 .3 7 .5 7 .2 7 .3 7 .2 7 .1 6 .9 D u r a b le g o o d s .............................................................. N o n d u r a b le g o o d s F in a n c e a n d s e r v ic e in d u s tr ie s G o v e rn m e n t w o rk e rs ....................................................................... A g r ic u lt u r a l w a g e a n d s a la ry w o r k e r s ............................... 9 .0 6 .6 4 .7 4 .9 5 .1 5 .1 5 .7 6 .0 5 .9 6 .1 5 .8 5 .1 5 .5 5 .0 4 .9 5 .0 4 .8 1 2 .1 1 4 .7 1 5 .6 1 6 .5 1 6 .0 1 6 .4 1 6 .3 1 7 .2 1 7 .0 1 7 .0 1 4 .2 1 4 .6 1 6 .1 1 7 .1 1 5 .6 1 A g g r e g a t e h o u r s lo s t b y t h e u n e m p lo y e d a n d p e r s o n s o n p a r t t im e f o r e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s a s a p e r c e n t o f p o te n tia lly a v a ila b le la b o r f o r c e h o u r s . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 91 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 6. Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted [Civilian workers] Sex and age T o t a l, 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r 1982 1982 Nov. 1983 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. .............................................................. 7 ,6 8 .8 8 .4 ............................................................................... 1 4 .9 1 7 .8 1 9 .0 1 8 .9 1 8 .3 1 8 .3 1 8 .1 1 8 .1 1 8 .1 1 7 .6 1 6 .8 1 7 .4 1 6 .5 1 6 .3 1 5 .3 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s ........................................................................... 1 9 .6 2 3 .2 2 4 .2 2 4 .5 2 2 .7 2 2 .2 2 3 .5 2 3 .4 2 3 .0 2 3 .6 2 2 .8 2 3 .0 2 1 .8 2 1 .6 1 9 .9 1 6 to 1 7 y e a r s ...................................................................... 2 1 .4 1 6 to 2 4 y e a r s 9 .7 1 0 .7 1 0 .8 1 0 .4 1 0 .4 1 0 .3 1 0 .2 1 0 .1 1 0 .0 9 .5 9 .5 9 .3 2 4 .9 2 6 .3 2 7 .4 2 4 .1 2 3 .4 2 5 .1 2 6 .3 2 6 .2 2 5 .8 2 5 .3 2 4 .7 2 3 .9 2 3 .9 2 1 .1 1 8 .4 2 2 .1 2 2 .8 2 2 .7 2 1 .7 2 1 .5 2 2 .7 2 1 .8 2 1 .1 2 2 .4 2 1 .1 2 2 .0 2 0 .4 2 0 .3 1 9 .1 ........................................................................... 1 2 .3 1 4 .9 1 6 .3 1 6 .0 1 6 .1 1 6 .3 1 5 .4 1 5 .4 1 5 .6 1 4 .4 1 3 .8 1 4 .5 1 3 .8 1 3 .7 1 2 .9 ...................................................................... 5 .4 7 .4 8 .3 8 .6 8 .1 8 .2 8 .1 8 .0 7 .9 7 .9 7 .4 7 .3 7 .3 6 .8 6 .5 2 5 t o 5 4 y e a r s ...................................................................... 5 .8 7 .9 8 .9 9 .1 8 .7 8 .7 8 .7 8 .5 8 .5 8 .3 7 .8 7 .8 7 .7 7 .2 6 .8 5 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............................................................. 3 .6 5 .0 5 .7 5 .8 5 .4 5 .4 5 .4 5 .6 5 .3 5 .6 5 .3 5 .1 5 .1 5 .0 4 .9 1 8 to 1 9 y e a r s ...................................................................... 2 0 to 2 4 y e a r s 2 5 y e a rs an d o v e r M e n , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ..................................................... 7 .4 1 6 to 2 4 y e a r s ...................................................................... 9 .9 1 1 .1 1 1 .2 1 0 .6 1 0 .8 1 0 .7 1 0 .7 1 0 .6 1 0 .0 9 .8 9 .9 9 .7 9 .2 8 .6 1 5 .7 1 9 .1 20 6 2 0 .5 1 9 .7 1 9 .8 1 9 .5 1 9 .4 1 9 .7 1 8 .4 1 8 .4 1 8 .8 1 7 .6 1 7 .4 1 5 .8 .............................................................. 2 0 .1 2 4 .4 2 5 .7 2 5 .8 2 3 .9 2 3 .6 2 5 .3 2 4 .4 2 3 .9 2 3 .7 2 3 .8 2 4 .7 2 2 .9 2 2 .7 1 9 .9 1 6 to 1 7 y e a r s ......................................................... 2 2 .0 2 6 .4 2 8 .2 2 9 .0 2 4 .4 23 6 2 6 .0 2 7 .0 2 7 .4 2 5 .4 2 7 .9 2 6 .2 2 3 .5 2 4 .0 2 1 .0 1 8 to 1 9 y e a r s ......................................................... 1 8 .8 2 3 .1 2 4 .1 2 4 .0 2 3 .5 2 3 .4 24 8 2 2 .8 2 2 .0 2 2 .9 2 1 .2 2 3 .7 2 2 .5 2 1 .9 1 9 .2 ............................................................. 1 3 .2 1 6 .4 1 8 .0 1 7 .8 1 7 .6 1 7 .8 1 6 .6 1 7 .0 1 7 .6 1 5 .7 1 5 .7 1 5 .9 1 5 .0 1 4 .8 1 3 .7 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s 2 0 to 2 4 y e a r s 2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............................................................. 5 .1 7 .5 8 .6 8 .8 8 .2 8 .5 8 .4 8 .5 8 .2 7 .8 7 .6 7 .5 7 .6 7 .0 6 .7 2 5 t o 5 4 y e a r s ......................................................... 5 .5 8 .0 9 .2 9 .4 8 .7 9 .1 9 .0 8 .9 8 .8 8 .4 8 .1 8 .0 8 .1 7 .4 7 .0 5 5 y e a rs an d o v e r 3 .5 5 .1 6 .2 6 .3 5 .8 5 .7 5 .8 6 .3 5 .8 5 .4 5 .4 5 .3 5 .6 5 .4 5 .5 ................................................ W o m e n , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............................................ 1 6 to 2 4 y e a r s ...................................................................... 7 .9 9 .4 1 0 .2 1 0 .3 1 0 .0 9 .8 9 .8 9 .6 9 .5 9 .9 9 .0 9 .1 8 .8 8 .4 8 .0 1 4 .0 1 6 .2 1 7 .2 1 7 .1 1 6 .7 16 6 1 6 .6 1 6 .5 1 6 .2 1 6 .6 1 4 .9 1 5 .9 1 5 .2 1 5 .1 1 4 .7 .............................................................. 1 9 .0 2 1 .9 2 2 .6 23 0 2 1 .5 2 0 .7 2 1 .5 2 2 .4 2 1 .9 2 3 .4 2 1 .6 2 1 .2 2 0 .5 2 0 .4 1 9 .9 1 6 t o 1 7 y e a r s ......................................................... 2 0 .7 1 8 to 1 9 y e a r s ......................................................... 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s 2 3 .2 2 4 .2 2 5 .6 2 3 .7 2 3 .2 2 4 .2 2 5 .5 2 4 .7 2 6 .2 2 2 .3 2 3 .1 2 4 .3 23 8 2 1 .1 1 7 .9 2 1 .0 2 1 .4 2 1 .3 1 9 .8 1 9 .3 20 5 2 0 .7 2 0 .2 2 1 .9 2 1 .0 2 0 .3 1 7 .9 1 8 .5 1 9 .0 ............................................................. 1 1 .2 1 3 .2 1 4 .4 1 4 .0 1 4 .2 1 4 .5 1 4 .1 1 3 .5 1 3 .3 1 2 .9 1 1 .5 1 3 .0 1 2 .5 1 2 .5 1 2 .0 2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............................................................. 5 .9 7 .3 7 ,9 8 .2 7 .9 7 .7 7 .7 7 .4 7 .6 7 .9 7 .2 7 .0 6 .8 6 .4 6 .1 2 5 to 5 4 y e a r s ......................................................... 6 .3 7 .7 8 .5 8 .8 8 .7 8 .2 8 .3 7 .9 8 .2 8 .2 7 .6 7 .5 7 .3 6 .8 6 .5 5 5 y e a rs an d o v e r 3 .8 4 .8 4 .9 5 .1 4 .8 4 .9 4 .7 4 .5 4 .6 5 .8 5 .3 4 .7 4 .4 4 .4 4 .0 May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 5 ,5 4 2 5 ,1 5 7 2 0 to 2 4 y e a r s 7. Annual average 1981 ................................................ Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted [ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ] Reason lor unemployment J o b lo s e rs ................................................................................................ Annual average 1981 4 ,2 5 7 1982 1982 Nov. 1983 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 6 ,8 0 9 6 ,8 2 3 6 ,7 5 0 6 ,2 5 8 7 ,3 6 9 7 ,2 9 5 6 ,7 0 4 1 ,4 3 0 2 ,1 2 7 2 ,5 3 1 2 ,4 6 8 2 ,1 3 1 2 ,0 2 4 1 ,9 4 5 1 ,9 4 8 1 ,9 4 3 1 ,8 2 2 1 ,7 1 9 1 ,6 5 8 1 ,5 9 1 1 ,3 7 3 1 ,3 1 3 ...................................................................... 2 ,8 3 7 4 ,1 4 1 4 ,8 3 8 4 ,8 2 7 4 ,5 7 3 4 ,7 8 4 4 ,8 7 8 4 ,8 0 3 4 ,8 2 3 4 ,6 9 1 4 ,4 7 4 4 ,5 4 5 4 ,4 1 1 4 .1 6 9 3 ,8 4 3 J o b l e a v e r s ................................................................................................. 923 840 794 826 839 848 901 815 801 782 738 767 866 889 881 R e e n t r a n t s ................................................................................................. 2 ,1 0 2 2 ,3 8 4 2 ,5 4 6 2 ,5 2 9 2 ,6 2 3 2 ,4 9 1 2 ,4 2 6 2 ,4 8 8 2 ,3 6 5 2 ,4 2 5 2 ,4 2 9 2 ,5 2 4 2 ,3 5 1 2 ,3 7 5 2 ,2 1 3 N e w e n t r a n t s ............................................................................................ 981 1 ,1 8 5 1 ,2 4 4 1 ,2 8 8 1 ,1 7 4 1 ,1 6 1 1 ,1 5 5 1 ,2 4 5 1 ,2 5 1 1 ,4 4 0 1 ,2 2 5 1 ,2 1 4 1 ,2 4 7 1 ,1 0 2 1 ,1 3 4 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 5 1 .6 5 8 .7 6 1 .5 6 0 .6 5 9 .1 6 0 .2 6 0 .4 5 9 .7 6 0 .5 5 8 .4 5 8 .5 5 7 .9 5 7 .3 5 5 .9 5 4 .9 1 7 .3 1 9 .9 2 1 .2 2 0 .5 1 8 .8 1 7 .9 1 7 .2 1 7 .2 1 7 .4 1 6 .3 1 6 .2 1 5 .5 1 5 .2 1 3 .9 1 4 .0 3 4 .3 3 8 .8 4 0 .5 4 0 .1 4 0 .3 4 2 .3 4 3 .1 4 2 .0 4 2 .3 O n la y o ff ........................................................................................ O t h e r jo b lo s e rs 6 ,7 6 6 6 ,5 1 3 6 ,1 9 3 6 ,2 0 2 6 ,0 0 2 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION T o t a l u n e m p l o y e d ............................................................................... J o b o s e rs ........................................................................................ O n la y o ff ........................................................................................ O t h e r jo b lo s e rs ...................................................................... 4 3 .1 4 2 .5 4 2 .4 4 2 .1 4 2 .1 4 1 .0 J o b l e a v e r s ................................................................................................ 1 1 .2 7 .9 6 .6 6 .9 7 .4 7 .5 8 .0 7 .2 7 .2 7 .0 7 .0 7 .2 8 .3 R e e n t r a n t s ............................................................................... 9 .0 9 .4 2 5 .4 2 2 .3 2 1 .3 2 1 .8 2 3 .1 2 2 .0 2 1 .5 2 2 .0 2 1 .1 2 1 .7 2 2 .9 2 3 .6 2 2 .5 2 4 .0 N e w e n t r a n t s ............................................................................................ 2 3 .6 1 1 .9 1 1 .1 1 0 .4 1 0 .7 1 0 .4 1 0 .3 1 0 .2 1 1 .0 1 1 .2 1 2 .9 1 1 .6 1 1 .3 1 1 .9 1 1 .1 1 2 .1 3 .9 5 .7 6 .6 6 .6 6 .1 6 .2 5 .3 5 0 4 6 .8 .8 .7 .7 .8 .8 .8 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 8 8 1 .9 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .4 2 .3 2 .2 2 .2 2 .1 2 .2 2 .2 2 .2 2 .1 2 1 2 0 .9 1 .1 1 .1 1 .2 1 .1 1 .1 1 .0 1 .1 1 .1 1 .3 1 .1 1 .1 1 .1 1 .0 1 .0 PERCENT OF CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE J o b lo s e rs ............................................................................... J o b l e a v e r s ................................................................................... R e e n t r a n t s ......................................................... N e w e n t r a n t s ........................................................................... 8. 6 .2 6 .1 6 .1 5 .8 5 .5 5 .5 8 Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted [ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ] Weeks of unemployment Annual average 1982 1983 1981 1982 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. L e s s th a n 5 w e e k s .............................................................. 3 ,4 4 9 3 ,8 8 3 3 ,9 6 3 4 ,0 1 9 3 ,5 3 6 3 ,7 3 1 3 ,4 4 0 3 ,5 4 7 3 ,5 1 9 3 ,6 5 5 5 to 1 4 w e e k s ................................................ 3 ,4 9 8 3 ,6 6 0 3 ,7 7 4 3 ,5 1 2 3 ,2 7 4 2 ,5 3 9 3 ,3 1 1 3 ,5 4 9 3 ,4 6 0 3 ,3 2 8 3 ,1 0 6 3 ,1 4 0 3 ,1 5 4 2 ,9 7 9 2 ,9 1 5 2 ,7 9 4 15 w eeks and o ver 3 ,0 2 6 2 ,8 1 0 2 .7 4 6 2 ,2 8 5 2 ,6 1 9 3 ,4 8 5 4 ,5 2 4 4 ,7 3 2 4 ,6 3 4 4 ,6 1 8 4 ,6 1 5 4 ,3 5 6 4 ,5 1 7 4 ,5 8 9 4 ,4 1 7 1 5 to 2 6 w e e k s ............................................................. 4 ,0 2 0 3 ,8 5 0 1 ,1 2 2 3 .6 1 3 3 ,5 2 7 1 ,7 0 8 2 ,1 9 1 2 ,1 2 5 1 ,9 2 8 1 ,9 2 8 1 ,8 7 5 1 ,6 6 2 1 ,7 3 1 1 ,6 3 8 1 ,8 3 0 2 7 w e e k s a n d o v e r ............................................................. 1 ,5 7 3 1 ,3 4 4 1 ,3 6 3 1 ,3 6 9 1 ,1 6 2 1 ,7 7 6 2 ,3 3 3 2 ,6 0 7 2 ,7 0 6 2 ,6 8 9 2 ,7 4 0 2 ,6 9 4 2 ,7 8 6 2 ,9 5 1 2 ,5 8 7 2 ,4 4 7 2 ,5 0 6 1 3 .7 2 ,2 5 0 2 ,1 5 8 1 5 .6 1 7 .3 1 8 .0 1 9 .4 1 9 .0 1 9 .1 1 9 .0 2 0 .4 2 2 .0 2 1 .7 1 9 .9 2 0 .2 2 0 .1 6 .9 8 .7 2 0 .2 1 0 .0 1 0 .1 1 1 .5 9 .6 1 0 .3 1 1 .3 1 2 .3 1 1 .8 9 .9 8 .9 9 .1 9 .3 9 .4 ......................................................... M e a n d u r a tio n in w e e k s ........................................ M e d ia n d u r a tio n in w e e k s ............................................ 92 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS DATA FROM ESTABLISHMENT SURVEYS E m p l o y m e n t , h o u r s , a n d e a r n in g s d a t a in this section are com piled from payroll records reported m onthly on a voluntary basis to the Bureau o f Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by 189,000 establishm ents representing all industries except ag riculture. In m ost industries, the sam pling probabilities are based on the size o f the establishm ent; m ost large establishm ents are therefore in the sam ple. (An establishm ent is not necessarily a firm; it m ay be a branch plant, for exam ple, or w arehouse.) Selfem ployed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope o f the survey because they are excluded from establishm ent records. This largely accounts for the difference in em ploym ent figures betw een the household and establishm ent sur veys. Definitions Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th of the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them. Production workers in manufacturing include blue-collar worker su pervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with produc tion operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 12-17 include production workers in manufacturing and mining; construction workers in construc tion; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; in wholesale and retail trade; in finance, insurance, and real estate; and in services industries. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers re ceive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). The Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from average hourly earnings data adjusted to exclude the effects of two types of changes that are unrelated to underlying wage-rate developments: fluctuations in overtime premiums https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available) and the effects of changes and seasonal factors in the proportion of workers in high-wage and low-wage industries. Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsuper visory workers for which pay was received and are different from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion of gross average weekly hours which were in excess of regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. The Diffusion Index, introduced in table 17 of the May issue, represents the percent of 186 nonagricultural industries in which employment was rising over the indicated period. One-half of the industries with unchanged employment are counted as rising. In line with Bureau practice, data for the 3-, 6-, and 9-month spans are seasonally adjusted, while that for the 12-month span is unadjusted. The diffusion index is useful for measuring the dispersion of economic gains or losses and is also an economic indi cator. Notes on the data Establishment data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are pe riodically adjusted to com prehensive counts o f em ploym ent (called “ benchmarks” ). The latest complete adjustment was made with the release of May 1983 data, published in the July 1983 issue of the R eview . Con sequently, data published in the R eview prior to that issue are not necessarily comparable to current data. Unadjusted data have been revised back to April 1981; seasonally adjusted data have been revised back to January 1978. Unadjusted data from April 1982 forward, and seasonally adjusted data from January 1979 forward are subject to revision in future bench marks. Earlier comparable unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data are published in a Supplem ent to E m ploym ent an d E arnings (unadjusted data from April 1977 through February 1983 and seasonally adjusted data from January 1974 through February 1983) and in E m ploym ent an d Earnings, U n ited S tates, 1 9 0 9 -7 8 , BLS Bulletin 1312-11 (for prior periods). A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “ Com paring employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,” M onthly L abor R eview , December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 . See also BLS H andbook o f M eth ods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982). 93 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 9. Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-82 [Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands] Service-producing Goods-produclng Total Year Private sector Total Mining Construc Manufac turing tion Total Transportatlon and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Total Whole sale trade Retail trade Finance, Insurance, Services and real estate Government Total Federal State and local 1950 ................................................ 4 5 ,1 9 7 3 9 ,1 7 0 1 8 ,5 0 6 901 2 ,3 6 4 1 5 ,2 4 1 2 6 ,6 9 1 4 ,0 3 4 9 ,3 8 6 2 ,6 3 5 6 ,7 5 1 1 ,8 8 8 5 ,3 5 7 6 ,0 2 6 1 ,9 2 8 4 ,0 9 8 1955 ................................................ 5 0 ,6 4 1 4 3 ,7 2 7 2 0 ,5 1 3 792 2 ,8 3 9 1 6 ,8 8 2 3 0 ,1 2 8 4 ,1 4 1 1 0 ,5 3 5 2 ,9 2 6 7 ,6 1 0 2 ,2 9 8 6 ,2 4 0 6 ,9 1 4 2 ,1 8 7 4 ,7 2 7 712 ............................................ 5 4 ,1 8 9 4 5 ,8 3 6 2 0 ,4 3 4 2 ,9 2 6 1 6 ,7 9 6 3 3 ,7 5 5 4 ,0 0 4 1 1 ,3 9 1 3 ,1 4 3 8 ,2 4 8 2 ,6 2 9 8 ,3 5 3 2 ,2 7 0 6 ,0 8 3 1964 ................................................ 5 8 ,2 8 3 4 8 ,6 8 6 2 1 ,0 0 5 634 3 ,0 9 7 1 7 ,2 7 4 3 7 ,2 7 8 3 ,9 5 1 1 2 ,1 6 0 3 ,3 3 7 8 ,8 2 3 2 ,9 1 1 8 ,6 6 0 9 ,5 9 6 2 ,3 4 8 7 ,2 4 8 1965 ................................................ 6 0 ,7 6 5 5 0 ,5 8 9 2 1 ,9 2 6 632 3 ,2 3 2 1 8 ,0 6 2 3 8 ,8 3 9 4 ,0 3 6 1 2 ,7 1 6 3 ,4 6 6 9 ,2 5 0 2 ,9 7 7 9 ,0 3 6 1 0 ,0 7 4 2 ,3 7 8 7 ,6 9 6 1966 I9 6 0 1 7 ,3 7 8 ................................................ 6 3 ,9 0 1 5 3 ,1 1 6 2 3 ,1 5 8 627 3 ,3 1 7 1 9 ,2 1 4 4 0 ,7 4 3 4 ,1 5 8 1 3 ,2 4 5 3 ,5 9 7 9 ,6 4 8 3 ,0 5 8 9 ,4 9 8 1 0 ,7 8 4 2 ,5 6 4 8 ,2 2 0 1967 ................................................ 6 5 ,8 0 3 5 4 ,4 1 3 2 3 ,3 0 8 613 3 ,2 4 8 1 9 ,4 4 7 4 2 ,4 9 5 4 ,2 6 8 1 3 ,6 0 6 3 ,6 8 9 9 ,9 1 7 3 ,1 8 5 1 0 ,0 4 5 1 1 ,3 9 1 2 ,7 1 9 8 ,6 7 2 1968 ................................................ 6 7 ,8 9 7 5 6 ,0 5 8 2 3 ,7 3 7 606 3 ,3 5 0 1 9 ,7 8 1 4 4 ,1 6 0 4 ,3 1 8 1 4 ,0 9 9 3 ,7 7 9 1 0 ,3 2 0 3 ,3 3 7 1 0 ,5 6 7 1 1 ,8 3 9 2 ,7 3 7 9 ,1 0 2 1969 ................................................ 7 0 ,3 8 4 5 8 ,1 8 9 2 4 ,3 6 1 619 3 ,5 7 5 2 0 ,1 6 7 4 6 ,0 2 3 4 ,4 4 2 1 4 ,7 0 6 3 ,9 0 7 1 0 ,7 9 8 3 ,5 1 2 1 1 ,1 6 9 1 2 ,1 9 5 2 ,7 5 8 9 ,4 3 7 1970 ................................................ 7 0 ,8 8 0 5 8 ,3 2 5 2 3 ,5 7 8 623 3 ,5 8 8 1 9 ,3 6 7 4 7 ,3 0 2 4 ,5 1 5 1 5 ,0 4 0 3 ,9 9 3 1 1 ,0 4 7 3 ,6 4 5 1 1 ,5 4 8 1 2 ,5 5 4 2 ,7 3 1 9 ,8 2 3 1 9 7 1 ................................................ 7 1 ,2 1 4 5 8 ,3 3 1 2 2 ,9 3 5 609 3 ,7 0 4 1 8 ,6 2 3 4 8 ,2 7 8 4 ,4 7 6 1 5 ,3 5 2 4 ,0 0 1 1 1 ,3 5 1 3 ,7 7 2 1 1 ,7 9 7 1 2 ,8 8 1 2 ,6 9 6 1 0 ,1 8 5 1972 ................................................ 7 3 ,6 7 5 6 0 ,3 4 1 2 3 ,6 6 8 628 3 ,8 8 9 1 9 ,1 5 1 5 0 ,0 0 7 4 ,5 4 1 1 5 ,9 4 9 4 ,1 1 3 1 1 ,8 3 6 3 ,9 0 8 1 2 ,2 7 6 1 3 ,3 3 4 2 ,6 8 4 1 0 ,6 4 9 1973 ................................................ 7 6 ,7 9 0 6 3 ,0 5 8 2 4 ,8 9 3 642 4 ,0 9 7 2 0 ,1 5 4 5 1 ,8 9 7 4 ,6 5 6 1 6 ,6 0 7 4 ,2 7 7 1 2 ,3 2 9 4 ,0 4 5 1 2 ,8 5 7 1 3 ,7 3 2 2 ,6 6 3 1 1 ,0 6 8 1974 ................................................ 7 8 ,2 6 5 6 4 ,0 9 5 2 4 ,7 9 4 697 4 ,0 2 0 2 0 ,0 7 7 5 3 ,4 7 1 4 ,7 2 5 1 6 ,9 8 7 4 ,4 3 3 1 2 ,5 5 4 4 ,1 4 8 1 3 ,4 4 1 1 4 ,1 7 0 2 ,7 2 4 1 1 ,4 4 6 1975 ................................................ 7 6 ,9 4 5 6 2 ,2 5 9 2 2 ,6 0 0 752 3 ,5 2 5 1 8 ,3 2 3 5 4 ,3 4 5 4 ,5 4 2 1 7 ,0 6 0 4 ,4 1 5 1 2 ,6 4 5 4 ,1 6 5 1 3 ,8 9 2 1 4 ,6 8 6 2 ,7 4 8 1 1 ,9 3 7 4 ,5 8 2 1 7 ,7 5 5 6 4 ,5 1 1 4 ,5 4 6 1 3 ,2 0 9 4 ,2 7 1 2 ,7 3 3 1 2 ,1 3 8 ................................................. 8 2 ,4 7 1 6 7 ,3 4 4 2 4 ,3 4 6 813 3 ,8 5 1 1 9 ,5 8 2 5 8 ,1 2 5 4 ,7 1 3 1 8 ,5 1 6 4 ,7 0 8 1 3 ,8 0 8 4 ,4 6 7 1 5 ,3 0 3 1 5 ,1 2 7 2 ,7 2 7 1 2 ,3 9 9 ................................................. 8 6 ,6 9 7 7 1 ,0 2 6 2 5 ,5 8 5 851 4 ,2 2 9 2 0 ,5 0 5 6 1 ,1 1 3 4 ,9 2 3 1 9 ,5 4 2 4 ,9 6 9 1 4 ,5 7 3 4 ,7 2 4 1 6 ,2 5 2 1 5 ,6 7 2 2 ,7 5 3 1 2 ,9 1 9 1979 ................................................. 8 9 ,8 2 3 7 3 ,8 7 6 2 6 ,4 6 1 958 4 ,4 6 3 2 1 ,0 4 0 6 3 ,3 6 3 5 ,1 3 6 2 0 ,1 9 2 5 ,2 0 4 1 4 ,9 8 9 4 ,9 7 5 1 7 ,1 1 2 1 5 ,9 4 7 2 ,7 7 3 1 3 ,1 4 7 4,346 20,285 64,748 5,146 20,310 1976 ................................................. 2 3 ,3 5 2 779 3 ,5 7 6 1 8 ,9 9 7 7 9 ,3 8 2 1977 1978 5 6 ,0 3 0 1 4 ,5 5 1 1 4 ,8 7 1 ................................................ 9 0 ,4 0 6 74,166 25,658 1,027 5,275 15,035 5,180 17,890 16,241 2,866 13,375 1 9 8 1 ................................................ 9 1 ,1 5 6 7 5 ,1 2 6 2 5 ,4 9 7 1 ,1 3 9 4 ,1 8 8 2 0 ,1 7 0 6 5 ,6 5 9 5 ,1 6 5 2 0 ,5 4 7 5 ,3 5 8 1 5 ,1 8 9 5 ,2 9 8 1 8 ,6 1 9 1 6 ,0 3 1 2 ,7 7 2 1 3 ,2 5 9 1982 8 9 ,5 9 6 7 3 ,7 9 3 2 3 ,9 0 7 1 ,1 4 3 3 ,9 1 1 1 8 ,8 5 3 6 5 ,6 8 9 5 ,0 8 1 2 0 ,4 0 1 5 ,2 8 0 1 5 ,1 2 2 5 ,3 4 0 1 9 ,0 6 4 1 5 ,8 0 3 2 ,7 3 9 1 3 ,0 6 4 1980 ................................................ 1 D a ta in c lu d e A la s k a a n d H a w a ii b e g in n in g in 1 9 5 9 . 10. Employment by State [ N o n a g r ic u l t u r a l p a y r o ll d a t a , in t h o u s a n d s ] State October 1982 September 1983 A l a b a m a .................................................................................... 1 ,3 0 9 .8 1 ,3 1 4 .3 2 0 5 .7 2 2 3 .6 217 1 A r iz o n a 1 ,0 3 2 .5 1 ,0 5 3 .1 1 ,0 6 6 .6 .................................................................................... Oct. 1983P 1 , 3 1 9 .1 State October 1982 M o n t a n a .................................................................................... 2 7 5 .8 Nevada 4 1 0 .1 September 1983 2 7 1 .9 Oct. 1983P 2 7 1 .8 604 2 .................................................................................... 4 2 4 .0 4 2 4 .4 A rkan sas ............................................................................... 7 2 7 .9 7 4 3 .9 7 4 5 .7 N e w H a m p s h i r e .................................................................. 3 9 4 .8 4 0 3 .6 4 0 0 .7 C a lifo r n ia ............................................................................... 9 ,8 0 7 .6 9 ,9 7 3 .7 1 0 ,0 4 7 .8 N e w J e r s e y ........................................................................... 3 ,0 9 5 .5 3 ,1 2 4 .4 3 , 1 2 3 .4 C o lo r a d o ............................................................................... 1 ,3 1 3 .9 1 ,3 4 6 .7 1 ,3 4 8 .6 N e w M e x i c o ........................................................................... 4 7 7 .2 4 8 7 .4 4 8 6 .3 C o n n e c t i c u t ........................................................................... 1 ,4 3 1 .6 1 ,4 4 2 .1 1 ,4 4 9 .7 N e w Y o r k ............................................................................... 7 ,2 5 9 .2 7 ,2 1 2 .6 7 , 2 6 9 .0 2 6 1 .7 2 6 2 .9 2 6 4 .2 N o r th C a r o lin a 2 ,3 5 3 .5 2 ,3 9 1 .8 2 , 4 0 7 .9 D e la w a r e ............................................................................... D is tr ic t o f C o lu m b ia .................................................................. ..................................................... 5 8 9 .8 5 8 8 .6 5 8 9 .5 N o r th D a k o t a ....................................................................... 2 5 5 .0 2 5 6 .4 2 5 8 .9 F l o r i d a ........................................................................................ 3 , 7 4 0 .0 3 ,8 7 7 .2 3 ,9 1 6 .7 O h i o ............................................................................................ 4 ,1 3 9 .2 4 ,1 6 7 .2 4 , 1 8 1 .3 G e o rg a 2 ,2 6 9 .4 2 ,2 7 9 .5 1 ,2 2 1 .9 1 ,2 0 8 .6 1 ,2 0 8 .0 .................................................................................... 2 ,2 1 5 .3 H aw a ........................................................................................ 3 9 8 .1 3 8 9 .3 3 9 6 .5 O reg o n 9 6 6 .6 9 6 7 .0 9 6 9 .8 Id a h o ........................................................................................ 3 1 7 .6 3 2 6 .0 3 2 5 .3 P e n n s y lv a n ia ....................................................................... 4 ,5 2 3 .1 4 ,4 8 5 .1 4 , 5 2 0 .7 I l l i n o i s ........................................................................................ 4 ,5 5 9 .7 4 ,5 4 0 .3 4 ,5 2 8 .0 R h o d e Is la n d ....................................................................... 3 9 4 .5 3 9 6 .4 3 9 8 .8 In d ia n a ................................................................................... 2 ,0 0 3 .8 2 ,0 2 5 .1 2 ,0 2 3 .7 S o u t h C a r o lin a .................................................................. 1 ,1 6 1 .5 1 ,1 8 1 .4 1 ,1 8 2 .3 I o w a ............................................................................................ 1 ,0 3 3 .8 1 ,0 2 3 .8 1 ,0 3 1 .2 S o u t h D a k o t a ....................................................................... T e n n e s s e e ............................................................................... 1 ,6 8 3 .6 1 ,7 0 1 .5 1 ,7 1 3 .5 Texas 6 ,2 1 9 .9 6 ,1 9 3 .4 6 , 2 0 8 .6 5 7 0 .0 Kansas ................................................................................... 9 1 1 .9 9 1 5 .1 9 1 9 .3 K e n tu c k y ............................................................................... 1 ,1 7 1 .8 1 ,1 7 6 .9 1 ,1 8 0 .7 L o u is ia n a ............................................................................... 1 ,6 0 8 .5 1 ,5 8 7 .2 1 ,5 9 6 .0 M a i n e ........................................................................................ 4 1 6 .3 4 2 2 .9 4 2 2 .3 1 ,6 7 3 .9 1 ,6 8 7 .6 1 ,6 9 3 .9 M a ry la n d ............................................................................... M a s s a c h u s e t ts O k l a h o m a ............................................................................... .................................................................................... ........................................................................................ 2 3 2 .0 2 3 8 .2 2 3 7 .1 U t a h ............................................................................................ 5 6 4 .4 5 6 8 .6 V e r m o n t ................................................................................ 2 0 5 .3 2 0 7 .4 2 0 9 .1 .................................................................................... 2 ,1 3 4 .7 2 ,1 7 7 .9 2 , 1 8 4 .9 W a s h i n g t o n ........................................................................... 1 ,5 7 4 .4 1 ,5 9 9 .4 1 ,5 9 6 .4 V irg in ia .................................................................. 2 ,6 3 0 .6 2 , 6 3 6 .1 2 ,6 5 0 .8 ............................................................................... 3 ,1 8 1 .3 3 ,2 4 4 .0 3 ,2 6 0 .3 W e s t V i r g i n i a ....................................................................... 6 0 2 .0 5 9 0 .4 5 9 3 .1 M i n n e s o t a ............................................................................... 1 ,7 1 2 .9 1 ,7 3 2 .8 1 ,7 4 1 .6 W i s c o n s i n ............................................................................... 1 ,8 7 8 .2 1 ,8 7 8 .6 1 , 8 8 0 .1 .......................................................................... 7 9 5 .0 7 9 4 .8 7 9 9 .3 ............................................................................... 2 1 7 .9 2 1 9 .4 2 1 6 .7 M i s s o u r i .................................................................................... 1 ,9 2 4 .0 1 ,9 3 9 .0 1 ,9 3 8 .3 V irg in I s l a n d s ....................................................................... 3 5 .3 3 4 .2 3 4 .7 M ic h ig a n M is s is s ip p i p = p r e lim in a r y . 94 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis W y o m in g 11. Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted [Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands] Annual average Industry division and group TOTAL .................................................. PRIVATE SECTOR ............................ GOODS-PRODUCING 1982 1983 1981 1982 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. F Nov. F 9 1 ,1 5 6 8 9 ,5 9 6 8 8 ,7 8 5 8 8 ,6 6 5 8 8 ,8 8 5 8 8 ,7 4 6 8 8 ,8 1 4 8 9 ,1 0 1 8 9 ,4 2 1 8 9 ,8 4 4 9 0 ,1 5 2 8 9 ,7 3 5 9 0 ,8 5 1 9 1 ,0 5 5 9 1 ,4 2 5 7 5 ,1 2 6 7 3 ,7 9 3 7 3 ,0 1 3 7 2 ,9 0 7 7 3 ,1 3 2 7 3 ,0 0 4 7 3 ,0 9 0 7 3 ,3 7 7 7 3 ,6 7 7 7 4 ,1 2 3 7 4 ,4 7 2 7 4 ,0 7 4 7 4 ,9 9 0 7 5 ,3 1 6 7 5 ,6 3 5 2 5 ,4 9 7 2 3 ,9 0 7 2 3 ,1 3 1 2 3 ,0 6 1 2 3 ,1 8 6 2 3 ,0 4 9 2 3 ,0 3 0 2 3 ,1 5 9 2 3 ,3 4 7 2 3 ,5 1 8 2 3 ,7 2 4 2 3 ,8 3 0 2 3 ,9 3 5 2 4 ,1 6 4 2 4 ,3 0 9 Mining......................................................... 1 ,1 3 9 1 ,1 4 3 1 ,0 6 6 1 ,0 5 3 1 ,0 3 7 1 ,0 1 4 1 ,0 0 6 997 994 1 ,0 0 3 1 ,0 1 7 1 ,0 2 3 1 ,0 2 6 1 ,0 4 3 1 ,0 3 6 Construction.................................................. 4 ,1 8 8 3 ,9 1 1 3 ,8 4 3 3 ,8 1 5 3 ,9 0 5 3 ,7 9 0 3 ,7 5 7 3 ,7 8 6 3 ,8 6 0 3 ,9 3 3 3 ,9 7 4 4 ,0 1 4 4 ,0 3 8 4 ,0 6 1 4 ,0 9 9 Manufacturing............................................... 2 0 .1 7 0 1 8 ,8 5 3 1 8 ,2 2 2 1 8 ,1 9 3 1 8 ,2 4 4 1 8 ,2 4 5 1 8 ,2 6 7 1 8 ,3 7 6 1 8 ,4 9 3 1 8 ,5 8 2 1 8 ,7 3 3 1 8 ,7 9 3 1 8 ,8 7 1 1 9 ,0 6 0 1 9 ,1 7 4 P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s .................................................... 1 4 ,0 2 0 1 2 ,7 9 0 1 2 ,2 5 2 1 2 ,2 4 1 1 2 ,2 9 1 1 2 ,3 0 3 1 2 ,3 2 3 1 2 ,4 3 5 1 2 ,5 3 1 1 2 ,6 1 5 1 2 ,7 5 6 1 2 ,8 0 3 1 2 ,8 5 9 1 3 ,0 4 3 1 3 ,1 5 0 Durable goods ........................................... 1 2 ,1 0 9 1 1 ,1 0 0 1 0 ,5 7 7 1 0 ,5 5 9 1 0 ,5 9 4 1 0 ,6 0 8 1 0 ,6 1 7 1 0 ,6 8 9 1 0 ,7 8 8 1 0 ,8 4 4 1 0 ,9 6 1 1 1 ,0 2 2 1 1 ,0 8 1 1 1 ,2 3 1 1 1 ,3 1 2 P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s ..................................................... 8 ,2 9 4 7 ,3 5 0 6 ,9 0 0 6 ,8 9 2 6 ,9 3 1 6 ,9 4 9 6 ,9 6 1 7 ,0 3 5 7 ,1 1 5 7 ,1 6 9 7 ,2 7 8 7 ,3 2 9 7 ,3 7 8 7 ,5 2 1 7 ,5 9 1 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ............................................ 666 603 608 614 625 631 638 651 662 679 688 699 703 710 714 F u r n itu r e a n d f ix tu re s 464 433 427 429 430 427 433 440 446 450 459 457 459 465 468 ......................................................... S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c ts ............................... 638 578 559 554 557 557 559 565 570 573 577 582 585 589 592 P r im a r y m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s .................................................... 1 ,1 2 2 922 823 816 817 810 816 820 828 830 839 840 849 866 866 F a b ric a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ................................................ 1 ,5 9 0 1 ,4 3 5 1 ,3 6 2 1 ,3 5 9 1 ,3 6 4 1 ,3 6 4 1 ,3 6 2 1 ,3 6 9 1 ,3 7 9 1 ,3 8 4 1 ,3 9 1 1 ,4 1 0 1 ,4 1 1 1 ,4 3 0 1 ,4 3 9 2 ,0 8 8 2 ,0 6 6 2 ,0 4 8 2 ,0 4 2 2 ,0 3 0 M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ............................................ 2 ,4 9 8 2 ,2 6 7 2 ,0 3 1 2 ,0 6 4 2 ,0 6 6 2 ,0 9 4 2 ,1 0 9 2 ,1 1 5 2 ,1 3 1 2 ,1 6 2 E le c tric a n d e le c tr o n ic e q u i p m e n t ............................... 2 ,0 9 4 2 ,0 1 6 1 ,9 7 5 1 ,9 5 7 1 ,9 7 4 1 ,9 8 1 1 ,9 8 8 1 ,9 9 9 2 ,0 1 0 2 ,0 3 0 2 ,0 4 7 2 ,0 4 3 2 ,0 8 2 2 ,1 0 7 2 ,1 2 9 T r a n s p o r ta t io n e q u i p m e n t ................................................ 1 ,8 9 8 1 ,7 4 4 1 ,6 6 1 1 ,6 9 6 1 ,7 1 0 1 ,7 2 9 1 ,7 2 3 1 ,7 4 3 1 ,7 5 7 1 ,7 6 2 1 ,7 9 4 1 ,8 0 7 1 ,8 0 1 1 ,8 4 8 1 ,8 5 3 In s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p r o d u c t s ............................... 730 716 700 695 695 693 691 690 689 687 687 692 696 699 700 M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g ....................................... 408 386 374 373 374 374 377 381 383 383 385 383 380 386 389 Nondurable goods ...................................... 8 ,0 6 1 7 ,7 5 3 7 ,6 4 5 7 ,6 3 4 7 ,6 5 0 7 ,6 3 7 7 ,6 5 0 7 ,6 8 7 7 ,7 0 5 7 ,7 3 8 7 ,7 7 2 7 ,7 7 1 7 ,7 9 0 7 ,8 2 9 7 ,8 6 2 P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s ..................................................... 5 ,7 2 7 5 ,4 4 0 5 ,3 5 2 5 ,3 4 9 5 ,3 6 0 5 ,3 5 4 5 ,3 6 2 5 ,4 0 0 5 ,4 1 6 5 ,4 4 6 5 ,4 7 8 5 ,4 7 4 5 ,4 8 1 5 ,5 2 2 5 ,5 5 9 1 ,6 1 9 1 ,6 3 3 1 ,6 3 2 1 ,6 4 3 1 ,6 3 8 1 ,6 2 7 1 ,6 3 0 1 ,6 3 0 1 ,6 3 5 ............................................ 1 ,6 7 1 1 ,6 3 8 1 ,6 3 2 1 ,6 2 6 1 ,6 2 6 1 ,6 2 0 T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ......................................................... F o o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u c ts 70 68 63 69 69 67 67 66 66 65 65 62 63 64 T e x tile m ill p r o d u c t s ............................................................. 823 750 727 727 726 726 730 733 736 745 746 752 753 758 759 .......................... 1 ,2 4 4 1 ,1 6 4 1 ,1 4 1 1 ,1 4 0 1 ,1 5 0 1 ,1 4 8 1 ,1 4 3 1 ,1 4 9 1 ,1 5 3 1 ,1 5 9 1 ,1 8 0 1 ,1 7 5 1 ,1 7 7 1 ,1 9 1 1 ,2 0 1 P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ................................................ 689 662 654 653 653 652 652 654 656 657 658 659 662 666 669 ..................................................... 1 ,2 6 6 1 ,2 6 9 1 ,2 6 3 1 ,2 6 3 1 ,2 6 6 1 ,2 6 5 1 ,2 6 9 1 ,2 7 4 1 ,2 7 6 1 ,2 8 1 1 ,2 8 4 1 .2 8 9 1 ,2 9 0 1 ,2 9 6 1 ,3 0 2 C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ........................................ 1 ,1 0 9 1 ,0 7 9 1 ,0 6 4 1 ,0 5 9 1 ,0 5 7 1 ,0 5 6 1 ,0 5 6 1 ,0 5 8 1 ,0 5 8 1 ,0 5 6 1 ,0 5 9 1 ,0 5 6 1 ,0 6 2 A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r te x tile p r o d u c t s P r in tin g a n d p u b lis h in g 62 1 ,0 6 0 1 ,0 6 1 P e t r o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ........................................ 214 201 200 199 200 199 199 199 198 198 197 195 195 194 R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p r o d u c ts 737 701 685 685 688 691 699 707 716 721 732 739 742 752 761 L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts 238 221 216 213 215 214 216 214 214 213 213 217 218 217 219 6 5 ,6 5 9 6 5 ,6 8 9 6 5 ,6 5 4 6 5 ,6 0 4 6 5 ,6 9 9 6 5 ,6 9 7 6 5 ,7 8 4 6 5 ,9 4 2 6 6 .0 7 4 6 6 ,3 2 6 6 6 ,4 2 8 6 5 ,9 0 5 6 6 ,9 1 6 6 6 ,8 9 1 6 7 ,1 1 6 5 ,1 6 5 5 ,0 8 1 5 ,0 1 9 5 ,0 0 8 4 ,9 7 9 4 ,9 6 6 4 ,9 6 3 4 ,9 8 8 4 ,9 9 3 4 ,9 9 2 4 ,9 8 4 4 ,3 4 1 5 ,0 3 1 5 ,0 2 0 5 ,0 1 8 2 0 ,5 4 7 2 0 ,4 0 1 2 0 ,3 2 0 2 0 ,2 5 6 2 0 ,3 5 5 2 0 ,3 4 3 2 0 ,3 5 0 2 0 ,3 2 9 2 0 ,3 5 6 2 0 ,4 9 4 2 0 ,5 2 9 2 0 ,5 8 0 2 0 ,6 1 2 2 0 ,6 5 6 2 0 ,6 6 5 5 ,3 5 8 5 ,2 8 0 5 ,2 1 2 5 ,1 9 2 5 ,1 8 5 5 ,1 8 1 5 ,1 7 6 5 ,1 8 0 5 ,1 9 7 5 ,2 2 2 5 ,2 2 9 5 ,2 4 9 5 ,2 7 4 5 ,2 8 8 5 ,2 8 5 1 5 ,1 8 9 1 5 ,1 2 2 1 5 ,1 0 8 1 5 ,0 6 4 1 5 ,1 7 0 1 5 ,1 6 2 1 5 ,1 7 4 1 5 ,1 4 9 1 5 ,1 5 9 1 5 ,2 7 2 1 5 ,3 0 0 1 5 ,3 3 1 1 5 ,3 3 8 1 5 ,3 6 8 1 5 ,3 8 0 5 ,2 9 8 5 ,3 4 0 5 ,3 5 6 5 ,3 6 7 5 ,3 7 4 5 ,3 8 4 5 ,3 9 1 5 ,4 2 3 5 ,4 3 5 5 ,4 5 1 5 ,4 6 5 5 ,4 8 8 5 ,4 9 9 5 ,5 0 4 1 5 ,5 2 2 Services............................... 1 8 ,6 1 9 1 9 ,0 6 4 1 9 ,1 8 7 1 9 ,2 1 5 1 9 ,2 3 8 1 9 ,2 6 2 1 9 ,3 5 6 1 9 ,4 7 8 1 9 ,5 4 6 1 9 ,6 6 8 1 9 ,7 7 0 1 9 ,8 3 5 1 9 ,9 1 3 1 9 ,9 7 2 2 0 ,1 2 1 Government 1 6 ,0 3 1 1 5 ,8 0 3 1 5 ,7 7 2 1 5 ,7 5 8 1 5 ,7 5 3 1 5 ,7 4 2 1 5 ,7 2 4 1 5 ,7 2 4 1 5 ,7 4 4 1 5 ,7 2 1 1 5 ,6 8 0 1 5 ,6 6 1 1 5 ,8 6 1 1 5 ,7 3 9 1 5 ,7 9 0 ........................................ SERVICE-PRODUCING Transportation and public utilities................... Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, Insurance, and real estate ................. F e d e ra l ...................................................................... S ta te a n d l o c a l .................................................................. 192 2 ,7 7 2 2 ,7 3 9 2 ,7 4 6 2 ,7 4 7 2 ,7 4 8 2 ,7 4 2 2 ,7 4 2 2 ,7 4 9 2 ,7 5 6 2 ,7 4 2 2 ,7 3 8 2 ,7 3 3 2 ,7 7 3 2 ,7 6 8 2 ,7 7 1 1 3 ,2 5 9 1 3 ,0 6 4 1 3 ,0 2 6 1 3 ,0 1 1 1 3 ,0 0 5 1 3 ,0 0 0 1 2 ,9 8 2 1 2 ,9 7 5 1 2 ,9 8 8 1 2 ,9 7 9 1 2 ,9 4 2 1 2 ,9 2 8 1 3 ,0 8 3 1 2 ,9 7 1 1 3 ,0 1 9 p = p r e lim in a r y . N O T E : S e e " N o t e s o n t h e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r ip tio n o f th e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is io n . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 95 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 12. Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-82 [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural payrolls] Year Average weekly earnings Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Construction Mining Private sector Average weekly hours Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Manufacturing 1950 ............................... $ 5 3 .1 3 3 9 .8 $ 1 .3 4 $ 6 7 .1 6 3 7 .9 $ 1 .7 7 $ 6 9 .6 8 3 7 .4 $ 1 .8 6 $ 5 8 .3 2 4 0 .5 $ 1 .4 4 1955 ............................... 6 7 .7 2 3 9 .6 1 .7 1 8 9 .5 4 4 0 .7 2 .2 0 9 0 .9 0 3 7 .1 2 .4 5 7 5 .3 0 4 0 .7 1 .8 5 .......................... 8 0 .6 7 3 8 .6 2 .0 9 1 0 5 .0 4 4 0 .4 2 .6 0 1 1 2 .5 7 3 6 .7 3 .0 7 8 9 .7 2 3 9 .7 2 .2 6 4 1 .9 2 .8 1 1 3 2 .0 6 3 7 .2 3 .5 5 1 0 2 .9 7 4 0 .7 2 .5 3 I9 6 0 1 1964 ............................... 9 1 .3 3 3 8 .7 2 .3 6 1 1 7 .7 4 1965 ............................... 9 5 .4 5 3 8 .8 2 .4 6 1 2 3 .5 2 4 2 .3 2 .9 2 1 3 8 .3 8 3 7 .4 3 .7 0 1 0 7 .5 3 4 1 .2 2 .6 1 ............................... 9 8 .8 2 3 8 .6 2 .5 6 1 3 0 .2 4 4 2 .7 3 .0 5 1 4 6 .2 6 3 7 .6 3 .8 9 1 1 2 .1 9 4 1 .4 2 .7 1 1967 ............................... 1 0 1 .8 4 3 8 .0 2 .6 8 1 3 5 .8 9 4 2 .6 3 .1 9 1 5 4 .9 5 3 7 .7 4 .1 1 1 1 4 .4 9 4 0 .6 2 .8 2 1968 ............................... 1 0 7 .7 3 3 7 .8 2 .8 5 1 4 2 .7 1 4 2 .6 3 .3 5 1 6 4 .4 9 3 7 .3 4 .4 1 1 2 2 .5 1 4 0 .7 3 .0 1 1969 ............................... 1 1 4 .6 1 3 7 .7 3 .0 4 1 5 4 .8 0 4 3 .0 3 .6 0 1 8 1 .5 4 3 7 .9 4 .7 9 1 2 9 .5 1 4 0 .6 3 .1 9 1970 ............................... 1 1 9 .8 3 3 7 .1 3 .2 3 1 6 4 .4 0 4 2 .7 3 .8 5 1 9 5 .4 5 3 7 .3 5 .2 4 1 3 3 .3 3 3 9 .8 3 .3 5 1966 1 9 7 1 ............................... 1 2 7 .3 1 36 9 3 .4 5 1 7 2 .1 4 4 2 .4 4 .0 6 2 1 1 .6 7 3 7 .2 5 .6 9 1 4 2 .4 4 3 9 .9 3 .5 7 1972 ............................... 1 3 6 .9 0 3 7 .0 3 .7 0 1 8 9 .1 4 4 2 .6 4 .4 4 2 2 1 .1 9 3 6 .5 6 .0 6 1 5 4 .7 1 4 0 .5 3 .8 2 1973 4 2 .4 4 .7 5 ............................... 1 4 5 .3 9 3 6 .9 3 .9 4 2 0 1 .4 0 2 3 5 .8 9 3 6 .8 6 .4 1 1 6 6 .4 6 4 0 .7 4 .0 9 1974 ............................... 1 5 4 .7 6 3 6 .5 4 .2 4 2 1 9 .1 4 4 1 .9 5 .2 3 2 4 9 .2 5 3 6 .6 6 .8 1 1 7 6 .8 0 4 0 .0 4 .4 2 1975 ............................... 1 6 3 .5 3 3 6 .1 4 .5 3 2 4 9 .3 1 4 1 .9 5 .9 5 2 6 6 .0 8 3 6 .4 7 .3 1 1 9 0 .7 9 3 9 .5 4 .8 3 3 6 .1 4 .8 6 4 2 .4 6 .4 6 1 7 5 .4 5 2 7 3 .9 0 2 8 3 .7 3 3 6 .8 7 .7 1 2 0 9 .3 2 1976 ............................... 1977 ............................... 1 8 9 .0 0 3 6 .0 5 .2 5 3 0 1 .2 0 4 3 .4 6 .9 4 2 9 5 .6 5 3 6 .5 8 .1 0 2 2 8 .9 0 4 0 .3 5 .6 8 1978 ............................... 2 0 3 .7 0 3 5 .8 5 .6 9 3 3 2 .8 8 4 3 .4 7 .6 7 3 1 8 .6 9 3 6 .8 8 .6 6 2 4 9 .2 7 4 0 .4 6 .1 7 1979 ............................... 2 1 9 .9 1 3 5 .7 6 .1 6 3 6 5 .0 7 4 3 .0 8 .4 9 3 4 2 .9 9 3 7 .0 9 .2 7 2 6 9 .3 4 4 0 .2 6 .7 0 1980 7 .2 7 4 0 .1 5 .2 2 ............................... 2 3 5 .1 0 3 5 .3 6 .6 6 3 9 7 .0 6 4 3 .3 9 .1 7 3 6 7 .7 8 3 7 .0 9 94 2 8 8 62 3 9 .7 1 9 8 1 ............................... 2 5 5 .2 0 3 5 .2 7 .2 5 4 3 9 .7 5 4 3 .7 1 0 .0 4 2 9 9 .2 6 3 6 .9 1 0 .8 2 3 1 8 .0 0 3 9 .8 7 .9 9 ............................... 2 6 6 .9 2 3 4 .8 7 .6 7 4 5 9 .2 3 4 2 .6 1 0 .7 8 4 2 6 .4 5 3 6 .7 1 1 .6 2 3 3 0 .6 5 3 8 .9 8 .5 0 1982 Transportation and public utilities Finance, insurance, and real estate Wholesale and retail trade Services 1950 ............................... $ 4 4 .5 5 4 0 .5 $ 1 .1 0 $ 5 0 .5 2 3 7 .7 1955 ............................... 5 5 .1 6 3 9 .4 1 .4 0 6 3 .9 2 3 7 .6 1 70 ........................... 6 6 .0 1 3 8 .6 1 .7 1 7 5 .1 4 3 7 .2 2 .0 2 I9 6 0 1 $ 1 .3 4 1964 ............................... $ 1 1 8 .7 8 4 1 .1 $ 2 .8 9 7 4 .6 6 3 7 .9 1 .9 7 8 5 .7 9 3 7 .3 2 .3 0 $ 7 0 .0 3 3 6 .1 $ 1 .9 4 1965 ............................... 1 2 5 .1 4 4 1 .3 3 .0 3 7 6 .9 1 3 7 .7 2 .0 4 8 8 .9 1 3 7 .2 2 .3 9 7 3 .6 0 3 5 .9 2 .0 5 1966 ............................... 1 2 8 .1 3 4 1 .2 3 .1 1 7 9 .3 9 3 7 .1 2 .1 4 9 2 .1 3 3 7 .3 2 .4 7 7 7 .0 4 3 5 .5 2 .1 7 1967 ............................... 