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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW U S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics January 1981 In this Issue: State Labor Law Changes in 1980 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ill M I U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Ray Marshall, Secretary Regional Commissioners for Bureau of Labor Statistics Region I Boston: W endell D. M acdonald 1603 JFK Federal Building, Government Center, Boston, Mass. 02203 Phone: (617) 223 -6761 Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Janet L Norwood, Commissioner The Monthly Labor Review is published by the Bureau ot Labor Statistics of the U S Department of Labor Communications on editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D C. 20212. Phone (202) 523 1327 Region II New York: Sam uel M. 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Cruse 1371 Peachtree Street, N.E., Atlanta, Ga. 30367 Phone: (404) 881 4418 Alabama Florida Georgia Kentucky Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents The Secretary of Labor has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business required by law of this Department Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget through October 31, 1982 Second-class postage paid at Riverdale, MD . and at additional mailing offices Region V — Chicago: W illiam E Rice 9th Floor, Federal Office Building, 230 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago, III. 60604 Phone: (312) 3 5 3 -18 80 Illinois Indiana Michigan Minnesota Ohio Wisconsin Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 15-26485 ml/ 1 ft « ■ H Region VI Dallas: Bryan Richey Second Floor, 555 Griffin Square Building, Dallas, Tex 75202 Phone: (214) 767 -6971 Arkansas Louisiana New Mexico Oklahoma Texas n I a I * January cover: Design by Richard L Mathews Division of Audio-Vis-al Communications U S Department of Labor https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Regions VII and VIII Kansas City: E llio tt A Brow ar 911 Walnut Street, Kansas City, Mo. 64106 Phone: (816) 374 2481VII Iowa Kansas Missouri Nebraska VIII Colorado Montana North Dakota South Dakota Utah Wyoming Regions IX and X San Francisco: D. Bruce H anchett 450 Golden Gate Avenue, Box 36017, San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Phone: (415) 556 -4678 IX American Samoa Arizona California Guam Hawaii Nevada Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands X Alaska Idaho Oregon Washington MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor Coal industry resurgence attracts variety of new workers Companies report no shortage of inexperienced applicants, even in ‘boom’ areas of West; favorable wages appear to be a major attraction to new, younger miners Scheduled wage increases and cost-of-living provisions in 1981 Bargaining will be relatively light this year; however, as usual, most workers in major units will receive raises under contracts signed in previous years Industrial relations in 1980 influenced by inflation, recession Hard hit by plant closings and layoffs, the automobile and steel industries turned to unions and the Government for help; labor won some long-fought organizing battles State labor legislation enacted in 1980 New areas of interest included bans on awarding of State contracts to employers that violate the National Labor Relations Act and on lie detector tests for jobs Diana Runner 35 Legislative revisions of unemployment insurance in 1980 Many States adopted a pension offset provision; as a whole, few changes occurred, but major ones were made in Alaska and Pennsylvania to tighten qualifying requirements J. D. York, E. S. Persigehl 40 Productivity trends in the ball and roller bearing industry During 1958-79, annual productivity rose an average of 2.7 percent, slightly exceeding the rate for manufacturing; the increase was linked to improved production equipment C. R. Greer, J. C. Shearer Nancy F. Rytina Ann C. Foster https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 44 49 53 Do foreign-owned U.S. firms practice unconventional labor relations? Occupational segregation and earnings differences by sex Wives’ earnings as a factor in family net worth accumulation DEPARTMENTS 2 44 49 61 62 69 Labor month in review Communications Research summaries Major agreements expiring next month Book reviews Current labor statistics RESEARCH LIBRARY Federai Reserve Bank o f St. Louis Labor M onth In Review PUBLIC SECTOR DATA. Labormanagement practitioners in public employment long have emphasized the need for more information in their field. Speaking at a December 8 symposium arranged by the Public Employment Relations Service, Commissioner of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood pointed to three areas in which bls has expanded its public sector data. Wage surveys. In the early 1970’s, the Bureau began a series of tests to collect occupational wage d ata in large municipal governments. The tests were carried out in the Bureau’s eight regional office cities (a way to reduce travel costs), with very limited funds. The tests were continued in different size cities for the next 3 years with favorable com ments and constructive criticism from public-sector labor and management of ficials using the published test reports. As a result, an enhanced survey design was developed—more occupations were added, a digest approach to employee benefits was introduced, and a descrip tion of municipal government pay plans was published. In 1975, this improved design was initiated in about two dozen large cities and continued annually. These municipal government wage surveys provide data for a wide variety of uses, including collective bargaining, wage and salary administration, and a base for wage comparisons with the private sector for similar occupations. The comparisons show that city government workers fared less well than their private industry counterparts dur ing the late 1970’s, as tight fiscal con straints slowed wage movements in municipal governments. Bargaining settlements. Public sector collective bargaining is another area in which the Bureau has made modest pro gress. For a number of years, we have reported on the terms of large public sec tor bargaining agreements in the 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Bureau’s monthly publication, Current Wage Developments. This past year, we increased our coverage on bargaining agreement terms and began a new series on State and local government bargain ing settlements, similar to the privatesector series. The new series, covering bargaining units with 5,000 employees or more, provides measures of the size of first-year wage adjustments averaged over-the-life of the agreement. This new series accounts for one-fourth of all workers under State and local govern ment negotiated wage agreements. A comparison of private and public sector settlements for 1979 reveals that there was little difference in the size of the average wage-rate adjustments for the first contract year (6.8 percent for the public sector, compared with 7.0 percent for units of 5,000 or more in the private nonfarm sector). The average annual wage gain over-the-life of the contract, however, was higher in the public sector (6.5 percent) than the private sector (5.5 percent). Productivity measures. For several years, the bls has been involved in an ef fort to measure the productivity of the Federal Government. The productivity measures developed are indexes of output per unit of labor input (generally, employee year) which compare the current output-input rela tionship with that of a previous reference period. Where possible, the relevant concept of output of a government agency is its final products—that is, what the organization produced for use outside the organization. However, because the output of one government organization may be consumed wholly or partially by another Federal organization, all output indicators will not be final from the perspective of the entire Federal Govern ment. Therefore, our overall statistics do not represent “ Federal Government Productivity” but rather the average of the p ro d u ctiv ity changes of the measured agencies in the sample. In determining final output in dicators, the BLS and the agencies have to identify services that are countable, fairly homogeneous over time, can be adjusted for quality changes, and reflect a significant portion of an agency’s workload. The nature of the indicators varies substantially. They include such diverse items as trademarks disposed, tank repairs, weather observations, square feet of building cleaned, electric power generated, and deportable aliens located. The data show that productivity for the total measured sample rose at an average rate of 1.4 percent per year from Fiscal Year 1967, the first year for which data are available, through FY 1979. This reflected an average increase of 1.3 percent per year in output, coupled with virtually no average change in the number of employee years. □ 1977 = 100 In accord with government-wide policy, announced in the March 4, 1980 Federal Register, to change the base year in Federal statistics using index numbers from 1967 = 100 to 1977 = 100, the Bureau o f Labor Statistics will convert its indexes during 1981. Due to a very large data base however, the Bureau’s price indexes (consumer, pro ducer, and import and export) will be changed to a 1977 base with the publication o f the January 1982 price data. Most BLS indexes will be changed to the new base year by July 1981. A technical note describing the BLS rebasing process in more detail will be published in the February 1981 Review. \J ^ C \ r \ . I 04 . - ^5 « \ °» í I Coal industry resurgence attracts variety of new workers Coal companies report no shortage of inexperienced applicants even in Western “Coal boom” areas; favorable wages appear to be a major attraction for the new miners, who are younger, more educated than other miners and include a growing number of women H a ro ld W ool During the past three decades, the coal industry has experienced major cycles which have profoundly affect ed the structure of its labor force. Following severe cut backs in jobs between 1950 and 1965, employment stabilized between 1965 and 1969, and then expanded steadily for the next 10 years. With the expansion, the industry’s work force has become younger and has more years of education. Coal mining remains one of the most hazardous occu pations in the United States, although State and Federal legislation provide some protection. Yet, mining compa nies report no shortage of job applicants, and miners report a high incidence of job satisfaction, most often identifying “good pay” as a significant factor. This article reports on recent and prospective em ployment trends in the coal industry, focusing on the unique characteristics of the work and workers in the industry. Working conditions With few exceptions, coal mining is conducted in areas which are beyond normal commuting distance from major urban centers. Of the Nation’s 100 largest Harold Wool is Program Director for Energy Manpower Research at The Conference Board. This article was adapted from Chapter V, “Labor Supply for Coal Mining,” of his recent book, The Labor Out look for the Bituminous Coal Mining Industry (Electric Power Re search Institute, Palo Alto, Calif., 1980). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, only two (Pittsburgh and Birmingham) have significant amounts of bituminous coal mining activity. In 1970, about onehalf of all coal miners resided in rural areas (population under 2,500).' Coal mining is a highly mechanized operation, using complex, heavy equipment to provide safe access to the coal seams, to remove the coal from the seams, and then to load and transport the coal to a preparation plant for processing prior to shipment. The occupations or job tasks of coal mine production workers are corre spondingly diverse, ranging from laborer and other en try level occupations, to skilled mechanics and electricians, and to responsible operative jobs such as continuous mining machine operators, roof bolters, and operators of coal-loading shovel equipment and drag lines. Until recently, underground coal mines had account ed for the major share of all U.S. coal production and, because of higher average unit labor requirements, for an even larger share of total coal mining employment. Despite the sharp surge in surface mining since the 1960’s, underground miners still accounted for about three-fifths of the industry’s employment in 1978. The underground mining environment is inherently un healthy, hazardous, and difficult. Safeguards mandated under the Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 have done much to protect miners against some of the major hazards, such as roof falls, explosions, and high 3 .,£575 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Coal Industry Attracts New Workers dust concentrations. However, these safeguards have failed to reduce the incidence of nonfatal disabling inju ries since 1969, and—at about 50 per million hours of exposure for underground miners in 1978— the inci dence of such injuries continues to be among the highest of any major industry. Surface coal mining, like other heavy outdoor, con struction-type activities, is subject to its own set of workplace hazards, including exposure to dust, temper ature extremes, diesel and welding fumes, whole-body vibration, noise, and stress. Nevertheless, surface mining lacks the confining conditions and certain hazards of the underground mines, such as risks of roof cave-ins and explosions or the high gas concentrations. In 1978, the injury rate in surface mines, 16.5 per million hours, was about one-third of that occurring in deep mines.2 Job satisfaction high In view of the inherently dangerous and “dirty” na ture of most coal mining jobs, it would be reasonable to expect a relatively high degree of dissatisfaction among coal miners and a high incidence of associated job-relat ed tensions. Survey evidence and results of interviews with coal mine company officials provide very little con firmation for this assumption. • An analysis of a survey conducted by the Westinghouse Behavioral Services Center (for the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) to mea sure job stress in coal mining, concluded, “Focusing on average job stress, miners fared much better than other blue-collar workers in a large national sample of occupations and, in fact, miners were significantly less dissatisfied with their jobs.”3 • A study based on interviews with 124 coal miners employed in four West Virginia mines similarly re ported a high incidence of job satisfaction among miners: “Ninety percent of the miners said they found their work satisfying, 84 percent said it gave them a sense of accomplishment and 72 percent said it was challenging. When asked about the negative aspects of their jobs, 42 percent of the miners described their work as tiring, 22 percent said it was frustrating, and 8 percent said it was boring.”4 • Additional insight on this question is provided by the results of a 10-percent sample survey of United Mine Workers of America members who had entered coal mine employment in 1975. When asked to identify major considerations in their decision to work in coal mining, miners cited “good pay” most frequently among six designated factors; it was ranked first by 35 percent of the respondents. However, an additional 24 percent— the next largest group—indicated that they “enjoyed” coal mining, and that this was the major consideration for them.5 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Coal mining tends to be more self-paced and offers somewhat more variety of job tasks than assembly-line, machine-paced manufacturing jobs. Actual work time in deep mines is relatively short, in view of the time re quired for the trip from the mine portal to the actual work location and because of the interruptions inherent in the work operations. Recently, there have been good opportunities for advancement to more skilled jobs, in cluding supervisory jobs. Finally, miners take pride in the fact that their work is physically challenging and risky. This, in turn, has contributed to a sense of team spirit and cohesiveness within work teams and among miners as a group. Although it is evident that most coal miners do in fact take pride in their work, evidence also indicates that a dominant factor in their decisions to enter and remain in coal mining employment is the extrinsic or economic reward. In addition to the United Mine Workers survey data, this is illustrated by the results of the 1976 Westinghouse Behavioral Survey Center’s sur vey of coal miner attitudes, which included an item on the positive aspects of their jobs. The most frequently cited positive aspects, identified by 80 percent or more of the respondents, were those associated with economic rewards, that is, wages, “steady work,” and benefits such as vacations and medical care. A smaller propor tion (70 percent) cited “type of work” as a positive as pect, while only a minority cited more intrinsic job aspects, such as “independence” or “holding a responsi ble job,” as a reason for liking their jobs.6 4 Attractive wages an employment incentive Between 1969 and 1978 (following settlement of the national coal strike), employment in the bituminous coal industry increased by nearly 100,000 jobs, to 241,000, its highest level since the early 1950’s. Sub stantial gains were recorded in all major coal mining re gions. This rebound was accompanied by a reversal in the coal industry labor market. The hiring rate of coal miners increased from a monthly average of 1.2 per 100 employees in 1965-69 to 1.5 per 100 in 1970-77, while the layoff rate fell to an average of 0.2 per 100— proba bly close to the irreducible minimum. A large volume of retirements among coal miners, resulting from the high average age of miners and from liberalized pension bene fits, also contributed to increased hiring needs during this period.7 Companies experienced little difficulty in recruiting sufficient numbers of inexperienced personnel for entrylevel jobs during 1970-78, although they did have problems attracting experienced personnel, particularly supervisory and skilled maintenance workers. Personnel officials of 15 major coal companies who were interviewed in the summer and fall of 1978, indicated that they had substantial lists of applicants for entry- V À M level jobs, even in areas of relatively rapid employment growth. A major factor which facilitated recruitment of new entrants to coal mining has been the high wage struc ture of the industry. Average hourly earnings of pro duction workers in coal mining have been among the highest of all industrial workers, exceeding the average for all manufacturing industries by 55 percent in 1978. Moreover, in view of the extensive opportunity for over time work or for work on weekends or holidays at pre mium rates, the difference in full-time annual earnings has been even greater than suggested by these compari sons. A direct measure of the earnings incentive associated with transfer to a coal mining job is provided by com paring the prior earnings of workers who entered coal mining between 1973 and 1975 with those of workers who were employed in coal mining in both of these years.8 The following tabulation presents the 1973 earn ings of persons employed in coal mining in 1975, by in dustry and age in 1973: All miners 16-24 years ............ 25-34 years ............ 35-44 years ............ 45-54 years ............ Coal mining Other industries Ratio $11,981 9,377 11,456 12,521 12,895 $6,807 4,472 7,579 8,652 9,243 1.76 2.10 1.51 1.45 1.45 The 1973 earnings of those who entered the industry during 1974-75 (new entrants) were $6,807, compared with $11,981 for those who were employed in coal min ing in both years. Comparisons by age groups indicate that younger workers, age 16 to 24, who entered coal mining from other jobs, experienced a much greater im provement in their earnings than did those in older age groups. This is particularly significant because about one-half of the entrants into coal mining during these years were men under age 25. These comparisons are probably influenced, to some extent, by differences in the number of hours and days worked on prior jobs for these younger entrants, compared with those employed as coal miners, as well as by the sharp contrast in pay levels between most unskilled entry-level jobs and jobs provided in the coal industry. Favorable wage differentials have encouraged the movement of many workers into coal mining from other industries and occupations. Based on our analysis of a sample of social security records, more than 57,000 workers, or nearly three-fifths of those who entered bi tuminous coal mining during 1971-75 had been previously employed in other industries. An additional 35,000 had been either out of the labor force, unem ployed, or in certain categories of employment not cov ered by social security. Finally, about 4,600 entered or https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis reentered coal mining after military service. Entrants came from a relatively broad age spectrum: about onehalf were under age 25; however, nearly one-fourth were 35 years or older, and consisted largely of those trans ferring from other industries. The expansion of the coal mine work force during the 1970’s was also greatly facilitated by the adverse trend in general labor market conditions during this period. The Arab oil embargo and accompanying inflation in oil prices in 1974-75, which stimulated a rapid increase in coal production and employment, had also been a major contributing factor in the economic recession. Hence, at the very time that coal mine hiring was being accelerated, large numbers of additional workers be came available for these jobs as a result of large-scale layoff's and curtailed hiring in other industries. Profile of recent entrants The expansion of coal mining employment has been accompanied by dramatic changes in the composition of its labor force—in its age distribution, experience level, education, and related characteristics— and has also seen a potentially significant breakthrough in terms of the role played by women in this traditionally maledominated industry. Influx of younger men. Since 1970, there has been a ma jor shift in the age of mine workers. The following tab ulation, based on social security records, shows the age distribution of men employed in coal mining in 1969— 70 (average) and in 1975:9 A ge group 16 to 2 4 ................. 25 to 34 ................. 35 to 44 ................. 45 to 54 ................. 55 to 64 ................. 65 and over .......... 1969-70 1975 11.1 19.0 19.1 29.5 18.8 2.5 20.0 30.2 19.1 17.9 10.9 1.0 The proportion of male miners under age 25 nearly doubled, reaching 21 percent in 1975, as a result of the large volume of new hiring during this period. There was also a large increase in the percentage of men age 25 to 34, from 19 percent to 30 percent. At the same time, the percentage of miners age 45 years and over dropped sharply, from about 50 percent to 30 percent, in part because of retirements of older miners. As a re sult of these shifts, the median age of coal mine workers dropped by about 10 years in this 5-year span, from 45 years in 1970 to 35 years in 1975. These changes were paralleled by a corresponding re duction in the experience level of the coal mining work force. Between 1969 and 1974, the proportion of work ers with less than 4 years of experience rose from 30 percent to 48 percent of the total, with a corresponding 5 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Coal Industry Attracts New Workers reduction in the proportion with 4 or more years of ex perience. As a result, the number of coal mining em ployees with less than 4 years of experience more than doubled, while the number with 4 years or more of ex perience remained unchanged. The immediate effects of this drastic reduction in the age and experience level of workers in the industry was a new requirement for sys tematic training of new workers. Traditionally, the in dustry had relied on informal on-the-job training methods under which new miners were assigned to work with more experienced workers, often a relative. This approach no longer was satisfactory, both as a result of the large-scale influx of inexperienced miners and of leg islation requiring formal health and safety training. Educational attainment higher. Most coal mining occu pations traditionally required little if any, formal education. Rather, characteristics such as physical con dition and reliability combined with basic mechanical aptitudes had been more relevant. This was reflected in the past low educational attainment of coal mine em ployees. In 1970, fewer than 30 percent of all coal mine employees had completed at least 4 years of high school, compared with 59 percent for all employed men age 16 and over.10 The following tabulation shows the educational attainment of bituminous coal industry em ployees in 1970: Education Less than high school .................................................... Some high school ........................................................... High school graduate .................................................... Some college or college g rad u ate.................................. Percent 52.6 18.0 23.5 5.9 Although directly comparable statistics are not avail able for post-1970 periods, it is clear that the flow of younger men into the industry has been accompanied by a significant increase in the educational level of the work force. Among entrants into coal mining jobs in cluded in the 1975 United Mine Workers survey, nearly 73 percent reported an educational attainment of at least 4 years of high school; about 17 percent had com pleted some college work, and an additional 15 percent had taken some post-secondary technical training.11 Sim ilarly, the 1976 Westinghouse survey indicated that nearly one-half of all miners were high school gradu ates, in contrast with the fewer than 30 percent report ed in the 1970 Census.12 The much higher educational attainment of recent entrants into coal mining can be attributed, in part, to the overall increase in educational level of the labor force during this period, as younger workers with more formal schooling have replaced older workers whose formal education was very limited. Thus, in 5 years, the median length of schooling of all male blue-collar work 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ers increased by nearly one-half year, from 11.8 years in 1970 to 12.2 years in 1975, according to Current Popu lation Survey data.13 However, the influx of better-edu cated workers into coal mining during this period also reflects the favorable competitive position of this indus try in the labor market, a result of its high wage struc ture and expanding employment opportunities. This development is considered a challenge and opportunity by some industry personnel officials be cause it has brought into coal mining individuals with greater potential for advancement into the industry’s growing number of skilled and technical jobs, and into its supervisory ranks. However, the higher level of edu cation has also been regarded as a contributing factor to the increase in rank-and-file militance and to related problems of worker discipline, which have emerged in recent years.14 Women. Coal mining, like other types of heavy and dangerous work, has traditionally been considered a “man’s industry.’’ Women accounted for only about 1.5 percent of total employees in both 1960 and 1970, and 2.1 percent in 1975. Occupationally, women had been predominantly employed in the lower ranking office jobs and in routine service functions, such as cleaning. Based on reports submitted in 1975 to the Equal Em ployment Opportunity Commission by companies with 100 employees or more, about 87 percent of all women were in office clerical and service-type jobs; about 7 per cent were in higher level salaried jobs, including of ficials, managers, professionals, and technicians; and 5 percent were in blue-collar jobs— usually in the lowest level laborer category. (See table 1.) Since 1975, a num ber of developments combined to accelerate the pace of hiring of women in the coal industry. The increased readiness of women to demand entry into a wide range of higher wage occupations previously reserved exclu sively for men has been aided by a number of successful legal actions filed under Federal or State equal emTable 1. Occupations of women in the bituminous coal mining industry, 1975 Women employees Characteristic All employees Number Percent Total in reporting companies........... 131,441 2,814 2.1 White-collar w o rk e rs............................... Managers and officials.................... Professionals................................... Technicians...................................... Clerical and sales w o rk e rs............. 25,251 15,640 2,105 2,704 4,802 2,504 70 74 80 2,280 9.9 0.4 3.5 3.0 47.5 Blue-collar w o rkers................................. C ra fts ............................................... O perators........................................ Laborers.......................................... 105,412 40,080 42,060 23,272 142 30 19 93 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 Service workers ...................................... 778 168 21.6 Source: U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. ► ployment opportunity laws. Employment of women in coal mining doubled between 1975 and 1979, and their proportion of total employees increased at an average increment of 0.4 per cent per year. This contrasts with an average gain of only 0.1 percent per year in the preceding 5-year period, 1970-75. The following tabulation, based on Bureau of Labor Statistics data, shows the employment gains of women since 1970 (annual averages, except 1978): Year ► N u m ber Percent 2,400 4,500 5,600 6,400 8,400 9,200 1.7 2.1 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.6 -at least in p a rt— by the entry of women into production workers coal mining positions, both in underground and surface mines. Corroboration of this trend is provided by data on the number of medical examinations, which are man datory for new underground miners. According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the first such examination for a female coal miner was recorded in 1973, but since then, the cumulative num ber of such examinations for women rose to 992 in July 1977, to about 2,000 in September 1978, and to 2,574 by June 1979.15 Not all of these women were hired by coal companies, and of those who were, a substantial proportion probably subsequently left their jobs. Never theless, even after allowance for these factors, it appears that of the 8,500 women employed in the bituminous coal industry in early 1979, more than 1,000 were actu ally working as “miners,” that is as production workers or in related blue-collar jobs. Only about 4 percent of all coal industry employees in 1975 were black or members of other minority groups. As in most other industries, minority group members in coal industry jobs are disproportionately employed in the less skilled occupations. This pattern is most pronounced among white-collar jobs, and less so in blue-collar jobs, where advancement to more skilled craft jobs is often governed by union seniority and job bidding rules. (See table 2.) Continued employment growth expected In the coming decade, labor requirements for the bi tuminous coal industry are expected to grow from an actual employment level of about 214,000 in 1977 to about 325,000 in 1990.16Attainment of this employment level would, in turn, require the recruitment of an aver age of about 45,000 new workers per year, including those needed to replace workers leaving the industry be cause of retirement or other reasons. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 2. Occupations of minorities in the bituminous coal mining industry, 1975 Minority employees Characteristics All employees Number Percent Total in reporting companies........... 131,441 5,405 4.1 White-collar w o rk e rs............................... Officials and managers.................... Professionals................................... Technicians...................................... Clerical and sales w o rk e rs ............. 25,251 15,640 2,105 2,704 4,802 539 219 46 43 231 2-1 1.4 2.2 1.6 4.8 Blue-collar w o rkers................................. Craft workers ................................. Operatives ...................................... Laborers.......................................... 105,412 40,080 42,060 23,272 4,797 1,700 1,963 1,134 4.6 4.2 4.7 4.9 Service workers ...................................... 778 69 8.9 S ource: U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. When these projected requirements are compared to the aggregate size and growth trend of the total labor force, it seems unlikely that the coal industry will expe rience any significant problems recruiting workers. The U.S. civilian labor force, which totaled more than 100 million in 1978, is expected to grow to about 119 mil lion by 1990, according to “intermediate-level” projec tions of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.17 Thus, labor requirements for the coal industry will continue to con stitute only a minute fraction—less than 0.3 percent— of the potential total national supply of workers. Gener al labor recruitment problems seem even less probable if allowance is made for the coal industry’s high wage structure and for the very modest qualification standards for entry into most coal mining jobs. Nevertheless, shortages may emerge in some areas and in some occupations. This could stem from the highly uneven geographic pattern of growth for the coal industry in the period to 1990. In contrast to an overall projected employment growth of about 55 percent be tween 1975 and 1990, labor requirements in bituminous coal mining are expected to grow nearly sixfold in the Western, Great Plains, and Rocky Mountain regions, and about threefold in the Midwestern region. Very lit tle net employment growth is expected in most of the Appalachian coal-mining areas. The Western areas of projected rapid growth in coal mine employment are generally sparsely settled, with limited local labor reserves and low current unemploy ment, in contrast to the sizable labor reserves in many of the Eastern coal mining regions. Although employers have not reported significant difficulty in recruiting workers for entry-level coal mining jobs, they have re ported problems in developing an adequate supply of experienced supervisors and skilled mechanics. Thus, coal employment needs now projected for these regions could be constrained by some labor supply problems, resulting in upward pressures on labor costs. 7 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Coal Industry Attracts New Workers Recent developments, including legislation providing for development of a massive coal-based synthetic fuel industry, may increase coal demand in the coming de cade above the levels anticipated in this report. These developments may have sizable impacts on labor de mand-supply conditions in some coal mining communi ties, but data are not yet available to attempt to quantify such impacts. □ FOOTNOTES 1970 Census o f Population, Subject Report: Industrial Characteristics, PC (2)-7B (Washington, Bureau of the Census, 1973). 2Mine Injuries and Worktime, Quarterly (U.S. Department of La bor, Mine Safety and Health Administration, 1978), table 1 and Sta tistical Abstract o f the United States, 1977 (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1977), p. 422. 3Cited by Ronald Althouse and Joseph J. Hurrell, Jr. in An Analy sis o f Job Stress in Coal Mining (U.S. Department of Health, Educa tion and Welfare, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 1977), # 7 7 -2 1 7 . 4Jeanne M. Brett and Stephen B. Goldberg, Wildcat Strikes in the Bituminous Coal Industry: A Preliminary Report (Evanston, 111., Northwestern University, Graduate School of Management, 1978). 5 “UMWA Survey of 1976 Coal Mine Workers,” in Forecast o f Em ployment and Training in the Coal Mining Industry, 1980-2000 (Salt Lake City, Utah, John Short and Associates, Inc., 1979), p. 56. 6C. Michael Pfeifer, Joseph L. Stefanski, and Craig B. Grether, Psy chological, Behavioral and Organizational Factors Affecting Coal Miner Safety and Health (Columbia, Md., Westinghouse Behavioral Services Center, 1976), tables 23 and 49. 7Determination o f Labor Management Requirements to Meet the Goals o f Project Independence (Washington, Kramer Associates, Inc., 1975), ch. IV. 8Data are from a 10-percent sample of social security records of male workers in the bituminous coal industry in 1971, 1973, and 1975. 9 Data for 1969-70 are based on analysis of a 1-percent sample of social security’s continuous work history records of male employees 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis whose primary earnings were from the bituminous coal industry. (From unpublished tabulations by John Short and Associates.) Data for 1975 are based on analysis of a 10-percent sample of social securi ty records of men whose primary earnings in the first quarter of 1975 were from the bituminous coal industry. (From tabulations prepared for The Conference Board by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bu reau of Economic Analysis.) 10 “UMWA Survey . . . ,” p. 51. 11 Ibid., p. 54. 12Althouse and Hurrell, Analysis o f Stress in Coal Mining, p. 15. 13 Employment and Training Report o f the President, 1978 (Washing ton, U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Adminis tration, 1978), table B -12. 14See, for example, Everett M. Kassalow “Labor management relations and the coal industry,” Monthly Labor Review, May 1979, pp. 23-27. 15 Coal Mining Women’s Support Team News (Oak Ridge, Tenn., Coal Employment Project, September-October 1978). Data for June 1979 provided by Betty Jean Hall, Director, Coal Employment Project. 16Projections to 1990 presented in chapter 4 of Harold Wool and John B. Ostbo, The Labor Outlook for the Bituminous Coal Mining In dustry (Palo Alto, Calif., The Electric Power Research Institute, 1980). 17Paul O. Flaim and Howard N Fullerton, Jr., “Labor force projec tions to 1990: three possible paths,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1979, pp. 25-35. 1 *■ Scheduled wage increases and cost-of-living provisions in 1981 Although bargaining will be relatively light this year, most workers in major bargaining units will receive raises under contracts signed in previous years D ouglas R. L eR oy Nearly all workers under major collective bargaining agreements (those covering 1,000 workers or more) in the private nonfarm sector receive some wage increase each year. During 1981, there will be 2.6 million work ers covered by expiring agreements or contracts with wage reopening provisions; 6.1 million are scheduled to receive “deferred” wage increases from contracts negoti ated in earlier years; and 4.5 million workers under ex piring and continuing agreements, with or without deferred increases, may anticipate wage adjustments from cost-of-living clauses. About 162,000 workers are covered by contracts that extend through 1981 and do not provide for any wage increase. An earlier article presented information on the gener al characteristics of groups that will be bargaining this year;1thus, the following discussion will focus primarily on deferred wage increases and cost-of-living adjust ments ( c o l a ) provided by the major agreements. The analysis excludes 818,000 workers whose contracts ex pired late in 1980 but had not been renegotiated by No vember 1, or for whom data were not otherwise available at this writing.2 Deferred wage increases Multi-year collective bargaining agreements common ly provide for scheduled wage increases in each year of the contract. Deferred wage increases refer to changes that are implemented in the current year but were nego tiated in prior years. Douglas R. LeRoy is an economist in the Office of Wages and Indus trial Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The average size of deferred wage increases has been about the same for the last few years— 5.1 percent in 1978 and 1979, and 5.2 percent in 1980 and 1981. Re flecting the 3-year bargaining cycle characteristic of ma jor agreements, larger numbers of workers were to re ceive deferred increases in 1978 and 1981 (6.7 million and 6.1 million workers, respectively) than in the 2 in tervening years (5.2 million in 1979, and 5.0 million in 1980). Half of the workers (3.1 million) receiving such increases in 1981 are under agreements negotiated in 1980, 47 percent (2.8 million) are under contracts nego tiated in 1979, and the remainder are covered by agree ments reached before 1979. Contract expirations similarly reflect the 3-year cycle. Bargaining in 1978 covered 2.5 million workers; negoti ations in 1979 involved 3.5 million workers; and those in 1980 are expected to affect close to 4 million by the end of the year. Of the 2.6 million workers under con tracts scheduled to expire or reopen in 1981, 260,000 are to receive deferred increases, averaging 5.6 percent. Of these, about 49,000 workers may also receive COLA payments, which will be discussed in detail in a later section, along with their deferred wage increases. Among workers under contracts that run past 1981, 3.7 million will receive deferred increases averaging 3.4 percent and may also have COLA adjustments during the year; 2.2 million are to receive only deferred wage payments, averaging 8.3 percent; 46,350 workers may receive only c o l a adjustments; and 162,000 workers are not scheduled for either COLA payments or deferred increases. The 5.2-percent deferred wage increase amounts to an 9 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Scheduled Wage Increases and Cost-of-Living Provisions in 1981 average 52.4 cents per hour. The highest increases, in both cents-per-hour and percentage terms, are in the construction industry, affecting about 870,000 workers: scheduled deferred wage increases average 9.7 percent or $1.24 per hour in 1981.3The metalworking industry, on the other hand, has negotiated increases averaging 3.1 percent, or 30.7 cents, for 2.0 million workers this year. (See table 1.) Much of the difference between these two industries is attributable to the greater prevalence of COLA adjustments as supplements to deferred in creases in the metalworking industry. Table 2 illustrates this difference in cost-of-living cov Table 1. erage for the two groups. Eleven percent of workers under major construction contracts have COLA protec tion compared with 93 percent in the metalworking in dustry. Deferred increases in construction contracts with cost-of-living clauses (covering 98,000 workers) av erage 7.8 percent, compared with 10 percent for the 778,000 workers under contracts without COLA clauses. For the 108,000 workers covered by metalworking agreements without COLA provisions, the average de ferred increase is 6.4 percent, compared with 2.9 per cent for the 1.9 million workers with such clauses. As in past years, the nonmanufacturing sector as a Workers receiving deferred wage increases in 1981, by major industry group and size of increase [Workers in thousands] Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing Selected industries Average hourly increases T o ta l........................................ Number of contracts All private nonagricultural industries Total1 Food and kindred Apparel Chemicals products Selected industries Metal working Total2 Contract construction Transportation, communications, gas, and electric utilities Warehousing, wholesale and retail trade Services 1,002 6,073 3,103 200 455 82 1,989 2,970 873 1,437 432 162 Under 15 cents ...................... 15 and under 20 .................... 20 and under 25 .................... 25 and under 30 .................... 30 and under 35 .................... 62 33 47 114 115 306 102 206 1,154 1,865 261 55 116 490 1,328 11 12 12 5 108 29 10 65 44 48 91 664 537 6 3 49 7 229 22 92 298 1,188 12 23 78 601 452 22 5 6 52 41 6 6 4 5 3 35 40 45 50 60 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... 39 39 22 122 73 251 191 138 497 182 188 158 123 147 85 7 62 12 18 17 138 62 103 2 29 25 12 46 31 62 33 15 350 97 3 49 53 3 6 6 21 11 34 23 2 180 21 2 4 85 12 70 and under 80 .................... 80 and under 90 .................... 90 and under 100 .................. 100 and under 110 ................ 110 and under 120 ............... 120 and o v e r.......................... 54 38 15 58 37 134 221 110 51 245 91 464 85 16 11 31 7 2 14 4 1 10 2 136 93 39 214 84 463 71 48 21 117 39 427 35 41 13 63 40 34 24 3 4 9 3 2 52.4 35.6 81.6 33.9 35.5 30.5 50.0 30.4 40.0 29.3 47.1 41.6 CENTS PER HOUR and and and and and under under under under under 40 45 50 60 70 Mean increase........................ With cost-of-living clauses .. Without cost-of-living clauses Median increase .................... 2 2 31 5 6 2 25 2 37.3 33.6 38.9 40.0 33.3 33.9 26.8 35.0 30.7 29.6 50.3 30.4 70.0 43.2 99.3 47.5 124.3 109.7 126.1 120.0 46.2 36.9 107.1 35.0 48.7 52.9 46.4 50.0 59.7 51.4 59.8 58.2 12 10 49 21 201 1,447 185 21 18 33 787 466 97 186 7 36 8 14 59 10 727 440 7 29 11 8 11 68 63 6 8 8 33 59 4 19 225 270 257 227 143 73 206 59 119 110 110 85 66 199 16 28 88 51 43 147 72 15 17 13 4 2 4 39 41 46 2 4 5 6.2 4.0 8.7 5.5 9.7 7.8 10.0 9.1 3.9 3.4 7.2 3.0 6.3 5.8 6.6 6.4 8.4 7.6 8.4 8.6 PERCENT3 Under 2 percent .................... 2 and under 3 ........................ 3 and under 4 ........................ 4 and under 5 ........................ 5 and under 6 ........................ 47 156 96 45 81 250 2,342 743 168 401 216 1,555 278 70 215 13 49 6 6 73 6 and under 7 ........................ 7 and under 8 ........................ 8 and under 9 ........................ 9 and under 10 ...................... 10 and under 11 .................... 11 and under 12 .................... 12 and ove r............................. 116 122 116 81 72 22 48 483 538 406 276 187 75 206 257 268 149 49 44 2 4 20 12 18 5.2 3.5 8.1 3.1 4.2 3.3 7.0 3.0 5.2 3.2 6.5 5.7 Mean increase........................ With cost-of-living clauses .. Without cost-of-living clauses Median increase .................... 106 192 142 2 2 2 6.4 6.1 6.6 7.0 3.9 3.8 4.4 3.9 3.1 2.9 6.4 2.8 11ncludes workers In the following industry groups for which separate data are not shown: N ote: Workers are distributed according to the average adjustment for all workers in each tobacco (28,000); textiles (19,000); lumber (64,000); furniture (17,000); paper (41,000); printing bargaining unit considered. Deferred wage increases include guaranteed minimum adjustments (31.000) ; petroleum refining (32,000); rubber (29,000); leather (16,000); stone, clay, and glass under cost-of-living clauses. Only bargaining units in the private, nonagricultural economy cov (50.000) ; Instruments (36,000); and miscellaneous manufacturing (16,000). ering 1,000 workers or more are considered in this table. Because of rounding, sums of individ 2 Includes 24,000 workers in mining and 42,000 in finance, insurance and real estate for ual Items may not equal totals. Dashes Indicate there are no workers having wage increases which separate data are not shown. that fall within that stated range. 3 Percent of straight-time average hourly earnings. 10 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis whole has higher deferred increases, in both cents-perhour and percentage terms, than the manufacturing sec tor— 6.2 percent (70.0 cents), compared with 4.2 per cent (35.5 cents). Again, some of this difference may reflect expectations of increases resulting from COLA clauses. Of the 3.1 million workers in the manufacturing sector with deferred increases scheduled in 1981, 2.3 million have COLA provisions in their contracts, with deferred increases averaging 3.3 percent, compared with 7 percent for those without COLA protection. In the nonmanufacturing sector, 3 million workers are sched uled for deferred increases. The 1.5 million with COLA clauses in their contracts will average gains of 4.0 per cent, while those without will average 8.7 percent. Table 2. Deferred wage increases in 1981 for the combined transportation and communication industries average 3.7 percent (44.8 cents), and cover nearly 1.4 million workers. Mean increases of 6.4 percent (37.3 cents) are scheduled for 455,000 workers in the apparel industry, while 432,000 workers in trade will receive average wage gains of 6.3 percent (48.7 cents) during the year. Table 3 shows concentrations of workers receiving de ferred payments by month during 1981. A large portion of the 712,000 workers with increases due in April are under the Teamsters’ Master Freight agreement. Some 585,000 construction industry workers receive increases during May, June, and July, and 262,000 workers in the apparel industry are scheduled for payments in June. Prevalence of cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) clauses in major collective bargaining agreements, November 1980 [Workers in thousands] 2-digit standard industry classification (SIC) All contracts Industry Contracts with COLA clauses Workers covered Number of contracts Workers covered Number of contracts Percent of workers covered by COLA clauses 10 11 12 15 16 T o ta l................................................................ Metal mining................................................................ Anthracite mining ....................................................... Bituminous coal and lignite mining ............................. Building construction general contractors .................. Construction other than building construction............. 9,333 56 2 160 685 471 1,989 14 1 1 170 118 5,318 44 2 771 11 1 57.0 79.5 100.0 49 68 9 11 7.2 14.5 17 20 21 22 23 Construction-special trade contractors ...................... Food and kindred products ........................................ Tobacco manufacturing............................................... Textile mill products ................................................... Apparel and other finished products.......................... 432 313 28 46 486 201 99 8 19 55 51 99 24 3 156 21 34 6 2 10 11.7 31.6 88.0 6.5 32.2 24 25 26 27 28 Lumber and wood products, except furniture............. Furniture and fixtures ................................................. Paper and allied products .......................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries .................... Chemicals and allied products................................... 66 28 98 63 83 15 17 66 33 44 3 10 4 22 23 2 7 2 8 12 4.2 35.9 3.8 34.7 27.4 29 30 31 32 33 Petroleum refining and related industries.................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics............................. Leather and leather products...................................... Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products.................. Primary metals industries .......................................... 37 83 38 91 476 19 15 16 36 118 68 10 81.5 67 450 23 103 73.2 94.6 34 35 36 37 38 Fabricated metal products.......................................... Machinery, except electrical........................................ Electrical machinery equipment and supplies............. Transportation equipment .......................................... Instruments and related products............................... 116 289 448 1,209 49 59 93 103 107 16 91 270 408 1,140 28 42 82 80 87 7 78.5 93.4 90.9 94.3 57.3 39 40 41 42 44 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries .................... Railroad transportation ............................................... Local and urban transit ............................................... Motor freight transportation ........................................ Water transportation................................................... 23 432 16 476 95 13 18 4 20 19 4 432 15 468 36 2 18 3 17 7 15.9 100.0 93.3 98.3 37.5 45 48 49 50 51 Transportation by a i r ................................................... Communications.......................................................... Electric, gas, and sanitary services............................. Wholesale trade — durables ...................................... Wholesale trade — nondurables................................. 176 734 224 44 17 43 42 77 26 4 138 662 32 12 2 27 26 12 8 1 78.6 90.2 14.2 27.5 13.2 53 54 55 56 58 Retail trade — general merchandise........................... Food stores ................................................................ Automotive dealers and service stations.................... Apparel and accessory s to re s ................................... Eating and drinking places.......................................... 85 532 18 8 80 23 105 11 5 25 29 334 2 6 51 1 34.2 62.7 8.2 59 60-65 70-89 Miscellaneous retail stores ........................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate ........................... Services....................................................................... 18 126 376 7 21 83 8 46 20 N ote: Due to rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals, and percentages may not reflect shown ratios. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3 9 10 43.4 36.5 5.4 Dashes indicate absence of cost-of-living coverage, 11 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Scheduled Wage Increases and Cost-of-Living Provisions in 1981 Table 3. Workers receiving deferred increases in 1981 in bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, by month has remained fairly constant. The following tabulation shows the number of workers (in millions) under costof-living provisions from January 1, 1971-81: [Workers in thousands] Effective month T o ta l.......................................... January ........................................ February........................................ M arch............................................ April ............................................... May ............................................... J u n e ............................................... July ............................................... August .......................................... September ................................... October ........................................ November...................................... December...................................... Principal industries affected Construction, oil refineries Transportation equipment Automobiles, apparel, and food stores Trucking Construction, trucking Construction, apparel Construction Communications Automobiles Transportation equipment, apparel, and farm implement Food stores, apparel Electrical equipment Workers covered 6,073 ' 334 155 443 712 405 942 631 1,184 1,113 418 156 102 1This total is smaller than the sum of individual items because 489,600 workers will re ceive more than one increase. This total is based on data available as of Nov. 1,1980, and thus may understate the number of workers receiving deferred increases for the entire year. The two heaviest months are August and September when 1.2 and 1.1 million workers, respectively, receive increases. Workers in the steel and telephone industries account for 80 percent of those scheduled for increases in August, while auto industry agreements provide wage increases for 772,000 workers in September. For contracts with 5,000 workers or more, the 1981 average increase in the cost of both deferred wages and benefits is 5.5 percent, compared with the 1980 average of 5.3 percent and the 1979 average of 4.7 percent. (See table 4.) Cost-of-living adjustments Fifty-seven percent of workers covered by major agreements have cost-of-living protection. COLA clauses are designed to help workers recover purchasing power lost through price increases. The number of workers re ceiving COLA increases and the proportion of purchas ing power actually recovered under individual bar gaining agreements depends on the specific formula used to relate wage and price increases, the timing of COLA reviews, and possible “caps” limiting the amount of COLA payments. While deferred wage changes affect the largest por tion of workers, cost-of-living increases may be larger than deferred increases in 1981. If inflation continues as it did during 1979 and in 1980, COLA payments are like ly to have a significant impact on the total wage chang es occurring during the year. More than four-fifths of workers with COLA clauses will have at least one review during 1981.4(See table 5.) The number of workers affected by COLA clauses has been decreasing since 1977 because the number of workers covered by major agreements has declined, but the proportion under contracts having this protection 12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Year 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 Workers .... .... .... .... .... .... 3.0 4.3 4.1 4.0 5.3 6.0 Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 19815 Workers .......... .......... .......... .... ... 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.3 Many of the workers covered by cost-of-living provi sions are members of large unions. The Auto Workers represent the largest number of workers (1,092,000) un der major agreements with cost-of-living provisions. Other important unions providing COLA protection are: the Communications Workers (600,000), the Teamsters (533,000), the Steelworkers (498,000), and the Machin ists (314,000). These five organizations account for 57 percent of workers under major agreements with COLA clauses. Remaining unions each represent fewer than 200,000 workers with COLA provisions. Adjustment formula. The rate of inflation is only one of several factors that control the size of cost-of-living ad justments. Rates of adjustments, caps, and indexes used also affect how well the formula protects workers’ pur chasing power. In 1979, COLA clauses returned about half the lost purchasing power caused by the 13.4-per cent price rise that year. Through the first three quar ters of 1980, COLA adjustments returned about twothirds of the loss. Probably the most obvious determinant of COLA payouts is the rate of adjustment used in various con tracts. The most common rate is 1 cent per hour for each 0.3-point rise in the CPI. This provision covers 2 Table 4. Workers receiving deferred wage and benefit increases in 1981 in bargaining units covering 5,000 workers or more, by size of increase [Workers in thousands] Percentage increase Workers covered All settlements providing deferred changes1 4,588 Under 3 percent.......................................... 3 and under 4 ............................................ 4 and under 5 ............................................ 5 and under 6 ............................................ 6 and under 7 ............................................ 7 and under 8 ............................................ 8 and under 9 ............................................ 9 and under 10 .......................................... 10 and under 11 ........................................ 11 percent and o v e r.................................... 907 1,552 547 277 447 266 168 103 72 250 Mean increase (percent)............................. Median Increase (percent)........................... 5.5 3.9 1This total excludes workers who receive a deferred benefit change only. Only bargaining units In the private, nonagricultural economy are considered In this table. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. N o te: Table 5. Timing of 1981 cost-of-living reviews in major contracts, by year of contract expiration and frequency of review [Workers in thousands] First quarter Type of contract, by expiration and frequency of cost-of-living review Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Full year1 Number of contracts Workers covered Number of contracts Workers covered Number of contracts Workers covered Number of contracts Workers covered Number of contracts Workers covered 293 209 61 23 2,621 1,801 648 171 258 183 36 39 2,554 1,734 615 205 266 169 39 58 2,693 1,696 205 793 207 153 33 21 2,465 1,663 610 193 476 213 99 143 21 4,536 1,812 1,279 1,372 73 84 59 21 4 674 143 441 90 38 33 3 2 91 75 6 10 20 16 1 3 44 33 4 7 2 12 2 12 102 59 24 11 8 748 143 447 120 39 209 150 40 19 1,947 1,659 207 81 220 150 33 37 2,463 1,659 610 195 246 153 38 55 2,650 1,663 201 786 205 153 33 19 2,453 1,663 610 180 374 154 75 132 13 3,788 1,669 832 1,252 34 All contracts T o ta l........................................................................... Quarterly ................................................................... Semiannual................................................................ Annual ....................................................................... Other2 ....................................................................... Contracts expiring in 19813 T o ta l........................................................................... Quarterly ................................................................... Semiannual................................................................ Annual ....................................................................... Other2 ....................................................................... Contracts expiring in later years T o ta l........................................................................... Quarterly ................................................................... Semiannual................................................................ Annual ....................................................................... Other2 ....................................................................... 1Contracts that have at least one review in the year. 2 Includes monthly, combinations of annual and quarterly, combinations of annual and semi annual, other, and reviews dependent upon levels of the Consumer Price Index. 3 Includes only those reviews through the termination of the present agreements; does not million workers. Members of the Steel Industry Coordi nating Committee6and companies which follow the steel contract pattern use this formula. In addition, 821,000 workers in the auto industry presently have their COLA payments adjusted at this rate, but this formula will be changed to 1 cent for each 0.26-point rise in the third contract year. COLA clauses in rubber industry contracts provide 1 cent for each 0.26-point increase in the CPI beginning in 1981, the second year of the agreements. The Bell System operating companies and manufactur ing firms that follow their contract pattern specify changes of 55 cents a week plus 0.65 percent of each employee’s weekly rate for each 1-percent movement in the CPI. This method applies to 721,000 workers. Timing, “caps, ” and indexes. The timing of reviews also affects the average rate of return from COLA clauses for a given period. Quarterly reviews are the most common; they cover 2.1 million workers, including those in the steel and automobile industries. Annual reviews affect 1.7 million workers, most notably in communications— Bell System agreements provide for reviews in August of the second and third contract years. Semiannual re views cover nearly 1.4 million workers, including more than 400,000 workers each in the railroad and trucking industries. In both of these industries, the frequency of review was changed from annual to semiannual when the current contracts were negotiated. “Caps,” or maximum limits, may also affect the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis assume the continuation of existing reviews after contract expiration dates. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate that there is no coverage for a particular review in the quarter. amounts that may be received from COLA clauses. Slightly more than 1.2 million workers have such caps in their contracts. The largest single group—431,000 workers in the railroad industry—may receive a maxi mum 8-percent adjustment during the year. In addition, the amounts generated are affected by the price index used in the COLA formula. Contracts covering nearly 80 percent of the workers under COLA provisions use the BLS Consumer Price Index, U.S. “all cities” average. About 340,000 workers are under con tracts with COLA clauses using individual city indexes. These include 125,000 workers covered by agreements using the Los Angeles-Long Beach Index, primarily those with the Food Employers Council in Southern California. Automobile industry contracts, covering 821,000 workers, use a combination of the U.S. and Ca nadian indexes because bargaining units in both countries are involved. Minimums or “guaranteed COLA” payments also af fect the amount of money generated by clauses because they provide a “floor” for payments. For purposes of this analysis, these minimum payments are not treated as COLA increases because they do not depend upon CPI movements; however, they are included in the tabula tions of negotiated wage changes. More than 300,000 workers have guaranteed minimums in their contracts, and about 172,000 workers are under contracts with both minimums and caps on the COLA amounts that may be paid. □ 13 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Scheduled Wage Increases and Cost-of-Living Provisions in 1981 FOOTNOTES 1For an analysis of the bargaining schedule for 1981, see David Schlein, “Contracts in six key industries scheduled to expire in 1981,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1980, pp. 22-31. 2Bargaining units for which information was not available: 274 agreements which expired or were reopened prior to Nov. 1, 1980, covering 640,000 workers; and 55 contracts which expired or were re opened between Nov. 1 and Dec. 31, 1980, covering 178,000 workers. 1About 477,000 construction workers will receive deferred increases under settlements in which the parties agreed to a total wage and benefit package, with the ultimate allocation between wages and bene fits to be determined by the union. Because the final division was not known at the time this article was prepared, the entire package in 14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis these cases has been treated as a wage increase, that may be over stated. 4 For more detailed information about cost-of-living provisions offsetting inflation, see Victor J. Sheifer, “Cost-of-living adjustment: keeping up with inflation?” Monthly Labor Review, June 1979, pp. 14-17. 5The data for 1981 are based on information available as of Nov. 1, 1980. 6The firms are Allegheny Ludlum Industries, Inc.; Armco Steel Corp; Bethlehem Steel Corp.; Inland Steel Co.; Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp.; National Steel Corp.; Republic Steel Corp.; United States Steel Corp.; and Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Corp. Industrial relations—a declining art? . . . Unlike in many countries, industrial relations in America are not a subject of great public concern. Among many academics is the (rather complacent) feeling that all the interesting questions in indus trial relations have been examined. It is no longer a field in which to “make a name”. The problem for many industrial relations institutes has been exac erbated by their specialization in a non-growth area: private sector unionism. The proportion of the private sector which is unionized is falling as, in all probability, is the absolute number of unionists there. But this decline could itself provide work for industrial relations insti tutes as unions build up their defenses in a fight for survival. And the institutes are not entirely lacking in the ability to adapt. Their exten sion services are busy training practitioners, especially those in the public sector where unionism and collective bargaining have of late grown rapidly. In many ways traditional industrial relations is now the preserve of the practitioner rather than of the researcher. While the scope of industrial relations has narrowed considerably, interesting work is still being done on its mainstay of collective bargaining. Much of it is more theoretical and quantitative than that of the past and much concerns the public sector. Industrial relations as an area of study is alive in America but only just. Its survival is ensured by the emergence of (a few) able young scholars who combine a sensitivity for institutional detail with technical competence. But ad vances in many areas once the preserve of industrial relations are like ly to come from the basic disciplines. — D o n J. T u r k i n g t o n Industrial Relations Teaching and Research in Australia and New Zealand (Wellington, New Zealand, Victoria University of Wellington, Industrial Relations Center, 1978, pp. 64-65. Industrial relations in 1980 influenced by inflation and recession Hard hit by plant closings and layoffs, some automobile and steel companies turned to unions and the Government for help; settlements provided for larger wage increases; and some long-fought organizing battles in the South culminated in initial contracts G eorge R uben Inflation and recession combined to make 1980 a dif ficult year for both labor and management. At the same time that rising prices prompted increased rates of pay, severe economic- difficulties surfaced in several key in dustries. Five of the largest U.S. industrial corporations reported combined losses of $2.3 billion in the fourth quarter. Four automobile manufacturers— General Mo tors, Ford, Chrysler, and American Motors— reported combined losses of $1.65 billion and U.S. Steel Corp., the Nation’s largest steel producer, reported a loss of $668.9 million— the largest quarterly loss for a single firm in U.S. history. The company also announced plans to close a dozen of its plants. Unions and the Government tried to help these and other ailing indus tries: the unions by agreeing to wage concessions at some companies and the Government by establishing special assistance programs. The automobile companies’ losses resulted from a sales slowdown variously attributed to increased im ports, high fuel costs, inflation, recession, and a lack of adequate lines of smaller cars. The companies were forced to reduce costs by laying off both hourly and sal aried employees, closing plants, and halting merit raises for salaried workers. In July, President Carter announced a plan to aid the industry which called for the easing of certain aspects of George Ruben is co-editor of Current Wage Developments, a monthly publication of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis occupational safety and health and environmental pro tection regulations; increasing the working capital avail able to automobile dealers; and allocating $50 million of Federal funds to aid communities hit by automobile industry dislocations. The plan also established a 14-member Automobile Industry Committee with labor, management, and government representatives to decide on further steps to aid the industry. In June, Ford and the Auto Workers petitioned the International Trade Commission for a finding that the level of imports was the chief cause of the auto indus try’s slump, thereby enabling the President to impose quotas or tariffs on foreign vehicles. However, in No vember, the commission ruled that domestic conditions, such as the recession, high interest rates, and insufficient production of small cars, were the main reasons for the industry’s problems. Although Chrysler Corp. and the United Auto Work ers negotiated a contract in October 1979, the parties revised the terms in January 1980. The revision provid ed for $243 million in additional concessions by the union to conform with the requirements of the Chrysler Corporation Loan Guarantee Act of 1979, under which the Federal Government guaranteed repayment of up to $1.5 billion in possible loans obtained by the belea guered company. The concessions included further de lays in some wage increases and elimination of 17 paid personal holidays during the contract term and one Sunday bonus holiday. 15 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Industrial Relations in 1980 Adverse developments affecting the steel industry in cluded plant closings, layoffs, and a drop in output attributed to increased imports and a worldwide slump in demand for steel. In March, U.S. Steel Corp. formal ly accused seven European companies of “dumping” steel, that is, selling steel in the United States at a price below their domestic price. The Government then sus pended the “trigger price” mechanism under which such charges are usually initiated, contending that it could not legally administer trigger prices and decide the dumping case at the same time. (The “trigger cost” is the cost of producing steel in Japan.) In October, President Carter announced a national steel policy based on the recommendations of the Steel Tripartite Advisory Committee, established in 1978. Under the new policy, the trigger price mechanism was reinstated and raised 12 percent. Other parts of the pol icy required congressional action that was not conclud ed by yearend, including extension of deadlines for complying with pollution standards and tax breaks to encourage the industry to modernize. Pay concessions, plant closings Efforts to improve Chrysler’s financial condition drew the most attention, but there also was a surge in union wage concessions and plant closings in other industries. • Uniroyal, Inc. closed two tire plants, ending 3,300 jobs, and announced the possible closing of a third plant employing 1,600 workers. About 6,000 Uniroyal employees, represented by the United Rubber Workers, agreed to wage and benefit cost concessions that were expected to save the company $9.9 million. The conces sion accord provided for restoration of some of the lost pay if Uniroyal’s pretax profit from domestic operations exceeds 4 percent of sales. The company lost $120 mil lion in 1979. • Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. announced the closing of seven plants, affecting 8,500 active workers and 1,600 already on layoff. One of the affected plants was Fire stone’s last production facility in Akron, Ohio. The company also ended quarterly cost-of-living adjust ments for its salaried employees. • About 750 workers represented by the United Rub ber Workers agreed to forgo $1.05 an hour in cost-ofliving pay at the Dunlop Tire and Rubber Co. plant in Buffalo, N.Y. • U.S. Steel Corp. announced the closing of a dozen of its plants in eight States, permanently laying off 13,000 workers. The company said the action was nec essary because the facilities had become “non competitive.” Employees at two American Bridge Divi sion plants scheduled for closing agreed to waive certain future wage increases to keep the plants in operation. U.S. Steel said the concessions would help alleviate a la bor cost disparity with certain other steel fabricators. 16 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • About 12,000 employees of Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Corp. agreed to defer two cost-of-living increases and a scheduled $150 bonus payment to improve the company’s financial condition. Earlier, 1,800 incentive workers at the company’s Allenport, Pa., mill agreed to a 10-step pay reduction that will eventually bring their earnings to a level “slightly above” the average for oth er steel mills. • Continuing the cutbacks that have marked the meatpacking industry in recent years, Swift & Co. an nounced the closing of slaughtering operations in Guymon, Okla., and Clovis, N.M. Swift officials attributed the closing to excessive labor costs. Armour and Co.’s planned closing of a slaughtering plant in Hereford, Tex., was averted when the United Food and Commer cial Workers agreed to “increases in chain speeds” on the “disassembly” lines. • About 2,600 employees of Dayton (Ohio) Press, Inc., agreed to a 14-percent wage reduction to help fi nance their purchase of the magazine printing firm. The purchase move came after the 13 unions involved re fused a proposed wage freeze the company said was necessary to bring its labor costs into line with its com petitors. • The Clothing and Textile Workers and the Clothing Manufacturers of America, citing depressed conditions in the industry resulting from increased imports, limited their new contract for 80,000 workers to 18 months. (The previous contract was for 40 months.) The shorter duration was a compromise between management’s original proposal of a 3-year contract with a capped cost-of-living clause and the union’s proposal of either a 1-year contract or a 3-year contract with an uncapped cost-of-living clause. • The Teamsters Union agreed to study the impact of deregulation on the trucking industry, after rejecting an industry request for labor cost concessions the carriers said were needed to enable them to compete with non union firms. The companies contended that much of their difficulties stemmed from the deregulation of the industry in 1980, which made it more difficult to in crease shipping rates to offset labor cost increases. In addition to shutdowns of trucking companies, other companies have been suffering losses because deregula tion has opened the industry to numerous new compa nies. In rejecting the reopening overture, the union contended that the carriers had not proven that the dif ficulties resulted from the obligations of the contract. Anti-inflation plan With prices continuing to rise sharply, the Carter Ad ministration’s anti-inflation plan, established in 1978, was changed several times during the year. In March, the president announced a new plan that called for cuts in Federal spending, restrictions on consumer credit, a 10-cent “conservation fee” on each gallon of gasoline refined from imported petroleum, a study of ways to in crease industry productivity, and the acceptance of the Pay Advisory Committee’s recommendations of a 7.5to 9.5-percent limit on annual pay increases. The proposed cuts in the Federal budget drew a bit ter reaction from AFL-CIO President Lane Kirkland, who contended the cuts would violate the 1979 national accord between the Administration and organized labor by limiting “counter-cyclical” moves to aid people affected by the downturn in the economy. In its May session, the A F L -C io’s Executive Council again expressed labor’s concern over the president’s ac tion but, nevertheless, reaffirmed its commitment to the national accord. Kirkland explained that the council had no other choice because the Federation must main tain contact with government to protect the interests of workers. However, he advised union leaders to press for the needs of their members in wage negotiations—even to the extent of violating the wage guideline, if neces sary. He later clarified that statement by explaining that the new guideline was flexible enough to permit negotia tors to attain wage and benefit improvements approach ing those that could be attained if there was no guideline. In July, the Council on Wage and Price Stability changed the pay guidelines to permit union-represented workers to receive wage and benefit improvements of up to 10.5 percent in any contract year, if the average an nual rate of increase over the entire contract term fell within the 7.5- to 9.5-percent permitted range. Pre viously, the 7.5- to 9.5-percent range applied to each contract year. In mid-September, the Council contended that the program had held the inflation rate one percentage point lower than it would otherwise have been, but said the program should be re-evaluated. The Council then extended the existing pay and price standards 1 year from their September 30 expiration date, but specified that union and management would be expected to ad here to the standards only until the end of 1980. Union wage increases Based on preliminary data for the first 3 quarters of 1980, settlements covering 1,000 workers or more in the private nonfarm economy provided for first-year wage adjustments averaging 9.7 percent, compared with 7.4 percent for all 1979 settlements.1 Total wage adjust ments over the contract term (excluding cost-of-living increases) averaged 7.3 percent when converted to an annual rate, compared with 6.0 percent for 1979. As in past years, the 1980 settlements with cost-ofliving escalator ( c o l a ) clauses generally provided for smaller specified wage increases than those without. First-year negotiated wage adjustments in contracts https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis with COLA provisions averaged 8.2 percent, compared with 11.9 percent for contracts without such clauses. For 1979, the figures were 6.2 and 9.1 percent. When specified wage adjustments are averaged over the life of the contract, the annual rates were 5.0 percent for con tracts with COLA and 10.4 percent for those without, compared with 4.6 and 8.0 percent in 1979. When benefits are combined with wages (in settle ments for 5,000 workers or more) the average adjust ment was 10.7 percent in the first contract year (9.0 percent in 1979) and 7.2 percent annually over the life of the agreement (6.6 percent in 1979). Settlements that included COLA clauses provided for wage and benefit in creases averaging 10.2 percent for the first year and 5.8 percent a year over the contract term, compared with 12.1 percent the first year and 10.8 percent over the life for those without COLA clauses. For the full year 1979, settlements with COLA provisions averaged 8.5 percent for the first year and 5.9 percent over the term and those without COLA clauses averaged 10.0 percent for the first year and 7.2 a year over the term. Construction settlements, which covered 677,000 workers in bargaining units of 1,000 workers or more (including 372,000 in units of 5,000 or more), drew at tention because they showed a large increase over 1979 settlements and were generally higher than other indus tries that settled in the first three quarters of 1980. Wage adjustments for all construction workers covered by settlements were 13.9 percent for the first contract year and 11.6 annually over the contract term. For all other industries, the figures were 8.5 percent for the first year and 6.0 percent over the term. Considering only units of 5,000 workers or more, construction settle ments provided wage and benefit increases averaging 13.4 percent for the first contract year and 11.5 percent annually over the term. The comparable figures for oth er industries were 10.1 and 6.3 percent. Major settlements during the first three quarters of 1980 covered about 3 million workers in 556 private nonfarm economy bargaining units. The settlements did not result in any increase in the number of workers cov ered by COLA clauses, partly because 1.7 million of the workers covered by the bargaining already were covered by such clauses. The 19 settlements (for 66,000 workers) that established COLA clauses and the 9 settlements (for 28,000 workers) that terminated clauses brought total coverage to 5.3 million (57 percent) of the 9.3 million workers in bargaining units of 1,000 workers or more. Labor-management disputes led to about 4,250 work stoppages that either began in the first 10 months of 1980 or began earlier and were carried over into the pe riod. This was lower than for the comparable period of all recent years, except 1978. Similarly, there were fewer workers involved in strikes in the first 10 months than in the comparable period of any recent year. However, 17 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Industrial Relations in 1980 duration of the strikes, at almost 30 million days, was higher than in 1979. The stoppages involve six workers or more and last a full day or shift or longer. Contract terms Collective bargaining activity was heavy in 1980. Ad herence to the Administration’s anti-inflation plan was aided by the liberalized pay standard. The Council on Wage and Price Stability did not challenge the size of any of the more important settlements. Most of the ma jor industries that settled already had cost-of-living wage adjustment clauses that reduced union pressure for large catch-up “set” wage increases. Unions did press for increased pensions for future and current retir ees, continuing a movement that was evident in 1979. Automobile industry. American Motors Corp. settled with the Auto Workers in 1980 on a less costly package than that at GM and Ford in 1979, continuing the practice of recent years. American Motors did not ask for government loan guarantees, but it did receive mon ey from the Renault automobile company of France in exchange for part ownership. The chief union concession in the American Motors agreement was that 14 cents an hour was diverted from the cost-of-living allowance to help pay for benefit im provements, effective immediately. (At the other three auto companies, the 14 cents diversion was to be ac complished by withholding 1 or 2 cents from future quarterly escalator adjustments.) Also, the American Motors agreement stipulated that the quarterly escala tor adjustments are to be calculated at 1 cent for each 0.26-point movement in the BLS Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (1967 = 100) beginning in June 1983, but retroactive to the De cember 1981 adjustment. At the other companies, the change was effective in December 1981, rather than be ing delayed and then paid retroactively. The American Motors agreement expires in September 1983, a year later than the contracts at the other three companies. Steel. The industry settled with the Steelworkers, con tinuing the strike-free relationship that has prevailed since the 1959 walkout. Doubts about continuation of the strike-free atmosphere were raised when the parties did not immediately renew the Experimental Negotiat ing Agreement that has prevented national strikes since its adoption in 1973. The delay on a decision to either extend, modify, or terminate the agreement apparently resulted from a difference of opinion within manage ment; some executives contended that the “floor” the agreement set under wage negotiations was too high a price to pay for the assurance of uninterrupted produc tion. (The floor guaranteed workers at least a 3-percent wage increase in each contract year— part of which 18 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis could be used for benefit improvements, continuation of the wage escalator clause, and a $ 150-payment at the beginning of each new contract.) The settlement between the nine Coordinating Com mittee Steel Companies and 290,000 members of the Steelworkers set a pattern for settlements covering 170,000 workers at 200 other companies. The Council on Wage and Price Stability, calculating the wage esca lator portion of the package on an assumed 7.5-percent annual rise in the CPI, said the accord would raise worker compensation by 24.7 percent over the term, an amount well within the pay guidelines. Continuing what has become a major concern of unions in recent years, the union pressed for pension improvements to aid current as well as future retirees in countering inflation. The two-step pension increases^for current retirees ranged from 70 percent for workers who retired prior to July 31, 1966, to 10 percent for those who retired during July 31, 1977 to July 30, 1980. The cost-of-living clause was continued, as required by the Experimental Negotiating Agreement, but the union waived the 33-cent-an-hour final adjustment under the prior contract to help meet the cost of the pension im provements for present retirees. One provision of the steel settlement was expected to improve the industry’s competitive position. A pilot program calls for establishing “participation teams” of workers and first-line supervisors to improve output, employee morale and dignity, and working conditions. The union said that such a plan had been one of its goals since former Steelworkers’ president Philip Mur ray coined the term “industrial democracy” in 1940. Extensive use of the new approach was not expected to begin immediately, but participation teams had already been set up at smaller plants of several major compa nies, with encouraging improvements in productivity. Telephones. After wages, job security provisions were the chief issue in the negotiations between American Telephone & Telegraph Co. and the Communications Workers, the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, and the Telecommunications International Union. Communications Workers’ officials said that im provements in job security were required to counter the effects of the increasing automation of the Bell System and the surge of competition from rival operating and supply companies resulting from some deregulation of the industry. The degree of automation in the system is illustrated by the fact that the number of employees for each 10,000 telephones declined from 148 in 1950 to 60 in 1979. AT&T retained the right to introduce new technolo gy, but the settlement included 14 provisions that the Communications Workers said dealt with “the interre lated issues of job security and job pressures,” includ- ing a committee to aid employees affected by technolog ical changes; pay rate retention for the balance of the contract for workers downgraded because of technologi cal changes; additional paid time off; increased benefits for laid-off workers; and restrictions on subcontracting of work. Communications Workers’ president Glenn Watts valued the 3-year wage and benefit package at 34.9 per cent, including cost-of-living increases calculated on es timated 9.5 and 9.7 percent annual rises in the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers. He said this was within the 7.5- to 9.5-percent pay guideline because in calculating escala tor increases, the Council on Wage and Price Stability uses the assumed 7.5-percent rate of increase in the CPI and also does not include certain benefit cost increases. Aerospace. More than 100,000 workers were covered by settlements in the aerospace industry, as the Machinists led off by negotiating a 3-year pattern-setting contract at the Boeing Co. The Machinists valued the package at $3.85 an hour or a 39-percent increase, including wage escalator adjustments based on an estimated 10-percent annual rise in the CPI and specified wage increases of 7, 3, and 3 percent in the respective contract years. Initial contracts for Southern workers An uneasy truce between J. P. Stevens & Co. and the Clothing and Textile Workers resulted in a first con tract in the 17-year effort to organize the firm. Both sides claimed a victory. Union organizers said that the accord, covering 3,500 workers at four locations, set the stage for organizing the company’s 30,000 other production workers, as well as other Southern textile, apparel, and shoe companies. However, officials of J. P. Stevens said the company would continue to resist organizing efforts at its other facilities, and that the settlement would not aid further organizing efforts because “the people of the South basi cally don’t care for unions.” The accord provided for an immediate 8.5-percent wage increase for the 3,000 workers at the seven plants in Roanoke Rapids, N.C., and a 8.5-percent increase retroactive to July 1979 to match the increases Stevens had granted workers at its nonunion plants. The work ers at the other three plants—in Allendale, S.C., High Point, N.C., and West Boyslston, Ala.— did not get the matching increases because they had already received them. Other terms, which were similar at all ten plants, included provisions for checkoff of union dues from the payroll, binding arbitration of disputes, seniority provi sions, and “regulation” of workloads. The union also agreed to terminate the 4-year consumer boycott of Stevens’ products and to suspend its campaign of publicizing instances where Stevens’ of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ficers served as directors at other companies or where officers of other companies served as directors at Ste vens. The coming together of the parties was attributed to a number of factors, including a change in the leader ship of the company; the increasing severity of the Na tional Labor Relations Board and court decisions against the company for allegedly engaging in unfair la bor practices; the time and cost to both parties; and weariness. A 9-year dispute between the Clothing and Textile Workers and Wellman Industries, Inc., ended with an agreement on an initial contract for 1,000 workers in Johnsonville, S.C. The union had gained the right to represent the workers in a 1972 National Labor Rela tions Board election, but the following years produced only union charges—which were upheld by the board — that Wellman had engaged in unfair labor practices. A 2 Vi-year dispute culminated in a 43-month agree ment between the Steelworkers union and Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Corp. The union’s or ganizing campaign began when it defeated the incum bent Peninsula Shipbuilders Association in a National Labor Relations Board representation election. The company refused to bargain, charging election irregular ities, but was unsuccessful in its appeals of court rulings against the charge. The settlement provided for more than $2 an hour in wage increases and various improve ments in benefits. Internal union affairs Early in the year, the AFL-CIO invited the major inde pendent unions to join its ranks. As a result, reaffil iation discussions were started with the Teamsters union, which had been expelled from the Federation in 1957, and with the United Auto Workers, which had left the Federation in 1968. Discussions also were start ed with the United Mine Workers union, which had never been a part of the Federation. Another unity move was initiated at the convention of the Ladies Garment Workers, when Clothing and Textile Workers president Murray Finley called for an eventual merger of the two unions. Garment Workers President Sol C. Chaikin agreed and suggested that dis cussions begin. Several mergers occurred during 1980: the Barbers and Beauticians became part of the Food and Commer cial Workers; the Jewelry Workers became part of the Service Employees; and the Railway and Airline Super visors became part of the Railway, Airline, and Steam ship Clerks. Leadership changes. During the year, Seafarers’ pres ident Paul Hall died and was succeeded by vice president Frank Drozak; William H. McClennan retired 19 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Industrial Relations in 1980 as president of the Fire Fighters and was succeeded by John A. Gannon; and Emmet Andrews lost the presi dency of the Postal Workers Union to Morris Biller. Other developments Job safety and health. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( o s h a ) made several fundamen tal changes in its procedures for identifying hazards at the workplace and protecting workers. • Under a new OSHA plan for reducing the incidence of cancer among workers, substances to be brought un der control will be drawn from a list of about 500 sus pected cancer-causing agents. After scientific testing, substances found to pose a grave danger to workers would be banned, if a substitute is available. If a substi tute is not available, employers will be required to re duce worker exposure to the lowest possible level through engineering and work practice controls. If the case is less conclusive against a substance, it will be subject to further testing, but OSHA can issue a tempo rary standard in such a case, as well as when the sub stance poses a grave threat. • A new OSHA rule requires employers to supply an employee’s medical records within 15 days after the re quest is made. Medical records also must be supplied to an employee’s collective bargaining agent, if the em ployee gives written authorization. OSHA also has access to the records, without the employee’s authorization, but must obey regulations intended to assure the work er’s privacy. • The Supreme Court ruled that the 1977 benzene ex posure standard was not warranted because OSHA had not obtained “empirical evidence” or “opinion testimo ny” that exposure to benzene at or below the required level had ever caused leukemia. • The steel industry withdrew an appeal of OSHA’s coke oven standard, saying that most of the protective measures called for in the standard had been introduced during the series of court tests that followed the an nouncement of the standard in 1977. • The Supreme Court announced that it would hear a challenge of OSHA’s 1978 cotton dust standard by the National Cotton Council of America and the American Textile Manufacturers Institute, Inc. The organizations maintained that OSHA’s requirement that the standard be met through engineering controls and structural changes entailed excessive costs and that the standard could be met at far less cost through medical surveil lance and use of individual respirators. • General Motors Corp. announced that it is under taking two studies to determine reasons for higher than usual levels of cancer among workers in certain of its operations. One of the cancer screenings, covering 4,000 model shop workers in 20 cities, is the largest in the history of American industry. The employees will sup 20 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ply medical, job, and dietary histories and undergo nu merous medical tests to determine why their rates of co lon and rectum cancer exceed those for people in other occupations. The employees involved build scale models of vehicles from wood, clay, plastic, and other materi als. The examinations require 6 months to complete and will be repeated after a year. In the other study, the company will seek to find out why workers at its trim plant in Flint, Mich., suffer above-normal rates of vari ous types of cancer. According to a recent Auto Work ers study of employees and former employees of the automobile hardware plant who died between 1974 and 1978, a significant number of the deaths occurred among people who had worked in the plant’s plating and die casting areas, where chrome, nickel, and cadmi um—all known carcinogens— were used. Equal employment opportunity. There were a number of developments involving efforts to erase job discrimina tion: • Joyce Miller, a vice president of the Clothing and Textile Workers became the first female member of the AFL-ClO’s Executive Council. • The Government’s plan for assuring equal job op portunities for all construction workers was revamped and broadened to cover projects in 285 metropolitan areas and 183 largely rural surrounding areas. Under the new approach, which applied to all private and Fed eral projects of contractors doing $10,000 in Federal business, contractors were required to make good faith efforts to have each trade include members of minorities in the same proportion as they are found in the popula tion of the area. Under the previous approach, goals varied by craft and were set by bargaining involving contractors, unions, and the Federal government. • A long-standing union case against Westinghouse Electric Corp. was ended by a consent decree in which the company agreed to restore seniority and pay to women for time lost because of pregnancy; Prudential Insurance Co. and the Department of Labor agreed on procedures for the company to supply computer tapes the Department said it needed to evaluate the adequacy of the company’s employment practices; and a legal dis pute continued between Sears Roebuck & Co. and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission over charges that the company discriminated against women and minorities in employment. □ --------- FOOTNOTE---------' The Bureau of Labor Statistics procedures for evaluating settle ments differ from those of the Council on Wage and Price Stability. Unlike BLS, the council’s evaluation includes estimates of potential cost-of-living escalator adjustments but excludes increases in the cost of maintaining existing health benefits in excess of the guideline range, increases in the cost of maintaining existing pension benefits levels, and the cost of legally-required social insurance programs. State labor legislation enacted in 1980 There were new matters of interest including bans on awarding of State contracts to employers that violate the National Labor Relations Act, on lie detector tests for jobs, and on sexual harassment; less attention was paid to traditional concerns such as wages and labor relations than in previous years R ic h a r d R . N elso n In terms of State labor legislation, 1980 was a light year with some legislatures not meeting at all or only for brief sessions.1The small volume of new laws was par ticularly noticeable in traditional standards fields like minimum wage and labor relations. Wage garnishment or assignment for child support and the easing of youth employment restrictions also received limited attention. New legislation did not reveal any clear trends. In stead, a few laws were enacted in each of a wide array of subject areas. Newer areas of interest included bans on sexual harassment on the job, preference for in-State contractors in awarding public contracts, restrictions in using lie detector examinations as a condition of em ployment, and prohibiting award of State contracts to companies that violate the National Labor Relations Act. Minimum wage rates were increased either by legisla tion or wage order in five jurisdictions this year: Cali fornia, District of Columbia, Oklahoma, Virginia, and West Virginia. The impact of rate changes was much greater, however, as prior law, wage order, or adminis trative action raised the minimums in an additional 21 States, Guam, and the Virgin Islands. Fifteen jurisdic tions now have a minimum rate for some or all occupaRichard R. Nelson is a labor standards adviser in the Division of State Employment Standards, Employment Standards Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tions, equal to the $3.10 an-hour Federal standard, and 13 jurisdictions will match the Federal increase to $3.35 scheduled for January 1, 1981, although some rates will be effective later in the year. In addition, Alaska, Con necticut, and certain industries in the District of Colum bia continued with minimums higher than the Federal rate. New Mexico and Wisconsin, which have separate minimum wage rates for agricultural workers, provided for increases in those rates as well. In Pennsylvania the maximum tip credit was reduced from 45 to 40 percent of the minimum rate. In Connecticut, it was increased from 60 cents per hour to 23 percent of the minimum wage rate for persons employed in the hotel and restau rant industry. Among other wage related actions of interest, in Ore gon the prohibition on discharging, or of discriminating against an employee who has made a wage claim was expanded to protect those who have discussed such a wage claim with a lawyer or agency. In New York, the Labor Commissioner may now order the payment of a civil penalty up to 25 percent of the total amount found to be due under violations of the minimum wage and wage payment laws and regulations. Domestics, farm workers, and employees of nonprofit organizations were made subject to the equal pay law. Fourteen States enacted legislation concerning wage garnishment or assignment. Most of these, as in Geor gia, Iowa, Louisiana, and Mississippi involved delin21 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • State Labor Legislation Enacted in 1980 quent child support payments, by setting limits on the amount of earnings subject to either type of action. In Iowa and Rhode Island employees were protected from disciplinary action resulting from such assignment. The wage garnishment provisions previously applicable to private sector employees in Nebraska will now apply to public sector employees as well, as will provisions in Wisconsin for court-ordered assignment for mainte nance or support payments. In Virginia, employers of more than 10,000 workers may now charge an employ ee whose wages are garnished a $10 fee to offset ex penses in processing each garnishment summons. As in 1979, efforts to repeal or amend prevailing wage legislation were made in several States. Although there were no successful new legislative attempts to re peal or limit coverage of existing prevailing wage laws, the Alabama Act was repealed in accordance with a 1979 law that provided for automatic future repeal un less preserved by the 1980 legislature. The law in Arizo na was declared unconstitutional; the State Supreme Court let stand an appellate court decision that invalidated the rate determination methodology, which mandated the sole use of collectively bargained rates. Similar legislative and legal efforts are likely in 1981. Employers in Connecticut and Wisconsin were pro hibited from requiring public construction workers to kickback any portion of compensation received. As in recent years, most child labor amendments modified work restrictions by relaxing employment certificate provisions, easing limits on nightwork and maximum hours, or lowering the age at which minors may work in certain occupations. Employment certifi cate requirements were eased in Alabama and Ohio, and nightwork hours were extended in New Jersey and Rhode Island for minors between ages 16 and 18. Max imum permissible hours of work for days before a nonschool day were increased in California for minors age 16 and older. Increased employment opportunities for youth were provided in Alabama, Arizona, and South Dakota by lowering the age limits at which mi nors are permitted to work in certain occupations. Compulsory retirement based solely upon age, a sub ject that has received considerable legislative attention at both the Federal and State levels in recent years, re ceived less attention during 1980. The mandatory retire ment age was raised to 70 for public employees in Mississippi and for State employees and teachers in Vir ginia. Arizona and Tennessee passed laws banning agebased employment discrimination against persons ages 40 to 70, and Kentucky raised the upper age limit in its law from 65 to 70. Employment discrimination in other forms was ad dressed by legislation in 23 States. Among the more significant laws were those in Illinois where various antidiscrimination laws were consolidated into a new 22 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Human Rights Act in late 1979, and in Alaska where prohibitions on employment discrimination in the pri vate sector were extended to the State and its political subdivisions. Coverage changes were made in Kentucky where prohibition of wage discrimination based on sex will apply to employers of two or more person rather than eight or more as before. In Michigan the fair em ployment practices law will now apply to all employers, rather than only those having four or more workers. New protections for deaf employees were enacted in Georgia, Maryland, and New Jersey. Sexual harassment was prohibited in Connecticut and Michigan, and in California it will be an unlawful employment practice to require any employee to be sterilized as a condition of employment. Among State constitutional amendments enacted in the November general election, Massachu setts prohibited discrimination against handicapped per sons. Utah removed a prohibition against women working in underground mines and permitting work re lease and similar programs for prison inmates. A pro posed Equal Rights Amendment to the State Constitu tion was defeated in Iowa. Efforts to provide employment and other services to help homemakers displaced by dissolution of marriage or other loss of family income were not as prevalent in 1980 as in recent years. However, Colorado and Kansas did pass new legislation. The law enacted in Colorado was similar to one passed in 1977 with a provision that automatically repealed it in 1979. Nebraska and Rhode Island made previously enacted programs permanent. In what may prove to be an emerging trend, Michi gan, Ohio, and Wisconsin prohibited awarding of State contracts to persons or firms found to be in violation of the National Labor Relations Act. Connecticut had adopted a similar law in 1979. In other labor relations activity, a new public employee collective bargaining law was passed in the Virgin Islands, a new department of employee relations was created in Minnesota, and public employees in New Jersey were authorized to ne gotiate agency shop agreements. The use of strikebreak ers was barred in Wisconsin, and in Oklahoma prison inmates on work release programs are not to report to work if a strike occurs and may not be used to replace strikers. Renewed interest in the subject of preference for in state contractors in awarding public contracts translat ed into new laws in California, Maine, Maryland, and Oklahoma. Several States already had similar laws, but until 1980 there had been little recent legislative activi ty. Maine and Oklahoma amended previous laws by in creasing to 5 percent the amount of the preference. California-based companies may receive a preference of up to 9 percent on State contracts if the work is per formed in “distressed” areas and if workers with a high risk of unemployment are used. * Occupational safety and health legislation was enacted in several jurisdictions and included a number of changes in boiler and mine safety laws. A compre hensive railroad safety and health law was enacted in Maryland, to be administered and enforced by the labor commissioner. In Connecticut, foundry workers are to be given lung function tests every 2 years, and employ ers must inform workers of the presence and dangers of carcinogens in the workplace. Arizona and Minnesota are to develop emergency response plans in the event of an accident at a nuclear facility. The Colorado occupa tional safety and health law was repealed, and all State regulation of safety and health in mines was abolished in Idaho. Many other developments took place in 1980, affect ing a wide range of labor standards subjects. In five States, workers on jury duty were protected against em ployer retaliation. Similar protections were enacted re garding National Guard duty in Florida and Kentucky. New restrictions were enacted on the use of lie detector tests and on disclosure of personal employment and medical records. School districts in Florida were author ized to adjust the school day and school year to help children of migrants complete their education. Also in Florida, all regulation of private employment agencies ceased as a result of previously adopted sunset legisla tion. No additional States ratified the proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution during 1980. Approval by three additional States is necessary by June 30, 1982, for adoption. The following is a summary, by jurisdiction, of labor legislation during 1980. Alabama Wages. The prevailing wage law was repealed at the close of the 1980 legislative session. A 1979 law had provided for au tomatic future repeal unless the 1980 legislature intervened. Bills to retain the law in amended form were introduced but failed to pass. Child labor. Several changes were made in the child labor law including the relaxation of employment certificate provisions, by deleting requirements for both physical examinations and personal appearances by parents or guardians. Other changes included work in airport hangars and related jobs, which is now prohibited for employees under age 16, as is all work in building trades. Previously only heavy work was so prohibited in the building trades for this age group. Occupations involv ing wrecking, demolition, and shipbreaking are now prohibited for persons under 18. Theatrical work and jobs in bowling al leys are now permitted under age 16 and in pool and billard rooms under age 18. Penalties for violations were increased. Equal employment opportunity. As a result of “sunset” review, the Governor’s Committee on Employment of the Handi capped was continued and is now required to make an annual report to the Governor and legislature, including recommen dations for improving the State’s effectiveness in employing or https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis helping to employ handicapped individuals. Other laws. Discharging an employee for serving on jury duty is now prohibited. A human resources board was created, composed of the Governor, and the Commissioners of the departments of In dustrial Relations, and Pensions and Security, to assign to public work, employable persons who receive public assis tance. Refusal to work will result in suspension of benefits. Alaska Wages. By prior law, which sets the minimum wage at 50 cents per hour above the Federal rate, the minimum wage rate rose to $3.60 per hour on January 1, 1980, and will increase again to $3.85 on January 1, 1981. Overtime pay requirements will not apply to work per formed under a flexible work hour plan that is part of a col lective bargaining agreement, or to work performed by an employee under a voluntary flexible work hour plan that has been approved by the labor department. Equal employment opportunity. The prohibition on employ ment discrimination on the basis of race, religion, color, na tional origin, age, physical handicap, or sex will now apply to the State and its political subdivisions, not only to private sec tor employers, labor organizations, and employment agencies as before. Worker privacy. Records and names of persons involved in State Commission for Human Rights investigations will be given to the parties involved, but not to the public. Other laws. A concurrent resolution requested the Governor to urge the U.S. Department of Labor to establish a Job Corps Center in the State. Arizona Wages. The prevailing wage law became inoperative when the State Supreme Court declined to review a 1979 court of ap peals decision that declared unconstitutional the section of the law establishing the method for rate determination (use of col lectively bargained rates). The lower court ruled that part of the law to be an unlawful delegation of legislative power to private persons over whom the legislature has no control. Amendments to the wage payment law include: new restric tions on withholding of employee wages; employer permission to pay discharged employees within 3 working days or the end of the next regular pay period, whichever is sooner, rather than paying immediately; and the addition of a provision which permits an employee to file with the labor department a claim up to $1,000 for unpaid wages, rather than having re course only to civil action. Agriculture. The termination date for the Agricultural Em ployment Relations Board, scheduled for July 1, 1980 under sunset legislation, was extended to July 1, 1982. Child labor. High school graduates or students who have com pleted a vocational education program were excepted from prohibitions on employment of persons under age 18 in speci fied hazardous occupations, and children under 16 may now operate power-driven equipment used in the care and mainte nance of lawns and shrubbery. Equal employment opportunity. Age-based employment dis crimination against persons ages 40 to 70 is now prohibited 23 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • State Labor Legislation Enacted in 1980 under the Arizona Civil Rights Act. The Advisory Council on Aging, scheduled to terminate on July 1, 1980, was extended to July 1, 1986. The council is to advise all State departments on matters and issues relating to aging. Occupational safety and health. The Division of Emergency Services, within the Department of Emergency and Military Affairs, is to develop an emergency response plan to protect public health and safety in the event of an emergency result ing from an accident at a nuclear facility. Other laws. Scheduled for termination on various dates be tween 1984 and 1996 under sunset legislation are the Boiler Advisory Board, Employment Advisory Council, Occupation al Safety and Health Review Board, Civil Rights Advisory Board, Apprenticeship Advisory Council, and various other State boards, councils, and commissions. Arkansas Wages. A previous law provided for an increase in the mini mum wage rate from $2.30 an hour to $2.55 on January 1, 1980 with a further increase to $2.70 scheduled for January 1, 1981. Tip allowances rose to $1.25 an hour on January 1, 1980, and will increase to $1.35 on January 1, 1981. California Wages. New wage orders provided for an increase in the mini mum hourly wage rate from $2.90 to $3.10 with a further in crease to $3.35 scheduled for January 1, 1981. Employer challenges to the orders were ruled by the courts to be with out merit. Minimum wage provisions applying to student employees of organized camps will now apply to camp and program coun selors as well. These employees will receive 85 percent of the minimum rate for a 40-hour week, regardless of hours worked per week. Wages due a laid-off employee or a group of employees en gaged in oil drilling may now be paid within a reasonable time, not to exceed 24 hours after discharge, rather than im mediately upon layoff as otherwise required. Appeals of labor commissioner decisions in actions to re cover wages, penalties, or other compensation may now be made to the justice court as well as the municipal or superior court. Also, if the parties seeking review are unsuccessful they must pay the costs and attorneys’ fees of the opposing parties. The governing board of each school and community college district may make deductions from salaries of classified em ployees for payment of union dues or other fees, and deduc tions from nonmembers for payment of service fees as required by a collective bargaining agreement. Nonmembers may choose to pay service fees directly to the exclusive repre sentative. The definition of public works under the prevailing wage law was amended to include construction work done under private contract when the work is performed according to plans, specifications, or criteria furnished by the State or polit ical subdivision and when a lease for more than 50 percent of the property is entered into by a public body during or upon completion of the construction work. Courts may now order assignment of wages for alimony in addition to the existing authorization for child support. Em ployers may not discharge an employee whose wages have been ordered assigned for such support. Retirement, pension, disability, and other benefits payable by public employers, and benefits payable by private retire 24 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ment plans are now subject to garnishment or assignment for court-ordered child support or alimony. Hours. The authority of the chief of the Division of Labor Standards Enforcement to temporarily exempt employers or employees from mandatory days-off requirements, if the chief determines that a hardship would result, was extended until January 1, 1984. This exemption was due to expire January 1, 1981. Child labor. Minors age 16 and older are permitted to work up to 8 hours per day outside of school hours on days imme diately prior to nonschool days. Formerly they were limited to 4 hours work on any schoolday. Equal employment opportunity. The governor’s reorganization, establishing the Department of Fair Employment and Hous ing, and abolishing the Division of Fair Employment Practices and the Fair Employment Practices Commission of the De partment of Industrial Relations, was ratified by the legisla ture. The new department administers the laws prohibiting discrimination in employment and housing. Detailed investiga tion procedures were added to the law. Requiring any employee to be sterilized as a condition of employment will now be an unlawful employment practice un der the Fair Employment and Housing Act. If the State Personnel Board, in establishing the order of layoffs, and re-employment of State employees, finds past dis criminatory hiring practices, it must adopt a process to pro vide that the composition of the affected work force before and after the layoffs will be the same. Licensees under the business and professions code, includ ing private employment agencies, are prohibited from discrim inating on the basis of marital status. Worker privacy. A person’s medical records may be obtained as part of an investigation of an on-the-job accident or illness, if kept confidential and if maintained only until the case under investigation is closed. The law otherwise prohibits unau thorized disclosure of medical information for employment or insurance purposes. Labor relations. Where a union security arrangement has been negotiated, those public school employees whose religious be liefs include objections to supporting unions, may, in lieu of joining the union or paying a service fee, pay an equal amount to a nonreligious nonlabor charitable organization. In cases of public school employer-employee impasses fol lowing mediation, the parties may now mutually agree on a factfinding panel chairperson, rather than being required to accept one selected by the Public Employment Relations Board. Other laws. California-based companies may received a prefer ence of up to 9 percent in bidding on State contracts for goods or services in excess of $100,000 if the contracts are performed in “distressed areas” and if workers with a high risk of unemployment are hired. Payment bonds on public works contracts will now be re quired on contracts in excess of $25,000 rather than the previ ous $15,000. Court-ordered inspection warrants may now be issued re quiring State or local officials to conduct inspections required or authorized by any labor law or regulation. An employment preparation program administered by the Employment Development Department was established to as- sist Aid to Families with Dependent Children applicants and recipients to find jobs as quickly as possible. Colorado Wages. Earnings of public employees payable to a deferred compensation plan will now be subject to wage garnishment restrictions on the same basis as other earnings. Occupational safety and health. The State’s Occupational Safe ty and Health Act was repealed. There had been no enforce ment activities for the past 2 years because of the legislature’s failure to fund the program. Emergency vehicles operated by mining concerns subject to the mandatory safety standards of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Administration were excluded from the definition of ambulance service in the Colorado Emergency Services Act. Displaced homemakers. The executive director of the Depart ment of Labor and Employment was authorized to establish multipurpose service centers to give job counseling, training, placement, and other services to displaced homemakers. The centers will be staffed by displaced homemakers to the maxi mum extent feasible. A fee will be assessed against each di vorce petition filed by a nonindigent person, to be paid into a fund to help support the program. A similar law was enacted in 1977 with a provision to automatically repeal it on July 1, 1979. Other laws. Rules and regulations of the Department of Labor and Employment, due to expire on July 1, 1980, through sun set legislation, were extended to July 1, 1984. Some rules con cerning employment agencies, occupational safety and health, and other subjects were not extended. Connecticut Wages. By prior law, the hourly minimum wage increased from $2.91 to $3.12 on January 1, 1980. An increase to $3.37 is scheduled for January 1, 1981. Employees of hotels and motels, restaurants, bowling alleys, licensed amusement parks, and institutions other than hospi tals that are primarily engaged in the care of sick, aged, or mentally ill persons are now to be paid overtime after 40 rath er than 48 hours a week. Also, the minimum wage tip credit was increased from 60 cents an hour to 23 percent of the min imum wage rate for persons employed in the hotel and restau rant industry. Employee earning statements must now include separate entries for straight time and overtime earnings. Child labor. A criminal law was repealed which prohibited the employing or apprenticing out a child under age 16 in rope or wire walking, dancing, skating, bicycling, or peddling. The law also applied to work as a gymnast, contortionist, rider or acrobat, or that for obscene or immoral purposes, or in any vocation injurious to the health or dangerous to the life or safety of those children. The restrictions on hazardous occupa tions provided for in the child labor law will still apply. Equal employment opportunity. Sexual harassment by employ ers, unions, and employment agencies will now be considered an unfair employment practice. Municipalities will now be permitted to adopt a code of prohibited discriminatory practices and establish an equal op portunity commission for enforcement. Worker privacy. A number of changes were made in the law https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis giving an employee the right to review his or her personnel file. One of these changes requires that files be made available at or near the place of employment, rather than at the place where the files are kept. Another change permits certain infor mation in the file to be divulged to outside persons without the employee’s written authorization. This includes verification of dates of employment, position, and wage or salary; infor mation divulged as part of a personnel-related complaint against the employer, or in compliance with the terms of a collective bargaining agreement; or information released in re sponse to a medical emergency. Labor relations. Employers and employees are prohibited from mechanically eavesdropping or recording conversations per taining to employment contract negotiations. Occupational safety and health. Owners of buildings rented or leased to the State or any political subdivision were removed from coverage under the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Employers now must periodically disclose to employees the existence and dangers of carcinogens in the workplace, and carcinogen suppliers must follow labeling and safe handling requirements. The medical records for all newly diagnosed cancer patients in the State are to include the patient’s occupational history. This information will be forwarded to the Connecticut Tumor Registry’s information center. Foundry workers are to be given lung function tests every 2 years. Other laws. An employer may not threaten to fire or otherwise coerce an employee because of summons for jury duty. Viola tors will be guilty of criminal contempt and subject to fine, imprisonment, or both. If discharged, an employee may sue for up to 10 weeks of lost wages, attorneys’ fees, and rein statement. Requiring any worker employed on public construction to kickback any compensation, under intimidation or threat of dismissal is now prohibited. Delaware Child labor. Employment certificates for minors under age 16 may now be issued by private as well as public school offi cials. Other laws. The Department of Community Affairs and Eco nomic Development was authorized to establish a Stateassisted summer work program in 1980 for youths ages 15 to 20 who are from low income families. Participants are now entitled to the minimum wage. The Department of Corrections may institute a program re quiring certain physically able inmates to work without com pensation, and to encourage inmates to work overtime by of fering a reduction of sentence at the rate of two hours for every hour of overtime worked. District of Columbia Wages. A revised wage order for beauty culture occupations became effective March 17, 1980. Among other changes, the revision increased the basic minimum wage rate from $2.50 to $3.75 an hour, and increased the rate for apprentices and learners from $2.25 to $3.10 an hour. The building service occupation wage order was revised to increase the minimum wage rate from $2.70 to $3.70 an hour effective January 1, 1981. 25 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • State Labor Legislation Enacted in 1980 Child labor. The Youth Employment Act of 1979 became ef fective January 5, 1980. This law, which provides for summer and other employment opportunities for youth, and on-thejob training for adults with dependents, is similar to two 90-day emergency measures that were enacted in 1979. The requirement that all printing, binding, and stationery work for the State and its political subdivisions be paid for at prevailing wage rates was expanded to include all preparatory, press, bindery, and any other production-related work. Florida Agriculture. The legislature endorsed the establishment of a college assistance migrant program, and urged a continued commitment to the education of migrant farmworkers. School districts were given the option of providing for an extended schoolday and fewer weeks per year, to enable chil dren of migrants in the farm labor and fish industries to com plete their education, which would otherwise be interrupted by their parents’ frequent moves. The Department of Educa tion is to plan, fund, and administer educational programs for migrant children ages 3 and up. School attendance. A child is now exempt from the compulso ry school attendance law if enrolled in an appropriate alterna tive educational program approved by the Department of Ed ucation. Labor relations. Rules adopted by local jurisdictions under a local option for public employee collective bargaining, are not effective until approved by the State Public Employees Rela tions Commission. Also, criteria for appointment to local commissions were specified. Following resolution by a legislative body, of impasses be tween public employers and employees, a written agreement must be prepared including the issues agreed upon. Equal employment opportunity. State and county agencies are to institute selective employment programs exempt from civil service for severely handicapped individuals who possess the skills to safely perform in the positions. Worker privacy. Restrictions were placed on unauthorized dis closure of personal records maintained by State and county agencies on individuals. With certain exceptions, individuals involved are to be granted access to their records in a reason ably prompt manner. Labor relations. Public employees who hold positions essential to the public health or safety are prohibited from participating in strikes or secondary boycotts and can be assigned to work during strikes that may endanger public health or safety. Private employment agencies. As a result of previously adopted sunset legislation, all regulation of private employment agen cies ceased on July 1, 1980. Private employment agencies. The maximum placement fees charged by private employment agencies will no longer be established by the director of labor and industrial relations, but will now be set through schedules submitted by the agen cies and approved by the director. Other laws. The Department of General Services may now del egate to the contracting agency the authority to exempt public construction contracts of $25,000 or less from payment and performance bond requirements. Members of the Florida National Guard cannot be discharged or otherwise penalized by their employers because of absence due to active service. Occupational safety and health. A comprehensive boiler, eleva tor, and amusement ride safety law was enacted, to be administered by the Department of Labor and Industrial Re lations. Georgia Wages. Several changes were made in the wage garnishment law including establishing procedures for continuing garnish ments, defining earnings for purposes of exemption, limiting garnishment for alimony or support to 50 percent of dispos able earnings, and authorizing garnishment for Federal court judgments. Equal employment opportunity. The State Fair Employment Practices Act, which prohibits discrimination in public em ployment on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, handicap, or age, set to expire on July 1, 1980, was ex tended to July 1, 1982. The law providing equal opportunity in public sector em ployment for the blind and visually handicapped was expanded to include deaf persons as well. Guam Wages. The minimum wage rose to $3.10 an hour and will in crease to $3.35 on January 1, 1981 under a prior law which adopted the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act rates by refer ence. Hawaii Wages. By prior law, the minimum wage rate was increased from $2.90 to $3.10 an hour effective July 1, 1980. An in crease to $3.35 is scheduled for July 1, 1981. 26 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Idaho Worker privacy. Financial information submitted by applicants to the Public Works Contractors State License Board is to be considered confidential. Occupational safety and health. All State regulation of safety and health in mines was abolished. Mine conditions are now subject only to Federal jurisdiction. Other laws. Payment bonds required of public works contrac tors will now protect those renting, leasing, or otherwise sup plying equipment, not only persons supplying labor or ma terials. Illinois Wages. The subminimum wage for learners was changed from $1.50 per hour to 70 percent of the basic minimum wage, ef fective January 1, 1980. Equal employment opportunity. The State consolidated various antidiscrimination laws into a new comprehensive Human Rights Act in late 1979. The Fair Employment Practices Commission, Department of Equal Employment Opportunity, and the Commission on Human Relations were abolished and merged into a new Department of Human Rights. Among other changes, the age discrimination prohibition now applies to persons age 40 to 70, and marital status was added as a prohibited form of discrimination. Among a number of 1980 changes in the Human Rights Act, the definition of handicap was expanded to include the perception of such a characteristic by the person complained against, as well as the actual characteristic itself. Marital sta tus was amended to include the status of legal separation, and it will now be a civil rights violation for an employer to dis criminate with respect to promotions, renewal, or privileges of employment. Equal employment opportunity. The upper age limit in the ban on age discrimination in employment was raised from 65 to 70, and sex discrimination was defined to include pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions. Prohibitions on wage discrimination on the basis of sex will now apply to employers of two or more employees instead of only those employing eight or more. Indiana Equal employment opportunity. The industrial aid law, which had provided 1 year of financial aid to visually handicapped persons learning to increase their earning capacities, was re pealed. Occupational safety and health. The boiler safety act was amended to provide for a comprehensive boiler and pressure vessel safety law administered by the commissioner of hous ing, buildings, and construction. Other laws. Eligibility for training of hard-core unemployed persons was modified, including the adoption of Federal defi nitions of poverty level and of lower living standard income level. Tax credit allowances for keeping trainees working on a long-term basis were increased. Iowa Wages. Courts may order wage assignments in cases of failure to pay permanent child support, with the assignment not to exceed the limitations established under the Federal wage gar nishment law. Employers may not discharge an employee whose wages have been assigned. Equal employment opportunity. A proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the State Constitution was defeated in the No vember general election. Other laws. A provision was eliminated that required all em ployees of the Department of Social Services, except physicians and surgeons, to be State residents at the time of employment. Kansas Labor relations. Several changes were made in the law governing collective bargaining for professional school em ployees, including procedures for certification and decertifica tion of professional organizations, impasse resolution, agree ment ratification, and expansion of negotiable items. The fact finding individual or board need no longer choose among the last-best-offers of the parties in negotiation disputes. Displaced homemakers. A displaced homemakers law requires the secretary of human resources to establish one urban and one rural pilot multipurpose center to provide counseling, training, services, and education for displaced homemakers to assist them in becoming gainfully employed. Staff positions are to be filled wherever possible by displaced homemakers. Kentucky Wages. All regular school employees, except those employed on a 12-month basis, are to be paid regularly during the school year, provided, however, that any time not worked for which pay was received must be made up prior to the end of the current school year, or the amount of this payment will be withheld from the final salary payment. Motor carrier employees covered by the Interstate Com merce Act were exempted from the State overtime pay re quirements. Hours. Employees subject to the Federal Railway Labor Act were excluded from the requirement that no employee work without a 10-mmute rest period during each 4 hours worked. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Other laws. Employers must now grant employees leaves of absence to perform active duty or receive training in the Na tional Guard, with no loss of seniority, status, or other rights or benefits. Pay is not required for such leave. Physical examinations required for the hiring of certified school employees, with the exception of bus drivers, will be at no cost if provided by the county health department. An em ployee who elects to use a private physican must pay the cost. The exam is to include a test for tuberculosis and is to be conducted prior to August 1 of the year in which the employ ee is hired. The commissioner of labor is now authorized to apply to the county circuit court for an order requiring compliance with a subpoena issued by the commissioner. Louisiana Wages. The amount of wages exempt from garnishment for child support is 50 percent of disposable earnings, rather than the greater of 75 percent, or 30 times the Federal minimum wage, as is exempt for other purposes. Child labor. Minors employed in any approved Federallyfunded youth training program were exempted from the State child labor law. Equal employment opportunity. A civil rights act for handi capped persons was enacted, including a prohibition against discrimination in employment. The law is applicable to em ployers of 15 or more employees or contractors performing work for public agencies, unions, and employment agencies, and is enforceable through civil court action. Under a House concurrent resolution, the Department of Labor is one of a number of agencies that will independently study and submit a written report on the employment prob lems of ex-offenders, along with recommendations for improv ing employment opportunities. A separate resolution urged the Department of State Civil Service to study and submit an annual report, categorized by sex and race on State govern ment employees. Labor relations. A concurrent resolution requests the extension of a joint legislative committee study, begun in 1979 of public sector employer-employee relations. The committee is to study related issues including collective bargaining and strikes and is to report its findings and proposals to the legislature 30 days prior to the beginning of the 1981 regular session. Occupational safety and health. The fees to be charged by the labor department for the inspection of boilers and issuance of inspection certificates were increased, as were fees for certified boiler inspector certificates and for annual renewal of identifi cation cards. 27 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • State Labor Legislation Enacted in 1980 Other laws. School board employees must be granted a leave of absence for jury duty without loss of salary, leave, or bene fits. The Department of Labor is to develop and administer a program for the training and employment of youths under age 25, including the creation of jobs through State-promoted and financed projects, and coooperation with community pro grams and private agencies. Jobs to be developed include those in construction and supply, and professional and paraprofessional work on socially useful projects. Participants must be paid the Federal minimum wage, and discrimination based on sex, age, race, color, religion, political belief, or na tional origin is prohibited. Maine Wages. The minimum wage rate was increased to $3.10 an hour on January 1, 1980, under a prior law which mandated matching State increases to the Federal rate, up to a maxi mum $4 rate. Worker privacy. Directory information on school employees, which is open to the public, no longer may include address or date and place of birth, and the employee’s social security number was added to the list of confidential personnel record information. Other laws. Several departments and agencies including the Governor’s Committee on Employment of the Handicapped, the Office of ceta Planning and Coordination, the Commis sion for Women, the Human Rights Commission, the Labor Relations Board, and the Office of State Employees Relations are scheduled for termination on June 30, 1987, through sun set legislation, unless continued by law. In-State bidders on State contracts will now receive prefer ence over those from out-of-State if their bid is no more than 5 percent higher than the bid of the lowest responsible bidder. The amount of this preference was previously 2 percent. Maryland Wages. The minimum wage rose to $3.10 an hour and will in crease next year to match the Federal rate under a prior State law which adopted the Fair Labor Standards Act rates by ref erence. The labor commissioner was authorized, under prescribed circumstances, to exempt individual sheltered workshops or work activity centers, after an investigation and hearing, from the minimum wage provisions of the wage and hour law. Medical insurance payments deducted from an employee’s wages by the employer are now exempted from wages that are subject to wage garnishment. Equal employment opportunity. It is now unlawful to aid, abet, or coerce anyone to violate the Fair Employment Practices Act or to prevent any person from complying with the act. At grievance proceedings, deaf employees are entitled to an interpreter paid for by the employer and union. Occupational safety and health. A comprehensive Railroad Safety and Health Law was enacted. It will be administered and enforced by the Commissioner of Labor and Industry who will promulgate appropriate standards, rules, regulations, and administrative procedures relating to all areas of railroad safety and health. Certain railroad safety functions, formerly performed elsewhere, were transferred to the commissioner. Many of the provisions which resulted in dual Federal-State jurisdiction over mine safety were repealed with the State Bu 28 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis reau of Mines retaining authority to inspect mines, adopt rules and regulations, and to test and certify mine personnel. Other laws. The State Departments of General Services and Transportation are to give construction contract preference to contractors residing within Maryland in those instances where they are bidding against contractors from States that give preference to their own resident contractors. The Maryland firms’ bid must be not more than 2 percent above that of the nonresident, and there must be no conflicting Federal grant or regulation. Payment and performance bonds are required for any pub lic work contract exceeding $25,000, instead of $5,000 as be fore, and cash or other security is now permitted in lieu of a bond. A Teen Employment and Community Service Program was created in the Department of Natural Resources to employ persons age 14 to 20 on summer work projects on public property, at pay rates not less than the minimum wage. State classified employees are now protected from personnel action reprisals for disclosing information on government ille gality or impropriety. Massachusetts Wages. The minimum wage rose to $3.10 an hour on January 1, 1980 and will increase to $3.35 on January 1, 1981, under provisions of a 1977 amendment. Any employer who submits a bill which includes a service charge is to clearly indicate the amount of such charge that is to be paid as a tip or gratuity, and the maximum fine assess able against an employer who requests, accepts, or retains em ployee tips was increased. A late 1979 law requires railroad corporations to furnish each employee with a wage statement with every payment of wages, listing accrued total earnings and taxes to date and a separate listing of daily wages and how they were computed. Hours. A number of provisions relating to wages and hours of work for women and children were repealed or amended to apply only to minors or to all persons. Equal employment opportunity. Vacation credit may not be de nied State employees, or any other penalty imposed, for the period they are absent from work on maternity leave. Among changes in the handicap rehabilitation statute the commissioner of rehabilitation was given greater power to ap point personnel and to establish area offices. The mandatory retirement age for State building inspectors, State elevator inspectors, and district engineering inspectors was lowered from age 70 to age 65. Members may continue to be employed past the mandatory retirement age if annual ex aminations indicate they are mentally and physically capable of continued job performance. A measure was passed in the November general election to amend the State Constitution to prohibit discrimination against handicapped persons. Labor relations. Elected officers of the Professional Firefighters of Massachusetts are to be given leave, if on duty, by the mu nicipal employer, for regularly scheduled work hours spent on union business. Occupational safety and health. Unlicensed elevator workers are now subject to a fine of from $500 to $1,000. They were previously subject to a lesser fine or imprisonment for up to 6 months. Michigan Wages. Under an amendment adopted in 1977, the minimum wage increased to $3.10 an hour on January 1, 1980, with an increase to $3.35 scheduled for January 1, 1981. These in creases equal those under Federal law. Individuals employed to provide the practice of massage were specifically included under the coverage of the minimum wage law. Equal employment opportunity. Coverage of the fair employ ment practices law was extended from employers of four or more persons to all employers. Also, the definition of sex dis crimination was amended to include sexual harassment where submission to unwelcome sexual advances, contact, or com munication is made a term or condition of employment. Labor relations. Employers who have been found in contempt of court at least three times for different violations in the pre ceding seven years, for failure to correct an unfair labor prac tice under the National Labor Relations Act, are now ineligible for State contracts or subcontracts. Unresolved labor disputes of State Police troopers and ser geants were made subject to binding arbitration. Occupational safety and health. Many changes were made in employee health and safety standards. Among them, employ ers are required to pay for personal protective equipment re quired by law. Employers are also required to make available to employees for inspection and copying, general health sur veys of conditions in the place of employment which may ad versely affect employees’ health, and all medical records and health data in the employer’s possession pertaining to those employees. Employees were given the right to attend or be represented at all meetings between the departments of labor or health and the employer, relative to the department’s deci sion concerning an Occupational Safety and Health citation, abatement period, or proposed penalty. Provisions were made for tagging of equipment and processes that are a source of imminent danger, with employees not permitted to operate such tagged equipment or engage in tagged processes as long as danger exists. Other laws. A neighborhood assistance program was established within the labor department to provide financial assistance for projects offering job training, community ser vices, crime prevention, and physical revitalization of neigh borhood facilities. Contractors awarded contracts for the construction or repair of State buildings or property must hire at least 50 per cent State residents if available. This requirement will not ap ply where there are collective bargaining agreements that allow for the interstate portability of employees, or where this requirement is in conflict with Federal law or regulation. Minnesota Wages. A 1979 law increased the minimum wage from $2.30 to $2.90 effective January 1, 1980, with further increases to $3.10 on January 1, 1981 and $3.35 on January 1, 1982. Seafarers exempted from the overtime standards of the Fed eral Fair Labor Standards Act are now exempted from State minimum wage and overtime requirements. Equal employment opportunity. The Human Rights Act was amended to authorize the Commissioner of Human Rights to https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis seek relief for a class of individuals, to prohibit employment discrimination because of membership or activity in a local commission, and to increase the maximum punitive damages that can be assessed by a hearing examiner from $500 to $ 1, 000. Labor relations. The name of the Department of Personnel was changed to the Department of Employee Relations. The new department is organized into the Division of Personnel and the Division of Labor Relations. The Division of Labor Relations will be responsible for negotiating and administering State employee collective bargaining agreements. Among other changes, the circumstances under which nonessential public employees may strike were broadened, and binding arbitration procedures were amended. Private employment agencies. Services which place medical doctors exclusively were exempted from the employment agen cy law. Occupational safety and health. The Director of Emergency Services, in cooperation with the Commissioner of Health and affected local units of government, is to develop State and lo cal emergency response plans for nuclear power plants in the event of an accident. Other laws. Employers must not only permit employees elected to public office, time off to attend public meetings as before, but must now also make an effort to allow the em ployees to make up the time. An employee who is a member of a political party commit tee, or a delegate or alternate to a political convention may take leave to attend meetings and conventions provided at least a 10-day written notice is given the employer. The em ployee is not to be penalized or suffer any wage deduction other than for actual time absent from employment. Mississippi Wages. Limitations on the amount of wages subject to gar nishment were conformed to limits set in the Federal wage garnishment law. Child labor. A law making it illegal to persuade, entice, or de coy away from his parents an unmarried male under age 21 for purposes of employment, without parental consent, was amended to apply to males under age 18 only, the same as for females. Equal employment opportunity. Among other changes to the public employees’ retirement law, the mandatory retirement age was raised from 65 to 70, applicable to all employees ex cept elected officials and those appointed by the Governor. Worker privacy. A polygraph operator may have his or her li cense suspended or revoked for requiring a subject to acknowledge that the examination was not done for purposes of employment when the results of the examination are to be submitted to an employer. Other laws. The State Department of Education is to develop and coordinate a State-wide vocational and technical educa tion program which will include but not be limited to immedi ate training for established industries, and training for prospective employees for new and expanding industry in the State. 