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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
U S Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
January 1983
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In this issue:
State legislation in 1982
%
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner
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January cover:
O rigin al cover d esign by
Richard L. M athew s and E m ily Dean,
D ivisio n of A u d io -V isu al C o m m u n icatio n Services,
U.S. Departm ent of Labor.
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WU*
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
JANUARY 1983
VOLUME 106, NUMBER 1
'wife.
Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief
Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor
FEB 1
1983
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
William M. Davis
Collective bargaining in 1983: a crowded agenda
Major contracts are expiring; in some industries job security and corporate survival are
likely to replace the traditional emphasis on improvements in wages and fringe benefits
Mark J. Johnson
17
U.S. import and export price indexes show declines in first half
Strong dollar and worldwide recession take toll on trade, with oil and food leading
import dip; export prices of nonferrous metals and wheat post double-digit decreases
Donald M. Fisk
24
Productivity in State Unemployment Insurance Service
Gains in output per employee hour averaged 1.9 percent per year in the 1966-78 period;
however, year-to-year changes fluctuated widely, reacting to the level of unemployment
SOME LABOR HIGHLIGHTS OF 1982
George Ruben
28
Collective bargaining in 1982: results dictated by the economy
Workers exchanged wage and benefit improvements for job security
and a voice in management; industries were beset by economic problems
Diana Runner
38
Unemployment insurance laws: legislative revisions in 1982
In move to ease effects of high unemployment, a Federal program temporarily extends
jobless benefits beyond the maximum of 39 weeks; new aid varies from 6 to 10 weeks
Richard R. Nelson
44
State labor legislation enacted in 1982
Equal pay for jobs of comparable worth and impact of plant closings were among
subjects of State legislation, as well as measures dealing with standards of employment
LaVerne C. Tinsley
57
Workers’ compensation in 1982: significant legislation enacted
States still concentrated on improving benefits and services for work-related injuries;
18 jurisdictions modified coverage to include volunteers; rehabilitation aid improved
DEPARTMENTS
Labor month in review
Major agreements expiring next month
Book reviews
Current labor statistics
Labor M onth
In Review
HANDBOOK OF METHODS. When
U.S. Commissioner of Labor Carroll
Wright issued his first annual report in
March 1886, he established the policy of
explaining his statistical methods to his
readers and of seeking to avoid misinter
pretation of the figures presented. Dur
ing the 96 years which have followed
that initial report, the definitions,
methods, and limitations of the data
published by the Bureau of Labor and
its successor, the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, have been explained again and
again. The reason for this is not merely
to make the readers aware of the known
limitations of the statistics, but also to
instruct them in the proper use of the in
formation and to assure them that
proper standards have been observed.
Last month, the Bureau continued
that tradition by publishing Volume I of
a new bis Handbook o f Methods, pro
viding detailed descriptions of the
Bureau’s major statistical series. The
book’s introduction also discusses the
Bureau’s organization, staff, advisory
councils, and data collection pro
cedures. Excerpts:
Advisory councils. In order to keep in
touch with the current and anticipated
needs of business and labor groups and
to seek advice on technical problems, the
Commissioner established standing re
search advisory committees in 1947.
These groups, now called the Business
Research Advisory Council and the
Labor Research Advisory Council, ad
vise on technical problems and provide
perspectives on Bureau programs in rela
tion to needs of their members. The
councils accomplish their work in
general sessions and also through com
mittees on specialized subjects. Commit
tees are augmented by persons in in
dustry or labor who, although not coun
cil members, have special competence.
The councils may take formal action
through resolutions or recommenda
tions on appropriate matters, but such
resolutions are merely advisory.
2
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Members of the councils and the sub
committees serve in their individual
capacities, not as representatives of
their organizations.
The members of the Business Re
search Advisory Council are desig
nated by the Commissioner under au
thorization of the Secretary of Labor,
after nomination by the National
Association of Manufacturers, the U.S.
Chamber of Commerce, the Business
Round Table, and the National Federa
tion of Independent Business. The
members of the Labor Research Ad
visory Council are designated by the
Commissioner of Labor Statistics under
authorization of the Secretary of Labor,
from nominations by the Director of
Research, a f l -c i o . All research directors
of international unions represented in
the a f l -c i o are invited to attend the
general meetings of the council. The
council provides general direction to the
advisory activities of trade union
research directors in relation to b l s .
Voluntary reporting. Voluntary re
porting and the preserving of the con
fidential nature of reported data are im
portant characteristics of b l s programs.
Over the course of almost a century,
the Bureau has asked hundreds of
thousands of firms and individuals to
provide information closely related to
their daily affairs and their personal
lives. To some who have supplied the
desired information, the Bureau has
gone back often for later information on
the same subject or for new types of in
formation. The response has been
remarkable in its generosity. In no small
measure, the cooperation received is due
to the great care taken to avoid identify
ing the firm or the person supplying the
information. The fact that Bureau
employees pledge themselves to protect
these data is less important than that
they have a deep understanding of the
adverse long-run consequences of even a
single lapse. They are aware of the great
er worth, in terms of pure statistical
validity, of the information provided
voluntarily compared with that supplied
under legal sanctions. The only induce
ment employed is to tell respondents
that their contributions are important to
the success of the survey and that they
may find the survey results useful in
their own pursuits. The policy of not
identifying respondents is implemented
by combining the data reported by the
different sources and issuing the findings
in summary form.
Another assurance given respondents
is that their reports will be used for
statistical purposes only. Attempts to
“ break” this policy, by organizations or
individuals who wanted access to the
data and were willing to go to the courts
to secure it, have been successfully
resisted. A similar problem occurs when
an administrative agency of government
seeks court action to compel a company
to release its file copy of information
provided in confidence to a statistical
agency.
While it cannot be proved that these
policies result in more reliable statistics,
Bureau Commissioners and their staffs
over the years have been convinced from
experience that it is so. It is notable that
some other Federal agencies (especially
the Bureau of the Census), well equip
ped with authority to compel the submit
tal of certain reports, rarely if ever in
voke this power. Rather, they also
choose to rely on persuasion. The
Bureau of Labor Statistics, while its
functions as a statistical agency are
prescribed by law, has always relied
upon voluntary cooperation of re
spondents in collecting information.
Bls Handbook o f Methods, Volume
I, Bulletin 2134-1 (154 pages, $6.50),
with information about all major b l s
programs except the Consumer Price In
dex, is available from b l s regional of
fices (see inside front cover) and from
the Government Printing Office, Wash
ington, D.C. 20402. Volume II, devoted
to the C P I, is in preparation.
□
Collective bargaining in 1983:
a crowded agenda
Many major contracts are expiring, and
in some industries greater emphasis
may be pu t on job security and
company survival than on the traditional
issues o f wage and benefit improvements
W i l l ia m M . D a v is
Collective bargaining activities in 1983 follow a year of
unprecedented developments. Settlements in major pri
vate industry collective bargaining situations (those cov
ering at least 1,000 workers) reached in the first 9
months of 1982 provided the lowest first-year and overthe-life average wage adjustments since the Bureau of
Labor Statistics began compiling such data in 1967.
Moreover, two-fifths of the 2.7 million workers covered
by the 1982 settlements are not scheduled to receive a
specified wage increase in 1983. Unless the economic
health of some industries improves, questions of job se
curity and company survival are likely to overshadow
wage and benefit improvements on the 1983 bargaining
agenda.
This article discusses major collective bargaining situ
ations in private industry covering 8.5 million workers,
or about 1 in 8 wage and salary workers, and focuses
on scheduled negotiations, deferred wage adjustments,
and cost-of-living adjustments ( c o l a ).
Economic conditions that will exist at the time of ne
gotiations are unpredictable, of course. However, eco
nomic forecasts generally range from moderate recovery
to continuing recession. In November 1982, the unem
ployment rate reached 10.8 percent, the highest since
William M. Davis is an economist in the Division of Developments in
Labor-Management Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1940. Industrial production in October was down 8.6
percent from a year earlier, accompanied by a drop in
the factory utilization rate to 68.4 percent, the lowest
rate since the Federal Reserve Board began the series in
1948. The rate of increase in the Consumer Price Index
has been declining; in October, the CPI for all urban
consumers was 5.1 percent above the year-earlier level,
compared with 8.9 in 1981 and 12.4 percent in 1980. At
the same time, interest rates began dropping from re
cent high levels.
Contract expirations and reopenings
About 3.6 million workers are under major contracts
that will expire or are subject to reopening in 1983, a
heavy bargaining year. (See tables 1 and 2.) Although
approximately the same number of workers were cov
ered by 1982 negotiations, 845 agreements will be up
for negotiation— 200 more than in 1982.
Industries with large numbers of workers covered by
contract expirations in 1983 are aluminum (in May),
steel and telephone communications (in August), east
and gulf coast longshore (in September), and aerospace
(in October). Contracts expiring in the construction in
dustry (typically in spring and summer) involve large
numbers of workers each year, but more workers will
be affected in 1983 than in any year on record. A sum
mary of the bargaining climate for these major negotia
tions follows.
3
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Collective Bargaining in 1983
Steel
High unemployment, declining capacity utilization,
and closing facilities have pressured both labor and
management to trim labor costs before the 3-year steel
agreements expire on August 1, 1983. The Steel Indus
try Coordinating Committee, representing eight major
steel companies, and the Basic Steel Industry Confer
ence of the United Steelworkers of America (composed
of all local union presidents) were unsuccessful in their
attempts to reach an early agreement when they met in
July 1982. However, private talks between Lloyd
McBride, president of the Steelworkers, and J. Bruce
Johnston, chief negotiator for the industry, were opened
in October to explore the possibility of reviving early
negotiations. A tentative agreement calling for wageand-benefit concessions was reached in November but it
was subsequently rejected by local union leaders.
Table 1.
Calendar of major collective bargaining activity
[Workers in thousands]
Year and month
Contract expirations
and/or scheduled
wage reopenings1
Contracts
Workers
covered
All years ........................
1,772
8,484.3
Total 1983 ...........
January...........................
February ........................
March .............................
April ...............................
M a y.................................
845
37
39
81
113
123
3,615.6
98.6
149.4
266.6
305.3
413.2
June ...............................
J u ly .................................
August.............................
September......................
134
48
103
53
517.9
1143
1,151.3
190.8
O ctober...........................
November ......................
December ......................
55
19
41
235.0
50 9
127.3
Total 1984 ...........
January...........................
February ........................
March .............................
April ...............................
M a y.................................
June ...............................
J u ly .................................
August.............................
September......................
O ctober..........................
November ......................
December ......................
528
31
31
55
100
74
109
28
23
30
23
12
12
2,588.3
75.8
92 9
156.6
273.2
173.2
618.3
147.0
65.5
870.9
53 2
30 5
31.3
Total 1985 ...........
January J u n e ..................
July-December .............
Year unknown or in
negotiation2 . . .
216
177
39
1,451.4
1,269 6
181.8
217
954.7
Principal industries
Tobacco
Food stores
Glass, construction
Construction
Aluminum, lumber, and
construction
Construction, copper
Steel, telephone
Longshoring (east and gulf
coast)
Aerospace
Petroleum refining
Construction
Construction
Construction
Railroads, construction
Food stores
Automobiles, bituminous coal
1Totals for contracts for each year and all years are less than the sum of the parts be
cause 34 contracts have both reopenings and expirations in the reference period.
2 Includes 79 agreements, covering 274,000 workers, which were due to expire between
Oct. 1 and Dec. 31,1982; 68 agreements, covering 463,000 workers, which expired prior to
Oct. 1 but new agreements were not reached by Oct. 1; 58 agreements covering 178,000
workers which expired prior to Oct. 1, but for which necessary information had not been fully
gathered; and 12 agreements covering 40,000 workers that have no fixed expiration or re
opening date.
Note: Only bargaining units in the private nonagricultural economy with 1,000 workers or
more are considered in this table. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not
equal totals.
4
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Conditions set forth by the Experimental Negotiation
Agreement ( e n a ) introduced in 1973 no longer apply.
The ENA provided that in exchange for a no-strike
pledge at the national level, workers would receive an
nual increases equal to 3 percent of wages which could
be applied to wages or benefits, COLA, and a $150 bo
nus. Although past contracts expired in August, the
ENA imposed an April deadline for decisions on nation
al economic issues after which any unresolved questions
would go to an arbitration panel. The April 14, 1980
agreement postponed decisions on the ENA , which was
subsequently dropped.
Domestic steel production was generally profitable
until early 1982, but the current recession, coupled with
an excess of worldwide steelmaking capacity, has result
ed in a severe contraction of the industry.1The contrac
tion has taken a toll on employees. An estimated
130,000 workers were on layoff in October 1982 and
over the past 10 years, the number of production work
ers has dropped about 40 percent.
During 1982, there was a rash of plant shutdowns as
well as sharp curtailments in production at remaining
facilities.2 The capacity utilization rate has fallen dra
matically from 78.3 percent in 1981 to 49.6 percent for
the first 10 months of 1982,3 the lowest since 1938,
when it averaged 39.6 percent for the year.
The demand for domestic steel has been affected by
declining automobile sales, the manufacture of smaller
cars, and increased imports of steel-mill products. Im
ports accounted for about 22.4 percent of the industry’s
steel supply in October 1982, compared with 19.1 per
cent in 1981 and 16.3 percent in 1980. In January 1982,
domestic steel producers filed charges with the Interna
tional Trade Commission ( it c ) against several countries.
The companies claimed that the countries, including six
from the European Economic Community ( e e c ), were
subsidizing steel products being exported to the United
States, thus competing unfairly. The Trade Commission,
on October 15, agreed with the companies, making way
for President Reagan to impose duties on the goods in
question. However, on October 21, agreement was reach
ed between the United States and the six EEC countries
limiting their exports to the United States. Action
against other countries is in process or contemplated.
Outmoded mills accounted for some of the industry’s
problems. Some firms invested large sums of money to
modernize their mills in order to make them more prof
itable and to conform with environmental standards. In
early 1982, $6.5 billion worth of modernization pro
grams were underway in the steel industry, but many
companies began deferring these programs when the de
mand for steel fell dramatically in the first quarter of
1982..4
Some steel companies have been diversifying by in
vesting in other industries. One widely publicized move
Table 2.
Major contract expiration and wage reopening dates, by industry
[Workers in thousands]
Year of contract expiration and/or scheduled wage reopening
Total1
Industry
Contracts
19832
Workers
covered
19843
Unknown or in
negotiation4
1985
Contracts
Workers
covered
Contracts
Workers
covered
Contracts
Workers
covered
Contracts
Workers
covered
All industries ..........................................................
1,772
8,484.3
845
3,615.6
528
2,588.3
216
1,451.4
217
954.7
Manufacturing............................................
Food and kindred products...................................
Tobacco manufacturing ........................................
Textile mill products...............................................
Apparel and other finished products ....................
Lumber and wood products, except furniture . . . .
799
87
7
17
46
14
3,508.6
252.0
22.3
48.4
347.5
59.9
372
37
7
5
3
10
1,260.3
85.0
22.3
19.5
9.0
54.1
215
25
1,118.4
57.1
106
17
707.7
103.5
438.5
17.4
3
2
3
10.5
7.4
3.9
1
21
1
5.0
265.7
1.9
111
10
8
20
Furniture and fixture s............................................
Paper and allied products......................................
Printing, publishing and allied industries...............
Chemicals and allied products .............................
Petroleum refining and related industries .............
15
51
27
34
18
24.5
81.4
53.6
68.1
33.9
6
26
10
16
1
10.8
41.4
16.6
32.2
1.5
3
20
13
7
16
2.9
33.7
32.2
14.4
27.8
4
2
3
3
1
7.7
2.3
7.3
4.5
1.6
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics ......................
Leather and leather products ...............................
Stone, clay, glass and concrete products.............
Primary metals industries......................................
Fabricated metal products ...................................
14
13
35
97
52
65.5
38.4
85.2
437.0
94.5
3
5
18
76
22
4.4
6.0
56.2
405.7
35.8
_
_
6
44.6
7
11
13
20
24.4
18.9
19.3
43.2
Machinery, except electrical .................................
Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies . . .
Transportation equipment......................................
Instruments and related products ........................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...............
77
77
94
14
10
236.2
372.8
1,126.9
41.8
18.6
38
41
38
8
2
88.8
140.9
200.2
26.3
3.4
21
16
28
4
3
Nonmanufacturing......................................
Mining, crude petroleum and natural gas production
Construction ..........................................................
Transportation, except railroads and trucking . . . .
Railroads ..............................................................
Trucking ................................................................
973
14
468
67
26
17
4,975.7
198.3
1,457.4
288.7
412.4
442.2
473
11
245
37
2,355.3
34.9
884.5
150.9
-
-
313
2
166
15
22
2
3.6
Communications ...................................................
Utilities, gas and electric........................................
Wholesale trade ...................................................
Retail trade, except restaurants ...........................
Restaurants............................................................
45
75
16
130
20
744.9
234.7
50.6
634.3
65.5
29
38
9
59
9
Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te ......................
Services, except hotels and health services.........
Flotéis .....................................................................
Health services .....................................................
18
40
17
20
93.3
133.7
114.0
105.8
6
14
5
9
11ncludes 8 agreements, covering 17,000 workers, which will expire in 1986 or later. To
tals are less than the sum of the parts because 34 contracts have both reopenings and expi
rations.
2 Includes 5 contracts covering 9,000 workers in manufacturing and 25 contracts covering
72.000 in nonmanufacturing which have wage reopenings in 1983.
3 Includes 5 contracts covering 18,000 workers in manufacturing and 8 contracts covering
49.000 in nonmanufacturing which have wage reopenings in 1984.
4 Includes 79 agreements, covering 274,000 workers, which were due to expire between
was U.S. Steel Corp.’s purchase of the Marathon Oil
Co. in early 1982. The deal may improve the company’s
financial position but, according to Steelworkers’ Presi
dent McBride, the acquisition created a credibility gap
between the company and its employees.5 These efforts
at diversification have hindered attempts at negotiating
wage concessions because union members questioned
whether savings in labor costs would be invested in the
steel industry or would be spent elsewhere.
Faced with a distressed economic picture, industry
and union negotiators came to the bargaining table in
1982 in an effort to limit labor costs. During the July
talks, the Steelworkers’ offer was reported to include a
3-year freeze on scheduled wage increases, elimination
of the August 1, 1982 wage increase, and deferring re
maining scheduled cost-of-living adjustments ( c o l a )
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-
-
-
-
-
13.4
65.4
-
-
2
3
2
11
3.1
3.0
1.8
23.2
-
-
2
1
5
2.7
1.4
9.3
5
1
4
7
4
50.3
22.4
736.0
10.4
3.4
10
13
13
1
2
14.0
165.7
63.5
3.8
3.0
9
7
14
1
3
84.5
43.8
125.5
1.3
8.8
1,469.8
162.0
435.7
65.5
287.1
110
106
1
23
14
4
3
516.2
1.3
79.0
67.4
125.3
16.0
1
10
2
26
4
2.6
46.0
4.5
103.7
13.2
_
_
13
2
3
47.2
5.8
4.1
-
-
-
-
12
743.7
106.6
7.8
422.6
699.0
113.8
15.0
269.9
37.6
8
28
4
25
5
23.5
83.9
6.1
178.3
11.4
8
7
1
20
3
24.0
18.5
25.0
82.4
6.3
40.5
52.3
29.1
24.3
8
12
9
9
27.0
32.9
77.4
79.0
3
1
2
22.4
1.3
26.7
-
50
3
-
-
-
16.5
8.0
7.3
10.5
4.9
Oct. 1 and Dec. 31, 1982; 68 agreements, covering 463,000 workers, which expired prior to
Oct. 1 but new agreements were not reached by Oct. 1; 58 agreements covering 178,000
workers which expired prior to Oct. 1, but for which necessary information had not been fully
gathered; and 12 agreements covering 40,000 workers that have no fixed expiration or reopen
ing date.
Note: Only bargaining units in the private nonagricultural economy affecting 1,000 workers
or more are considered in this table. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not
equal totals.
for 18 months. In addition, the Steelworkers reportedly
proposed a plan where COLA payments would only be
paid when the industry’s capacity utilization rate was
above a certain level. If that level was never attained,
COLA would not be paid until the last quarter of the
3-year contract.
The companies rejected the offer, which the union es
timated would have saved the industry $2 billion over a
3-year period, and proposed a 3-year contract projected
to save $6 billion. The company proposal reportedly in
cluded elimination of the August 1, 1982 scheduled
wage increase; no additional specified wage increases; no
COLA the first year and a maximum COLA of 50 cents
for each of the second 2 years; and elimination of the
extended vacation plan. The plan also called for a
50-cent-an-hour increase in contributions to the
5
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Collective Bargaining in 1983
Supplemental Unemployment Benefits ( s u b ) fund to fi
nance guaranteed weekly benefits of $100 to $220 for 1
year for laid-off employees with 5 but less than 20 years
of service. (Employees with 20 years or more of service
already had such a guarantee.) Establishment of stock
ownership and individual retirement accounts was also
proposed. On July 30, 400 local union presidents who
comprise the Basic Steel Industry Conference rejected
the industry’s proposals. Negotiations were then termi
nated.
The Steelworkers’ biennial convention in September
1982 passed a resolution authorizing the union to bal
ance wage goals with the need to preserve jobs in a
“distressed bargaining situation.’’6
While top industry and union leaders held informal
bargaining sessions, negotiators agreed to place the
9-cent-an-hour COLA increase due November 1 in an es
crow account and defer payment for 1 month. The 9cent increase was paid retroactively to November 1 be
cause a new agreement was not reached by December 1.
In mid-November, a tentative 45-month agreement
calling for wage-and-benefit concessions was reached by
negotiators but was rejected by local union leaders. Un
der the agreement, 75 cents an hour would have been
taken out of the wages of steelworkers still on the job
to replenish the Supplemental Unemployment Benefit
fund. In addition, the agreement called for a cut of
$1.50 an hour in wages effective December 1, and the
deferment of COLA until August 1983. The $1.50 cut
will have been restored in 50-cent steps on August 1 of
1983, 1984, and 1985. It is not expected that further ne
gotiations will be held until May 1983.
crement increases between labor grades and pay adjust
ments for some employees of each company to attain
uniformity within their company; a revised COLA formu
la, providing adjustments of 1 cent for each 0.3-point
change in the CPI during the first 2 years of the con
tract, and 1 cent for each 0.26-point change in the last
year; and improved paid personal leave, insurance, sup
plemental unemployment benefits, and pensions.
Responding to falling demand and prices, the indus
try has closed some of its unprofitable and marginal
operations, particularly gas-powered plants hit hard by
rising energy costs.7 Even with the reduced operating fa
cilities, production was only at about 63 percent of ca
pacity in August 1982,8 12 percentage points below the
rate at the depths of the 1975 recession.
With demand for aluminum products off, shipments
down, and several plants closing, industry employment
has also dropped. About 103,000 workers were em
ployed in the aluminum industry in September 1982, with
30 to 40 percent of the industry’s work force on layoff.
In August 1982, the aluminum industry requested
that the Steelworkers open their contracts for negotia
tion of reduced labor costs. After preliminary discus
sions, the talks ended in early September without
agreement, apparently because of the Aluminum Work
ers’ rejection of a similar request by the industry for
early negotiation of their contracts. A concessionary
agreement by the Steelworkers would have destroyed
the compensation parity that exists between the two
unions in the industry. Both the Steelworkers and the
industry reportedly indicated that they would continue
to hold informal discussions.
Aluminum
Telephone industry
Contracts between major aluminum producers and
the United Steelworkers of America and the Aluminum,
Brick and Glass Workers International Union are
scheduled to expire on May 31, 1983. As in steel, the
economic decline in the aluminum industry has pres
sured parties to reach an early settlement incorporating
cost-cutting measures.
The three largest companies in the industry— Alumi
num Co. of America, the Reynolds Metals Co., and the
Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp.— negotiate
jointly with the Steelworkers. Contracts negotiated by
the three companies historically have become the pat
tern for contracts for smaller companies in the alumi
num industry. Aluminum settlements in 1977 and 1980
generally followed the pattern of the basic steel agree
ments reached earlier in those years. This could occur
again in 1983 if steel negotiations result in an early set
tlement.
The 3-year contract negotiated in May 1980 provided
for a 25-cent-an-hour wage increase on June 2, 1980, 20
cents on June 1, 1981, and 15 cents on June 7, 1982; in
It is uncertain how the August 24, 1982 consent
agreement— between the Justice Department and the
American Telephone and Telegraph Co. ( a t &t ) — on
the split-up of the Bell System will affect pending nego
tiations in the communications industry. AT&T was giv
en 6 months to submit its plan of divestiture and, if
approved, another 12 months to implement it. The
months ahead will be a period of uncertainty for many,
particularly for AT&T employees.
A proposed resolution of the 8-year antitrust battle
between the Justice Department and AT&T was agreed
to on January 8, 1982. Federal Judge Harold H.
Greene, however, refused to accept the proposal unless
several major changes were made. The final agreement,
including changes proposed by Judge Greene, included:
a requirement that AT&T spin off its 22 wholly owned
local telephone companies as independent enterprises; a
ban on the manufacture of telephone equipment by lo
cal companies, but permission to sell such equipment;
permission for the local companies to publish the lucra
tive “Yellow Pages”; restrictions on AT&T’s entry into
6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 3.
Workers scheduled to receive deferred wage adjustments in 1983, by major industry group and size of increase
[Workers in thousands]
Manufacturing
Average hourly
adjustment
T o ta l...............................
Number of
contracts
All private
nonagricultural
industries
Nonmanufacturing
Selected industries
Total'
Food and
kindred
products
Apparel and
other
finished
products
141
282
727
2,953
1,083
Under 15 cents .............
15 and under 20 ...........
20 and under 25 ...........
25 and under 30 ...........
30 and under 35 ...........
14
22
26
34
46
46
65
74
342
319
26
50
43
204
144
35 and
40 and
45 and
50 and
60 and
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
52
31
29
70
61
305
112
74
190
244
225
39
34
41
57
70 and under 80 ...........
80 and under 90 ...........
90 and under 100 .........
100 and under 110 . . . .
110 and under 120 . . . .
59
43
50
24
21
172
213
117
219
75
48
83
58
12
15
120 and o v e r..................
Mean adjustment...........
With cost-of-living
clauses ..................
Without cost-of-living
clauses ..................
Median adjustment . . . .
144
385
76.1
3
44.8
41.2
38.6
102.9
56.1
61.6
35.0
67.4
85.0
53.8
35.0
Paper and
allied
products
35
Selected industries
Metal
working
Total2
Construction
Transportation,
communications
and gas and
electric utilities
463
1,870
540
529
26
9
41
157
56
20
15
31
138
175
1
1
2
15
52
13
23
23
31
80
73
40
149
187
7
3
8
36
17
13
7
4
1
6
124
130
59
207
60
382
94.2
Wholesale
and
retail trade
Services
378
196
Cents per hour increase
under 40
under 45
under 50
under 60
under 70
_
_
25
1
9
5
6
1
—
_
—
_
37
70
2
-
_
162
12
—
8
—
6
5
10
62
_
—
4
5
_
6
4
7
—
—
3
1
8
—
_
-
-
_
_
_
64.4
33.4
66.9
36.6
62.3
32.6
_
—
66.9
69.3
94
165
36
7
34
3
17
35
27
49
65
36
29
26
36
37
20
14
28
10
3
18
77
19
1
299
131.0
70
91 6
3
57 6
78 6
1
76
33.8
45.3
90.4
39 9
46 4
48.5
29.2
111.7
70.3
132.3
125.0
186.9
33.1
60 3
56.2
79 2
64.1
57
56
240
8
23
34
371
69
46
90
4
20
17
29
41
18
284
11
6
10
10
64
29
10
29
8
2
4
41
13
8
10
2
152
415
355
132
58
61
53
94
67
39
22
81
47
25
12
37
154
18
7
7
31
99
28
15
67
81
6.8
54
61
8.5
2
6
5
50
61
Percent Increase3
Under 2 percent ..............
2 and under 3 ..................
3 and under 4 ..................
4 and under 5 ..................
5 and under 6 ..................
42
70
63
32
70
119
453
329
242
217
85
81
260
196
127
25
5
10
6
2
6 and under 7 ..................
7 and under 8 ..................
8 and under 9 ..................
9 and under 10 ................
10 and under 11 ..............
103
114
94
51
30
260
495
418
153
114
108
81
63
21
55
11
4
23
2
51
11 and under 12 ..............
12 and over ......................
Mean adjustment..............
With cost-of-living
clauses....................
Without cost-of-living
clauses....................
Median adjustment............
27
31
68
86
6.1
1
5
5.0
1
4.4
7.5
6.4
_
_
—
—
—
179
76
7
—
4
17
3
7
4
14
5
1
—
—
-
_
_
_
_
—
6.9
5.0
6.4
5
3.8
4.4
7.0
4.9
_
3.4
4.2
4.6
35
49
6.4
4.6
6.8
8.7
8.0
4.7
6.4
7.0
5.3
3.0
7.7
7.5
8.6
8.6
77
2.7
64
7.0
—
2
75
7.5
Includes workers in the following industry groups for which separate data are not shown: Textiles
3 Percent of straight-time average hourly earnings.
(8.000)
; lumber (6,000); furniture (11,000); printing (33,000); chemicals (13,000); petroleum refining
(32.000); leather (25,000); stone, clay and concrete (18,000); instruments (13,000); and miscellaneous
Note: Workers are distributed according to the average adjustment for all workers in each
manufacturing (6,000).
bargaining unit considered. Deferred wage Increases include guaranteed minimum adjustments under
2 Includes 162,000 workers in the mining industry for which separate data are not shown, because
cost-of-living clauses. Because of rounding, sums of Individual Items may not equal totals. Dashes indi
earnings data are confidential, and 66,000 workers in the finance, insurance, and real estate industries.
cate there are no workers having wage increases that fall within that stated range.
electronic publishing (transmitting information over
wires to computer video screens) for 7 years; and per
mission for A T & T to enter the data-processing and com
puter business for the first time in 25 years. This
pending restructuring of the industry will probably re
sult in attention to job security provisions, training pro
grams, and unemployment benefits during the upcoming
negotiations.
Collective bargaining agreements covering about
750,000 workers in the industry are scheduled to expire
in 1983, nearly all on August 6. Most of the covered
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workers are employed by A T & T in one of its operating
companies, the Long Lines Department, the Western
Electric Co. (the manufacturing arm of the Bell Sys
tem), or Bell Laboratories. The Communications Work
ers of America ( c w a ) represents about 85 percent of all
workers in the industry, and the International Brother
hood of Electrical Workers ( i b e w ) and the Telecommu
nications International Union ( t i u ) , a federation of
independent unions, represent the rest.
In recent years, negotiations have been held between
A T & T and each of the three unions separately, but on a
7
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Collective Bargaining in 1983
national level. Usually, agreement has been reached first
with c w a and that settlement has set the pattern for the
industry. Outside the Bell System, agreements terminat
ing in 1983 include a contract between General Tele
phone Co. of California and the c w a , which covers
20,000 workers and expires in March.
The 3-year contract negotiated in 1980 provided a
range of wage increases averaging 9.24 percent on Au
gust 9, 1980, 2.67 percent in August 1981, and 2.68
percent in August 1982. In addition, telephone opera
tors received a two-stage “upgrading” increase. A re
vised cost-of-living clause would be calculated at the
rate of 55 cents a week plus 0.65 percent of each indi
vidual’s weekly rate for each 1-percent rise in the BLSCPI for urban wage earners and clerical workers. The
previous rate had been 50 cents plus 0.6 percent. A
number of other contract items were changed, including
pension provisions; health, dental, life insurance, and vi
sion care benefits; and job security provisions.
Faced with the Bell system breakup, the CWA created
a “Committee on the Future” to study the possible ef
fects of the divestiture and to provide some long-range
planning for its membership. The 12-member commit
tee’s interim report to the c w a ’s annual convention in
July 1982 stressed the need to recognize that rapid de
velopments in technology will continue to affect and
change specific jobs as they are now known, and that
retraining for its members should be CWA’s highest pri
ority. Emphasis should be placed on employment secu
rity items, according to the report, such as permission
for workers to move from job to job or career to career,
and portability of pensions and savings-plan benefits.
Construction
About 900,000 workers in the construction industry
are covered by major collective bargaining agreements
that will expire or are subject to reopening in 1983, the
largest number since this series began in 1967. As usual,
activity is concentrated from spring to mid-summer.
Approximately 250 major agreements are up for renego
tiation or reopening; more than 200, covering 800,000
workers, in March through June. Much of the activity
will be concentrated on the west coast where one-fifth
of the contracts for at least 340,000 workers will be
renegotiated.
Construction agreements with the same expiration
dates are common at the city level and to a lesser extent
at the State and regional level. The first contract to be
negotiated in the given area often becomes the standard
after which others are patterned.
The unusually large number of workers whose con
tracts are up for bargaining in 1983 results from the
high incidence of short-term agreements negotiated in
1982. Over one-fourth of the 153 agreements negotiated
in the first 9 months of 1982 will expire in 1983; only
8
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
one of the 165 contracts negotiated in 1981 expired in
1982. Construction contracts negotiated in the first 9
months of 1982 had an average duration of 22.4
months, compared with 27.6 months for all of 1981.
A slack demand for new construction projects, high
unemployment, and continued incursion of nonunion
employers into commercial, industrial, and heavy con
struction prompted building-trades unions to trim their
demands for economic improvements in 1982. Many
contracts called for little or no change in pay. Con
struction settlements for the first 9 months of 1982 pro
vided wage changes averaging 7.0 percent in the first
contract year and 6.9 percent over the life of the con
tract. These averages compare with 11.3 and 10.0 per
cent, respectively, when the same parties bargained
previously. Average wage adjustments negotiated in
construction in 1981 were 13.5 and 11.3 percent, respec
tively.
During 1982, negotiators hesitated to commit them
selves to long-term contracts because of the recession.
Layoffs are common in the construction industry be
cause of its seasonal nature, but the unemployment rate
was 21.9 percent in November 1982, compared with
17.8 percent in November 1981. Unless some degree of
recovery occurs in the economy in the next few months,
1983 negotiations most likely will place less emphasis
on monetary provisions and more on job security and
benefits for laid-off or unemployed workers than when
these contracts were last renegotiated.
Longshoring
The International Longshoremen’s Association ( il a )
will represent about 116,000 dockworkers in bargaining
with associations of employers on the eastern and gulf
coasts on agreements scheduled to expire at the end of
September. A master agreement will be negotiated first,
to be followed by local agreements later in the year.
Many terms, covering such issues as vacations and holi
days, are negotiated separately at each port.
The June 1980 master agreement was reached about 4
months before the local contracts were scheduled to ex
pire on October 1, allowing ample time for settlement
of local issues. During the bargaining sessions, which
began in February, the parties reviewed the legal status
of the Rules on Containers— a key contract item—
which had been in litigation before the National Labor
Relations Board ( n l r b ) and the Federal courts for
nearly 7 years. New technology led to the development
of these rules which attempted to lessen the adverse ef
fects of modernization— loss of jobs, sharply reduced
earnings, and reduced work opportunities. These provi
sions had been designed to prevent the loss of contain
er-handling work from the docks to inland warehouses
and gave ILA members the right to pack and unpack all
containers, with certain exceptions, going to and com-
ing from points within 50 miles of a port. However, a
1975 NLRB ruling found that the container work rules
violated the National Labor Relations Act by expand
ing the role of longshore workers and declared that the
rules were illegal. This decision was disputed in the
courts. Resolving a conflict among circuit courts, in late
May 1980, the Supreme Court sent the container rules
issue back to the NLRB to define longshore “traditional
work.” The Supreme Court ruled that the NLRB had in
correctly examined the nature of the work involved.
The 1980 master pact, reached after the Supreme
Court ruling, provided that the union or management
could cancel the agreement on 60 days’ notice, if any
portion of the rules dealing with containerization was
struck down by State, Federal or other law, or by deci
sion of any court or administrative agency. The agree
ment provided for a Guaranteed Annual Income plan
for workers displaced as a result of the use of container
ization.
In October 1982, ILA President Thomas Gleason told
a shippers conference in Boston that the union’s goal in
contract negotiations in 1983 will be to reach agreement
with management 6 months before the present contract
expires on September 30 and to avoid a strike.9 To
achieve this, the ILA has targeted talks to begin in Feb
ruary 1983. Although the NLRB has not yet issued a fi
nal definition of traditional longshore work, it is not
expected that the containerization question will be an
issue this year.
Aerospace
More than 100,000 aerospace workers are covered by
collective bargaining agreements scheduled to expire in
the fall. The two major unions involved in these negoti
ations are the International Association of Machinists
and Aerospace Workers ( i a m ) and the United Automo
bile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of
America ( u a w ). The major aerospace companies are the
Bendix Corp., the Boeing Co., Lockheed Aircraft Corp.,
McDonnell Douglas Corp., and United Technologies
Corp.
The relationship between the IAM and UAW has
ranged from intense jurisdictional rivalry during the pe
riod of rapid growth of union membership in the late
1930’s to joint labor bargaining conferences held inter
mittently since 1959. Recently, the two unions have
worked closely to develop common objectives and strat
egies. Negotiations are usually on a company-by-com
pany basis, with the earliest settlements setting the
basic framework for subsequent negotiations in the in
dustry. However, the terms of individual contracts, as
well as expiration dates, may vary.
The aerospace industry is characterized by large fluc
tuations in employment. Hiring booms in response to
large government and commercial airline contracts have
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been followed by massive layoff's when contracts faded.
The largest companies, which build complex military
aircraft, missiles, and space vehicles and large commer
cial airplanes, rely heavily on contracts with relatively
few customers— the United States, foreign governments,
and commercial airlines.
Currently, the aerospace industry is economically
sound because large orders for military aircraft have
made up for the decline in orders from other purchas
ers, such as airlines, in both domestic and export mar
kets.10 Aerospace exports in 1982, dropped for the first
time since 1977.
In the last round of bargaining, Boeing Co. and the
IAM were the first to reach an agreement, on October 4,
1980, for 50,000 employees in Seattle, Wash., Wichita,
Kan., Portland, Oreg., and other locations. The 3-year
contract provided an immediate 7-percent wage increase
and 3-percent increases in October 1981 and 1982 as
well as improvements in pension benefits for both pres
ent and future employees. Shortly afterward, other ac
cords were reached patterned after the Boeing
settlement: the Machinists with Lockheed Corp. for
30.000 workers and with McDonnell Douglas Corp. for
7.000 workers, and UAW, in a coordinated effort, with
McDonnell Douglas for 15,000 workers.
Wage changes of expiring contracts
Contracts expiring in 1983 will yield average wage
changes over their life of at least 8.6 percent. Reflecting
the recent moderation in the rate of inflation, it appears
that contracts without COLA clauses will provide higher
total wage changes than those with such clauses for the
first time in the 9 years for which such data are avail
able. The following tabulation relates to contracts expir
ing in 1983. It shows the average annual percent wage
adjustment specified in the contracts, up to their expira
tion and the sum of those specified adjustments
Table 4.
month
Deferred wage increases scheduled in 1983, bv
[Workers in thousands]
Effective month
Total ....................
January.............................
February..........................
M a rc h .............................
April .................................
May .................................
J u n e .................................
J u ly ...................................
August .............................
September ......................
October.............................
November........................
December........................
Principal industries
Airlines, petroleum refineries
Metal containers
Coal mining
Construction, food stores
Men’s and boys’ coats and suits, construction
Coal mining, electrical equipment,
construction, apparel
Railroads, construction, food stores
Food stores
Coal mining
Construction
Construction, food stores
Coal mining
Workers
covered
12,953
292
144
284
303
361
747
784
112
245
154
123
293
1This total is smaller than the sum of individual items because 520,000 workers will re
ceive more than one increase. It is based on data available as of Oct. 1,1982, and thus may
understate the number of workers receiving deferred increases for the entire year.
9
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Collective Bargaining in 1983
plus COLA increases, where provided, through the third
quarter of 1982:
Contracts expiring in 1983 . . . .
With C O L A .....................................
Without c o l a ..............................
Specified
6.9
5.0
9.6
Total specified
plus COLA
8.6
8.1
9.6
Many of the contracts provide for COLA reviews after
the third quarter of 1982 but before their 1983 expira
tion. Therefore, it is possible that by the time they ex
pire, contracts with COLA may yield higher total wage
adjustments than those without. However, given the
current trend in the Consumer Price Index, it is unlikely
that any additional COLA yield will be sufficient to
change the relationship shown above.
Table 5.
1983 scheduled wage changes
Only one-third of the workers (3.0 million) covered
by major collective bargaining agreements are scheduled
to receive deferred wage increases in 1983. (See tables 3
and 4.) This is the smallest number and proportion of
workers for any year since the series began in 1967.
About 4.3 million workers received “deferred” increases
in 1982 and 6.1 million in 1981. The small proportion
of workers with 1983 deferred increases stems from the
more than 1 million workers, primarily in the automo
bile, trucking, farm implement, and rubber industries,
who are in the second year of multiyear agreements
reached in 1982 that did not provide for any specified
wage increases during the contract term; these workers
may, however, receive increases under COLA clauses.
Prevalence of cost-of-living adjustment clauses in major collective bargaining agreements, October 1982
[Workers in thousands]
2-digit standard
industry
classification
(SIC)
All contracts
Industry
Workers
covered
Contracts with COLA clauses
Number of
contracts
Workers
covered
Number of
contracts
Percent of
workers covered by
COLA clauses
10
11
12
15
16
T o ta l..................................................................
Metal mining ................................................................
Anthracite mining ..........................................................
Bituminous coal and lignite mining ...............................
Building construction general contractors ....................
Construction other than building construction .............
8,484
36
2
160
612
435
1,772
12
1
1
162
116
4,928
34
2
—
42
105
687
10
1
—
8
16
58.1
93.2
100.0
.0
6.8
24.2
17
20
21
22
23
Construction-special trade contractors ........................
Food and kindred products ..........................................
Tobacco manufacturing.................................................
Textile mill products .....................................................
Apparel and other finished products.............................
410
252
22
45
351
190
87
7
16
47
31
127
20
8
266
17
33
6
3
21
7.5
50.4
90.2
18.1
75.8
24
25
26
27
28
Lumber and wood products, except furniture...............
Furniture and fixtures ...................................................
Paper and allied products ............................................
Printing, publishing and allied industries ......................
Chemicals and allied products......................................
60
20
86
54
68
14
13
53
27
34
1
8
8
33
21
1
6
1
15
10
2.2
40.8
9.3
62.2
31.5
29
30
31
32
33
Petroleum refining and related industries . . .».............
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics .............................
Leather and leather products........................................
Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products....................
Primary metals industries .........; .................................
34
66
38
85
437
18
14
13
35
97
34
35
36
37
38
Fabricated metal products............................................
Machinery, except electrical ........................................
Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies.............
Transportation equipment ............................................
Instruments and related products.................................
94
238
373
1,130
28
39
40
41
42
44
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ......................
Railroad transportation .................................................
Local and urban tra n s it.................................................
Motor freight transportation..........................................
Water transportation.....................................................
45
48
49
50
51
_
_
70
421
26
88
.0
90.5
.0
81.6
96.4
52
78
77
94
13
72
203
341
984
8
38
66
60
73
4
76.7
85.6
91.4
87.2
29.4
19
412
17
442
89
10
26
3
17
19
4
412
15
442
34
3
26
1
17
7
22.5
100.0
85.8
100.0
38.5
Transportation by a ir .....................................................
Communications............................................................
Electric, gas, and sanitary services .............................
Wholesale trade — durables ........................................
Wholesale trade— nondurables...................................
182
759
235
10
39
45
46
75
5
10
72
696
44
3
31
14
29
13
1
4
39.6
91.7
18.7
25.5
78.6
53
54
55
56
58
Retail trade — general merchandise.............................
Food s to re s ...................................................................
Automotive dealers and service stations......................
Apparel and accessory s to re s ......................................
Eating and drinking places............................................
78
517
11
10
66
18
95
8
4
20
25
197
1
—
4
33
1
—
—
—
32.3
38.1
11.5
.0
.0
59
60-65
70-89
Miscellaneous retail stores ..........................................
Finance, Insurance, and real estate .............................
Services .......................................................................
16
93
353
5
18
77
15
46
25
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals, and percentages
may not reflect shown ratios.
10
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
59
—
11
—
Dashes indicate absence of cost of living coverage,
4
6
10
93.5
49.6
7.1
Table 6.
Timing and frequency of 1983 cost-of-living reviews1
[Workers in thousands]
First quarter
Contracts by expiration and frequency
of cost-of-iiving review
Second quarter
Third quarter
Fourth quarter
Full year2
Number of
contracts
Workers
covered
Number of
contracts
Workers
covered
Number of
contracts
Workers
covered
Number of
contracts
Workers
covered
Number of
contracts
328
260
43
25
—
2,065
1,621
340
104
—
258
218
19
21
-
2,088
1,485
156
448
-
186
138
34
14
-
1,522
1,085
323
113
-
119
99
14
6
-
1,070
898
143
28
422
268
62
66
26
2,899
1,651
496
693
59
192
172
11
9
844
754
21
68
—
133
127
5
1
—
630
616
12
1
—
49
45
3
1
—
205
197
7
2
-
6
5
10
8
891
754
33
72
31
1,221
867
319
36
125
91
14
20
1,459
869
143
447
137
93
31
13
—
1,317
888
316
112
2,008
897
463
621
28
Workers
covered
All contracts
Total .......................................................
Quarterly ............................................................
Semiannual........................................ .................
Annual ................................................................
Other3 ................................................................
Contracts expiring in 1983
Total .......................................................
Quarterly ............................................................
Semiannual..........................................................
Annual ............................................................
Other3 ................................................................
—
-
-
209
172
16
12
9
113
94
14
5
1,060
890
143
27
—
213
96
46
54
17
1
2
Contracts expiring in later years
Total .......................................................
Quarterly ............................................................
Semiannual..........................................................
Annual ................................................................
Other3 ................................................................
136
88
32
16
11ncludes only those reviews through the termination of the present agreement; does not assume the continuation of existing reviews after the contract expiration dates.
2Contracts that have at least one review in the year.
Deferred wage increases will average 6.1 percent in
1983, compared with 6.3 percent a year earlier. In
creases deferred from 1981 settlements will average 6.7
percent, compared with 5.8 percent for those deferred
from 1982, reflecting moderation in wage increases ne
gotiated the latter year.
Contracts with COLA generally provide for deferred
wage increases that are smaller than those without, be
cause they are negotiated with the anticipation that
1 some amount of COLA wage increases will be generated.
About one-third of the workers scheduled to receive
deferred increases in 1983 have COLA coverage. These
deferred wage increases will average 4.2 percent, com
pared with 7.2 percent for those without COLA clauses.
Variations among industries in the average amount of
deferred increases often reflects variations in the propor
tion of workers covered by COLA clauses. For example,
in the metalworking industry, where COLA is prevalent
(88 percent of the workers are covered), 1983 deferred
increases will average only 3.8 percent, but in the con
struction industry, where COLA clauses affect only 12
percent of the workers, deferred increases will average
8.5 percent.11 (See tables 3 and 5.)
Cost-of-living adjustments
COLA clauses are designed to help workers recover
purchasing power lost through price increases. They
provide for adjustments in wages based on measures of
price changes, in most cases the Consumer Price Index
for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers ( c p i - w ).
At the end of 1982, 4.9 million (58 percent) of the 8.5
million workers under major agreements had COLA pro
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 Includes monthly, combinations of annual and quarterly combinations of annual and
semi-annual, and reviews dependent on the levels of the Consumer Price Index.
tection. Sixty percent of the workers covered by COLA
clauses will have at least one review in 1983. (See tables
5 and 6.) The amount of protection varies, depending
on the formula used in adjustment calculations, the tim
ing of reviews, and whether or not maximum amounts
(“caps”) are specified. During the first 9 months of
1982, c o l a ’s yielded wage increases that were about
three-fourths of the rise in the Consumer Price Index.
COLA coverage peaked in 1977 when 61.2 percent (6.0
million) of the workers under major collective
bargaining agreements had COLA clauses in their con
tracts. The proportion covered has remained relatively
stable, although the number has declined steadily since
1977, dropping to 4.9 million in the fourth quarter of
1982, largely the result of declining employment in in
dustries where COLA clauses are common. The following
shows the percent of workers under major contracts
with COLA clauses on January 1, 1971-83:12
N um ber o f
w o rk e rs u n d e r
W o rk e rs w ith
cola
Year
1 9 7 1 ..........
1972 ..........
1973 ..........
1974 ..........
1975 ..........
1976 ..........
major agreements
10.8
10.6
10.4
10.2
10.3
10.1
Number
3.0
4.3
4.1
4.0
5.3
6.0
1977 ..........
1978 ..........
1979 ..........
1980 ...........
1 9 8 1 ..........
1982 ..........
1983 ..........
9.8
9.6
9.5
9.3
9.1
9.0
8.5
6.0
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.3
5.1
4.9
coverage
Percent
27.8
40.6
39.4
39.2
51.5
59.4
61.2
60.4
58.9
58.1
58.2
56.7
57.6
11
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Collective Bargaining in 1983
Table 7.
Expiration and wage adjustment provisions of selected collective bargaining agreements
[Contracts are listed in order of Standard Industrial Classification code]
1972
SIC
Code
Union2
Industry and employer1
Employment
at time of
settlement
Contract term3
4,400
6,500
5,000
Sept. 1,1982 to Aug. 31,1985
Sept. 1,1982 to Aug. 31,1985
Sept. 27,1981 to Sept. 30,1984
Provisions for 1983
automatic cost-ofliving review4
Provisions for 1983
deferred wage
increases5
Manufacturing
20
Food and kindred products:
Armour and Co.6
George A. Hormel and Co.6
Kellogg Co.
Nabisco, Inc.
Sugar Cos. Negotiating Committee (Hawaii)6
Swift and Co.6
Wilson Foods Corp.
21
22
23
24
26
30
Tobacco manufacturers:
Phillip Morris, U.S.A. (Richmond, Va.)
Textile mill products:
Dan River, Inc. (Danville, Va.)
Fieldcrest Mills, Inc. (Virginia and North
Carolina)
Apparel and other finished products:
Greater Blouse, Skirt and Undergarment
Association, Inc.
New York Coat and Suit Association
Lumber and wood products, except furniture:
Western States Wood Products
Employers Association (Boise-Cascade
Corp., Champion International Co., Crown
Zellerbach Corp., Georgia-Pacific Corp.,
International Paper Co., ITT-Rayonier Inc.,
Louisiana-Pacific Corp., Publishers Paper
Co., Simpson Timber Co., and
Weyerhauser Co.)
33
10,500
Sept.1,1981 to Aug. 31,1983
7,000
Feb. 1,1980 to Jan. 31,1983
3,000
6,500
Sept. 1,1982 to Aug. 31,1985
Sept. 1,1982 to Aug. 31,1985
Bakery, Confectionery and Tobacco
Workers
9,650
Feb. 1,1980 to Jan. 31,1983
United Textile Workers
Clothing and Textile Workers
7,000
6,500
June 22,1980 to June 21,1983
Mar. 1,1981 to Feb. 29,1984
Ladies’ Garment Workers
23,000
June 1,1982 to May 31,1985
Ladies’ Garment Workers
20,000
June 1, 1982 to May 31,1985
Woodworkers; Lumber Production
and Industrial Workers (Ind.)
37,000
June 1,1980 to May 31,1983
December
December
Feb. 1: 43 cents
June 1: 35 cents
January and March
8,000
June 1,1979 to May 31,1983
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products:
B.F. Goodrich Co.
Rubber Workers
7,200
Apr. 21,1982 to Apr. 20,1985
Rubber Workers
8,750
Apr. 21,1982 to Apr. 20,1985
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.
Rubber Workers
16,000
Apr. 21,1982 to Apr. 20,1985
Uniroyal, Inc.
Rubber Workers
4,100
Apr. 21,1982 to Apr. 20,1985
7,150
12,400
Apr. 1,1980 to Mar. 31,1983
Apr. 1,1980 to Mar. 31,1983
215,200
Aug. 1,1980 to Aug. 1,1983
February and May
Stone, clay and glass products:
Brockway Glass Co., Inc.
Owens-Illinois, Inc.
Primary metal industries:6
8 major basic steel companies:
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.; Armco Inc.;
Bethlehem Steel Corp.; Inland Steel Co.;
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.; National
Steel Corp.; Republic Steel Corp.; United
States Steel Corp.;
Aluminum Co. of America
Aluminum Co. of America
Armco Steel Corp. (Middletown, Ohio)
Fabricated metal products:
American Can Co.6
Continental Group, Inc. Co.
See footnotes at end of table.
12
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Glass Bottle Blowers
Glass Bottle Blowers
Steelworkers
January, thereafter
quarterly
January, thereafter
quarterly
January, thereafter
quarterly
January, thereafter
quarterly
Aluminum Workers
Steelworkers
Armco Employees Independent
Federation (Ind.)
Steelworkers
Steelworkers
9,150
10,000
6,000
June 1,1980 to May 31,1983
June 1,1980 to May 31,1983
Aug. 1,1980 to July 31,1983
March
March
February and May
11,000
5,550
June 1,1980 to May 31,1983
Aug. 1,1980 to July 31,1983
March
February and May
Independent Steelworkers Union (Ind.)
10,000
Aug. 1,1980 to Aug. 1,1983
February and May
8,100
5,200
June 2,1980 to May 31,1983
Aug. 1,1980 to Aug. 1,1983
March
February and May
February, thereafter
quarterly
February, thereafter
quarterly
Steelworkers
Steelworkers
Steelworkers
6,250
Feb. 16,1981 to Feb. 19,1984
Steelworkers
12,000
Feb. 16,1981 to Feb. 19,1984
June 1: 35 cents
June 1: 70 cents
Paperworkers and Electrical
Workers (IBEW)
Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp.
Kaiser Steel Corp., Steel Manufacturing
Division (Fontana, Calif.)
National Steel Corp., Weirton Steel Division
(Ohio and West Virginia)
Reynolds Metals Co.
United States Steel Corp., salaried
employees
34
Bakery, Confectionery and Tobacco
Workers
Longshoremen and Warehousemen
(Ind.)
Food and Commercial Workers
Food and Commercial Workers
December
December
March, thereafter
quarterly
Paper and allied products:
International Paper Co., Southern Kraft
Division
Firestone Tire and Rubber Co.
32
Food and Commercial Workers
Food and Commercial Workers
Grain Millers
Feb. 15:15 cents
Feb. 15:15-27 cents
Table 7.
Continued— Expiration and wage adjustment provisions of selected collective bargaining agreements
[Contracts are listed in order of Standard Industrial Classification code]
1972
SIC
Code
35
Industry and employer1
Machinery, except electrical:
Briggs and Stratton Corp. (Milwaukee, Wis.)
Cummins Engine Co., Inc. (Columbus, Ind.)
Timken Co. (Columbus and Wooster, Ohio)
36
371
372
374
38
Employment
at time of
settlement
Contract term3
Diesel Workers Union (Ind.)
7,900
6,700
Aug. 1,1980 to July 31,1983
May 4, 1981 to Apr. 29, 1984
Steelworkers
7,800
July 20,1980 to Aug. 29,1983
13,000
60,000
9,000
5,200
June 28,1982 to June 27,1985
June 28,1982 to June 27,1985
Sept. 16,1981 to Aug. 31,1983
Oct. 1,1980 to Feb. 28,1983
Provisions for 1983
automatic cost-ofliving review4
Provisions for 1983
deferred wage
increases5
February and Novem
ber
March and June
May 5: 52-64 cents
Electrical machinery, equipment and supplies:
General Electric Co.
General Electric Co.
Raytheon Co. (Massachusetts)
Rockwell International Corp.
(Cedar Rapids, Iowa)6
Western Electric Co. Inc.
Communications Workers
22,650
Aug. 10, 1980 to Aug. 6, 1983
Transportation equipment-motor vehicle and
motor vehicle equipment:
American Motors Corp. (Wisconsin)
Auto Workers
12,000
March 1,1982 to Sept. 16,1985 September, thereafter
quarterly
September, thereafter
Mar. 1,1982 to Jan. 31,1985
quarterly
Feb. 2,1980 to Mar. 4,1983
Mar. 1,1982 to Sept. 14,1984
September and
December
Apr. 12,1982 to Sept. 14,1984 December
Electrical
Electrical
Electrical
Electrical
Workers
Workers
Workers
Workers
(UE, Ind.)
(IUE)
(IBEW)
(IBEW)
American Motors Corp., Jeep Corp. (Ohio)
Auto Workers
5,000
Budd Co. (P&M)
Ford Motor Co.
Auto Workers
Auto Workers
9,000
110,000
General Motors Corp.
Auto Workers
320,000
Transportation equipment-aircraft:
Beech Aircraft Corp.
Bendix Corp.
Boeing Co.
373
Union2
Machinists
Auto Workers
Machinists
6,750
6,100
39,900
Cessna Aircraft Co. (Kansas)
Machinists
8,000
Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Lockheed-California
Division
McDonnell Douglas Corp. (California and
Oklahoma)
McDonnell-Douglas Corp. (St. Louis, Mo.)
Machinists
14,000
Transportation equipment-shipbuilding:
Bethlehem Steel Corp., Shipbuilding
Department
Litton Systems, Inc., Ingalls Shipbuilding
Division (Pascagoula, Miss.)
Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Co.
(Virginia)
Pacific Coast Shipbuilding and Ship Repair
Firms
Transportation equipment-railway cars:
Pullman, Inc., Pullman Standard Division
Professional, scientific and controlling
instruments; photographic and optical
goods; watches and clocks:
Honeywell, Inc. (Minneapolis and St. Paul,
Minn.)
June and December
June and December
September, thereafter
quarterly
January
January, April and
July
Sept. 28,1981 to Sept. 30,1984 January, thereafter
quarterly
January, April, July
Oct. 20,1980 to Oct. 1,1983
Aug. 3,1981 to Aug. 5,1984
10,000
Oct. 17,1980 to Oct. 9,1983
January, April, July
Machinists
11,000
May 11,1981 to May 13,1984
February, thereafter
quarterly
5,000
Aug. 14,1981 to Aug. 19,1984
Pascagoula Metal Trades Council and
Teamsters (Ind.)
Steelworkers
Pacific Coast Metal Trades Dept, and
Teamsters (Ind.)
Aug. 1: 34>/2-59%
cents
Apr. 30, 1980 to Apr. 29, 1983
Oct. 4,1980 to Oct. 3,1983
Auto Workers
Marine and Shipbuilding Workers
June 27: 3 percent
June 27: 3 percent
6,400
Feb. 1,1981 to Jan. 29,1984
17,000
Mar. 31,1980 to Oct. 31,1983
35,000
July 1,1980 to June 29,1983
February and May
January, thereafter
quarterly
Steelworkers
4,800
Apr. 4, 1981 to May 4, 1984
Teamsters (Ind.)
7,000
Feb. 1,1981 to Jan. 31,1984
Sept. 26: 90 cents
to $1.35
May 11:3 percent
January
Apr. 11:10 cents
Apr. 4: 20-38 cents,
Oct. 4:15-33 cents
Feb. 1: 8 percent
Nonmanufacturing
12
15
16
17
Bituminous coal and lignite mining:
Association of Bituminous Contractors, Inc.
Mine Workers (Ind.)
12,000
Bituminous Coal Operators Association
Mine Workers (Ind.)
160,000
June 7,1981 to Sept. 30, 1984
July 1,1981 to Oct. 1,1984
Construction:
Mid-America Regional Bargaining Association
(Illinois)
Carpenters
25,000
June 1,1981 to May 31,1983
Construction:
Associated General Contractors (Northern
California)
Operating Engineers
12,000
June 16, 1980 to June 15,1983
Construction:
New York Electrical Contractors Association,
Inc.
Electrical Workers (IBEW)
8,000
June 12,1980 to June 9,1983
March, thereafter
quarterly; 15 cents
guaranteed
adjustments
March, thereafter
quarterly; 15 cents
guaranteed
adjustments
June 25: 40 cents
June 25:40 cents
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
13
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Collective Bargaining in 1983
Table 7.
Continued— Expiration and wage adjustment provisions of selected collective bargaining agreements
[Contracts are listed in order of Standard Industrial Classification code]
1972
SIC
Code
40
Railroads:6
Class I railroads:
Operating unions
Nonoperating unions:
Shop craft
Nonshop craft
Conrail and Amtrak, Maintenance and
Equipment employees
Conrail, Clerks
Conrail, Operating employees
42
44
Trucking and warehousing:
Local Cartage, for Hire, and Private Carriers
agreement (Chicago, III.)
National Master Freight agreements and
supplements6
Local Cartage
Over-the-road
United Parcel Service
Water transportation:6
Dry Cargo Cos., Atlantic and Gulf coasts
Dry Cargo Cos., Tankers, Atlantic and Gulf
coasts
New York Shipping Association, Port of
New York
Pacific Maritime Association
Standard Freightship Agreement, Unlicensed
personnel
Standard Tanker Agreement, Unlicensed
personnel
Steamship Trade Association of Baltimore,
Inc., Port of Baltimore
West Gulf Maritime Association, Inc.
45
Airlines:6
United Airlines, Inc., flight attendants
48
Communications:
American Telephone and Telegraph Co.,
Long lines dept.
Bell Telephone Co. of Pennsylvania
General Telephone Co. of California
Illinois Bell Telephone Co., (Illinois and
Indiana)
Illinois Bell Telephone Co., (Illinois and
Indiana)
Michigan Bell Telephone Co.
Mountain State Telephone and Telegraph Co.
New England Telephone and Telegraph Co.
New England Telephone Co.
New Jersey Bell Telephone Co.
Southwestern Bell Telephone Co.
Western Electric Co., Inc. (Service Div.)
Western Electric Co., Inc. (Installation)'
Wisconsin Telephone Co.
49
53
Electric, gas and sanitary services:
Consolidated Edison Company of New York,
Inc.
Retail trade-general merchandise:
Bloomingdale Bros. (New York)
Woodward and Lothrop, Inc. (Maryland,
District of Columbia, and Virginia)
54
Union2
Industry and employer1
Retail trade— food stores:
Cleveland Food Industries Committee (Ohio)
Food Employers Labor Relations Association
of Northern California6
Food Market Agreement of Minneapolis,
(Minnesota)
Philadelphia Food Stores (Pennsylvania,
New Jersey and Delaware)
See footnotes at end of table.
14
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Employment
at time of
settlement
Provisions for 1983
automatic cost-ofliving review4
Contract term3
Locomative Engineers (Ind.)
United Transportation Union
26.000
85.000
Apr. 1, 1981 to June 30, 1984
Apr. 1, 1981 to June 30, 1984
Electrical Workers (IBEW)
Firemen and Oilers
Machinists
Railway Carmen
Maintenance of Way Employees
Railway Clerks
Transport Workers and Railway
Carmen
Railway Clerks
United Transportion Union
9,000
8,400
15.000
32.000
61.000
70,000
7,800
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Chicago Truck Drivers (Ind.)
Teamsters (Ind.)
Teamsters (Ind.)
Teamsters (Ind.)
Masters, Mates and Pilots
Maritime Union
12,450
16,100
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
to June
to June
to June
to June
to June
to June
to June
30,
30,
30,
30,
30,
30,
30,
1984
1984
1984
1984
1984
1984
1984
Apr. 1,1981 to June 30,1984
Apr. 1,1981 to June 30,1984
January and July
January and July
January and July
January and July
January and July
January and July
January and July
January and July
January and July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
January and July
January and July
July 1: 3 percent
July 1: 3 percent
8,700
Apr. 1,1982 to Mar. 31,1985
April
200,000
85,000
Mar. 1,1982 to Mar. 31,1985
Mar. 1,1982 to Mar. 31,1985
May 1,1982 to Apr. 30,1985
April
April
May and November
5.000
15.000
June 16,1981 to June 15,1984
June 16,1981 to June 15,1984
100,000
Provisions for 1983
deferred wage
increases5
June and December
June and December
1:3 percent
1: 3 percent
1: 3 percent
1:3 percent
1:3 percent
1: 3 percent
1: 3 percent
June 16: 7V¡ percent
June 16: Vk percent
Longshoremen (ILA)
Longshoremen and Warehousemen
(Ind.)
Seafarers
10,200
Oct. 1,1980 to Sept. 30,1983
11.000
July 1,1981 to July 1,1984
July 2: $1.25
June and December
10.750
June 16,1981 to June 15,1984
10.750
June 16,1981 to June 15,1984
5.000
Oct. 1,1980 to Sept. 30,1983
7,500
Oct. 1,1980 to Sept. 30,1983
9,300
Apr. 1,1982 to Mar. 31,1983
23,300
Aug. 10,1980 to Aug. 6,1983
11,950
Aug. 10,1980 to Aug. 6,1983
20,500
5,500
Mar. 5,1980 to Mar. 4,1983
Aug. 10,1980 to Aug. 6,1983
13,800
Aug. 10,1980 to Aug. 6,1983
20,000
14,750
14,000
6,250
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
16,750
June 18,1980 to June 17,1983
June 16: 7M> percent
June and December
Seafarers
June 16: Vk percent
Longshoremen (ILA)
Longshoremen (ILA)
Air Line Pilots
Communications Workers
Federation of Telephone Workers of
Pennsylvania (Ind.)
Communications Workers
Communications Workers
Electrical Workers (IBEW)
Communications Workers
Communications Workers
Electrical Workers (IBEW)
Electrical Workers (IBEW)
Electrical Workers (IBEW)
Communications Workers
Communications Workers
Communications Workers
Communications Workers
29,200
16,000
6,300
11,450
88,000
10,1980
10,1980
10,1980
10,1980
10,1980
10,1980
10,1980
10,1980
10,1980
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
6,1983
6,1983
6,1983
6,1983
6,1983
6,1983
6,1983
6,1983
6 1983
Utility Workers
5,600
Mar. 1 ,1 980 to Feb. 2 8 , 1983
5,000
Nov. 18 , 1979 to Feb. 1 ,1 983
Food and Commercial Workers
Food and Commercial Workers
8,400
17,000
Sept. 1,1980 to Sept. 3,1983
Mar. 5,1980 to Mar. 5,1983
Food and Commercial Workers
7,200
Mar. 3,1980 to Feb. 25,1983
Food and Commercial Workers
5,000
Mar. 9,1980 to Mar. 5,1983
Retail, Wholesale and Department
Store
Food and Commercial Workers
March
Table 7.
Continued— Expiration and wage adjustment provisions of selected collective bargaining agreements
[Contracts are listed in order of Standard Industrial Classification code]
1972
SIC
Code
Industry and employer1
Retail Food Store Agreement (San Jose,
Calif.)
58
70
Retail trade-eating and drinking places:
Restaurant-Hotel Employers Council of
Southern California
Hotels, rooming houses, camps, and other
lodging places:
Hotel Employers Association of
San Francisco (California)
Nevada Resort Association, Resort Hotels
(Las Vegas, Nev.)
78
Motion pictures:
Screen Actors Guild, Commercials Contract
80
Medical and other health services:
Kaiser Foundation Hospitals and Health Plan
and Permanente Medical Group (California)
91
Federal Government:
U.S. Postal Service Agreements
Union2
Food and Commercial Workers
6,800
Hotel and Restaurant Employees
10,000
Hotel and Restaurant Employees
6,000
Hotel and Restaurant Employees
15,000
Contract term3
Provisions for 1983
automatic cost-ofliving review4
Provisions for 1983
deferred wage
increases5
Jan. 1,1980 to Feb. 28,1983
Mar. 16,1979 to Mar. 15,1983
July 1,1980 to Aug. 14,1983
Apr. 2,1980 to Apr. 1,1984
Apr. 2: 30-55
cents
Actors
Service Employees
Postal Workers;
Letter Carriers;
Rural Letter Carriers;
Mail Handlers
1Geographical coverage of contracts is interstate unless specified.
2 Unions are affiliated with AFL-CIO, except where noted as independent (Ind.).
3 Contract term refers to the date contract is to go into effect, not the date of signing. Where a
contract has been amended or modified and the original termination date extended, the effective
date of the change becomes the new effective date of the agreement. For purposes of this list
ing, the expiration is the formal termination date established by the agreement. In general, it is
the earliest date on which termination of the contract could be effective, except for special provi
sions for termination as in the case of disagreement arising out of wage reopening. Many agree-
The most prevalent COLA adjustment formula in
current agreements provides a wage increase of 1 cent
per hour for each 0.3-point increase in the CPI. COLA
adjustments for more than 1.8 million workers, includ
ing those in the steel, railroad, trucking, and aerospace
industries, use this formula. The automobile and rubber
industries agreements provide for adjustments of 1 cent
for each 0.26-percent movement in the CPI; workers in
the electrical equipment industry receive adjustments of
1 cent for each 0.2-percent change, but beginning in June
1983, will receive 1 cent for each 0.175-percent change
in the CPI; and workers in telephone communications
receive COLA adjustments at the rate of 55 cents a week
plus 0.65 percent of the individual’s weekly rate for
each 1-percent increase in the CPI.
Cost-of-living reviews are made at intervals specified
in the COLA clause. Annual reviews are the most com
mon, affecting 2.1 million workers, including those in
telephone communications, trucking, and apparel agree
ments; quarterly reviews cover 1.9 million, including
workers in the automobile, steel, and aerospace indus
tries; semiannual reviews affect 825,000 workers, most
notably in railroads and electrical products.
Four million of the 4.9 million workers with COLA
provisions are covered by contracts that tie possible ad
justments to movements in a BLS Consumer Price Index
for “all cities.” Another 270,000 workers are under con
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Employment
at time of
settlement
52,700
Feb. 7,1982 to Feb. 6,1985
7,850
Nov. 1,1981 to Oct. 29,1983
568,000
July 21,1981 to July 20,1984
May and November
July: $300 or $375 per
year
July 21: $300 or $350
(bonus)
ments provide for automatic renewal at the expiration date unless notice of termination is given.
4 Dates shown indicate the month in which adjustment is to be made, not the month of the
Consumer Price Index on which adjustment is based.
5 Hourly rate increase unless otherwise specified.
'Contract is not on file with the Bureau of Labor Statistics; information is based on newspa
per accounts.
Source: Contracts on file with the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Oct. 1,1982. Where no con
tracts are on file, table entries are based on newspaper accounts.
tracts that use an index for an individual city and con
tracts for 660,000 in the automobile industry relate ad
justments to a combination of the U.S. and Canadian
indexes because contracts cover workers in both
countries.
Some contracts specify that upon reaching a certain
level in COLA payments, no further adjustments will be
made. Maximums, or “caps,” sometimes are set for
each of the reviews during the contract term, or for the
total accumulated amount over the term, or some com
bination of the two. COLA clauses covering 1.1 million
workers, most notably in the railroad industry, contain
provisions for some limitation on the size of adjust
ments.
More than 350,000 workers are covered by provisions
for minimum or “guaranteed COLA” payments. These
amounts were determined at the time the contracts were
negotiated and are not dependent upon the movement
in the CPI. Therefore, these amounts are treated as spec
ified increases rather than COLA adjustments.
Given the current economic climate, it is possible
that some of the deferred increases and COLA reviews
discussed above will not be implemented as scheduled.
In 1982, a number of contracts negotiated earlier than
scheduled provided for suspension or delays in
previously negotiated increases and/or COLA adjust
ments.
□
15
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Collective Bargaining in 1983
FOOTNOTES
' “Steel Bargains for its Future,” B u sin e ss
W eek , July 12, 1982,
p. 20.
2“U.S. Steelmakers Slim Down for Survival,” B u sin e ss W eek , May
31, 1982, p. 88.
3“Steel Production Continued Downward in October,” S te e l P r o
d u c tio n N e w s, American Iron and Steel Institute, Nov. 24, 1982.
4George J. McManus, “Steel’s Nightmare-Imports and Layoffs Up,
Markets and Spending Plans on the Scrap Heap,” Iro n A g e, May 21,
1982, p. 39.
5“Steel Bargains for its Future.”
6 “The Pressure for New Steel Talks,”
p. 90.
B u sin e ss W eek ,
7“Recession Spurs Drop in Demand,”
26, 1982, p. D-14.
Oct. 4, 1982,
T h e N e w Y o r k T im es,
Jan.
8“Aluminum Companies Ask Union to Open Pact,” T h e N e w Y o rk
Aug. 23, 1982, p. A-12.
9“ILA Targets Early Pacts Next Year,” J o u r n a l o f C o m m e rc e , Oct.
8, 1982, pp. 1, 3b.
10“Industry Resilient Despite Setbacks,” F in a n c ia l T im e s (London)
Aug. 23, 1982 and “Switch in Time-Simmonds Precision’s Stress on
Defense Products Pays Off,” B a rro n s, Apr. 5, 1982.
" About 190,000 construction workers will receive deferred in
creases under settlements in which the parties agreed to a total wage
and benefit package, with the allocation between wages and benefits
to be determined later by the union. Because the final allocation was
not known at the time this article was prepared, the entire package
has been treated as a wage increase which thus may be overstated.
12The data for 1983 are based on information available as of Oct. 1,
1982.
T im es,
A note on communications
The Monthly Labor Review welcomes communications that supple
ment, challenge, or expand on research published in its pages. To be
considered for publication, communications should be factual and an
alytical, not polemical in tone. Communications should be addressed
to the Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C. 20212.
16
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
U.S. import and export price indexes
show declines during the first half
A strong dollar and the worldwide recession
took their toll on trade, with petroleum
and food leading import dip, as measured
by BLS International Price Program;
export prices of nonferrous metals and
wheat record double-digit decreases
M a r k J. J o h n s o n
U.S. import prices declined 2.1 percent during the first
half of 1982, led by lower prices for crude petroleum
and food products. (See table 1.) The downward move
ment resulted in part from weakness in both the U.S.
economy and the international economy, including such
major U.S. trading partners as Japan, Canada, and the
United Kingdom.1 The strength of the dollar vis-a-vis
other major currencies also helped hold down import
prices.2 Both developments contributed to the slowdown
in domestic inflation, as measured by the Consumer
Price Index and the Producer Price Index.
The same factors also moderated price rises for U.S.
exports, with the strong dollar pushing up the cost of
U.S. products in major world markets. Some key index
es fell substantially, such as those for grain and nonfer
rous metals. Others rose slightly, including indexes for
machinery and farm equipment. (See table 2.)
The price changes were measured by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics’ International Price Program. The quar
terly indexes cover imports of all commodities except
chemicals and in the near future will cover imports and
exports of all commodities. The indexes, which are not
seasonally adjusted, account for 96.5 percent of all
imported products and 71 percent of all exported prod-
ucts. Indexes are published for detailed and aggregate
categories of imports and exports and are based on
transaction price information provided by a sample of
importers and exporters and their products.3
The prices used in all indexes are reported either in
U.S. dollars or in another currency and converted to
dollar prices, using the prevailing rate of exchange. As a
result, exchange rate fluctuations have a direct effect on
the indexes each quarter. During the first half, the dol
lar appreciated 11.7 percent against the Japanese yen
and advanced 10.9 percent against all other currencies.4
(See table 3.)
Foreign trade has become increasingly important to
the U.S. economy in recent years. In 1960, U.S. imports
and exports accounted for 11.9 percent of U.S. finalgoods production. By 1970, the proportion had in
creased to 15.2 percent and by 1981, to 28.6 percent.5
During the first half of 1982, the figure stood at 26.2
percent on a seasonally adjusted basis.
In recent years, the United States has incurred large
trade deficits. In 1981, the deficit was $27.9 billion but
fell to $22.4 billion at a seasonally adjusted annual rate
in the first half of 1982.6 Contributing significantly to
the improvement was the decline in imports of crude
oil, which were $22.2 billion in the first half, compared
with $33.6 billion in the corresponding period of 1981.7
Mark J. Johnson is an economist in the the Division of International
Price Indexes, Bureau of Labor Statistics. This article is based on in
formation provided by other Division economists and was prepared
under the direction of Floyd Coyne, chief of the Branch of Interna
tional Products and Services.
Imports: oil in surplus; food prices plunge
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Petroleum. Crude petroleum imports fell 2.8 percent
in price during the first half of 1982, a major factor in
17
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes
T a b l e 1.
C h a n g e in s e l e c t e d i m p o r t p r i c e i n d e x e s a n d
p r o p o r t io n o f t r a d e v a lu e
[In percent]
Share of
total
1980 trade
value
First half,
1982
First
quarter,
1982
Second
quarter,
1982
All commodities, except
chemicals...............................
96.524
-2.1
-1.1
-1 .0
Mineral fuels and related
materials.................................
Crude petroleum ........................
32.776
25.779
-2.8
-1.9
-0 .9
Food ..............................................
Fruits and vegetables..................
Edible nuts .................................
Sugar and h o n e y ........................
Coffee, tea, and c o c o a ...............
Fish ............................................
6.554
0.838
0.094
0.925
2.241
1.088
-5.1
-10.6
-16.0
-1.8
2.0
0.0
0.6
0.2
—
3.9
2.1
-5.1
-11.2
-16.2
-17.3
-5.5
-0.1
Intermediate manufactured products ........................................
Iron and steel...............................
Nonferrous metals ......................
Paper and paperboard products .
13.520
3.127
3.123
1.475
-3.6
-4.7
-12.6
1.9
-0.8
-1.3
-3.4
1.8
-2.7
-3.4
-9.5
0.1
25.442
7.201
0.0
-0.3
-0.2
-0.3
0.2
0.0
3.392
-1.9
-1.3
-0 .6
1.998
0.775
2.8
0.1
2.3
-1 .6
0.5
1.7
Commodity
Machinery and transport
equipment
Automobiles.................................
Electrical machinery and equip
ment ........................................
Machinery specialized for particu
lar industries ..........................
Metalworking machinery.............
Other manufactured articles . . .
Measuring and controlling
instruments and apparatus . . .
Clothing........................................
Footwear.....................................
Photographic apparatus and opti
cal goods .................................
—
—
—
—
9.794
-1.0
- 1.1
0.1
0.628
2.666
1.232
0.3
1.2
-0.4
0.2
0.6
-0.7
0.1
0.6
0.2
1.162
-5.1
-3.2
-1.9
the 2.1-percent drop in the all-import price index.8 The
OPEC nations were unable to reach agreement on pro
duction limits in the first half, and the surplus on world
oil markets persisted.9 Domestic crude oil production,
which increased after deregulation, experienced a fur
ther, but slight, rise during the first half; thus, imports
bore the brunt of reduced demand for petroleum prod
ucts. As a result, non-OPEC nations such as Britain
and Mexico discounted their petroleum prices to main
tain production levels, as did some OPEC-member na
tions. U.S. crude oil import volume, measured in
barrels, was off 27.8 percent in the first half from the
corresponding period in 1981. (See table 4.)10 Domestic
consumption of such important petroleum products as
home heating oil, residual fuels, and gasoline fell during
the first half of 1982. A major reason for the decline in
residual fuel demand was “fuel switching,” as utilities
and industrial users turned from petroleum-based fuels
to lower-priced coal and natural gas. This shift was also
important in the decline in demand for home heating
oil. During the first half, gasoline consumption was
down 1.5 percent from the year-earlier level. The
weaker domestic economy, the increasing fuel efficiency
of the U.S. automobile fleet, and further diesel penetra
tion, together with weaker overall demand for fuel, con18
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
tributed to the continued decline in gasoline con
sumption.11
Food. Imported food fell in price by 5.1 percent during
the second quarter after holding constant in the first
quarter. Prices of many foods are historically volatile,
reflecting the fluctuations in weather conditions, the
perishable nature of many foods, and the problems in
herent in transportation, distribution, and marketing.
Fruit and vegetable prices, which fell by 10.6 percent
during the first half, led the decline in food prices.
These prices have a pattern of rapid change, because of
the seasonal nature of planting and harvesting. During
the first quarter, prices of fruits and vegetables rose 0.6
percent but dropped 11.2 percent during the second
quarter. Plummeting prices of imported tomatoes and
edible nuts paced the fall in fruit and vegetable prices.