1 3 0 .8 2 4 0 .5 3 .2 3 8 2 .3 5 3 6 .6 2 .2 5 9 5 .7 2 3 7 .1 2 .5 8 8 0 .3 8 3 5 .1 1968 ............................... 1 3 8 .8 5 4 0 .6 3 .4 2 8 7 .0 0 3 6 .1 2 .4 1 1 0 1 .7 5 3 7 .0 2 .7 5 8 3 .9 7 3 4 .7 2 .4 2 1969 ............................... 1 4 7 .7 4 4 0 .7 3 .6 3 9 1 .3 9 3 5 .7 2 .5 6 1 0 8 .7 0 3 7 .1 2 .9 3 9 0 .5 7 3 4 .7 2 .6 1 1970 ............................... 1 5 5 .9 3 4 0 .5 3 .8 5 9 6 .0 2 3 5 .3 2 .7 2 1 1 2 .6 7 3 6 .7 3 .0 7 9 6 .6 6 3 4 .4 2 .8 1 1 9 7 1 ............................... 1 6 8 .8 2 4 0 .1 4 .2 1 1 0 1 .0 9 3 5 .1 2 .8 8 1 1 7 .8 5 3 6 .6 3 .2 2 1 0 3 .0 6 3 3 .9 3 04 1 0 6 .4 5 3 4 .9 3 .0 5 3 .2 7 2 .2 9 1972 ............................... 1 8 7 .8 6 4 0 .4 4 .6 5 1 2 2 .9 8 3 6 .6 3 .3 6 1 1 0 .8 5 3 3 .9 1973 ............................... 2 0 3 .3 1 4 0 .5 5 .0 2 1 1 1 .7 6 3 4 .6 3 .2 3 1 2 9 .2 0 3 6 .6 3 .5 3 1 1 7 .2 9 3 3 .8 1974 ............................... 2 1 7 .4 8 4 0 .2 5 .4 1 1 1 9 .0 2 3 4 .2 3 .4 8 1 3 7 .6 1 3 6 .5 3 .7 7 1 2 6 .0 0 3 3 .6 3 .7 5 1975 ............................... 2 3 3 .4 4 3 9 .7 5 .8 8 1 2 6 .4 5 3 3 .9 3 .7 3 1 4 8 .1 9 3 6 .5 4 .0 6 1 3 4 .6 7 3 3 .5 4 .0 2 3 .4 7 1976 ............................... 2 5 6 .7 1 3 9 .8 6 .4 5 1 3 3 .7 9 3 3 .7 3 .9 7 1 5 5 .4 3 3 6 .4 4 .2 7 1 4 3 .5 2 3 3 .3 4 .3 1 1977 ............................... 2 7 8 .9 0 3 9 .9 6 .9 9 1 4 2 .5 2 3 3 .3 4 .2 8 1 6 5 .2 6 3 6 .4 4 .5 4 1 5 3 .4 5 3 3 .0 4 .6 5 1978 ............................... 3 0 2 .8 0 4 0 .0 7 .5 7 1 5 3 .6 4 3 2 .9 4 .6 7 1 7 8 .0 0 3 6 .4 4 .8 9 1 6 3 .6 7 3 2 .8 4 99 1979 ............................... 3 2 5 .5 8 3 9 .9 8 .1 6 1 6 4 .9 6 3 2 .6 5 .0 6 1 9 0 .7 7 3 6 .2 5 .2 7 1 7 5 .2 7 3 2 .7 5 .3 6 1980 ............................... 3 5 1 .2 5 3 9 .6 8 .8 7 1 7 6 .4 6 3 2 .2 5 .4 8 209 60 3 6 .2 5 .7 9 1 9 0 .7 1 3 2 .6 5 .8 5 1 9 8 1 ............................... 3 8 2 .1 8 3 9 .4 9 .7 0 1 9 0 .6 2 3 2 .2 5 .9 2 2 2 9 .0 5 3 6 .3 6 .3 1 2 0 8 .9 7 3 2 .6 6 .4 1 1982 4 0 1 .7 0 3 9 .0 1 0 .3 0 1 9 8 .1 0 3 1 .9 6 .2 1 2 4 5 .4 4 3 6 .2 6 .7 8 2 2 4 .9 4 3 2 .6 6 .9 0 ............................... 1 D a ta In c lu d e A la s k a a n d H a w a ii b e g in n in g in 1 9 5 9 . 96 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 13. Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted [ G r o s s a v e r a g e s , p r o d u c t io n o r n o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s o n p r iv a t e n o n a g r i c u lt u r a i p a y r o lls ] Annual average Industry division and group 1981 PRIVATE SECTOR MANUFACTURING O v e rt im e h o u r s ............................................................. Durable goods 1982 1982 1983 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct.P Nov.P 3 5 .2 3 4 .8 3 4 .7 3 4 .8 3 5 .1 3 4 .5 3 4 .8 3 4 .9 3 5 .1 3 5 .1 3 5 .0 3 5 .0 3 5 .2 3 5 .3 3 5 .2 3 9 .8 3 8 .9 3 9 .0 3 9 .0 3 9 .7 3 9 .2 3 9 .5 4 0 .1 4 0 .0 4 0 .1 4 0 .2 4 0 .3 4 0 .8 4 0 .6 4 0 .5 2 .8 2 .3 2 .3 2 .3 2 .4 2 .4 2 .6 2 .9 2 .7 2 .9 3 .0 3 .1 3 .3 3 .4 3 .3 4 0 .2 3 9 .3 3 9 .3 3 9 .3 4 0 .1 3 9 .7 3 9 .9 4 0 .5 4 0 .4 4 0 .6 4 0 .8 4 0 .8 4 1 .5 4 1 .2 4 1 .1 O v e rt im e h o u r s ............................................................. 2 .8 2 .2 2 .1 2 .2 2 .2 2 .3 2 .5 2 .8 2 .6 2 .8 3 .0 3 .1 3 .4 3 .4 3 .4 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ............................................ 3 8 .7 3 8 .0 3 8 .7 3 8 .8 4 0 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 4 0 .0 3 9 .8 4 0 .0 3 9 .9 4 0 .2 4 0 .5 4 0 .3 4 0 .1 F u r n itu r e a n d fix t u re s 3 8 .4 3 7 .2 3 7 .6 3 7 .8 3 8 .6 3 7 .9 3 8 .3 3 9 .3 3 9 .2 3 9 .6 3 9 .7 3 9 .7 4 0 .1 3 9 .7 3 9 .6 ............................... 4 0 .6 4 0 .0 4 0 .2 4 0 .1 4 1 .4 4 0 .5 4 0 .6 4 1 .0 4 1 .2 4 1 .6 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 2 .1 4 1 .7 4 1 .5 P r im a r y m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s ..................................................... ......................................................... 4 0 .5 3 8 .6 3 8 .3 3 8 .8 3 8 .9 3 9 .1 3 9 .4 3 9 .9 4 0 .3 4 0 .3 4 0 .8 4 0 .9 4 1 .2 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ................................................ 4 0 .3 3 9 .2 3 9 .2 3 9 .2 3 9 .9 3 9 .6 3 9 .7 4 0 .5 4 0 .4 4 0 .5 4 0 .7 4 0 .9 4 1 .6 4 1 .2 4 1 .4 S to n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c ts 3 9 .7 3 9 .3 3 9 .3 3 9 .6 3 9 .4 3 9 .7 4 0 .2 4 0 .0 4 0 .4 4 0 .7 4 0 .7 4 1 .2 4 1 .2 4 1 .2 E le c tr ic a n d e le c tr o n ic e q u i p m e n t ............................... 4 0 .0 3 9 .3 3 9 .3 3 9 .4 3 9 .9 3 9 .5 3 9 .8 4 0 .4 4 0 .3 4 0 .5 4 0 .8 4 0 .7 4 1 .1 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 T r a n s p o r ta t io n e q u i p m e n t ................................................ M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ............................................ 4 0 .9 4 0 .5 4 0 .9 4 0 .1 4 1 .6 4 1 .2 4 1 .7 4 2 .3 4 1 .6 4 1 .9 4 2 .0 4 1 .8 4 3 .5 4 2 .4 4 2 .3 In s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p r o d u c t s ............................... Nondurable goods O v e rt im e h o u r s ............................................................. F o o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u c t s 4 0 .9 4 0 .4 3 9 .8 3 9 .4 3 9 .7 4 0 .4 3 9 .7 4 0 .0 4 0 .5 4 0 .4 4 0 .1 4 0 .7 4 0 .4 4 1 .0 4 0 .6 4 0 .4 3 9 .1 3 8 .4 3 8 .6 3 8 .6 3 9 .1 3 8 .5 3 9 .0 3 9 .5 3 9 .4 3 9 .6 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .9 3 9 .7 3 9 .7 2 .8 2 .5 2 .5 2 .5 2 .6 2 .6 2 .7 3 .0 2 .9 3 .0 3 .0 3 .1 3 .1 3 .2 3 .2 ............................................ 3 9 .7 3 9 .4 3 9 .4 3 9 .1 3 9 .3 3 9 .0 3 9 .2 39 6 3 9 .4 3 9 .8 3 9 .4 3 9 .6 39 9 3 9 .7 3 9 .7 T e x tile m ill p r o d u c t s ............................................................. 3 9 .6 3 7 .5 3 8 .8 3 8 .9 3 9 .7 3 9 .0 3 9 .6 4 0 .6 4 0 .4 4 0 .7 4 0 .7 4 0 .9 4 1 .3 4 0 .8 4 0 .9 .......................... 3 5 .7 3 4 .7 3 5 .0 3 5 .1 3 6 .6 3 5 .2 3 5 .6 3 6 .2 3 6 .1 3 6 .1 3 5 .8 3 6 .2 3 6 .8 3 6 .5 3 6 .3 P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ................................................ 4 2 .5 4 1 .8 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 1 .8 4 1 .4 4 2 .1 4 2 .4 4 2 .7 4 2 .8 4 2 .9 4 2 .9 4 3 .3 4 3 .1 4 2 .8 P r in tin g a n d p u b lis h in g 3 7 .3 3 7 .1 3 7 .1 3 7 .1 3 7 .5 3 7 .1 3 7 .4 3 7 .7 3 7 .4 3 7 .6 3 7 .7 3 7 .5 3 7 .8 3 8 .0 3 8 .0 4 2 .0 A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r te x tile p r o d u c ts ..................................................... C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ........................................ 4 1 .6 4 0 .9 4 0 .7 4 0 .9 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 1 .2 4 1 .5 4 1 .6 4 1 .9 4 1 .8 4 1 .6 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 P e t r o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ........................................ 4 3 .2 4 3 .9 4 4 .1 4 4 .4 4 4 .5 4 4 .4 4 4 .9 4 3 .5 4 3 .6 4 3 .8 4 3 .7 4 3 .5 4 3 .2 4 3 .5 4 3 .8 L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts 3 6 .7 3 5 .6 3 5 .8 3 5 .8 3 6 .3 3 4 .9 3 6 .0 3 7 .0 3 6 .8 3 6 .8 3 7 .4 3 7 .2 3 7 .7 3 7 .5 3 7 .2 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES 3 9 .4 3 9 .0 3 8 .9 3 8 .9 3 8 .6 3 8 .6 3 8 .8 3 8 .8 38 9 3 8 .9 3 8 .9 3 9 .3 3 9 .4 3 9 .5 3 9 .2 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE 3 2 .2 3 1 .9 3 1 .8 3 2 .1 3 1 .9 3 1 .4 3 1 .7 3 1 .7 3 1 .9 3 2 .0 3 1 .9 3 1 .8 3 1 .8 3 2 .1 3 2 .1 WHOLESALE TRADE 3 8 .5 3 8 .4 3 8 .4 3 8 .4 3 8 .5 3 8 .2 3 8 .4 3 8 .5 3 8 .6 3 8 .7 3 8 .6 3 8 .5 3 8 .7 38 6 3 8 .7 RETAIL TRADE 3 0 .1 2 9 .9 29 8 3 0 .1 2 9 .9 2 9 .3 2 9 .7 2 9 .6 2 9 .9 2 9 .9 2 9 .8 2 9 .7 2 9 .7 3 0 .1 3 0 .0 SERVICES 3 2 .6 3 2 .6 3 2 .6 3 2 .6 3 2 .9 3 2 .5 3 2 .7 3 2 .7 3 2 .9 3 2 .7 3 2 .6 3 2 .7 3 2 .8 3 2 .9 3 2 .8 ....................................... p = p r e lim in a r y . NOTE: See “ Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 97 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 14. Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] Industry division and group PRIVATE SECTOR ................................... 1982 Annual average 1983 1981 1982 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. F Nov.P $ 7 .2 5 $ 7 .6 7 $ 7 .8 1 $ 7 .8 2 $ 7 .9 0 $ 7 .9 2 $ 7 .9 0 $ 7 .9 4 $ 7 .9 7 $ 7 .9 7 $ 8 .0 0 $ 7 .9 4 $ 8 .1 1 $ 3 .1 5 $ 8 ,1 4 (1) 7 .7 8 7 .8 2 7 .8 8 7 .9 1 7 .9 1 7 .9 5 7 .9 7 8 .0 0 8 .0 3 7 .9 8 8 .0 8 8 .1 2 8 .1 1 Seasonally adjusted...................................... (1 > MINING ....................................................... 1 0 .0 4 1 0 .7 8 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .0 3 1 1 .2 1 1 1 .2 5 1 1 .1 9 1 1 .2 8 1 1 .2 0 1 1 .2 5 1 .1 .2 9 1 1 .2 8 1 1 .3 5 1 1 .3 2 1 1 .3 0 CONSTRUCTION............................................. 1 0 .8 2 1 1 .6 2 1 1 .7 2 1 1 .9 6 1 1 .9 5 1 2 .0 0 1 1 .9 5 1 1 .9 0 1 1 .8 0 1 1 .7 4 1 1 .7 8 1 1 .8 4 1 2 .0 3 1 2 .0 2 1 1 .8 5 MANUFACTURING........................................... 7 .9 9 8 .5 0 8 .6 1 8 .6 8 8 .7 1 8 .7 5 8 .7 4 8 .7 7 8 .7 8 8 .8 1 8 .8 6 8 .7 9 8 .9 0 8 .9 1 8 .9 7 9 .1 7 9 .2 4 9 .2 6 9 .3 1 9 .2 9 9 .4 9 9 .5 3 Durable goods........................................ Lumber and wood products...................... Furniture and fixtures................................... Stone, clay, and glass products................ Primary metal industries............................ Fabricated metal p rodu cts......................... Machinery, except electrical...................... Electric and electronic equipm ent............ Transportation equipment ......................... Instruments and related products............ Miscellaneous manufacturing ................... Nondurable goods Food and kindred products ...................... Tobacco manufactures............................... Textile mill pro d u cts................................... Apparel and other textile products............. Paper and allied products ......................... Printing and publishing............................... Chemicals and allied products................... Petroleum and coal products ................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products...................................... Leather and leather products ................... 9 .3 1 9 .3 4 9 .3 7 9 .4 0 9 .3 4 9 .4 8 6 .9 9 7 .4 6 7 .5 9 7 .5 5 7 .6 8 7 .7 2 7 .6 8 7 .7 4 7 .7 8 7 .8 5 7 .8 2 7 .8 3 7 .8 8 7 .8 5 5 .9 1 8 .5 4 6 .3 1 6 .4 3 6 .4 6 6 .4 9 6 .5 0 6 .5 1 6 .5 1 6 .5 2 6 .6 0 6 .6 5 6 .6 7 6 .7 3 6 .7 3 6 .7 5 8 .2 7 8 .8 6 9 .0 4 9 .0 8 9 .1 0 9 .1 0 9 .1 3 9 .1 6 9 .2 0 9 .2 8 9 .3 4 9 .3 1 9 .4 3 9 .3 8 9 .3 8 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .3 3 1 1 .4 9 1 1 .4 9 1 1 .5 6 1 1 .5 3 1 1 .2 4 1 1 .2 5 1 1 .2 8 1 1 .2 3 1 1 .3 7 1 1 .2 8 1 1 .3 3 1 1 .2 7 1 1 .3 5 8 .1 9 8 .7 8 8 .9 0 8 .9 6 8 .9 8 9 .0 4 9 .0 5 9 .0 7 9 .0 8 9 .1 1 9 .1 0 9 .1 2 9 .2 1 9 .2 1 9 .2 6 8 .8 1 9 .2 9 9 .3 8 9 .4 3 9 .4 0 9 .4 4 9 .4 6 9 .4 8 9 .5 9 9 .6 3 9 .6 5 9 .6 1 9 .7 1 9 .7 5 9 .8 1 9 .0 6 7 .7 6 7 .6 2 8 .2 1 8 .4 5 8 .5 1 8 .5 3 8 .5 6 8 .6 0 8 .6 0 8 .6 0 8 .6 3 8 .6 9 8 .6 4 8 .7 5 8 .7 3 8 .7 7 1 0 .3 9 1 1 .1 2 1 1 .3 4 1 1 .4 3 1 1 .4 0 1 1 .4 9 1 1 .4 9 1 1 .5 3 1 1 .5 2 1 1 .6 3 1 1 .6 2 1 1 .5 3 1 1 .8 0 1 1 .8 6 1 1 .9 3 7 .4 2 8 .1 0 8 .3 1 8 .3 8 8 .4 2 8 .4 8 8 .4 7 8 .4 6 8 .4 8 8 .4 8 8 .5 7 8 .5 3 8 .6 1 8 .5 9 8 59 5 .9 7 6 .4 3 6 .5 6 6 .6 7 6 .7 2 6 .7 3 6 .7 5 6 .7 6 6 .8 2 6 .8 1 6 .8 2 6 .8 1 6 .8 5 6 .8 5 6 .8 5 7 .1 8 7 .7 3 7 .8 8 7 .9 5 7 .9 7 7 .9 9 8 .0 0 8 .0 3 8 .0 3 8 .0 4 8 .1 1 8 .0 5 8 .1 1 8 .1 1 7 .4 4 7 .8 9 8 .0 0 8 .0 6 8 .0 9 8 .1 1 8 .1 6 8 .2 0 8 .1 8 8 .1 7 8 .1 7 8 .1 2 8 .1 4 8 .1 3 8 .2 3 8 .8 8 9 .7 8 1 0 .1 6 9 .6 3 9 .8 7 9 .9 6 1 0 .4 3 1 0 .6 1 1 0 .7 4 1 0 .9 1 1 0 .8 4 1 0 .2 4 9 90 9 .7 7 1 0 .7 3 6 .0 4 6 .0 8 6 .1 0 6 .1 1 6 .1 4 6 .1 4 6 .1 6 5 .5 2 5 .8 3 5 .9 2 6 .1 7 6 .1 9 6 .2 4 6 .2 3 8 .1 7 6 .2 5 4.97 5.20 5.24 5.28 5.33 5.33 5.33 5.35 5.33 5.36 5 35 5.35 5.39 5 40 5.43 8 .6 0 9 .3 2 9 .6 0 9 .6 5 9 .6 5 9 .6 5 9 .6 7 9 .7 2 9 .8 1 9 .9 1 1 0 .0 6 1 0 .0 2 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .1 0 1 0 .1 8 8 .1 9 8 .7 5 8 .9 2 9 .0 0 8 .9 7 8 .9 9 9 .0 3 9 .0 3 9 .0 5 9 06 9 .1 0 9 .1 4 9 .2 5 9 26 9 .2 9 9 .1 2 9 .9 6 1 0 .2 6 1 0 .3 2 1 0 .3 4 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .3 9 1 0 .4 3 1 0 .5 0 1 0 .5 2 1 0 .5 8 1 0 .6 1 1 0 .6 9 1 0 .7 8 1 0 .8 5 1 1 .3 8 1 2 .4 6 1 2 .6 8 1 2 .7 1 1 3 .1 6 1 3 .2 5 1 3 .2 8 1 3 .2 7 1 3 .1 7 1 3 .1 7 1 3 .2 0 1 3 .1 6 1 3 .3 6 1 3 .3 5 1 3 .4 7 7 .1 7 7 .6 5 7 .8 1 7 .9 1 7 .9 1 7 .9 1 7 .9 2 7 .9 5 7 .9 7 7 .9 6 8 .0 6 8 .0 3 8 .0 8 8 .1 2 8 .0 7 4 .9 9 5 .3 2 5 .4 1 5 .4 4 5 .5 0 5 .5 0 5 .5 2 5 .5 2 5 .5 1 5 .4 9 5 .5 2 5 .5 0 5 .5 6 5 55 5 .5 7 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES 9 .7 0 1 0 .3 0 1 0 .5 9 1 0 .6 2 1 0 .6 9 1 0 .7 2 1 0 .6 8 1 0 .7 2 1 0 .7 4 1 0 .7 3 10 86 1 0 .6 8 1 0 .9 0 1 0 .9 4 1 0 .9 7 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE 5 .9 2 6 .2 1 6 .3 0 6 .2 7 6 .4 2 6 .4 5 6 .4 3 6 .4 5 6 .4 6 6 .4 6 6 .4 8 6 .4 7 6 .5 4 6 .5 7 6 .5 8 WHOLESALE TRADE 7 .5 6 8 .0 2 8 .1 4 8 .2 0 8 .3 1 8 .2 8 8 .2 7 8 .3 4 8 .3 6 8 .3 5 8 .4 2 8 .4 1 8 .4 8 8 .5 3 8 .5 3 RETAIL TRADE............................................... 5 .2 5 5 .4 7 5 .5 6 5 .5 4 5 .6 5 5 .6 9 5 68 5 .6 9 5 .7 1 5 .7 1 5 .7 2 5 .7 1 5 .7 7 5 .7 8 5 .8 0 FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE 6 .3 1 6 .7 8 7 .0 0 7 .0 1 7 .1 9 7 .2 2 7 .1 9 7 .2 3 7 .3 1 7 .2 6 7 .3 0 7 .2 5 7 .3 3 7 .4 3 7 .3 9 SERVICES 6 .4 1 6 .9 0 7 .0 8 7 .1 2 7 .1 8 7 .1 9 7 .1 7 7 .2 0 7 .2 3 7 .2 0 7 .1 8 7 .1 8 7 .3 1 7 .3 9 7 .3 9 1 Not available. p = preliminary. 15. NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision, Hourly Earnings Index, for production workers on private nonagricultural payrolls, by industry [1977 = 100] Not seasonally adjusted Industry PRIVATE SECTOR (in current dollars) Nov. 1982 ......... Sept. 1983 Oct. 1983P Seasonally adjusted Nov. 1983P Percent change from: Nov. 1982 to Nov. 1983 Percent change from: Oct. 1983 to Nov. 1983 Nov. 1982 July 1983 Aug. 1983 Sept. 1983 Oct. 1983P Nov. 1983P 1 5 5 .0 1 5 5 .9 1 5 6 .7 1 5 6 .7 0 .0 (1) - .6 1 5 1 .2 1 5 6 .2 1 5 6 .8 1 5 6 .8 3 .7 1 5 1 .1 1 5 5 .2 M i n i n g .................................................................................... 1 6 2 .9 1 6 8 .3 1 6 8 .3 1 6 8 .6 3 .5 C o n s t r u c t i o n ...................................................................... 1 4 2 .3 1 4 7 .1 1 4 6 .7 1 4 4 .5 1 .5 (1) 1 4 1 .9 (1) 1 4 4 .0 ( 1) 1 4 4 .1 M a n u f a c t u r i n g .................................... (1 ) 1 4 5 .5 (1) 1 4 4 .8 (1) 1 4 4 .0 1 5 5 .4 1 5 8 .5 1 5 8 .8 1 5 9 .6 2 .7 1 5 5 .3 1 5 8 .8 1 5 8 .1 1 5 8 .3 ......... ................... in s u ra n c e , a n d re a l e s t a t e ......... ........................................... 1 5 8 .8 1 5 9 .5 .4 T r a n s p o r ta t io n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s 1 5 3 .2 1 5 8 .1 1 5 9 .0 1 5 9 .4 4 .0 1 5 2 .2 1 5 7 .9 1 5 5 .4 1 5 7 .2 1 5 8 .5 1 5 8 .3 -.2 W h o le s a le a n d re ta il t r a d e 1 4 7 .2 1 5 3 .2 1 5 3 .6 1 5 3 .7 4 .4 1 4 7 .5 1 5 2 .2 1 5 2 .3 1 5 3 .1 1 5 3 .9 1 5 4 .0 .1 1 5 2 .7 1 5 9 .8 1 6 1 .9 1 6 1 .2 5 .6 1 5 6 .9 1 5 8 .3 1 5 8 .0 4 .7 (1) 1 5 0 .7 (1 ) 1 5 5 .6 ( 1) 1 5 5 .9 ( 1) 1 5 7 .1 (1) 1 5 8 .5 ( 1) 1 5 7 .7 ( 1) 1 5 1 .0 PRIVATE SECTOR (In constant dollars)......... 9 3 .6 9 4 .3 9 4 .5 (2 ) (2 ) 9 3 .4 9 4 .7 9 4 .0 9 4 .2 9 4 .4 (2 ) (2 ) F in a n c e , S e r v ic e s 1This series is not seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component is small relative to the trendCyC2 L !7 v a u ih ip 0mP0nen,S' ° r b°th' and COnSeqUently Cann0t be Separated with sufficient precision' 98 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis p = preliminary. NOTE: See “ Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. -.5 16. Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group [ G r o s s a v e r a g e s , p r o d u c t io n o r n o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s o n p r iv a t e n o n a g r i c u lt u r a l p a y r o lls ] 1983 1982 Annual average Industry division and group 1981 1982 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. C u r r e n t d o l l a r s ........................................................................... $ 2 5 5 .2 0 $ 2 6 6 .9 2 $ 2 7 1 .0 1 $ 2 7 3 .7 0 $ 2 7 3 .3 4 $ 2 7 0 .8 6 $ 2 7 4 ,1 3 $ 2 7 5 .5 2 $ 2 7 8 .1 5 $ 2 8 0 .5 4 $ 2 8 3 .2 0 $ 2 8 1 .0 8 S e a s o n a lly a d j u s t e d ......................................................... ( 1) 1 7 0 .1 3 ( 1) 1 6 7 .8 7 2 6 9 .9 7 2 7 2 .1 4 2 7 6 .5 9 2 7 2 .9 0 2 7 5 .2 7 2 7 7 .4 6 2 7 9 .7 5 2 8 0 .8 0 2 8 1 .0 5 2 7 9 .3 0 1 6 7 .8 1 1 7 0 .1 1 1 6 9 .8 8 1 6 8 .2 4 1 6 9 .8 5 1 6 9 .5 5 1 7 0 .3 3 1 7 1 .3 7 1 7 2 .3 7 1 7 0 .3 5 MINING 4 3 8 .7 5 4 5 9 .2 3 4 5 8 .0 2 4 6 5 .4 7 4 7 6 .4 3 4 6 4 .6 3 4 6 7 .7 4 4 6 9 .2 5 4 7 2 .6 4 4 7 8 .1 3 4 7 5 .3 1 CONSTRUCTION 3 9 9 26 4 2 6 .4 5 4 2 3 .0 9 4 4 0 .1 3 4 4 0 .9 6 4 2 4 .8 0 4 3 4 .9 8 4 3 6 .7 3 4 4 1 .3 2 4 4 4 .9 5 4 5 0 .0 0 C u r r e n t d o l l a r s ........................................................................... 3 1 8 .0 0 3 3 0 .6 5 3 3 8 .3 7 3 4 4 .6 0 3 4 1 .4 3 3 3 9 .5 0 3 4 6 .1 0 3 4 9 .0 5 3 5 0 .3 2 3 5 5 .0 4 3 5 4 .4 0 3 5 3 .3 6 C o n s t a n t ( 1 9 7 7 ) d o l l a r s ..................................................... 2 1 2 .0 0 2 0 7 .9 6 2 0 9 .5 2 2 1 4 .1 7 2 1 2 .2 0 2 1 0 .8 7 2 1 4 .4 4 2 1 4 .8 0 2 1 4 .5 3 2 1 6 .8 8 2 1 5 .7 0 2 1 4 .1 6 3 4 3 .3 1 3 5 6 .0 6 3 6 3 .1 3 3 7 1 .4 5 3 6 7 .6 2 3 6 6 .8 1 3 7 2 .5 3 3 7 5 .1 9 3 7 7 .3 4 3 8 2 .3 0 3 7 9 .7 6 3 8 0 .1 4 3 9 2 .4 7 3 2 0 28 3 1 3 .5 8 Oct.P Nov.P $ 2 8 6 .2 8 2 8 7 .7 0 $ 2 8 6 .5 3 2 8 4 .4 2 2 8 6 .6 4 2 8 5 .4 7 1 7 2 .7 7 1 7 3 .3 1 ( 1) 4 8 1 .6 6 4 8 9 .1 9 4 8 9 .0 2 4 8 2 .5 1 4 4 9 .9 2 4 5 5 .9 4 4 4 7 .1 4 4 2 7 .7 9 3 6 3 .1 2 3 6 2 .6 4 3 6 5 .9 8 2 1 9 .1 4 2 1 8 .4 6 ( 1) 3 9 0 .9 9 3 9 4 .5 4 3 1 7 .9 3 3 1 0 .4 0 PRIVATE SECTOR C o n s t a n t ( 1 9 7 7 ) d o l l a r s ..................................................... MANUFACTURING Durable goods L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ............................................ F u r n itu r e a n d fix t u re s 2 7 0 .5 1 2 8 3 .4 8 2 9 2 .9 7 3 0 0 .2 9 2 9 3 .7 0 2 9 9 .5 4 3 0 2 .5 9 3 0 8 .0 5 3 1 2 .7 6 3 1 9 .4 6 3 2 0 .7 2 2 2 6 .9 4 2 3 4 .7 3 2 4 4 .3 4 2 5 0 .0 0 2 4 3 .3 8 2 4 3 .1 0 2 5 1 .2 9 2 5 3 .8 9 2 5 4 .2 8 2 6 3 .3 4 2 5 8 .6 9 2 6 7 .4 7 2 7 1 .2 2 2 7 1 .2 2 2 7 0 .0 0 ............................... 3 3 5 .7 6 3 5 4 .4 0 3 6 6 .1 2 3 6 6 .8 3 3 6 4 .9 1 3 5 8 .5 4 3 6 8 .8 5 3 7 4 .6 4 3 8 0 .8 8 3 9 0 69 3 9 1 .3 5 3 9 1 .9 5 3 9 9 83 3 9 4 .9 0 3 9 2 .0 8 ......................................................... S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c ts P r im a r y m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s ..................................................... 4 3 7 .8 1 4 3 7 .3 4 4 4 0 .0 7 4 5 0 ,4 1 4 5 0 .8 4 4 5 0 .8 2 4 5 6 .2 3 4 5 1 .1 3 4 5 2 .3 3 4 5 4 .8 2 4 6 0 .4 9 4 5 7 .9 7 4 6 9 .0 6 4 6 4 .3 2 4 7 3 .3 0 F a b ric a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ................................................ 3 3 0 .0 6 3 4 4 .1 8 3 5 0 .6 6 3 5 9 .3 0 3 5 4 .7 1 3 5 4 .3 7 3 6 1 .1 0 3 6 4 .6 1 3 6 6 .8 3 3 7 1 .6 9 3 6 5 .8 2 3 7 2 .1 0 3 8 1 .2 9 3 8 0 .3 7 3 8 5 .2 2 ............................................ 3 6 0 .3 3 3 6 8 .8 1 3 7 1 .4 5 3 8 0 .9 7 3 7 2 .2 4 3 7 1 .9 4 3 7 7 .4 0 3 7 9 .2 0 3 8 2 .6 4 3 8 8 09 3 8 6 .9 7 3 8 7 .2 8 3 9 9 .0 8 3 9 9 .7 5 4 0 7 .1 2 E le c tr ic a n d e le c tr o n ic e q u i p m e n t ............................... 3 0 4 .8 0 3 2 2 .6 5 3 3 4 .6 2 3 4 2 .9 5 3 3 8 .6 4 3 3 6 .4 1 3 4 4 .0 0 3 4 4 .8 6 3 4 5 .7 2 3 5 0 .3 8 3 5 0 .2 1 349 92 3 5 8 .7 5 3 5 7 .9 3 3 6 2 .2 0 4 6 9 .9 4 4 8 4 .5 5 M a c h in e r y e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l T r a n s p o r ta t io n e q u i p m e n t ................................................ 4 6 7 .2 1 4 7 4 .3 5 4 8 0 .2 8 4 8 4 .2 6 4 8 2 .6 9 4 7 5 .0 4 5 0 5 .0 4 5 0 4 .0 5 5 0 9 .4 1 In s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p r o d u c t s ............................... 2 9 9 .7 7 3 2 2 .3 8 3 3 1 .5 7 3 3 8 .5 5 3 3 7 .6 4 3 3 5 .8 1 3 4 0 .4 9 3 3 9 .2 5 3 4 1 .7 4 3 4 0 .9 0 3 4 4 .5 1 3 4 3 .7 6 3 5 3 .0 1 3 4 8 .7 5 3 5 0 .4 7 M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g ........................................ 2 3 1 .6 4 2 4 7 .5 6 2 5 6 .5 0 2 6 0 .1 3 2 6 0 .0 6 2 5 3 .7 2 2 6 3 .2 5 2 6 3 .6 4 2 6 4 .6 2 2 6 4 .9 1 2 6 4 .6 2 2 6 6 .2 7 2 7 0 .5 8 2 7 2 .6 3 2 7 1 .9 5 2 8 0 .7 4 2 9 6 .8 3 3 0 5 .7 4 Nondurable goods 4 2 4 .9 5 4 5 0 .3 6 4 6 8 .5 4 4 9 1 .9 5 3 1 0 .8 5 3 0 7 .6 4 3 0 5 .2 2 3 1 1 .2 0 3 1 3 .9 7 3 1 5 .5 8 3 1 9 .1 9 3 1 9 .5 3 3 1 9 .5 9 3 2 5 .2 1 3 2 3 .5 9 3 2 6 .8 0 ............................................ 2 9 5 .3 7 3 1 0 .8 7 3 1 7 .6 0 3 1 9 .1 8 3 1 5 .5 1 3 1 2 .2 4 3 1 6 .6 1 3 1 8 .9 8 3 2 1 .4 7 3 2 5 .1 7 3 2 2 .7 2 3 2 4 .8 0 3 2 8 86 3 2 3 .5 7 3 2 9 .2 0 T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ......................................................... 3 4 4 .5 4 3 6 9 .6 8 3 8 6 .0 8 3 6 4 .9 8 3 6 0 .2 6 3 3 9 .6 4 3 7 8 .6 1 3 9 5 .7 5 4 0 1 .6 8 4 2 0 .0 4 3 9 8 .9 1 3 8 6 .0 5 3 8 0 .1 6 3 7 7 .1 2 4 2 0 .6 2 T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c t s ............................................................. 2 1 8 .5 9 2 1 8 .6 3 2 3 1 .4 7 2 3 6 .7 7 2 3 7 .1 2 2 3 6 .0 7 2 4 2 .5 7 2 4 6 .8 3 2 4 8 .6 7 2 5 3 .1 8 2 4 8 .0 3 2 5 4 .4 1 2 5 7 .9 2 2 5 7 .0 9 2 5 7 .5 0 F o o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u c ts ........................... 1 7 7 .4 3 1 8 0 .4 4 1 8 4 .9 7 1 8 6 .3 8 1 8 8 .6 8 1 8 5 .4 8 1 9 0 .2 8 1 9 2 .0 7 1 9 2 .4 1 1 9 6 .1 8 1 9 3 .1 4 1 9 5 .8 1 1 9 8 .3 5 1 9 8 .7 2 1 9 8 .7 4 P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ................................................ 3 6 5 .5 0 3 8 9 .5 8 4 0 2 .2 4 4 1 0 .1 3 4 0 2 .4 1 3 9 6 .6 2 4 0 6 .1 4 4 1 0 .1 8 4 1 5 ,9 4 4 2 5 .1 4 4 2 9 .5 6 4 2 8 .8 6 4 3 9 .7 9 4 3 5 .3 1 4 3 7 .7 4 P r in tin g a n d p u b lis h in g A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r te x tile p r o d u c t s ..................................................... 3 0 5 .4 9 3 2 4 .6 3 3 3 2 .7 2 3 4 1 .1 0 3 3 2 .7 9 3 3 0 .8 3 3 3 8 .6 3 3 3 7 .7 2 3 3 7 .5 7 3 3 8 .8 4 3 4 1 .2 5 3 4 4 .5 8 3 5 1 .5 0 3 5 1 .8 8 3 5 4 .8 8 C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ....................................... 3 7 9 .3 9 4 0 7 .3 6 4 2 0 .6 6 4 2 7 .2 5 4 2 1 .8 7 4 2 5 .7 7 4 2 8 .0 7 4 3 2 .8 5 4 3 5 .7 5 4 4 0 .7 9 4 4 0 .1 3 4 3 9 .2 5 4 4 7 .9 1 4 4 9 .5 3 4 5 8 .9 6 P e t r o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c ts ....................................... 4 9 1 .6 2 5 4 6 .9 9 5 6 4 .2 6 5 6 3 .0 5 5 7 2 .4 6 5 7 3 .7 3 5 8 4 .3 2 5 8 1 .2 3 5 7 5 .7 3 5 7 9 .4 8 5 8 4 .7 6 5 7 2 .4 6 5 9 1 .8 5 5 8 4 .7 3 5 9 4 .0 3 .............................................................. 2 8 8 .9 5 3 0 2 .9 4 3 0 9 .2 8 3 1 9 .5 6 3 1 7 .1 9 3 1 4 .0 3 3 2 1 .5 5 3 2 6 75 3 2 7 .5 7 3 2 8 .7 5 3 2 9 .6 5 3 3 0 .8 4 33 8 55 3 3 9 .4 2 3 3 8 .1 3 R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p r o d u c ts L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts ....................................... TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES 1 8 3 .1 3 1 8 9 .3 9 1 9 4 .2 2 1 9 6 .3 8 1 9 6 .9 0 1 9 0 .3 0 1 9 7 .0 6 2 0 1 .4 8 2 0 4 .4 2 2 0 7 .5 2 2 0 7 .0 0 2 0 6 .2 5 2 0 8 50 2 0 6 .4 6 2 0 7 .7 6 3 8 2 .1 8 4 0 1 .7 0 4 1 3 .0 1 4 1 6 .3 0 4 0 9 .4 3 4 1 1 .6 5 4 1 3 .3 2 4 1 3 .7 9 4 1 5 .6 4 4 1 9 .5 4 4 2 5 .7 1 4 2 1 .8 6 4 2 9 .4 6 4 3 2 .1 3 4 3 1 .1 2 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE 1 9 0 .6 2 1 9 8 .1 0 1 9 9 .7 1 2 0 3 .1 5 2 0 1 .5 9 1 9 9 .3 1 2 0 1 .9 0 2 0 3 .1 8 2 0 5 .4 3 2 0 7 .3 7 2 1 0 .6 0 2 0 9 .6 3 2 0 9 .2 8 2 1 0 .2 4 209 90 WHOLESALE TRADE 2 9 1 .0 6 3 0 7 .9 7 313 39 3 1 7 .3 4 3 1 8 .2 7 3 1 3 .8 1 3 1 6 .7 4 3 1 9 .4 2 3 2 1 .8 6 3 2 3 .1 5 3 2 6 .7 0 3 2 5 .4 7 3 2 8 .1 8 3 3 0 .1 1 3 3 0 .9 6 RETAIL TRADE................................................ 1 5 8 .0 3 1 6 3 .5 5 1 6 4 .5 8 1 6 8 .9 7 1 6 4 .9 8 1 6 3 .3 0 1 6 6 .4 2 1 6 7 .2 9 1 6 9 .5 9 1 7 1 .8 7 1 7 5 .0 3 1 7 4 .1 6 1 7 2 .5 2 1 7 3 .4 0 172 84 FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE 2 2 9 .0 5 2 4 5 .4 4 2 5 3 .4 0 2 5 4 .4 6 2 6 2 .4 4 2 6 0 .6 4 2 5 8 .8 4 2 6 1 .0 0 2 6 5 .3 5 2 6 2 .0 9 2 6 4 .9 9 261 73 2 6 3 .8 8 2 7 0 .4 5 2 6 6 .7 8 SERVICES .................................................... 2 0 8 .9 7 2 2 4 .9 4 2 3 0 .1 0 2 3 2 .1 1 2 3 4 .7 9 2 3 2 .9 6 2 3 3 .7 4 2 3 4 .7 2 2 3 6 .4 2 2 3 6 .8 8 2 3 7 .6 6 237 66 2 3 9 .0 4 2 4 2 .3 9 2 4 1 .6 5 1 N o t a v a ila b le . p = p r e lim in a r y . 17. N O T E : S e e " N o t e s o n th e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r ip tio n o f t h e m o s t re c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is io n , Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment increased [ In p e r c e n t ] Time span O ver Year 1981 . . . . Jan. 5 7 .8 Feb. 5 2 .4 Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 5 2 .2 6 5 .6 6 0 .2 5 8 .9 6 2 .6 4 9 .5 2 9 .3 3 0 .9 1 -m o n th 1982 . . . . 2 8 .5 4 5 .4 3 6 .0 3 9 .0 4 7 .6 3 2 .8 3 8 .4 3 7 .1 3 4 .1 2 9 .3 3 2 .0 4 2 .2 span 1983 . . . . 5 6 .5 4 5 .7 6 2 .4 6 9 .1 7 1 .0 6 4 .5 6 8 .5 6 8 .0 6 0 .8 P 7 0 .2 P 6 0 .5 O ver 1981 . . . . 5 8 .3 5 4 .6 5 9 .1 6 5 .9 6 7 .5 6 6 .7 6 0 .5 5 0 .5 3 3 .3 3 0 .1 2 4 .5 2 3 .4 2 4 .7 4 0 .6 4 2 .2 3 3 .3 - 3 -m o n th 1982 . . . . 2 5 .3 2 8 .8 3 2 .0 3 4 .1 3 2 .5 3 3 .6 2 7 .2 2 7 .2 2 6 .1 2 5 .5 span 1983 . . . . 4 5 .4 5 5 .1 6 5 .6 7 5 .8 7 6 .1 7 7 .2 7 3 .9 7 9 .6 P 7 9 .0 P 7 2 .0 O ver 1981 . . . . 6 8 .5 6 5 .3 6 3 .7 6 9 .4 6 4 .2 5 8 .6 4 5 .7 3 4 .4 2 9 .6 2 4 .2 2 5 .0 2 2 .0 2 1 .2 2 6 .1 2 6 .6 3 5 .8 - - 6 -m o n th 1982 . . . . 2 0 .2 2 3 .7 2 5 .3 2 9 .8 2 6 .1 2 6 .1 2 3 .4 1 9 .1 span 1983 . . . . 5 0 .5 6 3 .2 7 3 .4 7 6 .3 7 9 .3 8 3 .6 P 8 3 .3 P 8 0 .9 O ver 1981 . . . . 7 4 .5 7 1 .2 7 0 .4 5 8 .1 4 7 .6 4 1 .4 3 4 .9 2 9 .8 2 7 .4 2 3 .7 2 5 .3 2 3 .1 1 2 -m o n th 1982 . . . . 2 2 .0 2 0 .7 1 8 .0 1 9 .4 1 8 .3 2 0 .7 2 0 .7 2 2 .8 2 4 .2 3 1 .5 3 7 .6 4 4 .1 span 1983 . . . . 4 8 .9 5 8 .3 6 2 .6 P 7 2 .8 P 7 5 .5 — — — p = p r e lim in a r y . N O TE: F ig u re s a r e t h e p e r c e n t o f in d u s tr ie s w it h e m p lo y m e n t ris in g . ( H a lf o f th e u n c h a n g e d c o m p o n e n ts https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis - - - - - a r e c o u n te d a s r is in g .) D a ta a r e c e n te re d w it h in th e s p a n s . S e e th e “ D e f in it io n s ” in th is s e c tio n . S e e “ N o t e s ” o n th e d a t a ” f o r a d e s c r ip tio n o f th e m o s t re c e n t b e n c h m a r k re v is io n . 99 UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE DATA persons in unemployment insurance programs to indicate they are out of work and wish to begin receiving compensation. A claimant who continued to be unemployed a full week is then counted in the insured unemployment figure. The rate of insured unemployment expresses the number of in sured unemployed as a percent of the average insured employment in a 12-month period. N a t i o n a l u n e m p l o y m e n t i n s u r a n c e d a t a are com piled m onthly by the E m ploym ent and T raining A dm inistration o f the U .S . D e partm ent o f L abor from m onthly reports o f unem ploym ent insur ance activity prepared by State agencies. Railroad unem ploym ent insurance data are prepared by the U .S. Railroad Retirement Board. Definitions Average weekly seasonally adjusted insured unemployment data are computed by BLS’ Weekly Seasonal Adjustment program. This procedure incorporated the X -11 Variant of the Census Method II Seasonal Adjust ment program. Data for all programs represent an unduplicated count of insured un employment under State programs, Unemployment Compensation for ExServicemen, and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees, and the Railroad Insurance Act. An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required for subsequent periods in the same year. Number of payments are payments made in 14-day registration periods. The average amount of benefit payment is an average for all compensable periods, not adjusted for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments. However, total benefits paid have been adjusted. Under both State and Federal unemployment insurance programs for civilian employees, insured workers must report the completion of at least 1 week o f unemployment before they are defined as unemployed. Persons not covered by unemployment insurance (about 10 percent of the labor force) and those who have exhausted or not yet earned benefit rights are excluded from the scope of the survey. Initial claims are notices filed by 18. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations [A ll i t e m s e x c e p t a v e r a g e b e n e f it s a m o u n t s a r e in t h o u s a n d s ] 1982 Item Oct. 1983 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Apr. Mar. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct.P A ll p r o g r a m s : In s u re d u n e m p l o y m e n t ........................................ 4 ,3 9 1 4 ,6 3 5 5 ,0 7 4 5 ,4 5 9 5 ,4 3 7 5 ,1 3 4 4 ,6 4 2 3 ,9 4 7 3 ,4 8 1 3 ,2 7 5 2 ,9 1 7 2 ,5 8 0 2 ,4 4 3 2 ,6 6 1 3 ,0 8 0 3 ,1 4 3 2 ,0 6 5 2 ,0 7 5 1 ,8 7 4 1 ,6 6 6 1 ,7 4 0 1 ,8 0 4 1 ,6 6 8 1 ,3 8 1 1 ,5 0 5 3 ,8 2 8 4 ,1 5 6 4 ,5 8 1 4 ,9 2 3 4 ,7 5 9 4 ,4 0 1 3 ,9 0 6 3 ,3 6 1 3 ,0 6 3 3 ,0 4 9 2 ,7 6 6 2 ,4 4 9 2 ,3 5 8 2 ,4 7 8 S t a te u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u ra n c e p r o g r a m : 1 In itia l c la im s 2 .............................................................. In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t (a v e ra g e w e e k ly v o l u m e ) ..................................................... R a te o f in s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t ...................... 4 .4 4 .7 5 .2 5 .6 5 .5 5 .0 4 .5 3 .9 3 .5 3 .5 3 .2 2 .8 2 .7 W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t e d ... r 1 3 ,7 6 1 1 5 ,1 7 0 1 7 ,8 7 3 1 8 ,3 0 7 1 6 ,8 9 5 1 9 ,5 2 9 1 4 ,9 8 6 1 3 ,1 3 3 1 2 ,8 1 9 1 0 ,9 5 9 r1 1 ,3 0 5 9 ,5 0 3 8 ,5 3 4 $ 1 2 1 .5 9 r$ 1 2 1 . 4 2 $ 1 2 1 .3 6 $ 1 2 3 .2 8 $ 1 , 2 9 8 , 1 8 9 r$ 1 , 3 3 7 ,4 4 2 $ 1 ,1 0 4 ,3 6 3 $ 1 ,0 1 8 ,6 8 4 A v e r a g e w e e k ly b e n e fit a m o u n t f o r to ta l u n e m p lo y m e n t T o ta l b e n e fits p a id .............................. r$ 1 2 2 . 9 0 $ 1 2 3 .4 3 $ 1 2 3 .4 2 $ 1 2 4 .2 9 $ 1 2 4 .4 7 $ 1 2 5 .4 7 $ 1 2 4 .8 5 $ 1 2 4 .4 9 $ 1 2 3 .4 4 ................................................ $ 1 ,6 4 7 ,3 4 3 $ 1 ,8 2 0 ,0 1 9 $ 2 ,1 3 5 ,3 0 2 $ 2 , 2 0 5 ,5 5 1 $ 2 ,0 5 2 ,4 1 5 $ 2 ,3 6 7 ,7 5 2 $ 1 ,8 1 6 ,5 3 9 $ 1 ,5 8 7 ,8 8 8 $ 1 ,5 4 9 ,7 5 8 S t a te u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u ra n c e p r o g r a m : 1 (S e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d d a ta ) In itia l c la im s 2 ............................................................. 2 ,6 8 8 2 ,6 8 0 2 ,5 8 6 2 ,1 8 7 2 ,1 3 8 2 ,1 4 8 1 ,9 5 2 1 ,9 9 3 1 ,8 3 6 1 ,7 2 3 1 ,8 4 1 1 ,6 6 4 1 ,6 3 8 w e e k ly v o l u m e ) .................................................... 4 ,6 8 0 4 ,6 1 8 4 ,3 5 5 3 ,9 8 0 3 ,9 7 9 3 ,8 8 4 3 ,7 7 4 3 ,5 3 8 3 ,3 0 1 3 ,3 0 3 3 ,0 2 6 3 ,0 8 8 2 ,6 1 7 R a te o f in s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t ...................... 5 .3 5 .3 5 .0 4 .6 4 .6 4 .5 4 .3 4 .1 3 .8 3 .8 3 .5 3 .6 3 .1 18 15 14 16 16 19 17 16 In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t (a v e ra g e U n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t io n f o r e x s e r v ic e m e n : 3 In itia l c la im s 1 ............................................................. 10 17 24 21 16 9 14 26 37 37 In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t (a v e ra g e w e e k ly v o l u m e ) .................................................... W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t e d .. . T o ta l b e n e fits p a id ................................................ 34 30 26 25 25 26 27 28 28 33 90 132 143 156 117 104 107 94 108 105 103 $ 3 ,3 6 6 $ 4 ,0 0 6 $ 1 1 ,1 9 1 $ 1 6 ,8 0 7 $ 1 8 ,0 3 2 $ 1 9 ,5 8 8 $ 1 4 ,7 7 6 $ 1 3 ,1 1 1 $ 1 3 ,5 8 8 $ 1 2 ,1 1 8 r$ 1 3 , 8 5 5 $ 1 3 ,5 1 9 $ 1 3 ,8 4 7 11 10 9 13 12 11 11 15 U n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t io n fo r F e d e ra l c iv ilia n e m p lo y e e s : 4 In itia l c l a i m s .................................................................. 16 14 15 16 10 28 31 33 35 33 In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t (a v e ra g e w e e k ly v o l u m e ) .................................................... W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t e d .. T o t a l b e n e fits p a id ................................................ 31 26 22 21 23 22 22 25 110 126 146 142 131 146 109 93 90 85 94 83 87 $ 1 2 ,1 4 4 $ 1 4 ,0 2 3 $ 1 6 ,1 1 4 $ 1 6 ,0 4 5 $ 1 5 ,0 8 3 $ 1 6 ,8 7 1 $ 1 2 ,4 2 2 $ 1 0 ,6 0 3 $ 1 0 ,2 7 2 $ 9 ,6 4 0 r$ 1 0 , 7 6 0 $ 9 ,5 2 2 1 0 ,1 5 3 20 17 17 20 7 8 94 4 30 55 14 9 7 82 81 83 102 72 65 79 90 49 49 46 41 48 R a ilr o a d u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u ra n c e : A p p l i c a t i o n s .................................................................. In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t (a v e ra g e w e e k ly v o l u m e ) ..................................................... N u m b e r o f p a y m e n t s ............................................ 159 162 172 219 158 169 172 183 123 92 107 103 92 . . . $ 2 1 2 .3 5 $ 2 1 6 .5 5 $ 2 1 7 .0 0 $ 2 2 0 .3 2 $ 2 1 4 .5 4 $ 2 1 3 .4 4 $ 2 0 3 .8 7 $ 2 1 5 .1 5 $ 2 0 3 .5 4 $ 1 9 9 .8 7 $ 2 1 4 .2 1 $ 2 1 4 .7 7 $ 2 1 1 .4 1 ................................................ $ 3 1 ,6 3 8 $ 3 5 ,0 6 1 $ 3 9 ,5 0 0 $ 4 4 ,5 1 4 $ 3 3 ,1 0 0 $ 3 6 ,2 4 3 $ 2 7 ,7 8 3 $ 2 9 ,4 1 1 $ 1 4 ,9 8 4 $ 1 7 ,5 5 1 $ 2 1 ,7 8 9 $ 2 0 ,2 3 9 $ 1 9 ,5 3 1 A v e r a g e a m o u n t o f b e n e fit p a y m e n t T o ta l b e n e fits p a id E m p lo y m e n t s e r v ic e : 5 N e w a p p lic a t io n s a n d r e n e w a l s ...................... N o n f a r m p la c e m e n t s ............................................ 4 ,5 2 7 8 ,3 8 1 11,987 1 3 ,1 3 6 642 1 ,1 8 4 1 ,9 2 1 2 ,5 2 1 1 1n itial c la im s a n d S ta te in s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t in c lu d e d a ta u n d e r th e p r o g r a m fo r P u e rto R ic a n C u m u l a t i v e t o ta l f o r fis c a l y e a r ( O c t o b e r 1 - S e p t e m b e r 3 0 ) . D a ta c o m p u te d q u a r te rly . s u g a rc a n e w o rk e rs . 'E x c lu d e s tra n s it io n c la im s u n d e r S ta te p r o g r a m s . N O TE: D a ta f o r P u e r to R ic o a n d th e V irg in Is la n d s in c lu d e d . D a s h e s in d ic a te d a ta n o t a v a ila b le , E x c l u d e s d a ta o n c la im s a n d p a y m e n ts m a d e jo in tly w it h o t h e r p r o g r a m s . p = p r e lim in a r y , ^ E x c lu d e s d a ta o r c la im s a n d p a y m e n ts m a d e jo in tly w ith S ta te p r o g r a m s . 100 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r = re v is e d . PRICE DATA P r ic e d a t a are gathered by the Bureau o f L abor Statistics from retail and prim ary m arkets in the U nited States. Price indexes are given in relation to a base period (1967 = 100, unless otherw ise noted). Definitions The Consumer Price Index is a monthly statistical measure of the average change in prices in a fixed market basket of goods and services. Effective with the January 1978 index, the Bureau of Labor Statistics began pub lishing CPI’s for two groups of the population. It introduced a CPI for All Urban Consumers, covering 80 percent of the total noninstitutional pop ulation, and revised the CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, covering about half the new index population. The All Urban Consumers index covers in addition to wage earners and clerical workers, professional, managerial, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force. The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and ser vices that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality of these items is kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only price changes will be measured. Data are collected from more than 24,000 retail establishments and 24,000 tenants in 85 urban areas across the country. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Because the CPI’s are based on the ex penditures of two population groups in 1972-73, they may not accurately reflect the experience of individual families and single persons with dif ferent buying habits. Though the CPI is often called the “ Cost-of-Living Index,” it measures only price change, which is just one of several important factors affecting living costs. Area indexes do not measure differences in the level of prices among cities. They only measure the average change in prices for each area since the base period. Producer Price Indexes measure average changes in prices received in primary markets of the United States by products of commodities in all stages o f processing. The sample used for calculating these indexes contains about 2,800 commodities and about 10,000 quotations per month selected to represent the movement of prices of all commodities produced in the manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The universe includes all commodities produced or imported for sale in commercial transactions in primary markets in the United States. Producer Price Indexes can be organized by stage of processing or by commodity. The stage of processing structure organizes products by degree o f fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate or semifinished goods, and crude materials). The commodity structure organizes products by sim ilarity o f end-use or material composition. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the United States, from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are ob tained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month. In calculating Producer Price Indexes, price changes for the various commodities are averaged together with implicit quantity weights repre senting their importance in the total net selling value of all commodities as of 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage of processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability o f product groupings, and a number of special composite groupings. Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries measure av erage price changes in commodities produced by particular industries, as defined in the Stan dard Industrial C lassification M anual 1972 (Washing ton, U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 1972). These indexes are derived from several price series, combined to match the economic activity of the specified industry and weighted by the value of shipments in the industry. They use data from comprehensive industrial censuses conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Notes on the data Regional CPI’s cross classified by population size were introduced in the May 1978 R eview . These indexes enable users in local areas for which an index is not published to get a better approximation of the CPI for their area by using the appropriate population size class measure for their region. The cross-classified indexes are published bimonthly. (See table 20.) For details concerning the 1978 revision of the CPI, see The C onsum er P rice Index: C on cepts a n d C ontent O ver the Years, Report 517, revised edition (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 1978). As of January 1976, the Producer Price Index incorporated a revised weighting structure reflecting 1972 values of shipments. Additional data and analyses of price changes are provided in the C PI D e ta ile d R ep o rt and P rodu cer P rices an d P rice Indexes, both monthly publications of the Bureau. For a discussion of the general method of computing producer, and industry price indexes, see BLS H andbook o f M eth ods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 7. For consumer prices, see BLS H andbook o f M eth ods f o r Su rveys an d Studies (1976), chapter 13. See also John F. Early, ‘‘Improving the measurement of producer price change,” M onthly L abor R eview , April 1978. For industry prices, see also Bennett R. Moss, ‘‘Industry and Sector Price Indexes,” M onthly L abor R eview , August 1965. 