29 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • State Labor Legislation Enacted in 1980 The Office of the Governor Job Development and Training was abolished, and the Division of Job Development and Training in the Office of the Governor was established and designated the administrator of the State’s ceta programs. This law, which was implemented with Federal funds, will be automatically repealed if State funds are appropriated for the support of the division. A new comprehensive law was enacted, effective April 1, 1981, to govern the furnishing of payment or performance bonds in public works contracts. The current public works bond provisions will be repealed at that time. Nebraska Wages. Orders for wage garnishment prior to final judgment were prohibited, and the wage garnishment provisions now specifically apply to officers of the State and political subdivi sions, not only to private sector employees as before. Child labor. The age for selling or dispensing alcoholic liquor in taverns was raised from 19 to 20, although minors may serve drinks at age 19 when working in restaurants, clubs, ho tels, or similar places. Equal employment opportunity. Commissions on the status of women may be established by any county and certain cities, to study the changing role of women and advise the city or county government on elimination of social, economic, and le gal barriers affecting women. « Worker privacy. A new law was enacted requiring licensing of operators of polygraphs and other instruments such as deceptographs, psychological stress evaluators, or voice analyzers. Submission to such tests may not be required as a condition of employment except in public law enforcement. Such tests are permissible if voluntary, related to a specific in vestigation, and if no questions are asked about labor unions, political or religious affiliation, marital relationships, or sexual practices. Displaced homemakers. The displaced homemakers law, sched uled to terminate September 2, 1980, was extended indefi nitely, and the limit on the number of permitted displaced homemaker service centers was removed. New Hampshire Wages. The minimum wage rate rose to $3.10 an hour on Jan uary 1, 1980 and will increase on January 1, 1981 to match the Federal $3.35 rate. New Jersey Wages. By prior law, the minimum wage rate was increased from $2.90 to $3.10 an hour effective January 1, 1980. The payment of prevailing wages, and the establishment of an affirmative action program for the hiring of minority work ers is now required on construction projects receiving financial assistance from the State’s Economic Development Authority. Child labor. Changes in youth nightwork provisions eliminat ed more stringent provisions for girls and permitted minors between age 16 and 18 to work until 11 o’clock any night, rather than to 10 o’clock as before, and after 11 o’clock dur ing school vacations. Minors employed in restaurants until midnight before nonschool days must now have written pa rental permission stating hours they are permitted to work. As boys previously could, girls age 14 and over may now engage in street trades. This was formerly prohibited for girls 30 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis under age 18. In addition, girls under age 18 are no longer prohibited from employment as messengers. Equal employment opportunity. Several changes were made in labor laws to remove sex discriminatory language. For exam ple, seats are now required for all employees rather than only for women, employment agencies may not send any person, previously only females, to work at a place of amusement kept for immoral purposes, or to an illegal gambling house, and any employee required to have a physical examination under the workers’ compensation or temporary disability insurance laws may request a physician of the same sex. The commission to study sex discrimination in the statutes, scheduled for termination on January 8, 1980, was extended to January 12, 1982. The law concerning civil rights and responsibilities of blind persons with guide dogs was amended to include deaf persons with guide dogs. It will be an unlawful employment practice to deny employment to an otherwise qualified deaf person solely because he or she is deaf or accompanied by a guide dog. Labor relations. Public employees may now negotiate for an agency shop agreement whereby nonmembers of the union within the bargaining unit would be required to pay a repre sentation fee in lieu of dues. Other laws. County officers or employees elected to the State Legislature are to be given time off with compensation during periods of attendance at regular or special sessions or commit tee meetings. These rights are identical to those previously enacted for employees of municipalities and public schools. A concurrent resolution requested the U.S. Congress, the Office of Management and Budget, and the President, to con tinue the funding of the Employment Opportunities Pilot Pro gram. New Mexico Wages. By prior law, the minimum wage was increased from $2.65 to $2.90 an hour effective July 1, 1980, with a further increase to $3.35 scheduled for July 1, 1981. The farm rate rose to $2.90 on July 1, 1980 and will increase in two steps to $3.35 by July 1, 1982. New York Wages. By prior law, the minimum wage rate for nonagricultural workers was increased to $3.10 on January 1, 1980. It will rise to $3.35 on January 1, 1981. Effective January 1, 1981, minimum wage coverage will be extended to individuals employed or permitted to work in any nonteaching capacity by a school district or board of coopera tive educational services. The labor commissioner was empowered to order the pay ment of a civil penalty of up to 25 percent of the total amount found to be due under violations of the minimum wage and wage payment laws and regulations. The civil penalty will be in addition to and may be imposed concurrently with any oth er remedy or penalty. Restitution of wages or supplements due an employee be cause of underpayment is to include interest at not less than 6 „.percent per year, and not more than the rate of interest in effect as prescribed by the superintendent of banks. Within this range, the interest rate paid will depend on the size of the business, the good faith of the employer, the gravity of the vi olation, the history of past violations, and the failure to com ply with recordkeeping or other nonwage requirements. Domestics, farmworkers, and employees of nonprofit organizations are now subject to the equal pay law through the repeal of a previously existing exemption. Court-ordered wage deductions for support payments are now applicable to future employers, in addition to current and former employers as previously required. Equal employment opportunity. Executive Order Number 45, which established equal employment opportunity and af firmative action requirements, including goals of minority em ployment on public works, was declared unconstitutional by the State Supreme Court as an unauthorized exercise of legis lative power. An increase was made from 200 to 400 in the number of positions the Civil Service Commission is authorized to find and reserve for persons certified as being either physically or mentally handicapped but capable of performing the job duties. Occupational safety and health. A comprehensive occupational safety and health law was adopted for the public sector, appli cable to the State, political subdivisions, public authorities, and instrumentalities. Administration and enforcement is by the Industrial Commissioner. Other laws. To aid and promote the development of the do mestic steel industry, the State procurement law now requires the purchase of American-made steel and steel products where possible. North Carolina Wages. By prior law, the minimum wage rate was increased from $2.75 to $2.90 an hour effective July 1, 1980. Equal employment opportunity. The Study Commission on Equal Employment Practices was established to examine the need for a State Equal Employment Practices Act and related matters. North Dakota Wages. As the result of a 1979 wage order, the minimum wage rate was increased from $2.60 to $2.80 an hour for pub lic housekeeping employees, effective July 1, 1980. The rate for mercantile employees and professional, technical, and cler ical employees increased to $3.10 an hour effective January 1, 1980. Ohio Wages. Wages may not be garnished for collection of debts that are subject to a debt scheduling agreement between the wage-earner and a consumer credit counseling service. Child labor. Minors 16 and 17 years old were exempted from the usual employment certificate requirements for summer work in nonprohibited nonagricultural employment. Instead, such minors must present proof of age and parental consent. Also, minors employed in ceta programs were temporarily exempted from the requirement of obtaining age and school ing certificates for employment during the summer of 1980. Proof of age and parental consent is needed. Labor relations. Employers found in contempt of court for failure to correct unfair labor practices under the National La bor Relations Act on more than one occasion during the pre ceding two years are ineligible for State contracts or subcontracts. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Occupational safety and health. Effective January 1, 1981, op erators of underground mines employing 20 persons or more per shift and operators of strip mines are to have trained med ical personnel and necessary safety equipment available for quick response to emergencies. Other laws. An economic development program was estab lished with the primary objective of preserving or creating em ployment opportunities. Oklahoma Wages. The minimum wage rate was increased from $2.00 to $3.10 an hour effective October 1, 1980. Labor relations. Prison inmates employed through a work re lease program are not to report to work if a strike occurs at their place of employment, and they may not be hired to re place employees engaged in a labor dispute. Other laws. Contractors must now furnish payment bonds on all public construction projects exceeding $7,500, rather than the previous $1,000. In-State contractors will now be given preference on public contracts if their bid is no more than 5 percent higher than that of an out-of-State bidder. A 3-percent preference was previously authorized. Oregon Wages. As provided for in a prior law, the minimum wage rate was increased from $2.65 to $2.90 an hour effective Janu ary 1, 1980. An increase to $3.10 an hour is scheduled for January 1, 1981. The prohibition on discharging or discriminating against an employee who has made a wage claim was expanded to also protect those who have discussed, inquired about, or consult ed an attorney or agency about a wage claim. Any person found in violation will be liable for actual damages or $200, whichever is greater. Pennsylvania Wages. As provided for in a prior law, the minimum wage rate was increased from $2.90 to $3.10 an hour effective Janu ary 1, 1980 with a future increase to $3.35 scheduled for Janu ary 1, 1981. The maximum tip credit was reduced from 45 to 40 percent of the minimum rate, effective January 1, 1980. Equal employment opportunity. Age limitations for entry into approved apprenticeship programs of two years or more were exempted from the Human Relations Act prohibition against age discrimination. Puerto Rico Wages. Among other changes made by a 1979 revision of the minimum wage law, minimum wage rates under the Common wealth wage board system may now be set at rates up to the Federal rates under the Fair Labor Standards Act, instead of the previous limit of $2.50 per hour. Rhode Island Wages. By previous enactment, the minimum wage was in creased from $2.65 to $2.90 an hour effective July 1, 1980. Additional increases to $3.10 and $3.35 an hour are scheduled for July 1, 1981 and July 1, 1982. Employers are prohibited from taking any disciplinary ac tion as the result of an employee’s wages being assigned by court order for support payments. Such assignments have pri31 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • State Labor Legislation Enacted in 1980 ority over any other attachments and are not subject to any statutory limitation on the amount levied against the employ ee’s income. Payments for voluntary participation in a vanpool system are now permissible deductions from wages. Child labor. Minors 16 to 18 may now work until 11:30 on nights before schooldays, and until 1:30 in the morning on other days, rather than until 11:30 each night, as before. The limitation was also restricted only to minors who are regularly attending school. Minors 16 to 19 may now transport unopened alcoholic beverages in the course of their employ ment. Formerly, minors under 18 were prohibited from trans porting such beverages except when accompanied by a parent or guardian. Equal employment opportunity. The Labor Department’s juris diction over age discrimination was eliminated, leaving the Human Rights Commission as the sole regulatory agency. Under the Fair Employment Practices Law, compulsory re tirement of university employees between age 65 and 70, who have unlimited tenure, will not be prohibited until July 1, 1982. A vocational rehabilitation program including medical, di agnostic, training, vocational guidance, and other services for disabled persons was established under the Department of So cial and Rehabilitative Services. Assessment of a civil penalty by the labor commissioner for each serious violation of an occupational safety or health rule or violation of any posting requirement in now discretionary, rather than mandatory. South Dakota Child labor. Children age 14 and over are now permitted to dispense gas and oil at gasoline service stations. This work was previously limited to those age 16 and over. Equal employment opportunity. Qualified agencies employing the handicapped will be given preference in the award of pub lic contracts for goods and services. Prior law had given this preference only to agencies employing blind persons. Tennessee Wages. State officers or employees whose total annual income, including overtime, is less than $8,000 may now hold an addi tional part-time position for up to four hours a day in State government. A summons for wage garnishment must now contain a no tice that the employer is liable for any failure to withhold the required garnishment amount or failure to pay it to the court. Equal employment opportunity. The antidiscrimination law was amended to include a prohibition on employment discrimina tion based on age, for persons age 40 to 70. Labor relations. Casual and seasonal State employees were excepted from the law giving State employees the right to or ganize and bargain collectively. Private employment agencies. The application and license fees for employment agencies, managers, and counselors were in creased. Occupational safety and health. Two members representing la bor are to be appointed to the new 21-member Special Commission on Hazardous Substances. The commission will recommend legislation to the General Assembly on alternative methods of handling and disposing of hazardous substances and waste with a minimum of potential harm to the public health and environment. The State building code was repealed, and a new compre hensive code was enacted to govern the safety of all struc tures. Other laws. The commission on aging, scheduled for termina tion on June 30, 1980 under a sunset law, was extended to June 30, 1981. Displaced homemakers. The displaced homemaker program, scheduled to terminate on January 31, 1980, was made perma nent. South Carolina Wages. A portion of a prisoner’s wages may now be disbursed to the victim whose property was stolen or damaged, in an amount determined by the Board of Corrections. Worker privacy. Nuclear-related businesses may obtain from the State Law Enforcement Division, the criminal history re cord of employees in certain sensitive positions, with the em ployees’ written permission. Labor relations. Special grievance and performance appraisal procedures were established for faculty members of State insti tutions of higher learning. Occupational safety and health. A comprehensive statute was enacted to control the transportation, handling, and disposal of radioactive waste under the regulation of the Department of Health and Environmental Control. 32 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Utah Wages. An increase in the minimum wage to $2.60 an hour, authorized by a 1978 administrative action, took effect on Jan uary 1, 1980, for the retail trade, public housekeeping, restau rant, laundry, cleaning, dyeing, and pressing industries in Salt Lake, Weber, Utah, and Davis counties and in all cities with a population of 5,000 or more. A further increase to $2.75 is scheduled for January 1, 1981. The minimum for other areas was raised to $2.35 an hour with an increase to $2.50 sched uled for January 1, 1981. Equal employment opportunity. An amendment to the State Constitution was approved in the November general election to remove the prohibition against women working under ground in mines, and permitting work release and similar pro grams for prisoners. Vermont Wages. By prior law, the minimum wage rate was raised to $3.10 an hour effective January 1, 1980 with a further increase to $3.35 scheduled for January 1, 1981. Employers will now be permitted to pay all employees bi weekly or semi-monthly rather than only salaried employees as before. Also, all court costs and reasonable attorneys’ fees will now be considered recoverable items in actions for failure to pay wages. Labor relations. Revised rules covering grievances, promo tions, transfers, internal affairs, and disciplinary procedures are to be established by the Commissioner of Public Safety under legislature established guidelines. A State Police Advi sory Commission was established to review the rules and to act as an adviser to the commission. Virginia Wages. The minimum wage rate was increased from $2.35 to $2.65 an hour effective July 1, 1980. Employers of more than 10,000 workers may now charge an tmployee, whose wages are garnished, a fee of up to $10 for expenses in processing each garnishment summons. Equal employment opportunity. The mandatory retirement age of State employees or teachers was set at 70 under the State Supplemental Retirement Act. Formerly the employer could provide for compulsory retirement at any age from 65 to 70. Compulsory retirement at an earlier age is permitted if age is a bona fide occupational qualification, reasonably necessary to the normal operation of the particular business. Contracting agencies are now prohibited from discriminat ing on the basis of race, religion, color, sex, on national origin in awarding public contracts. Previous law, applicable only to contractors, requires nondiscrimination clauses in government contracts or subcontracts over $10,000. Urban county boards of supervisors are permitted to estab lish commissions on human rights, to receive and assist in vol untary resolution of complaints of discrimination. Private employment agencies. Agencies must now refund part of the placement fee if employment terminates without the employee’s fault within 12 weeks, instead of having the option of making a refund or placing the applicant in other employ ment with a credit towards the additional fee. Occupational safety and health. A five-member Coal Mine Health and Safety Advisory Committee was established to ad vise and make recommendations, to various legislative com mittees, on changes in law, rules, or regulations which it deems necessary for coal mine health and safety. Other laws. Joint legislative committees were created to study a proposed State Comprehensive Youth Employment Pro gram, and to study arid make recommendations regarding du plication in the certification of apprentices by the State and local jurisdictions. Virgin Islands Wages. By prior wage order and legislative action, minimum hourly wage rates were increased to match the Federal $3.10 rate with a further increase to $3.35 scheduled for January 1, 1981. Certain previously prescribed occupational rates that ex ceed the Federal minimum were retained. For tipped employ ees, a 50-percent tip credit was enacted, replacing former lower minimums. Labor relations. A Public Employee Labor Relations Law was enacted, granting public employees the right to form and join unions, and bargain collectively. The law also established un fair labor practices. Binding arbitration is provided for as is a limited right to strike. An Office of Collective Bargaining was created in the Office of the Governor with the responsibility to represent the executive branch and negotiate on its behalf. Washington Child labor. Professional disc jockeys and sound and lighting technicians age 18 and under may now be employed in places https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis where liquor is sold. Musicians age 18 and older previously had this right. School attendance. Temporary absence from school for up to 10 days a year is permitted for a child between age 8 and 18 on parental request and with agreement of school authorities. West Virginia Wages. The minimum wage rate will rise from $2.20 to $2.75 an hour on January 1, 1981, and overtime of one and one-half times the regular rate will be payable after 40 rather than 42 hours a week, effective July 1, 1980. Labor relations. The State’s Labor-Management Advisory Council, scheduled for termination on June 30, 1980, was con tinued to June 30, 1983. Occupational safety and health. The deadline date for the pro mulgation of various coal mine rules and regulations, including the right of miners to refuse to operate unsafe equipment, and regulation of long and short wall mining and the construction of shafts, slopes, and surface facilities, sched uled for January 1, 1978, was postponed until January 1, 1981. The Board of Coal Mine Health and Safety is to report all coal mining fatalities within 60 days, to review major causes of coal mining injuries in detail, and to issue any necessary rules and regulations to prevent recurrence. An annual report is to be given to the Governor and legislature including rec ommendations for enactment, repeal, or amendment of any statute, for the purpose of enhancing health and safety in the mining industry. Other laws. Under sunset legislation, the State Department of Labor is scheduled to terminate on July 1, 1981. Employers are prohibited from discriminating against em ployees summoned for jury duty, such as threatening to de crease their pay or terminate their employment. Payment of wages while the employee is on jury service is not required. Public employees are permitted to take time off from work to observe the birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., with the time off charged to annual or vacation leave. Wisconsin Wages. By prior administrative action, the nonfarm minimum hourly wage rate was increased from $2.80 to $3 effective Jan uary 1, 1980, with a further increase to $3.25 effective January 1, 1981. The farm rate was increased from $2.60 to $2.80 an hour effective January 1, 1980 with an increase to $3.05 scheduled for 1981. Employers were prohibited from taking, and employees from giving “kickbacks” of wages on any public construction project. Violators are subject to a fine or imprisonment or both. A similar provision was already in effect for highway construction projects. Commission payments, earnings, and other income, as well as salary, are subject to court ordered assignment for mainte nance or support payments, and employees of the State and political subdivisions may now have their wages assigned for such payments. Child labor. Minors 12 and older are permitted to work under direct parental supervision, in connection with their parents’ businesses, trades, or professions, subject to the restrictions on hours and hazardous work of the child labor law. A work permit is required, and will be issued unless the work is injuri33 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • State Labor Legislation Enacted in 1980 ous or detrimental to the minor’s education, health, safety, or welfare. vestigation, management planning records, and portions of test documents. Worker privacy. Employers may not require or solicit a poly graph, voice stress analysis, psychological stress evaluator, or similar “honesty” test, of an employee or prospective employ ee, except for a test using a device that records both cardio vascular and respiratory patterns visually, permanently, and simultaneously. Any employer-employee agreement offering employment, pay, or job benefits in return for taking such a test is void. For permitted tests, the employee must be told that taking the test is voluntary and written consent is re quired. No questions may be asked on sexual practices, reli gious or political beliefs, marital relationship, or labor union activities. Public and private sector employees have the right to in spect and make corrections to their personnel files and medi cal records at least twice a year, or as provided in a collective bargaining agreement, during normal working hours or other reasonable time, at a convenient location. The employee may also authorize a union representative to inspect the records when a grievance is pending. Certain records are excluded, such as letters of reference, records relating to a criminal in Labor relations. The employment, recruitment, or transporta tion of strikebreakers to replace employees where a strike or lockout exists is prohibited, with criminal penalties provided for violation. Persons or firms found in violation of the National Labor Relations Act on at least three occasions during the past five years are not to be awarded State contracts for a three-year period. Other laws. Employers are prohibited from discharging or dis ciplining an employee for absence due to jury service. Viola tors may be fined and may be required to make full restitution to the employee, including reinstatement and back pay. Preference in State purchasing is to be given to Americanmade materials to the extent possible. Wyoming Occupational safety and health. Civil and criminal penalty pro visions were modified to conform closely to those in the Fed eral Occupational Safety and Health Act. ------ FOOTNOTE ' The legislatures did not meet this year in Arkansas, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, and Texas. Abbreviated sessions were held in Missouri, New Hampshire, New Mexico, and Utah, but no significant labor legislation was enacted. Compulsory school, compulsory work At a very early date in colonial history the need for workers led to child labor legislation, meant to insure that children as well as adults should contribute to the general welfare. The court of Massachusetts Bay in 1641 ordered that all heads of families should see that their children and servants should be industriously employed . . . But this was not to be at the expense of the children’s education. In 1642, chosen men were empowered to take account of the calling and em ployment of the children . . . In 1647, it was ordered in Massachu setts that schoolmasters should be appointed in every town to teach the children. Similar legislation . . . was adopted in most of the New England colonies. — Summary o f the Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Bulletin 175 (U.S, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1916), p. 228. 34 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Legislative revisions of unemployment insurance in 1980 Many States adopted pension offset provisions but made few other changes; Alaska and Pennsylvania tightened qualifying requirements and disqualification provisions and increased the tax rates D ia n a Runner In September 1980, Congress made amendments to Fed eral unemployment insurance law requirements which modified the pension deduction provision; specified cir cumstances in which extended benefits are not payable on interstate claims; and increased the service time nec essary for former members of the Armed Forces to es tablish entitlement to unemployment compensation. Under an amendment to the Federal Unemployment Tax Act, the pension deduction provision was liberal ized. It had required States to reduce an individual’s weekly benefits by the weekly prorated amount of any pension, annuity, or similar payment that he or she re ceived for claims filed on or after April 6, 1980. The amendment (effective September 26, 1980) requires States to offset a pension only if such pension, retire ment or retired pay, annuity, or similar periodic pay ment is under a plan maintained (or contributed to) by a base period or chargeable employer. This law also permitted States to take into consideration the amount of the individual’s pension contributions when reducing benefits. The Federal State Extended Unemployment Compen sation Act was amended to prohibit payment of extend ed benefits pursuant to an interstate claim if it was filed in an agent-State where an extended benefit period was not in effect. The U.S. civil code now requires a service member to have 365 days or more of active service in order to be Diana Runner is an unemployment program specialist in the Office of Research, Legislation and Program Polices, Employment and Train ing Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis eligible for unemployment compensation instead of the former 90-day period. This amendment applies with re spect to any new claims filed on or after October 1, 1980. In general, State legislatures took very little action this year, except for Alaska and Pennsylvania where ex tensive changes were made. Twenty States adopted con forming pension reduction provisions.1 Weekly benefit amounts changed in seven States and five States amended their qualifying wage requirements. Disqualifi cation provisions changed in eight States with most States adopting requalifying work requirements. Financing provisions were amended in several States and most raised the maximum tax rates or made pro vision for extra assessments to strengthen their trust funds, or did both. The following is a summary of some significant changes in State unemployment insurance laws during 1980. Alabama Disqualification. The penalty for fraud was increased to a fine of not less than $50 or more than $500 (formerly $250) or im prisonment for no longer than 12 months (formerly 3 months), or both. However, prosecution must begin within 3 years from date of offense. Alaska Benefits. The qualifying wages were increased from base peri od wages of $750 with $100 outside high quarter to base peri od wages of $1,000 in at least two quarters. The maximum weekly benefit amount rose from $90 to $150 and the mini mum from $18 to $34. A claimant may also receive $24 a 35 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Revisions in Unemployment Insurance in 1980 week for each dependent, not to exceed $72. Benefit duration changed from 14 to 28 weeks to 16 to 26 weeks depending on the claimant’s earnings ratio. For purposes of computing the weekly benefit amount, individuals who were paid 90 percent or more of their base period wages in only one calendar quar ter shall have their base period computed as wages paid in the quarters of their base period, other than the one in which the greatest amount of wages were paid, multiplied by 10. Howev er, those who were paid less than 90 percent of wages in one calendar quarter use all wages paid to them during the base period. Partial benefits will be payable to an individual in an amount equal to the weekly benefit amount, less 75 percent of remuneration that is in excess of $50. Formerly, the amount disregarded was that in excess of $10 or one-half of the week ly benefit amount. An individual is considered unemployed in a week in which he performs no services for remuneration or in a week of less than full-time work, if the salary is not more than 1-1/3 times his weekly benefit amount (excluding depen dent’s allowances) plus $50 (formerly $10 or 1-1/2 times weekly benefit amount, whichever was greater). Disqualification. In addition to the current 6 weeks disqual ification for voluntary quit, discharge for misconduct, and re fusal of suitable work, an individual will have his maximum po tential benefits reduced. This will be by the lesser of an amount equal to three times his weekly benefit amount (excluding de pendents’ allowances) or the amount of unpaid bene fits to which he is entitled. However, the disqualification may be removed if an individual earns at least eight times the week ly benefit amount. A person is disqualified for any week of un employment during which he or she attends an estab lished school providing academic instruction of 10 credit hours or more per week. This disqualification will be in effect until he or she is no longer attending classes if the period of nonattendance lasts 60 days or more. Alaska also adopted a pension reduction provision. The disqualification for misrepre sentation was changed to continue for not less than 6 nor more than 52 weeks (formerly 26) in all cases. The penalties for fraud were changed to a class B misdemeanor for an indi vidual, a class A misdemeanor for an employing unit. Financing. The taxable wage base for 1981 and 1982 will be determined as 60 percent of the average annual wage comput ed to the nearest multiple of $100, and for 1983 and thereaf ter, 75 percent. The standard tax rate of 2.7 percent was deleted and employers not eligible for a computed rate will pay one equal to that of the average industry. An employer’s contribution rate may not be less than 1.0 or more than 6.5 percent. Formerly, the range was 0.6 to 5.5 percent. Each em ployer’s rate of contribution will be 82 percent of the average benefit cost, multiplied by the employer’s experience factor. A further solvency contribution rate was added which may not be less than zero or more than 1.1 percent, although the solvency rate may not change more than 0.3 percent from year to year. The solvency rate is payable whenever the re serve rate (the ratio of the amount in the fund available for benefits to contributing employer payrolls) falls below 3.2 per cent. Effective January 1, 1981, each employee will pay a con tribution rate equal to 18 percent of the average benefit cost rate, rounded to the nearest 0.1 percent. Employee rates may not be less than 0.5 or more than 1.0 percent. Administration. The period of time for appeal of an initial de termination or an appeal tribunal decision was extended from 10 to 15 days. 36 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Arizona Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit was increased from $90 to $95. Colorado Coverage. Coverage was extended for unemployment insurance purposes to employees of church-related schools. Connecticut Benefits. The weekly dependency allowance was raised from $5 to $10 per dependent for up to five dependents. Disqualification. The disqualification for refusal of suitable work was changed from the week of refusal and the next 4 weeks to the duration of unemployment, and until the claim ant earns at least six times his weekly benefit amount. Also, a pension offset provision was adopted which conforms to the Federal law. Administration. The time limit for filing an appeal from an ini tial determination was extended from 14 to 21 days and from 15 to 22 days for a referee’s decision. Delaware Disqualification. It adopted a pension offset provision which conforms to the Federal law. District of Columbia Disqualification. It adopted a pension offset provision which conforms to the Federal law. Florida Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit amount was increased from $95 to $105. Financing. The law provides that, if an employee is terminated during a probationary period (up to 60 days), any benefits re ceived as a result of employment during this period will be noncharged (seasonal employers are excluded). Coverage. The exclusion of aliens performing agricultural labor was extended to January 1, 1982. Disqualification. The law was amended to provide that in ad dition to benefits under the Social Security Act or a disability program, any other similar periodic payment based on previ ous work of the individual will be considered as retirement in come. This will be deductible from the weekly benefit amount. Georgia Financing. An employer’s experience rating account shall not be charged for benefits paid to an individual working part time if the employer provided base period part-time employ ment and continues to provide part-time work to the same ex tent as in the base period. The employer must also be an interested party because of the employment loss and furnish timely information to the agency. Disqualification. The State adopted a pension reduction provi sion which conforms to the Federal law. Hawaii Disqualification. It adopted a pension reduction provision which conforms to the Federal law. Idaho Benefits. High-quarter wages needed to qualify for benefits were increased from $415.01 to $910.01. Disqualification. The State adopted a pension reduction provi sion which conforms to the Federal law. Coverage. The exclusion of aliens performing agricultural labor was extended to January 1, 1982. Administration. The second-level appeal body was changed from a board to a commission. The period of time in which a nonfraud overpayment is considered uncollectible was in creased from 3 to 5 years. Illinois Benefits. The minimum weekly benefit amount was changed from $15 to 15 percent of the statewide average weekly wage. Earnings disregarded in the computation of partial benefits changed from wages in excess of $7 to those in excess of 50 percent of his weekly benefit amount. Disqualification. The definition of “voluntary leaving” was amended to provide that such quit must be attributable to the employer except in the following cases: (1) quitting because of illness, or illness of a child, spouse or parent, (2) to accept an other bona fide job or to take a job which lasts 2 weeks or longer and pays at least two times the weekly benefit amount, (3) in lieu of bumping another employee, (4) because of sexual harassment on the job of which employer had knowledge, and (5) quitting after accepting a job considered to be unsuitable under a specified section of Illinois law. The availability for work requirement was tightened to provide that an employer must only give a reason, or reasons, why an employee may not be available for work or actively seeking work. Also, the State adopted a pension offset provision which conforms to the Federal law. Financing. Relief from charges to the employer’s account is provided where the claimant voluntarily quit, took another job, and held it long enough to earn six times the weekly bene fit amount and then was separated from the new work. Administration. An “equity and good conscience” exemption in nonfault benefit overpayment recoupment is provided. When amounts are recouped by offset against current benefits, the amount of offset may not be allowed to exceed 25 percent (previously 50 percent) of weekly benefit amount. The time period for appeals from determinations of claims adjudicators and referees has been extended from 14 to 30 days. Indiana Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit amount was increased from $74 to $84 for an individual with no dependents; from $87 to $99 with one dependent; from $99 to $113 with two dependents; from $112 to $128 with three dependents; and from $124 to $141 with four dependents or more. Also, the minimum weekly benefit amount went from $35 to $40. Quali fying requirements were changed from wages of at least $300 in the last two quarters of the base period and total wages of $500 in the base period to at least $900 in the last two quar ters of the base period and total wages of at least $1,500 throughout the four quarters of the base period. Disqualification. An individual will be considered unavailable for work with respect to any week in which he or she is sus https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis pended for misconduct in connection with the work. Former ly, the determination of unavailability could not exceed the week of suspension and the 5 calendar weeks immediately fol lowing. Previous conditions for disqualification for voluntary quit, discharge for misconduct, and refusal of suitable work were: the week of occurrence and until the claimant earns at least eight times the weekly benefit amount. The week of oc currence rule remains in effect, but now the claimant must earn remuneration in employment equal to or exceeding his weekly benefit amount in each of the 8 weeks. Indiana added to the disqualification for refusal of suitable work that it will apply whenever an individual fails to accept suitable work at any time after he or she is notified of a separation. Labor dis pute disqualification was amended to apply when someone’s unemployment is caused by a labor dispute (previously, a stoppage of work that exists because of a labor dispute) at a factory, establishment, or other premises at which the person was last employed. A claimant may not be disqualified for voluntary leaving if he leaves prior work for better employ ment and works at the new job for not less than 10 weeks (formerly 8); or if employed by two persons but leaves one employer and remains employed by the second for at least 10 weeks (previously 8). This would be subsequent to leaving the first employer. “Gross misconduct” was redefined as including only a felony or misdemeanor committed in connection with work. In the past, the law included explicit examples of the kind of behavior considered gross misconduct. Kansas Disqualification. The pension offset provision conforming to the Federal requirement was adopted. This State repealed the provision canceling all wage credits earned prior to the date on which felony charges are brought against an individual for job-related gross misconduct. Kentucky Disqualification. The “voluntary leaving” language was tight ened to restrict good cause to that attributable to the employ er. The disqualification for refusal of suitable work and discharge for misconduct changed from a variable disqualifi cation to one of duration. The special disqualification for the duration of unemployment of a person who quits work to marry, attend school, or become self-employed was repealed. Kentucky adopted a pension reduction provision which con forms to Federal law. The time during which recovery of overpayments will be pursued was increased from 3 to 5 years. However, if the payments were obtained through fraud, no future benefits may be paid to that individual for 10 years. Financing. The State added a new schedule of rates—ranging from 1.3 to 6.7 percent—to go into effect when the fund sol vency factor is less than 0.4 or the trust fund is below $100 million. No employer’s rate shall be less than 2.7 percent pro vided the fund solvency factor equals 0.4, nor will it be less than 3.0 percent if the factor is less than 0.4 or the trust fund is below $100 million. Maryland Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit amount increased from $106 to $120 and the minimum went up from $10 to $25. The qualifying requirement was raised from high-quarter wages of $192.01 to $576.01. Disqualification. The voluntary leaving disqualification was amended to provide that it is not good cause to voluntarily 37 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Revisions in Unemployment Insurance in 1980 leave work to become self-employed, accompany or join a spouse, or to attend an educational institution. The refusal of suitable work disqualification was amended to apply for the week of refusal and will continue for from 4 to 9 weeks (for merly 1 to 10). The State adopted the pension reduction pro vision conforming to a Federal requirement. Financing. The maximum tax rate moved up from 5.0 to 6.0 percent and the adjustment that could be made to an employ er’s tax was limited (beginning July 1, 1980) to an increase of 1.5 percent. The fund balance level at which the least favor able tax schedule would become effective (based on ratio be tween fund balance and total taxable wages) changed from 3.5 to 3.6 percent. Also, the percentage by which an employer’s rate would be increased under this schedule was reduced from 3.0 to 2.7 percent. Administration. The time period for filing with the Board of Appeals increased from 7 to 15 days. Massachusetts Disqualification. It adopted a pension reduction provision which conforms to the Federal law. Michigan Disqualification. It adopted a pension reduction provision which conforms to the Federal law. Minnesota Disqualification. The voluntary leaving disqualification ex cludes separation from employment because of its temporary nature or inability to pass a test or to meet performance stan dards necessary for continuation of employment. Financing. A reimbursing employer will not be charged for benefits paid to a part-time employee, if the employer contin ues to provide part-time work equal to at least 90 percent of the part-time employment provided in the base period, and is an interested party because of a job loss of other employment. Also, the law provides for noncharging both contributing and reimbursing employers for unemployment directly caused by a major disaster (if the individual would have been eligible for Disaster Unemployment Assistance but for receipt of unem ployment benefits). Mississippi Financing. Benefits may be noncharged to an employer’s expe rience rating record if an individual was terminated during a probationary period. Missouri Financing. Benefits based on part-time work may be non charged if the employer continues to employ individuals on a part-time basis. The maximum contribution rate payable by negative account employers was reduced from 6.0 to 4.4 per cent. Nebraska Disqualification. A modified pension offset provision was adopted which applies to base period or chargeable employ ers. The provision which disqualified an individual who was discharged from military service or released from active duty after 20 years or more of service, and who has not been employed since discharge or release, was deleted. 38 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis New Jersey Disqualification. The State adopted a pension offset provision which conforms to the Federal law. Ohio Disqualification. The voluntary leaving disqualification was amended to provide for removal of disqualification if an indi vidual voluntarily quits to accept a recall from a prior em ployer, or to accept other work. He or she must begin this new job within 7 calendar days, plus earn wages equal to one and one-half times his or her average weekly wage or $180 in 3 weeks of such work. In addition, a pension offset provision which conforms to the Federal law was adopted. Oklahoma Disqualification. A claimant who makes a false misrepresenta tion to obtain benefits shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and fined $50, but not more than $500. Administration, a waiver of nonfraud overpayments for equity and good conscience was deleted. Pennsylvania Coverage. The exclusion from coverage of aliens performing agricultural labor was extended to January 1, 1982. Benefits. The provision which allowed a claimant with insuffi cient wage credits to elect to have the base period consist of the four completed calendar quarters preceding the first day of the benefit year was deleted. The step-down provision was reduced from four to three lower levels on the benefit sched ule. The duration of benefits was changed from a uniform 30 weeks to a variable period as follows: an individual earning $50 or more per week for 18 to 23 weeks will collect a maxi mum of 26 weeks of benefits and someone earning $50 or more for 24 weeks is eligible for 30 weeks of benefits. The weekly minimum was increased from $13 to $35 with wages of $800 (formerly $120) in one quarter, and total base period wages of $1,230 (formerly $440). The qualifying requirement —that a person with base year wages of less than $600 must have earned such wages during 18 weeks within his base year —was deleted. A 1-week waiting period was reinstated and is reimbursable after the claimant has been paid benefits equal to four times his weekly benefit amount. Disqualification. An individual will be disqualified for any week in which he fails to accept an offer of suitable full-time work in order to pursue seasonal or part-time work. However, one will not be disqualified for refusal of suitable work when the offer is made by his employer. Also, he is not required to accept the offer pursuant to terms of a union contract or agreement, or an established employer plan, program, or poli cy. An eligible claimant shall not be denied unemployment benefits for any week when he is exercising the option of ac cepting a layoff from an available position (pursuant to a union contract or an established employer plan, program, or policy). Nor will he be denied for voluntarily leaving in lieu of exercising this option. The disqualification applicable to a per son who leaves work to accompany a spouse to a new locality or because of a marital, filial, or other domestic circumstance was repealed. The State adopted a pension offset provision which conforms to the Federal law; and any overpayment which occurs as a direct result of a retroactive implementation will be considered nonfault and nonrecoupable and thus, will not be collected. Financing. The taxable wage base will increase from $6,000 to $6,300 for 1980 and 1981, and to $6,600 for 1982 and thereaf ter. The maximum contribution rate was raised from 4.0 to 4.75 percent for 1980 and 1981, and to 4.9 percent for 1982 and thereafter. Also, the rate of contribution for newly liable construction employers (until they become experience rated) was upped from 4.0 to 6.5 percent for 1980 and 1981, and 6.6 percent for 1982 and thereafter. The rate of contribution for other newly liable employers was increased from 2.0 to 3.5 percent until they become experience rated. The State adjust ment factor for 1980 and 1981 will be 1.75 percent and for 1982 and thereafter, recomputed annually but not to exceed 1.9 percent (formerly 1.7). If the adjustment factor for 1980 and for each year thereafter exceeds 1.7 percent (previously 1.0), such excess over 1.75 percent for 1980 and 1981 and 1.9 percent for 1982 shall be added to the computed factor. Em ployers whose total benefit costs exceeded their total contribu tions (negative reserve accounts), and who elected to write off the negative amount and have their reserve accounts adjusted, shall pay contributions for 3 years. These will be at a rate of 4.75 percent (was 4.0) for 1980 and 1981 and 4.9 percent for 1982 and thereafter. Employers who elected in 1978, 1979, or 1980 to have their reserve accounts adjusted will be required to pay contributions of 4.75 percent for 1980 and 1981 and 4.9 percent for 1982 or after. An additional contribution rate was added (excluding new employers) which entitles certain employers with a positive reserve account balance to a reduc tion in their contribution rate (0.1 to 0.4 percent); and an in crease with a negative reserve account balance (0.1 to 0.7 percent), depending on the relationship of the employer’s re serve account balance to his or her average annual payroll. Also, an additional contribution was added for employers (ex cept newly liable employers) equal to 1.0 percent of their tax able wages. However, this surcharge can be reduced by up to 0.9 percent if the additional repayment procedure under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act is in effect. Rhode Island Coverage. Services performed by an individual under the age of 22 enrolled in a full-time work-study program at a nonprof it or public educational institution (that maintains a faculty and an organized body of students) is excluded from coverage. That is, unless the services are performed in a program established on behalf of the employer. weighted schedule of 1/26 to 1/30 to 1/26 to 1/31. Disqualification. The requalifying earnings requirement for vol untary leaving increased from five to ten times the weekly benefit amount. Financing. Two new rate schedules were added to the two schedules already provided. The highest rates, ranging from 0.75 to 4.4 percent, will be in effect when the balance in the trust fund is under $200 million. The lowest rates, 0.25 to 3.9 percent, will be in effect when the balance is over $350 mil lion. Formerly, the maximum tax rate was 4.0 percent and the minimum rate 0.3 percent, and the schedule in effect for the year (1 of 2 schedules) depended on whether the balance in the trust fund was below a minimum of $165 million or exceeded a maximum of $250 million. Vermont Disqualification. It adopted a pension offset provision which conforms to the Federal law. Virginia Coverage. The exclusion of aliens performing agricultural labor was extended to January 1, 1982. Disqualification. Benefits will be denied to nonprofessional school employees between 2 successive academic years if they performed services in the first of the terms or years. And they must have a contract to perform such services in the second academic year or term. Financing. The maximum contribution rate was increased from 3.2 to 4.5 percent and that for delinquent employers, from 3.2 to 4.5 percent. The rate at which newly covered em ployers will be taxed advanced from 1.0 to 2.0 percent. A 100 percent emergency adjustment factor was added, which will trigger on at the end of any calendar month, if the trust fund balance falls below $75 million and the Governor determines the adjustment is necessary. This factor applies to all existing tax rates, and it will remain in effect until the trust fund bal ance equals or exceeds $125 million. The general assembly de termines the need for continuing, modifying, or deleting the factor. Disqualification. Voluntarily leaving work with good cause shall include sexual harassment against members of either sex. Administration. The time period for filing an appeal from an initial determination or an appeal tribunal’s decision was ex tended from 14 to 21 days. South Carolina Disqualification. It adopted a pension offset provision which conforms to the Federal law. Washington Benefits. The minimum weekly benefit amount will be deter mined as 15 percent of the average weekly wage for the preceding calendar year. South Dakota Disqualification. It adopted a pension offset provision which conforms to the Federal law. Tennessee Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit amount was increased from $100 to $110 and the minimum from $14 to $20. Also, the computation of the weekly benefit amount changed from a Disqualification. A pension offset provision which conforms to the Federal law was adopted. Benefits will be denied to school employees during an established vacation or holiday recess, if they performed such services before the vacation or holiday and have a reasonable assurance of performing services after wards. The between-terms denial will also apply to employees of educational service agencies. □ FOOTNOTE 1 Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Ver mont, and Washington. Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nebraska, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 39 Productivity trends in the ball and roller bearing industry During 1958- 79, annual productivity increased an average o f 2 .7 percent, slightly above manufacturing as a whole; increase was linked to the adoption o f improved production equipment J a m e s D . Y o r k a n d E l m e r S. P e r s i g e h l As measured by output per employee-hour, productivity in the ball and roller bearing industry grew at an aver age annual rate of 2.7 percent during 1958-79, slightly more than the 2.6 percent rate for all manufacturing.1 This rise was associated with average annual increases of 3.5 percent in output and 0.8 percent in employeehours. (See table 1.) The adoption of electronic control equipment to run production machinery, coupled with continuing improvements in this machinery, has also been an important factor in the productivity gains in this industry. The period of 1958-79 was characterized by rapid productivity growth in the early years, followed by slower growth in later years, and most recently, a drop in 1979. From 1958-66, output per employee-hour in creased at an average annual rate of 6.2 percent. Output increased at a rate of 10.6 percent, greatly outpacing that of employee-hours, 4.2 percent. During this period, output growth benefitted from a rapid increase in indus trial production. Because a wide variety of industrial products utilize bearings, the growth in manufacturing output meant a rising demand for them. From 1966 to 1979 productivity growth proceeded more slowly than in earlier years, growing at a rate of 1.6 percent annually. During this period, productivity changes experienced several cyclical swings. Productivi ty declined from 1966 to 1970 at an average annual rate of 0.9 percent, while output decreased at a rate of 3.4 percent, and employee-hours, 2.5 percent. The decline in output reflected the downturn in the economy during James D. York and Elmer S. Persigehl are economists in the Division of Industry Productivity Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 40 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1970, but as the economy recovered, the demand for ball and roller bearings increased rapidly. Productivity advanced continuously from 1970 to 1974, rising at a high average annual rate of 5.8 percent. Output rose at a rate of 8.6 percent, greatly outpacing that of employ ee-hours, 2.6 percent. In 1975, however, industry output declined sharply as a downturn in the economy resulted in decreased con sumption of bearings. During 1974-75, output dropped by more than 17 percent, which greatly exceeded the decline in employee-hours, and resulted in a 6.4-percent productivity drop. Productivity growth was resumed gradually after 1975, increasing by only 1.7 percent in 1976 and 1.3 in 1977. However, in 1978, productivity rose by 4.9 per cent, but in 1979, it declined 1.6 percent as output growth (4.0 percent) was exceeded by that of employeehours (5.7 percent). Numerous industry markets Bearings are used to reduce the friction between mov ing parts of machines or various types of equipment. Because so many different products have moving parts, the overall market for bearings is very diverse. Al though no individual segment has been predominant in determining output trends, certain types of machinery and equipment have accounted for major shares of the market. The most significant market for bearings is the motor vehicle and equipment industry. Nearly two-thirds of the domestic consumption of tapered roller bearings, for example, is accounted for by the automotive and related industries.2 From 1958 to 1978, the output of motor ve- Table 1. Productivity and related indexes for the ball and roller bearings industry, 1958-79 [1967 = 100] Output per employee-hour Year 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... Employee-hours All employ ees Produc tion workers Nonpro duction workers Output All employ ees Produc tion workers Nonpro duction workers 60.8 76.2 74.7 76.8 83.5 84.9 91.4 103.8 104.0 100.0 103.6 101.3 98.6 102.1 113.7 119.4 121.1 113.4 115.3 116.8 122.6 120.6 61.7 73.8 74.3 77.2 82.8 86.1 91.4 102.7 102.6 100.0 106.1 102.9 102.7 107.7 115.8 119.9 122.0 117.5 118.8 120.7 125.9 121.9 57.3 87.0 76.4 75.3 86.7 80.1 91.3 108.4 109.8 100.0 94.6 95.3 85.1 85.0 106.3 117.0 117.8 99.8 103.7 104.1 111.2 115.6 39.8 62.4 57.2 55.4 66.4 68.4 78.0 95.0 106.6 100.0 99.1 101.8 88.7 80.8 96.0 111.5 113.8 94.2 95.5 101.3 107.4 111.7 65.5 81.9 76.6 72.1 79.5 80.6 85.3 91.5 102.5 100.0 95.7 100.5 90.0 79.1 84.4 93.4 94.0 83.1 82.8 86.7 87.6 92.6 64.5 84.5 77.0 71.8 80.2 79.4 85.3 92.5 103.9 100.0 93.4 98.9 86.4 75.0 82.9 93.0 93.3 80.2 80.4 83.9 85.3 91.6 69.4 71.7 74.9 73.6 76.6 85.4 85.4 87.6 97.1 100.0 104.8 106.8 104.2 95.1 90.3 95.3 96.6 94.4 92.1 97.3 96.6 96.6 Average annual rates of change (in percent) 1958-79 . . . 1974-79 . . . 2.7 0.7 2.9 0.6 2.0 0.7 3.5 1.0 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.4 1.5 0.4 hides and equipment increased at an average annual rate of 5.6 percent and this provided an important source of demand for the output of the bearings indus try. Motor vehicles is not the only transportation related industry which has provided an important end use for bearings. The manufacturers of aircraft, and aircraft en gines and equipment consume large quantities of bear ings, as does the railroad equipment industry. The current dollar value of bearings purchased in 1977 (the latest year for which data are available) for the produc tion of railroad equipment was nearly nine times the amount purchased in 1958. The use of bearings in construction machinery has also provided a strong source of demand. Between 1958 and 1977, the value of bearings consumed in the pro duction of construction machinery increased almost sev en-fold, reaching nearly $120 million. Other important markets for bearings include farm machinery and equip ment and industrial machinery, such as machine tools. Rising imports have meant heightened competition for domestic markets. The benefits of large production volume possessed by the largest domestic manufacturers are also enjoyed by some foreign producers. For exam ple, SKF of Sweden, produces approximately 20 percent of the world’s bearings (including domestic U.S. opera tions).3 At least two Japanese companies, Nippon Seiko and NTN Toyo Bearing Company, also have produc tion capacities which rival those of the largest U.S. pro ducers. The market for commodity type bearings (those https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis used in commercial products such as household appli ances) has already been deeply penetrated by foreign producers.4 Imports have captured a rising proportion of the domestic bearings market— about 13 percent in 1978.5 As imports have increased, some evidence sug gests that they are acting as another incentive for do mestic producers to continue improving the efficiency of their production facilities.6 Employment patterns change The role of large establishments has diminished from 1958 to 1979, affecting their employment patterns. In 1958, there were 13 establishments with 1,000 employ ees or more, accounting for 60 percent of the industry’s value added. In 1977, the number of this type of estab lishment dropped to 11, but their share of industry val ue added had fallen to about 48 percent. For the period as a whole, employment in the ball and roller bearings industry increased slightly, on an average annual basis, at a rate of 0.6 percent. Employ ment in 1979 was nearly 59,000 compared with about 44,000 in 1958, with the most rapid growth in the early part of the period. From 1958-66, the average annual rate of increase was 3.3 percent. Employment increased in every year except 1960 and 1961. A large increase, 10.2 percent, took place in 1966, the year which marked the end of the growth trend in industry employment. During 1966-69, employment remained fairly stable, followed by a decline in subsequent years. Employment decreased at an average annual rate of 0.5 percent from 1969 to 1979. Decreases were recorded in 4 years of this subperiod with the largest decline, 13.4 percent, in 1971. Nonproduction workers have gradually increased their proportion of total industry employment. During 1958-79, nonproduction workers increased at an aver age annual rate of 1.4 percent, while production work ers increased at a rate of only 0.4. The adoption of improved production equipment has enabled producers to increase output without proportionately increasing production worker employment. However, nonpro duction workers have not been as strongly affected by technological advances. Technology improves Continual improvements in production equipment have contributed greatly to the industry’s productivity gains. Bearings consist of several components— the balls or rollers, the separator which keeps them in place, and an inner and outer ring. The balls (or rollers) are enclosed between the two rings and move within a groove, or raceway, cut into each of the rings. There may also be a seal for the bearing lubricant and some form of handle, or housing, to serve as an attachment. The balls are given their initial shape in a heading 41 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Productivity in Ball Bearings operation where raw material is forced into header dies. The speed of the ball header equipment has been in creasing over the years, aiding productivity. The devel opment and adoption of better die materials has extended the life of the dies used in this operation, help ing to reduce downtime. The excess metal remaining on the balls after the heading operation must be removed by soft grinding. The adoption of meehanite plates has increased grinding speed in this operation, and has also eliminated the need for any secondary grinding. The production of other components, such as the in ner and outer rings, has benefitted from changes in the automatic screw machine, which turns out the basic blanks. Mechanical improvements have been incorporat ed into this machine; the use of increasingly better ma terials in the cutting tools has led to greater cutting speeds. Improvements in the cutting oils have also in creased cutting speeds and have reduced downtime. Many producers have adopted electronic equipment to control the operation of the automatic screw machine. Without such controls, the operator must periodically test blanks for precise size and then stop the machine to make any necessary adjustments, resulting in lost pro duction. Where electronic equipment is used to control the machine, the necessary adjustments are made in a continuous fashion, thus avoiding periodic shutdowns. The electronic controls themselves have been improved over time, reflected in additional productivity gains. The cutting performed on the blanks by the automat ic screw machine may need to be supplemented by a secondary cutting operation, in which screw holes may be drilled or burrs removed from faulty blanks. Better cutting tools and adoption of electronic controls have aided productivity. More sophisticated machines permit additional cutting operations to be carried on simulta neously. The various bearing components must be subjected to a heat treatment process to develop the necessary hard ness. Great improvements in furnaces have increased effi ciency in the heat treating operation. Changes in gas burners and electric elements have permitted tempera tures to be raised much faster. Improvements in timing and heat controls have also increased the speed with which blanks can be heat-treated. The use of atmos phere-controlled, continuous rotary retort furnaces has enabled producers to harden balls on a continuous flow basis, a step up from earlier batch methods. After heat treatment, the bearing blanks are tempered to remove the stresses and strains from the steel. Tem pering furnaces have been improved in many of the same ways as the heat treatment type, further contribut ing to productivity gains. The various bearing components must be ground to extremely precise tolerances. The balls, after being soft ground, must undergo a hard grinding operation, which follows heat treatment. Other components such as the inner and outer rings, must also be precision ground. Advancements in ball handling equipment and in much of the grinding equipment have contributed to produc tivity gains. Qualitative changes in the grinding equip ment itself include improved bearings, gearing, and cutting tools. Improvements in materials handling equipment such as cranes, forklifts, and conveyors have developed over the years. In addition, the adoption of automatic equip ment has helped to increase efficiency in the packaging of the bearings for shipment. Continued productivity gains likely Increasing competition from foreign producers is like ly to spur domestic manufacturers to strive for further production efficiencies. More widespread adoption of electronic control equipment should be accompanied by continued me chanical improvements in production machinery. Exper imentation by several firms with a new ring-roll forming process may lead to a reduction in machine downtime.7 This system uses coldforming rather than cutting to make bearing rings. The current sales boom enjoyed by the industry should mean continued growth in output and possible increases in defense spending could lead to additional output demand. Faced with the prospect of strong mar kets, some producers have already announced plans for new production facilities. The opening of more modern plants should have a favorable effect on industry pro ductivity. □ FOOTNOTES ' The ball and roller bearing industry is composed of establishments 3“A Low-Profit Boom for Makers of Bearings,” Business Week, Oc primarily engaged in manufacturing ball and roller bearings (including tober 1979, p. 160. ball or roller bearing pillow blocks, flange, take-up cartridge, and 4 “A Low-Profit Boom,” p. 160. hanger units) and parts. The industry is designated as SIC 3562 in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1972. All average annual 5 U.S. Industrial Outlook (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1980), rates of change are based on the linear least squares trend of the loga p. 239. rithms of the index numbers. Extension of the indexes will appear in 6 U.S., p. 166. the annual BLS Bulletin, Productivity Indexes for Selected Industries. 2 “Tapered Roller Bearings and Certain Components Thereof From 7 U.S. Industrial Outlook (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1979), Japan,” (U. S. International Trade Commission, January 1975), p. 6. p. 251. 42 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis APPENDIX: Measurement techniques and limitations Indexes of output per employee-hour measure chang es in the relation between the output of an industry and employee-hours expended on that output. An index of output per employee-hour is derived by dividing an in dex of output by an index of industry employee-hours. The preferred output index for manufacturing indus tries would be obtained from data on quantities of the various goods produced by the industry, each weighted (multiplied) by the employee-hours required to produce one unit of each good in some specified base period. Thus, those goods which require more labor time to produce are given more importance in the index. In the absence of adequate physical quantity data, the output index for this industry was constructed by a deflated value technique. The value of shipments of the various product classes were adjusted for price changes by appropriate Producer Price Indexes to derive real https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis output measures. These, in turn, were combined with employee-hour weights to derive the overall output measure. These procedures result in a final output index that is conceptually close to the preferred output mea sure. Employment and employee-hour indexes were derived from BLS data. Employees and employee-hours are each considered homogeneous and additive, and thus do not reflect changes in the qualitative aspects of labor such as skill and experience. The indexes of output per employee-hour do not meas ure any specific contributions, such as that of labor or capital. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of factors, for example, changes in technology, capital investment, capacity utilization, plant design and layout, skill and ef fort of the work force, managerial ability, and labormanagement relations. 43 Communications Do foreign-owned U.S. firms practice unconventional labor relations? C h a r l e s R . G r e e r a n d Jo h n C . Sh e a r e r Foreign investment in the United States has grown at a rapid rate during recent years. In 1979, there were 437 new investments compared to 358 in 1978 and 274 in 1 9 7 7 1jjjjg growth is due to a number of factors which include a stable political environment, a large market, technical expertise, an alternative to import duties or re strictions, favorable exchange rates, and continued gov ernmental hospitality to foreign investors. The trend is likely to continue. Increased foreign ownership of U.S. companies raises questions about whether such control produces labor relations practices different from those of domestically owned companies. The limited information available on how foreign-owned U.S. companies approach labor rela tions has been somewhat contradictory. Allegedly, some of these companies have demonstrat ed “disregard for established U.S. labor practices . . .”2 The possibility for greater resistance to unions exists, in part, because many foreign-owned U.S. companies are subsidiaries of multinational firms which possess impor tant bargaining advantages, such as the ability to use foreign production to discourage strikes.3 In addition, a recent study of National Labor Relations Board repre sentation elections by the authors reported a slight tend ency for foreign-owned companies to obtain greater per centages of votes than domestically owned companies.4 Others have found no difference in the labor-relations approaches of foreign-owned and domestically owned companies. A U.S. Department of Commerce study by Michael J. Jedel and Duane Kujawa found that nation ality of ownership was generally not a factor on the is sue of union recognition, although Japanese-owned U.S. companies were found to exhibit “a decided perference to remain nonunion.”5 However, they obtained data only from managements of foreign-owned U.S. compaCharles R. Greer is associate professor of management and John C. Shearer is professor of economics at Oklahoma State University, Still water, Oklahoma. Mary Leonard, a graduate assistant, helped in con ducting the survey and analyzing the responses. 44 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis nies and from their corporate headquarters, along with the opinions of a few U.S. employees. Nonetheless, it is very possible that unionization may pose no great prob lem for foreign-owned firms, especially those with Euro pean parent companies, because they have been dealing with unions successfully for many years.6To resolve the questions created by this conflicting evidence, we con ducted surveys of both foreign-owned U.S. companies and U.S. unions. By comparing company responses with those provided by unions, a more complete assess ment of labor relations practices was obtained. Al though some issues were analyzed by asking the companies or unions about specific practices, several is sues were analyzed in a comparative manner by asking the unions how foreign-owned companies compare to domestically owned companies on such matters. The data were obtained through mail questionnaires. Survey structure The survey examined several characteristics of for eign-owned firms which could influence their labor rela tions practices. The extent to which the parent company becomes involved in the management of its U.S. subsidiaries may be the basis for differing approaches to labor relations issues. Thus, the number of home coun try nationals assigned to managerial positions in U.S. operations may be a rough gauge of potential differ ences, and companies were asked to reveal their staffing patterns. Whether the multinational structure of for eign-owned firms influences their approach to U.S. unions was examined by asking about (1) duplicate pro duction facilities overseas, (2) use of foreign production to lessen the impact of U.S. strikes, and (3) use of over seas investment threats or production facility shifts to strengthen their power vis-a-vis the U.S. unions. Evidence of possible differences in resistance to unionization between U.S. and foreign-owned firms was also sought in questions about union experiences. In ad dition, union views of foreign-owned U.S. companies’ bargaining approaches on fringe benefit and personnel management issues were examined. Medical care may be provided by the governments of some countries, but in the United States, medical insurance is an important fringe benefit subject to negotiation. Other bargaining issues with some U.S. standards are grievance proce dures (often culminating in voluntary, private arbitra tion), layoff procedures, and union security agreements. The company sample. Major foreign-owned firms were identified in the Department of Commerce publication, Foreign Investment in the United States, a Report to the Congress.7Those firms that were at least 50 percent for eign-owned, for which addresses could be found, were sent questionnaires. In cases where the address of a holding company could not be identified, questionnaires were sent to one of its major subsidiaries. The list in cluded 57 companies that were 90 to 100 percent for eign-owned and 18 that were 50 to 89 percent foreignowned. Of these firms, 68 were sent questionnaires which were addressed to directors of industrial relations by name, other top executives (when the name of the in dustrial relations director could not be identified), and, finally, when no names could not be identified, simply to directors of industrial relations. To check on the ac curacy of the source list, firms were asked to indicate whether they were at least one-half foreign owned; only these were asked to complete the questionnaire. All of the firms sent questionnaires had 1974 sales of at least $100 million. There were 12 nationalities of par ent companies, predominantly European (47). The most heavily represented nations were the United Kingdom (17), Canada (16), and Germany (9). Other home countries frequently mentioned were the Netherlands/ United Kingdom (7), Switzerland (4), and Japan (3). An overwhelming majority of the firms were involved in manufacturing; predominantly in chemicals, metals, pharmaceuticals, electronics, machinery, and petroleum products. Most of the companies (82.1 percent) have experi enced NLRB representation elections, and most have a substantial number of their U.S. employees represented by unions. All but one of the respondents had some employees represented by unions, and 79.3 percent re ported that at least one-fifth of their employees were unionized. For a majority of companies (55.2 percent), at least 40 percent of their employees were unionized. Most of the respondents (65.5 percent) had conducted U.S. operations for more than 20 years. Thus, the de gree of unionization among most of the firms is not sur prising. On the issue of labor dispute settlement, the majority of the companies (53.6 percent) felt that their approach was middle-of-the-road, and most of the remaining firms (28.6 percent) felt that their approach was innova tive. Only five companies (17.9 percent) characterized their approach to labor relations as conservative. As shown in table 1, very few companies staff man agement jobs exclusively with home-country nationals, although 52.0 percent frequently use such persons as di rectors of U.S. operations and 50.0 percent frequently assign them in executive positions in U.S. operations headquarters. A large proportion of foreign-owned com panies do not use any home-country nationals for man agerial positions in their U.S. subsidiaries, although the Table 1. Use of foreign nationals in management of foreign-owned U.S. firms Never Use of homecountry nationals The union sample. National and international unions were identified in the Department of Labor publication, Register of Reporting Organizations, 1977} The elimina tion of unions not likely to represent employees of for eign-owned firms (such as public-employee unions) and of defunct or merged unions reduced the sample to a total of 141 unions. The questionnaires were addressed to the highest union official whose name was identifiable. The predom inant officials were directors of organizing activity or presidents. In a few cases, secretary/treasurers or vice presidents were the only officials identifiable. In cases where no official could be identified by name, the ques tionnaires were simply addressed to the director of or ganizing activity. Most foreign-owned firms unionized Of the 68 questionnaires sent to companies, 18 were initially returned, and 13 additional responses were re turned in a follow-up survey.9 Thus, a total of 31 ques tionnaires was returned for a response rate of 45.6 percent. Only two responses were from firms with less than one-half foreign ownership, leaving 29 responses for analysis. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Only during plant start-up Frequently Exclusively Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent As directors of U.S. opera tions ........... 8 32.0 2 8.0 13 52.0 2 8.0 In executive positions in U.S. opera tions head quarters . . . . 10 45.5 0 0 11 50.0 1 4.5 As presidents of U.S. subsidi aries ........... 16 66.7 1 4.2 4 16.7 3 12.5 As vice presi dents of U.S. subsidiaries . 17 68.0 0 0 8 32.0 0 0 In executive level positions be low vice pres ident in U.S. subsidiaries . 16 64.0 1 4.0 8 32.0 0 0 In middle man agement posi tions in U.S. subsidiaries 13 65.0 2 10.0 5 25.0 0 0 In front-line supervisory positions in U.S. subsidi aries ........... 23 92.0 1 4.0 0 0 1 4.0 N ote: Significant differences in the distribution of responses occurred at p < .01 level for each question, using a two-tailed x 2 test. 45 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Communications frequency of utilization depends on the level of the posi tion. There is a definite pattern not to use home-country nationals in lower managerial positions. The number and location of a company’s production facilities provide some indication of its potential bargaining power vis-a-vis unions.10 As shown in table 2, most of the companies (72.4 percent) have facilities overseas which duplicate their U.S. facilities. All but one of these firms denied ever using multinational pro duction to discourage strikes in their U.S. operations. However, seven firms (26.9 percent) reported that they would consider using overseas production to discourage strikes. On the issue of multinational bargaining, the vast majority (81.5 percent) reported that the unions representing their U.S. employees have not cooperated with unions in other countries to strengthen their U.S. positions. Furthermore, the majority (77.8 percent) did not expect their unions to increase multinational coop erative efforts. Finally, all of the companies indicated that their unions had not attempted to attract more jobs to the United States by moderating wage demands. This con trasts with the United Auto Workers’ 1978 bargaining strategy with Volkswagen of America that included a wage package substantially lower than the industry standard.11 Although such a strategy apparently has not been duplicated by other unions, Volkswagen’s an nouncement of a second U.S. assembly plant12 may en courage both the UAW and other unions concerned with recapturing “exported” U.S. jobs to pursue the advan tages of a “wage-concession” strategy. Some unions report differences The initial survey of 141 unions produced only 24 re sponses; however, the follow-up produced an additional 26 responses.13The success of the follow-up survey may Table 2. Aspects of bargaining strategies reported by 29 foreign-owned U.S. firms Bargaining-related issue Firms reporting agreement Firms reporting disagreement Number Percent Number Percent Firm or parent firm has production facilities overseas which duplicate U.S. facilities........................................ 21 72.4 8 27.6 Firm has used multinational production to discourage strikes in U.S. facilities .............................................. 1 3.6 27 96.4 Firm would consider using multinational production to discourage strikes in U.S. facilities............................... 7 26.9 19 73.1 U.S. unions with which firm deals have cooperated with unions in other countries to strengthen their U.S. bargaining position ............................. 5 18.5 22 81.5 Unions are expected to increase their efforts to "internationalize” their bar gaining strategy with the f ir m ............. 6 22.2 21 77.8 46 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 3. Number of unions ranking foreign-owned firms relative to U.S.-owned firms in terms of union representation issues Item Greater than Less than U.S.owned firms U.S.-owned firms About the same as U.S.-owned firms Resistance to organizing driv e s ...................................... 15 1 6 Frequency of filing unfair labor practice charges during organizational campaigns . . . . 2 1 8 Success rate of unions in winning NLRB representation elections 0 3 9 1The total membership of the identifiable unions reporting greater resistance is more than 2,800,000. have resulted from an enclosed letter which made a plea for union assistance and noted that the response rate from companies had been much higher. Thus, a total of 50 unions responded to the survey for a response rate of 35.5 percent. Unfortunately, only 13 unions (25.5 per cent) reported that they had any experience in dealing with foreign-owned companies. Although the number of responses from unions with foreign-owned company experience was limited, the responding unions represent a substantial number of union members. The identifiable responding unions with such experience have a combined total membership of more than 5,600,000; 6 unions have individual member ships of more than 400,000.14 Thus, although a limited number of responses was obtained for analysis, these unions represent a substantial proportion of all union ized workers. Table 3 presents data on union percep tions of foreign-owned company approaches to union representation. Although it is difficult to generalize from these re sults, most unions apparently view foreign-owned com panies the same as domestically owned companies in labor relations matters. In organizing drives, unfair la bor practices, and election win ratios, at least 50 per cent of the unions found no difference between foreignowned and U.S.-owned companies. A slight tendency for foreign-owned companies to be more difficult to or ganize could be reflected by the five unions that report ed greater resistance by these companies.15 A recent study of NLRB elections by the authors provides support for such a tendency. Furthermore, indirect support for such an implication may be provided by the manner in which unions classified the bargaining approaches of foreign-owned companies. Most of the unions (66.7 per cent) described the companies’ approaches as conserva tive which could imply some resistance to unionization. The remaining unions classified the companies’ aproaches as middle-of-the-road, and none of the unions classified such approaches as innovative. As noted, 28.6 percent of the companies felt that their approach was Table 4. Number of unions reporting on use of multinational bargaining tactics by foreign-owned U.S. firms Tactic Use of foreign production to undercut U.S. union's bargaining position Threatened use ............................... Actually u s e d .................................... Use of foreign production to undercut U.S. union’s position during a strike Threatened use ............................... Actually u s e d .................................... Movement of U.S. production facilities abroad or new investments abroad to strengthen U.S. bargaining position Threatened to move, invest abroad . Actually moved, invested abroad . . . Firms frequently use tactic 0 0 1 1 0 0 Firms seldom Firms never use tactic use tactic 1 2 1 1 2 2 7 4 5 4 6 5 innovative. Unfortunately, it is not known whether the unions’ and the companies’ definitions of “conservative’' and “innovative” are similar or whether most domesti cally owned firms would have been described as “con servative.” A final indication of differences between U.S. and foreign-owned companies in their approach to union or ganizing is provided by the open-ended comment por tion of the questionnaires. Two large unions had very strong opinions that foreign-owned companies were more difficult to organize. However, two other unions commented that they noted no difference, and a fifth noted, on the basis of hearsay, that there might be a slight pro-union tendency on the part of foreign-owned companies from Western Europe. The data in table 4 report the tactics which unions encounter when dealing with foreign-owned companies. According to most unions, foreign-owned companies do not use overseas production to bolster their bargaining positions or to soften the impact of U.S. strikes. None theless, at least one union reported companies using each of the tactics on an infrequent basis. The data in table 5 indicate that on the issues of grievance frequency, arbitration success, and severity of strike tactics at least 70 percent of the unions have not encountered different behavior on the part of foreignowned companies. Thus, foreign-owned companies ap parently do not differ much from domestically owned companies on such issues. However, grievance settle ment prior to arbitration, authority to settle grievances locally, amount of local autonomy in negotiations, and difficulty in negotiating the first agreement appeared to be less consistent among foreign-owned firms relative to domestic company practices. Five unions reported that foreign-owned companies have less local authority to settle grievances, and four reported that such firms have less freedom in contract negotiations. But, in each case, a majority of the unions reported that foreign firms https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 5. Number of unions ranking foreign-owned firms relative to U.S.-owned firms in terms of negotiation and administration Greater than U.S.-owned firms Item Frequency of reported grievances................................. Willingness to settle grievances prior to arbitration...................... Authority to settle important grievances lo cally...................... Frequency of firm winning in arbitration ................................. Difficulty encountered in negotiating a first collective bargaining agreem ent................................. Amount of local autonomy in nego tiating agreements .................... Severity of strike tactics (lockouts, antiunion publicity, and so on) .. less than U.S.owned firms About the same as U.S.-owned firms 2 1 8 1 3 7 3 5 3 0 1 6 4 1 7 2 4 6 3 0 7 have as much or more authority than domestically owned firms. Some foreign-owned firms appear more difficult to deal with in the first contract negotiation. On most bargaining issues (equal employment oppor tunity, layoffs, layoff allowances, medical benefits, other fringe benefits, support for incomes policies, and linking compensation to productivity), at least two-thirds of the unions indicated that foreign-owned companies do not differ in their approach from domestically owned com panies. (See table 6.) On the remaining two bargaining issues, amount of concern over safety and resistance to union security clauses, unions reported some differences from domestically owned company practices. Table 6. Number of unions ranking foreign-owned firms relative to U.S.-owned firms in terms of their approach to selected bargaining issues Bargaining approach About the same as Greater than I.ess than U.S.-owned firms U.S. owned firms U.S.-owned firms Concern over workplace safety ............................... 2 3 7 Concern over equal employ ment opportunity............... 1 2 8 Reluctance to layoff employees........................ 3 1 8 Willingness to provide lay off allowances, supplemen tal unemployment benefits, or other monetary “ cush ions" for layoffs ............... 1 1 8 Resistance to union secur ity c la uses........................ 4 0 7 Comprehensiveness of medi cal benefits ...................... 0 3 8 Comprehensiveness of bene fits (other than medical) .. 0 3 8 Degree of support for income policies or voluntary wage and price guidelines ......... 4 0 8 Inclination to link compen sation to individual productivity ...................... 4 0 8 47 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Communications of our survey is that many — 5 of 13— responding unions found foreign-owned compa nies somewhat more resistant to organization than do mestically owned companies. Several unions reported that foreign-owned companies provide more difficulty than domestically owned companies in first contract ne gotiations, perhaps reflecting the firms’ caution in an unfamiliar situation. Foreign-owned companies may have less local authority than domestically owned com panies, according to some unions; others reported great er plant autonomy among foreign-owned firms. Thus, other factors such as the home-country experience with unions, firm size, type of industry, age of U.S. opera tions, and workforce composition may influence the ap proach of foreign-owned firms to local decisionmaking. Finally, the unions’ responses provide some evidence that there may be a tendency for foreign-owned compa A n i m p o r t a n t RESULT nies to be more resistant to union security clauses, more supportive of income policies or voluntary wage and price guidelines, and more inclined to link compensa tion to individual productivity than domestically owned companies. In summary, this exploratory survey has found that foreign-owned companies do not differ from domestical ly owned companies in their approach to most labor re lations issues. Nonetheless, there appears to be a slight tendency for some foreign-owned companies to be more difficult to organize than domestically owned compa nies. Likewise, foreign-owned companies tended to dif fer on a few bargaining issues. Thus, although the approaches of foreign-owned and domestically owned companies to labor relations are basically similar, there is evidence of some differences which merit further study. □ FOOTNOTES 1“Foreign Investments Hit High in ’79, Group Says,” The Wall Street Journal, Feb. 5, 1980, p. 8. 1Foreign Direct Investment in the United States, Vol 5, Appendix I, Department of Commerce, (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1976), p. i-x iv . 3Charles Craypo, “Collective Bargaining in the Conglomerate, Mul tinational Firm: Litton’s Shutdown of Royal Typewriter,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, October 1975, pp. 3-2 5 . Duane Kujawa, “Collective Bargaining and Labor Relations in Multinational Enter prise: A U.S. Public Policy Perspective,” in Robert G. Hawkins, ed., Research in International Business and Finance: An Annual Compila tion of Research, Vol. 1. (Greenwich, Conn., JAI Press, Inc., 1979), pp. 25-51. 4 Charles R. Greer and John C. Shearer, “Foreign Ownership Effects on NLRB Representation Elections,” Journal o f International Business Studies, forthcoming. 5Foreign Direct Investment. . . p. 1-14. 6 “The Continental Challenge,” The Economist, Feb. 4, 1978, p. 79. 7Foreign Investment in the United States, a Report to the Congress, Vol. A, Appendix A, Department of Commerce (Washington, Gov ernment Printing Office, 1976). 8 Register o f Reporting Organizations, 1977, Department of Labor, Labor-Management Services Administration (Washington, Govern ment Printing Office, 1977). 48 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 9Of the initial company responses, seven were identifiable in some manner. These responding companies were obviously excluded from the follow-up survey. In the follow-up survey the companies were in structed to discard the questionnaire if they had responded to the ini tial survey. 10See, for example, John C. Shearer, “Fact and Fiction Concerning Multinational Labor Relations,” Vanderbilt Journal o f Transnational Law, Winter 1977, pp. 51-82. " John R. Emshwiller, “Strike at VW Disturbs Foreign Auto Mak ers Weighing U.S. Plants,” The Wall Street Journal, Oct. 13, 1978. p. 1. 12 Robert L. Simison, “VW Tentatively Selects Detroit-Area Site for its Second U.S. Auto-Assembly Plant,” The Wall Street Journal, Feb. 11, 1980, p. 7. 13Of the initial 24 responding unions, only 1 was not identifiable by a request for data or some other manner. Obviously these identifiable unions were excluded from the follow-up. In the follow-up survey, the unions were instructed to discard the questionnaire if they had re sponded to the initial survey. 14Directory o f National Unions and Employee Associations, 1975, Bul letin 1937, Department of Labor (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1977). 15Of the five unions reporting “greater resistance” to unionization among foreign-owned than among domestically owned companies, four represent mainly manufacturing employees. Research Summaries Occupational segregation and earnings differences by sex factors such as workers’ ages, education, and occupa tional skill or status.6 Data and method N a n c y F . R y t in a The persistence of a wide male-female earnings dif ferential is well-documented. Through 1978, women who worked full time continued to earn about 60 per cent as much as men.1Among the various explanations offered to account for these differences, one suggested by a growing body of literature is that occupational sex segregation plays a critical role.2 The majority of work ing women are employed in a small number of occupa tions which are predominantly female; in both 1969 and 1979, about one-half of all working women were employed in fewer than 30 of the detailed Census occu pations (in which 80 percent or more of the employees were women).3Among the occupations heavily dominat ed by women are nurses, secretaries, and elementary school teachers. While women have made some progress in entering fields dominated by men, there is little pros pect for major changes in the degree of occupational sex segregation through the mid-1980’s.4 Because earnings are lower, among both men and women, in female than in male-dominated occupations, there has been concern about how the process of occu pational sex segregation operates and what bearing it might have on female earnings.5 The operation of the process is outside the scope of this report which deals with the outcome of the process: the relation of occupa tional sex segregation to the sex-earnings differential, exclusive of a limited number of worker and job charac teristics that also affect earnings. Empirical research on occupational sex segregation has not typically taken into account the influence of both worker and job char acteristics, thus making it difficult to disentangle the ef fects on earnings of occupational sex segregation from Nancy F. Rytina is a demographer in the Office of Current Employ ment Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Muriel K. Nelson, of the same office, assisted in the preparation of tables. An earlier version of this study was presented at the annual meeting of the American Sta tistical Association held in Houston in August 1980. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The data for this research are cross-tabulations from the 1976 Survey of Income and Education, which is be ing used as part of a continuing study on occupational sex segregation. The median 1975 annual earnings of men and women in all detailed occupations were listed for workers grouped by age, race, and level of education as approximate indicators of worker characteristics. The percentage of women in each of the occupations was calculated as a measure of occupational sex segregation. In addition, the job characteristic of occupational status is included to take into account variations in earnings between male and female occupations which arise from the concentration of female occupations in the middle of the status hierarchy. Male occupations are more dis persed; they include the highest paying professional oc cupations, as well as some of the very low paid service and laborer occupations. The Duncan Socio-Economic Index, a widely used measure, indicates the status of each occupation.7 These status scores are computed from the median level of education and income of men in detailed occupations and range from a low of 2 to a high of 96. The scores are highly correlated with other measures of status which are based either on women or all workers. Occupations served as the units of analysis; and cor relational techniques were used to examine the associa tion of occupational sex segregation with the sexearnings differential. Each occupation was weighted by its share of total employment in an age, race, or educa tion category to give less weight to those occupations with few employees.8 The results, for the most part, re fer to full-time, year-round workers, owing to the avail ability of only annual earnings in the Survey of Income and Education and the problems that would have been posed because of the higher incidence of part-time em ployment among women. The survey is particularly use ful for occupational research, because its large sample of about 150,000 households permits the analysis of some occupations for which no viable data could be obtained through smaller samples. 49 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Research Summaries Findings discussed Detailed occupations. The data in tables 1 and 2 provide descriptive information on the employment and the ra tios of women’s earnings to men’s (sex-earnings ratios) in occupations ranked by the percentage of employed women. Table 1 highlights the extent to which women are employed in a small number of predominantly fe male occupations. Of the 419 identified occupations of full-time, year-round workers in 1975, there were 41 in which 90 percent or more of the workers were female. These occupations accounted for 40 percent of all fe male workers. In contrast, there were 179 occupations in which 90 percent or more of the workers were male. Nearly 50 percent of all men were employed in these occupations. For each group of occupations in table 1, table 2 lists the 4 to 6 largest occupations within the group and the numbers of men and women employed, the status scores, and the sex-earnings ratios expressed by women’s earn ings as a percentage of men’s earnings. The data indi cate that the sex-earnings ratios are generally highest in the occupations which are predominantly female. For example, women’s earnings as a percent of men’s were 74 percent among waiters and waitresses, a group that was 93 percent female, 70 percent among accountants (32 percent female), 58 percent among bank officers and financial managers (27 percent female), and 41 percent among medical and osteopathic physicians (13 percent female). However, women fared comparatively well in largely public sector occupations regardless of their pro portion in these occupations. For example, among post al clerks, men outnumbered women by about 2 to 1 and women earned 98 percent as much as men; the earnings of women were 86 percent as much as those of men in elementary education (84 percent female). Sex-earnings ratios and correlations. These relationships between occupational sex segregation and earnings are summarized in table 3. The data on the left-hand side Table 1. Employment among full-time, year-round workers in occupations ranked by the percent of women employed, 1975 All occupations Percent of women T o ta l........................... 9 1 - 1 0 0 ................................. 