Tomato prices plunged 56.9 percent during the first
half. They had risen 9.8 percent during the first quarter
as winter freezes and lower planted acreage in Florida
cut domestic supplies. But large supplies from Mexico
and Western Europe slashed prices by 60.8 percent in
the second quarter. Import prices for edible nuts fell
16.0 percent in the first half, rising 0.2 percent in the
first quarter and falling 16.2 percent in the second quar
ter. The net fall in prices was primarily the result of
sharply increased supplies from abroad, as foreign na
tions filled the growing U.S. demand for these products.
Table 2. Change in selected export price indexes and
proportion of trade value
Commodity
Share of
total
1980 trade
value
First half,
1982
First
quarter,
1982
Second
quarter,
1982
Crude materials .................................
Cork and w ood.................................
Textile fibers ...................................
Cotton ..........................................
Oilseeds
.............
Soybeans .................................
10.948
1.417
1.813
1.341
3.024
-4.0
6.2
8.4
-2 .2
4.9
0.3
-0.1
- 2 .5
2.716
-2.8
-3 .3
-8.4
5.9
8.6
0.4
0.4
Grain and grain preparations...........
W h e a t..............................................
Hard winter ordinary wheat .........
Yellow corn ......................................
Grain, other .....................................
Yellow sorghum ..........................
Barley ..............................................
8.34
2.94
1.24
3.956
0.522
0.498
0.094
-4.2
-12.9
-16.0
2.6
-3.4
-7.2
-8.1
0.5
-0.8
-6.1
-8.8
2.0
1.5
3.4
-2 .0
5.7
3.4
-2 .3
Intermediate manufactured products
Nonferrous metals ..........................
Silver and metals of the platinum
group ............................................
Paper and paperboard products . . .
10.544
2.280
-2.5
-12.0
-0.1
-2.7
-2.4
-9 .6
0.772
1.300
-24.4
-2.8
-5 .9
0.2
-19.7
-3 .0
Machinery and transport equipment
Parts and accessories for road
vehicles ........................................
Aircraft and spacecraft p a rts ...........
General industrial machines and
parts ............................................
Office machines and automatic
data processing equipment .........
35.261
2.9
1.5
1.4
3.499
1.641
5.2
8.9
2.6
3.9
2.4
4.7
4.939
3.3
1.9
1.3
3.990
-1.7
-0.8
Other manufactured articles
Measuring and controlling instruments and apparatus....................
Photographic supplies......................
7.397
2.437
1.187
—
—
-
-
7.0
3.4
5.4
3.6
—
-0.8
-
1.6
- 0 .2
Table 3.
quarter
Effective exchange rate of the U.S. dollar, by
[1 9 7 5 = 1 0 0 ]
Quarter
Rate'
1 9 7 9 - 1 .................................................................................................
9 2 .8
1979-11
...........................................................................................
9 4 .7
1979-111
...........................................................................................
9 2 .8
1 9 7 9 - I V ..................................................................................
9 4 .3
1 9 8 0 - 1 ..............................................................................................
9 4 .5
1980-11
......................................................................
9 4 .5
1980-111
..................................................................
9 2 .0
IV...........................................
1980—
9 4 .5
1 9 8 1 - 1 .....................................................................................
9 8 .6
1981-11
...........................................................................................
1 0 5 .5
1981-111
...........................................................................................
1 1 1 .2
1981- IV
..................................................................
1 0 7 .4
1 9 8 2 - 1 .........................................................................
1 1 1 .7
1982-11
1 1 5 .8
..................................................................................
' M u ltila te r a l
S ource:
E x c h a n g e R a te M o d e l, b a s e d o n 1 9 7 7 tr a d e w e ig h ts .
International Financial Statistics,
N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 2 , p p . 4 2 6 —2 7 .
In particular, an overabundance of imported cashews
exerted downward pressure on the edible nuts index.
Sugar and honey prices dropped by 17.3 percent dur
ing the second quarter, the first time this index was
published. A worldwide sugar surplus and declining de
mand combined to pull down prices. Demand fell
sharply for sugar used in beverages and processed food,
for which high fructose corn syrup has both cost and
marketing advantages.
The coffee, tea, and cocoa price index declined 1.8
percent in the first half, although coffee prices rose 3.3
percent during that period. In the first quarter, coffee
prices rose 5.3 percent, as a high level of demand and
the loosening of price controls by the International Cof
fee Organization placed upward pressure on prices. Cof
fee prices fell 2.3 percent during the second quarter,
after producing nations placed abundant supplies on
world markets.
Imported tea prices remained unchanged during the
first quarter; abundant stocks in U.S. warehouses less
ened demand. Cocoa prices fell by 26.3 percent during
the first half, as U.S. inventories remained high. The
last two world cocoa crops set new records, reflecting
the increased plantings spurred by the high prices of the
late 1970’s.
Moderating the fall in food prices were fish prices,
which rose 2.0 percent during the first half. Prices for
shellfish surged 9.9 percent. Demand for such delicacies
as lobster and shrimp continued to increase. The supply
of imported tuna rose during the first half, contributing
to the 6.7-percent decline in the price index for canned
fish.
Steel imports trigger U.S. probe
Intermediate manufactures. Intermediate manufactured
products fell 3.6 percent in price. This category was
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
particularly affected by the slowdown in U.S. economic
activity. Demand for these products softened in basic
industries as capital and other spending fell.12Intermedi
ate manufactured goods include leather, paper, textiles,
nonferrous metals, steel and iron, and rubber.
Prices of nonferrous metals led the decline, falling
12.6 percent. The 4.7-percent decline in iron and steel
prices resulted principally from removal of the “trigger
price mechanism” in January 1982. The program had
set minimum prices on imported steel based on produc
tion costs in Japan. Steel sold below this “trigger price”
was presumed to be sold at less than cost, thereby trig
gering a formal investigation by the Department of
Commerce. If the investigation determined that steel
was being sold below cost, countervailing duties could
be imposed.
In January, seven U.S. steelmakers filed charges that
steel manufacturers in 11 foreign countries were selling
steel to U.S. importers at less than the cost of produc
tion. This action effectively ended the monitoring pro
gram, except on stainless steel wire products. With the
mechanism withdrawn, the price floor for steel imports
was removed, and steelmakers in other countries sold
their products in the United States at prices below the
discounted prices offered by domestic producers. In
January, imported steel accounted for a record 26 per
cent share of the U.S. market. The continued strength
of the dollar made the imports more attractive.
The drop in nonferrous metal prices continued a de
cline which began in January 1981. By m id-1982, prices
of these imports had fallen 31.4 percent. The category
includes copper, zinc, lead, tin, molybdenum, alumi
num, and silver. Slowdowns in the domestic steel, auto,
and construction industries diminished demand for non-
Table 4.
Crude petroleum imports, 1970-82
Year
Barrels
(millions)
Value (millions
of dollars)
Total U.S.
imports (millions
of dollars)
Percentage
of total
U.S. imports
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
....
....
....
....
....
545
676
901
1,294
1,367
1,281
1,704
2,383
4,231
15,335
39,963
45,602
55,555
69,121
100,218
3.2
3.7
4.3
6.1
15.3
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
....
....
....
....
....
1,585
2,050
2,520
2,392
2,467
18,374
25,480
33,583
32,140
46,100
96,140
120,677
146,817
172,025
206,327
19.1
21.1
22.9
18.7
22.3
1,977
934
829
674
62,014
33,618
28,322
22,205
240,834
131,815
129,490
122,191
25.7
25.5
21.9
18.2
1980 . . . .
19811 . . .
19812 . . .
19823 . . .
' First half.
2 Second half.
3 First half.
S ource:
Highlights of U.S. Export and import Trade, Publication No. FT-990, U.S. De
partment of Commerce, June 1982, p. 88.
19
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes
ferrous metals in the first half. A worldwide surplus
also drove prices steadily downward.
Paper and paperboard prices advanced 1.9 percent in
the first half, exerting a moderating influence on the de
cline of prices for intermediate manufactured products.
Foreign car sales bump into recession, quotas
Machinery and transport equipment. The price level of
machinery and transport equipment remained unchang
ed during the first half. Most indexes which make up
this category registered only slight negative or positive
price movements. The automobile index, representing
7.2 percent of the dollar value of all imports, slipped
0.3 percent. The electrical machinery and equipment in
dex registered a decline of 1.9 percent. Partly offsetting
this trend were the indexes for machinery specialized for
particular industries, which rose 2.8 percent, and the
metalworking machinery index, which edged up 0.1 per
cent.
The dip in imported car prices stemmed largely from
the continued decline in new car purchases and the
strength of the dollar.13 Auto sales remained sluggish
during the first half as a result of the recession, with
consumers’ disposable income down in the first quarter
and interest rates high.14 Under these conditions, most
foreign car makers held prices constant in order to
maintain market share.
Supplies of Japanese cars were restricted by the
3-year, “self-restraint” quotas imposed by the Japanese
government in June 1981 on auto exports to the United
States. Japan is the largest foreign supplier of autos to
the U.S. market. The quotas contributed to a drop of
127,000 cars during the first half of 1982, compared
with the same period in 1981.15 The number of cars
imported from all foreign nations in the first half was
13.5 percent below the year-earlier period.16 However,
the market share of imported autos remained virtually
the same, at 28.6 percent (table 5.)17
Electrical machinery prices fell in response to the re
cession, outweighing increased demand in high-technol
ogy industries. The slowdown in the housing con
struction industry contributed to a reduced demand for
domestic appliances, while the downturn in commercial
construction activity weakened demand for transform
ers. Decreases in U.S. automobile production slowed
sales of automotive electric equipment. Stable or lower
prices for such important raw materials as steel, copper,
aluminum, precious metals, tantalum, and lead also
held down price rises for imported electrical products.
Partly offsetting these factors were the increased
prices of semiconductor components and electrical parts
for video games, personal computers, and defense
equipment. In addition, electric motor prices rose as
high-efficiency electric motors were heavily sought by
energy-conscious producers.
20
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 5.
Imports of new cars, 1972 through mid-1982
Total
registrations
Import
registrations
Percentage of
import registrations
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
10,487,794
11,350,995
8,701,094
8,261,840
9,751,485
1,529,402
1,719,913
1,369,148
1,500,928
1,446,637
14.6
15.2
15.7
18.2
14.8
1977 .............
1978 .............
1979 .............
1980 .............
19811 .............
10,826,234
10,946,104
10,356,695
8,760,937
4,390,708
1,976,512
1,946,094
2,351,053
2,469,180
1,274,171
18.3
17.8
22.7
28.2
29.0
19812 .............
19823 .............
4,053,211
3,778,109
1,157,509
1,080,030
28.6
28.6
Year
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1 F ir s t h a lf.
2 S e c o n d h a lf.
3 F ir s t h a lf.
The rise in the import price index for specialized ma
chinery resulted from strong demand for replacement
parts. The index consists of prices for such products as
textile and leather machinery, civil engineering machin
ery and parts, contractors’ plant and equipment and
parts, and a large miscellaneous machinery grouping.
During the first half, parts prices remained firmer than
equipment prices, because parts are more in demand
during economic downturns as firms concentrate on
maintenance rather than capital expansion.
The small rise in import prices of metalworking ma
chinery during the first half was the net result of a
1.6-percent price decline in the first quarter and a
1.7-percent price increase in the second quarter. Im
ports of products in this subgroup account for a sub
stantial share of the domestic market, and the imports’
share grew during the first half. Major foreign suppliers
were Japan, West Germany, the United Kingdom, and
Taiwan. The strong dollar moderated price increases,
making Japanese and British imports especially attrac
tive. Prices of numerically controlled lathes, milling ma
chines, and metal forming machines increased, while
prices of chucks, sawing-off machines, and turret lathes
declined.
Imported cameras cheaper, clothing costlier
Other manufactured goods. The index for other manu
factured articles fell 1.0 percent. The category includes
clothing, footwear, optical goods, and medical appli
ances. Clothing registered a small increase (1.2 percent),
as did scientific instruments and apparatus. The photo
graphic apparatus and optical goods index dropped by
5.1 percent.
The small rise in clothing prices was the result of two
counterbalancing factors. The nations of the Far East,
which account for most apparel imports, incurred large
increases in costs during 1981, particularly for energy.
Most of the contracts for delivery in the first half had
been negotiated in 1981. Offsetting the rising costs was
the strong dollar, which made imports from the Far
East and Western Europe relatively less expensive. In
addition, U.S. consumers were less willing to buy cloth
ing, as a result of the U.S. economic downturn. Leading
the rise in clothing prices was men’s and boys’
outerwear, up 2.4 percent. Leather apparel prices fell
0.6 percent, primarily because of reduced leather prices.
Footwear prices fell 0.4 percent in the first half, re
flecting the removal of import quotas in the third quar
ter of 1981. This resulted in an increase in supply and
lower prices. The strength of the dollar vis-a-vis the cur
rencies of the major footwear-producing nations also
acted as a brake on prices. In addition, prices of petro
chemicals and leather, two important materials used in
shoe production, trended downward.
Prices for scientific and controlling instruments and
apparatus rose 0.3 percent during the first half. Spur
ring demand for these products, which control and
monitor industrial processes, were efforts to increase ef
ficiency and productivity. However, the downturn in
capital spending tended to restrain prices.
Prices of cameras and other photographic equipment,
optical goods, watches and clocks declined 5.1 percent.
The continued weakness in consumer spending exerted
downward pressure on prices of photographic goods,
along with the expected introduction of electronic imag
ing technology in the near future. Import prices for
watches and clocks declined as a result of continuing
economies of production stemming from quartz time
piece technology.
Exports: textile fibers buck trend
Crude materials. The major export indexes for crude
materials fell, with the exception of the index for textile
fibers. Cork and wood prices decreased by 4.0 percent.
Textile fiber prices rose 6.2 percent, led by an increase
in cotton prices.
Cork and wood prices fell steeply in the second quar
ter because of an oversupply in world markets. With
domestic demand weak, logs and saw timber were sold
on Japanese markets, where housing construction hit
historical lows, and to European furniture makers, who
faced a reduced demand for their finished products.
Cotton export prices rose 8.4 percent. For all of
1981, prices had fallen 33.5 percent. The decreases had
brought prices to the level of support payments under
the Cotton Loan Program, which guarantees farmers a
minimum price for their product. In addition, many
cotton-producing nations cut production.
Soybean prices fell 2.8 percent in the first half. How
ever, this result represented a firming of price levels af
ter a price drop of 24.1 percent during all of 1981.
Prices strengthened in response to the marketing of this
year’s drought-reduced South American crop, and tight
farm holdings in the United States.
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Grain and grain preparations. U.S. export prices for
grain and grain preparations declined 4.2 percent during
the first half as a result of two distinct, separate price
movements for wheat and feed grains, which include
corn.
Wheat prices fell 12.9 percent, paced by a 16.0-per
cent decline in prices for hard winter ordinary wheat,
the major type of wheat. Contributing to the declines
was a record harvest, including the largest crop ever of
hard winter ordinary wheat. Huge inventories of spring
wheat weighed heavily on the market despite a record
export pace. (See table 6.)
Prices for feed grains leveled off and then strength
ened during the first half. Yellow corn prices edged up
2.3 percent, influenced by very heavy farm holdings and
reserve program participation, heavy rains which dam
aged and delayed spring planting, and the poor Soviet
feed grain harvest. However, price gains were limited by
the effect of the strong dollar and by the competition of
abundant wheat supplies. Many nations have tight im
port budgets which favor wheat for human consump
tion over corn for animal feed, a tendency bolstered by
the drop in wheat prices during the first half.
Silver off sharply; aluminum sells below cost
Intermediate manufactures. Export prices for intermedi
ate manufactured products fell 2.5 percent during the
first half, led by declines in nonferrous metals and pa
per products.
Silver prices dropped 24.4 percent, the sharpest
decline in nonferrous prices. Silver fell as speculation
waned and industrial demand eased. The weak world
economy reduced the consumption of silver by such
major customers as manufacturers of photographic
equipment and sterling ware. Export prices of other
nonferrous metals also dropped substantially. Alumi
num prices declined 10.4 percent and copper prices, 4.7
percent. World stocks of nonferrous metals were at high
levels, as producers in many nations sold nonferrous
metals at reduced prices, in lieu of cutting production.
For aluminum and copper, world prices during the first
half were less than the costs of production for a number
of producers.18 The strong dollar further contributed to
the decline in prices of nonferrous metals.
Export prices of paper and paperboard products fell,
largely as a result of reduced demand for paper for
packaging applications in Western Europe. The Europe
an nations have traditionally provided the chief market
for printing and writing papers and kraft products.
Again, the recession was the cause. As a result, U.S.
producers concentrated on markets in Latin America,
the Middle East, and Asia.
Machinery and Transport Equipment. The export price
index for machinery and transport equipment rose by
21
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes
Table 6.
Total grain and soybeans inspected for export
[In th o u s a n d s o f b u s h e ls ]
All grain
Wheat
Corn
Barley
Sorghum
Soybeans
1972 ..........................................................................................
1973 ..................................................................
1974 ..................................................................
1975 ..................................................................
2,318,823
3,511,882
2,880,129
3,159,448
783,693
1,377,432
925,160
1,142,541
858,837
1,269,694
1,152,580
1,292,252
57,283
88,202
47,057
24,961
146,307
217,549
214,561
229,635
440,136
478,551
504,905
456,342
1976
1977
1978
1979
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
3,560,470
3,367,393
4,197,165
4,564,202
969,363
891,404
1,245,762
1,210,016
1,733,519
1,576,824
1,955,788
2,336,945
56,471
70,015
24,982
32,379
230,408
227,008
190,058
223,039
560,953
592,839
770,040
758,183
1980 ..................................................................
19811 ........................................................................................
19812 ........................................................................................
19823 ........................................................................................
4,951,687
2,439,747
2,499,693
2,545,736
1,309,583
714,234
898,640
852,567
2,460,570
1,176,540
980,208
1,067,513
64,888
28,817
62,660
37,843
294,972
126,177
167,498
98,275
801,493
389,129
386,403
489,538
Year
1 F ir s t h a lf.
Source :
Grain and Feed Market News, v a r io u s
is s u e s .
2 S e c o n d h a lf.
3 F ir s t h a lf.
2.9 percent during the first half, paced by an 8.9-per
cent rise in the index for aircraft and spacecraft parts.
A moderating influence was prices of office machines
and automatic data processing (ADP) equipment, which
fell by 1.7 percent. Throughout all major subgroups of
the index, prices of replacement parts advanced sharply.
Many products are in high-technology markets, where
U.S. manufacturers have few competitors. As a result,
prices in this category were less vulnerable to exchange
rate changes than were other export prices.
The increase in the index for aircraft and spacecraft
parts continued a trend that began in m id-1981; for the
year, the index moved up 16.0 percent, a reflection of
the strong market for U.S. aerospace parts.
The 5.2-percent increase in export prices of m otor ve
hicle parts and accessories was also a result of contin
ued strong worldwide demand for these products. As a
result of the large share of U.S. vehicles in the world
wide auto fleet, parts exporters have a readily available
market. In addition, the worldwide lag in first-half new
car sales meant increased demand for replacement parts.
When new car sales levels fall, consumers generally buy
more parts because they hold onto their vehicles for
longer periods. However, the strength of the dollar and
increased worldwide competition in the replacement
parts business acted to restrain price increases.
The subgroup general industrial machinery and parts
includes heating and cooling equipment, air pumps and
compressors, and pumps and valves for liquids. The
3.3-percent increase in prices resulted from stronger de
mand for replacement parts and accessories to extend
the life or expand the capabilities of existing industrial
machinery. Helping to moderate prices was a reduction
in demand for complete new units. The weak world
economy during the first half made the purchase of new
equipment less attractive than prolonging the service life
of existing equipment. Mexico and Canada, the two
leading markets for exports of general industrial ma
22
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chinery and parts, were particularly hard hit by the
drop in world oil, gas, and coal prices. And Saudi Ara
bia, a major market for cooling equipment, reduced its
imports of these products.
Because of strong competition from both domestic
and foreign producers, U.S. manufacturers of office ma
chines and automatic data processing equipment low
ered export prices in the first half. The group includes
mainframe computers, terminals, optical scanners, and
printers. Technological improvements and economies of
scale have enabled domestic producers to lower prices
on international markets. Manufacturers of computer
and related items partially offset price decreases in new
units with price increases in exported replacement parts,
for which the demand is relatively price inelastic. The
strong dollar moderated export prices of office machines
and automatic data processing equipment, as domestic
manufacturers strove to remain competitive with Japa
nese and European manufacturers on international mar
kets.
Measuring instruments in demand
Other manufactured goods. The major subgroups of
other manufactured articles showed strong price in
creases. The index for measuring and controlling instru
ments and apparatus increased 7.0 percent; the index
for photographic apparatus and supplies, optical goods,
watches, and clocks rose 3.4 percent.
The increase in export prices for measuring and con
trolling instruments and apparatus reflected increased
world demand, again because of recession-induced ef
forts to improve production efficiency and reduce costs.
Also, breakthroughs in chemistry and physics involving
the investigation and manipulation of basic chemical,
biological, and physical elements spurred demand for
advanced analysis instruments. Finally, part of the
7.0-percent price increase stemmed from the annual
first-quarter price boosts by many exporters.
Film, cameras, and related photographic equipment
account for the bulk of the weight in the export index
for photographic apparatus and supplies, optical goods,
watches, and clocks. Most producers of photographic
supplies adjust their prices in the beginning of the year.
Viewed in this light, the 3.6-percent rise in the index in
the first quarter was marginal. It was followed by a
slight decrease in the second quarter, reflecting slack
worldwide demand, the strong dollar and anticipation
of electronic imaging.
□
FOOTNOTES
' The indexes of industrial production of Canada, Japan, the United
States and the United Kingdom for the first half of 1982 and all of
1981 indicate sluggish levels. This trend was especially pronounced in
the first half of 1982, as the following figures on industrial production
indicate. All indexes use 1975 as the base year, and are seasonally ad
justed.
1981 I ___
II . . .
Ill . . .
IV . . .
1982 I ___
II . . .
Japan
C anada
U n ite d
K in g d o m
U n ite d
S ta te s
144.0
144.7
147.8
150.7
149.2
146.8
117.8
121.1
117.5
112.3
109.0
106.5
99.8
99.4
100.3
100.6
100.2
100.9
128.8
129.5
129.9
124.2
120.3
118.3
See I n te r n a tio n a l F in a n c ia l S ta tistic s , Vol. 35, Number 10, October
1982, pp. Il l, 243, 423, 429.
2The dollar exchange rate into other major currencies is a key fac
tor in international trade. It measures how many dollars are needed
to purchase a unit of another currency. If the dollar appreciates
(strengthens) vis-a-vis another currency, it takes fewer dollars to pur
chase a unit of that currency; at the same time, it takes more units of
the other currency to buy a dollar. In this case, U.S. importers may
have to pay fewer dollars to purchase goods from other countries and
purchasers in other countries may find they must pay more of their
own currency to buy U.S. goods. The opposite occurs when the dollar
depreciates (weakens) against another currency. From late 1980, the
dollar rose steadily against the currencies of major U.S. trading part
ners through the period covered by this report.
3Import price indexes are weighted by 1980 import values and are
published on an f.o.b. (free-on-board) foreign port or c.i.f. (cost, in
surance, and freight) U.S. port basis. Export price indexes are weight
ed by 1980 U.S. merchandise export trade values and are published
on an f.o.b. factory or f.a.s. (free-along-side-ship) U.S. port basis. See
“International Price Program,” (Washington, Bureau of Labor Statis
tics.)
4As measured by the International Monetary Fund. See F e d e r a l R e
se r v e B u lle tin , July 1982 (Washington Board of Governors of the
Federal Reserve System), p. A-68, and I n te r n a tio n a l F in a n c ia l S ta tis
tics, Vol. 35, No. 10, October 1982, p. 427. For a discussion of the
Multilateral Exchange Rate Model, see Rudolph R. Rhomberg, “In
dices of Effective Exchange Rates,” I n te r n a tio n a l M o n e ta r y F u n d S t a f f
P a p ers, Vol. 23, No. 1, March 1976, pp. 88-112. Also see Jacques R.
Artus and Anne Kenny McGuirk, “A Revised Version of the Multi
lateral Exchange Rate Model, I n te r n a tio n a l M o n e ta r y F u n d S t a f f P a
p e rs , Vol. 28, No. 2, June 1981, pp. 275-309.
5The share of final goods production that is accounted for by im
ports and exports is calculated as follows:
Merchandise Exports + Merchandise Imports
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- X
Finished Goods + Merchandise Imports + Merchandise Exports
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100
Computed from S u r v e y o f C u r r e n t B u sin ess, various issues,
Washington, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic
Analysis.
6U n ite d S ta te s D e p a r tm e n t o f C o m m e r c e N e w s, August 5, 1982,
Washington, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic
Analysis, No. 82-40, p. 2.
7For 1982 data see H ig h lig h ts o f U.S. E x p o r t a n d I m p o r t T ra d e,
Census publication No. FT-990, June 1982, table I—10, p. 88. For
1981 data, see the same publication for June 1981, table 1-12, p. 110.
8For a discussion of the oil import index, see Edward E. Murphy
and Mark McEnearney, “Import price indexes for crude petroleum,”
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , November 1982, pp. 27-30.
9See Robert J. Beck, “U.S. Oil Demand to Fall Again by 4.2 Per
cent; Imports Also Slide, But Production Up,” O il a n d G a s J o u rn a l,
July 1982, pp. 184 and 189.
10I b id ., pp. 180 and 184.
" I b id , p. 191.
12Business fixed investment fell during the first half of 1982 from its
level in the last half of 1981, and ended the half at a lower level than
at the end of the first half in 1981. The following figures, in billions of
1972 dollars, are seasonally adjusted annual rates of U.S. business
fixed investment.
1981 I ...............
II ...............
I I I ..............
I V ..............
1982 I ...............
II
169.7
170.1
173.9
174.2
172.0
168.2
See S u r v e y o f C u r r e n t B u sin ess, Vol. 62, No. 7, July 1982, p. 23.
13“New Car Sales Fell 9.9 percent during June; Analysts Scrap
Forecasts of Early Upturn,” T h e W a ll S tr e e t J o u rn a l, July 7, 1982,
p. 4.
14U.S. consumers’ disposable income fell during the first quarter of
1982. Data are seasonally adjusted at annual rates. Figures are in bil
lions, and represent constant 1972 dollars.
I ..........
II ..........
I l l ..........
I V ..........
I ..........
II ..........
1,035.0
1,036.6
1,048.8
1,051.9
1,046.9
1,054.8
See S u r v e y o f C u r re n t B u sin ess, July 1982, p. 38.
15Automotive News, Sept. 6, 1982, p. 36B.
16I b id .
17I b id .
18“The Crisis That Endangers Phelps Dodge,” B u sin e ss W eek , July
26, 1982, p. 59; and Thomas F. Boyle, “Aluminum Makers Reel from
Metal’s Glut, Steep Price Discounting, Sagging Profits,” T h e W a ll
S tr e e t J o u rn a l, May 12, 1982, p. 39.
23
Modest productivity gains in
State Unemployment Insurance Service
Productivity gains averaged 1.9 percent
per year over the 1966-78 period;
however, year-to-year changes fluctuated widely,
reacting to the level of unemployment
D o n a l d M . F is k
Productivity, as measured by output per employee, in
the State-operated Unemployment Insurance Service in
creased at about the same rate as in the private business
sector during 1966-78.1 Output in the Unemployment
Insurance Service advanced at an annual rate of 8.6 per
cent, while labor input grew more slowly, by 6.6 per
cent, resulting in a productivity increase of 1.9 percent
a year.2 (See table 1.) There were considerable variations
in year-to-year movements during the period. In more
than half the years, productivity changes were greater
than 10 percent. For example, in 1975, productivity in
creased 18.8 percent, while in 1976, it decreased 12.5
percent.
There were three distinct productivity cycles between
1966 and 1978: 1966-69 and 1969-72, when productivi
ty increased 10.4 percent before falling, and 1972-78,
when it jumped 11.7 percent before dropping. Output
per employee rose sharply during the early part of each
cycle, as output (work) increased faster than staff were
added to process the output. During the latter part of
the cycle, the opposite occurred— output decreased
more rapidly than staff were reduced. However, staff
cutbacks were substantial on the downside of each cy
cle, a phenomenon common in the private sector, but
unusual in public operations.
Donald M. Fisk is an economist in the Office of Productivity and
Technology, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
24
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Indexes of productivity trends and fluctuations for in
dividual States showed greater movement than the na
tional index. Trends for six illustrative States for 1972—
79 reveal average annual rates of change ranging from
4.7 to —3.1 percent, and annual fluctuations ranging up
to 25 percent.
The Unemployment Insurance Service statistics were
developed as part of an investigation into the feasibility
of calculating a series of State and local government
productivity indexes.3 Currently, there are no national
productivity indexes for State and local governments,
which employ 13.1 million persons, or about 11.9 per
cent of the civilian labor force. The Unemployment In
surance Service was selected because of its good base of
analytic knowledge, ongoing data collection system, and
heavy Federal involvement.
The programs and financing
The Unemployment Insurance Service, a joint Feder
al-State operation, was established by the 1935 Social
Security Act to aid the temporarily unemployed. Feder
al laws and regulations set broad operational guidelines;
State laws, regulations and procedures govern day-today operations. State government employees operate the
system.
The Unemployment Insurance Service is a series of
programs. There were three programs operating through
out the 1966-78 period: the regular State program for
unemployed workers, the program for unemployed veter-
ans, and the program for unemployed Federal workers.
In 1971, an Extended Benefit program was instituted
which increased the weeks of benefit payments during
periods of high unemployment. In addition, three spe
cial programs, the Temporary Compensation program,
the Special Unemployment Assistance program, and the
Federal Supplemental Benefits program operated during
parts of the 1970’s.
Administrative requirements and the time required to
process initial claims vary by program. For example,
the time to process the claim of an unemployed Federal
worker is about twice that of a regular unemployed
worker. For an unemployed veteran, the time is about
33 percent longer.
Employers finance most Unemployment Insurance
Service operations. State governments collect taxes from
employers to pay benefits to the unemployed, and the
Federal Government (through the Internal Revenue Ser
vice) collects taxes from employers to pay administra
tive costs. General Federal revenue is used to pay the
benefits to unemployed veterans and Federal workers.
General Federal revenue has also been used to pay for
special program benefits, such as Supplementary Unem
ployment Assistance and Temporary Compensation. In
1978, administrative costs exceeded $1 billion per year.
Between 1966 and 1978, annual benefit payments
ranged from $1.9 billion to $19.4 billion.
Eligibility requirements are set by each State and in
clude such considerations as the reason for leaving the
job, qualifying wages for unemployment insurance cov
erage, earnings from part-time work when drawing un
employment insurance, and length of time worked.
Each State sets rules for payment of benefits to depen
dents, and the weekly amount paid to recipients.
Several missions— different growth
There are two basic missions of the Unemployment
Insurance Service. One focuses on beneficiaries, that is,
individuals applying for and drawing unemployment in
surance payments. The other focuses on finances, pri
marily collecting funds from employers to pay
beneficiaries. Providing beneficiary services accounts for
about 57 percent of the Unemployment Insurance Ser
vice labor input; financial services, about 17 percent;
and support and overhead, the remaining 26 percent.
Beneficiary services include screening unemployment
insurance applicants, determining their eligibility, hear
ing appeals, calculating benefit payments, and issuing
checks. As noted earlier, unit labor requirements for
these services vary by program. In 1978, 20.6 million
unemployment insurance claims were filed, and 129 mil
lion weeks of compensation was paid.
Increases in output for beneficiary services averaged
10.8 percent annually between 1966 and 1978. (See ta
ble 2.) However, output changes fluctuated during the
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Table 1. Indexes of output per employee, output, and
full-time equivalent employees of the State Unemployment
Insurance Service, 1966-78
[1977 = 100]
Fiscal year
Output per
employee
Output
Employees
1966
1967
1968
1969
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
83.7
92.3
88.4
87.0
43.2
44.5
44.0
42.7
51.6
48.2
49.8
49.1
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
96.3
106.2
95.6
95.6
110.8
49.8
63.0
65.5
60.9
65.7
51.7
59.3
68.5
63.7
59.3
1975
1976
1977
1978
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
131.6
115.1
100.0
91.8
106.2
119.6
100.0
80.2
80.7
103.9
100.0
87.4
Average annual percent
change, 1966-78 ...........
1.9
8.6
6.6
period, varying with the rate of unemployment. For ex
ample, during the 1973-75 recession, output averaged
increases of 48 percent annually; during the 1976-78 re
covery, it averaged decreases of 24 percent annually. In
1975, output increased 98 percent and in 1977, it de
creased 28 percent.
Financial services, the other Unemployment Insur
ance Service mission, are a function of the employers. It
includes collecting money from employers to support
Unemployment Insurance Service payments, auditing
employers’ records, and tracking down delinquent ac
counts. In 1978, 4.4 million employers were covered.
Output increases in financial services averaged 5.7 per
cent a year between 1966 and 1978. (See table 2.) Un
like beneficiary services, output trends in financial
services steadily increased throughout the period, with
growth in each year, except 1968. The increases were
small each year, except for 1973 when Federal legisla
tion extended coverage to groups not previously cov
ered (the largest group being State and local
governments) and the index jumped substantially.
Quality of service— such as promptness of payment,
timeliness of appeals, and percent of delinquent ac
counts— has long been a concern of the Unemployment
Insurance Service. Each State routinely collects statistics
and prepares annual performance indexes for 35 quality
attributes. Some indicators (“timeliness of appeals,” for
instance) have been calculated and summarized nation
ally for decades, others (such as “promptness in depos
iting employer taxes”) have been calculated for the past
5 years but are available only by State. It is possible
that more quality-based statistics are collected and
published on the Unemployment Insurance Service than
on any other joint Federal-State operation. Overall, the
35 quality indexes do not show any long-term trends.
Some indexes show improvement, some show deteriora
tion, but most show no change.
25
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Productivity in State Unemployment Insurance Service
Table 2. Indexes of output for benefit and finance
services, State Unemployment Insurance Service, 1966-78
[1977 = 100]
Output
Fiscal year
Benefit services
Finance services
1966
1967
1968
1969
.................................................
.................................................
.................................................
.................................................
34.9
35.4
34.9
32.2
59.2
61.4
61.4
62.3
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
.................................................
.................................................
.................................................
.................................................
.................................................
41.9
61.5
63.8
49.2
54.4
64.2
65.0
67.8
88.6
92.4
1975
1976
1977
1978
.................................................
.................................................
.................................................
.................................................
107.9
125.8
100.0
72.3
94.7
96.7
100.0
105.9
Average annual percent change,
1966-78 ........................................
10.8
5.7
Output in the Unemployment Insurance Service
showed increases of 8.6 percent a year between 1966
and 1978. However, the annual and cyclical fluctuations
were dramatic and often large. In 1975, output jumped
61.6 percent, and in 1978, it dropped 19.8 percent; dur
ing the 1960’s, output generally decreased, but during
the 1970’s it increased— at times at an extremely rapid
rate.
Employment and labor costs
The labor input (employee) index, which generally
trails swings in output, is based on full-time equivalent
Unemployment Insurance Service staff years. Statistics
are not readily available to compute a labor hours in
dex, although such an index would probably parallel
the employment-year index. Nor are statistics readily
available to compute an index of the number of Unem
ployment Insurance Service employees. Such an index
would probably differ substantially from the labor index
because of the wide use of intermittent and part-time
employees by the Unemployment Insurance Service dur
ing periods of heavy workload.
The employee index shown in table 1 is a reasonably
good approximation of use of resources because labor
accounts for about 80 percent of all Unemployment In
surance Service administrative cost. Building rents,
computer leases, telephone, postage, and the like ac
count for the remaining 20 percent. In 1978, there were
about 48,000 full-time equivalent Unemployment Insur
ance Service personnel.
The salaries and wages (excluding fringe benefits) of
Unemployment Insurance Service personnel increased at
an annual rate of about 6 percent between 1966 and
1978, slightly less than the 6.8-percent average for all
State and local government employees. There were in
creases each year, ranging from 1.7 percent to 10.2 per
cent.
26
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The average annual productivity increase (1.9
percent) was not sufficient to offset the increase in sala
ries and wages (6 percent). Consequently, unit wage and
salary (or labor) costs rose 4.1 percent per year over the
1966-78 period. (Unit costs will rise to the extent that
changes in average costs are not offset by increases in
productivity.)
There were marked differences in unit labor cost be
tween the two Unemployment Insurance Service func
tions: beneficiary services increased at a 5.2-percent rate,
finance services, at 2.4 percent. Also, the annual fluctu
ation in beneficiary service labor cost is approximately
twice that for finance services.
State differences
Additional insights into Unemployment Insurance
Service productivity can be gleaned by examining data
for individual States. Productivity trends and levels
were calculated for six States, selected to cover a range
of institutional arrangements. Productivity trends
ranged from a 4.7-percent increase to a 3.1-percent de
crease, as shown in the following tabulation of average
annual rates of productivity change for the six States
during 1972-79:
State
A
B
C
D
E
F
........................
........................
........................
........................
........................
........................
Percent
4.7
2.6
1.9
1.2
-1.7
-3.1
High levels of productivity do not necessarily parallel
high productivity trends. In State A, productivity in
creased rapidly (4.7 percent a year) from 1972 to 1979,
but it started from a modest base. In contrast, State E
had a negative trend ( —1.7 percent a year), but a rela
tively high productivity level.
As with the national indexes, the productivity, out
put, and labor indexes of the six States show large
annual fluctuations. In some years, productivity changes
were as large as 25 percent. Yearly output changes fluc
tuated between 145 percent and —42 percent, and labor
change ranged from 62 percent to —31 percent.
Time required to process claims varied dramatically
by State. One study found that the time to process an
initial claim varied by almost 370 percent among all
States. Another study found a 200-percent difference in
unit labor requirements among Unemployment Insur
ance Service offices in the same State. There are a num
ber of reasons for these differences, some directly
attributable to State action and some attributable to
conditions outside the control of State authorities. The
latter includes the volume of claims, the turnover of pri
vate sector employers, population scatter, the size of
State operations, and client language differences. How-
ever, most studies suggest that the majority of the pro
ductivity variance among the States is attributable to
conditions within the control of State authorities, such
as automation, audit procedures, claim processing pro
cedures, frequency of benefit payments, check distribu
tion processes, and rigor with which work standards are
set and monitored.
Future trends
Future productivity changes will depend on the rate
of unemployment and the introduction of new tech
niques and technology. In the short run, Unemploy
ment Insurance Service productivity will increase as the
rate of unemployment increases, and will drop as unem
ployment drops, as it has in the past. Long-run changes
will depend on the use of new techniques and technolo
gy. Several reports have identified actions that could
improve productivity, for instance, the standardization
of procedures, streamlining operations, and increased
use of automated equipment.4 Many of these improve
ments can be made through simple changes in operating
procedures; some require additional funds and changes
in State and Federal laws.
The Federal Government’s cutbacks have forced
States to economize on their administrative operations.
How far these economies extend will depend on the
pressure that the Federal Government exerts, the type
of pressure, and the reaction of State authorities.
□
FOOTNOTES
' This study includes States, the District of Columbia, and trust ter
ritories that operate unemployment insurance services. The industry is
included as SIC 7361 and 9441 in the S ta n d a r d I n d u s tr ia l C la ssifica
tio n M a n u a l, 1972.
2All average annual rates of change are based on the linear least
squares trend of the logarithms of the index numbers.
3For the results of an earlier study see Donald M. Fisk, “Pilot
study measures productivity of State, local electric utilities,” M o n th ly
L a b o r R e v ie w ,
December, 1981, pp. 45-47.
4
“Millions Can be Saved by Improving the Productivity of State
and Local Governments Administering Federal Income Maintenance
Assistance Programs” (Washington, D.C., General Accounting Office,
1981), pp. 13, 15, 18-21, and National Commission on Unemploy
ment Compensation, U n e m p lo y m e n t C o m p e n sa tio n : F in a l R e p o r t
(Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1980), pp. 113, 124,
127, and 128.
APPENDIX: Measurement techniques
The productivity indexes in this study are output per
employee measures which show changes in the relation
ship between the output of a function and the labor in
put associated with the production of the output. The
output per employee index is derived by dividing the
output index by the functional employment index.
The Unemployment Insurance Service programs in
cluded in the analysis are the Regular State, Veterans,
Federal, Extended Benefits, Supplementary Benefits,
Special Unemployment Assistance, and Temporary
Compensation. Not included are the special programs
such as National Redwood Park, Disaster Relief, and
Trade Adjustment.
The output index used in the calculations is a pro
gram benefit and finance measure. The program benefit
measure is an index comprised of initial claims (number
of claims) and an index of weeks compensated (number
of weeks of compensation paid). The initial claims index
is further divided by type of program because the unit
labor requirements vary by program; the weeks com
pensated is not divided. The finance operation index re
flects the number of covered employers. The indexes are
combined with labor weights. All indexes are calculated
from data provided by the U.S. Unemployment Insur
ance Service.
Seven measures were considered before selecting the
program benefit and finance index as the preferred mea
sure of output. Measures considered but rejected includ
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ed the number of beneficiaries, number of employees
covered, number of employers covered, number of com
pensation weeks, benefit and finance (without program
weights), and function/activity. Indexes were computed
for the last three measures as well as the program in
dex. Trends moved in the same general direction for the
four indexes with little difference between the program
and benefit and finance indexes. The program index was
selected because of conceptual arguments.
The labor input index was derived from U.S. Unem
ployment Insurance Service data. Cost data were taken
from Bureau of Census Public Employment Statistics.
All data are considered homogeneous and additive, and
thus do not reflect changes in the qualitative aspects of
labor such as skill and experience.
The U.S. Government fiscal year is the reference year
for all data and indexes. Through fiscal 1976, the fiscal
year was July 1-June 30; beginning with fiscal 1977, the
period was shifted to October 1-September 30. Data for
the “transition quarter,” July 1-September 30, 1976, are
excluded from all indexes and statistics.
The indexes of output per employee do not measure
any specific contribution, such as that of labor or capi
tal. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of factors, for
example, changes in technology, capital investment, ca
pacity utilization, office design and layout, skill and ef
fort of the work force, managerial ability, labormanagement relations, and State and Federal law.
27
Collective bargaining in 1982:
results dictated by economy
In some cases, workers exchanged
wage-and-benefit improvements for
increased job security and some
voice in management, as industries were
beset by intensified economic problems
G eo rg e R u ben
Economic difficulties for labor, management, and the
Nation continued in 1982, as the rate of unemployment
rose to the highest level since 1940, the rate of business
failures rose to the highest level since the Great
Depression, and factory use fell to the lowest level in the
35-year history of the statistical series.
As the year ended, some economic indicators showed
improvements, but the unemployment rate continued to
rise. As a result of the mixed economic signals, there
was no consensus on whether the country was coming
out of the recession and, if so, how strong the recovery
would be and how long it would last.
Considering the state of the economy, it is not sur
prising that major collective bargaining settlements
(those covering 1,000 workers or more) in the private
economy during the first 9 months provided for the
smallest wage adjustments since the Bureau of Labor
Statistics began compiling such data in 1967. First contract-year adjustments averaged 3.8 percent, a signifi
cant drop from the 8.3-percent adjustment when the
same parties last settled (usually 2 to 3 years earlier).
The annual rate of adjustment averaged over the life of
the agreements negotiated during the 9-month period
was 3.5 percent, compared with 6.4 percent when the
parties last settled. Similarly, compensation (wages and
benefits combined) in settlements covering 5,000 work
ers or more during the 9-month period provided for avGeorge Ruben is co-editor of C u r r e n t W a g e D e v e lo p m e n ts , a monthly
publication of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
28
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erage adjustments of 3.3 percent for the first contract
year, and 2.5 percent over the contract term — the
smallest adjustments in the 17-year history of the com
pensation data series.1
The number of concession agreements2 and the num
ber of workers affected by them clearly exceeded 1981
levels reflecting, to some extent, the “heavy” bargaining
year and the increase in unscheduled bargaining. Only
three of the “pattern bargaining” industries that negoti
ated during the year settled on “normal” terms (that is,
wage and benefit gains for employees, with no “givebacks”) — petroleum refining and petrochemicals, appar
el, and electrical equipment manufacturing. In indus
tries where there is no widespread pattern approach,
such as construction and retail trade, settlements gener
ally provided for gains for workers, although a few, es
pecially in retail food, called for concessions.3
Auto industry still ailing
The automobile industry was involved in a number of
developments, including a downturn in sales that result
ed in corporate operating losses; continuing layoffs;
unscheduled contract reopenings that resulted in agree
ments forgoing specified wage increases in exchange for
improved job security provisions; layoffs and compensa
tion cuts for nonunion white-collar employees; adoption
by Japanese manufacturers of a voluntary limit on auto
exports to the United States; and continuing pressure
by the Auto Workers for “local content” legislation re
quiring foreign producers to use a percentage of Ameri-
can-made parts in vehicles they sell in the United
States.
In 1981, GM, Ford, and American Motors began
pressing the United Auto Workers ( u a w ) for labor cost
relief, contending that they were at a competitive disad
vantage with foreign manufacturers, as well as with
Chrysler Corp., which had benefited from cost conces
sions negotiated in 1979, 1980, and 1981. (Prior to
1979, UAW contracts with the “Big 3” companies— GM,
Ford, and Chrysler— had provided for essentially iden
tical wage and benefit levels. American Motors was on
a different bargaining cycle and its labor costs were al
ready lower than those of the Big 3 companies.)
The round of early renewals of contracts started in
late 1981 with discussions between UAW and GM offi
cials. During these talks, GM accepted the union’s pro
posal to pass any labor cost savings resulting from con
cessions to vehicle purchasers through price reductions.
However, bargaining ended in late January without a
settlement. UAW President Douglas Fraser said the
negotiations broke down over three issues: job se
curity, use of outside contractors— particularly foreign
firms— and how GM would carry out its promise to re
duce vehicle prices by the amount of labor cost conces
sions.
Negotiations proceeded more smoothly at Ford,
where a settlement was reached in mid-February. The
new contract did not provide for specified wage in
creases, but it retained the automatic cost-of-living pay
adjustment formula. Ford gained some cost relief be
cause each of the first three quarterly adjustments was
to be reduced by 2 cents an hour and deferred for 18
months. Other changes beneficial to Ford were longer
pay progression schedules for new workers, longer wait
ing periods before new workers are eligible for certain
insurance benefits, and elimination of paid personal hol
idays.
The union was successful in its major goal, attaining
greater job security for its members. Ford agreed to a
number of changes intended to preserve jobs or at least
aid laid-off workers. Other changes beneficial to workers
included a 2-year moratorium on plant closings that
would have occurred as a result of “outsourcing” (pur
chasing parts and services from outside firms, to the
detriment of Ford workers), and a company pledge to
make every effort to maintain the current work force
and to handle future cuts through attrition, rather than
layoffs.
The parties moved toward a lifetime pay guarantee
by adopting a Guaranteed Income Stream covering
workers with at least 15 years of service laid off after
the effective date of the agreement. The payments will
continue until the participant becomes eligible to retire
or attains age 62.
Acknowledging the need for cooperation, the parties
provided for the establishment of Mutual Growth Fo
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
rums. The forums will give workers a voice in manage
ment decisions, and will operate at the national and
plant levels. The director of the UAW Ford Department
will address the company’s board of directors twice a
year. (The first instance of formal union participation in
management of an auto company occurred in 1980,
when UAW President Fraser was elected to Chrysler’s
board of directors as part of the wage concession settle
ment.) The settlement also featured a profit-sharing
plan.
The settlement at Ford induced the UAW and General
Motors to resume negotiations, which resulted in a set
tlement comparable to Ford, with several differences:
(1) GM specifically agreed to reopen four of six plants it
had closed in recent months (at Ford, there was no
such specific commitment); (2) the Guaranteed Income
Stream program will cover laid-off workers with 10
years of service; (3) the new profit-sharing plan was less
liberal than at Ford (however, UAW officials contended
that GM employees would generally fare better because
GM has usually been more profitable than Ford); and
(4) a legal services plan replaced increased company fi
nancing of Supplemental Unemployment Benefits nego
tiated at Ford.
After the GM settlement, the UAW ’s bargaining focus
shifted to American Motors Corp. A settlement was
reached in May for 14,000 workers. Under this con
tract, employees will lend the company $110 million, to
be accumulated by deferring specified wage increases
and automatic quarterly cost-of-living adjustments, and
by “banking” money, that is, giving up 21 days of holi
day and vacation pay by the end of 1984. Between 1985
and 1989, American Motors must repay the entire $110
million, plus 10 percent interest. The American Motors
contract expires in September 1985, 1 year later than
those at Ford and GM.4
Next, bargaining began at Chrysler Corp. The u a w ’s
chief demand was for a reduction in the estimated $2.60
an hour pay disparity with GM and Ford workers that
had resulted from the three concession settlements at
Chrysler. The company and union reached a tentative
agreement in mid-September, but the employees turned
it down, primarily because it did not provide for an im
mediate wage increase.
After the rejection, the parties resumed negotiations,
but Chrysler continued to maintain that it could not af
ford an immediate wage increase. The workers’ de
mands stemmed, in part, from the fact that Chrysler
had accumulated $1 billion from sales of property and
vehicles. Chrysler said the money was needed for new
product development.
Finally, in early December, the parties agreed on a
13-month contract that provided for an immediate pay
increase averaging 75 cents an hour; resumption of au
tomatic quarterly cost-of-living pay adjustments; and
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Collective Bargaining in 1982
adoption of Lifetime Job Security projects similar
to those at Ford and GM.
Rubber Workers avoid ‘give backs’
The United Rubber Workers union entered 1982 ne
gotiations with the Big Four rubber companies, and
others, vowing not to grant any wage-and-benefit con
cessions and largely succeeded, although the 1982 terms
were not as liberal as those in the 1979 accords. The
year also was marked by plant closings, a continuing
drop in sales by U.S. tire manufacturers, and a move by
a Japanese company to begin producing tires in the
United States.
The Rubber Workers and B.F. Goodrich negotiated a
3-year contract that set a pattern for settlements at
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. and Firestone Tire &
Rubber Co. The terms also affected employees of
Uniroyal, Inc., which had earlier agreed to be bound by
the pattern terms, modified to the extent necessary to
reduce the cost increase by $18.3 million a year.
The Goodrich contract did not provide for any speci
fied wage increases but the provision for quarterly costof-living pay adjustments was retained. There also were
improvements in pension and insurance benefits, includ
ing an extension of the period during which laid-off
workers retain life and health insurance.
The parties moved to deal with plant closings, lay
offs, and other mutual problems by providing for con
sultations between the company and the union, and by
establishing an Early Action Committee.5
The General Tire-Rubber Workers contract for 1,200
workers in Waco, Tex., deviated from the Goodrich
pattern. One aim of the 3-year contract was to induce
employees to stay in or move up to higher skilled jobs
by increasing the pay differential between these and
lower-rated jobs. This was partly accomplished by im
mediately increasing pay rates for the skilled jobs while
cutting rates for new workers in the lower-rated jobs.
The quarterly cost-of-living pay adjustment formula
was retained, but was modified to provide that only 60
percent of the total amount of money available for each
adjustment will be distributed as a flat cents per hour
increase; the balance will be used for special adjust
ments for skilled workers. At the other companies, the
entire amount of each increase will be distributed equal
ly to all workers.
In the benefits area, the health insurance plan was
modified to try to reduce or eliminate hospital stays by
requiring employees to pay 10 percent of room and
board costs, up to a maximum of $400 for any one con
finement.
Similar provisions were later accepted by the Rubber
Workers’ 1,200 employees at General Tire’s Mayfield,
Ky., plant.
30
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Plant closings. In August, Firestone gave the Rubber
Workers the required 6 months notice of intent to close
its 45-year-old plant in Memphis, Tenn., despite a num
ber of work-rules changes the workers had accepted in
1980 to increase efficiency. Declining demand for medi
um and heavy duty bias ply truck tires was behind the
closing. At the time of the announcement, the plant em
ployed 1,100 workers, with an additional 850 on layoff.
At the same time, Firestone announced that it would
close its Nashville, Tenn., radial truck tire plant if the
union’s local could not reach an agreement with
Bridgestone Tire Co. Earlier, the Japanese company had
agreed to purchase the plant, contingent on attaining a
satisfactory agreement with the local. At the time of the
announcement, the plant was operating at 50 percent of
capacity.
General Tire and Rubber Co. announced that it
would shutdown its truck tire plant in Akron, ending
the jobs of 1,000 hourly workers and 247 salaried em
ployees. Reportedly, the closedown was mandated by a
reduced demand for bias ply tires. The shutdown ended
tire production in Akron, except for certain experimen
tal and specialty types. Rubber Workers President Mi
lan Stone said the closing was “especially disheart
ening’’ in view of the fact that workers at the General
Tire , plant had accepted a pay cut in 1979 to help
finance the proposed replacement facility. As specified
in the 1979 agreement, the $4 million in accrued funds
was to be returned to the workers because the company
had dropped its building plans.
Early settlement in trucking
The organized trucking industry was beset by finan
cial difficulties resulting from the continuing recession
and the influx of nonunion trucking firms with lower
operating costs. The entry of 8,000 nonunion trucking
firms after enactment of the Motor Carrier Deregulation
Act of 1980 in July of that year led to the demise of
234 unionized trucking firms, costing the jobs of 40,500
Teamster union members. These firms generally closed
because they were no longer protected by Interstate
Commerce Commission rules that generally assured
them of markets and profits.
Adding workers laid off at firms still in business
brought the total number of out-of-work Teamsters to
120,000 out of about 300,000 workers the Teamsters
represented in the industry, and made the union recep
tive to the August 1981 proposal by Trucking Manage
ment Inc. (TMl), the major bargaining arm of the
industry, for early bargaining on renewal of the 3-year
contract scheduled to expire in March 1982.
The February 1982 contract did not provide for any
specified wage increases over its 37-month term but all
economic provisions were subject to renegotiation after
April 1, 1984, if “the financial status of the industry
has either substantially increased or decreased com
pared to the date of the ratification of this agreement.”
The automatic cost-of-living pay adjustment formula
was modified to provide for annual adjustments, instead
of the previous semiannual adjustments. Also, part or
all of each adjustment will be diverted, if necessary, to
cover cost increases for maintaining existing levels of
pensions and health and welfare benefits. (The immedi
ate result was diversion of 25 cents an hour from the 72
cents cost-of-living adjustment scheduled for April 1,
1982, under terms of the 1979 contract.)
Some of the provisions were contained in 31 area
supplements to the “National Master Freight Agree
ment.” The supplemental agreements generally provided
for new employees to move up to the top rate for their
job over a 3-year period (previously, they usually re
ceived the top rate immediately); relaxation of some re
strictions on the type of deliveries drivers can make;
and relaxation of work rules so that employers can
adopt “nonstandard” workweeks to more efficiently uti
lize terminals and other facilities. One provision favor
able to the workers banned employers from disposing of
operations to evade the terms of the agreement.
Despite these aids, a number of firms pressed Team
sters’ local unions for additional aid. Their demands re
sulted in additional concessions at some firms.
However, despite the additional assistance, some firms
were unable to remain in business. One notable example
was Spector-Red Ball Inc., the Nation’s sixth largest
trucking company, which ended operations despite an
agreement by its 6,500 employees to lend the company
15 percent of their pay.
Concessions aid meatpacking industry
Continuing the trend of recent years, the meatpacking
industry was beset by plant closing and worker pay
concessions, as the “old line” companies attempted to
counter a drop in consumer demand and intensified
competition from newer companies with lower operat
ing costs.
The round of bargaining in the industry began in De
cember 1981, when the United Food and Commercial
Workers and Armour and Co. agreed on wage and ben
efit terms intended to aid the company. Armour lost
$5.7 million in 1980, and had closed 24 plants in the
past 10 years. (During the same period, the industry
had closed more than 350 facilities.)
The aid to the company was accomplished by modi
fying some terms of the current agreement (which was
not scheduled to expire until August 31, 1982) and by
adding a new 3-year contract to become effective Sep
tember 1, 1982. This approach— rather than negotiating
a 44-month agreement effective immediately— was used
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
by the union to retain the tradition of negotiating
3-year agreements.
The workers gave up specified wage increases and
agreed to suspend the provision for semiannual cost-ofliving pay adjustments. However, the adjustment for
mula was retained and will become binding on the last
day of the 3-year contract. (Union officials explained
that this approach was used to enhance the chance of
retaining a fully operational clause in the 1985 negotia
tions.)
Also, workers will receive a lump-sum payment of at
least $400 in December 1983— the amount they would
have received in their 1982 weekly paychecks if they
had received the two adjustments normally effective in
that year.
Other provisions decreased the hourly pay of workers
in the company’s one remaining beef-packing plant in
Idaho, cut starting rates for new workers, and deferred
the effective date of an increase in pension rates to Sep
tember, 1, 1985, the day after the contract expires. In
return for the concessions, Armour gave the employees
a copy of its capital investment plan for the next 5
years and agreed to divulge its actual expenditures each
year, and promised not to close any plants before
mid-1983.6
The Food and Commercial Workers union negotiated
similar terms with several other companies, including
Wilson Foods Corp. and George A. Hormel & Co. At
Rath Packing Co., the union agreed to the terms of the
“Armour pattern,” but the union was more or less
bargaining with itself because the plant’s employees
own 60 percent of the company stock and have 10
members on the 16-member board of directors.
A union official said that the concession contracts
were part of the Food and Commercial Workers’ plan
to eventually attain a national wage structure in the in
dustry by temporarily holding the line on labor costs at
old-line, high-cost companies, while pressing lower cost
companies for pay-and-benefit improvements.
Meanwhile, workers at Iowa Beef Processors in Ne
braska, voted to end a 4-month strike and return to
work under terms of their expired contracts. According
to a union official, the return to work was motivated by
the economic difficulties suffered by the strikers and by
the belief that the union could strengthen its bargaining
positions by ending the strike.
During the negotiations, Iowa Beef had pressed for a
$2 an hour pay cut, a 4-year freeze on future increases,
and the right to further reduce pay if there were pay
cuts at competitive firms. The company claimed that
these demands were warranted because, “there are only
a few companies that pay wages as high as what we pay
here.” However, the union contended that total labor
costs at Iowa Beef were much lower than those at other
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Collective Bargaining in 1982
companies because Iowa Beef provided a minimal level
of supplementary benefits.
Iowa Beef, the industry’s leader in beef processing,
accounts for 16 percent of U.S. output. Workers at
three of its plants are represented by the Food and
Commercial Workers, workers at two plants are repre
sented by the Teamsters, and workers at the other six
plants are not represented by a union.
Agreement legislated for train engineers
Contract talks between the Nation’s railroads and the
15 railroad unions began in August 1981. Seven of the
unions settled in December of that year and some set
tled in the first half of 1982, but the bargaining round
did not conclude until September 1982, when Congress
imposed a settlement on the Locomotive Engineers and
ordered the 26,000 workers to end a 4-day walkout.
The protracted negotiations actually resulted from
management efforts to win work-rule changes from the
Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and the United
Transportation Union which represents firemen, brakemen, conductors, and switchmen. Some of the items
that the industry’s bargaining arm, the National Rail
way Labor Conference, was pressing to eliminate or
moderate included: a rule giving train crews a full day’s
pay for each 100 miles of travel (the conference con
tended that this rule imposed improper costs on carriers
because today’s trains travel much faster than they did
60 years earlier when the rule was adopted, and it
wants crew members paid on an hourly basis); “arbitraries” or certain tasks that management maintained
employees should perform as part of their routine duties
(for example, some railroads pay $5.37 a day to all
members of a crew for coupling and uncoupling air hos
es, even though the work is performed by only one em
ployee); and elimination of cabooses, which manage
ment claims are no longer needed for their original
purpose of providing sleeping quarters, a work area for
conductors, and a place from which to watch for “hot
boxes” — the overheated axles that cause derailments
(the United Transportation Union, the only union using
the cabooses, contended that cabooses are vital for safe
ty purposes).
There were two intertwined issues peculiar to the Lo
comotive Engineers’ bargaining— the union’s insistence
on maintaining the right to strike during the contract
term over “major issues” (minor issues are handled
through grievance procedures for all rail unions) and
the union’s pressure for retention of its members’ 15 to
20 percent pay advantage over other crew members.
Without the strike weapon, the union said it would be
unable to obtain matching pay increases for its mem
bers when management and the United Transportation
Union agreed on wage increases in exchange for cuts in
crew sizes.
32
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Bargaining between the conference and the two
unions reached an impasse. As a result, President
Ronald Reagan used his authority under the Railway
Labor Act to appoint separate panels to delay any
walkouts and recommend settlement terms. The boards
issued their recommendations in August, but the out
come remained uncertain. Finally, the United Transpor
tation Union and the conference settled on September
15, only 5 days before the union could legally strike.
The accord provided for essentially the same wageand-benefit package as the 1981 settlements. In regard
to the unique issues, the parties generally accepted the
recommendations of the panel. This meant that the
mileage pay and arbitraries will be negotiated further,
with no provision for final and binding arbitration if
there is a deadlock.
In accepting the board’s recommendation that ca
booses be eliminated, the parties agreed to implement
the change over time and beginning with the shortest
trains. Also, a special grievance board will oversee the
phaseout to ensure that the change does not increase
danger for longer trains.
On September 19, 86,000 workers represented by Lo
comotive Engineers began the first large scale rail walk
out since 1978. The 4-day strike ended as a result of
legislation passed by the Congress at the request of
President Reagan.
The back-to-work joint resolution incorporated the
recommendations of the emergency board. The board
recommended that the union be allowed to negotiate
changes in compensation when there is a “change in the
compensation relationship as a result of a ‘crew consist’
agreement between a given carrier and the United
Transportation Union.” The mileage and arbitraries is
sues will be handled the same way as for the United
Transportation Union members.
Airlines— layoffs continue
The airlines’ financial condition worsened in 1982,
leading some observers to forecast that it would be the
industry’s worst year in history, with the 12 major car
riers— those with revenue of at least $1 billion a year—
exceeding the $550 million in losses they sustained in
1981. Prospects were equally grim for airline employees
— layoffs totaled 17,000, or about 6 percent of the work
force, for the first 9 months of 1982, and cutbacks were
continuing. The industry’s difficulties were attributed to
several factors, including carrier difficulties in determin
ing the most beneficial mix of routes since the deregula
tion of routes and fares in 1978, particularly in view of
an influx of new carriers; the recession, in particular
high interest rates, which made it more difficult to buy
more efficient planes; high fuel costs; and the after-ef
fects of the air traffic controllers strike, which led to the
restriction of air traffic at 22 large airports.
Although some labor contracts negotiated in the in
dustry provided for wage-and-benefit gains, more com
monly workers were forced to accept freezes or reductions
in compensation. Among the carriers affected were—
• Republic Airlines and Western Airlines— late 1981
early 1982 agreements with several unions provided
for 10 percent pay cuts for 11,000 workers.
• Pan American World Airways— 4,900 members of
the Independent Union of Flight Attendants negotiat
ed a contract that provided for various wage increases,
followed by a 10-percent reduction in earnings to last
15 months. This followed the lead of four other
unions which had accepted 10 percent cuts in late
1980. All five unions also agreed to changes in work
rules. In exchange for the cuts, the unions gained a
membership on the company’s board of directors.
The workers involved also received $1 of company
stock for each $5 of earnings given up. In November,
Pan Am was pressing for further productivity gains
and had extended its plan for inducing employees to
retire early because only 2,500 of an expected 5,000
employees had accepted.
• Eastern Air Lines— an April settlement with the AirLine Pilots provided for a pay freeze until April 1,
1983, followed by two pay increases totaling 10 per
cent; and a 5-year extension of the Variable Earnings
Program established in 1977 and scheduled to expire
on July 3. Under the program, 3.5 percent of each
employee’s pay was withheld. If company profits
attained a specified level, the employees received the
withheld amount at yearend, and up to an additional
3.5 percent if profits attained a higher level. In Sep
tember, the Machinists also agreed to a 5-year exten
sion of the Variable Earnings Program, with some
modifications, clearing the way for a settlement on
wages and benefits. Meanwhile, Eastern’s flight atten
dants, represented by the Transport Workers, were
embroiled in legal suits against the company over the
Variable Earnings Program and seniority issues,
which created uncertainty about when they might set
tle on a new contract.
• Braniff International— in late 1981, members of the
Air Line Pilots Association agreed to a pay freeze
through 1982, as well as increases in work schedules
intended to reduce Braniffs costs. Bargaining in 1982
was focused on other unions (which, along with the
Air Line Pilots, had agreed to pay cuts early in
1981). In the meantime, Braniffs financial condition
was steadily slipping; in May, the company ceased
operation and declared bankruptcy, claiming a $733
million debt. The bankruptcy court determined that
the company’s pension funds were severely depleted,
opening the possibility that the Federal Pension Bene
fit Guarantee Corp. would have to assume the un
funded liability.
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GE contracts set pattern
In a departure from the practice in recent years,
workers at the General Electric Co. and Westinghouse
Electric Corp. won larger percentage increases in com
pensation than workers in trucking, auto production,
and rubber, although workers in these industries contin
ued to have higher levels of compensation. Industry and
union observers said that GE was willing to settle for a
larger package than in 1979 because it wanted to pull
management and labor together to make GE more com
petitive in world markets.
GE workers were concerned about job security in
view of cutbacks in some operations, such as appliance
production. As a result, job security provisions were the
feature of the 3-year contracts negotiated by the
13-member unions of a Coordinated Bargaining Com
mittee.
Although Westinghouse continued its practice of set
tling along the same lines as GE, Westinghouse was not
as happy with the wage-and-benefit package. The im
pact of the package was greater at Westinghouse be
cause evolving changes in corporate aims have led the
company into more labor-intensive service businesses.
However, the only deviation from the “pattern” was the
adoption of an optional contributory pension plan, with
employees paying in an amount equal to 3 percent of
annual earnings in excess of $14,700. Westinghouse had
started pressing its employees to help finance pensions
in 1977, saying it would alleviate a cost advantage held
by GE, which has long had a contributory plan.7
Petroleum. Bargaining in the petroleum refining and
petrochemical industries was conducted in the midst of
a worldwide oversupply of oil, but the major companies
and the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers settled on
2-year contracts that called for wage-and-benefit im
provements. This was possible because the companies
were operating at a profit and labor costs account for
only a small percentage of total operating costs in these
highly automated industries.
The union did not obtain a layoff protection provi
sion to prevent layoffs resulting from production cut
backs and facility shutdowns. Union president Robert
F. Goss had said that such protection was necessary be
cause the companies had closed 50 facilities since 1980,
at a cost of 5,000 jobs. Goss called the pattern-setting
settlement with Gulf Oil Corp. “the best we could ne
gotiate without a strike.” In 1980, a 4-month strike
against various companies had minimum effect because
nonunion management and technical employees main
tained more or less normal production.
The pattern-setting Gulf agreement provided for an
immediate pay increase, and an increase in 1983. The
2-year contract continued the practice of not providing
33
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Collective Bargaining in 1982
for automatic cost-of-living pay adjustments, raised the
employer financing of health insurance, and increased
life insurance coverage.
The round of bargaining in the petroleum industry,
which involved the renegotiation of about 400 contracts
of various companies, was not entirely peaceful. About
3,500 workers struck Texaco, Inc.’s refinery in Port A r
thur, Tex., for 7 months. The walkout resulted from a
development in 1976, when Texaco began cutting the
one-time lump sum retiring workers can choose instead
of receiving usual monthly retirement benefits. In the
resulting court case, the company contended that the
cut was warranted because rising interest rates made it
possible for workers who invested the lump sums to re
ceive a larger lifetime amount than workers who elected
monthly benefits.
The issue was resolved in an out-of-court settlement
that called for Texaco to distribute a total of $5 million
to workers who retired between February 1976 and Jan
uary 1982 and whose lump sum payoffs were reduced.
However, the reduction will apply to all future retirees
electing the lump sum. In a separate development,
Texaco agreed to special payments to induce workers to
retire early, as part of the company’s effort to reduce
employment. The new contract followed the Gulf lead
on wage increases and other benefits.8
met. Charter said that the goals were not met, and
losses had increased. About 1,900 workers were af
fected.
• The Philadelphia Journal, an afternoon tabloid spe
cializing in sports and local news, which closed down
at the beginning of the year after losing $15 million
over 4 years. The action came after members of the
various unions had rejected wage and staffing cuts.
More than 125 employees were affected.
• The Cleveland Press closed in June, despite contract
concessions by employees and an infusion of $8 mil
lion over 20 months by its new publisher. The after
noon paper had 900 employees.
• The Buffalo Courier-Express closed in September after
employees rejected contract concessions. The after
noon paper, owned by Cowles Media Co., lost $25
million over 3 years. About 850 workers were af
fected.
Newspapers shutdown, merge. Employment in newspa
per publishing was about 425,000 in September, match
ing the level of a year earlier. Overall, the newspaper
industry was healthy, with advertising revenue at record
levels in 1981 and continuing into 1982, despite the re
cession. The exception was in urban afternoon papers,
where there were closedowns, mergers with morning pa
pers, employee concessions, and staff cutbacks.
The problems experienced by the urban afternoon pa
pers were attributed to a number of factors, including
difficulties in distributing papers during afternoon rush
hour traffic; older, less efficient plants staffed by rela
tively larger numbers of higher paid workers than sub
urban competitors; and the growth of television news
and advertising. Some of these problems are also appli
cable to urban morning papers, but in cities with both
morning and afternoon papers, morning publications
usually lead in circulation and receive a disproportion
ate share of advertising revenue.
Among the papers that shut down were:
Mergers or changes to joint use of staffs or facilities oc
curred in several cities. In Minneapolis, the Star and
Tribune newspaper resulted from a merger of morning
and afternoon papers. The afternoon edition was
dropped after a few months because sales did not meet
expectations. Later, the paper again moved to cut costs
by permitting 825 nonunion employees to take up to 30
days off without pay, with an option to take more. The
paper, owned by Cowles Media Co., also said the plan
would be discussed with its unions.
In Dayton, Ohio, the Dayton Daily News and The
Journal combined their editorial staffs but continued to
publish separate papers. Library, photo, and suburban
staffs had been combined earlier. After the layoff of 90
editorial employees, the papers had a total of 1,050 em
ployees.
In Des Moines, Iowa, the Register and Tribune Co.
was formed from the merger of morning and evening
papers. About 200 of the 1,030 employees lost their
jobs.
The fate of the Nation’s largest circulation paper was
resolved when the New York Daily News and 11 unions
agreed to a package of cost reduction measures. Details
of the agreements varied but the overall goal was to re
duce labor costs by $50 million a year. The agreements
called for the elimination of the equivalent of 1,340 jobs.
To help do this, the newspaper established a $50 million
fund to finance a one-time “buy-out” payment to full
time employees who elect to leave.9
• The Philadelphia Bulletin, the Nation’s fourth largest
afternoon paper, closed in January despite contract
concessions the union members had accepted in Au
gust 1981. At that time, the parent Charter Co. of
Jacksonville, Fla., promised to spend $30 million to
improve the paper if certain operating goals were
Retail food stores. There was a surge of contract conces
sions and store closings in the retail food store industry.
Much of this activity occurred in mid-Atlantic States,
particularly Pennsylvania and Maryland, but the Great
Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. ( a & p ) did engage in aborted
discussions with the United Food and Commercial Work-
Other notable events
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ers on a national approach to concessions intended to
keep stores open.
Generally, food store chains asking for concessions
contended that they were operating at a loss because of
increased competition from lower cost nonunion firms
and because the recession had caused many shoppers to
restrict purchases to staple items with small profit m ar
gins. Some chains attributed part of their difficulties to
having older, higher paid work forces and small, old
stores.
A&P and the Food and Commercial Workers dis
cussed the possibility of companywide contract conces
sions in the wake of 400 store closings in the preceding
6 months, but the talks were ended after the union re
jected the company’s proposal of a 2-year wage freeze
and suspension of certain restrictions on work schedul
ing, or a 10-percent pay cut. A&P contended that the
changes were needed so its labor costs would be “com
petitive with the industry average.”
The union did not accept the proposal because it did
not offer employees “even the slightest shred of a guar
antee against further reductions in staff or further store
closings.” A&P then pursued concessions in local negoti
ations, and had some successes:
• In Philadelphia, A&P workers accepted a temporary
cut in pay in exchange for a share of gross sales and
participation in management of more than 20 closed
stores that would be reopened by yearend.
• In the Norfolk, Va., area, 300 A&P employees gave up
$1.38 in scheduled future wage increases and part of
their paid vacation to keep 13 stores open.
• In the Baltimore, Md., area and on the State’s East
ern Shore, 1,700 A&P workers agreed to forgo $1.23
in scheduled wage increases, and to a reduction in
benefits. In exchange, the company agreed not to
close any area stores before the current 3-year con
tract expires in September 1983.
Other concessions in the retail food store industry in
cluded:
• In the Pittsburgh area, 2,500 employees of Giant
Eagle Markets agreed to eliminate 4 holidays and
freeze pay for those at the top rate for their jobs, and
to be paid at time and one-half rates, instead of dou
ble time, for Sunday work. The local union was per
mitted to examine the company’s books, and it will
be given a second opportunity in the fall of 1983.
• In the Wilkes-Barre, Pa. area, 1,000 employees of
Acme Markets, Inc. moved to avert store closings by
giving up a scheduled 20 to 30 cents an-hour wage
increase and reducing the maximum paid vacation to
4 weeks, from 5.
• In Detroit, 13,000 Food and Commercial Workers’
members agreed to a 2 Vi-year wage freeze at Kroger
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Co., Farmer Jack, and A&P store chains. Bargaining
will be reopened in April 1983. At Chatham food
store chain, which was in bankruptcy proceedings,
wages and benefits were rolled back to January 1,
1981, levels.
Construction. In recent years, union-represented workers
in the construction industry have usually obtained larg
er increases in hourly compensation than workers in
other industries. The construction workers contend that
they rate higher hourly pay because they are in skilled
trades and that the higher pay helps offset work time
lost because of bad weather.
During the first 9 months of 1982, construction set
tlements covering 1,000 workers or more provided for
the smallest wage adjustments since 1978, averaging 7.0
percent for the first contract year and 6.9 percent a year
over the entire term. The comparable figures for work
ers in all other industries were 3.4 and 2.9 percent, but
these workers are often covered by automatic cost-ofliving pay adjustment clauses that could raise these
figures, depending on the movement of the Consumer
Price Index. Cost-of-living clauses are rare in construc
tion.
In 1981, wage adjustments for construction workers
averaged 13.5 percent in the first contract year, and
11.3 percent over the life of the agreement. Among the
reasons for the decline were cutbacks in projects and
the resulting high unemployment (22.6 percent in Sep
tember), and increased competition from nonunion con
tractors moving into commercial construction. Some
events in the industry worth noting include:
• Increased instances where union workers agreed to
special lower pay rates for residential work to in
crease their employer’s ability to compete with non
union contractors.
• Adoption of a new workweek in Chattanooga, Tenn.,
that could influence other areas. Under the new ap
proach, members of four unions work a 40-hour,
4-day workweek without overtime pay, which gives
employers and employees a better chance of making
up for work days lost because of bad weather. The
contracts do provide for time and one-half pay for
each hour over 40, and double time for every hour
over 10 each day.
• Increased union interest in stimulating the industry
by investing their pension funds in construction proj
ects.
Organizing and internal union affairs
There were no major organizing breakthroughs for
the labor movement in 1982. The Auto Workers’ Union
accelerated efforts to organize white-collar workers in
the auto industry, where increased layoffs and wage35
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Collective Bargaining in 1982
and-benefit concessions appeared to increase workers’
receptiveness. The union was unsuccessful in the first
two representation elections involving General Motors
white-collar employees. At a Chevrolet plant in Flint,
Mich., the vote was 87 to 32 in favor of “no union.”
Several days later, the vote was 21 to 6 for “no union”
at a unit of clerical workers at a foundry in Pontiac,
Mich.
The UAW’s white-collar campaign had better results
in other industries. The union won the right to repre
sent 3,300 workers at Michigan Blue Cross-Blue Shield,
and had major organizing efforts underway among cler
ical and technical workers at several eastern universities.
In an unusual action, the American Federation of
Television and Radio Artists filed a Chapter 11 bank
ruptcy petition after a Federal judge refused to stay a
$10.6 million antitrust judgment against the union. The
verdict, which was under appeal by the union, resulted
from charges that the union participated in an illegal
boycott of a nonunion music-writing firm by pressuring
advertising companies to withhold work from the firm.
Mergers. Special committees of the International
Tyographical Union and the Newspaper Guild agreed
on a proposal to merge. Formation of the new union,
the Media Employees International Union, is subject to
a March 1983 vote by the unions’ members. The new
union would have about 80,000 members, making it the
largest union primarily of newspaper workers in the
country.
There also was a merger in the entertainment indus
try, as the 5,000-member Screen Extras Guild became
part of the 52,000-member Screen Actors Guild.
A 90,000-member Glass, Pottery, Plastics and Allied
Workers union resulted from the joining of the Pottery
Workers and the Glass Bottle Blowers. A 70,000-mem
ber Aluminum, Brick and Glass Workers International
Union resulted from the joining of the Aluminum,
Brick and Clay Workers and the Glass and Ceramic
Workers.
In other merger activity, delegates to a Yardmasters
convention rejected a merger with the Locomotive En
gineers; talks between the Service Employees and the
Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union were
terminated; and the Steelworkers and the Insurance
Workers failed in a second attempt at merger, after
which the Insurance Workers began discussions with
the Food and Commercial Workers.
Leadership changes. In the area of union leadership,
there was a change at the United Mine Workers, as
33-year-old Rich Trumka defeated incumbent Sam
Church in a membership vote. The vote margin was
about 2 to 1. Trumka, a former UMW attorney, said his
top priorities were improving the union’s financial
36
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
condition, increasing membership, and intensifying or
ganizing efforts.
There also was a move toward a change of leadership
of the Auto Workers, as the union’s executive board
named Owen Bieber to succeed Douglas Fraser when he
retires in May 1983. Fraser, who will leave when he
reaches the union’s mandatory retirement age of 65,
guided the union for six difficult years during which its
members were hard hit by layoffs and contract conces
sions. Bieber, who heads the UAW’s General Motors
Department, is expected to be officially ratified at the
union’s May 1983 convention.
In other leadership changes, State, County, and Mu
nicipal Employees President Jerry Wurf died and was
succeeded by Gerald W. McEntee; Plumbers and Pipe
fitters President Martin J. Ward died and was suc
ceeded by Marvin J. Boede; International Union of
Electrical Workers President David J. Fitzmaurice died
and was succeeded by William Bywater; and Carpenters
President William Konyha retired and was succeeded
by Patrick J. Campbell.
Government workers
During the year, there were several legislated deci
sions affecting Federal workers’ pay and benefits:
• The Federal pension system was changed to provide
that only retirees age 62 or older on the effective date
of an automatic cost-of-living adjustment in benefits
will receive the full amount. Until they attain age 62,
younger retirees will receive only half the increase;
previously, all retirees received the full increase. Dis
ability retirees and survivors of retirees will continue
to receive full increases, regardless of their age.
• Cost-of-living adjustments for retirees will be effective
in April 1983, May 1984, and June 1985. Previously,
adjustments were in March. Also, the full amount of
the adjustments will be deducted from the paychecks
of 140,000 retired military personnel working in Fed
eral civilian jobs. Previously, part of regular retired
officers’ pensions was withheld if they were in Federal
civilian jobs but there was no witholding for enlisted
personnel. There are 1.3 million Federal retirees, and
458,000 survivors of retirees.
• Federal employees were brought under the social se
curity system’s medicare program. Accordingly, the
Government began deducting 1.3 percent of the first
$35,700 of their annual earnings, effective in January
1983.