101 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 19. Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, annual averages and changes, 1967-82 [1 9 6 7 = 10 0 ] Food and beverages All items Year Index 1967 .......................... Percent change Percent change Index 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 Apparel and upkeep Housing Index Percent change Index Transportation Percent change Index 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 Medical care Percent change 1 0 0 .0 Index Percent change 1 0 0 .0 Other goods and services Entertainment Index Percent change 1 0 0 .0 Index Percent change 1 0 0 .0 1968 .......................... 1 0 4 .2 4 .2 1 0 3 .6 3 .6 1 0 4 .0 4 .0 1 0 5 .4 5 .4 1 0 3 .2 3 .2 1 0 6 .1 6 .1 1 0 5 .7 5 .7 1 0 5 .2 5 .2 1969 ........................... 1 0 9 .8 5 .4 1 0 8 .8 5 .0 1 1 0 .4 6 .2 1 1 1 .5 5 .8 1 0 7 .2 3 .9 1 1 3 .4 6 .9 1 1 1 .0 5 .0 1 1 0 .4 4 .9 5 .8 1970 ........................... 1 1 6 .3 5 .9 1 1 4 .7 5 .4 1 1 8 .2 7 .1 1 1 6 .1 4 .1 1 1 2 .7 5 .1 1 2 0 .6 6 .3 1 1 6 .7 5 .1 1 1 5 .8 1971 .......................... 1 2 1 .3 4 .3 1 1 8 .3 3 .1 1 2 3 .4 4 .4 1 1 9 .8 3 .3 1 1 8 .6 5 .2 1 2 8 .4 6 .5 1 2 2 .9 5 .3 1 2 2 .4 4 .8 1972 ........................... 1 2 5 .3 3 .3 1 2 3 .2 4 .1 1 2 8 .1 3 .8 1 2 2 .3 2 .1 1 1 9 .9 1 .1 1 3 2 .5 3 .2 1 2 6 .5 2 .9 1 2 7 .5 4 .2 1973 ........................... 1 3 3 .7 1 3 7 .7 3 .9 1 3 0 .0 2 .8 1 3 2 .5 3 .9 1 3 3 .1 6 .2 1 3 9 .5 1 3 .2 4 .4 1 2 6 .8 1 2 3 .8 3 .3 1974 .......................... 1 4 7 .7 1 1 .0 1 5 8 .7 1 3 .8 1 4 8 .8 1 1 .3 1 3 6 .2 7 .4 1 3 7 ,7 1 1 .2 1 5 0 .5 9 .3 1 3 9 .8 7 .5 1 4 2 .0 7 .2 1975 ........................... 1 6 1 .2 9 .1 1 7 2 .1 8 .4 1 6 4 .5 1 0 .6 1 4 2 .3 4 .5 3 .7 1 5 0 .6 9 .4 1 6 8 .6 1 2 .0 1 5 2 .2 8 .9 1 5 3 .9 8 .4 ........................... 1 7 0 .5 5 .8 1 7 7 .4 3 .1 1 7 4 .6 6 .1 1 4 7 .6 3 .7 1 6 5 .5 9 .9 1 8 4 .7 5 .0 1 6 2 .7 5 .7 1977 ........................... 1 8 1 .5 6 .5 1 8 8 .0 8 .0 1 8 6 .5 6 .8 1 5 4 .2 4 .5 1 7 7 .2 7 .1 2 0 2 .4 9 .6 1 6 7 .7 4 .9 1 7 2 .2 5 .8 1978 ........................... 1 9 5 .3 7 .6 2 0 6 .2 9 .7 202 6 8 .6 1 5 9 .5 3 .4 1 8 5 .8 4 .9 2 1 9 .4 8 .4 1 7 6 .2 5 .1 1 8 3 .2 6 .4 1979 ........................... 2 1 7 .7 1 1 .5 2 2 8 .7 1 0 .9 2 2 7 .5 1 2 .3 1 6 6 .4 4 .3 2 1 2 .8 1 4 .5 2 4 0 .1 9 .4 1 8 7 .6 6 .5 1 9 6 .3 7 .2 8 .5 2 1 3 .6 8 .8 1976 9 .5 1 5 9 .8 1980 ........................... 2 4 7 .0 1 3 .5 2 4 8 .7 8 .7 2 6 3 .2 1 5 .7 1 7 7 .4 6 .6 2 5 0 .5 1 7 .7 2 8 7 .2 1 1 .3 2 0 3 .7 1981 ........................... 2 7 2 .3 1 0 .2 2 6 7 .8 7 .7 2 9 3 .2 1 1 .4 1 8 6 .6 5 .2 2 8 1 .3 1 2 .3 2 9 5 .1 1 0 .4 2 1 9 .0 7 .5 2 3 3 .3 9 .2 1982 ........................... 2 8 8 .6 6 .0 2 7 8 .5 4 .0 3 1 4 .7 7 .3 1 9 0 .9 2 .3 2 9 3 .1 4 .2 3 2 6 .9 1 0 .8 2 3 2 .4 6 .1 2 5 7 .0 1 0 .2 20. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers and revised CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, U.S. city average— general summary and groups, subgroups, and selected items [ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c i f i e d ] All Urban Consumers General summary 1982 Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers 1983 1982 1983 Oct. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. May All Items...................................................................................... 2 9 4 .1 2 9 7 .1 2 9 8 .1 2 9 9 .3 3 0 0 .3 3 0 2 .6 2 9 3 .6 2 9 4 .9 2 9 6 .3 297 2 Food an d b e v e ra g e s 2 7 9 .6 2 8 5 .0 2 8 4 .7 2 8 4 .7 2 8 4 .9 2 8 5 .3 2 8 5 .7 2 7 9 .9 2 8 5 .4 2 8 5 .0 3 2 1 .8 3 2 3 .1 H o u s in g ................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................................. 3 2 0 .7 July Aug. Sept. 298 2 2 9 9 .5 300 8 3 0 1 .3 2 8 5 .0 2 8 5 .1 2 8 5 .6 2 8 5 .9 Oct. 3 2 4 .8 3 2 6 .4 3 2 6 .8 A p p a r e l a n d u p k e e p ................................................................................................................................... 1 9 5 .5 1 9 6 .1 1 9 5 .6 1 9 5 .0 1 9 7 .3 2 0 0 .4 2 0 0 .7 1 9 4 .6 1 9 5 .3 1 9 4 .7 1 9 4 .0 1 9 6 .3 1 9 9 .3 1 9 9 .8 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ................................................................................................................................................. 2 9 5 .5 2 9 6 .2 2 9 8 .3 3 0 0 .4 3 0 2 .4 3 0 3 .7 3 0 5 .0 2 9 7 .0 2 9 7 .5 2 9 9 .6 3 0 1 .9 3 0 4 .1 3 0 5 .5 306 9 M e d ic a l c a r e ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 3 8 .7 3 5 4 .3 3 5 5 .4 3 5 7 .7 3 6 0 .0 3 6 1 .2 3 6 2 .9 3 3 6 .5 3 5 2 .1 3 5 3 .3 3 5 5 .6 3 5 7 .9 3 5 9 .2 3 6 0 .9 E n t e r ta in m e n t 3 2 4 .5 June 3 2 1 .2 3 2 1 .3 3 2 2 .3 3 2 3 .1 3 2 4 .3 3 2 5 .3 3 2 5 .2 ................................................................................................................................................. 2 4 0 .3 2 4 4 .8 2 4 5 .4 2 4 6 .0 2 4 6 .6 2 4 7 .5 2 4 9 .1 2 3 6 .5 2 4 1 .3 2 4 1 .9 2 4 2 .5 2 4 3 .1 2 4 4 .1 2 4 5 .4 O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s ...................................................................................................................... 2 7 1 .2 2 8 3 .6 2 8 4 .5 2 8 7 .5 2 8 9 .0 2 9 4 .4 296 8 2 6 7 .4 2 8 1 .8 282 8 2 8 6 .4 2 8 8 .0 2 9 2 .0 294 1 C o m m o d i t i e s .................................................................................................................................... 269 2 2 7 1 .6 2 7 2 .5 2 7 5 .1 2 7 5 .9 C o m m o d it ie s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ........................................................................... 2 5 7 .6 2 5 9 .7 2 6 0 .9 2 6 2 .3 2 6 3 .6 2 6 5 .1 2 6 5 .8 2 5 8 .3 2 6 2 .7 2 6 3 .7 2 6 4 .9 2 6 6 .1 2 6 7 .2 2 6 7 .3 N o n d u ra b le s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ...................................................................... 2 7 1 .0 2 7 1 .3 2 7 2 .3 2 7 3 .5 2 7 4 .7 2 7 5 .8 2 7 5 .2 2 7 2 .9 2 7 3 .3 2 7 4 .4 2 7 5 .7 276 9 2 7 7 .9 2 7 7 .4 D u r a b l e s ............................................................................................................................................ 2 4 6 .0 2 4 9 .5 2 5 1 .2 252 9 2 5 4 .3 2 5 6 .4 2 5 8 .7 2 4 5 .4 2 5 2 .8 2 5 3 .7 2 5 4 .8 2 5 6 .0 2 5 7 .0 2 5 7 .7 ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 4 0 .3 3 4 2 .6 3 4 4 .0 3 4 5 .6 3 4 6 .8 3 4 9 .0 3 5 0 .2 3 4 1 .2 3 4 0 .1 3 4 1 .4 3 4 2 .8 3 4 4 .8 3 4 6 .9 3 4 8 .1 R e n t, r e s i d e n t i a l ........................................................................................................................... 2 2 8 .9 2 3 5 .1 2 3 5 .9 2 3 7 .1 2 3 8 .2 2 3 9 .5 2 4 0 .4 2 2 8 .4 2 3 4 .6 2 3 5 .3 2 3 6 .5 2 3 7 .6 2 3 8 .9 2 3 9 .8 1 0 3 .2 1 0 4 .2 1 0 4 .8 1 0 4 .8 1 0 5 .1 1 0 4 .8 3 0 0 .5 3 0 1 .2 3 0 1 .4 3 0 2 .3 3 0 4 .0 3 0 5 .4 3 0 7 .8 2 9 8 .4 2 9 7 .6 2 9 7 .5 2 9 8 .4 3 0 0 .2 3 0 1 .4 3 0 3 .9 M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ........................................................................................ 3 6 6 .9 3 8 3 .5 3 8 4 .6 3 8 7 .2 3 8 9 .8 3 9 1 .0 3 9 2 .9 3 6 3 .9 3 8 0 .5 3 8 1 .7 3 8 4 .4 3 8 7 .0 3 8 8 .3 3 9 0 .2 O t h e r s e r v ic e s 2 6 8 .4 2 7 4 .7 2 7 5 .6 2 7 6 .3 2 7 6 .9 2 8 2 .5 2 8 5 .2 2 6 6 .1 2 7 2 .6 2 7 3 .5 2 7 4 .2 2 7 4 .8 2 7 9 .6 2 8 2 .2 2 9 4 .0 2 9 6 .5 2 9 7 .8 2 9 9 .3 3 0 0 .5 3 0 2 .3 3 0 3 .2 2 9 3 .9 2 9 6 .1 2 9 7 .2 2 9 8 .5 3 0 0 .0 3 0 1 .5 3 0 2 .1 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .9 1 0 2 .3 1 0 2 .7 1 0 3 .2 1 0 3 .5 2 7 7 .9 2 8 1 .7 2 8 3 .5 2 8 5 .3 2 8 6 .3 2 8 7 .5 2 8 8 .1 2 6 3 .9 2 6 4 .9 2 6 5 .1 S e r v ic e s H o u s e h o ld s e rv ic e s le s s r e n t o f s h e lte r ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ............................... T r a n s p o r ta t io n s e r v i c e s .......................................................................... ......................................................................................................... 2 7 0 .9 2 7 3 .4 2 7 4 .5 2 7 5 .0 2 6 7 .9 2 7 2 .7 2 7 3 .3 2 7 4 .2 2 7 6 .1 Special indexes: A ll ite m s le s s f o o d .................................................................. A ll ite m s le s s h o m e o w n e r s ' c o s ts ..................................................... A ll ite m s le s s m o r t g a g e in te r e s t c o s t s ............................................................. C o m m o d it ie s le s s fo o d .......................................................................... 2 5 5 .4 2 5 7 .6 2 5 8 .9 2 6 0 .2 2 6 1 .4 2 6 2 .9 2 6 3 .6 2 5 6 .1 2 6 0 .6 2 6 1 .6 2 6 2 .7 N o n d u ra b le s le s s fo o d ............................................................. 2 6 5 .7 2 6 6 .3 2 6 7 .3 2 6 8 .4 2 6 9 .6 2 7 0 .6 2 7 0 .2 2 6 7 .5 2 6 8 .4 2 6 9 .3 2 7 0 .6 2 7 1 .7 2 7 2 .8 2 7 2 .3 N o n d u r a b le s le s s fo o d a n d a p p a r e l ..................................................... 3 0 5 .5 3 0 6 .7 3 0 8 .4 3 1 0 .4 310 9 3 1 1 .0 3 1 0 .2 3 0 6 .9 3 0 8 .2 3 0 9 .9 3 1 2 .1 3 1 2 .7 3 1 2 .8 3 1 1 .9 N o n d u r a b l e s ................................................................................................ 2 7 6 .5 2 7 9 .3 2 7 9 .7 2 8 0 .3 2 8 1 .0 281 8 2 8 1 .7 2 7 7 .4 2 8 0 .4 2 8 0 .8 2 8 1 .4 2 8 2 .1 2 8 2 .8 2 8 2 .7 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .7 1 0 3 .1 1 0 3 .5 1 0 4 .2 3 3 5 .1 3 3 6 .0 3 3 7 .4 3 3 8 .9 3 3 9 .9 3 4 2 .2 3 4 3 .3 3 3 6 .3 3 3 3 .5 3 3 4 .9 3 3 6 .1 338 1 D o m e s t ic a lly p ro d u c e d f a r m f o o d s ..................................................... 2 6 6 .6 2 7 0 .6 2 6 9 .6 2 6 9 .6 2 6 9 .2 2 6 9 .2 2 6 8 .5 2 6 5 .5 2 6 9 .6 2 6 8 .7 2 6 8 .5 2 6 8 .0 2 6 8 .1 2 6 7 .4 S e le c te d b e e f c u t s ........................................................................................ 2 7 2 .0 2 8 1 .5 2 7 8 .5 2 7 5 .8 2 7 0 .5 2 6 7 .5 2 6 5 .6 2 7 3 .2 2 8 3 .0 2 7 9 .8 2 7 7 .2 2 7 1 .6 E n e rg y 1 ........................................................................................ 2 6 8 .9 2 6 6 .7 4 2 5 .0 4 2 1 .3 4 2 7 .3 4 3 0 .1 4 2 9 .8 4 2 9 .3 4 2 5 .1 4 2 6 .0 4 2 2 .1 4 2 8 .1 4 3 0 .9 4 3 0 .7 4 3 0 .2 E n e r g y c o m m o d it ie s 1 .......................................................................... 425 8 4 3 1 .9 4 1 6 .3 4 2 0 .7 4 2 3 .4 4 2 3 .7 4 2 2 .1 4 1 8 .2 4 3 2 .3 4 1 7 .3 4 2 1 .7 4 2 4 .5 4 2 4 .9 423 4 4 1 9 .6 2 8 4 .0 2 8 7 .6 2 8 8 .2 2 8 9 .2 2 9 0 .3 2 9 2 .1 2 9 3 .4 2 8 2 .8 2 8 6 .1 2 8 6 .5 2 8 7 .4 2 8 8 .8 2 9 0 .3 2 9 1 .3 2 8 1 .5 2 8 4 .7 2 8 5 .5 2 8 6 .8 2 8 8 .2 2 9 0 .2 2 9 1 .8 2 8 0 .4 2 8 3 .2 2 8 3 .8 2 8 4 .9 2 8 6 .6 2 8 8 .3 2 8 9 .5 S e r v ic e s le s s r e n t o f s h e lte r ( 1 2 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) S e r v ic e s le s s m e d ic a l c a r e A ll ite m s le s s e n e r g y ............................... ............................................................................... ................................................................................... A ll ite m s le s s fo o d a n d e n e r g y ................................... 3 4 0 .2 3 4 1 .3 C o m m o d it ie s le s s fo o d a n d e n e r g y ....................................... 2 3 6 .0 2 4 0 .8 2 4 1 .5 2 4 2 .7 2 4 4 .2 2 4 6 .2 2 4 7 .6 2 3 5 .4 2 4 2 .3 2 4 2 .9 2 4 3 .8 2 4 5 .1 2 4 6 .4 2 4 7 .1 S e r v ic e s le s s e n e r g y ................................................ 3 3 4 .4 3 3 5 .6 3 3 6 .4 3 3 7 .9 3 3 9 .3 3 4 1 .6 3 4 3 .3 3 3 5 .2 3 3 2 .6 3 3 3 .2 3 3 4 .5 3 3 6 .8 3 3 9 .0 3 4 0 .8 $ 0 ,3 4 0 $ 0 ,3 3 7 $ 0 ,3 3 5 $ 0 ,3 3 4 $ 0 ,3 3 3 $ 0 ,3 3 1 $ 0 ,3 3 0 $ 0 ,3 4 1 $ 0 ,3 3 7 $ 0 ,3 3 6 $ 0 ,3 3 5 $ 0 ,3 3 4 $ 0 ,3 3 2 $ 0 ,3 3 2 P u r c h a s in g p o w e r o f th e c o n s u m e r d o lla r , 1 9 6 7 = $ 1 S e e f o o tn o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le . 102 1 0 4 .5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ............................... 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] All Urban Consumers Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers 1982 1983 1982 General summary 1983 Oct. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. FOOD AND BEVERAGES ................................................................ 2 7 9 .6 2 8 5 .0 2 8 4 .7 2 8 4 .7 2 8 4 .9 2 8 5 .3 2 8 5 .7 2 7 9 .9 2 8 5 .4 2 8 5 .0 2 8 5 .0 2 8 5 .1 2 8 5 .6 2 8 5 .9 Food .......................................................................................... 2 8 7 .0 2 9 2 .4 2 9 2 .0 2 9 2 .0 2 9 2 .2 2 9 2 .6 2 9 2 .9 2 8 7 .2 2 9 2 .6 2 9 2 .2 2 9 2 .1 2 9 2 .2 2 9 2 .6 2 9 2 .9 Food at h o m e 2 7 9 .4 2 8 3 .8 2 8 3 .0 2 8 2 .8 2 8 2 .5 2 8 2 .5 2 8 2 .3 2 7 8 .5 2 8 2 .9 2 8 2 .1 2 8 1 .8 2 8 1 .5 2 8 1 .5 2 8 1 .3 2 8 5 .0 2 9 1 .7 2 9 2 .4 2 9 3 .7 2 9 4 .0 2 9 3 .7 2 9 4 .0 2 8 3 .7 2 9 0 .2 2 9 1 .0 2 9 2 .3 2 9 2 .5 2 9 2 .3 2 9 2 .6 ................................................ 1 5 4 .0 1 5 7 .0 1 5 7 .9 1 5 8 .3 1 5 8 .6 1 5 8 .5 1 5 8 .1 1 5 4 .9 1 5 7 .7 1 5 8 .7 1 5 9 .2 1 5 9 .5 1 5 9 .3 1 5 8 .8 1 0 0 ) ............................... 1 3 9 .9 1 4 1 .3 1 4 2 .2 1 4 2 .8 1 4 3 .9 1 4 2 .9 1 4 1 .4 1 4 0 .3 1 4 1 .7 1 4 2 .7 1 4 3 .3 1 4 4 .6 1 4 3 .4 1 4 1 .9 ................................................................................................................................................ C e r e a ls a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s ................................................................................................ C e r e a ls a n d c e re a l p r o d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) F lo u r a n d p r e p a r e d f lo u r m ix e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 7 8 .5 1 7 8 .8 1 7 9 .5 1 7 9 .7 179 8 ........................................ 1 4 7 .6 1 4 4 .8 1 4 6 .2 1 4 6 .5 1 4 5 .6 1 4 6 .0 1 4 5 .5 1 4 8 .7 1 4 5 .8 1 4 7 .3 1 4 7 .7 1 4 6 .8 1 4 7 .1 1 4 6 .6 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................... 1 4 9 .7 1 5 3 .5 1 5 3 .7 1 5 4 .4 1 5 4 .5 1 5 4 .4 1 5 4 .8 1 4 8 .6 1 5 2 .2 1 5 2 .4 1 5 3 .2 1 5 3 .3 1 5 3 .1 1 5 3 .5 W h it e b r e a d ................................................................................................................. 2 4 6 .7 2 4 8 .7 2 4 8 .5 2 5 0 .0 1 0 0 ) .......................................................................... C e re a l ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) ........................................................................................ R ic e , p a s ta , a n d c o r n m e a l ( 1 2 /7 7 = B a k e ry p r o d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) 1 6 7 .5 1 7 5 .7 1 7 6 .4 1 7 6 .7 1 7 7 .2 1 7 7 .5 1 7 7 .6 1 6 9 .7 1 7 7 ,8 2 5 2 .6 c2 5 3 . 1 2 5 4 .3 2 5 3 .1 2 5 2 .9 2 5 4 .4 2 4 2 .6 2 4 8 .2 2 4 8 .8 2 4 9 .9 1 4 6 .5 1 4 9 .7 1 4 9 .8 1 4 9 .5 1 5 0 .1 149.8 1 4 9 .8 1 4 8 .4 1 5 1 .8 1 5 1 .8 1 5 1 .6 1 5 2 .2 1 5 1 .9 1 5 1 .8 F re s h b is c u its , r o lls , a n d m u ffin s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) ...................... 1 5 1 .0 1 5 2 .0 1 5 1 .7 1 5 3 .2 1 5 3 .4 1 5 2 .6 1 5 4 .4 1 4 7 .1 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .0 1 4 9 .6 1 4 9 .6 1 4 8 .7 1 5 0 .6 F re s h c a k e s a n d c u p c a k e s ( 1 2 /7 7 = ........................................ 1 5 0 .1 1 5 4 .7 1 5 4 .6 1 5 5 .4 1 5 4 .9 1 5 5 .2 1 5 6 .2 1 4 8 .5 1 5 3 .0 1 5 2 .9 1 5 3 .6 1 5 3 .3 1 5 3 .5 1 5 4 .5 O th e r b r e a d s ( 1 2 /7 7 = C o o k ie s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) 100) 1 5 6 .1 1 5 5 .7 1 5 7 .0 1 5 7 .6 1 5 7 .6 1 5 6 .0 157 9 1 5 8 .5 1 5 8 .6 . . . 1 4 1 .9 1 4 7 .9 1 4 9 .5 1 5 0 .3 1 5 1 .4 1 4 8 .3 1 4 7 .7 1 4 3 .3 1 4 9 .5 1 5 1 .0 1 5 1 .8 1 5 2 .8 1 4 9 .5 1 4 9 .1 . . 1 4 8 .7 1 5 4 .0 1 5 3 .7 1 5 4 .1 1 5 5 .3 1 5 5 .9 1 5 5 .8 1 5 1 .4 1 5 6 .7 1 5 6 .6 1 5 6 .9 1 5 8 .0 1 5 8 .6 1 5 8 .5 ................................................................................... C r a c k e r s , b re a d , a n d c r a c k e r p r o d u c ts ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) F re s h s w e e tr o lls , c o ffe e c a k e , a n d d o n u ts ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) 1 5 2 .2 1 5 3 .2 1 5 6 .8 1 5 6 .4 1 5 6 .8 F ro z e n a n d r e fr ig e ra te d b a k e r y p ro d u c ts a n d fre s h p ie s , t a r t s , a n d tu r n o v e r s ( 1 2 /7 7 = M e a ts , p o u ltr y , fis h , a n d e g g s 100) . . . . ............................................................................................ M e a ts , p o u ltr y , a n d f i s h ................................................................................................ M e a ts ............................................................................................................................... B e e f a n d v e a l ......................................................................................................... 1 5 4 .4 1 5 7 .4 1 5 8 .8 1 5 9 .4 1 5 9 .4 1 6 1 .3 1 6 1 .9 1 4 7 .6 1 5 0 .5 1 5 2 .0 1 5 2 .5 1 5 2 .5 1 5 4 .3 1 5 4 .9 2 6 5 .1 2 6 3 .8 2 6 1 .5 2 6 0 .4 2 5 8 .8 2 5 8 .7 2 5 7 .1 2 6 5 .0 2 6 3 .6 2 6 1 .3 2 6 0 .1 2 5 8 .4 2 5 8 .4 2 5 6 .6 2 7 2 .4 2 7 0 .5 2 6 8 .7 2 6 7 .2 2 6 5 .0 2 6 4 .2 2 6 1 .9 2 7 2 .1 2 7 0 .2 2 6 8 .3 2 6 6 .8 2 6 4 .4 2 6 3 .8 2 6 1 .4 2 7 4 .9 2 7 2 .7 2 7 0 .2 2 6 7 .8 2 6 4 .2 2 6 2 .6 2 6 0 .4 2 7 4 .6 2 7 2 .1 2 6 9 .7 2 6 7 .3 2 6 3 .7 2 6 2 .2 2 6 0 .0 2 7 5 .8 2 7 0 .7 2 6 6 .2 2 7 2 .7 2 8 2 .0 2 7 9 .2 2 7 2 .2 2 8 1 .3 2 7 8 .6 2 6 8 .0 2 7 6 .5 2 7 1 .1 2 6 8 .7 2 6 6 .7 G r o u n d b e e f o t h e r th a n c a n n e d ......................................................... 2 6 2 .4 2 6 6 .9 2 6 4 .5 2 6 1 .4 2 5 6 .5 2 5 4 .3 2 5 0 .9 2 6 3 .7 2 6 8 .3 2 6 5 .7 2 6 2 .7 2 5 8 .0 2 5 5 .9 2 5 2 .1 C h u c k ro a s t 2 8 1 .9 2 8 9 .5 2 7 7 .4 2 7 7 .6 2 7 2 .4 2 6 9 .5 2 6 5 .8 2 9 0 .4 2 9 8 .8 2 8 5 .7 2 8 6 .3 2 8 0 .6 2 7 7 .4 2 7 3 .1 2 3 0 .3 2 3 4 .4 .................................................................................................... R o u n d r o a s t .................................................................................................... 2 3 7 .9 2 4 9 .6 2 4 5 .6 2 4 0 .7 2 3 2 .4 2 4 0 .5 2 4 3 .8 2 3 5 .0 2 3 2 .8 2 5 3 .4 2 6 8 .8 2 6 2 .1 2 5 7 .8 2 5 0 .3 2 4 7 .4 2 5 1 .5 2 5 1 .0 2 6 7 .7 2 6 0 .5 2 5 6 .5 2 4 8 .5 2 4 5 .7 2 5 0 .9 2 6 6 .3 2 8 4 .3 2 8 6 .1 2 8 5 .2 2 8 0 .9 2 7 7 .3 2 6 8 .4 2 6 8 .0 2 8 5 .9 2 8 7 .5 2 8 7 .5 2 8 1 .8 2 8 0 .1 2 7 0 .1 O th e r b e e f a n d v e a l ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ............................................ 1 7 0 .2 1 7 0 .5 1 6 8 .8 1 6 6 .6 1 6 3 .4 1 6 8 .6 1 6 9 .1 1 6 7 .4 1 6 5 .1 1 6 3 .7 1 6 2 .6 2 7 7 .9 2 5 7 .3 2 5 4 .1 2 5 1 .2 2 4 9 .6 2 5 0 .2 2 4 6 .4 2 7 7 .0 2 5 6 .8 2 5 3 .9 2 5 0 .8 2 4 9 .3 2 4 9 .7 2 4 6 .0 .................................................................................................................. 3 1 2 .4 2 7 2 .5 2 6 7 .4 2 6 7 .3 2 6 4 .7 2 6 9 .5 2 6 2 .5 3 1 7 .7 Chops .................................................................................................................. 1 6 4 .8 1 6 4 .0 2 3 7 .2 B acon P o r k ............................................................................................................................... 1 6 4 .9 2 5 2 .3 2 4 9 .1 R o u n d s t e a k .................................................................................................... S irlo in s t e a k ..................................................................................................... 2 7 6 .8 2 7 1 .9 2 7 1 .6 2 6 8 .8 2 7 3 .6 2 6 6 .4 2 5 2 .3 2 3 7 .7 2 3 4 .3 2 3 2 .9 2 3 2 .4 2 2 9 .6 2 2 7 .2 2 5 0 .0 2 3 5 .9 2 3 2 .5 2 3 1 .1 2 3 0 .5 2 2 7 .9 2 2 5 .6 1 0 0 ) ................................... 1 2 6 .5 1 1 2 .0 1 1 0 .3 1 0 8 .3 1 0 9 .6 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .6 1 2 3 .4 1 0 9 .3 1 0 7 .5 1 0 5 .5 1 0 6 .8 1 0 8 .1 1 0 8 .8 ............................................................................................................. 3 4 2 .1 3 3 0 .6 3 2 6 .5 3 1 8 .9 3 1 3 .9 3 1 1 .3 3 0 7 .4 3 4 3 .2 3 3 1 .1 3 2 7 .3 3 2 0 .0 3 1 5 .3 3 1 2 .2 3 0 8 .4 C a n n e d h a m ..................................................................................................... 2 6 7 .2 2 6 6 .6 2 6 0 .9 2 5 6 .8 2 5 4 .0 2 5 2 .8 H a m o th e r th a n ca n n e d ( 1 2 /7 7 = Sausage O th e r p o r k ( 1 2 /7 7 = 2 7 1 .4 2 7 1 .6 2 6 6 .4 2 6 2 .6 2 5 9 .8 2 5 8 .8 2 5 7 .7 1 5 1 .3 1 4 1 .4 1 4 1 .7 1 4 0 .0 1 3 8 .4 1 3 9 .0 1 3 4 .4 1 5 0 .5 1 4 0 .6 1 4 1 .1 1 3 9 .3 1 3 7 .8 1 3 8 .2 1 3 3 .9 2 7 2 .2 2 6 7 .7 2 6 7 .4 2 6 6 .9 2 6 4 .6 2 6 2 .6 2 6 2 .2 2 7 2 .2 2 6 7 .3 2 6 6 .9 2 6 6 .6 2 6 4 .4 2 6 2 .4 2 6 2 .0 ..................................................................................................... 2 7 4 .8 2 6 6 .7 2 6 5 .8 2 6 5 .9 2 6 6 .7 2 5 9 .8 2 6 0 .8 2 7 4 .0 2 6 5 .2 2 6 4 .9 2 6 4 .9 2 6 5 .9 2 5 8 .6 2 5 9 .7 1 5 8 .5 1 5 4 .2 1 5 5 .6 1 5 4 .0 1 5 3 .2 1 5 3 .0 1 5 2 .8 1 5 8 .5 1 5 4 .1 1 5 5 .6 1 5 4 .1 1 5 3 .3 1 5 2 .9 1 5 2 .8 1 4 0 .1 1 3 7 .7 1 3 6 .6 1 3 7 .1 1 3 6 .4 1 3 6 .1 1 3 5 .2 1 3 7 .9 1 3 5 .8 1 3 4 .6 1 3 5 .2 1 3 4 .5 1 3 4 .2 1 3 3 .3 ................................... 1 3 7 .0 1 3 9 .1 1 3 9 .3 1 3 8 .4 1 3 3 .8 1 3 3 .9 1 3 3 .7 1 4 0 .6 1 4 2 .2 1 4 2 .3 1 4 1 .6 1 3 6 .6 1 3 6 .9 1 3 6 .8 P o u l t r y ............................................................................................................................... 1 9 5 .4 1 9 2 .0 1 9 3 .6 1 9 8 .1 2 0 0 .5 2 0 4 .4 1 9 9 .6 1 9 3 .2 1 9 0 .1 1 9 1 .8 1 9 6 .1 1 9 8 .5 2 0 2 .6 1 9 7 .6 F re s h w h o le c h i c k e n ................................................................................... 1 9 2 .6 1 8 7 .7 1 9 2 .1 1 9 8 .7 F re s h a n d fro z e n c h ic k e n p a r ts ( 1 2 /7 7 = F ra n k fu rte r s 100) 2 5 1 .9 .................................................................. ......................................................................................................... O th e r m e a ts B o lo g n a , liv e r w u r s t , a n d s a la m i ( 1 2 /7 7 = O t h e r lu n c h m e a ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) L a m b a n d o r g a n m e a ts ( 1 2 /7 7 = . . . . 100) 2 0 2 .1 2 0 9 .6 1 9 9 .1 1 9 0 .3 1 8 5 .7 1 9 0 .4 1 9 6 .6 2 0 0 .0 2 0 7 .2 1 9 6 .7 1 0 0 ) ................. 1 2 6 .8 1 2 6 .6 1 2 6 .3 129 6 1 3 1 .7 1 3 5 .9 1 3 2 .2 1 2 4 .9 1 2 4 .9 1 2 4 .7 1 2 7 .7 1 2 9 .9 1 3 4 .2 1 3 0 .5 1 0 0 ) ............................................................. 1 2 8 .5 1 2 5 .4 1 2 5 .3 1 2 6 .0 1 2 5 .7 1 2 2 .9 1 2 6 .0 1 2 8 .0 1 2 4 .9 1 2 4 .7 1 2 5 .3 1 2 5 .1 1 2 2 .7 1 2 5 .5 .................................................................................................... 3 6 7 .1 3 7 2 .6 3 7 1 .2 3 6 8 .9 3 7 2 .7 3 7 2 .6 3 7 4 .1 3 6 6 .0 3 7 1 .5 3 6 9 .8 3 6 7 .3 3 7 0 .8 3 7 0 .7 3 7 2 .0 1 3 8 .6 1 3 7 .2 1 3 8 .6 1 3 5 .7 1 3 5 .9 1 3 3 .9 1 3 3 .5 1 3 8 .1 1 3 6 .8 O th e r p o u ltr y ( 1 2 /7 7 = Fis h a n d s e a fo o d 100) ................................................ C a n n e d fis h a n d s e a fo o d ...................................................................... F re s h a n d fro z e n fis h a n d s e a fo o d ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) . . . E g g s ................................................................................................................................................ D a ir y p r o d u c t s ...................................................................................................................... 1 3 5 .2 1 3 5 .4 1 3 3 .4 1 4 0 .5 1 4 4 ,7 1 4 3 .0 1 4 3 .3 1 4 5 .5 1 4 6 .7 1 4 7 .8 1 4 0 .2 1 4 4 .4 1 4 2 .5 1 4 2 .8 1 4 4 .8 1 4 6 .0 1 4 7 .1 1 7 5 .8 1 8 1 .8 1 7 3 .8 1 7 7 .9 1 8 3 .7 1 9 3 .3 2 0 0 .1 1 7 6 .7 1 8 2 .7 1 7 4 .8 1 3 8 .1 1 7 8 .7 1 8 4 .6 1 9 4 .3 2 0 1 .0 2 4 9 .4 132 9 2 4 7 .1 2 5 0 .3 2 4 9 .8 2 4 9 .8 2 5 0 .2 2 5 0 .2 2 5 0 .1 2 4 6 .4 2 4 9 .6 2 4 9 .1 2 4 9 .0 2 4 9 .4 1 0 0 ) ..................................................... 1 3 5 .0 1 3 6 .5 1 3 6 .3 1 3 6 .2 1 3 6 .5 1 3 6 .1 1 3 5 .9 1 3 4 .5 1 3 6 .0 1 3 5 .9 1 3 5 .7 1 3 5 .9 1 3 5 .5 1 3 5 .2 F re s h w h o le m i l k ................................................................................................ 2 2 0 .8 2 2 3 .2 2 2 2 .9 2 2 2 .8 2 2 3 .2 2 2 2 .6 2 2 1 .9 2 2 0 .0 2 2 2 .3 2 2 2 .1 2 2 2 .0 2 2 2 .3 2 2 1 .7 2 2 0 .9 O th e r f r e s h m ilk a n d c r e a m ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 3 5 .3 1 3 6 .8 1 3 6 .8 1 3 6 .4 1 3 6 .8 1 3 6 .4 F re s h m ilk a n d c r e a m ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) ............................... 1 3 6 .6 1 3 4 .7 1 3 6 .3 1 3 6 .3 1 3 5 .8 1 3 6 .2 1 3 5 .8 2 4 9 .2 1 3 6 .0 P r o c e s s e d d a iry p r o d u c t s ................................................................................... 1 4 6 .2 1 4 8 .6 1 4 8 .1 1 4 8 .2 1 4 8 .4 1 4 9 .0 1 4 9 .2 1 4 6 .5 1 4 8 .8 1 4 8 .3 1 4 8 .5 1 4 8 .6 1 4 9 .3 1 4 9 .4 B u t t e r .................................................................................................................. 2 5 2 .6 2 5 4 .4 2 5 2 .7 2 5 3 .3 2 5 4 .2 2 5 3 .9 2 5 6 .2 2 5 5 .1 2 5 6 .9 2 5 5 .4 2 5 5 .8 2 5 6 .8 2 5 6 .4 2 5 8 .7 C heese ( 1 2 /7 7 = ............................................................................... 1 4 4 .7 1 4 6 .5 1 4 6 .0 1 4 6 .9 1 4 6 .4 1 4 6 .8 1 4 6 .7 1 4 5 .0 1 4 6 .8 1 4 6 .3 1 4 7 .3 1 4 6 .7 1 4 7 .1 1 4 7 .0 ...................... 1 5 0 .4 1 5 3 .6 1 5 4 .0 1 5 1 .6 1 5 2 .5 1 5 4 .4 1 5 4 .9 1 4 9 .6 1 5 2 .7 1 5 3 .0 1 5 0 .7 1 5 1 .5 1 5 3 .5 1 5 4 .0 1 0 0 ) ................................................ 1 4 1 .0 1 4 4 .6 1 4 3 .1 1 4 4 .5 1 4 5 .9 1 4 6 .0 1 4 5 .2 1 4 1 .7 1 4 5 .3 1 4 3 .7 1 4 5 .1 1 4 6 .5 1 4 6 .5 1 4 5 .8 100) Ic e c r e a m a n d re la te d p r o d u c ts ( 1 2 /7 7 = O th e r d a iry p r o d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) F ru its a n d v e g e t a b l e s ......................................................................................................... 2 8 0 .7 2 9 8 .2 2 9 8 .2 2 9 8 .7 2 9 9 .4 2 9 7 .6 2 9 6 .7 2 9 4 .5 2 9 4 .5 F re s h f ru its a n d v e g e t a b l e s ............................................................................... 2 7 7 .4 3 1 1 .0 3 1 0 .9 3 1 0 .6 3 1 0 .7 3 0 6 .6 3 0 4 .9 2 6 8 .4 3 0 5 .5 3 0 5 .4 3 0 4 .8 3 0 4 .3 3 0 0 .3 2 9 8 .9 F re s h f r u i t s ............................................................................................................. 3 1 7 .1 3 0 0 .6 3 1 0 .5 3 2 6 .5 3 2 8 .9 3 1 6 .7 3 0 4 .4 3 0 0 .4 2 9 0 .6 2 9 9 .7 3 1 5 .3 3 1 7 .5 3 0 5 .9 2 9 3 .4 3 1 0 .0 A p p ie s .................................................................................................................. 2 5 0 .7 2 6 6 .4 2 8 7 .5 2 9 4 .7 2 9 5 .1 2 9 3 .3 2 9 2 .7 3 2 0 .2 2 7 1 .8 2 5 1 .9 2 8 3 .4 2 8 8 .8 3 1 1 .9 3 2 1 .3 2 7 3 .8 Bananas ............................................................................................................. 2 2 7 .8 3 1 2 .5 3 1 8 .1 3 2 5 .2 2 9 1 .0 2 7 8 .6 2 7 2 .8 2 2 6 .7 3 1 1 .1 3 1 6 .7 3 2 3 .1 2 9 0 .7 2 7 6 .5 2 7 0 .3 O ra n g e s ............................................................................................................. 520 8 2 9 7 .2 3 0 9 .1 3 4 7 .9 3 5 9 .8 3 3 7 .0 2 9 9 .0 4 6 5 .7 2 7 0 .2 2 8 0 .1 3 2 1 .5 3 2 9 .9 3 0 7 .1 O th e r f re s h f r u its ( 1 2 /7 7 = 2 8 1 .9 2 7 5 .0 2 6 6 .8 2 7 1 .3 1 0 0 ) ..................................................... 1 4 8 .0 1 6 2 .4 1 6 6 .3 1 7 3 .3 1 7 3 .2 1 6 4 .1 1 7 1 .1 1 4 2 .4 1 5 6 .9 1 6 0 .0 1 6 6 .6 1 6 6 .3 1 5 7 .7 1 6 4 .7 F re s h v e g e t a b l e s ................................................................................................ 2 4 0 .2 3 2 0 .8 3 1 1 .3 2 9 5 .8 2 9 3 .8 2 9 7 .2 3 0 5 .6 2 3 9 .7 3 1 9 .2 3 1 0 .8 2 9 5 .5 2 9 2 .5 2 9 5 .4 3 0 3 .9 3 2 0 .7 3 4 2 .2 P o ta to e s ............................................................................................................. 2 4 3 .8 2 8 2 .3 3 0 4 .7 2 7 7 .3 3 0 1 .3 3 1 8 .2 3 3 8 .2 3 3 0 .9 L e t t u c e ................................................................................................ 2 5 9 .2 3 4 0 .9 3 6 3 .5 2 8 0 .5 2 9 3 .9 3 3 7 .0 3 6 0 .4 2 6 0 .9 3 3 8 .0 3 6 0 .8 2 8 0 .6 2 9 4 .2 3 3 8 .2 3 6 0 .9 T o m a to e s 2 1 0 .5 3 0 7 .8 2 6 2 .3 2 4 3 .1 2 0 0 .5 2 1 2 .2 2 4 1 .9 2 1 3 .7 3 1 3 .2 2 6 7 .1 2 4 7 .3 2 0 4 .0 2 1 6 .2 2 4 6 .8 ......................................................................................................... 1 0 0 ) ....................................... O th e r f re s h v e g e t a b le s ( 1 2 /7 7 = P r o c e s s e d f r u its a n d v e g e t a b l e s ......................................................... P r o c e s s e d f r u its ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ......................................................... F ro z e n v e g e t a b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 1 1 .7 1 3 1 .5 1 8 4 .1 1 6 9 .4 1 6 7 .6 1 6 3 .6 1 5 8 .0 1 6 3 .0 1 3 1 .0 1 8 3 .4 1 6 9 .5 1 6 7 .3 1 6 2 .5 1 5 6 .3 1 6 1 .7 2 8 6 .8 2 8 6 .7 2 8 6 .9 2 8 8 .2 2 8 9 .5 2 9 0 .2 2 9 0 .3 2 8 4 .6 2 8 4 .6 2 8 4 .7 2 8 5 .9 2 8 7 .4 2 8 8 .0 2 8 8 .2 1 4 9 .2 1 5 0 .3 1 5 0 .7 1 5 1 .0 1 5 0 .3 1 4 9 .7 1 5 0 .6 1 4 8 .8 1 5 0 .0 1 4 9 .3 1 5 0 .2 1 5 0 .4 1 5 0 .6 1 4 2 .3 1 4 0 .0 1 4 0 .6 1 4 1 .1 1 4 2 .2 1 4 2 .1 1 4 4 .0 1 4 1 .4 1 3 9 .0 1 3 9 .8 1 4 0 .3 1 4 1 .4 1 4 1 .3 1 5 2 .5 1 5 5 .7 1 5 5 .1 1 5 6 .4 1 5 5 .6 1 5 5 .2 1 5 5 .1 1 5 1 .4 1 5 4 .7 1 5 4 .0 1 5 5 .4 1 5 4 .7 1 5 4 .2 1 5 4 .0 1 0 0 ) ................................... 1 4 9 .2 1 5 1 .3 1 5 2 .0 1 5 2 .6 1 5 3 .5 1 5 3 .8 1 5 2 .9 1 4 9 .8 1 5 1 .8 1 5 2 .6 1 5 3 .1 1 5 3 .8 1 5 4 .3 1 5 3 .4 1 0 0 ) .......................... 100) 1 0 0 ) ................................................ 100) 2 4 0 .5 1 4 4 .8 F ru it ju ic e s o t h e r t h a n f ro z e n ( 1 2 /7 7 = P r o c e s s e d v e g e t a b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 3 1 6 .9 ...................... F ro z e n f r u it a n d f r u it ju ic e s ( 1 2 /7 7 = C a n n e d a n d d r ie d f r u its ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 3 3 6 .1 ................................................ 1 5 0 .6 1 3 9 .1 1 3 7 .9 1 3 8 .7 1 3 9 .0 1 4 0 .2 1 4 0 .6 1 4 1 .1 1 3 7 .9 1 3 6 .8 1 3 7 .5 1 3 7 .9 1 3 9 .1 1 3 9 .4 1 4 0 .0 1 4 7 .7 1 5 1 .2 1 5 1 .4 1 5 1 .7 1 5 2 .8 1 5 2 .4 1 5 0 .6 1 4 8 .8 1 5 2 .8 1 5 3 .1 1 5 3 .3 1 5 4 .5 1 5 3 .9 1 5 2 .0 103 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c if ie d ] All Urban Consumers General summary 1982 Oct. Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers 1983 May June July 1982 Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. 1983 May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. FOOD AND BEVERAGES—Continued Food—Continued F o o d a t h o m e — C o n t in u e d F r u its a n d v e g e t a b le s — C o n tin u e d C u t c o rn a n d c a n n e d b e a n s e x c e p t lim a ( 1 2 / 7 7 = O th e r c a n n e d a n d d r ie d v e g e t a b le s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) 100) . . . . O th e r f o o d s a t h o m e ...................................................................................................................... S u g a r a n d s w e e ts ............................................................................................................. C a n d y a n d c h e w in g g u m ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ............................................ S u g a r a n d a r tific ia l s w e e te n e r s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 4 0 .8 1 3 8 .4 1 4 0 .5 1 4 0 .9 1 4 2 .0 1 4 1 .8 1 4 2 .4 1 3 8 .4 1 3 6 .2 1 3 8 .1 1 3 8 .6 1 3 9 .5 1 3 9 .3 1 4 0 .0 1 3 3 .9 1 3 0 .8 1 3 1 .2 1 3 1 .7 1 3 2 .9 1 3 4 .0 1 3 5 .7 1 3 2 .4 1 2 9 .5 1 2 9 .8 1 3 0 .2 1 3 1 .5 1 3 2 .6 1 3 4 .2 3 3 4 .8 3 3 9 .1 3 3 8 .8 3 3 8 .7 3 3 9 .1 3 4 0 .7 3 4 2 .7 3 3 5 .7 3 3 9 .8 3 3 9 .5 3 3 9 .3 3 3 9 .9 3 4 1 .5 3 4 3 .5 3 7 0 .6 3 7 3 .1 3 7 4 .5 3 7 6 .1 3 7 5 .8 3 7 6 .4 3 7 5 .5 3 7 0 .6 3 7 2 .9 3 7 4 .1 3 7 6 .0 3 7 5 .7 3 7 6 .2 3 7 5 .3 1 4 9 .4 1 5 1 .0 1 5 1 .3 1 5 1 .8 1 5 1 .6 1 5 1 .9 1 5 1 .8 1 4 9 .3 1 5 1 .0 1 5 1 .2 C1 5 1 . 8 1 5 1 .8 1 5 1 .6 1 5 1 .6 1 6 9 .7 1 6 9 .7 1 7 0 .3 1 6 9 .6 1 6 8 .8 1 6 8 .7 1 6 9 .8 1 7 1 .0 1 7 1 .0 1 7 1 .6 1 7 0 .8 1 5 2 .8 1 5 2 .7 1 0 0 ) ............................... 1 6 7 .3 1 6 7 .2 1 6 8 .5 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................... 1 5 1 .0 1 5 2 .0 1 5 2 .5 1 5 2 .2 1 4 8 .9 ................................................................................... 2 5 8 .4 2 5 8 .3 2 5 8 .3 2 5 9 .0 2 5 8 .1 2 6 4 .8 2 7 1 .1 2 5 8 .4 2 5 8 .2 2 5 8 .0 2 5 8 .7 2 5 7 .8 2 6 4 .7 2 7 1 .2 M a r g a r i n e ...................................................................................................................... 2 5 8 .4 2 5 7 .1 2 5 9 .3 2 5 9 .5 2 5 7 .2 2 5 9 .3 2 6 4 .6 2 5 7 .8 2 5 5 .5 2 5 7 .5 2 5 7 .6 2 5 5 .1 2 5 7 .3 2 6 2 .6 O t h e r s w e e ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = F a ts a n d o ils ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) N o n d a ir y s u b s t it u t e s a n d p e a n u t b u t te r ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) . . . 1 5 1 .2 1 5 0 .7 1 4 9 .4 1 5 0 .5 1 4 9 .8 1 4 8 .9 1 5 1 .6 1 4 9 .5 1 4 9 .6 1 4 9 .1 1 5 0 .2 1 4 7 .7 1 5 0 .8 1 5 0 .6 1 5 0 .5 1 5 0 .1 1 4 8 .8 1 4 8 .1 1 4 7 .2 1 0 0 ) .................. 1 2 9 .7 1 3 0 .2 1 3 0 .1 1 3 0 .3 1 3 0 .3 1 3 6 .9 1 4 0 .7 1 3 0 .2 1 3 0 .8 1 3 0 .7 1 3 0 .9 1 3 0 .9 1 3 7 .5 1 4 1 .5 ................................................................................................. 4 2 7 .5 4 3 1 .1 4 3 1 .0 4 2 8 .7 4 3 0 .7 4 3 1 .2 4 3 6 .4 4 2 9 .2 4 3 2 .4 4 3 2 .6 4 3 0 .3 4 3 2 .5 4 3 3 .1 4 3 8 .4 3 0 8 .9 3 1 1 .5 3 1 2 .3 3 1 0 .3 3 1 2 .4 3 1 2 .7 3 1 7 .2 3 0 6 .2 3 0 8 .5 3 0 9 .7 3 0 7 .8 3 0 9 .9 3 1 0 .2 3 1 4 .7 O th e r f a ts , o ils , a n d s a la d d r e s s in g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = N o n a lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s 1 5 3 .0 C o la d r in k s , e x c lu d in g d ie t c o la .................................................................. C a r b o n a te d d r in k s , in c lu d in g d ie t c o la ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) . . . . 1 4 9 .8 1 4 6 .2 1 4 7 .3 1 4 2 .6 1 4 4 .1 1 4 5 .3 1 4 8 .7 R o a s te d c o f f e e ............................................................................................................. 3 6 2 .0 3 6 0 .8 3 5 9 .3 3 5 6 .6 3 5 6 .0 3 5 3 .7 3 5 2 .8 3 5 7 .2 3 5 5 .6 3 5 4 .3 3 5 1 .7 3 5 0 .8 3 4 8 .4 3 4 7 .6 F re e z e d r ie d a n d in s ta n t c o f f e e ...................................................................... 3 4 3 .6 3 5 1 .6 3 5 2 .2 3 5 1 .4 3 5 2 .3 3 4 8 .3 3 5 0 .2 3 4 3 .2 3 5 1 .0 3 5 1 .6 3 5 0 .7 3 5 1 .5 3 4 7 .5 3 4 9 .3 1 4 6 .3 1 4 5 .1 1 4 6 .3 1 4 7 .6 1 5 0 .8 1 4 4 .0 1 4 4 .9 1 4 3 .9 ................................... 1 3 9 .1 1 4 0 .1 1 4 0 .5 1 4 0 .4 1 4 0 .5 1 4 1 .0 1 4 1 .9 1 3 9 .3 1 4 0 .4 1 4 0 .7 1 4 0 .7 1 4 0 .8 1 4 1 .3 1 4 2 .2 O t h e r p r e p a r e d f o o d s ......................................................................................................... 2 7 0 .5 2 7 7 .2 2 7 6 .1 2 7 6 .8 2 7 6 .9 2 7 7 .8 2 7 6 .8 2 7 2 .2 2 7 8 .8 2 7 7 .7 2 7 8 .4 2 7 8 .5 2 7 9 .4 2 7 8 .2 O th e r n o n c a r b o n a t e d d r in k s ( 1 2 /7 7 = C a n n e d a n d p a c k a g e d s o u p ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) 1 0 0 ) ....................................... 1 3 6 .8 1 4 1 .6 1 4 1 .6 1 4 1 .9 1 4 1 .8 1 4 1 .4 1 4 1 .3 1 3 8 .7 1 4 3 .6 1 4 3 .4 1 4 3 .7 1 4 3 .7 1 4 3 .3 1 4 3 .2 ................................................ 1 4 8 .5 1 5 4 .4 1 5 3 .8 1 5 4 .4 1 5 5 .1 1 5 5 .7 1 5 4 .7 1 4 7 .9 1 5 3 .7 1 5 3 .1 1 5 3 .5 1 5 4 .2 1 5 4 .9 1 5 3 .7 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................................ 1 5 3 .3 1 6 0 .6 1 5 9 .0 1 5 9 .3 1 5 9 .3 1 5 9 .9 1 5 9 .0 1 5 5 .4 1 6 2 .7 1 6 1 .1 1 6 1 .3 1 6 1 .4 1 6 2 .0 1 6 0 .8 . . , 1 5 6 .5 1 5 9 .3 1 5 8 .6 1 5 8 .5 1 5 8 .3 1 5 8 .9 1 5 5 .6 1 5 8 .4 1 5 7 .6 1 5 7 .5 1 5 7 .4 1 5 8 .1 1 5 8 .7 O t h e r c o n d im e n ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 1 5 2 .1 1 5 5 .6 1 5 5 .4 1 5 6 .1 1 5 6 .0 M is c e lla n e o u s p r e p a r e d f o o d s ( 1 2 / 7 7 1 5 1 .4 1 5 2 .0 1 5 1 .2 1 5 1 .6 1 5 1 .5 1 5 2 .2 1 5 1 .8 1 5 1 .6 1 5 2 .3 1 5 1 .5 1 5 1 .8 1 5 1 .8 1 5 2 .5 1 5 2 .0 O th e r c a n n e d a n d = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................. = 1 0 0 ) ............................... p a c k a g e d p r e p a r e d f o o d s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) . 1 5 9 .6 1 4 5 .8 1 4 6 .2 1 4 6 .2 1 4 6 .8 1 4 6 .5 1 4 7 .2 1 4 6 .2 1 4 7 .2 1 4 7 .5 1 4 7 .6 1 4 8 .0 . 1 4 7 .7 1 4 8 .4 1 4 7 .4 ........................................................................................................................... 3 2 3 .0 3 2 4 .3 3 2 5 .4 3 2 7 .2 F ro z e n p r e p a r e d f o o d s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = S n a c k s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) S e a s o n in g s , o liv e s , p ic k le s , a n d re lis h ( 1 2 / 7 7 Food a w a y fro m h o m e = 100) 1 5 6 .3 1 5 6 .0 1 5 3 .9 1 5 7 .4 1 5 7 .2 1 5 7 .9 1 5 7 .9 1 5 8 .2 1 5 7 .9 3 1 0 .7 3 1 8 .6 3 1 9 .3 3 1 9 .8 3 2 1 .0 3 2 2 .2 3 2 3 .9 3 1 3 .8 3 2 1 .9 3 2 2 .5 L u n ch ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................................. 1 5 1 .2 1 5 4 .6 1 5 4 .9 1 5 4 .9 1 5 5 .4 1 5 5 .9 1 5 6 .7 1 5 2 .8 1 5 6 .2 1 5 6 .5 1 5 6 .5 1 5 7 .1 1 5 7 .5 1 5 8 .3 D in n e r ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................................ 1 4 9 .5 1 5 2 .7 1 5 3 .1 1 5 3 .4 1 5 3 .9 1 5 4 .9 1 5 5 .5 1 5 1 .2 1 5 4 .4 1 5 4 .8 1 5 5 .1 1 5 5 .6 1 5 6 .6 1 5 7 .2 O t h e r m e a ls a n d s n a c k s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................... Alcoholic beverages .............................................................. A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s a t h o m e ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................................... 1 5 2 .1 1 5 7 .9 1 5 8 .2 1 5 8 .6 1 5 9 .5 1 5 9 .4 1 6 0 .7 1 5 2 .7 1 5 8 .4 1 5 8 .7 1 5 9 .1 1 6 0 .0 1 5 9 .9 1 6 1 .2 2 1 0 .6 2 1 6 .6 2 1 7 .0 2 1 7 .2 2 1 7 .1 2 1 8 .4 2 1 8 .9 2 1 2 .8 2 1 9 .1 2 1 9 .6 2 1 9 .8 2 1 9 .7 2 2 1 .3 2 2 1 .8 1 3 6 .2 1 4 0 .0 1 4 0 .3 1 4 0 .7 1 4 0 .3 1 4 1 .2 1 4 1 .4 1 3 7 .6 1 4 1 .7 1 4 2 .0 1 4 2 .5 1 4 2 .1 1 4 3 .2 1 4 3 .4 .................................................................................................................. 2 1 2 .7 2 2 2 .7 2 2 4 .1 2 2 4 .8 2 2 4 .4 2 2 5 .4 2 2 6 .1 2 1 1 .8 2 2 1 .5 2 2 2 .8 2 2 3 .6 2 2 3 .2 2 2 4 .8 2 2 5 .3 W h i s k e y ............................................................................................................................... 1 5 0 .0 1 5 1 .3 1 5 1 .6 1 5 2 .1 1 5 1 .6 1 5 3 .7 1 5 3 .5 1 5 0 .7 1 5 1 .9 1 5 2 .1 1 5 2 .6 1 5 2 .1 1 5 4 .2 1 5 4 .0 W in e 2 3 6 .4 2 3 9 .1 2 3 6 .3 2 3 7 .1 2 4 4 .8 B e e r a n d a le ............................................................................... 2 3 7 .1 2 3 4 .8 2 3 5 .7 2 4 7 .0 2 4 4 .1 2 4 5 .2 2 4 2 .4 2 4 3 .7 2 4 5 .5 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .5 1 2 2 .1 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .4 1 2 2 .5 1 2 2 .3 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .4 1 2 2 .0 1 2 1 .8 1 2 2 .4 1 2 2 .3 1 2 2 .2 1 4 2 .7 1 4 7 .0 1 4 7 .1 1 4 6 .1 1 4 7 .3 1 4 8 .4 1 4 8 .7 1 4 4 .0 1 4 8 .2 1 4 8 .3 1 4 7 .1 1 4 8 .5 1 4 9 .6 1 4 9 .8 HOUSING 3 2 0 .7 3 2 1 .8 3 2 3 .1 3 2 4 .5 3 2 4 .8 3 2 6 .4 3 2 6 .8 3 2 1 .2 3 2 1 .3 3 2 2 .3 3 2 3 .1 3 2 4 .3 3 2 5 .3 3 2 5 .2 Shelter (CPI-U) .................................................... 