8 1 - 9 0 ................................... 7 1 - 8 0 ................................... 6 1 - 7 0 ................................... 5 1 - 6 0 .................................... 4 1 - 5 0 ................................... 3 1 - 4 0 .................................... 2 1 - 3 0 .................................... 1 1 - 2 0 ................................... 0 - 1 0 .................................... 50 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Number of occupations Women Men 419 41 15 19 13 18 31 36 29 38 179 100 40 11 10 5 8 6 7 3 7 2 100 1 1 3 2 4 5 8 5 22 49 Percent of employed show the average sex-earnings ratio for occupations classified as female-dominated (60 percent or more of the employees were women), male-dominated occupa tions (20 percent or less of the employees were women), and neutral or mixed occupations (21 to 59 percent of the employees were women).9 In comparing the sexearnings ratios across female, neutral, and male occupa tions for any race, age, or educational grouping, a higher ratio in female, followed in turn by neutral and male occupations, may be interpreted as a positive asso ciation between the percent of women in the occupa tions and the sex-earnings ratio.10 In the data on the right-hand side of table 3, each correlation coefficient shows the degree of association between sex-earnings ratios and the percent of women in occupations for those in a particular age, race, or ed ucation group. The partial correlation coefficients con trol for variations in occupational status that might affect the relation of occupational sex segregation to the sex-earnings ratios. Table 3 illustrates several aspects of the relationship of occupational sex segregation to the sex-earnings ra tio. First, among whites and all age and education groups the sex-earnings ratios are generally highest in female occupations and lowest in male occupations. The strength of this pattern is attested to by the positive zero-order correlation coefficients between the percent of women in occupations and the sex-earnings ratios and the positive partial correlation coefficients, which control for occupational status. This can be interpreted to mean that irrespective of age, education, and occupa tional status, women fare more poorly relative to men in those occupations with the highest rewards—male occupations. To the extent that these factors reflect the influence of worker and job characteristics on earnings, the findings tentatively suggest that occupational sex segregation contributes independently to the gap be tween women’s earnings and men’s. Second, the ratio of black women’s earnings to black men’s follows an opposite pattern from whites (among full-time, year-round workers), as the earnings for black women were closest to those of black men in male-dom inated occupations. Several factors can be identified to help explain this pattern. The black sex-earnings ratio is lower in female-than in male-dominated occupations, possibly as a result of racial differences in employment concentration and earnings within female segregated oc cupations. Compared to white women, black women in female-dominated occupations are disproportionately employed in lower-paying occupations such as nursing aides, orderlies, and sewers and stitchers. However, in these occupations the earnings of black men were great er than those of black women, as well as those of white men and women. That black men earned substantially less than white men in nearly all other occupations, highlights what may be viewed as a racial dimension of occupational sex segregation. In contrast, the higher sex-earnings ratio in male-dominated occupations may reflect the greater benefits to black women from Equal Employment Opportunity legislation in white-collar oc cupations. In some of those occupations such as law yers, public administration officials, and wholesale sales representatives, the earnings of black women were about the same as or exceeded those of black men. Third, the variability in the sex-earnings ratios within age and education categories may be used to speculate on trends in the relation of occupational sex segregation to the sex-earnings gap. In terms of age, the high but similar sex-earnings ratios among the age cohort of 25 to 34 years suggests a narrowing of the sex-earnings dif ferential irrespective of occupational sex segregation as successive cohorts of women pass through the life cycle. However, this is not necessarily reason to be optimistic. The lower sex-earnings ratios among the older cohorts, which result from factors such as work discontinuity Table 2. Sex-earnings ratios of full-time, year-round workers in selected occupations ranked by the percent of women employed Occupation Percent of women1 Duncan Socio-economic Index Number of employed workers (in thousands) Men Women Median annual earnings (1975) Men Sex-earnings ratio (women/men) Women Kindergarten and prekindergarten teachers .................... Secretaries, n.e.c............................................................. Waiters/waitresses .......................................................... Bookxeepers ..................................................................... C ashiers........................................................................... 99 99 93 92 91 72 61 16 51 44 (2) (2) 35 95 39 49 1,655 169 685 239 (2) (2) $ 6,027 12,300 10,553 $ 9,348 8,070 4,441 7,455 5,973 (2) (2) .74 .61 .57 Hairdressers and cosmetologists...................................... Nursing aides, orderlies, attendants................................. Stenographers................................................................... Elementary school teachers ............................................ Food service workers, n.e.c. except private household 91 88 88 84 84 17 14 61 72 11 32 67 (2) 120 33 139 362 56 419 82 9,704 8,268 (2) 12,243 7,897 5,114 6,002 9,408 10,545 5,398 .53 .73 (2) .86 .68 Miscellaneous clerical workers ........................................ Sales clerks, retail trad e................................................... Payroll and timekeeping c le rk s ........................................ Counter clerks, except food ............................................ Statistical clerks .............................................................. 82 76 73 74 73 44 39 44 44 44 93 248 48 45 56 333 346 98 89 134 10,220 10,182 13,028 11,036 13,127 7,710 5,147 8,309 6,088 8,075 .75 .51 .64 .55 .62 Housekeepers, except private household........................ Packers and wrappers, except meat and produce ......... Therapists......................................................................... Knitters, loopers, toppers ................................................. Building interior cleaners, n.e.c......................................... 71 68 67 66 65 31 18 60 02 09 (2) 119 39 (2) 8,775 12,508 7,243 6,885 10,898 (2) .78 .87 (2) 148 86 171 61 (2) 172 (2) 8,021 (2) 5,628 (2) .70 Office managers, n.e.c..................................................... Social workers.................................................................. Assemblers....................................................................... Checkers, examiners, inspectors, manufacturing ........... Secondary school teachers ............................................ 64 59 54 51 51 62 64 17 23 70 99 102 256 248 344 160 121 235 192 225 14,542 12,602 10,497 11,964 13,255 9,306 10,947 7,019 7,353 11,280 .64 .87 .67 .61 .85 Computer and peripheral equipment operators............... Painters and sculptors ..................................................... Real estate agents and brokers ...................................... Personnel and labor relations workers............................. Bartenders ....................................................................... 50 47 46 44 42 45 67 62 84 19 99 45 181 168 80 80 27 64 111 33 11,450 14,348 15,261 17,875 7,278 8,358 7,772 8,179 10,574 4,923 .73 .54 .54 .59 .68 Insurance adjusters, examiners, investigators.................. Sales managers and department heads, retail ............... Accountants ..................................................................... Machine operatives, miscellaneous specified .................. Postal c le rk s ..................................................................... 40 38 32 32 31 62 71 77 19 45 65 178 512 524 150 39 84 165 168 42 13,661 14,617 15,218 11,208 13,637 8,069 7,164 10,617 6,528 13,387 .59 .49 .70 .58 98 School administrators, elementary and secondary ......... Expediters and production controllers ............................. Farm laborers, (wage w orkers)........................................ Bank officers and financial managers ............................. Computer programmers................................................... 30 29 28 27 21 72 44 22 80 65 151 110 253 363 128 47 39 24 115 25 19,144 13,537 6,083 16,567 15,150 13,350 8,693 4,067 9,686 12,785 .70 .64 .67 .58 .84 Janitors and sextons ....................................................... Insurance agents, brokers, underwriters........................... Managers and administrators, n.e.c................................. Medical and osteopathic physicians................................. Freight and material handlers.......................................... 18 15 15 13 11 13 66 62 92 09 556 326 3,742 244 274 662 50 514 34 29 8,349 14,947 16,657 35,960 10,169 6,902 8,758 8,445 14,893 6,873 .83 .59 .51 .41 .68 Blue-collar work supervisors, n.e.c. ................................ Lawyers ........................................................................... Farmers (owners and tenants) ........................................ Industrial engineers .......................................................... Dentists ........................................................................... Automobile mechanics..................................................... 10 10 08 03 02 01 50 92 14 86 96 19 1,174 266 831 179 63 554 99 (2) 40 (2) (2) (2) 14,297 24,964 8,020 17,948 31,329 10,488 7,832 (2) 1,869 (2) (2) (2) .55 (2) .23 (2) (2) (2) ' Refers to all workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 Figures not shown where less than approximately 60 simple cases. 51 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Research Summaries Table 3. Sex-earnings ratio (female/male) by categories of occupational sex segregation (percent of women in occupations) for selected demographic groups Sex-earnings ratio1 Correlation coefficients2 Categories of occupational sex segregation (percent of women in occupations) Sex-earnings ratio and percent of women in occupations Demographic group All workers, total ...................................... Race: White ............................................ Black ............................................ Full-time, year-round workers, total .. .. Race: White ............................................ Black ............................................ Education (years completed): Less than 1 2 ................................. 12-15 .......................................... 16 or more .................................... Age (in years): 25-34 .......................................... 35-44 .......................................... 45-54 .......................................... 55 - 64 .......................................... Total Male occupations < 20 percent female Neutral occupations 21-59 percent female Female occupations > 60 percent female Zero-order Partial controlling for occupational status .55 .50 .55 .62 .2187 .2206 .53 .81 .65 .49 .77 .62 .54 .66 .66 .57 .92 .70 .1897 ( 3) .2324 .1926 ( 3) 2385 .64 .82 .60 86 .65 .79 .68 .81 .2024 ( 3) .2089 ( 3) .65 .65 .71 .60 .62 .63 .65 .65 .78 .74 .71 .77 .2250 .2558 .2852 .21704 .2560 .3261 .74 .60 .64 .61 .73 .55 .55 .54 .73 .64 .65 .62 .75 .65 .76 .68 ( 3) .2349 .2214 .2937 ( 3) .2578 .2181 .2756 1Ratio of median female to male 1975 annual earnings weighted by occupational size for given demographic characteristic. 2 Significant at .01 level unless otherwise noted. and discrimination will presumably have some effect on the earnings of the younger cohort as it ages. With respect to education, the sex-earnings ratios are lower in male-than female-dominated occupations at all levels of education. This suggests that the advances in educational attainment of women have not yet had much impact in increasing their earnings opportunities in the more highly paid, male-dominated occupations. However, these issues require a more detailed investiga tion. Study conclusions In using occupations as the units of analysis, the findings indicated that the percentage of women in de tailed occupations was positively related to the malefemale earnings differential. That is, when women made up only a small proportion of the workers in an occu pation, their earnings were much lower than those of their male counterparts. Only in the heavily dominated and comparatively low-paying, female-dominated occu pations did the earnings of women even come close to those of men. While the data for blacks was an excep tion to these patterns and warrants additional examina tion, the relationships generally held, regardless of occupational status, even when full-time, year-round workers were disaggregated into various categories in terms of age and education. These controls for worker and job characteristics are crude and further research will take into account more of the factors that might affect the relationship of occupational sex segregation to earnings. However, the findings presented here sup port the notion that occupational sex segregation has a 52 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 Refers to correlations which are not significant at the .05 level, 4 Significant at .05 level. negative impact on female earnings, thereby contribut ing to the persistence of male and female earnings dif ferentials. □ --------- FOOTNOTES---------1Janice N. Hedges and Earl F. Mellor, “Weekly and hourly earnings of U.S. workers, 1967-78,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1979, pp. 31-41. Their data show that the earnings of women fluctuated around 60 percent of those of men through the period 1967 78. Current Population Survey data for the first quarter of 1980 show that women employed full time earned 63 percent as much as men. This inconclusively suggests a trend toward improvement in the rela tive earnings of women. 2Valerie K. Oppenheimer, The Female Labor Force in the United States, Population Monograph No. 5 (Berkeley, University of Califor nia Press, 1970), Donald J. Treiman and Kermit Terrell, “Women, Work and Wages— Trends in the Female Occupational Structure Since 1940,” in Kenneth C. Land and Seymour Spilerman, eds., Social Indicator Models (N.Y. Russell Sage, 1975) pp. 157-199. For 1969 data, see Francine Blau, “Women’s Place in the Labor Market,” American Economic Review, May 1972, pp. 161-166. The 1979 figure was calculated from the annual average data in Employ ment and Earnings, January 1980, table 23. 4 Francine D. Blau and Wallace D. Hendricks, “Occupational Seg regation by Sex: Trends and Prospects,” Journal o f Human Resources, spring 1979, pp. 197-210. 5Briefly, it has been suggested that women select employment in fe male-dominated occupations which permit work discontinuity but at the expense of the specialized training and work experience which tend to be required in the more highly paid, male occupations. In ad dition, barriers in the form of stereotyping on the part of employers and outright discrimination prevent the entry of women into the more highly paid, male jobs and restrict them to employment in typical fe male jobs. Explanations of the lower earnings in female occupations range from the “crowding” of women into few jobs to the fact that female occupations are typically in the lower-paying secondary sector of employment, while male occupations are more commonly in the high-paying primary sector. For discussions of these issues see Oppen heimer, The Female Labor Force; Francine Blau and Carol Jusenius, “Economists’ Approaches to Sex Segregation in the Labor Market: An Appraisal,” Signs, Spring 1976 Supplement, pp. 181-199, Francine Blau, “Women’s Place,” and Steven D. McLaughlin, “Occu pational Sex Identification and the Assessment of Male and Female Earnings Inequality,” American Sociological Review, December 1978, pp. 909-921. 6 For exceptions see, Andrea H. Beller, “Occupational Segregation by Sex: Determinants and Changes,” paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, (Denver, Colora do, April 1980) and Teresa Amott, “Mechanisms of Occupational Segregation: Some New Empirical Evidence,” paper presented at the Eastern Economic Association Meetings (Montreal, Canada, May 1980). 7Otis Dudley Duncan, “A Socioeconomic Index of all Occupa tions,” in Albert Reiss, ed., Occupations and Social Status (N.Y., Free Press, 1961), pp. 139-161. This study uses the index recomputed for 1970 Census detailed occupations from David L. Featherman, Mi chael Sobel, and Peter Dickens, “A Manual for Coding Occupations and Industries into Detailed Socioeconomic and NORC Prestige Scores,” Working Paper 7 5 -1 (University of Wisconsin — Madison Center for Demography and Ecology, 1975). 8In computing the weights, some of the race, age, and education groups had occupations without observations, for example, there were no medical and osteopathic physicians with less than 12 years of edu cation. In addition, occupations with fewer than 2,000 employees of either sex were excluded. These excluded occupations were based on at most two or three observations and tended to have extreme sex-earnings ra tios, for example, less than .20 or greater than 1.50. This procedure excludes at most 10 percent of all workers with earnings in 1975. Hence the weights are based on the number of persons employed in the following number of occupations for each demographic group: Number of occupations All w ork ers............................................................. Race: W h ite................................................................ B la c k ................................................................ Full-time, year-round workers ........................... Race: W h ite................................................................ B la c k ................................................................ Education: Less than 12 y e a r s ....................... 12-15 years ............................................................ 16 years or m o r e ..................................................... Age: 2 5 -3 4 ....................................................................... 3 5 -4 4 ....................................................................... 4 5 -5 4 ....................................................................... 5 5 -6 4 ....................................................................... 277 270 129 234 227 95 124 187 106 172 151 146 107 9 Categories of female, male, and neutral occupations have typically been defined by selecting an arbitrary percentage point spread of 5, 10, 15, or 20 points around the female proportion of total employ ment. See, for example, Carol L. Jusenius, “Occupational Change, 1967-71, ” Chapter 2 in Dual Careers: Longitudinal Study of Labor Market Experience of Women, Vol. 3 (Columbus, Center for Human Resource Research, 1975), and McLaughlin, “Occupational Sex Iden tification.” While these researchers both used a 10-percentage-point spread, this study uses the more stringent 20 percentage points to define the limits of male and female occupations. Given that 39.9 percent of the work force was female in 1975, this results in the following categories of oc cupational sex segregation: female occupations (40 + 20) or 60 percent or more female, male occupations (40-20) or 20 percent or less fe male, neutral occupations form the remainder or 21 to 59 percent fe male. 10Age may be viewed as a very rough proxy for work experience, because direct measures of work history are not available from the Survey of Income and Education and indirect measures— such as age minus years of education minus 6 — were not calculated for this re search. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Wives’ earnings as a factor in family net worth accumulation A n n C. F o ster Over the last decade, the dramatic increase in the pro portion of married women who are in the labor force has had a profound impact on both the family and the economy. By March 1979, the labor force participation rate of married women was 49.4 percent— up nearly 9 percentage points since 1970.' The earnings of wives of ten allow their families to enjoy a higher level of living than that provided by husbands’ earnings alone. In 1978, for example, median income among families in which both husband and wife were employed was $22,109, compared with the $15,796 reported for fami lies of wives who did not work outside the home.2 In many cases, the additional earnings have lessened the inroads that inflation has made on family purchasing power.3 Previous research4 has shown that wives’ labor force participation tends to be higher when husbands’ income is relatively low, indicating that economic need is a ma jor influence on wives’ employment. Although labor force participation is still greater among wives of men at the lowest earnings levels, the largest increase in re cent years has been among those whose husbands are in the upper earnings ranges.5 There is evidence that in come distribution between working-wife and nonwork ing-wife families has become more unequal over the years,6 and increased labor force participation among wives of high earners could further widen the differen tial. Of particular interest to many concerned with the ef fects of married women’s employment is whether the pattern of consumption and saving in a family in which the wife works differs from that in a family in which the same amount of money is earned by the husband alone. This question is significant because the family’s alloca tion of its human and material resources affects its eco nomic well-being and ultimately its quality of life. The purpose of this study is to explore the rela tionship between a wife’s earnings and family net worth accumulation. Do working-wife and nonworking-wife families have comparable net worth, given similar com position and income, and to what extent do earnings af fect net worth? Because the labor force participation rate of married women is predicted to increase, the rela tionship between a wife’s earnings and net worth accu mulation should be clarified. Ann C. Foster is an assistant professor of consumer affairs at Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. 53 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Research Summaries Theoretical background A wife’s employment is not without cost. Part of her earnings may have to be used to purchase goods and services she formerly provided at home, such as cooking and child care. An additional portion may also be claimed by transportation and other job-related expen ditures. These factors may account for previous findings that, other things being equal, working-wife families have higher consumption-to-income ratios than non working-wife families.7 Family goals also greatly influence the use of financial resources. Among these goals is improvement in the lev el of living— the quantity and quality of goods and ser vices consumed. Another goal is financial security, or the assurance that resources will be available to meet future needs. During a particular period, a family may use its total current income to meet consumption needs and enhance its level of living, or it may choose to save some of this income to increase net worth and financial security. Similarly, assets may be liquidated and the proceeds used to increase or maintain current consump tion, or they may be held in reserve to provide for fi nancial security. Methodology Data underlying this study of the impact of wives’ earnings are from the 1967 and 1972 National Longitu dinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience, conducted by the Ohio State University Center for Human Re sources Research under contract to the U.S. Depart ment of Labor, and relate to the cohort of mature women (age 30 to 44) in mid-1967.8 The initial multi stage probability sample of 5,083 women was drawn by the Census Bureau in 235 areas of the United States to represent the Nation’s noninstitutionalized mature fe male population at the time of data reference.9 For pur poses of this study, that sample was further refined to include only those respondents who were married for the first time prior to 1967 and who resided with their husbands during the 1967-72 period. In addition, each respondent must have provided information on all char acteristics of interest in this research. Despite these eli gibility criteria, the net sample size of 807 is quite large compared with those used in other studies of the alloca tion of family financial resources. It should be noted here that economic and social changes took place after this sample was drawn which might significantly alter the results of the following analysis. For example, the sharp increase in married women’s labor force participation over the last decade probably reflects a different mix of reasons why women work. At the same time, inflationary pressures may have, considerably changed the distribution of family in come between current consumption and net worth accu 54 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis mulation. And finally, the appreciation of housing since 1967 would make homeownership a much more impor tant factor in explaining the stock of and change in family net worth. Dependent variables In the cross-sectional analyses of the relationship be tween wife’s earnings and family net worth, the depen dent variable of interest was family net worth in 1967 and 1972. Data for 2 years were analyzed because of the recent changes in the social and economic roles of American women. As previously indicated, intervening events during the period covered by the study could mean that variation in 1972 net worth was the result of factors different from those affecting 1967 net worth. Net worth was determined by subtracting a family’s total liabilities from its total assets. Assets used in the computation of net worth were: Savings and checking accounts U.S. savings bonds Stocks, bonds, and mutual funds Home Farm Business Other real estate The value of savings and checking accounts was the dollar amount on deposit at the time of the interview, while face value was used in determining the worth of U.S. savings bonds. For remaining assets, current mar ket value was used to assess worth. Liabilities used in the computation included obligations, such as mort gages and back taxes, connected with the ownership of home, farm, business, or other real estate, as well as debt for other goods and services. In the longitudinal analysis of the effect of wife’s earnings on net worth change, the dependent variable of interest—dollar change in family net worth during the 1967-72 period— was computed by subtracting 1967 net worth from 1972 net worth. Independent variables The following independent variables were included in the cross-sectional analyses: Respondent’s earnings Family income Respondent’s occupation, current or last job Respondent’s age Respondent’s race Respondent’s education Number of family members Number of years married Homeownership status Number of durables purchased in previous year In addition, the “employment-to-marriage” ratio was included in the 1967 analysis. This ratio consisted of the number of years in which a respondent worked 6 months or more between marriage and 1967, divided by the number of years married.10 Respondent’s earnings the major independent vari able of interest, was the total of her pretax earnings in the calendar year prior to the survey from wages, sala ries, commissions, tips, or operation of her own busi ness. Family income was the total pretax income received from all sources over the s^me period. In addi tion to earnings of all family members, these sources in cluded interest, dividends, rent, and social insurance and public assistance payments. Except for homeownership status and race, all independent variables were treated as continuous variables. Homeownership status was a dichotomous variable; nonhomeowners were coded 0, and homeowners, 1. Race was treated as a set of dummy variables based on the categories white, black, and “other”; the latter category was the reference category embodied in the regression constant. Independent variables employed in the longitudinal analysis of change in net worth were: Respondent’s earnings (1966) Change in respondent’s earnings (1966-1971) Number of weeks respondent worked between 1967 and 1972 surveys Family income (1966) Change in family income (1966-1971) Net worth (1967) Respondent’s age (1967) Respondent’s education (1967) Respondent’s race Number of family members (1967) Change in number of family members (1967-1972) Change in homeownership status (1967-1972) Change in homeownership status was a set of dummy variables based on the following categories: (1) non homeowner 1967 and 1972, (2) nonhomeowner 1967— homeowner 1972, (3) homeowner 1967 and 1972, and (4) homeowner 1967—nonhomeowner 1972. The latter category was the reference category. Except for race, which employed the same measurement used in the cross-sectional analyses, the remaining independent vari ables were treated as continuous variables. Multiple regression model In each analysis, independent variables were entered into an initial stepwise multiple regression model which was then refined to include only those variables which would collectively have the greatest impact on net worth or change in net worth. An independent variable was left in the final model if it explained at least 1 per cent of total variance in the dependent variable or if it had a zero-order correlation coefficient of +.25, indicat ing a moderate degree of association with the dependent variable. A variable was also included in the final model if mandated by conceptual considerations, as in the case https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis of respondent’s earnings. To facilitate comparisons be tween the two cross-sectional analyses, variables which met any criterion in one analysis were automatically in cluded in the other. Results of cross-sectional analy ses The final multiple regression model explained 29.7 percent of total variance in 1967 net worth and 25.5 percent in 1972. As tables 1 and 2 show, the relative importance of factors influencing net worth varied somewhat between the 2 years. In both analyses, family income made by far the greatest contribution to explained difference in net worth, although the variable’s contribution was substantially less in 1972 than in 1967. B values indicate that for each additional dollar of family income, net worth was $1.98 higher in 1967 and $1.51 higher in 1972. It should be noted that a family’s net worth at any time is, in large measure, a re sult of past saving behavior. Current income may be in fluential because it reflects a relatively high past income which allowed saving to occur and thus, net worth to increase. Although much smaller than that of family income, the second greatest contribution to total variance in both analyses was made by homeownership status. The amount contributed to explained variance by this vari able was greater in the 1972 study. Families who were homeowners in 1967 had net worth positions $5,914 higher than nonhomeowners, but in 1972, homeown ership was associated with an $11,227 differential. Respondent’s earnings were not significant in explaining variance in 1967 net worth. The moderately high zero-order correlation coefficie.nt of .23, however, Table 1. Multiple regression of selected variables on 1967 net worth [Sample size=807] Independent variables Variable Coefficient contribution to of final coefficient determination1 of determination (R2) (AR2) Family income ............. .274 Respondent’s earnings.................... .276 Respondent’s education .................. .276 Homeownership status 2b .52 31.98 (0.15) .002 .23 -0.26 (0.23) .296 .020 .27 .297 .001 .22 .19 Race— white ............... Race — black ............... Coefficient of correlation (0 -.22 -112.91 (219.75) 3 5,913.76 (1,253.51) -3,563.36 (3,411.93) -3,292.08 (3,571.99) 1 Each entry represents the contribution to the ratio of explained variation to total variation in net worth made by the associated variable and those variables which precede it. 2 Partial regression coefficient, in dollars. Each b value Indicates how much a one-unit change in the independent variable affects net worth when the effects of other independent variables in the multiple regression model are controlled. Standard error of the estimate is shown in parentheses. 3 Significant at the .01 level. 55 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Research Summaries Table 2. Multiple regression of selected variables on 1972 net worth [Sample size=807] Independent variables Variable Coefficient Coefficient contribution to of of coefficient of determination1 correlation determination (R2) (AR2) 2b (r) Family income ............. .196 .44 31.51 (0.15) Respondent’s earnings.................... .209 .013 .11 3—1.09 (0.29) Respondent’s education.................. .218 .009 .26 Homeownership status . .247 .029 4 709.66 (337.06) 311,226.90 (2,101.83) -8,186.60 (5,101.72) "-12,923.94 (5,323.97) Race — w h ite ............... .255 Race — b la c k ............... .28 .25 .008 -.28 ' Each entry represents the contribution to the ratio of explained variation to total variation in net worth made by the associated variable and those variables which precede it. 2 Partial regression coefficient, in dollars. Each b value indicates how much a one-unit change in the independent variable affects net worth when the effects of other independent variables in the multiple regression model are controlled. Standard error of the estimate is shown in parentheses. 3 Significant at the .01 level. 4 Significant at the .05 level. indicates that net worth, in the absence of other factors, was greater among working-wife families. A fairly high degree of association found between respondent’s earn ings and family income (r = .51) suggests that the ef fect of the former variable may have been indirect. It was determined that without a respondent’s earnings, total income among working-wife families would have been substantially below that of nonworking-wife fami lies in both 1966 and 1971. The fact that a working wife’s contribution increased family income substantial ly appears to have had an important influence on net worth position in 1967. It seems that the amount, not the source, of family income was relevant in determin ing the level of net worth. In 1972, however, respondent’s earnings did make a statistically significant contribution to total variance in net worth. Although there was a slight positive zero-or der correlation between respondent’s income and net worth, when other factors were held constant, there was a weak negative association. For each additional dollar earned by a respondent in 1971, net worth in 1972 was lower by $1.09. As in the previous analysis, it appears that the influence of a wife’s earnings was indirect, in creasing the financial resources available for strengthen ing net worth position. The negative relationship is not inconsistent. Given two families of equal income and composition, a lower saving-to-income ratio, and thus lower net worth, would be expected in the family in which a wife earns a portion of this income. One explanation for the lower saving-to-income ratio is increased job-related expendi tures and more frequent substitution of market goods and services for household production. These factors 56 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis would reduce discretionary income available for saving, relative to that of a nonworking-wife family. Another explanation is that the economic hazards of unemploy ment, death, and disability would be less in a family with more than one earner. Therefore, a working-wife family may feel less need to increase its financial security. Factors influencing net worth change The greatest influence on net worth change was exerted by the family income variables. As table 3 illus trates, both dollar change in family income and 1966 family income were positively associated with the de pendent variable. It would appear that, among these families, the goal of financial security was sufficiently strong for at least a portion of any income increase to be allocated to net worth accumulation. Because 1966 family income had a fairly high zero-order correlation (r = .52) with 1967 net worth, its influence on net worth change may have been due to its being a proxy for initial net worth. Other factors being equal, families with high levels of income in 1966 probably experienced increased net worth accumulation relative to those at Table 3. Multiple regression of selected variables on dollar change in net worth, 1967-72 [Sample size=807] Independent variables Variable Coefficient contribution to of final coefficient determination of determination (R2) 1 (AR2) Change in family income, 1966-77 .................. .039 Family income in 1966 .. .069 .030 Coefficient of correlation b2 (r) .20 0.743 (0.13) .17 0.63 3 (0.16) Change In homeowner ship status: Nonhomeowner in 1967 and 1972 ......... Nonhomeowner in 1967, homeowner in 1972 ...................... .089 .019 Homeowner in 1967 and 1972 .................. -.18 1,961.11 (3,824.66) -.01 6,930.07" (3,917.87) .17 8,219.293 (3,592.01 ) Change in respondent's earnings, 1967-72 .. .091 .002 .02 -0.71 3 (0.31 ) Total weeks worked . . . .092 .001 .05 14.21 (8.49) Respondent’s earnings in 1966 ...................... .095 .003 .07 -0.62 (0.37) 1 Each entry represents the contribution to the ratio of explained variation to total variation in net worth made by the associated variable and those variables which precede it. 2 Partial regression coefficient, in dollars. Each b value indicates how much a one-unit change In the independent variable affects net worth when the effects of other independent variables in the multiple regression model are controlled. Standard error of the estimate is shown in parentheses. 3 Significant at the .01 level. 4 Significant at the .05 level. lower levels because of subsequent appreciation of as sets which comprised 1967 net worth. Homeownership also had a positive influence on the dependent variable. Families who were homeowners in both 1967 and 1972 or who became homeowners by 1972 experienced increased net worth compared to fam ilies who were homeowners in 1967 only. Of the remaining variables, only change in respon dent’s earnings was significant in explaining net worth change. Controlling for the effects of other factors un covered a negative association; for each additional dol lar increase in respondent’s earnings change in net worth was $.71 less. These findings indicate that in two families experiencing similar income increases, net worth accumulation was lower in the family in which the wife’s earnings accounted for part of this change than in the family in which the wife made no monetary contribution. Again, factors such as increased job-relat ed expenditures, substitution of market goods and ser vices for household production, or preference for improvement in standard of living over financial securi ty in working-wife families could account for these find ings. It should be noted that change in respondent’s earnings and change in family income had a moderately strong positive zero-order association (r = .38). This finding would indicate that by increasing the level of family income available for saving, change in respon dent’s earnings may have had an indirect positive influ ence on change in net worth. Implications Findings clearly indicate that the absolute amount of family income, rather than its sources, was the most im portant factor in determining the extent of net worth accumulation among sample families. Without a wife’s earnings, however, income among working-wife families would have been appreciably lower than that of nonworking-wife families. Thus, a wife’s earnings were important because they increased the family income available for transformation into both an improved level of living and increased financial security. As noted earlier, the trend toward increased labor force participation among women whose husbands are at the highest earnings levels could increase the income inequality between working-wife and nonworking-wife families. Although they would have more time available for household production and leisure than working-wife families, this increased income inequality would most likely be reflected in a lower level of living among nonworking-wife families. Research findings of a posi tive association between level of family income and net worth accumulation suggest that, in the future, work ing-wife families should also have more favorable net worth positions and increased financial security com pared to nonworking-wife families. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis --------- FOOTNOTES---------1Beverly L. Johnson, “Marital and family characteristics of the la bor force, March 1979,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1980, p. 48. 2Money Income of Families and Persons in the United States: 1978, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, Series P -6 0 , No. 123 (Bureau of the Census 1980), p. 6. 3See, for example, Howard Hayghe, “Families and the rise of work ing wives— an overview,” Monthly Labor Review, May 1976, p. 18. 4This relationship has been uncovered in a number of studies. For example, see William C. Bowen and T. Aldrich Finegan, The Econom ics o f Labor Force Participation (Princeton University Press, 1969); Glen C. Cain, Married Women in the Labor Force: An Economic Anal ysis (University of Chicago Press, 1966); and Jacob Mincer, “Labor force participation of married women: A study of labor supply,” in National Bureau of Economic Research, ed., Aspects o f Labor Eco nomics (Princeton University Press, 1962). 5Paul Ryscavage, “More wives in the labor force have husbands with ‘above-average’ incomes,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1979, pp. 40-42. 6Dong W. Cho, “Working women and family income distribution,” The Collegiate Forum, Winter 1979, p. 5. 7 Myra H. Strober, “Wives’ labor force behavior and family con sumption patterns,” American Economic Review, February 1977, pp. 410-17. *Previous research in this area includes “Survey of financial charac teristics of consumers,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, March 1964, pp. 285 -92; Ruth E. Deacon and Janet A. Krofta, Economic Progress of Ru ral Nonfarm and Part-time Farm Families, Research Bulletin 1976 (Wooster, Ohio, Agricultural Research and Development Center, De cember 1965); Flora L. Williams and Sarah L. Manning, “Net worth change of selected families,” Home Economics Research Journal, De cember 1972, pp. 104-13; Rosemary Walker, Wife's Hours of Market Work Related to Family Saving Behavior, Ph.D. dissertation (Purdue University, 1978); and Colien Hefferan, “Saving behavior in multiple earner families,” in Proceedings 25th Annual Conference o f the Ameri can Council on Consumer Interests (Columbia, Mo., American Council on Consumer Interests, 1979), pp. 177-78. 7For a more detailed description see, The National Longitudinal Surveys Handbook (Columbus, Ohio State University, Center for Hu man Resources, 1976). 10This variable was not used in the 1972 analysis because data on the number of years in which a respondent worked 6 months or more between 1967 and 1972 were unavailable. Occupational earnings in appliance repair facilities Pay levels for full-time repairers of major electrical ap pliances typically ranged from $6 to $8 an hour, ac cording to a November 1978 BLS survey of 19 metropolitan areas.1 In every area where comparisons were possible (except Washington, D.C.), electrical ap pliance technicians— those servicing white goods such as refrigerators and washers— had higher pay averages than their TV-radio (brown goods) counterparts. The typical pay spread was 5 to 15 percent (see table 1.) In the limited instances where both worked in the same re pair facility, brown-goods technicians were commonly paid as much as or more than white-goods repairers. The higher average earnings for the latter, therefore, are partly attributable to a larger proportion of the electri57 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Research Summaries cal appliance repairers being in higher paying establish ments than TV-radio technicians. In contrast to job averages, individual earnings varied widely within the same job classification and geographic area. For example, the hourly earnings of the highest paid worker exceeded those of the lowest paid in each classification and area by at least $4.50 in all 19 areas; in many instances, the spread reached $8 or more. Var ied earnings primarily result from the predominant methods of pay for repairers— ranges of rates that take into account length of service and informal plans where in rates are based chiefly on the qualifications of the in dividual workers. In the 19 areas combined, about one-tenth of all TVradio and white-goods technicians received some form of commissions for the sale of maintenance contracts, parts or appliances, in addition to their straight-time earnings. In about seven-tenths of the areas, the propor tion of these commissions to straight-time earnings plus commissions commonly averaged under 10 percent. The pay advantage of workers with commissions over those without was more evident for brown-goods than for white-goods repairers. For the latter, the pay edge went to workers without commissions in one-half of the areas compared. In addition to the employment in the selected occupa tions at the time of the survey, the study also measured the number of job openings for which firms were active ly trying to recruit workers.2 For full-time, TV-radio technicians, the job vacancy rate was 3 percent in the Table 1. Average straight-time hourly earnings1of workers in selected occupations in appliance repair facilities, November 1978 Full-time technicians Area TV-radio Atlanta................................................................ Boston................................................................ Buffalo................................................................ Chicago.............................................................. Cleveland .......................................................... Dallas-Fort W o rth .............................................. Denver-Boulder ................................................. Kansas C ity ....................................................... Los Angeles-Long Beach ................................. Memphis ............................................................ Miami ................................................................ Minneapolis-St. P a u l.......................................... Nassau-Suffolk................................................... Newark .............................................................. New York ......................................................... Philadelphia....................................................... St. Louis ............................................................ San Francisco-Oakland...................................... Washington ....................................................... $6.38 6.64 6.05 7.66 7.26 6.13 6.34 6.79 7.01 6.60 7.22 7.01 6.88 6.55 6.37 6.94 7.04 7.54 6.94 58 --------- FOOTNOTES---------1The survey covered 16,300 nonsupervisory service workers in 1,771 establishments classified in one of the following industries: elec trical repair shops; department stores; retail television and radio stores; wholesalers of appliances, television sets, and radios; and retail appliance stores. Three-fourths of all workers in the survey were employed as technicians or apprentices repairing white or brown goods— the four occupational classifications for which wage and re lated benefit data were developed. 2Job vacancy rates were defined as the number of vacancies as a proportion of employment in the occupation, plus reported vacancies in the facilities visited. Pay relationships examined for hospitals and nursing homes Electrical appliance $7.97 7.01 6.84 7.82 7.75 6.58 6.95 7.18 7.82 ( 2) 7.73 8.22 7.36 7.54 6.40 7.41 7.64 8.34 6.40 1Information on wages relates to straight-time hourly earnings, excluding premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts, as well as commissions paid for the sales of maintenance contracts, parts, or appliances. Premiums paid for licenses held by employees, if any, are included. Incentive payments, such as those based on flat-rate hours, flat-percentages, or other piecework or production bonus systems, and cost-of-living bonuses were included as part of the workers’ regular pay. Nonproduction bonus payments, such as Christmas and year-end bonuses, were excluded. 2 Data did not meet publication criteria. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 19 areas combined; for their apprentices, the rate was 5 percent. Job vacancy rates for full-time, white-goods repairers and their apprentices were 1 and 3 percent, respectively. Despite the low job vacancy rates reported, just over one-third of the establishments visited indicat ed that one or more service technicians or apprentices would be hired if they applied for a job on their own initiative. Paid holidays and vacations were provided to the overwhelming majority of full-time workers in all areas. Typical leave provisions were 6 to 10 holidays and 2 to 4 weeks of paid vacation annually, depending upon completed service. Various forms of health, insurance, and pension plans were also available to most full-time repairers. A comprehensive report, Industry Wage Survey: Ap pliance Repair, November 1978 (BLS Bulletin 2067), is available from the Bureau or any of its regional offices. Separate releases for the 19 areas listed in table 1 were issued earlier. □ Average hourly earnings of private hospital and nursing home workers differed markedly within the same occu pation, according to September 1978 BLS surveys of se lected metropolitan areas.1At that time, nonprofessional hospital employees typically held a 30 to 50 percent pay advantage over their nursing home counterparts, while professional hospital workers usually averaged from 10 to 20 percent more per hour. (See table 1.) Such pay spreads may be partly attributable to differences in pro prietorship status—nine-tenths of all private hospital workers covered by the survey were employed by “non profit” establishments compared to three-tenths of the nursing home work force—and to differences in estab lishment size—hospital employment was concentrated in facilities employing at least 1,000 workers, while nursing homes rarely employed as many as 250 work ers. However, despite disparate pay levels, broad earn ings ranges frequently resulted in some overlap of the Table 1. Average hourly earnings differentials for selected occupations, private hospitals and nursing homes, September 1978 [Nursing homes averages=100] Occupation Professional Nonprofessional Area General duty nurses Licensed practical nurses Nursing aids Cleaners Northeast: Boston................................. Buffalo................................. New York ........................... Philadelphia........................ 