• The 1.4 million Federal civilian employees and 2 mil
lion military personnel received a 4-percent salary in
crease in October. Managers and supervisors in upper
pay grades received increases ranging from below to
above 4 percent under a new performance system.
The 24,000 Federal Aviation Administration air traffic
controllers, supervisors, and technicians received an
additional 5 to 6 percent increase. About 450,000
Federal blue-collar workers also received a 4-percent
increase.
State and local. Financial difficulties of State and local
governments accelerated during 1982, as they were hit
by reduced tax revenues, continuing statutory prohibi
tions of tax-rate increases in some areas, rising operat
ing costs, and reduced Federal financing of some
programs. The squeeze on the States is clear from Bu
reau of the Census reports showing that while revenues
rose 12.2 percent, to $310.8 billion, during the fiscal
year, spending increased 13.1 percent and overall
indebtness increased 10.6 percent, to $134.8 billion.
According to the Bureau of the Census, State and lo
cal government employment declined during the last fis
' All of the preceding preliminary information on negotiated wage
and compensations changes excludes possible pay adjustments under
cost-of-living formulas because such adjustments are contingent on
the future movement of a Consumer Price Index. For more informa
tion on the settlements during the first 9 months and a complete de
scription of the data series, see C u r r e n t W age D e v e lo p m e n ts ,
November 1982, p. 46.
2
For this article, a concession agreement is one that reduces current
wages or benefits or eliminates or reduces scheduled future improve
ments.
1 For an account of collective bargaining activities scheduled for
1983, see pp. 3-16, this issue, which also discusses 1982 developments
in the steel industry.
4For specifics of the uaw ’s agreements with Ford, GM, and Ameri
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
cal year, the first decline since World War II. The em
ployment total was 13.1 million people, down from 13.3
million a year earlier. Despite the reduction, payrolls of
State governments rose 8.9 percent, or 4.7 billion, and
payrolls of local governments rose 8.1 percent, or $11.3
billion.
Although instances of wage-and-benefit reductions
were infrequent, fiscal problems of State and local gov
ernment appeared to have a moderating effect on the size
of pay increases. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Em
ployment Cost Index indicated that pay increases during
the third quarter of the year— the period when most
governments begin their fiscal year—were 4.4 percent in
1982, compared with 5.0 percent in 1981. Similarly,
compensation— pay plus benefits— rose 4.6 percent dur
ing the third quarter of 1982, compared with 5.6 percent
in 1981.
□
can Motors, see M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , April 1982, pp. 62-64; May
1982, pp. 59-60; and July 1982, p. 54.
5For specifics of the Rubber Workers-Goodrich contract, see
July 1982, p. 53.
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w ,
6For specifics of the United Food and Commercial Workers-Armour contract, see M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , February 1982, p. 48.
7For specifics of the GE and Westinghouse contracts, see M o n th ly
September 1982, pp. 44-45 and October 1982, p. 44.
L a b o r R ev ie w ,
8For specifics of the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers contracts
with Gulf and Texico, see M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w March 1982, pp. 4748 and November 1982, p. 49.
9For specifics of the contracts, see
ber 1982, pp. 49-50.
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w ,
Novem
37
Unemployment insurance laws:
legislative revisions in 1982
In a move to ease effects o f high unemployment,
a new Federal program temporarily extends
the duration o f jobless benefits beyond
the maximum of 39 weeks; the new benefits vary
from 6 to 10 weeks, depending on the State
D ia n a R u n n e r
Moving in response to the recession and high unem
ployment, the Federal Government took action last year
to extend the duration of unemployment insurance ben
efits beyond the maximum of 39 weeks. Additional ben
efits vary from 6 to 10 weeks, depending on the level of
insured unemployment in a State.
The Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of
1982 established a Federal Supplemental Compensation
program, enabling participating States to provide the
new benefits between September 12, 1982, and March
31, 1983, when the special payments expire. The legisla
tion also directs the Secretary of Labor to develop mod
el legislation for States wishing to establish short-time
compensation (or work-sharing) programs.
By yearend, almost all States had entered agreements
with the U.S. Department of Labor to extend benefits,
and three States (Arizona, California, and Oregon) had
already developed temporary work-sharing programs.
Under the Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1982, more
ex-servicemembers became eligible for unemployment
compensation but may receive no more than 13 weeks
of benefits. This legislation excluded from coverage, for
1 year, fishing boat crews of fewer than 10 members
which receive any share of the catch or its proceeds.
The Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act will exDiana Runner is an unemployment program specialist in the Office of
Research, Legislation, and Program Policies, Employment and Train
ing Administration, U.S. Department of Labor.
38
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
elude full-time students who work in organized summer
camps this year.
The Federal Government now assesses interest on all
loans made to States on or after April 1, 1982, and be
fore January 1, 1988. Six States1 amended their laws to
establish funds for this purpose.
As a result of the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of
1981, almost all States2 repealed the national trigger
which provided for payment of benefits when the in
sured unemployment rate reached a certain percentage,
under the Federal-State Extended Benefits program.
Also, most of the States excluded extended benefit
claimants in determining the insured unemployment
rate, and modified the State triggers. The States now re
quire claimants for extended benefits to work at least 20
weeks in full-time insured employment or earn the
equivalent in insured wages, and no longer deny benefi
ts under the trade readjustment assistance program be
cause of enrollment in approved training or because of
leaving unsuitable work to enter such training. States
now require that an individual filing a new claim must
disclose whether he or she owes child support. Any
amount owed will be deducted from benefits and
forwarded to the appropriate State or local child sup
port enforcement agency to satisfy the obligation.
Nine States changed their pension offset provision to
reflect a variety of options available under the Federal
law. Eight3offset a pension only if the pension or retired
pay, annuity, or similar periodic payment is under a
plan maintained by (or contributed to) a base period or
chargeable employer. Seven States4 permit benefits to be
reduced on less than a dollar-for-dollar basis by taking
into consideration the amount of contributions made by
the individual for the pension. Seven States5 disregard
pension payments if the base-period employment did
not affect eligibility for, or increases the amount of, the
pension. Excluded from this exemption are pensions
paid under the Social Security Act and the Railroad
Retirement Act.
The following is a summary of some significant chang
es in State unemployment insurance laws during 1982.
Alabama
Disqualification. If an individual is awarded retroactive pension
payments which covered a period for which the individual re
ceived benefits, the payments shall constitute a disqualification
and any benefits paid during this period shall be recovered.
Alaska
Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit amount was increased
from $150 to $156 with base-period wages of $16,000. Pro
vides for 13 weeks of supplemental State benefits if an individ
ual exhausts rights to regular benefits and is ineligible for
Federal-State Extended Benefits because of insufficient base
period wages. Alaska included in the definition of wages re
muneration for insured work, noninsured work, or self em
ployment and back pay awards.
Coverage. The legislature exempted from coverage the services
performed by an employee of a corporation if the corporation
is incorporated under the Alaska law; if it is not a govern
ment corporation; if the employee is an executive officer of the
corporation who directly or indirectly owns 25 percent or
more of the voting securities of the corporation; and if the ex
ecutive officer agrees that the services not be covered employ
ment. Also, excluded from coverage are services performed as
a prospective or impaneled juror in a court.
Financing. An employer who makes a deduction from a back
pay award to an individual who received benefits for which she
or he is ineligible by reason of the back pay award shall pay
into the unemployment fund an amount equal to the deduction.
However, if a reimbursing employer already reimbursed the de
partment, the employer’s account shall be credited.
Arizona
Benefits. The high-quarter wage qualifying requirement was
increased from $752 to $1,000, and the maximum weekly ben
efit amount was increased from $95 to $115.
Coverage. Work study students are excluded from coverage,
regardless of age.
California
Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit amount was increased
from $136 to $166. The Regional Employment Assessment,
Job Service Assistance, and Placement Services for Displaced
Workers Act of 1982 was enacted. It will provide displaced
workers with regional employment assessment, job search as
sistance, and placement services to avoid adverse effects of job
loss and long-term unemployment. Any unemployed individu
al who is otherwise eligible for benefits under the demonstra
tion project for training or retraining and who has exhausted
all other rights to benefits may receive 26 weeks of additional
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benefits if the individual had been laid off from work as a result
of plant closure or a reduction in employment at the
workplace. An individual who is currently receiving any kind
of unemployment benefits may also receive additional weeks up
to a combined maximum of 52 weeks. State-extended duration
benefits will be triggered on when the insured unemployment
rate is 6 percent or greater and regular benefits are exhausted
and Federal-State Extended Benefits are not available.
Disqualification. A student is not considered able to and avail
able for work if prospects for full-time employment because of
school attendance are substantially reduced. However, a stu
dent who restricts availability to part-time work due to school
attendance may be considered able to and available for work
if the claimant has a history of at least 2 years of part-time
work while attending school; the claim is based on part-time
work; the claimant is actively seeking and willing to accept
work under the same conditions as existed when the wage
credits were earned; and if the claimant imposes no other re
striction and is in a labor market where a reasonable demand
exists for the part-time services which are offered by the
claimant. An individual who has left a job to accompany a
spouse to a place from which it would have been impractical
to commute has resigned with good cause.
Financing. Beginning January 1, 1983, the taxable wage base
will be $7,000. The fund requirements and rates for the leastfavorable schedule will be 1.7 percent of payrolls with rates
ranging from 1.1 to 4.7 percent and for the most-favorable
schedule 1.9 percent of payrolls, with rates ranging from 0.7
to 4.1 percent. Any employer with a reserve account balance
(except agricultural) whose average base payroll increased 25
percent or more above the average base payroll on the preced
ing computation date must pay into the fund contributions at
the next lower rate than the rate for the other employers but
not less than 1.3 percent under the least-favorable schedule or
0.9 percent under the most-favorable schedule. No employer
(including new employers) is eligible for a contribution rate of
more or less than 3.4 percent (previously 2.7 percent) of
wages paid for any rating period unless his reserve account
has been subject to benefit charges during the 12 consecutive
calendar quarters ending on the computation date. The bal
ance account tax was repealed and, instead employers with a
reserve account balance must pay an additional tax equal to
0.1 percent of wages to be used for an employee training pro
gram. State extended benefits and Federal-State Extended
Benefits will be charged to the base period employer and if
more than one employer is involved, the charged will be in
proportion such that the total wages paid bears to the total
wages paid for all employers during the base period. Also,
benefits shall be charged as stated above if an appeal is re
versed denying benefits. A special account known as the Em
ployment Training Fund has been established in the State
Treasury for this tax.
Penalties. Any individual who, with the intent to defraud, re
ports or registers a fictitious employer or employee and wages
in order to obtain benefits or increase any benefit payment in
an amount of $400 or more and any employing unit who,
with the intent to defraud, reports wages earned for the pur
pose of obtaining or increasing benefits is to be punished by
imprisonment in jail for at least 1 year or by a fine of not
more than $5,000.
Colorado
Benefits. The base period qualifying requirement was increased
from 30 to 40 times the weekly benefit amount. Also in39
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Unemployment Insurance Laws
creased were the qualifying wages needed for a second benefit
year from $750 to $1,000.
Coverage. Services performed by elementary and secondary
school employees of a church, convention, association of
churches, or other religiously affiliated organization are ex
cluded from coverage.
Connecticut
Benefits. The freeze on the maximum weekly benefit amount
was extended to October 1983.
Disqualification. An individual who participates in an illegal
strike as determined under State or Federal laws is disquali
fied for misconduct.
Financing. The taxable wage base was increased to $7,000.
Florida
Coverage. The exclusion from coverage of aliens performing
agricultural labor was extended to January 1, 1984.
Georgia
Benefits. An individual must earn insured wages of at least 8
times the weekly benefit amount in order to requalify for a
second benefit year or for an individual who voluntarily re
tired to receive a pension.
Coverage. Excluded from coverage were services performed by
a child under the age of 21 in the employ of the father or
mother.
Disqualification. An individual is disqualified for misconduct if
separated from approved training due to the individual’s fail
ure to abide by rules of the training facility.
Financing. If a base period contributing employer responds
timely, her or his account is not charged for benefits paid to
an individual who left voluntarily with good cause connected
with the work to enter approved training or if the claimant re
fuses suitable work while in training approved under the
Trade Act of 1974.
Idaho
Benefits. During calendar year 1982, an individual may receive
up to 13 additional weeks of State-funded benefits if the indi
vidual exhausted all other benefits and continues to meet the
eligibility requirements for extended benefits, and is not eligible
for any other unemployment benefits. A contributing employer
will not be charged for the additional extended benefits, but a
reimbursing employer will be charged an amount equal to the
additional extended benefits paid to an individual.
Disqualification. A claimant is not denied benefits while at
tending a training course assigned by a representative of the
director if the claimant submits with each claim a written certi
fication (from the trainer) that she or he is attending and sat
isfactorily completing the training course. However, a
claimant will be denied benefits if, for any week, she or he
fails to attend a training course to which assigned by the di
rector if the course is available at no cost to the claimant.
Indiana
Disqualification. The requirement that denied unemployment
benefits to temporary employees of the general assembly was
repealed.
Financing. The fund balance required for determining the
range of rates for the least favorable rate schedule was
40
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
changed from 0.9 percent of payrolls to 0.85 percent of pay
rolls and the rates will range from 1.3 to 4.5 percent
(previously 2.7 to 3.3 percent).
Kansas
Disqualification. The disqualification periods for voluntarily
leaving without good cause, [and] breach of duty connected
with the individual’s work, and for refusal of suitable work
were changed from the 6 consecutive weeks following the
week of separation or refusal to 10 consecutive weeks follow
ing the week of filing a valid claim or the week of refusal.
Also, the individual’s benefit entitlement will be reduced equal
to 10 times the individual’s weekly benefit amount. An indi
vidual shall have left work voluntarily with good cause for ei
ther work related or personal reasons if, after pursuing all
reasonable alternatives, the circumstances causing the separa
tion were of such urgent, compelling, or necessitous nature as
to provide no alternative but to leave the work voluntarily, or
the reasons for the separation were of such nature that a rea
sonable and prudent individual would leave the employment
under the same circumstances.
Financing. Negative account balance employers will pay a sur
charge based on the size of the employer’s negative reserve ra
tio to be credited to the negative account balance employer’s
account. The surcharge is a percent of taxable wages and will
range from 0.1 percent to 1.0 percent.
Administration. The time period for appealing either a claims
adjudicator, referee, or board-of-review decision has been ex
tended from 12 to 16 calendar days after mailing or delivery
of the decision.
Keritucky
Benefits. The qualifying wages needed in both the high-quarter
and outside the high-quarter were increased from $500 to
$750. The total base-period wages needed to qualify for bene
fits was changed from not less than 1-3/8 times high-quarter
wages to not less than 1-1/2 times high-quarter wages. An in
dividual’s weekly benefit amount will be computed as 1.185
percent of total base-period wages. Beginning July 1, 1982,
the maximum weekly benefit amount will not escalate over the
previous year’s rate if the trust fund balance as of December
31 is less than $120 million.
Disqualification. The disqualifications for voluntarily leaving
or misconduct will apply to separations from any work that
occurred after the first day of the worker’s base period. No in
dividual will be disqualified if separated from employment
pursuant to a labor management contract or an established
employer plan that permits the employer to close the plant for
purposes of vacation or maintenance. There will be no recoup
ment or recovery of improperly paid benefits if the benefits
were paid as a result of departmental error, unless there had
been a false statement, misrepresentation, or concealment of
material information by a recipient of benefits.
Financing. The taxable wage base was increased from $6,000
to $8,000. Also, the standard rate of contribution was in
creased to 3.0 percent. The rate schedule in effect will depend
on the trust fund balance as of December 31 of the preceding
year and will range from $350 million dollars for the most fa
vorable schedule to $150 million dollars for the least favorable
schedule. The charging of benefits was changed from propor
tionately among all employers in the base year to the most re
cent employer who employed the individual for at least 30
days. Any new domestic or foreign corporation engaged in the
contract construction trades will pay contributions at a rate
equal to the average rate paid by all contract construction em
ployers, subject to the law, for the year preceding the year in
which the employer first hired workers, until the employer is
eligible for experience-rating.
Coverage. Aliens who harvest apples were excluded from cov
erage.
misrepresentation will not be charged to a contributing or reim
bursing employer’s account. Nonfraud and fraud overpayments
may be collected by civil action. Also, if an individual has been
overpaid benefits from another State and that State notifies the
unemployment agency and requests recovery of the over
payment, the commissioner may authorize the overpayment to
be deducted from future benefits. Beginning April 1, 1984, each
covered employer must provide quarterly wage reports.
Maryland
Mississippi
Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit amount was increased
from $140 to $153 and also increased were the high-quarter
wages needed to qualify for the maximum amount from
$3,336.01 to $3,648.01. Beginning September 26, 1982,
through June 4, 1983, added a temporary additional benefits
program of 13 weeks for individuals who have exhausted their
regular benefits. However, an individual may not receive addi
tional benefits if she or he received both regular and FederalState Extended Benefits for a total of 39 weeks.
Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit amount was increased
from $90 to $105 and the minimum from $10 to $30. Also,
the base period wages needed to qualify for benefits was in
creased from 36 to 40 times the weekly benefit amount.
Maine
Massachusetts
Disqualification. The between-terms denial will apply to indi
viduals who perform services in an educational institution
while in the employ of an educational service agency.
Minnesota
Benefits. The requirement that an individual have at least $750
in wage credits in the base period for benefit eligibility was de
leted. However, to qualify for benefits, an individual must have
15 credit weeks for each of which wages equal or exceed 3 per
cent of the State average weekly wage. The maximum weekly
benefit amount has been limited to $184 for 1982, $191 for
1983, and $198 for 1984. If an individual earned credit weeks in
seasonal employment, benefits will be payable only if the indi
vidual also earned 15 credit weeks in nonseasonal employment.
Disqualification. The between-terms denial extended to indi
viduals who work in a public or nonpublic school for an
educational cooperative service unit. The disqualification for
voluntarily leaving, discharge for misconduct, gross miscon
duct, and refusal of suitable work was changed from the dura
tion of the individual’s unemployment and until the individual
earns wages of 4 times the weekly benefit amount, to an
elapsed period of 4 calendar weeks and earns wages equal to 4
times the weekly benefit amount. An individual will be
disqualified from benefits for the duration of any disciplinary
suspension of 30 days or less resulting from the individual’s
conduct. A separation from work will be considered good
cause attributable to the employer if it occurs because of sexu
al harassment.
Financing. The taxable wage base will be determined annually
as 60 percent of the average annual wage, rounded to the near
est $100. An employer who pays the minimum contribution rate
will pay on an $8,000 wage base and all other employers will
pay on an $8,300 wage base. Effective January 1, 1983, the max
imum rate for new employers will be increased from 2.4 to 2.7
percent; and effective January 1, 1984, a new construction in
dustry employer will pay a maximum of 7.5 percent. For calen
dar year 1984, the total number of months of experience used
for calculating an employer’s experience rate will increase to 48
and for 1985, to 60 months. The amount of change that can oc
cur in an employer’s rate from year to year will be limited.
Administration. Any benefits paid erroneously due to a claim
ant’s own mistake, agency error, or a claimant’s fraudulent
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Disqualification. Work is considered suitable if after 8 weeks
of unemployment the job offered pays the minimum wage or
higher and the wage is that prevailing for the individual’s cus
tomary occupation or similar work in the locality. A disqualifi
cation was added for gross misconduct connected with the
work that will continue for the duration of the individual’s
spell of unemployment and until the individual earns 8 times
the weekly benefit amount.
Financing. A base period employer’s account will not be
charged for benefits paid to an individual who is still working
for the employer on a regular part-time basis under the same
conditions as hired. If a political subdivision is a reimbursing
employer which elects to pay to the fund 0.5 percent of the
taxable wages paid during the year, it will be relieved of liabil
ity for benefits paid under the same conditions for non
charging as a contributing employer.
New Hampshire
Coverage. The exclusion from coverage of services performed
for a hospital by a patient of the hospital was deleted. Also
deleted was the age 22 limitation exclusion for services
performed by students in a work-study program. Therefore, a
student in a work-study program will be excluded from cover
age regardless of age.
Oklahoma
Financing. Benefits will be noncharged when an individual is
separated from employment as a result of a major natural di
saster on the basis that the individual would have been enti
tled to disaster unemployment benefits if she or he has not
received unemployment benefits. The tax rate for employers
who do not qualify for a reduced rate based on experience
was increased from 2.7 to 3.0 percent.
Oregon
Disqualification. The requalifying requirement for purging a
disqualification for discharge or suspension from work for
misconduct, voluntarily leaving, and failure to apply for or ac
cept suitable work was changed from wages equal to or in ex
cess of the weekly benefit amount in 4 separate weeks
subsequent to the week of occurrence to wages which equal or
exceed 4 times the weekly benefit amount.
Financing. The minimum tax rate was decreased under the
most favorable schedule from 1.2 to 0.9 percent and under the
least favorable schedule from 2.6 to 2.2 percent.
South Carolina
Benefits. To qualify as an insured worker, an individual is re
quired to have been paid wages of at least $900 (previously
41
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Unemployment Insurance Laws
$300) in the base period and $540 (previously $180) in the
high-quarter of the base period. This is in addition to the re
quirement that the individual have been paid base-period
wages of at least 1-1/2 times the high-quarter wages.
Coverage. An exclusion from coverage was added for services
performed in agricultural labor by students who are enrolled
and regularly attending classes for at least 5 months during a
particular year at a secondary school, accredited college, uni
versity, or technical school. Also excluded were services
performed in agricultural labor by part-time persons who do
not qualify as students, and who would not qualify for benefi
ts at the conclusion of their job.
Disqualification. The between-terms denial will apply to em
ployees hired by a governmental entity which is established
and operated exclusively to perform services for one or more
educational institutions. In addition, school employees will be
denied benefits for any holiday or vacation period when that
period has been placed on the school calendar for the school
year. Also, an individual’s weekly benefit amount will be re
duced by the amount of wages in lieu of notice, termination
leave pay, severance pay, separation pay, or dismissal pay
ments the claimant receives. Lump sum payments will be pro
rated weekly on the basis of the most recent weekly wage of
the individual. An individual will not be ineligible for benefits
if separated, through no fault of his own, from the most re
cent bona fide employer, as defined. If an individual is
disqualified for misconduct, the benefit rights will be reduced
equal to the weeks of disqualification. The disqualification for
refusal of suitable work was changed to a duration disqualifi
cation that continues until the individual earns at least 8 times
the weekly benefit amount. Deleted were the provisions that
provided for an equal reduction of benefits at the Commis
sion’s discretion for refusal of suitable work and that a reduc
tion, because of a single act, would not reduce potential bene
fits to less than 2 weeks. Also deleted, in cases of repeated
refusals of suitable work, was the provision that the disqualifi
cation could extend until the individual was reemployed and
earned wages of at least 8 times the weekly benefit amount.
South Dakota
Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit amount was frozen at
$129 until June 30, 1983.
Financing. The contribution rate for negative balance employ
ers was increased from 5.5 to 7.5 percent. Effective January 1,
1983, an employer with a negative-balance-experience-rating
account will be required to pay a 4-percent interest rate per
year on the negative balance in the account. No employer will
pay contributions (including the adjustment percentage) at a
rate of more than 9 percent. Added were new noncharging
provisions to apply in the case of benefits paid to a claimant
voluntarily separated without good cause, discharge or
suspensi on for misconduct, or voluntarily separated because
of pregnancy or for the purpose of assuming the duties of
mother or housewife and in the case of benefits paid on the ba
sis of total base period wages of less than $100 earned with
one employer. Such noncharged benefits will be prorated
among all employer experience-rating accounts.
Tennessee
Benefits. The qualifying wages were increased from base period
earnings of 36 to 40 times the weekly benefit amount.
Disqualification. The disqualification for discharge for miscon
duct will apply to discharges from the most recent work. Also,
42
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
the wages needed to purge a disqualification for misconduct
and refusal of suitable work was increased from 5 to 10 times
the weekly benefit amount.
Financing. The taxable wage base was increased from $6,000 to
$7,000. The rate of contributions will be based on a 6-month
period depending on the trust fund balance instead of a 1-year
period. The level of fund requirements in the trust for the most
favorable schedule was changed from $350 million to $300 mil
lion with rates ranging from 0.15 percent to 4.7 percent
(previously 0.25 to 3.9) and for the least favorable schedule
from $200 million to $100 million with rates ranging from 0.65
percent to 7.0 percent (previously 0.75 to 4.4). Also, added
was a special rate schedule for governmental entities which
consist of contributing employers with rates ranging from 0.3
to 3.0 percent.
Texas
Financing. The maximum tax rate for the most favorable
schedule was increased from 4.0 percent to 6.0 percent. For
1982 and 1983, the fund balance for the most favorable sched
ule will be $500 million (previously $325 million) and $225
million for the least favorable schedule. Thereafter, there will
be an automatic index on fund balances. For 1983 and 1984
the tax increase will be limited to no more than 0.5 percent.
Utah
Benefits. Effective July 4, 1982, the maximum weekly benefit
amount of $166 will be frozen for 1 year. To qualify for bene
fits an individual must have base period wages of $1,200
(previously $700) and 20 weeks of work with wages of $50 in
each week (previously 19 weeks at $20 per week). The maxi
mum duration of benefits was reduced from 36 to 26 weeks
and the ratio of base period wages to high-quarter wages for
determining weeks of duration was reduced from 1.6-3.3 to
1. 6- 2. 8.
Disqualification. All earnings in the base year will be consid
ered in the determination of suitable work and the kinds of
work that may be considered suitable will change the longer
the claimant is unemployed and less likely to secure local work
in her or his customary occupation. It will not be considered
good cause for voluntarily leaving if the individual left to ac
company, follow, or join a spouse to, or in a new locality.
Financing. For calendar year 1982 the taxable wage base was
frozen at $12,000.
Vermont
Disqualification. A denial of benefits was added for school em
ployees during established vacation period or holiday recesses.
Virginia
Coverage. The exclusion from coverage for services performed
by individuals in the employ of the State as a temporary em
ployee of the General Assembly was deleted.
Disqualification. An individual will be presumed unavailable
for work if she or he left the labor market area for the major
portion of a week unless the claimant can establish that a
bonafide search for work was conducted in the labor market
area where the major part of the week was spent. An individu
al will be disqualified for benefits upon conviction and after re
lease from prison or jail if the separation arose as a result of
the unlawful act and the absence due to confinement caused a
disruption of the employer’s operations. An individual will be
disqualified for benefits upon separation from the last
employing unit for whom the individual worked 30 days or
from any subsequent employing unit.
Financing. Back pay awards will be included in definition of
wages and will be allocated to the quarter in which they
would have been earned.
Washington
Benefits. Until February 26, 1983, provides for 13 weeks of
State-funded additional benefits for individuals who have
exhausted their regular and Federal-State Extended Benefits.
The additional benefits will only trigger on if the Governor
determines it necessary. However, no additional benefit period
may begin while a Federal program is in effect.
1Colorado, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Texas, and Wisconsin.
2All except Illinois and Massachusetts. (Nevada was granted a de
lay because the legislature did not meet in 1982.)
3Alabama, California, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Minnesota, Mis
souri, and Oklahoma.
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Disqualification. A disqualification for a gross misconduct dis
charge because of a felony or gross misdemeanor begins with
the first day of the week in which discharge occurs and all
benefits paid during this period are recoverable. Also provides
that alcoholism may not constitute a defense from disqualifi
cation for misconduct. Specifies that only work-connected fac
tors may be considered in determining whether an individual
has left work voluntarily without good cause.
Wisconsin
Administration. The time period for appealing a tribunal deci
sion was extended from 14 to 21 days for benefit cases and
from 20 to 21 days for non benefit cases.
□
4Alabama, Arizona, California, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, and
Minnesota.
5Alabama, California, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Missouri, and
Oklahoma.
Erratum
There was a typographical error in the formula presented in “Im
port price indexes for crude petroleum,” by Edward E. Murphy and
Mark McEnearney, Monthly Labor Review, November 1982. The sec
ond equation at the top of the first column on page 30 should read:
(2)
*uw. x i y / y
x ioo
43
State labor legislation
enacted in 1982
Significant pieces of legislation were enacted
in a wide variety o f subject areas,
including equal pay for jobs of comparable worth
and the impact of plant closings or relocations,
as well as traditional employment standards concerns
R ic h a r d R. N el so n
As is common in even numbered years, 1982 was a
light year in terms of State labor legislation, with some
legislatures not meeting in regular session or chiefly for
budget m atters.1Despite the smaller volume of new leg
islation, a few significant laws were enacted in each of
several subject areas.2 In addition to traditional areas of
concern such as minimum wage, wage garnishment, and
child labor legislation, continued interest was shown in
the concept of equal pay for jobs of comparable worth
and in the prohibition of sexual harassment in the
workplace. Perhaps as a result of the economic reces
sion, a few States passed legislation addressing the im
pact of plant closings or relocations on employees and
the community, and others established special programs
to provide employment opportunities for persons in eco
nomically depressed areas, designated as enterprise
zones.3
Although minimum wage rate increases were less
common this year than in the recent past, rates were in
creased in 10 jurisdictions in 1982, with seven of these
increases resulting from automatic increases provided
for by previous enactments. A new wage order in the
District of Columbia, applicable to employees of the re
tail trade industry, raised the minimum wage rate to
$3.50 an hour and increased the rate for youth under
age 18 to $3.35 an hour. New legislation increased
Richard R. Nelson is a State standards adviser in the Division of
State Employment Standards Programs, Office of State Liaison and
Legislative Analysis, Employment Standards Administration, U.S.
Department of Labor.
44
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
hourly rates to $2.60 in Kentucky and to $2.80 in
South Dakota. South Dakota also raised the tip credit
allowance from 25 to 30 percent of the required mini
mum wage. Twenty-one jurisdictions now have a mini
mum rate for some or all occupations equal to or
exceeding the $3.35-per-hour Federal standard.
Among other wage related actions of interest, Alaska
and Georgia increased the dollar amount of payment
bonds to be furnished on public works contracts. Okla
homa extended coverage of its wage payment/wage col
lection law to public sector employees, expanded the
definition of wages, changed the provisions on final
payment to a terminated employee, and increased the
liquidated damages due employees for delayed payment.
Amendments to time limits for final payments to termi
nated employees were also enacted in Idaho and South
Carolina, while in Kentucky bona-fide executive, admin
istrative, supervisory, or professional employees were
excluded from semimonthly payment of wages and time
of payment requirements.
A new Maryland law drops the premium overtime
pay requirement (for hours exceeding 8 in a day) for
those State police participating in a trial schedule of a
10- or 12-hour day, 4-day week, but retains the require
ment for overtime pay after 40 hours a week. A Califor
nia law permits certain manufacturing employers who
operate around-the-clock to institute a 12-hour day, 3or 4-day week without premium overtime pay, under
specified circumstances, except for time worked in ex
cess of 12 hours a day, 4 days, or 40 hours in any
workweek.
T hirteen S tates enacted legislation durin g 1982 c o n
cerning th e use of w age g arn ish m en t o r assignm ent to
require p aym ent u n d er a c o u rt o rd er for su p p o rt of an
em ployee’s dependents. M o st of these law s involved set
ting or increasing lim its on th e am o u n t of earnings su b
je c t to g arn ish m en t o r assignm ent. A laska increased the
a m o u n t exem pt from g arn ish m en t an d provid ed for fu
tu re biennial changes linked to changes in th e C o n
sum er P rice Index for A nchorage. T he w ages of public
em ployees in M a ry la n d were m ade subject to a tta c h
m en t for p rivate debts.
E m ployees in L ouisiana, M ichigan, M innesota, N ew
H am p sh ire, N ew Jersey, S outh D ak o ta , U tah , an d V ir
ginia w ere p ro tec ted from em ployer disciplinary actio n
because of th e garn ish m en t or assignm ent.
P revailing w age law s w hich specify th a t w age rates
paid on publicly funded c o n tra cts be n o t less th a n th o se
prevailing in th e locality co n tin u ed to be co ntroversial,
b u t faced a sm aller n u m b e r of a tte m p ts to repeal them
o r reduce coverage th a n in th e la st few years. T w o sepa
ra te bills to repeal th e Id a h o law , passed th e legislature
b u t w ere vetoed by the G overnor. C overage of th e K e n
tu ck y law w as reduced by exem pting certain co n stru c
tion p ro jec ts an d by increasing th e c o n tra c t th resh o ld
am o u n t. O th er changes in K en tu ck y included elim ina
tion of th e 30-percent rule for determ ining th e prevail
ing w age an d deletion of certain rep o rtin g requirem ents.
O n th e o th e r h an d , a new C alifornia law requires p ay
m e n t of th e prevailing w age to co n stru c tio n w orkers
em ployed on p ro jec ts financed in w hole or p a rt by
b o n d s issued u n d er th e In d u strial D evelopm ent F in an c
ing A ct.
A n im p o rta n t new law in M ary lan d , to be ad m in is
tered an d enforced by th e C om m issioner of L ab o r an d
In d u stry , provides for S tate reg istratio n of farm la b o r
c o n tra c to rs up o n th e execution of an agreem ent be
tw een th e C om m issioner a n d th e U.S. Secretary of L a
b o r to co o rd in a te reg istratio n an d enforcem ent activities
in o rd er to m inim ize duplication. N ew p ro tectio n s for
farm w o rk ers include requirem ents th a t they be inform ed
of th e place, term s, a n d co n d itio n s of em ploym ent,
crops to be harvested, any tra n sp o rta tio n , housing, or
in su ran ce to be provided, an d the existence of any lab o r
disp u te a t th e place of em ploym ent. Penalties for viola
tion w ere enacted.
C hild la b o r law o r reg ulation revisions w ere n o t
w idespread, b u t extensive changes were m ad e in a few
States. N ew reg ulations in S outh C aro lin a are th e sam e
as th eir F ederal c o u n te rp a rts in m o st respects, including
lim its on daily, w eekly, an d nig h tw o rk ho u rs for m inors
u n d e r age 16, an d on w ork in h azard o u s occu p atio n s
for tho se u n d er age 18. C hanges in the V irginia law in
clude types of em ploym ent certificates issued, rec o rd
keeping requirem ents, a n d the au th o rizatio n to assess
civil m oney penalties for violation. N ig h tw o rk h o u rs for
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m in o rs u n d er age 16 were am en d ed to b rin g th em close
ly in line w ith th e F ederal sta n d ard s. R evisions in the
L ouisiana law in clu d e au th o rizin g th e S tate la b o r de
p a rtm e n t to issue 60-day b la n k et w ork p erm its to em
ployers u n d er certain circum stances, am en d in g n ig h t
w ork a n d m axim um w eekly h o u rs provisions for m inors
u n d er age 16, an d changes in p erm itted an d p ro h ib ited
occupations.
O th er child la b o r law am en d m en ts involved certain
exem ptions in A lab a m a an d K an sa s for m in o rs em
ployed as acto rs o r perform ers, a n d elim ination of a
p erm it req u irem en t for perform ances by nonprofessional
g y m n asts in N ew Y ork. N ew Jersey eased vacation cer
tificate req u irem en ts an d rem oved th e p ro h ib itio n on
th e em plo y m en t of girls u n d er age 18 as m essengers.
L egislation ad d ressin g one or m o re of th e various
form s of em plo y m en t d iscrim in atio n w as en acted in 17
ju risd ic tio n s in 1982. A m o n g th e m o re significant m eas
ures w ere a law in L ouisiana extending coverage of the
age discrim in atio n act, previously ap plicable to th e p ri
vate sector, to p u b lic secto r em ployees; a new E q u al O p
p o rtu n ity in E d u catio n A ct in N eb rask a; an d an
am en d m en t to th e W isconsin fair em p lo y m en t practice
law p ro h ib itin g d iscrim in atio n on th e basis of m arital
sta tu s an d sexual o rien tatio n , an d defining h an d icap to
include eith er m en tal or physical im p airm en t. T he W is
consin changes also raised th e u p p er lim it in th e b an on
age d iscrim in atio n in em p lo y m en t from age 65 to 70,
an d req u ired em ployers to notify em ployees of any
g room ing requirem ents. In o th e r actions, C alifornia
am en d ed its equal p ay law to m ake v iolators liable for
liq u id ate d dam ages; O hio repealed la b o r law s applicable
only to w om en; L ouisiana p ro h ib ited discrim in atio n be
cause of sickle cell trait; an d M in n eso ta m ad e sexual h a
rassm en t an u n fair d iscrim in ato ry p ractice an d , in a
sep arate law, p ro v id ed th a t th e p rinciple of co m p arab ili
ty of th e value of w ork be im plem ented for executive
b ran ch em ployees in th e S tate service. A lso, th e legisla
tu res in H aw aii an d K en tu ck y passed reso lu tio n s re
q u estin g th a t studies be m ade of th e co m p arab le w o rth
issue.
E fforts w ere u n d erta k en in th ree S tates to lessen the
im p act of p la n t closings on w orkers a n d com m unities.
C alifornia ad o p ted a new p ro g ram of retrain in g an d
o th e r services for affected em ployees, an d Illinois in itia t
ed a p ro g ram of assistance to em ployee associations to
enable th em to acq u ire an d o p erate p la n ts th a t w ould
otherw ise be p erm an en tly closed or relocated. R h o d e Is
lan d called for th e creatio n of a legislative com m ission
to stu d y th e pro b lem s caused by p la n t closings an d to
m ake reco m m en d atio n s to th e general assem bly. A N ew
Jersey rep o rt p rep ared as th e result of 1981 legislation
a n d issued in 1982 exam ined th e use of em ployee stock
o p tio n plans as a m e th o d of enabling em ployee g ro u p s
to pu rch ase plants.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Labor Legislation in 1982
On another front, five States (Florida, Kansas, Ken
tucky, Maryland, and Rhode Island) sought to provide
employment opportunities for persons in economically
depressed areas, designated as enterprise zones, within
which employers will be encouraged to locate or expand
through such incentives as tax credits and loan guaran
tees. Also, in New Mexico a study is to be made of the
feasibility of establishing such enterprise zones.
Eight States enacted legislation affecting the regula
tion of private employment agencies. The most signifi
cant of these were in Washington where the Employ
ment Agency Advisory Committee was abolished,
following the 1981 deregulation of maximum applicantpaid placement fees, and Idaho, where agencies were
deregulated with repeal of the requirement that agencies
be licensed and bonded by county officials. In Georgia,
career consultants who perform such activities as coun
seling, but do not guarantee actual job placement, were
specifically made subject to the Fair Business Practices
Act.
Among other areas receiving attention in 1982, a
comprehensive new Public School Employment Rela
tions Act was passed in Delaware; California State em
ployers and employee organizations were authorized to
enter into agreements for the deduction of fair share
fees; a “right-to-work” bill passed the legislature in Ida
ho but was vetoed by the Governor; several States
passed legislation involving mine safety; and employees
in Wisconsin are to be informed of and given training
on toxic substances found in the workplace. Idaho
passed a law giving in-State contractors preference in
the awarding of public contracts over contractors from
States granting them a preference over those from Ida
ho, and Maine repealed a provision giving in-State con
tractors a 5-percent preference.
The proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution failed to be adopted by the June 30, 1982,
deadline, falling three States short of the two-thirds re
quirement for approval.
The following is a summary, by jurisdiction, of labor
legislation during 1982.
Alabama
Child labor. Children under age 16 who are employed as ac
tors or performers were exempted from the time and hour re
strictions of the child labor law, and employment or age
certificates will no longer be required for minors under age 17
in such occupations. Work by minors under age 16 must be
with the written consent of the Alabama Film Commission,
the Department of Industrial Relations, and the parent, and
may not interfere with schooling or be unsafe or otherwise
detrimental to the child’s welfare or morals.
Occupational safety and health. The Division of Safety/
Inspection of the Department of Industrial Relations is to es
tablish mine rescue stations near mining centers to carry out
rescue and recovery operations of mine disasters and to com
ply with Federal requirements. Qualifications for rescue crew
46
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
members were adopted and provisions were made for their
training and payment.
Employment and training. A joint resolution encourages the
State administration to request or require that contractors use
in-State labor, products, and materials whenever possible, on
all State construction projects financed by bond issue pro
ceeds.
In other resolutions, the legislature petitioned the U.S. Con
gress to restore the public employment service to a reasonable
funding level consistent with the needs of employers and the
labor force, and to reverse budget cuts in the Work Incentive
Program.
Alaska
Wages. The Wage and Hour Act was amended to exempt
from coverage those persons employed to serve as parents of
children who are in residence at non-profit educational or
child-care facilities, provided the employment requires resi
dence at the facility and is paid on a cash basis, exclusive of
room and board, at an annual rate of not less than $10,000
for an unmarried person or $15,000 for a married couple.
Payment bonds must now be furnished on public works
contracts exceeding $100,000 rather than on those exceeding
$50,000 as was previously required.
The amount of wages exempt from garnishment was
changed from 75 percent of disposable weekly income or
$114, whichever is greater, to an exemption of weekly net
earnings not to exceed $175. Biennial changes in the exemp
tion amount will be made to conform to changes in the
Consumer Price Index for Anchorage.
Worker privacy. Among amendments to the State personnel
laws are new provisions which give State employees the right
to examine, and to authorize others to examine, their own per
sonnel files, and which specify political activity rights and re
strictions.
Employment and training. The Governor was authorized to
appoint a Vocational Education and Employment Training
Task Force to study vocational education and employment
training in the State and to report findings and legislative rec
ommendations by March 31, 1983.
The Commissioner of Health and Social Services was autho
rized to establish a program to develop and operate various
enterprises within the correctional system, employing prison
ers, and designed to provide them with realistic work experi
ence. Deductions are to be made from prisoner wages for
clothing and other maintenance expenses, and for payments to
dependents and crime victims.
Arizona
Labor relations. The Agricultural Employment Relations
Board, scheduled to terminate on July 1, 1982, under sunset
legislation, was continued until July 1, 1992.
Arkansas
Wages. By prior law, the minimum wage rate was increased to
$2.80 an hour effective January 1, 1982, with a further in
crease to $2.95 scheduled for January 1, 1983.
California
Wages. Certain employers who operate a manufacturing facili
ty 24 hours a day, 7 days a week may, under specified circum
stances, institute a 12-hour day, 3- or 4-day week without
premium overtime pay except for time worked in excess of 12
hours a day, 4 days, or 40 hours in any workweek. A volun
tary written agreement must be confirmed by two-thirds of
the affected employees and the employer, and may be rescind
ed at any time by a similar employee vote.
To expedite decisionmaking by the Industrial Welfare Com
mission on petitions to amend the Wage Order in the health
care industry, special rapid procedures were instituted for this
industry alone, without appointment of a wage board as oth
erwise required.
An employer may charge a residential apartment manager
up to two-thirds of the fair market value of the apartment
supplied to him or her if there is a voluntary written agree
ment, and no credit for the apartment is used to meet the em
ployer’s minimum wage obligation to the manager.
Among amendments to the Industrial Development
Financing Act, construction workers employed in work fi
nanced in whole or part by bonds issued under the act are to
receive not less than the prevailing wage rate for such work,
as determined by the Director of the Department of Industrial
Relations.
Hours. A law permitting State employees in agencies planning
a personnel reduction of 1 percent or more to voluntarily re
duce their worktime, with a corresponding reduction in com
pensation, to save jobs was made permanent. The law was
scheduled to terminate June 30, 1982.
The law governing the hours of work of a trainman was
amended to reduce from 16 to 12 both the maximum consecu
tive on-duty hours until he has had 10 consecutive off-duty
hours and the maximum on-duty hours in a 24-hour period
without having had 8 consecutive hours off duty.
Child labor. The law permitting 16- and 17-year-old minors
enrolled in approved work experience programs to work after
10 p.m. but not later than 12:30 a.m., under specified condi
tions, was amended to also include 16- and 17-year-olds en
rolled in approved cooperative vocational education programs.
Equal employment opportunity. The equal pay law was
amended to make employers in violation liable not only for
wages and interest as before, but also for an equal amount in
liquidated damages. For willful violations, the time for com
mencing a civil action was lengthened to 3 years and penalties
increased, and a reimbursement provision was adopted to pre
vent double recovery under both Federal and State law.
The Fair Employment and Housing Act now explicitly bans
harassing an employee or applicant on a prohibited basis,
aside from discriminating on that basis as before.
A concurrent resolution directed the State Department of
Aging to establish and implement an affirmative action em
ployment plan for the recruitment, hiring, and training of per
sons 60 years of age or older in conformance with Federal
and State legislation.
Worker privacy. The Department of Justice was directed to
and local agencies may furnish banks, savings and loan asso
ciations, and credit unions with summary criminal history in
formation on applicants for employment with the written
consent of the applicant. An applicant may be denied em
ployment if upon evaluation of the criminal history informa
tion, the financial institution determines that his or her em
ployment would pose an unreasonable risk to the institution
or its customers. Any information obtained is confidential
and not to be disclosed other than for the purpose for which
it was acquired.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Labor relations. State employers and recognized employee
organizations were authorized to enter into agreements pro
viding for organizational security in the form of fair share fee
deductions as a condition of employment. Employees who be
cause of religious beliefs object to joining or financially sup
porting the employee organization will not be required to do
so, but must pay a sum equal to the fair share fee to an ap
proved nonreligious, nonlabor organization.
The existing law permitting State officers and employees to
authorize wage deductions for dues payments to bona-fide as
sociations was amended to require that the association first be
registered with the State employer.
Private employment agencies. The Bureau of Employment Agen
cies is required to adopt and place into effect by July 1, 1983,
written operating guidelines for complaint handling procedures.
Among changes to the law regulating talent agencies, an
Entertainment Commission was established to study the laws
and practices of California, New York, and other U.S. enter
tainment centers relating to licensing agents and representa
tives of entertainment artists, and to recommend to the
legislature a model bill on licensing.
Occupational safety and health. The Division of Occupational
Safety and Health was given jurisdiction over the occupation
al safety and health of all employees of rail rapid transit sys
tems, electric interurban railroads, and street railroads rather
than only over specific operations as before.
Plant closings. Under a new displaced worker education and
training act, the Employment Development Department, in
conjunction with various State agencies, including the De
partments of Education and of Industrial Relations, is re
quired to prepare a plan for the implementation of
occupational transfer and retraining programs and services
for displaced workers. Among those eligible for the programs
are workers unemployed because of plant closures or substan
tial plant layoffs, those eligible for retraining under the Fed
eral Trade Adjustment Assistance Act or the Redwood
Employee Protection Program, and those eligible for benefits
under the California unemployment insurance retraining pro
gram. An annual evaluation of the program is to be submit
ted to the legislature.
Employment and training. A Commission on Industrial
Innovation was created to develop policies designed to pre
serve jobs, create new jobs, and to guarantee the continued
growth of the State’s economy.
The Youth Employment and Development Act scheduled
to terminate December 31, 1982, was extended to December
31, 1987. Also, the Employment Development Department
was authorized to conduct summer youth employment pro
grams in addition to previous efforts to facilitate the transition
from school to work, such as youth on-the-job training pro
grams and community service programs.
Statutory changes provide for the integration and streamlin
ing of employment and training services including those for
recipients of assistance under the Aid to Families with Depen
dent Children program.
A concurrent resolution was adopted encouraging private
sector employers to rehire the industrially injured, whenever
feasible.
Colorado
Occupational safety and health. Persons involved in emergency
mine rescue activities were protected from liability for civil
47
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Labor Legislation in 1982
damages as a result of any act or omission resulting from such
rescue efforts.
Connecticut
Equal employment opportunity. Benefit plans for public and
private sector employees may not reduce group hospital, sur
gical, or medical insurance coverage to any employee reaching
age 65 and who is eligible for medicare benefits except to the
extent such coverage is provided by medicare.
New procedures were established for operation of workshop
programs for the severely handicapped by the Department of
Mental Retardation, including creation of a Community Shel
tered Workshop Council to assess workshop programs and
make annual reports to the Commissioner on its findings and re
commendations, including budgetary and legislative proposals.
Labor relations. The collective bargaining law for State em
ployees was amended to include coverage of part-time
employees who work less than 20 hours per week, and to
specifically exclude managerial employees.
The services of the State Board of Mediation and A rbitra
tion will now be made available to municipal employers and
employee organizations to help resolve disagreements in con
tract reopener negotiations as well as in contract negotiations
as before.
Occupational safety and health. Effective July 1, 1983, private
and public sector employers who use or produce toxic sub
stances as part of their operation are to post a notice inform
ing employees that they have the right to information
regarding such substances. Employees who request informa
tion cannot be required to work with a substance until the in
formation has been provided. New employees are to receive
information on the names, locations, properties, symptoms of
exposure, appropriate emergency treatment, proper methods
of safe use, and procedures for cleanup of leaks and spills of
such toxic substances. Starting January 1, 1984, and annually
thereafter, employers must furnish the State labor department
a list of their toxic substances.
the many changes, a section on management rights was add
ed, unfair labor practices were specified and a complaint pro
cess created, expanded impasse procedure provisions were
enacted, and a Public Employment Relations Board was
established to administer the act.
District of Columbia
Wages. Wage Order Number 3, applicable to employees of the
retail trade industry, was revised effective September 20, 1982,
to increase the minimum hourly wage rate from $2.50 to
$3.50. The rate for minors under the age of 18 was increased
from $2.30 to $3.35 an hour.
Employment and training. The Youth Employment Act was
amended to authorize a program for pre-employment training
and retraining of local residents age 16 and over, with priority
given to those who are economically disadvantaged.
Florida
Hours. The Department of Administration is to establish,
maintain, and administer a plan for shared employment in the
State Career Service System. Each employing agency may es
tablish or convert a percentage of full-time agency positions,
up to 10 percent, for the shared employment program.
Occupational safety and health. Among changes in the law
regulating transportation, storage, distribution, and use of
pesticides, it was specified that certified applicators must be at
least 18 years of age and are to be responsible for providing
safety instruction and training to those working under their
supervision.
Economic development. A new law was passed for the purpose
of redeveloping and creating new jobs in blighted areas desig
nated as enterprise zones through use of tax credits and other
incentives.
Employment and training. A legislative task force was
established to study various issues concerning job training in
the State, with a report due to the general assembly by Febru
ary 1, 1983. Also, the joint standing committee on labor and
public employees is to study the feasibility of increasing pro
ductivity of State employees through greater employee partici
pation in the making of operational decisions, with a report
due to the general assembly by January 31, 1983.
Employment and training. Public works contractors are no
longer mandated by statute to employ a specific ratio of ap
prentices and trainees. The Division of Labor was directed to
establish, by rule, minimum standards and policies governing
apprentice programs and agreements, such as the ratio of ap
prentices to journeymen, but may not require the use of ap
prentices and trainees on State, county, or municipal
contracts. The State Apprenticeship Council, scheduled for
termination under sunset legislation was continued to October
1, 1988.
Delaware
Georgia
Wages. A 1981 amendment increased the threshold amount
from $2,000 to $5,000 for coverage of public works contracts
under the prevailing wage law.
Wages. Payment bonds, which were previously required on all
public works contracts exceeding $5,000, will now be required
only on contracts exceeding $20,000 or on those of any
amount where required at the discretion of the contracting au
thority.
Equal employment opportunity. A Delaware Commission for
Women was established by statute within the Department of
Community Affairs and Economic Development, its member
ship to consist of the present members of the Governor’s
Commission on the Status of Women. Among other duties,
the Commission is to make recommendations to the Governor
on legislation of particular interest to women and to work to
wards the elimination of sex discrimination.
Labor relations. The Professional Negotiations and Relations
section of the code was repealed and replaced by a more com
prehensive Public School Employment Relations Act. Among
48
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Equal employment opportunity. The Fair Employment Prac
tices Act, prohibiting discrimination in State employment,
scheduled to terminate on July 1, 1982, was continued until
July 1, 1985.
Private employment agencies. Career consultants who perform
such activities as counseling are specifically subject to the Fair
Business Practices Act and must enter into written agreements
with clients and specify in writing to clients that the services
do not include actual job placement. All advertisements must
state that the firm does not guarantee actual job placement as
one of its services.
Other laws. A Correctional Services Division was established
within the Department of Labor with authority to enter into
agreements with district attorneys and solicitors for the pur
pose of establishing pretrial intervention programs in the judi
cial circuits.
Hawaii
Hours. A pilot project in the Department of Education to test
the feasibility of job sharing, begun in 1978 and scheduled to
end at the close of the 1982-83 academic year, was extended
for 1 year, and a similar 2-year job sharing project was author
ized within the public library system.
Equal employment opportunity. A Senate resolution reaffirmed
adoption of the equal rights amendment to the State’s consti
tution and the State’s ratification of the proposed equal rights
amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
A House resolution requested the State Office of Affirmative
Action to review the problem of sexual harassment in public
sector employment in Hawaii, and report its findings and rec
ommendations, including any recommended legislation, to the
1983 legislature.
Another House resolution requests the Industrial Relations
Center of the University of Hawaii to undertake a preliminary
review of the issue of equal pay for equal work of comparable
worth, to identify issues or factors which should be considered
in planning a more comprehensive study of the issue.
Labor relations. Public and private sector employees who be
cause of religious beliefs object to joining or financially sup
porting an employee or labor organization will not be required
to do so as a condition of employment, but may be required to
pay sums equal to the dues and initiation fees to a
nonreligious, nonlabor charity of their choice. The employee
organization may charge a reasonable fee for the employee’s
use of the grievance procedure in his or her behalf.
Private employment agencies. Additional prohibited practices
were enacted stipulating that agencies may not knowingly mis
represent terms and conditions of employment to applicants,
withhold written disclosure of fees or charges from applicants,
provide information relating to an applicant to an employer
unless the information is known to be accurate and complete,
or charge an applicant any fee until he or she is employed
through the agency’s efforts. The law is administered by the
Department of Regulatory Agencies.
The agency licensing examination must now cover, among
other subjects, general principals of business law and State
statutes and regulations relating to agencies. Contents of the
examination were not previously specified. The regulation of
private employment agencies is scheduled to terminate on De
cember 31, 1988, under sunset legislation.
Economic development. The Director of the Department of
Planning and Economic Development was directed to conduct
a study of the State’s economic revitalization opportunities and
to submit recommendations on economic incentives and other
matters at the next regular legislative session.
Idaho
Wages. Two separate bills which would have repealed the pre
vailing wage law passed the legislature but were vetoed by the
Governor.
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Wages may now be paid to a worker within 48 hours rather
than at the time of discharge or layoff as formerly required.
Also, the Director of the Department of Labor and Industrial
Services may grant an employer an additional time extension
upon written application showing good reasons. Wages may
still be paid on the employee’s regular pay day when one has
been established by a contract of employment.
Restrictions on garnishment for support payments were con
formed to the Federal limitations of 50 percent of weekly dis
posable earnings if the individual is supporting another spouse
or dependent child, or 60 percent if not.
Equal employment opportunity. The law prohibiting age-based
employment discrimination against persons over age 60 was re
pealed. Such discrimination is now banned by the fair employ
ment practices act for workers between 40 and 70 years of age.
Involuntary retirement between ages 40 and 70, under any se
niority system or employee benefit plan, is unlawful unless per
mitted under Federal law.
Administration of the equal pay law was transferred from
the labor department to the Human Rights Commission.
Labor relations. A “right-to-work” measure passed both hous
es of the legislature but was vetoed by the Governor.
Private employment agencies. Agencies were deregulated with
repeal of the requirement that agencies be licensed and bonded
by county officials.
Other laws. A new law gives preference in the awarding of pub
lic works contracts to in-State contractors over those from
States which favor their resident contractors over Idaho con
tractors.
Illinois
Plant closings. In order to retain jobs that would be otherwise
lost, and to strengthen the economic base of the State, a new
employee ownership assistance act provides for partial loans,
technical assistance, counseling, and other forms of assistance
to employee associations to enable them to acquire and operate
as employee-owned enterprises, plants that are about to be per
manently closed or relocated. Administration is by the Depart
ment of Commerce and Community Affairs, in conjunction with
a tripartite Employee-Owned Enterprise Advisory Council.
Other laws. A legislative Labor Law Revisory Commission
was created, with the directors of the State Departments of
Labor and of Commerce and Community Affairs serving exofficio. It is to study State laws and decisions pertaining to la
bor and employment, the advisability of revising such laws
and collecting them into one code, and the advisability of co
ordinating the administrative departments and agencies in this
field. Findings and recommendations are to be reported to the
general assembly in 1984, 1985, and 1986.
Indiana
Wages. Employers under written contract to make payments
to an employee welfare or benefit plan must give written no
tice of nonpayment to the employee, and to authorized repre
sentatives of the employee and the benefit plan, within 7 days
of the failure to make the payment. An injured employee may
recover double damages plus costs and attorney fees from an
employer who fails to give proper notice and make the pay
ments without good cause. Good cause does not include fi
nancial inability.
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Labor Legislation in 1982
Economic development. The Indiana Economic Development
Authority was replaced by an Employment Development
Commission with similar authority to promote employment
and business opportunities by encouraging the establishment
of industrial development projects for manufacturing enter
prises through such means as issuing bonds and guaranteeing
loans.
of the minimum wage, whereas the minimum wage law ex
cludes certain industries with annual gross sales of less than
$95,000 and permits tip credits.
Requirements on semimonthly payment of wages and time
of payment were amended to exclude any individual employed
in a bona-fide executive, administrative, supervisory, or profes
sional capacity, or as an outside salesperson or collector.
Several amendments were made to the prevailing wage law.
Coverage was reduced by exempting school construction as
well as all projects of local governmental units not receiving
50 percent or more State funding, and by raising the contract
threshold amount from $500 to $250,000. Other changes de
lete the 30-percent rule for determining the prevailing wage,
substituting an average wage rate, and eliminate the require
ment that employers report weekly payrolls to the State labor
department. The amendments coincide with the recommenda
tions in a legislative economic impact report requested by the
1980 General Assembly and completed in October 1981.
Other laws. Employers may not discipline employees who are
members of volunteer fire departments and who are absent
from work because of involvement in emergency firefighting
activities.
Equal employment opportunity. A concurrent resolution was
passed directing the Legislative Research Commission to con
duct a study of the comparable worth issue among the jobs of
State employees.
Iowa
Occupational safety and health. A certified emergency medical
technician is to be employed at every coal mine with 25 or
more production employees, with an additional medical tech
nician to be employed for each additional 100 employees. The
emergency medical technicians may be employed in other ca
pacities at the mine but are to be available for quick response
to emergencies and are to be provided with necessary equip
ment as prescribed by the Commissioner of the Department of
Mines and Minerals.
Miners have the right to be relieved from operating any
equipment they feel is unsafe, and no other miner may be
assigned that work until the matter is resolved. The use of ex
plosives in mines was further regulated.
Among other changes in mine safety provisions, new re
quirements were adopted pertaining to the availability of
rescue vehicles and equipment, requiring that a certified hoistman be at the site when persons are underground unless auto
matic, self-service facilities are provided, and prohibiting cut
ting or welding in the area of the last open break.
Court-ordered wage garnishment for support payments is
limited to 50 percent of disposable weekly earnings if the indi
vidual is supporting another spouse or dependent child, or 60
percent if not.
Hours. The law setting 8 hours as a legal day’s work for all
classes of mechanics, workingmen, and laborers, except those
working in agricultural or domestic labor, was repealed. This
provision had permitted overtime for extra compensation by
agreement between employer and employee.
Occupational safety and health. Under the State Elevator
Code, the labor commissioner was empowered to assess a civil
money penalty against an owner who operates an elevator, or
other equipment covered by the code, after the commissioner’s
final order suspending, revoking, or refusing to issue the oper
ating permit.
Kansas
Child labor. Children employed as actors, actresses, or per
formers in motion pictures, theatrical, radio, or television
productions were exempted from coverage under the child la
bor law. Such work is not to be performed by a child attend
ing school during the hours school is in session.
Equal employment opportunity. The Commission on Civil
Rights, scheduled to terminate on July 1, 1982, under sunset
legislation, was continued until July 1, 1990.
Economic development. Areas of widespread poverty and un
employment may be designated enterprise zones and become
eligible for preference for incentive projects and for the receipt
of funds and services and consideration for area redevelop
ment under a new Kansas Enterprise Zone Act.
Kentucky
Wages. The minimum wage rate was increased from $2.15 an
hour to $2.60 effective July 15, 1982.
Employees who provide 24-hour residential care on the em
ployer’s premises in a parental role to children who are in the
care of private nonprofit child caring facilities licensed by the
Department of Human Resources were exempted from the
overtime pay provisions of the minimum wage law.
The minimum wage sections contained in an amendment to
the Sunday liquor law were held unconstitutional in an opin
ion of the Attorney General. The invalidated sections would
have applied minimum wage coverage to certain hotels, mo
tels, restaurants, convention centers, commercial airports, and
racetracks which sell liquor on Sunday, irrespective of gross
sales, and would have disallowed tip credits toward payment
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Economic development. A new law was enacted, designed to
stimulate economic activity and create new jobs through use
of tax credits and other incentives in areas of chronic unem
ployment and poverty designated as enterprise zones.
Other laws. In a law restructuring the Governor’s Executive
Cabinet, the State Department of Labor remains within the
Public Protection and Regulation Cabinet while the Commis
sions on Human Rights and on Women are now within the
Education and Humanities Cabinet. The Division of Employee
Benefits and Payroll in the Department of Personnel has specific
responsibility for coordinating equal employment opportunity
and affirmative action in State agencies. In a related action,
the legislature confirmed the executive reorganization of the
Department of Labor including the merging of labor stand
ards and labor management functions into a Division of Em
ployment Standards and Mediation.
A new section was added to the civil rights law requiring
private and public sector employers of eight or more to grant,
upon request, up to 6 weeks personal leave to an employee
who is receiving an adopted child under the age of 7.
Louisiana
Wages. The law governing assignment of earnings was
amended to prohibit the discharge of any employee because of
a wage garnishment. Discharge because of a wage assignment
was previously prohibited.
Child labor. Among several changes in the child labor law, the
State labor department may now issue 60-day blanket work
permits to employers under certain circumstances, such as
athletic events, exhibitions, fairs, carnivals, and inventories at
large department stores. Minors who have completed certain
approved on-the-job training programs were exempted from
the law. Minors under age 16 may not work before 7:00 a.m.
rather than 6:00 a.m. as before, and maximum weekly hours
were reduced from 44 to 40. Minors ages 16 and 17 may now
drive motor vehicles of no more than two axles for incidental,
occasional, or delivery purposes. Minors under age 16 may
now work in bowling alleys, but new restrictions were placed
on work near any lounge or other location where alcoholic
beverages are sold for consumption on the premises. Other
changes involved recordkeeping, street trade hours, and the is
suance of certificates.
Equal employment opportunity. Coverage of the State Age Dis
crimination in Employment Act, previously applicable to the
private sector, was extended to employees of the State or any
of its’ political subdivisions.
A requirement that parish and city school boards not hire
school janitors, custodians, or maintenance employees age 55
or over was removed. All such employees age 50 or over at
the time of initial hire remain ineligible for membership in the
State school employees retirement system.
Employers of more than 20 employees in an industry affect
ing commerce, employment agencies, and labor organizations
may not discriminate against an employee or applicant be
cause such individual has sickle cell trait. A civil action may
be brought in case of violation.
Undocumented workers. The dollar amounts of fines were in
creased for violation of the existing statute which prohibits the
knowing employment or referral of illegal aliens in all indus
tries except agriculture.
Other laws. A Senate concurrent resolution directs all agencies
of the State government to contract for professional services
with firms which will perform the work within the State,
where possible, except for professional academic program re
view in higher education.
Maine
Employment and training. Municipalities were authorized to
provide job services or job service facilities under agreements
with the State Bureau of Employment Security or the Maine
Job Service.
Other laws. The law granting in-State bidders on State con
tracts a 5-percent preference over those from out-of-State was
repealed.
the Superintendent. Overtime pay after 40 hours a week was
retained.
The wages of public employees were made subject to at
tachment for private debts.
Agriculture. A new law was passed effective January 1, 1983,
providing for the registration of farm labor contractors, with
the Commissioner of Labor and Industry authorized to ad
minister and enforce the act. The law requires execution of an
agreement between the Commissioner and the U.S. Secretary
of Labor prior to its enforcement to coordinate Federal/State
registration and enforcement activities in order to minimize
duplication. Farm labor contractors are to give the workers
written information on the places of employment and crops to
be harvested, the terms and conditions of employment, any
transportation, housing, or insurance to be provided, and the
existence of any labor dispute at the place of employment.
Recordkeeping and vehicle safety requirements were specified,
and penalties for violation including fines, imprisonment, or
both were enacted.
Equal employment opportunity. Persons age 70 and older are
now eligible for appointment to permanent State merit system
positions for which they are eligible. A 3-year demonstration
employment program to determine the feasibility of finding
employment for such persons ended July 1, 1982.
State employees who take time off for religious observances
are to be permitted to make up the time.
Economic development. The Secretary of Economic and Com
munity Development may designate specific areas of the State
as enterprise zones in order to promote private investment
and increase employment opportunities through such
incentives as tax credits, loans, loan guarantees, and grants.
Employment and training. A program was initiated, to be ad
ministered by the Employment Security Administration, to
provide financial assistance for comprehensive job training
and related services for economically disadvantaged, unem
ployed, and underemployed individuals through opportunities
industrialization centers and other similar community-based
organizations.
A joint resolution urged the Governor, appropriate State
agencies, and educational institutions to support educational
training and career development programs enabling public as
sistance recipients to become more productive and self-sup
porting. The results of these efforts are to be reported to the
1983 general assembly.
Other laws. Adverse action may not be taken against State
employees for seeking any remedy provided for in the law
protecting them against reprisals for disclosing any illegality,
gross mismanagement, or danger to public health or safety.
Massachusetts
Wages. Court-ordered wage assignments for support payments
may not exceed the Federal limits on the percentage of in
come which may be withheld for support by wage garnish
ment.
M aryland
Michigan
Wages. Premium overtime pay after 8 hours a day was
dropped for those State police participating in a 2-year trial
schedule of a 10- or 12-hour day, 4-day week, if authorized by
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Wages. Bonding requirements of contractors on State highway
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Labor Legislation in 1982
ment of wages and materials were amended to permit contrac
tors who are common carriers or operators of State-subsidized
railroads to provide letters of credit from a State or national
bank or a State or Federally chartered savings and loan asso
ciation instead of the bond.
Employers may not discharge or discipline employees be
cause of a court order to withhold wages for support pay
ments, under a new Support and Visitation Enforcement Act.
Equal employment opportunity. The Commission on Handicapper Concerns, scheduled to expire on December 31, 1982,
was extended to September 30, 1985. The State labor depart
ment is to report to the Governor and the legislature by
March 30, 1985, evaluating the commission’s activities.
Worker privacy. Prohibitions on employers and employment
agencies against requiring employees and job applicants to
take a polygraph examination as a condition of employment,
previously contained both in the civil rights act and another
separate law, were strengthened and replaced by a new poly
graph protection act. A conforming revision was made in the
polygraph examiner licensing law.
Employment and training. The State labor department, in co
operation with the departments of commerce and education, is
to develop a State business and industrial training program.
The program is to emphasize employee training specifically
tailored to meet the needs of individual employers, and is
designed to encourage the expansion of existing businesses
and industries within the State, promote retention of existing
jobs, and assist in attracting new employers.
Other laws. The whistleblowers’ protection act was amended
to specify that it is not to be construed to permit disclosures
that would interfere with any person’s right to the continued
protection of confidentiality of communications where provid
ed for by statute or common law.
Responsibility for the inspection, licensing, and regulation
of carnival and amusement rides was transferred from the
State labor department to the department of licensing and
regulation.
Employees who were formerly protected from discharge be
cause of a summons for jury duty will now be protected from
any disciplinary action because of such service. Also, employ
ers were prohibited from requiring persons to work beyond
their normal and customary hours, including jury time, on
days that they serve on jury duty unless such extended hours
are voluntarily agreed to or are provided for in a collective
bargaining agreement.
Minnesota
Wages. By prior law, the minimum wage rose from S3.10 an
hour to $3.35 effective January 1, 1982. The exemption in the
minimum wage law for individuals employed in a carnival, cir
cus, or fair was amended to now exempt seasonal work rather
than part-time work as before.
Court orders for withholding of wages for support or main
tenance payments must contain a notice that employees may
not be discharged, suspended, or otherwise penalized or disci
plined because an employer is required to withhold wages.
Equal employment opportunity. Sexual harassment was made
an unfair discriminatory practice under the Human Rights
Act.
The principle of comparability of the value of work is to be
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implemented for executive branch employees in the State Ser
vice. Biennially, starting January 1, 1983, the Commissioner of
Employee Relations is to compile and submit to the legislative
commission on employee relations a list, by bargaining unit
and by plan, showing female- and male-dominated classes for
which a compensation inequity exists, together with a pro
posed budget appropriation to provide comparability adjust
ments. After review and possible change by the commission,
the full legislature is to take final action on the proposed
amount for comparability adjustments.
Mississippi
Employment and training. A Board of Vocational and Techni
cal Education was created to, among other duties, set stand
ards for and approve all vocational and technical education
programs which receive State and Federal funds.
Missouri
Economic development. An Economic Development Commis
sion was created in order to stimulate private investment and
to enhance employment opportunities through loan and bond
guarantees. Additionally, an Industrial Development Board
was created with authority to confer with agencies of the State
and its political subdivisions, and with representatives of busi
ness, industry, and labor for the purpose of promoting eco
nomic development. The board may lend money to any
development agency where there is a public need for a pro
posed project and where the project will result in added em
ployment, new capital investment, and economic stimulation
for the State.
Other laws. The provision that an employee of a corporation
who is discharged or voluntarily quits may request a letter of
dismissal describing the services rendered and the reason for
discharge or quit was amended to apply only to employers of
7 persons or more, to require that written requests be by cer
tified mail, and to require that the employer issue the letter of
dismissal to the employee within 45 days following receipt of
the request.
Montana
Wages. By prior law, the minimum wage rose from $2.50 an
hour to $2.75 effective July 1, 1982. The minimum amount
that may be paid to seasonal farmworkers on a monthly basis
in lieu of the minimum hourly rate was increased from $575 a
month to $635 at the same time.
Labor relations. A new law specifies the types of work that may
be required of State prison inmates in the maintenance, repair,
and administration of the prison and prohibits future collective
bargaining agreements from banning such use of inmate labor.
Nebraska
Equal employment opportunity. A new Equal Opportunity in
Education Act was adopted making it an unfair or discrimina
tory practice for any public educational institution to discrimi
nate on the basis of sex in any program or activity including
employment and the conditions of employment.
County, State, and school system employees, with the annu
al approval of their employers, may continue to work beyond
the normal retirement date without any upper age limit.
Previously, certain mandatory retirement dates applied.
New Hampshire
Wages. All court orders for child or spousal support will now
provide for automatic wage assignment in cases of delinquent
payments, and employers may not retaliate against an em
ployee because of such an assignment.
New Jersey
Wages. Court-ordered alimony, maintenance, or child support
payments more than 25 days overdue may be enforced
through wage garnishment. Employers may not discharge or
discipline employees or discriminate in hiring because of an
income execution.
Child labor. Vacation employment certificates will not be re
quired in the first 14 days of employment for any minor 16
years of age or over employed in food service, restaurant, or
retail occupations when school is not in session.
The child labor law was amended to remove the prohibition
on the employment of girls under age 18 as messengers.
Private employment agencies. The required agency surety bond
was increased from $1,000 to $2,000 and violations of the em
ployment agency law are no longer misdemeanors subject to a
fine, imprisonment, or both but are now punishable by civil
penalties of from $300 to $1,500 for each offense.
Plant closings. A State Department of Labor report was issued
on March 25, 1982, examining the use of employee stock
ownership plans as a method of enabling employee groups to
purchase plants that would otherwise be closed. The study
was undertaken as directed by the Worker Owned Corpora
tion Study Act adopted in 1981.
Other laws. As the result of a law effective July 1, 1981, the
Department of Labor and Industry was reorganized and for
mer functions were divided between two renamed depart
ments: the Department of Labor and the Department of
Commerce and Economic Development. Job promotion and
economic development activities were transferred to the De
partment of Commerce and Economic Development.
New Mexico
Wages. By prior law, the minimum wage rate for farm em
ployment was increased on July 1, 1982, from $3.10 an hour
to $3.35, the same rate as for nonfarm employment.
Economic development. The Economic Development Division
of the Commerce and Industry Department is to study the
feasibility of establishing enterprise zones in economically de
pressed areas, and submit a report to be used by an interim
legislative committee for study and possible recommendations
to the next legislature.
New York
Child labor. Nonprofessional performances by gymnasts under
age 16 no longer need a child performer permit, otherwise re
quired for other gymnasts. Requirements relating to safety de
vices and protective equipment must still be observed.
Equal employment opportunity. Employment discrimination
because of disability is now prohibited under the law applica
ble to public contractors. All employers of four or more have
been prohibited from engaging in such discrimination under
the State human rights law.
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The civil service law was amended to authorize the State
Civil Service Commission, for titles designated by it, to permit
handicapped State employees who are holding or have held a
non-competitive class position the same opportunities to take
promotion examinations as provided to employees in the com
petitive class.
Labor relations. It was made an unfair labor practice for a
public sector employer deliberately to refuse to continue all
the terms of an expired agreement until a new agreement is
negotiated.
Occupational safety and health. The State Fire Administrator
is to establish a specialized hazardous material emergency re
sponse training program for individuals responsible for pro
viding emergency response to highway and rail accidents
involving hazardous materials.
Other laws. The title of the head of the State labor department
was changed from Industrial Commissioner to Commissioner
of Labor.
An employee subpoenaed to appear as a witness in a crimi
nal action and who notifies his or her employer prior to the
day of required attendance will not be subject to discharge or
penalty because of the absence from work. The employer is
not required to pay the employee for time spent away from
the job.
North Carolina
Wages. As provided in a prior law, the minimum wage rate
was increased to $3.10 an hour effective January 1, 1982, with
a further increase to $3.35 scheduled for January 1, 1983.
Ohio
Equal employment opportunity. Labor laws applicable only to
females, and regulating items such as working conditions, pro
hibited occupations, maximum hours of work, and time and
wage records were repealed.
The name of the Governor’s Committee on Employment of
the Handicapped was changed to the Council on Disabled
Persons and was assigned to the Rehabilitation Services Com
mission for administrative purposes.
Oklahoma
Wages. Among amendments to the wage payment/wage col
lection law were provisions which extended coverage to public
sector employees and other additional employees; expanded
the definition of wages to include items such as holiday and
vacation pay, overtime pay, severance or dismissal pay, and
bonuses; made uniform the provisions on last paycheck to re
quire payment at the next regular payday to any employee
whose employment terminates, and changed from 2 percent
per month to 2 percent per day the liquidated damages em
ployees are entitled to if their final wages are not paid on
time.
Equal employment opportunity. The Nondiscrimination in
State Employment Act, prohibiting discrimination against
classified State employees on the basis of political or religious
opinions or affiliations, or because of race, creed, gender, col
or, national origin, or physical handicap was extended to all
State employees, and the bona-fide occupational qualification
exception from unlawful sex discrimination was eliminated.
Except for this sex discrimination provision without qualifica-
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Labor Legislation in 1982
tion, and the prohibition on discrimination because of political
opinions or affiliations, similar protections are also afforded to
State employees by the Oklahoma Civil Rights Act.
Private employment agencies. Search consultants, retained and
compensated solely by employers on a retainer or consulting
basis, are not subject to fee regulation, the ban on advance fee
collection, or the prohibition against requiring payment of cer
tain fees such as those for advertising or incidental expenses.
Occupational safety and health. A comprehensive revision of
the boiler and pressure vessel safety law was enacted. Admin
istration remains with the State Department of Labor.
The Commissioner of Labor is now also responsible for ad
ministering a new amusement ride safety act which includes
rulemaking authority relating to installation, repair, mainte
nance, use, operation, and inspection.
Puerto Rico
Wages. The provision permitting employees of private enter
prises to authorize wage deductions for charitable institutions,
scheduled to terminate June 30, 1982, was extended until June
30, 1985. Also, charitable institutions which receive contribu
tions through payroll deductions must submit annual reports
to the legislature, for the purpose of evaluating the efficiency
of the system.
The law requiring an employer who discharges an employee
without good cause to pay 1 m onth’s salary as indemnity plus
1 week’s pay for each year of service, was amended to provide
that such payments may not be waived, and are not subject to
any payroll deductions. Employees may be hired for a proba
tionary period not to exceed 3 months (up to 6 months with
special permit) after which time the employee acquires all of
the rights of other workers.
An amendment to the wage collection provisions validates
the extrajudicial settlements of wage claims reached adminis
tratively by officials of the Commonwealth’s Bureau of Labor
Standards of the Department of Labor and Human Resources
subject to established standards and criteria. Previously claims
could be validly settled only with the intervention of the Sec
retary or the attorneys of the Department.
Pregnant employees are entitled to 4 weeks of prenatal and
4 weeks of postnatal leave at half salary. Amendments to this
law require that the half-salary payment for total anticipated
maternity leave be made in cash at the beginning of the leave
period, and provide that, where prenatal leave is extended be
cause childbirth occurs later than anticipated, payment for
this extension is to be made on the same basis as for regular
payment of wages.
Rhode Island
Wages. By previous enactment, the minimum wage was in
creased from $3.10 an hour to $3.35 effective July 1, 1982.
Equal employment opportunity. An amendment to the Fair
Employment Practices Act makes it unlawful for an employer
to inquire orally or in writing whether a job applicant has
ever been arrested or charged with any crime. Employers may
ask if the applicant has ever been convicted of a crime.
A State senate resolution urged the U.S. Congress to enact
HR1919, a bill to amend Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of
1964 to make discrimination against handicapped individuals
an unlawful employment practice.
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Occupational safety and health. Annual registration with the
State Department of Labor is now required of those manufac
turing facilities which foster unsafe conditions, as determined
by the Code Commission for Occupational Safety and Health.
Inspection and enforcement is by the Director of Labor.
Economic development. A Distressed Areas Economic Revital
ization Act was passed with the purpose of stimulating eco
nomic recovery, promoting employment opportunities, and
encouraging business development and expansion in distressed
areas. Enterprise zones will be identified based on such factors
as poverty level and the extent of unemployment, and
businesses will be encouraged to locate within these zones
through the use of both business tax credits and adjustments
in property taxes.
Plant closings. A joint resolution called for creation of a
broad-based special legislative commission to study the prob
lems caused by the closing of industrial plants in the State.
Findings and recommendations are to be reported to the gen
eral assembly by February 1, 1983.
South Carolina
Wages. A specific provision governing the time for payment of
wages to employees who resign or quit was repealed. Such
employees will now be protected by the provision on unpaid
wages of all separated employees. This provision was amended
in 1981 to require payment within 48 hours of separation or
on the next regular payday if it occurs within 30 days of writ
ten notice of separation.
Child labor. Comprehensive new child labor regulations be
came effective July 1, 1982, as authorized by a 1981 law
permitting the Commissioner of Labor to issue such regula
tions provided that they not be more restrictive or burden
some than applicable Federal laws or regulations. The new
regulations are the same as their Federal counterparts in most
respects, including limits on daily, weekly, and nightwork
hours for minors under age 16, and prohibitions on work in
hazardous occupations for those under age 18, except for coal
mining occupations.
Other laws. The law was repealed which required State and
county officials and employers to submit annual labor force
information to the Commissioner of Labor, and which re
quired the Commissioner to present this information to the
Governor and General Assembly in an annual report.
Members of the South Carolina National and State Guard
are to be restored to their previous position, or a position for
which they are qualified, upon written application to their pre
vious employer within 5 days of release from duty.
South Dakota
Wages. Effective July 1, 1982, the minimum wage rate was in
creased from $2.30 to $2.80 an hour, and the tip credit allow
ance was raised from 25 to 30 percent of the required
minimum wage.
Wage garnishment for support payments is limited to 50
percent of disposable earnings. Employers may not discharge
or refuse to hire employees because of an order to withhold
wages for support payments.