3 4 2 .8 3 4 2 .7 3 4 3 .6 3 4 5 .3 3 4 6 .6 3 4 8 .5 3 4 9 .8 3 4 5 .2 3 4 4 .1 3 4 6 .4 3 4 7 .5 3 4 7 .6 O th e r a lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................ A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s a w a y f r o m h o m e ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) ............................... R e n t e r s ’ c o s t s ............................................................................... R e n t, r e s id e n tia l 1 0 2 .2 .................................................................. 1 0 2 .5 1 0 3 .1 1 0 3 .7 1 0 4 .4 1 0 4 .8 2 2 8 .9 2 3 5 .1 2 3 5 .9 2 3 7 .1 2 3 8 .2 2 3 9 .5 2 4 0 .4 2 2 8 .4 3 4 1 .6 3 4 7 .5 3 4 7 .9 3 5 2 .3 3 5 5 .8 3 6 1 .3 3 6 2 .0 3 3 9 .5 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .7 1 0 3 .0 1 0 3 .5 1 0 3 .9 O w n e r s ' e q u iv a le n t r e n t ..................................................... 1 0 1 .9 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .7 1 0 3 .0 1 0 3 .5 1 0 3 .8 H o u s e h o ld i n s u r a n c e ................................................ 1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .7 1 0 3 .5 1 0 4 .0 1 0 5 .5 O t h e r r e n te r s ’ c o s ts H o m e o w n e rs ' c o s ts 2 ........................................................................... .................................................................. M a in t e n a n c e a n d re p a ir s .................................................................. M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a ir s e r v ic e s ................................................ M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a ir c o m m o d i t i e s ................................... Shelter (CPI-W)............................. R e n t , r e s i d e n t i a l ..................................................... O th e r r e n te r s ’ c o s ts ................................................ L o d g in g w h ile o u t o f t o w n ................................................ T e n a n t s ' in s u ra n c e ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .......................... H o m e o w n e r s h i p ..................................................... H o m e p u rc h a s e ......................................................... 3 4 4 .3 3 4 5 .1 3 4 6 .1 3 4 7 .9 3 4 6 .6 3 5 1 .1 3 3 5 .4 3 8 2 .7 3 8 1 .6 3 8 3 .3 3 8 8 .6 3 8 7 .6 3 9 7 .2 3 7 4 .9 2 5 7 .3 2 6 0 .0 2 6 2 .3 2 6 2 .6 2 6 1 .2 2 5 9 .9 2 5 9 .5 2 5 1 .2 3 4 5 .2 3 4 2 .9 3 4 3 .3 2 2 8 .4 2 3 4 .6 2 3 5 .3 2 3 6 .5 2 3 7 .6 2 3 8 .9 2 3 9 .8 3 3 9 .5 3 4 5 .5 3 4 5 .8 3 5 0 .4 3 5 4 .0 358 6 359 3 3 5 5 .6 3 6 3 .0 3 6 3 .5 3 7 0 .7 3 7 5 .7 3 7 4 .8 374 2 1 4 8 .3 1 5 4 .0 1 5 3 .5 1 5 3 .8 1 5 5 .4 1 5 6 .2 1 5 8 .6 3 8 7 .1 3 8 1 .7 3 8 1 .9 3 8 2 .5 3 8 5 .2 3 8 6 .1 3 8 5 .9 3 0 4 .1 303 4 2 8 9 .7 F in a n c in g , t a x e s , a n d in s u r a n c e ........................................ P r o p e r ty i n s u r a n c e ............................................ P r o p e r ty ta x e s 3 3 9 .4 3 7 4 .1 ......................................................... C o n tr a c te d m o r t g a g e in te r e s t c o s t s ............................... M o r t g a g e in te r e s t r a t e s ....................................... M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a i r s ......................................................... M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a ir s e r v i c e s ............................... M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a ir c o m m o d i t i e s ............................... 3 0 3 .9 3 0 3 .5 3 0 3 .3 4 8 9 .1 4 9 0 .0 4 9 1 .3 4 9 6 .6 5 0 0 .0 5 0 0 .6 4 2 6 .3 4 3 0 .6 4 3 0 .8 4 3 0 .8 4 3 4 .9 437 4 239 1 2 2 6 .4 2 3 3 .8 2 3 4 .6 2 3 5 .1 2 3 7 .1 238 5 6 7 8 .8 6 2 0 .1 6 2 0 .8 6 2 2 .5 6 2 9 .8 6 3 4 .2 2 3 2 .4 2 0 2 .4 2 0 3 .0 2 0 3 .8 2 0 5 .5 2 0 7 .2 2 0 8 .8 3 3 5 .4 3 3 9 .9 3 4 1 .0 3 4 2 .0 3 4 4 .3 3 4 3 .7 348 1 3 7 4 .9 3 7 9 .5 3 8 0 .0 3 8 1 ,4 385 1 385 5 392 5 2 5 1 .2 2 5 5 .6 2 5 7 .5 2 5 8 .0 2 5 7 .5 2 5 5 .2 2 5 4 .7 1 4 5 .7 1 4 8 .1 1 4 9 .4 1 4 9 .2 1 4 7 .6 145 8 145 7 1 2 0 .4 1 2 4 .3 1 2 4 .2 1 2 5 .8 1 2 6 .8 1 2 5 .3 1 2 4 .2 1 3 4 .6 1 3 8 .0 1 3 8 .8 1 3 8 .7 1 3 9 .5 1 4 0 .7 1 4 1 .3 1 4 1 .8 1 4 1 .3 1 4 4 .1 1 4 3 .3 1 4 3 .3 1 4 2 .2 1 4 1 .9 P a in t a n d w a llp a p e r , s u p p lie s , t o o ls , a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .......................... L u m b e r , a w n in g s , g la s s , a n d m a s o n r y ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) . . P lu m b in g , e le c tr ic a l, h e a t in g , a n d c o o lin g s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ..................................................... M is c e lla n e o u s s u p p lie s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 104 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 100) 301 3 5 2 4 .3 4 0 8 .5 634 7 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers All Urban Consumers Fuel and other utilities 1982 1983 1982 General summary 1983 Oct. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. May June July Aug. 3 6 3 .4 3 6 9 .3 3 7 3 .6 3 7 5 .5 3 7 5 .1 3 7 6 .4 3 7 4 .4 3 6 4 .7 3 7 0 .8 3 7 5 .5 3 7 7 .3 3 7 6 .8 Sept. Oct. 3 7 8 .1 3 7 5 .7 4 7 4 .0 F u e s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4 6 4 .5 4 6 8 .3 4 7 5 .2 4 7 7 .7 4 7 6 .5 4 7 8 .3 4 7 4 .4 4 6 4 .0 4 6 8 .2 4 7 5 .6 4 7 7 .9 4 7 6 .6 4 7 8 .3 F u e l o il, c o a l, a n d b o ttle d g a s ................................................................................................ 6 7 7 .2 6 2 1 .0 6 2 0 .0 6 1 9 .3 6 1 9 .0 6 2 3 .2 6 2 4 .7 6 7 9 .7 6 2 3 .4 6 2 2 .4 6 2 1 .7 6 2 1 .5 6 2 5 .6 6 2 7 .2 6 3 5 .1 6 9 9 .1 6 2 9 .6 6 2 8 .5 6 2 7 .2 6 2 6 .5 6 3 1 .2 6 3 2 .6 7 0 1 .2 6 3 1 .8 6 3 0 .7 6 2 9 .5 6 2 8 .9 6 3 3 .7 ............................................................................................ 1 8 3 .7 1 8 8 .6 1 8 8 .6 1 8 9 .3 1 9 0 .0 1 9 0 .2 1 9 1 .0 1 8 4 .8 1 8 9 .7 1 8 9 .5 1 9 0 .2 1 9 0 .8 1 9 1 .0 1 9 1 .9 G a s ( p ip e d ) a n d e l e c t r i c i t y ......................................................................................................... 4 1 3 .4 4 2 9 .1 4 3 7 .4 4 4 0 .5 4 3 9 .1 4 4 0 .5 4 3 5 .6 4 1 2 .4 4 2 8 .5 4 3 7 .4 4 4 0 .3 4 3 8 .7 4 4 0 .0 4 3 4 .5 E l e c t r i c i t y ................................................................................................................................... 3 2 7 .0 3 2 4 .7 3 3 7 .4 3 4 1 .1 3 4 0 .7 3 4 2 .3 3 3 9 .2 3 2 6 .3 3 2 4 .2 3 3 7 .9 3 4 1 .6 3 4 1 .2 3 4 2 .6 3 3 8 .8 U tility ( p ip e d ) g a s 5 4 2 .0 5 9 3 .9 5 9 1 .8 5 9 3 .0 5 8 9 .8 5 9 0 .5 5 8 2 .4 5 3 8 .8 5 9 1 .0 5 8 8 .8 5 8 9 .5 5 8 5 .8 5 8 6 .4 5 7 8 .3 ................................................................................................ 2 0 4 .5 2 1 2 .5 2 1 3 .2 2 1 4 .2 2 1 4 .8 2 1 5 .4 2 1 5 .8 2 0 5 .3 213 4 2 1 4 .1 2 1 5 .3 2 1 5 .9 2 1 6 .4 2 1 6 .9 T e le p h o n e s e r v i c e s .......................................................................................................................... 1 6 6 .2 1 7 2 .8 1 7 3 .4 1 7 3 .8 1 7 3 .9 1 7 4 .4 1 7 4 .1 1 6 6 .6 1 7 3 .2 1 7 3 .9 1 7 4 .3 1 7 4 .5 1 7 5 .0 1 3 5 .2 1 4 0 .9 1 4 1 .8 1 4 1 .8 1 4 2 .1 1 4 2 .6 1 4 2 .2 1 3 5 .7 1 4 1 .3 1 4 2 .2 1 4 2 .3 1 4 2 .6 1 4 3 .1 1 4 2 .8 1 2 1 .8 1 2 1 .8 1 2 1 .9 1 2 1 .9 1 2 1 .5 1 2 0 .2 1 2 2 .3 1 2 2 .2 1 2 2 .3 122 4 1 2 2 .3 1 2 1 .9 F u e l o il ........................................................................................................................................ O th e r fu e ls ( 6 / 7 8 = 100) ............................................................................................................. HOUSING Fuel and other utilities O th e r u tilitie s a n d p u b lic s e r v ic e s Local ch a rg e s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................... 1 1 9 .7 1 2 1 .9 1 7 4 .7 In te r s t a te to ll c a lls ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) ...................................................................... In tr a s t a te to ll c a lls ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) ...................................................................... 1 1 0 .4 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .2 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .0 1 1 0 .1 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .2 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .7 1 1 9 .1 W a t e r a n d s e w e ra g e m a in t e n a n c e ....................................................................................... 3 3 4 .1 3 4 8 .2 3 4 8 .9 3 5 3 .5 3 5 5 .9 3 5 6 .8 3 6 1 .7 3 3 7 .1 3 5 1 .8 352 6 3 5 7 .7 360 2 3 6 1 .0 3 6 6 .2 2 3 5 .4 2 3 8 .4 2 3 8 .6 2 3 8 .9 2 3 8 .0 2 3 8 .9 2 3 9 .4 2 3 2 .3 2 3 5 .4 2 3 5 .5 2 3 5 .8 2 3 4 .8 2 3 5 .8 2 3 6 .2 Household furnishings and operations ........................................................................................................................................ 1 9 5 .9 1 9 7 .6 1 9 7 .8 1 9 8 .1 1 9 6 .7 1 9 7 .6 1 9 8 .0 1 9 3 .9 1 9 5 .8 1 9 5 .9 1 9 6 .1 1 9 4 .7 1 9 5 .6 1 9 6 .0 T e x t ile h o u s e f u r n is h i n g s ............................................................................................................. 2 2 3 .2 2 2 8 .7 2 2 6 .8 2 2 7 .3 2 2 6 .1 2 3 1 .2 2 2 8 .8 2 2 6 .4 2 3 2 .7 2 3 0 .5 2 3 1 .1 229 6 2 3 4 .6 2 3 2 .0 1 3 6 .4 1 3 6 .2 1 3 5 .4 1 3 4 .4 1 3 3 .4 1 3 8 .1 1 3 6 .0 1 3 7 .6 1 3 7 .3 1 3 6 .4 1 3 5 .6 1 3 4 .5 1 3 9 .0 1 3 7 .0 H o u s e fu r n is h in g s H o u s e h o ld lin e n s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................................................... C u r t a in s , d r a p e s , s lip c o v e r s , a n d s e w in g ........................................................................................ 1 4 2 .0 1 4 9 .4 1 4 7 .7 1 4 9 .3 1 4 9 .0 1 5 0 .5 1 4 9 .6 1 4 5 .3 1 5 4 .1 1 5 2 .1 1 5 4 .0 1 5 3 .3 1 5 4 .8 1 5 3 .6 F u r n itu r e a n d b e d d i n g ............................................................................................................................... 2 1 5 .8 2 2 0 .0 2 2 0 .0 2 2 0 .5 2 1 7 .2 2 1 7 .9 2 1 9 .8 2 1 2 .3 2 1 6 .7 2 1 6 .5 2 1 7 .6 2 1 4 .3 2 1 5 .1 2 1 6 .6 ...................................................................... 1 4 6 .7 1 5 1 .9 1 5 2 .3 1 5 6 .5 1 5 1 .3 1 5 2 .5 1 5 2 .9 1 4 3 .5 1 4 8 .8 1 4 8 .9 1 5 3 .0 1 4 8 .2 1 4 8 .9 1 4 9 .0 ..................................................................................................... 1 1 9 .4 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 .0 1 1 7 .7 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .6 1 1 8 .8 1 1 9 .6 1 1 8 .6 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .0 1 1 7 .6 1 1 8 .1 1 1 9 .2 1 0 0 ) ............................................ 122 6 ............................................................................... m a te r ia ls ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) B e d r o o m fu r n it u r e ( 1 2 /7 7 = S o fa s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) 100) 1 2 3 .9 1 2 4 .2 1 2 3 .9 1 2 3 .5 1 2 4 .2 1 2 5 .4 1 2 2 .9 1 2 4 .5 1 2 4 .9 1 2 5 .0 1 2 4 .5 1 2 5 .2 1 2 6 .5 1 4 0 .6 1 4 4 ,5 1 4 3 .8 1 4 1 .1 1 3 9 .8 1 3 9 .4 1 4 1 .2 1 3 6 .0 1 3 9 .8 1 3 9 .0 1 3 7 .1 1 3 5 .6 1 3 5 .8 1 3 7 .2 .................................................... 1 5 2 .0 1 5 1 .2 1 5 1 .4 1 5 0 .9 1 5 0 .6 1 5 1 .0 1 5 1 .2 1 5 1 .9 1 5 1 .7 1 5 1 .9 1 5 1 .2 1 5 0 .8 1 5 1 .2 1 5 1 .7 .......................................................................... 1 0 8 .5 1 0 6 .1 1 0 5 .9 1 0 5 .2 1 0 5 .1 1 0 5 .1 1 0 4 .9 1 0 7 .6 1 0 5 .1 1 0 5 .0 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .2 1 0 3 .9 ...................................................................................................................... 1 0 3 .5 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .1 9 9 .6 9 9 .1 1 0 2 .1 99 0 9 9 .6 99 0 99 0 9 8 .3 L iv in g r o o m c h a irs a n d ta b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = O th e r fu r n it u r e ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) A p p lia n c e s In c lu d in g T V a n d s o u n d e q u ip m e n t T e le v is io n a n d s o u n d e q u ip m e n t T e le v is io n 9 7 .8 ............................................................. 1 1 4 .1 1 1 2 .3 1 1 1 .6 1 1 0 .8 1 1 0 .6 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .0 1 1 3 .3 1 1 1 .3 1 1 0 .5 1 0 9 .8 109 7 1 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .0 ..................................................................................................... 1 8 5 .4 1 8 7 .8 1 8 8 .4 1 8 8 .6 1 8 8 .0 1 8 9 .2 1 9 0 .3 1 8 5 .9 1 8 8 .9 1 8 9 .5 1 8 9 .0 1 8 8 .0 1 8 9 .1 1 9 0 .5 R e fr ig e r a t o rs a n d h o m e f r e e z e r s .................................................................. 1 9 1 .1 1 9 4 .1 1 9 4 .0 1 9 2 .7 1 9 1 .4 1 9 2 .4 1 9 4 .0 1 9 6 .9 2 0 0 .3 2 0 0 .2 1 9 9 .2 1 9 7 .2 1 9 8 .0 2 0 0 .0 L a u n d r y e q u i p m e n t ................................................................................................ 1 4 0 .0 1 4 3 .5 1 4 4 .6 1 4 3 .0 1 4 2 .0 1 4 2 .7 1 4 2 .7 1 4 0 .4 1 4 4 .6 1 4 5 .2 1 4 3 .5 1 4 2 .8 1 4 3 .6 1 4 4 .1 O th e r h o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s ( 1 2 /7 7 = ................................... 1 2 3 .5 1 2 4 .3 1 2 4 .7 1 2 5 .6 1 2 5 .4 1 2 6 .2 1 2 7 .0 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .6 1 2 3 .2 1 2 3 .6 1 2 3 .4 124 2 1 2 5 .2 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................... 1 2 2 .9 1 2 3 .2 1 2 3 .9 1 2 4 .0 1 2 3 .7 1 2 5 .4 1 2 5 .9 1 2 1 .4 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .8 1 2 2 .6 1 2 2 .1 1 2 3 .6 1 2 4 .1 1 0 0 ) ............................................ 1 2 4 .0 1 2 5 .5 1 2 5 .7 1 2 7 .3 1 2 7 .2 1 2 7 .3 128 3 1 2 2 .0 1 2 3 .6 1 2 3 .7 1 2 4 .8 1 2 4 .8 1 2 4 .9 1 2 6 .4 1 0 0 ) ............................................................. 1 3 9 .6 1 3 9 .9 1 4 1 .2 1 4 2 .0 1 4 1 .2 1 4 1 .0 1 4 1 .3 1 3 7 .6 138 0 1 3 9 .0 1 3 9 .7 1 3 8 .9 138 8 1 3 8 .9 S o u n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s 100) 100) S to v e s , d is h w a s h e r s , v a c u u m s , a n d s e w in g m a c h in e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = O ffic e m a c h in e s , s m a ll e le c tr ic a p p lia n c e s , a n d a ir c o n d itio n e r s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = O t h e r h o u s e h o ld e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = F lo o r a n d w in d o w c o v e r in g s , in fa n t s ', la u n d r y , c le a n in g , a n d o u t d o o r e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .............................. 1 4 3 .4 1 4 3 .2 1 4 2 .2 1 4 5 .1 1 4 4 .4 1 4 4 .2 1 4 6 .5 1 3 6 .0 1 3 5 .5 1 3 4 .3 1 3 7 .3 1 3 6 .4 1 3 6 .0 1 3 8 .2 1 0 0 ) ....................................... 1 3 1 .3 1 3 2 .5 1 3 3 .0 1 3 3 .6 1 3 2 .3 1 3 2 .9 1 3 4 .0 1 2 6 .4 1 2 8 .3 128 8 1 2 9 .3 1 2 8 .3 1 2 8 .4 1 2 9 .3 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................... 1 4 5 .1 1 4 5 .1 149 2 1 4 9 .1 1 4 8 .7 1 4 7 .7 1 4 5 .6 1 4 1 .3 1 4 1 .6 1 4 5 .0 1 4 4 .9 1 4 4 .4 1 4 3 .6 1 4 1 .7 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................................ 1 3 4 .8 1 3 5 .1 1 3 5 .0 1 3 5 .5 1 3 4 .2 1 3 4 .7 1 3 5 .9 1 4 0 .1 1 4 0 .2 1 3 9 .9 1 4 0 .4 1 3 9 .3 1 4 0 .2 1 4 1 .2 ........................................................................................................................... 2 9 0 .1 2 9 6 .6 2 9 6 .3 2 9 6 .8 2 9 5 .8 2 9 5 .7 2 9 6 .6 2 8 6 .7 2 9 3 .6 2 9 3 .2 2 9 3 .5 2 9 2 .7 2 9 3 .1 2 9 3 .6 2 8 3 .5 2 9 4 .6 2 9 4 .4 2 7 9 .7 2 9 0 .6 2 9 0 .9 2 9 0 .3 2 9 0 .2 292 0 2 9 1 .1 C lo c k s , la m p s , a n d d e c o r ite m s ( 1 2 /7 7 = T a b le w a r e , s e r v in g p ie c e s , a n d n o n e le c tr ic k itc h e n w a r e ( 1 2 / 7 7 = L a w n e q u ip m e n t, p o w e r t o o ls , a n d o t h e r h a rd w a re ( 1 2 /7 7 = H o u s e k e e p in g s u p p lie s S o a p s a n d d e t e rg e n ts .................................................................................................................. O t h e r la u n d r y a n d c le a n in g p r o d u c ts ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) S t a tio n e r y , s t a tio n e r y s u p p lie s , a n d g ift w r a p ( 1 2 /7 7 = H o u s e k e e p in g s e rv ic e s 2 9 4 .9 2 9 6 .1 2 9 5 .2 1 5 0 .3 1 5 1 .5 1 5 1 .4 1 5 1 .0 1 5 2 .0 1 5 1 .6 1 4 5 .7 1 4 9 .2 1 5 0 .4 1 5 0 .2 1 4 9 .8 1 5 0 .9 1 5 0 .5 1 4 8 .9 1 4 8 .0 1 4 7 .3 1 4 8 .1 1 4 8 .1 1 4 8 .0 1 4 7 .8 1 4 8 .9 1 4 8 .0 1 4 7 .4 1 4 8 .2 1 4 8 .1 1 4 8 .2 1 4 8 .0 .................. 1 3 7 .6 1 3 9 .8 1 3 9 .9 1 4 0 .3 1 3 9 .5 1 3 9 .5 1 3 9 .5 1 4 0 .7 1 4 2 .9 1 4 2 .8 1 4 3 .2 1 4 2 .5 1 4 2 .6 1 4 2 .6 ............................................ 1 5 0 .9 1 5 4 .4 1 5 4 .0 1 5 3 .9 1 5 4 .1 1 5 4 .9 1 5 5 .9 1 4 5 .6 1 4 9 .1 1 4 8 .7 1 4 8 .6 1 4 8 .8 1 4 9 .5 1 5 0 .4 1 0 0 ) .................................................................. 1 4 2 .3 1 4 7 .3 1 4 5 .8 1 4 6 .6 1 4 4 .6 1 4 0 .8 1 4 4 .1 1 3 5 .1 1 4 1 .4 1 3 9 .4 1 3 9 .7 1 3 7 .8 1 3 4 .9 1 3 7 .2 M is c e lla n e o u s h o u s e h o ld p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 /7 7 = L a w n a n d g a r d e n s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 2 9 4 .5 1 4 6 .8 100) ........................................ C le a n s in g a n d t o ile t t is s u e , p a p e r t o w e ls a n d n a p k in s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) 100) ........................................................................................................................... 3 1 3 .8 3 1 8 .0 3 1 8 .5 3 1 8 .7 3 1 9 .3 3 2 0 .9 3 2 1 .6 3 1 3 .2 3 1 7 .5 3 1 8 .0 3 1 8 .3 3 1 9 .1 3 2 0 .8 3 2 1 .7 P o s t a g e ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 M o v in g , s t o r a g e , f r e ig h t , h o u s e h o ld la u n d r y , a n d d r y c le a n in g s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................................................... A p p lia n c e a n d fu r n it u r e r e p a ir ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................................... APPAREL AND UPKEEP 1 5 7 .0 1 6 1 .7 1 6 2 .3 1 6 2 .2 1 6 2 .8 1 6 5 .9 1 6 7 .1 1 5 7 .2 1 6 1 .7 1 6 2 .3 1 6 2 .3 1 6 3 .1 1 6 6 .0 1 6 7 .3 1 3 9 .0 1 4 2 .9 1 4 3 .3 1 4 4 .0 1 4 4 .9 1 4 5 .4 1 4 5 .8 1 3 7 .4 1 4 1 .2 1 4 1 .6 1 4 2 .2 1 4 3 .1 1 4 3 .6 1 4 4 .0 1 9 5 .0 1 9 7 .3 2 0 0 .4 2 0 0 .7 1 9 4 .6 1 9 5 .3 1 9 4 .7 1 9 4 .0 1 9 6 .3 1 9 9 .3 1 9 9 .8 1 9 5 .5 1 9 6 .1 1 9 5 .6 Apparel commodities..................................................................... 1 8 4 .6 1 8 4 .2 1 8 3 .6 1 8 2 .8 1 8 5 .3 1 8 8 .5 1 8 8 .7 1 8 4 .1 1 8 3 .9 1 8 3 .2 1 8 2 .4 1 8 4 .7 1 8 8 .0 1 8 8 .4 A p p a r e l c o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o t w e a r ................................................................................... 1 8 0 .9 1 8 0 .2 1 7 9 .7 1 7 9 .3 1 8 1 .9 1 8 5 .3 1 8 5 .4 1 8 0 .2 1 7 9 .8 1 7 9 .2 1 7 8 .7 1 8 1 .2 1 8 4 .6 1 8 5 .0 M e n 's a n d b o y s ' ............................................................................................................................... 1 8 8 .6 1 8 9 .5 1 8 9 .1 1 8 8 .6 1 8 9 .7 1 8 9 .0 192.5 1 8 8 .2 1 8 8 .3 1 9 0 .8 1 9 2 .1 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .2 1 1 8 .8 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .5 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .8 1 1 9 .4 1 1 9 .9 1 1 9 .2 1 1 8 .7 1 1 8 .9 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .4 1 0 0 ) ............................... 1 1 1 .6 1 1 0 .9 1 1 1 .2 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .7 1 0 4 .3 1 0 3 .9 1 0 3 .9 1 0 3 .3 1 0 4 .4 1 0 5 .5 106.9 C o a ts a n d j a c k e t s .................................................................................................... 1 0 3 .7 1 0 1 .1 1 0 0 .7 98 2 9 9 .5 1 0 4 .4 1 0 5 .7 1 0 6 .4 1 0 4 .3 1 0 3 .3 1 0 0 .7 101.7 107.5 1 0 8 .9 M e n 's ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ..................................................................................................... S u its , s p o r t c o a ts , a n d ja c k e ts ( 1 2 /7 7 = F u r n is h in g s a n d s p e c ia l c lo th in g ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 4 4 .5 1 4 5 .4 1 4 5 .3 1 4 4 .8 1 4 5 .7 1 3 7 .7 1 4 0 .4 1 4 0 .3 1 4 1 .3 1 4 0 .8 1 2 5 .2 1 2 4 .6 1 2 2 .6 1 2 0 .9 1 2 1 .6 1 2 5 .6 1 2 5 .1 1 2 8 .1 1 2 7 .6 1 2 5 .8 1 2 4 .2 1 2 4 .7 1 2 8 .6 1 2 7 .8 1 1 3 .2 1 1 3 .0 1 1 2 .8 1 1 2 .3 1 1 2 .4 1 1 3 .1 1 1 8 .0 1 1 9 .1 1 1 8 .6 1 1 8 .4 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 .2 1 1 9 .1 ..................................................................................................... 1 2 1 .7 1 2 3 .3 1 2 3 .7 1 2 3 .0 1 2 2 .6 1 2 4 .1 1 2 5 .4 1 1 9 .8 1 2 1 .4 121.6 1 2 0 .9 1 2 0 .7 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .9 1 0 0 ) .................. 1 1 4 .5 1 1 5 .4 1 1 6 .3 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .4 1 1 9 .0 1 2 0 .9 1 1 5 .3 1 1 6 .1 1 1 6 .6 1 1 5 .5 1 1 6 .2 1 2 0 .5 .......................................................................... 1 3 3 .6 1 3 6 .1 1 3 5 .8 1 3 4 .9 1 3 4 .2 1 3 5 .1 1 3 6 .2 1 2 9 .5 1 3 1 .6 1 3 1 .2 1 3 0 .4 1 2 9 .9 1 3 0 .7 1 3 1 .9 . . 1 2 2 .7 1 2 4 .4 1 2 4 .7 1 2 4 .6 1 2 3 .5 1 2 3 .7 1 2 4 .7 1 1 9 .7 1 2 1 .7 1 2 1 .9 121.6 1 2 0 .7 120.8 121.8 ...................................................................................................................... 1 7 0 .4 100) 100) C o a ts , ja c k e ts , s w e a te r s , a n d s h irts ( 1 2 /7 7 = F u r n is h in g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) S u its , t r o u s e r s , s p o r t c o a ts , a n d ja c k e ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) 1 4 4 .3 1 9 1 .1 1 1 2 .4 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................ D u n g a re e s , je a n s , a n d tr o u s e r s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = W o m e n 's a n d g ir ls ’ 1 4 1 .0 1 8 8 .3 ........................... S h ir ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = B o y s ' ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .......................... 1 8 8 .1 1 4 1 .6 1 4 1 .9 1 2 2 .7 1 6 3 .0 1 6 0 .1 1 5 9 .7 1 5 8 .8 1 6 4 .2 1 6 8 .8 1 6 8 .6 1 6 4 .7 162 4 1 6 1 .5 1 6 0 .8 1 6 5 .8 1 7 0 .2 ............................................................................................ 1 0 8 .1 1 0 6 .1 1 0 6 .1 1 0 5 .5 1 0 9 .5 112.8 1 1 2 .3 1 0 9 .8 1 0 7 .6 1 0 7 .4 1 0 7 .0 111.1 1 1 4 .3 C o a ts a n d j a c k e t s ..................................................................................................... 1 7 0 .5 1 6 4 .7 1 6 4 .7 1 6 4 .8 1 7 1 .6 1 7 6 .6 1 7 5 .9 1 7 6 .8 1 7 2 .7 1 7 1 .8 1 6 9 .4 1 7 5 .3 1 8 1 .6 1 8 1 .2 D re s s e s 1 6 2 .6 1 6 2 .7 1 6 4 .3 1 6 1 .4 1 7 1 .4 1 7 6 .7 1 7 3 .8 1 4 9 .2 1 4 6 .7 1 4 8 .8 1 4 7 .2 1 5 8 .7 1 6 2 .6 158.9 W o m e n 's ( 1 2 / 7 7 = https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 100) .......................................................................................................................... 1 1 4 .0 105 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c i f i e d ] Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers All Urban Consumers General summary Oct.2 May June July 198 3 1982 1983 1982 Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct.2 May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1 0 2 .9 1 0 4 .2 APPAREL AND UPKEEP—Continued Apparel Commodities—Continued A p p a r e l c o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o tw e a r — C o n tin u e d S e p a r a t e s a n d s p o r ts w e a r ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) ....................................... U n d e r w e a r , n ig h tw e a r , a n d h o s ie ry ( 1 2 / 7 7 = S u its ( 1 2 / 7 7 G ir ls ' ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 100) .................. 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................ 9 7 .7 9 6 .3 9 9 .4 1 0 2 .5 1 0 3 .9 1 0 2 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .4 9 6 .9 9 9 .7 1 3 3 .0 1 3 2 .8 1 3 1 .7 1 3 3 .2 1 3 5 .1 1 3 5 .6 1 2 9 .6 1 3 2 .7 1 3 2 .4 1 3 1 .4 1 3 2 .9 1 3 4 .8 1 3 5 .3 9 5 .9 9 3 .9 9 9 .8 1 0 8 .1 1 1 5 ,0 1 1 2 .6 1 1 0 .4 8 8 .6 7 7 .8 7 7 .2 8 1 .0 8 7 .3 9 4 .3 8 9 .9 1 0 6 .7 1 0 6 .5 1 0 6 .2 1 0 7 .7 1 0 4 .5 1 1 1 .4 1 0 8 .7 1 0 9 .4 1 0 7 .4 1 0 6 .6 1 0 6 .8 1 0 8 .3 1 0 9 .9 1 0 0 ) ...................... 1 0 4 .5 9 6 .3 9 6 .3 1 0 0 .1 1 0 1 .9 1 0 1 .6 1 0 5 .8 1 0 2 .3 9 7 .3 9 6 .5 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .7 9 8 .5 1 0 3 .1 ........................................ 1 0 6 .0 1 0 8 .1 1 0 3 .5 9 9 .8 1 0 2 .0 1 0 6 .3 1 0 6 .8 1 0 5 .2 1 1 0 .3 1 0 6 .1 1 0 1 .3 1 0 2 .9 1 0 6 .8 1 0 7 .4 1 0 0 ) ......................................................................................................... 100) 9 8 .1 1 2 9 .9 1 0 8 .4 C o a ts , ja c k e ts , d r e s s e s , a n d s u its ( 1 2 / 7 7 = S e p a r a t e s a n d s p o r ts w e a r ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 2 .0 U n d e r w e a r , n ig h tw e a r , h o s ie ry , a n d ...................................................................... 1 2 6 .0 1 2 8 .6 1 2 8 .6 1 2 7 .7 1 2 7 .8 1 2 8 .4 1 2 9 .0 1 2 5 .1 1 2 7 .4 1 2 7 .5 1 2 6 .8 1 2 6 .7 1 2 7 .0 1 2 7 .6 .................................................................................................................. 2 7 5 .8 2 8 0 .7 2 8 3 .0 2 8 2 .4 2 8 1 .9 2 8 7 .4 2 8 9 .0 2 8 6 .8 2 9 0 .9 2 9 3 .4 2 9 3 .1 2 9 2 .3 2 9 7 .9 2 9 9 .9 2 1 3 .1 2 1 5 .0 2 1 4 .0 2 1 5 .9 2 1 6 .2 2 1 7 .4 2 1 5 .5 2 0 1 .7 2 0 3 .3 2 0 3 .0 2 0 4 .6 2 0 4 .6 2 0 5 .9 2 0 4 .0 1 1 9 .3 1 2 2 .9 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .0 1 2 1 .6 1 2 1 .9 1 2 0 .4 1 1 7 .7 1 2 0 .6 1 2 0 .5 1 2 1 .0 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .2 1 1 8 .5 1 4 5 .6 1 4 5 .9 1 4 5 .1 1 4 6 .7 1 4 7 .5 1 4 8 .5 1 4 7 .4 1 3 6 .2 1 3 6 .5 1 3 6 .2 1 3 7 .4 1 3 8 .0 1 3 9 .0 1 3 8 .0 2 0 6 .8 2 0 8 .0 2 0 6 .8 2 0 3 .8 2 0 5 .7 2 0 8 .0 2 0 8 .6 2 0 6 .7 2 0 7 .7 2 0 6 .6 2 0 3 .7 2 0 5 .5 2 0 7 .6 2 0 8 .1 1 3 3 .2 1 3 3 .7 1 3 3 .7 1 3 2 .8 1 3 2 .3 1 3 4 .8 1 3 5 .0 1 3 5 .0 1 3 5 .4 1 3 5 .5 1 3 4 .7 1 3 4 .2 1 3 6 .7 1 3 6 .9 1 2 8 .9 1 3 0 .3 1 3 0 .4 1 3 1 .1 1 3 2 .1 1 3 4 .3 1 3 3 .1 1 3 1 .0 1 3 2 .6 1 3 2 .9 1 3 3 .2 1 2 2 .9 1 2 5 .3 1 2 6 .8 1 2 7 .1 1 2 2 .8 1 2 2 .5 1 2 1 .3 1 1 8 .9 1 2 1 .1 1 2 2 .3 1 2 2 .6 2 9 4 .6 2 7 9 .7 2 8 8 .6 2 8 9 .2 2 9 0 .0 2 9 0 .4 2 9 1 .5 2 9 2 .6 a c c e s s o r ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = In fa n t s ' a n d t o d d le r s ' O t h e r a p p a r e l c o m m o d it ie s 100) ..................................................................................................... S e w in g m a te r ia ls a n d n o tio n s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = J e w e lr y a n d lu g g a g e ( 1 2 /7 7 = M e n ’s (1 2 /7 7 - 100) 100) ............................................ .................................................................. 1 0 0 ) .................................................................................................................. 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................ 1 2 9 .5 1 3 1 .7 1 3 0 .7 1 0 0 ) .......................................................................................................... 1 2 6 .9 1 2 6 .9 1 2 5 .6 B o y s ' a n d g ir ls ’ ( 1 2 / 7 7 = W o m e n 's ( 1 2 / 7 7 = Apparel services .......................................................................... 2 8 1 .3 2 9 0 .3 2 9 0 .9 2 9 1 .8 2 9 2 .3 2 9 3 .4 L a u n d r y a n d d r y c le a n in g o t h e r t h a n c o in o p e r a te d ( 1 2 / 7 7 = .................. 1 6 7 .2 1 7 2 .8 1 7 3 .5 1 7 4 .1 1 7 4 .5 1 7 4 .4 1 7 6 .0 1 6 5 .8 1 7 1 .3 1 7 1 .9 1 7 2 .5 1 7 2 .9 1 7 3 .3 1 7 4 .3 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................................ 1 4 8 .2 1 5 2 .5 1 5 2 .4 1 5 2 .7 1 5 2 .7 1 5 3 .7 1 5 3 .8 1 4 9 .3 1 5 3 .7 1 5 3 .7 1 5 3 .9 1 5 3 .9 1 5 4 .8 1 5 4 .9 TRANSPORTATION ........................................................................ 2 9 5 .5 2 9 6 .2 2 9 8 .3 3 0 0 .4 3 0 2 .4 3 0 3 .7 3 0 5 .7 2 9 7 .0 2 9 7 .5 2 9 9 .6 3 0 1 .9 3 0 4 .1 3 0 5 .5 3 0 6 .9 Private......................................................................................... 2 9 1 .1 2 9 1 .7 2 9 3 .8 2 9 6 .0 2 9 8 .0 2 9 9 .2 3 0 0 .4 2 9 3 .8 2 9 4 .1 2 9 6 .3 2 9 8 .6 3 0 0 .8 3 0 2 .2 3 0 3 .6 1 9 7 .7 2 0 1 .6 2 0 1 .6 2 0 1 .4 2 0 2 .1 2 0 2 .7 2 0 4 .3 1 9 7 .4 2 0 1 .3 2 0 1 .2 2 0 1 .0 2 0 1 .7 2 0 2 .3 2 0 3 .8 3 0 6 .7 3 1 7 .1 3 2 2 .7 3 2 9 .6 3 3 6 .8 3 4 3 .9 3 5 0 .4 3 0 6 .7 3 1 7 .1 3 2 2 .7 3 2 9 .6 3 3 6 .8 3 4 3 .9 3 5 0 .4 O t h e r a p p a r e l s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 3 9 0 .6 3 8 0 .9 3 8 6 .1 3 8 9 .3 3 8 9 .5 3 8 7 .1 3 8 2 .4 3 9 1 .9 3 8 2 .4 3 8 7 .4 3 9 0 .6 3 9 1 .0 3 8 8 .8 3 8 4 .3 ............................................................................................ 3 2 1 .9 3 2 8 .7 3 2 9 .5 3 2 9 .8 3 3 1 .0 3 3 2 .3 3 3 3 .5 3 2 2 .6 3 2 9 .4 3 3 0 .2 3 3 0 .4 3 3 1 .7 3 3 3 .0 3 3 4 .1 ..................................................................................................... 1 6 0 .4 1 6 5 .5 1 6 6 .4 1 6 6 .6 1 6 7 .1 1 6 7 .7 1 6 9 .0 1 5 9 .4 1 6 4 .3 1 6 5 .3 1 6 5 .6 1 6 6 .0 1 6 6 .5 1 6 7 .8 1 6 2 .2 1 6 2 .8 1 6 4 .5 1 6 5 .7 1 5 1 .7 A u t o m o b ile m a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a ir B o d y w o rk (1 2 /7 7 = 100) 100) A u t o m o b ile d r iv e t r a in , b r a k e , a n d m is c e lla n e o u s 100) ............................................................................... 1 5 3 .2 1 5 7 .7 1 5 7 .7 1 5 8 .3 1 5 8 .9 1 6 0 .7 1 6 1 .9 1 5 7 .2 1 6 1 .6 1 6 1 .7 M a in t e n a n c e a n d s e r v ic in g ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................................. 1 4 9 .3 1 5 1 .7 1 5 2 .2 1 5 2 .0 1 5 2 .8 1 5 2 .6 1 5 2 .5 1 4 8 .6 1 5 1 .0 1 5 1 .5 1 5 1 .3 1 5 2 .2 1 5 1 .9 ................................................................................... 1 5 4 .3 1 5 6 .8 1 5 7 .0 1 5 7 .3 1 5 7 .5 1 5 8 .4 1 5 9 .1 1 5 3 .8 1 5 6 .3 1 5 6 .4 1 5 6 .6 1 5 6 .9 1 5 7 .8 1 5 8 .5 O t h e r p r iv a te t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .................................................................................................................. 2 6 1 .4 2 5 8 .7 2 5 8 .1 2 5 8 .6 2 6 0 .0 2 6 0 .8 2 6 3 .3 2 6 4 .1 2 5 9 .6 2 5 8 .9 2 5 9 .4 2 6 1 .1 2 6 1 .8 2 6 4 .4 2 1 3 .3 2 1 2 .9 2 1 2 .1 2 1 1 .2 2 1 0 .9 2 1 0 .7 m e c h a n ic a l r e p a ir ( 1 2 / 7 7 = P o w e r p la n t r e p a ir ( 1 2 /7 7 - 100) 2 1 4 .4 2 1 0 .9 2 1 0 .4 2 0 9 .6 2 0 8 .9 2 0 8 .3 2 0 8 .1 2 1 6 .9 ...................... 1 5 1 .9 1 5 5 .1 1 5 6 .0 1 5 5 .3 1 5 3 .5 1 5 4 .2 1 5 2 .7 1 5 1 .0 1 5 3 .9 1 5 4 .8 1 5 4 .1 1 5 2 .6 1 5 3 .2 1 5 2 .2 ................................... 1 3 6 .7 1 3 3 .6 1 3 3 .2 1 3 2 .7 1 3 2 .4 1 3 1 .9 1 3 1 .9 1 3 8 .6 1 3 5 .4 1 3 5 .0 1 3 4 .5 1 3 4 .1 133 8 1 3 3 .8 .................................................................................................................................... 1 8 9 .6 1 8 5 .1 1 8 4 .3 1 8 3 .5 1 8 3 .4 1 8 1 .7 1 8 1 .7 1 9 3 .2 1 8 8 .8 1 8 7 .9 1 8 7 .2 1 8 6 .9 1 8 5 .4 1 3 2 .4 1 3 2 .5 1 3 2 .1 1 3 1 .3 1 3 2 .8 1 3 2 .8 O th e r p r iv a t e t r a n s p o r t a tio n c o m m o d it ie s .................................................................. M o t o r o il, c o o la n t, a n d o t h e r p r o d u c ts ( 1 2 /7 7 = A u t o m o b ile p a r ts a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 = T ire s 100) 100) 1 8 5 .4 1 0 0 ) ........................................ 1 3 5 .4 1 3 2 .7 1 3 2 .7 1 3 2 .3 1 3 1 .6 1 3 2 .9 1 3 3 .0 1 3 5 .4 O th e r p r iv a te t r a n s p o r t a tio n s e r v i c e s ............................................................................... 2 7 6 .4 2 7 3 .9 2 7 3 .3 2 7 4 .1 2 7 6 .0 2 7 7 .3 2 8 0 .5 2 7 9 .1 2 7 4 .4 2 7 3 .6 2 7 4 .5 2 7 6 .8 2 7 7 .8 2 8 1 .1 2 8 3 .9 3 0 1 .2 3 0 1 .1 3 0 2 .4 3 0 2 .9 3 0 3 .8 3 0 9 .4 2 8 3 .2 3 0 0 .5 3 0 0 .5 3 0 2 .0 3 0 2 .5 3 0 3 .4 3 0 8 .8 1 8 5 .2 1 5 4 .5 1 5 2 .2 1 5 1 .7 1 5 5 .4 1 5 6 .4 1 5 7 .2 1 8 4 .6 1 5 3 .8 1 5 1 .4 1 5 1 .1 1 5 5 .0 1 5 5 .8 1 5 6 .8 1 4 6 .9 1 4 7 .1 1 3 9 .8 1 4 4 .9 1 4 6 .0 1 4 6 .9 1 4 7 .2 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .2 1 9 5 .2 O t h e r p a r ts a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = A u t o m o b ile in s u ra n c e ..................................................................................................... A u t o m o b ile f in a n c e c h a r g e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ................................................. 1 3 8 .8 1 4 3 .8 1 4 4 .7 1 4 5 .6 1 4 6 .0 1 8 3 .7 1 9 2 .3 1 9 2 .3 1 9 4 .8 1 9 4 .6 1 9 5 .3 1 9 5 .4 1 8 3 .2 1 9 2 .1 1 9 2 .1 1 9 4 .7 1 9 4 .5 1 9 5 .2 1 0 0 ) .................................................................. 1 3 2 .8 1 3 3 .9 1 5 0 .3 1 5 2 .9 1 5 3 .0 1 5 3 .0 1 5 4 .0 1 3 3 .1 1 3 4 .1 1 5 0 .6 1 5 3 .4 1 5 3 .4 1 5 3 .4 1 0 0 ) .............................................................. 1 2 8 .5 1 3 1 .2 1 3 1 .2 1 3 9 .0 1 3 9 .0 1 3 9 .8 1 3 9 .8 1 2 9 .9 1 3 2 .5 1 3 2 .5 1 3 9 .8 1 3 9 .8 1 4 0 .5 1 4 0 .5 1 6 0 .2 1 6 2 .7 1 6 6 .5 1 6 7 .0 1 6 5 .5 1 6 6 .3 1 6 7 .8 1 6 7 .6 A u t o m o b ile r e n ta l, r e g is t r a tio n , a n d o t h e r fe e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = S ta te r e g is t r a tio n 100) . . ..................................................................................................... D r iv e rs ' lic e n s e s ( 1 2 /7 7 = V e h ic le in s p e c tio n ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 5 4 .4 1 0 0 ) ............................................ 1 5 4 .2 1 5 8 .5 1 5 9 .0 1 5 7 .9 1 5 8 .8 1 6 0 .5 Public ......................................................................................... 3 5 6 .3 3 5 9 .1 3 6 1 .2 3 6 3 .2 3 6 5 .0 3 6 6 .6 3 6 8 .2 3 4 8 .2 3 5 1 .2 3 5 2 .7 3 5 4 .4 3 5 5 .7 3 5 7 .2 3 5 8 .5 4 1 1 .1 4 0 7 .4 4 1 0 .9 4 1 5 .9 4 1 7 .1 4 1 9 .5 4 2 2 .5 4 1 7 .6 O t h e r v e h ic le - r e la t e d fe e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 4 1 1 .2 4 1 5 .4 4 1 8 .8 4 2 0 .7 4 2 3 .3 4 2 6 .6 3 7 0 .6 4 0 1 .7 4 0 3 .9 4 0 4 .2 4 1 2 .8 4 1 5 .1 4 1 7 .7 3 7 2 .5 4 0 3 .0 4 0 5 .2 4 0 4 .1 4 1 2 .7 4 1 5 .3 ................................................................................................................................ 3 1 5 .2 3 2 1 .7 3 2 1 .7 3 2 2 .6 3 2 3 .7 3 2 4 .6 3 2 4 .8 3 1 4 .7 3 2 0 .1 3 2 0 .6 3 2 0 .7 3 2 1 .6 322 5 3 2 3 .0 ............................................................................................................................................................... 3 0 0 .2 3 0 2 .1 3 0 1 .0 3 0 1 .0 3 0 2 .4 3 0 3 .5 3 0 3 .1 3 0 9 .9 3 1 1 .6 3 1 1 .0 3 1 1 .0 3 1 1 .8 3 1 2 .7 3 1 2 .2 3 3 8 .4 3 5 2 .7 3 6 6 .1 A irlin e f a r e .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 1 3 .7 In te r c it y b u s f a r e ........................................................................................................................................ In tr a c it y m a s s t r a n s it T a x fa re In te r c it y t ra in f a r e ........................................................................................................................................ 3 3 8 .4 3 5 2 .3 3 5 3 .2 361 3 3 6 4 .5 3 6 4 .8 3 6 5 .4 3 5 3 .6 3 6 2 .3 3 6 5 .2 3 6 5 .4 MEDICAL CARE 3 3 8 .7 3 5 4 .3 3 5 5 .4 3 5 7 .7 360 0 3 6 1 .2 3 6 2 .9 3 3 6 .5 3 5 2 .1 3 5 3 .3 3 5 5 .6 3 5 7 .9 3 5 9 .2 3 6 0 .9 Medical care commodities.............................................................. 2 1 1 .6 2 2 2 .5 2 2 3 .2 2 2 4 .2 2 2 5 .4 2 2 6 .3 2 2 7 .5 2 1 2 .1 2 2 2 .8 2 2 3 .6 2 2 4 .5 2 2 5 .8 2 2 6 .7 2 2 7 .8 1 9 9 .4 2 1 2 .9 2 1 3 .7 2 1 4 .5 2 1 5 .7 2 1 6 .7 2 1 8 .6 2 0 0 .5 2 1 4 .1 2 1 4 .8 2 1 5 .6 2 1 6 .9 2 1 8 .0 2 1 9 .9 1 4 9 .1 1 5 5 .8 1 5 6 .6 1 5 7 .2 1 5 7 .9 1 5 8 .1 1 5 8 .6 1 5 1 .2 1 5 7 .8 1 5 8 .8 1 5 9 .2 1 6 0 .1 1 6 0 .3 1 8 2 .8 1 6 1 .1 1 7 6 .1 1 7 6 .7 1 7 7 .2 1 7 8 .7 1 7 9 .7 1 8 2 .6 P r e s c r ip t io n d r u g s ........................................................................................................................................ A n t i- In fe c t iv e d r u g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................................................... 1 6 0 .8 .............................................................. 1 6 1 .5 1 7 6 .3 1 7 7 .0 1 7 7 .6 1 7 9 .1 1 7 9 .9 1 0 0 ) .................................................................. 1 4 0 .3 1 5 3 .5 1 5 3 .3 1 5 4 .0 1 5 5 .4 1 5 5 .8 1 5 8 .1 1 4 2 .8 1 5 3 .4 1 5 3 .2 1 5 3 .9 1 5 5 .4 1 5 5 .7 1 5 7 .9 1 0 0 ) ..................................................... 1 8 3 .5 1 9 7 .8 1 9 8 .1 1 9 8 .1 1 9 9 .2 2 0 0 .0 2 0 1 .9 1 8 5 .1 1 9 9 .7 1 9 9 .9 1 9 9 .8 2 0 1 .1 2 0 1 .9 2 0 4 .0 1 0 0 ) ................................................ 1 6 1 .7 1 7 2 .3 1 7 3 .3 1 7 5 .1 1 7 5 .7 1 7 7 .5 1 7 8 .7 1 6 3 .6 1 7 4 .1 1 7 5 .1 1 7 6 .8 1 7 7 .5 1 7 9 .4 1 8 0 .6 1 5 2 .3 1 6 0 .7 1 6 1 .8 1 6 2 .3 1 6 2 .6 1 6 3 .8 1 6 4 .2 1 5 2 .4 1 6 1 .0 1 6 2 .0 1 6 2 .5 1 6 2 .9 1 6 4 .1 1 6 4 .5 1 0 0 ) ................................... 1 4 9 .2 1 5 4 .7 1 5 5 .2 1 5 5 .9 1 5 6 .7 1 5 7 .3 1 5 7 .5 1 4 9 .8 1 5 5 .4 1 5 6 .0 1 5 6 .7 1 5 7 .5 1 5 9 .1 1 5 8 .3 ..................................................................................................... 1 3 2 .6 1 3 4 .8 1 3 5 .0 1 3 5 .8 1 3 6 .2 1 3 7 .7 1 3 7 .3 1 3 1 .4 1 3 3 .8 1 3 3 .9 1 3 4 .6 1 3 5 .1 1 3 6 .7 1 3 6 .2 In te r n a l a n d r e s p ir a t o r y o v e r -t h e - c o u n t e r d r u g s ..................................................... 2 4 0 .7 2 5 0 .9 2 5 1 .9 2 5 3 .5 2 5 5 .0 2 5 5 .6 2 5 6 .1 2 4 1 .9 2 5 2 .1 2 5 3 .3 2 5 4 .9 2 5 6 .3 2 5 6 .9 2 5 7 .4 T r a n q u iliz e r s a n d s e d a tiv e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = C irc u la t o r ie s a n d d iu re t ic s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) H o r m o n e s , d ia b e tic d r u g s , b io lo g ic a ls , a n d p r e s c r ip t io n m e d ic a l s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = P a in a n d s y m p to m c o n tro l d r u g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = S u p p le m e n ts , c o u g h a n d c o ld p r e p a r a tio n s , a n d r e s p ir a t o ry a g e n t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................... N o n p r e s c r ip tio n d r u g s a n d m e d ic a l s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = E y e g la s s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) 1 4 4 .1 1 5 0 .0 1 5 0 .4 1 5 0 .3 1 5 1 .0 1 5 1 .2 1 5 1 .8 1 4 5 .1 1 5 1 .3 1 5 1 .4 1 5 1 .3 1 5 2 .4 1 5 2 .3 1 5 3 .0 Medical care services ................................................................... 3 6 6 .9 3 8 3 .5 3 8 4 .6 3 8 7 .2 3 8 9 .8 3 9 1 .0 3 9 2 .9 3 6 3 .9 3 8 0 .5 3 8 1 .7 3 8 4 .4 3 8 7 .0 3 8 8 .3 3 9 0 .2 P r o fe s s io n a l s e r v ic e s ................................................................................................................................ 3 0 6 .6 3 1 9 .7 3 2 2 .0 3 2 4 .2 3 2 6 .0 3 2 7 .6 3 2 9 .7 3 0 6 .9 3 2 0 .0 3 2 2 .2 3 2 4 .6 3 2 6 .5 3 2 8 .0 3 3 0 .1 P h y s ic ia n s ’ s e r v i c e s ....................................................................................................................... 3 3 4 .2 3 4 9 .4 3 5 1 .7 3 5 3 .9 3 5 4 .9 3 5 6 .5 3 5 8 .5 3 3 7 .4 3 5 3 .9 3 5 5 .3 3 5 7 .6 3 5 8 .8 3 6 0 .5 3 6 2 .3 N o n p r e s c r ip tio n m e d ic a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 106 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 100) . . . 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers All Urban Consumers General summary Oct.2 1982 1983 1982 May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct.2 1983 May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. MEDICAL CARE—Continued Medical care service—Continued P r o fe s s io n a l s e rv ic e s — C o n tin u e d D e n ta l s e r v i c e s .................................................................................................................................... 2 8 7 .0 2 9 8 .6 3 0 1 .2 3 0 3 .8 3 0 6 .5 3 0 8 .3 3 1 0 .7 2 8 5 .0 2 9 6 .1 2 9 8 .9 3 0 1 .6 3 0 4 .3 3 0 6 .1 3 0 8 .5 O t h e r p r o fe s s io n a l s e rv ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = .............................................................. 1 4 6 .1 1 5 1 .8 1 5 2 .3 1 5 3 .0 1 5 4 .0 1 5 4 .3 1 5 5 .4 1 4 3 .0 1 4 8 .5 1 4 8 .7 1 4 9 .6 1 5 0 .5 1 5 0 .8 1 5 1 .8 O t h e r m e d ic a l c a r e s e r v i c e s .................................................................................................................. 4 3 9 .8 4 6 0 .5 4 6 6 .9 4 6 7 .8 4 6 9 .3 4 3 5 .6 4 5 6 .4 4 5 6 .4 4 5 9 .4 4 6 2 .9 4 6 3 .9 4 6 5 .6 100) H o s p .ta l r o o m 4 6 0 .4 4 6 3 .3 1 0 0 ) ................................................ 1 8 0 .9 1 9 0 .8 1 9 1 .5 1 9 3 .8 1 9 6 .7 1 9 7 .8 1 9 9 .4 1 7 8 .3 1 8 9 .0 1 8 9 .6 1 9 1 .9 1 9 4 .6 1 9 5 .7 1 9 7 .3 .................................................................................................................................... 5 7 6 .8 6 0 9 .6 6 0 9 .6 6 1 9 .1 6 2 7 .6 6 3 3 .8 6 3 8 .0 5 6 9 .1 6 0 1 .8 6 0 2 .2 6 1 1 .2 6 1 9 .5 6 2 6 .1 6 3 0 .2 1 7 6 .0 1 8 7 .0 1 8 8 .3 1 8 9 .9 1 9 3 .0 1 9 3 .3 1 9 5 .1 1 7 4 .7 1 8 5 .6 1 8 6 .8 1 8 8 .4 1 9 1 .2 1 9 1 .4 1 9 3 .3 H o s p it a l a n d o t h e r m e d ic a l s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = O t h e r h o s p ita l a n d m e d ic a l c a r e s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................... ENTERTAINMENT 2 4 0 .3 2 4 4 .8 2 4 5 .4 2 4 6 .0 2 4 6 .6 2 4 7 .5 2 4 9 .1 2 3 6 .5 2 4 1 .3 2 4 1 .9 2 4 2 .5 2 4 3 .1 2 4 4 .1 2 4 5 .4 Entertainment commodities 2 4 2 .9 2 4 6 .3 2 4 6 .3 2 4 6 .7 2 4 8 .0 2 4 8 .0 2 4 9 .3 2 3 6 .6 2 4 0 .7 2 4 0 .7 2 4 1 .4 2 4 2 .5 2 4 2 .6 2 4 3 .7 ................................................................................................. 1 5 3 .1 1 5 9 .7 1 5 8 .5 1 5 8 .5 1 6 0 .9 1 6 1 .2 1 6 3 .4 1 5 2 .4 1 5 9 .1 1 5 8 .0 1 5 8 .0 1 6 0 .2 1 6 0 .5 1 6 2 .8 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 9 0 .4 3 0 1 .6 3 0 2 .0 3 0 2 .7 3 0 3 .5 3 0 4 .0 3 0 6 .9 2 9 0 .1 3 0 1 .7 3 0 2 .0 3 0 2 .7 3 0 3 .4 3 0 3 .9 3 0 7 .0 1 5 9 .2 1 6 6 .8 1 6 4 .2 1 6 3 .6 1 6 8 .4 1 6 8 .6 1 7 1 .7 1 5 9 .2 1 6 7 .0 1 6 4 .2 1 6 3 .6 1 6 8 .5 1 6 8 .8 1 7 2 .0 R e a d in g m a te r ia ls ( 1 2 / 7 7 = N e w s p a p e rs 100) M a g a z in e s , p e r io d ic a ls , a n d b o o k s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................ 1 3 4 .3 1 3 3 .2 1 3 4 .0 1 3 4 .2 1 3 4 .1 1 3 4 .6 1 3 4 .5 1 2 5 .8 1 2 7 .3 1 2 7 .7 1 2 8 .3 1 2 8 .3 1 2 8 .9 1 2 8 .6 1 3 7 .1 1 3 5 .7 1 3 6 .7 1 3 7 .1 1 3 6 .4 1 3 7 .4 1 3 7 .3 1 2 3 .6 1 2 6 .5 1 2 6 .8 1 2 7 .8 1 2 7 .8 1 2 8 .5 1 2 8 .2 1 0 0 ) .......................... 1 2 0 .6 1 2 0 .5 1 1 9 .9 1 1 8 .6 1 1 8 .5 1 1 8 .6 1 1 8 .6 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .0 1 1 7 .6 1 1 6 .4 1 1 6 .6 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .4 B i c y c l e s ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 9 8 .7 1 9 6 .6 1 9 9 .2 1 9 9 .8 1 9 9 .9 2 0 0 .1 1 9 9 .9 1 9 9 .9 1 9 7 .9 2 0 0 .2 2 0 0 .7 2 0 0 .7 2 0 0 .9 2 0 0 .7 S p o r t in g g o o d s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = S p o r t v e h ic le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) 1 0 0 ) .................................................................. ............................................................................................ In d o o r a n d w a r m w e a th e r s p o r t e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 3 1 .9 1 3 2 .2 1 3 2 .2 1 3 2 .8 1 3 3 .1 1 3 4 .6 1 3 4 .0 1 3 2 .1 1 3 2 .3 1 3 2 .2 1 3 2 .7 1 3 2 .9 1 3 4 .5 1 3 3 .8 ............................................ 1 3 7 .1 1 3 8 .4 1 3 8 .6 1 3 9 .0 1 3 9 .3 1 3 8 .8 1 3 9 .3 1 3 6 .1 1 3 7 .1 1 3 7 .3 1 3 7 .7 1 3 8 .0 1 3 7 .7 1 3 8 .1 T o y s , h o b b ie s , a n d m u s ic e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................... 1 3 6 .7 1 3 4 .0 1 3 3 .9 P h o t o g r a p h ic s u p p lie s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) O t h e r s p o r tin g g o o d s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = T o y s , h o b b ie s , a n d o t h e r e n t e r t a in m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................... 100) 1 3 6 .4 1 3 7 .4 1 3 7 .4 1 3 7 .7 1 3 7 .7 1 3 7 .3 1 3 3 .0 1 3 3 .5 1 3 3 .6 ................................... 1 2 9 .6 1 3 1 .7 1 3 1 .4 1 3 1 .6 1 3 1 .6 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .9 1 3 0 .6 1 3 2 .6 1 3 2 .4 1 3 2 .7 1 3 2 .8 1 3 2 .1 1 3 3 .0 1 0 0 ) .................................................................. 1 4 3 .9 1 4 5 .1 1 4 5 .9 1 4 6 .6 1 4 7 .5 1 4 8 .5 1 4 8 .5 1 4 5 .0 1 4 6 ,1 1 4 6 .9 1 4 7 .6 1 4 8 .6 1 4 9 .6 1 4 9 .6 Entertainment services................................................................... 2 3 7 .2 243 2 2 4 4 .7 2 4 5 .4 2 4 5 .0 2 4 7 .2 2 4 9 .2 2 3 7 .6 2 4 3 .5 2 4 5 .1 2 4 5 .8 2 4 5 .4 2 4 7 .8 2 4 9 .7 F e e s f o r p a r tic ip a n t s p o r ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................... 1 4 8 .0 1 5 0 .8 1 5 1 .3 1 5 1 .8 1 5 2 .2 1 5 4 .4 1 5 5 .6 1 4 9 .4 1 5 2 .1 1 5 2 .5 1 5 2 .8 1 5 3 .2 1 5 5 .5 1 5 6 .9 1 0 0 ) .................................................................................................................. 1 3 6 .6 1 4 2 .4 1 4 4 .7 1 4 6 .4 1 4 5 .4 1 4 5 .2 1 4 5 .8 1 3 5 .6 1 4 3 .7 1 4 3 .7 1 4 5 .4 1 4 4 .5 1 4 4 .2 1 4 4 .8 P e t s u p p lie s a n d e x p e n s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = A d m is s io n s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = O t h e r e n t e r t a in m e n t s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ...................................................................... OTHER GOODS AND SERVICES 1 3 3 .0 1 3 3 .5 1 2 9 .6 1 3 1 .9 1 3 1 .8 1 3 0 .6 1 2 9 .8 1 3 1 .0 1 3 2 .6 1 3 0 .5 1 3 2 .6 1 3 2 .6 1 3 1 .4 1 3 0 .7 1 3 2 .3 1 3 3 .6 2 7 1 .2 2 8 3 .6 2 8 4 .5 2 8 7 .5 2 8 9 .0 2 9 4 .4 2 9 6 .8 2 6 7 .8 2 8 1 .8 2 8 2 .8 2 8 6 .4 2 8 8 .0 2 9 2 .0 2 9 4 .1 Tobacco products 2 5 7 .3 2 8 5 .3 2 8 5 .9 2 9 4 .6 2 9 7 .7 2 9 8 .0 2 9 9 .0 2 5 6 .6 2 8 4 .8 2 8 5 .4 2 9 4 .3 2 9 7 .5 2 9 7 .8 2 9 8 .8 C ig a r e tt e s 2 6 2 .3 2 9 2 .4 2 9 3 .1 3 0 2 .8 3 0 6 .1 3 0 6 .4 3 0 7 .4 2 6 1 .4 2 9 1 .5 2 9 2 .0 3 0 1 .7 3 0 5 .2 3 0 5 .5 3 0 6 .5 1 5 0 .9 1 5 1 .2 1 5 1 .4 .......................................................................................................................................................... O t h e r to b a c c o p r o d u c t s a n d s m o k in g a c c e s s o r ie s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... 1 4 2 .9 1 4 9 .6 1 4 9 .9 1 5 0 .5 1 5 0 .9 1 5 1 .2 1 5 1 .4 1 4 3 .1 1 4 9 .6 1 4 9 .8 1 5 0 .5 Personal care 2 5 2 .9 2 5 9 .4 2 6 0 .9 2 6 1 .3 2 6 2 .1 2 6 3 .0 2 6 3 .3 2 5 0 .9 2 5 7 .3 2 5 9 .0 2 5 9 .4 2 6 0 .1 2 6 0 .9 2 6 1 .5 T o ile t g o o d s a n d p e r s o n a l c a r e a p p l ia n c e s ............................................................................... 2 5 1 .5 258 6 2 6 1 .4 2 6 2 .3 2 6 1 .9 2 6 2 .4 2 6 3 .0 2 5 2 .1 2 5 9 .3 2 6 2 .1 2 6 3 .0 2 6 2 .6 2 6 3 .0 2 6 3 .9 ...................... 1 4 7 .8 1 5 0 .8 1 5 1 .7 1 5 2 .5 1 5 2 .8 1 5 3 .0 1 5 2 .7 1 4 6 .9 1 5 0 .0 1 5 0 .9 1 5 1 .7 1 5 1 .9 1 5 2 .0 1 5 1 .9 ......................................................... 1 5 5 .2 1 6 1 .2 1 6 2 .5 1 6 2 .6 1 6 0 .0 1 6 0 .8 1 6 3 .1 1 5 3 .5 1 5 9 .6 1 6 0 .8 1 6 0 .8 1 5 8 .5 1 5 9 .1 1 6 1 .2 P r o d u c t s f o r t h e h a ir, h a irp ie c e s , a n d w ig s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = D e n ta l a n d s h a v in g p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) 100) C o s m e t ic s , b a th a n d n a il p r e p a r a tio n s , m a n ic u r e a n d e y e m a k e u p im p le m e n ts ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................................... 1 4 1 .4 1 4 5 .1 1 4 8 .5 1 4 8 .8 1 4 8 .6 1 4 8 .3 1 4 7 .7 1 4 2 .1 1 4 5 .7 1 4 9 .2 1 4 9 .5 1 4 9 .2 1 4 8 .9 1 4 8 .9 . . . 1 4 2 .2 1 4 6 .7 1 4 7 .1 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .9 1 4 9 .9 1 5 0 .5 1 4 5 .8 1 5 0 .3 1 5 0 .7 1 5 1 .6 1 5 2 .4 1 5 3 .4 1 5 4 .1 ........................................................................................................................... 2 5 5 .1 2 6 1 .1 2 6 1 .6 2 6 1 .5 2 6 3 .3 2 6 4 .6 2 6 4 .6 2 5 0 .0 2 5 5 .7 2 5 6 .3 2 5 6 .4 2 5 8 .1 2 5 9 .3 2 5 9 .6 ................................................................................... 2 5 8 .3 2 6 4 .5 2 6 5 .0 2 6 4 .3 2 6 6 .5 2 6 8 .1 2 6 7 .5 2 5 1 .6 2 5 7 .4 2 5 8 .0 2 5 7 .5 2 5 9 .7 2 6 1 .1 2 6 0 .7 1 4 1 .0 1 4 4 .1 1 4 4 .4 1 4 5 .1 1 4 5 .6 1 4 6 .0 1 4 6 .8 1 3 9 .8 1 4 3 .0 1 4 3 .2 143 9 1 4 4 .4 1 4 4 .8 1 4 5 .6 3 1 9 .3 3 2 5 .6 326 0 3 2 7 .2 3 2 8 .1 3 4 4 .6 3 5 0 .9 3 2 0 .4 3 2 7 .7 3 2 8 .1 3 2 9 .4 3 3 0 .5 3 4 5 .6 3 5 2 .4 O ther to ilet g o o d s a n d sm all personal care appliances ( 1 2 /7 7 = P e r s o n a l c a r e s e rv ic e s B e a u ty p a r lo r s e r v ic e s f o r w o m e n H a ir c u ts a n d o t h e r b a r b e r s h o p s e rv ic e s f o r m e n ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) 100) . . . Personal and educational expenses S c h o o lb o o k s a n d s u p p lie s .................................................................................................................. 2 8 3 .0 2 9 2 .9 2 9 3 .6 2 9 4 .2 2 9 4 .6 3 0 6 .6 3 0 8 .5 2 8 6 .8 2 9 6 .8 2 9 7 .6 2 9 8 .3 2 9 8 .8 3 1 0 .8 3 1 2 .9 P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a t io n a l s e r v i c e s ................................................................................................. 3 2 7 .7 3 3 3 .5 3 3 3 .8 3 3 5 .1 3 3 6 .2 3 5 3 .5 3 6 0 .6 3 2 8 .7 3 3 5 .5 3 3 5 .8 3 3 7 .3 3 3 8 .6 3 5 4 .3 3 6 2 .0 T u itio n a n d o t h e r s c h o o l f e e s ................................................................................................. 1 6 7 .2 1 6 7 .7 1 6 7 .6 1 6 8 .0 1 6 8 .2 1 7 8 .6 1 8 2 .9 1 6 7 .7 1 6 8 .2 1 6 8 .2 1 6 8 .5 1 6 8 .8 1 7 8 .4 1 8 3 .3 1 6 8 .0 1 8 0 .5 C o lle g e t u it io n ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................... 1 6 4 .9 1 6 7 .4 1 6 7 .3 1 6 7 .8 1 6 8 .0 1 8 0 .7 1 8 2 .7 1 6 6 .9 1 6 7 .5 1 6 7 .4 1 6 7 .9 ............................... 1 6 8 .7 1 6 8 .9 1 6 8 .9 1 6 8 .9 1 6 9 .2 1 7 0 .9 1 8 3 .9 1 6 9 .6 1 6 9 .9 1 6 9 .9 1 6 9 .9 1 7 0 .3 1 7 2 .7 1 8 4 .9 1 0 0 ) .................................................................................... 1 6 9 .4 1 8 5 .1 1 8 6 .1 1 8 7 .9 1 8 9 .8 1 9 2 .6 1 9 3 .4 1 7 1 .7 1 8 5 .3 1 8 6 .2 1 8 8 .3 1 9 0 .4 1 9 3 .0 1 9 3 .9 3 7 9 .5 E le m e n ta r y a n d h ig h s c h o o l t u it io n ( 1 2 / 7 7 = P ers o n a l e x p e n s e s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) 1 8 2 .6 Special indexes: G a s o lin e , m o t o r o il, c o o la n t, a n d o t h e r p r o d u c t s .............................................................. 3 8 5 .7 3 7 6 .2 3 8 1 .2 3 8 4 .3 3 8 4 .5 3 8 2 .3 3 7 7 .8 3 8 6 .9 3 7 7 .6 3 8 2 .4 3 8 5 .4 3 8 5 .9 383 9 4 3 3 .9 4 1 0 .0 4 1 0 .2 4 1 1 .4 4 1 5 .6 4 1 8 .2 4 1 9 .7 U tilitie s a n d p u b lic t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ..................................................................................................... 3 2 6 .5 3 3 7 .2 3 4 1 .5 3 4 3 .6 3 4 3 .6 3 4 4 .7 3 4 3 .0 3 2 5 .4 3 3 6 .5 3 4 1 .1 3 4 3 .1 3 4 2 .9 3 4 3 .8 3 4 1 .8 H o u s e k e e p in g a n d h o m e m a in t e n a n c e s e r v i c e s .................................................................. 3 5 5 .0 3 5 8 .2 3 5 8 .6 3 5 8 .9 3 6 0 .1 3 6 1 .6 3 6 3 .4 3 5 5 .7 3 6 0 .3 3 6 0 .8 3 6 1 .7 3 6 4 .2 3 6 5 .2 3 6 9 .7 In s u r a n c e a n d f i n a n c e .............................................................................................................. ' E x c lu d e s m o t o r o il, c o o la n t, a n d o t h e r p r o d u c t s a s o f J a n u a r y 1 9 8 3 . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 ln t^ g D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 3 is s u e , th is c o lu m n s h o w e d t h e O c t o b e r 1 9 8 2 d a ta r a th e r t h a n th e S e p t e m b e r 1 9 8 2 d a ta . 107 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 21. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Cross classification of region and pcjpulation size clas s by expenditure category and commodity and service group [D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 7 = 10 0 ] Size class A (1.25 million or more) Category and group Aug. j Oct. June j Aug. Size class D (75,000 or less) 1983 1983 1983 1983 June Size class C (75,000-385,000) Size class B (385,000-1,250 million) June | Aug. | Oct. Oct. June j Aug. | Oct. Northeast EXPENDITURE CATEGORY Food and b e v e ra g e s A p p a re l an d up k e e p T r a n s p o r ta t io n .......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1 5 3 .9 1 5 5 .0 1 5 6 .5 1 6 0 .8 1 6 1 .5 1 6 3 .1 1 6 4 .2 1 6 5 .5 1 6 7 .1 1 5 8 .5 1 6 0 .0 1 6 1 .6 1 4 7 .4 1 4 7 .5 1 4 8 .2 1 4 6 .8 1 4 7 .4 1 4 7 .3 1 5 0 .6 1 5 1 .6 150 7 1 4 6 .3 1 4 7 .7 1 4 6 .5 1 5 8 .9 1 5 9 .6 1 6 0 .5 1 7 0 .7 1 6 9 .7 1 7 1 .4 1 7 6 .7 1 7 6 .7 1 7 8 .4 1 6 3 .9 1 6 4 .2 1 6 6 .3 1 2 3 .2 1 2 5 .5 1 2 4 .4 1 2 5 .8 1 3 0 .0 1 2 8 .9 1 2 8 .6 1 3 2 .3 1 2 9 .5 1 2 8 .8 1 6 1 .7 1 6 4 .2 1 6 5 .8 1 6 9 .2 1 7 1 .4 1 7 3 .4 1 6 6 .6 1 6 9 .5 1 7 2 .0 1 6 6 .7 1 6 9 .7 1 7 1 .9 1 6 4 .4 1 6 6 .5 1 6 3 .5 1 6 7 .1 1 6 7 .3 1 6 6 .7 1 7 1 .2 1 7 1 .4 1 6 8 .5 1 7 1 .9 1 7 2 .6 122.6 1 3 1 .9 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 6 0 .9 E n t e r t a i n m e n t ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 4 4 .1 1 4 4 .3 1 4 5 .8 1 3 8 .8 1 3 9 .6 1 4 2 .8 1 4 2 .1 1 4 3 .8 1 4 6 .2 1 4 8 .1 1 4 9 .3 1 5 3 .0 O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s 1 5 6 .7 160 3 1 6 6 .9 1 5 9 .8 1 6 2 .8 1 6 7 .1 1 6 3 .1 1 6 5 .9 1 7 0 .5 1 6 2 .2 1 6 6 .7 1 7 1 .3 M e d x a l c a re ............................................................................................................................................ COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP 1 4 9 .1 1 5 0 .1 1 5 1 .2 1 5 4 .8 1 5 6 .0 1 5 7 .4 1 5 4 .3 1 5 5 .4 1 5 6 .4 1 5 2 .3 1 5 3 .9 1 5 4 .7 .............................................................................................................. 1 5 0 .0 1 4 1 .6 1 5 3 .0 1 5 8 .3 1 5 9 .8 1 6 2 .1 1 5 5 .8 1 5 6 .8 1 5 8 .9 1 5 4 .8 1 5 6 .3 1 5 8 .3 S e r v i c e s ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 6 0 .0 1 6 1 .3 1 6 3 .2 1 6 9 .8 1 6 9 .8 1 7 1 .8 1 8 0 .1 1 8 1 .7 1 8 4 .2 1 6 7 .9 1 6 9 .2 1 7 1 .9 1 6 2 .1 C o m m o d i t i e s ........................................................................................................................................................................................ C o m m o d it ie s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s North Central Region EXPENDITURE CATEGORY 1 6 5 .2 1 6 6 .6 1 6 7 .3 1 6 2 .0 1 6 2 .2 . 1 6 2 .6 1 5 8 .3 1 5 9 .6 1 6 1 .1 1 5 9 .3 1 6 0 .7 ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 4 5 .0 1 4 4 .5 1 4 4 .6 1 4 3 .8 1 4 3 .6 1 4 2 .8 1 4 5 .0 1 4 5 .0 1 4 4 .8 1 5 1 .7 1 5 1 .9 1 5 3 .2 H o u s i n g ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 1 8 5 .3 1 8 6 .3 1 8 5 .6 1 7 2 .2 1 7 1 .7 1 7 0 .3 1 6 5 .2 1 6 5 .7 1 6 7 .8 1 6 3 .9 1 6 5 .2 1 6 5 .9 A p p a re l an d up k e e p A ll ite m s ................................................................................................................................................................................................. F ood an d b e v e ra g e s ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 6 .8 1 1 9 .5 1 2 2 .3 1 2 9 .2 1 2 8 .9 1 3 1 .8 1 2 7 .0 1 2 9 .9 1 3 1 .6 1222 1 2 5 .4 1 2 9 .2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 6 4 .2 1 6 7 .4 168 8 1 6 7 .1 1 6 8 .6 1 7 0 .1 1 6 7 .1 1 6 9 .8 1 7 1 .8 1 6 5 .7 1 6 7 .8 1 6 9 .4 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 6 6 .1 1 6 8 .4 1 6 9 .8 1 6 8 .5 1 7 2 .4 1 7 3 .1 1 6 6 .3 1 6 7 .5 1 6 7 .6 1 7 3 .1 1 7 5 .4 1 7 5 .5 E n t e r t a i n m e n t ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 4 1 .9 1 4 3 .3 1 4 4 .3 1 3 6 .9 1 3 1 .8 1 3 4 .7 1 4 7 .3 1 4 8 .4 1 4 9 .9 1 3 7 .1 1 3 6 .6 1 3 8 .9 O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s 1 5 6 .7 1 5 8 .1 1 6 2 .9 1 6 8 .5 1 7 0 .4 1 7 5 .8 1 5 3 .8 1 5 8 .3 1 6 1 .1 1 6 6 .3 1 6 9 .3 1 7 2 ,4 1 5 4 .7 T r a n s p o r ta t io n M e d ic a l c a r e ............................................................................................................................................ COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP 1 5 5 .6 1 5 2 .8 1 5 0 .0 1 5 1 .5 1 5 2 .7 1 4 9 .9 1 5 1 .3 1 5 3 .0 .............................................................................................................. 1 5 7 .5 1 5 9 .7 1 6 1 .2 1 5 6 .8 1 5 7 .1 1 5 8 .4 152 2 1 5 4 .5 1 5 6 .5 1 4 9 .0 1 5 1 .0 1 5 3 .0 S e r v i c e s ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 8 2 .4 1 8 4 .3 1 8 4 .6 1 7 6 .8 1 7 6 .8 1 7 6 .9 1 7 1 .7 1 7 2 .8 1 7 4 .7 1 7 4 .1 1 7 5 .6 1 7 6 .5 1 6 2 .8 1 6 5 .1 C o m m o d i t i e s ........................................................................................................................................................................................ C o m m o d it ie s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s 1 5 3 .5 1 5 3 .1 1 5 3 .7 South EXPENDITURE CATEGORY 1 6 2 .9 1 6 4 .9 1 6 1 .2 1 6 2 .3 1 6 3 .5 1 6 2 .0 ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 5 0 .9 1 5 0 .9 1 5 1 .4 148 9 1 4 9 .9 1 5 0 .5 1 4 7 .3 1 4 7 .8 1 4 8 .3 1 5 0 .7 1 5 0 .7 H o u s i n g ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 1 6 8 .5 1 6 9 .7 1 6 9 .6 1 6 7 .9 1 6 8 .4 1 7 1 .0 1 6 8 .7 1 6 9 .5 1 6 9 .6 1 7 0 .3 171.9 151.4 173.9 A p p a re l an d u p keep 1 2 9 .8 1 3 1 .8 1 3 0 .7 1 2 4 .6 1 2 6 .2 1 2 9 .0 1 2 3 .0 1 2 4 .1 1 2 6 .5 1 1 3 .9 1 1 1 .3 1 1 6 .3 1 6 6 .8 1 6 8 .7 1 7 2 .2 A ll Ite m s ................................................................................................................................................................................................. Food an d b e v e ra g e s ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 6 1 .2 1 6 2 .4 1 6 3 .3 1 6 1 .7 1 7 1 .1 1 7 0 .3 1 7 4 .2 1 6 8 .5 1 7 0 .3 1 7 2 .4 1 6 7 .3 1 7 0 .4 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 6 9 .0 1 7 0 .0 1 7 1 .7 1 6 7 .5 1 6 9 .0 1 7 2 .4 1 7 8 .5 1 8 0 .0 1 8 2 .3 1 8 4 .4 1 8 4 .2 1 8 7 .8 E n te r ta n m e n t ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 3 9 .4 1 4 0 .7 1 4 3 .4 1 5 3 .0 1 5 4 .4 1 5 3 .7 1 4 6 .1 1 4 6 .2 1 4 8 .1 1 4 5 .5 1 4 6 .4 1 4 8 .6 O th e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s 1 5 9 .3 1 6 2 .1 1 6 6 .2 1 6 2 .9 1 6 4 .9 1 6 8 .5 1 6 0 .0 1 6 1 .6 1 6 6 .2 1 6 1 .0 1 6 2 .9 1 6 4 .0 T r a n s p o r ta t io n M e d ic a l c a r e ...................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ 1 6 6 .0 COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP 1 5 3 .7 1 5 5 .0 1 5 5 .5 1 5 4 .5 1 5 5 .6 1 5 7 .2 1 5 2 .0 1 5 3 .7 1 5 4 .8 1 5 3 .0 1 5 3 .2 1 5 5 .4 .............................................................................................................. 1 5 4 .8 1 5 6 .8 1 5 7 .3 1 5 6 .8 1 5 7 .9 1 6 0 .1 1 5 4 .1 1 5 6 .4 1 5 7 .9 1 5 3 .8 1 5 4 .2 1 5 7 .1 S e r v i c e s ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 7 1 .5 1 7 2 .7 1 7 4 .1 1 7 2 .6 1 7 3 .9 1 7 6 .6 1 7 5 .3 1 7 5 .6 1 7 7 .1 1 7 5 .7 1 7 7 .1 1 7 9 .6 1 5 5 .2 155 9 1 6 2 .2 1 6 3 .9 C o m m o d i t i e s ........................................................................................................................................................................................ C o m m o d it ie s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s West EXPENDITURE CATEGORY 1 6 1 .4 1 6 2 .7 1 6 3 .5 1 6 1 .8 1 6 2 .5 ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 5 1 .2 1 5 0 .9 1 5 1 .9 1 5 3 .7 1 5 2 .8 1 5 3 .6 1 4 8 .6 1 4 8 .3 1 4 9 .4 1 5 4 .4 1 5 4 .1 1 5 4 .9 H o u s i n g ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 1 6 6 .2 1 6 8 .3 1 7 0 .0 1 6 5 .1 1 6 5 .4 1 6 8 .1 1 5 1 .2 1 5 2 .9 1 5 4 .2 1 5 9 .1 1 6 3 .2 1 6 4 .9 A ll ite m s ................................................................................................................................................................................................. Food an d b e v e ra g e s 1 5 3 .5 1 2 3 .3 122.8 1 2 7 .6 1 2 3 .3 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1 7 1 .3 1 7 3 .0 1 7 2 .0 1 7 1 .6 1 7 4 .4 1 7 4 .3 1 6 7 .7 1 7 0 .6 1 6 9 .9 1 6 5 .6 1 6 7 .8 1 6 9 .8 1 7 6 .7 1 7 7 .3 1 7 7 .3 1 7 2 .6 1 7 5 .8 1 7 5 .6 1 7 6 .4 1 8 0 .0 1 8 0 .0 1 7 7 .5 1 7 9 .2 1 7 9 .0 E n t e r t a i n m e n t ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 3 9 .6 1 3 9 .8 1 4 1 .3 1 4 5 .9 1 4 6 .7 1 4 6 .8 1 4 4 .8 1 4 8 .7 1 4 7 .4 1 5 7 .3 1 5 8 .5 1 6 0 .6 O th e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s 1 5 5 .5 1 6 5 .0 168 0 1 6 3 .4 1 6 5 .5 1 6 8 .4 1 5 8 .0 1 6 1 .2 1 6 4 .6 1 6 9 .2 1 7 3 .4 1 7 5 .3 1 5 2 .4 T r a n s p o r ta t io n M e d ic a l c a r e ......................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ 1 2 8 .4 1 2 6 .9 122.8 1 6 0 .0 ........................................................................................................................................................................... A p p a re l an d u p k e e p 121.8 1 6 3 .8 1 2 5 .0 1 4 2 .9 1 4 2 .4 1 4 6 .2 COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP C o m m o d i t i e s ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 1 5 2 .4 1 5 4 .6 1 5 5 .2 1 5 5 .7 1 5 2 .1 1 5 3 .3 1 5 3 .4 1 5 1 .2 1 5 2 .4 1 5 3 .8 ............................................................................................................. 1 4 8 .6 1 5 3 .6 1 5 2 .7 1 5 0 .7 1 5 6 .4 1 5 6 .8 1 4 9 .6 1 5 5 .4 1 5 5 .0 1 4 7 .0 1 5 1 .7 1 5 3 .4 S e r v i c e s ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 7 1 .6 1 7 5 .9 1 7 7 .8 1 7 0 .2 1 7 2 .6 1 7 4 .9 1 5 5 .3 1 5 7 .6 1 5 9 .1 1 6 8 .8 1 7 6 .6 1 7 8 .6 C o m m o d it ie s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s 108 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 5 2 .6 22. Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average, and selected areas [ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c if ie d ] Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised) All Urban Consumers Area1 Oct. U . S . c ity a v e r a g e 2 .......................................................................................................... A n c h o r a g e , A la s k a ( 1 0 / 6 7 = 100) May June July Aug. Sept. 2 9 7 .1 2 9 8 .1 2 9 9 .3 3 0 0 .3 3 0 1 .8 2 6 5 .8 2 6 2 .5 .................................................................. A t la n t a , G a ................................................................................................................................ Oct. Oct. May June July Aug. Sept. 2 9 6 .3 2 9 7 .2 2 9 8 .2 2 9 9 .5 3 0 0 .8 2 5 4 .7 2 7 6 .9 3 0 4 .4 3 0 3 .9 3 0 2 .3 2 9 7 .8 1983 1982 1983 1982 2 9 8 .7 B a ltim o r e . M d ......................................................................................................................... 2 9 6 .5 3 0 0 .4 3 0 2 .9 B o s to n , M a s s .......................................................................................................................... 2 8 7 .3 2 8 9 .1 2 9 0 .6 2 8 5 .1 B u ffa lo , N . V .............................................................................................................................. C h ic a g o , III.- N o r t h w e s t e r n I n d .................................................................................. 2 8 4 .3 2 7 7 .1 3 3 4 .5 2 9 6 .3 2 9 8 .6 2 9 9 .6 2 8 8 .5 2 7 4 .3 3 0 1 .6 3 4 3 .4 2 9 3 .2 3 0 3 .0 3 0 4 .3 2 9 5 .8 3 0 6 .3 2 9 7 .4 2 9 9 .5 2 8 8 .0 2 8 8 .6 2 8 5 .1 2 8 3 .3 2 9 4 .8 2 9 6 .4 2 9 7 .4 3 0 8 .0 3 0 9 .5 3 1 4 .6 3 1 2 .4 3 1 1 .3 C in c in n a ti, O h io - K y . - I n d ................................................................................................. 2 8 5 .9 2 6 0 .8 2 5 7 .5 3 0 2 .0 2 9 6 .7 Oct. 2 9 6 .8 2 9 9 .1 2 9 4 .5 3 1 1 .2 C le v e la n d , O h i o ................................................................................................................... 3 1 6 .6 3 2 5 .5 3 2 7 .3 3 3 2 .5 3 1 4 .1 3 1 6 .8 3 1 7 .6 3 1 7 .6 D a lla s - F t . W o r t h , T e x ....................................................................................................... 3 0 6 .7 3 1 4 .1 3 1 5 .9 3 1 8 .5 3 0 2 .5 3 0 6 .3 3 0 9 .0 3 1 4 .7 2 9 8 .2 2 9 1 .2 2 9 5 .2 2 9 4 .9 3 3 9 .4 3 3 5 .8 3 3 4 .7 D e n v e r - B o u ld e r , C o lo ....................................................................................................... D e t r o it , M i c h ........................................................................................................................... 2 9 6 .6 2 9 8 .4 2 9 8 .8 2 9 9 .2 3 3 1 .7 3 3 1 .9 2 9 8 .9 3 0 0 .7 3 0 3 .8 3 3 7 .3 3 0 3 .7 3 0 4 .6 2 9 8 .9 2 7 1 .4 2 7 3 .5 2 7 6 .4 2 7 4 .7 2 7 3 .4 H o u s t o n , T e x ........................................................................................................................... 3 1 7 .6 3 2 1 .3 3 2 4 .0 3 2 4 .3 3 1 4 .9 3 1 9 .7 3 2 1 .6 3 2 2 .4 K a n s a s C ity , M o .- K a n s a s ........................................................................................ 2 8 9 .3 2 9 7 .5 3 0 1 .3 3 0 3 .3 2 8 7 .3 2 9 8 .3 2 9 9 .3 3 0 3 .9 L o s A n g e le s - L o n g B e a c h , A n a h e im , C a lif ........................................................ 2 8 9 .5 2 9 7 .0 2 9 2 .8 H o n o lu lu , H a w a i i .............................................................................................................. M ia m i, F la . ( 1 1 / 7 7 = 100) 2 7 5 .2 .................................................................................... N e w Y o r k , N . Y . - N o r t h e a s t e r n N . J ......................................................................... 2 9 3 .6 1 5 9 .4 3 0 7 .7 2 8 4 .5 2 8 7 .4 P h ila d e lp h ia , P a . - N . J ........................................................................................................ 2 8 1 .8 3 0 0 .7 2 8 4 .3 2 8 8 .1 2 8 6 .1 2 9 6 .4 2 8 9 .1 2 8 9 .5 2 8 8 .3 3 0 5 .4 2 9 2 .1 3 1 6 .8 3 0 7 .6 2 9 2 .9 2 8 2 .7 2 9 7 .2 2 8 9 .9 2 9 1 .4 3 1 0 .2 2 9 1 .5 2 9 3 .3 2 9 2 .1 2 8 3 .8 2 9 1 .2 2 8 1 .2 3 0 0 .3 2 8 6 .5 2 9 3 .7 3 0 8 .5 2 8 5 .9 2 8 8 .4 2 8 6 .5 2 8 8 .7 2 9 1 .1 3 1 2 .7 2 8 8 .1 2 9 3 .3 2 8 6 .4 2 9 4 .2 2 9 5 .4 2 9 9 .3 3 0 2 .0 2 9 4 .0 2 9 6 .7 2 9 9 .1 3 3 2 .0 3 3 5 .2 3 4 0 .4 3 1 4 .8 3 2 0 .0 3 2 3 .8 3 0 5 .7 3 0 6 .0 3 0 3 .0 2 9 8 .6 3 0 1 .3 3 0 1 .4 3 0 1 .6 S e a t: e - E v e r e tt . W a s h ....................................................................................................... 3 0 0 .9 3 0 6 .3 3 0 8 .8 2 9 0 .4 2 9 4 .2 2 9 7 .7 W a s h in g to n , D . C . - M d . - V a ............................................................................................ 2 9 2 .6 2 9 6 .8 2 9 7 .0 2 9 7 .5 3 0 0 .0 3 0 0 .9 1 T h e a r e a s lis te d in c lu d e n o t o n ly th e c e n tra l c ity b u t th e e n tir e p o r tio n o f th e S ta n d a r d M e tr o p o lit a n 2 9 4 .2 3 0 4 .7 S t. L o u is , M o . - I l l ................................................................................................................. 3 0 2 .4 2 8 8 .7 2 8 8 .2 S a n D ie g o , C a lif .................................................................................................................... S a n F r a n c is c o -O a k la n d , C a lif ...................................................................................... 2 9 9 .0 2 9 0 .0 3 0 4 .2 2 9 9 .5 2 8 3 .8 2 9 6 .7 3 2 9 .1 3 2 5 .0 2 8 6 .1 2 8 5 .9 1 6 4 .3 3 1 1 .8 2 8 2 .9 3 1 3 .7 2 9 3 .2 1 6 2 .8 3 1 5 .4 3 1 3 .9 3 1 6 .2 2 9 2 .1 1 6 1 .4 1 6 2 .9 2 8 3 .4 2 8 8 .5 P o r t la n d , O r e g . - W a s h ...................................................................................................... 2 9 5 .2 3 1 0 .1 3 1 2 .6 2 8 1 .7 P itt s b u r g h , P a ........................................................................................................................ 2 9 4 .5 1 6 0 .8 3 0 8 .8 M ilw a u k e e , W is ..................................................................................................................... M in n e a p o lis -S t . P a u l, M i n n . - W ls ........................................................................... 2 9 2 .0 2 7 8 .2 2 A v e r a g e o f 8 5 c itie s . S ta tis tic a l A r e a , a s d e fin e d f o r t h e 1 9 7 0 C e n s u s o f P o p u la t io n , e x c e p t t h a t th e S ta n d a r d C o n s o lid a te d A r e a Is u s e d f o r N e w Y o r k a n d C h ic a g o . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 109 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 23. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1 9 6 7 = 10 0 ] Annual average Commodity grouping 1982 Nov. 1982 1983 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July1 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 2 8 6 .2 2 8 5 .1 2 8 7 .9 2 8 6 .8 FINISHED GOODS F in is h e d g o o d s .................................................................................................................. F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s ........................................................................... 2 8 0 .6 2 8 4 .9 2 8 5 .5 2 8 3 .9 2 8 4 .1 2 8 3 .4 2 8 3 .1 2 8 4 .2 2 8 5 .0 2 8 5 .7 2 8 1 .0 2 8 5 .3 285 6 2 8 3 .5 2 8 3 .7 2 8 2 .7 2 8 2 .3 2 8 3 .6 2 8 4 .6 2 8 5 .2 2 8 5 .6 2 8 7 .1 2 8 5 .8 ...................................................................... 2 5 9 .3 2 5 7 .4 2 5 8 .3 2 5 8 .4 2 6 1 .0 2 6 1 .1 2 6 2 .9 2 6 2 .6 2 6 1 .2 r2 6 0 . 7 2 6 1 .0 2 6 3 .3 2 6 4 .3 2 6 1 .8 C r u d e .................................................................................................................. 2 5 2 .7 2 3 6 .1 2 4 7 .6 2 3 2 .9 2 4 0 .8 2 4 7 .9 2 6 5 .8 2 6 7 .2 2 5 1 .2 r 2 4 7 .1 2 6 2 .4 2 6 9 .8 2 8 9 .8 2 7 2 .8 r2 5 9 . 8 2 5 8 .7 2 6 0 .5 2 5 9 .9 2 5 8 .7 F in is h e d c o n s u m e r f o o d s P rocessed ..................................................................................................... 2 5 7 .7 2 5 7 .2 2 5 7 .1 2 5 8 .5 2 6 0 .7 2 6 0 .1 2 6 0 .5 2 6 0 .1 2 6 0 .0 N o n d u ra b le g o o d s le s s f o o d s ............................................................. 3 3 3 .6 3 4 2 .5 3 4 2 .2 3 3 6 .6 3 3 3 .7 3 3 2 .0 3 2 8 .7 3 3 2 .0 3 3 5 .7 D u r a b le g o o d s ................................................................................................ r3 3 7 . 7 3 3 8 .4 2 8 5 .1 3 3 8 .6 3 3 7 .9 3 3 6 .6 2 2 6 .7 2 3 1 .2 2 3 2 .0 2 3 1 .7 2 3 2 .9 2 3 1 .9 2 3 2 .2 2 3 2 .9 2 3 3 .1 r2 3 3 .4 2 3 3 .5 2 2 8 .9 2 3 5 .4 2 3 5 .3 . . . 2 2 3 .8 2 2 8 .4 2 2 9 .2 2 2 8 .3 2 2 8 .9 2 2 9 .4 2 3 0 .1 2 3 0 .3 2 3 0 .7 r2 3 2 .0 2 3 2 .3 2 3 2 .8 2 3 3 .3 2 3 3 .7 C a p ita l e q u i p m e n t ................................................................................................ 2 7 9 .4 2 8 3 .8 2 8 4 .9 2 8 5 .2 2 8 5 .6 2 8 5 .6 2 8 6 .2 2 8 6 .5 2 8 6 .7 r2 8 7 . 2 2 8 8 .0 2 8 5 .4 2 9 0 .9 2 9 0 .3 In te r m e d ia t e m a te r ia ls , s u p p lie s , a n d c o m p o n e n t s ............................... 3 1 0 .4 3 0 9 .9 3 1 0 .1 3 0 9 .2 3 0 9 .9 3 0 9 .5 3 0 8 .7 3 0 9 .7 3 1 1 .3 r3 1 2 . 8 3 1 4 .4 3 1 5 .7 3 1 6 .0 3 1 5 .7 M a te r ia ls a n d c o m p o n e n t s f o r m a n u f a c t u r in g ............................... 2 8 9 .8 2 8 8 .7 2 8 8 .3 2 8 8 .6 2 9 1 .1 290 2 2 9 1 .0 2 9 1 .9 2 9 2 .4 r 2 9 4 .1 294 8 296 3 2 9 6 .4 2 9 6 .1 2 5 5 .1 2 5 1 .0 2 5 0 .9 2 5 4 .1 2 5 2 .8 2 5 7 .0 2 5 7 .0 r2 5 7 .4 C o n s u m e r n o n d u r a b le g o o d s le s s fo o d a n d e n e r g y INTERMEDIATE MATERIALS M a te r ia ls f o r fo o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g ..................................................... 2 4 9 .8 2 5 5 .1 2 6 0 .8 2 6 4 .0 2 6 0 .4 ................................... 2 8 4 .4 2 7 9 .2 2 7 8 .0 2 7 7 .0 2 7 7 .0 2 7 6 .6 2 7 7 .3 2 7 7 .7 2 7 7 .7 r2 7 9 .7 2 8 1 .4 2 8 1 .9 2 8 3 .5 2 8 4 .1 ............................................ 3 1 0 .1 3 0 9 .3 3 0 9 .4 3 1 2 .0 3 1 9 .2 3 1 5 .7 3 1 6 .6 3 1 8 .4 3 1 9 .0 r3 2 0 . 9 3 2 0 .6 3 2 2 .8 3 2 2 .2 3 2 1 .1 C o m p o n e n t s f o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g ......................................................... 2 7 3 .9 2 7 6 .9 2 7 7 .3 2 7 6 .8 2 7 7 .6 2 7 8 .3 2 7 8 .9 2 7 9 .4 2 8 0 .3 r2 8 1 .6 2 8 1 .7 2 8 1 .8 2 8 2 .2 2 8 2 .5 M a te r ia ls a n d c o m p o n e n t s f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n ................................... 2 9 3 .7 293 6 2 9 4 .7 2 9 6 .5 2 9 8 .8 2 9 9 .6 3 0 0 .9 3 0 1 .2 3 0 2 .4 302 9 3 0 3 .6 3 0 2 .8 3 0 3 .5 3 0 4 .0 P r o c e s s e d fu e ls a n d l u b r i c a n t s .................................................................. 5 9 1 .7 5 9 3 .0 5 9 5 .0 5 7 7 .9 5 6 5 .4 5 6 4 .2 5 4 3 .3 5 4 7 .8 5 6 2 .0 r5 6 7 .9 5 7 6 .4 5 7 9 .2 5 7 9 .9 5 7 4 .0 M a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s .......................................................................... 4 9 7 .8 5 0 0 .4 5 0 2 .2 4 8 5 .2 4 7 5 .5 4 8 0 .6 4 6 0 .4 4 6 2 .9 4 7 5 .9 r4 8 0 . 9 4 9 1 .1 4 9 5 .4 4 9 8 .7 4 9 3 .4 N o n m a n u f a c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s 6 7 4 .3 6 7 4 .2 6 7 6 .4 6 5 9 .4 6 4 4 .6 6 3 7 .2 6 1 5 .9 6 2 2 .2 6 3 7 .5 r6 4 4 . 1 6 5 0 .9 6 5 2 .1 6 5 0 .4 6 4 3 .9 2 8 5 .6 2 8 4 .9 2 8 5 .0 2 8 5 .0 2 8 5 .3 2 8 5 .2 2 8 4 .8 2 8 5 .8 2 8 5 .9 r2 8 6 . 1 2 8 6 .8 287 3 2 8 8 .3 2 8 9 .3 S u p p l i e s ...................................................................................................................... 2 7 2 .1 2 7 2 .8 2 7 3 .0 2 7 3 .1 2 7 3 .5 2 7 3 .9 275 5 2 7 5 .6 2 7 5 .6 r2 7 6 . 2 2 7 8 .0 2 8 0 .1 2 8 0 .4 M a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s ........................................................................... 2 6 5 .8 2 6 6 .9 2 6 7 .2 2 6 7 .4 2 6 7 .8 2 6 8 .1 2 6 8 .6 2 6 8 .9 2 6 9 .8 r2 7 0 . 1 2 7 0 .6 2 7 1 .2 2 7 1 .8 2 7 1 .9 N o n m a n u f a c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s 2 7 5 .7 2 7 6 .1 276 3 2 7 6 .4 2 7 6 .8 2 7 7 .1 2 7 9 .3 2 7 9 .3 2 7 8 .8 r2 7 9 . 6 2 8 2 .0 285 0 2 8 5 .1 2 9 6 .0 M a te r ia ls f o r n o n d u r a b le m a n u fa c t u r in g M a te r ia ls f o r d u r a b le m a n u fa c t u r in g ............................................................. C o n t a i n e r s ......................................................................................................... ............................................................. 2 6 9 .3 2 8 1 .0 F e e d s .................................................................................................................. 2 0 7 .0 1 9 9 .8 2 0 4 .7 2 0 6 .5 2 0 7 .4 2 0 7 .7 2 1 9 .8 2 1 8 .1 2 1 3 .4 r2 1 6 .2 2 3 0 .2 2 4 7 .1 2 4 5 .6 2 4 9 .6 O th e r s u p p l i e s ........................................................................................ 2 8 9 .8 2 9 1 .9 2 9 1 .1 2 9 0 .9 2 9 1 .2 2 9 1 .6 2 9 1 .9 2 9 2 .2 2 9 2 .5 r2 9 1 9 2 9 3 .1 2 9 3 .5 2 9 3 .9 2 9 4 .2 3 1 3 .9 3 2 0 .2 3 2 1 .6 3 2 5 .8 3 2 5 .8 3 2 3 .3 3 2 0 .6 3 2 6 .9 3 2 8 .3 3 2 4 .5 3 2 4 .1 CRUDE MATERIALS C r u d e m a te r ia ls f o r f u r t h e r p ro c e s s in g ................................................ 3 1 9 .5 3 1 3 .2 3 1 2 .7 F o o d s tu ffs a n d f e e d s t u f f s ............................................................................... 2 4 7 .8 2 3 6 .3 2 3 7 .1 2 3 9 .6 2 4 9 .3 2 4 9 .1 2 5 6 .8 2 5 6 .5 2 5 2 .1 r2 4 8 . 4 2 5 6 .6 2 5 7 .4 2 5 3 .9 2 5 2 .0 N o n fo o d m a t e r i a l s ........................................................................................ 4 7 3 .9 4 7 8 .6 4 7 5 .3 4 7 3 .6 4 7 3 .0 4 7 7 .7 4 7 4 .6 4 7 5 .4 4 7 6 .8 r4 7 6 . 2 4 7 8 .4 4 8 1 .1 4 7 6 .7 4 7 9 .5 3 6 6 .8 3 6 7 .0 3 6 9 .0 3 7 0 .5 r3 7 1 .6 3 7 5 .3 3 7 7 .7 N o n fo o d m a te r ia ls e x c e p t f u e l ......................................................... 3 7 6 .8 3 6 9 .2 3 6 5 .8 3 6 8 .0 3 6 6 .0 374 2 3 7 6 .6 M a n u fa c t u r in g I n d u s t r i e s ....................................... 3 8 7 .2 3 7 9 .2 3 7 5 .0 3 7 7 .6 3 7 5 .1 3 7 5 .9 3 7 6 .1 3 7 8 .3 3 7 9 .9 r3 8 1 .6 3 8 3 .9 3 8 6 .5 3 8 5 .1 3 8 7 .8 C o n s t r u c t i o n ........................................................................................ 2 7 0 .3 2 6 5 .6 2 6 8 .1 2 6 7 .5 2 6 9 .1 2 6 9 .3 2 7 0 .0 2 7 0 .3 2 7 1 .3 r2 7 0 .9 2 7 2 .5 2 7 3 .1 2 7 2 .6 2 7 2 .9 C r u d e f u e l ......................................................................................................... 8 8 6 .1 9 5 4 .7 9 5 2 .2 9 3 0 .7 9 3 7 .7 9 6 1 .8 9 4 1 .6 9 3 5 .9 9 3 6 .7 r9 2 7 . 8 9 2 6 .8 9 3 1 .2 9 1 1 .2 ............................................................. 9 1 5 .2 1 ,0 3 4 .8 1 ,1 2 5 .5 1 ,1 2 1 .4 1 ,0 9 3 .8 1 ,1 0 3 .9 1 ,1 3 4 .3 1 ,1 0 7 .6 1 ,1 0 0 .9 1 ,1 0 2 .3 r1 ,0 9 0 .4 1 .0 8 9 .5 1 ,0 9 4 .7 1 ,0 6 7 .9 1 ,0 7 2 .4 N o n m a n u f a c tu r in g I n d u s t r i e s ..................................................... 7 8 2 .2 8 3 4 .2 8 3 2 .2 8 1 5 .5 8 2 0 .0 8 3 9 .2 8 2 4 .0 8 1 9 .1 8 1 9 .4 r8 1 3 . 0 8 1 1 .7 8 1 5 .7 8 0 0 .9 8 0 4 .6 2 8 5 .8 2 9 2 .0 2 9 2 .5 2 9 0 .3 2 8 9 .6 2 8 8 .7 2 8 7 .7 2 8 9 .3 2 9 0 .8 r2 9 1 .8 2 9 2 .4 2 9 0 .3 2 9 3 .7 293 0 2 8 7 .8 2 9 4 .8 2 9 5 .0 2 9 1 .4 2 9 0 .3 2 8 8 .9 2 8 7 .3 2 8 9 .4 2 9 1 .6 r2 9 2 .6 2 9 3 .2 2 9 1 ,3 2 9 3 .8 293 0 2 4 4 .1 2 4 6 .7 2 4 7 .6 2 4 7 .1 2 4 8 .7 2 4 8 .6 2 4 9 .5 2 4 9 .7 2 4 9 .4 r2 4 9 .9 2 5 0 .1 2 4 9 .6 2 5 2 .2 2 5 1 .4 3 1 5 .7 3 1 5 .5 3 1 5 .7 3 1 4 .6 3 1 5 .2 3 1 4 .8 3 1 3 .6 3 1 4 .6 3 1 6 .4 r3 1 8 . 0 3 1 9 .2 3 1 9 .8 320 4 320 1 2 9 0 .4 2 8 9 .8 2 9 0 .0 2 9 0 .5 2 9 2 .4 2 9 2 .1 2 9 3 .2 2 9 3 .9 2 9 4 .4 r2 9 5 . 6 2 9 6 .6 2 9 7 .8 2 9 8 .1 2 9 8 .2 M a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s tr ie s SPECIAL GROUPINGS F in is h e d g o o d s e x c lu d in g f o o d s .................................................................. F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s e x c lu d in g f o o d s .......................... F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s le s s e n e r g y ................................... In te r m e d ia t e m a te r ia ls le s s f o o d s a n d f e e d s . . . . In te r m e d ia t e m a te r ia ls le s s e n e r g y ..................................................... In te r m e d ia t e f o o d s a n d fe e d s ........................................ C r u d e m a te r ia ls le s s a g r ic u lt u ra l p r o d u c ts C r u d e m a te r ia ls le s s e n e r g y ........................... .......................... 2 3 9 .4 2 3 4 .4 2 3 5 .1 2 3 6 .4 2 3 8 .8 2 3 8 .0 2 4 3 .6 2 4 4 .4 2 4 2 .8 r2 4 4 . 