Labor relations. Legislators and legislative employees were
added to the list of those not considered to be public employ
ees for the purpose of laws regulating public employee unions.
Utah
Wages. Courts may order the withholding of up to 50 percent
of any individual’s disposable earnings for any pay period for
delinquent child support payments. Employers may not dis
charge or prejudice employees whose earnings have been
subjected to a court-ordered withholding for a support obliga
tion.
Virginia
Wages. Courts may order an assignment of up to 50 percent
of disposable earnings as part of an order requiring payment
of child support. Employers may not discharge employees be
cause of such a wage assignment.
Child labor. Amendments to the child labor law permit work
until 7 p.m. (rather than 6 p.m.) before schooldays for 14and 15-year-olds, prohibit their work after 9 p.m. rather than
10 p.m. before nonschooldays and between June 1 and Labor
Day, and change from 5 a.m. to 7 a.m. the hour at which mi
nors of age 15 and over may begin work. Other changes in
volved types of employment certificates issued, recordkeeping
requirements, and authorizing the labor commissioner to as
sess civil money penalties for violation.
Worker privacy. It was made unlawful for any person, firm, or
corporation to intercept or monitor customer telephone calls
unless prior notice is given to employees that such monitoring
may occur at any time during the course of their employment.
Private employment agencies. Employment agencies may not
collect a fee from a job applicant unless the applicant is hired
as a result of an appointment made by the agency and is noti
fied in writing, in advance, of the conditions under which a
fee must be paid.
Occupational safety and health. The Chief Mine Inspector was
authorized to issue regulations setting forth specific occupa
tions for which a coal miner will be prohibited from working
alone underground. Regulations are also to be issued requir
ing automated temporary roof support systems where they
will improve the safety of roof bolters.
Employment and training. The legislative Joint Subcommittee
on Vocational-Technical and Career Education was continued
for 1 year to accomplish, among other things, identification of
the incentives necessary for greater business and industry par
ticipation in vocational-technical education.
Responsibility for the State Employment Commission was
transferred from the Secretary of Human Resources to the
Secretary of Commerce and Resources.
Other laws. The law making it unlawful for any employer to
require an employee or applicant to pay the cost of a medical
examination or the cost of furnishing medical records as a
condition of employment was amended to make employers
subject to a civil penalty for each violation.
Employers assuming at least part of the cost of employee
group accident, sickness, hospital, or medical insurance cover
age or providing for medical care or reimbursement of medical
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expenses, must give participating employees written notice
within 15 days of the termination of such coverage. Also, the
failure to transmit to the insurer employee contributions col
lected by the employer was made a misdemeanor.
Washington
Wages. The required posting of prevailing wage rates at public
works job sites may be satisfied on road construction or other
similar projects for which no field office is needed or estab
lished by a posting at the contractor’s local office.
Worker privacy. The State patrol is to furnish a transcript of
the conviction record of any person upon the written request
of any employer for the purpose of securing a bond required
for employment, conducting evaluations of employees and ap
plicants for employment who may have access to information
affecting national security, trade secrets, or other confidential
matters, or assisting in the investigation of suspected employ
ee misconduct which may involve a penal offense. Employers
are to notify the employee within 30 days of the receipt of a
conviction record and are to make it available for his or her
examination.
Private employment agencies. The employment agency advisory
committee established by statute was abolished, and the Di
rector of the Department of Licensing was granted general
authority to appoint committees to advise on licensing exami
nations and other aspects of regulating the professions within
the department’s jurisdiction.
A 1981 revision of regulations deleted the schedule of maxi
mum placement fees that agencies may charge applicants, with
agencies now to set their own fees, subject to the Director of
Licensing’s approval of each fee schedule.
Employment and training. Compensation for members of the
youth development and conservation corps which was set at a
base of $25 a week with up to an additional $25 weekly possi
ble on the basis of assigned leadership responsibilities or spe
cial skills, was amended to now provide for a wage range of
from $25 a week up to the State minimum wage rate.
Other laws. Procedures were established for investigating alle
gations that a State employee has engaged in improper gov
ernmental action, and interfering with or retaliating against an
employee furnishing information on such matters was prohib
ited.
A 2-year pilot project to establish multipurpose service cen
ters and programs to provide job training, counseling,
placement, and other services for displaced homemakers was
extended to June 30, 1987, at which time it will expire unless
extended by the legislature.
West Virginia
Wages. By prior law, the minimum wage rate was increased
from $2.75 an hour to $3.05, effective January 1, 1982.
Labor relations. Any officer or employee of the State may au
thorize a voluntary deduction from wages for the payment of
membership dues or fees to an employee association.
Occupational safety and health. The Commissioner of Labor,
who administers the law regulating the operation of steam
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Labor Legislation in 1982
boilers, was authorized to set the fees to be charged for issu
ing permits, making inspections, commissioning insurance
company boiler inspectors, and for the processing of inspec
tion reports from insurance companies.
Employment and training. The Commission on Manpower,
Technology and Training was abolished. It had been estab
lished in 1964 to conduct studies on the impact of automation
and technological development on the skills required in the
work force and job opportunities available.
Wisconsin
Equal employment opportunity. The fair employment practices
law was amended to prohibit discrimination on the basis of
marital status and sexual orientation, and to define handicap
as including mental or physical impairment. The age discrimi
nation provisions now extend from age 40 to age 70 instead of
to age 65, and pension plans may not require or permit invol
untary retirement before age 70. Employers must notify each
employee at the time of hiring of any grooming requirements.
A joint resolution was adopted proposing an equal rights
amendment to the State constitution. The proposed amend
ment is to be referred to the next legislature.
tutions are found to have violated Federal or State law by hir
ing individuals to work against organization of employee
unions.
A collective bargaining agreement for teachers may contain
provisions modifying, waiving, or replacing provisions of the
law pertaining to contracts and tenure, but the parties are not
required to bargain over these issues.
Occupational safety and health. Employees of the State and
political subdivisions are now protected by a new public sec
tor occupational safety and health act administered by the
State labor department. An employee may not be discharged
or otherwise discriminated against as a result of instituting
any action or proceeding under the law or refusing to perform
a task which represents a danger of serious injury or death.
Provision is made whereby employers may apply for tempo
rary, experimental, or permanent variances.
An “Employees’ Right to Know Law,” administered by the
labor department, requires private and public sector employ
ers to post information on toxic substances, infectious agents,
or pesticides that employees work with or are likely to be ex
posed to, and to provide education and training programs on
these substances. Employees may refuse to work with such
substances until the required information is provided. The de
partment
Worker privacy. The right of an employee or employee repre
sentative to inspect personnel records will now include the
right to copy the records. Employers are subject to fines for
failure to comply with this requirement.
is
directed
to
issue
rules identifying
infectious
Labor relations. A new provision stipulates that State pay
ments to health care institutions are to be reduced if the insti
agents.
The Department of Health and Social Services is authorized
to use hospital inpatient records and other sources to correlate
exposure to certain occupational environments with resulting
health problems and to disseminate findings where an occupa
tional health hazard exists in an effort to educate employers
and employees.
□
1The legislatures did not meet in Arkansas, Nevada, and North
Dakota in 1982. Sessions were held in North Carolina, Oregon, Penn
sylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, and Wyoming, but no signifi
cant legislation was enacted in the fields covered by this article.
Information on Guam and the Virgin Islands had not been received
by press time.
2Based on information received by Nov. 5, 1982.
3Unemployment insurance and workers compensation are not with
in the scope of this article. Separate articles on each of these subjects
are included in this issue of the R ev ie w .
56
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Workers’ compensation in 1982
significant legislation enacted
Most States still concentrate on improving
benefits and services for work-related injuries;
18 jurisdictions modified coverage, most often
to extend to volunteer workers, and
several improved rehabilitation services
L a V e r n e C . T in s l e y
During the year, 44 States, Puerto Rico, and the Dis
trict of Columbia were in legislative session.1 More than
1,000 workers’ compensation proposals were introduced
and 167 were enacted, most of which pertained to cov
erage, benefits, and rehabilitation services.
Eighteen States modified their coverage provisions in
some m anner— either by expanding exclusions or by
extending coverage to volunteers and other workers
who previously had no protection. Coverage was ex
tended to volunteer fire and rescue personnel in three
Maryland counties; to call fire and rescue personnel in
Dover, Mass.; to certain volunteers of search and rescue
missions in New Hampshire; and to volunteers in em
ployer-sponsored athletic or social events in Rhode Is
land. In Michigan, libraries that qualify as independent
employers must now have coverage if they are located
in counties with populations of less than 600,000. Ari
zona broadened coverage to include the State Game and
Fish Department Reserve; and, in Virginia, employees
sexually assaulted in the course of their employment are
now entitled to benefits.
Maximum weekly benefit levels for total disability
and death were increased in 46 jurisdictions. Total max
imum benefits were raised for temporary total disability
LaVerne C. Tinsley is a State Standards Adviser in the Division of
State Workers’ Compensation Programs, Employment Standards Ad
ministration, U.S. Department of Labor.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
in Arkansas, for death only in Florida, and for both to
tal disability and death in Tennessee. Three States (Ar
kansas, Georgia, and Tennessee) raised maximum
weekly benefit levels statutorily, 43 jurisdictions adjust
ed benefits according to increases in each State’s aver
age weekly wage, and the District of Columbia adjusted
benefits according to the national average weekly wage.
The method of computing minimum weekly benefits
for permanent total disability in Connecticut and for
disability and death in Iowa changed from a dollar
amount to a percentage of the State’s average weekly
wage.
In Washington, the immediate cash payment to de
pendent survivors upon the death of an employee due
to a work-related injury was doubled. Similarly, in Wis
consin, compensation was doubled for dependents of
certain law enforcement and correctional officers, fire
fighters, rescue squad members, and members of the na
tional or State guard on active duty. Florida, Hawaii,
Kentucky, New York, Rhode Island, South Dakota,
and Washington raised burial or funeral allowances.
Rhode Island and Vermont raised weekly benefit allow
ances for dependents.
The compensation period for loss of a hand was
changed from 165 to 185 weeks in South Carolina, and
for permanent disfigurement of the body, from 300 to
500 weeks in Rhode Island. Awards were doubled for
serious head and facial disfigurement in New York.
57
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Workers’ Compensation Laws in 1982
Vermont changed the compensation period for per
manent total disability from a maximum of 330 weeks
to a minimum of 330 weeks, and provided that benefits
be paid for the duration of the disability.
New cost-of-living adjustments were established in
Washington for recipients of temporary total disability,
permanent total disability, death, or occupational dis
ease awards, if the disability or death occurred between
July 1, 1971, and June 30, 1982. Another cost-of-living
adjustment will go into effect on July 1, 1983.
An injured employee in Mississippi may now select
his or her own physician from those in the State; how
ever, the employer can also select another physician to
examine the employee. Employers in Iowa can require
that employees be examined by physicians outside the
State. If an injured employee in Kansas requires a med
ical examination, lost wages will not be compensated at
66-2/3 percent of his or her wages. In Virginia, medical
provisions now include the services of a chiropractor.
Rehabilitation services received a lot of attention dur
ing the year. Vermont eliminated the 1-year limit on vo
cational rehabilitation training, treatment, and services,
and also authorized the Commissioner of the Depart
ment of Labor and Industry to set costs of medical ser
vices (previously these costs were based on prevailing
rates). Alaska now provides for a Rehabilitation Ad
ministrator and staff to administer the rehabilitation
program and plan rehabilitation services for each in
jured worker. Legislation in Washington created the
Office of Rehabilitation Review to ensure that rehabili
tation procedures are implemented according to law,
and raised the allowance for vocational rehabilitation
retraining from $1,000 to $3,000. Hawaii now requires
the Department of Labor and Industrial Relations to
investigate possible abuses in rehabilitation services pro
vided by private agencies.
Subsequent injury provisions were revised in seven
States. Rhode Island instituted a direct payment system
in lieu of agreements, and in Hawaii, compromises will
not be valid unless approved by the Appellate Board.
In Virginia, employees allegedly discharged from their
employment because they filed compensation claims
may now sue their employers for damages and attorney
fees, as well as for reinstatement with back pay, plus in
terest.
Other modifications in State workers’ compensation
statutes during the year included various administrative
and insurance revisions, changes in offset provisions,
and the establishment of study committees.
Following is a summary of legislation enacted by in
dividual States.
Alaska
Legislation provides for the appointment of a rehabilitation
administrator and staff to administer a rehabilitation pro
58
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
gram to enhance the return of injured workers to suitable and
gainful employment.
The same legislation now allows permanently disabled em
ployees whose injuries preclude their returning to gainful em
ployment to be fully evaluated by a qualified rehabilitation
professional within 90 days after injury; and requires that in
dividual rehabilitation plans be developed where appropriate.
Vocational rehabilitation services will be provided for a maxi
mum of 37 weeks, unless an extension is approved. Refusal of
an injured worker to participate in a rehabilitation evaluation,
may result in forfeiture of benefits during the period of refus
al. Additional compensation up to $200 per month may be
awarded during rehabilitation in extreme hardship cases.
Employers are now required to provide reasonable costs of
board, lodging, and travel for employees while they are receiv
ing rehabilitation sevices away from their customary residence.
The Workers’ Compensation Board is required to adopt a
schedule for use in determining the existence and degree of
permanent impairment that is consistent with American Medi
cal Association guidelines.
A provision was added to the law to remove an employee’s
entitlement to workers’ compensation benefits during any
week in which he or she is also entitled to receive unemploy
ment compensation benefits.
The definition of “arising out of and in the course of em
ployment” was broadened to include “employer-required or
supplied travel to and from a remote job site; activities
performed at the direction or under the control of the employ
er; and employer-sanctioned activities at employer provided
facilities.”
Employers who fail to insure or provide security as required
by law may now be ordered to cease their use of employee labor
until such requirements have been met. A civil penalty of
$1,000 per day may be assessed against employers who fail to
comply with the stop order.
Arizona
Political subdivisions were given authority to cover volunteers
while they are performing services; and members of the Arizo
na Game and Fish Department were also included for cover
age.
California
Persons under contract to create a specially ordered or
commissioned work of authorship will now be covered as em
ployees under the law when the ordering or commissioning
parties obtain ownership of the copyrighted works.
The average weekly earnings for total disabilities that occur
in 1983 will now be determined at no more than $294, nor less
than $126; previously a maximum of $262.50, and a minimum
of $73.50. In 1984, the maximum will not exceed $336 and the
minimum, no less than $168. In 1983, average weekly earnings
for partial disability will not exceed $195, nor be less than $75;
currently the maximum is $105, and the minimum, $45.
Injuries caused by serious and willful misconduct of the
employer are no longer limited to $10,000 above the statutory
recoverable compensation amount.
The total maximum benefit for death due to injuries will in
crease from $75,000 to $85,000 in 1983, and to $95,000 in
1984.
Injured employees must now make requests for vocational
rehabilitation benefits to the Appeals Board within 1 year af
ter the last finding of permanent disability by the Board, or
within 1 year after its approval of a compromise and release
of other related issues.
By amendment, the Appeals Board is required to consider
the general financial condition of the claimant, including his
or her ability to live without periodic payments, and to dis
charge any debts incurred prior to injury, when determining
whether to commute awards in a lump sum or in periodic
payments.
Dependents of a worker whose death was caused by asbestosis may now seek compensation from the Asbestos Workers’
Account Fund. Third party suits are permitted for injuries
suffered by police officers or firefighters as a result of the neg
ligent or willful act of others; however, employers are allowed
subrogation rights in such cases (formerly, the employers
alone were liable for compensation).
Connecticut
The minimum weekly benefit level for permanent total disabil
ity was changed from $20 to 20 percent of the State’s average
weekly wage. Benefits may not exceed 80 percent of the em
ployee’s average weekly wage.
Delaware
Lessees of motor vehicles who transport passengers for hire
are not entitled to compensation under the law.
Florida
Law enforcement officers are now included for coverage under
certain conditions.
Compensation for permanent impairment of the body was
increased to $250 (previously $50) for each percent of perma
nent impairment up to 10 percent, and to $500 (previously
$100) for each additional percent of permanent impairment.
The total maximum payable for death was increased from
$50,000 to $100,000; and the burial allowance was raised from
$1,000 to $2,500.
The Florida Self-Insurers Guaranty Association, Inc. was
created. All individual self-insurers (except public utilities and
governmental entities) are required to become members of this
association as a condition of their authority to individually
self insure. The same legislation created an Insolvency Fund
to ensure that members of the association meet their obliga
tions.
Georgia
Corporate officers may be exempted from coverage, however,
coverage can be reinstated upon proper notification to the
Board of Workers’ Compensation.
Weekly maximum benefits for disability and death were in
creased from $115 to $135.
Percentage of disability for bodily loss must now be deter
mined based on American Medical Association guidelines or
other recognized medical criteria or books.
The definition of occupational disease was broadened to es
tablish coverage for disability or death caused by byssinosis.
Byssinosis is defined as a pulmonary disease caused by expo
sure to cotton dust for a period of 7 years or longer, and must
be diagnosed by a pulmonary specialist certified by the Ameri
can Board of Internal Medicine.
A freeze was placed on workers’ compensation insurance
rates until April 1, 1983; however, exceptions may be permit
ted at the discretion of the Insurance Commissioner.
A Workers’ Compensation Reform Study Committee was
established to review the State’s workers’ compensation law to
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
determine whether a wage loss system or other changes in the
law would provide for efficient administration and adequate
compensation at a reasonable cost. The report must be sub
mitted to the legislature on or before December 1, 1983.
Hawaii
For coverage purposes, the definition of a child was amended
to include a “hanai child,” a child who is a member of the em
ployee’s household and treated as a member of the employee’s
family without the initiation of formal adoption proceedings.
Funeral expenses were increased from $1,000 to 10 times
the maximum weekly benefit rate in effect at the time of
death, currently $252; and burial expenses from $500 to a
sum five times the maximum weekly benefit rate.
The first 104 weeks of compensation for a subsequent inju
ry will now be the responsibility of the present employer, and
compensation for the greater of the disabilities must be made
from the Special Compensation Fund. If it is determined that
a previous disability warrants less than 52 weeks of compensa
tion, the present employer will be liable for compensation of
both injuries.
A compromise will not be valid if a claimant waives or oth
erwise prejudices his or her right to reopen a claim for bene
fits or for future medical benefits, unless approved in writing
by the Appellate Board. Fines were raised from $250 to
$1,000 in cases where false statements or representations are
willfully made in order to obtain benefits or payments.
The Department of Labor and Industrial Relations was re
quested to conduct an investigation of possible abuses by pri
vate vocational rehabilitation agencies.
Idaho
Corporate officers who are exempt from coverage if they own
at least 10 percent of all the issued and outstanding voting
stock of a corporation, in order to maintain that exemption,
must now also be directors of the corporations, if the corpora
tions have directors. The deduction in benefits for the waiting
period that previously applied only to temporary total and
partial disability benefits during recovery, now applies to per
manent total disability.
Illinois
A Labor Law Revisory Commission was established to study
the State’s labor and employment laws, particularly unem
ployment insurance and workers’ compensation. The Commis
sion will consider the possibility of revising these laws and
placing them into one code and providing for coordination be
tween administrative departments and agencies. Annual re
ports must be made to the General Assembly by January 15
of 1984, 1985, and 1986. Competitive rating for workers’ com
pensation insurance is now permitted under the insurance
code.
Indiana
New guidelines and penalties were established for employers
who do not comply with insurance requirements under the
workers’ compensation law.
Iowa
Certain corporate officers will be exempted from coverage af
ter they sign and file a witnessed acceptance of exemption
with the Industrial Commissioner. The exemption may not be
59
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Workers' Compensation Laws in 1982
considered a waiver of one’s civil rights or remedies.
The provision exempting from coverage agricultural em
ployers whose total case payroll to nonexempt nonagricultural
employees is less than $1,000 during the preceding calendar
year was amended by increasing the amount to $2,500. No
longer covered are spouses of certain family members, spouses
of officers of a family farm corporation, and relatives of part
ners involved in agriculture.
Minimum weekly benefits for disability and death will not
exceed 35 percent of the State’s average weekly wage, or the
earnings of the employee, whichever is less. Previously, these
benefits were based on a statutory amount. If the employee is
a minor or a full-time student under age 25 and attending an
accredited educational institution, the minimum weekly bene
fits must be equal to the weekly benefit of a person whose
gross weekly earnings are 35 percent of the State’s average
weekly wage.
The law now specifies that temporary disability benefits will
be terminated when the employee either returns to work, or is
medically capable of returning to employment substantially
similar to the job in which the injury occurred.
Compensation for temporary partial disability may now be
received at 66-2/3 percent of the difference between the em
ployee’s weekly earnings at the time of injury and the employ
ee’s actual gross weekly income from employment during the
period of temporary partial disability.
Volunteer firefighters and reserve peace officers are eligible
for the same compensation that they would receive if injured
in the course of their regular employment, or an amount equal
to 140 percent of the State’s average weekly wage, whichever
is greater. Previously, they were only eligible for compensation
not exceeding the maximums under the workers’ compensa
tion law.
Injured employees must now submit to medical examina
tions by physicians outside the State of Iowa, if requested by
the employer.
Payments to the Second Injury Fund were raised from
$1,000 to $2,000 for each death case where there are depen
dents and to $5,000 for each case where there are no depen
dents. The Fund must maintain a maximum of $500,000 and
a minimum of $300,000 before contributions by insurers or
employers will be terminated. Formerly, maintenance of the
fund required a maximum of $100,000 and minimum of
$50,000.
The memorandum of agreement for compensation was re
placed with a notice regarding commencement of payments.
Notices must be filed with the Industrial Commissioner and
copies given to all parties involved.
Kansas
Employees who lose wages while attending required medical
examinations are now entitled to 66-2/3 percent of lost
wages, depending on the maximum compensation allowable.
Payments made by employers to the Insurance Commis
sioner in no-dependency death cases were raised from $5,000
to $18,000. Work-related injuries attributable to the negli
gence of either the employer or the employees will now reduce
the employer’s subrogation interest in future compensation
payments by the percentage of negligence attributable to the
employer.
The Workers’ Compensation Fund was created in the State
treasury and the existing Second Injury Fund was abolished
as of July 1, 1982. All monies and liabilities were transferred
from the old fund to the new fund, which will be administered
by the Commissioner of Insurance.
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Kentucky
The burial allowance was raised from $1,500 to $2,500. Subse
quent Injury compensation will now be apportioned according
to the number of weeks awarded for a specific scheduled loss
and all other awards according to actuarial tables.
The interest on late compensation payments for occupation
al disease was increased from 6 to 12 percent.
Employers can now have their employees who file claims
for occupational diseases examined by vocational experts or
institutions at the expense of the employer, the Special Fund,
or any other party involved.
Louisiana
Real estate brokers or salespersons are now excluded from
coverage.
Maine
All self-insured or group self-insured employers were required
to be registered with the Bureau of Insurance on or before Au
gust 1, 1982, in order to maintain their self-insurance status.
Maryland
Coverage was extended to members of volunteer fire and res
cue squads of Worcester, Wicomico, and Washington
counties. County boards of education may now be included in
group self-insurance programs.
The definition of “employer” was broadened to include a
group of counties or municipalities, or both. The Commission
is required to develop rules and regulations prescribing re
quirements and procedures for self-insurance. Definitions were
added for “injury,” “personal injury,” “accidental injury” and
“accidental personal injury” for coverage purposes.
Massachusetts
The town of Dover now requires employers to provide com
pensation and medical care for its “call firemen” and “call
ambulance personnel” for injury or death while in the line of
duty.
Michigan
Corporate officers who own 10 percent or more of the corpo
rate stock may, under certain conditions, elect to be excluded
from coverage requirements. Libraries in counties with popu
lations of less than 600,000 must now be covered if they be
come separate employers from the counties in which they are
located.
The weekly minimum compensation for scheduled injuries
will now be applicable to all other permanent partial disability.
Supplemental benefits will be computed as a percentage of
the weekly compensation rate (formerly, the weekly basic rate)
in effect January 1, 1982. Retroactive payments for any period
of disability prior to January 1, 1982, are prohibited.
The 5-percent annual reduction of benefits after age 65
years will no longer be applicable in cases where benefits are
totally reduced by an employer’s self-insurance plan, wage
continuation plan, disability insurance policy, or pension or
retirement plan.
Forest and forest products industries are now permitted to
qualify as group self-insurers.
Minnesota
If injured employees are entitled to workers’ compensation
benefits under a collective bargaining agreement or other plan
in effect on January 1, 1980, the combined benefits may not
exceed the weekly wage of the employee.
Coverage was authorized for certain persons who assist or vol
unteer in search and rescue missions.
$45 (previously $30). Burial expenses were raised to $3,000
(from $1,800).
Compensation for a permanent disfigurement of the body
may now be paid for up to 500 weeks, formerly 300 weeks.
“ Mental injury’’ was added to the law and is defined as a
mental disablement associated with physical trauma or stress
resulting from a situation of greater dimensions than day-today tensions encountered by all employees.
If requested by the employer, injured employees must un
dergo a physical examination to qualify for compensation
when the insurer controverts liability for benefits.
All payments for rehabilitative services, including board,
lodging, and travel, must now come directly from the employ
er, instead of from the Rehabilitation Center Fund.
A direct payment system of compensation was instituted
and the agreement method was eliminated.
The employer in whose employ a claimant aggravated his
or her preexisting condition is now responsible for payment of
all compensation. Under certain conditions, the employer can
be reimbursed by the Second Injury Fund for all payments
made subsequent to the first 104 weeks.
Ten or more employers in the same trade or profession are
now permitted to pool their liabilities to qualify for group
self-insurance.
New York
South Carolina
Mississippi
The State Highway Commission was authorized to establish
and maintain a special fund to pay workers’ compensation
judgments, awards, or settlements.
Injured employees can now select a physician of their
choice from those licensed in the State; however, the employer
may have the employee examined by another physician. Com
pensation will be suspended during periods in which the em
ployee unreasonably refuses to submit to medical treatment.
Missouri
Dependents of workers killed on the job can now collect ben
efits from the Second Injury Fund, if the employer is
uninsured.
New Hampshire
Executive officers of corporations who own all of the issued
and outstanding stock and who hold all or any combination
of offices are not included for coverage, unless they elect to be
covered.
The funeral benefits were raised from $1,250 to $1,500.
Maximum compensation for serious head and facial dis
figurement was raised from $1,500 to $10,000. The chest area
of the body was added as a serious body disfigurement which
will be subject to the new $10,000 maximum.
Cancellation of an insurance contract because of non
payment of premiums will not be affective until 10 days after
a notice of cancellation has been given, and if for other rea
sons, will not be effective until at least 30 days after notifica
tion has been given to all parties involved.
A sum of $67,000,000 was appropriated to maintain the
solvency of the Stock Workmen’s Compensation Security
Fund.
Oklahoma
Boards of education and city, county, and public trust hospi
tals must have their liabilities for workers’ compensation in
sured either through the State Fund or through a licensed
carrier.
To maintain the solvency of the Workers’ Compensation
Administration Fund, after July 1, 1983, the Oklahoma Tax
Commission will have authority to assess and collect a 2-per
cent tax from employers who cover their own workers’ com
pensation risks for permanent total disability, permanent
partial disability, and death awards.
Rhode Island
Coverage was established for employees who volunteer for
employer-sponsored social or athletic events, and for specified
persons who receive no remuneration for participating in
ridesharing programs.
The weekly compensation for dependents was increased to
$10 (from $6). Benefits for scheduled losses were raised to a
maximum of $90 per week (from $45); and the minimum to
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The compensation period of benefits for the loss of a hand
was increased from 165 to 185 weeks.
Payments in death cases will now go into the Second Inju
ry Fund if there are no qualifying dependents to receive them.
The definition of “permanent physical impairment” was
broadened to include pulmonary disease, cancer, and sickle
cell anefnia; however, compensation claims filed prior to the
effective date of this legislation (June 8, 1982) for these im
pairments will not be allowed.
A State Workmen’s Compensation Insolvency Fund was
created within the Workmen’s Compensation Fund to cover
compensation payments to injured workers.
South Dakota
“Workfare ” program participants who suffer permanent
disabilities, disease, or death are now eligible (or their depen
dents in case of their death) for compensation after certain re
quirements are met.
Students enrolled in post-secondary vocational-technical
schools are not employees of the school for coverage purposes,
unless they are enrolled in a work experience educational class
off the school premises and receive no wages or salary from
any source.
The burial allowance was raised from $2,000 to $2,500.
Tennessee
Maximum weekly compensation for disability and death was
increased from $126 to $136; and total maximum from
$50,400 to $54,400.
Hypertension or heart disease of an emergency medical
technician was added to the law as a work-related presump
tion if the technician is licensed by the State and regularly
employed by a county that maintains a division of emergency
ambulance rescue service.
Utah
The referral of a case to a medical panel when the carrier
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • W o rk e rs’ C om pen sation L a w s in 1982
Table 1.
Jurisdictions which increased maximum weekly temporary total disability benefits during 1982
Jurisdiction
New maximum
Former maximum
Jurisdiction
Former maximum
New maximum
Alabam a....................
Alaska ......................'
Arkansas ..................
Colorado.............
Connecticut . . . . . . . .
$161.00
$858.00
$140.00
$261.80
$310.00 plus $10 for each depen
dent under age 18, not to
exceed 75 percent of employ
ee’s wage
$174.00
$942.00
$154.00
$283.71
$326.00, plus $10 for each depen
dent under age 18, not to ex
ceed 75 percent of employee's
wage
New Hampshire .........
New Jersey ...............
New Mexico ...............
North Carolina ...........
North Dakota .............
$234.00
$199.00
$221.50
$210.00
$233.00, plus $5 for each depen
dent child; aggregate not to
exceed worker’s net wages af
ter taxes and social security
$256.00
$217.00
$246.44
$228.00
$261.00, plus $5 for each de
pendent child; aggregate not
to exceed worker’s net wages
after taxes and social security
Delaware ..................
District of Columbia ..
Florida ......................
Georgia......................
Hawaii ......................
Idaho ........................
$194.81
$496.70
$228.00
$115.00
$235.00
$198.00 to $275.00, according to
number of dependents, plus 7
percent of State's average
weekly wage for each child up
to 5 children
$208.45
$524.54
$253.00
$135.00
$252.00
$217.80 to $302.50, according to
number of dependents, plus 7
percent of State’s average
weekly wage for each child up
to 5 children
O hio.............................
Oklahoma....................
O regon........................
Pennsylvania...............
Rhode Island...............
$275.00
$175.00
$286.88
$262.00
$238.00, plus $6 for each depen
dent; aggregate not to exceed
80 percent of worker’s aver
age weekly wage
$298.00
$196.00
$304.60
$284.00
$257.00, plus $6 for each de
pendent; aggregate not to ex
ceed 80 percent of worker's
average weekly wage
$403.12
$501.00
$187.00
$233.26
$183.00
$367.25
$248.00
$269.93, plus $6 for each depen
dent; aggregate not to exceed
worker's average weekly wage
or $150
$426.44
$542.00
$204.00
$254.33
$204.00
$396.48
$267.00
$297.85, plus $6 for each depen
dent; aggregate not to exceed
worker’s average weekly wage
or $150
South Carolina ...........
South D a k o ta .............
Tennessee ..................
Texas ...........................
U ta h .............................
$216.00
$208.00
$126.00
$154.00
$256.00, plus $5 for dependent
spouse and each dependent
child up to 4 children, but not
to exceed 100 percent of
State’s average weekly wage
$235.00
$227.00
$136.00
$182.00
$284.00, plus $5 for dependent
spouse and each dependent
child up to 4 children, but not
to exceed 100 percent of
State’s average weekly wage
V erm ont......................
$225.00, plus $5 for each depen
dent under age 21
$243.00, plus $5 for each de
pendent under age 21
$210.00
$267.00
$174.00
$241.00
$270.20
$307.00
$290.00
$189.49
$262.00
$297.21
Illinois........................
Io w a ...........................
Kansas ......................
Kentucky....................
Louisiana ..................
M ain e ........................
Maryland....................
Massachusetts .........
Michigan....................
Minnesota..................
Missouri ....................
M ontana....................
Nevada ......................
N ote: Benefit incres ses are based on the applicable State’s average weekly or monthly
wage, and for the Dis rict of Columbia, the national average weekly wage. However, nine
States (Arizona, Arkan sas, California, Georgia, Indiana, Mississippi, Nebraska, New York,
or employer denies liability will be done at the discretion of
the Industrial Commission, rather than as a requirement.
The Legislative Management Committee was directed to as
sign an Interim Study Committee the task of studying work
ers’ compensation coverage of agricultural labor and make
recommendations for reforming the statute.
Vermont
Dependent children are now entitled to receive weekly com
pensation of $10, previously $5.
The percentage of wages for determining temporary partial
disability benefits was raised to 66-2/3 percent of the dif
ference between the pre-injury and post-injury wages,
previously 50 percent.
The compensation period for permanent total disability was
changed. Benefits will now be paid for the duration of disabil
ity and for no less than 330 weeks. Formerly, benefits were
paid for a maximum of 330 weeks.
Vocational rehabilitation training, treatment, or services are
no longer limited to 1 year. By legislation, this time limit was
eliminated from the law.
Rates for medical, surgical, hospital, and nursing services
must not exceed those established by the commissioner of la
bor and industry; formerly, the rates were limited to prevail
ing rates.
The definition of “employment” was broadened to include
public employment; and “dependent” to include a child,
grandchild, brother, or sister of any age if mentally or physi
cally disabled at the time of the employee’s death and partial
ly or totally dependent upon the employee.
62
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Virgin Island ............... $139.00
Virginia........................ $231.00
Washington.................. $223.34
West Virginia............... $276.26
Wisconsin.................... $249.00
Wyoming .................... $428.44
$153.00
$253.00
$243.10
$301.00
$269.00
$434.42
and Tennessee) and Puerto Rico prescribe statutory amounts; six States (Arizona, California,
Indiana, Mississippi, Nebraska, and New York) and Puerto Rico are not listed because no increases for temporary total disability were legislated during 1982.
Virginia
Employees who have been sexually assaulted in the course of
their employment, are now entitled to receive compensation.
Coverage was expanded to include the permanent loss of
use of a body member or part of the anatomy which, prior to
this legislation, was not compensated.
Chiropractic services or treatment were added to the medi
cal provisions under the act.
Employees who allege that they were discharged because
they filed, or intended to file, a claim for compensation may
now seek damages and reinstatement with back pay through
the court.
A statute separate from the general occupational disease
statute of limitations was established which allows byssinosis
claims to be filed up to 7 years from the last date of injurious
exposure.
A joint subcommittee was created to review the State’s
workers’ compensation law to determine whether gradually-in
curred injuries should be covered.
Washington
Persons who own and operate trucks that are leased to a com
mon or contract carrier were exempted from coverage.
The immediate cash payment to a surviving spouse,
children, or dependent parent(s) of a fatally injured worker
was raised from $800 to $1,600. Burial expenses were in
creased from $1,000 to $2,000.
Cost-of-living increases went into effect on July 1, 1982, for
workers injured between July 1, 1971, and June 30, 1982; and
on July 1, 1983, another increase will cover workers injured
between July 1, 1971 and June 30, 1983.
The Office of Rehabilitation Review was created within the
Industrial Insurance Division. This office was authorized to
establish definitions, eligibility criteria, timetables, and proce
dures for provision of vocational services; mediate disputes;
review and approve or disapprove vocational rehabilitation
plans; establish procedures for registering rehabilitation coun
selors or agencies; and develop criteria or procedures for re
moval of counselors who fail to comply with established
procedures.
Maximum compensation payable for vocational rehabilita
tion retraining was increased from $1,000 to $3,000 during a
52-week period.
Beginning January 1, 1983, disability benefits can be re
duced by social security disability benefits until age 65,
previously age 62.
Self-insured employers must now inform the Department of
Labor and Industry and the worker that a claim is being de
nied within 30 days after a claim has been filed, formerly 7
days.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
West Virginia
A reduction or discontinuation of medical coverage when an
employee is receiving temporary disability benefits is no longer
allowed, unless medical coverage for all employees is discon
tinued or reduced.
The interest on overdue insurance premiums paid to the
Workmen’s Compensation Fund will now be 2 percent instead
of 1 percent.
Wisconsin
Persons wholly dependent on a deceased law enforcement or
correctional officer, firefighter, rescue squad member, or na
tional or State guard member on active duty are entitled to
compensation of $50,000, formerly $25,000.
□
------- F O O T N O T E ------' Alabama, Colorado, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, North
Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wyoming convened in 1982, but
are not included in this summary because they made no significant
changes in their workers’ compensation legislation.
63
M ajor Agreements
Expiring Next M onth
This list of collective bargaining agreements expiring in February is based on contracts on file in the
Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering 1,000
workers or more.
Labor organization1
Industry
Employer and location
Number of
workers
Allis-Chalmers Corp. (Independence, M o .) ........................................................
Arvin Industries, Inc. (Columbus, I n d .) ..............................................................
Associated General Contractors of New J e r s e y ................................................
Machinery ...................................
Electrical products.....................
Construction................................
Steelworkers ..............................................
Electrical Workers (IBEW) ...................
Laborers.....................................................
1,800
1,000
8,000
Burroughs Corp. (Michigan)
.................................................................................
Machinery ...................................
Auto W ork ers...........................................
1,800
Calumet Supermarket Forum, Inc. (Lake County, I n d . ) ................................
Colt Industries, Chandler Evans, Inc. (West Hartford, C o n n .).....................
Retail trade ................................
Machinery ...................................
Food and Commercial W o rk ers...........
Auto W orkers...........................................
1,900
1,000
Eastern Labor Advisory Association-Cement Division (Interstate).............
Eaton Corp., 6 Divisions (Interstate)...................................................................
Eltra Corp. (Interstate)...........................................................................................
Trucking ......................................
Transportation equipment . . . .
Electrical products.....................
Teamsters (Ind.) .....................................
Auto W orkers...........................................
Auto W ork ers...........................................
1,000
1,500
2,000
Farah Manufacturing Co., Inc. (El Paso, T e x . ) ................................................
Fiat-Allis Construction Machinery, Inc. (Springfield, 111.)..............................
Food Store Agreement, Alameda County (California)2 ...................................
A p p a r e l........................................
Machinery ...................................
Retail trade ................................
Clothing and Textile Workers .............
Auto W ork ers...........................................
Food and Commercial W o r k e rs...........
4,000
1,500
4,000
Grocery and Delicatessen Agreement (San Francisco, Calif.)2 ......................
Retail trade
................................
Food and Commercial W o r k e rs...........
3,000
Independent Grocers Agreement (California)2 ...................................................
Retail trade
................................
Food and Commercial W o r k e rs...........
1,900
Loews Theatres, Inc., Lorillard Division (Greensboro, N .C .)........................
T o b a c co ........................................
Bakery, Confectionery and Tobacco
Workers
2,200
Maintenance Contractors Agreement (California)2 ...........................................
Master Food and Liquor Agreement, 2 agreements (California)2 ................
McGraw-Edison Co., Bussman Division (St. Louis, M o . ) ..............................
McGraw-Edison Co., Speed Queen Division (Ripon, W is .) ...........................
Metropolitan Garage Owners Association, Inc. (New York, N .Y .) .............
Services ........................................
Retail trade ................................
Electrical products.....................
Electrical products.....................
Services ........................................
Service Employees ...................................
Food and Commercial W o r k e rs...........
Independent Fuse Workers ..............................
Steelworkers ..............................................
Teamsters (Ind.) ............................................................
4,000
2,450
1,950
1,000
3,000
National Electrical Contractors Association, Inc. (A la s k a )...........................
National Fuel Gas (New York) ...........................................................................
National Transient Division Agreement (Interstate)........................................
Construction ....................................................
Utilities ........................................
Construction................................
Electrical Workers (IBEW) ...................
Electrical Workers (IBEW) ...................
Boilermakers ..............................................
4,000
1,550
8,000
Philadelphia Food Store Employers’ Labor Council (Pennsylvania) ...........
Retail trade
................................
Teamsters (Ind.)
1,750
Retail Food Store Agreement (San Jose, Calif.)2
Retail Food
....................................................
I?
1
T _ /TJ »;
.........................................................................
-VJ T \
............................................................
Food and Commercial W o r k e rs ..................
Auto W ork ers .....................................................................
Auto W ork ers .....................................................................
6,800
3,000
4,000
Rockwell International Corp. (Interstate) ...............................................................................................
Transportation equipment
Spiegel, Inc. (Chicago and Oakbrook, 111.) ..........................................................................................
Sverdrup/ARO, Inc. (Tennessee) ....................................................................................................................
Retail trade ....................................................
Services .................................................................
Teamsters (Ind.) ............................................................
Air Engineering Metal Trades Council
and Affiliated Unions
1,800
1,350
Utility Contractors Association of New Jersey
..............................................................................
Construction ....................................................
L aborers ......................................................................................
8,000
Whirlpool Corp. (Evansville, Ind.) ................................................................................................................
Woodward and Lothrop, Inc. (Interstate) ...............................................................................................
Electrical products ...................................
Retail trade ....................................................
Electrical Workers (IUE) ...................................
Food and Commercial W o r k e rs .................
4,500
2,600
1Affiliated with AFL-CIO except where noted as independent (Ind.).
2Industry area (group of companies signing same contract).
64
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
. . . .
Book Reviews
The U .S. and the ILO: the ins and outs
The International Labor Organization: An American
View. By Walter Galenson. Madison, Wis., Univer
sity of Wisconsin Press, 1981. 351 pp. $21.50,
cloth; $7.75, paper.
The prolonged and complex set of factors leading to
the withdrawal of the United States from the Interna
tional Labor Organization in 1977, with reentry in
1980, is the focus of Professor Walter Galenson’s
“American view’’ of the agency. Provided is an incisive
historical and functional analysis based on the author’s
personal association with the organization, as well as
careful and intensive study of the record of the partici
pation of the United States from entry in the IL O in
1934. The dramatic and continuous political events of
the yearly International Labor Conferences, while occu
pying center stage in the study, are only one part of the
complete assessment and recommendations. As in his
many im portant previous contributions to the fields of
labor-management relations, labor history, and compar
ative international labor systems, Galenson provides a
full measure of the institution he is analyzing, including
its more mundane activities associated with the review
of its standard setting, and its technical assistance work
with developing countries.
U.S. participation in the IL O has been on an uneven
course for many years. In the early 1950’s, employer rep
resentatives were concerned with the possibility of
“creeping socialism” emanating from IL O standard set
ting conventions and recommendations. There was ac
tion in some congressional circles to pass a constitutional
amendment intended to forestall undue encroachment on
the American governmental system by international or
ganizations. When this failed, with Soviet reentry in
1954, there were unsuccessful efforts to limit appropria
tions for the IL O if so-called employer and worker repre
sentatives were permitted to vote at IL O meetings.
Tripartism, the unique jewel of the IL O among all inter
national organizations, thus becomes a continuing matter
of concern for both worker and employer groups, fearing
that employer and worker representatives from Commu
nist countries would merely be governmental mouth
pieces and vitiate the autonomy of the respective groups.
While the other international organization pillar, univer
sality of membership of nations, required some accom-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
modation of the Soviet bloc members, it was a slow and
glacier-like yielding of membership for much of the pe
riod. With western European democracies seeking de
tente with the Soviet bloc in the 1960’s, however, their
politically oriented labor organizations were more will
ing to compromise in dealing with the Communist labor
organizations, and this was reflected in IL O political and
administrative issues. The resultant cleavage between
the A F L -C IO and the Western European unions was
followed by the A F L -C IO withdrawal in 1966 from the
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, and
the American federations’ virtual isolation from the IL O
on many crucial political matters. From 1972 until
1977, the underlying irritants were fused by the intense
heat of the political pressures at the annual Internation
al Labor Conferences resulting notably from Arab na
tion efforts, supported by the Soviet bloc, to obtain the
passage of resolutions critical of Israel, with the United
States and especially the A F L -C IO opposing these efforts
unsuccessfully.
Galenson presents this background along with the
careful analysis of the factors set forth by the United
States in explaining its disaffection with the IL O , culmi
nating in withdrawal. While the worker and employer
representative organizations, the A F L -C IO and the
Chamber of Commerce approved of withdrawal, along
with the Departments of Labor and Commerce, there
was ambivalence in the State Department. The decision
was finally made by President Carter to withdraw in
1977, as well as to return over 2 years later when there
appeared to be some improvement in regard to the
charges specified in the U.S. notice of withdrawal. Thus,
new IL O standards have stressed and strengthened the
role of tripartism. To the charge that the IL O concern
with human rights was selective, avoiding the citations
of violations by Soviet bloc countries, the response has
been to give increased prominence to the deliberations
of the standing IL O reviewing committees, those on
Freedom of Association, and on the Application of
Conventions and Recommendations, whose members
are jurists of international repute. Their findings report
ed at the 1982 International Labor Conference included
the citation of Poland for violating the Convention on
Freedom of Association in declaring martial law, sus
pending the trade union activities of Solidarity, and
jailing its leaders and members. The Soviet Union and
65
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • B o o k R eview s
Czechoslovakia have also been cited for violating hu
man rights conventions which they have ratified. The
concerns with increased politicization of the IL O and the
violations of due process when condemnatory resolu
tions have been adopted without adhering to the fact
finding procedures under the IL O constitution remain
matters of continuing contention. The recent re
affiliation of the A F L -C IO with the International Confed
eration of Free Trade Unions should strengthen alli
ances which will counter such political activities.
There is a sense of continuous and evolving assess
ment throughout the study. The author is critical of the
U.S. failure to meet the tripartite autonomy issue direct
ly in 1954 on Soviet Russia’s reentry into the IL O . He
faults the failure of the U.S. Government agencies to
develop an integrated and vigorous governmental role
over the years, responding only to labor or management
pressures. He points to inconsistency in U.S. adherence
to the principle of due process, notably in worker sup
port of resolutions condemning Chile, Portugal, and
South Africa for violations of human rights. The ab
sence of objective and comparable measures thwarts as
sessment of actual adherence to IL O standards by
ratifying countries and of the raising of minimum stan
dards to greater equality among nations, and Galenson
makes suggestions for statistical approaches worthy of
further development. He suggests the need for the Unit
ed States to shore up its organization and activity in
IL O affairs, with greater responsibility lodged in the De
partment of Labor; closer attention to IL O affairs by the
worker and employer representatives; serious attention
to ratifying some of the key IL O conventions, especially
those on human rights; and closer monitoring of IL O
staff and IL O technical assistance activities.
These criticisms, while varying in merit, strengthen
the climactic conclusions of this study. Galenson finds
that the United States was fully justified in withdraw
ing, and that this action was based on serious long
standing complaints, and on principles adhered to by
the United States in the IL O more consistently than any
other member. The reentry to the IL O is equally justifi
ed, for as Galenson’s peroration states:
In terms of U.S. interests, the ILO remains potentially the
most important of all the specialized international agencies.
Its tripartite character provides contacts for the United
States with a much wider range of policymakers than is
possible with purely governmental agencies. By its own con
stitution, the ILO is dedicated to the maintenance of political
and economic pluralism. Its major goals— protection of hu
man rights, improvement in the living standards of working
people, and facilitation of economic development— are in
complete agreement with those of the United States.
The ideal situation in IL O proceedings would be solely
to focus on the organization’s primary purposes and to
avoid irrelevant political issues, but this seems hardly
66
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attainable in an international organization with univer
sal membership. The distinctive role of the IL O , there
fore, requires constant and emphatic insistence by U.S.
Government, employer, and worker representatives on
adherence to the primary principles of due process and
tripartism as conditions for continued U.S. membership,
to keep political issues to a minimum. Such an active
role by the tripartite U.S. constituency is essential to
the support of the IL O in alleviating oppressive and dan
gerous conditions of work throughout the world, so vi
tal to interests of the democratic nations.
— Jo s e p h
P.
G o ldberg
Special Assistant to the Commissioner
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Book notes
H e a lth C are W orker B u rn out: W h a t I t Is, W h a t To D o
A b o u t It. By Pamela K. S. Patrick. Chicago, Blue
Cross and Blue Shield Associations, An Inquiry
Book, 1981. 139 pp. $11.95, paper.
In surveys conducted to study the shortage of nurses
for the Nation’s hospitals and nursing homes, “burn
out” is listed as a leading cause for nurses to quit their
job or leave the profession. Pamela Patrick, a clinical
psychologist and a consultant to hospitals on the burn
out problem, describes burnout as the end product of
stress. People in the “helping professions” — social
work, teaching, and law, as well as health care— are es
pecially vulnerable to burnout, she says, because their
work revolves around the problems of other people.
Burnout can affect workers employed in every facet of
the hospital setting— physicians, nurses, orderlies, tech
nicians, therapists, and others who are in close contact
with patients and colleagues. But probably the most
vulnerable, in her view, are nurses.
In a chapter on self-assessment, the book helps the
worker identify aspects of his or her life that may cause
burnout. A companion chapter guides health care orga
nizations— hospitals, clinics, physicans’ offices, and
nursing homes— in making similar assessments of them
selves so that burnout situations can be prevented or
minimized. The crucial point to be made is that the sys
tem must become intimately involved in preventing
burnout. Failure to do so will result in escalating burn
out rates among health workers and, before long, will
impair the quality of patient care.
o f E conom ics,
Edited by Douglas
Greenwald. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
1982. 1,070 pp. $49.95.
This volume features articles on 303 economic and
statistical subjects, organized alphabetically from accel
eration principle to zero population growth. The book
E n cyclo p ed ia
includes descriptions of basic concepts such as capital
ism, elasticity, seasonal adjustment, and collective
bargaining; such contemporary topics as supply-side
economics, data banks, and indexation; and such orga
nizations as the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Joint
Economic Committee, and the World Bank.
The articles were written for graduate level users by
178 authors, nominated by an economic advisory board.
The authors include such well-known economists as
Martin Feldstein, John Kenneth Galbraith, Lawrence
R. Klein, A rthur M. Okun, James Tobin, and Henry
Wallich. BLS alumni among the authors include Ewan
Clague, Geoffrey Moore, Joel Popkin, Mark Sherwood,
Charles Stewart, and Edgar Weinberg.
The alphabetical arrangement of subjects is supple
mented by an appendix listing articles by economic
field, a 35-page timetable relating economic events to
events in technology, finance, and economic thought, and
an index, a list of bibliographical references follows each
article. Individual articles refer to economists who
founded, helped to develop, and popularized economic
schools and theories, but generally do not describe their
work or lives.
Handbook o f Personnel Forms, Records, and Reports. By
Joseph J. Famularo. New York, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., 1982. 624 pp. $69.95.
This handbook, designed to help a personnel depart
ment create, update, or expand its paperwork, includes
actual examples of 298 forms, ranging from a half-page
typewritten record to an eight-page computerized docu
ment. The forms are organized by function, such as re
cruitment, equal employment opportunity, wage and
salary administration, and employee benefits and ser
vices. Each chapter begins with a short commentary de
scribing possible uses and features of the forms. Where
pertinent, examples of various company policies (for ex
ample, tuition refund, access to personnel records) are
given. The book also discusses advantages and disad
vantages of automated personnel data systems. The au
thor is senior vice president for personnel relations for
McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Publications received
Economic growth and development
Kelley, Allen C. and Jeffrey G. Williamson, “The Limits to
Urban Growth: Suggestions for Macromodeling Third
World Economies,” Economic Development and Cultural
Change, April 1982, pp. 595-623.
Keyfitz, Nathan, “Development and the Elimination of Pover
ty,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, April
1982, pp. 649-70.
Ledent, Jacques, “Rural-Urban Migration, Urbanization, and
Economic Development,” Economic Development and
Cultural Change, April 1982, pp. 507-38.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Rogers, Andrei, “Sources of Urban Population Growth and
Urbanization, 1950-2000: A Demographic Accounting,”
Economic Development and Cultural Change, April 1982,
pp. 483-506.
--------- and Jeffrey G. Williamson, “Migration, Urbanization,
and Third World Development: An Overview,” Economic
Development and Cultural Change, April 1982, pp. 46382.
Economic and social statistics
Hamermesh, Daniel S., Life-Cycle Effects on Consumption and
Retirement. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Eco
nomic Research, Inc., 1982, 32 pp. ( n b e r Working Paper
Series, 976.) $1.50.
Sternlieb, George, James W. Hughes, Connie O. Hughes, De
mographic Trends and Economic Reality: Planning and
Markets in the 80's. New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers, The
State University of New Jersey, Center for Urban Policy
Research, 1982, 154 pp. $10.95.
Health and safety
Bartel, Ann P. and Lacy Glenn Thomas, o s h a Enforcement,
Industrial Compliance and Workplace Injuries. Cam
bridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research,
Inc., 1982, 45 pp., bibliography, ( n b e r Working Paper
Series, 953.) $1.50.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Back Injuries Associated With
Lifting. Prepared by Herbert Schaffer. Washington, 1982,
20 pp. (Bulletin 2144.) Stock No. 029-001-027125. $3.50,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington 20402.
Industrial relations
Canada, Queen’s University, Labour Relations Law in the Pub
lic Sector. (Cases, Materials, and Commentary by C. G or
don Simmons and Kenneth P. Swan.) Kingston, Ontario,
Canada, Queen’s University, Industrial Relations Center,
1982, 422 pp. $25, paper.
Mitchell, Daniel J. B., “Are Unions Inflationary?” Business,
July-Aug.-Sept. 1982, pp. 35-40.
Nielsen, Georgia Panter, From Sky Girl to Flight Attendant:
Women and the Making of a Union. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell
University, New York State School of Industrial Rela
tions, 1982, 160 pp. $18.50, cloth; $9.95, paper.
Rosenblum, Marc and George Biles, “The Aging of Age Dis
crimination— Evolving
ADEA
Interpretations
and
Employee Relations Policies,” Employee Relations Law
Journal, Summer 1982, pp. 22-36.
“Symposium: EEO Policies and Research— A Retrospective on
the Seventies: Symposium Introduction,” by George Milkovich; “Evaluating Employment Outcomes: Availability
Models and Measures,” by Frank Krystofiak and Jerry
Newman; “Ability Tests: Economic Benefits Versus the
Issue of Fairness,” by John E. Hunter and Frank L.
Schmidt; “Pay Discrimination: Legal Issues and Implica
tions for Research,” by George T. Milkovich and Renae
Broderick; “Pay Discrimination Research and Litigation:
The Use of Regression,” by David E. Bloom and Mark
R. Killingsworth; “Evolving EEO Decision Law and Ap
plied i r Research,” by Marc Rosenblum, Industrial Rela
tions, Fall 1982, pp. 273-351.
67
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Book Reviews
Industry and government organization
Hershman, Arlene, “Mess in Financial Regulation,” Dun's
Business Month, November 1982, pp. 46-48.
Nagelschmidt, Joseph S., ed., The Public Affairs Handbook.
New York, a m a c o m , A division of American Manage
ment Associations, 1982, 301 pp. $29.95.
International economics
Bairoch, Paul, “Employment and Large Cities: Problems and
Outlook,” International Labour Review, September-October 1982, pp. 519-33.
Clerc, J. M., “Training as an Instrument of a Strategy for the
Improvement of Working Conditions and Environment,”
International Labour Review, September-October 1982,
pp. 565-76.
“Country Problems and Strategies Japan: Balance of Pay
ments Surplus, Budget Deficit,” The OECD Observer, Sep
tember 1982, pp. 19-2E
Howard, Niles and Henriette Sender, “The World Woos U.S.
Business,” Dun's Business Month, November 1982, begin
ning on p. 38.
Swepston, Lee, “Child Labour: Its Regulation by i l o Stan
dards and National Legislation,” International Labour
Review, September-October 1982, pp. 577-93.
Labor force
Baily, Martin Neil, ed., Workers, Jobs, and Inflation. Washing
ton, The Brookings Institution, 1982, 365 pp. $31.95,
cloth; $12.95, paper.
“Being Unemployed, Young, and Miseducated,” Society,
Rutgers— The State University, September-October 1982,
beginning on p. 15.
Clark, Kim B. and Lawrence H. Summers, Labor Force Par
ticipation: Timing and Persistence. Cambridge, Mass., N a
tional Bureau of Economic Research, 1982, 49 pp. ( n b e r
Working Paper Series, 977.) $1.50.
--------- The Dynamics of Youth Unemployment. Reprinted
from The Youth Labor Market Problem: Its Nature, Caus
es, and Consequences, pp. 199-234, edited by Richard B.
Freeman and David A. Wise. Cambridge, Mass., Nation
al Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1982. ( n b e r Re
print Series, 284.) $1.50.
Dex, Shirley, Black and White School-Leavers: The First Five
Years of Work. London, England, Department of Em
ployment, Social Science Branch, 1982, 57 pp. (Research
Paper, 33.)
“Education and Work: The Views of the Young,” The
Observer, September 1982, pp. 11-15.
OECD
Hoiberg, Anne, Women and the World of Work: Proceedings
o f a N ATO Symposium on Women and the World of Work
Held Aug. 4—8, 1980, in Lisbon, Portugal. New York,
Plenun Press, 1982, 390 pp., bibliography. $45.
“Jobs—Putting America Back to Work,” Newsweek, Oct. 18,
1982, beginning on p. 78.
John F. Kennedy School of Government, Dynamics of Inter
state Labor Migration. By Gordon L. Clark. Reprinted
from Annals of the Association of American Geographers,
1982, pp. 297-313. Volatility in the Geographical Struc
ture of Short-Run U.S. Interstate Migration. By Gordon
L. Clark. Reprinted from Environment and Planning,
1982, pp. 145-67. The Demand and Supply of Labor and
Interstate Relative Wages: An Empirical Analysis. By G or
don L. Clark and Kenneth P. Ballard. Reprinted from
Economic Geography, April 1981, pp. 95-111. Available
from Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of
Government, Cambridge, Mass.
Leighton, Linda and Jacob Mincer, Labor Turnover and
Youth Unemployment. Reprinted from The Youth Labor
Market Problem: Its Nature, Causes, and Consequences.
Edited by Richard B. Freeman and David A. Wise. Cam
bridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research,
Inc., 1982, pp. 235-75. ( n b e r Reprint Series, 282.) $1.50.
Mott, Frank L., ed., The Employment Revolution: Young
American Women of the 1970s. Cambridge, Mass., The
m i t Press, 1982, 234 p p . $25.
Reid, Frank, Ul-Assisted Worksharing as an Alternative to Lay
offs: The Canadian Experience. Reprinted from Industrial
and Labor Relations Review, April 1982, pp. 319-29. $1,
University of Toronto, Center for Industrial Relations,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada,
“The Impact of Minimum Wages on Young People’s Jobs:
The French Experience,” The OECD Observer, September
1982, pp. 15-18.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Unemployment and Its Effect
on Family Income in 1980. Prepared by Sylvia Lazos Ter
ry. Washington, 1982, 35 pp. (Bulletin 2148.) $4.50, Su
perintendent of Documents, Washington 20402.
Wachter, Michael L. and Choongsoo Kim, Time Series
Changes in Youth Joblessness. Reprinted from The Youth
Labor Market Problem: Its Nature, Causes, and Conse
quences, pp. 155-98, edited by Richard B. Freeman and
David A. Wise. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of
Economic Research, Inc., 1982. ( n b e r Reprint Series,
307.) $1.50.
Labor organizations
Eringer, Robert, Strike for Freedom: The Story of Lech Walesa
and Polish Solidarity. New York, Dodd, Mead & Co.,
1982, 177 pp. $11.95.
Feldstein, Martin and David T. Ellwood, Teenage Unemploy
ment: What Is the Problem? Reprinted from The Youth La
bor Market Problem: Its Nature, Causes, and Consequences,
pp. 17-33, edited by Richard B. Freeman and David A.
Wise. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic
Research, Inc., 1982. ( n b e r Reprint, 269.) $1.50.
Management and organization theory
Great Britain, Department of Employment, “Compilation of
the Unemployment Statistics,” Employment Gazette, Sep
tember 1982, pp. 389-93.
Arvey, Richard D. and others, “Potential Sources of Bias in
Job Analytic Processes,” Academy of Management Jour
nal, September 1982, pp. 618-29.
--------- “ Microelectronics and Women’s Employment,” by
Erik Arnold and others, Employment Gazette, September
1982, pp. 377-84.
Burroughs, Julio D., “Pay Secrecy and Performance: The Psy
chological Research,” Compensation Review, Vol. 14, No.
3, Third Quarter 1982, pp. 44—54.
□
68
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Oechslin, Jean-Jacques, “Employers’ Organizations: Current
Trends and Social Responsibilities,” International Labour
Review, September-October 1982, pp. 503-17.
Current
Labor Statistics
N o te s o n C u rren t L a b o r S ta tis tic s
.............................................................................................................................
S c h e d u le o f r e le a s e d a te s fo r m a jo r B L S s t a t is t ic a l s e r ie s
70
.......................................................................
70
E m p lo y m e n t d a ta fr o m h o u s e h o ld s u r v e y . D e f in i t io n s a n d n o t e s
........................................................
1. Employment status of noninstitutional population, selected years, 1950-81 .............................................................
2. Employment status by sex, age, and race, seasonally adjusted .................................................................................
3. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted ............................................................................ ; ...................
4. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted .............................................................................................
5. Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted ........................................................................................
6. Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted .............................................................
7. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted ..........................................................................................................
71
72
73
74
75
75
75
E m p lo y m e n t , h o u r s , a n d e a r n in g s d a ta fr o m e s t a b lis h m e n t s u r v e y s . D e f in i t io n s a n d n o t e s .
8. Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-81 .......................................................................................................
9. Employment by State ......................................................................................................................................................
10. Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted .......................................
11. Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-81 ............................................................................
12. Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted .....................................
13. Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group ..................................................................
14. Hourly Earnings Index, by industry division ........................................................... '..................................................
15. Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group ..................................................................
71
76
77
77
78
79
80
81
81
82
U n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e d a ta . D e f in i t io n s ..........................................................................................................
16. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations ....................................................................................
83
P r ic e d a ta . D e f in i t io n s a n d n o t e s
................................................................................................................................
17. Consumer Price Index, 1967-81 .....................................................................................................................................
18. Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, general summary and selected items ......................................................
19. Consumer Price Index, cross-classification of region and population size class .........................................................
20. Consumer Price Index, selected areas ...........................................................................................................................
21. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing ............................................................................................................
22. Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings .......................................................................................................
23. Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings .........................................................................................
24. Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product .......................................................................................................
25. Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries ...............................................................................
84
85
85
91
92
93
94
96
96
96
P r o d u c t iv it y d a ta . D e f in i t io n s a n d n o t e s .................................................................................................................
26. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices,selected years, 1950-81
27. Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1971-81 ............................................
28. Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted ....................
29. Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices . .
99
100
100
101
W a g e a n d c o m p e n s a t io n d a ta . D e f in i t io n s a n d n o t e s ......................................................................................
30. Employment Cost Index, total compensation, by occupation and industry group ....................................................
31. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group......................................................
32. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area s iz e ..............................
33. Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1977 to date ..........................................
34. Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1977 to d a te...............
W o r k s t o p p a g e d a ta . D e f in i t io n .....................................................................................................................................
35. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date ...............................................................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
83
99
102
103
104
105
106
106
107
107
69
NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS
published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series.
However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S.
average All Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are
available for this series.
This section of the Review presents the principal statistical se
ries collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
A brief introduction to each group of tables provides defi
nitions, notes on the data, sources, and other material usually
found in footnotes.
Adjustments for price changes. Some data are adjusted to eliminate
Readers who need additional information are invited to
consult the BLS regional offices listed on the inside front cov
er of this issue of the Review. Some general notes applicable to
several series are given below.
Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted
to eliminate the effect of such factors as climatic conditions, industry
production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying
periods, and vacation practices, which might otherwise mask short
term movements of the statistical series. Tables containing these data
are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” Seasonal effects are estimated
on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are com
puted each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for sev
eral preceding years.
Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 2-7 were revised in
the March 1982 issue of the R e v ie w to reflect experience through 1981.
The original estimates also were revised to 1970 to reflect 1980 census
population controls.
Beginning in January 1980, the BLS introduced two major modifi
cations in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data.
First, the data are being seasonally adjusted with a new procedure
called X -ll/A RIM A, which was developed at Statistics Canada as an
extension of the standard X -ll method. A detailed description of the
procedure appears in T h e X - l l A R I M A S e a s o n a l A d ju s tm e n t M e th o d
by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12-564E, Feb
ruary 1980). The second change is that seasonal factors are now being
calculated for use during the first 6 months of the year, rather than for
the entire year, and then are calculated at mid-year for the July-December period. Revisions of historical data continue to be made only
at the end of each calendar year.
Annual revision of the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in
tables 10, 12, and 14 were made in August 1981 using the X -ll
ARIMA seasonal adjustment methodology. New seasonal factors for
productivity data in tables 28 and 29 are usually introduced
in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent
changes from month to month and from quarter to quarter are
the effect of changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing
current dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate
component of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given
a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of
150, where 1967 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1967 dollars is
$2 ($3/150 X 100 = $2). The resulting values are described as
“real,” “constant,” or “1967” dollars.
Availability of information. Data that supplement the tables in this
section are published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a variety of
sources. Press releases provide the latest statistical information
published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published
according to the schedule given below. More information from house
hold and establishment surveys is provided in E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a r n
ings, a monthly publication of the Bureau. Comparable household in
formation from 1970 is published in a two-volume data book- L a b o r
F o rce S ta tis tic s D e r iv e d F ro m th e C u r r e n t P o p u la tio n S u rv e y , Bulletin
2096. Comparable establishment information appears in two data
books- E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s, U n ite d S ta tes , and E m p lo y m e n t a n d
E a rn in g s, S ta te s a n d A re a s, and their annual supplements. More de
tailed information on wages and other aspects of collective bargaining
appears in the monthly periodical, C u r r e n t W a g e D e ve lo p m e n ts . More
detailed price information is published each month in the periodicals,
the C P I D e ta ile d R e p o r t and P r o d u c e r P ric e s a n d P ric e I n d e x es.
Symbols
p = preliminary. To improve the timeliness of some series,
preliminary figures are issued based on representative
but incomplete returns.
r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability
of later data but may also reflect other adjustments,
n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.
Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series
Release
date
Period
covered
Release
date
Period
covered
MLR table
number
Release
date
Period
covered
E m p lo y m e n t s i t u a t io n .........................................
F e b ru a ry 4
J a n u a ry
D ecem ber 3
N o ve m b e r
J a n u a ry 7
D e ce m b e r
1 -1 0
P ro d u c e r P rice Index
F e b r u a r y 11
J a n u a ry
D e c e m b e r 10
N o ve m b e r
Ja n u a ry 14
D e ce m b e r
2 1 -2 5
......................................
F e b ru a ry 2 5
J a n u a ry
D e c e m b e r 21
N o ve m b e r
Ja n u a ry 21
D e ce m b e r
1 7 -2 0
.......................................................
F e b ru a ry 25
J a n u a ry
D e c e m b e r 21
N o ve m b e r
J a n u a ry 21
D e ce m b e r
1 1 -1 5
Ja n u a ry 28
4 th q u a rte r
2 6 -2 9
Ja n u a ry 31
1982
3 3 -3 4
Series
C o n s u m e r P rice Index
R eal e a rn in g s
.........................................
P ro d u c tiv ity a n d c o s ts :
N o n fin a n cia l c o rp o ra tio n s
M a jo r c o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g s e ttle m e n ts
70
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 6 -2 9
...........................
N o n fa rm b u s in e s s an d m a n u fa c tu rin g
..
...
EMPLOYMENT DATA FROM THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
E m p l o y m e n t d a t a in this section are obtained from the
Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews
conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau
of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 60,000
households selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years
of age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating
basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2
consecutive months.
Full-time workers are those employed at least 35 hours a week;
part-time workers are those who work fewer hours. Workers on part-
Definitions
Employed persons are (1) those who worked for pay any time
during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who
worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise
and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs
because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. A
person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at
which he or she worked the greatest number of hours.
Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey
week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and
had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did
not look for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new
jobs within the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed.
The unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a
percent of the civilian labor force.
The civilian labor force consists of all employed or unemployed
persons in the civilian noninstitutional population; the total labor
force includes military personnel. Persons not in the labor force are
1.
those not classified as employed or unemployed; this group includes
persons retired, those engaged in their own housework, those not
working while attending school, those unable to work because of
long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work because of
personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle.
The noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years of age
and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions,
sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy.
time schedules for economic reasons (such as slack work, terminating
or starting a job during the week, material shortages, or inability to
find full-time work) are among those counted as being on full-time
status, under the assumption that they would be working full time if
conditions permitted. The survey classifies unemployed persons in
full-time or part-time status by their reported preferences for full-time
or part-time work.
Notes on the data
From time to time, and especially after a decennial census,
adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to
correct for estimating errors during the preceding years. These
adjustments affect the comparability of historical data presented in
table 1. A description of these adjustments and their effect on the
various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes of E m p lo y m e n t
a n d E a rn in g s.
Data in tables 2-7 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal
experience through December 1981.
Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-81
[Numbers in thousands]
Civilian labor force
Total labor force
Year
Total non
institutional
population
Unemployed
Employed
Number
Percent of
population
Total
Total
Percent
of
population
Agriculture
Nonagricultural
industries
Number
Percent of
labor
force
Not in
labor force
4 2 ,787
1 950
.................................................
106,645
6 3 ,858
59.9
6 2 ,208
5 8 ,918
55.2
7,160
5 1 ,758
3,288
5.3
1955
.................................................
112,732
6 8 ,072
60.4
6 5 ,023
6 2 ,1 7 0
55.1
6,4 5 0
5 5 ,722
2,852
4.4
4 4 ,660
1 960
.................................................
119,759
7 2 ,142
6 0.2
6 9 ,628
6 5 ,778
54.9
5,458
6 0 ,318
3,852
5.5
4 7 ,617
1965
.................................................
129,236
7 7 ,178
59.7
7 4 ,455
7 1 ,088
55.0
4,361
6 6 ,726
3,366
4.5
1 966
.................................................
131,180
7 8 ,893
60.1
7 5 ,7 7 0
7 2 ,895
55.6
3,979
6 8 ,915
2,875
3.8
52,288
1 967
.................................................
133,319
8 0 ,793
6 0.6
7 7 ,347
7 4 ,372
55.8
3,844
7 0 ,527
2,975
3.8
5 2 ,527
52,058
1 968
.................................................
135,562
8 2 ,272
60.7
78,737
7 5 ,920
56.0
3,817
7 2 ,103
2,817
3.6
53,291
1 969
.................................................
137,841
8 4 ,2 4 0
61.1
80,734
7 7 ,902
56.5
3,6 0 6
7 4 ,296
2 ,8 3 2
3.5
5 3 ,602
1 970
.................................................
140,272
8 5 ,959
61.3
82,771
7 8 ,678
56.1
3,463
7 5 ,215
4,093
4.9
54,315
1971
.................................................
143,033
8 7 ,198
6 1.0
8 4 ,382
7 9 ,367
55.5
3,394
7 5 ,972
5,016
5.9
55,834
1972
.................................................
146,574
8 9 ,484
61.1
8 7 ,034
8 2 ,153
56.0
3,484
7 8 ,669
4,882
5.6
57,091
1 973
.................................................
149,423
9 1 ,7 5 6
61.4
8 9 ,429
8 5 ,064
56.9
3,4 7 0
81,594
4,365
4.9
5 7 ,667
1974
.................................................
152,349
9 4 ,179
61.8
9 1 ,949
8 6 ,794
57 .0
3,515
8 3 ,2 7 9
5 ,1 5 6
5.6
58,171
1 975
.................................................
155,333
9 5 ,9 5 5
61.8
9 3 ,775
8 5 ,8 4 6
55.3
3,408
8 2 ,438
7,929
8.5
5 9 ,377
1976
.................................................
158,294
9 8 ,3 0 2
62.1
9 6 ,158
8 8 ,752
56.1
3,331
85,421
7,406
7.7
59,991
1977
.................................................
161,166
1 01,142
62.8
9 9 ,009
9 2 ,017
57.1
3,283
8 8 ,734
6,991
7.1
6 0 ,025
1 978
.................................................
164,027
1 04,368
63 .6
102,251
9 6 ,048
58.6
3,387
92,661
6,202
6.1
5 9 ,659
1 979
.................................................
166,951
1 07,050
64.1
104,962
98,824
59.2
3,347
9 5 ,477
6,137
5.8
5 9 ,900
1 980
.................................................
169,848
1 09,042
64 .2
106,940
9 9 ,303
58.5
3,364
9 5 ,938
7,637
7.1
6 0 ,806
1981
.................................................
172 ,2 7 2
1 10,812
64.3
108 ,6 7 0
100,397
58.3
3 ,3 6 8
9 7 ,0 3 0
8,273
7.6
6 1 ,460
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
71
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W Ja n u ary 1983 • Current L abor Statistics: Household D ata
2.
Employment status by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted
[N u m b e r s in th o u s a n d s ]
1982
1981
Annual average
Employment status
May
June
July
174,364
174,544
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
1 74,707
174,889
175,069
175,238
1981
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
169,848
172,272
173,155
1 73,330
1 73,495
173,657
173,843
174,020
2,102
2,142
2,158
2,164
2,159
2,168
2,175
2,1 7 6
2,175
2,173
2,180
2,196
2,198
2,188
2,180
171,166
171,335
171,489
171,667
171,844
1 72,026
172,190
172,364
172,511
172,690
172,881
1 73,058
110,644
111,019
1980
TOTAL
T o ta l nonin stitu tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1 ....................................
A rm e d F o rc e s 1
............................................................
174,201
C ivilian nonin stitu tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1 .........................
167,745
1 70,130
170,996
C ivilian la b o r f o r c e ....................................................
1 06,940
1 08,670
109,272
109,184
108,879
109,165
1 09,346
109,648
1 10,666
110,191
110,522
110,644
110 ,9 8 0
63.8
63 .9
63.9
63.8
6 3.5
63.7
63.7
63.8
64.3
64 .0
64.1
64.1
64.3
64 .0
64.2
9 9 ,032
P a rtic ip a tio n ra te
......................................
9 9 ,3 0 3
100,397
100,172
9 9 ,613
99,581
9 9 ,590
9 9 ,492
9 9 ,3 4 0
100,117
99,764
9 9 ,732
9 9 ,839
9 9 ,7 2 0
9 9 ,0 9 3
...........
58.5
58.3
57.9
57.5
57.4
57.3
57.2
57.1
57.5
57.2
57.1
57.1
57.0
56.6
56.5
A g r ic u ltu r e .........................................................
3,364
3,368
3,372
3,209
3,411
3,373
3,349
3,309
3,488
3,357
3,460
3,435
3,368
3,426
3 ,4 7 0
...........................
9 5 ,938
9 7 ,0 3 0
9 6 ,8 0 0
9 6 ,404
9 6 ,1 7 0
9 6 ,2 1 7
9 6 ,144
9 6 ,032
9 6 ,629
9 6 ,4 0 6
9 6 ,272
9 6 ,404
9 6 ,352
9 5 ,667
9 5 ,5 6 3
.........................................................
7,637
8,273
9,100
9,571
9,298
9,575
9,854
10,307
10,549
10,427
10,790
10,805
11,260
11,551
11,987
8.5
8.8
9.0
9.4
9.5
9.5
9.8
9.8
10.1
10.4
10.8
6 2 ,456
6 3 ,324
63,321
62,197
6 1 ,3 6 0
6 1 ,999
6 1 ,8 4 2
6 1 ,867
6 1 ,710
6 2 ,237
6 2 ,039
E m p lo y e d
...............................................................
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n r a t io 2
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l in d u strie s
U n e m p lo y e d
.................................
7.1
7.6
8.3
8.8
N o t in la b o r f o r c e .......................................................
6 0 ,8 0 6
6 1 ,4 6 0
6 1 ,724
6 1 ,982
.........................
7 1 ,138
7 2 ,419
72,921
7 3 ,020
7 3 ,120
7 3 ,209
7 3 ,287
7 3 ,392
7 3 ,499
7 3 ,585
73,685
7 3 ,774
7 3 ,867
7 3 ,984
7 4 ,094
.................................................
5 6 ,455
5 7 ,197
5 7 ,459
5 7 ,665
5 7 ,368
5 7 ,448
5 7 ,554
5 7 ,730
58,164
5 8 ,016
5 8 ,084
5 8 ,0 2 6
5 8 ,407
5 8 ,359
5 8 ,475
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te
Men, 20 years and over
C ivilian n o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1
C ivilian la b o r fo rc e
......................................
79.4
79.0
78.8
79 .0
78.5
78.5
78.5
78.7
79.1
78.8
78.8
78.7
79.1
78.9
78.9
...............................................................
53,101
5 3 ,582
53,354
5 3 ,122
5 3 ,047
53,097
5 3 ,006
5 2 ,988
5 3 ,260
52,985
5 2 ,996
52,887
52,828
5 2 ,6 2 6
5 2 ,555
A g r ic u ltu r e .........................................................
2,396
2,384
2,382
2,311
2,3 9 0
2,3 8 6
2,377
2,382
2,464
2,424
2,474
2,436
2,447
2,462
2,445
...........................
5 0 ,706
5 1 ,199
50,972
50,811
5 0 ,657
50,711
5 0 ,629
5 0 ,606
5 0 ,796
50,561
5 0 ,5 2 2
50,451
50,381
5 0 ,164
5 0 ,1 1 0
.........................................................
3,353
3,615
4,105
4,543
4,322
4,351
4,548
4,742
4,904
5,031
5,088
5,139
5,579
5,733
5,9 2 0
8.4
8.7
8.8
8.9
9.6
9.8
10.1
8 3 ,385
P a rticip a tio n ra te
Em p'O yed
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l in d u s trie s
U n e m p lo y e d
5.9
6.3
7.1
7.9
7.5
7.6
7.9
8.2
.........................
8 0 ,0 6 5
81,497
8 2 ,038
82,151
8 2 ,2 6 0
8 2 ,367
8 2 ,478
82,591
8 2 ,707
82,811
8 2 ,926
8 3 ,0 3 5
8 3 ,152
83,271
.................................................
4 1 ,106
42,485
4 2 ,987
42,88
4 2 ,868
43,031
4 3 ,2 4 3
43,301
4 3 ,683
4 3 ,904
4 4 ,0 7 6
4 4 ,115
4 4 ,025
4 3 ,833
51.3
52.1
52.4
52.2
52.1
52.2
52.4
52.4
52.8
53 .0
53.2
53.1
52.9
52.6
52.8
4 0 ,369
4 0 ,046
40,044
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te
.................................
Women, 20 years and over
C ivilian n o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1
C ivilian la b o r fo rc e
P a rtic ip a tio n ra te
......................................
4 4 ,055
...............................................................
3 8 ,492
3 9 ,590
3 9 ,878
3 9 ,713
3 9 ,764
3 9 ,744
3 9 ,807
3 9 ,715
4 0 ,075
4 0 ,350
4 0 ,392
4 0 ,490
A g r ic u ltu r e ..........................................................
584
604
63.5
572
64.9
628
636
601
634
581
60 0
589
585
572
568
...........................
3 7 ,907
3 8 ,9 8 6
3 9 ,243
39,141
3 9 ,115
3 9 ,1 1 6
3 9 ,172
3 9 ,114
39,441
3 9 ,769
39,791
39,901
39,784
3 9 ,474
3 9 ,4 7 6
.........................................................
2,615
2,895
3,109
3,1 7 5
3,104
3 ,2 8 6
3,435
3 ,5 8 6
3,608
3,554
3,684
3,6 2 6
3,656
3,787
4,010
6.4
6.8
7.2
7.4
7.2
7.6
7.9
8.3
8.3
8.1
8.4
8.2
8.3
8.6
9.1
.........................
16,543
16,214
16,037
15,995
15,955
15,913
15,902
15,861
1 5 ,820
15,794
15,753
15,702
15,671
15,625
15,579
C ivilian la b o r f o r c e ....................................................
9,378
8,988
8,826
8,631
8,643
8,686
8,549
8 ,6 1 6
8,819
8,271
8,362
8,503
8,548
8,452
56.7
55.4
55 .0
54 .0
54.2
54.6
53.8
54.3
55.7
52.4
53.1
54.2
54.5
54.1
54.5
6,433
E m p lo y e d
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l in d u s trie s
U n e m p lo y e d
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te
.................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
C ivilia n nonin stitu tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1
P a rtic ip a tio n ra te
E m p lo y e d
......................................
...............................................................
7,225
6 ,9 4 0
6,778
6,771
6,748
6,679
6,637
6,782
6,429
6,344
6,463
6,523
359
336
326
390
353
38 6
411
336
393
45 6
385
38 0
355
326
373
...........................
7,325
6,845
6 ,5 8 5
6,452
6,398
6,389
6,343
6,311
6,392
6,076
5,958
6,052
6,187
6,029
5,977
.........................................................
1,669
1,763
1,886
1,853
1,872
1,938
1,870
1,979
2,037
1,842
2,018
2,0 4 0
2,025
2 ,0 3 0
2,057
17.8
19.6
21.4
21.5
21.7
22.3
21.9
23.0
23.1
22.3
24.1
24.0
2 3.7
24.0
24.2
A g r ic u ltu r e .........................................................
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l in d u strie s
U n e m p lo y e d
7,7 1 0
8,490
6,422
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te
.................................
White
.........................
146,122
147,908
148,631
14 8 ,7 5 5
1 48,842
148,855
149,132
149,249
149,250
149,429
149,569
149,536
149,652
149,838
149,887
.................................................
9 3 ,6 0 0
9 5 ,052
9 5 ,5 3 5
9 5 ,3 2 9
9 5 ,1 2 0
9 5 ,333
9 5 ,508
9 6 ,0 1 5
96,641
9 6 ,223
96,493
9 6 ,414
9 6 ,762
96,421
9 6 ,746
P a r tic ip a tio n .................................................
64.1
64.3
64.3
64.1
63 .9
64 .0
64.0
64.3
64.8
64.4
64.5
64.5
64 .7
64.3
64.5
8 7 ,715
8 8 ,709
8 8 ,498
8 8 ,0 1 0
8 7 ,955
8 7 ,990
8 7 ,9 5 6
87,988
8 8 ,450
8 8 ,173
8 8 ,137
8 8 ,133
8 8 ,0 2 0
8 7 ,434
8 7 ,367
8,191
8,050
8,356
8,281
8,742
8,987
9,378
C ivilian nonin stitu tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1
C ivilian la b o r fo rc e
E m p lo y e d
...............................................................
U n e m p lo y e d
5,884
6 ,3 4 3
7,037
7,319
7,165
7,344
7,552
8,026
6.3
6.7
7.4
7.7
7.5
7.7
7.9
8.4
8.5
8.4
8.7
8.6
9.0
9.3
9.7
.........................
17,824
18,219
18,362
18,392
18,423
18,450
18,480
18,511
18,542
18,570
18,600
18,626
18,659
18,692
18,723
.................................................
10,865
11,086
11,207
11,226
11,188
11,205
11,217
11,170
11,335
11,253
11,322
11,412
11,482
11,395
11,452
61.0
60.8
61.0
61.0
60.7
60.7
60.3
61.1
6 0.6
60.9
61.3
61.5
6 1.0
9,166
9,096
9,134
.........................................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te
.................................
Black
C ivilia n nonin stitu tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1
C ivilian la b o r fo rc e
P a rtic ip a tio n ra te
......................................
61.2
9,313
9,355
9,321
9,279
9,314
9,265
9,197
9,111
9 ,2 1 6
9,174
9,223
9,262
1,553
1,731
1,886
1,947
1,874
1,939
2 ,0 2 0
2,058
2 ,1 2 0
2,079
2,098
2,150
2,316
2,299
2,318
14.3
15.6
16.8
17.3
16.8
17.3
18.0
18.4
18.7
18.5
18.5
18.8
20.2
20.2
20.2
.........................
8,901
9,310
9,556
9,519
9 ,4 0 0
9,341
9,297
9,235
9 ,2 9 7
9,428
9,521
9,689
9,464
9,474
9,355
C ivilia n la b o r f o r c e ....................................................
5,700
5,972
6,151
6,095
6,054
6,065
6,024
5,933
6,001
5,931
5,966
6,087
5,967
5,994
......................................
64.0
64.1
64.4
64.0
64.4
64.9
64.8
64.2
64.5
62.9
62.7
62 .8
63.1
63 .3
63 .0
...............................................................
5 ,1 2 6
5,348
5,446
5,426
5 ,3 3 0
5,298
5,260
5,191
5,166
5,131
5,135
5,197
5,097
5 ,0 8 6
4 ,9 7 0
E m p lo y e d
...............................................................
U n e m p lo y e d
.........................................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te
.................................
Hispanic origin
C ivilian n o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1
P a rtic ip a tio n ra te
E m p lo y e d
U n e m p lo y e d
.........................................................
U n e m p lo y e m e n t ra te
..............................
575
624
705
669
724
767
764
743
834
800
832
890
870
908
925
10.1
10.4
11.5
11.0
12.0
12.6
12.7
12.5
13.9
13.5
13.9
14.6
14.6
15.2
15.7
1 T he p o p u la tio n and A rm e d F o rc e s fig u re s a re n o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d .
2 C ivilia n e m p lo y m e n t as a p e rc e n t o f th e to ta l nonin stitu tio n a l p o p u la tio n (including A rm e d
F o rc e s ).
72
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5,895
N ote : D etail fo r th e a b o ve ra ce an d H isp a n ic-o rig in g ro u p s will n o t sum to to ta ls
b e ca u se d a ta fo r th e “ o th e r ra c e s " g ro u p a re n o t p re se n te d an d H isp a n ics a re included
in bo th th e w h ite and b la c k p o p u la tio n g roups.
3.
Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Annual average
1981
Selected categories
1980
1981
9 9 ,303
100,397
Nov.
1982
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
CHARACTERISTIC
T o ta l e m p lo y e d , 16 y e a rs a n d o v e r
..............................
100,172
9 9 ,613
99,581
9 9 ,590
9 9 ,492
9 9 ,3 4 0
100,117
99,764
9 9 ,732
9 9 ,839
9 9 ,7 2 0
99,093
9 9 ,032
5 7 ,1 8 6
5 7 ,397
57,051
56,725
56,629
56,658
5 6 ,472
56,401
5 6 ,820
5 6 ,223
5 6 ,192
5 6 ,210
5 6 ,148
5 5 ,915
5 5 ,863
W o m e n ...............................................
4 2 ,1 1 7
4 3 ,0 0 0
43,121
42,888
4 2 ,952
4 2 ,932
4 3 ,020
M a rrie d m en, s p o u s e p re s e n t
M en
.......................................................
4 2 ,940
4 3 ,297
43,541
4 3 ,540
4 3 ,6 3 0
4 3 ,572
4 3 ,179
3 9 ,004
3 8 ,882
3 8 ,553
3 8 ,342
3 8 ,234
3 8 ,255
38,181
3 8 ,142
3 8 ,312
38,354
38,213
3 8 ,184
38,041
3 7 ,890
37,598
M a rrie d w o m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ...........................
2 3 ,532
2 3 ,9 1 5
2 3 ,8 2 0
23,691
23,744
2 3 ,727
2 3 ,900
23,831
2 4 ,213
24,401
2 4 ,223
2 4 ,300
24,187
2 4 ,047
23,951
W o m e n w h o m aintain f a m i l i e s .................................
4,780
4,998
5,049
5,064
5,107
5,158
5,095
5,095
4,986
5,112
5,247
5,216
5,115
5,108
5,007
5 1 ,882
5 2 ,949
5 3 ,086
53,084
5 2 ,836
52,841
52,763
5 3 ,177
5 3 ,705
5 3 ,586
5 3 ,685
53,728
...................
43,169
OCCUPATION
W h ite -c o lla r w o r k e r s ..........................................................
P ro fe s s io n a l a n d te c h n ic a l
....................................
M a n a g e rs an d a d m in is tra to rs , e x c e p t fa rm . . . .
S a le s w o r k e r s ......................................
5 3 ,7 5 0
5 3 ,876
5 3 ,643
15,968
16,420
16,657
16,774
16,803
16,612
16,659
16,844
16,818
17,053
17,292
17,023
16,901
17,049
17,093
11,138
11,540
11,461
11,424
11,091
11,253
11,311
11,501
11,541
11,504
11,355
11,613
11,649
11,605
11,635
6,303
6,425
6,418
6,450
6 ,5 2 0
6,544
6,637
6,603
6,587
6,547
6,567
6,677
6,507
6,595
6,633
C le ric a l w o r k e r s ...........................
18,473
18,564
18,550
18,436
18,423
18,432
18,155
18,229
18,759
18,482
18,471
18,437
18,819
18,395
18,367
B lu e -c o lla r w o r k e r s ..............................
3 1 ,452
31,261
30,683
3 0 ,344
3 0 ,203
3 0 ,309
3 0 ,416
2 9 ,924
2 9 ,9 2 6
2 9 ,716
2 9 ,609
2 9 ,465
2 9 ,143
2 9 ,147
28,685
12,787
12,662
12,411
12,446
12,370
12,454
12,511
12,492
12,316
12,207
12,229
12,342
12,253
12,164
12,150
O p e ra tiv e s , e x c e p t tr a n s p o r t ....................................
10,565
10,540
10,220
10,169
9,966
9,955
9,860
9,688
9,585
9,655
9,453
9,257
8,938
8,945
8,778
...........................
3,531
3,476
3,438
3,368
3,415
3,503
3,397
3,400
3,419
3,414
3,439
3,268
3,369
3,342
3,273
4,567
4,583
4,614
4,361
4,451
4,397
4,648
4,343
4,607
4,441
4,488
4,598
4,583
4,696
4,484
13,228
13,438
13,670
13,639
13,709
13,612
13,526
13,555
13,738
13,791
13,634
13,926
14,029
13,725
13,871
2,741
2,749
2,802
2,660
2,817
2,787
2,710
2,623
2,731
2,660
2,7 5 0
2,711
2,714
2,710
2,761
W a g e a n d s a la ry w o r k e r s ..............................
1,425
1,464
1,436
1,352
1,377
1,426
1,416
1,423
1,541
1,431
1,530
1,568
1,538
1,608
1,599
S e lf-e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s ..............................................
1,642
1,638
1,641
1,602
1,674
1,596
1,644
1,664
1,698
1,676
1,674
1,613
1,562
1,616
1,625
297
266
321
228
38 0
359
277
27 0
236
251
25 0
254
255
221
247
8 8 ,525
8 9 ,543
8 9 ,238
8 8 ,5 2 6
8 8 ,322
C ra ft an d k in d re d w o rk e rs
....................................
T ra n s p o rt e q u ip m e n t o p e ra tiv e s
N o n fa rm la b o r e r s .................................
S e rv ic e w o rk e rs
F a rm w o rk e rs
......................................
.........................................
MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS
OF WORKER
A g ric u ltu re :
U n paid fa m ily w o rk e rs
...........................
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l in dustries:
W a g e an d s a la ry w o r k e r s .........................................
G o v e rn m e n t
....................................................
P riv a te in d u s tr ie s .................................................
H o u s e h o ld s
.........................................
O th e r .........................................................
S e lf-e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s ..............................................
U n paid fa m ily w o rk e rs
.................................
88,991
8 8 ,759
8 8 ,586
89,051
8 8 ,6 0 6
88,541
8 8 ,737
8 8 ,650
8 7 ,995
8 7 ,877
15,912
15,689
15,397
15,585
15,578
15,527
15,492
15,453
15,422
15,635
15,443
15,569
15,691
15,420
15,498
7 2 ,612
73,853
73,841
7 3 ,406
73,181
7 3 ,059
73,034
72,869
7 3 ,629
7 2 ,970
7 3 ,098
7 3 ,168
7 2 ,959
7 2 ,575
7 2 ,380
1,192
1,208
1,204
1,291
1,248
1,161
1,225
1,192
1,202
1,201
1,200
1,242
1,229
1,220
1,234
7 1 ,420
7 2 ,645
72,637
7 2 ,115
7 1 ,932
71,898
7 1 ,809
7 1 ,677
72,427
7 1 ,7 7 0
7 1 ,898
7 1 ,927
7 1 ,730
71,355
7 1 ,145
7,000
7,097
7,141
7,057
6,971
7,055
7,126
7,264
7,269
7,319
7,268
7,352
7,478
7,333
7,353
413
390
425
41 0
41 0
408
434
413
382
397
39 0
409
372
415
381
PERSONS AT WORK1
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l in d u s trie s
....................................
9 0 ,2 0 9
9 1 ,377
9 1 ,323
9 0 ,922
90,125
9 0 ,892
90,548
9 0 ,5 9 6
9 1 ,282
9 1 ,020
90,501
90,508
9 1 ,054
9 0 ,2 2 0
90,238
............................................
7 3 ,5 9 0
7 4 ,339
7 3 ,915
7 3 ,360
7 2 ,803
73,028
7 2 ,649
7 2 ,335
7 3 ,036
72,662
c 72 ,430
7 2 ,112
7 1 ,700
7 1 ,215
7 1 ,408
P a rt tim e fo r e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s ......................
4,064
4,499
F u ll-tim e s c h e d u le s
5,026
5,288
5,071
5,563
5,717
5,834
5,763
5,444
5,492
5,648
6,600
6,574
6,484
U s u a lly w o rk fu ll t i m e .........................................
1,714
1,738
1,945
2,121
1,783
2,193
2,237
2,223
2,211
2,064
2,001
2,054
2,571
2,514
U s u a lly w o rk p a rt t i m e ......................................
2,226
2 ,3 5 0
2,761
3,081
3,167
3,287
3 ,3 7 0
3,480
3,611
3 ,5 5 2
3,380
3,491
3,594
4,029
4,060
4,258
12,555
12,539
12,382
12,274
12,251
12,300
12,183
12,427
12,483
12,914
12,579
12,748
12,754
12,431
12,346
P a rt tim e fo r n o n e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s ...................
1E x c lu d e s p e rs o n s "w ith a jo b b u t n o t a t w o rk ” d u ring th e s u rv e y p e rio d fo r such re a so n s a s va ca tio n ,
illness, o r in d u s tria l disp u te s.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
73
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W Jan u ary 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data
4.
Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
1980
1981
1982
1981
Annual average
Selected categories
Nov.
Apr.
Dec.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept
CHARACTERISTIC
T o t a l. 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............................................................
7,1
7 .6
8 .3
88
8.5
88
90
94
95
95
98
98
10.1
104
10.8
B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s ............................................
1 7 .8
19 6
2 1 .4
2 1 .5
21.7
22.3
21.9
23.0
231
223
24.1
24.0
237
24 0
24.2
..................................................
5 .9
6 .3
7.1
7 .9
7.5
7.6
7.9
8.2
84
8.7
88
89
9.6
9.8
10.1
W o m e n . 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............................................
64
68
7 .2
7 .4
72
7.6
79
8.3
83
8.1
84
8.2
83
86
9.1
7.9
84
85
84
8.7
8.6
90
93
9.7
M en , 2 0 y e a rs a n d ove r
6 .3
6 .7
74
7 .7
7.5
7.7
...............................
1 5 .5
1 7 .3
1 9 .0
1 9 .0
196
200
190
208
20.3
19.4
21.0
206
204
21.7
21.3
......................................
162
1 7 .9
196
2 0 .2
20.8
20.4
20.2
223
21.2
21.1
226
225
220
231
226
W o m e n . 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s ...............................
1 4 .8
166
18 3
1 7 .7
182
19.4
17 6
192
19.2
175
19.2
18 6
187
6.7
7.0
7.3
7.5
7.7
7.9
7.9
86
20.1
88
19 9
6 .9
66
64
6.3
66
69
7.2
7.3
7.1
7.3
7.1
7.4
7.6
80
18.7
18.5
185
188
20.2
20.2
20.2
W h ite , to ta :
...............................................................................
B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s
M e n , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s
M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r .........................................
5 .3
56
64
W o m e n , 2 0 y e a rs an d o ve r
56
5 .9
6 .3
B la c k , t o ta l
...............................
168
1 7 .3
168
173
18.0
18.4
...............................
385
4 1 .4
4 4 .1
422
41.2
423
460
481
498
526
49.7
51.6
485
46.7
501
......................................
375
4 0 .7
4 1 .9
396
363
407
485
483
50.6
581
48.3
50.1
51.2
48.0
53.7
398
422
466
4 5 .1
46.7
44.2
431
478
489
46.2
51.2
53.1
45.4
45.2
46 1
17.0
17.1
168
17.2
19.8
19.8
19.0
15.7
163
16.7
...............................................................................
B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s
M e n , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s
92
W o m e n , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s
............................
1 4 .3
15 6
M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r .........................................
1 2 .4
1 3 .5
1 5 .5
165
16.3
16 0
16.0
16.9
...............................
1 1 .9
134
13 6
14.1
13 3
14.5
15.4
15 6
15.3
15.0
15.5
15.1
H is p a n ic o r ig in , t o t a l ............................................................
10.1
1 0 .4
1 1 .5
110
.....................................
4 .2
4 ,3
5 .2
5 .7
53
53
55
60
6.1
6.5
66
6.7
M a r r ie d w o m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ...............................
58
60
6 .5
6 .6
62
7.0
7.1
78
7.4
7.0
7.4
7.1
7.5
7.9
84
11.2
125
W o m e n , 2 0 y e a rs a n d o v e r
M a r r ie d m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t
W o m e n w h o m a in t a in f a m i l i e s ......................................
9 .2
104
10 8
10 5
10.4
10.2
7.3
7.6
7.7
106
11.5
118
124
12 0
11.6
12.4
9.2
9.4
95
96
101
105
10.7
10.5
9.8
11.4
10.3
105
10.1
11.4
F u ll- tim e w o r k e r s ..................................................................
69
7 .3
8 1
8 .7
84
85
89
92
P a r t - t im e w o r k e r s
...............................................................
88
94
1 0 .2
9 .2
96
10.8
10 0
10.9
U n e m p lo y e d 1 5 w e e k s a n d o v e r ...............................
17
2.1
2 .2
2 .2
2.2
2.5
2.7
2.7
30
3.3
3.2
33
3.5
38
4.1
11.1
10 2
10.7
10.7
11.7
12.1
12.4
L a b o r fo r c e t im e l o s t ' .........................................................
79
8 .5
95
10.1
10 0
98
10.4
10 4
OCCUPATION
W h it e - c o lla r w o r k e r s .....................................................................
P r o f e s s io n a l a n d t e c h n ic a l
............................................
M a n a g e r s a n d a d m in is tr a to r s , e x c e p t fa r m
3 .7
4 .0
4 .2
4 .5
4.2
46
4.8
49
4.8
5.0
4.9
48
48
5.1
5.6
2 .5
28
2 .7
3 .4
29
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.1
3.2
3.5
38
24
2 .7
3 .0
3.1
2.7
3.1
30
3.3
3.5
38
3.7
38
36
36
39
5.4
5.5
5.4
6.1
6.3
6.7
7.1
7.9
S a l e s w o r k e r s ...........................................................................
4 4
4 .6
5 .0
49
45
48
58
56
5.2
5.8
C le r ic a l w o r k e r s .....................................................................
5 .3
57
6 .0
62
6.3
6.7
69
7.2
68
69
6.9
6.7
B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ........................................................................
100
1 0 .3
1 1 .8
127
125
125
129
13.7
13 5
13.9
144
14.2
15 6
15.9
16.5
10.9
12.2
............................................
66
7 .5
93
90
84
9.1
96
94
103
109
10.6
11.4
.....................................
1 2 .2
1 2 .2
14 1
1 5 .5
15.4
154
15.9
16 9
16 5
167
17.4
17.5
21.2
88
104
1 0 .5
102
103
104
10.7
11.8
130
11.6
12.5
202
11.6
21.1
...............................
8 .7
12.7
14 1
1 4 .6
1 4 .7
160
169
16 9
17 9
17 9
19.2
18.3
17.9
18 6
174
19.2
198
194
N o n fa r m l a b o r e r s ..................................................................
10.6
10.7
10.6
11.2
5.1
66
7.7
C r a f t a n d k in d r e d w o r k e r s
O p e r a t iv e s , e x c e p t t r a n s p o r t
T r a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t o p e r a tiv e s
85
S e r v ic e w o r k e r s ..............................................................................
7 .9
8 .9
9 .7
9 .6
92
98
102
11.1
11.3
99
105
F a r m w o r k e r s .................................................................................
4 .6
5 .3
6 .2
64
69
4.9
5.4
58
83
7.2
6.1
69
INDUSTRY
N o n a g r ic u lt u r a l p r iv a t e w a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s 2
C o n s tr u c tio n
...........................................................................
7 .4
7.7
84
9.1
88
9.0
9.5
99
99
10.0
102
10.1
10.7
11.1
11.5
14 .1
156
1 7 .8
18.1
18.7
18.1
17.9
194
18 8
19.2
203
203
226
230
21.9
14.1
14 8
85
83
94
1 1 .0
10.4
10.6
10.8
11.3
11.6
123
12.0
12.1
13 8
...........................................................
89
8.2
9 .5
1 1 .8
11.0
11.3
10.8
11.9
12.2
13.2
12.7
12.9
14.9
16 0
17.1
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s .....................................................
7 .9
84
9 .3
9 .6
95
9.5
10 8
10.5
10.7
11.0
11.0
108
123
11.2
11.4
T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ...............................
4 .9
5 .2
5.5
6 .0
6.4
5.9
5.6
7.0
65
6.9
6.1
7.0
6.9
8.1
8.7
10.5
9.8
9.8
10.3
10.5
M a n u fa c tu r in g
........................................................................
D u r a b le g o o d s
W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il t r a d e
............................................
F in a n c e a n d s e r v ic e i n d u s t r i e s ......................................
G o v e rn m e n t w o rk e rs
..................................................................
A g r ic u ltu r a l w a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s ...............................
' A g g re g a te h o u rs
lo s t b y th e
u n e m p lo y e d a n d
p e r c e n t o f p o te n tia lly a v a ila b le la b o r f o r c e h o u r s .
74
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7 .4
8.1
8 .6
8 .9
87
90
10.3
10.1
10.6
9.7
5.9
65
69
7.0
69
68
7.0
7.0
68
7.1
4.8
5.2
49
5.3
50
46
46
4.6
49
48
5.2
126
15.9
5.3
59
6.1
6 .4
4.1
4 .7
5 .2
5.0
1 1 .0
p e rs o n s on
12.1
14.1
p a r t t im e fo r e c o n o m ic
1 4 .8
162
re a s o n s a s a
12.8
14.0
14.6
18.2
2 In c lu d e s m in in g , n o t s h o w n s e p a r a te ly
16.3
13 8
14.3
12.5
7.7
5.
Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
Sex and age
Annual average
1980
T o ta l. 16 y e a rs an d o v e r ...........................
16 to 19 y e a r s ..............................................
16 to 17 y e a r s ......................................................
18 to 19 y e a r s ......................................................
1981
Nov.
1982
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct
Nov.
7.6
8.3
88
88
9.0
9.4
17.8
19.6
21.4
21.5
21.7
223
21.9
230
23.1
223
24.1
240
23.7
24.0
24,2
200
21.4
226
21.9
2 1.9
227
22.7
246
25.3
237
26.1
25.8
269
258
26.4
8.5
9.5
9.5
98
9.8
10.1
10.4
10.8
16 2
184
205
21.2
2 1.3
220
21.3
21.9
21 3
21.9
228
226
21.6
230
228
11.5
123
13.0
135
13.5
14.1
14.2
14.7
14.3
14.4
14.5
15 2
15.3
15.9
16.6
5.1
5.4
6.0
6.5
6.3
6.4
6.8
7.0
7.1
7.4
7.5
7.3
7.9
8.1
84
25 to 54 y e a r s ...........................................
5.5
5.8
6.5
6.9
6.7
6.8
7.3
7.4
7.7
7.7
7.9
7.8
8.6
8.7
9.0
55 y e a rs and o v e r ..............................................
3.3
3.6
3.8
4.1
42
43
4.6
5.0
48
54
5.2
5.1
5.1
5.5
5.7
20 to 24 y e a r s ...........................
25 y e a rs and o v e r
.........................................
M en, 16 y e a rs and o v e r
................................
16 to 19 y e a r s ...................................................
6.9
7.4
8.3
90
8.6
8.7
9.0
94
9.6
9.7
9.9
18.3
201
21.8
223
221
225
235
24.4
240
242
25.1
10.0
10.7
10.9
11.2
25.1
25.3
25.6
25.8
16 to 17 y e a rs
...........................................
204
22.0
227
226
230
23.0
243
24,7
26.3
258
28.1
27.3
296
29.0
28.1
18 to 19 y e a rs
.........................................
16.7
18.8
21.0
22.2
21.4
221
229
24.3
21.9
24.0
234
23.4
226
23.2
24,2
125
132
14.4
14.8
14.9
154
15.7
16.0
155
15.8
15 9
166
17.4
17.5
18.3
4.8
5.1
5.8
6.5
6.3
6.3
6.6
69
6.9
7.5
7.5
7.5
82
8.5
8.7
5.1
5.5
6.3
6.9
6.7
6.7
7.1
7.2
7.5
8.0
8.1
8.0
9.1
9.1
9.3
3.3
35
3.7
44
4,3
42
48
5.1
4.7
5.0
4.8
5.4
5.4
6.1
6.3
20 to 24 y e a r s ................................
25 y e a rs a n d o v e r ..............................................
25 to 54 y e a rs
...........................................
55 y e a rs and o v e r ...................................
W o m e n . 16 y e a rs an d o v e r ......................................
16 to 19 y e a r s ......................................................
16 to 17 y e a rs
................................
18 to 19 y e a rs
.........................................
20 to 24 y e a r s .........................................
25 y e a rs an d o v e r ...........................................
7.4
7.9
84
8.5
8.4
89
90
9,4
9.5
9.1
9.6
9.5
9.5
9.8
10.2
17.2
19.0
20.9
205
21.2
22.1
20.1
21.3
221
202
231
228
21.9
22.3
22.5
19.6
20.7
225
21.1
206
225
208
24.5
24.1
21.4
24.1
24 2
23.9
22.3
24.4
15.6
179
19.9
20.0
21.1
21.9
19.6
194
206
197
222
21.7
20.6
229
21.4
10 4
11.2
11.3
120
11.9
12.7
126
13.3
129
129
129
13.7
12.9
14.0
14.6
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.2
7.4
7.0
7.4
7.5
5.5
5.9
64
6.4
6.3
6.5
...........................................
6.0
6.3
68
6.9
67
7.0
7.6
7.7
8.0
7.4
7.7
7.5
8.0
8.1
8.5
55 y e a rs a n d o v e r ......................................
3.2
3.8
38
3.7
4.1
4.3
4.3
4.8
50
6.0
6.0
4.6
4.7
4.7
4.9
Oct
Nov.
7,478
25 to 54 y e a rs
6.
7.1
1981
8.0
Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted
[N u m b e r s In th o u s a n d s ]
Reason for unemployment
Annual average
1980
1981
1981
1982
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
L o s t last jo b
...................................................
3,947
4,267
4,905
5,343
5,205
5,153
5,622
5,906
5,901
6,302
6,177
6,347
7,073
7,477
O n l a y o f f ...........................
1,488
1.430
1,826
2.042
1,860
1,740
1,828
1,946
1,969
2,071
2,079
2,180
2,669
2,572
2,587
O th e r jo b losers
2,459
2,837
3,079
3,301
3,345
3,413
3,794
3,959
3,932
4,231
4,098
4,167
4,404
4,905
4,891
891
923
916
923
835
964
885
937
874
813
813
806
767
796
784
1,927
2,102
2,339
2,244
2,079
2,277
2,249
2,365
2.438
2,372
2,528
2,440
2,415
2,217
2,569
872
981
996
1,021
1,055
1,100
1,044
1,081
1,154
1,088
1,249
1,328
1,326
1,312
1,230
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1000
100.0
1000
100.0
100.0
100 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
51.7
51.6
536
561
56.7
54.3
57.4
57.4
569
59.6
57.4
58.1
61.1
63.4
O n la y o ff
195
17.3
199
21.4
20.3
18.3
187
18.9
19.0
19.6
19.3
20.0
23.0
21.8
21.4
O th e r jo b l o s e r s ...................................................
321
34.3
336
34 6
365
359
38.7
38.5
37.9
40.0
38.1
38.2
380
4 1.6
40.6
Lett la s t jo b
R e e n te re d labor f o r c e ..............................
........................
S e e kin g firs t jo b
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
T o t a l u n e m p l o y e d .....................................................
J o b l o s e r s ........................
62.0
J o b l e a v e r s ................................
11.7
11.2
10.0
9.7
9.1
10.2
9.0
9.1
8.4
7.7
7.5
7.4
6.6
6.7
6.5
R e e n tr a n ts .....................
252
254
25.5
235
227
24.0
22 9
23.0
23.5
224
23.5
22.3
20.8
18.8
21.3
N ew e n tra n ts
11.4
11.9
10.9
10.7
11.5
11.6
10.7
10.5
11.1
10.3
11,6
12.2
11.4
11.1
10.2
3.7
3.9
4.5
4.9
4.8
.8
8
.8
8
8
.9
.8
.9
8
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
18
1.9
2.1
2.1
1.9
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.0
2.3
8
9
9
.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1,0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
.
.
PERCENT OF
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
J o b lo s e rs
...........................................
Job l e a v e r s ...........................
R e e n tr a n ts ...........................
N ew e n tra n ts
7.
.
.
4.7
5.1
5.4
5.3
5.7
5.6
5.7
6.4
6.8
6.7
Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted
[N u m b e r s In th o u s a n d s ]
Weeks of unemployment
Annual average
1980
Less than 5 w e e k s
..............................
1981
1982
1981
Nov.
Dec.
4,037
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept
Oct
Nov.
3,295
3,449
3,852
3,789
3,825
3,874
3,543
3,990
3,923
4,038
3,920
...........................
2,470
2,539
2,882
3,016
3,068
3,052
3,078
3,304
3,320
3,458
3,161
3,304
3,595
3,517
3,595
15 w e e k s and o v e r ...................
1,871
2,285
2,364
2,372
2,399
2,724
2,954
3,015
3,286
3,673
3,580
3,631
3,870
4,153
4,547
1,052
5 to 14 w e e k s
15 to 26 w e e k s
..............................
27 w e e k s and o v e r .................................................
M ean dura tio n , in w e e k s
M edian dura tio n , in w e e k s
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.............
...........................
3,852
3,958
3,972
1,122
1,229
1,189
1,210
1,445
1,605
1,508
1,634
1,826
1,792
1,810
1,856
1,927
2,221
820
1,162
1,135
1,183
1,190
1,278
1,349
1,507
1,652
1,847
1,788
1,821
2,014
2,226
2,326
11.9
13.7
13.1
12.8
13.5
14.1
13.9
14.2
14.6
165
15.6
16.2
16.6
17.2
17.2
6.5
6.9
6.9
6.7
7.2
7.3
7.6
8.5
9.0
9.8
8.3
8.2
9.5
9.6
10.1
75
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS DATA FROM ESTABLISHMENT SURVEYS
E m p l o y m e n t , h o u r s , a n d e a r n i n g s d a t a in this section are
compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a volun
tary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperat
ing State agencies by 177,000 establishments representing all
industries except agriculture. In most industries, the sampling
probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most
large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An estab
lishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant,
for example, or warehouse.) Self-employed persons and others
not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the
survey because they are excluded from establishment records.
This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures
between the household and establishment surveys.
payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of
changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived
from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical
Workers (CPI-W). The Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from av
erage hourly earnings data adjusted to exclude the effects of two types
of changes that are unrelated to underlying wage-rate developments:
fluctuations in overtime premiums in manufacturing (the only sector
for which overtime data are available) and the effects of changes and
seasonal factors in the proportion of workers in high-wage and lowwage industries.
Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or
nonsupervisory workers for which pay was received and are different
from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the por
tion of gross average weekly hours which were in excess of regular
hours and for which overtime premiums were paid.
Definitions
Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holi
day and sick pay)
12th of the month.
cent of all persons
ment which reports
for any part of the payroll period including the
Persons holding more than one job (about 5 per
in the labor force) are counted in each establish
them.
Production workers in manufacturing include blue-collar worker
supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with
production operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 11-15 in
clude production workers in manufacturing and mining; construction
workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transporta
tion and public utilities; in wholesale and retail trade; in finance, in
surance, and real estate; and in services industries. These groups
account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private
nonagricultural payrolls.
Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers
receive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime
or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special
76
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Notes on the data
Establishment data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are
periodically adjusted to comprehensive counts of employment (called
“benchmarks”). The latest complete adjustment was made with the re
lease of May 1982 data, published in the July 1982 issue of the R eview .
Consequently, data published in the R e v ie w prior to that issue are not
necessarily comparable to current data. Earlier comparable unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted data are published in a Supplement to E m
p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s (unadjusted data from April 1977 through Feb
ruary 1982 and seasonally adjusted data from January 1974 through
February 1982) and in E m p lo y m e n t a n d E arn in gs, U n ite d S ta tes, 1 9 0 9 78, BLS Bulletin 1312-11 (for prior periods).
A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household
and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green,
“Comparing employment estimates from household and payroll sur
veys,” M o n th ly L a b o r R eview , December 1969, pp. 9-20. See also B L S
H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s f o r S u rv e y s a n d S tu d ie s, Bulletin 1910 (Bureau
of Labor Statistics, 1976).
8.
Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-81
[N o n a g ric u ltu ra l p a y ro ll da ta , in thousands)
Goods-producing
Year
Total
Private
sector
Total
Mining
Service-producing
Construe- Manufaction
turing
Transpor-
Wholesale and retail trade
and
public
utilities
Wholesale
trade
Total
Total
Retail
trade
Finance,
insurance,
Services
and real
estate
Government
Total
State
and
local
Federal
1950
.........................................
1,888
5,357
1955
.........................................
50,641
43,727
20,513
792
2,839
16,882
30,128
4,141
10,535
2,926
7,610
2,298
6,240
6,914
2,187
4,727
......................................
54,189
45,836
20,434
712
2,926
16,796
33,755
4,004
11,391
3,143
8,248
2,629
7,378
8,353
2,270
6,083
7,248
I9 6 0 '
45,197
3 9 ,170
18,506
2,364
901
15,241
26,691
4,034
9,386
2,635
6,751
6,026
1,928
4,098
1964
.........................................
58,283
4 8 ,686
21,005
634
3,097
17,274
37,278
3,951
12,160
3,337
8,823
2,911
8,660
9,596
2,348
1965
......................................
60,765
50,689
2 1 ,926
632
3,232
18,062
38,839
4,036
12,716
3,466
9,250
2,977
9,036
10,074
2,378
7,696
1966
.........................................
63,901
5 3 ,116
23,158
627
3,317
19,214
40,743
4,158
13,245
3,597
9,648
3,058
9,498
10,784
2,564
8,220
1967
54,413
613
3,248
13,606
3,689
3,185
8,672
.........................................
65,803
10,045
11,391
2,719
1968
.........................................
67,897
56,058
23,737
606
3,350
19,781
4 4 ,160
4,318
14,099
3,779
10,320
3,337
10,567
11,839
2,737
9,102
1969
.........................................
70,384
58,189
24,361
619
3,575
20,167
46,023
4,442
14,705
3,907
10,798
3,512
11,169
12,195
2,758
9,437
1970
.........................................
70,880
58,325
23,578
623
3,588
19,367
47,302
4,515
15,040
3,993
11,047
3,645
11.548
12,554
2,731
9,823
1971
.........................................
71,214
58,331
23,308
22,935
609
3,704
19,447
18,623
42,495
48,278
4,268
4,476
15,352
4,001
9,917
11,351
3,772
11,797
12,881
1972
.........................................
73,675
60,341
23,668
628
3,889
19,151
50,007
4,541
15,949
4,113
11,836
3,908
12,276
13,334
2,684
10,649
1973
.........................................
76,790
63,058
24,893
642
4,097
20,154
51,897
4.656
16,607
4,277
12,329
4,046
12,857
13,732
2,663
11,068
2,696
10,185
1974
.........................................
78,265
64,095
24,794
697
4,020
20,077
53,471
4,725
16,987
4,433
12,554
4,148
13,441
14,170
2,724
11,446
1975
.........................................
76,945
62,259
2 2 ,600
752
3,525
18,323
54,345
4,542
17,060
4,415
12,645
4,165
13,892
14,686
2,748
11,937
1976
.........................................
79,382
64,511
4,582
17,755
4,546
13,209
4,271
14,551
14,871
2,733
12,138
1977
.........................................
82,471
67,344
24,346
813
3,851
19,682
58,125
4,713
18,516
4,708
13,808
4,467
15,303
15,127
2,727
12,399
1978
.........................................
8 6 ,697
71,026
2 5 ,585
851
4,229
20,505
61,113
4,923
19.542
4,969
14,573
4,724
23,352
779
3,576
18,997
56,030
16,252
15,672
2,753
12,919
1979
.........................................
8 9 ,823
7 3 ,876
26,461
958
4,463
2 1 ,040
63,363
5,136
2 0 ,192
5,204
14,989
4,975
17,112
15,947
2,773
13,147
1980
.........................................
9 0 ,406
74.166
25,658
1,027
4,346
20,285
64,748
5,146
20,310
5,275
15,035
5,160
17,890
16,241
2,866
13,375
1981
.........................................
9 1 ,105
75,081
25,481
1,132
4,176
2 0 .173
65,625
5,157
20,551
5,359
15,192
5,301
18,592
16.024
2.772
13,253
'D a ta in c lu d e A la s k a and H aw aii beginning in 1959,
9.
Employment by State
[N o n a g ric u ltu ra l p a y ro ll d a ta , in th o u s a n d s ]
State
A la b a m a
October 1981
September 1982
October 1982»
.................................................................
1.355.4
1.312.5
1.315.3
A l a s k a .......................................................................
182.8
1977
191.7
A riz o n a
....................................................................
A rk a n s a s ...............................................................
C a lif o r n ia .................................................................
C o lo ra d o
.................................................................
1.050.2
1.023.1
1.033.0
748.8
731.6
732.3
10,127.6
9.957.1
9 .955.6
1.2 95.2
1.279 6
1.285.4
............................................................
1.4 42.2
1.415.4
1.4 16.5
D e la w a r e .................................................................
2604
258.9
258.6
C o n n e c tic u t
D is tric t o f C o lu m b ia ..............................................
605.5
604.7
602.9
F l o r id a .......................................................................
3,731.4
3.726.4
3.757.0
G e o rg ia
2 .1 5 8 3
State
M on ta n a
September 1982
October 1982”
.................................................................
291.5
283.0
2803
..............................................................
632 2
612.7
611.7
N e b ra ska
N evada ....................................................................
N ew H a m p s h ir e ................................
N ew J e r s e y ...........................................................
N ew M e x ic o ..............................................
N ew Y ork
..............................................
N o rth C a r o lin a ......................................................
N orth D a k o t a .........................................................
O hio
October 1981
.........................................................................
422.4
4176
416.3
3994
398.0
3936
3 .109,5
3,070.1
3.066.1
4786
477.9
477.6
7.344,8
7.250.8
7.283.4
2.407,2
2.344.3
2 ,350.0
2565
254.0
255.1
4.363.4
4.217.3
4.209.1
1.1 96.6
....................................................................
2.192.3
2.149.9
..............................................................
1.2 12.8
1.203.3
H a w a i i .......................................................................
40 0 1
393.4
397.5
O re g o n
....................................................................
1.0 23.0
975.3
9738
I d a h o .........................................................................
333.1
317.0
3148
P e n n s y lv a n ia .........................................................
4.733.8
4 .4 8 7 0
4.486 7
.......................................................................
4.784.9
4.600.8
4.583.6
4061
3947
394 6
In d ia n a .......................................................................
2.124.0
2 .030.3
2 .011.0
S outh C a r o lin a ......................................................
1.201.0
1.173.8
1,180.1
Iow a
1.0 98.3
1,0 49.5
1.0 50.2
S outh D a k o ta .........................................................
237.7
2326
233.1
....................................................................
953.1
9189
919.9
T en n e sse e ..............................................................
1.7 56.3
1.7 09.0
1.706.1
.................................................................
1.2 08.7
T exas
6.244.7
L o u is ia n a .................................................................
Illinois
.........................................................................
Kansas
K e n tu c k y
O kla h o m a
R hode Island ......................................................
1.146.8
1.148.6
1,649.4
1.611.2
1.614,4
.......................................................................
419.1
414.1
413.3
M a r y la n d .................................................................
1.7 08.3
1,6 69.9
1.6 80.7
M a s s a c h u s e tts ......................................................
2.668.1
2.619.3
2.621.8
W a shington
...........................................................
M ichigan
3 ,404.2
3,222.4
3.208.9
W e st V ir g in ia .........................................................
1.782.6
1.714.9
1.712.1
W isconsin
826.1
795.9
796.2
1,989.3
1.968.7
1,960.9
M aine
......................................
M in n e s o ta
...............................................................
M ississippi
...........................................
M is s o u r i....................................................................
U tah
......................................................................
6 .211.0
6.196.3
567 9
564.6
563.8
.................................................................
204 2
2035
204.5
....................................................................
2.175.4
2 .172.3
2.172.2
1.599.0
1.574.9
1,566.3
6369
598.5
596.8
1.943.4
1.882.6
1.875.3
221.1
218.2
215.8
360
34.7
346
.........................................................................
V e rm o n t
Virginia
..............................................................
W y o m in g ...................................
Virgin I s la n d s .........................................................
p = pre lim in a ry.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
77
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
10.
Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted
[N o n a g ric u ltu ra l p a y ro ll d a la , in th ousands]
1982
1981
Annual average
Industry division and group
TOTAL .........................................................
PRIVATE SECTOR
GOODS-PRODUCING
Mining
Construction
Manufacturing
P ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s ..............................................
Durable goods
P ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs
OcL p
Nov.p
1980
1981
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
9 0 ,406
91,105
9 0 ,996
90,642
9 0 ,460
9 0 ,459
90,304
90,083
9 0 ,166
89,839
8 9 ,535
89,312
89,267
88,878
88,715
74,166
75,081
75,088
74,725
74,596
74,609
74,445
74,231
74,313
74,007
7 3 ,900
7 3 ,640
73,504
73,133
72,974
25,658
25,481
2 5 ,176
24,908
24,684
24,631
2 4 ,450
24,289
24,255
23,994
2 3 .840
23,657
2 3 ,530
2 3 ,242
2 3 ,086
1,027
1,132
1.202
1,206
1,201
1,203
1,197
1,182
1,152
1,124
1,100
1,086
1,075
1,065
1,051
3,854
3,850
4,346
4,176
4,071
4,026
3,966
3,974
3,934
3,938
3,988
3,940
3,927
3.899
3,883
20,285
20,173
19,903
19,676
19,517
19,454
19,319
19,169
19,115
18,930
18,813
18,672
18,572
18,323
18,185
14,214
14,021
13,717
13,488
13,431
13,290
13,179
13,042
13,008
12,852
12,760
12,647
12,566
12,340
12,222
12,187
12,117
11,901
11,724
11,622
11,575
11,490
11,375
11,332
11,203
11,133
10,993
10,900
10,663
10,563
8,442
8.301
8,061
7,885
7,793
7,759
7,685
7,576
7,553
7,443
7,388
7,272
7,191
6,982
6,896
616
612
616
433
......................................
6905
668 7
628
615
607
611
607
615
617
615
614
614
F urn itu re and f ix t u r e s ...................................................
4658
467 3
462
457
452
449
446
443
443
442
439
443
439
433
S to n e , c la y, an d g la s s p ro d u c ts
662 1
6382
620
61 0
596
596
590
584
586
580
579
574
571
564
1,142.2
1.121.1
1,082
1,053
1,038
1,024
1,007
976
945
926
90 6
889
865
831
811
1,414
1,380
1,370
L u m ber an d w o o d p ro d u c ts
P rim a ry m e ta l in d u s tr ie s ..............................................
559
......................................
1,613.1
1,592,4
1553
1,529
1,515
1,505
1,496
1.481
1,472
1,452
1,446
1,427
M a c h in e ry , e x c e p t e l e c t r ic a l......................................
2.494.0
2 .507.0
2,511
2,486
2,459
2,446
2,419
2,389
2,377
2,322
2,274
2,230
2,208
2,142
2,109
E le c tric and e le c tro n ic e q u ip m e n t ...........................
2,090.6
2.092.2
2,077
2,049
2,055
2,048
2,038
2,034
2,034
2,026
2,018
2,011
1,995
1,969
1,965
1,719
1,709
1,662
1,638
688
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts
T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t........................................
1,899 7
1,892 6
1,830
1,791
1,777
1,778
1,774
1,748
1,755
1,745
1,759
725
720
718
716
713
713
708
708
702
701
692
409
403
400
397
392
390
387
390
384
382
378
374
7,879
7,829
7,794
7,783
7,727
7,680
7,679
7.672
7,660
7,622
5,531
5,494
5,466
5,455
5,409
5,372
5,375
5,375
5,358
5.326
1,643
1,628
1,629
1,647
1,640
In s tru m e n ts a n d re la te d p r o d u c t s ...........................
711.3
7268
727
...................................
4180
410.7
411
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu rin g
Nondurable goods
P ro d u ctio n w o r k e r s ..............................................
8.098
8,056
8.002
7,952
7,895
5,772
5.721
5.656
5.603
5.548
1.708.0
1,674.3
1.664
1,661
1,657
1,663
1,658
1,643
1,652
1,637
..............................................
689
698
69
68
69
68
68
67
67
67
65
65
63
62
T e x tile m ill p r o d u c ts ......................................................
847 7
8225
804
794
780
777
760
773
759
741
741
737
735
735
725
F o o d and kin d re d p r o d u c ts .........................................
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu re s
61
........................
1,263.5
1.244 0
1,235
1,222
1,201
1,201
1,186
1,165
1.165
1,161
1.126
1.145
1,143
1,143
1,134
........................................
692 8
687 8
681
677
674
67 0
668
664
661
658
657
653
657
649
650
Printing and p u b lis h in g .................................................
1.252 1
1.2 65.8
1,276
1,276
1,275
1.276
1,278
1.274
1.274
1,269
1,267
1,269
1.269
1,269
1,266
C h e m ic a ls and a llied p ro d u c ts
1.107.4
1,107.3
1,103
1,100
1.095
1,093
1,088
1,082
1,079
1.073
1,068
1,070
1.066
1.060
1,062
210
208
207
206
207
205
205
205
209
208
205
A p p a re l and oth e r te x tile p ro d u c ts
P ap e r a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts
................................
1979
2156
215
214
R u bber and m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p ro d u c ts
7268
736.1
725
716
712
708
703
706
708
704
700
699
694
683
676
L e a th e r an d le a th e r p ro d u c ts
2329
2330
230
224
222
215
213
214
211
212
208
208
207
204
203
6 4 ,748
6 5 .625
6 5 .8 2 0
6 5 .734
6 5 .776
6 5 ,828
65,854
65,794
65.911
6 5 ,845
65,695
65,655
65.737
6 5 .636
65.629
5.009
P e tro le u m and c o a l p ro d u c ts
...................................
SERVICE-PRODUCING
Transportation and public utilities
Wholesale and retail trade
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Services
Government
5.157
5.150
5.128
5.125
5.115
5.100
5.094
5,101
5,078
5.044
5,025
5.031
2 0 .3 1 0
20,551
20,623
20.524
2 0 ,630
20.670
20,655
20,584
20.652
20.595
20.615
2 0 ,550
2 0 ,492
2 0 437
2 0 .388
5.299
5,278
5.272
5,251
5,232
5,275
5,359
5,375
5,357
5.346
5.343
5.336
5.323
5,331
5.307
15.035
15.192
15.248
15.167
15.284
15,327
15.319
15,261
15.321
15.288
15,316
15.272
15.220
15.186
15.156
5.335
5.342
5,352
5.359
5.360
5,367
5,358
5.364
5,160
5.301
5,324
17.890
18.592
16,241
F é d é r a i...............................................................................
S ta te and lo ca l
5.146
5,009
..............................................................
p = pre lim in a ry
78
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
16,024
5.326
5,336
5.331
5.326
18.815
18.834
18.831
18,867
18.904
18,929
18,963
18.988
19.042
19,048
19.084
19,087
19.127
15.908
15,917
15,864
15,850
15.859
15,852
15.853
15.832
15.635
15,672
15.763
15.745
15,741
2,866
2.772
2.749
2,756
2.741
2,737
2,736
2.730
2.728
2.739
2.737
2.739
2.734
2.723
2.726
13,375
13.253
13,159
13.161
13,123
13,113
13.123
13.122
13.125
13,093
12.898
12,933
13.029
13.022
13.015
11.
Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-81
[Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural payrolls]
Year
Average
weekly
earnings
Average
weekly
hours
Average
hourly
earnings
Average
weekly
earnings
Private sector
Average
weekly
hours
Average
hourly
earnings
Average
weekly
earnings
Mining
Average
weekly
hours
Average
hourly
earnings
Average
weekly
earnings
Construction
Average
weekly
hours
Average
hourly
earnings
Manufacturing
1950 ........................
$5313
39.8
$1.335
$ 6 7.16
37.9
$ 1 .772
$ 6 9 68
$1.863
$58.32
40.5
1955 ........................
67 72
39.6
1.71
89 54
407
2.20
90.90
37 1
245
75.30
40.7
1.85
.....................
80 67
38 6
209
105 04
40 4
260
112 67
367
3.07
89 72
397
226
I9 6 0 '
374
$ 1 .440
1964 ........................
91.33
387
236
117.74
41,9
281
132 06
37.2
3.55
102 97
407
253
1965
......................
95 45
388
246
123.52
423
292
138 38
374
370
107.53
41.2
2.61
1966
...........
9882
386
2.56
130 24
427
305
146 26
376
389
11219
41.4
2.71
1967 ........................
101.84
380
268
135 89
426
3.19
154.95
37.7
4.11
11449
40.6
282
1960
107.73
37.8
285
142 7 1
426
335
164 49
37.3
4.41
122 5 1
40.7
301
1969 ........................
114.61
377
304
154 80
43.0
3.60
181.54
37.9
4 79
129 51
406
3.19
1970 ........................
119 83
37.1
323
164.40
427
385
195.45
373
5.24
133.33
398
3.35
1971 .........................
127 31
369
345
172.14
424
406
2 1 1.67
37.2
569
14244
399
3.57
1972 ........................
13690
370
370
189.14
426
4.44
2 2 1.19
365
6.0 6
154 71
40.5
382
1973 ........................
145.39
369
3 94
2 0 1.40
368
641
1974
154.76
36.5
4.24
219.14
41.9
523
249.25
366
681
17680
40.0
442
1975 ........................
163.53
361
453
24931
41.9
595
26 6 08
364
7.31
190 79
395
483
361
4 86
2 7 3 90
1976
424
475
23589
166 46
40.7
409
42 4
6.46
283 73
368
7.71
20 9 32
401
5.22
1977 ........................
189 00
360
5 25
3 0 1.20
43 4
6 94
29565
365
810
22890
403
5.68
1978
...................
20 3 70
35 8
5 69
3 3 2 88
43 4
7 67
318 69
368
866
24927
40.4
617
1979
...................
175 45
1980
1981
........................
219.91
35 7
6 16
365 07
43 0
8 49
342.99
37.0
9.27
26 9 34
40.2
6,70
2 3 5 .1 0
353
666
397 06
433
917
367 78
37.0
994
288 62
39.7
7.27
25520
352
7.25
4 3 9.19
437
1005
39852
369
10.80
318.00
398
7.99
Transportation and public
utilities
1950
Finance, insurance, and
real estate
Wholesale and retail trade
......................
$44 55
405
$1.100
$ 5 0.52
37.7
Services
$ 1 .340
1955 ........................
55.16
39.4
1.40
63.92
37 6
1 70
I 9 6 0 ' ......................
66 01
38 6
1 71
75 14
37 2
2 02
1964 ........................
$11878
41.1
$2 89
74.66
37.9
1.97
8579
37.3
2.30
$70.03
361
$1.94
1965 ......................
125.14
41.3
303
76.91
37.7
204
8891
37.2
239
7360
35.9
205
1966
12813
41.2
3.11
79 39
37.1
214
9213
37.3
247
77.04
35.5
2.17
1967
130 82
40.5
323
8235
366
2.25
95.72
37.1
2.58
80.38
35.1
2.29
1968
138.85
406
342
87.00
361
241
101.75
37.0
2.75
83.97
34.7
2.42
1969 ........................
147.74
40.7
363
91 39
357
2.56
108 70
37.1
2.93
90.57
34.7
2.61
1970
155.93
405
3 85
96 02
35 3
2.72
112.67
367
3.07
96.66
344
2.81
...................
1 9 7 1 ........................
168 82
40.1
421
101.09
35.1
288
117 85
36.6
322
103.06
339
3.04
1972 ........................
187.86
40.4
465
106 45
349
3.05
122,98
366
3.36
110.85
33.9
3.27
1973 ........................
20331
40.5
502
111.76
346
3.23
129 20
366
353
117.29
338
3.47
1974
217.48
402
541
119.02
34.2
3.48
137.61
36.5
3.77
126.00
33.6
3.75
1975 ........................
233 44
39 7
588
126 45
339
373
148.19
36.5
406
134.67
33.5
4.02
1976
133 79
......................
25 6 71
39 8
645
33 7
3.97
155.43
364
4.27
143.52
33.3
4.31
1977 ........................
27890
399
699
142 52
333
4.28
165.26
364
4,54
153.45
33.0
4.65
1978 ........................
3 0 2.80
40.0
7.57
153.64
32.9
4.67
178.00
36.4
489
163.67
32,8
4.99
1979 ........................
32558
399
8.16
164.96
326
506
190 77
36.2
5.27
175.27
32.7
5.36
1980
......................
351.25
396
887
176 46
322
548
20960
362
5.79
190.71
32.6
5.85
1 9 8 1 ........................
382 18
394
970
190 95
32.2
593
2 2 9 05
36.3
6,31
208.97
32.6
6.41
' D ata in clude A la s k a and H aw aii beginning in 1959.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
79
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
12.
Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted
[G ro ss a v e ra g e s , pro d u ctio n o r n o n s u p e rv is o ry w o rk e rs on p riv a te n o n a g ric u ltu ra l p a y ro lls ]
1982
1981
Annual average
Industry division and group
Nov.
Aug.
Sept
Oct'’
Nov.p
349
34.8
348
34 7
346
392
392
390
388
388
389
2.4
24
24
23
2.3
23
396
397
397
394
389
390
391
22
23
22
22
2.1
2.0
2.1
376
385
387
386
382
385
38.1
386
37.3
374
37.5
378
37.6
379
374
37.5
377
40.0
40.0
402
40.4
40.6
40.3
402
402
402
388
385
385
389
389
388
378
380
384
397
395
394
395
39.4
395
392
388
389
389
393
40.7
402
40.1
398
396
398
395
390
393
390
383
39.8
39.4
393
394
395
39 8
393
388
390
39 1
397
390
40.5
40 4
41.1
41.1
41 6
41.0
40.5
398
400
40.5
399
390
399
399
399
40.2
402
40.1
40.1
398
393
393
386
383
38.5
386
385
Jan.
Dec.
Mar.
Feb.
Apr.
May
June
1980
1981
35.3
352
351
350
34,4
350
34 9
349
350
349
397
398
39.3
39.1
376
394
390
390
391
28
2.8
2.5
2.4
23
2.4
2.3
2.4
23
40 1
402
39 7
395
382
398
395
395
2.8
28
2.4
23
22
22
22
22
...................................
385
387
377
377
350
379
376
.................................................
38 1
384
376
37.9
336
377
S tone, c la y , an d g la s s p r o d u c ts ..............................
408
40.6
40.1
397
386
401
P rim a ry m e ta l in d u s t r ie s ...........................................
40.1
40.5
396
392
383
39.4
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts
......................................
404
403
397
395
38.1
...................................
41 .0
409
40.7
404
........................
398
399
39.4
395
T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t .........................................
406
40.9
40.4
In s tru m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts
40.5
404
402
PRIVATE SECTOR
MANUFACTURING
O v e rtim e h o u r s ....................................................
Durable goods
O v e rtim e h o u r s ...................................................
L u m b e r an d w o o d p ro d u c ts
F u rn itu re and fix tu re s
M a ch in e ry, e x c e p t e le c tric a l
E le c tric and e le c tro n ic e q u ip m e n t
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu rin g
........................
................................
July
387
388
390
385
373
386
386
385
387
386
387
390
391
38.7
386
368
389
385
384
385
386
386
385
386
38.5
O v e rtim e h o u r s ...................................................
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
26
25
2.6
2.5
2.5
26
26
26
26
2.6
397
39.5
398
39.1
402
395
394
394
395
395
39.1
394
39.7
394
Nondurable goods
Food and k in d re d p r o d u c t s ......................................
397
T e x tile m ill p r o d u c t s ...................................................
401
396
387
378
323
A p p a re l and o th e r te x tile p r o d u c t s ........................
354
35.7
35.5
35.1
31 4
355
35.0
34.7
348
35.1
352
350
352
350
349
41.3
42.3
41.8
42.1
41 8
420
41.9
41.7
41.5
41.7
41.7
383
37.6
37.7
379
378
377
382
38.1
383
38.6
P ap e r an d a llied p r o d u c t s .........................................
42.2
425
420
41.8
Printing and publishing
..............................................
371
373
37.1
37.1
369
374
37.1
37.1
368
371
370
368
370
369
370
C h e m ic a ls and a llie d p r o d u c ts .................................
41.5
41.6
41 2
41 3
41 0
41.2
40.7
40.7
41.0
41.0
40.9
40.9
41.2
408
40.8
P e tro le u m and c o a l p ro d u c ts
41.8
432
42.5
42.7
44.3
43.5
43.5
44.0
441
44.1
43.3
43 9
44.0
42.7
432
................................
R u b b e r and m is c e lla n e o u s pla s tic s p ro d u c ts
L e a th e r and le a th e r p ro d u c ts
. .
................................
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE
40.0
403
396
394
379
400
39.6
398
39.9
40.1
40.2
39.7
396
39.1
393
36.7
368
365
36.1
34.1
356
358
356
356
35.7
361
36.0
357
350
356
322
322
321
320
31.7
320
31.9
31 8
320
31 9
31.9
31 9
32.1
31 9
31 8
WHOLESALE TRADE
385
386
38.5
384
38.1
385
38 4
383
38,5
38 6
385
385
384
383
384
RETAIL TRADE
302
301
300
299
297
299
298
298
300
298
299
299
301
299
298
32.7
327
326
326
328
327
326
SERVICES
Note:
326
T he
in d u stry
divisions
of
m ining;
c o n s tru c tio n ;
326
to b a c c o
326
m a n u fa c tu re s
326
(a
325
m a jo r
326
326
re la tive to the tre n d -cycle , o r irre g u la r co m p o n e n ts, o r both, and c o n se q u e n tly ca n n o t be pre cise ly
m a n u fa c tu rin g g roup, non d u ra b le go o d s ); tra n s p o rta tio n and p u b lic utilities; and finance, insurance,
se p a rated.
and re a l e s ta te a re no lo n g e r show n. This is b e c a u s e th e sea so n a l co m p o n e n t in th e s e is sm all
p = p relim inary.
80
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
32.7
13.
Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group
[G ro s s a v e ra g e s , p ro d u c tio n o r n o n s u p e rv is o ry w o rk e rs on p riv a te n o n a g ric u ltu ra l p a y ro lls !
Annual average
1981
1982
Industry division and group
PRIVATE SECTOR
S e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d
..............................
1980
1981
Nov.
Dec,
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept
O ctp
Nov.p
$6.66
$7.25
$747
$7.45
$7.55
$7.54
$7 55
$7.58
$7.63
$7 64
$7.67
$7.70
$7.76
$7.79
$7.80
7.45
7.46
7.52
753
7.54
7.59
7.65
7.67
771
7.74
7.72
7.76
7.78
( ')
(’ )
MINING
917
10 05
10 39
10.41
10 65
10 62
10 62
10,65
10.66
10 82
10.91
10.93
11.04
10 96
10 99
CONSTRUCTION
9.94
1080
11.18
11.26
11.59
11.32
11.33
11.32
11.46
11.41
11.53
11.60
11.68
11.81
11.69
MANUFACTURING
7.27
7.99
8.20
8.27
8.42
834
837
842
8.45
850
8.55
8.51
859
856
862
Durable goods
7.75
853
8.77
883
892
8.89
891
894
9.01
906
9.11
9.09
9 .16
9.13
9.17
L u m b e r and w o o d p ro d u c ts
...................
655
7.00
7.16
7.16
738
7.27
728
7.24
7.41
759
7.64
7 61
7.70
762
7.59
549
591
6.05
6.12
628
6.19
621
621
623
630
6.34
639
6.41
6.43
6.46
7.50
8.27
854
856
8.70
862
865
8.72
8.80
886
893
893
9.03
9.01
8 99
P rim a ry m etal in d u s tr ie s ..............................
9.77
1 081
11.10
11.08
11 23
11.20
11.15
11.24
11.23
11.31
11.37
11.49
11.54
11.43
11.53
........................
745
820
842
853
855
857
8.64
869
8 79
883
885
8.85
890
885
892
9.37
F urn itu re a n d f ix t u r e s ...................
...................
S tone, c lay, and g la s s p ro d u c ts
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts
M a chinery, e x c e p t e l e c t r ic a l........................
800
908
9.18
9.19
920
918
9.24
926
927
930
9.33
9.40
935
E le c tric an d e le c tro n ic e q u ip m e n t .............
694
7.62
783
790
798
7.96
801
803
8.05
809
8.18
8.24
831
8.34
8.39
T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t...........
9.35
10.39
10.74
10.76
10.79
10.82
10.89
10 89
11.08
11.21
11.25
11.18
11.24
11.29
11.35
680
743
768
781
7.93
7.94
8.00
8.07
8.16
823
8.31
8 40
8.44
8.48
8 54
5.46
596
6.11
6.19
627
629
632
635
638
6.41
640
6.39
6.49
6.51
6.56
7.57
In s trum ents and re la te d p ro d u c ts
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu rin g
.............
................
Nondurable goods
881
655
7 18
738
7.44
7.67
7.54
F ood and kin d re d p r o d u c ts ..............
685
7.43
7.61
7.67
782
7.74
7.79
7.90
792
790
788
7.85
7.91
786
8.00
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu re s ...........................
7.74
888
904
8.96
9.21
9.56
9.72
1005
9.93
10.35
10.42
953
9.57
9.56
10 20
T e x tile m ill p r o d u c t s ................
7.65
7.66
7.70
7.77
7.74
784
780
788
5.07
552
5.79
5.79
5.82
586
588
592
456
496
504
504
5.18
5.13
5.15
5.18
5.16
5.18
5.17
5.18
520
520
5.24
P ap e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts ................
784
860
889
896
9.06
899
903
9.11
9.14
928
9.41
9.45
963
952
960
P rinting an d publishing ........................
7.53
8 18
842
8 48
8.58
856
8.59
8.59
8.61
866
8.74
8.79
890
888
892
A p p a re l a n d o th e r te x tile p ro d u c ts
...........
5.73
5.72
576
5.76
576
5.79
581
C h e m ic a ls and allied p r o d u c t s ..............
830
9.12
942
953
968
968
9.71
9.81
983
995
10.02
10 03
10.20
10.24
10 25
P e tro le u m and c o a l p r o d u c t s ................
10.10
11.38
11.58
11.59
11.91
12 29
12 32
1250
12.52
12.53
12.42
12.42
1262
12 55
12.71
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p ro d u c ts
652
7.16
7.31
738
7.51
7 49
7.45
7.52
7.56
7.64
765
7.64
7.76
772
7 79
L e a th e r and le a th e r p r o d u c t s ................
4.58
4 99
5.11
5.15
5.19
5.22
5.24
532
5.32
536
5.30
5.33
5.41
539
539
10.17
10 20
10 29
10.43
10.46
10.47
10.52
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES
887
970
10.05
1006
10.10
10.13
10,07
10.14
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE
548
593
6.04
602
6.17
6.1 6
6.16
618
620
620
6.21
622
6.26
6.30
6.31
WHOLESALE TRADE
696
757
7.79
7.81
794
7.94
7,93
7.97
803
8.01
8.07
8.11
8.14
8.17
8.18
RETAIL TRADE
4.88
525
5.32
5.31
543
542
5.43
544
5.47
5.47
548
5.48
552
5.55
5.57
FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE
5.79
631
652
6.47
656
6.62
6.59
664
6.77
6.71
678
687
6.90
6.96
7.01
SERVICES
5.85
6.41
6.67
666
6.79
679
6.77
681
6.85
684
6.87
6.90
6 99
7.05
7,07
' N o t ava ila b le .
14.
p = prelim inary.
Hourly Earnings Index, for production workers on private nonagricultural payrolls, by industry
[1 9 7 7 = 100]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry
PRIVATE SECTOR (in current dollars)
M in in g ........................
C o n s tru c tio n
M a n u fa c tu rin g
...........................
. . .
Nov.
1981
July
1982
Aug.
1982
SepL
1982
Oct
1982»
Nov.
1982 p
Percent
change
from:
Oct 1982
to
Nov. 1982
143.0
148 9
149.9
150.1
150 8
151.0
0.1
Nov.
1981
SepL
1982
Oct.
1982 p
143.2
150.4
150.8
151.1
5.5
153 4
163 2
1621
162.8
6.1
Nov.
1982 p
(’ )
(1 )
(’ )
136.3
142.5
143.8
141.2
3.5
( ')
135.7
140.6
(’ )
140.7
(’ )
1404
142.1
140.5
-1 .2
146 4
154.7
154,7
155.4
6.1
146.4
153.3
154.2
154.7
154,6
155.3
.5
( ')
T ra n s p o rta tio n a n d p u b lic u t ilit ie s ................
144.6
151.4
151.7
152.4
5.4
1435
148.9
150.3
149 9
150.9
151.2
W h o le s a le a n d retail tra d e
140.8
146.7
147.1
147.4
4.7
141.3
145.7
1465
146.8
1476
147.9
2
142.6
1507
151.8
152 8
7.1
142.6
148 6
150.6
151.3
152.6
152.8
.1
142.3
149.7
150.5
151.0
6.1
142.2
148.7
149.7
1497
150.8
150.8
92.7
93.2
93.2
(2)
<2 )
92.3
93.0
932
932
93.1
<2 )
...........
Finance, insu ra n ce , an d real e s ta te
S e rv ic e s
....
.................................
PRIVATE SECTOR (In constant dollars)
' T his s e rie s is n o t se a s o n a lly a d ju s te d
the
Seasonally adjusted
Percent
change
from:
Nov. 1981
to
Nov. 1982
tre n d -c y c le ,
irre g u la r
co m p o n e n ts ,
or
b e c a u s e th e s e a s o n a l c o m p o n e n t is sm al
b oth,
and
c o n s e q u e n tly
cannot
be
re la tive to
se p a ra te d w ith
2
.0
(2)
2 N o t available
p = p relim inary.
s u fficie n t precision.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
81
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
15.
Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group
[G ro s s a v e ra g e s , p ro d u c tio n o r n o n s u p e rv is o ry w o rk e rs on p riv a te n o n a g ric u ltu ra l p a y ro lls ]
1980
1981
1982
1981
Annual average
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.p
Nov.p
PRIVATE SECTOR
C u rre n t d o l l a r s .........................................................
$ 2 3 5 .1 0
$ 2 5 5 .2 0
$ 2 6 2 .2 0
$26 2 .2 4
$ 2 5 5 .9 5
$ 2 6 2 .3 9
$ 2 6 1 .9 9
$ 2 6 2 .2 7
$ 2 6 5 .5 2
$ 2 6 7 .4 0
$ 2 6 9 .9 8
$ 2 7 1 .0 4
$ 2 7 0 .0 5
$270.31
$ 2 6 9 .8 8
S e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e d ............................................
(’ )
172.74
( 1)
170.13
2 6 1 .5 0
2 6 1 .1 0
2 5 8.69
2 6 3.55
2 6 3.15
2 6 4 .8 9
2 6 7 .7 5
2 6 7.68
2 6 9.08
2 6 9.35
2 6 8 .6 6
2 6 9 .2 7
2 6 9.19
169.71
169.30
164.70
168.31
168.37
167.80
168.16
167.33
167.90
168.24
167.42
167.06
( ')
4 6 3 .4 3
4 6 2 .5 8
4 6 0.32
$ 4 5 6 .0 9
4 3 0.99
4 3 9 .3 3
4 2 3 .1 8
3 3 7 .9 0
C o n s ta n t (1 9 7 7 ) d o l l a r s .........................................
MINING ........................................................
3 9 7 .0 6
4 3 9 .1 9
4 6 1 .3 2
4 6 6 .3 7
4 5 6.89
4 6 3 .0 3
4 6 5 .1 6
4 5 4 .7 6
4 5 4.12
4 6 3 .1 0
4 6 3.68
CONSTRUCTION ..........................................
3 6 7.78
3 9 8.52
4 1 4.78
4 1 7 .7 5
3 8 5 .9 5
4 0 6 .3 9
419.21
4 1 5.44
4 2 9 .7 5
4 2 7.88
4 3 8.14
4 3 6 .1 6
C u rre n t d o l l a r s ..........................................................
288.62
3 1 8 .0 0
3 2 5.54
3 2 9.97
3 1 2.38
3 2 6.93
3 2 7.27
3 2 5.85
3 2 9 .5 5
3 3 4.05
3 3 2 .6 0
3 3 1 .8 9
3 3 4.15
3 3 3.84
C o n s ta n t (1 9 7 7 ) d o l l a r s .........................................
2 1 2.06
2 1 2 .0 0
210.71
2 1 3.02
2 0 1.02
2 0 9 .7 0
2 1 0 .3 3
2 0 8 .4 8
208.71
2 0 9.04
2 0 6.84
2 0 6 .4 0
2 0 7 .1 6
2 0 6.33
( 1)
3 5 7 .9 0
$ 3 6 2 .2 2
MANUFACTURING
342.91
3 5 1.68
3 5 6 .7 3
357.11
3 5 6.33
3 5 7.24
L u m b e r an d w o o d p r o d u c t s .................................
2 5 2.18
2 7 0 .9 0
2 6 9 .9 3
2 7 2 .8 0
248.71
2 7 2 .6 3
2 7 3.73
2 7 0.05
2 8 5.29
2 9 7.53
2 9 4 ,9 0
2 9 5 .2 7
2 9 8 .7 6
2 9 3 .3 7
2 9 2.97
F u rn itu re an d fix tu re s
............................................
2 0 9.17
2 2 6 .9 4
230.51
2 3 8.07
2 0 4 .1 0
231.51
2 3 3 .5 0
2 3 0 .3 9
2 3 1 .7 6
2 3 8 .7 7
233.31
2 4 3.46
2 4 1.66
2 4 4.98
2 4 6 .7 7
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s .........................
3 0 6 .0 0
3 3 5 .7 6
3 4 5 .8 7
3 4 3 .2 6
3 2 5 .3 8
3 3 7 .9 0
3 4 4.27
3 4 7.93
3 5 5.52
3 6 1.49
3 6 2 .5 6
3 6 2 .5 6
3 6 5 .7 2
365.81
3 6 4 .9 9
4 3 2 .0 5
443.91
3 4 6.04
3 5 0 .5 6
Durable goods..............................................
3 1 0.78
3 3 6 .2 8
3 5 2.93
3 5 2.84
3 5 0.45
3 5 5 .9 0
3 6 0.59
......................................
3 9 1 .7 8
437.81
4 4 0.67
4 3 8 .7 7
4 3 1 .2 3
4 4 3.52
4 3 4.85
4 3 4 .9 9
430.11
4 3 9 .9 6
4 3 7 .7 5
4 4 0 .0 7
4 3 8.52
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ....................................
3 0 0 .9 8
3 3 0 .4 6
3 3 7.64
3 4 5 .4 7
3 2 3.19
3 3 7 .6 6
3 4 2 .1 4
338.91
3 4 6.33
3 4 9.67
3 4 4 .2 7
3 4 6.04
346.21
M a c h in e ry e x c e p t e le c t r i c a l .................................
3 2 8 .0 0
3 6 0 .3 3
3 7 2 .2 8
3 6 0 .2 5
3 7 4 .4 4
3 7 0.87
3 6 7 .7 5
3 6 7.62
3 6 7.09
3 6 3.63
E le c tric a n d e le c tro n ic e q u ip m e n t......................
276.21
304.04
3 1 1.63
3 1 9 .1 6
304.04
316.81
3 1 6 .4 0
3 1 3 .1 7
3 1 5 .5 6
3 1 9 .5 6
3 1 9 .8 4
3 2 2.18
3 2 2.43
3 2 6 .0 9
331.41
....................................
379.61
4 2 4 .9 5
4 3 8 .1 9
4 4 5 .4 6
4 1 4 .3 4
4 3 7.13
4 3 9 .9 6
4 4 1.05
4 5 5.39
4 6 6.34
4 5 6.75
4 4 7 .2 0
4 4 3.98
4 5 6 .1 2
4 6 4 .2 2
In s tru m e n ts and re la te d p r o d u c t s ......................
2 7 5 .4 0
3 0 0.17
3 1 3.34
3 1 7 .8 7
3 0 6 .1 0
3 1 7 .6 0
3 2 0 .8 0
3 1 8 .7 7
3 2 7.22
3 3 0.85
3 2 8 .2 5
3 3 5 .1 6
335.91
334.11
3 4 0 .7 5
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g ..............................
2 1 1 .3 0
2 3 1.25
2 4 1.35
2 4 2 .0 3
2 2 9.48
2 4 1 .5 4
2 4 4.58
2 4 2.57
2 4 5.63
2 4 7.43
2 4 4.48
2 4 6.65
250.51
2 5 3 .2 4
2 5 6 .5 0
P rim a ry m e ta l in d u s trie s
T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t
3 6 4 .8 0
3 6 7.54
3 6 6 .5 2
3 6 9 .1 8
2 5 5.45
2 8 0 .7 4
2 8 8 .5 6
2 9 1.65
2 7 7 .6 5
2 9 1 .0 4
2 8 9.93
2 9 1.47
2 9 4.14
2 9 7.99
2 9 9.15
2 9 9.54
3 0 4.19
3 0 1 .8 6
3 0 5 .7 4
.................................
2 7 1.95
2 9 4 .9 7
3 0 2.88
3 0 9 .8 7
3 0 2 .6 3
3 0 7 .2 8
303.81
3 0 6.52
3 1 2 .0 5
312.05
3 1 2.05
3 1 0 .8 6
315.61
3 1 2.04
3 1 7 .6 0
Nondurable goods........................................
F o o d an d k in d re d p ro d u c ts
3 8 1.89
.........................................
2 9 4 .8 9
3 4 4.54
3 5 0.75
3 4 1 .3 8
3 3 2.48
3 6 6 .1 5
3 6 2 .5 6
3 6 7.83
3 6 9 .4 0
3 9 7.44
3 8 3.46
3 6 3.09
3 7 9.93
3 7 6 .6 6
3 9 3 .7 2
..............................................
203.31
2 1 8.59
2 2 4.62
2 2 0 .7 9
179.71
2 1 9 .4 6
2 1 7.15
2 1 5.39
2 1 9.44
2 2 0.60
2 1 6.13
222.91
2 2 3.85
2 2 8.14
2 3 1 .4 7
A p p a re l a n d o th e r te x tile p r o d u c t s ...................
161.42
177.07
180.43
178.92
1 5 5.40
180.58
180.77
178.19
180.08
183.89
183.02
183.37
182.52
1 8 3.56
184.45
P a p e r a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts
...................................
3 3 0.85
3 6 5 .5 0
3 7 6 .0 5
3 8 2 .5 9
3 7 4 .1 8
3 7 7.58
3 7 6 .5 5
3 8 0 .8 0
379.31
3 8 9.76
3 9 1 .4 6
3 9 3.12
4 0 1 .5 7
3 9 6.98
4 0 3 .2 0
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu re s
T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts
P rin tin g a n d p u b lis h in g ............................................
2 7 9 .3 6
305.11
3 1 4.07
3 2 1 .3 9
312.31
3 1 7 .5 8
3 1 8 .6 9
316.11
3 1 5.99
3 1 9.55
322.51
326.11
3 3 1.08
3 2 8 .5 6
3 3 1.82
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ...........................
3 4 4 .4 5
3 7 9.39
3 9 1.87
3 9 8 .3 5
3 9 4.94
3 9 7 .8 5
3 9 5 .2 0
3 9 9.27
4 0 1 .0 6
4 0 6 .9 6
407.81
4 0 8 .2 2
4 2 0.24
4 1 7 .7 9
4 2 2 .3 0
P e tro le u m an d c o a l p r o d u c t s ..............................
4 2 2 .1 8
4 9 1 .6 2
4 9 9 .1 0
4 9 3 .7 3
514.51
5 1 8 .6 4
5 2 2.37
5 5 0 .0 0
5 4 9 .6 3
5 5 3 .8 3
5 4 6.48
5 4 6.48
5 7 2 .9 5
5 4 7.18
5 5 6 .7 0
2 9 7 .0 4
3 0 0.13
3 0 6 .3 6
3 0 2.94
303.31
3 0 7 .3 0
3 0 4 .1 7
3 0 8.48
187.26
191.52
196.71
191.33
192.95
192.06
189.19
192.42
4 0 5 .8 5
4 0 5 .1 9
4 0 6.07
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s
p la s tic s p r o d u c t s .................................................
2 6 0 .8 0
2 8 8.55
2 9 1.67
2 9 5.94
2 8 3 .8 8
2 9 8.85
2 9 5 .7 7
L e a th e r an d le a th e r p r o d u c t s ..............................
168.09
183.63
187.03
187.46
172.83
184.27
186.54
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES
.
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE ..................
3 5 1.25
3 8 2 .1 8
3 9 3.96
3 9 5 .3 6
3 8 8 .8 5
3 9 7 .1 0
3 9 2.73
3 9 3.43
3 9 4 .6 0
3 9 9.84
4 0 3 .3 7
4 0 9 .9 0
176.46
190.95
192.68
194.45
191.89
194.66
194.66
195.91
197.78
199.02
2 0 2.45
2 0 2.77
2 0 0.95
2 0 0.97
2 0 0.66
3 0 9 .1 9
312.31
3 1 3 .0 5
3 1 2.58
3 1 4 .5 5
3 1 4 .9 3
WHOLESALE TRADE ......................................
2 6 7 .9 6
2 9 2 .2 0
3 0 0.69
3 0 2.25
3 0 0 .1 3
303.31
3 0 3.72
3 0 4.45
3 0 8.35
RETAIL TRADE................................................
147.38
158.03
158.54
160.89
157.47
159.35
159.64
161.02
163.01
164.65
168.24
168.24
1 6 6.70
165.39
165.43
2 4 5 .4 4
2 4 9.38
2 4 9.09
2 5 1.95
2 5 3 .0 6
2 2 7 .4 0
2 2 7 .7 0
2 2 8 .5 7
2 2 9 .8 3 I
2 2 9 .7 8
FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE . . .
2 0 9 .6 0
2 2 9 .0 5
2 3 6.02
234.21
2 3 7 .4 7
2 3 9 .6 4
2 3 9.22
2 4 0.37
2 4 5 .7 5
2 4 2 .2 3
SERVICES........................................................
190.71
2 0 8.97
2 1 6.78
2 1 7 .1 2
2 1 9 .3 2
2 2 0.68
2 2 0 .0 3
2 2 1 .3 3
2 2 2 .6 3
2 2 4.35
1 N o t a v a ila b le .
82
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
p = pre lim in a ry.
UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE DATA
N a t i o n a l u n e m p l o y m e n t i n s u r a n c e d a t a are compiled
monthly by the Employment and Training Administration of
the U.S. Department of Labor from monthly reports of unem
ployment insurance activity prepared by State agencies. Rail
road unemployment insurance data are prepared by the U.S.
Railroad Retirement Board.
ployed. Persons not covered by unemployment insurance (about 10
percent of the labor force) and those who have exhausted or not yet
earned benefit rights are excluded from the scope of the survey. Ini
tial claims are notices filed by persons in unemployment insurance
programs to indicate they are out of work and wish to begin receiv
ing compensation. A claimant who continued to be unemployed a
full week is then counted in the insured unemployment figure. The
rate of insured unemployment expresses the number of insured unem
ployed as a percent of the average insured employment in a
12-month period.
Definitions
Data for all programs represent an unduplicated count of insured
unemployment under State programs, Unemployment Compensation
for Ex-Servicemen, and Unemployment Compensation for Federal
Employees, and the Railroad Insurance Act.
An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the be
ginning of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no ap
plication is required for subsequent periods in the same year. Num
ber of payments are payments made in 14-day registration periods.
The average amount of benefit payment is an average for all com
pensable periods, not adjusted for recovery of overpayments or set
tlement of underpayments. However, total benefits paid have been
adjusted.
Under both State and Federal unemployment insurance programs
for civilian employees, insured workers must report the completion of
at least 1 week of unemployment before they are defined as unem
16.
Unemployment insurance and employment service operations
[A ll ite m s e x c e p t a v e ra g e b e n e fits a m o u n ts a re In th o u s a n d s ]
1981
Oct.
1982
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.p
A ll p ro g ra m s :
Insured u n e m p lo y m e n t.................................
2,7 5 3
3,228
1,996
2 ,2 8 6
2 ,5 9 2
3,061
3 ,9 3 5
4,681
4,723
4,892
3,272
3,328
2,2 7 2
2,418
3,778
4,4 7 0
4,3 7 6
4,282
4 ,7 6 0
4,388
r 4,327
4,495
4 ,3 9 8
4,283
4,391
2,347
1,989
2,3 9 9
2,655
2,358
'2 ,3 4 2
2,443
4,0 6 7
3,729
3,707
S ta te u n e m p lo y m e n t in su ra n c e p ro g ra m :'
Initial c la im s 2 ....................................................
In sured u n e m p lo y m e n t (a v e ra g e
w e e k ly v o lu m e )
.........................................
R a te o f insu re d u n e m p lo y m e n t .................
'3 ,9 1 2
3,831
'3 ,7 1 2
3,828
3.0
3.5
4.3
5.1
5.0
4.9
4.6
4.3
4.3
4.6
4.4
4.2
4.4
.
9,424
10,052
14,592
15,962
15,631
18,144
16,158
13,679
14,648
14,655
1 5 ,015
'1 4 ,5 4 7
13,786
$ 1 0 8 .9 2
$ 1 1 0 .5 2
$ 1 1 2 .8 3
$ 1 1 4 .8 3
$ 1 1 6 .9 5
$ 1 1 7 .1 0
$117.61
$ 1 1 8 .0 8
$ 1 1 8 .6 4
$ 1 1 7 .2 8
'$ 1 1 8 .9 7
'$ 1 2 0 .7 8
$ 1 2 2 .7 5
.........................................
$ 9 9 7 ,7 5 7
$ 1 ,0 8 0 ,8 1 0
$ 1 ,5 9 2 ,5 4 6
$ 1 ,7 6 4 ,2 0 6
$ 1 ,7 8 1 ,8 3 0
$ 2 ,0 7 2 ,6 4 2
$1,849,881
$ 1 ,5 7 3 ,4 4 4
'$ 1 ,6 9 2 ,1 5 0 $ 1 ,6 7 9 ,3 7 8
$ 1 ,7 4 6 ,1 9 5
'$ 1 ,7 1 0 ,5 7 3
$ 1 ,6 4 6 ,5 5 4
W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a te d
A v e ra g e w e e k ly b e n e fit a m o u n t
fo r to ta l u n e m p lo y m e n t...........................
T o ta l b e n e fits paid
S ta te u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u ra n c e p ro g ra m :'
(S e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d da ta )
Initial c la im s 2 ....................................................
2,187
2 ,2 3 3
2 ,1 0 6
2,304
2,354
2,521
2,442
2,379
2,528
2 ,3 1 7
2,814
'2 ,9 0 2
2,688
3,171
3,403
3,593
3,604
3,644
3,7 7 7
3,939
3,9 2 5
3,995
3,959
4,137
'4 ,4 4 6
4 ,6 8 0
3.6
3.9
* 4.1
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.5
4.5
4.6
4.5
4.7
5.1
5.3
11
9
11
8
8
10
9
8
10
10
11
11
10
26
22
Insured u n e m p lo y m e n t (a v e ra g e
w e e k ly v o lu m e )
.........................................
R a te o f insu re d u n e m p lo y m e n t
................
U n e m p lo y m e n t co m p e n s a tio n fo r e x s e rv ic e m e n : 3
Initial c la im s ' ....................................................
Insured u n e m p lo y m e n t (a v e ra g e
w e e k ly v o lu m e )
.........................................
W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a te d
T o ta l b e n e fits p a id
.
.........................................
19
16
13
11
10
9
8
7
7
8
9
116
91
93
65
49
48
37
31
29
25
24
25
28
$12 ,9 5 2
$ 1 0 ,0 4 3
$ 1 0 ,1 5 5
$ 7 ,0 9 8
$ 5 ,3 0 4
$5,141
$ 4 ,0 1 3
$ 3 ,3 9 5
$ 3 ,3 1 4
$2,821
$ 2 ,793
$ 2 ,9 0 0
$ 3 ,3 7 8
11
14
13
12
13
16
U n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a tio n fo r
F e d e ra l civ ilia n e m p lo y e e s :4
Initial c l a i m s .......................................................
20
16
17
17
12
13
13
32
36
39
40
40
38
33
In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t (a v e ra g e
w e e k ly v o lu m e )
.........................................
W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a te d
T o ta l b e n e fits paid
29
28
29
27
26
28
.
112
127
174
162
154
172
146
120
123
120
118
111
109
.........................................
$ 1 1 ,7 1 9
$13,491
$18,891
$ 1 8 ,0 4 0
$ 1 7 ,5 1 7
$ 1 9 ,6 7 7
$ 1 6 ,8 0 6
$ 1 3 ,5 2 6
$ 1 3 ,9 2 2
$ 1 3 ,4 4 5
$ 1 3 ,1 4 0
$ 1 2 ,3 0 3
$ 1 2 ,1 1 9
22
11
9
5
5
36
68
68
14
20
R a ilro a d u n e m p lo y m e n t Insurance:
A p p lic a tio n s .......................................................
21
13
19
40
44
54
In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t (a v e ra g e
w e e k ly v o lu m e )
.........................................
N u m b e r o f p a y m e n ts
....................................
T o ta l b e n e fits p a id
75
67
65
57
44
44
55
55
61
82
86
83
117
153
140
154
130
95
93
100
100
137
159
...
$ 1 9 7 .2 6
$ 2 0 7 .0 8
$ 2 1 2 .3 3
$ 2 1 3 .3 9
$ 2 1 4 .0 7
$215.71
$ 2 0 9 .4 8
$20 0 .7 5
$ 1 9 9 .1 5
$ 2 0 2 .5 4
$ 2 0 2 .5 4
$21 6 .1 4
$ 2 1 2 .3 5
.........................................
$15 ,9 9 4
$ 1 6 ,3 7 7
$ 2 5 ,2 9 2
$ 3 0 ,5 4 4
$28,011
$ 3 3 ,8 5 3
$ 2 6 ,2 6 2
$ 1 9 ,1 1 0
$ 1 8 ,5 7 4
$ 1 7 ,9 9 8
$ 1 7 ,9 9 8
$ 3 1 ,1 2 3
$ 3 1 ,6 3 8
A v e ra g e a m o u n t o f b e n e fit p a y m e n t
E m p lo y m e n t s e rv ic e :5
N e w a p p lic a tio n s an d r e n e w a ls ................
N o n fa rm p la c e m e n ts
....................................
4,081
7,439
10,965
731
1,232
1,902
1 Initial c la im s a n d S ta te In sured u n e m p lo y m e n t in clude d a ta u n d e r th e p ro g ra m fo r P u e rto R ican
¡arcane workers.
5 C u m u la tive to ta l fo r fisca l ye a r (O c to b e r 1-S e p te m b e r 30). D a ta c o m p u te d q u a rte rly.
2 E x c lu d e s tra n s itio n c la im s u n d e r S ta te p ro g ra m s .
Note: D a ta fo r P u e rto R ico an d th e V irgin Isla n d s in clu d e d . D a sh e s In d ica te d a ta n o t a va ila b le .
p = pre lim in a ry.
3 E x c lu d e s d a ta on c la im s an d p a y m e n ts m a d e jo in tly w ith o th e r p ro g ra m s .
r = revised.
4 E x c lu d e s d a ta on c la im s an d p a y m e n ts m a d e jo in tly w ith S ta te p ro g ra m s .
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83
PRICE DATA
P r i c e d a t a are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price
indexes are given in relation to a base period (1967 = 100,
unless otherwise noted).
Definitions
The Consumer Price Index is a monthly statistical measure of the
average change in prices in a fixed market basket of goods and ser
vices. Effective with the January 1978 index, the Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics began publishing CPI’s for two groups of the population. One
index, a new CPI for All Urban Consumers, covers 80 percent of the
total noninstitutional population; and the other index, a revised CPI
for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, covers about half the
new index population. The All Urban Consumers index includes, in
addition to wage earners and clerical workers, professional, manageri
al, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the
unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force.
The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs,
transportation fares, doctor’s and dentist’s fees, and other goods and
services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quali
ty of these items is kept essentially unchanged between major revi
sions so that only price changes will be measured. Prices are collected
from over 18,000 tenants, 24,000 retail establishments, and 18,000
housing units for property taxes in 85 urban areas across the country.
All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are
included in the index. Because the CPI’s are based on the expendi
tures of two population groups in 1972-73, they may not accurately
reflect the experience of individual families and single persons with
different buying habits.
Though the CPI is often called the “Cost-of-Living Index,” it meas
ures only price change, which is just one of several important factors
affecting living costs. Area indexes do not measure differences in the
level of prices among cities. They only measure the average change in
prices for each area since the base period.
Producer Price Indexes measure average changes in prices received
in primary markets of the United States by producers of commodities
in all stages of processing. The sample used for calculating these in
dexes contains about 2,800 commodities and about 10,000 quotations
per month selected to represent the movement of prices of all com
modities produced in the manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing,
mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The universe
includes all commodities produced or imported for sale in commercial
transactions in primary markets in the United States.
Producer Price Indexes can be organized by stage of processing or
by commodity. The stage of processing structure organizes products
by degree of fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate or
semifinished goods, and crude materials). The commodity structure
organizes products by similarity of end-use or material composition.
To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price In
dexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the Unit
ed States, from the production or central marketing point. Price data
are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire.
84
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Most prices are obtained directly from producing companies on a vol
untary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the
Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month.
In calculating Producer Price Indexes, price changes for the vari
ous commodities are averaged together with implicit quantity weights
representing their importance in the total net selling value of all Com
modities as of 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain in
dexes for stage of processing groupings, commodity groupings, dura
bility of product groupings, and a number of special composite
groupings.
Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries measure av
erage price changes in commodities produced by particular industries,
as defined in the S ta n d a r d I n d u s tr ia l C la ssifica tio n M a n u a l 1 9 7 2
(Washington, U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 1972). These
indexes are derived from several price series, combined to match the
economic activity of the specified industry and weighted by the value
of shipments in the industry. They use data from comprehensive in
dustrial censuses conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the
U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Notes on the data
Beginning with the May 1978 issue of the R ev ie w , regional CPI’s
cross classified by population size, were introduced. These indexes will
enable users' in local areas for which an index is not published to get a
better approximation of the CPI for their area by using the appropri
ate population size class measure for their region. The cross-classified
indexes will be published bimonthly. (See table 19.)
For further details about the new and the revised indexes and a
comparison of various aspects of these indexes with the old unrevised
CPI, see F a c ts A b o u t th e R e v is e d C o n s u m e r P ric e I n d e x , a pamphlet in
the Consumer Price Index Revision 1978 series. See also T h e
C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x : C o n c ep ts a n d C o n te n t O v e r th e Years, Report
517, revised edition (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 1978).
For interarea comparisons of living costs at three hypothetical stand
ards of living, see the family budget data published in the H a n d b o o k
o f L a b o r S ta tistic s , 1 9 7 7 , Bulletin 1966 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1977), tables 122-133. Additional data and analysis on price changes
are provided in the C P I D e ta ile d R e p o r t and P r o d u c e r P ric e s a n d P rice
I n d e x e s , both monthly publications of the Bureau.
As of January 1976, the Wholesale Price Index (as it was then
called) incorporated a revised weighting structure reflecting 1972 val
ues of shipments. From January 1967 through December 1975, 1963
values of shipments were used as weights.
For a discussion of the general method of computing consumer,
producer, and industry price indexes, see B L S H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s
f o r S u r v e y s a n d S tu d ie s, Bulletin 1910 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1976), chapters 13-15. See also John F. Early, “Improving the meas
urement of producer price change,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , April
1978, pp. 7-15. For industry prices, see also Bennett R. Moss, “In
dustry and Sector Price Indexes,” M o n th ly L a b o r R ev ie w , August
1965, pp. 974-82.
17.
Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, annual averages and changes, 1967-81
[1967 = 100]
Food and
beverages
All items
Year
Percent
change
Index
Index
Percent
change
Apparel and
upkeep
Housing
Index
Percent
change
Transportation
Percent
change
Index
Index
Percent
change
Medical care
Index
Other goods
and services
Entertainment
Percent
change
Index
Percent
change
Index
Percent
change
1967 .........................
100.0
1968 .........................
104.2
4.2
103.6
3.6
104.0
4.0
105.4
5.4
103.2
3.2
106.1
6.1
105.7
5.7
105.2
5.2
1969 .........................
109.8
5.4
108.8
5.0
110.4
6.2
111.5
5.8
107.2
3.9
113.4
6.9
111.0
5.0
110.4
4.9
1 970 .........................
116.3
5.9
114.7
5.4
118.2
7.1
116.1
4.1
112.7
5.1
120.6
6.3
116.7
5.1
116.8
5.8
1971 .........................
121.3
4.3
118.3
3.1
123.4
4.4
119.8
3.2
118.6
5.2
128.4
6.5
122.9
5.3
122.4
4.8
1 972 .........................
100.0
125.3
3.3
123.2
100.0
4.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
128.1
3.8
122.3
119.9
1.1
132.5
3.2
126.5
2.9
127.5
4.2
1 973 .........................
133.1
6.2
139.5
13.2
133.7
4.4
126.8
3.7
123.8
3.3
137.7
3.9
130.0
•2.8
132.5
3.9
1974 .........................
147.7
11.0
158.7
13.8
148.8
11.3
136.2
7.4
137.7
11.2
150.5
9.3
139.8
7.5
142.0
7.2
1 975 .........................
161.2
9.1
172.1
8.4
164.5
10.6
142.3
4.5
150.6
9.4
168.6
12.0
152.2
8.9
153.9
8.4
1 976 .........................
2.1
170.5
5.8
174.6
6.1
1977 .........................
181.5
6.5
188 0
6.0
186.5
6.8
154.2
4.5
177.2
7.1
202.4
9.6
167.7
4.9
172.2
5.8
1978 .........................
195.3
7.6
206.2
9.7
2 0 2 .6
8.6
159.5
3.4
185.8
4.9
219.4
8.4
176.2
5.1
183.2
6.4
1979 .........................
2 1 7 .7
11.5
228.7
10.9
227.5
12.3
166.4
4.3
212.8
14.5
240.1
9.4
187.6
6.5
196.3
7.2
177.4
3.1
147.6
3.7
165.5
9.9
184.7
9.5
159.8
5.0
162.7
5.7
1 9 8 0 .........................
2 4 7 .0
13.5
248.7
8.7
263.2
15.7
177.4
6.6
250.5
17.7
2 6 7 .2
11.3
203.7
8.5
21 3 .6
8.8
1981
2 7 2 .3
10.2
2 6 7 .8
7.7
293.2
11.4
186.6
5.2
281.3
12.3
295.1
10.4
219.0
7.5
233.3
9.2
.........................
18. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers and revised CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers,
U.S. city average— general summary and groups, subgroups, and selected items
[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o th e rw is e s p e c ifie d ]
All Urban Consumers
General summary
1981
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
1982
1981
1982
Oct
May
All items......................................................................................
2 7 9 .9
287.1
2 9 0 .6
292.2
292.8
2 9 3 .3
294.1
279.7
286.5
290.1
291.8
292.4
292.8
2 9 3 .6
F o o d an d b e v e ra g e s
270.3
278.1
2 8 0 .2
280.8
27 9 .9
280.1
27 9 .6
2 7 0 .7
278.4
280.5
281.2
280.2
280.4
279.9
.............................................................................................
H o u s in g ........................................................................................................................
303.5
313.8
June
317.5
July
31 9 .2
Aug.
320.1
Sept.
319.7
Oct
320.7
Oct
3 0 3 .3
May
313.7
June
317.5
July
319.3
Aug.
320.5
Sept.
320.0
Oct.
321.2
A p p a re l an d u p k e e p ................................................................................................
191.5
191.5
190.8
189.7
191.8
194.9
195.5
190.6
190.6
189.6
188.7
190.7
194.1
194.6
T r a n s p o r ta tio n ...........................................................................................................
287.2
28 5 .6
292.8
296.1
2 9 6 .2
29 5 .3
2 9 5 .5
288.9
287.1
2 9 4 .5
297.9
298.0
296.9
2 9 7 .0
M e d ic a l c a re
304.8
323.8
326.4
33 0 .0
3 3 3 .3
33 6 .0
338.7
304.0
322.3
324.8
328.1
33 1 .3
333.9
336.5
E n te rta in m e n t
.............................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
225.5
234.4
23 5 .6
2 3 6 .6
237.4
238.3
240.3
223.4
231.1
232.3
233.5
23 3 .9
234.8
236.5
O th e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s .....................................................................................
245.2
2 5 5 .0
25 5 .8
2 5 7 .2
258.3
2 6 6 .6
2 7 1 .2
241.4
252.4
253.1
254.5
25 5 .7
2 6 2 .8
267.8
C o m m o d itie s ..............................................................................................................
2 5 7 .9
261.5
265.1
2 6 6 .5
266.4
2 6 6 .6
267.5
2 5 8 .4
261.7
265.4
2 6 6 .9
266.8
2 6 7 .0
267.9
2 4 8 .0
249.8
25 4 .0
255.7
255.9
256.1
2 5 7 .6
2 4 8 .7
250.1
254.5
256.3
2 5 6 .5
256.8
C o m m o d itie s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e ra g e s
.................................................
258.3
N o n d u ra b le s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ...............................................
266.4
26 1 .0
266.3
268.2
268.8
269.9
27 1 .0
2 6 8 .6
26 2 .6
268.2
270.3
270.7
27 1 .8
272.9
D u r a b le s ........................................................................................................
232.9
23 9 .8
2 4 3 .2
244.7
2 4 4 .6
244.1
24 6 .0
2 3 2 .0
238.9
2 4 2 .3
243.9
2 4 4 .0
24 3 .6
245.4
S e rv ic e s
......................................................................................................................
318.6
331.8
334.9
337.0
3 3 8 .9
339.7
340.3
319.2
332.4
335.7
337.9
3 4 0 .0
340.5
341.2
R ent, r e s id e n tia l..........................................................................................
2 1 3 .6
221.8
2 2 2 .6
22 4 .8
2 2 6 .0
226.9
228.9
213.2
2 2 1 .3
222.1
224.3
225.5
226.4
228.4
H o u s e h o ld s e rv ic e s le s s rent
3 8 7 .2
40 3 .0
407.7
409.4
411.7
410.4
409.2
391.8
408.2
413.3
415.3
418.1
416.5
4 1 5 .6
...............................................................
T ra n s p o rta tio n s e r v ic e s .............................................................................
2 8 1 .0
2 9 1 .3
294.7
2 9 0 .0
29 3 .2
295.7
296.5
M e d ic a l c a re s e r v ic e s ................................................................................
329.7
3 5 0 .2
35 3 .0
357.3
3 6 1 .0
364.0
3 6 6 .9
328.3
3 4 8 .0
350.7
354.7
358.3
361.1
363.9
O th e r s e r v i c e s .............................................................................................
247.8
255.9
25 7 .0
258.0
2 5 9 .7
266.3
268.4
24 6 .6
254.4
25 5 .5
2 5 6 .6
258.4
2 6 4 .0
266.1
293.9
29 7 .2
2 9 7 .8
298.7
300.5
279.9
296.9
298.4
Special indexes:
A ll ite m s le s s fo o d
...................................................................................................
2 7 9 .0
2 8 6 .0
289.7
29 1 .5
292.5
292.9
29 4 .0
279.1
28 5 .6
289.4
291.4
292.4
292.8
263.6
27 0 .3
2 7 3 .6
275.1
2 7 5 .6
276.7
27 8 .0
2 6 4 .0
27 0 .3
273.7
275.3
2 7 5 .8
27 6 .7
277.9
C o m m o d itie s le s s f o o d ..........................................................................................
24 5 .9
247.8
2 5 1 .9
253.5
2 5 3 .8
25 3 .9
255.4
2 4 6 .6
248.1
252.4
254.1
254.4
25 4 .7
256.1
N o n d u ra b le s le s s fo o d
260.7
256.2
2 6 1 .2
2 6 3 .0
2 6 3 .6
A ll Item s le s s m o rtg a g e in te re s t c o s ts
............................................................
..........................................................................................
264.6
265.7
26 3 .0
257.8
2 6 3 .0
265.0
265.4
266.5
267.5
N o n d u ra b le s le s s fo o d an d a p p a r e l ..................................................................
299.5
293.4
3 0 1 .0
304.3
304.2
304.2
305.5
301.5
294.4
302.4
305.8
305.5
305.6
306.9
N o n d u ra b le s
2 6 9 .5
2 7 0 .7
274.4
275.7
27 5 .5
276.2
2 7 6 .5
270.7
271.5
275.4
276.8
276.5
2 7 7 .2
277.4
..............................................................................................................
S e rv ic e s le s s re n t
...................................................................................................
3 3 8 .7
352.8
356.5
358.5
360.5
361.3
3 6 1 .6
339.7
353.8
35 7 .7
359.9
362.2
362.5
S e rv ic e s le s s m e d ic a l c a r e ..................................................................................
315.1
327.5
330.7
3 3 2 .5
334.1
334.8
335.1
315.8
328.3
331.7
3 3 3 .6
335.6
335.8
33 6 .3
D o m e s tic a lly p ro d u c e d fa rm fo o d s
259.5
267.1
270.3
270.7
268.4
268.0
26 6 .6
2 5 8 .6
26 6 .0
269.2
2 6 9 .7
267.4
2 6 7 .0
265.5
273.2
..................................................................
S e le c te d b e e f c u t s ...................................................................................................
E n e rg y
.........................................................................................................................
A ll ite m s le s s e n e rg y
.............................................................................................
A ll ite m s le s s fo o d an d e n e rg y
............................................................
C o m m o d itie s le s s fo o d a n d e n e r g y .................................................
275.5
28 1 .6
289.1
287.4
280.8
362.9
27 9 .3
27 2 .0
276.5
290.6
288.8
2 8 1 .9
280.7
4 1 4 .9
402.1
4 1 8 .6
42 4 .5
4 2 4 .5
424.2
42 5 .0
4 1 7 .9
403.1
420.4
426.5
426.1
42 5 .6
269.4
278.3
280.7
28 2 .0
282.7
283.1
28 4 .0
268.3
2 7 7 .0
279.4
280.8
281.5
281.9
282.8
265.9
274.9
277.3
278.7
279.8
280.4
281.5
264.8
2 7 3 .6
2 7 6 .0
27 7 .6
278.7
27 9 .2
260.4
223.4
2 2 9 .9
232.1
233.1
233.6
234.1
426.0
2 2 2 .6
229.1
23 1 .3
23 3 .6
235.4
.............................................................................
44 8 .2
410.2
430.8
4 3 8 .2
4 3 6 .6
433.3
431.9
44 8 .9
410.5
43 1 .6
439.0
437.3
433.8
432.3
S e rv ic e s le s s e n e r g y .............................................................................
315.3
3 2 7 .2
329.9
3 3 1 .8
3 3 3 .6
334.2
334.4
31 6 .0
327.9
33 0 .6
3 3 2 .6
334.7
3 3 4 .8
335.2
$ 0 ,3 5 7
$ 0 ,3 4 8
$ 0 ,344
$ 0 ,3 4 2
$ 0 ,3 4 2
$0,341
$ 0 ,3 4 0
$ 0 ,3 5 8
$ 0 ,3 4 9
$ 0 ,3 4 5
$ 0 ,343
$ 0 ,3 4 2
$ 0 ,3 4 2
$0,341
E n e rg y c o m m o d itie s
P u rc h a s in g p o w e r o f th e c o n s u m e r d o lla r, 1967 = $1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
...........................
2 3 6 .0
283.1
232.4
232.8
85
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
18.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o th e r w is e s p e c ifie d ]
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
All Urban Consumers
General summary
FOOD AND BEVERAGES ....................................................................
F o o d a t h o m e ........................................................................................................................
C e re a ls a n d b a k e ry p ro d u c ts
...............................................................................
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Oct.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
270.3
278.1
280.2
280.8
279.9
280.1
279.6
270.7
278.4
280.5
281.2
280.2
280.4
279.9
288.0
288.6
287.5
287.7
287.2
2 7 7 .6
285.5
287.8
288.5
287.4
287.6
2 8 7 .0
277.8
285.7
272.1
279.8
282.6
282.8
28 0 .8
2 8 0 .6
279.4
2 7 1 .3
278.8
281.6
281.9
279.8
279.7
278.5
2 7 5 .0
283.3
283.6
284.3
284.8
284.6
2 8 5 .0
274.0
28 2 .0
282.3
283.0
283.4
283.4
283.7
155.5
155.8
155.5
155.2
154.9
150.0
154.5
154.5
154.8
154.5
154.3
154.0
151.5
1 0 0 ) ...........................
139.3
141.8
142.1
143.5
141.6
141.4
139.9
140.9
142.1
142.5
144.0
142.1
141.8
140.3
1 0 0 ) .............................................................................
156.1
165.7
166.1
166.3
166.5
166.9
167.5
157.9
167.8
168.2
168.5
168.6
169.0
169.7
151.1
150.2
100) .........................................
F lo u r a n d p re p a re d flo u r m ixe s (1 2 /7 7 -
R ice, p a s ta , a n d c o rn m e a l (1 2 /7 7 -
100)
....................................
149.4
148.9
149.3
148.2
147.6
152.7
151.5
150.6
150.0
150.5
149.4
148.7
1 0 0 ) ..................................................................
144.0
148.3
148.6
149.0
149.4
149.4
149.7
142.8
147.2
147.4
147.8
148.1
148.2
148.6
................................................................................................
238.4
243.8
242.4
246.1
2466
246.1
246.7
235.5
240.0
23 8 .3
241.9
242.5
241.9
242.6
B a k e ry p ro d u c ts (1 2 /7 7 W h ite b re a d
Oct.
155.4
C e re a ls an d c e re a l p ro d u c ts (1 2 /7 7 -
C e re a l (1 2 /7 7 -
1982
1981
1982
1981
O th e r b re a d s ( 1 2 /7 7 -
1 0 0 ) ...............................................................
F re s h b iscu its, rolls, a n d m u ffin s (1 2 /7 7 -
.........................
141.6
146.3
145.6
145.1
146.2
147.1
146.5
143.6
148.2
147.5
149.0
148.4
144.8
149.7
149.9
148.9
150.5
149.5
151.0
141.7
146.0
146.2
145.4
146.6
145.6
147.1
147.6
148.7
148.5
147.0
148.2
1 0 0 ) ....................................
143.9
149.0
149.2
148.9
149.5
150.3
150.1
141.7
147.4
147.5
147.2
1 0 0 ) ..........................................................................
145.7
150.5
150.7
150.0
149.6
150.9
152.2
146.4
151.4
151.5
150.9
150.6
152.1
153.2
133.2
139.6
140.9
141.8
141.3
140.8
141.9
134.0
141.0
142.3
143.2
142.6
142.3
143.3
144.4
147.3
148.9
148.5
148.9
149.2
148.7
144.9
149.9
151.5
151.1
151.5
151.8
151.4
148.9
153.6
156.3
156.2
156.6
154.7
154.4
142.8
146.7
149.4
149.2
149.5
148.1
147.6
...............................................................................
256.4
2 6 1 .0
2 6 6 .0
268.5
2 6 5 .4
267.8
265.1
2 5 6 .0
260.7
265.8
268.3
265.1
..................................................................................
262.2
268.2
2 7 4 .3
27 6 .2
273.7
275.3
272.4
261.7
267.7
273.9
275.8
273.3
275.1
272.1
278.8
276.5
278.4
274.9
262.1
269.0
276.5
278.2
2 7 5 .8
27 7 .9
2 7 4 .6
272.2
27 9 .8
2 7 2 .7
F re sh c a k e s a n d c u p c a k e s (1 2 /7 7 C o o k ie s (1 2 /7 7 -
100)
C ra c k e rs , b re a d , an d c ra c k e r p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
...........
F re s h s w e e tro lls , c o ffe e c a k e , a n d d o n u ts ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
...
F ro z e n a n d re frig e ra te d b a k e ry p ro d u c ts
a n d fre s h pies, ta rts , an d tu rn o v e rs ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
M e a ts, p o u ltry , fish, an d e g g s
M e a ts , p o u ltry , an d fis h
..............
267.7
265.0
262.5
269.7
277.2
........................................................................................
274.9
281.1
288.2
286.7
280.5
279.1
275.3
281.9
2890
287.4
280.8
G ro u n d b e e f o th e r th a n c a n n e d .................................................
267.4
269.4
27 4 .6
2 7 2 .5
268.1
265.4
262.4
268.6
270.7
275.9
273.9
269.0
267.0
297.2
296.2
304.9
305.3
298.9
295.9
290,4
260.1
254.7
247.9
2 4 9 .2
240.5
M e a ts
...........................................................................................................
B e e f an d v eal
C h u c k r o a s t ........................................................................................
287.8
2 8 7 .2
295.4
296.2
289.7
2869
281.9
R ound r o a s t ........................................................................................
245.1
252.4
25 7 .0
251.8
2 4 5 .0
245.4
237.9
250.1
255.9
263.7
.....................................................................................
259.0
269.2
278.8
271.2
263.4
2 6 2 .0
253.4
25 4 .9
267.8
277.2
269.4
261.1
260.6
2 5 1 .0
S irlo in s t e a k ........................................................................................
273.3
282.3
294.1
295.6
285.5
2 8 5 .2
266.3
275.1
283.8
295.5
298.0
286.8
286.7
268.0
169.7
169.3
164.9
161.3
167.5
171.9
171.7
168.0
167.6
163.4
277.1
277.9
2 3 9 .3
249.2
258.9
264.9
267.6
276.3
277.0
R ound s te a k
......................................
163.4
169.0
173.3
173.3
P o r k ...........................................................................................................
2 3 8 .6
24 9 .9
259.5
265.4
268.2
O th e r b e e f a n d veal (1 2 /7 7 -
100)
B a c o n ...................................................................................................
240.1
267.7
280.7
283.9
2 9 5 .6
315.5
31 2 .4
245.1
271.9
285.3
2887
300.4
320.7
317.7
C h o p s ...................................................................................................
223.1
23 0 .0
2 4 1 .2
24 8 .9
2 4 8 .0
252.5
252.3
221.3
228.2
2 3 9 .6
247.3
246.3
250.6
250.0
116.8
122.1
126.5
107.5
108.3
109.6
112.4
113.8
119.1
123.4
1 0 0 ) .................................
109.4
111.1
112.6
115.3
.............................................................................................
298.7
313.3
326.3
331.9
332.2
341.2
342.1
302.1
314.2
327.2
332.9
333.5
342.5
343.2
241.9
2 4 9 .9
253.2
255.3
2 5 7 .6
259.7
267.2
244.7
253.2
256.4
2 5 8 .7
261.1
263.5
271.4
H a m o th e r th a n c a n n e d ( 1 2 /7 7 S ausage
C anned ham
.....................................................................................
.........................................................
134.1
138.9
145.4
150.3
150.8
153.8
151.3
134.5
138.2
144.7
149.5
150.0
153.0
150.5
...........................................................................................
261.6
264.0
26 8 .5
2 7 2 .0
272.8
272.1
272.2
260.5
263.2
267.8
2 7 1 .3
27 2 .3
271.7
272.2
F r a n k fu r te r s ........................................................................................
261.2
262.7
268.8
274.2
2 7 5 .6
275.3
274.8
262.4
261.8
268.3
273.4
27 4 .9
274.7
2 7 4 .0
B o lo g n a , liv e rw u rs t, a n d s a la m i ( 1 2 /7 7 -
147.6
150.7
154.6
156.5
157.5
156.6
158.5
146.9
150.7
154.6
156.6
157.6
156.6
158.5
130.2
132.3
133.4
135.1
136.1
136.7
137.9
O th e r p o rk ( 1 2 /7 7 O th e r m e a ts
100)
1 00)
................
............................................
131.8
134.3
135.5
137.3
138.3
138.9
140.1
100)
.................................
143.4
141.2
143.1
143.9
142.3
140.5
137.0
145.0
144.4
146.5
147.3
145.6
143.6
140.6
P o u l t r y ...........................................................................................................
196.6
196.0
197.5
199.6
196.2
196.2
195.4
194.7
194.1
195.8
197.8
194.4
194.2
193.2
F re sh w h o le c h ic k e n .......................................................................
194.0
196.8
199.1
201.2
193.8
194.8
192.6
189.9
194.7
197.0
198.8
191.8
192.5
126.5
127.5
127.9
126.5
125.4
124.9
O th e r lu n c h m e a ts ( 1 2 /7 7 -
100)
L a m b an d o rg a n m e a ts ( 1 2 /7 7 -
129.2
128.3
129.3
129.4
128.2
127.1
126.8
....................................................
127.2
124.3
124.6
127.3
127.7
127.9
128.5
126.1
123.9
124.3
126.9
127.4
127.4
128.0
.....................................................................................
360.8
366.3
365.2
370.2
367.6
369.4
367.1
3 5 8 .2
365.0
364.2
368.7
365.8
368.4
3 6 6 .0
C a n n e d fish a n d s e a fo o d (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ..............................
140.5
139.8
139.9
140.5
139.4
139.3
138.6
140.3
139.2
139.4
139.9
138.8
138.7
138.1
134.0
138.9
138.3
140.8
139.7
141.3
140.2
187.2
173.4
163.4
174.7
162.3
176.1
176.7
246.3
246.4
F re sh an d fro z e n c h ic k e n p a rts (1 2 /7 7 O th e r p o u ltry ( 1 2 /7 7 Fish a n d s e a fo o d
100)
100)
...........
135.6
139.4
138.6
141.3
140.4
141.5
140.5
......................................................................................................................
185.9
172.3
162.5
173.6
161.2
175.2
175.8
F resh a n d fro z e n fis h and s e a fo o d (1 2 /7 7 Eggs
190.3
.................
129.7
100)
D airy p r o d u c ts .....................................................................................................
2 4 4 .6
2 4 7 .0
2 4 6 .3
24 7 .5
247.5
247.0
247.1
244.2
246.3
245.7
246.8
246.8
............................................
134.7
135.7
135.2
135.6
135.4
135.1
135.0
134.4
135.1
134.7
135.1
134.8
134.5
134.5
F resh w h o le m i l k ..................................................................................
220.2
2 2 2 .0
221.3
2 2 1 .6
221.2
220.8
2 2 0 .8
2 1 9 .5
221.1
220.4
220.7
22 0 .3
2 1 9 .9
2 2 0 .0
O th e r fre s h m ilk a n d c re a m (1 2 /7 7 -
1 0 0 ) ..............................
135.2
135.7
135.4
136.2
1 0 0 ) ......................................
143.3
145.2
144.9
145.9
146.3
146.1
146.2
143.6
145.5
145.2
146.2
146.6
146.3
146.5
252.2
2 5 2 .6
249.7
25 3 .7
253.4
2 5 3 .7
254.6
254.7
255.1
145.2
145.0
F resh m ilk a n d c re a m ( 1 2 /7 7 -
100)
P ro c e s s e d d a iry p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 /7 7 -
136.0
135.6
135.3
135.2
135.2
134.9
135.7
135.5
135.0
134.7
B u t t e r ........................................................................................................
2 4 7 .2
251.1
250.9
251.1
252.1
C h e e s e ( 1 2 /7 7 -
140.9
144.0
143.2
144.2
144.8
144.9
144.7
140.7
144.3
143.6
144.5
145.1
149.9
148.7
149.6
150.4
150.6
149.3
150.4
149.9
147.9
148.7
149.6
149.6
148.4
149.6
142.0
141.6
141.8
141.7
1 00)
.....................................................................
Ice c re a m a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 /7 7 -
138.7
141.3
140.7
2 9 7 .9
305.6
2 9 9 .7
291.4
284.1
311.7
325.9
313.8
296.9
283.5
1 0 0 ) ............................................
137.0
139.7
.....................................................................................
2 7 5 .2
273.5
O th e r d a iry p ro d u c ts (1 2 /7 7 -
F ru its an d v e g e ta b le s
1 0 0 ) ......................
F re s h fru its an d v e g e ta b le s
..................................................................
141.1
139.4
138.1
140.4
280.7
270.8
2 9 3 .6
30 1 .0
295.3
286.7
278.8
275.0
2 7 7 .4
267.2
305.1
31 8 .6
307.1
289.7
275.2
268.4
300.4
141.0
327.0
320.5
323.2
3 1 3 .6
A p p le s ...................................................................................................
2 3 7 .0
299.8
321.4
331.8
314.5
285.5
250.7
236.5
300.1
321.9
3 3 3 .3
316.7
28 6 .6
251.9
Bananas
.............................................................................................
254.9
26 1 .6
267.9
245.4
233.7
240.7
227.8
253.3
259.3
265.5
2 4 3 .6
231.3
238.5
2 2 6 .7
O ra n g e s
.............................................................................................
328.5
362.1
406.8
438.2
4 7 3 .0
160.9
168.2
177.1
161.6
163.9
152.1
148.0
154.7
162.4
170.3
156.1
158.1
146.4
142.4
24 0 .2
256.1
303.7
311.1
2 9 5 .0
25 9 .6
2 4 0 .6
239.7
F resh fru its
.............................................................................................
O th e r fre s h fru its ( 1 2 /7 7 -
1 0 0 ) ...............................................
318.8
340.8
332.4
336.1
3 2 9 .0
516.3
317.1
520.8
279.5
299.9
306.9
328.3
367.5
399.9
433.5
466.8
465.7
256.8
305.1
311.9
296.4
260.2
2 4 1 .0
.............................................................................................
290.4
32 0 .3
3 4 4 .9
37 0 .9
328.1
272.4
24 3 .8
287.7
313.6
339.7
3 6 6 .0
323.4
2 6 9 .6
240.5
................................................................................................
2 5 8 .3
29 1 .6
269.1
25 4 .5
2 4 6 .3
236.1
259.2
2 5 7 .2
293.5
270.0
253.0
24 7 .5
2 3 7 .9
260.9
2 0 7 .3
22 6 .5
2 7 5 .6
27 0 .2
194.3
184.9
210.5
206.4
230.6
279.9
274.9
198.2
187.9
21 3 .7
131.5
140.0
178.6
177.0
154.8
137.8
133.5
131.0
286.8
277.2
2 8 3 .3
285.9
F re sh v e g e ta b le s ..................................................................................
P o ta to e s
L e ttu c e
291.4
T o m a to e s
..........................................................................................
.................................
139.6
179.3
177.5
155.6
138.3
134.0
.......................................................
279.4
285.4
285.9
c 286.8
2 8 8 .0
287.4
283.9
284.8
285.3
284.6
....................................................
144.9
148.3
148.0
148.5
148.7
149.0
149.2
144.2
147.9
147.6
148.1
148.2
148.6
148.8
144.7
145.7
144.4
143.5
142.8
144.1
144.8
143.4
144.6
143.4
142.6
141.7
143.2
144.0
......................
148.4
152.2
151.7
152.2
153.0
152.0
152.5
147.6
151.0
150.7
151.0
151.9
151.0
.................................
141.2
146.4
147.0
148.8
148.9
149.8
149.2
141.1
147.0
147.6
149.4
149.6
150.4
149.8
139.6
138.6
137.9
149.0
149.5
148.8
O th e r fre s h v e g e ta b le s (1 2 /7 7 -
P ro c e s s e d fru its an d v e g e ta b le s
P ro c e s s e d fru its ( 1 2 /7 7 -
100)
1 00)
F ro z e n fru it an d fru it ju ic e s (1 2 /7 7 -
1 0 0 ) ............................
F ru it ju ic e s o th e r th a n fro z e n ( 1 2 /7 7 C a n n e d a n d d rie d fru its (1 2 /7 7 P ro c e s s e d v e g e ta b le s ( 1 2 /7 7 F ro z e n v e g e ta b le s (1 2 /7 7 -
86
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100)
100)
1 0 0 ) .........................................
135.9
138.5
139.3
139.7
140.7
139.8
139.1
134.9
137.4
138.2
138.6
1 0 0 ) ............................................
136.9
143.9
145.6
146.7
147.7
148.1
147.7
137.5
145.2
146.9
148.0
151.4
18.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c ifie d ]
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
All Urban Consumers
General summary
FOOD AND BEVERAGES
1982
1981
Oct.
May
1982
1981
June
July
Aug.
Sept
Oct.
Oct
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept
Oct
138.4
Continued
Food — Continued
F o o d a t h o m e — C o n tin u e d
F ru its an d v e g e ta b le s — C o n tin u e d
....
137.7
140.7
141.1
141.0
143.6
141.3
140.8
135.5
138.5
138.8
138.6
141.2
138.8
O th e r ca n n e d and d rie d v e g e ta b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ...................
134.6
134.6
135.2
135.4
135.6
134.8
133.9
133.3
133.2
133.8
134.1
134.2
133.3
132.4
O th e r fo o d s a t h o m e ...................................................................................................
326.4
3 3 2 .6
33 2 .6
332.2
333.3
3 3 3 .6
334.8
327.1
333.5
333.5
333.1
334.0
334.5
335.7
S u g a r a n d s w e e t s ................................................................................................
359.9
365.7
366.8
369.5
369.7
37 0 .3
371.3
370.6
C u t c o rn a n d ca n n e d b e a n s e x c e p t lim a ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 )
370.1
371.2
3 7 0 .6
360.2
3 6 5 .6
366.9
............................................
148.8
150.0
150.4
150.5
150.0
149.7
149.4
148.7
149.9
150.5
150.6
150.1
149.8
149.3
S u g a r a n d a rtific ia l s w e e te n e rs ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .................................
157.1
160.5
161.4
164.6
166.7
167.5
167.3
158.4
161.8
162.8
166.1
168.2
169.0
168.8
C a n d y a n d c h e w in g g u m ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 )
..................................................................
145.2
148.9
148.9
149.8
149.6
151.1
151.0
144.0
147.0
146.9
147.9
148.9
148.9
.............................................................................
268.5
2 6 0 .6
260.7
259.3
258.3
258.4
258.4
268.1
2 6 0 .6
260.7
259.3
258.2
258.3
258.4
.....................................................................................................
2 5 6 .6
2 5 9 .7
261.2
258.4
25 7 .9
259.3
258.4
255.9
2 5 9 .3
260.8
25 8 .0
257.3
258.5
257.8
................
176.5
156.0
156.5
154.9
154.2
151.2
151.2
175.2
154.2
154.9
153.1
152.4
149.5
149.5
O th e r fa ts , oils, an d s a la d d re s s in g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ......................
130.5
129.6
129.1
129.2
128.5
129.4
129.7
130.3
130.2
129.7
129.7
129.0
130.0
130.2
O th e r s w e e ts ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 )
F a ts a n d o ils ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 )
M a rg a rin e
N o n d a iry s u b s titu te s an d p e a n u t b u tte r ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 )
147.5
..................................................................................
414.8
4 2 5 .6
424.8
422.8
423.8
424.2
427.5
416.0
4 2 7 .3
42 6 .6
424.4
425.3
425.9
429.2
C o la drin ks , e x c lu d in g d ie t c o l a ............................................................
301.1
306.1
305.9
302.9
30 4 .3
3 0 5 .0
308.9
297.7
303.6
303.3
300.4
301.7
302.8
306.2
C a rb o n a te d drin k s , in clu d in g d ie t c o la ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ...................
142.3
144.3
143.1
143.3
144.8
144.6
146.2
139.6
142.3
141.2
141.1
142.6
142.3
144.0
R o a s te d c o 'fe e
..........................................................................................
343.1
369.3
365.1
364.3
365.5
362.9
362.0
338.9
3 6 4 .3
360.1
35 9 .3
360.4
3 5 7 .9
3 5 7 .2
F re e z e d rie d a n d in s ta n t c o f f e e ............................................................
329.9
343.8
344.4
344.4
342.5
N o n a lc o h o lic b e v e ra g e s
344.3
344.3
344.9
344.9
343.1
343.6
3 3 2 .7
3 4 3 .9
343.2
135.6
138.9
140.0
139.2
137.7
138.8
139.1
135.5
139.1
140.2
139.5
137.8
139.0
139.3
........................................................................................
260.5
26 7 .5
267.8
2 6 8 .0
269.9
269.9
2 7 0 .5
2 6 2 .3
269.3
269.5
269.8
271.5
271.7
272.2
C a n n e d a n d p a c k a g e d s o u p ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................
133.1
137.4
136.8
139.5
138.7
O th e r n o n c a rb o n a te d d rin k s ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) ......................................
O th e r p re p a re d fo o d s
136.3
136.9
137.9
F ro ze n p re p a re d fo o d s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................
144.1
147.8
147.3
146.7
149.1
148.9
148.5
142.8
147.3
146.8
146.0
148.5
148.4
147.9
S n a c k s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ...............................................................................
152.0
153.5
153.2
152.7
153.1
153.0
153.3
155.3
155.6
155.2
154.8
155.1
155.0
155.4
S e a s o n in g s , o liv e s , p ic k le s , a n d re lis h ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ...................
146.2
152.8
153.3
152.7
154.1
155.3
156.5
144.8
151.9
152.4
152.1
153.2
154.4
155.6
152.4
135.7
135.6
137.7
138.3
138.9
140.0
143.5
150.2
150.6
151.4
151.9
145.5
151.9
153.2
153.6
154.0
153.9
.................................
144.5
148.5
148.3
149.3
150.2
149.7
151.4
143.9
148.7
148.5
149.5
150.3
149.9
151.6
O th e r ca n n e d an d p a c k a g e d p re p a re d fo o d s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) . . .
140.5
143.5
144.5
144.6
145.4
145.9
145.8
141.9
144.9
145.8
145.9
146.8
147.3
147.2
F o o d a w a y fro m h o m e ........................................................................................................
296.2
311.8
312.9
313.8
O th e r c o n d im e n ts ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 )
.........................................................
M is c e lla n e o u s p re p a re d fo o d s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 )
152.2
152.1
304.8
305.9
3 0 7 .6
308.7
30 9 .8
310.7
2 9 9 .0
307.8
309.0
310.7
L unch ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 )
...................................................................................................
143.9
148.2
148.9
149.6
150.3
150.7
151.2
145.3
149.8
150.5
151.2
152.0
152.3
152.8
D in n e r ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 )
...................................................................................................
143.2
147.1
147.4
148.1
148.6
149.2
149.5
144.8
148.8
149.1
149.8
150.3
150.9
151.2
O th e r m e a ls an d s n a c k s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ...............................................................
143.9
148.5
149.2
150.5
150.7
151.5
152.1
144.8
149.2
149.9
151.1
151.3
152.1
152.7
212.8
Alcoholic beverages ............................................................................
201.4
208.0
208.4
209.2
210.1
210.1
2 1 0 .6
204.3
210.1
210.4
2 1 1 .3
212.1
21 2 .2
A lc o h o lic b e v e ra g e s a t h o m e ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ...............................................................
130.5
135.0
135.0
135.5
136.1
135.9
136.2
132.5
136.2
136.3
136.9
137.4
137.2
137.6
B e e r an d a l e ...................................................................................................................
202.5
2 1 0 .3
21 0 .6
211.4
211.9
211.4
212.7
203.1
209.4
209.6
210.5
2 1 0 .9
210.5
211.8
...........................................................................................................................
144.0
148.2
148.3
148.9
149.6
149.8
150.0
146.4
149.0
149.1
149.8
150.4
150.5
150.7
W in e ...................................................................................................................................
228.2
2 3 6 .9
235.3
236.5
23 8 .9
2 3 7 .5
236.4
238.1
244.9
242.7
24 5 .0
247.1
246.2
244.8
O th e r a lc o h o lic b e v e ra g e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................
116.3
119.0
119.7
119.6
120.3
120.3
120.3
115.7
118.9
119.6
119.6
120.5
120.4
120.3
A lc o h o lic b e v e ra g e s a w a y fro m h o m e ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ...............................................
135.5
139.1
140.3
140.8
141.2
142.5
142.7
136.4
140.6
141.6
142.1
142.4
143.9
144.0
HOUSING..............................................................................................
303.5
313.8
317.5
319.2
320.1
319.7
320.7
303.3
313.7
317.5
319.3
320.5
320.0
321.2
W h is x e y
Shelter..................................................................................................
32 6 .6
336.7
340.9
342.8
344.2
342.6
3 4 2 .8
328.1
338.3
342.6
344.6
346.5
344.7
345.2
R ent, r e s id e n tia l......................................................................................................................
2 1 3 .6
221.8
2 2 2 .6
224.8
226.0
226.9
228.9
213.2
2 2 1 .3
222.1
224.3
225.5
226.4
228.4
O th e r re n ta l c o s ts
................................................................................................................
308.7
3 2 3 .6
327.3
330.0
333.9
34 3 .0
3 4 1 .6
308.4
3 2 2 .6
326.3
329.4
333.3
341.1
339.5
L o dging w h ile o u t o f t o w n ..........................................................................................
324.2
3 4 6 .6
352.2
356.5
3 6 2 .0
363.1
3 5 8 .0
323.3
3 4 4 .0
349.4
354.2
359.5
360.7
3 5 5 .6
T e n a n ts ’ in s u ra n c e ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 )
140.0
144.4
145.5
145.6
147.5
147.3
149.3
140.1
143.8
144.8
144.8
146.6
146.3
148.3
..........................................................................
H o m e o w n e r s h ip ......................................................................................................................
3 8 2 .8
384.5
385.9
38 3 .0
382.8
369.7
380.5
3 8 6 .0
3 8 8 .0
390.1
38 7 .0
387.1
H o m e p u r c h a s e ..............................................................................................................
27 2 .5
27 9 .3
2 8 5 .6
287.7
287.9
286.8
289.9
271.4
278.1
284.4
286.8
287.3
286.4
289.7
F inancing, ta x e s , a n d in s u ra n c e
.............................................................................
50 1 .8
51 6 .2
521.8
524.3
527.3
519.9
51 4 .3
508.3
523.8
529.7
532.4
536.8
528.9
524.3
.............................................................................................
39 2 .5
396.7
4 0 0 .6
401.5
402.5
404.8
405.8
394.7
399.2
4 0 2 .7
403.7
404.6
407.4
408.5
P ro p e rty in s u ra n c e
P ro p e rly ta x e s
.....................................................................................................
366.7
37 7 .4
207.4
218.3
C o n tra c te d m o rtg a g e in te re s t c o s t ...............................................................
661.3
6 7 8 .5
68 6 .7
690.4
6 9 4 .0
681.2
67 2 .0
662.5
681.4
6 9 0 .0
6 9 4 .0
699.6
686.3
678.8
M o rtg a g e in te re s t r a t e s .............................................................................
239.5
240.2
23 8 .3
218.8
23 7 .3
238.8
235.3
23 0 .0
240.5
242.1
240.2
239.2
241.2
237.5
232.4
21 9 .3
221.8
223.7
224.5
209.2
22 0 .2
2 2 0 .7
221.1
223.7
2 2 5 .6
226.4
320.8
334.5
336.1
334.7
335.9
338.4
339.4
319.2
330.9
332.4
331.5
332.5
3 3 4 .6
351.1
3 6 7 .0
369.1
366.9
368.5
3 7 2 .5
374.1
354.2
368.0
370.0
368.1
369.6
373.4
374.9
249.3
257.8
258.3
258.7
258.8
2 5 7 .7
2 5 7 .3
24 4 .0
251.3
252.1
252.9
2 5 3 .0
251.8
2 5 1 .2
....................................................................
146.7
154.2
153.3
153.4
154.2
153.0
152.8
139.9
147.0
146.0
146.5
147.3
145.9
145.7
L u m b e r, a w n in g s, g la s s , an d m a s o n ry ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ...................
124.4
124.5
124.7
125.0
124.1
123.6
122.8
122.3
121.9
122.1
122.5
121.7
121.3
120.4
s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) ..........................................................................
132.4
135.1
136.2
137.1
136.3
136.1
135.4
132.1
134.9
136.0
136.6
135.6
135.3
134.6
................
131.7
136.3
138.4
138.3
138.8
139.0
139.4
133.7
138.2
140.6
140.5
140.9
141.2
141.8
Fuel and other utilities..........................................................................
330.1
345.4
352.2
354.7
356.3
359.5
363.4
330.9
346.5
3 5 3 .6
3 5 6 .2
35 7 .7
3 6 1 .0
364.7
M a in te n a n c e an d re p a irs
..........................................................................................
M a in te n a n c e an d re p a ir s e rv ic e s
..................................................................
M a in te n a n c e an d re p a ir c o m m o d itie s
.........................................................
335.4
Paint a n d w a llp a p e r, su p p lie s , to o ls , and
e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 )
P lu m b in g , e le c tric a l, h eating, a n d c o o lin g
M is c e lla n e o u s s u p p lie s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 )
.........................................................................................................................................
4 1 9 .0
43 8 .0
448.4
45 2 .0
4 5 4 .0
458.5
464.5
418.4
437.4
4 5 1 .9
453.8
458.4
464.0
F uel oil, c o a l, an d b o ttle d g a s ..................................................................................
67 2 .7
6 4 4 .6
65 6 .6
659.9
659.9
662.8
67 7 .2
6 7 5 .9
6477
659.7
6 6 2 .9
662.7
665.4
6 7 9 .7
F uel o i l ......................................................................................................................
704.3
6 7 0 .6
684.8
68 8 .6
68 6 .8
685.9
699.1
707.1
673.3
68 7 .5
691.1
689.1
688.1
O th e r fu e ls ( 6 /7 8 = 100)
165.0
165.7
165.6
166.0
169.2
176.8
183.7
166.4
167.1
166.9
167.4
170.5
178.0
184.8
412.4
F u e ls
................................................................................
448.3
101.2
........................................................................................
36 0 .6
3 8 9 .0
398.9
402.1
404.4
409.2
413.4
359.3
387.8
398.2
401.5
403.7
408.6
E le c t r ic it y ................................................................................................................
303.0
3 1 4 .9
3 2 7 .5
330.5
333.7
332.5
32 7 .0
302.7
314.4
32 7 .7
330.8
3 3 3 .7
33 2 .5
326.3
U tility (pip e d ) g a s
4 3 4 .5
4 9 4 .6
4 9 7 .2
500.2
500.6
5 1 7 .6
54 2 .0
43 0 .8
490.8
493.8
49 6 .9
497.5
514.5
538.8
G a s (piped) an d e le c tric ity
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
................................................................................................
87
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
18.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1 9 6 7 =
1 0 0 u n le s s o th e r w is e s p e c ifie d ]
All Urban Consumers
General summary
1981
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
1982
1981
1982
Oct
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept
Oct
Oct
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept
Oct.
205.3
HOUSING-Continued
Fuel and other utilities
Continued
O th e r u tilities an d p u b lic s e r v ic e s .....................................................................................
T e le p h o n e s e rv ic e s
.....................................................................................................
L o c a l c h a rg e s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
.......................................................................
In te rs ta te to ll c a lls ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
...............................................................
In tra s ta te to ll c a lls ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
189.4
198.9
200.4
201.4
202.4
2 0 3 .6
204.5
189.8
199.5
201.1
202.1
203.1
204.3
154.3
161.6
163.2
163.8
164.2
165.5
166.2
154.5
161.9
163.5
164.2
164.6
165.9
166.6
121.5
128.9
131.2
131.9
132.5
134.3
135.2
121.8
129.2
131.6
132.3
132.9
134.8
135.7
116.6
120.0
119.6
119.7
119.7
119.7
119.7
116.6
120.4
120.1
120.1
120.1
120.1
120.2
...............................................................
105.5
109.3
109.8
110.0
110.0
110.1
110.4
105.3
109.0
109.4
109.6
109.6
109.7
110.1
.......................................................................
305.2
323.5
324.9
327.7
331.9
332.4
334.1
307.3
326.7
3 2 8 .0
330.8
334.8
335.4
337.1
Household furnishings and operations..................................................
22 5 .6
233.4
2 3 3 .7
234.1
2 3 3 .4
234.2
235.4
222.2
230.0
230.4
230.9
2 3 0 .0
23 1 .0
23 2 .3
H o u s e fu rn ls h in g s
188.7
194.7
194.7
194.7
193.3
194.3
195.9
186.6
192.5
192.6
192.7
191.3
192.4
193.9
210.4
220.9
2 2 0 .2
218.6
2 2 0 .4
222.1
22 3 .2
214.1
22 3 .9
2 2 3 .3
221.1
222.9
22 5 .0
226.4
W a te r a n d s e w e ra g e m a in te n a n c e
...................................................................................................................
T e x tile ho u s e fu rn is h in g s
.............................................................................................
H o u s e h o ld linens (1 2 /7 7 = 100)
..................................................................
C u rta in s , d ra p e s , s lip c o v e rs , a n d s e w in g m a te ria ls ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
130.1
135.4
134.6
131.9
132.9
135.4
136.4
132.0
136.8
135.9
133.3
134.1
136.4
137.6
.
132.2
140.1
140.1
140.8
142.2
141.6
142.0
135.2
142.8
143.0
143.2
144.7
144.8
145,3
F u rn itu re an d b e d d in g ...........................................................................................................
207.9
215.1
214.4
214.2
210.3
213.3
215.8
203.8
21 1 .3
2 1 0 .9
2 1 0 .5
206.9
210.3
212.3
1 0 0 ) ..................................................................
137.4
144.5
143.0
144.8
141.4
145.5
146.7
132.3
140.7
139.7
141.2
137.3
142.1
143.5
S o fa s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ..........................................................................................
119.3
119.1
117.5
117.7
117.0
117.2
119.4
119.0
119.4
118.2
118.1
117.5
117.7
B e d ro o m fu rn itu re ( 1 2 /7 7 =
Living ro o m c h a irs an d ta b le s ( 1 2 /7 7 -
100)
119.6
.........................................
117.0
122.8
123.2
121.9
121.1
123.1
122.6
118.5
122.9
123.3
122.0
121.4
123.4
122.9
.......................................................................
137.3
141.6
142.3
140.9
137.1
137.8
140.6
133.0
137.0
137.7
136.3
133.3
134.1
136.0
A p p lia n c e s in clu d in g T V an d so u n d e q u ip m e n t .................................................
147.8
151.4
151.4
151.6
151.3
151.5
152.0
147.2
151.1
151.2
151.5
151.2
151.4
151.9
...................................
109.1
108.8
108.6
108.7
108.3
108.2
108.5
108.1
107.9
107.7
107.8
107.5
107.4
107.6
T e le v is io n ........................................................................................................
105.0
102.6
102.1
O th e r fu rn itu re (1 2 /7 7 = 100)
T e le v is io n a n d so u n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 -
100)
S ou n d e q u ip m e n t (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .........................................................
H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s
........................................................................................
104.0
103.9
103.7
103.5
103.0
103.1
113.9
113.5
114.0
113.3
113.2
114.1
112.8
113.0
112.7
113.2
112.6
112.5
113.3
183.6
183.8
184.2
184.1
184.7
185 4
175.1
183.8
184.2
184.8
184.6
185.1
185.9
104.3
103.8
102.7
102.7
.........................................................
177.0
186.2
187.7
187.4
187.4
190.2
191.1
181.6
191.8
193.2
192.9
192.9
1 0 0 ) .......................................................
130.5
136.6
136.7
137.3
137.3
137.6
140.0
129.8
136.8
136.9
137.5
137.5
137.9
140.4
118.9
124.3
123.9
124.4
124.3
124.0
123.5
117.1
122.3
122.3
123.0
122.7
122.0
121.7
121.4
R e frig e ra to rs a n d h o m e fre e z e rs
L a u n d ry e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 =
104.4
113.8
175.3
O th e r h o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 00)
....................................
196.1
196.9
S to v e s , d is h w a s h e rs , v a c u u m s , an d se w in g
m a c h in e s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
...............................................................
118.2
123.7
123.1
123.3
122.7
123.4
122.9
115.9
121.4
121.6
122.2
121.4
121.5
1 0 0 ) ............................................
119.8
124.9
124.8
125.6
126.0
124.6
124.0
118.4
123.3
123.0
123.9
124.2
122.5
122.0
O th e r h o u s e h o ld e q u ip m e n t (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................................
134.2
138.3
139.0
139.6
138.2
137.8
139.6
132.4
136.0
136.9
137.5
136.0
135.6
137.6
O ffic e m a ch in e s, s m a ll e le c tric a p p lia n c e s ,
a n d a ir co n d itio n e rs (1 2 /7 7 =
F lo o r an d w in d o w co v e rin g s , in fa n ts ', la u n d ry ,
..............................
135.4
141.4
142.3
142.7
142.9
143.3
143.4
129.6
133.9
134.9
135.4
135.4
135.9
136.0
C lo c k s , la m p s , a n d d e c o r ite m s (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................
cle a n in g , a n d o u td o o r e q u ip m e n t (1 2 /7 7 = 100)
128.7
131.4
132.2
132.3
129.8
129.7
131.3
124.5
127.4
128.2
128.3
125.1
124.9
126.4
141.1
144.4
145.6
145.9
143.8
141.6
145.1
137.9
139.8
141.4
141.9
140.0
137.6
141.3
127.2
132.1
131.9
133.2
132.3
133.4
134.8
131.2
137.4
137.1
138.5
137.2
138.8
140.1
274.3
285.5
286.5
288.4
288.7
289.2
290.1
271.2
281.8
283.1
285.0
284.9
285.7
286.7
269.3
278.8
280.8
281.4
279.4
282.8
283.5
265.3
275.2
2 7 7 .0
277.6
275.4
278.9
279.7
136.7
143.3
143.8
145.3
144.6
145.6
146.8
136.6
142.3
142.7
144.2
143.6
144.5
145.7
141.8
146.0
146.5
147.7
148.5
148.0
148.9
142.4
145.6
146.1
147.4
148.3
147.9
148.9
136.0
137.8
138.6
140.0
140.7
T a b le w a re , senring p ieces, a n d n o n e le c tric
kitc h e n w a re ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
.......................................................................
La w n e q u ip m e n t, p o w e r to o ls , a n d o th e r h a rd w a re (1 2 /7 7 = 100)
H o u s e k e e p in g s u p p lie s
,
........................................................................................................
S o a p s an d d e te rg e n ts
................................................................................................
O th e r la u n d ry an d c le a n in g p ro d u c ts (1 2 /7 7 = 100)
....................................
C le a n s in g a n d to ile t tissu e , p a p e r to w e ls a n d n a p k in s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
..
S ta tio n e ry , s ta tio n e ry s upplies, and g ift w ra p ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ......................
132.5
134.3
142.8
149.3
150.2
150.3
150.7
150.2
150.9
137.8
144.1
144.9
145.1
145.5
145.0
145.6
136.6
144.8
144.0
145.3
145.7
143.8
142.3
129.0
136.6
136.7
138.1
138.1
136.4
135.1
M is c e lla n e o u s h o u s e h o ld p ro d u c ts (1 2 /7 7 = 100)
H o u se k e e p in g s e rv ic e s
128.1
135.4
132.0
.........................................
La w n a n d g a rd e n s u p p lie s (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ..........................................................
136.8
137.6
130.8
135.3
........................................................................................................
300.5
311.3
311.7
312.5
31 2 .9
313.4
313.8
298.9
3 1 0 .2
31 0 .9
3 1 1 .6
312.2
312.7
313.2
P o s ta g e ..............................................................................................................................
3 0 8 .0
337.5
337.5
337.5
337.5
3 3 7 .5
337.5
308.1
337.5
337.5
337.5
337.5
337.5
337.5
157.2
M o vin g , sto ra g e , fre ig h t, h o u s e h o ld la u n d ry , and
d ry c le a n in g s e rv ic e s (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................................................
145.5
153.1
154.2
155.3
156.1
156.6
157.0
145.2
153.3
154.5
155.4
156.4
156.8
A p p lia n c e a n d fu rn itu re re p a ir ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................
131.3
136.6
137.0
137.5
137.7
138.3
139.0
130.5
135.1
135.5
136.0
136.1
136.7
137.4
APPAREL AND UPKEEP........................................................................
191.5
191.5
190.8
189.7
191.8
194.9
195.5
190.6
190.6
189.6
188.7
190.7
194.1
194.6
Apparel commodities ............................................................................
182.1
180.9
180.0
178.6
180.8
184.1
184.6
181.5
180.5
179.4
178.2
180.3
183.8
184.1
A p p a re l c o m m o d itie s less f o o t w e a r .......................................................................
178.4
176.7
175.6
174.0
176.9
180.4
180.9
177.7
176.0
174.7
173.4
176.2
179.9
180.2
M e n 's a n d b o y s ’
...........................................................................................................
M e n 's ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
183.6
183.8
183.1
182.4
183.7
186.5
188.6
182.9
183.7
183.2
182.6
183.5
186.6
188 6
115.9
115.9
115.4
114.9
115.9
117.7
119.0
115.8
116.2
115.8
115.4
116.2
118.2
119.4
..............................
109.8
108.1
107.3
105.5
108.0
110.6
111.6
102.0
101.4
100.6
99.2
101.2
103.5
104.3
.......................................................
102.4
99.9
99 .5
98.2
99.1
103.7
103.7
104.9
101.5
101.1
99.8
100.3
106.4
106.4
........................................................................................
S uits, s p o rt c o a ts , a n d ja c k e ts ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
C o a ts an d ja c k e ts (1 2 /7 7 = 100)
F u rnishings and s p e c ia l clo th in g ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
S h irts (1 2 /7 7 = 100)
............................
................................................................................
D u n g a re e s , je a n s , an d tro u s e rs (1 2 /7 7 -
1 0 0 ) ..............................
B o y s ’ ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ...........................................................................................
C o a ts , ja c k e ts , s w e a te rs , a n d s h irts ( 1 2 /7 7 -
100)
...................
134.3
138.7
138.0
138.7
138.4
138.6
141.0
130.0
134.7
135.3
134.9
135.8
123.0
121.2
121.5
121.6
121.9
123.8
125.2
125.5
123.1
123.8
123.6
123.9
126.2
128.1
109.2
110.3
109.7
109.5
110.5
111.4
112.4
114.7
115.6
115.2
115.0
116.0
116.9
118.0
118.1
118.8
118.5
118.6
118.4
120.2
121.7
116.4
117.1
116.9
116.9
116.7
118.3
119.8
111.9
111.5
110.7
109.0
110.5
113.7
114.5
113.5
112.0
111.5
109.7
111.3
114.6
115.3
129.5
135.3
137.7
125.6
131.2
131.9
132.1
131.1
132.6
133.6
121.8
127.2
128.0
128.2
127.2
128.6
1 0 0 ) ..............
119.9
119.6
119.4
120.7
119.5
120.3
122.7
116.6
117.3
117.1
118.3
117.1
117.3
119.7
W o m e n ’s an d g i r l s '........................................................................................................
161.2
159.1
157.3
154.6
159.2
163.6
163.0
162.7
160.8
158.4
156.2
160.9
165.7
164.7
F u rnishings ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
.....................................................................
S uits, tro u s e rs , s p o rt co a ts , a n d ja c k e ts (1 2 /7 7 -
W o m e n 's (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................................................................
104.4
105.7
167.3
158.3
156.4
154.9
163.0
169.7
170.5
171.4
165.7
162.9
161.8
171.0
176.9
176.8
166.9
162.0
160.1
152.8
158.5
165.1
162.6
151.5
147.1
145.4
138.4
145.9
151.2
149.2
S e p a ra te s an d s p o rts w e a r ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
100.4
101.2
100.2
96.7
98.3
101.4
102.0
102.3
101.9
101.0
9 7.6
99.1
102.6
102.9
123.0
128.1
127.9
127.7
129.3
129.7
129.9
123.4
127.9
127.6
127.4
129.0
129.4
129.6
......................................
U n d e rw e a r, n ig h tw e a r, a n d h o s ie ry (1 2 /7 7 = 100)
......................
102.1
105.4
106.8
C o a ts an d ja c k e t s ........................................................................................
D re s s e s ...........................................................................................................
108.7
108.1
108.1
107.1
105.4
103.5
106.9
110.5
S u its (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................................................................
92.4
83.4
7 8.6
77 .6
85 .6
92.7
88.6
110.2
100.6
92.7
93.1
99.8
G irls ’ (1 2 /7 7 = 100) ..........................................................................................
109.2
106.3
105.8
106.3
108.2
109.6
109.9
108.4
106.2
105.2
105.4
107.4
108.9
108.7
C o a ts , ja c k e ts , d re s s e s , an d s u its ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .........................
99.8
96.9
95.1
98.8
101.4
102.5
104.5
99.8
95 .0
92.4
9 6.0
99.4
100.5
102.3
......................................
112.0
105.9
106.0
103.6
105.8
107.8
106.0
110.6
108.0
107.7
104.1
105.9
108.5
105.2
...............................................................
119.6
122.4
122.9
123.8
124.0
124.4
126.0
118.5
121.5
121.9
122.7
123.0
123.5
125.1
S e p a ra te s a n d s p o rts w e a r (1 2 /7 7 = 100)
111.9
109.8
106.7
U n d e rw e a r, n ig h tw e a r, h o s ie ry , and
a c c e s s o rie s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
88
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
18.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1 9 6 7 = 100 u n le ss o th e rw is e s p e c ifie d ]
All Urban Consumers
General summary
1981
Oct.
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
1982
May
June
July
1981
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
1982
Oct.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
APPAREL AND UPKEEP-Continued
Apparel commodities—Continued
A p p a re l c o m m o d itie s le s s fo o tw e a r — C o ntinued
In fa n ts ’ a n d to d d le rs ’ ..................................................................
268.5
269.0
268.7
268.8
272.4
276.8
275.8
281.6
279.3
278.2
277.8
28 3 .0
288.1
286.8
O th e r a p p a re l c o m m o d itie s
216.2
209.7
209.9
209.7
210.8
212.6
213.1
206.2
198.8
198.9
198.7
199.5
201.2
201.7
.........................................
S e w in g m a te ria ls an d n o tio n s (1 2 /7 7 = 100)
J e w e lry a n d lu g g a g e (1 2 /7 7 = 100)
......................................
118.1
119.3
119.2
120.0
121.5
121.9
119.3
116.3
117.7
117.6
118.5
119.6
120.0
117.7
.......................................................
149.0
142.5
142.8
142.2
142.6
144.1
145.6
141.1
133.5
133.6
133.1
133.3
134.7
136.2
204.2
206.5
2 0 6 .6
206.4
204.4
206.2
206.8
204.1
206.9
204.1
205.9
206.7
F o o tw e a r ..................................................................................
206.7
206.7
129.3
132.4
132.1
132.3
130.9
132.4
133.2
130.3
134.5
134.1
134.3
132.7
134.1
135.0
131.1
131.5
132.1
131.7
128.7
129.4
129.5
132.2
134.6
134.8
134.4
131.3
131.9
132.1
124.9
125.8
125.8
125.6
125.4
126.5
126.9
122.5
121.6
121.6
121.5
121.1
122.4
122.8
Apparel services ........................................
263.2
274.7
275.3
276.6
277.4
279.2
281.3
262.1
2 7 2 .3
2 7 3 .0
274.3
275.2
277.2
279.7
L a u n d ry a n d d ry c le a n in g o th e r th a n c oin o p e ra te d ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .................
157.1
164.4
164.8
165.4
165.6
166.7
167.2
156.4
162.8
163.3
163.8
164.1
165.2
165.8
O th e r a p p a re l s e rv ic e s (1 2 /7 7 =
137.5
142.9
143.1
144.1
145.0
145.9
148.2
138.3
143.1
143.4
144.6
145.5
146.6
149.3
TRANSPORTATION
2 8 7 .2
28 5 .6
292.8
296.1
296.2
295.3
295.5
288.9
287.1
294.5
297.9
298.0
296.9
297.0
Private............................................................
283.9
281.5
288.9
292.3
292.4
291.1
291.1
286.4
284.0
2 9 1 .6
295.1
295.2
293.8
293.8
N e w c a rs
192.5
197.5
198.1
198.6
198.7
197.7
197.7
192.7
197.3
197.9
198.5
198.6
197.5
197.4
M e n 's (1 2 /7 7 = 100)
............................................
B o y s ' a n d g irls ’ ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
W o m e n ’s (1 2 /7 7 =
..................................................................
1 0 0 ) ..................................................................................
100)
..................................................................
.............................................................................................
u s e d c a r s .....................................................................................................
278.2
291.4
2 9 8 .2
302.4
304.4
304.6
306.7
2 7 8 .2
291.4
298.2
302.4
304.4
304.6
3 0 6 .7
G a so lin e
409.9
370.4
392.3
400.3
398.4
394.2
39 0 .6
411.3
371.7
393.8
4 0 1 .6
399.7
395.5
391.9
A u to m o b ile m a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a i r .................................................... ........................
30 1 .3
3 1 3 .6
316.0
318.0
31 9 .2
3 2 0 .6
321.9
301.8
314.4
316.8
318.7
320.0
32 1 .3
3 2 2 .6
B o d y w o rk (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .....................................................................................
148.7
155.7
156.3
157.5
158.2
159.4
160.4
147.2
154.0
154.7
156.0
156.8
158.1
159.4
144.0
150.8
151.6
151.9
152.5
153.1
153.2
146.5
154.9
155.7
156.1
156.6
157.1
157.2
148.6
........................................................................................
A u to m o b ile d riv e tra in , b ra k e , a n d m is c e lla n e o u s
m e c h a n ic a l re p a ir (1 2 /7 7 = 100)
M a in te n a n c e an d s e rv ic in g (1 2 /7 7 =
P o w e r p la n t re p a ir ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
O th e r p riv a te tra n s p o rta tio n
..................................................................
100)
....................................................
....................................................................
..................................................................................
O th e r p riv a te tra n s p o rta tio n co m m o d itie s
.......................................................
M o to r oil, co o la n t, an d o th e r p ro d u c ts (1 2 /7 7 =
100)
......................
140.3
145.0
146.8
147.9
148.5
148.9
149.3
140.3
144.4
146.2
147.3
147.8
148.2
144.0
150.1
150.8
151.7
152.4
153.3
154.3
143.5
149.6
150.3
151.2
151.9
152.8
24 7 .5
2 5 5 .7
25 8 .7
260.8
260.8
26 0 .0
261.4
250.6
258.8
261.8
264.0
263.9
2 6 3 .0
264.1
212.7
216.9
217.5
216.3
214.8
213.9
214.4
216.1
219.4
220.0
218.8
217.1
216.3
216.9
151.0
149.9
150.7
151.5
153.2
152.5
151.9
144.8
148.4
149.0
150.3
151.8
151.2
136.0
138.8
139.2
138.2
136.8
136.3
136.7
138.9
140.9
141.2
140.1
138.6
138.1
T i r e s ........................................................................................
189.4
192.3
192.8
191.8
189.5
188.5
189.6
194.6
196.0
196.4
195.5
193.0
192.1
193.2
O th e r p a rts an d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
133.4
138.0
138.3
136.6
135.8
135.8
135.4
134.3
138.4
138.6
136.8
136.0
135.8
135.4.
259.1
268.4
272.2
275.1
275.5
2 7 4 .7
276.4
262.2
271.8
275.5
278.5
278.9
2 7 7 .9
279.1
264.6
271.6
27 4 .0
275.4
275.8
276.9
283.9
264.3
271.3
2 7 3 .5
27 4 .9
2 7 5 .2
276.3
283.2
184.4
186.3
192.0
193.6
193.5
189.6
185.2
183.1
185.9
191.2
192.6
192.9
188.9
184.6
120.2
133.3
133.3
137.4
138.0
138.9
138.8
120.0
133.7
133.8
138.4
138.8
140.0
139.8
147.9
174.2
174.3
183.6
183.8
183.7
183.7
148.0
173.8
173.9
183.2
183.4
183.3
183.2
132.8
132.8
133.1
133.1
133.1
A u to m o b ile p a rts a n d e q u ip m e n t (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .................................
.................................
O th e r p riv a te tra n s p o rta tio n s e r v ic e s .........................................................
A u to m o b ile in s u ra n c e
..........................................................................
A u to m o b ile fin a n c e c h a rg e s (1 2 /7 7 = 100)
.........................................
A u to m o b ile re n ta l, re g is tra tio n , a n d o th e r fe e s (1 2 /7 7 = 100)
S ta te re g is tra tio n
...
.............................................................................
D riv e rs ’ lic e n s e s (1 2 /7 7 = 100)
V e h ic le in s p e c tio n ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
.......................................................
....................................................
O th e r v e h ic le -re la te d fe e s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
....................................
148.0
153.8
109.9
127.7
127.7
132.8
132.8
109.8
127.9
127.9
133.1
138.6
128.3
126.7
126.7
128.5
128.5
128.5
128.5
129.1
128.3
128.3
129.9
129.9
129.9
129.9
141.2
149.2
149.3
151.0
151.9
154.5
154.2
146.5
156.2
156.3
158.7
159.4
163.0
162.7
3 4 1 .0
345.4
348.2
Public..............................................
330.8
342.1
345.6
3 4 7 .2
348.1
353.3
356.3
32 6 .6
335.1
3 3 7 .9
339.8
A irlin e f a r e .....................................................................
37 2 .0
3 8 8 .9
39 6 .0
397.4
397.5
409.5
413.7
3 7 2 .9
385.2
392.4
393.2
39 3 .5
4 0 7 .0
411.1
In te rc ity bus fa re
36 1 .3
3 6 6 .0
363.7
368.3
370.5
368.9
37 0 .6
362.1
367.5
365.4
3 7 0 .6
372.3
3 7 1 .0
3 7 2 .5
301.7
308.3
309.2
31 1 .0
312.8
3 1 2 .6
315.2
301.3
307.1
307.9
310.3
312.3
312.1
314.7
..................................................................
In tra c ity m a s s tra n s it
T a x i fa re
..........................................................................
..................................................................................
289.3
297.6
2 9 8 .0
299.3
299.7
299.8
3 0 0 .2
298.1
307.2
307.6
308.7
309.3
309.3
309.9
In te rc ity tra in f a r e .....................................................................
3 1 5 .0
337.9
338.2
338.4
338.6
338.4
338.4
314.9
337.9
338.2
338.4
3 3 8 .6
338.4
338.4
MEDICAL CARE ..........................................
304.8
323.8
326.4
3 3 0 .0
333.3
336.0
338.7
304.0
32 2 .3
324.8
328.1
331.3
333.9
336.5
Medical care commodities............................................