0 2 5 0 .9 2 6 2 .2 2 5 8 .2 2 5 7 .1 5 3 6 .3 5 4 1 .9 5 3 7 .4 5 3 6 .0 5 3 5 .1 5 3 9 .7 5 3 6 .1 5 3 6 .2 5 3 7 .5 r5 3 6 .8 5 3 9 .0 5 4 1 .7 5 3 7 .4 540 4 2 4 0 .4 2 2 9 .2 2 2 9 .9 2 3 2 .5 2 4 1 .4 2 4 2 .7 2 4 8 .6 2 4 9 .0 2 4 6 .2 r2 4 3 .9 2 5 0 .9 2 5 2 .2 2 4 9 .1 2 4 8 .5 ' D a t a f o r J u ly 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n re v is e d to re fle c t th e a v a ila b ility o f la te re p o r ts a n d c o r r e c tio n s b y r e s p o n d e n t s . A ll d a ta a r e s u b je c t t o re v is io n 4 m o n th s a fte r o r ig in a l p u b lic a tio n . 110 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r = r e v is e d , 24. Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings [ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c if ie d ] Annual average Commodity group and subgroup Code 1982 All commodities All commodities ( 1 9 5 7 - 5 9 = 100) Farm products and processed foods and feeds Industrial commodities 1983 1982 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July1 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 2 9 9 .3 3 0 0 .3 3 0 0 .7 2 9 9 .9 3 0 0 .9 3 0 0 .6 3 0 0 .6 3 0 1 .5 3 0 2 .4 3 0 3 .2 3 0 4 .9 3 0 5 .3 3 0 6 .3 3 0 5 .6 3 1 7 .6 3 1 8 .6 3 1 9 .0 3 1 8 .2 3 1 9 .3 3 1 8 .9 3 1 8 .9 3 1 9 .9 3 2 0 .8 3 2 1 .7 3 2 3 .5 3 2 3 .9 3 2 5 .0 3 2 4 .2 2 4 8 .9 2 4 3 .9 2 4 4 .8 2 4 5 .8 2 5 0 .4 2 5 0 .6 2 5 4 .7 2 5 4 .7 2 5 2 .5 r 2 5 1 .5 2 5 5 .7 2 5 9 .2 2 5 7 .9 2 5 6 .0 3 1 2 .3 3 1 5 .0 3 1 5 .2 3 1 3 .9 3 1 3 .9 3 1 3 .5 3 1 2 .4 3 1 3 .6 3 1 5 .3 r3 1 6 . 5 3 1 7 .5 3 1 7 .2 3 1 8 .7 3 1 8 .3 FARM PRODUCTS AND PROCESSED FOODS AND FEEDS F a rm p r o d u c t s ........................................................................................................................... 2 4 2 .4 2 3 0 .7 2 3 2 .6 2 3 3 .2 2 4 0 .7 2 4 1 .5 2 5 0 .5 2 5 0 .4 2 4 7 .4 2 4 4 .3 2 5 3 .5 2 5 6 .3 2 5 5 .2 2 5 1 .0 0 1 -1 F re s h a n d d r ie d f r u its a n d v e g e t a b l e s ............................................................. 2 5 3 .7 2 3 3 .4 2 4 8 .8 2 2 7 .6 2 2 7 .8 2 3 4 .9 2 6 6 .6 2 6 0 .1 2 6 4 .4 '2 5 8 .2 2 6 9 .9 2 7 5 .5 3 0 7 .6 2 7 4 .7 0 1 -2 G r a i n s ........................................................................................................................................ 2 1 0 .9 1 9 8 .6 2 6 2 .3 2 0 6 .3 2 2 2 .4 2 2 7 .4 2 4 3 .8 2 4 2 .2 2 4 1 .5 2 3 6 .7 2 5 1 .8 2 5 8 .0 2 5 3 .7 2 5 7 .5 2 4 0 .7 2 4 2 .2 2 3 1 .5 2 2 9 .4 2 2 0 .5 01 ............................................................................................................................... 2 5 7 .8 2 3 9 .1 2 3 7 .2 2 4 2 .3 2 5 1 .1 2 5 1 .4 2 6 0 .6 2 5 8 .0 2 5 1 .7 0 1 -4 L iv e p o u l t r y ........................................................................................................................... 1 9 1 .9 1 8 1 .6 1 7 7 .8 1 7 7 .1 2 0 0 .1 1 7 7 .8 1 7 0 .8 1 8 6 .9 1 9 9 .3 2 1 4 .5 2 2 1 .4 2 4 2 .2 2 0 8 .5 2 3 8 .5 0 1 -5 P la n t a n d a n im a l f ib e r s ............................................................................................ 2 0 2 .9 1 9 5 .3 2 0 0 .6 2 0 1 .7 2 0 6 .4 2 1 7 .0 2 1 3 .6 2 2 3 .8 2 2 9 .7 2 3 0 .4 2 4 0 .7 2 3 8 .7 2 3 4 .5 2 4 3 .6 0 1 -6 F lu id m i l k ............................................................................................................................... 2 8 2 .5 2 8 5 .9 2 8 5 .5 2 8 4 .5 2 8 4 .3 2 8 2 .9 2 8 0 .8 2 7 9 .8 2 7 8 .6 2 7 8 .7 2 8 1 .7 2 8 4 .4 2 8 4 .1 2 8 3 .2 1 8 9 .5 2 0 0 .1 0 1 -3 L iv e s to c k E g g s ............................................................................................................................................ 1 7 8 .7 1 7 2 .5 1 7 0 .0 1 7 0 .0 1 7 0 .0 1 7 0 .0 1 7 0 .0 1 8 5 .1 1 6 9 .3 1 7 7 .2 0 1 -8 H a y , h a y s e e d s , a n d o ils e e d s ............................................................................... 2 1 2 .8 2 0 4 .8 2 0 9 .0 2 1 2 .4 2 1 7 .9 2 1 7 .8 2 2 6 .3 2 2 7 .3 2 1 3 .3 2 2 7 .3 2 6 2 .8 2 9 7 .8 (2 ) 2 8 8 .8 <2 ) 2 8 7 .6 0 1 -9 O t h e r f a r m p r o d u c t s ..................................................................................................... 2 7 4 .5 2 7 6 .3 2 8 0 .1 2 7 9 .9 2 8 1 .2 2 8 0 .3 2 7 9 .2 2 8 1 .0 2 8 4 .4 2 8 2 .5 2 8 5 .7 2 8 7 .3 2 8 3 .7 2 8 3 .5 '2 5 4 .4 2 5 5 .8 2 5 9 .7 2 5 8 .3 2 5 7 .6 0 1 -7 P r o c e s s e d f o o d s a n d f e e d s ............................................................................................ 2 5 1 .5 2 5 0 .2 2 5 0 .5 2 5 1 .7 2 5 4 .7 2 5 4 .5 2 5 6 .0 2 5 6 .1 2 5 4 .3 0 2 -1 C e re a l a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s ................................................................................... 2 5 3 .8 2 5 4 .2 2 5 6 .2 2 5 7 .3 2 5 6 .8 2 5 6 .9 2 5 8 .8 2 5 9 .1 2 6 0 .3 '2 6 1 .4 2 6 2 .6 2 6 3 .2 2 6 4 .6 2 6 4 .7 0 2 -2 M e a ts , p o u ltr y , a n d f i s h ............................................................................................ 2 5 7 .6 2 5 1 .6 2 4 9 .9 2 5 2 .3 2 6 1 .0 2 6 0 .7 2 5 9 .1 2 5 7 .8 2 5 0 .2 '2 4 7 .3 2 4 5 .1 2 4 4 .3 2 3 9 .6 2 3 5 .7 0 2 -3 D a ir y p r o d u c t s 02 .................................................................................................................. 2 4 8 .9 2 5 0 .2 2 5 0 .8 2 5 0 .7 2 5 0 .9 2 5 0 .7 2 5 1 .0 2 5 0 .9 2 5 0 .4 '2 5 0 .4 2 5 0 .4 2 5 0 .5 2 5 1 .0 2 5 1 .2 0 2 -4 P r o c e s s e d f r u its a n d v e g e t a b l e s ........................................................................... 2 7 4 .5 2 7 2 .8 2 7 5 .7 2 7 4 .8 2 7 4 .3 2 7 4 .9 2 7 3 .7 2 7 5 .3 2 7 7 .1 ' 2 7 7 .1 2 7 8 .2 2 7 8 .1 2 8 0 .0 2 7 9 .8 0 2 -5 S u g a r a n d c o n f e c t i o n e r y ............................................................................................ 2 6 9 .7 2 8 0 .4 2 8 0 .1 2 8 2 .1 2 8 6 .4 2 8 3 .7 2 8 7 .4 2 8 9 .9 2 9 6 .0 2 9 6 .4 2 9 8 .9 3 0 0 .1 2 9 7 .7 2 9 7 .6 0 2 -6 B e v e r a g e s a n d b e v e r a g e m a te r ia ls .................................................................. 2 5 6 .9 2 5 8 .4 2 5 8 .8 2 6 0 .1 2 6 1 .3 2 6 2 .0 2 6 3 .0 2 6 3 .6 2 6 3 .0 '2 6 3 .7 2 6 3 .4 2 6 4 .5 2 6 5 .1 2 6 6 .1 0 2 -7 F a ts a n d o ils ...................................................................................................................... 2 1 5 .1 2 0 7 .2 2 0 3 .0 2 0 1 .7 2 0 5 .3 2 0 6 .0 2 1 4 .6 2 2 0 .0 2 1 9 .3 '2 2 2 .2 2 4 5 .7 3 0 3 .7 2 8 7 .4 0 2 -8 M is c e lla n e o u s p r o c e s s e d f o o d s .......................................................................... 2 4 8 .6 2 4 7 .8 2 4 8 .6 2 4 8 .8 2 4 9 .3 2 4 8 .5 2 4 9 .9 2 4 9 .9 2 5 1 .5 '2 5 5 .0 2 5 1 .8 2 5 7 .5 2 5 9 .7 2 6 4 .0 P r e p a r e d a n im a l f e e d s ................................................................................................. 2 1 1 .3 2 0 6 .0 2 1 0 .1 2 1 1 .6 2 1 2 .3 2 1 2 .4 2 2 2 .8 2 2 1 .3 2 1 7 .1 '2 2 0 .0 2 3 2 .6 2 4 7 .2 2 4 7 .7 2 5 0 .9 2 0 4 .6 2 0 3 .9 2 0 2 .6 2 0 2 .7 2 0 2 .6 2 0 3 .4 2 0 3 .5 2 0 4 .3 2 0 4 .7 '2 0 5 .3 2 0 5 .7 2 0 5 .8 2 0 6 .4 2 0 7 .0 1 6 2 .1 1 6 1 .2 1 5 9 .7 1 5 6 .7 1 5 3 .1 1 5 3 .9 1 5 3 .8 1 5 5 .6 1 5 5 .9 '1 5 8 .3 1 5 8 .4 1 5 8 .6 1 6 0 .4 1 5 9 .5 ....................................... 1 3 8 .3 1 3 6 .7 1 3 6 .7 1 3 4 .7 1 3 5 .0 1 3 5 .8 1 3 6 .0 1 3 7 .4 1 3 7 .6 1 3 8 .5 1 4 0 .2 1 4 0 .5 1 4 0 .7 1 4 1 .3 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................... 1 4 5 .3 1 4 4 .4 1 4 4 .3 1 4 5 .1 1 4 5 .8 1 4 6 .2 1 4 5 .8 ' 1 4 6 .1 0 2 -9 2 7 7 .6 INDUSTRIAL COMMODITIES T e x t ile p r o d u c t s a n d a p p a r e l ........................................................................................ 03 0 3 -1 S y n t h e t ic fib e r s ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................... 0 3 -2 P ro c e s s e d y a rn s an d th re a d s ( 1 2 /7 5 = 0 3 -3 G r a y f a b r ic s ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 100) 1 4 3 .1 1 4 3 .3 1 4 6 .6 1 4 7 .1 1 4 8 .9 1 5 0 .2 0 3 -4 F in is h e d f a b r ic s ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................................................... 1 2 4 .6 1 2 3 .0 1 2 2 .8 1 2 2 .2 1 2 2 .3 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .1 1 2 2 .8 1 2 2 .5 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .5 1 2 3 .3 1 2 3 .8 1 2 3 .9 0 3 -8 1 A p p a re i .................................................................................................................................... 1 9 4 .4 1 9 5 .4 1 9 3 .0 1 9 4 .4 1 9 5 .0 1 9 6 .1 1 9 5 .8 1 9 6 .5 1 9 7 .9 '1 9 8 .4 1 9 7 .3 1 9 7 .4 1 9 7 .3 1 9 8 .7 0 3 -8 2 T e x t ile h o u s e f u r n is h i n g s ............................................................................................ 2 3 8 .5 2 3 6 .2 2 3 6 .2 2 3 6 .5 2 3 4 .3 2 3 4 .2 2 3 4 .2 2 3 7 .6 2 3 5 .2 '2 3 4 .8 2 3 8 .5 2 3 8 .6 2 3 8 .5 2 3 3 .9 2 6 2 .6 2 6 3 .2 2 6 4 .1 2 6 6 .7 2 6 4 .3 2 6 4 .9 2 6 7 .4 2 6 9 .4 2 7 1 .2 '2 7 2 .3 2 7 5 .5 2 7 5 .3 2 7 4 .7 2 7 7 .3 .................................................................................................................................... 3 1 1 .4 3 1 2 .8 3 1 4 .4 3 1 4 .4 3 1 2 .8 3 1 6 .2 3 2 0 .5 3 2 6 .6 3 3 5 .9 '3 3 7 .9 3 4 5 .7 3 4 1 .8 3 3 7 .1 3 4 0 .2 ............................................................................................................................... H id e s , s k in s , le a th e r , a n d re la te d p r o d u c t s ..................................................... 04 0 4 -2 L e a th e r 2 4 5 .0 2 4 9 .1 2 4 7 .7 2 5 1 .5 2 4 7 .7 2 4 8 .1 2 5 0 .0 2 4 8 .7 2 4 9 .9 2 4 9 .9 2 5 0 .1 2 5 0 .9 2 5 1 .2 251 4 .................................................................. 2 4 7 .4 2 4 7 .1 2 4 9 .1 2 5 0 .8 2 5 1 .0 2 5 0 .9 2 5 1 .0 2 5 1 .7 2 5 1 .7 '2 5 3 .5 2 5 7 .6 2 5 7 .0 2 5 6 .9 2 5 7 .6 F u e ls a n d re la te d p r o d u c t s a n d p o w e r .................................................................. 6 9 3 .2 7 0 6 .1 7 0 3 .4 6 8 3 .6 6 6 8 .6 6 5 8 .0 6 4 4 .8 6 6 5 .5 '6 6 8 .7 674 3 6 7 5 .7 6 7 2 .7 6 6 7 .1 C o a l ............................................................................................................................................ 5 3 4 .7 5 3 9 .6 5 3 8 .7 5 3 5 .6 5 3 3 .4 5 3 8 .6 5 3 8 .0 5 3 5 .2 5 3 4 .1 '5 3 4 .8 5 3 4 .0 5 3 6 .1 5 3 6 .7 5 3 9 .8 4 3 8 .4 0 4 -3 F o o tw e a r 0 4 -4 O t h e r le a th e r a n d re la te d p r o d u c t s 05 0 5 -1 0 5 -2 C o k e ............................................................................................................................................ 0 5 -3 G a s f u e ls 3 0 5 -4 E le c tr ic p o w e r 0 5 -6 1 C r u d e p e t r o le u m 4 0 5 -7 P e t r o le u m p r o d u c t s , r e fin e d 5 06 ........................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................. 6 5 1 .9 4 6 1 .7 5 6 2 .3 4 5 2 .3 4 5 0 .9 4 5 0 .9 4 4 7 .3 4 4 7 .3 4 3 8 .4 '4 3 1 .6 4 3 4 .6 4 5 3 .9 4 5 3 .5 4 5 3 .5 1 ,0 6 0 .8 1 ,1 9 0 .0 1 ,1 8 1 .2 1 ,1 4 7 .3 1 ,1 5 4 .7 1 ,1 8 0 .0 1 , 1 5 6 .1 1 ,1 5 6 .7 1 ,1 5 5 .1 '1 ,1 4 8 . 9 1 ,1 4 8 .2 1 ,1 4 9 .3 1 ,1 3 0 .7 1 ,1 2 4 .2 4 0 6 .5 4 0 4 .9 4 0 9 .9 4 1 0 .8 4 1 0 .8 4 1 1 .4 4 0 9 .2 4 1 2 .2 4 1 9 .4 '4 2 6 .4 4 2 5 .9 4 2 8 .2 423 9 4 1 9 .0 6 7 6 .0 7 3 3 .4 7 3 3 .6 7 2 0 .0 7 1 9 .7 6 9 2 .9 6 7 8 .0 6 7 8 .0 6 7 8 .0 6 7 7 .9 '6 7 5 .7 6 7 5 .5 6 7 6 .1 6 7 6 .1 ............................................................................... 7 6 1 .2 7 5 8 .0 7 5 4 .2 7 2 0 .6 6 9 2 .8 6 6 6 .6 6 4 5 .9 6 5 9 .3 6 8 4 .2 '6 8 8 .7 7 0 1 .1 7 0 1 .8 702 4 6 9 4 .7 C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ................................................................................... 2 9 2 .3 2 9 0 .5 2 8 9 .6 2 8 9 .3 2 9 0 .5 2 8 9 .8 2 9 1 .3 2 9 1 .1 2 9 0 .8 '2 9 3 .7 294 9 2 9 4 .8 2 9 6 .4 2 9 6 .4 3 5 2 .6 3 4 5 .2 3 4 2 .4 3 3 8 .8 3 3 8 .7 3 3 8 .8 3 3 8 .5 '3 4 7 .0 3 4 6 .3 3 4 8 .6 ......................................................................................................... 3 3 9 .3 3 4 0 .1 0 6 -1 In d u s tr ia l c h e m ic a ls 6 ..................................................................................................... 0 6 -2 1 P r e p a r e d p a in t 2 6 2 .8 2 6 4 .7 2 6 4 .7 2 6 4 .7 2 6 4 .7 2 6 4 .7 2 6 4 .7 2 6 4 .7 2 6 4 .7 '2 6 5 .2 2 6 5 .7 2 6 4 .5 2 6 4 .1 264 4 0 6 -2 2 P a in t m a t e r i a l s .................................................................................................................. 3 0 4 .6 3 0 2 .4 3 0 1 .7 3 0 1 .5 2 9 9 .5 298 4 2 9 9 .8 3 0 0 .2 2 9 9 .5 '3 0 0 .5 3 0 5 .5 3 4 8 .5 3 1 6 .0 3 1 6 .6 3 1 4 .5 3 4 6 .3 ................................................................................... 2 1 0 .1 2 1 5 .5 2 1 6 .0 2 1 8 .6 2 2 2 .2 2 2 2 .9 2 2 5 .1 2 2 5 .2 2 2 5 .2 '2 2 7 .6 2 2 7 .8 2 2 8 .0 2 2 9 .7 2 3 0 .6 0 6 -4 F a ts a n d o ils , i n e d i b l e ................................................................................................ 2 6 7 .1 2 3 9 .6 2 4 0 .8 2 4 2 .0 2 5 3 .4 2 6 2 .2 2 7 8 .3 2 8 7 .1 2 7 6 .9 '2 6 0 .9 2 7 7 .8 3 0 5 .5 3 1 9 .5 3 2 0 .9 0 6 -5 A g r ic u lt u r a l c h e m ic a ls a n d c h e m ic a l p r o d u c t s ....................................... 2 9 2 .4 2 8 6 .5 2 8 5 .2 2 8 3 .2 2 8 3 .3 2 8 4 .2 2 8 2 .8 2 8 2 .4 2 8 0 .6 ' 2 7 8 .1 2 7 7 .6 2 7 6 .0 2 7 6 .8 2 8 1 .1 0 6 -6 P la s tic re s in s a n d m a t e r i a l s ................................................................................... 2 8 3 .4 2 8 2 .2 2 8 2 .5 283 8 2 8 3 .1 2 8 2 .1 2 8 5 .4 2 8 8 .0 2 8 9 .1 '2 9 1 .3 2 9 4 .1 2 9 3 .1 2 9 7 .5 2 9 6 .6 0 6 -3 0 6 -7 D r u g s a n d p h a r m a c e u tic a ls ............................................................. 2 7 0 .1 2 7 2 .3 2 7 2 .0 2 7 2 .8 2 7 4 .4 2 7 2 .0 2 7 4 .7 2 7 2 .0 2 7 2 .4 '2 7 4 .2 2 7 4 .4 2 7 4 .5 2 7 3 .9 2 7 4 .4 ................................................................................................ 2 4 1 .4 2 4 1 .7 2 4 2 .2 2 4 2 .9 2 4 2 .3 2 4 1 .8 2 4 3 .0 2 4 3 .2 2 4 3 .1 '2 4 3 .4 2 4 4 .6 2 4 4 .5 2 4 5 .1 2 4 3 .8 R u b b e r a n d r u b b e r p r o d u c t s ................................................................................... 2 6 7 .8 2 6 7 .9 2 6 8 .2 2 6 9 .6 2 6 8 .3 2 6 7 .1 2 6 7 .0 2 6 7 .0 2 6 5 .6 '2 6 5 .2 2 6 7 .2 2 6 6 .8 2 6 7 .1 2 6 4 .8 O t h e r c h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts R u b b e r p la s tic p r o d u c t s 07 0 7 -1 0 7 -1 1 C ru d e ru b b e r ...................................................................................................................... 2 7 8 .9 2709 2 7 1 .1 2 7 1 .1 2 7 4 .3 2 8 1 .2 2 8 1 .3 2 8 0 .6 2 8 0 .2 '2 8 3 .2 2 8 4 .4 2 8 4 .3 284 3 2 8 2 .8 0 7 -1 2 T ire s a n d t u b e s .................................................................................................................. 2 5 5 .2 2 5 4 .5 2 5 6 .0 2 5 9 .1 2 5 0 .5 2 4 6 .6 2 4 6 .5 2 4 6 .3 2 4 3 .7 '2 4 2 . 4 2 4 2 .4 2 4 2 .5 2 4 2 .7 2 4 2 .7 0 7 -1 3 M is c e lla n e o u s r u b b e r p r o d u c ts .......................................................................... 2 7 6 .9 2 8 0 .7 2 7 9 .7 2 8 4 .5 2 8 9 .6 2 8 5 .8 2 8 5 .7 2 8 6 .0 2 8 5 .9 '2 8 5 .7 2 9 0 .6 2 8 9 .3 2 8 9 .9 2 8 4 .2 0 7 -2 P la s tic p r o d u c t s ( 6 / 7 8 = .......................................................................... 1 3 2 .3 1 3 2 .7 1 3 3 .0 1 3 3 .0 1 3 3 .1 1 3 3 .2 1 3 4 .6 1 3 4 .8 1 3 5 .5 '1 3 6 .0 1 3 6 .3 1 3 6 .4 1 3 7 .0 1 3 6 .8 ........................................................................................ 2 8 4 .7 2 7 9 .9 2 8 5 .6 2 9 3 .3 3 0 3 .1 3 0 5 .8 3 0 7 .2 3 0 8 .0 3 1 4 .8 '3 1 4 .6 3 1 3 .9 3 0 6 .0 306 1 3 0 6 .0 3 4 6 .0 08 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts 100) 0 8 -1 L u m b e r .................................................................................................................................... 3 1 0 .8 3 0 5 .1 3 1 2 .6 3 2 6 .8 3 4 4 .7 3 4 9 .3 3 5 4 .2 3 5 8 .6 3 7 2 .8 ' 3 7 3 .1 3 6 6 .6 3 4 8 .2 3 4 5 .8 0 8 -2 M i l l w o r k .................................................................................................................................... 2 7 9 .4 2 8 0 .3 2 8 6 .5 2 9 3 .7 3 0 0 .5 3 0 4 .0 3 0 2 .8 2 9 9 .0 2 9 4 .9 '2 9 6 .3 3 0 7 .7 3 0 5 .7 3 0 7 .1 0 8 -3 P l y w o o d .................................................................................................................................... 2 3 2 .1 2 2 7 .8 2 3 1 .2 2 3 5 .3 2 3 9 .5 2 3 8 .9 2 3 9 .4 2 4 1 .1 2 5 5 .5 2 5 2 .5 2 4 4 .8 2 4 2 .4 2 4 6 .5 2 4 4 .7 0 8 -4 O t h e r w o o d p r o d u c t s ..................................................................................................... 2 3 6 .2 2 3 3 .0 2 3 1 .2 2 3 2 .0 2 3 3 .2 2 3 1 .6 2 3 0 .8 2 3 1 .1 2 2 9 .6 2 2 9 .7 2 2 9 .3 2 2 9 .6 2 2 9 .6 2 2 9 .7 3 0 8 .2 S e e fo o tn o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Ill MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 24. Continued— Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings [ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c i f i e d ] Annual average 1982 Commodity group and subgroup Code 1982 1983 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. 2 9 4 .2 Mar. Apr. May June July1 Aug. Sept. O c t. Nov. 2 9 4 .8 295 4 2 9 6 .0 INDUSTRIAL COMMODITIES—Continued P u lp , p a p e r , a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ............................................................................... 2 8 8 .7 2 8 9 .8 2 9 0 .5 2 9 3 .6 2 9 7 .0 r2 9 7 8 2 9 8 .0 2 9 9 .1 3 0 0 .4 3 0 2 .0 0 9 -1 P u lp , p a p e r ,a n d p r o d u c t s ,e x c lu d in g b u ild in g p a p e r a n d b o a rd 2 7 3 .2 2 6 9 .4 2 6 8 .8 2 6 9 .8 2 6 8 .7 2 6 8 .7 2 6 8 .5 2 6 8 .7 2 6 9 .2 r2 7 0 2 2 7 0 .1 2 7 1 .7 273 0 2 7 6 .3 0 9 -1 1 W o o d p u l p ............................................................................................................................... 3 7 9 .0 3 4 7 .3 3 4 7 .2 3 4 6 .6 3 4 5 .7 3 4 3 .0 3 4 2 .5 3 4 3 .2 3 4 4 .9 r3 4 5 . 8 3 4 8 .2 3 4 8 .4 3 4 8 .6 0 9 -1 2 W a s t e p a p e r ........................................................................................................................... (2 ) <2 ) (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) (2) (2 ) r1 8 3 .3 0 9 -1 3 Paper (2) 2 7 8 .4 2 7 8 .5 2 7 9 .0 2 7 9 .5 r2 7 9 . 2 2 8 1 .0 2 5 0 .4 09 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 8 6 .3 2 8 0 .6 2 7 9 .2 2 7 9 .3 2 7 8 .8 2 5 4 .9 2 4 7 .6 2 4 4 .1 (2 > 3 5 2 .6 (2 ) (2 ) 2 1 0 .2 2 8 5 .3 286 6 2 8 7 .9 2 5 2 .8 2 5 5 .5 0 9 -1 4 P a p e rb o a rd 2 4 3 .3 2 4 4 .1 2 4 6 .3 2 4 8 .1 2 4 8 .7 2 4 9 .4 r2 4 9 .7 0 9 -1 5 C o n v e rte d p a p e r a n d p a p e r b o a r d p r o d u c t s ................................................ 2 6 4 .4 2 6 4 .7 2 6 4 .8 2 6 5 .0 2 6 5 .1 2 6 5 .1 2 6 4 .2 2 6 4 .1 2 6 4 .5 r 2 6 4 .1 2 6 5 .0 2 6 5 .3 2 6 6 .5 2 6 7 .8 0 9 -2 B u ild in g p a p e r a n d b o a r d 2 3 9 .5 2 4 1 .0 2 4 2 .0 2 4 1 .1 2 4 1 .4 2 4 4 .2 2 4 7 .0 2 4 9 .3 2 5 5 .7 2 5 6 .2 2 5 2 .1 2 5 2 .8 2 5 4 .7 2 5 4 .7 10 ........................................................................................................................... <2 > ........................................................................................ M e ta ls a n d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ............................................................................................ 2 9 9 .9 3 0 0 .3 3 0 4 .7 3 0 4 .6 3 0 6 .1 1 0 -1 Iro n a n d s t e e l ....................................................................................................................... 3 3 9 .0 3 3 5 .9 332 8 3 3 3 .3 3 3 9 .9 3 4 1 .6 3 4 1 .5 3 4 0 .9 3 4 1 .3 r3 4 2 . 1 3 4 2 .8 3 4 7 .6 3 4 8 .2 3 4 9 .2 1 0 -1 7 S te e l m ill p r o d u c t s ......................................................................................................... 3 4 9 .5 3 4 8 .6 3 4 4 .7 3 4 3 .7 3 5 1 .1 3 4 9 .8 3 4 9 .7 3 4 9 .8 3 5 0 .1 r3 5 0 . 8 3 5 1 .4 3 5 7 .7 3 5 8 .1 3 5 9 .1 1 0 -2 3 0 1 .6 3 0 0 .5 2 6 1 .7 3 0 4 .4 2 5 7 .9 3 0 6 .3 r3 0 7 . 3 3 0 8 .5 3 1 0 .9 3 1 0 .7 3 1 0 .3 N o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s ......................................................................................................... 2 6 3 .6 2 6 3 .2 2 6 7 .0 2 7 5 .8 2 7 0 .6 2 7 1 .8 2 7 7 .7 2 7 5 .7 r2 7 8 . 4 2 7 9 .6 2 8 2 .1 2 7 9 .8 2 7 5 .6 1 0 -3 M e ta l c o n t a in e r s .............................................................................................................. 3 2 8 .5 3 2 9 .0 3 2 8 .3 3 2 7 .9 3 3 1 .1 3 3 1 .4 3 3 1 .9 3 3 7 .1 3 3 7 .4 r3 3 6 .5 3 3 8 .0 3 3 8 .3 3 3 8 .3 3 3 8 .2 1 0 -4 H a r d w a r e ............................................................................................................................... 2 8 0 .3 2 8 3 .1 2 8 5 .8 2 8 7 .2 2 8 7 .9 2 8 8 .2 2 8 8 .6 2 8 8 .5 2 9 1 .5 r 2 9 2 .1 2 8 9 .8 2 8 9 .8 2 9 0 .0 2 9 1 .5 1 0 -5 P lu m b in g f ix t u r e s a n d b ra s s f it tin g s ............................................................. 2 7 8 .7 2 7 8 .3 2 7 9 .2 2 8 0 .6 2 8 3 .5 2 8 5 .6 2 8 7 .7 2 8 9 .1 2 9 0 .8 r2 9 0 . 4 2 9 1 .9 2 9 1 .5 292 7 2 9 3 .7 1 0 -6 H e a tin g e q u i p m e n t ......................................................................................................... 2 3 7 .2 2 3 8 .8 2 3 9 .3 2 4 0 .7 2 4 0 .7 2 4 1 .1 2 4 2 .3 2 4 2 .7 2 4 3 .0 r2 4 4 .9 2 4 4 .8 2 4 4 .7 2 4 5 .0 2 4 5 .2 3 0 2 .5 3 0 2 .1 3 0 2 .0 3 0 2 .2 3 0 2 .8 3 0 3 .8 3 0 4 .4 3 0 5 .0 1 0 -7 F a b r ic a te d s t ru c t u r a l m e ta l p r o d u c ts ............................................................. 3 0 4 .8 3 0 5 .3 3 0 4 .7 3 0 3 .6 3 0 2 .8 3 0 3 .7 1 0 -8 M is c e lla n e o u s m e ta l p r o d u c t s ............................................................................... 2 8 2 .3 2 8 3 .4 2 8 3 .2 2 7 9 .1 2 7 9 .0 2 8 0 .4 2 8 0 .7 2 8 0 .8 2 8 3 .4 r2 8 3 .7 2 8 7 .6 2 8 7 .7 2 8 8 .2 2 8 9 .1 2 7 8 .8 2 8 1 .8 2 8 2 .4 2 8 3 .3 2 8 4 .3 2 8 4 .7 2 8 5 .4 2 8 6 .0 286 2 r2 8 7 .4 2 8 7 .1 2 8 7 .5 2 8 7 .8 2 8 8 .1 11 11-1 M a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t ............................................................................................ ......................................................... 3 1 1 .1 3 1 8 .7 3 2 0 .7 3 2 2 .4 3 2 3 .3 3 2 3 .5 3 2 8 .0 3 2 7 .9 3 2 9 .7 1 1 -2 C o n s t r u c tio n m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ......................................................... 3 4 3 .9 3 4 7 .9 3 4 8 .1 3 4 8 .3 3 4 9 .3 3 4 9 .6 3 5 0 .9 3 5 2 .3 3 5 2 .5 r3 5 2 . 8 3 5 2 .8 3 5 3 .4 3 5 3 .5 3 5 3 .7 1 1 -3 M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ..................................................... 3 2 0 .9 3 2 3 .5 3 2 3 .6 3 2 4 .1 3 2 5 .2 3 2 5 .5 3 2 6 .2 3 2 6 .7 3 2 7 .0 r3 2 6 . 6 3 2 6 .1 3 2 6 .3 3 2 6 .5 3 2 6 .6 G e n e ra l p u r p o s e m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t ............................................ 3 0 4 .0 3 0 6 .4 3 0 7 .0 3 0 7 .4 307 9 3 0 7 .5 3 0 8 .2 3 0 8 .4 3 0 8 .4 r3 0 8 . 5 3 0 8 .2 3 0 8 .1 3 0 8 .3 3 0 8 .4 S p e c ia l in d u s tr y m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ................................................ 3 2 5 .1 3 2 9 .1 3 2 9 .9 3 3 1 .8 3 3 2 .6 3 3 3 .6 3 3 4 .5 3 3 5 .8 3 3 6 .7 r3 3 8 . 0 3 3 8 .9 3 3 9 .7 3 4 0 .5 11 4 1 1 -6 A g r ic u lt u r a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t 3 2 3 .9 3 2 6 .4 3 2 6 .4 r3 2 7 . 1 3 2 7 .1 340 9 1 1 -7 E le c tric a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t .................................................................. 231 6 2 3 3 .7 2 3 4 .2 2 3 5 .2 2 3 7 .2 2 3 7 .5 2 3 8 .4 2 3 8 .5 238 8 r 2 4 1 .7 2 4 1 .2 2 4 2 .1 242 5 2 4 2 .7 1 1 -9 M is c e lla n e o u s m a c h in e r y 2 6 8 .4 2 7 2 .0 2 7 2 .3 2 7 2 .9 2 7 2 .7 2 7 3 .7 2 7 4 .2 2 7 5 .3 2 7 5 .0 r2 7 5 .2 275 0 2 7 4 .5 2 7 4 .9 2 7 5 .0 r2 1 4 . 8 2 1 4 .5 2 1 4 .9 12 ........................................................................................ F u r n itu r e a n d h o u s e h o ld d u r a b l e s .......................................................................... 2 0 6 .9 2 0 8 .9 2 0 9 .2 2 1 0 .7 2 1 2 .5 2 1 2 .3 2 1 2 .8 2 1 3 .6 1 2 -1 H o u s e h o ld fu r n it u r e ..................................................................................................... 2 2 9 .8 2 3 1 .4 2 3 2 .0 231 9 2 3 2 .6 2 3 1 .1 2 3 1 .8 2 3 4 .4 2 3 5 .0 r2 3 5 . 4 2 3 5 .4 2 3 6 .3 2 3 7 .1 237 1 1 2 -2 C o m m e rc ia l f u r n i t u r e ..................................................................................................... 2 7 5 .5 2 7 8 .6 2 7 8 .5 2 8 1 .1 2 8 2 .2 2 8 5 .1 2 8 6 .2 2 8 5 .9 2 8 6 .9 r2 8 7 5 2 8 7 .2 287 7 2 8 7 .9 2 9 0 .3 1 2 -3 2 1 4 .0 2 1 5 .1 2 1 5 .4 F lo o r c o v e r i n g s .................................................................................................................. 1 8 1 .2 1 8 1 .3 1 8 1 .5 1 8 2 .2 1 8 2 .1 1 8 2 .0 1 8 2 .2 1 8 2 .1 1 8 1 ,4 r1 8 6 .6 1 8 8 .1 1 8 8 .2 1 8 8 .1 1 8 7 .9 1 2 -4 H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s ................................................................................................. 1 9 9 .1 2 0 1 .2 2 0 1 .8 2 0 3 .9 2 0 4 .9 2 0 5 .0 2 0 6 .3 2 0 7 .5 2 0 7 .5 r2 0 7 . 8 2 0 7 .3 2 0 7 .6 2 0 7 .6 2 0 7 .7 1 2 -5 H o m e e le c tr o n ic e q u i p m e n t ................................................................................... 8 8 .1 8 7 .0 8 7 .1 8 7 .3 8 7 .0 8 7 .0 8 6 .6 8 6 .4 8 6 .5 r8 5 . 9 8 6 .0 8 5 .8 8 5 .8 8 5 .8 1 2 -6 O t h e r h o u s e h o ld d u r a b le g o o d s ........................................................................... 2 8 9 .3 2 9 7 .2 2 9 8 .1 3 0 2 .8 3 1 4 .8 3 1 2 .9 3 1 2 .0 3 1 2 .7 3 1 4 .3 r3 1 4 .8 3 1 2 .3 3 1 3 .0 3 1 3 .1 3 1 2 .9 3 2 7 .2 3 2 7 .9 .................................................................................... 3 2 0 .2 3 2 1 .2 3 2 1 .5 3 2 2 .3 1 3 -1 1 13 N o n m e t a llic m in e r a l p r o d u c t s F la t g l a s s ............................................................................................................................... 2 2 1 .5 2 2 5 .3 2 2 5 .3 2 2 9 .7 2 2 9 .7 2 2 9 .7 2 2 9 .7 2 2 9 .7 2 2 9 .7 2 2 9 .8 2 2 9 .8 2 2 9 .6 2 2 9 .5 2 3 0 .1 1 3 -2 C o n c r e te i n g r e d i e n t s ..................................................................................................... 3 1 0 .0 3 1 0 .0 3 0 6 .7 3 0 7 .2 3 1 0 .0 3 0 8 .5 3 1 2 .8 3 1 3 .7 3 1 4 .2 r3 1 4 . 0 3 1 7 .2 3 1 8 .9 3 1 8 .8 3 1 6 .7 297 8 2 9 8 .2 2 9 9 .4 300 1 3 0 0 .4 3 0 1 .0 3 0 1 .1 3 0 1 .6 r3 0 2 . 3 3 0 2 .3 3 0 3 .6 3 2 0 .5 3 2 2 .0 3 2 4 .1 3 2 4 .1 3 2 4 .5 r3 2 5 . 1 3 2 6 .2 3 2 8 .9 1 3 -3 C o n c r e te p r o d u c t s .......................................................................................................... 3 0 2 .8 3 0 3 .3 1 3 -4 S t ru c tu r a l c la y p r o d u c t s , e x c lu d in g r e fr a c to rie s ................................... 2 6 0 .8 2 6 4 .8 2 6 4 .8 2 6 4 .9 2 6 4 .3 2 7 0 .7 2 7 5 .7 2 7 7 .6 2 8 1 .5 r2 8 2 . 4 281 7 2 8 1 .7 2 8 2 .8 1 3 -5 R e f r a c t o r i e s ........................................................................................................................... 3 3 7 .1 3 3 7 .2 3 3 7 .2 3 3 7 .7 3 3 7 .7 3 3 7 .7 3 3 8 .2 3 3 8 .2 3 3 6 .8 r3 3 8 . 2 3 3 9 .9 3 4 0 .7 3 4 5 .6 3 5 4 .3 1 3 -6 A s p h a lt r o o f i n g .................................................................................................................. 2 9 8 .4 3 9 9 .0 3 9 7 .0 3 9 3 .7 3 8 0 .4 3 7 4 .7 3 8 4 .0 3 8 0 .0 3 7 9 .6 r3 8 5 . 3 381 9 385 7 3 8 5 .0 3 8 4 .2 1 3 -7 G y p s u m p ro d u c ts 1 3 -8 G la s s c o n t a in e r s 1 3 -9 O t h e r n o n m e ta llic m in e r a ls 14 ......................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................. 298 5 2 8 3 .4 2 5 6 .1 2 5 5 .0 2 5 3 .9 2 6 3 .1 2 6 7 .4 2 6 5 .9 2 7 1 .9 2 7 5 .7 2 7 3 .8 2 7 6 .0 2 8 9 .2 2 9 5 .7 3 0 4 .3 3 1 3 .9 3 5 5 .5 3 5 7 .8 3 5 7 .6 3 5 6 .6 3 5 5 .8 3 5 4 .1 3 5 3 .5 3 5 1 .8 3 5 1 .8 r3 5 1 .6 3 5 1 .3 3 5 1 .2 3 5 1 .1 3 5 1 .1 ................................................................................... 4 7 1 .8 4 7 1 .3 4 7 1 .0 4 7 1 .5 4 7 6 .1 4 7 6 .4 4 7 8 .7 4 7 8 .5 4 7 9 .5 r4 7 9 . 7 4 8 1 .5 4 8 2 .4 4 8 2 .7 4 8 6 .9 1 0 0 ) ......................................................... 2 4 9 .7 2 5 6 .3 2 5 7 .5 2 5 6 .3 2 5 5 .8 2 5 5 .2 2 5 5 .6 2 5 5 .8 2 5 6 .1 r2 5 6 .2 2 5 7 .0 2 5 0 .3 2 6 1 .2 T r a n s p o r ta t io n e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /6 8 = 2 6 0 .6 1 4 -1 M o t o r v e h ic le s a n d e q u i p m e n t ............................................................................... 2 5 1 .3 2 5 7 .8 2 5 8 .1 2 5 7 .0 2 5 6 .3 2 5 5 .4 2 5 5 .9 2 5 6 .2 256 7 r2 5 6 .6 2 5 6 .9 2 4 8 .9 2 6 1 .1 2 6 0 .3 1 4 -4 R a ilr o a d e q u i p m e n t ......................................................................................................... 3 4 6 .5 3 5 0 .8 3 5 0 .8 3 5 0 .8 3 5 0 .5 3 5 0 .3 3 5 0 .0 3 5 0 .4 3 5 0 .1 r3 5 1 .3 3 5 7 .8 3 5 7 .5 3 5 5 .4 3 5 5 .4 M is c e lla n e o u s p r o d u c t s ..................................................................................................... 2 7 6 .4 2 8 5 .2 2 8 8 .8 2 8 7 .4 2 9 1 .3 2 9 1 .2 2 9 1 .4 15 2 9 0 .4 2 8 5 .7 2 8 7 .4 2 8 7 .1 2 8 8 .0 r2 9 1 .5 1 5 -1 T o y s , s p o r tin g g o o d s , s m a ll a r m s , a m m u n i t i o n ................................... 2 2 1 .5 2 2 1 .3 2 2 3 .7 2 2 2 .7 2 2 5 .3 2 2 5 .7 2 2 6 .3 2 2 6 .0 2 2 5 .9 r2 2 4 . 3 2 2 5 .0 2 2 5 .3 2 2 5 .3 1 5 -2 T o b a c c o p ro d u c ts 3 2 3 .1 3 6 4 .5 3 8 2 .9 3 5 6 .2 356 4 3 5 3 .8 3 5 4 .1 353 8 3 5 2 .1 r3 7 3 . 4 3 7 3 .3 3 7 6 .5 3 7 6 .7 3 7 6 .7 1 5 -3 N o t i o n s ..................................................................................................... 2 7 7 .0 2 7 9 .8 2 7 9 .8 2 8 0 .5 2 8 0 .6 2 8 0 .6 2 8 0 .3 2 8 0 .3 280 3 2 8 0 .3 2 7 9 .7 c2 7 9 .7 2 7 9 .7 2 7 9 .6 2 1 0 .4 2 0 9 .7 2 1 0 .0 2 1 1 .8 2 1 6 .6 2 1 6 .6 2 1 6 .9 2 1 6 .9 2 1 7 .1 2 1 7 .1 ................................................................................................ 1 5 -4 P h o t o g r a p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s 1 5 -5 M o b ile h o m e s ( 1 2 /7 4 = 1 5 -9 O th e r m is c e lla n e o u s p r o d u c t s .................................................................. ............................................ 1 0 0 ) ..................................................... 2 1 0 .0 2 1 6 .5 r2 1 6 . 5 1 6 1 .6 1 6 1 .7 1 6 1 .8 1 6 1 .7 1 6 2 .9 1 6 2 .3 1 6 2 .4 1 6 3 .1 r1 6 3 .5 1 6 3 .5 1 6 4 .0 1 6 4 .2 164 3 3 3 8 .3 3 4 5 .1 3 5 1 .6 3 5 0 .8 3 5 9 .8 3 5 0 .5 3 5 0 .3 3 4 9 .2 3 5 3 .4 r3 5 3 . 7 3 5 2 .3 3 4 9 .0 3 4 7 .9 3 4 8 .4 5 M o s t p r ic e s f o r re fin e d p e t ro le u m p r o d u c t s a r e la g g e d 1 m o n th 6 S o m e p r ic e s f o r in d u s tr ia l c h e m ic a ls a r e la g g e d 1 m o n th 3 P r ic e s f o r n a tu ra l g a s a re la g g e d 1 m o n th . r = r e v is e d , i n c l u d e s o n ly d o m e s tic p r o d u c t io n . c = 112 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 2 5 .7 1 6 1 .9 1 D a ta f o r J u ly 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n re v is e d to re fle c t t h e a v a ila b ility o f la te re p o r ts a n d c o r r e c tio n s b y r e s p o n d e n t s . A ll d a ta a r e s u b je c t t o r e v is io n 4 m o n th s a f te r o r ig in a l p u b lic a tio n . 2 1 6 .6 291 5 c o r r e c te d . 25. Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings [ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c if ie d ] Annual average 1982 Commodity grouping 1983 1982 Nov. Dec. 3 0 5 .1 3 0 5 .4 Jan. Feb. Mar. 3 0 4 .9 3 0 4 .5 Apr. May June July1 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. All commodities—less farm products............................... All foods ..................................................................... Processed foods 3 0 6 .0 3 0 7 .1 3 0 8 .2 3 0 8 .4 3 0 9 .5 2 5 4 .4 2 5 1 .9 2 5 2 .7 2 5 2 .4 2 5 5 .7 2 5 5 .8 2 5 8 .2 2 5 8 .2 2 5 6 .6 '2 5 6 .2 2 5 7 .5 2 6 1 .0 2 6 1 .1 2 5 8 .0 2 5 6 .0 2 5 4 .7 2 5 4 .7 2 5 5 .8 2 5 9 .3 2 5 8 .9 2 5 9 .5 2 5 9 .6 2 5 7 .9 '2 5 7 .7 2 5 8 .1 2 6 1 .3 2 5 9 .3 2 5 8 .1 In d u s tr ia l c o m m o d it ie s le s s f u e l s ...................................................................... 2 7 2 .8 2 7 4 .4 2 7 4 .9 2 7 5 .4 2 7 7 .0 2 7 6 .9 2 7 7 .6 2 7 8 .2 2 7 8 .7 '2 7 9 8 2 8 0 .4 2 7 9 .8 2 8 1 .8 2 8 1 .9 S e le c te d te x tile m ill p r o d u c ts ( D e c . 1 9 7 5 = 1 3 8 .2 1 3 7 .1 1 3 6 .8 1 3 6 .7 1 3 6 .8 1 3 7 .2 1 3 7 .4 1 3 7 .7 1 3 7 .4 r 1 4 3 .0 1 3 8 .8 1 3 8 .7 1 3 9 .2 1 3 8 .3 1 3 9 .7 1 3 9 .7 1 4 1 .7 1 4 4 .5 1 4 4 .5 1 4 4 .5 1 4 4 .5 1 4 4 .5 1 4 4 .5 1 4 5 .6 1 4 5 .6 1 4 5 .6 1 4 5 .6 2 1 7 .6 2 1 9 .7 2 1 9 .7 2 2 3 .3 2 2 2 .6 2 2 3 .8 2 2 3 .4 2 2 3 .5 2 2 2 .7 '2 2 3 .3 2 2 3 .5 2 2 4 .4 224 2 2 2 4 .5 2 8 6 .3 H o s ie r y 1 0 0 ) ............................... .................................................................................................................................... U n d e r w e a r a n d n ig h tw e a r ........................................................................................ 3 0 3 .0 3 0 4 .4 3 0 3 .8 3 0 4 .8 3 0 9 .1 1 3 9 .2 C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts , in c lu d in g s y n th e tic r u b b e r a n d f ib e r s a n d y a r n s ................................................................................................ 2 8 3 .8 2 8 2 .3 2 8 1 .4 2 8 0 .8 2 8 1 .4 2 8 0 .7 2 8 1 .8 2 8 1 .6 2 8 1 .5 r2 8 4 .6 2 8 5 .5 2 8 5 .0 2 8 6 .4 P h a r m a c e u tic a l p r e p a r a t i o n s ................................................................................... 2 0 6 .0 2 1 2 .3 2 1 2 .8 2 1 5 .8 2 1 9 .4 2 2 0 .3 2 2 3 .3 2 2 3 .5 2 2 3 .6 '2 2 6 .3 2 2 6 .6 227 2 2 2 9 .5 2 3 0 .5 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s , e x c lu d in g m i l l w o r k ................................... 2 8 8 .8 2 8 3 .4 2 8 9 .6 3 0 0 .7 3 1 4 .3 3 1 7 .2 3 2 0 .8 3 2 4 .3 3 3 8 .8 ' 3 3 8 .1 3 3 1 .0 3 1 7 .6 3 1 7 .4 3 1 6 .9 .................. 3 4 9 .4 3 4 8 .5 3 4 4 .8 3 4 3 .1 3 4 9 .9 3 4 8 .4 3 4 8 .4 3 4 8 .5 3 4 8 .7 '3 4 9 .3 3 4 9 .8 3 5 5 .4 3 5 5 .8 3 5 6 .9 ........................................................................................................................... 3 4 8 .4 3 4 8 .0 3 4 4 .0 3 4 2 .1 3 4 9 .8 3 4 8 .3 3 4 8 .4 3 4 8 .5 348 8 '3 4 9 .4 3 5 0 .1 3 5 6 .7 3 5 7 .2 3 5 8 .2 3 5 5 .9 S te e l m ill p r o d u c t s , in c lu d in g fa b ric a te d w ir e p r o d u c ts F in is h e d s te e l m ill p r o d u c t s , e x c lu d in g f a b ric a t e d w ir e p r o d u c ts F in is h e d s te e l m ill p r o d u c t s , in c lu d in g f a b ric a t e d w ir e 3 4 8 .1 3 4 7 .2 3 4 3 .3 3 4 1 .6 3 4 8 .5 3 4 7 .0 3 4 7 .0 3 4 7 .1 3 4 7 .4 r3 4 7 . 9 3 4 8 .4 3 5 4 .4 3 5 4 .8 .................................................................. 2 8 6 .6 2 8 8 .9 2 8 8 .7 2 8 8 .6 2 9 0 .9 2 9 0 .3 2 9 0 .7 2 9 1 .7 2 9 2 .0 '2 9 2 .6 2 9 3 .5 2 9 1 .5 2 9 6 .5 2 9 6 .0 F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ........................................................................................ 2 9 1 .6 2 9 2 .5 2 9 2 .5 2 9 1 .1 2 9 1 .3 2 9 2 .3 2 9 2 .2 2 9 2 .6 2 9 4 .0 '2 9 4 .2 2 9 5 .9 2 9 6 .2 2 9 6 .7 2 9 7 .5 1 9 0 .7 p r o d u c ts ........................................................................................................................... S p e c ia l m e ta ls a n d m e ta l p r o d u c t s C o p p e r a n d c o p p e r p r o d u c t s ................................................................................... 1 8 5 .5 2 0 1 .5 1 9 8 .9 2 0 0 .9 r2 0 1 .6 2 0 1 .2 M a c h in e r y a n d m o tiv e p r o d u c t s .......................................................................... 2 7 2 .1 2 7 7 .0 2 7 7 .9 2 7 7 .8 2 7 8 .2 2 7 8 .1 2 7 8 .7 2 7 9 .2 2 7 9 .4 r2 8 0 . 1 2 8 0 .3 2 7 7 .5 2 8 2 .6 2 8 2 .5 M a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t, e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l 3 0 6 .4 3 1 0 .0 3 1 0 .6 3 1 1 .3 3 1 1 .9 3 1 2 .2 3 1 2 .9 3 1 3 .8 3 1 3 .9 r3 1 4 . 2 3 1 4 .1 3 1 4 .2 3 1 4 .5 3 1 4 .8 A g r ic u lt u r a l m a c h in e r y , in c lu d in g tra c t o r s ............................................ ................................................ 1 8 1 .8 3 3 7 .0 2 0 6 .7 3 4 1 .7 2 0 1 .3 1 9 8 .0 1 9 0 .5 1 8 3 .0 3 3 2 .2 3 3 5 .1 3 3 7 .7 3 3 7 .8 3 3 8 .2 3 4 1 .8 '3 4 2 .7 M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h i n e r y ............................................................................................ 3 5 0 .4 3 5 4 .2 3 5 4 .1 3 5 4 .6 3 5 5 .7 3 5 5 .6 3 5 6 .3 358 0 3 5 7 .8 '3 5 7 .8 3 5 7 .6 3 5 7 .3 3 5 7 .2 3 5 7 .3 T o ta l t r a c t o r s ...................................................................................................................... 3 5 5 .0 3 6 1 .4 3 6 4 .2 3 6 5 .6 3 6 5 .6 3 6 5 .7 3 6 6 .1 3 7 0 .5 3 7 0 .6 3 7 0 .7 3 6 9 .9 3 7 2 .5 3 7 2 .6 3 7 5 .2 A g r ic u ltu r a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t le s s p a r t s ................................... 3 1 3 .8 3 2 1 .5 3 2 4 .3 3 2 5 .9 3 2 6 .6 3 2 6 .8 3 2 7 .1 3 3 0 .1 3 3 0 .2 r3 3 1 .0 3 3 0 .9 3 3 2 .0 3 3 1 .9 3 3 3 .9 F a rm a n d g a r d e n tra c t o r s le s s p a rts ............................................................. 3 2 3 .1 1 8 1 .2 3 4 2 .4 3 4 3 .5 3 4 3 .2 3 4 6 .0 3 2 7 .8 3 3 6 .1 3 4 0 .3 3 4 2 .2 3 4 2 .2 3 4 2 .2 3 4 2 .2 348 8 3 4 8 .8 348 8 347 6 3 5 0 .6 3 5 0 .7 3 5 4 .7 ...................... 3 1 9 .6 3 2 9 .3 3 3 1 .1 3 3 3 .1 3 3 4 .4 3 3 4 .5 3 3 5 .2 3 3 6 .2 3 3 6 .4 '3 3 8 .0 3 3 8 .4 3 3 7 .9 3 3 7 .3 3 3 9 .2 C o n s t r u c tio n m a t e r i a l s ................................................................................................ 2 8 8 .0 2 8 7 .8 2 8 7 .9 2 9 0 .3 2 9 4 .6 2 9 5 .0 2 9 6 .1 2 9 6 .8 2 9 8 .6 r3 1 0 . 6 2 9 9 .8 2 9 9 .8 3 0 0 .4 3 0 0 .6 Apr. May June Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. A g r ic u lt u r a l m a c h in e r y , e x c lu d in g tra c t o r s le s s p a r ts ' D a t a f o r J u ly 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n re v is e d to re fle c t th e a v a ila b ility o f la te r e p o r ts a n d c o r r e c tio n s b y r = re v is e d , r e s p o n d e n ts . A ll d a ta a re s u b je c t t o re v is io n 4 m o n th s a f te r o r ig in a l p u b lic a tio n . 26. Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product [1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 ] Commodity grouping T o ta l d u r a b le g o o d s ..................................................................................................... T o ta l n o n d u r a b le g o o d s ............................................................................................ T o ta l m a n u f a c t u r e s ......................................................................................................... D u r a b le ...................................................................................................................... N o n d u ra b le .............................................................................................................. T o ta l r a w o r s lig h t ly p ro c e s s e d g o o d s D u r a b le ................................................ ...................................................................................................................... N o n d u ra b le ......................................................................................................... Annual average 1982 1982 Nov. 1983 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. July1 2 7 9 .0 2 8 1 .2 2 8 2 .0 2 8 2 .6 2 8 4 .8 2 8 4 .6 2 8 5 .3 2 8 6 .0 2 8 6 .7 '2 8 7 .4 2 8 7 .8 2 8 6 .7 2 8 9 .2 2 8 9 .2 3 1 5 .3 3 1 5 .3 3 1 5 .3 3 1 3 .3 3 1 3 .4 3 1 3 .0 3 1 2 .4 3 1 3 .5 3 1 4 .5 '3 1 5 .4 3 1 8 .2 3 1 9 .9 3 1 9 .5 3 1 8 .3 2 9 8 .4 2 9 2 .7 2 9 3 .9 2 9 3 .2 2 9 2 .7 2 9 3 .7 2 9 5 .0 2 9 6 .1 2 9 7 .1 2 9 7 .3 2 9 8 .8 2 7 9 .8 2 8 2 .4 2 8 3 .2 2 8 3 .7 2 8 5 .7 2 8 5 .3 2 8 6 .0 2 8 6 .7 2 8 7 .3 '2 8 8 .0 2 8 8 .3 2 8 7 .1 2 8 9 .7 289 6 3 0 6 .4 3 0 6 .1 3 0 5 .9 3 0 3 .8 3 0 2 .5 3 0 1 .4 299 7 3 0 1 .0 3 0 3 .1 '3 0 4 .5 3 0 6 .4 3 0 8 .1 3 0 8 .3 3 0 7 .5 3 4 1 .0 3 3 1 .2 2 9 4 .3 2 9 3 .5 3 3 0 .4 2 9 3 .9 3 3 0 .9 3 3 1 .6 3 3 9 .0 3 3 8 .3 3 4 3 .7 3 4 6 .0 343 6 2 3 3 .8 2 1 9 .2 2 1 7 .4 2 2 4 .2 2 3 5 .4 2 4 3 .3 2 4 4 .1 2 4 6 .1 2 4 9 .4 '2 4 9 .9 2 5 7 .6 2 6 1 .5 2 6 0 .6 2 5 9 .4 3 3 7 .3 3 3 8 .1 3 3 9 .0 3 3 7 .2 3 4 1 .5 3 4 3 .2 3 4 6 .5 3 4 6 .8 3 4 4 .6 3 4 3 .7 3 4 8 .9 3 5 1 .1 3 4 8 .6 3 4 6 .0 ' D a t a f o r J u ly 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n re v is e d to re fle c t th e a v a ila b ility o f la te re p o r ts a n d c o r r e c tio n s b y 3 3 5 .2 3 3 7 .3 3 4 0 .4 3 4 0 .9 r = r e v is e d . r e s p o n d e n t s . A ll d a ta a r e s u b je c t to r e v is io n 4 m o n th s a f te r o r ig in a l p u b lic a tio n . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 113 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 27. Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries [ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c i f i e d ] Annual average 1972 Industry description SIC code 1982 1982 Nov. 1983 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July1 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. MINING 1011 Iro n o re s ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 1092 M e rc u ry o re s ( 1 2 /7 5 = 1 7 5 .2 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 3 1 2 .2 3 0 8 .3 3 1 2 .5 3 0 6 .2 2 8 9 .5 2 8 5 .4 2 7 2 .9 2 6 8 .7 2 5 4 .1 2 3 7 .5 2 3 1 .2 2 4 3 .3 2 8 3 .3 2 8 7 .5 ............................................ 9 2 5 .8 9 6 9 .0 9 5 8 .4 9 4 5 .2 9 3 1 .2 9 3 4 .4 9 2 2 .1 9 2 1 .8 9 2 4 .2 r9 1 6 . 6 9 1 6 .6 9 2 0 .8 9 0 8 .0 9 1 0 .2 1 0 0 ) ............................................ 1 5 1 .2 1 5 1 .7 1 5 1 .7 1 5 3 .6 1 5 6 .3 1 5 8 .4 1 6 4 .3 1 6 4 .3 1 6 4 .3 1 6 4 .3 1 6 4 .3 1 6 4 .3 1 7 1 .7 1 7 2 .9 2 7 5 .6 2 7 6 .1 1 0 0 ) .................................................................. 100) ..................................................... 1311 C r u d e p e t ro le u m a n d n a tu ra l g a s 1455 K a o lin a n d b a ll c la y ( 6 / 7 6 = MANUFACTURING 2021 C r e a m e r y b u t t e r ........................................................................................ 2 7 6 .0 2 7 6 .5 2 7 7 .8 2 7 5 .5 2 7 5 .6 2 7 5 .6 2 7 5 .6 2 7 5 .6 2 7 5 .6 2 7 8 .4 2 7 8 .1 2 7 8 .2 2044 R ic e m illin g ................................................................................................. 1 8 5 .1 1 7 5 .2 1 9 6 .1 1 9 1 .3 1 8 3 .0 1 8 3 .0 1 8 8 .9 1 9 1 .3 1 9 4 .5 1 9 3 .7 1 9 8 .1 2 0 1 .1 1 9 6 .7 1 9 9 .6 2067 C h e w in g g u m ............................................................................................ 3 0 4 .1 3 0 6 .0 3 0 6 .1 3 2 6 .0 3 2 6 .0 3 2 6 .1 3 2 6 .1 3 2 6 .1 3 2 7 .2 3 2 7 .2 3 2 7 .3 3 2 7 .3 3 2 7 .3 3 2 7 .4 2074 C o tto n s e e d oil m i l l s ............................................................................... 1 6 8 .3 1 6 4 .1 1 6 9 .4 1 5 7 .5 1 7 3 .4 1 6 7 .1 1 8 6 .8 1 8 6 .2 1 7 9 .2 1 9 2 .4 2 2 0 .6 2 6 5 .6 2 5 6 .5 2 3 3 .2 2083 M a lt 2 5 6 .9 2 4 0 .6 2 4 0 .6 2 3 2 .6 232 6 2 3 2 .6 2 3 2 .6 2 3 2 .6 2 3 2 .6 2 3 2 .6 232 6 2 3 2 .6 2 3 2 .6 2 4 1 .6 2091 C a n n e d a n d c u r e d s e a fo o d s ( 1 2 /7 3 = .................. 1 8 7 .0 1 8 6 .4 1 8 6 .6 1 8 2 .8 1 7 9 .2 1 7 7 .9 1 7 7 .7 1 7 5 .7 1 7 3 .4 1 7 3 .7 1 6 9 .4 1 6 9 .8 1 7 0 .2 1 6 9 .2 2098 M a c a ro n i a n d s p a g h e t t i ...................................................................... 2 5 8 .5 2 5 5 .5 2 5 5 .5 2 5 5 .5 2 5 5 .5 2 5 5 .5 2 5 5 .5 2 5 5 .5 2 5 5 .5 2 5 5 .5 2 5 5 .5 2 5 5 .5 2 5 8 .6 2 6 1 .9 2251 W o m e n 's h o s ie ry , e x c e p t s o c k s ( 1 2 / 7 5 = . . . 1 1 6 .8 1 1 8 .5 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .5 1 2 2 .6 1 2 2 .7 1 2 2 .7 1 2 2 .7 1 2 2 .7 r 1 2 2 .7 1 2 3 .0 1 2 3 .0 1 2 3 .0 1 2 3 .0 2261 F in is h in g p la n ts , c o tto n ( 6 /7 6 = ............................... 1 3 9 .5 1 3 6 .2 1 3 6 .1 1 3 5 .3 1 3 6 .0 1 3 6 .1 1 3 9 .8 1 3 8 .0 1 3 2 .9 r 1 3 2 .8 1 3 3 .8 1 3 3 .5 1 3 4 .2 1 3 4 .0 2262 F in is h in g p la n ts , s y n t h e tic s , s ilk ( 6 /7 6 = 1 2 8 .2 1 2 7 .8 1 2 7 .3 1 2 5 .7 1 2 6 .7 1 2 6 .2 1 2 7 .2 1 2 6 .9 1 2 5 .9 1 2 5 .1 1 2 7 .2 1 2 5 .8 1 2 7 .2 1 2 7 .3 2284 T h r e a d m ills ( 6 / 7 6 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................. 1 5 7 .2 1 5 7 .9 1 5 7 .8 1 5 7 .9 1 6 1 .9 1 6 5 .6 1 6 5 .7 1 6 5 .7 1 6 5 .7 1 6 5 .7 1 6 5 .7 1 6 6 .1 1 6 6 .1 1 6 6 .1 2298 C o r d a g e a n d t w in e ( 1 2 / 7 7 = ....................................... 1 4 1 .5 1 4 2 .6 1 4 2 .6 1 4 2 .6 1 4 2 .7 1 4 2 .8 1 3 7 .6 1 3 7 .6 1 3 7 .6 1 3 7 .6 1 3 7 .6 1 3 9 .0 1 3 9 .0 1 3 9 .0 .................................................................................................................. 100) 100) 100) 2323 M e n 's a n d b o y s ' n e c k w e a r ( 1 2 /7 5 = 2361 C h ild r e n 's d re s s e s a n d b lo u s e s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 2381 F a b ric d r e s s a n d w o rk g lo v e s 100) 100) . . . 100) . .................. 1 1 9 .5 1 2 1 .3 1 2 1 .3 1 2 1 .3 1 2 1 .3 1 2 1 .3 1 2 1 .3 1 2 1 .3 1 2 1 .3 1 2 1 .3 1 2 1 .3 1 2 3 .5 1 2 3 .5 . 1 2 0 .6 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .0 1 1 5 .5 1 1 5 .5 1 1 5 .5 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .0 ..................................................... 2 9 2 .1 2 8 7 .4 2 8 7 .4 2 8 8 .8 2 8 8 .8 2 8 8 .8 2 9 1 .0 2 9 1 .7 2 9 1 .7 2 9 6 .3 2 9 6 .3 2 9 6 .3 2 9 6 .3 2 9 6 .3 1 4 5 .4 1 4 7 .3 1 4 7 .3 1 4 8 .7 1 4 8 .7 1 4 6 .2 1 4 6 .2 1 4 6 .2 1 4 6 .2 M 4 6 .2 1 4 6 .8 1 4 6 .8 1 4 8 .5 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .0 1 4 5 .6 1 4 4 .2 1 4 4 .6 1 4 4 .6 1 4 5 .2 1 4 5 .7 1 4 6 .9 1 4 8 .5 1 4 9 .5 r1 5 0 .9 1 5 1 .2 1 5 0 .9 1 5 1 .4 1 5 1 .9 2 8 4 .7 2 8 4 .7 2 8 4 .7 2 8 4 .7 2394 C a n v a s a n d re la te d p r o d u c ts ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) . . . 1 0 0 ) .................. 2396 A u t o m o tiv e a n d a p p a r e l t r im m in g s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 2448 W o o d p a lle ts a n d s k id s ( 1 2 /7 5 = 100) 1 0 0 ) ............................... 2521 W o o d o ffic e f u r n i t u r e ........................................................................... 2 7 0 .3 2 7 1 .4 2 7 1 .4 2 7 1 .4 2 7 3 .4 2 7 9 .6 2 8 2 .5 2 8 2 .5 2 8 2 .5 r2 8 3 . 5 2654 S a n ita r y fo o d c o n ta in e r s 2 5 9 .7 2 6 1 .7 2 6 1 .7 2 6 1 .7 2 6 1 .7 2 6 5 .1 2 6 5 .2 2 6 5 .2 2 6 5 .2 r2 6 7 . 1 .................................................................. 2 6 8 .7 2 6 9 .3 2 7 0 .6 1 4 8 .5 2 7 0 .6 2655 Fiber c an s, d ru m s , a n d sim ila r products ( 1 2 /7 5 = 2911 P e t r o le u m r e fin in g ( 6 /7 6 = 2952 A s p h a lt fe lt s a n d c o a tin g ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 1 0 0 ) .......................... 1 7 3 .5 1 7 3 .7 1 7 2 .9 1 7 1 .4 1 6 5 .8 1 6 3 .2 1 6 6 .9 1 6 5 .1 1 6 4 .9 r1 6 7 .4 1 6 5 .8 1 6 7 .4 1 6 7 .1 1 6 7 .0 3251 B ric k a n d s t ru c t u r a l c la y t i l e ......................................................... 3 0 7 .4 3 1 5 .5 3 1 5 .5 3 1 5 .7 3 1 5 .6 3 2 8 .3 3 3 2 .2 3 3 3 .8 3 3 4 .6 r3 3 6 . 4 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 9 .5 3 4 0 .8 3253 100) 100) 1 2 3 .5 ............................................ C e r a m ic w a ll a n d f lo o r tile ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 100) 1 7 7 .8 1 8 0 .7 1 8 3 .8 1 8 3 .8 1 8 3 .8 1 8 3 .8 1 8 5 .6 1 8 5 .6 1 8 5 .9 1 8 7 .7 1 8 7 .7 1 8 7 .7 1 8 7 .8 1 8 9 .5 2 7 8 .3 2 8 0 .1 2 7 8 .3 2 6 7 .2 2 5 7 .4 2 5 0 .4 2 4 0 .6 2 4 6 .0 2 5 4 .0 r2 5 5 . 4 2 5 8 .1 2 5 7 .8 2 5 8 .0 2 5 4 .5 ...................... 1 4 0 .6 1 4 0 .7 1 4 0 .7 1 4 0 .7 1 4 0 .7 1 4 0 .7 1 4 0 .7 1 4 2 .4 1 4 9 .6 r 1 4 9 .6 1 4 6 .8 1 4 6 .8 1 4 6 .8 1 4 6 .8 3255 C la y r e f r a c t o r i e s ........................................................................................ 3 5 2 .8 3 5 0 .3 3 5 0 .3 3 5 1 .1 3 5 1 .1 3 5 1 .2 3 5 2 .2 3 5 2 .2 3 4 9 .4 r3 5 2 .1 3 5 5 .3 3 5 6 .8 3 6 6 .0 3 6 8 .6 3259 S t ru c tu r a l c la y p r o d u c t s , n . e . c ....................................................... 2 1 9 .7 2 1 8 .9 2 1 9 .0 2 1 9 .0 2 1 5 .7 2 1 5 .7 2 3 2 .7 2 3 4 .7 2 3 4 .7 r2 3 4 .8 2 3 5 .4 2 3 5 .5 2 3 5 .7 2 3 5 .7 3261 V itr e o u s p lu m b in g f i x t u r e s ............................................................. 2 6 5 .0 2 7 0 .3 2 6 9 .7 2 7 2 .1 2 7 3 .3 2 7 5 .1 2 7 5 .3 2 7 6 .1 2 7 6 .9 ' 2 7 7 .0 2 7 7 .2 2 8 1 .3 2 8 3 .7 2 8 4 .5 3 8 2 .3 3262 V itr e o u s c h in a fo o d u te n s ils ......................................................... 3 5 7 .8 3 7 0 .2 3 7 7 .7 3 8 0 .1 3 8 0 .1 3 8 0 .1 3 8 0 .1 3 8 0 .1 3 6 9 .2 r 3 8 0 .1 3 6 9 .2 3 6 9 .2 3 6 9 .2 3263 F in e e a r th e n w a r e fo o d u t e n s i l s ..................................................... 3 1 8 .2 3 2 4 .8 3 2 6 .0 3 6 5 .7 3 6 5 .7 3 6 5 .7 3 6 5 .7 3 6 5 .9 3 6 6 .5 r3 6 6 . 5 3 6 4 .3 3 6 4 .3 3 6 4 .3 3269 P o t te r y p r o d u c t s , n . e .c . ( 1 2 / 7 5 = .......................... 1 6 7 .3 1 7 1 .9 1 7 3 .7 1 8 6 .5 1 8 6 .6 1 8 6 .6 1 8 6 .6 1 8 6 .6 1 8 6 .6 r1 8 6 .6 1 8 3 .8 1 8 3 .8 1 8 3 .8 1 8 7 .0 3274 L im e ( 1 2 / 7 5 = ........................................................................... 1 8 6 .3 1 8 7 .5 1 8 5 .7 1 8 7 .3 1 8 5 .5 1 8 5 .1 1 8 7 .8 1 8 5 .2 1 8 6 .2 r 1 8 7 .1 1 8 7 .9 1 8 6 .6 1 8 6 .2 1 8 2 .6 3297 N o n c la y r e fr a c t o rie s ( 1 2 / 7 4 = 2 0 1 .8 2 0 3 .7 2 0 3 .6 2 0 3 .7 2 0 3 .6 2 0 3 .6 2 0 3 .8 2 0 3 .6 2 0 3 .6 r2 0 3 . 7 2 0 3 .8 100) 100) 1 0 0 ) ........................................ 3482 S m a ll a r m s a m m u n it io n ( 1 2 /7 5 = 3623 W e ld in g a p p a r a t u s , e le c tr ic ( 1 2 /7 2 = 3636 S e w in g m a c h in e s ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 100) 1 0 0 ) ............................... 1 0 0 ) ...................... 2 0 3 .8 2 0 4 .0 2 1 2 .9 1 6 4 .2 1 5 0 .6 1 7 4 .1 1 7 5 .1 1 7 5 .1 1 8 1 .6 1 8 1 .6 1 8 1 .6 1 8 1 .6 r1 8 1 .6 1 8 7 .6 1 8 7 .6 1 8 7 .6 1 8 7 .6 2 3 9 .6 2 4 3 .3 2 4 3 .3 2 4 3 .6 2 4 4 .0 2 4 3 .4 2 4 3 .3 2 4 3 .1 2 4 2 .3 r2 4 3 . 5 2 3 8 .4 2 3 8 .5 2 3 8 .7 2 3 9 .0 ............................................ 1 5 4 .6 1 5 4 .2 1 5 4 .2 1 5 4 .2 1 5 4 .4 1 5 5 .0 1 5 6 .8 1 5 6 .8 1 5 6 .8 r1 5 6 .8 1 5 6 .1 1 5 6 .1 1 5 6 .1 1 5 6 .1 3641 E le c tr ic l a m p s ............................................................................................ 2 9 4 .0 3 0 3 .0 3 0 3 .4 3 0 6 .0 3 1 1 .5 3 1 1 .4 3 1 3 .8 3 1 3 .8 3 1 6 .7 3 1 9 .4 3 1 9 .8 3 3 2 .4 3 3 2 .7 3 3 3 .0 3648 L ig h tin g e q u ip m e n t, n . e .c . ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... 1 7 0 .0 1 7 1 .3 1 7 1 .4 1 7 1 .4 1 7 1 .5 1 7 1 .6 1 7 2 .6 1 7 2 .6 1 7 3 .1 1 7 3 .4 1 7 3 .4 1 7 3 .6 1 7 3 .7 1 7 3 .9 4 3 2 .9 4 3 2 .8 3671 E le c tr o n t u b e s , r e c e iv in g ty p e ..................................................... 3 8 2 .1 4 1 4 .0 4 1 4 .1 4 3 1 .6 4 3 2 .0 4 3 1 .9 4 3 2 .1 4 3 2 .1 4 3 2 .2 r4 3 2 . 5 4 3 2 .4 4 3 2 .6 3942 D o lls ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................... 1 3 6 .7 1 3 6 .8 1 3 6 .5 1 3 7 .1 1 3 6 .8 1 3 6 .8 1 3 7 .7 1 3 7 .7 1 3 7 .7 r1 3 7 .7 1 3 7 .3 1 3 7 .3 1 3 7 .3 1 3 7 .3 3944 G a m e s , t o y s , a n d c h ild r e n ’s v e h i c l e s ................................... 2 3 4 .0 2 3 5 .3 2 3 5 .5 2 3 5 .3 2 4 3 .4 2 4 1 .8 2 4 2 .2 2 4 2 .2 2 4 2 .2 r 2 3 6 .1 2 3 1 .9 2 3 2 .1 2 3 2 .1 2 3 1 .9 3955 C a r b o n p a p e r a n d in k e d rib b o n s ( 1 2 /7 5 = 1 4 0 .0 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .4 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .3 139 3 3995 B u ria l c a s k e ts ( 6 / 7 6 = 1 4 8 .4 1 5 0 .8 1 5 0 .8 1 4 7 .0 1 5 2 .1 1 5 2 .1 1 5 2 .1 1 5 2 .1 1 5 2 .1 1 5 5 .4 1 5 5 .4 1 5 5 .4 1 5 6 .0 1 5 6 .0 3996 H a r d s u r fa c e f lo o r c o v e r in g s ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 1 5 5 .9 1 5 8 .9 1 5 6 .8 1 5 9 .2 1 5 9 .2 1 5 9 .2 1 5 9 .7 1 5 9 .6 1 5 9 .6 r 1 6 2 .2 1 6 3 .4 1 6 3 .5 1 6 3 .5 1 6 3 .5 100) . . . 1 0 0 ) ......................................................... 100) . . . . 1 D a ta f o r J u ly 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n r e v is e d to re fle c t th e a v a ila b ility o f la te re p o r ts a n d c o r r e c tio n s b y r e s p o n d e n t s . A ll d a ta a r e s u b je c t t o re v is io n 4 m o n th s a fte r o r ig in a l p u b lic a tio n . 114 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r = re v is e d , 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .2 PRODUCTIVITY DATA the components of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. P r o d u c t i v i t y d a t a are com piled by the Bureau o f L abor Statistics from establishm ent data and from estim ates o f com pensation and output supplied by the U .S . D epartm ent o f C om m erce and the Federal R eserve B oard. Unit profits include corporate profits and inventory valuation adjustments per unit of output. The implicit price deflator is derived by dividing the current dollar estimate of gross product by the constant dollar estimate, making the Definitions deflator, in effect, a price index for gross product of the sector reported. Output is the constant dollar gross domestic product produced in a given period. Indexes o f output per hour of labor input, or labor productivity, Hours of all persons describes the Output per all employee hour describes labor productivity in nonfinancial corporations where there measure the value o f goods and services produced per hour of labor. Compensation per hour includes labor input of payroll workers, self- employed persons, and unpaid family workers. wages and salaries of employees plus are no self-employed. employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans. The data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and supplementary Notes on the data payments for the self-employed, except for nonfinancial corporations, in which there are no self-employed. Real compensation per hour is com In the business sector and the nonfarm business sector, the basis for the output measure employed in the computation of output per hour is Gross Domestic Product rather than Gross National Product. Computation of hours includes estimates of nonfarm and farm proprietor hours. Output data are supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly man ufacturing output indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to annual estimates of output (gross product originating) from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Compensation and hours data are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. pensation per hour adjusted by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Unit labor cost measures the labor compensation cost required to pro duce one unit of output and is derived by dividing compensation by output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, interest, and in direct taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting com pensation o f all persons from the current dollar gross domestic product and dividing by output. In these tables, 28. unit nonlabor costs contain all Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950-82 [1 9 7 7 = 1 0 0 ] Item 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978 7 8 .3 1979 1980 1981 1982 1 0 1 .2 B u s in e s s s e c to r: O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ........................................ 5 0 .4 5 8 .3 6 5 .2 8 6 .2 9 4 .5 9 7 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .6 9 9 .4 9 8 .9 1 0 1 .3 C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ......................................................... 2 0 .0 2 6 .4 3 3 .9 4 1 .7 5 8 .2 8 5 .5 9 2 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 8 .6 1 1 8 .7 1 3 1 .2 1 4 3 .9 R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ............................................ 5 0 .5 5 9 .6 6 9 .5 8 0 .1 9 0 .8 9 6 .3 9 8 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .9 9 9 .1 9 6 .5 9 5 .9 9 7 .4 U n it la b o r c o s t s ........................................................................... 3 9 .8 4 5 .2 5 2 .1 5 3 .3 6 7 .5 9 0 .5 9 5 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 8 .0 1 1 9 .5 1 3 2 .7 1 4 2 .1 1 5 3 .3 U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ......................................................... 4 3 .4 4 7 .6 5 0 .6 5 7 .6 6 3 .2 9 0 .4 9 4 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 6 .7 1 1 2 .8 1 1 9 .0 1 3 6 .2 1 3 6 .9 Im p lic it p r ic e d e f l a t o r .............................................................. 4 1 .0 4 6 .0 5 1 .6 5 4 .7 6 6 .0 9 0 .4 9 4 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 7 .5 1 1 7 .2 1 2 8 .1 1 4 0 .1 1 4 7 .7 5 6 .3 6 2 .7 6 8 .3 8 0 .5 8 6 .8 9 4 .7 9 7 .8 1 0 0 .2 1 5 5 .1 N o n f a r m b u s in e s s s e c to r: O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e r s o n s ........................................ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .6 9 9 .1 9 8 .4 1 0 0 .3 C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ......................................................... 2 1 .8 2 8 .3 3 5 .7 4 2 .8 5 8 .7 8 6 .0 9 3 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 8 .6 1 1 8 .4 1 3 0 .7 1 4 3 .5 R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ............................................ 5 5 .0 6 4 .0 7 3 .0 8 2 .2 9 1 .5 9 6 .8 9 9 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .9 9 8 .9 9 6 .1 9 5 .6 9 7 .1 U n it la b o r c o s t s ........................................................................... 3 8 .8 4 5 .1 5 2 .3 5 3 .2 6 7 .6 9 0 .8 9 5 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 8 .0 1 1 9 .5 1 3 2 .8 1 4 3 .0 1 5 4 .4 1 5 4 .7 U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ......................................................... 4 2 .7 4 7 .8 5 0 .4 5 8 .0 6 3 .8 8 8 .5 9 3 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 5 .3 1 1 0 .4 1 1 8 .5 1 3 5 .0 1 3 7 .0 Im p lic it p r ic e d e f l a t o r .............................................................. 4 0 .1 4 6 .0 5 1 .6 5 4 .8 6 6 .3 9 0 .0 9 4 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 7 .1 1 1 6 .5 1 2 8 .1 1 4 0 .4 148 6 1 0 2 .8 N o n f in a n c e c o rp o r a tio n s : O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ........................................ ( 1) ( 1) 6 8 .0 8 1 .9 8 7 .4 9 5 .5 9 8 .2 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .9 1 0 0 .7 9 9 .8 1 0 2 .3 C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ......................................................... <1 ) <1 ) 3 7 .0 4 3 .9 5 9 .4 8 6 .1 9 2 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 8 .5 1 1 8 .7 1 3 0 .9 1 4 3 .6 R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ............................................ ( 1) <1 ) 7 5 .8 8 4 .3 9 2 .7 9 6 .9 9 8 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .7 9 9 .1 9 6 .3 9 5 .7 9 7 .2 U n it la b o r c o s t s ........................................................................... (1) <1 ) 5 4 .4 5 3 .5 6 8 .0 9 0 .2 9 4 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 7 .5 1 1 7 .8 1 3 1 .2 140 3 1 5 0 .6 U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ......................................................... <1 ) <1 ) 5 4 .6 6 0 .8 6 3 .1 9 0 .8 9 5 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 4 .2 1 0 6 .9 1 1 7 .4 1 3 4 .4 1 3 7 .6 Im p lic it p r ic e d e f l a t o r .............................................................. (1) <1 ) 5 4 .5 5 6 .1 6 6 .3 9 0 .4 9 4 ,7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 6 .4 1 1 4 .1 1 2 6 .4 1 3 8 .3 1 4 6 .1 r4 9 . 4 r5 6 . 4 r6 0 . 0 r7 4 . 5 7 9 .1 r9 3 . 4 9 7 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .7 1 0 5 .3 1 0 6 .5 1 5 8 .2 1 5 4 .8 M a n u fa c t u r in g : O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ........................................ C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ......................................................... 2 1 .5 2 8 .8 3 6 .7 4 2 .8 5 7 .6 8 5 .4 9 2 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 8 .3 1 1 8 .8 1 3 2 .7 1 4 5 .8 ............................................ 5 4 .0 6 5 .1 7 5 .1 8 2 .3 8 9 .8 9 6 .2 9 8 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .6 9 9 .2 9 7 .6 9 7 .2 U n it la b o r c o s t s ........................................................................... r4 3 . 4 r5 0 . 0 r6 1 .1 r5 7 . 5 r7 2 .7 9 1 .5 r9 4 . 6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 7 .4 1 1 7 .0 1 3 0 .5 1 3 8 .5 ■ 1 4 8 .5 U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ......................................................... r5 4 . 3 r5 8 . 5 r6 1 .1 r6 9 . 3 r6 5 . 0 8 7 .3 9 3 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .5 9 9 .9 9 7 .7 1 1 0 .2 1 0 9 .2 Im p lic it p r ic e d e f l a t o r .............................................................. 4 6 .6 5 3 .2 6 1 .1 6 1 .0 7 0 .5 9 0 .3 9 4 .4 1 0 0 .0 1 0 6 .0 1 1 2 .0 1 2 0 .9 1 3 0 .2 1 3 7 .0 R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r 1 N o t a v a ila b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 9 9 .3 r = re v is e s d . 115 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity 29. Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1972-82 Annual rate of change Year Item 1972 1974 1973 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1950-82 1972-82 B u s in e s s s e c to r: ...................... 3 .5 2 .6 - 2 .4 2 .2 3 .3 2 .4 0 .6 - 1 .2 - 0 .5 2 .4 2 .2 0 .9 C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ........................................ 6 .5 8 .0 9 .4 9 .6 8 .6 7 .7 8 .6 9 .4 1 0 .5 9 .7 7 .7 6 .6 8 .9 R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r 3 .1 1 .6 - 1 .4 0 .5 2 .6 1 .2 0 .9 - 1 .7 - 2 .6 - 0 .6 1 .5 2 .1 0 .2 O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e r s o n s .......................... - 0 .1 ......................................................... 2 .9 5 .3 1 2 .1 7 .3 5 .1 5 .1 8 .0 1 0 .7 1 1 .1 7 .1 7 .9 4 .3 7 .9 U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ....................................... 4 .5 5 .9 4 .4 1 5 .1 4 .0 6 .4 6 .7 5 .8 5 .5 1 4 .4 0 .5 3 .7 6 .8 Im p lic it p r ic e d e f la t o r 3 .4 5 .5 9 .5 9 .8 4 .7 5 .6 7 .5 9 .0 9 .2 9 .4 5 .4 4 .1 7 .6 - 1 .5 - 0 .7 1 .9 - 0 .1 1 .8 0 .8 U n it la b o r c o s ts ............................................ N o n f a r m b u s in e s s s e c to r: 3 .7 2 .4 - 2 .5 2 .0 3 .2 2 .2 0 .6 C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ........................................ 6 .7 7 .6 9 .4 9 .6 8 .1 7 .5 8 .6 9 .0 1 0 .4 9 .8 7 .8 6 .3 8 .8 R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r .......................... 3 .3 1 .3 - 1 .4 0 .4 2 .2 1 .0 0 .9 - 2 .0 - 2 .8 - 0 .6 1 .6 1 .8 0 .1 ......................................................... 2 .8 5 .0 1 2 .2 7 .5 4 .8 5 .2 8 .0 1 0 .7 1 1 .1 7 .7 7 .9 4 .4 8 .0 U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ....................................... 3 .2 1 .3 5 .9 1 6 .7 5 .7 6 .9 5 .3 4 .8 7 .4 1 3 .9 1 .4 3 .7 6 .8 Im p lic it p r ic e d e f la t o r 3 .0 3 .8 1 0 .2 1 0 .3 5 .1 5 .7 7 .1 8 .8 1 0 .0 9 .6 5 .8 4 .2 7 .6 - 0 .2 - 0 .9 0 .9 O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e r s o n s U n it la b o r c o s ts ...................... ............................................ N o n fin a n c ia l c o r p o r a tio n s : O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all e m p l o y e e s .................. 2 .9 2 .4 - 3 .7 2 .9 2 .9 1 .8 0 .9 2 .5 0 .5 (1) C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ........................................ 5 .7 7 .5 9 .4 9 .6 7 .9 7 .6 8 .5 9 .4 1 0 .3 9 .7 7 .8 (1> R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r .......................... 2 .4 1 .2 - 1 .5 0 .4 2 .0 1 .1 0 .7 - 1 .7 - 2 .8 - 0 .6 1 .6 <1 ) 0 .0 ......................................................... 2 .8 4 .9 1 3 .6 6 .5 4 .9 5 .7 7 .5 9 .6 1 1 .3 7 .0 7 .3 I 1) 7 .8 U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ........................................ 2 .7 1 .5 7 .1 2 0 .1 4 .6 5 .3 4 .2 2 .6 9 .8 1 4 .5 2 .4 <1 ) 7 .1 7 .6 U n it la b o r c o s ts 8 .8 2 .8 3 .8 1 1 .4 1 0 .9 4 .8 5 .6 6 .4 7 .2 1 0 .8 9 .4 5 .7 <1 ) ...................... r5 .0 5 .4 - 2 .4 r2 .0 4 .4 r2 .5 r0 . 8 0 .7 r0 . 2 3 .5 r 1 .2 2 .4 1 .9 C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ........................................ 5 .4 7 .2 1 0 .6 1 1 .9 8 .0 8 .3 8 .3 9 .7 1 1 .7 9 .9 8 .5 6 .4 9 .4 - 1 .6 - 0 .4 Im p lic it p r ic e d e f la t o r ............................................ M a n u fa c t u r in g : O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e r s o n s .......................... 2 .0 2 .1 1 .8 ......................................................... r0 .3 1 .7 1 3 .3 r8 . 8 3 .4 r5 . 7 7 .4 9 .0 r 1 1 .5 6 .1 r7 .2 3 .9 7 .4 U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ........................................ r0 .8 r - 3 .3 r -1 .8 r2 5 . 9 7 .4 6 .7 r2 . 5 r - 2 .6 r - 2 .2 1 2 .8 r - 0 .9 2 .2 4 .1 0 .5 0 .3 9 .0 1 3 .1 4 .6 6 .0 6 .0 5 .7 7 .9 7 .7 5 .2 3 .4 6 .5 R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r U n it la b o r c o s ts Im p lic it p r ic e d e f la t o r ............................................ r0 . 9 - 0 .3 2 .5 1 N o t a v a ila b le . 30. r= - 1 .4 0 .6 2 .2 1 .9 0 .6 re v is e d . Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted [1 9 7 7 = 10 0 ] Quarterly indexes Annual average Item 1981 1981 1982 1 1982 II III IV I II 1983 III IV I II III B u s in e s s s e c to r: O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e r s o n s ................................... 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .2 1 0 0 .5 1 0 1 .1 1 0 2 .3 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .1 1 0 0 .7 1 0 1 .1 1 0 1 .9 1 0 2 .5 1 0 3 .8 r1 0 4 .7 ..................................................... 1 4 3 .9 1 5 5 .1 1 3 9 .7 1 4 2 .2 1 4 5 .5 1 4 8 .2 1 5 1 .6 1 5 3 .9 1 5 6 .5 1 5 8 .7 1 6 0 .7 1 6 2 .1 r1 6 4 .2 R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ............................................ 9 5 .9 9 7 .4 9 6 .3 9 6 .1 9 5 .6 9 5 .6 9 7 .1 9 7 .4 9 7 .1 9 8 .0 9 9 .4 9 9 .2 r9 9 . 4 1 4 0 .7 1 4 2 .3 1 4 6 .4 1 4 9 .9 1 5 2 .9 1 5 4 .7 1 5 5 .6 1 5 6 .9 1 5 6 .2 r1 5 6 .9 C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r U n it la b o r c o s t s ........................................................................... 1 4 2 .1 1 5 3 .3 1 3 9 .0 U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts ..................................................... 1 3 6 .2 1 3 6 .9 1 3 1 .2 1 3 3 .4 1 3 9 .9 1 4 0 .2 1 3 7 .0 1 3 7 .0 1 3 6 .3 1 3 7 .4 1 4 0 .8 1 4 5 .8 r1 4 7 .3 Im p lic it p r ic e d e f l a t o r .............................................................. 1 4 0 ,1 1 4 7 .7 1 3 6 .3 1 3 8 .2 1 4 1 .5 1 4 4 .3 1 4 5 .5 1 4 7 .5 1 4 8 .5 1 4 9 .4 1 5 1 .5 1 5 2 .7 r153 6 N o n f a r m b u s in e s s s e c to r: O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e r s o n s ................................... 1 0 0 .3 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .1 1 0 1 .1 9 9 .9 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .9 1 0 0 .4 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .7 1 0 3 .3 r 1 0 4 .1 ..................................................... 1 4 3 .5 1 5 4 .7 1 3 9 .3 1 4 1 .8 1 4 5 .1 1 4 7 .7 1 5 1 .3 1 5 3 .5 1 5 6 .1 1 5 8 .3 1 6 1 .0 1 6 2 .7 r1 6 4 4 R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ............................................ 9 5 .6 9 7 .1 9 6 .0 9 5 .8 9 5 .3 9 5 .4 9 6 .9 9 7 .1 9 6 .9 U n it la b o r c o s t s ........................................................................... 1 4 3 .0 1 5 4 .4 1 3 9 .2 1 4 1 .6 1 4 3 .5 1 4 7 .8 1 5 1 .3 1 5 3 .6 1 5 5 .4 1 5 7 .1 1 5 8 .3 157 4 r1 5 7 .9 U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts ..................................................... 1 3 5 .0 1 3 7 .0 1 3 0 .3 1 3 2 .2 1 3 8 .3 1 3 9 .5 1 3 6 .4 1 3 7 .7 1 3 6 .5 1 3 7 .2 1 4 0 .7 1 4 5 .9 r1 4 7 .9 Im p lic it p r ic e d e f l a t o r .............................................................. 1 4 0 .4 1 4 8 .6 1 3 6 .2 1 3 8 .4 1 4 1 .8 1 4 5 .0 1 4 6 .4 1 4 8 .3 1 4 9 .1 1 5 0 .5 1 5 2 .4 153 6 154 6 1 0 2 .3 1 0 2 .8 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .1 1 0 3 .0 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .3 1 0 3 .2 1 0 3 .4 1 0 4 .3 1 0 5 .9 P107 3 1 4 2 .0 1 4 5 .0 P163 1 C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r 9 7 .8 9 9 .5 9 9 .6 r9 9 .4 N o n fin a n c ia l c o r p o r a tio n s : O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all e m p l o y e e s .......................... C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ............................................ 1 4 3 .6 1 5 4 .8 1 3 9 .5 1 4 7 .8 1 5 1 .7 1 5 3 .7 1 5 6 .1 1 5 8 .1 1 6 0 .4 1 6 1 .6 9 5 .7 9 7 .2 9 6 .2 9 5 .9 9 5 .2 9 5 .4 9 7 .2 9 7 .2 9 6 .9 9 7 .7 9 9 .2 9 8 .9 1 4 2 .7 1 5 3 .5 1 3 8 .4 1 4 1 .1 1 4 3 .6 1 4 7 .7 1 5 0 .9 1 5 3 .1 1 5 3 .8 1 5 6 .3 1 5 6 .7 1 5 5 .3 P 1 5 4 .4 U n it la b o r c o s t s .............................................................. 1 4 0 .3 1 5 0 .6 1 3 7 .0 1 3 9 .0 1 4 0 .7 1 4 4 .6 1 4 8 .1 1 5 0 .2 1 5 1 .1 1 5 2 .9 153 9 U n it n o n la b o r c o s t s ..................................................... 1 5 2 .5 P 1 5 2 .1 1 4 9 .4 1 6 1 .8 1 4 2 .3 1 4 7 .0 1 5 1 .9 1 5 6 .6 1 5 8 .9 1 6 1 .2 1 6 1 .3 P 1 6 1 .0 R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ........................................ T o ta l u n it c o s t s .................................................................. U n it p r o fit s ...................................................................... Im p lic it p r ic e d e f l a t o r .............................................................. 1 6 5 .9 1 6 4 .7 1 6 3 .1 1 0 4 .1 8 8 .9 1 0 3 .0 1 0 0 .3 1 0 8 .6 1 0 4 .2 9 0 .8 9 0 .3 9 1 .2 8 3 .0 9 6 .1 1 1 5 .0 P131 4 1 3 8 .3 1 4 6 .1 1 3 4 .3 1 3 6 .4 1 3 9 .6 1 4 2 .7 1 4 4 .0 1 4 5 .9 1 4 6 .6 1 4 7 .9 1 4 9 .7 1 5 0 .7 P151 7 M a n u fa c t u r in g : O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e r s o n s C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ................................... ............................................ R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ........................... U n it la b o r c o s t s ..................................................... 1 N o t a v a ila b le . r = 116 re v is e d . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis P98 7 1 0 5 .3 1 0 6 .5 1 0 5 .1 1 0 5 .4 1 0 6 .1 1 0 4 .4 1 0 5 .1 1 0 5 .3 1 0 7 .8 1 0 8 .1 1 1 0 .2 112 6 r1 15 7 1 4 5 .8 1 5 8 .2 1 4 1 .6 1 4 4 .3 1 4 7 .0 1 5 0 .5 1 5 5 .1 1 5 7 .1 1 5 9 .6 1 6 1 .4 1 6 5 .5 166 4 r1 6 7 4 9 7 .2 9 9 .3 9 7 .6 9 7 .5 9 6 .5 9 7 .1 9 9 .4 9 9 .4 9 9 .1 9 9 .7 1 0 2 .3 1 0 1 .8 r101 3 1 3 8 .5 1 4 8 .5 1 3 4 .8 1 3 6 .9 1 3 8 .5 1 4 4 .1 1 4 7 .6 1 4 9 .1 1 4 8 .1 1 4 9 .3 1 5 0 .2 1 4 7 .8 1 4 4 .7 p = p r e lim in a r y , 31. Percent change from preceding quarter and year In productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted at annual rate Quarterly percent change at annual rate 11982 to II 1982 Item I11982 to III 1982 III 1982 to IV 1982 IV 1982 to 11983 11983 to I11983 Percent change from came quarter a year ago I11983 to III 1983 I11981 to I11982 III 1981 to III 1982 IV 1981 to IV 1982 11982 to 11983 II 1982 to I11983 III 1982 to III 1983 B u s in e s s s e c to r: O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e r s o n s .......................... - 1 .6 1 .7 3 .3 2 .0 5 .4 r3 . 5 - 0 .4 1 .3 3 .1 C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ............................................ 6 .4 6 .7 5 .7 5 .4 3 .5 r5 . 3 8 .2 7 .5 7 .1 6 .1 5 .3 5 .0 R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ............................... 1 .1 - 1 .0 3 .7 5 .8 - 0 .7 r0 . 5 1 .3 1 .6 2 .5 2 .4 1 .9 r2 . 3 -1 8 U n it la b o r c o s t s .............................................................. U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts ........................................ Im p lic it p r ic e d e f l a t o r ................................................ - 1 .1 0 .7 r3 5 8 .1 5 .0 2 .3 3 .3 6 .3 4 .7 2 2 r1 4 - 0 .1 - 2 .0 3 .2 1 0 .5 1 5 .0 r3 . 9 2 .7 - 2 .8 - 2 .0 2 .8 6 .5 r8 .1 2 .7 2 .6 5 .5 3 .3 P 2 .5 6 .7 4 .9 3 .5 4 .1 3 .5 3 .5 5 .5 r1 8 8 .7 B .7 N o n f a r m b u s in e s s s e c to r: O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e r s o n s .......................... - 0 .4 1 .3 3 .7 8 .6 r3 .1 - 0 .3 - 0 .6 0 .8 1 .7 3 .4 C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ............................................ 5 .8 7 .2 5 .8 6 .8 4 .3 r4 . 2 8 .2 7 .6 7 .2 6 .4 6 .0 5 .3 R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ............................... 0 .5 - 0 .6 3 .7 7 .2 0 .1 r - 0 .5 1 .3 1 .7 2 .6 2 .7 2 .6 r2 . 6 U n it la b o r c o s t s ............................................................. 6 .2 4 .7 4 .4 3 .0 -2 .1 '1 .1 8 .5 8 .3 6 .3 4 .6 2 .5 r1 6 ....................................... 37 -3 .4 2 .0 1 0 .6 1 5 .7 r5 . 6 4 .2 - 1 .3 - 1 .6 3 .1 6 .0 r8 4 Im p lic it p r ic e d e f l a t o r ................................................. 5 .4 2 .2 3 .7 5 .3 3 .2 2 .5 7 .1 5 .2 3 .7 4 .1 3 .6 3 .7 .................. - 0 .5 3 .8 0 .6 3 .4 6 .5 P 5 .2 0 .1 0 .2 1 .2 1 .8 3 .6 P 3 .9 C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ............................................ 5 .4 6 .4 5 .4 6 .0 2 .9 P 3 .9 8 .2 76 7 .0 5 .8 5 .2 P 4 .5 R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ............................... 0 .1 - 1 .3 3 .4 6 .4 - 1 .2 P -0 .8 1 .3 1 .7 2 .4 2 .1 1 .7 P 1 .9 T o ta l u n its c o s ts .......................................................... 6 .0 1 .8 6 .7 1 .0 - 3 .5 P -2 .4 8 .5 7 .1 5 .8 3 .8 14 P0 4 ..................................................... 6 .0 2 .4 4 .8 2 .5 - 3 .4 P -1 .3 8 .1 7 .4 5 .7 3 .9 1 .5 P O .6 - 2 .8 U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts 2 .3 r3 . 6 N o n f in a n c ia l c o r p o r a tio n s : O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all e m p lo y e e s U n it la b o r c o s ts U n it n o n la b o r c o s ts U n it p r o fits ............................................ ....................................................................... Im p lic it p r ic e d e f l a t o r ................................................. 6 .0 - 2 .1 5 .4 0 .1 1 1 .9 - 3 .8 P -5 .2 9 .7 6 .2 6 .0 3 .7 1 .2 P -0 .2 3 .8 -3 1 .4 79 9 1 0 4 .7 P 7 0 .7 - 9 .9 - 1 6 .1 r — 2 0 .3 5 .8 2 7 .3 P 4 4 .1 1 .9 3 .6 5 .1 2 .5 P 2 .9 7 .0 5 .0 3 .6 4 .0 3 .3 P 3 .5 M a n u fa c t u r in g : O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e r s o n s .......................... 0 .8 9 .6 1 .2 8 .0 9 .0 r 1 1 .6 1 .6 3 .5 4 .8 6 .9 r7 4 C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ............................................ 5 .1 6 .5 4 .5 1 0 .7 2 .1 r2 . 6 8 .8 - 8 .6 7 .3 6 .7 5 .9 r4 . 9 R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ............................... - 0 .2 - 1 .2 2 .5 1 1 .1 -2 1 r2 .1 1 .9 2 .6 2 .7 3 .0 2 .5 r2 . 2 U n it la b o r c o s t s .............................................................. 4 .3 - 2 .8 3 .3 2 .5 - 6 .4 r -8 .1 8 .9 6 .9 3 .6 1 .8 - 0 .9 - 2 .3 ' N o t a v a ila b le . r = p = - 0 .1 p r e lim in a r y , r e v is e d . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 117 WAGE AND COMPENSATION DATA D a t a f o r t h e e m p l o y m e n t c o s t i n d e x are reported to the Bureau o f L abor Statistics by a sam ple o f 2 ,000 private nonfarm estab lishm ents and 750 State and local governm ent units selected to represent total em ploym ent in those sectors. On average, each reporting unit provides wage and com pensation inform ation on five w ell-specified occupations. Data on negotiated wage and benefit changes are obtained from contracts on file at the B ureau, direct contact with the parties, and secondary sources. Definitions The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a quarterly measure of the average change in the cost of employing labor. The rate of total compensation, which comprises wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee ben efits, is collected for workers performing specified tasks. Employment in each occupation is held constant over time for all series produced in the ECI, except those by region, bargaining status, and area. As a consequence, only changes in compensation are measured. Industry and occupational employment data from the 1970 Census of Population are used in deriving constant weights for the ECI. While holding total industry and occupational employment fixed, in the estimation of indexes by region, bargaining status, and area, the employment in those measures is allowed to vary over time in accord with changes in the sample. The rate of change (in percent) is available for wages and salaries, as well as for total compensation. Data are collected for the pay period including the 12th day of the survey months of March, June, September, and December. The statistics are neither an nualized nor adjusted for seasonal influence. Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, ex cluding premium pay for overtime, work on weekends and holidays, and shift differentials. Production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-of-living adjustments are included; nonproduction bonuses are included with other supplemental pay items in the benefits category; and payments-in-kind, free room and board, and tips are excluded. Benefits include supplemental pay, insurance, retirement and savings plans, and hours-related and legally required benefits. Data on negotiated wage changes apply to private nonfarm industry collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more. Data on compensation changes apply only to those agreements covering 5,000 workers or more. F irst-yea r wage or compensation changes refer to average negotiated changes for workers covered by settlements reached in the period 118 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and implemented within the first 12 months after the effective date of the agreement. C hanges o v er the life o f the agreem ent refer to all adjustments specified in the contract, expressed as an average annual rate. These meas ures exclude wage changes that may occur under cost-of-living adjustment clauses, that are triggered by movements in the Consumer Price Index. W age-rate changes are expressed as a percent of straight-time hourly earn ings; com pensation changes are expressed as a percent of total wages and benefits. Effective wage adjustments reflect all negotiated changes implemented in the reference period, regardless of the settlement date. They include changes from settlements reached during the period, changes deferred from contracts negotiated in an earlier period, and cost-of-living adjustments. The data also reflect contracts providing for no wage adjustment in the period. Effective adjustments and each of their components are prorated over all workers in bargaining units with at least 1,000 workers. Notes on the data The Employment Cost Index data series began in the fourth quarter of 1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in the private nonfarm sector. Data on employer costs for employee benefits were in cluded in 1980, to produce a measure of the percent change in employers’ cost for em ployees’ total compensation. State and local government units were added to the ECI coverage in 1981, providing a measure o f total compensation change in the civilian nonfarm economy. Data for the broad white-collar, blue-collar, and service worker groups, and the manufacturing, nonmanufacturing, and service industry groups are presented in the ECI. Additional occupation and industry detail are pro vided for the wages and salaries component of total compensation in the private nonfarm sector. For State and local government units, additional industry detail is shown for both total compensation and its wages and salaries component. Historical indexes (June 1981 = 100) of the quarterly rates o f changes presented in the ECI are also available. For a more detailed discussion of the ECI, see chapter 11, “ The Em ployment Cost Index,” of the BLS H andbook o f M eth ods (Bulletin 2134— 1), and the M onthly L abor R eview articles: “ Employment Cost Index; a measure of change in the ‘price of labor,’ ” July 1975; “ How benefits will be incorporated into the Employment Cost Index,” January 1978; and “ The Employment Cost Index: recent trends and expansion,” May 1982. Additional data for the ECI and other measures of wage and compen sation changes appear in C urrent W age D evelopm en ts, a monthly publi cation of the Bureau. 