192.1
204.1
205.6
206.5
208.2
209.9
2 1 1 .6
192.9
204.8
206.3
207.1
208.8
2 1 0 .5
212.1
P re s c rip tio n d ru g s
198.2
200.5
.............................................................................................
178.6
190.4
191.8
193.4
A n ti-in fe c tiv e d ru g s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................
136.8
142.5
143.3
144.2
146.0
147.5
149.1
139.6
144.1
145.1
146.0
147.5
149.2
T ra n q u iliz e rs an d s e d a tiv e s (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................
141.9
153.8
154.9
156.1
157.6
158.8
161.5
141.3
153.8
154.7
155.8
157.4
158.6
161.1
C irc u la to rie s a n d d iu re tic s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................
129.5
137.0
138.4
139.3
140.7
141.5
143.0
130.5
136.8
138.2
139.1
140.6
141.3
142.8
161.9
175.4
177.2
179.6
181.6
182.3
183.5
162.8
176.9
178.6
181.1
183.1
183.8
185.1
144.1
153.7
154.6
155.4
157.6
159.5
161.7
144.2
155.2
156.0
157.1
159.3
161.4
163.6
195.6
197.2
199.4
179.4
191.4
192.7
194.4
196.6
151.2
H o rm o n e s , d ia b e tic d ru g s , b io lo g ic a ls , and
p re s c rip tio n m e d ic a l s u p p lie s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
Pain a n d s y m p to m c o n tro l d ru g s (1 2 /7 7 = 100)
.................................
.........................................
S u p p le m e n ts , co u g h an d c o ld p re p a ra tio n s , and
re s p ira to ry a g e n ts (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................
N o n p re s c rip tio n d ru g s an d m e d ic a l s u p p lie s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100)
E y e g la s s e s (1 2 /7 7 = 100)
...........................
.................................................
Internal a n d re s p ira to ry o v e r-th e -c o u n te r d ru g s
..............................
N o n p re s c rip tio n m e d ic a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ...........
Medical care services ....................................
P ro fe s s io n a l s e rv ic e s
..................................................................
136.8
145.9
146.3
147.9
149.6
150.8
152.3
136.1
146.0
146.4
148.1
149.8
150.9
152.4
137.0
145.1
146.3
146.4
147.2
148.4
149.2
137.9
145.9
147.1
147.1
147.9
149.1
149.8
127.4
130.9
131.6
131.6
131.6
131.9
132.6
126.0
129.7
130.4
130.4
130.3
130.5
131.4
217.3
233.4
2 3 5 .2
234.9
236.6
2 3 9 .3
240.7
219.5
2 3 5 .0
236.8
236.2
237.9
2 4 0 .6
241.9
132.7
139.5
141.1
142.2
142.9
143.5
144.1
133.8
140.4
142.0
143.2
144.2
144.8
145.1
329.7
350.2
3 5 3 .0
357.3
36 1 .0
3 6 4 .0
366.9
328.3
3 4 8 .0
350.7
3 5 4 .7
358.3
361.1
363.9
304.4
30 5 .9
3 0 6 .6
306.9
286.4
299.2
301.2
302.8
28 6 .2
299.3
3 0 1 .3
302.9
3 0 4 .6
306.1
P h y s ic ia n s ' s e r v ic e s ............................................................
307.9
324.0
326.4
328.7
330.4
332.3
334.2
310.9
327.0
329.4
33 1 .6
333.5
335.4
337.4
D e n ta l s e r v i c e s ..................................................................................
27 1 .6
282.1
283.9
284.8
286.4
287.7
287.0
269.5
280.3
282.1
282.9
284.4
2 8 5 .7
28 5 .0
O th e r p ro fe s s io n a l s e rv ic e s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .........................................
138.9
143.4
143.8
144.8
145.6
145.9
146.1
134.9
140.2
140.7
141.5
142.5
142.7
143.0
382.1
41 1 .9
415.7
423.2
429.4
434.1
4 3 9 .8
380.3
408.5
412.1
419.4
425.4
429.9
4 3 5 .6
O th e r m e d ic a l c a re s e r v i c e s ..........................................................................
H o s p ita l a n d o th e r m e d ic a l s e rv ic e s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................
159.0
170.6
171.6
174.7
177.1
178.3
180.0
157.9
169.1
170.0
172.9
175.2
176.5
178.3
H o s p ita l r o o m .............................................................................................
5 0 3 .0
543.8
546.8
557.8
565.5
570.1
576.8
498.9
536.7
539.4
549.7
5 5 7 .6
562.1
569.1
O th e r h o s p ita l a n d m e d ic a l c a re s e rv ic e s (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................
157.2
167.6
168.5
171.2
173.6
174.7
176.0
156.1
166.6
167.5
170.0
172.2
173.3
174.7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
89
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
18.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o th e r w is e s p e c ifie d ]
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
All Urban Consumers
ENTERTAINMENT..................................................................................
1982
1981
1982
1981
General summary
Aug.
Sept
Oct
Oct.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct
Oct.
May
June
July
225.5
234.4
23 5 .6
236.6
237.4
238.3
240.3
223.4
231.1
232.3
233.5
233.9
234.8
236.5
235.5
234.4
2 3 5 .0
23 6 .6
Entertainment commodities..................................................................
228.9
238.8
23 9 .6
241.1
240.5
2 4 0 .8
24 2 .9
224.2
232.8
233.8
R e a d in g m a te ria ls (1 2 /7 7 -
1 0 0 ) ..................................................................................
138.7
148.5
149.4
150.4
149.4
150.1
153.1
138.3
147.7
148.6
149.7
148.9
149.6
152.4
...................................................................................................................
267.1
28 1 .6
283.9
285.9
286.3
288.5
290.4
266.9
28 1 .2
283.4
2 8 5 .6
286.0
28 8 .2
290.1
156.0
153.6
153.8
159.2
125.8
N e w s p a p e rs
M a g a z in e s , p e rio d ic a ls , an d b o o k s ( 1 2 /7 7 -
S p o rtin g g o o d s an d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 S p o rt v e h ic le s (1 2 /7 7 -
1 00)
1 0 0 ) .........................................
1 0 0 ) .........................................................
................................................................................
In d o o r a n d w a rm w e a th e r s p o rt e q u ip m e n t (1 2 /7 7 B ic y c le s
1 0 0 ) .........................
...........................................................................................................................
O th e r s p o rtin g g o o d s an d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 -
100)
155.0
156.1
153.8
153.9
159.2
141.9
154.2
154.8
128.3
132.8
132.7
132.8
133.2
132.9
134.3
121.4
124.9
125.3
125.7
124.9
125.0
129.4
135.4
135.7
135.4
135.7
135.3
137.1
118.6
122.6
123.9
124.1
122.4
122.8
123.6
119.2
121.0
119.6
120.3
119.7
120.5
120.6
117.3
119.2
117.1
118.0
117.5
118.1
118.3
199.0
198.7
195.9
200.7
198.8
199.4
200.4
20 0 .0
199.9
129.4
131.9
126.2
127.9
128.3
129.8
130.9
129.8
132.1
130.5
134.4
134.9
136.0
136.1
194.4
199.4
197.6
198.3
199.4
126.6
127.6
127.9
129.4
130.3
137.3
136.1
135.7
131.3
135.5
136.1
136.9
137.1
137.1
129.6
134.8
135.9
137.2
136.4
136.4
136.4
126.2
131.4
132.4
133.7
132.8
132.9
133.0
1 0 0 ) ....................................
126.0
130.0
130.3
130.8
130.2
130.1
129.6
127.8
131.2
131.5
131.9
131.4
131.3
130.6
.......................................................
138.3
141.0
140.6
142.0
142.5
143.4
143.9
139.9
141.8
141.5
143.0
143.6
144.6
145.0
229.2
230.9
231.3
234.2
235.8
2 3 7 .6
1 0 0 ) .........................................
T o y s , h o b b ie s , a n d m u s ic e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 -
100)
P h o to g ra p h ic s u p p lie s an d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 100)
154.4
....................................
T o ys , h o b b ie s , an d o th e r e n te rta in m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 -
P e t s u p p lie s a n d e x p e n s e s (1 2 /7 7 -
....................................
141.9
Entertainment services ........................................................................
2 2 1 .0
228.7
230.5
230.8
233.5
2 3 5 .2
2 3 7 .2
22 3 .3
F e e s fo r p a rtic ip a n t s p o rts ( 1 2 /7 7 -
1 0 0 ) ..................................................................
136.4
141.6
142.5
141.8
143.4
146.0
148.0
138.9
142.9
143.8
143.0
144.8
147.4
149.4
A d m is s io n s (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................................
128.3
133.0
133.5
135.5
137.4
136.4
136.6
128.2
132.1
132.6
134.6
136.5
135.5
135.6
124.2
126.4
128.7
128.8
129.2
129.6
130.5
125.7
127.9
1 0 0 ) ............................................................
123.1
OTHER GOODS AND SERVICES............................................................
24 5 .2
2 5 5 .0
255.8
Tobacco products ................................................................................
22 5 .3
2 3 7 .4
23 7 .8
C ig a r e t t e s .................................................................................................................................
228.1
240.4
240.7
O th e r to b a c c o p ro d u c ts an d s m o k in g a c c e s s o rie s (1 2 /7 7 -
1 0 0 ) ...................
134.0
141.0
141.8
Personal care ......................................................................................
2 3 6 .9
24 6 .5
2 4 7 .8
O th e r e n te rta in m e n t s e rv ic e s (1 2 /7 7 -
128.8
129.6
257.2
258.3
2 6 6 .6
271.2
241.4
252.4
253.1
2 5 4 .5
255.7
26 2 .8
267.8
239.2
240.1
246.8
257.3
2 2 4 .5
23 6 .6
2 3 7 .0
238.3
239.3
246.1
2 5 6 .6
242.2
243.1
25 0 .6
262.3
227.2
2 3 9 .6
239.9
241.3
242.3
249.8
261.4
142.1
142.4
142.6
142.9
134.7
141.1
142.0
142.2
142.5
142.8
143.1
249.4
25 0 .6
251.1
25 2 .9
234.1
244.7
24 6 .0
247.5
248.8
24 9 .3
250.9
245.4
2 4 7 .0
248.6
250.5
2 5 0 .0
252.1
2 3 1 .6
244.5
2 4 6 .3
247.7
249.5
249.1
251.5
2 3 1 .4
.........................
134.9
142.1
143.2
145.0
145.T)
144.6
147.8
131.8
141.7
142.6
144.2
144.4
144.0
146.9
100) ....................................................
139.8
150.1
150.5
150.9
153.1
153.3
155.2
138.0
148.6
148.9
149.5
151.6
151.8
153.5
T o ile t g o o d s a n d p e rs o n a l c a re a p p lia n c e s ..................................................................
P ro d u c ts fo r th e hair, h a irp ie c e s , an d w ig s (1 2 /7 7 D e n ta l a n d sh a v in g p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 /7 7 -
128.3
127.8
100)
C o s m e tic s , ba th an d nail p re p a ra tio n s , m a n ic u re
131.2
137.6
139.6
139.9
141.3
140.7
141.4
131.6
138.5
140.1
140.5
142.0
141.4
142.1
133.7
140.5
140.8
141.8
142.5
142.4
142.2
138.2
144.0
144.4
145.4
146.2
146.2
145.8
P e rs o n a l c a re s e r v ic e s ........................................................................................................
242.3
2 4 9 .2
250.1
251.8
2 5 2 .5
25 3 .8
255.1
237.1
244.4
245.4
246.9
2 4 7 .6
248.9
2 5 0 .0
B e a u ty p a rlo r s e rv ic e s fo r w o m e n ..........................................................................
243.9
251.3
252.3
254.4
2 5 5 .0
256.3
258.3
2 3 6 .7
2 4 5 .0
245.9
247.9
2 4 8 .7
249.8
251.6
H a irc u ts an d o th e r b a rb e r sh o p s e rv ic e s fo r m e n ( 1 2 /7 7 -
135.6
138.9
139.4
139.8
140.2
141.1
141.0
134.5
137.7
138.2
138.5
139.0
139.9
139.8
295.2
296.4
297.9
317.4
320.4
an d e y e m a k e u p im p le m e n ts ( 1 2 /7 7 -
100) ...............................................
O th e r to ile t g o o d s an d s m a ll p e rs o n a l c a re a p p lia n c e s (1 2 /7 7 = 100)
100)
...........
Personal and educational expenses
2 8 4 .6
292.8
293.3
2 9 4 .5
295.8
316.1
319.3
284.8
2 9 4 .6
S c h o o lb o o k s a n d s u p p lie s
................................................................................................
254.5
264.2
264.6
264.8
26 5 .3
280.5
2 8 3 .0
258.3
268.4
268.8
2 6 9 .0
2 6 9 .6
284.3
286.8
P e rs o n a l an d e d u c a tio n a l s e r v ic e s ..................................................................................
291.7
299.8
300.3
301.7
303.1
324.4
327.7
29 1 .6
301.4
30 2 .0
303.4
305.1
325.6
328.7
152.0
152.1
152.5
153.2
166.2
167.7
166.9
T u itio n a n d o th e r s c h o o l fe e s
C o lle g e tu itio n (1 2 /7 7 -
149.0
151.4
151.5
152.0
152.6
165.6
167.2
149.3
148.2
151.0
151.2
151.8
151.9
164.9
166.8
148.1
151.3
151.4
152.0
152.0
165.0
..............................
151.6
152.2
152.2
152.2
154.6
168.7
168.6
152.2
152.9
152.9
152.9
155.6
169.6
169.6
1 0 0 ) .......................................................................
152.3
163.6
164.5
166.0
167.4
169.4
171.9
150.4
163.6
164.6
166.1
167.6
169.6
171.7
..................................................................................
100)
.......................................................................
E le m e n ta ry a n d high s c h o o l tu itio n (1 2 /7 7 P e rso n a l e x p e n s e s (1 2 /7 7 -
100)
Special indexes:
394.4
390.3
386.9
405.4
367.2
3 8 8 .6
3 9 6 .2
........................................................................................................
41 9 .0
431.5
436.5
439.1
441.3
436.0
43 2 .9
4 1 7 .6
430.9
4 3 6 .0
4 3 8 .8
4 4 1 .7
436.3
433.9
U tilitie s a n d p u b lic t r a n s p o r ta tio n .....................................................................................
292.7
3 1 1 .0
31 6 .6
318.7
320.3
323.8
32 6 .5
2 9 1 .6
309.8
3 1 5 .6
317.8
319.4
322.8
325.4
H o u s e k e e p in g a n d h o m e m a in te n a n c e s e rv ic e s
335.9
349.8
351.2
350.3
351.4
353.8
3 5 5 .0
3 3 7 .3
350.4
351.8
3 5 1 .0
3 5 2 .2
35 4 .6
3 6 6 ./
G a s o lin e , m o to r oil, co o la n t, an d o th e r p r o d u c t s .......................................................
In su ra n c e a n d fin a n c e
90
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.......................................................
404.3
366.1
387.3
3 9 5 .0
393.2
389.2
38 5 .7
19. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Cross classification of region and population size class by expenditure
category and commodity and service group
[D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 7 =
100]
Category and group
Size class A
(1.25 million or more)
Size class B
(385,000 1.250 million)
1982
June
I
Aug.
Size class C
(75,000-385,000)
1982
Oct.
June
Aug.
Size class D
(75,000 or less)
1982
j
Oct
June
1982
Aug.
Oct
June
161.2
160.7
I
Aug.
Oct
Northeast
EXPENDITURE CATEGORY
A ll ite m s
.....................................................................................................
1477
149.0
151.8
155.5
155.8
156.6
163.5
156.9
155.3
....................................................................
145.9
144.9
145.1
144.1
143.4
142.4
148.8
148.9
147.0
142.9
142.9
141.9
.............................................................................................
151.6
153.3
157.7
165.2
164.5
164.9
182.1
174.5
172.9
169.3
163.7
163.0
F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s
H o u s in g
155.8
....................................................................
118.6
119.6
122.2
122.4
127.0
128.3
128.4
128.5
123.4
124.8
T r a n s p o r ta tio n ..................................................................................
157.2
159.4
160.7
164.6
166.5
166.6
162.2
164.7
165.2
161.2
163.7
164.6
M e d ic a l c a r e .....................................................................................
147.5
150.0
151.4
150.2
156.1
158.1
152.7
157.2
161.5
155.4
156.1
157.0
E n te rta in m e n t ..................................................................................
136.5
139.7
140.6
137.5
137.4
139.9
136.4
136.8
138.1
141.1
143.8
144.8
.........................................................
139.8
141.7
150.0
142.1
143.2
151.4
146.7
148.1
154.3
144.0
144.6
153.4
A p p a re l an d u p k e e p
O th e r g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s
122.8
131.4
COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP
C o m m o d itie s ................................................................................................
144.6
145.3
147.7
151.5
152.4
153.8
152.3
152.0
150.6
149.8
150.9
...................................
143.8
145.5
149.3
155.1
155.6
157.2
156.2
153.9
154.3
154.3
153.1
155.2
........................................................................................................
151.8
153.8
157.1
161.9
162.4
163.3
179.1
175.6
175.0
166.8
163.8
163.5
C o m m o d itie s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e ra g e s
S e rv ic e s
151.6
North Central Region
EXPENDITURE CATEGORY
A ll Item s
.....................................................................................................
159.6
162.2
163.1
157.0
158.9
155.2
158.9
155.9
156.4
160.2
159.0
....................................................................
144.1
143.7
143.5
142.8
142.7
142.6
145.0
144.9
143.8
148.7
149.2
149.2
.............................................................................................
175.1
179.8
181.2
163.3
165.6
168.5
162.1
169.4
162.6
164.0
171.4
167.8
114.0
117.0
118.8
123.0
124.1
128.7
124.7
126.7
127.8
120.5
120.1
121.9
F o o d an d b e v e ra g e s
H ousing
A p p a re l a n d u p k e e p
.....................................................................
T r a n s p o r ta tio n ..................................................................................
165.1
155.3
166.1
164.5
163.2
165.0
164.1
163.1
M e d ic a l c a r e .....................................................................................
153.0
155.8
157.9
155.2
161.2
162.7
155.6
157.7
160.9
158.3
161.0
163.7
E n te rta in m e n t ..................................................................................
137.1
138.8
140.7
129.5
131.7
133.5
139.2
139.9
142.5
131.5
131.4
133.3
O th e r g o o d s an d s e rv ic e s
141.4
142.3
150.5
152.5
153.3
161.4
141.2
142.8
148.1
148.3
150.2
157.3
..........................................................
164.1
165.7
166.7
165.0
163.1
COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP
C o m m o d itie s ................................................................................................
149.4
150.9
151.9
148.5
148.8
149.7
148.8
150.8
148.2
147.9
149.1
...................................
151.9
154.2
155.8
150.9
151.3
152.6
150.5
153.4
150.1
147.6
149.0
147.0
........................................................................................................
174.8
179.0
179.7
166.2
170.3
173.7
165.6
172.0
168.6
169.8
177.8
177.0
C o m m o d itie s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e ra g e s
S e rv ic e s
147.6
South
EXPENDITURE CATEGORY
A ll ite m s
.....................................................................................................
H o u s in g
156.3
156.9
158.1
158.4
159.1
159.6
157.6
158.6
159.1
156.5
158.8
159.8
.....................................................................
146.7
147.2
146.8
146.9
146.5
146.4
146.0
146.0
145.6
147.7
147.5
.............................................................................................
147.5
165.2
165.0
166.1
167.8
167.3
F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s
167.2
167.9
167.5
167.0
164.6
168.4
169.7
....................................................................
124.9
124.0
127.5
123.6
122.6
125.3
118.6
121.0
123.7
109.4
107.9
112.4
T r a n s p o r ta tio n ..................................................................................
163.4
165.3
164.7
167.0
168.6
167.7
165.1
166.4
166.0
163.3
165.6
164.5
173.9
A p p a re l an d u p k e e p
M e d ic a l c a r e .....................................................................................
152.8
156.2
160.9
154.5
157.3
161.3
166.2
169.4
166.6
169.3
E n te rta in m e n t ..................................................................................
132.0
131.7
135.5
143.1
145.0
147.3
142.7
142.1
144.5
145.2
148.1
149.7
O th e r g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s
144.1
145.6
152.9
143.3
143.6
152.5
144.5
145.2
153.3
150.4
152.3
153.2
..........................................................
162.5
COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP
C o m m o d itie s ................................................................................................
C o m m o d itie s le s s fo o d an d b e v e ra g e s
S e rv ic e s
...................................
.....................................................................................
..............
149.1
149.7
150.1
150.9
150.1
150.8
151.6
152.6
152.8
154.0
150.6
151.2
151.8
150.5
150.5
152.0
166.5
166.9
169.2
169.8
171.5
171.5
170.6
172.4
173.2
166.8
172.6
173.6
150.9
151.7
149.2
149.6
149.9
149.7
149.6
150.6
West
EXPENDITURE CATEGORY
A ll ite m s
.....................................................................................................
160.8
160.3
160.3
158.6
159.9
160.1
149.7
153.3
152.6
159.9
158.5
158.1
.....................................................................
146.4
147.5
148.3
148.9
148.6
148.6
145.1
144.9
145.7
149.9
150.6
150.8
.............................................................................................
170.1
167.7
166.9
165.6
166.6
166.0
150.3
155.6
153.4
165.5
160.5
.....................................................................
120.0
119.8
120.7
125.2
124.9
126.5
122.3
122.8
123.8
140.5
138.5
138.6
T r a n s p o r ta tio n ..................................................................................
167.7
169.9
169.4
165.9
169.7
169.8
163.5
167.0
166.0
162.8
166.2
165.7
F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s
H o u s in g
A p p a re l an d u p k e e p
M e d ic a l c a r e .....................................................................................
E n te rta in m e n t
..................................................................................
O th e r g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s
.
....................................................
164.4
158.7
167.1
168.9
166.2
168.5
138.5
135.8
136.6
139.4
141.0
142.4
134.2
135.7
136.2
150.6
153.1
154.9
147.0
149.3
155.4
149.1
149.8
155.0
139.9
141.7
148.0
153.3
154.4
164.2
151.0
151.6
159.5
163.3
165.1
159.6
167.0
168.8
169.6
COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP
C o m m o d it ie s ................................................................................................
147.8
148.8
149.4
149.5
147.5
149.9
150.6
...................................
148.4
149.4
149.9
149.7
152.1
152.9
148.5
152.0
152.6
........................................................................................................
152.0
148.7
146.4
178.1
175.5
174.8
171.1
172.1
171.8
152.8
158.1
155.4
172.5
172.1
173.4
C o m m o d itie s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e ra g e s
S e rv ic e s
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
151.3
149.2
147.7
91
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
20.
Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average, and selected areas
[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o th e r w is e s p e c ifie d ]
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
All Urban Consumers
Area1
U .S . c ity a v e ra g e 2 .....................................................................................
A n c h o ra g e , A la s k a (1 0 /6 7 - 1 0 0 )
1981
1982
Oct.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Oct.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct
2 7 9 .9
287.1
290.6
292.2
292.8
2 9 3 .3
294.1
279.7
286.5
290.1
29 1 .8
292.4
292.8
293.6
297.8
2 8 3 .0
295.6
291.1
281.5
B a ltim o re , M d .................................................................................................
28 3 .6
286.1
289.2
B o sto n , M a s s ..................................................................................................
272.5
2 7 9 .2
282.9
27 2 .0
B u ffa lo , N .Y .....................................................................................................
C h ica g o , III .-N o rth w e s te rn Ind..................................................................
276.1
287.7
291.8
293.1
293.2
2 9 4 .0
294.4
276.3
287.0
288.8
278.7
28 2 .7
2 8 7 .0
291.5
292.7
2 9 2 .5
C le v e la n d , O h i o ..........................................................................................
282.8
29 7 .8
312.2
3 1 6 .6
282.3
297.0
31 0 .6
D a lla s -F t. W o rth , T e x ...................................................................................
295.5
304.8
304.3
306.7
288.8
300.5
300.2
313.4
D e n v e r-B o u ld e r, C o lo ..................................................................................
D e tro it, M ic h ....................................................................................................
281.5
H o n o lu lu , H a w a ii
259.3
........................................................................................
H o u s to n , T e x ..................................................................................................
300.0
K a n s a s C ity , M o .-K a n s a s
.......................................................................
272.6
L o s A n g e le s -L o n g B e a ch , A n a h e im , C a lif...........................................
281.3
M iam i, Fla. ( 1 1 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 )
2 8 5 .9
289.1
M in n e a p o lis -S t. P aul, M in n .-W is ...............................................................
268.0
270.9
P h ila d e lp h ia , P a .-N .J ....................................................................................
274.7
275.1
P ittsb u rg h , P a .................................................................................................
277.7
289.1
276.7
277.3
279.7
281.1
278.5
280.7
3 1 7 .6
295.9
2 8 9 .3
271.3
289.5
284.9
307.7
29 1 .6
284.5
26 7 .0
283.0
281.8
2 7 5 .2
300.7
278.4
282.7
2 8 6 .0
2 8 9 .3
c 268.9
3 1 0 .9
293.9
2 9 3 .0
275.3
279.1
29 1 .2
315.3
2 9 2 .8
28 7 .3
29 1 .7
280.9
157.5
277.1
307.6
278.9
282.1
292.5
288.2
279.7
290.6
S t. Louis, M o .-lll.............................................................................................
285.7
2 9 0 .2
294.1
284.5
289.2
293.1
S an D iego, C a lif............................................................................................
329.2
334.8
32 5 .6
323.3
S a n F ra n c is c o -O a k la n d , C a lif..................................................................
302.4
304.3
304.6
29 7 .0
329.4
295.6
321.1
301.3
302.8
303.4
S e a ttle -E v e re tt, W a s h .................................................................................
301.2
296.6
302.2
297.1
292.9
298.3
W a sh in g to n , D .C .-M d .-V a ...........................................................................
27 8 .4
281.3
286.5
283.3
286.3
291.9
’ T h e a re a s lis te d in c lu d e n o t o n ly th e c e n tra l c ity b u t th e e n tire p o rtio n o f th e S ta n d a rd M e tro p o lita n
S ta tis tic a l A re a , a s d e fin e d fo r th e 1 970 C e n s u s o f P o puiation, e x c e p t th a t th e S ta n d a rd C o n so lid a te d
92
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A re a is use d fo r N e w Y o rk an d C h ica g o .
2 A v e ra g e o f 85 cities.
2 8 1 .2
300.3
282.1
285.8
P o rtla n d , O re g .-W a s h ..................................................................................
282.7
277.1
280.7
291.8
285.9
292.8
3 0 6 .3
313.3
276.1
291.2
274.7
31 4 .9
277.3
272.1
274.7
2 8 9 .3
29 9 .6
303.8
269.4
302.5
c 2 6 9 .5
156.9
157.0
314.1
2 8 3 .6
280.1
290.6
296.0
2 7 6 .0
281.3
291.4
285.1
278.2
259.1
302.4
313.8
275.1
270.2
288.2
295.2
275.2
156.1
155.1
304.1
N e w Y o rk , N .Y .-N o rth e a s te rn N .J ...........................................................
N o rth e a s t, Pa. ( S c r a n t o n ) .......................................................................
285.0
289.3
296.5
29 2 .9
291.6
294.9
318.6
28 1 .6
290.1
29 2 .7
c 269.4
313.9
287.1
155.7
.......................................................................
M ilw a u k e e , W is ..............................................................................................
292.4
c 26 9 .0
293.2
331.3
326.3
319.5
324.5
319.9
2 9 2 .9
302.8
295.9
2 9 1 .2
274.3
265.5
264.1
261.2
300.2
29 3 .3
288.7
C incinnati, O h io -K y .-In d ...............................................................................
277.1
267.7
2 6 5 .8
262.5
298.7
297.1
282.9
283.7
2 5 8 .9
259.1
258.0
263.4
26 3 .6
263.8
.......................................................
A tla n ta , G a ......................................................................................................
1981
1982
c = c o rre c te d .
21.
Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
[1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 ]
Annual
1981
Commodity grouping
1982
1981
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
269.8
27 4 .7
275.4
277.9
277.9
277.3
277.3
27 7 .8
279.9
281.7
282.4
281.4
284.1
284.9
271.3
27 5 .2
275.8
2 7 8 .3
27 8 .6
277.7
2 7 7 .3
27 7 .7
280.1
r 282.1
282.7
28 2 .0
284.2
Finished c o n s u m e r f o o d s ...................
285.2
25 3 .6
252.7
258.2
257.1
2 6 0 .0
262.3
263.4
259.9
257.8
C r u d e .................................................
257.6
263.8
260.0
273.9
280.6
282.5
263.3
2 6 6 .6
259.9
254.7
r 24 1 .0
238.6
227.8
2 3 2 .0
P ro c e s s e d
235.6
250.6
249.9
2 4 9 .0
252.1
2 5 4 .0
254.5
257.3
2 6 0 .3
262.0
r 260.2
2 5 9 .6
2 6 0 .6
258.0
257.4
....
319.6
325.4
326.3
329.3
330.3
328.8
325.7
324.3
328.7
r 33 5 .3
336.7
338.4
339.7
......................................
342.4
2 1 8 .6
224.7
231.1
230.8
July'
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
FINISHED GOODS
Finished g o o d s ...................
Finished c o n s u m e r g o o d s ...................
.........................................
N o n d u ra b le g o o d s le s s fo o d s
D u ra b le g o o d s
C o n s u m e r n o n d u ra b le g o o d s le s s fo o d a n d e n e rg y . . . .
C a p ita l e q u ip m e n t
...............................................
252.9
225.4
256.4
226.2
224.0
223.9
224.1
225.0
225.9
r 2 6 0 .6
r 22 6 .7
259.8
227.7
223.2
208.8
2 1 3 .6
213.9
217.4
2 1 9 .6
220.5
2 2 2 .3
223.1
223.5
r 223.7
224.0
225.4
227.4
228.1
264.3
2 7 3 .0
274.1
276.2
2 7 5 .0
275.8
2 7 7 .2
278.1
27 9 .2
r 280.2
281.4
279.5
283.8
2 8 4 .0
INTERMEDIATE MATERIALS
In te rm e d ia te m a te ria ls , su p p lie s , an d c o m p o n e n ts ...........
M a te ria ls an d c o m p o n e n ts fo r m a n u fa c tu rin g . . .
M a te ria ls fo r fo o d m a n u fa c tu rin g
...........................
M a te ria ls fo r n o n d u ra b le m a n u fa c tu rin g
...........
M a te ria ls fo r d u ra b le m a n u fa c tu r in g .........................
C o m p o n e n ts fo r m a n u fa c tu rin g
......................
M a te ria ls a n d c o m p o n e n ts fo r c o n s tru c tio n
................
P ro c e s s e d fu e ls a n d lu b r ic a n t s ............................................
M a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s
.........................
3 0 6 .0
309.0
309.4
311.0
311.1
3 1 0 .6
309.9
309.8
309.9
r 311.1
31 1 .0
310.7
31 0 .0
310.1
286.1
289.5
28 9 .3
290.4
290.9
290.4
2 9 0 .6
291.4
289.8
r 289.2
289.1
290.2
28 9 5
288 9
260.4
246.8
24 5 .6
2 5 0 .7
252.8
25 2 .0
254.4
285.8
289.4
288.8
2 8 9 .0
289.3
288.8
2 8 7 .6
28 7 .6
285.4
r 283.1
282.9
282.4
280.3
27 9 5
312.1
3 1 4 .9
3 1 4 .0
313.6
313.1
310.9
3 1 1 .0
311.0
307.5
r 3 0 8 .0
307.2
310.2
310.0
30 9 8
259.3
266.9
267.8
269.8
270.9
27 1 .8
272.6
2 7 3 .6
273.6
'2 7 3 .9
2 7 4 .6
276.1
276.9
277.0
2 8 7 .6
2 9 0 .2
291.1
292.0
2 9 3 .0
293.3
29 4 .0
293.7
294.5
r 294.3
293.3
293.4
29 3 .2
293.0
595.4
595.1
598.1
604.4
596.8
593.0
579.9
570.9
581.1
'6 0 0 .7
603.8
593.2
590.2
594.3
260.0
260.7
r 259.7
258.3
257.6
25 4 7
251 4
498.6
496.4
4 9 9 .0
505.9
497.8
496.1
487.5
481.4
491.7
'5 0 6 .9
5 1 1 .0
497.4
496.9
502.5
680.8
6 8 2 .2
6 8 5 .6
691.3
684.2
678.3
661.1
649.5
659.5
'6 8 3 .0
685.2
677.5
672.1
674.9
C o n ta in e r s ....................................................
276.1
280.6
28 0 .2
282.5
285.5
286.3
287.0
2 8 7 .0
286.5
'2 8 6 .3
2 8 5 .6
2 8 5 .5
285.1
284.7
S u p p lie s
263.8
267.2
268.3
269.8
270.4
27 0 .6
272.1
273.4
273.4
'2 7 3 .1
272.9
27 2 .5
272.3
253.1
2 5 9 .2
2 6 1 .0
262.6
263.3
264.5
265.3
26 6 .7
266.7
'2 6 6 .8
267.1
267.3
267.4
267 2
269.6
2 7 1 .6
272.4
27 3 .8
274.4
274.1
2 7 6 .0
277.2
277.1
'2 7 6 .7
276.2
275.5
F e e d s ............................................................
275.1
276.3
230.4
212.0
21 4 .6
214.8
2 1 2 .0
208.1
213.1
214.2
213.1
'2 1 0 .3
203.7
198.4
O th e r s u p p lie s ...............................................................
193.3
199.5
276.4
283.7
284.1
285.7
287.3
287.9
288.9
290.1
290.4
'2 9 0 .5
291.3
291.5
292.1
2 9 2 .2
N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u strie s
......................
............................................
M a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s
......................................
N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s
...........................
273.0
CRUDE MATERIALS
C ru d e m a te ria ls fo r fu rth e r p r o c e s s in g ...........
329.0
313.9
311.5
318.4
32 1 .6
3 2 0 .0
3 2 2 .6
328.3
325.6
323.4
320.5
3 1 6 .3
312.2
313.4
F o o d s tu ffs a n d f e e d s t u f f s ..............................
257.4
2 3 8 .3
233.7
242.6
248.3
2 4 7 .9
254.4
262.6
259.9
255.5
250.7
242.9
236.3
236.3
N o n fo o d m a te ria ls
482.3
476.3
47 8 .6
481.5
479.3
475.2
4 6 9 .9
4 7 0 .2
467.7
'4 6 9 .8
471.1
474.3
475.4
4 7 9 .0
413.7
397.8
3 9 6 .2
399.5
394.8
387.1
378.8
37 6 .6
370.0
'3 6 9 .2
36 9 .6
36 9 .6
372.2
369 5
...............................................
N o n fo o d m a te ria ls e x c e p t f u e l .........................
M a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s tr ie s ......................................
4 2 9 .4
411.7
409.8
413.2
4 0 7 .5
398.4
3 8 9 .0
386.3
378.9
378.4
378.9
379.1
382.4
C o n s t r u c t io n
379.3
261.8
264.8
265.2
26 7 .6
270.5
27 3 .2
27 3 .3
2 7 4 .5
274.2
'2 7 1 .4
2 7 0 .7
269.1
267.1
267.3
812.9
C ru d e fu e l
......................................................................
............................................
75 1 .2
792.5
8 1 3 .0
8 5 1 .2
864.8
883.9
'9 0 1 .3
906.9
926.3
919.4
M a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s tr ie s ......................
955.3
864.9
915.8
942.5
940.3
954.4
9 7 4 .7
989.1
1006.7
1,032.0
1,053.9
1,060.9
1,086.1
1,077.5
N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s tr ie s .........................
1,124 8
6 7 4 .0
708.2
724.0
72 5 .6
735.4
746.6
755.8
766.4
780.5
'7 9 4 .5
798.9
8 1 3 .9
808.3
835.2
280.0
2 8 0 .9
291 9
824.5
839.7
SPECIAL GROUPINGS
F inished g o o d s e x c lu d in g fo o d s
.................................
27 3 .3
2 8 3 .0
282.4
281.9
281.1
28 1 .0
283.4
286.7
287.9
286.6
290.8
Finished c o n s u m e r g o o d s e x c lu d in g f o o d s ................
276.5
282.4
2 8 3 .2
285.2
2 8 4 .9
2 8 4 .0
2 8 2 .3
281.8
284.8
'2 8 8 .8
290.1
289.1
293.3
Finished c o n s u m e r g o o d s le s s e n e rg y . . . .
294.6
2 3 3 .6
237.2
237.6
240.5
241.3
241.3
2 4 3 .0
244.3
245.1
244.5
24 4 .7
243.8
246.4
246.5
In te rm e d ia te m a te ria ls le s s fo o d s a n d f e e d s ................
310.1
314.5
314.9
316.4
316.4
31 6 .0
315.1
314.6
3 1 4 .7
'3 1 6 .1
316.3
3 1 6 .0
315.5
...........
315.7
285.2
288.5
2 8 8 .7
289.9
290.7
290.5
2 9 1 .0
2 9 1 .6
290.8
'2 9 0 .4
290.0
290.6
290.1
289.9
..............................
250.3
235.2
2 3 5 .2
238.8
239.4
237.7
240.9
24 5 .0
245.1
'2 4 3 .6
240.6
2 3 8 .4
234.8
2 3 4 .6
5 4 5 .6
540.7
543.5
546.1
543.9
538.4
531.6
531.5
529.1
'5 3 1 .5
53 2 .2
536.2
537.9
542.3
2 5 4 .0
235.8
23 1 .6
239.1
24 3 .4
24 2 .8
247.3
252.8
2 4 8 .7
'2 4 5 .1
241.5
2 3 5 .6
23 0 .0
229.3
In te rm e d ia te m a te ria ls le s s e n e rg y
In te rm e d ia te fo o d s an d fe e d s
C ru d e m a te ria ls le s s a g ric u ltu ra l p ro d u c ts
...........................
C ru d e m a te ria ls le s s e n e r g y ......................................
1 D a ta fo r J u ly 1 982 h a v e b e e n re v is e d to re fle c t th e a va ila b ility o f la te re p o rts a n d c o rre c tio n s
r = re v ls e d .
b y re s p o n d e n ts . A ll d a ta a re s u b je c t to revision 4 m o n th s a fte r orig in a l p ublication.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
93
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
22.
Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings
[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o th e r w is e s p e c ifie d ]
Code
Commodity group and subgroup
All commodities (1957-59 = 100)
Industrial commodities..............................................................
Annual
average
1981
1982
1981
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July1
Aug.
01 -1
F re s h a n d d rie d fru its a n d v e g e ta b le s
.......................................................
01 5
0 1 -8
0 1 -9
O th e r fa rm p ro d u c ts
........................................................................................
Oct
Nov.
293.4
295.5
295.8
298.3
298.6
298.0
2 9 8 .0
298.6
299.3
r 300.4
300.4
299.5
299.9
300.4
31 1 .3
313.5
313.8
316.5
316.8
316.2
3 1 6 .2
316.8
3 1 7 .6
r 318.7
318.7
317.8
318.2
318.7
2 5 1 .5
2 4 2 .5
24 1 .0
246.0
248.4
247.5
25 1 .6
2 5 5 .8
255.3
r 252.4
250.1
247.5
243.9
2 4 4 .0
304.1
309.3
310.0
311.8
31 1 .6
31 1 .0
309.9
309.6
310.6
'3 1 2 .8
313.4
312.9
314.4
315.1
FARM PRODUCTS AND PROCESSED FOODS
AND FEEDS
01
Sept.
25 4 .9
237.4
234.6
242.2
247.1
244.7
250.6
256.5
252.7
'2 4 6 .6
242.0
234.4
229.1
230.6
267.3
25 4 .0
280.5
289.2
290.1
2 5 7 .3
2 6 7 .6
271.5
264.5
'2 3 9 .1
237.7
220.3
222.3
232.5
183.2
198.6
248.5
239.1
248.4
226.5
2 1 3 .6
225.2
223.2
220.9
2 2 6 .0
228.2
225.7
212.8
197.2
187.3
248.0
231.1
2 2 5 .0
236.8
251.2
2 5 5 .6
267.6
282.9
277.5
2 7 0 .3
268.4
25 9 .0
196.5
177.1
181.6
201.2
175.0
171.4
186.8
197.3
197.7
186.2
192.7
207.2
212.5
189.3
24 2 .0
198.5
188.4
198.2
193.5
199.5
207.4
214.1
203.1
220.8
207.5
196.8
198.1
195.3
278.8
281.9
2 8 5 .0
285.9
286.7
28 7 .6
285.8
28 2 .5
280.3
278.8
278.9
2 7 9 .0
287.4
288.2
187.1
209.7
195.5
187.0
200.6
2 0 4 .0
192.1
164.3
159.3
171.7
171.7
173.3
177.9
172.5
274.1
221.1
218.8
218.4
217.6
213.7
222.8
227.3
219.3
220.0
218.1
201.8
194.3
204.8
273.8
273.1
280.2
280.1
273.7
273.0
274.2
273.9
271.8
265.5
274.4
276.8
2 7 4 .0
276.3
255.8
'2 5 4 .6
2 5 3 .6
25 3 .6
25 1 .0
250.4
02
2 4 8 .7
244.3
243.6
247.1
248.1
248.1
251.1
254.4
255.5
256.5
255.1
256.6
253.3
253.3
2 5 3 .5
252.8
252.7
'2 5 3 .0
253.2
254.1
253.2
254.6
02 1
246.2
2 4 0 .0
236.1
243.7
247.9
2 5 0 .0
258.2
26 7 .6
27 1 .2
'2 6 6 .0
262.3
265.7
256.9
251.5
02 2
250.2
0 2 -4
P ro c e s s e d fru its an d v e g e t a b le s ..................................................................
02 5
0 2 -6
B e v e ra g e s an d b e v e ra g e m a t e r ia ls ............................................................
24 5 .6
246.9
247.2
2 4 7 .7
2 4 8 .0
248.0
248.4
248.5
248.7
'2 4 8 .6
2 4 9 .0
249.3
250.0
261.2
270.5
271.8
273.2
2 7 6 .3
275.9
275.2
273.8
2 7 5 .8
'2 7 4 .4
2 7 4 .9
273.2
273.7
273.1
275.9
244.1
2 4 7 .6
256.8
257.2
2 5 5 .0
256.0
2 6 5 .3
269.1
'2 7 5 .7
286.0
279.1
276.7
281.1
2 4 8 .0
251.4
251.9
2 5 3 .9
255.1
256.4
25 6 .6
256.5
256.7
'2 5 6 .9
257.3
256.8
258.4
227.4
221.5
219.1
216.6
21 6 .8
258.9
213.7
218.1
222.3
22 1 .8
'2 2 1 .3
21 6 .0
211.6
214.9
248.0
2 4 8 .6
'2 4 8 .1
245.9
246.9
247.7
247.9
'2 1 3 .9
207.9
204.5
200.1
205.7
203.5
0 2 -8
M is c e lla n e o u s p ro c e s s e d fo o d s
..................................................................
250.1
250.1
250.1
251.0
250.9
249.5
249.6
0 2 -9
P re p a re d a n im a l f e e d s .....................................................................................
23 0 .2
2 1 4 .7
217.2
217.4
214.9
211.4
216.3
217.4
216.4
199.7
203.6
203.4
2 0 5 .0
20 5 .6
205.0
205.4
205.4
20 5 .0
204.1
203.9
203.8
202.6
03
156.3
161.6
161.5
162.9
163.2
161.3
163.0
163.4
162.8
'1 6 1 .5
163.1
163.4
162.0
03 1
'1 3 5 .9
135.9
136.6
129.5
136.7
'1 4 4 .9
144.5
143.5
143.6
143.0
INDUSTRIAL COMMODITIES
0 3 -2
P ro c e s s e d y a rn s a n d th re a d s (1 2 /7 5 = 100)
......................................
138.0
140.3
139.6
139.2
140.7
140.5
140.4
141.0
139.4
146.6
146.3
145.9
146.0
162.1
0 3 -3
146.8
147.4
147.2
148.2
147.3
0 3 -4
125.2
126.5
125.6
126.8
127.1
125.6
125.4
125.2
0 3 -8 1
186.0
190.8
191.0
192.7
193.2
193.4
194.1
194.5
195.0
'1 9 4 .8
193.5
193.5
193.5
193.8
2 3 9 .5
239.7
'2 3 8 .2
240.7
242.5
240.5
2 4 0 .5
'2 6 3 .1
263.2
264.8
26 4 .7
2 6 4 .3
0 3 -8 2
T e x tile h o u s e fu r n is h in g s ..................................................................................
H ides, s kins, le a th e r, a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts
04
.................................................
04 2
0 4 -3
0 4 -4
O th e r le a th e r an d re la te d p r o d u c t s ............................................................
240.8
241.4
2 4 1 .8
124.0
123.8
124.4
123.8
123.4
123.1
226.7
233.4
2 3 3 .6
2 3 7 .6
260.9
25 9 .8
2 6 0 .7
261.8
26 1 .6
260.6
263.4
263.2
261.8
3 1 9 .8
311.3
312.3
319.0
317.7
313.3
31 0 .6
309.8
307.7
307.4
304.7
309.2
309.5
312.8
'2 4 7 .3
247.3
2 4 8 .2
249.2
249.1
'2 4 6 .9
249.9
252.9
2 5 2 .4
250.9
70 7 .3
54 0 .3
240.9
239.8
240.1
238.9
238.6
239.8
244.8
244.5
244.2
24 1 .8
2 4 5 .4
245.4
24 7 .5
248.1
248.1
248.1
248.1
245.6
694.5
698.1
702.5
705.1
697.8
689.7
6 7 0 .6
662.2
677.3
'7 0 1 .1
705.7
701.8
6 9 9 .6
05 1
4 9 7 .2
5 1 2 .7
515.2
525.3
529.9
5 2 9 .6
532.6
534.0
533.6
'5 3 8 .0
539.1
541.4
539.7
456.4
469.7
469.7
469.7
469.7
467.5
467.5
467.5
4 6 2 .0
'4 6 0 .3
460.0
460.7
45 3 .0
4 5 2 .3
9 3 9 .4
983.0
1,003.7
9 8 7 .9
98 7 .6
990.5
992.7
1,001.2
1,027.5 '1 ,0 5 4 .3
1,073.7
1 ,116.6
1,133.6
1,190.9
0 5 -3
409.1
405.2
F u e ls a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts an d p o w e r
05
..........................................................
0 5 -4
367.2
378.3
384.2
392.8
392.9
403.7
406.3
407.1
405.7
'4 1 6 .0
415.3
415.4
803.5
78 5 .9
7 8 7 .2
787.2
770.3
74 4 .8
717.9
717.8
71 8 .2
'7 1 8 .4
71 8 .7
718.8
735.8
734.1
0 5 -6 1
8 0 5 .9
79 8 .3
798.6
801.9
789.7
770.6
733.5
713.2
739.4
'7 7 6 .5
781.8
763.1
7 5 4 .9
75 9 .9
0 5 -7
P e tro le u m p ro d u c ts , re fin e d 4 .......................................................................
28 7 .6
2 9 2 .0
291.8
29 2 .9
2 9 3 .6
2 9 4 .6
294.3
295.0
293.3
291.6
291.6
291.4
290.4
290.5
363.3
363.7
36 2 .8
36 2 .9
362.2
361.4
3 5 7 .8
357.1
3 5 1 .2
'3 4 9 .1
349.7
349.3
347.6
345.8
0 6 -1
0 6 -2 1
249.8
2 5 4 .5
256.4
258.9
258.9
2 5 8 .9
258.9
264.7
2 6 4 .7
'2 6 4 .7
265.1
,265.1
0 6 -2 2
300.1
308.3
305.8
3 0 6 .6
306.4
306.8
306.7
306.9
304.9
'3 0 4 .5
302.3
3 0 3 .0
3 0 3 .0
302.3
214.7
215.4
2 3 9 .6
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ..........................................................................
06
265.1
265.1
193.5
198.2
198.9
2 0 2 .2
204.4
205.9
208.9
209.9
209.7
'2 1 0 .0
211.1
2 1 2 .6
0 6 -4
2 9 5 .6
282.5
2 8 0 .4
272.8
2 7 4 .2
290.1
282.6
288.4
287.5
27 8 .2
25 4 .2
254.1
242.3
A g ric u ltu ra l c h e m ic a ls an d ch e m ic a l p ro d u c ts
......................................
29 5 .7
294.9
296.8
29 8 .0
297.1
295.8
294.8
294.1
291.5
290.6
290.1
289.4
287.3
0 6 -5
2 8 5 .0
P la s tic re sin s a n d m a te ria ls
..........................................................................
289.2
29 3 .2
294.2
286.1
287.3
285.5
28 6 .0
283.2
282.1
'2 8 0 .9
282.4
281.5
281.6
281.4
0 6 -6
'2 7 1 .1
271.8
270.7
268.1
271.7
2 4 3 .6
24 2 .6
0 6 -3
0 6 -7
D ru g s an d p h a rm a c e u tic a ls
254.2
259.9
2 6 0 .0
.............................................................................
23 2 .6
2 3 8 .0
2 3 8 .3
R u b b e r an d ru b b e r p r o d u c ts ..........................................................................
25 6 .2
264.4
264.6
O th e r c h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts
R u b b e r a n d p la s tic p ro d u c ts
07
0 7 -1
..........................................................................
..........................................................
281.8
0 7 11
279.0
264.9
268.5
237.3
239.3
240.8
262.5
2 6 6 .0
266.7
263.8
272.7
273.8
241.1
242.1
2 4 2 .5
'2 4 2 .0
243.3
2 4 3 .0
2 6 6 .6
2 6 9 .0
269.3
'2 6 8 .8
272.5
271.7
271.1
2 7 6 .5
272.4
270.8
27 0 .0
270.2
2 8 0 .8
281.8
282.1
283.5
2 8 3 .3
283.7
282.5
'2 8 0 .3
278.6
2 5 6 .7
253.7
253.4
254.9
255.3
'2 5 5 .0
257.9
255.7
255.8
254.8
2 8 6 .5
25 0 .6
255.9
255.4
25 3 .6
0 7 -1 3
M is c e lla n e o u s ru b b e r p r o d u c t s .....................................................................
251.4
266.7
267.2
26 3 .8
268.8
274.3
274.7
278.8
279.5
'2 7 9 .4
2 8 6 .0
287.5
287.1
P la s tic p ro d u c ts ( 6 /7 8 = 1 00) .....................................................................
128.5
130.3
130.6
130.5
131.0
132.3
132.6
132.5
132.8
'1 3 2 .5
132.3
132.5
132.4
132.4
0 7 -2
2 8 5 .5
285.2
285.3
28 6 .5
284.6
289.0
'2 8 8 .6
284.4
2 8 3 .0
2 7 9 .6
279.9
0 7 12
L u m b e r an d w o o d p r o d u c t s ................................................................................
08
0 8 -4
O th e r w o o d p r o d u c t s ........................................................................................
S e e fo o tn o te s a t en d o f ta b le .
94
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 9 2 .8
282.1
285.4
325.1
306.6
309.9
3 1 0 .0
308.1
308.2
312.4
310.5
315.8
319.2
312.7
3 1 1 .3
306.8
305.1
2 7 3 .4
271.8
273.7
277.1
278.6
276.5
276.6
276.3
280.5
'2 8 2 .3
280.2
279.5
278.6
280.3
239.2
232.4
2 2 9 .3
228.4
22 4 .0
227.8
236.0
236.0
2 3 5 .8
23 5 .6
23 5 .8
233.1
245.7
233.5
239.7
237.4
235.1
236.5
2 3 4 .0
230.5
239.1
23 9 .3
239.4
238.2
238.7
23 8 .6
237.7
237.4
22.
Continued— Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings
[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o th e r w is e s p e c ifie d ]
Code
INDUSTRIAL COMMODITIES
09
Annual
average
1981
Commodity group and subgroup
1981
Nov.
Dec.
1982
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July1
Aug.
Sept.
Oct
Nov.
Continued
P ulp, p a p e r, a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s .................................
09 -1
P ulp, p a p e r, a n d p ro d u c ts , e x c lu d in g b uilding p a p e r a n d b o a rd
0 9 -1 1
W o o d p u lp ....................................................
...
273.8
280.4
28 1 .0
28 5 .5
286.3
287.4
288.5
2 8 9 .6
2 8 9 .5
r 289.1
289.1
289.2
289.2
28 9 6
270.8
275.8
275.6
276.1
276.8
276.6
275.3
274.8
274.1
'2 7 2 .6
2 7 2 .6
2 7 1 .8
270.4
269.9
397.1
413.7
413.7
410.3
41 0 .3
41 1 .6
389.9
393.3
3 8 8 .0
'3 6 8 .3
369.2
367.2
352.5
349.4
0 9 -1 2
W a s te p a p e r
175.7
144.5
143.4
115.2
115.6
0 9 -1 3
P a p e r ............................................
279.8
287.4
287.2
289.2
289.8
2 8 9 .6
289.4
288.2
287.8
'2 8 6 .3
0 9 -1 4
286.1
2 8 6 .0
2 8 5 .6
281.7
P a p e r b o a r d .................................................
258.1
261.6
26 0 .0
259.7
261.4
261.1
2 6 1 .2
258.8
255.9
2 5 5 .0
25 5 .5
250.7
248.0
247.6
......................................
135.2
128.8
129.2
128.1
121.5
116.0
116.0
116.0
116.0
0 9 -1 5
C o n v e rte d p a p e r a n d p a p e rb o a rd p r o d u c t s ......................
2 5 8 .8
263.1
263.2
263.9
264.7
264.5
264.3
2 6 4 .3
264.5
'2 6 4 .4
0 9 -2
264.4
264.2
263.9
B uilding p a p e r a n d b o a r d ....................................
2 6 5 .0
231.7
232.1
230.3
23 3 .8
231.4
2 3 9 .6
236.3
240.2
2 4 0 .0
'2 3 9 .8
243.8
24 2 .8
241.5
240.4
10
M e ta ls a n d m e ta l p ro d u c ts
......................
1 0-1
Iron a n d s te e l
1 0 -1 7
S te e l m ill p r o d u c t s ..............................................
.................................................
300.4
304.2
303.3
304.7
304.2
302.9
303.1
302.8
299.3
'2 9 9 .5
300.2
301.8
302.1
301.0
333.8
3 4 0 .0
339.9
343.1
342.9
342.5
342.8
34 1 .3
338.3
'3 3 7 .5
337.4
3 3 6 .6
33 7 .6
336.3
33 7 .6
348.6
348.9
3 5 0 .6
350.3
350.5
352.2
352.1
34 9 .9
'3 4 9 .0
1 0 -2
348.7
348.4
349.8
N o n fe rro u s m e t a l s ............................................
349.3
285.8
281.1
277.1
274.4
2 7 3 .6
2 6 7 .2
266.1
263.6
253.4
'2 5 6 .4
1 0 -3
256.1
263.4
2 6 3 .2
2 6 2 .0
M e ta l c o n ta in e rs
3 1 5 .6
318.1
316.8
324.3
3 2 6 .2
327.2
3 3 0 .0
330.2
329.9
'3 3 0 .0
328.8
32 8 .7
328.7
3 2 7 .0
.........................................
1 0 -4
H a rd w a re
2 7 8 .9
2 8 0 .3
1 0 -5
'2 8 1 .2
280.3
280.4
280.8
280.8
P lum bing fix tu re s a n d b ra s s f i t t i n g s ....................................
267.5
273.1
27 4 .0
2 7 4 .6
276.4
279.1
280.3
2 8 1 .0
2 8 2 .6
1 0 -6
'2 8 3 .3
2 7 4 .7
2 7 7 .0
277.8
H e a tin g e q u ip m e n t.........................................
278.2
22 4 .2
228.8
229.9
233.4
233.1
235.4
2 3 6 .0
2 3 7 .2
1 0 -7
F a b ric a te d s tru c tu ra l m e ta l p r o d u c t s ......................................
295.5
303.2
3 0 3 .0
303.4
304.0
30 4 .5
3 0 5 .2
304.9
305.3
'3 0 3 .9
304.4
1 0 -8
304.2
303.7
30 2 8
M is c e lla n e o u s m e ta l p r o d u c t s .................................
2 7 0 .5
2 7 8 .0
2 7 8 .3
2 8 1 .2
27 8 .7
27 9 .0
279.7
284.5
283.9
'2 8 3 .2
2 8 8 .9
289.3
289.7
288.5
27 8 .2
280.3
280.9
281 3
11
..............................................
263.2
271.5
2 7 2 .0
274.1
274.8
278.2
278.5
238.5
' 238.9
2 3 8 .6
239.3
238.7
238.9
M a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t ....................................................
263.3
270.4
2 7 2 .0
274.1
2 7 5 .4
2 7 6 .2
277.6
27 8 .6
11-1
'2 7 9 .6
A g ric u ltu ra l m a c h in e ry an d e q u ip m e n t ...................
288.3
300.8
302.8
303.1
3 0 4 .6
306.4
306.8
308.2
309.7
'3 1 1 .0
311.4
1 1 -2
31 3 .6
3 1 7 .0
318 1
C o n s tru c tio n m a c h in e ry an d e q u ip m e n t.................
320.8
329.6
33 2 .0
33 7 .0
337.9
339.2
341.5
3 4 3 .5
343.9
346.1
346.4
347.5
346.6
347 8
M e ta lw o rk in g m a c h in e ry an d e q u ip m e n t
301.3
307.9
312.9
317.2
322.4
322.6
322.4
1 1 -3
..............
315.9
279.7
31 7 .8
319.6
3 2 1 .2
1 1 -4
'3 2 2 .5
G e n e ra l p u rp o s e m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t......................
288.7
296.2
297.9
300.0
30 1 .3
30 2 .0
303.4
303.8
303.5
'3 0 4 .8
1 1 -6
304.5
304.5
305.5
3060
S p e c ia l in d u s try m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t
30 7 .9
315.0
316.4
320.4
320.7
321.3
322.9
32 3 .9
32 5 .0
327.1
326.9
3 2 7 .0
327.9
3291
...................
1 1 -7
E le c tric a l m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t
1 1 -9
M is c e lla n e o u s m a c h in e r y ............................................
12
....................................
..............
F u rn itu re an d h o u s e h o ld d u ra b le s
320.7
323.0
220.2
2 2 6 .0
2 2 7 .0
228.7
2 2 9 .5
230.3
2 3 1 .7
231.3
231.5
'2 3 1 .6
23 2 .0
23 2 .5
2 3 3 .0
233 0
2 5 2 .6
259.8
260.4
261.4
2 6 4 .0
264.9
266.1
2 6 7 .9
2 6 8 .5
'2 6 9 .5
270.3
271.1
270.9
271.7
198.5
202.1
202.9
203.5
2 0 4 .6
205.5
2 0 6 .0
206.5
2 0 7 .0
206.8
207.4
12-1
207.7
208.4
208.3
H o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e ............................................
21 9 .7
225.1
22 6 .6
22 7 .5
227.4
2 2 7 .6
2 2 9 .7
2 3 0 .0
2 3 0 .2
'2 3 0 .0
1 2 -2
231.4
2 3 1 .6
231.3
C o m m e rc ia l f u r n i t u r e ....................................
231.6
257.5
2 6 3 .3
263.9
266.7
271.2
273.6
274.2
275.2
2 7 6 .0
'2 7 7 .4
1 2 -3
278.6
278.8
279.1
F lo o r c o v e r in g s ..................................................................
178.7
182.3
181.4
180.3
180.6
180.6
181.1
181.3
181.9
'1 8 1 .2
179.4
1 2 -4
180.3
180.3
180.2
H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s
187.3
190.9
191.3
193.4
195.3
197.3
197.8
198.9
199.6
'2 0 0 .2
200.1
200.4
200.5
200.3
89.2
8 8.0
89.6
89.3
89.6
89.1
87.9
8 8.0
88.4
'8 7 .2
88.0
87.7
88 0
87 3
2 8 1 .0
285.3
28 6 .2
283.4
2 8 3 .7
2 8 5 .0
2 8 5 .9
285.4
286.1
'2 8 5 .1
287.4
288.1
293.8
294.5
.................................................
1 2 -5
H o m e e le c tro n ic e q u ip m e n t
1 2 -6
O th e r h o u s e h o ld d u ra b le g o o d s ......................................
13
.........................................
N o n m e ta llic m in e ra l p r o d u c t s ......................
1 3 -11
F la t g la s s
1 3 -2
C o n c re te i n g r e d ie n t s ......................................
1 3 -3
C o n c re te p r o d u c t s ......................................
1 3 -4
S tru c tu ra l c la y p ro d u c ts , e x c lu d in g re fra c to rie s
13—5
R e fra c to rie s
1 3 -6
A s p h a lt ro o fin g
G y p s u m p ro d u c ts
1 3 -8
Glass containers........................
14
............................................
313.7
3 1 3 .5
31 5 .6
3 1 9 .0
319.9
320.2
321.2
320.9
'3 2 1 .1
320.4
320.2
321.2
321.5
21 2 .6
218.5
216.1
2 1 6 .2
21 6 .2
216.2
21 6 .2
226.4
226.4
226.1
226.1
221.1
221.1
2253
296.3
298.5
311.9
311.7
2 9 8 .7
306.2
308.4
309.8
309.5
312.5
31 2 .7
'3 1 1 .8
311.7
311.2
291.2
293.4
2 9 3 .6
2 9 5 .5
2 9 5 .9
296.3
297.7
298.2
298.5
'2 9 8 .8
298.3
298.6
298.7
249.8
256.5
25 7 .5
257.5
257.7
257.7
258.1
2 5 8 .6
2 5 8 .9
'2 5 9 .3
258.8
259.5
259.5
264.3
302.4
308.9
31 1 .3
316.8
335.1
337.4
338.7
339.5
340.4
'3 4 0 .4
341.2
341.3
341.3
337.7
298 1
407.5
410.2
40 5 .6
401.3
400.4
394.4
386.7
385.5
396.4
'3 9 9 .8
392.5
400.2
405.1
2 5 6 .2
251.3
2 4 9 .7
250.4
25 5 .0
260.7
26 3 .2
259.4
256.4
'2 5 5 .8
2 5 3 .9
2 5 3 .9
255.1
254.9
328.7
335.5
335.5
335.4
352.2
35 6 .0
358.1
358.1
358.1
'3 5 8 .1
357.3
357.9
358.4
O th e r n o n m e ta llic m in e r a ls ......................................
358.5
463.8
473.5
47 4 .7
474.7
478.7
4 7 9 .6
479.1
471.3
465.2
'4 6 6 .6
466.2
466.2
470.4
471.3
T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t (1 2 /6 8 = 1 0 0 ) ...................
235.4
246.3
246.8
24 8 .6
245.2
24 5 .2
24 5 .8
247.5
249.1
'2 4 9 .8
251.2
.........................................
14-1
M o to r v e h ic le s an d e q u ip m e n t
1 4 -4
R a ilro a d e q u ip m e n t .........................................
15
.................................
............................................
1 3 -7
1 3 -9
309.5
.......................................................
2 7 8 .0
.........................
M is c e lla n e o u s p r o d u c t s ......................
24 5 .0
256.4
397.5
256.1
23 7 .6
248.9
249.5
2 5 0 .8
246.8
246.8
24 7 .2
24 9 .2
251.1
'2 5 2 .0
253.3
2 4 5 .0
258.1
257.5
336.1
341.3
340.1
345.8
345.8
346.3
343.5
342.8
34 2 .8
'3 4 2 .6
354.7
354.7
3 5 7 .5
3 5 7 .5
265.7
269.5
2 6 7 .6
268.3
273.5
272.7
273.2
2 7 2 .2
271.5
'2 7 3 .4
272.4
15—1
280.3
285.9
T o y s , s p o rtin g go o d s , s m a ll a rm s , a m m u n itio n .................
21 1 .9
21 2 .7
21 3 .3
218.4
220.1
220.7
2 2 1 .0
221.8
221.9
'2 2 2 .0
224.4
1 5 -2
224.7
22 3 .7
22 3 .7
T o b a c c o p ro d u c ts
268.3
278.2
278.2
27 8 .2
3 0 6 .6
306.6
306.7
3 0 7 .0
307.0
'3 1 1 .5
311.3
328.8
366.0
365.1
15—3
......................................
285.7
N o t io n s ..............................
259.8
269.7
269.7
270.3
270.4
27 1 .5
27 1 .5
280.1
280.1
'2 8 0 .1
1 5 -4
280.3
280.3
280.3
280.1
P h o to g ra p h ic e q u ip m e n t an d s u p p l i e s ......................
2 1 0 .0
2 0 9 .0
209.1
2 0 9 .9
210.5
212.1
21 4 .2
21 0 .6
210.4
'2 0 8 .9
2 1 0 .6
1 5 -5
2 1 1 .6
210.2
210.2
M o b ile h o m e s ( 1 2 /7 4 = 100) . . .
156.8
159.3
159.3
159.5
159.6
161.9
162.2
162.5
162.4
'1 6 2 .6
1 5 -9
162.5
162.8
161.5
161.4
O th e r m is c e lla n e o u s p ro d u c ts
3 4 7 .4
344.8
34 4 .6
342.2
341.1
334.5
334.1
3 3 1 .3
32 8 .6
'3 3 3 .7
326.5
34 4 .7
344.7
3 4 4 .6
................
D a ta fo r J u ly 1982 ha ve b een re v is e d to re fle c t th e a va ila b ility o f la te re p o rts and c o rre c tio n s b y
re s p o n d e n ts . A ll d a ta a re s u b je c t to re visio n 4 m o n th s a fte r orig in a l p u b lic a tio n .
2 P rice s fo r n a tu ra l g a s a re la g g e d 1 m onth.
4 M o st p ric e s fo r re fin e d p e tro le u m p ro d u c ts a re la g g e d 1 m onth,
5 S o m e p ric e s fo r ind u stria l ch e m ic a ls a re la g g e d 1 m onth
r= r e v is e d .
3 In c lu d e s o n ly d o m e s tic p ro d u c tio n .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
95
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
23.
Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings
[1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le ss o th e rw is e s p e c ifie d ]
Annual
average
1981
Commodity grouping
1982
1981
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
3 0 2 .0
301.9
301.4
Apr.
May
June
July1
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
300.9
301.2
302.2
r 303.9
304.3
303.9
3 0 4 .7
Nov.
All commodities— less farm products..........................
All foods
Processed fo o d s ............................................................
29 5 .7
299.4
300.0
251.8
247.4
2 4 7 .6
2 5 1 .6
253.2
251.6
254.7
257.9
25 9 .0
r 256.6
255.9
255.4
252.9
252.1
252.1
24 7 .6
246.5
250.5
251.9
252.1
255.1
2 5 9 .0
260.8
r 259.5
258.9
259.3
256.5
25 5 .0
In d u s tr ia l c o m m o d itie s le s s f u e l s ....................................................
263.7
269.0
2 6 9 .4
271.1
271.5
271.7
272.3
272.8
272.4
'2 7 2 .5
272.7
272.6
274.4
274.4
S e le c te d te x tile m ill p r o d u c ts ( D e c . 1 9 7 5 =
135.8
138.4
137.9
139.3
139.7
139.0
139.0
138.7
138.2
'1 3 7 .6
137.6
137.7
137.3
136.9
136.9
137.5
138.0
138.5
138.5
138.5
138.5
138.7
138.7
139.7
215.9
217.4
'2 1 8 .6
218.1
2 1 9 .0
2 1 9 .2
219.4
1 0 0 ) ...............
305.2
137.1
H o s i e r y ..........................................................................................................
134.3
136.5
136.7
U n d e r w e a r a n d n i g h t w e a r ...................................................................
203.4
205.7
206.3
213.9
2 1 5 .6
215.9
215.9
a n d fib e r s a n d y a r n s ........................................................................
278.4
283.2
283.1
2 8 4 .3
285.1
2 8 5 .6
2 8 5 .6
286.1
28 4 .5
'2 8 2 .9
283.4
2 8 3 .2
282.3
282.4
P h a r m a c e u tic a l p r e p a r a t i o n s ............................................................
186.9
192.5
193.3
196.8
199.3
201.1
204.5
205.8
205.4
'2 0 5 .9
207.2
2 0 9 .3
2 1 1 .5
2123
..................
3 0 3 .0
28 6 .4
290.7
289.9
287.9
288.5
290.5
288.1
294.5
294.6
289.2
287.9
283.4
283.5
S te e l m ill p r o d u c ts , in c lu d in g f a b r ic a te d w ir e p r o d u c ts . . .
3 3 7 .6
348.6
348.9
350.6
350.3
350.5
352.2
352.1
349.9
'3 4 8 .4
348,4
348.1
349.4
348.5
336.2
347.2
347.5
349.3
348.9
349.2
35 1 .0
350.9
348.6
347.7
347.3
347.0
348.6
348.0
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts , in c lu d in g s y n th e tic r u b b e r
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts , e x c lu d in g m illw o r k
F in is h e d s te e l m ill p r o d u c ts , e x c lu d in g fa b r ic a te d w ir e
p r o d u c t s ....................................................................................................
F in is h e d s te e l m ill p r o d u c ts , in c lu d in g fa b r ic a te d w ir e
336.2
347.2
347.5
349.3
348.9
349.2
351.0
350.9
348.6
'3 4 7 .0
347.0
346.7
348.2
347.2
.............................................
279.4
286.8
28 6 .6
287.9
28 6 .0
285.3
28 5 .6
286.3
285.2
'2 8 5 .7
2 8 6 .6
284.2
289.9
28 9 .0
................................................................
2 8 0 .0
287.0
287.1
289.4
28 9 .0
289.9
290.8
2 9 2 .6
292.8
'2 9 2 .0
293.9
294.1
294.1
293.1
..........................................................
203.8
198.9
195.4
194.5
194.1
190.8
191.6
193.0
179.7
'1 7 9 .2
180.1
181.4
179.2
181.8
M a c h in e r y a n d m o tiv e p r o d u c t s ......................................................
256.7
265.8
266.9
268.9
268.1
268.5
26 9 .6
270.7
2 7 1 .7
272.8
273.3
270.8
27 6 .3
276.7
M a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t, e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ...........................
288.5
296.4
298.4
300.7
302.3
303.1
304.6
305.7
3 0 6 .2
'3 0 7 .6
307.7
308.3
30 8 .9
309.6
331.3
p r o d u c t s ....................................................................................................
S p e c ia l m e ta ls a n d m e ta l p r o d u c ts
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts
C o p p e r a n d c o p p e r p r o d u c ts
315.1
31 6 .0
318.4
31 9 .0
319.9
321.3
'3 2 1 .8
321.5
324.6
329.8
M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h i n e r y ......................................................................
329.7
338.3
341.2
343.8
344.9
346.4
348.8
349.3
350.1
r 3 5 2 .6
353.2
353.6
35 4 .2
354.3
N u m e r ic a lly c o n tr o lle d m a c h in e to o ls ( D e c . 1 9 7 1 =
239.3
242.2
24 2 .0
240.1
239.8
239.9
239.9
239.9
2 4 0 .0
'2 3 9 .2
23 9 .6
239.8
239.8
239.8
T o ta l t r a c t o r s ..............................................................................................
324.7
342.2
342.3
346.9
346.9
349.1
352.4
353.6
354.1
'3 5 4 .8
354.8
358.9
360.8
360.7
A g r ic u ltu r a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t le s s p a r ts
289.8
303.5
305.8
306.5
307.4
309.7
310.3
311.0
312.2
'3 1 2 .8
312.5
315.1
319.5
320.8
334.9
297.3
A g r ic u ltu r a l m a c h in e r y , in c lu d in g t r a c t o r s .................................
100)
...............
314.7
312.5
..........................................
300.1
319.6
319.7
319.7
319.7
323.5
323.5
32 5 .0
325.8
'3 2 5 .4
324.8
331.8
334.9
A g r ic u ltu r a l m a c h in e r y , e x c lu d in g tr a c t o r s le s s p a r ts . . . .
295.2
303.5
310.9
31 1 .6
313.2
314.6
315.6
316.1
317.9
'3 1 9 .1
319.0
319.1
325.9
F a r m a n d g a r d e n tr a c t o r s le s s p a r ts
3 2 8 .6
In d u s tr ia l v a l v e s ........................................................................................
315.9
323.4
325.3
328.6
330.2
330.5
331.1
331.2
33 0 .6
'3 3 2 .7
329.2
329.4
329.3
3 2 9 .6
In d u s tr ia l f i t t i n g s ........................................................................................
302.1
304.1
304.1
304.1
304.1
304.1
309.1
309.1
309.1
310.2
310.2
309.2
307.3
307.3
C o n s tr u c tio n m a te r ia ls
2 8 3 .0
284.1
285.2
28 6 .6
286.9
287.5
288.2
288.2
28 9 .5
'2 8 9 .2
288.2
287.9
287.7
287.6
Mar.
Apr.
May
July1
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
........................................................................
1 D a ta fo r J u ly 1 982 ha ve b een re vise d to re fle c t th e a v a ila b ility o f la te re p o rts and c o rre c tio n s
r = re v is e d ,
b y re sp o n d e n ts . A ll d a ta a re s u b je c t to revision 4 m o n th s a fte r orig in a l p ublication.
24.
Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product
[1 9 6 7 = 100]
Annual
average
1981
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
...............................................................................
269.8
275.4
2 7 6 .0
2 7 7 .6
277.4
277.4
278.1
278.5
278.3
'2 7 8 .9
279.1
278.7
281.4
281.2
T o ta l n o n d u ra b le g o o d s ..........................................................................
312.4
311.4
311.4
3 1 4 .7
315.4
314.2
313.6
314.5
3 1 6 .0
'3 1 7 .6
317.3
315.9
314.3
315.5
T o ta l m a n u fa c tu r e s ..................................................................................
286.0
289.7
289.9
291.9
2 9 2 .0
291.4
291.1
291.3
292.4
'2 9 3 .7
293.9
293.1
293.9
2 9 4 .0
D u r a b le ................................................................................................
269.7
275.8
276.5
278.0
277.8
277.8
2 7 8 .7
279.2
279.3
'2 7 9 .9
280.1
279.7
282.4
282.4
Commodity grouping
T o ta l d u ra b le g o o d s
1982
1981
Feb.
June
303.6
304.5
304.3
306.8
307.2
305.9
304.1
304.0
306.3
'3 0 8 .5
308.6
307.3
305.9
306.3
............................................
330.7
323.3
323.6
328.9
330.6
329.7
331.9
335.1
333.4
'3 3 3 .2
331.8
330.3
328.2
331.1
D u r a b le ................................................................................................
271.2
253.4
247.8
253.8
253.7
250.1
245.3
239.7
225.4
'2 2 5 .3
225.7
22 7 .0
225.1
2 2 0 .0
N o n d u ra b le
3 3 4 .0
327.4
328.2
333.4
335.2
334.5
337.2
341.1
340.3
'3 4 0 .1
33 8 .6
336.9
334.8
338.2
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
N o n d u ra b le
.......................................................................................
T o ta l ra w o r s lig h tly p ro c e s s e d g o o d s
.......................................................................................
'D a t a fo r J u ly 1982 ha ve b e e n re v is e d to re fle c t th e a v a ila b ility o f la te re p o rts and c o rre c tio n s
r= re v is e d ,
b y re sp o n d e n ts . A ll d a ta a re s u b je c t to revision 4 m o n th s a fte r orig in a l p u blication.
25.
Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries
[1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le ss o th e rw is e sp e cifie d ]
1972
SIC
code
Industry description
Annual
average
1981
1981
Nov.
1982
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July1
Aug.
MINING
1011
Iron o re s ( 1 2 /7 5 -
1 0 0 ) ..................................................................
1092
M e rc u ry o re s ( 1 2 /7 5 -
1211
B itu m in o u s c o a l and lignite
171.3
171.3
171.3
171.3
171.3
177.1
177.1
177.1
177.1
177.1
177.1
177.1
346.0
354.1
343.7
347.9
313.7
3 2 5 .0
327.0
308.3
307.5
306.2
287.5
289.4
312.5
308.3
............................................................
493.7
507.8
510.3
520.9
525.8
524.9
527.9
529.9
530.0
533.5
534.7
536.3
536.0
536.3
1 0 0 ) .........................................................
167.6
171.3
1311
C ru d e p e tro le u m and n a tu ra l g a s .................................................
8 9 8 .6
907.5
921.7
919.7
913.9
905.4
893.3
901.2
9 1 4 ,3
'9 2 4 .3
926.7
938.4
946,7
969.0
1442
C o n s tru c tio n sa n d an d g ra v e l
.......................................................
277.4
279.8
280.7
287.4
289.9
293.1
292.6
295.0
295.8
'2 9 6 .0
296.5
29 6 .0
297.3
297.8
1455
Kaolin an d b a ll c la y ( 6 /7 6 -
100) ..............................................
138.7
143.4
143.4
149.6
149.6
149.6
151.7
151.7
151.7
151.7
151.7
151.7
151.7
151.7
MANUFACTURING
M e a tp a c k in g p l a n t s .............................................................................
243.1
237.0
234.1
2 3 7 .6
244.4
247.3
254.0
264.7
265.8
'2 5 8 .2
25 3 .0
253.1
242.6
238.3
2 013
S a u s a g e s an d o th e r p re p a re d m e a ts
.........................................
241.4
248.9
247.0
2 4 5 .6
25 1 .0
248.6
2 5 3 .0
266.2
27 4 .0
'2 7 2 .6
275.4
282.3
277.5
272.5
2 016
2011
P o u ltry d re s s in g p la n ts
....................................................................
192.0
172.8
166.7
2021
C re a m e ry b u t t e r ..................................................................................
274.8
279.5
275.0
(2)
2 7 5 .0 .
(2)
276.4
(2)
276.8
(2)
2 7 5 .3
(2)
274.9
(2)
274.9
<2 )
2 7 5 .0
(2)
276.3
(2)
276.8
(2)
276.8
(2)
276.5
S e e fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.
96
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
25.
Continued— Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries
[1 9 6 7 = 100 un le ss o th e rw is e sp e c ifie d ]
197!
SIC
cod<
2022
2024
2033
2034
2041
2044
2048
2061
2063
2067
2074
2075
2077
2083
2085
2091
2092
2095
2098
2111
2121
2131
2211
2221
2251
2254
2257
2261
2262
2272
2281
2282
2284
2298
2311
2321
2322
2323
2327
2328
2331
2335
2341
2342
2361
2381
2394
2396
2421
2436
2439
2448
2451
2492
2511
2512
2515
2521
2611
Industry description
MANUFACTURING - Continued
Cheese, natural and processed (12/72 = 100)
Ice cream and frozen desserts (12/72 = 100)
Canned fruits and vegetables . . . .
Dehydrated food products (12/73 = 100)
Flourmills (12/71 =100) ..........
Rice milling..................
Prepared foods, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100)
Raw cane sugar ....................
Beet sugar ..................
Chewing gum ..........
Cottonseed oil m ills..............
Soybean oil m ills......................
Animal and marine fats and oils . . . .
Malt ..........................
Distilled liquor, except brandy (12/75 = 100)
Canned and cured seafoods (12/73 = 100)
Fresh or frozen packaged fish ............
Roasted coffee (12/72 = 100)
Macaroni and spaghetti ....................
Cigarettes........................
Cigars ......................
Chewing and smoking tobacco........
Weaving mills, cotton (12/72 = 100) .
Weaving mills, synthetic (12/77 = 100)
Women’s hosiery, except socks (12/75 = 100)
Knit underwear mills ..........
Circular knit fabric mills (6/76 = 100)
Finishing plants, cotton (6/76 = 100) ..
Finishing plants, synthetics, silk (6/76 = 100)
Tufted carpets and rugs..........
Yarn mills, except wool (12/71 = 100)
Throwing and winding mills (6/76 = 100)
Thread mills (6/76 = 100) . . .
Cordage and twine (12/77 = 100)
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats........
Men's and boys’ shirts and nightwear . . . .
Men's and boys’ underwear ..
Men’s and boys’ neckwear (12/75 = 100)
Men’s and boys’ separate trousers . . .
Men’s and boys’ work clothing ..
Women’s and misses’ blouses and waists (6/78 = 100) .
Women’s and misses’ dresses (12/77 = 100)
Women's and children’s underwear (12/72 = 100)
Brassieres and allied garments (12/75 = 100)
Children’s dresses and blouses (12/77 = 100)
Fabric dress and work gloves ..
Canvas and related products (12/77 = 100)
Automotive and apparel trimmings (12/77 = 100)
Sawmills and planing mills (12/71 = 100)
Softwood veneer and plywood (12/75 = 100)
Structural wood members, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100)
Wood pallets and skids (12/75 = 100)
Mobile homes (12/74 = 100)
Particleboard (12/75 = 100)
Wood household furniture (12/71 = 100)
Upholstered household furniture (12/71 = 100)
Mattresses and bedsprings . . . .
Wood office furniture . . .
Pulp mills (12/73 == 100) . . .
2621
2631
2647
2654
2655
2812
2821
2822
2824
2873
Paper mills, except building (12/74 = 100)
Paperboard mills (12/74 = 100)
Sanitary paper products..........
Sanitary food containers ........
Fiber cans, drums, and similar products (12/75 = 100)
Alkalies and chlorine (12/73 = 100)
Plastics materials and resins (6/76 = 100)
Synthetic rubber ..................
Organic fiber, noncellulosic..............
Nitrogenous fertilizers (12/75 = 100)
2874
2875
2892
2911
2951
2952
3011
Phdsphatic fertilizers............
Fertilizers, mixing only . . . .
Explosives ..................
Petroleum refining (6/76 = 100)
Paving mixtures and blocks (12/75 = 100)
Asphalt felts and coatings (12/75 = 100)
Tires and inner tubes (12/73 = 100)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Annua
averag
1981
215.7
1981
Nov.
215.9
1982
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct
Nov.
218.4
21 8 .6
2 1 7 .9
216.7
216.5
217.1
218.T
r 2 1 8 .0
218.8
218.7
211.9
221.2
212.5
212.7
212.8
212.8
210.9
21 4 .2
2 1 4 .2
214.2
2 1 3 .6
21 3 .6
216.5
2 1 6 .5
248.5
256.4
216.5
258.9
260.8
262.6
262.4
262.3
2 6 2 .6
265.1
r 2 6 3 .9
263.2
260.1
261.1
177.6
181.4
260.9
182.1
184.0
181.8
181.5
181.5
178.5
178.5
180.4
180.0
179.6
181.0
181.0
184.8
196.0
191.5
189.2
191.5
187.5
187.3
192.5
188.4
189.1
185.5
180.2
182.2
179.6
277.2
235.4
215.1
205.9
192.2
183.5
177.9
183.0
180.3
177.6
183.0
183.0
183.0
22 1 .0
175.2
124.5
116.4
116.0
116.0
115.9
114.6
115.4
116.7
115.6
r 1 14.7
113.3
109.6
273.5
107.6
108.1
224.3
230.8
2 4 7 .6
245.1
2 3 3 .0
242.9
269.2
286.7
3 1 1 .5
318.1
295.6
314.3
291.3
230.4
2 9 3 .0
250.5
266.4
272.2
272.2
269.7
2 7 7 .3
2 7 7 .3
r 287.9
297.4
300.8
309.8
298.1
303.2
299.5
303.2
303.3
303.3
303.3
303.4
303.4
303.4
303.3
3 0 4 .7
304.7
304.8
30 6 .0
199.0
167.2
182.4
184.9
170.5
158.1
164.7
167.9
170.2
173.1
164.5
245.8
2 2 1 .2
22 1 .9
223.1
220.4
2 1 6 .6
225.8
2 3 2 .0
22 6 .4
224.1
205.5
2 0 0 .6
288.0
198.3
205.6
272.3
26 6 .6
260.4
26 2 .6
271.8
273.3
271.5
272.3
264.3
2 4 2 .4
241.2
232.1
282.5
275.4
239.7
275.4
267.1
267.1
267.1
259.1
259.8
259.8
259.8
259.8
251.2
134.7
251.2
137.9
240.6
137.9
140.1
137.9
140.2
140.2
139.8
139.8
139.8
140.4
140.4
187.8
140.4
188.3
188.5
187.2
187.0
187.7
188.2
188.0
188.4
187.8
184.3
186.2
369.1
186.3
186.4
360.8
369.5
396.8
38 9 .2
419.1
43 2 .2
425.9
441.3
r 417.4
426.2
446.7
453.9
457.9
247.8
174.6
157.6
164.2
141.3
238.1
2 3 9 .2
240.4
245.1
247.7
248.8
250.6
r 246.7
246.4
244.7
2 5 2 .0
2 4 6 .0
259.5
259.5
259.5
259.5
259.5
2 5 9 .5
259.5
259.5
259.5
2 5 9 .5
25 9 .5
277.7
255.5
288.4
255.5
288.4
288.4
3 1 9 .7
319.7
319.8
319.9
319.9
3 2 4 .9
324.9
345.1
387.4
3 8 7 .0
170.0
174.5
2 4 8 .0
247.7
174.5
174.5
178.6
178.6
179.6
179.6
179.6
r 179.6
176.6
32 0 .7
326.1
326.1
326.1
349.4
349.4
349.4
35 3 .6
353.6
r 358.4
358.3
358.5
232.7
375.1
229.8
358.5
227.6
227.3
227.1
226.4
2 2 6 .3
226.4
224.4
22 2 .0
221.7
218.6
215.4
22 0 .7
176.8
176.8
176.8
136.7
139.8
139.5
139.8
139.7
140.0
113.5
115.1
115.2
115.6
115.6
116.1
116.2
116.9
116.9
r 116.8
117.0
117.0
116.8
210.2
118.5
212.8
21 3 .0
2 2 5 .2
225.2
225.9
22 6 .0
226.1
228.8
r 230.9
231.1
231.2
231.4
110.9
112.4
231.4
111.8
112.4
113.2
110.2
109.9
'1 0 8 .7
108.7
108.6
144.9
108.0
107.7
143.5
141.4
140.5
140.3
140.8
141.6
141.5
141.4
'1 4 0 .3
139.8
138.4
126.5
136.8
129.1
136.2
128.6
129.4
129.9
128.5
128.5
128.4
127.6
'1 2 6 .8
128.7
128.1
127.4
127.7
154.2
157.0
156.7
155.5
155.7
155.7
156.1
156.4
157.2
'1 5 6 .3
155.4
156.1
2 2 1 .7
156.1
155.9
211.8
212.5
110.7
139.2
138.5
137.9
108.3
r 137.2
137.1
136.4
136.3
135.1
219.9
217.2
216.3
2 1 5 .7
215.4
214.4
214.7
213.8
'2 1 3 .2
2 1 3 .2
213.1
139.3
145.6
146.0
145.7
150.3
150.0
151.0
152.7
149.4
'1 4 0 .6
140.4
142.5
151.4
124.4
157.0
143.7
156.8
156.8
156.8
156.8
156.7
156.6
156.6
156.5
158.0
158.0
134.8
157.9
139.3
157.8
140.7
141.0
141.0
141.0
141.0
141.0
141.0
141.0
141.0
142.6
2 2 4 .0
228.4
2 3 0 .5
233.7
2 3 3 .6
233.8
234.4
23 4 .6
236.3
237.2
239.8
24 0 .0
2 4 0 .0
2 0 9 .5
240.1
212.6
213.4
173.4
2 1 5 .9
216.9
217.3
217.5
217.8
'2 1 8 .1
216.1
219.4
230.6
219.4
220.9
2 3 3 .0
23 3 .0
246.9
246.9
247.4
247.4
247.4
25 1 .2
251.2
251.2
250.7
114.6
251.3
252.1
113.9
113.9
115.3
117.3
117.3
117.3
117.3
121.3
121.3
121.3
121.3
121.3
186.2
121.3
186.9
187.1
188.4
188.4
188.4
194.1
195.8
195.9
195.6
195.6
195.6
195.5
192.9
248.6
253.2
253.3
252.5
25 4 .2
254.9
255.2
2 5 4 .7
254.1
2 5 2 .9
253.1
252.3
252.0
120.6
251.5
126.7
126.7
126.5
126.5
126.5
126.5
126.5
126.6
'1 2 6 .4
123.8
123.8
121.3
123.8
124.1
125.5
122.7
123.0
123.0
123.1
122.9
122.9
123.7
123.7
123.6
122.7
169.7
122.8
122.9
171.6
171.6
174.7
174.8
175.0
175.0
176.6
178.8
'1 7 8 .8
179.4
178.1
178.6
177.1
'1 4 8 .0
136.7
142.6
142.6
138.9
140.1
145.1
148.8
148.8
148.8
148.1
148.1
120.9
122.5
123.2
123.2
123.2
123.2
122.2
122.2
122.2
119.4
120.3
118.6
118.6
289.3
117.0
289.2
289.2
293.8
297.4
295.5
2 9 5 .5
29 5 .5
294.5
294.5
288.2
288.2
287.4
132.0
287.4
137.6
139.7
144.9
144.9
147.2
145.7
145.9
143.1
'1 4 3 .1
143.8
145.4
148.0
148.0
148.4
150.2
149.8
149.7
131.0
131.0
131.0
131.0
131.0
131.0
131.0
131.0
131.0
131.0
131.0
131.0
131.0
228.2
131.0
216.5
21 8 .6
2 1 8 .0
216.9
2 1 6 .9
218.8
217.4
220.1
'2 2 1 .9
217.5
216.3
213.5
2 1 1 .7
142.0
129.0
134.5
132.5
130.5
131.8
129.1
125.9
133.6
129.6
126.7
128.6
124.7
156.6
128.0
154.2
153.2
153.9
153.5
152.6
153.4
152.8
154.2
'1 5 6 .1
155.1
154.4
154.1
152.5
153.8
150.4
149.9
149.8
149.0
148.2
145.9
144.7
144.2
144.1
143.8
143.8
144.3
144.1
156.9
159.3
160.3
160.4
160.5
162.7
163.0
163.3
163.2
'1 6 3 .5
173.6
166.9
170.3
172.6
170.7
177.7
178.2
178.0
178.1
'1 7 6 .7
174.5
175.3
173.4
197.4
173.7
20 2 .0
202.8
2 0 3 .6
204.3
205.1
207.4
207.7
20 8 .0
'2 0 8 .2
208.0
208.0
208.8
174.0
209.1
179.5
182.1
184.4
179.3
179.3
181.8
182.3
182.3
'1 8 1 .3
185.5
185.9
183.2
183.7
163.4
163.7
162.6
162.4
192.3
197.5
198.0
204.4
2 0 5 .6
205.6
205.7
205.9
205.9
210.4
210.4
2 1 0 .3
254.2
210.3
25 7 .0
2 5 7 .6
26 1 .9
270.7
270.8
270.8
270.8
2 7 0 .8
'2 7 0 .9
272.4
272.4
272.4
252.4
272.4
262.5
262.5
258.6
2 5 8 .6
260.7
25 3 .6
249.7
244.3
'2 3 6 .5
23 7 .2
235.4
2 3 2 .6
229.4
159.1
156.2
159.7
159.6
162.0
162.0
'2 0 5 .7
162.0
161.3
160.3
160.6
'1 6 0 .1
159.9
159.8
159.8
151.7
153.5
152.7
152.5
153.4
153.0
152.8
151.3
149.8
' 148.9
149.4
146.5
144.8
343.4
144.6
344.1
344.6
344.6
344.6
344.5
344.5
3 4 3 .6
346.2
' 346.9
3 4 9 .2
350.0
349.5
244.8
358.5
253.3
2 5 3 .3
2 5 4 .0
25 6 .9
2 6 0 .0
259.9
259.9
25 9 .9
'2 5 9 .9
261.4
262.2
263.2
263.1
163.0
167.6
170.0
176.4
176.5
176.5
176.5
176.7
176.7
176.7
177.5
177.5
177.8
180.7
305.9
3 1 7 .0
324.8
329.4
3 3 5 .2
335.6
322.0
341.1
334.8
'3 2 4 .1
325.8
324.3
313.4
311.1
150.8
153.7
154.3
150.7
152.6
151.0
152.6
150.9
150.3
'1 5 0 .1
150.8
151.1
150.7
151.0
293.3
301.4
302.7
303.9
306.1
306.7
306.6
307.1
303.8
301.8
29 9 .9
298.8
2 9 6 .6
295.7
155.6
162.5
161.9
161.8
162.9
161.6
162.5
161.6
161.3
'1 5 9 .4
159.5
160.1
157.6
142.8
159.8
144.2
142.9
142.4
142.6
142.2
141.7
140.5
139.5
'1 3 5 .9
136.0
135.6
134.6
134.5
254.1
25 8 .5
2 5 9 .0
2 6 1 .0
263.5
261.6
258.2
256.2
25 7 .3
255.9
2487
2 4 5 .9
247.1
24 0 .0
27 4 .7
271.4
270.7
2 7 3 .7
270.5
274.3
276.8
278.4
311.9
31 6 .5
315.6
314.9
3 1 7 .6
32 0 .5
327.2
326.1
326.5
324.4
324.8
337.3
335.6
294.4
335.4
293.3
293.1
29 3 .0
289.1
281.7
267.4
25 9 .2
2 6 7 .9
281.5
2 8 3 .7
28 0 .3
278.5
194.3
280.5
196.4
196.0
197.0
198.0
198.1
197.1
196.3
195.0
194.8
194.4
194.8
196.7
197.2
27 8 .7
2 7 8 .6
27 9 .0
278.4
277.9
275.4
176.9
178.1
176.1
174.2
173.8
171.2
168.1
168.4
173.1
174.7
171.1
174.5
176.5
173.1
215.8
220.1
221.2
22 2 .0
222.4
220.3
216.7
221.3
221.5
221.3
2 2 6 .2
221.7
22 1 .9
2 2 1 .0
97
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
25.
Continued— Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries
[1 9 6 7 = 100 u n le s s o th e rw is e s p e c i f i e d ] ______________________________ _
1972
SIC
code
Annual
average
1981
Industry description
1981
Nov.
Dec.
Apr.
Feb.
Jan.
May
June
July1
Aug.
Sept.
Oct
188.4
189.1
186.6
187.0
r 187.1
186.8
185.8
185.2
185.9
185.0
185.9
184.4
189.0
R u b b e r a n d p la s tic fo o tw e a r (1 2 /7 1 = 1 0 0 )
186.1
3021
200.3
200.4
207.2
209.5
210.7
’ 209.9
207.5
2 0 7 .0
3031
200.3
20 7 .6
200.3
207.4
194.1
209.2
R e c la im e d ru b b e r ( 1 2 /7 3 = 1 0 0 )
131.1
132.8
133.0
133.1
’ 132.9
132.7
132.6
131.0
132.7
130.8
132.7
128.9
133.2
M is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic p ro d u c ts ( 6 /7 8 = 100)
131.6
3079
150.7
146.8
147.5
149.3
149.6
L e a th e r ta n n in g an d finishing (1 2 /7 7 = 100)
150.8
3111
M e n ’s fo o tw e a r, e x c e p t a th le tic (1 2 /7 5 = 100) .
169.3
170.6
171.3
173.1
172.2
173.5
174.9
W o m e n ’s fo o tw e a r, e x c e p t a t h l e t i c .........................
212.7
212.4
208.5
209.8
210.3
3 144
217.1
W o m e n ’s h a n d b a g s a n d p u rs e s (1 2 /7 5 = 100)
155.5
158.4
158.4
158.4
158.4
3171
F la t g la s s (1 2 /7 1 = 100)
175.3
180.1
177.4
177.5
177.5
3211
32 8 .6
335.4
3 2 9 .6
330.3
296.5
300.5
133.4
140.4
310.2
3143
...........................
.........................................
3221
G la s s c o n ta in e r s ............................................................
3241
C e m e n t, h y d r a u lic ...............................................
3251
B ric k a n d s tru c tu ra l c la y t i l e ...........................
3 253
C e ra m ic w a ll a n d flo o r tile (1 2 /7 5 = 100)
3255
C la y r e fr a c to r ie s .................................................
S tru c tu ra l c la y p ro d u c ts , n .e .c.........................
3 259
’ 147.4
146.5
148.5
175.1
171.6
’ 175.3
175.5
175.7
175.8
175.8
21 7 .0
216.2
220.1
’ 220.8
22 0 .6
222.2
223.3
2 2 3 .3
158.4
158.4
158.4
158.4
158.5
157.8
159.0
159.0
159.3
177.5
177.5
187.9
187.9
187.7
187.7
186.3
186.3
187.8
357.7
35 8 .3
358.3
147.9
146.8
147.4
335.3
352.1
355.8
358.0
358.0
358.0
'3 5 8 .0
357.2
33 9 .6
341.5
341.5
341.1
341.9
341.9
'3 3 9 .8
3 3 6 .0
335.1
336.2
335.4
330.3
29 8 .9
299.4
299.4
303.4
304.5
305.0
'3 0 5 .9
307.2
307.5
30 7 .5
316.9
300.5
140.4
140.4
140.4
140.6
140.6
140.6
'1 4 0 .6
138.0
138.0
138.0
138.0
140.4
3 2 9 .6
354.4
35 5 .6
355.2
355.5
356.2
'3 5 6 .3
357.7
357.9
351.2
31 9 .9
357.9
315.2
22 5 .6
22 6 .0
225.9
215.9
215.8
2 1 5 .9
'2 1 5 .9
216.5
219.4
23 1 .7
2 3 6 .6
219.5
22 2 .6
219.5
261.1
260.6
260.8
261.8
265.4
2 6 5 .5
264.2
263.9
267.1
270.3
2 5 9 .3
260.1
269.1
2 5 4 .9
335.4
3261
V itre o u s p lu m b in g fix tu re s
347.7
347.7
347.3
355.5
3 6 0 .2
'3 6 0 .2
349.8
350.3
359.4
344.7
3262
344.7
349.8
33 5 .0
346.5
V itre o u s c h in a fo o d u t e n s i l s ...........................
315.1
314.9
316.2
316.9
'3 1 6 .9
314.8
322.7
3 1 5 .0
321.3
31 5 .0
3 1 4 .8
309.1
315.0
Fine e a rth e n w a re fo o d u te n s ils ......................
315.1
3263
164.3
164.3
164.2
164.0
166.3
167.4
'1 6 7 .4
169.1
163.7
166.9
P o tte ry p ro d u c ts , n.e.c. ( 1 2 /7 5 = 100) . .
163.7
164.8
160.1
164.7
27 4 .9
276.4
276.4
276.5
276.7
2 7 7 .0
'2 7 7 .5
277.4
276.8
275.2
274.2
275.1
276.9
270.4
299.6
3 0 1 .9
301.9
302.5
303.9
305.5
305.5
'3 0 6 .3
304.8
306.1
305.6
299.4
305.4
298.7
173.8
178.8
183.7
185.7
186.3
188.0
188.3
'1 8 8 .0
188.3
188.1
187.8
173.5
188.2
172.5
250.9
253.9
260.5
2 6 2 .5
258.8
256.2
256.5
254.3
253.1
250.6
25 5 .8
252.5
254.7
2 5 6 .9
2 4 1 .3
248.3
249.8
250.2
251.7
252.1
'2 5 2 .1
252.3
241.0
252.3
24 1 .0
252.3
232.9
252.3
191.2
198.3
200.4
202.3
203.2
203.8
203.8
203.8
203.7
190.3
203.8
190.2
2 0 3 .8
185.3
353.3
354.7
354.4
354.4
356.1
355.9
353.7
'3 5 3 .3
352.8
352.3
353.4
3530
35 4 .0
342.8
125.4
125.3
125.3
121.3
121.8
3 269
..............................
147.3
148.7
32 7 A1
C o n c re te b lo c k a n d b r i c k .................................
3273
R e a d y -m ix e d c o n c r e te ............................................
3 274
L im e (1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 ) ...............................................
3275
G y p s u m p ro d u c ts
....................................................
A b ra s iv e p ro d u c ts (1 2 /7 1 = 1 0 0 )
3291
...................
3 297
N o n c la y re fra c to rie s (1 2 /7 4 = 1 0 0 ) .................
3312
B la s t fu rn a c e s a n d s te e l m ills
3313
E le c tro m e ta llu rg ic a l p ro d u c ts (1 2 /7 5 = 100)
............................
3316
C o ld finishing o f s te e l s h a p e s ..............................
3317
S te e l pip e s a n d tu b e s
3321
G ra y iro n fo u n d rie s (1 2 /6 8 = 1 0 0 ) ...................
............................................
3333
P rim a ry z i n c .....................................................................
3334
P rim a ry a lu m in u m ..........................................................
......................................
120.3
120.3
120.3
120.4
120.4
121.4
121.4
'3 2 6 .2
325.6
325.1
3 2 4 .3
3 2 2 .5
3 2 7 .0
327.0
327.1
327.3
32 5 .6
363.7
364.1
365.8
365.9
365.9
365.7
'3 6 4 .1
3 6 1 .6
3 6 1 .0
3 6 1 .0
360.6
307.9
31 0 .0
311.5
311.9
311.1
3 1 1 .5
'3 1 1 .4
311.3
309.7
314.4
314.2
3 1 1 .2
2 9 2 .0
273.4
256.6
259.7
266.4
27 7 .0
291.6
302.9
304.8
320.2
320.8
312.4
308.8
307.9
305.7
308.0
304.4
303,5
306.0
190.1
190.9
191.3
193.8
176.3
175.8
175.4
326.4
326.7
327.0
341.5
362.3
36 3 .0
299.7
305.2
306.1
316.2
123.4
121.3
326.3
3 3 7 .5
315.7
3 0 8 .6
333.1
332.5
332.8
324.1
212.3
209.2
207.1
204.8
203.9
198.4
196.4
197.4
190.0
'1 8 9 .5
3351
C o p p e r ro llin g an d d ra w in g
180.2
180.8
181.8
181.7
181.2
178.6
178.0
'1 7 8 .0
177.1
177.2
3353
175.8
179.9
A lu m in u m sh e e t, p la te , an d foil ( 1 2 /7 5 = 1 00) .
181.1
180.8
180.5
180.2
180.1
'1 7 9 .6
178.9
177.7
181.4
178.0
180.1
180.2
A lu m in u m e x tru d e d p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 /7 5 = 100) . . .
180.8
3354
160.7
3355
A lu m in u m ro llin g , d ra w in g , n.e.c. (1 2 /7 5 = 100)
159.1
166.2
166.1
160.0
3411
M e ta l c a n s .......................................................................
3425
H a n d s a w s a n d s a w b la d e s (1 2 /7 2 = 100)
3431
M e ta l s a n ita ry w a r e .......................................................
3465
A u to m o tiv e s ta m p in g s ( 1 2 /7 5 = 100)
3 482
S m a ll a rm s a m m u n itio n (1 2 /7 5 = 100)
.................
...................
3493
S te e l s p rin g s , e x c e p t w ire
3 494
V a lv e s a n d p ip e fittin g s (1 2 /7 1 = 1 0 0 ) ......................
3498
F a b ric a te d p ip e a n d fittin g s
...............................................
3519
In te rn a l co m b u s tio n e n gines, n .e .c..................................
............................................
3531
C o n s tru c tio n m a c h in e ry ( 1 2 /7 6 = 100)
3532
M ining m a c h in e ry (1 2 /7 2 = 1 0 0 ) .................................
...................
3 533
O ilfie ld m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t.................................
3 534
E le v a to rs a n d m o v in g s ta ir w a y s ....................................
3 542
M a c h in e to o ls , m e ta l fo rm in g ty p e s (1 2 /7 1 = 100)
166.1
166.5
166.3
162.9
163.0
165.4
164.7
164.5
165.9
318.0
318.1
318.0
316.7
305.1
30 6 .0
304.9
310.8
31 4 .0
3 1 3 .6
3 1 8 .6
318.7
318.7
3 1 8 .6
211.6
214.8
2 1 4 .9
215.3
2 2 1 .3
221.4
'2 2 1 .5
22 1 .2
221.2
221.4
2 0 5 .0
206.0
221.2
201.4
271.3
2 7 2 .8
275.1
275.8
275.5
276.1
'2 7 6 .9
276.9
278.1
271.8
278.1
271.6
276.4
265.5
153.3
153.7
149.7
149.1
154.1
146.0
153.5
175.9
175.9
253.7
253.7
150.1
144.7
144.2
144.3
144.5
'1 4 4 .5
144.5
159.0
159.9
163.9
167.5
167.5
167.5
166.3
166.3
170.3
'1 7 0 .3
175.9
175.9
254.1
256.1
255.8
25 7 .4
256.4
2 5 4 .3
254.5
254.4
'2 5 2 .5
253.5
253.5
245.9
257.7
258.9
259.1
260.3
260.9
26 0 .6
'2 6 1 .8
260.1
259.9
255.7
259.8
253.5
260.0
248.9
3 7 8 .6
3 7 7 .7
379.8
385.5
385.4
385.4
383.8
3 8 5 .6
382.1
379.3
383.2
3 7 8 .6
382.4
361.3
347.3
347.5
311.9
326.4
347.1
32 5 .4
329.4
33 2 .0
33 2 .6
334.2
338.4
339.1
’ 341.1
343.8
165.4
166.5
166.7
166.8
166.2
167.1
'3 0 4 .5
303.4
304.5
305.4
306.4
156.8
161.6
159.7
162.5
162.4
163.3
164.3
165.2
2 8 2 .5
290.8
292.9
295.5
2 9 7 .8
300.9
302.4
304.0
304.2
4 2 7 .2
429.2
435.8
439.3
438.4
438.7
'4 3 9 .3
439.6
4 3 7 .0
420.3
436.9
418.2
439.1
395.8
265.6
264.3
269.8
271.6
271.8
275.5
275.5
'2 7 3 .5
2 7 5 .5
27 4 .2
277.7
260.7
27 5 .3
25 3 .9
319.7
322.8
32 4 .5
325
325.5
326.5
3 3 3 .6
333.6
3 3 4 .0
3 1 9 .3
333.5
312.3
333.3
306.9
157.5
157.2
157.5
158.3
2 5 8 .9
259.3
261.3
26 2 .0
147.3
149.5
150.0
153.3
153.2
153.9
154.7
156.
158.4
2 4 3 .5
247.9
249.9
252.3
2 5 3 .5
25 5 .0
256.2
257.
260.1
233.7
232.9
233.4
234
'2 3 0 .4
230.6
230.6
231.1
229.1
229.1
230.7
22 5 .0
234.
W o o d w o rk in g m a c h in e ry (1 2 /7 2 = 1 0 0 ) ................
229
2 2 9 .6
229
231.9
231.9
231.9
232.1
S c a le s a n d b a la n c e s , e x c lu d in g la b o ra to ry
228.3
22 8 .8
3576
226.3
226.5
23 2 .0
226.2
185.3
190
195
'1 9 6 .9
197.2
197.6
198.2
187.3
189.6
3592
187.2
198.2
178.0
192.8
C a rb u re to rs , p is to n s , rings, v a lv e s ( 6 /7 6 = 100)
22 2 .0
220.5
222
224.7
'2 2 5 .0
226.0
2 2 3 .9
223.8
2 2 2 .0
2 2 4 .6
209.9
2 2 3 .3
T ra n s fo rm e rs
222.2
3 612
233.2
236.9
237
'2 4 1 .6
237.5
237.7
22 7 .5
237.
W e ld in g a p p a ra tu s , e le c tric ( 1 2 /7 2 = 100) . . . .
2 3 2 .3
3623
236.8
2 3 8 .0
235.8
237.8
142.6
146.0
147.
146.2
'1 4 8 .3
150.4
151.0
151.8
141.9
151.1
141.2
147
H o u s e h o ld c o o k in g e q u ip m e n t (1 2 /7 5 = 100) . .
146.8
3631
142.3
142.
145.4
H o u s e h o ld re frig e ra to rs , fre e z e rs ( 6 /7 6 = 100)
140.1
141.1
3632
137.9
145.9
145.4
137.9
145.5
145.9
132.8
143
178.8
180.1
180.5
186.9
189.1
189.7
190.5
190.4
178.4
190.1
174.3
188.6
H o u s e h o ld la u n d ry e q u ip m e n t (1 2 /7 3 = 100) . .
186.2
3633
165.
165
165
'1 6 5 .6
159.4
159.5
159.2
155.
154.
154
'1 5 4 .3
153.0
153.0
153.6
153.6
'2 9 1 .8
291.9
296.3
30 2 .9
3 0 3 .0
26 1 .6
3546
P o w e r d riv e n h and to o ls (1 2 /7 6 = 1 0 0 ) ................
3 552
T e x tile m a c h in e ry ( 1 2 /6 9 = 1 0 0 ) ..............................
3553
—
..................................................................
3 635
H o u s e h o ld v a c u u m c le a n e rs
.........................................
159.1
161.0
160.8
165.6
165.2
S e w in g m a c h in e s ( 1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 ) .................................
146.8
156.0
156.0
156.0
155.8
3636
277.3
284.8
281.3
282.1
286.1
283.6
2 9 6 .6
2 9 4 .5
189
157.0
3641
E le c tric la m p s .......................................................................
262.1
262.1
257.9
25 9 .0
260.0
262.
260.3
261.3
261.9
249.6
'2 6 0 .1
N o n c u rre n t-c a rry in g w irin g d e v ic e s ( 1 2 /7 2 = 100)
258.1
3644
159.3
159.2
159.2
162.
163
'1 6 5 .9
165.9
165.4
165.7
154.8
167
C o m m e rc ia l lighting fix tu re s (1 2 /7 5 = 100)
161.1
3646
163.1
162.8
168.
171
171.1
171.2
171.2
171.2
162.4
171.2
155.9
170.9
Lig h tin g e q u ip m e n t, n.e.c. (1 2 /7 5 = 100) .................
167.8
3648
'3 7 5 .4
37 6 .0
380.7
380.8
4 1 4 .5
...........
309.7
327.8
342.2
374.1
374.2
37 4
374.
374
3671
E le c tro n tu b e s re c e iv in g t y p e .........................................
S e m ic o n d u c to rs an d re la te d d e v ic e s
.........................
'9 0 .9
9 2.0
91.7
90.9
90 .2
3 674
E le c tro n ic c a p a c ito rs (1 2 /7 5 = 100)
.........................
170.3
168.1
166.6
167.4
169.7
168.
3675
141.4
143.0
142.8
143.7
143.
144
145
E le c tro n ic re s is to rs (1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 ) ..............................
144.0
3676
154.9
155.8
155.9
156.2
156.7
156.4
158.3
E le c tro n ic c o n n e c to rs ( 1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 ) ...................
155.8
182.7
182.0
190.
195.5
195.
P rim a ry b a tte rie s , d ry a n d w e t .................................
182.7
184.3
3692
182.2
158.7
159.1
159.8
155.0
154
154
3711
150.3
157.
M o to r v e h ic le s a n d c a r b o d ie s (1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 ) . .
131.3
130.9
130.9
135.5
136.6
136.
136.
D o lls (1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................
136.6
3 942
221.3
2 2 2 .6
223.9
228.4
232.5
234.
234
G a m e s , to y s , a n d c h ild re n ’s v e h ic le s
234
3944
140.2
140.3
140.3
140.
140
140.
C a rb o n p a p e r an d in k e d rib b o n s (1 2 /7 5 = 100)
140.3
3955
138.5
6
142.7
142.7
143.8
145.3
3995
143.4
149.
....................................
139.5
145
B urial c a s k e ts ( 6 /7 6 = 100)
151.8
153.7
153.7
155.1
156.
156.3
H a rd s u rfa c e flo o r c o v e rin g s ( 1 2 /7 5 = 1 00) . . .
155.2
3996
3678
..............
1 D a ta fo r J u ly 1982 h a v e b e e n re v is e d to re fle c t th e a v a ila b ility o f la te re p o rts an d c o rre c tio n s by
re sp o n d e n ts . A ll d a ta a re s u b je c t to revision 4 m o n th s a fte r orig in a l p ublication.
98
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2
N o t ava ila b le .
r = r e v is e d .
9 0.0
89
89.
167
166.6
165.9
'9 0 .6
9 0.5
90.8
88.4
88.3
'1 6 5 .7
166.2
165.5
164.4
163.8
144.4
144.6
144.8
145.2
145.4
'1 5 9 .1
160.9
159.8
160.9
160.4
2
196.3
196.3
196.8
198.1
198.1
0
'1 5 9 .1
160.3
151.4
162.8
162.8
8
'1 3 6 .8
136.5
136.5
136.5
136.5
3
'2 3 4 .4
231.8
232.1
23 2 .6
232.8
'1 4 0 .4
140.5
139.3
139.3
139.2
3
150.8
150.8
150.8
150.8
150.8
3
155.C
155.7
156.S
156.9
156.9
PRODUCTIVITY DATA
P r o d u c t i v i t y d a t a are compiled by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics from establishment data and from estimates of com
pensation and output supplied by the U.S. Department of
Commerce and the Federal Reserve Board.
The use of the term man hours” to identify the labor component
of productivity and costs, in tables 26 through 29, has been discontin
ued. Hours of all persons is now used to describe the labor input of
payroll workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers.
Output per all-employee hour is now used to describe labor productiv
ity in nonfinancial corporations where there are no self-employed.
Definitions
Output is the constant dollar gross domestic product produced in a
given period. Indexes of output per hour of labor input, or labor pro
ductivity, measure the value of goods and services produced per hour
of labor. Compensation per hour includes wages and salaries of em
ployees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and private
benefit plans. The data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and
supplementary payments for the self-employed, except for nonfi
nancial corporations, in which there are no self-employed. Real com
pensation per hour is compensation per hour adjusted by the
Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers.
Unit labor cost measures the labor compensation cost required to
produce one unit of output and is derived by dividing compensation
by output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, in
terest, and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are computed by
subtracting compensation of all persons from the current dollar gross
domestic product and dividing by output. In these tables, unit
nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments
except unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits and invento
ry valuation adjustments per unit of output.
The implicit price deflator is derived by dividing the current dollar
estimate of gross product by the constant dollar estimate, making the
deflator, in effect, a price index for gross product of the sector reported.
26.
Notes on the data
In the business sector and the nonfarm business sector, the basis
for the output measure employed in the computation of output per
hour is Gross Domestic Product rather than Gross National Product.
Computation of hours includes estimates of nonfarm and farm propri
etor hours.
Output data are supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S.
Department of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly
manufacturing output indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics to annual estimates of output (gross product originating)
from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Compensation and hours data
are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
Beginning with the September 1982 issue of the Review, all of the
productivity and cost measures contained in these tables are based on
revised output and compensation measures released by the Bureau of
Economic Analysis in July as part of the regular revision cycle of the
National Income and Product Accounts. Measures of labor input
have been revised to reflect results of the 1980 census, and seasonal
factors have been recomputed for use in the preparation of quarterly
measures. The word “private” is no longer being used as part of the
series title of one of the two business sector measures prepared by
BLS; no change has been made in the definition or content of the
measures as a result of this change.
Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950-81
[1 9 7 7 = 1 0 0 ]
Item
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
50.4
20.0
50.5
39.7
43.4
41.0
58.3
26.4
59.6
45.2
47.6
46.0
65.2
33.9
69.5
52.0
50.6
51.6
78.3
41.7
80.1
53.3
57.6
54.7
86.2
58.2
90.8
67.5
63.2
66.0
92.5
78.0
95.9
84.4
78.5
82.4
94.5
85.5
96.3
90.5
90.4
90.5
97.6
92.9
98.9
95.1
94.0
94.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.6
108.6
100.9
108.0
106.7
107.5
99.6
119.1
99.4
119.5
112.8
117.2
98 9
131.4
96.7
132.9
119.3
128.3
56.3
21.8
55.0
38.8
42.7
40.1
62.8
28.3
64.0
45,0
47.8
46.0
68.3
35.7
73.0
52.2
50.4
51.6
80.5
42.8
82.2
53.2
58.0
54.8
86.8
58.7
91.5
67.6
63.7
66.3
92.9
78.5
96.4
84.5
75.8
81.6
94.7
86.0
96.8
90.8
88.5
90.0
97.8
93.0
99.0
95.1
93.5
94.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.6
108.6
100.9
108.0
105.3
107.1
99.3
118.8
99.2
119.6
110.3
116.5
98 5
130.9
96.3
133.0
119.1
128.3
'81.9
r 43.9
r 84.3
53.5
60.8
56.1
r 87.4
r 59.4
r92.7
68.0
63.1
66.3
'92.8
r 78.5
r96.5
84.7
75.6
81.6
r 95.5
r 86.1
'96.9
90.2
90.8
90.4
r 98.2
'92.9
r98.9
94.6
95.0
94.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
r 100.9
r 108.5
100.8
107.5
104.2
106.4
r 100.7
r 118.7
r 99.1
117.8
106.9
114.1
'100.3
'130.9
'96.2
130.5
117.7
126.1
74.5
42.8
82.3
57.5
69.3
61.0
79.1
57.6
90.8
76.3
93.8
84.1
69.3
79.8
93.4
85.4
96.2
91.5
87.3
90.3
97.5
92.3
98.3
94.6
93.7
94.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.9
108.3
100.6
107.4
102.5
106.0
101.5
118.9
99.2
117.1
101.7
132.8
97.7
130.6
97.1
120.8
B u sin e ss s e c to r:
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e rs o n s
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r
.
..............
R eal c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r . . .
U n it la b o r c o s t .................................
U nit n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts
Im p lic it p ric e d e fla to r
..............
...................
N o n fa rm b u s in e s s s e c to r:
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e rs o n s
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r
.
..............
R eal co m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r . . .
U nit la b o r c o s t .................................
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts
Im p lic it p ric e d e fla to r
..............
...................
N o n fin a n cia l co rp o ra tio n s :
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all e m p lo y e e s
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r
..............
R e a l co m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r . . .
U n it la b o r c o s t .................................
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts
Im p licit p ric e d e fla to r
..............
......................
M a n u fa c tu rin g :
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e rs o n s
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r
..
................
R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r
U n it la b o r c o s t ....................................
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts
Im p licit p ric e d e fla to r
1 N o t ava ila b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.................
......................
( ')
( 1)
( ')
( 1)
(')
(
( ')
(')
(
( ')
r68.0
r37.0
r 75.8
54.4
54,6
54.5
56.4
28.8
65.1
51.0
58.5
53.2
60.0
36.7
75.1
61.1
61.1
61.1
( 1)
1
)
49.4
21.5
54.0
43.4
54.3
46.6
(’ )
1
)
89.8
72.7
65.0
70.5
99.9
112.0
100.7
144.1
96.0
143.1
135.2
140.4
99 .9
143.6
9 5.7
143.8
134.8
140.8
r 102.0
r 143.5
'9 5 .6
140.6
134.8
138.6
104.5
146.4
97.5
140.0
108.8
130.8
r = revised.
99
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity
Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1971-81
27.
Annua rate
of change
Year
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
B usiness se c to r:
1981
1950-81
1960-81
3.6
3.5
2.6
- 2 .4
2.2
3.3
2.4
0.6
-0 .9
-0 .7
1.8
2.5
2.1
......................................
6.6
6.5
8.0
9.4
9.6
8.6
7.7
8.6
9.7
10.4
9.6
6.2
7.3
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ....................................................
1.8
R eal co m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ............................................
2.2
2.4
O u tp u t p e r ho u r o f all p e rs o n s
3.1
1.6
0.5
-1 .4
2.6
1.2
0.9
- 1 .4
- 2 .8
-0 .7
10.7
11.2
7.7
3.6
5.0
U nit la b o r c o s t .......................................................................
2.9
2.9
5.3
12.1
7.3
5.1
5.1
8.0
4.5
5.9
4.4
15.1
4.0
6.4
6.7
5.7
13.3
3.5
4.7
7.6
5.8
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ....................................................
4.4
3.4
5.5
9.5
9.8
4.7
5.6
7.5
9.0
9.4
9.5
3.6
4.9
Im p lic it p ric e d e fla to r ..........................................................
-1 .3
-0 .9
1.4
2.2
1.9
7.0
N o n fa rm bus in e s s se cto r:
......................................
3.3
3.7
2.4
- 2 .5
2.0
3.2
2.2
0.6
6.6
6.7
7.6
9.4
9.6
8.1
7.5
8.6
9.3
10.2
9.7
5.9
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ....................................................
2.2
3.3
1.3
- 1 .4
0.4
2.2
1.0
0.9
-1 .7
- 2 .9
-0 .7
2.1
1.5
R eal c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ............................................
3.2
2.9
5.0
12.2
7.5
4.7
5.2
8.0
10.7
11.2
8.1
3.7
5.0
U n it la b o r c o s t .......................................................................
4.7
8.0
13.1
3.5
4.6
8.8
10.2
9.7
3.6
4.9
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e rs o n s
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ....................................................
7.4
3.2
1.3
5.9
16.7
5.7
6.9
5.3
Im p lic it p ric e d e fla to r .........................................................
4.5
3.0
3.8
10.2
10.3
5.0
5.7
7.1
N o n fin a n cia l co rp o ra tio n s :
r 2.9
r 2.4
' - 3 .7
r 2.9
'2 .9
'1 .8
'0 .9
' -0 .2
' -0 .4
n
2.0
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all e m p lo y e e s .................................
'4 .7
'1 .7
r 6.4
'5 .7
'7 . 5
'9 .4
r 9.6
'7 .9
'7 .6
'8 .5
'9 . 4
'1 0 .3
'9 .6
(’ )
6.9
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ....................................................
r 2.4
r 1.2
' -1 .5
'0 .4
'2 .0
'1 .1
0.8
'- 1 . 7
'- 2 . 9
( 1)
1.4
r 2.0
-0 .7
R eal c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ............................................
1.6
2.8
4.9
13.6
6.5
4.9
5.7
7.5
10.7
7.8
(’ )
4.8
U n it la b o r c o s t .......................................................................
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ....................................................
2.7
1.5
7.1
20.1
4.6
5.3
4.2
2.6
10.1
(')
4.1
7.4
14.6
2.8
3.8
11.4
10.9
4.8
5.6
6.4
7.2
10.0
(’ )
4.6
3.5
10.5
Im p licit p ric e d e fla to r ..........................................................
M a n u fa c tu rin g :
9.6
5.0
5.4
- 2 .4
2.9
4.4
2.5
0.9
2.6
2.7
6.1
2.8
......................................
6.1
5.4
7.2
10.6
11.9
8.0
8.3
8.3
9.7
11.8
10.2
5.8
6.9
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ....................................................
-1 .4
- 1 .6
-0 .2
2.0
1.4
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e rs o n s
0.7
0.2
R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ............................................
1.8
2.0
0.9
-0 .3
2.5
2.1
1.8
0.6
0.3
1.7
13.3
8.8
3.4
5.7
7.4
11.6
7.2
3.1
4.1
0.0
9.0
U n it la b o r c o s t .......................................................................
11.2
0.8
-3 .3
-1 .8
25.9
7.4
6.7
2.5
- 2 .6
- 2 .7
12.0
2.1
2.7
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ....................................................
3.1
0.5
0.3
9.0
13.1
4.6
6.0
6.0
5.7
7.8
8.4
2.8
3.7
.........................................................
Im p licit p ric e d e fla to r
r = revised.
1 N o t ava ila b le .
28.
Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted
__________________________ ____________________ _______________ __________________ _
[1977=100]
Quarterly indexes
Annual
average
Item
IV
I
II
III
IV
1
II
III
1980
1981
I
II
III
98.9
131.4
96.7
132.9
119.3
128.3
100.7
144.1
96.0
143.1
135.2
140.4
99.3
126.7
97.0
127.6
116.0
123.7
98.2
130.0
96.4
132.3
116.2
126.9
98.9
133.1
96.9
134.7
120.6
129.9
99.3
136.1
96.2
137.0
124.6
132.8
100.7
140.0
96.2
139.0
131.8
136.5
100.7
142.5
96.4
141.5
133.4
138.8
101.0
145.6
95.7
144.2
137.4
141.9
100.2
148.2
95.6
147.9
138.3
144.6
100.0
150.9
96.5
150.9
136.4
146.0
100.3
153.4
97.1
152.9
137.0
147.5
'101.4
'155.7
'96.8
'153.6
'140.1
'149.0
98.5
130.9
96.3
133.0
119.1
128.3
99.9
143.6
95.7
143.8
134.8
140.8
98.7
126.2
96.6
127.8
115.2
123.6
97.6
129.3
96.0
132.5
116.7
127.2
98.4
132.6
96.5
134.7
120.3
129.9
99.2
135.7
95.9
136.8
124.4
132.7
100.4
139.5
96.0
139.0
131.5
136.5
100.0
142.0
96.0
141.9
132.8
138.9
100.0
145.1
95.4
145.1
136.7
142.3
99.1
147.7
95.3
149.0
138.4
145.5
99.2
150.4
96.3
151.6
136.7
146.6
99.4
152.7
96.6
153.5
137.2
148.1
'100.4
'155.1
'96.4
'154.5
'140.3
'149.8
..........................................
'100.3
'130.9
'96.2
131.0
130.5
132.5
87.9
126.1
'102.0
'143.5
'95.6
143.4
140.6
151.4
101.6
138.6
'100.2
'126.1
'96.5
125.0
125.8
122.7
91.1
121.1
'99.3
'129.3
'95.9
130.4
130.2
131.0
81.9
124.8
' 100.6
'132.6
'96.6
132.9
131.9
135.7
87.8
127.7
'101.1
'135.6
'95.8
135.8
134.1
140.7
90.5
130.6
'102.3
'139.6
'96.0
138.3
136.5
143.4
104.7
134.5
'102.2
'141.9
'96.0
141.7
138.9
149.6
98.8
136.8
'102.2
'144.8
'95.2
144.7
141.7
153.1
105.2
140.2
'101.6
'147.7
'95.3
149.1
145.4
159.6
97.6
143.2
'101.6
'150.7
'96.5
151.8
148.3
161.8
86.1
144.3
'102.3
'153.0
'96.4
153.8
149.5
166.0
82.3
145.6
p 103.5
p 155.2
p96.4
p 154.8
p 150.0
p 168.5
p 88.7
p 147.2
............................
......................................
R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ................................
U n it l a b o r c o s t ....................................................
101.7
132.8
97.7
130.6
104.5
146.4
97.5
140.0
102.6
127.1
97.3
123.9
100.4
130.9
97.1
130.3
100.3
135.2
98.5
134.9
103.6
138.4
97.8
133.6
105.2
142.6
98.0
135.5
105.0
144.9
97.9
138.0
105.0
147.3
96.8
140.3
102.8
150.7
97.2
146.6
102.1
154.7
99.0
151.5
102.3
'104.2
'160.0
'99.4
'153.6
B u s in e s s s e c t o r :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r
.............................................
............................................................
R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ...................................................
U n it la b o r c o s t ...................................................................................
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ............................................................
Im p lic it p r ic e d e f la t o r
...................................................................
N o n f a r m b u s in e s s s e c t o r :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r
............................................
............................................................
R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ...................................................
U n it l a b o r c o s t ...................................................................................
......................................
..........................................
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s
Im p lic it p r ic e d e f l a t o r
N o n fin a n c ia l c o r p o r a t io n s :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p l o y e e s ......................................
......................................
R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ................................
T o t a l u n it c o s t s ..................................................
U n it l a b o r c o s t ............................................
U n it n o n la b o r c o s t s ......................................
C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r
U n it p r o f it s
.........................................................................................
I m p lic it p r ic e d e f la t o r
M a n u fa c tu r in g :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r
r=
1982
1981
1980
r e v is e d .
100
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
p=
p r e lim in a r y .
157.6
99.7
154.0
29. Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices,
seasonally adjusted at annual rate
[1 9 7 7 = 1 0 0 ]
Quarterly percent change at annual rate
11981
to
II 1981
Item
II 1981
to
III 1981
III 1981
to
IV 1981
IV 1981
to
11982
Percent change from same quarter a year ago
1 1982
to
I11982
II 1982
to
III 1982
II 1980
to
II 1981
III 1980
to
III 1981
IV 1980
to
IV 1981
1 1981
to
I 1982
II 1981
to
II 1982
III 1981
to
III 1982
B usiness s e c to r:
...........................
0.0
1.1
- 2 .9
- 1 .0
1.4
'4 . 2
2.5
2.2
0.9
-0 .7
-0 .4
'0 .4
.........................................
7.5
9.0
7.4
7.3
6.9
'6 .1
9.7
9.4
8.9
7.8
7.6
6.9
R eal c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .................................
0.5
- 2 .6
-0 .4
3.9
2.2
' — 1.4
- 1 .3
- 0 .6
0.3
0.8
1.1
U nit la b o r c o s ts
7.5
7.8
10.6
8.4
5.5
'1 .8
6.9
7.1
7.9
8.6
8.1
'6 .5
.........................................
4.9
12.5
2.9
-5 .4
1.7
'9 .3
14.8
13.9
11.0
3.5
2.7
'2 .0
..............................................
6.6
9.3
8.0
3.8
4.3
'4 .1
9.4
9.2
8.9
6.9
6.3
'5 .0
- 1 .3
- 0 .3
- 3 .5
0.6
0.8
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e rs o n s
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r
..........................................................
U nit n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts
Im p licit p ric e d e fla to r
-0 .1
N o n fa rm b u sin e ss s e c to r:
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e rs o n s
...........................
'4 .0
2.5
1.6
- 0 .6
'0 .4
.........................................
7.1
9.0
7.3
7.7
6.1
6.6
9.8
9.4
8.8
7.8
7.5
6.9
R eal c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .................................
0.1
-2 .6
-0 .5
4.3
1.4
-0 .9
0.0
-1 .2
-0 .6
0.3
0.6
1.1
U n it la b o r c o s ts
..........................................................
8.6
9.3
11.2
7.1
5.2
'2 . 6
7.1
7.7
8.9
9.0
8.2
'6 .5
.........................................
4.0
12.1
5.1
-4 .6
1.3
'9 .5
13.8
13.6
11.2
4.0
3.3
'2 .7
...............................................
7.1
10.2
9.2
3.3
4.0
'4 .7
9.2
9.6
9.6
7.4
6.6
'5 .3
'0 .2
' -2 .4
'0 . 3
'2 .7
p 1.3
r 8.4
r 8.2
'8 .4
'6 .2
p 5.9
r 0.3
'5 . 0
'1 .6
p -1 .6
12.8
7.4
5.4
p 2.6
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts
Im p lic it p ric e d e fla to r
-0 .1
-1 .1
N o n fin a n cia l co rp o ra tio n s :
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p lo y e e s
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r
......................
.........................................
R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .................................
T o ta l unit c o s ts
..........................................................
U n it la b o r c o s ts
....................................................
-0 .4
r 6.8
-0 .1
10.2
7.3
'- 3 . 1
8.6
8.2
p 1.2
' -0 .6
0.3
9.2
'8 .9
'8 .0
8.0
0.0
-1 .4
-0 .5
'0 .5
1.0
p 1.3
8.7
8.9
9.8
9.7
8.5
p 7.0
6.7
'1 .6
p 7.2
7.5
8.4
18.5
9.8
17.8
5.7
'1 0 .7
p 6.4
14.2
12.9
13.4
12.8
10.9
-2 0 .8
28.4
-2 5 .9
-3 9 .4
-1 6 .7
p 35.4
2 0.7
19.7
7.9
— 17.8
-1 6 .7
10.2
8.9
3.0
3.8
p 4.6
9.6
9.7
9.6
7.3
6.4
p 5.0
- 0 .8
7.1
3.4
'0 .5
9.8
U n it n o n la b o r c o s t s ...............................................
..............................................
8.1
2.9
'
U nit p r o f i t s .....................................................................
Im p lic it p ric e d e fla to r
10.9
p 4.6
8.6
7.6
p 5.8
p 10.1
p
— 15.6
M a n u fa c tu rin g :
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e rs o n s
...........................
- 0 .7
- 8 .2
-2 .4
'7 .3
4.5
-0 .8
-2 .9
- 2 .5
.........................................
6.6
6.8
9.6
11.1
7.8
'6 .2
10.7
8.9
8.9
8.5
8.8
8.7
R eal c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .................................
-0 .4
- 4 .6
1.6
7.6
3.1
' — 1.3
0.9
- 1 .7
-0 .6
1.0
1.8
'2 .7
7.3
6.8
19.4
13.9
6.9
r - 1 .0
? 5.9
4.0
9.8
11.7
11.6
'9 .5
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r
U n it la b o r c o s ts
r = re vise d .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
..........................................................
-0 .1
0.8
4.7
p = pre lim in a ry.
101
WAGE AND COMPENSATION DATA
are reported to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics by a sample of 2,000 private non
farm establishments and 750 State and local government units
selected to represent total employment in those sectors. On
average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensation
information on five well-specified occupations.
DATA FOR THE e m p l o y m e n t COST i n d e x
Data on negotiated wage and benefit changes are obtained
from contracts on file at the Bureau, direct contact with the
parties, and secondary sources.
Definitions
The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a quarterly measure of the
average change in the cost of employing labor. The rate of total com
pensation, which comprises wages, salaries, and employer costs for
employee benefits, is collected for workers performing specified tasks.
Employment in each occupation is held constant over time for all se
ries produced in the ECI, except those by region, bargaining status,
and area. As a consequence, only changes in compensation are meas
ured. Industry and occupational employment data from the 1970 Cen
sus of Population are used in deriving constant weights for the ECI.
While holding total industry and occupational employment fixed, in
the estimation of indexes by region, bargaining status, and area, the
employment in those measures is allowed to vary over time in accord
with changes in the sample. The rate of change (in percent) is avail
able for wages and salaries, as well as for total compensation. Data
are collected for the pay period including the 12th day of the survey
months of March, June, September, and December. The statistics are
neither annualized nor adjusted for seasonal influence.
Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions,
excluding premium pay for overtime, work on weekends and holidays,
and shift differentials. Production bonuses, incentive earnings, com
missions, and cost-of-living adjustments are included; nonproduction
bonuses are included with other supplemental pay items in the bene
fits category; and payments-in-kind, free room and board, and tips are
excluded. B e n e fits include supplemental pay, insurance, retirement and
savings plans, and hours-related and legally required benefits.
Data on negotiated wage changes apply to private nonfarm industry
collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more.
Data on compensation changes apply only to those agreements cover
ing 5,000 workers or more. F ir s t-y e a r wage or compensation changes
refer to average negotiated changes for workers covered by settle
ments reached in the period and implemented within the first 12
months after the effective date of the agreement. C h a n g e s o v e r th e life
102
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
o f th e a g r e e m e n t refer to all adjustments specified in the contract,
expressed as an average annual rate. These measures exclude wage
changes that may occur under cost-of-living adjustment clauses, that
are triggered by movements in the Consumer Price Index. W a g e-ra te
c h a n g e s are expressed as a percent of straight-time hourly earnings;
c o m p e n sa tio n ch a n g e s are expressed as a percent of total wages and
benefits.
Effective wage adjustments reflect all negotiated changes imple
mented in the reference period, regardless of the settlement date. They
include changes from settlements reached during the period, changes
deferred from contracts negotiated in an earlier period, and cost-ofliving adjustments. The data also reflect contracts providing for no
wage adjustment in the period. Effective adjustments and each of
their components are prorated over all workers in bargaining units
with at least 1,000 workers.
Notes on the data
The Employment Cost Index data series began in the fourth quar
ter of 1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in
the private nonfarm sector. Data on employer costs for employee bene
fits were included in 1980, to produce a measure of the percent
change in employers’ cost for employees’ total compensation. State
and local government units were added to the ECI coverage in 1981,
providing a measure of total compensation change in the civilian non
farm economy.
Data for the broad white-collar, blue-collar, and service worker
groups, and the manufacturing, nonmanufacturing, and service indus
try groups are presented in the ECI. Additional occupation and in
dustry detail are provided for the wages and salaries component of
total compensation in the private nonfarm sector. For State and local
government units, additional industry detail is shown for both total
compensation and its wages and salaries component.
Historical indexes (June 1981 = 100) of the quarterly rates of chang
es presented in the ECI are also available.
For a more detailed discussion of the ECI, see chapter 25, “The
Employment Cost Index,” of the BLS H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s (Bulletin
1910), and the M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w articles: “Employment Cost In
dex: a measure of change in the ‘price of labor,”’ July 1975; “How
benefits will be incorporated into the Employment Cost Index,” Janu
ary 1978; and “The Employment Cost Index: recent trends and ex
pansion,” May 1982.
Additional data for the ECI and other measures of wage and com
pensation changes appear in C u r r e n t W a g e D e v e lo p m e n ts , a monthly
periodical of the Bureau.
30.
Employment Cost Index, total compensation, by occupation and industry group
[J u n e 1 9 8 1 = 1 0 0 ]
Percent change
1982
1981
1980
3 months
ended
Series
Sept.
Civilian nonfarm workers'
Dec.
March
June
Sept
Dec.
March
June
Sept
12 months
ended
September 1982
-
-
-
100.0
102.6
104.5
106.3
107.5
110.1
2.4
W h ite -c o lla r w o rk e rs
—
—
—
100.0
102.7
104.9
106.5
107.7
110.7
2.8
7.8
B lu e -c o lla r w o rk e rs .
—
—
—
100.0
102.3
104.1
105.7
107.1
109.2
2.0
6.7
100.0
102.8
104.2
107.2
108.3
110.8
2.3
7.8
100.0
102.1
104.0
106.0
107.2
109.3
2.0
7.1
7.3
W o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n s g ro u p
S e rv ic e w o rk e rs
...
—
—
—
—
W o rk e rs , b y in d u s try divis ion
M a n u fa c tu r in g ...........
—
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
104.4
107.1
108.2
109.2
113.5
3.9
8.7
—
—
—
100.0
104.3
106.0
108.1
109.1
112.8
3.4
8.1
92.8
9 4.7
98.1
100.0
102.0
104.0
105.8
107.2
109.3
2.0
7.2
92.6
94.5
98.3
100.0
101.8
104.0
105.8
107.2
109.5
2.1
7.6
N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g . .
S e r v ic e s .................
P u b lic a d m in is tra to r 2
..................................................................
Private nonfarm workers..................................................
—
100.0
102.8
104.8
106.4
107.7
110.5
2.6
7.5
W o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p
W h ite -c o lla r w o rk e r
B lu e -c o lla r w o rk e rs
93 .0
94.9
9 7.8
100.0
102.2
104.0
105.6
107.0
109.0
1.9
6.7
S e rv ic e w o rk e rs
92.7
94.3
9 9.3
100.0
101.9
103.1
106.7
107.9
109.6
1.6
7.6
.............................................................................
W o rk e rs , b y in d u stry division
M a n u fa c tu rin g . . .
92 .6
94.7
9 8.0
100.0
102.1
104.0
106.0
107.2
109.3
2.0
7.1
N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g
92.9
94.7
98.2
100.0
102.0
103.9
105.7
107.1
109.3
2.1
7.2
-
-
-
100.0
105.3
107.4
108.8
109.3
114.3
4.6
8.5
—
—
—
100.0
105.7
107.8
109.1
109.5
114.9
4.9
8.7
100.0
104.2
105.9
108.2
108.9
112.7
3.5
8.2
8.6
State and local government workers ..............................
W o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p
W h ite -c o lla r w o rk e rs
B lu e -c o lla r w o rk e rs
....................................................................
_
.......................................................................
W o rk e rs , b y in d u s try division
S e r v ic e s .................
S c h o o ls
...........
E le m e n ta ry a n d s e c o n d a r y ...............................................
H o s p ita ls a n d o th e r s e rv ic e s 3 ..............................................
P u b lic a d m in is tra to r
2........................
—
—
—
100.0
105.8
107.9
109.0
109.4
114.9
5.0
—
—
—
100.0
106.0
107.9
108.9
109.1
114.8
5.2
8.3
—
—
—
100.0
106.3
108.3
109.3
109.5
115.6
5.6
8.7
—
—
—
100.0
105.0
107.8
109.5
110.3
115.3
4.5
9.8
100.0
104.3
106.0
108.1
109.1
112.8
3.4
8.1
'E x c lu d e s h o u s e h o ld a n d F e d e ra l w o rk e rs .
in c lu d e s , fo r e xa m p le , lib ra ry, so cia l, an d h e a lth se rvice s.
C o n s is ts o f le g is la tive , ju d ic ia l, a d m in is tra tiv e , an d re g u la to ry a ctivitie s.
Note:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
D a sh e s in d ica te d a ta n o t ava ila b le .
103
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data
31.
Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
[J u n e 1 9 8 1 = 1 0 0 ]
Percent change
1980
1981
1982
3 months
ended
Series
Sept.
Civilian nonfarm workers'....................................................
-
Dec.
-
March
-
June
100.0
Sept.
102.5
Dec.
104.4
March
106.3
June
12 months
ended
Sept.
September 1982
107.3
109.7
2.2
7.0
107.6
110.4
W o rk e rs , b y o cc u p a tio n a l g ro u p
..........................................................................
—
—
—
100.0
102.6
104.7
106.7
2.6
7.6
B lu e -c o lla r w o r k e r s .............................................................................
—
—
—
100.0
102.4
104.0
105.5
106.7
108.6
1.8
6.1
S e rv ic e w o rk e rs
—
—
—
100.0
102.5
103.6
106.8
107.9
110.1
2.0
7.4
W h ite -c o lla r w o rk e rs
..................................................................................
W o rk e rs , b y in d u s try division
M a n u fa c tu r in g ........................................................................................
—
—
—
100.0
N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g ................................................................................
—
—
—
100.0
102.7
104.5
106.5
107.5
110.1
2.4
7.2
S e r v ic e s .............................................................................................
—
—
—
100.0
104.4
106.6
108.6
109.5
113.2
3.4
8.4
P u b lic a d m in is tra tio n 2
..................................................................
Private nonfarm workers..................................................
102.1
104.0
105.9
107.0
108.8
1.7
6.6
—
—
—
100.0
103.8
105.5
107.5
108.4
111.9
3.2
7.8
93.5
95.4
9 8.0
100.0
102.0
103.8
105.9
107.1
109.0
1.8
6.9
W o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p
W h ite -c o lla r w o rk e rs
..........................................................................
93.3
95.2
98.1
100.0
101.8
103.9
106.2
107.3
109.4
2.0
7.5
P ro fe s s io n a l a n d te c h n ic a l w o r k e r s .........................................
93.2
95.3
98.2
100.0
103.3
105.5
108.0
109.4
111.8
2.2
8.2
M a n a g e rs an d a d m in is tr a to r s ....................................................
93 .5
94 .7
98.6
100.0
101.6
102.8
105.8
107.2
108.5
1.2
6.8
6.6
S a le s w o rk e rs
...................................................................................
92 .2
94.8
96.2
100.0
98 .0
101.9
102.2
101.8
104.5
2.7
.............................................................................
93.8
95 .7
98.6
100.0
102.7
104.2
107.0
108.3
110.3
1.8
7.4
B lu e -c o lla r w o r k e r s .............................................................................
93.8
95.7
97 .7
100.0
102.3
103.9
105.4
106.6
108.5
1.8
6.1
94 .0
96.1
97 .8
100.0
102.9
104.3
106.2
107.6
109.6
1.9
6.5
93 .6
95.5
97.8
100.0
102.1
104.1
105.4
106.6
108.3
1.6
6.1
C le ric a l w o rk e rs
C ra ft an d k in d re d w o rk e rs
.........................................................
O p e ra tiv e s , e x c e p t tra n s p o rt
....................................................
T ra n s p o rt e q u ip m e n t o p e ra tiv e s
...............................................
93.5
95.3
96.8
100.0
101.0
102.7
103.2
104.1
..........................................................................
93.9
95.7
97.5
100.0
1 0 1 .5
103.3
104.1
105.1
1 0 6 .5
1.3
4 .9
..................................................................................
93.4
94.8
99.2
100.0
101.8
102.7
106.7
107.9
109.3
1.3
7.4
107.0
108.8
N o n fa rm la b o re rs
S e rv ic e w o rk e rs
106.0
1.8
5.0
W o rk e rs , b y in d u s try division
M a n u fa c tu r in g ........................................................................................
93 .6
95.7
97.9
100.0
102.1
104.0
105.9
1.7
6.6
D u r a b le s .............................................................................................
93.5
95.7
97.9
100.0
102.1
104.5
106.3
107.4
109.0
1.5
6.8
N o n d u r a b le s .....................................................................................
93.8
95.7
97.8
100.0
102.0
103.1
105.3
106.3
108.5
2.1
6.4
N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g ................................................................................
93.4
95.2
98.1
100.0
102.0
103.8
105.9
107.1
109.1
1.9
7.0
C o n s tr u c tio n .....................................................................................
94.5
95.9
97.6
100.0
103.0
104.3
105.9
107.3
109.1
1.7
5.9
T ra n s p o rta tio n a n d p u b lic u tilities
............................................
93.1
9 5.6
9 7.7
100.0
102.0
103.6
105.7
106.9
109.5
2.4
7.4
W h o le s a le a n d retail t r a d e .........................................................
9 3.6
95.1
9 8.2
100.0
101.3
102.3
103.9
105.8
106.5
.7
5.1
.......................................................................
9 3.0
95.9
9 8.5
100.0
102.0
103.4
106.3
108.9
109.0
.1
6.9
R etail t r a d e ..................................................................................
93.8
94.8
101.0
101.9
103.0
104.5
105.5
1.0
4.5
W h o le s a le tra d e
98.1
100.0
Finance, insu ra n ce , an d re a l e s t a t e .........................................
91.2
93.1
95.7
100.0
98.3
102.3
103.7
102.4
106.1
3.6
7.9
S e r v ic e s .............................................................................................
94.2
95.7
9 9.6
100.0
103.6
105.8
108.8
110.0
112.5
2.3
8.6
—
—
—
100.0
105.0
107.0
108.2
108.7
113.5
4.4
8.1
.....................................................................
—
—
—
100.0
105.4
107.5
108.5
108.9
114.2
4.9
8.3
B lu e -c o lla r w o r k e r s .......................................................................
—
—
—
—
State and local government workers ..............................
W o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p
W h ite -c o lla r w o rk e rs
W o rk e rs , b y in d u s try division
S e r v ic e s .............................................................................................
S c h o o ls
........................................................................................
—
100.0
103.9
105.5
107.5
107.9
111.5
3.3
7.3
100.0
105.5
107.6
108.4
108.8
114.2
5.0
8.2
108.5
114.2
5.3
8.0
—
100.0
105.7
107.7
108.3
E le m e n ta ry a n d s e c o n d a r y ...............................................
—
—
—
100.0
106.0
107.9
108.7
108.8
114.9
5.6
8.4
H o s p ita ls a n d o th e r s e rv ic e s 3 ....................................................
—
—
—
100.0
104.6
107.3
108.8
109.5
114.3
4.4
9.3
100.0
103.8
105.5
107.5
108.4
111.9
3.2
7.8
P ublic a d m in is tra tio n 2
104
—
—
—
..................................................................
_
’ E x c lu d e s h o u s e h o ld a n d F e d e ra l w o rk e rs .
3 Includes, fo r e xa m p le , lib ra ry, so cia l, an d h e a lth services.
C o n s is ts o f le g isla tive , ju d ic ia l, a d m in is tra tiv e , a n d re g u la to ry a ctivitie s.
N ote:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
D a sh e s in d ica te d a ta n o t ava ila b le .
32.
Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size
[J u n e 1 9 8 1 =
100]
Percent change
1981
Senes
Sept.
Dec.
March
92.4
94.7
9 7.6
June
1982
Sept.
Dec.
March
June
3 months
ended
Sept.
12 months
ended
September 1982
COMPENSATION
W o rk e rs , b y b a rg a in in g s ta tu s 1
U nion
.......................................................................
M a n u fa c tu rin g
..................................................
N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g
—
.........................................
N o n u n io n ..................................................................
M a n u fa c tu rin g
94.6
98.4
.......................................V . .
N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g
—
.........................................
100.0
102.5
104.8
106.5
108.4
100.0
102.3
104.6
106.3
108.0
110.3
100.0
102.7
105.0
106.8
108.7
111.0
100.0
101.7
103.5
105.3
106.5
110.6
108.5
100.0
101.8
103.5
105.7
106.6
108.4
100.0
101.7
103.5
105.2
106.4
108.6
W o rk e rs , b y a re a s iz e 1
M e tro p o lita n a r e a s .................................................
O th e r a r e a s ...............................................................
98.1
100.0
102.1
104.1
105.7
107.2
109.4
98.1
100.0
101.8
103.2
106.2
107.0
108.6
100.0
102.7
WAGES AND SALARIES
W o rk e rs , b y b a rg a in in g s ta tu s 1
U nion
..........................................................................
M a n u fa c tu rin g
97.4
....................................................
N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g
............................................
N o n u n io n .....................................................................
M a n u fa c tu rin g
....................................................
N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g
............................................
105.0
106.5
108.1
110.3
97.7
100.0
102.6
104.7
105.9
107.3
109.5
97.1
100.0
102.8
105.2
107.0
108.8
111.1
98 .2
100.0
101.6
103.2
105.6
106.5
97.9
100.0
101.7
103.3
105.9
106.7
108.2
98.3
100.0
101.6
103.2
105.5
106.4
108.3
108.3
W o rk e rs , b y re g io n 1
N o rth e a s t
S o u th
..................................................................
..........................................................................
N o rth C e n t r a l............................................................
W e s t .............................................................................
98.3
100.0
101.7
104.4
106.1
106.7
98.0
100.0
101.9
102.8
105.7
107.4
108.8
98.1
100.0
101.6
103.3
104.7
106.1
107.6
97.9
100.0
103.2
105.1
107.9
108.6
110.7
109.7
W o rk e rs , b y a re a s iz e 1
M e tro p o lita n a r e a s .................................................
93.5
95.4
97.9
100.0
102.1
104.0
105.9
O th e r a r e a s ...............................................................
107.1
109.1
92.9
95.1
98.3
100.0
101.8
103.1
106.0
106.8
108.3
T h e in d e x e s a re c a lc u la te d d iffe re n tly fro m th o s e fo r th e o c c u p a tio n a n d in d u s try g ro u p s. F o r a
d e ta ile d d e s c rip tio n o f th e index ca lc u la tio n , s e e B L S Handbook o f M ethods, B u lle tin 1910.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
105
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data
33.
Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1977 to date
[In percent]
Quarterly average
1977
1982
1981
1980
Measure
1978
1979
1980
1981
III
IV
1
II
III
IV
I
II
in
T otal co m p e n s a tio n c h a n g e s co v e rin g
5 ,0 0 0 w o rk e rs o r m o re , all
industries:
F irst y e a r o f c o n t r a c t .........................
9.6
8.3
9.0
10.4
10.2
11.4
8.5
7.7
11.6
10.5
11.0
1.9
2.6
6.5
A nnual ra te o v e r life o f c o n tra c t . .
6.2
6.3
6.6
7.1
8.3
7.2
6.1
7.2
10.8
8.1
5.8
1.2
2.1
4.9
W a g e ra te ch a n g e s c o v e rin g a t le a s t
1,000 w o rk e rs , a ll in dustries:
F irst y e a r o f c o n t r a c t .........................
7.8
7.6
7.4
9.5
9.8
10.5
8.3
7.1
11.8
10.8
9.0
3.0
3.4
5.8
A nnual ra te o v e r life o f c o n tra c t . .
5.8
6.4
6.0
7.1
7.9
7.4
6.5
6.2
9.7
8.7
5.7
2.8
3.2
4.8
F irst y e a r o f c o n t r a c t .........................
8.4
8.3
6.9
7.4
7.2
8.4
7.8
6.4
8.2
9.0
6.6
2.5
1.7
5.5
A nnual ra te o v e r life o f c o n tra c t . .
5.5
6.6
5.4
5.4
6.1
5.6
5.8
5.5
6.7
7.5
5.4
2.7
1.6
4.2
F irst y e a r o f c o n t r a c t .........................
8.0
8.0
7.6
9.5
9.8
9.5
8.2
8.0
11.8
8.6
9.6
2.7
6.2
5.6
A n n u a l ra te o v e r life o f c o n tra c t . .
5.9
6.5
6.2
6.6
7.3
5.9
6.8
7.3
9.1
7.2
5.6
2.1
5.5
4.8
M an u fa ctu rin g :
N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g (e xclu d in g
c o n s tru c tio n ):
C on s tru c tio n :
F irst y e a r o f c o n t r a c t .........................
6.3
6.5
8.8
13.6
13.5
15.4
14.3
11.4
12.9
16.4
11.4
9.1
6.2
7.5
A n n u a l ra te o v e r life o f c o n tra c t . .
6.3
6.2
8.3
11.5
11.3
13.0
12.0
10.3
11.1
12.4
11.7
8.9
6.4
7.1
p = p re lim in a ry .
34.
Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1977 to date
Year and quarter
Year
Measure
1977
1978
1979
1980
1982 p
1981
1980
1981
III
IV
III
II
I
IV
III
II
1
A v e ra g e p e rc e n t a d ju s tm e n t (including no change):
1.0
2.0
2.3
A ll in d u s tr ie s .......................................................................
8.0
8.2
9.1
9.9
9.5
3.5
1.3
1.7
3.2
3.3
1.5
M a n u fa c tu r in g ...............................................................
8.4
8.6
9.6
10.2
9.4
2.9
1.7
2.3
2.4
3.1
1.9
.9
.9
1.6
4.0
1.1
1.2
3.8
3.4
1.1
1.0
2.7
2.8
9.7
9.5
7.6
7.9
8.8
.........................
3.0
2.0
3.0
3.6
2.5
1.7
.5
.4
1.1
.4
.2
.4
.5
D e fe rre d fro m s e ttle m e n ts re a c h e d in e a rlie r perio d
3.2
3.7
3.0
3.5
3.8
1.2
.3
.5
1.4
1.5
.4
.5
1.4
1.2
3.2
.7
.6
.7
.7
1.2
.6
.3
.2
.6
3,855
4,701
4,364
3,2 2 5
2,877
3 ,4 2 5
3,654
N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g .......................................................
F ro m s e ttle m e n ts re a c h e d in p e rio d
F ro m c o s t-o f-llv in g c la u s e s ............................................
1.7
2.4
3.1
2.8
-
—
—
—
8,648
—
_
—
—
—
—
2 ,2 7 0
—
—
_
_
_
6 ,2 6 7
—
—
—
4,593
.5
T o ta l n u m b e r o f w o rk e rs re c e iv in g w a g e ch a n g e (in
th o u s a n d s )1 ........................................................................
F ro m s e ttle m e n ts re a c h e d
in p e r i o d ..........................................................................
D e fe rre d fro m s e ttle m e n ts
re a c h e d in e a rlie r p e rio d
.........................................
F rom c o s t-o f-liv in g c la u s e s ............................................
—
579
909
540
604
203
493
588
888
2,055
3 ,0 2 3
882
1,006
1,627
2,378
—
2,639
2,669
2,934
2,179
1,913
1,550
2,1 2 6
-
4,937
4,092
4,428
5,568
5,628
5,080
4,851
_
—
N u m b e r o f w o rk e rs re c e iv in g no a d ju s tm e n ts (In
th o u s a n d s )
..........................................................................
-
-
-
-
145
' T h e to ta l n u m b e r o f w o rk e rs w h o re c e iv e d a d ju s tm e n ts d o e s n o t e q u a l th e s u m o f w o rk e rs th a t
re c e iv e d e a c h ty p e o f a d ju s tm e n t, b e c a u s e s o m e w o rk e rs re c e iv e d m o re th a n o n e ty p e o f a d ju s tm e n t
durin g th e p e riod.
106
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-
p = p relim inary,
WORK STOPPAGE DATA
Estimates of days idle as a percent of estimated working
time measures only the impact of larger strikes (1,000 workers
or more). Formerly, these estimates measured the impact of
strikes involving 6 workers or more; that is, the impact of vir
tually a l l strikes. Due to budget stringencies, collection of
data on strikes involving 6 workers or more was discontinued
with the December 1981 data.
W o r k s t o p p a g e s include all known strikes or lockouts involv
ing 1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer.
Data are based largely on newspaper accounts and cover all
workers idle one shift or more in establishments directly in
volved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or sec
ondary effect on other establishments whose employees are idle
owing to material or service shortages.
35.
Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date
Number of stoppages
Month and year
Beginning in
month or year
Workers involved
In effect
during month
Beginning in
month or year
(in thousands)
Days idle
In effect
during month
(in thousands)
Number
(in thousands)
Percent of
estimated
working time
1947 .........................................
27 0
1 62 9
2 5 ,7 2 0
1948 .........................................
245
1 435
2 6 ,127
1949 .........................................
262
2 537
4 3 ,4 2 0
38
1 9 5 0 .........................................
424
1 698
3 0 ,3 9 0
.26
1951
.12
.22
.........................................
415
1 462
1 5 ,070
1 952 .........................................
470
2 746
4 8 ,820
.38
1 953 .........................................
437
1 623
18,130
.14
1 954 .........................................
265
1 075
16,630
.13
1 955 .........................................
363
2 055
2 1 ,1 8 0
.16
1 956 ........................................................................................................................
28 7
1 370
2 6 ,8 4 0
.20
1957 ........................................................................................................................
27 9
887
10,340
.07
1958 ........................................................................................................................
332
1 587
17,900
.13
1 959 ........................................................................................................................
245
1 381
6 0 ,850
.43
1 960 ........................................................................................................................
222
896
13.260
.09
.07
1961
........................................................................................................................
195
1 031
10.140
1962 .........................................
211
793
1 1 .760
1963 .........................................
181
512
10,020
.07
1964 .........................................
24 6
1 183
16,220
.11
1965 .........................................
268
999
15.140
.10
1966 .........................................
321
1 300
16,000
.10
1967 .........................................
381
2 192
3 1 ,3 2 0
.18
.20
08
1 968 .........................................
392
1 855
3 5 ,567
1 969 .........................................
41 2
1 576
2 9 ,3 9 7
.16
1 970 .........................................
381
2 468
52.761
.29
3 5 ,538
.19
1971 .........................................
298
2516
1 972 .........................................
250
975
1 973 .........................................
317
1974 .........................................
424
1 975 ............................................
235
1 976 ............................................
231
1 977 ............................................
298
1 978 ............................................
16,764
.09
1 6 .260
.08
3 1 ,809
.16
965
17,563
.09
1 519
2 3 ,962
.12
1 212
2 1 ,258
.10
1 796
219
1 006
2 3 ,774
.11
1 979 ............................................
23 5
1 021
2 0 ,409
.09
1 980 ............................................
187
795
2 0 ,844
.09
1981 ............................................
145
729
16,908
.07
257.9
■118.5
.01
.01
1981:
J a n u a r y ..............
6
M a r c h .................
16
20
A p ril
...................
17
27
M ay
...................
18
27
Ju n e
...................
30
J u l y ......................
23
48.0
223.5
38
10
7
11
5
6
J a n u a r y ..............
2
4
O c t o b e r ..............
1982 p :
.04
.20
4 ,4 5 4 .0
.24
2 .618.3
.13
1,575.5
9
5
861.8
4 .0 8 5 .2
134
6.1
.08
1,017.9
.05
898.8
.05
73 3 .6
.04
140.9
.01
11.4
199.9
.01
F e b r u a r y ...........
2
13.9
236.9
M a r c h ................
3
8
8.3
21.3
352.2
.01
.02
A p ril
...................
9
16
35.7
55.3
480.3
.02
M ay
...................
14
21
43.7
60.3
636.1
.03
Ju n e
...................
17
25
41.4
64.5
89 4 .0
.04
J u l y ......................
11
22
36.3
62.2
830.9
.04
6
2.5
A u g u s t ................
'1 4
'2 3
'4 0 .3
'5 8 .2
'7 5 7 .1
.04
S e p te m b e r . . . .
14
'2 7
390.0
'4 2 2 .0
'2 ,0 9 0 .8
.11
O c t o b e r ..............
3
'1 3
'3 9 .9
'6 9 .6
'9 1 2 .6
.05
N ovem ber . . . .
1
6
2. 2
43.7
816.5
.04
p = p re lim in a ry .
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