32. Employment Cost Index, by occupation and industry group [J u n e 1 9 8 1 = 1 0 0 ] Percent change 1982 1981 Series Civilian workers1 ..................................................................... Sept. Dec. 1 0 2 .6 1 0 4 .5 March 1 0 6 .3 June 1 0 7 .5 1983 Sept. 1 1 0 .1 Dec. 1 1 1 .4 3 months ended March June Sept. 1 1 3 .2 1 1 4 .5 1 1 6 .5 12 months ended September 1983 1 .7 5 .8 W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p W h it e -c o lla r w o r k e r s ............................................................................................................. B lu e -c o lla r w o r k e r s S e r v ic e w o r k e r s 1 0 2 .7 1 0 4 .9 1 0 6 .5 1 0 7 .7 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .9 1 1 3 .7 1 1 4 .9 1 1 7 .6 2 .3 6 .2 ............................................................................................................. 1 0 2 .3 1 0 4 .1 1 0 5 .7 1 0 7 .1 1 0 9 .2 1 1 0 .5 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .6 1 1 4 .8 1 .1 5 .1 ...................................................................................................................... 1 0 2 .8 1 0 4 .2 1 0 7 .2 1 0 8 .3 1 1 0 .8 1 1 2 .4 1 1 4 .3 1 1 5 .1 1 1 6 .7 1 .4 5 .3 W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n M a n u fa c t u r in g ........................................................................................................................... N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g .................................................................................................................. S e r v ic e s ................................................................................................................................... P u b lic a d m in is tr a t io n 2 ................................................................................................ Private industry workers 1 0 2 .1 1 0 4 .0 1 0 6 .0 1 0 7 .2 1 0 9 .3 1 1 0 .4 1 1 2 .5 1 1 3 .5 1 0 2 .8 1 0 4 .8 1 0 6 .4 1 0 7 .7 1 1 0 .5 1 1 1 .8 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .9 1 1 7 .2 2 .0 6 .1 1 0 4 .4 1 0 7 .1 1 0 8 .2 1 0 9 .2 1 1 3 .5 1 1 5 .0 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .1 1 2 1 .1 3 .4 6 .7 1 1 9 .8 2 .4 6 .2 5 .8 1 1 5 .0 1 .3 5 .2 1 0 4 .3 1 0 6 .0 1 0 8 .1 1 0 9 .1 1 1 2 .8 1 1 3 .6 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .0 1 0 2 .0 1 0 4 .0 1 0 5 .8 1 0 7 .2 1 0 9 .3 1 1 0 .7 1 1 2 .6 1 1 3 .9 1 1 5 .6 1 .5 1 0 1 .8 1 0 4 .0 1 0 5 .8 1 0 7 .2 1 0 9 .5 1 1 0 .8 1 1 2 .8 1 1 4 .2 1 1 6 .5 2 .0 6 .4 1 0 7 .0 1 0 9 .0 1 1 0 .3 1 1 2 .1 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .6 1 .0 5 .1 W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p W h it e -c o lla r w o r k e r s ..................................................................................................... B lu e -c o lla r w o r k e r s ......................................................................................................... 1 0 2 .2 1 0 4 .0 1 0 5 .6 S e r v ic e w o r k e r s .................................................................................................................. 1 0 1 .9 1 0 3 .1 1 0 6 .7 1 0 7 .9 1 0 9 .6 1 1 1 .8 1 1 3 .8 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .1 .4 5 .0 1 0 2 .1 1 0 4 .0 1 0 6 .0 1 0 7 .2 1 0 9 .3 1 1 0 .4 1 1 2 .5 1 1 3 .5 1 1 5 .0 1 .3 5 .2 W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n M a n u f a c t u r i n g ...................................................................................................................... N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................................................................................................. 1 0 2 .0 1 0 3 .9 1 0 5 .7 1 0 7 .1 1 0 9 .3 1 1 0 .8 1 1 2 .6 1 1 4 .2 1 1 6 .0 1 .6 6 .1 1 0 5 .3 1 0 7 .4 1 0 8 .8 1 0 9 .3 1 1 4 .3 1 1 5 .1 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .1 1 2 0 .8 3 .2 5 .7 ..................................................................................................... 1 0 5 .7 1 0 7 .8 1 0 9 .1 1 0 9 .5 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .8 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .5 1 2 1 .5 3 .4 5 .7 ......................................................................................................... 1 0 4 .2 1 0 5 .9 1 0 8 .2 1 0 8 .9 1 1 2 .7 1 1 3 .0 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .8 1 1 8 .0 1 .9 4 .7 ................................................................................................................................... 1 0 5 .8 S c h o o l s ............................................................................................................................... State and local government workers W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p W h it e -c o lla r w o rk e r s B lu e -c o lla r w o rk e r s W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n S e r v ic e s E le m e n ta r y a n d s e c o n d a r y H o s p it a ls a n d o t h e r s e r v ic e s 3 P u b lic a d m in is tr a t io n 2 1 0 7 .9 1 0 9 .0 1 0 9 .4 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .4 1 2 1 .7 3 .7 5 .9 1 0 6 .0 1 0 7 .9 1 0 8 .9 1 0 9 .1 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .6 1 1 6 .9 1 2 1 .9 4 .3 6 .2 .......................................................................... 1 0 6 .3 1 0 8 .3 1 0 9 .3 1 0 9 .5 1 1 5 .6 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .4 1 2 3 .3 5 .0 .......................................................................... 1 0 5 .0 1 0 7 .8 1 0 9 .5 1 1 0 .3 1 1 5 .3 1 1 6 .0 1 1 7 .5 1 1 8 .8 1 2 1 .1 1 .9 5 .0 1 0 4 .3 1 0 6 .0 1 0 8 .1 1 0 9 .1 1 1 2 .8 1 1 3 .6 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .0 1 1 9 .8 2 .4 6 .2 ........................................................................................ 1 E x c lu d e s f a r m , h o u s e h o ld , a n d F e d e ra l w o r k e r s . 6 .7 i n c l u d e s , f o r e x a m p le , lib r a r y , s o c ia l, a n d h e a lth s e r v ic e s . C o n s i s t s o f le g is la tiv e , ju d ic ia l, a d m in is tr a t iv e , a n d r e g u la to r y a c tiv itie s . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 119 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data 33. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [J u n e 1 9 8 1 = 1 0 0 ) Percent change Series Civilian workers'..................................................................... 3 months ended 1983 1982 1981 12 months ended September 1983 Sept. Dec. March June Sept. Dec. March June Sept. 1 0 2 .5 1 0 4 .4 1 0 6 .3 1 0 7 .3 1 0 9 .7 1 1 0 .9 1 1 2 .2 1 1 3 .4 1 1 5 .3 1 .7 5 .1 1 0 2 .6 1 1 4 .2 W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a tio n a l ig ro u p 1 0 4 .7 1 0 6 .7 1 0 7 .6 1 1 0 .4 1 1 1 .4 1 1 6 .7 2 .2 5 .7 .............................................................................................................. 1 0 2 .4 1 0 4 .0 1 0 5 .5 1 0 6 .7 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .8 1 1 0 .8 1 1 2 .0 1 1 3 .1 1 .0 4 .1 ...................................................................................................................... 1 0 2 .5 1 0 3 .6 1 0 6 .8 1 0 7 .9 1 1 0 .1 1 1 1 .8 1 1 3 .2 1 1 3 .9 1 1 5 .1 1 .1 4 .5 4 .1 W h it e - c o lla r w o r k e r s .............................................................................................................. B lu e -c o lla r w o r k e r s S e r v ic e w o rk e r s 1 1 3 .0 W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n ........................................................................................................................... 1 0 2 .1 1 0 4 .0 1 0 5 .9 1 0 7 .0 1 0 8 .8 1 0 9 .8 1 1 1 .0 1 1 2 .0 1 1 3 .3 1 .2 N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g .................................................................................................................. 1 0 2 .7 1 0 4 .5 1 0 6 .5 1 0 7 .5 1 1 0 .1 1 1 1 .3 1 1 2 .7 1 1 4 .0 1 1 6 .1 1 .8 5 .4 S e r v i c e s .................................................................................................................................... 1 0 4 .4 1 0 6 .6 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .5 ' 1 1 3 .2 1 1 4 .4 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .3 1 2 0 .1 3 .3 6 .1 P u b lic a d m in is tr a t io n 2 ................................................................................................ 1 0 3 .8 1 0 5 .5 1 0 7 .5 1 0 8 .4 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .6 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .4 1 1 8 .2 2 .4 5 .6 Private industry workers......................................................... 1 0 2 .0 1 0 3 .8 1 0 5 .9 1 0 7 .1 1 0 9 .0 1 1 0 .3 1 1 1 .6 1 1 2 .9 1 1 4 .5 1 .4 5 .0 ..................................................................................................... 1 0 1 .8 1 0 3 .9 1 0 6 .2 1 0 7 .3 1 0 9 .4 1 1 0 .6 1 1 2 .2 1 1 3 .6 1 1 5 .9 2 .0 5 .9 P r o fe s s io n a l a n d te c h n ic a l w o r k e r s ............................................................. 1 0 3 .3 1 0 5 .5 1 0 8 .0 1 0 9 .4 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .9 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .9 1 1 9 .9 3 .5 1 0 5 .8 107 2 1 0 8 .5 1 0 9 .3 1 1 2 .0 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .8 .7 5 .8 1 0 2 .2 1 0 1 .8 1 0 4 .5 1 0 6 .2 1 0 5 .7 1 0 7 .1 1 0 8 .4 1 .2 3 .7 M a n u fa c t u r in g W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p W h it e -c o lla r w o r k e r s 7 .2 .......................................................................... 1 0 1 .6 1 0 2 .8 S a l e s w o r k e r s .................................................................................................................. 9 8 .0 1 0 1 .9 C le ric a l w o r k e r s .............................................................................................................. 1 0 2 .7 1 0 4 .2 1 0 7 .0 1 1 6 .7 1 .8 B lu e -c o lla r w o r k e r s ......................................................................................................... 1 0 2 .3 1 0 3 .9 1 0 5 .4 1 0 6 .6 1 0 8 .5 109 7 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .9 .9 4 .1 1 0 6 .2 1 0 7 .6 1 0 9 .6 1 1 1 .2 1 1 2 .2 1 1 3 .4 1 1 4 .3 .8 4 .3 M a n a g e r s a n d a d m in is tr a t o r s 1 0 8 .3 1 1 0 .3 1 1 1 .6 1 1 3 .4 1 1 4 .6 5 .8 1 0 2 .9 1 0 4 .3 O p e ra tiv e s , e x c e p t t r a n s p o r t ............................................................................... 1 0 2 .1 1 0 4 .1 1 0 5 .4 1 0 6 .6 1 0 8 .3 1 0 9 .3 1 1 0 .0 1 1 1 .1 1 1 2 .3 1 .1 3 .7 T r a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t o p e r a t i v e s ...................................................................... 1 0 1 .0 1 0 2 .7 1 0 3 .2 1 0 4 .1 1 0 6 .0 1 0 6 .9 1 0 8 .0 1 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .7 .4 4 .4 C r a f t a n d k in d re d w o r k e r s ................................................................................... N o n f a r m l a b o r e r s ......................................................................................................... 1 0 1 .5 1 0 3 .3 1 0 4 .1 1 0 5 .1 1 0 6 .5 1 0 7 .8 1 0 9 .0 1 0 9 .8 1 1 0 .8 .9 4 .0 S e r v ic e w o r k e r s .................................................................................................................. 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .7 1 0 6 .7 1 0 7 .9 1 0 9 .3 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .9 1 1 3 .5 1 1 3 .7 .2 4 .0 1 0 8 .8 1 1 2 .0 1 1 3 .3 W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n 1 0 5 .9 1 0 7 .0 1 .2 4 .1 D u r a b l e s ............................................................................................................................... 1 0 2 .1 1 0 4 .5 1 0 6 .3 1 0 7 .4 1 0 9 .0 1 1 0 .3 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .9 1 .0 3 .6 N o n d u ra b le s .................................................................................................................. 1 0 2 .0 1 0 3 .1 1 0 5 .3 1 0 6 .3 1 0 8 .5 1 0 9 .1 1 1 0 .9 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .9 1 .4 5 .0 N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................................................................................................. 1 0 2 .0 1 0 3 .8 1 0 5 .9 1 0 7 .1 1 0 9 .1 1 1 0 .5 1 1 2 .0 1 1 3 .4 1 1 5 .2 1 .6 5 .6 1 0 3 .0 1 0 4 .3 M a n u f a c t u r i n g ...................................................................................................................... C o n s t r u c tio n .................................................................................................................. 1 0 2 .1 1 0 4 .0 1 0 5 .9 1 0 7 .3 1 0 9 .1 1 0 9 .8 1 0 9 .7 1 1 1 .0 1 1 0 .4 1 1 2 .1 1 1 2 .2 .1 2 .8 T r a n s p o r ta t io n a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s .................................................................. 1 0 2 .0 1 0 3 .6 1 0 5 .7 1 0 6 .9 1 0 9 .5 1 1 1 .1 1 1 2 .9 1 1 4 .7 1 1 5 .7 .9 5 .7 W h o le s a le a n d re ta il t r a d e ................................................................................... 1 0 1 .3 1 0 2 .3 1 0 3 .9 1 0 5 .8 1 0 6 .5 1 0 7 .2 1 0 8 .5 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .5 .6 4 .7 1 0 9 .8 .................................................................................................... 1 0 2 .0 1 0 3 .4 1 0 6 .3 1 0 8 .9 1 0 9 .0 1 .4 6 .1 R e ta il t r a d e .................................................................................................................. 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .9 1 0 3 .0 1 0 4 .5 1 0 5 .5 1 0 6 .1 1 0 7 .2 1 0 9 .4 1 0 9 .9 .5 4 .2 9 8 .3 1 0 2 .3 1 0 3 .7 1 0 2 .4 1 0 6 .1 1 0 9 .0 1 1 0 .6 1 1 1 .1 1 1 3 .5 2 .2 7 .0 1 0 3 .6 1 0 5 .8 1 0 8 .8 1 1 0 .0 1 1 2 .5 1 1 4 .3 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .6 1 2 0 .4 3 .3 7 .0 5 .0 W h o le s a le t r a d e F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d re a l e s t a t e ......................................................... S e r v ic e s ............................................................................................................................... State and local government workers........................................ 1 1 1 .8 1 1 4 .1 1 1 5 .7 1 0 5 .0 1 0 7 .0 1 0 8 .2 1 0 8 .7 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .0 1 1 5 .1 1 1 5 .7 1 1 9 .2 3 .0 ..................................................................................................... 1 0 5 .4 1 0 7 .5 1 0 8 .5 1 0 8 .9 1 1 4 .2 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .6 1 1 6 .1 1 1 9 .8 3 .2 4 .9 ......................................................................................................... 1 0 3 .9 1 0 5 .5 1 0 7 .5 1 0 7 .9 1 1 1 .5 1 1 2 .0 1 1 3 .3 1 1 4 .3 1 1 6 .4 1 .8 4 .4 W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p W h it e -c o lla r w o r k e r s B lu e -c o lla r w o r k e r s W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n S e r v i c e s .................................................................................................................................... 1 0 5 .5 1 0 7 .6 1 0 8 .4 1 0 8 .8 1 1 4 .2 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .5 1 1 5 .9 1 1 9 .8 3 .4 4 .9 S c h o o l s ............................................................................................................................... 1 0 5 .7 1 0 7 .7 1 0 8 .3 1 0 8 .5 1 1 4 .2 1 1 4 .5 1 1 5 .2 1 1 5 .4 1 1 9 .9 3 .9 5 .0 1 1 5 .8 1 2 1 .1 ............................................................................... 1 0 4 .6 1 0 7 .3 108 8 1 0 9 .5 1 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .9 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .7 1 1 9 .7 1 .7 4 .7 ................................................................................................ 1 0 3 .8 1 0 5 .5 1 0 7 .5 1 0 8 .4 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .6 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .4 1 1 8 .2 2 .4 5 .6 E le m e n ta r y a n d s e c o n d a r y H o s p it a ls a n d o t h e r s e r v ic e s 3 P u b lic a d m in is tr a t io n 2 ........................................................................... ' E x c lu d e s f a r m , h o u s e h o ld , a n d F e d e ra l w o r k e r s . C o n s i s t s o f le g is la tiv e , ju d ic ia l, a d m in is tr a t iv e , a n d r e g u la to r y a c tiv itie s . 120 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 0 6 .0 1 0 7 .9 1 0 8 .7 1 0 8 .8 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .1 1 1 5 .6 i n c l u d e s , f o r e x a m p le , lib r a r y , s o c ia l a n d h e a lth s e r v ic e s . 4 .6 5 .4 34. Employment Cost Index, private industry workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size [J u n e 1 9 8 1 = 1 0 0 ] Percent change 1982 1981 Series Sept. Dec. March June 1983 Sept. Dec. March June 3 months ended Sept. 12 months ended September 1983 COMPENSATION W o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in in g s t a t u s 1 U n io n ..................................................................................................................................................... M a n u fa c t u r in g ........................................................................................................................... N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g .................................................................................................................. N o n u n io n ............................................................................................................................................ M a n u fa c t u r in g 1 0 2 .5 1 0 4 .8 1 0 6 .5 1 0 8 .4 1 1 0 .6 1 1 2 .3 1 1 4 .5 1 1 6 .0 1 1 7 .8 1 .6 6 .5 1 0 2 .3 1 0 4 .6 1 0 6 .3 1 0 8 .0 1 1 0 .3 1 1 1 .8 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .8 1 1 6 .3 1 .3 5 .4 1 0 2 .7 1 0 5 .0 1 0 6 .8 1 0 8 .7 1 1 1 .0 1 1 2 .8 1 1 4 .9 1 1 7 .1 1 1 9 .2 1 .8 7 .4 1 0 1 .7 1 0 3 .5 1 0 5 .3 1 0 6 .5 108 5 1 0 9 .7 1 1 1 .5 1 1 2 .8 1 1 4 .4 1 .4 5 .4 .......................................................................................................................... 1 0 1 .8 1 0 3 .5 1 0 5 .7 1 0 6 .6 1 0 8 .4 1 0 9 .2 1 1 1 .2 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .8 1 .3 5 .0 N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g .................................................................................................................. 1 0 1 .7 1 0 3 .5 1 0 5 .2 1 0 6 .4 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .9 1 1 1 .6 1 1 3 .0 1 1 4 .7 1 .5 5 .6 W o r k e r s , b y a r e a s iz e 1 M e tr o p o lit a n a r e a s O th e r a r e a s ...................................................................................................................... 1 0 2 .1 1 0 4 .1 1 0 5 .7 1 0 7 .2 1 0 9 .4 1 1 0 .9 1 1 2 .9 1 1 4 .2 1 1 6 .0 1 .6 6 .0 ........................................................................................................................................ 1 0 1 .8 1 0 3 .2 1 0 6 .2 1 0 7 .0 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .1 1 1 0 .8 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .4 1 .0 4 .4 WAGES AND SALARIES W o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in in g s t a t u s 1 U n io n ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 0 2 .7 1 0 5 .0 1 0 6 .5 1 0 8 .1 1 1 0 .3 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .9 1 1 4 ,2 1 1 6 .0 .......................................................................................................................... 1 0 2 .6 1 0 4 .7 1 0 5 .9 1 0 7 .3 1 0 9 .5 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .7 1 .2 3 .8 N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g .................................................................................................................. 1 0 2 .8 1 0 5 .2 1 0 7 .0 1 0 8 .8 1 1 1 .1 1 1 2 .7 1 1 4 .3 1 1 6 .0 1 1 8 .3 2 .0 6 .5 M a n u fa c t u r in g N o n u n io n ............................................................................................................................................ 1 .6 5 .2 1 0 1 .6 1 0 3 .2 1 0 5 .6 1 0 6 .5 1 0 8 .3 1 0 9 .5 1 1 0 .9 1 .3 5 .0 ........................................................................................................................... 1 0 1 .7 1 0 3 .3 1 0 5 .9 1 0 6 .7 1 0 8 .2 1 0 9 .1 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .8 1 1 3 .0 1 .1 4 .4 N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g .................................................................................................................. 1 0 1 .6 1 0 3 .2 1 0 5 .5 1 0 6 .4 1 0 8 .3 1 0 9 .6 1 1 1 .0 1 1 2 .4 1 1 4 .0 1 .4 5 .3 M a n u fa c t u r in g 1 1 2 .2 1 1 3 .7 W o r k e r s , b y r e g io n 1 N o rth e a s t ............................................................................................................................................ ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 0 1 .7 1 0 4 .4 1 0 6 .1 1 0 6 .7 1 0 9 .7 1 1 1 .5 1 1 2 .0 1 1 3 .6 1 1 5 .3 1 .5 5 .1 1 0 1 .9 1 0 2 .8 1 0 5 .7 1 0 7 .4 1 0 8 .8 1 0 9 .8 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .5 1 1 4 .3 1 .6 5 .1 ................................................................................................................................... 1 0 1 .6 1 0 3 .3 1 0 4 .7 1 0 6 .1 1 0 7 .6 1 0 8 .6 1 1 0 .1 1 1 1 .5 1 1 2 .8 1 .2 4.8 W e s t ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 0 3 .2 1 0 5 .1 1 0 7 .9 1 0 8 .6 1 1 0 .7 1 1 2 .0 1 1 4 .1 1 1 4 .9 1 1 6 .5 1 .4 5 .2 ...................................................................................................................... 1 0 2 .1 1 0 4 .0 1 0 5 .9 1 0 7 .1 1 0 9 .1 1 1 0 .5 1 1 1 .9 1 1 3 .2 1 1 4 .9 1 .5 5 .3 ........................................................................................................................................ 1 0 1 .8 1 0 3 .1 1 0 6 .0 1 0 6 .8 1 0 8 .3 1 0 8 .8 1 1 0 .1 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .3 8 3 .7 S o u th N o r th C e n tr a l W o r k e r s b y a r e a s iz e 1 M e tr o p o lit a n a r e a s O th e r a re a s 1 T h e in d e x e s a r e c a lc u la te d d iffe re n tly f r o m t h o s e f o r t h e o c c u p a t io n a n d in d u s tr y g r o u p s . F o r a d e ta ile d d e s c r ip tio n o f t h e in d e x c a lc u la tio n , s e e B L S H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s , B u lle tin 1 9 1 0 . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 121 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data 35. Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1978 to date 36. Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1978 to date Year and quarter Year Measure 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1981 IV 1982 I 1983P III II IV I II III 1 .3 1.1 A v e r a g e p e r c e n t a d ju s tm e n t ( in c lu d in g no c h a n g e ): A ll i n d u s t r i e s ............................................................................................................................... 8 .2 9 .9 9 .5 6 .8 1 .5 8 .6 9 .6 1 0 .2 9 .4 5 .2 1 .9 9 1 .0 1 .7 1 .5 7 .9 8 .8 9 .7 9 .5 7 .9 1 .1 1 .1 2 .7 2 .9 1 .2 F ro m s e t tle m e n ts re a c h e d in p e r i o d .......................................................................... 2 .0 3 .0 3 .6 2 .5 1 .7 .4 .2 .4 .5 6 D e fe r re d f r o m s e t tle m e n ts r e a c h e d in e a r lie r p e r i o d ................................... 3 .7 3 .0 3 .5 3 .8 3 .6 .4 .6 1 .4 1 .3 .4 .4 F ro m c o s t -o f - liv in g c la u s e s 2 .4 3 .1 2 .8 3 .2 1 .4 .6 .3 .2 .6 .3 .1 .1 2 — — — 8 ,6 4 8 7 ,8 5 2 3 ,2 2 5 2 ,8 7 8 3 ,4 2 3 3 ,7 6 0 3 ,4 4 1 2 ,9 9 8 3 ,1 3 9 2 ,8 8 3 — — — 2 ,2 7 0 1 ,9 0 7 604 204 511 620 825 444 542 444 ............................................................................................ 1 .0 2 .0 2 .4 9 .1 M a n u f a c t u r i n g ...................................................................................................................... N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................................................................................................. 1 .3 0 .3 - .4 .9 - .2 1 .0 1 .1 1 .4 1 .1 .2 .2 1 .0 .8 T o ta l n u m b e r o f w o rk e r s r e c e iv in g w a g e c h a n g e (in t h o u s a n d s ) 1 .................................................................................................................. F ro m s e t tle m e n ts re a c h e d in p e r i o d ................................................................................................................................... D e fe r re d f r o m s e t tle m e n ts re a c h e d in e a r lie r p e rio d ............................................................................................ — — — 6 ,2 6 7 4 ,8 4 6 882 1 ,0 0 1 1 ,5 9 4 2 ,4 0 0 860 828 1 ,4 1 3 1 ,3 2 8 F ro m c o s t -o f - liv in g c la u s e s ............................................................................................ — — — 4 ,5 9 3 3 ,8 3 0 2 ,1 7 9 1 ,9 2 0 1 ,5 6 8 2 ,2 5 1 1 ,9 7 0 2 ,0 5 0 1 ,3 7 6 1 ,2 1 6 — — — 145 483 5 ,5 6 8 5 ,4 5 7 4 ,9 1 2 4 ,5 7 5 4 ,8 9 5 5 ,0 4 7 4 ,9 0 6 5 ,1 6 3 N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g no a d ju s tm e n t s (in t h o u s a n d s ) ...................................................................................................................... 1 T h e to ta l n u m b e r o f w o rk e r s w h o r e c e iv e d a d ju s tm e n t s d o e s n o t e q u a l th e s u m o f w o rk e r s th a t re c e iv e d e a c h ty p e o f a d ju s tm e n t , b e c a u s e s o m e w o r k e r s re c e iv e d m o re t h a n o n e ty p e o f a d ju s tm e n t d u r in g th e 122 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis p e r io d , p = p r e lim in a r y . WORK STOPPAGE DATA E stim ates o f days idle as a percent o f estim ated w orking tim e m easures only the im pact o f larger strikes (1,000 w orkers or m ore). F orm erly, these estim ates m easured the im pact o f strikes involving 6 w orkers o r m ore; that is, the im pact o f virtually a ll strikes. Due to budget stringencies, collection o f data on strikes involving few er than 1,000 w orkers was discontinued w ith the D ecem ber 1981 data. o r k s t o p p a g e s include all know n strikes or lockouts involving 1,000 w orkers or m ore and lasting a full shift or longer. D ata are based largely on new spaper accounts and cover all workers idle one shift or m ore in establishm ents directly involved in a stoppage. They do not m easure the indirect or secondary effect on other establishm ents w hose em ployees are idle ow ing to m aterial or service shortages. W 37. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date Number of stoppages Month and year Beginning in month or year Workers involved In effect during month Beginning in month or year (in thousands) Days idle In effect during month (in thousands) Number thousands) Percent of estimated working time 1 9 4 7 ................................................................................................................................................. 270 1 629 2 5 ,7 2 0 1 9 4 8 ................................................................................................................................................ 245 1 ,4 3 5 2 6 ,1 2 7 1949 262 2 537 4 3 ,4 2 0 .3 8 1 9 5 0 ................................................................................................................................................ 424 1 698 3 0 ,3 9 0 .2 6 1 9 5 1 ................................................................................................................................................. ........................................ .22 415 1 462 1 5 ,0 7 0 .12 1 9 5 2 ................................................................................................................................................. 470 2 ,7 4 6 4 8 ,8 2 0 .3 8 1 9 5 3 ................................................................................................................................................. 437 1 623 1 8 ,1 3 0 .1 4 1 9 5 4 ................................................................................................................................................ 265 1 ,0 7 5 1 6 ,6 3 0 .1 3 1 9 5 5 ................................................................................................................................................ 363 2 055 2 1 ,1 8 0 16 1 9 5 6 ................................................................................................................................................ 287 1 ,3 7 0 2 6 ,8 4 0 .20 1 9 5 7 ................................................................................................................................................. 279 887 1 0 ,3 4 0 .0 7 1 9 5 8 ................................................................................................................................................. 332 1 587 1 7 ,9 0 0 .1 3 1 9 5 9 ................................................................................................................................................. 245 1 381 6 0 ,8 5 0 .4 3 1 9 6 0 ................................................................................................................................................. 222 896 1 3 ,2 6 0 .0 9 1 031 1 0 ,1 4 0 .0 7 1 1 ,7 6 0 .0 8 1 9 6 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 195 1 9 6 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 211 793 1 9 6 3 ................................................................................................................................................. 1 81 512 1 9 6 4 ................................................................................................................................................ 246 1 183 1 6 ,2 2 0 1 9 6 5 ................................................................................................................................................ 268 999 1 5 ,1 4 0 10,020 .0 7 1 855 3 5 ,5 6 7 .11 .10 .10 .1 8 .20 1 9 6 9 ................................................................................................................................................ 412 1 576 2 9 ,3 9 7 .1 6 1 9 7 0 ................................................................................................................................................ 381 2 468 5 2 ,7 6 1 29 1 9 7 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 298 1 9 6 6 ................................................................................................................................................. 321 1 300 1 6 ,0 0 0 1 9 6 7 ................................................................................................................................................. 381 2 192 3 1 ,3 2 0 1 9 6 8 ................................................................................................................................................. 392 3 5 ,5 3 8 19 1 9 7 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 250 975 1 6 ,7 6 4 .0 9 1 9 7 3 ................................................................................................................................................. 317 1 400 1 6 ,2 6 0 .0 8 1 9 7 4 ................................................................................................................................................ 424 1 796 3 1 ,8 0 9 .1 6 1 9 7 5 ................................................................................................................................................. 235 965 1 7 ,5 6 3 .0 9 1 9 7 6 ................................................................................................................................................. 231 1 519 2 3 ,9 6 2 1 9 7 7 ............................................................................................................................................ 298 1 212 2 1 ,2 5 8 1 9 7 8 ................................................................................................................................................ 219 1 006 2 3 ,7 7 4 1 9 7 9 ................................................................................................................................................ .12 .10 .11 235 1 021 2 0 ,4 0 9 .0 9 1 9 8 0 ................................................................................................................................................ 187 2 0 ,8 4 4 .0 9 1 9 8 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 145 729 1 6 ,9 0 8 .0 7 96 656 9 ,0 6 1 .0 4 .01 .01 .02 1 9 8 2 .................................................................................................................. 1982 1 1 .4 ............................................................................................ 202.8 3 7 3 .9 1 5 .3 2 4 1 .1 ................................................................................................ 4 9 1 3 .3 2 6 .1 3 5 7 .0 Ja n u a ry ................................................................................................ Fe b ru a ry M a rc h 4 6 .1 A p ril ............................................................................... 14 21 5 9 .5 7 9 .1 5 3 3 .1 .0 3 M ay ......................................................................................................... 15 23 4 2 .7 6 6 .1 6 5 7 .6 .0 4 June ................................................................................................ 18 27 4 2 .8 6 6 .9 9 0 7 .2 .0 5 J u l y .................................................................................................................. A u g u s t ......................................................................................................... S e p t e m b e r ............................................................................................ O c to b e r ............................................................................................ Novem ber 1983 b 2 Ja n u a ry F e b ru a ry M a rc h ............................................................................................ ..................................................... ...................................................................... ................................................................................................ 13 25 3 8 .4 6 5 .9 8 4 4 .7 .0 4 9 23 1 8 .8 5 8 .0 7 5 4 .3 .0 4 14 27 3 9 0 .0 4 2 7 .0 2 , 0 8 8 .8 3 13 3 8 .1 6 7 .6 9 0 4 .8 .0 5 1 6 2 .2 4 3 .7 8 0 5 .4 .0 4 1 3 1 .6 3 8 .0 7 9 4 .8 .11 .0 4 5 7 1 4 .0 5 0 .4 8 4 4 .4 .0 5 5 10 1 0 .5 5 4 .9 1 ,1 3 1 .5 .0 5 2 9 2 .8 5 2 .4 A p ril ........................................................................................ 7 8 9 .5 .0 4 M ay .................................................................. 11 16 2 3 .6 3 2 .9 4 9 3 .9 .0 3 June ......................................................................................................... 15 24 5 9 .8 7 9 .7 6 8 9 .0 .0 3 10 23 4 9 .9 8 5 .1 1 , 1 9 8 .1 .0 7 A u g u s t ..................................................................................................... 7 19 6 7 5 .8 7 3 0 .4 0 ,6 5 5 .7 .5 1 S e p t e m b e r ................................................................................................ 7 19 2 1 .7 5 0 .8 5 7 4 .6 .0 3 10 17 6 2 .9 7 9 .6 1 ,1 5 2 .2 06 2 2 .0 4 1 .6 6 4 9 .8 .0 4 J u l y ........................................................................................ O c to b e r ..................................................................................................... N o v e m b e r ......................................................... 3 11 p = p r e lim in a r y . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 123 Published by BLS in N ovem b er SALES PUBLICATIONS Area Wage Survey Bulletins Mailgram These bulletins cover office, professional, technical, maintenance, custodial, and material movement occupations in major metropolitan areas. The annual series of 70 is available by subscription for $115 per year. Individual area bulletins are also available separately. Consumer price index data summary by mailgram within 24 hours of the CPI release. Provides unadjusted and seasonally adjusted U.S. City Average data for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). (NTISUB/158). $125 in contiguous United States. Gainesville, Florida, Metropolitan Area, September 1983. 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September issue includes a comprehensive report on price movements for the month, plus regular tables and technical notes. 135 pp., $5 ($34 per year). Magnetic Tapes BLS offers for sale on magnetic tapes historical data, including the following regularly updated time series: Producer, consumer, and industry price indexes; the labor force, unemployment, employment, hours, and earnings; industry and Federal Government productivity; imports by tariff and industrial commodity classes; international labor and price trend com parisons, and indexes of employer compensation costs. BLS also offers for sale micro-data tapes containing information on consumer expenditures and characteristics collected during the 1980 and 1981 Diary component of the new ongoing Con sumer Expenditure Survey. The data, collected from samples of approximately 5,000 consumer units in each year, include week ly expenditures for food, alcoholic beverages, tobacco, personal care products, housekeeping supplies, nonprescription drugs, gasoline, and household fuels. Also provided are socioeconomic characteristics specific to each consumer unit. Price range: Approximately $50-$200. Telephone Summary FREE PUBLICATIONS Area Wage Survey Summaries Albuquerque, N. 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Free publications are available while supplies last. ..is the oldest, most authoritative Government journal in its field MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Every month, 12 times a year • • A rtic le s a nd 4 0 p a g es re p o rts on of c u rre n t e m p lo y m e n t, la b o r statistics prices, w a g e s, p ro d u c tiv ity , jo b safe ty , and e c o n o m ic g ro w th • • Developments in industrial relations In d u s try w a g e surveys • B o o k review s an d n o tes • F o reig n la b o r d e v e lo p m e n ts i i S u p e rin te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts l U .S . G o v e rn m e n t P rin tin g O ffic e P lea se e n te r m y s u b s c rip tio n to th e M o n th ly Labo r R eview fo r 1 y e a r a t $26.00. (F o re ig n s u b sc rib e rs a d d $6.50.) | W a s h in g to n , D .C . 20402 q Rem jttance is e n c lo s e d . (M a k e c h e c k s p a y a b le to S u p e rin te n d e n t of D o c u m e n ts .) □ C h a rg e to G P O D e p o s it A c c o u n t N o . --------------------------------------- s i i N am e j O rg a n iz a tio n i (if a p p lic a b le ) i A d d re ss j C ity , S ta te , j an d Z IP C o d e I_____ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis * U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington, D.C. 20212 Postage and fees paid U.S. Department of Labor Lab-441 Official Business SECOND CLASS MAIL Penalty for private use, $300 RETURN POSTAGE GUARANTEED https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis * MLK IbbU U fcJO bR *— 1 LibKMKY : j Rt^fcüVfc bANK ur *1 ItflUiS f t*J b J a f ua I IS oJibb k —•'*
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