118 117 94 109 114 117 88 110 139 121 102 146 135 118 97 143 South: Atlanta................................. Baltimore............................. Dallas-Ft. W o rth .................. Houston............................... Miami ................................. Washington ........................ 109 112 107 110 126 113 106 116 97 100 116 106 122 132 119 126 126 139 119 127 116 107 121 136 North Central: Chicago............................... Cleveland ........................... D e troit................................. Kansas C ity ........................ Milwaukee ........................... Minneapolis-St. P a u l........... St. Louis ............................. 116 121 127 111 97 106 111 118 117 120 107 93 99 108 150 146 151 124 135 112 130 144 136 147 116 125 117 128 West: Denver-Boulder .................. Los Angeles-Long Beach . San Francisco-Oakland . . . . Seattle-Everett.................... 119 107 121 118 107 97 122 105 131 137 172 128 128 134 168 129 N ote: Pay relationships are limited to full-time workers; earnings data exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts, as well as the value of room, board, or other perquisites. industries’ individual earnings within the same occupa tion. In the majority of the 23 areas studied, average hour ly earnings of hospital workers fell into three distinct ranges. The top range— from about $7.50 to $10 an hour—embraced such professional jobs as clinical spe cialists, head nurses, and pharmacists. The middle range — $5.50 to $7.50 an hour—included general duty nurses and various types of medical technicians, tech nologists, and therapists. The lowest rates— $3.50 to $5.50 an hour—usually applied to occupations such as licensed practical nurses and clerical and other nonpro fessional jobs. In nursing homes, average hourly earnings were usu ally highest for physical therapists— about $7 to $9 an hour—and lowest for most nonprofessional jobs, such as cleaners and food service helpers—usually between $2.90 to $3.20 an hour. General duty nurses, the most populous professional position surveyed, typically re ported average hourly earnings from $5.50 to $6.50. Paid holidays and vacations were provided to virtual ly all hospital and nursing home workers, although hospital employees were normally covered by more lib eral leave plans, that is, 9 paid holidays or more a year and a 4-week vacation after 5 years of service. In addi tion, health, insurance, and retirement plans were avail https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis able to at least 90 percent of all hospital workers in al most every area studied, while similar coverage in nursing homes usually fell below 75 percent, and for re tirement plans, rarely applied to more than one-fourth of the workers. A comprehensive report, Industry Wage Survey: Hos pitals and Nursing Homes, September 1978 (BLS Bulle tin 2083), is available from the Bureau or any of its regional offices. Separate releases for each area studied were issued earlier. □ --------- FOOTNOTE---------1The hospital survey covered approximately 1,250 private and State/local government facilities employing about 1.2 million workers in 23 selected metropolitan areas. Excluded were all Federal hospitals and any facility with fewer than 100 workers. The nursing home sur vey covered about 2,800 private facilities employing 286,000 workers in 21 of the same metropolitan areas. Excluded were nursing homes with fewer than 20 employees. Occupational pay in drug manufacturing Weekly averages for biologists, chemists, and engineers ranged from nearly $270 for entry-level chemists to about $650 for highly experienced engineers, according to a first-time Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of drug manufacturing conducted in September 1978.1 Among the three professional categories surveyed, biologists and chemists had similar average salaries—somewhat below that for engineers at each of six levels of skill and responsibility studied. (See table 1.) Workers in these three jobs accounted for slightly more than half of the 18,000 professionals covered by the survey. Science technicians, numbering about 4,700 in the in dustry, generally averaged less than the professionals. Divided into three levels of skills and responsibility, the top level technician averaged $294 weekly; the middle level, $231; and the lowest level, $199. Approximately Table 1. Weekly pay levels for three professional jobs in drug manufacturing, September 1978 Average straight-time weekly earnings Work level1 1 ........................ II ........................ I l l ........................ IV ...................... V ........................ VI ...................... Biologists Chemists Engineers $280.50 328.50 373.50 450.50 551.00 642.50 $268 50 31700 377 50 466 00 541 50 641 00 $340.50 361.00 434.00 496.00 570.00 653.00 1Excluded were workers at higher levels who make decisions and recommendations that are recognized as authoritative and have an important impact on extensive company activi ties, such as fostering technological breakthroughs and advances. Also excluded were exec utive and administrative officers. Copies of the job descriptions used in the survey are available upon request. N ote: Earnings data exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holi days, and late shifts; pay levels are rounded to the nearest half dollar. 59 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Research Summaries two-thirds of all technical workers in the survey were science technicians. The survey’s 54,400 production and related workers averaged $5.81 per hour. About half of these workers were in the Middle Atlantic Region, where the average was $6.42. In the other regions permitting comparison,2 hourly pay levels were $4.78 in the Southeast, $5.72 in the Middle West, and $5.07 in the Pacific. Production workers in union plants or in metropoli tan areas enjoyed pay advantages over their counter parts in nonunion plants or in smaller communities. However, nationwide differences were influenced by the disproportionate employment of these workers in the high-paying Middle Atlantic region. For example, threefourths of all union workers were in the Middle Atlan tic region. Thus, while the nationwide union-to-nonunion pay advantage was 16 percent, the corresponding differential was 6 percent in the Middle Atlantic. Simi larly, a 24-percent pay advantage for metropolitan-area workers nationwide was reduced to less than 1 percent in the Middle Atlantic, where three-fifths of these work ers were employed. Twenty-one occupations, selected to represent the wage structure and production activities, accounted for half the drug industries’ production work force. Hourly pay levels in these job categories ranged from $8.14 for maintenance pipefitters to $4.44 for packagers perform ing hand and machine tasks. The latter category was 60 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis also the largest studied—almost one-tenth of the pro duction work force. Other numerically important jobs and their averages included machine packagers, $5.27; hand packagers, $4.97; janitors, $5.54; top-level chemi cal operators, $7.19; and lower-level operators, $5.92. Virtually all production workers were paid time rates; the proportion paid under rate-range plans (75 percent) was the highest among manufacturing industries studied in the BLS occupational wage survey program. A comprehensive bulletin, Industry Wage Survey, Drug Manufacturing (BLS Bulletin 2077) is available from the Bureau or any of its regional offices. Separate locality releases were issued earlier for New YorkNortheastern New Jersey, the State of New Jersey, and Los Angeles-Long Beach. □ --------- FOOTNOTES---------'The drug manufacturing industries consist of three segments: (1) biological products, such as diagnostic agents, plasma, serums, and vaccines; (2) medicinal chemicals and botanical products, primarily in bulk form; and (3) pharmaceutical preparations. “Pharmaceuticals” is by far the largest of the three, accounting for more than four-fifths of the industries’ work force. 2Survey coverage was reduced to 84 percent of the nationwide em ployment in the drug industry because of the unavailability of data from large establishments in the industries that could not be ade quately represented by other establishments. Because these non respondents were centered in the Great Lakes region, which has about one-fourth of the industries’ work force, data for that region could not be shown separately. M ajor Agreements Expiring Next M onth This list of collective bargaining agreements expiring in February is based on contracts on file in the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering 1,000 workers or more. Union1 Industry Employer and location Number of workers American Can Co. (Interstate) .............................................................................. AMBAC Industries, Inc., Electrical Products Division (M ississippi)........... Associated Fur Manufacturers, Inc., and United Fur Manufacturers Association, Inc. (New York, N.Y.) Fabricated metal products . . . . Transportation equipment . . . . Apparel ........................................ Steelworkers .............................................. Electrical Workers ( I U E ) ........................ Food and Commercial Workers ........... 7,000 1,000 3,000 Building Service League, Commercial Jobs (New York, N . Y . ) ..................... Services Service Employees 5,000 ........................................ ................................... 11,000 1,800 Printing and publishing............. Graphic A r t s .............................................. 1,500 Furniture ...................................... Furniture Workers ................................... 1,350 Exxon Corp., Bayway Refinery and Chemical plant (Linden, N .J .) ............. Exxon Corp., Research and Engineering Division (Linden and Florham Park, N.J.) P etroleum ...................................... Services ........................................ Teamsters (I n d .)........................................ Independent Laboratory Employees' Union, Inc. 1,000 1,200 Fieldcrest Mills, Inc., Columbus Towel Division (Georgia & Alabama) . . . T extiles........................................... Clothing and Textile W orkers................ 1,600 Georgetown Steel Corp. (South Carolina & T e x a s)........................................... Primary metals Steelworkers 1,450 Hyster Co. (Danville, 111.)......................................................................................... M achinery...................................... Independent Lift Truck Builders Union 1,300 Litton Systems, Inc., Ingalls Shipbuilding Division (Pascagoula, Miss.) . . . Litton Systems, Inc., Ingalls Shipbuilding Division (Pascagoula, Miss.) . . . Transportation equipment . . . . Transportation equipment . . . . Electrical Workers (IBEWI ................... Pascagoula Metal Trades Council . . . . 2,850 10,900 Midtown Realty Owners Association, Inc. (New York, N.Y.) ..................... Retail tr a d e ................................... Service Employees ................................... 4,000 2,000 National Airlines, Inc., Flight Attendants (In terstate)'................................... National Can Corp., Master Agreement (Interstate)........................................ National Electrical Contractors’ Association, Inc., Alaska Chapter, Outside and Inside Agreement (Alaska) National Transient Members (Interstate)2 ........................................................... Air transportation ...................... Fabricated metal products . . . . C onstruction................................ Air Line P ilo t s ........................................... Steelworkers .............................................. Electrical Workers (IBEW) ................... 1,200 4,500 2,000 C onstruction................................ Boilermakers .............................................. 7,500 Piper Aircraft Corp., Master Agreement (Lock Haven, P a .)........................... PPG Industries, Inc., (Interstate)........................................................................... Transportation equipment . . . . Transportation equipment . . . . M achinists................................................... Glass and Ceramic W orkers................... 1,800 2,300 Quaker Oats Co. (Cedar Rapids, Iowa) Food produ cts.............................. Retail, Wholesale, and Department Store Communications Workers ..................... 1,200 Dennison Manufacturing Co., National Blank Book Co., Inc. (Holyoke and Springfield, Mass.) Desoto, Inc., Fort Smith Furniture Division (Ft. Smith, A r k .) ..................... .............................................................. Rochester Telephone Corp., (Rochester, N.Y.) ................................................ ........................... C om m unication........................... .............................................. 1,050 3,000 1,150 1,300 Wisconsin: Milwaukee Fire D epartm ent.............................................................. 'Affiliated with A F L -C IO except where noted as independent (Ind.). 2Industry area (group of companies signing same contract). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Government activity Employee organization 1 Public safety ................................ Fire Fighters .............................................. 'Information is from newspaper reports. 1,050 Book Reviews A familiar prescription for inflation Persistent Inflation: Historical and Policy Essays. By Phillip Cagan. New York, Columbia University Press, 1979. 283 pp., bibliography. $17.50, cloth; $7.50, paper. This is a collection of essays by one of the most per sistent students of one of our most persistent social problems. Phillip Cagan began his career with his doc toral dissertation on hyperinflation some 25 years ago. That work continues to be a standard reference. In the volume under review are nine pieces on contemporary U.S. inflation written between 1968 and 1978. Although the perspective of the author shifts some what from one year to the next as the decade unfolds and the experience is recounted, his basic views of the problem and its solution do not seem to change. Cagan’s views are quickly summarized. Changes in the money stock are “the main contributors to price changes in the long run” (p. 52). Or, “ . . . higher and rising price levels cannot be maintained for long with out monetary expansion.” Money is “ . . . a proximate cause but not in any simple sense the fundamental cause of inflation” (p. 10). Large corporations and labor unions are not responsible for initiating inflation. In fact, they tend to slow down the speed with which in flationary impulses travel through the economy. Howev er, they also tend to slow down the speed with which anti-inflationary shocks are transmitted. Escalators (in dexing) shorten the adjustment lags and are thought to increase the speed of adjustment to both increased and decreased inflationary pressures. Inflationary anticipa tions, on the other hand, tend to intensify the economy’s resistance to inflationary and deflationary influences. Increases in the price level during expansions are not becoming more rapid or severe. This is a recurring ob servation. In earlier years, prices often increased more rapidly during cyclical upswings. There is, however, a growing tendency for prices not to decrease or even to slow their rate of increase during periods of economic slack. “This . . . lies at the heart of the ‘inflation prob lem’ in the postwar period” (p. 69). Cagan is convinced that if inflationary expectations could be eliminated, our economic system would allow for a stable price level without substantial unemploy ment. He sees “no alternative to monetary restraint” 62 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (p. 49). The sooner the better. And, ideally, the Federal Government should simultaneously “ . . . run a sub stantial budget surplus . . . ” (p. 49). The monetary and fiscal restraints need to be more severe and additional unemployment will be required, when expectations of further inflation have to be broken. But “ . . . there are no economic barriers to reducing inflation” (p. 248). The barriers to reducing inflation are political. They have become more difficult, in part, because even when a policy of restraint is working, it will give the impres sion that it is not. Momentum of earlier inflationary im pulses and short-term cyclical factors hide the slow deceleration in the long-term inflation rate. The political difficulties interact with the process of inflation-expecta tion formation in the private sector. Why should one suppose that labor and management will lower their ex pectation of increases in prices and costs when the con sequences of the policy of restraint is not noticed and when politicians are unable to persuade their constitu ents that the policy works? Why should one suppose that politicians will support a policy of restraint, lead ing constituents to lose their jobs, if the effects of the policy on prices cannot be perceived by them or the voters? There is some expression of hope by Cagan that the political barriers are not increasing progressively. Cagan has no enthusiasm for wage-price controls or for guideposts. In practice, he sees difficulties in timing and enforcement. Convinced that controls are of no val ue in dealing with demand-pull, he suggests that phase I and II controls in 1971-72 may have had some ef fects, though very small, in moderating the inflation during this period of slack in aggregate demand. Con trols are not really believed to affect the final outcome in such circumstances, though they admittedly may de lay it. According to Cagan, controls can be counter productive; they satisfy the community’s desire to find a scapegoat for inflation. Nowhere in these essays does he consider the proposals for tax-based incomes policies or for more fundamental reforms of economic and political institutions that are being widely discussed. The book is a review of where we have been, and why, from a highly orthodox point of view. But one cannot help but be disappointed, after a long and thor ough examination by a renowned specialist, being told that there are no new treatments worth a try for our persistent and painful ailment. Cagan does not succeed in persuading me that managing to live with the ailment would be more painful than his cure. His prescription that “ . . . the best anti-inflation policy available lies somewhere between very mild restraint and the opposite extreme . . . ” (p. 224) will encourage one to turn else where for advice and help. — F red M. W e s t f ie l d Professor of Economics Vanderbilt University A search for unemployment patterns Injury to Insult: Unemployment, Class, and Political Re sponse. By Kay Lehman Schlozman and Sidney Verba. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1979. 393 pp. $20. Although this overly long book makes some interest ing points, these could have been adequately and proba bly more clearly presented in a journal article of moderate length. It is all too easy for the reader to get periodically lost in the welter of somewhat fragmented and repetitive presentations. The title “Injury to Insult” indicates that the unem ployed are disproportionately drawn from among mi nority groups, the unskilled, and so forth; to the “insult” of being disadvantaged is added the “injury” of unemployment. The purpose of the book is to trace through the connections (or, as it turns out, the absence thereof) among unemployment, personal and economic strain, political beliefs, and political activity. The work is divided into three parts — “Unemployment and Eco nomic Strain,” “Unemployment, Economic Strain, and Ideology,” and “Unemployment and Political Behavior” — which successively deal with each indicated link. As is generally known and as Kay Lehman Schlozman and Sidney Verba make clear in their introduction, the un employed have not been a potent political force in the 1970’s, even at those times when unemployment has been a key political issue. The story this book has to tell largely comes down to which of the expected rela tionships did not materialize. Most of the results and analysis reported here are based on a telephone survey, conducted in April 1976, of a sample of 1,370 urban labor force participants, 571 of whom were unemployed at the time of the survey. However, this information is supplemented at some points with data taken from the Current Population Survey ( c p s ) and from other surveys. The details of the telephone survey are clearly presented in three appendi ces; the complete 21-page, 101-question questionnaire that was used constitutes appendix C. This appears to be a very good questionnaire, admirably free from am https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis biguities. It does, however, have the shortcoming of providing only scanty information, and no quantitative detail, on income, a crucial variable that deserves more attention. Only one question (number 99) asks about 1975 family income, and this merely divides respon dents into four income classes: below $6,000, $6,000$11,000, $11,000-$16,000, and over $16,000. No quan titative data on either the composition of or recent changes in income is provided. This omission, in turn, makes the interpretation of patterns of answers to quali tative questions—on income satisfaction, cuts in expen ditures and sources of additional income— difficult and inconclusive. Although the questionnaire is clear, essentially fol lowing definitions by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, with respect to labor force and employment status, the early descriptive chapter “The Unemployed: Some Pre liminaries” is marred, in particular on pages 34-35, by a confusion in the text between the population and the labor force. The focus in this chapter describing the unemployed, based on only the April 1976 Current Population Sur vey, presumably for consistency with the time of the au thors’ own metropolitan work force survey, I find to be on balance ill-advised. A particular point in time may not give a “typical” picture of the unemployed, and we get no impression whatever of cyclical variation in the composition and duration of unemployment. At least two points in time— a business cycle trough and a peak — would be preferable here. Chapter 3 purports to take “a more systematic look” at the hardship of unemployment. In a series of nine figures and two tables, the fractions of various groups (the employed and unemployed by occupational level and demographic or socioeconomic characteristics) dissatisfied with their income, accomplishments or fami ly life are lengthy. Chapter 4 is similar to the preceding chapter—essentially a series of figures showing the per centages of the employed and unemployed, by occupa tional level, who reported cutting back on expenditures or generating new resources, and the relationship of such activities to family responsibilities and the receipt of unemployment benefits. The conclusion of part 1 would appear to be that “ [unemployment] is strongly associated with dissatisfaction, and the best efforts by those out of work to manage on their own do not re duce that dissatisfaction” (p. 99). It is in part 2 that, as the authors repeatedly note, expected relationships most obviously fail to material ize. Personal economic strain and dissatisfaction do not appear to affect general social ideology and beliefs con cerning economic opportunity. Similarly, part 3 fails to uncover any systematic connection of political attitudes and behavior to either employment status or social ide ology. 63 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Book Reviews Leading to the conclusion that personal economic status and satisfaction, social ideology, and political be liefs and activities are essentially three separate and unconnected elements, rather than sequential links in a causal chain, the reader is subjected to an almost un ending series of bits and pieces of evidence that, by and large, remains fragmentary. Redundancy and lack of synthesis are recurrent problems because of the tenden cy to examine the various relationships one by one rath er than simultaneously. Where multivariate analysis is used, incomplete information on precise variable defini tions and the appropriate estimation technique frequent ly reduces the ability to interpret the results in a useful way. As a result of these defects, this book is too long and often extremely uninteresting. Although many social scientists will find some of its findings of interest, few, if any, will be inspired to read it from cover to cover. — B eth T. N iem i Associate Professor of Economics Rutgers University-Newark Making social security secure Social Security and Pensions in Transition: Understand ing the American Retirement System. By Bruno Stein. New York, The Free Press, 1980. 309 pp., bibliography. $14.95. For many years, few Americans worried about the social security system which they regarded as solid as the Plymouth Rock. But in recent years, there has been widespread concern about the future of social security. Some are troubled about its fiscal soundness. Perhaps a smaller number of observers wonder if the system will provide adequate payments to the millions of retirees and other beneficiaries who will depend on them. In a book which should be useful to both specialists and general readers, Bruno Stein has done much to illu minate both of these major issues. He also describes how social security interrelates with the other major sources of retirement income, private and public pen sions, and Supplementary Security Income, which is the public assistance program for the impoverished elderly. At one point, the author refers to literature which is written in economics rather than in English. Stein’s book is written in English and is readily understand able. Stein analyzes the welfare and income replacement functions of social security, both of which are character istic of a social insurance program. Fulfilling the two functions is what makes it possible for social security to meet both adequacy and equity goals. It is not always clear whether Stein favors some kind of separation of 64 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis these aspects of the program. Indeed, the book is given to a somewhat dispassionate statement of the issues and a reldctance by the author to come down hard with de finitive solutions. But in the end, he concludes that there is no objective way of determining a proper bal ance between equity and adequacy and, therefore, how this balance is decided is “a matter of political taste and compassion.” Some have advocated handling adequacy in a welfare program and making social security a pure earnings-related program. Others favor a so-called “double-decker” with a flat minimum benefit in the bottom tier and an earnings-related payment in the top tier. Both could re sult in large numbers of retirees being subjected to a means test and, in a footnote, Stein reminds readers that means-tested programs are demeaning to recipients. Stein supports giving up virtually exclusive reliance on payroll taxes to finance social security in favor of a modest infusion of general revenues into the system. But, though it would seem to be a matter of accounting rather than a genuine difference, he would use the gen eral revenue only for “one or more specific purposes on which a consensus can be obtained” rather than as an across-the-board contribution. He rejects the contention of some who claim that partial general revenue financ ing would convert social security into a welfare pro gram. On this point, he wryly comments: ” . . . one doubts whether American workers would have felt de meaned by a system that included some contributions from general revenues. European workers have never been troubled by this.” Stein feels that if social security is funded in part from general revenues, it should help to mitigate the intergenerational conflict which he sees looming in the next century. Because the ratio of retirees to workers will greatly increase but not the overall dependency ra tio, which includes children as well as the elderly, a reallocation of resources from the fewer children to the more numerous elderly will be necessary. Stein thinks that this will present political difficulties which can more easily be met with some general revenue financing because it would “spread the pain somewhat more thin ly” than if the reallocation were done entirely through the payroll tax. The book deals with a great number of other ques tions related to retirement income systems in this coun try. Among them are the impact of social security on savings and investment (Stein thinks the jury is out on this one), whether social security is “crowding out” supplementary private and public pensions (Stein thinks not), the appropriateness of deciding now to raise the social security retirement age to 68 at the beginning of the next century (Stein favors this, rejecting the argu ment that it would penalize those who couldn’t work because of ill health or inability to find jobs) and taxing social security benefits (which he opposes because there is no reason to start tax reform with the elderly). The book ends on a pessimistic note. Stein recognizes that “long-term economic growth is needed if our aspi rations for retirement— and for living standards prior to retirement— are to be satisfied.” To finance adequate retirement programs will require that such expansion be accompanied by low unemployment and relatively sta ble prices. But it is Stein’s view that as of now policies to achieve these goals seem unattainable. Whether or not his pessimism is justified, the book should be useful to those who want to know about the problems America faces in seeking to provide adequate income to retirees and some possible ways of facing up to those problems. Shapiro, Constance H., B. Jeanne Mueller-Lazar, Stanley L. Witkin, “Performance-based Evaluation: A Diagnostic Tool for Educators, Social Service Review, June 1980, pp. 262-72. — B e r t Se id m a n Director, Department of Social Security A FL-CIO Center to Protect Workers’ Rights, Union-Busting and the Law: From Benign Neglect to Malignant Growth. Wash ington, Center to Protect Workers’ Rights, 1980, 76 pp. in Economics,” by Irving Kristol, The Public Interest, Special Edition, 1980, pp. 4-218. Education Breneman, David W., “The Humanities in a Technological So ciety,” The Brookings Bulletin, Spring 1980, pp. 1-5. Industrial relations Blackburn, John D., “Legal Aspects of Smoking in the Workplace,” Labor Law Journal, September 1980, pp. 564-69. Block, Richard N., “Union Organizing and the Allocation of Union Resources,” Industrial and Labor Relations Re view, October 1980, pp. 101-13. Chaison, Gary N., “A Note on Union Merger Trends, 19001978,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, October 1980, pp. 114-20. Publications received Economic and social statistics Bouvier, Leon F., The Impact of Immigration on the Size of the U.S. Population, Washington, Population Reference Bureau, 1980, 43 pp. Ferber, Robert and others, What Is a Survey? Washington, American Statistical Association, Subcommittee of the Section on Survey Research Methods, 1980, 25 pp. Single copy free. Cleary, Timothy F., “Some Aspects of Agency Review of Ini tial Decision of Administrative Law Judges,” Labor Law Journal, September 1980, pp. 531-38. Duncan, Gregory M. and Duane E. Leigh, “Wage Determina tion in the Union and Nonunion Sectors: A Sample Se lectivity Approach,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, October 1980, pp. 24-34. Flanagan, Robert J., “The National Accord as a Social Con tract,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, October 1980, pp. 35-50. Nelson, Jon P. and George R. Neumann, “Tax Policy and Steel Industry Investment Behavior: An Econometric Analysis,” Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, Autumn 1980, pp. 19-34. Freeman, Richard B., “Unionism and the Dispersion of Wages,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, October 1980, pp. 3-23. Triplett, Myra L., “The Role of Interagency Committees in Statistical Policy Coordination,” Statistical Reporter, Oc tober 1980, pp. 1-35. Hendricks, Wallace, Peter Feuille, Carol Szerszen, “Regula tion, Deregulation, and Collective Bargaining in Air lines,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, October 1980, pp. 67-81. Economic growth and development Gilder, George, Wealth and Poverty. New York, Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, 1981, 306 pp., bibliography. $16.95. Hogler, Raymond L., “Industrial Due Process and Judicial Review of Arbitration Awards,” Labor Law Journal, Sep tember 1980, pp. 540-76. Hutt, W. H., The Keynesian Episode: A Reassessment. India napolis, Ind., Liberty Press, 1979, 449 pp. $10, cloth; $4.50, paper. Moye, William T., “Presidential Labor Management Commit tees: Productive Failures,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, October 1980, pp. 51-66. “The Crisis in Economic Theory: Toward the Next Econom ics,” by Peter F. Drucker, “The Dissolution of the Keynesian Consensus,” by James W. Dean, “Monetarism and the Crisis in Economics,” by Allan H. Meltzer, “Models and Reality in Economic Discourse,” by Daniel Bell, “ ‘Rational Expectations’ as a Counterrevolution,” by Mark H. Willes, “Microeconomics and X-Efficiency Theory,” by Harvey Leibenstein, “The ‘Austrian’ Per spective,” by Israel M. Kirzner, “General Equilibrium Theory,” by Frank Hahn, “Real and Nominal Values in Economics,” by Kenneth J. Arrow, “Post Keynesian Economics,” by Paul Davidson, “Value and Capital in Marxian Economics,” by Edward J. Nell, “Rationalism National Mediation Board, Forty-Fifth Annual Report of the National Mediation Board, Including the Report o f the National Railroad Adjustment Board for the Fiscal Year Ended Sept. 30, 1979. Washington, National Mediation Board, 1980, 68 pp. Stock No. 037-000-000-29-9. $4, Su perintendent of Documents, Washington 20402. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Ogden, Warren C., “An Impasse in Decisionmaking,” Labor Law Journal, September 1980, pp. 559-63. Pulliam, Mark S., “Union Security Clauses in Public Sector Labor Contracts, and Abood v. Detroit Board o f Educa tion: A Dissent,” Labor Law Journal, September 1980, pp. 539-46. 65 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Book Reviews Rehmus, Charles M. and Benjamin A. Kerner, “The Agency Shop After Abood: No Free Ride, But What’s the Fare?” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, October 1980, pp. 90-100. Ichioka, Yuji, “Japanese Immigrant Labor Contractors and the Northern Pacific and the Great Northern Railroad Companies, 1898-1907,” Labor History, Summer 1980, pp. 325-50. Schachter, Victor and Andrew Peterson, “Lawful Employer Participation in the Revocation of Union Authorization Cards,” Labor Law Journal, September 1980, pp. 54758. Kahn, Lawrence M., “Unions and Internal Labor Markets: The Case of the San Francisco Longshoremen,” Labor History, Summer 1980, pp. 369-91. Unterberger, S. Herbert and Edward C. Koziara, “The De mise of Airline Strike Insurance,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, October 1980, pp. 82-89. Industry and government organization Candilis, Wray O. and Theodore A. Nelson, “Geographic Distribution of Manufacturing Activity, Industrial Eco nomics Review, Summer 1980, pp. 45-54. Dalton, Donald and James McElroy, ’’Inflationary Pressures in the Softwood Lumber and Softwood Plywood Indus tries in the 1980’s,” Industrial Economics Review, Sum mer 1980, pp. 32-44. Figueroa, Oscar and Charles Winkler, A Business Information Guidebook. New York, amacom, A division of American Management Associations, 1980, 190 pp. $19.95. “Industry Profile of the Current Recession,” Industrial Eco nomics Review, Summer 1980, pp. 1-5. O’Donnell, L. A., “Labor Rediscovers Its Past,” Common weal, Sept. 12, 1980, pp. 490-91. Wetzel, Kurt, “Railroad Management’s Response to Operat ing Employees Accidents, 1890-1913,” Labor History, Summer 1980, pp. 351-68. Labor force Bartel, Ann, Wages, Nonwage Job Characteristics and Labor Mobility. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Econom ic Research, Inc., 1980, 34 pp. (nber Working Paper Se ries, 552.) $1. Denton, Frank T., Christine H. Feaver, Byron G. Spencer, The Future Population and Labour Force in Canada: Pro jections to the Year 2051. Hull, Quebec, Economic Coun cil of Canada, 1980, 48 pp. $3.50, Canada; $4.20, other countries. Available from Canadian Government Publish ing Center, Supply and Services Canada, Hull, Quebec. Johnson, Arthur M., “The Future of ‘Free’ Enterprise,” Man agement Review, October 1980, pp. 8-14. Gilley, Otis W., “Search Intensity, Reservation Wages, and Duration of Unemployment,” Quarterly Review of Eco nomics and Business, Autumn 1980, pp. 99-107. Kristensen, Chris and Joseph Correia, “Energy Usage Trends for Selected Manufacturing Industries,” Industrial Eco nomics Review, Summer 1980, pp. 20-31. Giraldo, Z. I., Public Policy and the Family: Wives and Moth ers in the Labor Force. Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath and Co., Lexington Books, 1980, 217 pp. Sekiguchi, Shiro, “How Japanese Business Treats Its Older Workers,” Management Review, October 1980, pp. 1518. Hall, Robert E., The Importance of Lifetime Jobs in the U.S. Economy. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Eco nomic Research, Inc., 1980, 27 pp. (nber Working Paper Series 560.) $1. Vaccara, Beatrice N. and Patrick H. MacAuley, “Evaluating the Economic Performance of U.S. Manufacturing Indus tries,” Industrial Economics Review, Summer 1980, pp. 6 19. Wendling, Wayne and Jack Werner, “Nonprofit Firms and the Economic Theory of Regulation,” Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, Autumn 1980, pp. 6-18. International economics Bryant, Ralph C., Money and Monetary Policy in Interdepen dent Nations. Washington, The Brookings Institution, 1980, 584 pp., bibliography, $29.95, cloth; $12.95, paper. Langdon, Steven W., Canadian Private Direct Investment and Technology Marketing in Developing Countries. Hull, Que bec, Economic Council of Canada, 1980, 55 pp. $8.95, Canada; $10.75, other countries. Available from Canadi an Government Publishing Center, Supply and Services Canada, Hull, Quebec. Labor and economic history Goldin, Claudia, The Historical Evolution of Female Earnings Functions and Occupations. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research. Inc., 1980, 38 pp. (nber Working Paper, 529.) $1. Hoerder, Dirk, “American Labor and Immigration History: Reports on the State of the Historiography Since 1945, Part II,” Labor History, Summer 1980, pp. 392-419. 66 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Liebhafsky, E. E., John E. Gnuschke, William L. McKee, “Value Judgments Inherent in Criticisms of CPS Measure ment of Unemployment,” Social Science Quarterly, Sep tember 1980, pp. 237-52. New Zealand, Department of Labor, “Employment and Regional Policies in France,” Labour and Employment Gazette, June 1980, pp. 9-11. Osterman, Paul, Getting Started: The Youth Labor Market. Cambridge, Mass., The MIT Press, 1980, 197 pp. $20. Thomas-Lycklama a Nijeholt, On the Road for Work: Migra tory Workers on the East Coast o f the United States. Bos ton, Martinus NijhofF Publishing, 1980, 211 pp., bibliography. (Series on the Development of Societies, 7.) $16. Distributed in the United States by Kluwer Boston, Inc., Hingham, Mass. Yohalem, Alice M., ed., Women Returning to Work: Policies and Progress in Five Countries. New York, Conservation of Human Resources, 1980, 291 pp. $25, Allanheld, Osmun & Co., Publishers, Inc., Montclair, N.J. Management and organization theory Ball, Robert, “Europe Outgrows Management American Style,” Fortune, Oct. 20, 1980, pp. 147-48. Batten, J. D., Beyond Management by Objectives: A Manage ment Classic. New York, amacom, A division of Ameri can Management Associations, 1966; reissued and updated, 1980. 112 pp. $10.95. Braverman, Jerome D., Management Decision Making: A Formal/Intuitive Approach. New York, amacom, A division of American Management Associations, 1980, 241 pp. $16.95. Cole, Donald W., Professional Suicide: A Survival Kit for You and Your Job. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1981, 232 pp., bibliography. $12.95. Curtis, Donald A., “Management in the Public Sector: It Re ally Is Harder,” Management Review, October 1980, pp. 70-74. Davis, Tim R. V., “Managers in Action: A New Look at Their Behavior and Operating Modes,” Organizational Dynamics, Summer 1980 pp. 64-80. Dewitt, Sherri, Worker Participation and the Crisis of Liberal Democracy. Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 1980, 168 pp. $18. Enger, Norman L. and Paul W. Howerton, Computer Securi ty: A Management Audit Approach. New York, AMACOM, A division of American Management Associations, 1980, 264 pp. $21.95. “Health, Safety, and Security,” Personnel Administrator, No vember 1980, pp. 18-54. Hofstede, Geert, “Motivation, Leadership, and Organization: Do American Theories Apply Abroad?” Organizational Dynamics, Summer 1980, pp. 42-63. Howard, Cecil G., “How Relocation Abroad Affects Expatri ates’ Family Life,” Personnel Administrator, November 1980, pp. 71-78. Humble, John, “Time Management: Separating the Myths and the Realities,” Management Review, October 1980, beginning on p. 25. Kenney, William J., Jr. and Bernard Ryan, Jr., “How Busi ness Can Help Bring Management Skills to Urban Gov ernment,” Personnel Administrator, November 1980, pp. 63-68. Klimoski, Richard J. and Noreen J. Hayes, “Leader Behavior and Subordinate Motivation,” Personnel Psychology, Au tumn 1980, pp. 543-55. Koen, Clifford M., Jr., “The Pre-Employment Inquiry Guide,” Personnel Journal, October 1980, pp. 825-29. Leavitt, Harold J. and Jean Lipman-Blumen, “A Case for the Relational Manager,” Organizational Dynamics, Summer 1980, pp. 27-41. Murr, Donald W., Harry B. Bracey, Jr., William K. Hill, “How to Improve Your Organization’s Management Controls,” Management Review, October 1980, pp. 5663. Newburg, Thomas A., “Exercises for Better Management De velopment,” Personnel Journal, October 1980, pp. 85052. “Office Automation, Personnel and the New Technology: A Conference Report,” Personnel Journal, October 1980, pp. 815-23. Peters, Thomas J., “Management Systems: The Language of Organizational Character and Competence,” Organiza tional Dynamics, Summer 1980, pp. 2-26. Raffel, Judith, “Combating Employee Resistance to Retire https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ment-Planning Seminars,” Personnel Journal, October 1980, pp. 845-46. Rappaport, Cyril M., “Hiring the Handicapped,” Personnel Administrator, November 1980, beginning on p. 81. Rynes, Sara L., Herbert G. Heneman III, Donald P. Schwab, “Individual Reactions to Organizational Recruiting: A Review,” Personnel Psychology, Autumn 1980, pp. 52942. Sammet, George, Jr. and Clifton G. Kelley, Do's and Don'ts in Subcontract Management. New York, amacom, A divi sion of American Management Associations, 1980, 40 pp. (An ama Management Briefing.) $5, ama members; $7.50, nonmembers. Stead, W. Edward and Jean G. Stead, “Cancer in the Workplace: A Neglected Problem,” Personnel Journal, October 1980, pp. 847-49. Turney, John R. and Stanley L. Cohen, “Participative Man agement: What Is the Right Level?” Management Review, October 1980, pp. 66-69. Witte, John F., Democracy, Authority, and Alienation in Work: Workers' Participation in an American Corporation. Chica go, 111., The University of Chicago Press, 1980, 216 pp. $ 20. Monetary and fiscal policy Moscato, Donald R., Building Financial Decision-Making Models: An Introduction to Principles and Procedures. New York, amacom, A division of American Manage ment Associations, 1980, 150 pp. $17.95. Rabinowitz, Alan, The Real Estate Gamble: Lessons from 50 Years of Boom and Bust. New York, AMACOM, A division of American Management Associations, 1980, 308 pp. $17.95. Productivity and technological change Griliches, Zvi, R & D and the Productivity Slowdown. Cam bridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1980, pp. 343-48. Reprinted from The American Economic Review, May 1980. (nber Reprint, 91.) $1. Pakes, Ariel and Zvi Griliches, Patents and R&D at the Firm Level: A First Look. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1980, 33 pp. (nber Working Paper Series, 561.) $1. Social institutions and social change Chapman, Jane Roberts, Economic Realities and the Female Offender. Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath and Co., Lexing ton Books, 1980, 234 pp., bibliography. Kramer, Jane, Unsettling Europe. 5th ed. New York, Random House, Inc., 1980, 217 pp. $9.95. Livernash, Robert E., ed., Comparable Worth: Issues and Al ternatives. Washington, Equal Employment Advisory Council, 1980, 260 pp. Wages and compensation Baird, Lloyd S. and Philip J. Beccia, “The Potential Misuse of Overtime,” Personnel Psychology, Autumn 1980, pp. 55765. Fishwick, Frank, The Introduction and Extension of Shiftworking. London, England, National Economic De- 67 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Book Reviews velopment Office, 1980, 90 pp. Available from nedo Books, 1 Steel House, 11 Tothill St., London, SW1H 9LJ. Levenson, Mark, “Minimum Wage Controversy,” Dun's Re view, October 1980, pp. 114-16. National Commission on Unemployment Compensation, Un employment Compensation Policy Decisions: Preliminary. Rosslyn, Va., National Commission on Unemployment Compensation, 1980, 150 pp. New Zealand, Department of Labor, “Part-time Careers— A Public Sector Experiment,” Labour and Employment Ga zette, June 1980, pp. 12-14. Saks, Daniel H., Wage Determination During Periods of High Inflation. Washington, National Commission for Employ ment Policy, 1980, 12 pp. Welfare programs and social insurance Barth, Michael C., “Welfare Policy: Near and Longer Term,” The Journal I The Institute for Socioeconomic Studies, Autumn 1980, pp. 38-49. Baucus, Max, “The Federal Response to Medicare Supple mentary Insurance,” The JournallThe Institute for Socio economic Studies, Autumn 1980, pp. 65-73. Bethell, Tom, “Real Welfare Reform,” The Journal/The Institute for Socioeconomic Studies, Autumn 1980, pp. 29-37. Board of Directors, Manpower Demonstration Research Corp., Summary and Findings o f the National Supported Work Demonstration. New York, Manpower Demonstra tion Research Corp., 1980, 164 pp. $3. Driver, William J., “Forty-Fifth Anniversary of Social Securi ty,” Social Security Bulletin, August 1980, pp. 3-5. Levitan, Sar A., Programs in Aid of the Poor for the 1980s. 4th ed. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980, 159 pp. $11, cloth; $3.95, paper. Alcohol and work: a poor mix Alcohol abuse is clearly disruptive to job efficiency. Sometimes the drinking worker is simply unable to carry out his assigned tasks. Per haps more costly is “covered-up” inefficiency which can lead to pro duction errors and a high degree of waste among blue-collar workers. This waste parallels inefficient decisionmaking among drinking whitecollar employees. Here also the cost may be indirect and not evident until “the damage is done.” Poor decisionmaking or the failure to make needed decisions is perhaps the most marked cost of white-col lar drinking, potentially disrupting large segments of an organization’s activities. The deviant drinker may lower the morale of his coworkers. Absen teeism and the consequent disruption in workflow create inconve niences and even hardships for those who must take up the slack. A sense of “distributive injustice” may come to pervade his fellow work ers, that is, the deviant drinker is receiving the same rewards they are, but he is doing only a small part of his assigned tasks. Consequently, they may adjust their own performances. This attitude takes a partic ularly heavy toll in settings where production quotas are emphasized. Furthermore, alcohol use or a hangover can result in an employee’s being oversensitive, obnoxious, boisterous, insulting, and, in some in stances, even violent. M. T r i c e M. R o m a n Spirits and Demons at Work: Alcohol and Other Drugs on the Job. 2d ed. (Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University, New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, 1978), p. 3. — H a r r is o n a n d 68 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Pa u l Current Labor Statistics Notes on Current Labor Statistics Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series .......................................................................... Employment data from household survey. Definitions and notes ........................................... 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Employment status of noninstitutional population, selected years, 1950-79 ................................................................ Employment status by sex, age, and race, seasonally adjusted ........................................................................................ Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted ........................................................................................................ Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted ..................................................................................................... Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted ................................................................................................ Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted ..................................................................... Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted ................................................................................................................ Employment, hours, and earnings data from establishment surveys. Definitions and notes 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Employment by industry, 1950-79 ........................................................................................................................................ Employment by State ............................................................................................................................................................... Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group .................................................................................. Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonallyadjusted .......................... Labor turnover rates in manufacturing, 1977 to date ......................................................................................................... Labor turnover rates in manufacturing, by major industry group ................................................................................... Hours and earnings, by industry division, 1949-79 .......................................................................................................... Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing g r o u p .............................................................................. Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ...................................... Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group ........................................................................ Hourly Earnings Index, by industry division, seasonally adjusted ................................................................................ Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group ..................................................................... Gross and spendable weekly earnings, in current and 1967 dollars, 1960 todate ....................................................... Unemployment insurance data. Definitions and notes 76 77 77 78 79 80 80 81 82 83 84 84 85 86 87 87 .......................................................................................................................................... Consumer Price Index, 1967-79 ............................................................................................................................................. Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, general summary and selected items ........................................................... Consumer Price Index, cross classification of region and population size class ............................................................ Consumer Price Index, selected areas ..................................................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing .................................................................................................................. Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings ............................................................................................................. Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings ................................................................................................ Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product ................................................................................................................ Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries ................................................................................. 88 89 89 95 96 97 98 100 100 100 Price data. Definitions and notes Productivity data. Definitions and notes 31. 32. 33. 34. i\ 71 72 73 74 75 75 75 ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ 21. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 70 ....................................................................................................................... Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1950-79 Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1969-79 ............................................. Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted ................... Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices . . Labor-management data. Definitions and notes ........................................................................................................ 35. Wage and benefit settlements in major collective bargaining units, 1975 to date ........................................................ 36. Effective wage rate adjustments going into effect in major collective bargaining units, 1975 to date ..................... 37. Work stoppages, 1947 to date ............................................................................................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 103 103 104 104 105 106 106 107 107 NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS This section of the Review presents the principal statistical se ries collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A brief introduction to each group of tables provides defi nitions, notes on the data, sources, and other material usually found in footnotes. Readers who need additional information are invited to consult the BLS regional offices listed on the inside front cov er of this issue of the Review. Some general notes applicable to several series are given below. Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect of such factors as climatic conditions, industry production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods, and vacation practices, which might otherwise mask short term movements of the statistical series. Tables containing these data are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are com puted each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for sev eral preceding years. For a technical discussion of the method used to make seasonal adjustments, see X -ll Variant of the Census Method II Seasonal Adjustment Program, Technical Paper No. 15 (Bureau of the Census, 1967). Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 2 - 7 were last revised in the February 1980 issue of the Review to reflect the preceding year’s experience. Beginning in January 1980, the BLS introduced two major modifications in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data. First, the data are being seasonally adjusted with a new proce dure called X -ll/A R IM A , which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard X -ll method. A detailed description of the procedure appears in The X -ll ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Method by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12-564E, September 1979). The second change is that seasonal factors are now being calculated for use during the first 6 months of the year, rather than for the entire year, and then are calculated at mid-year for the July-December period. Revisions of historical data continue to be made only at the end of each calendar year. Annual revision of the seasonally adjusted payroll data in tables 11, 13, 16, and 18 begins with the August 1980 issue using the X -ll ARIMA seasonal adjustment methodology. New seasonal fac tors for productivity data in tables 33 and 34 are usually intro duced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month to month and from quarter to quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S. average All Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Adjustments for price changes. Some data are adjusted to eliminate the effect of changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate component of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of 150, where 1967 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1967 dollars is $2 ($3/150 X 100 = $2). The resulting values are described as “real,” “constant,” or “ 1967” dollars. Availability of information. Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a variety of sources. Press releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule given below. The Handbook of Labor Statis tics 1978, Bulletin 2000, provides more detailed data and greater his torical coverage for most of the statistical series presented in the Monthly Labor Review. More information from the household and es tablishment surveys is provided in Employment and Earnings, a monthly publication of the Bureau, and in two comprehensive data books issued annually — Employment and Earnings, United States and Employment and Earnings, States and Areas. More detailed informa tion on wages and other aspects of collective bargaining appears in the monthly periodical, Current Wage Developments. More detailed price information is published each month in the periodicals, the CPI Detailed Report and Producer Prices and Price Indexes. Symbols p = preliminary. To improve the timeliness of some series, preliminary figures are issued based on representative but incomplete returns. r = revised. Generally this revision reflects the availability of later data but may also reflect other adjustments, n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series T itle a n d fr e q u e n c y R e le a s e P e r io d R e le a s e P e r io d M L R ta b le ( m o n t h l y e x c e p t w h e r e in d ic a t e d ) d a te co v e re d d a te c o v e re d num ber January 9 January 9 January 23 January 23 January 26 January 29 January 30 December December December December 1980 December December February 6 February 13 February 25 February 25 January January January January February 27 February 26 January January 1-11 26-30 22-25 14-20 35-36 37 12-13 February 26 4th quarter 31 -34 Employment situation .................................................................. Producer Price Index .................................................................. Consumer Price Index ................................................................ Real earnings ............................................................................ Major collective bargaining settlements (quarterly) ........................ Work stoppages.......................................................................... Labor turnover In manufacturing .................................................. Productivity and costs (quarterly): Nonflnancial corporations ........................................................ 70 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EMPLOYMENT DATA FROM THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY E m p lo y m en t d a t a in this section are obtained from the Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 65,000 households beginning in January 1980, selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years of age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. those not classified as employed or unemployed; this group includes persons retired, those engaged in their own housework, those not working while attending school, those unable to work because of longterm illness, those discouraged from seeking work because of personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle. The noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years of age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy. Full-time workers are those employed at least 35 hours a week; part-time workers are those who work fewer hours. Workers on parttime schedules for economic reasons (such as slack work, terminating or starting a job during the week, material shortages, or inability to find full-time work) are among those counted as being on full-time status, under the assumption that they would be working full time if conditions permitted. The survey classifies unemployed persons in full-time or part-time status by their reported preferences for full-time or part-time work. Definitions Employed persons are (1) those who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed. The unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The civilian labor force consists of all employed or unemployed persons in the civilian noninstitutional population; the total labor force includes military personnel. Persons not in the labor force are 1. Notes on the data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the preceding years. These adjustments affect the comparability of historical data presented in table 1. A description of these adjustments and their effect on the various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes of Employment and Earnings. Data in tables 2 - 7 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal experience through December 1979. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-79 [Numbers in thousands] T o t a l la b o r f o r c e C iv i lia n la b o r f o r c e T o ta l n o n Year E m p lo y e d U n e m p lo y e d N o t in in s t it u t io n a l p o p u l a t io n N um ber P e rc e n t o f T o ta l N o n a g r i- p o p u l a t io n T o ta l A g r ic u l t u r e c u l tu r a l P e rc e n t o f N um ber i n d u s t r ie s la b o r f o r c e la b o r fo rc e 1950 1955 1960 1964 1965 .................................... ................................ ................................ ...................................... .......................................... 106,645 112,732 119,759 127,224 129,236 63,858 68,072 72,142 75,830 77,178 59.9 60.4 60.2 59.6 59.7 62,208 65,023 69,628 73,091 74,455 58,918 62,170 65,778 69,305 71,088 7,160 6,450 5,458 4,523 4,361 51,758 55,722 60,318 64,782 66,726 3,288 2,852 3,852 3,786 3,366 5.3 4.4 5.5 5.2 4.5 42,787 44,660 47,617 51,394 52,058 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 .............................................. ...................................... .............................................. ........................................ .................................................... 131,180 133,319 135,562 137,841 140,182 78,893 80,793 82,272 84,240 85,903 60.1 60.6 60.7 61.1 61.3 75,770 77,347 78,737 80,734 82,715 72,895 74,372 75,920 77,902 78,627 3,979 3,844 3,817 3,606 3,462 68,915 70,527 72,103 74,296 75,165 2,875 2,975 2,817 2,832 4,088 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5 4.9 52,288 52,527 53,291 53,602 54,280 1971 ...................................... 1972 .................................................... 1973 ............................................ 1974 .............................. 1975 .................................. 142,596 145,775 148,263 150,827 153,449 86,929 88,991 91,040 93,240 94,793 61.0 61.0 61.4 61.8 61.8 84,113 86,542 88,714 91,011 92,613 79,120 81,702 84,409 83,935 84,783 3,387 3,472 3,452 3,492 3,380 75,732 78,230 80,957 82,443 81,403 4,993 4,840 4,304 5,076 7,830 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6 8,5 55,666 56,785 57,222 57,587 58,655 1976 1977 1978 1979 156,048 158,559 161,058 163,620 96,917 99,534 102,537 104,996 62.1 62.8 63.7 64.2 94,773 97,401 100,420 102,908 87,485 90,546 94,373 96,945 3,297 3,244 3,342 3,297 84,188 87,302 91,031 93,648 7,288 6,855 6,047 5,963 7.7 7.0 6.0 5.8 59,130 59,025 58,521 58,623 .......................................... ........................................ ................................ .......................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 71 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 2. Employment status by sex, age, and race, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] A nnual averag e 1979 1980 E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s 1978 1979 N ov. Dec. 161,058 102,537 158,941 100,420 94,373 3,342 91,031 6,047 6.0 58,521 163,620 104,996 161,532 102,908 96,945 3,297 93,648 5,963 5.8 58,623 164,682 105,744 162,589 103,652 97,608 3,385 94,223 6,044 5.8 58,937 164,898 106,088 162,809 103,999 97,912 3,359 94,553 6,087 5.9 58,810 67,006 53,464 51,212 2,361 48,852 2,252 4.2 13,541 68,293 54,486 52,264 2,350 49,913 2,223 4.1 13,807 68,804 54,709 52,374 2,438 49,936 2,335 4.3 14,095 75,489 37,416 35,180 586 34,593 2,236 6.0 38,073 76,860 38,910 36,698 591 36,107 2,213 5.7 37,949 16,447 9,540 7,981 395 7,586 1,559 16.3 6,907 Jan. Feb. M ar. A p r. M ay June 165,101 106,310 163,020 104,229 97,804 3,270 94,534 6,425 6.2 58,791 165,298 106,346 163,211 104,260 97,953 3,326 94,626 6,307 6.0 58,951 165,506 106,184 163,416 104,094 97,656 3,358 94,298 6,438 6.2 59,322 165,693 106,511 163,601 104,419 97,154 3,242 93,912 7,265 7.0 59,182 165,886 107,230 163,799 105,142 96,988 3,379 93,609 8,154 7.8 58,657 166,105 106,634 164,013 104,542 96,537 3,191 93,346 8,006 7.7 59,471 68,940 54,781 52,478 2,427 50,051 2,303 4.2 14,159 69,047 54,855 52,279 2,387 49,892 2,577 4.7 14,192 69,140 55,038 52,531 2,435 50,096 2,507 4.6 14,102 69,238 54,996 52,300 2,394 49,906 2,696 4.9 14,242 69,329 55,114 51,868 2,320 49,548 3,246 5.9 14,215 69,428 55,467 51,796 2,384 49,412 3,671 6.6 13,961 77,426 39,445 37,248 612 36,636 2,197 5.6 37,981 77,542 39,659 37,402 582 36,820 2,257 5.7 37,883 77,656 39,878 37,574 540 37,034 2,304 5.8 37,778 77,766 39,857 37,604 567 37,037 2,254 5.7 37,909 77,876 39,751 37,496 582 36,914 2,255 5.7 38,125 77,981 40,137 37,602 552 37,051 2,534 6.3 37,844 16,379 9,512 7,984 356 7,628 1,528 16.1 6,867 16,360 9,498 7,986 335 7,651 1,512 15.9 6,862 16,326 9,559 8,032 350 7,682 1,527 16.0 6,767 16,317 9,497 7,952 344 7,608 1,545 16.3 6,820 16,305 9,365 7,818 325 7,493 1,547 16.5 6,940 16,302 9,346 7,859 381 7,478 1,487 15.9 6,956 139,580 88,456 83,836 4,620 5.2 51,124 141,614 90,602 86,025 4,577 5.1 51,011 142,461 91,242 86,571 4,671 5.1 51,219 142,645 91,579 86,894 4,685 5.1 51,066 142,806 142,951 91,852 91,977 86,895 87,081 4,957 4,896 5.4 5.3 50,954 50,975 19,361 11,964 10,537 1,427 11.9 7,397 19,918 12,306 10,920 1,386 11.3 7,612 20,128 12,391 11,044 1,347 10.9 7,737 20,163 12,432 11,024 1,408 11.3 7,731 J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. 166,391 107,302 164,293 105,203 96,996 3,257 93,739 8,207 7.8 59,091 166,578 107,139 164,464 105,025 97,006 3,180 93,826 8,019 7.6 59,439 166,789 107,155 164,667 105,034 97,207 3,442 93,765 7,827 7.5 59,633 167,005 107,301 164,884 105,180 97,176 3,324 93,851 8,005 7.6 59,704 167,201 107,439 165,082 105,320 97,396 3.342 94,054 7,924 7.5 59,762 69,532 55,220 51,510 2,270 49,240 3,710 6.7 14,312 69,664 55,398 51,668 2,292 49,376 3,730 6.7 14,266 69,756 55,474 51,792 2,286 49,506 3,682 6.6 14,282 69,864 55,547 51,803 2,398 49,405 3,744 6.7 14,317 69,987 55,504 51,963 2,355 49,607 3,541 6.4 14,483 70,095 55,593 52,074 2,399 49,675 3,519 6.3 14,502 78,090 40,246 37,576 616 36,960 2,670 6.6 37,844 78,211 40,125 37,530 541 36,989 2,596 6.5 38,086 78,360 40,471 37,769 565 37,204 2,702 6.7 37,889 78,473 40,589 37,961 548 37,413 2,628 6.5 37,884 78,598 40,297 37,824 607 37,216 2,473 6.1 38,301 78,723 40,486 37,716 572 37,144 2,771 6.8 38,237 78,842 40,613 37,912 546 37,366 2,702 6.7 38,229 16,291 9,168 7,683 370 7,313 1,485 16.2 7,123 16,281 9,429 7,616 379 7,237 1,813 19.2 6,852 16,271 9,197 7,497 380 7,117 1,700 18.5 7,074 16,268 9,334 7,560 401 7,159 1,774 19.0 6,934 16,235 8,962 7,253 346 6,907 1,709 19.1 7,273 16,205 9,190 7,580 437 7,143 1,610 17.5 7,015 16,174 9,191 7,498 398 7,100 1,693 18.4 6,983 16,145 9,114 7,410 397 7,013 1,704 18.7 7,031 143,115 91,821 86,822 4,999 5.4 51,294 143,254 92,083 86,385 5,698 6.2 51,171 143,403 92,535 86,148 6,386 6.9 50,868 143,565 143,770 92,096 92,456 85,792 86,063 6,303 6,392 6.8 6.9 51,469 51,314 143,900 92,294 85,981 6,313 6.8 51,606 144,051 92,337 86,315 6,021 6.5 51,714 20,301 12,266 10,823 1,443 11.8 8,035 20,346 12,319 10,771 1,549 12.6 8,027 20,395 12,559 10,813 1,746 13.9 7,836 20,564 12,650 10,930 1,719 13.6 7,914 20,617 12,680 10,882 1,798 14.2 7,937 TOTAL Total noninstitutional population1 .......................... Total labor force ...................................... Civilian noninstitutional population' ...................... Civilian labor force ................................ Employed ...................................... Agriculture .............................. Nonagricultural industries ........ Unemployed .................................. Unemployment rate ........................ Not in labor force .................................. M en, 20 ye ars and o ve r Civilian noninstitutional population' ...................... Civilian labor force ...................................... Employed ............................................ Agriculture .................................... Nonagricultural industries ................ Unemployed ........................................ Unemployment rate .............................. Not in labor force ........................................ W om en , 20 ye ars and o ve r Civilian noninstitutional population' ...................... Civilian labor force ...................................... Employed ............................................ Agriculture .................................... Nonagricultural industries ................ Unemployed ........................................ Unemployment rate .............................. Not in labor force ........................................ B o th s e x e s , 1 6 - 1 9 y e a r s Civilian noninstitutional population1 ...................... Civilian labor force ...................................... Employed ............................................ Agriculture .................................... Nonagricultural industries ................ Unemployed ........................................ Unemployment rate .............................. Not in labor force ........................................ W h ite Civilian noninstitutional population' ...................... Civilian labor force ...................................... Employed ............................................ Unemployed ........................................ Unemployment rate .............................. Not in labor force ........................................ 144,211 144,359 92,550 92,559 86,391 86,416 6,144 6,159 6.7 6.6 51,661 51,800 B la c k a n d o t h e r Civilian noninstitutional population' ...................... Civilian labor force ...................................... Employed ............................................ Unemployed ........................................ Unemployment rate .............................. Not in labor force ........................................ 20,214 12,453 10,979 1,474 11.8 7,761 'As in table 1, population figures are not seasonally adjusted. NOTE: The monthly data in this table have been revised to reflect seasonal experience through 1979. 72 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 20,261 12,362 10,937 1,424 11.5 7,899 20,448 12,446 10,751 1,695 13.6 8,002 20,523 12,739 10,932 1,807 14.2 7,784 20,673 12,737 10,911 1,826 14.3 7,936 20,723 12,734 10,956 1,779 14.0 7,989 3. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted [ In thousands] A nnual a v erag e 1979 1980 S e le c t e d c a t e g o r ie s 1978 1979 N ov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. 94,373 55,491 38,882 38,688 21,881 96,945 56,499 40,446 39,090 22,724 97,608 56,580 41,028 38,845 22,940 97,912 56,734 41,178 38,924 23,027 97,804 56,486 41,318 38,749 23,111 97,953 56,732 41,221 38,955 23,178 97,656 56,601 41,051 38,745 23,202 97,154 55,998 41,156 38,342 23,080 96,988 55,823 41,165 38,147 23,155 96,537 55,457 41,079 38,193 23,144 96,996 55,629 41,367 37,999 23,097 97,006 55,551 41,455 37,910 23,162 97,207 55,738 41,469 37,969 23,017 97,176 55,885 41,291 38,139 22,953 97,396 55,956 41,440 38,216 23,038 47,205 14,245 49,342 15,050 49,912 15,131 49,911 15,272 50,313 15,337 50,448 15,444 50,302 15,397 50,405 15,542 50,606 15,551 50,861 15,712 51,114 15,741 51,413 15,761 51,149 15,501 51,084 15,796 51,119 15,890 10,105 5,951 16,904 31,531 12,386 10,875 3,541 4,729 12,839 2,798 10,516 6,163 17,613 32,066 12,880 10,909 3,612 4,665 12,834 2,703 10,617 6,362 17,802 32,110 12,925 10,963 3,628 4,594 12,899 2,718 10,535 6,346 17,758 32,302 13,041 11,042 3,635 4,584 12,970 2,694 10,608 6,452 17,915 31,882 12,814 10,678 3,616 4,774 12,979 2,660 10,971 6,185 17,848 31,754 12,728 10,661 3,571 4,795 13,080 2,764 10,755 6,113 18,037 31,670 12,767 10,579 3,558 4,767 12,981 2,733 10,745 5,988 18,129 31,127 12,773 10,408 3,483 4,463 13,034 2,658 10,882 6,022 18,152 30,681 12,523 10,336 3,421 4,402 13,932 2,745 10,911 5,981 18,256 30,243 12,301 10,131 3,395 4,416 12,930 2,606 11,046 6,128 18,199 30,149 12,382 10,134 3,335 4,299 13,045 2,689 11,153 6,124 18,375 29,983 12,233 10,066 3,474 4,209 12,917 2,601 11,018 6,347 18,284 30,444 12,546 10,196 3,434 4,268 12,917 2,779 10,958 6,317 18,013 30,621 12,545 10,244 3,457 4,376 12,863 2,735 10,994 6,142 18,092 30,678 12,444 10,313 3,453 4,467 12,851 2,726 1,419 1,607 316 1,413 1,580 304 1,475 1,622 310 1,451 1,596 310 1,428 1,554 293 1,417 1,648 283 1,449 1,600 300 1,370 1,591 281 1,405 1,662 289 1,365 1,590 269 1,352 1,631 292 1,263 1,648 273 1,418 1,706 315 1,344 1,643 338 1,435 1,597 335 84,253 15,289 68,966 1,363 67,603 6,305 472 86,540 15,369 71,171 1,240 69,931 6,652 455 87,020 15,358 71,662 1,211 70,451 6,781 417 87,384 15,397 71,987 1,228 70,759 6,737 409 87,578 15,414 72,163 1,132 71,031 6,752 379 87,419 15,540 71,879 1,178 70,702 6,899 397 87,221 15,622 71,599 1,115 70,484 6,825 376 86,741 15,668 71,072 1,123 69,949 6,813 363 86,631 15,799 70,832 1,206 69,625 6,648 411 86,257 15,891 70,365 1,219 69,147 6,666 445 86,407 15,760 70,647 1,245 69,402 6,765 441 86,508 15,495 71,014 1,209 69,805 6,879 399 86,331 15,538 70,793 1,113 69,679 7,014 423 86,507 15,565 70,942 1,146 69,796 7,051 420 86,701 15,638 71,063 1,154 69,909 6,945 404 85,693 70,543 3,216 1,249 1,967 11,934 88,133 72,647 3,281 1,325 1,956 12,205 88,617 72,997 3,392 1,413 1,979 12,228 89,180 73,137 3,519 1,491 2,028 12,524 89,454 73,223 3,513 1,549 1,964 12,718 88,985 73,110 3,406 1,380 2,026 12,469 88,585 72,749 3,418 1,463 1,955 12,418 87,660 71,807 3,816 1,709 2,107 12,037 87,680 71,224 4,349 2,064 2,285 12,106 87,910 71,206 3,999 1,781 2,217 12,706 87,454 70,649 4,113 1,847 2,266 12,692 88,270 71,478 4,148 1,692 2,456 12,644 88,243 71,969 4,204 1,695 2,509 12,069 88,466 72,142 4,261 1,667 2,593 12,064 88,751 72,365 4,168 1,578 2,590 12,218 C H A R A C T E R IS T IC Total employed, 16 years and over ...................... Men ............................................................ Women........................................................ Married men, spouse present ........................ Married women, spouse present.................... O C C U P A T IO N White-collar workers............................................ Professional and technical ............................ Managers and administrators, except farm ........................................................ Salesworkers................................................ Clerical workers............................................ Blue-collar workers.............................................. Craft and kindred workers ............................ Operatives, except transport.......................... Transport equipment operatives .................... Nonfarm laborers.......................................... Service workers .................................................. Farmworkers ...................................................... M A J O R IN D U S T R Y A N D C L A S S OF W ORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers.............................. Self-employed workers.................................. Unpaid family workers .................................. Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers.............................. Government .......................................... Private industries.................................... Private households .......................... Other industries .............................. Self-employed workers.................................. Unpaid family workers .................................. PERSONS AT W ORK 1 Nonagricultural industries .................................... Full-time schedules ...................................... Part time for economic reasons...................... Usually work full time.............................. Usually work part tim e............................ Part time for noneconomic reasons................ ’ Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: The monthly data in this table have been revised to reflect seasonal experience through 1979. 73 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 4. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted [Unemployment rates] 1979 A nnual av erag e 1980 S e le c t e d c a te g o r ie s 1978 1979 N ov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. Total, 16 years and over...................................... Men, 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ................................ Women, 20 years and over .......................... Both sexes, 16-19 years ............................ 6.0 4.2 6.0 16.3 5.8 4.1 5.7 16.1 5.8 4.3 5.6 15.9 5.9 4.2 5.7 16.0 6.2 4.7 5.8 16.3 6.0 4.6 5.7 16.5 6.2 4.9 5.7 15.9 7.0 5.9 6.3 16.2 7.8 6.6 6.6 19.2 7.7 6.7 6.5 18.5 7.8 6.7 6.7 19.0 7.6 6.6 6.5 19.1 7.5 6.7 6.1 17.5 7.6 6.4 6.8 18.4 7.5 6.3 6.7 18.7 White, total .................................................. Men, 20 years and over ........................ Women, 20 years and o v e r.................... Both sexes, 16-19 years ...................... 5.2 3.7 5.2 13.9 5.1 3.6 5.0 13.9 5.1 3.7 4.9 13.9 5.1 3.7 5.0 13.9 5.4 4.1 5.1 14.0 5.3 4.0 5.2 13.8 5.4 4.4 4.9 13.8 6.2 5.3 5.5 14.6 6.9 5.9 5.8 17.4 6.8 6.0 5.8 16.4 6.9 6.0 5.9 16.7 6.8 5.9 5.8 17.0 6.5 5.9 5.5 14.8 6.7 5.7 5.9 15.9 6.6 5.6 5.8 16.5 Black and other, total.................................... Men, 20 years and over ........................ Women, 20 years and o v e r.................... Both sexes, 16-19 years ...................... 11.9 8.6 10.6 36.3 11.3 8.4 10.1 33.5 10.9 8.4 9.5 32.8 11.3 8.6 10.0 34.3 11.8 9.6 10.0 34.6 11.5 9.2 9.0 37.9 11.8 9.3 10.5 33.0 12.6 10.9 11.4 29.8 13.9 12.0 11.9 35.2 13.6 12.6 10.9 34.4 14.2 12.7 11.5 36.6 13.6 12.7 10.6 37.4 14.2 13.5 10.4 38.2 14.3 12.1 12.6 37.8 14.0 11.9 12.2 36.3 Married men, spouse present........................ Married women, spouse present.................... Women who head families............................ Full-time workers.......................................... Part-time workers ........................................ Unemployed 15 weeks and over.................... Labor force time lost1 .................................. 2.8 5.5 8.5 5.5 9.0 1.4 6.5 2.7 5.1 8.3 5.3 8.7 1.2 6.3 2.9 4.8 8.4 5.4 8.3 1.1 6.4 2.8 5.0 8.4 5.4 8.5 1.2 6.4 3.4 5.2 9.2 5.7 8.7 1.3 6.7 3.1 5.4 8.5 5.6 8.9 1.2 6.6 3.4 5.3 8.7 5.8 8.3 1.3 6.8 4.1 5.7 9.3 6.6 8.9 1.6 7.5 4.7 6.3 8.3 7.5 9.3 1.6 8.8 4.9 6.1 8.4 7.4 8.8 1.7 8.3 5.1 6.2 8.9 7.6 8.7 1.8 8.5 4.9 6.1 8.9 7.4 8.6 2.1 8.3 4.8 5.6 8.5 7.3 8.6 2.2 8.2 4.6 6.1 10.4 7.3 9.4 2.2 8.4 4.3 5.7 9.9 7.3 8.6 2.2 8.3 3.5 2.6 3.3 2.4 3.2 2.4 3.3 2.3 3.4 2.2 3.4 2.3 3.3 2.3 3.7 2.4 3.9 2.7 3.7 2.6 3.7 2.4 3.7 2.3 3.7 2.4 4.0 2.7 3.9 2.5 2.1 4.1 4.9 6.9 4.6 8.1 5.2 10.7 7.4 3.8 2.1 3.9 4.6 6.9 4.5 8.4 5.4 10.8 7.1 3.8 1.9 3.7 4,4 7.5 4.9 9.0 5.2 12.2 6.6 4.5 2.0 3.8 4.6 7.2 4.4 9.0 5.0 12.2 6.6 4.3 1.9 4.4 4.8 8.0 4.9 9.9 6.9 12.3 6.9 4.4 2.2 4.5 4.7 7.7 4.8 9.2 6.7 12.0 6.9 3.9 2.4 4.0 4.5 8.0 5.4 9.3 6.6 13.0 7.1 4.0 2.6 4.7 5.1 9.7 6.7 11.6 8.9 14.1 8.0 5.0 2.7 4.5 5.4 11.3 8.1 14.0 9.0 15.4 8.5 4.8 2.4 4.4 5.3 11.5 8.0 13.8 10.5 16.2 8.1 4.2 2.5 4.2 5.4 11.5 7.4 14.6 10.5 16.1 8.4 4.8 2.4 4.1 5.4 11.4 8.1 13.6 10.0 16.5 8.6 5.6 2.4 4.2 5.4 10.9 7.7 13.0 10.6 15.1 8.1 4.3 2.6 4.6 5.6 10.8 7.0 13.2 10.5 15.3 8.3 4.5 2.4 5.0 5.5 10.5 6.9 12.9 10.1 14.9 8.3 3.9 5.9 10.6 5.5 4.9 6.3 3.7 6.9 5.1 3.9 8.8 5.7 10.2 5.5 5.0 6.4 3.7 6.5 4.9 3.7 9.1 5.8 10.2 5.9 5.6 6.3 4.2 6.5 4.6 3.6 10.1 5.8 10.3 5.9 5.5 6.4 4.1 6.4 4.7 3.6 9.4 6.2 10.8 6.7 6.7 6.8 4.4 6.6 4.6 3.8 10.3 6.0 10.5 6.4 6.3 6.7 4.4 6.4 4.6 4.0 9.2 6.2 13.0 6.5 6.4 6.7 3.8 6.3 4.9 4.2 10.2 7.1 15.1 7.9 8.3 7.4 4.6 7.0 5.1 4.4 11.9 8.2 17.5 9.9 10.5 8.8 5.1 7.6 5.7 4.2 11.7 8.3 16.5 9.9 11.2 8.0 5.2 8.0 5.7 3.5 9.7 8.2 16.1 10.3 11.2 8.8 5.8 7.5 5.7 4.1 10.8 8.0 18.3 9.3 10.2 7.9 5.7 7.6 5.6 4.0 13.8 7.8 16.5 9.1 10.1 7.7 5.4 7.6 5.3 4.1 10.9 7.9 14.3 9.3 9.4 9.2 5.3 7.7 5.7 4.6 11.8 7.8 14.7 8.8 8.9 8.5 4.8 8.3 5.4 4.2 9.7 O c t. N ov. C H A R A C T E R IS T IC O C C U P A T IO N White-collar workers .......................................... Professional and technical ............................ Managers and administrators, except farm ........................................................ Salesworkers .............................................. Clerical workers .......................................... Blue-collar workers ............................................ Craft and kindred workers ............................ Operatives, except transport ........................ Transport equipment operatives .................... Nonfarm laborers ........................................ Service workers.................................................. Farmworkers...................................................... IN D U S T R Y Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers2 Construction ................................................ Manufacturing.............................................. Durable goods ...................................... Nondurable goods.................................. Transportation and public utilities .................. Wholesale and retail trade ............................ Finance and service industries ...................... Government workers .......................................... Agricultural wage and salary workers .................. 1Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours. 2 Includes mining, not shown separately. 74 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: The monthly data in this table have been revised to reflect seasonal experience through 1979 5. Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted A nnual a v erag e 1979 1980 Sex and age 1979 N ov. Dec, Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. Total, 16 years and over...................................... 16 to 19 years ............................................ 16 to 17 years ...................................... 18 to 19 years ...................................... 20 to 24 years ............................................ 25 years and over........................................ 25 to 54 years ...................................... 55 years and over.................................. 6.0 16.3 19.3 14.2 9.5 4.0 4.2 3.2 5.8 16.1 18.1 14.6 9.0 3.9 4.1 3.0 5.8 15.9 17.3 14.7 8.8 4.0 4.3 2.7 5.9 16.0 18.0 14.5 9.8 3.8 4.1 2.7 6.2 16.3 19.0 14.0 10.1 4.2 4.4 3.5 6.0 16.5 18.7 15.1 9.5 4.1 4.5 2.8 6.2 15.9 17.4 14.7 9.7 4.4 4.7 2.8 7.0 16.2 18.7 14.4 11.4 5.0 5.4 3.4 7.8 19.2 21.7 17.7 12.7 5.5 5.9 3.6 7.7 18.5 19.8 18.0 12.4 5.5 6.0 3.4 7.8 19.0 20.9 17.7 12.3 5.7 6.1 3.5 7.6 19.1 22.8 16.6 11.9 5.5 5.9 3.6 7.5 17.5 19.9 15,8 11.9 5.4 6.0 3.4 7.6 18.4 20.8 16.8 12.5 5.4 5.9 3.3 7.5 18.7 21.8 16.4 12.1 5.3 5.7 3.2 Men, 16 years and over................................ 16 to 19 years ...................................... 16 to 17 years................................ 18 to 19 years................................ 20 to 24 years ...................................... 25 years and over.................................. 25 to 54 years................................ 55 years and over .......................... 5.2 15.7 19.2 13.2 9.1 3.3 3.4 3.1 5.1 15.8 17.9 14.2 8.6 3.3 3.4 2.9 5.2 15.8 17.8 14.0 8.4 3.5 3.8 2.6 5.2 15.6 17.9 13.6 9.4 3.2 3.4 2.6 5.7 16.2 19.0 13.9 10.4 3.7 3.8 3.5 5.5 15.6 18.0 14.1 9.9 3,6 3.8 2.6 5.7 14.8 15.9 14.0 10.4 3.9 4.2 2.7 6.7 16.1 18.3 14.2 12.3 4.7 5.0 3.4 7.7 19.7 22.0 17.9 13.7 5.3 5.7 3.5 7.8 19.5 21.8 19.3 13.8 5.5 5.8 3.8 7,8 19.7 20.8 18.7 13.4 5.6 6.1 3.9 7.7 20.2 24.6 17.0 13.9 5.4 5.7 40 7.7 18.6 21.3 16.6 13.5 5.6 6.2 3.5 7.5 20.0 22.0 18.4 14.1 5.0 5.5 3.2 7.4 19.9 22.9 17.7 13.2 5.0 5.4 3.1 Women, 16 years and over .......................... 16 to 19 years ...................................... 16 to 17 years................................ 18 to 19 years................................ 20 to 24 years ...................................... 25 years and over .................................. 25 to 54 years................................ 55 years and over .......................... 7.2 17.0 19.5 15.3 10.1 5.1 5,4 3.3 6.8 16.4 18.3 15.0 9.6 4.8 5.2 3.2 6.6 16.1 16.7 15.5 9.3 4.7 5.0 2.9 6.8 16.4 18.0 15.5 10.2 4.7 5.1 2.9 6.8 16.3 19.1 14.2 9.8 4.9 5.2 3.4 6.8 17.6 19.5 16.2 9.1 4.9 5.4 3.0 6.8 17.3 19.2 15.6 9.0 5.0 5.5 2.9 7.3 16.3 19.1 14.6 10.2 5.5 6.0 3.4 7.8 18.7 21.4 17.5 11.6 5.7 6.1 3.6 7.5 17.3 17.6 16.6 10.8 5.6 6.1 2.8 7.8 18.2 20.9 16.6 11.1 5.7 6.2 3.0 76 178 20 7 161 97 57 62 30 7.1 16.3 18.3 15.0 10.1 5.3 5.8 3.2 7.8 16.6 19.4 15.1 10.6 6.0 6.5 3.3 7.7 17.3 20.5 15.0 10.9 5.7 6.1 3.4 6. O c t. N ov. 1978 Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] 1979 1980 R e a s o n fo r u n e m p lo y m e n t N ov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. 2,729 987 1,742 845 1,698 736 2,728 944 1,784 800 1,771 858 2,988 1,019 1,969 779 1,797 811 2,907 1,031 1,876 813 1,784 827 3,047 1,129 1,918 788 1,803 805 3,611 1,424 2,188 926 1,967 743 4,301 1,944 2,357 992 2,015 884 4,625 2,117 2,508 898 1,822 863 4,558 1,975 2,583 857 1,868 930 4,360 1,692 2,668 897 1,895 867 4,473 1,809 2,664 842 1,817 858 4,237 1,727 2,510 865 2,045 886 4,140 1,397 2,743 908 1,894 902 100.0 45.4 16.4 29.0 14.1 28.3 12.3 100.0 44.3 15.3 29.0 13.0 28.8 13.9 100.0 46.9 16.0 30.9 12.2 28.2 12.7 100.0 45.9 16.3 29.6 128 28.2 13.1 100.0 47.3 17.5 29.8 12.2 28.0 12.5 100.0 49.8 19.6 30.2 12.8 27.1 10.3 100.0 52.5 23.7 28.8 12.1 24.6 10.8 100.0 56.3 25.8 30.6 10.9 22.2 10.5 100.0 55.5 24.0 31.5 10.4 22.7 11.3 100 0 54 4 21.1 333 112 23.6 10.8 100.0 56.0 22.6 33.3 10.5 22.7 10.7 100.0 52.7 21.5 31.2 10.8 25.5 11.0 100.0 52.8 17.8 35.0 11.6 24.2 11.5 2.6 .8 1.6 .7 2.6 .8 1.7 .8 2.9 .7 1.7 .8 2.8 .8 1.7 .8 2.9 .8 1.7 .8 3.5 .9 1.9 .7 4.1 .9 1.9 .8 4.4 .9 1.7 .8 4.3 .8 1.8 .9 4.2 .9 1.8 .8 4.3 ,8 1.7 .8 4.0 .8 1.9 .8 3.9 .9 1.8 .9 NUM BER OF UNEM PLOYED Lost last job ...................................................................................... On layoff .................................................................................... Other job losers .......................................................................... Left last jo b ........................................................................................ Reentered labor force ........................................................................ Seeking first jo b .................................................................................. P E R C E N T D IS T R IB U T IO N Total unemployed .............................................................................. Job losers.......................................................................................... On layoff .................................................................................... Other job losers .......................................................................... Job leavers ......................................................................................... Reentrants ........................................................................................ New entrants...................................................................................... UNEM PLOYED AS A PERCENT OF T H E C IV IL IA N L A B O R F O R C E Job losers.......................................................................................... Job leavers........................................................................................ Reentrants ........................................................................................ New entrants...................................................................................... 7. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] A nnual av erag e 1979 1980 W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t 1978 Less than 5 weeks.............................................. 5 to 14 weeks .................................................... 15 weeks and over ............................................ 15 to 26 weeks............................................ 27 weeks and over ...................................... Average (mean) duration, in weeks ...................... 2,793 1,875 1,379 746 633 11.9 1979 2,869 1,892 1,202 684 518 10.8 N ov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. 2,919 1,869 1,191 660 531 10.6 2,916 1,966 1,230 711 519 10.5 3,184 1,907 1,334 795 539 10.5 2,995 2,081 1,286 790 496 10.7 2,995 2,169 1,363 776 587 11.0 3,309 2,391 1,629 953 676 11.3 3,872 2,697 1,722 1,014 709 10.5 3,333 2,922 1,766 1,027 739 11.7 3,363 2,700 1,915 1,057 858 11.6 3,268 2,490 2,184 1,259 925 12.6 2,957 2,613 2,326 1,397 930 13.1 3,182 2,498 2,318 1,264 1,053 13.3 3,066 2,531 2,308 1,188 1,120 13.6 NOTE: The monthly data in these tables have been revised to reflect seasonal experience through 1979. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 75 EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS DATA FROM ESTABLISHMENT SURVEYS Employment, hours, and earnings data in this section are compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a volun tary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperat ing State agencies by 166,000 establishments representing all industries except agriculture. In most industries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An estab lishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or warehouse.) Self-employed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the survey because they are excluded from establishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures between the household and establishment surveys. Labor turnover data in this section are compiled from per sonnel records reported monthly on a voluntary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies. A sample of 40,000 establishments represents all industries in the manufacturing and mining sectors of the economy. Bureau of Labor Statistics computes spendable earnings from gross weekly earnings for only two illustrative cases: (1) a worker with no dependents and (2) a married worker with three dependents. Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers for which pay was received and are different from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the por tion of gross average weekly hours which were in excess of regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. Labor turnover is the movement of all wage and salary workers from one employment status to another. Accession rates indicate the average number of persons added to a payroll in a given period per 100 employees; separation rates indicate the average number dropped from a payroll per 100 employees. Although month-to-month changes in employment can be calculated from the labor turnover data, the re sults are not comparable with employment data from the employment and payroll survey. The labor turnover survey measures changes dur ing the calendar month while the employment and payroll survey measures changes from midmonth to midmonth. Notes on the data Definitions Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holi day and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th of the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 per cent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establish ment which reports them. Production workers in manufacturing include blue-collar worker supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with production operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 14-20 in clude production workers in manufacturing and mining; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transporta tion and public utilities, in wholesale and retail trade, in finance, in surance, and real estate, and in services industries. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers receive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to eliminate the effects of price change. The Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from aver age hourly earnings data adjusted to exclude the effects of two types of changes that are unrelated to underlying wage-rate developments: fluctuations in overtime premiums in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available) and the effects of changes and seasonal factors in the proportion of workers in high-wage and lowwage industries. Spendable earnings are earnings from which estimat ed social security and Federal income taxes have been deducted. The 76 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Establishment data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are periodically adjusted to comprehensive counts of employment (called “benchmarks”). The latest complete adjustment was made with the re lease of June 1980 data, published in the August 1980 issue of the Re view. Consequently, data published in the Review prior to that issue are not necessarily comparable to current data. Complete comparable historical unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data are published in a Supplement to Employment and Earnings (unadjusted data from April 1977 through March 1980 and seasonally adjusted data from January 1974 through March 1980) and in Employment and Earnings, United States, 1909-78, BLS Bulletin 1312-11 (for prior periods). Data on recalls were shown for the first time in tables 12 and 13 in the January 1978 issue of the Review. For a detailed discussion of the recalls series, along with historical data, see “New Series on Recalls from the Labor Turnover Survey,” Employment and Earnings, Decem ber 1977, pp. 10-19. A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “Comparing employment estimates from household and payroll sur veys,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 . See also BLS Handbook o f Methods for Surveys and Studies, Bulletin 1910 (Bu reau of Labor Statistics, 1976). The formulas used to construct the spendable average weekly earn ings series reflect the latest provisions of the Federal income tax and social security tax laws. For the spendable average weekly earnings formulas for the years 1978-80, see Employment and Earnings, March 1980, pp. 10-11. Real earnings data are adjusted using the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). 8. Employment by industry, 1950-79 [Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands] Year T o ta l C o n s tru c M a n u fa c t io n t u r in g M in in g T ra n s W h o le p o r ta tio n s a le and and G o v e rn m e n t F in a n c e , W h o le s a le R e t a il tra d e tra d e in s u r ance, p u b lic r e ta il a n d re a l u t ilit ie s tra d e e s ta te S e rv ic e s S ta te T o ta l F e d e ra l a n d lo c a l 1950 .......................................................... 45,197 901 2,364 15,241 4,034 9,386 2,635 6,751 1,888 5,357 6,026 1,928 4,098 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... 47,819 48,793 50,202 48,990 50,641 929 898 866 791 792 2,637 2,668 2,659 2,646 2,839 16,393 16,632 17,549 16,314 16,882 4,226 4,248 4,290 4,084 4,141 9,742 10,004 10,247 10,235 10,535 2,727 2,812 2,854 2,867 2,926 7,015 7,192 7,393 7,368 7,610 1,956 2,035 2,111 2,200 2,298 5,547 5,699 5,835 5,969 6,240 6,389 6,609 6,645 6,751 6,914 2,302 2,420 2,305 2,188 2,187 4.087 4,188 4,340 4,563 4,727 1956 1957 1958 1959’ 1960 .......................................................... .......................................................... ................................ .......................... ........................................................ .......................................................... 52,369 52,853 51,324 53,268 54,189 822 828 751 732 712 3,039 2,962 2,817 3,004 2,926 17,243 17,174 15,945 16,675 16,796 4,244 4,241 3,976 4,011 4,004 10,858 10,886 10,750 11,127 11,391 3,018 3,028 2,980 3,082 3,143 7,840 7,858 7,770 8,045 8,248 2,389 2,438 2,481 2,549 2,629 6,497 6,708 6,765 7,087 7,378 7,278 7,616 7,839 8,083 8,353 2,209 2,217 2,191 2,233 2,270 5,069 5,399 5,648 5,850 6,083 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... 53,999 55,549 56,653 58,283 60,765 672 650 635 634 632 2,859 2,948 3,010 3,097 3,232 16,326 16,853 16,995 17,274 18,062 3,903 3,906 3,903 3,951 4,036 11,337 11,566 11,778 12,160 12,716 3,133 3,198 3,248 3,337 3,466 8,204 8,368 8,530 8,823 9,250 2,688 2,754 2,830 2,911 2,977 7,620 7,982 8,277 8,660 9,036 8,594 8,390 9,225 9,596 10,074 2,279 2,340 2,358 2,348 2,378 6,315 6,550 6,868 7,248 7,696 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... 63,901 65,803 67,897 70,384 70,880 627 613 606 619 623 3,317 3,248 3,350 3,575 3,588 19,214 19,447 19,781 20,167 19,367 4,158 4,268 4,318 4,442 4,515 13,245 13,606 14,099 14,705 15,040 3,597 3,689 3,779 3,907 3,993 9,648 9,917 10,320 10,798 11,047 3,058 3,185 3,337 3,512 3,645 9,498 10,045 10,567 11,169 11,548 10,784 11,391 11,839 12,195 12,554 2,564 2,719 2,737 2,758 2,731 8,220 8,672 9,102 9,437 9,823 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... 71,214 73,675 76,790 78,265 76,945 609 628 642 697 752 3,704 3,889 4,097 4,020 3,525 18,623 19,151 20,154 20,077 18,323 4,476 4,541 4,656 4,725 4,542 15,352 15,949 16,607 16,987 17,060 4,001 4,113 4,277 4,433 4,415 11,351 11,836 12,329 12,554 12,645 3,772 3,908 4,046 4,148 4,165 11,797 12,276 12,857 13,441 13,892 12,881 13,334 13,732 14,170 14,686 2,696 2,684 2,663 2,724 2,748 10,185 10,649 11,068 11,446 11,937 1976 1977 1978 1979 .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... 79,382 82,471 86,697 89,886 779 813 851 960 3,576 3,851 4,229 4,483 18,997 19,682 20,505 21,062 4,582 4,713 4,923 5,141 17,755 18,516 19,542 20,269 4,546 4,708 4,969 5,204 13,209 13,808 14,573 15,066 4,271 4,467 4,724 4,974 14,551 15,303 16,252 17,078 14,871 15,127 15,672 15,920 2,733 2,727 2,753 2,773 12,138 12,399 12,919 13,147 ’ Data Include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959. 9. Employment by State [Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands] State Oct. 1979 Sept. 1980 Oct. 1980 p State Oct. 1979 Sept. 1980 Alabama ...................................................................... Alaska.......................................................................... Arizona ........................................................................ Arkansas ...................................................................... California...................................................................... 1,378.1 172.7 992.9 765.8 9,772.1 1,334.4 178.1 981.9 760.7 9,760.3 1,342.7 175.5 997,7 760.1 9,755.3 Montana.................................................................. Nebraska.................................................... ' ......... Nevada .................................................................. New Hampshire ...................................................... New Jersey ............................................................ 292.5 632.8 394.4 382.7 3,060.8 286.3 631.5 403.7 386.8 3,042.8 285.2 630.5 403.8 384,8 3,052.0 Colorado ...................................................................... Connecticut .................................................................. Delaware...................................................................... Djstrict of Columbia........................................................ Florida.......................................................................... 1,246.7 1,414.7 259.9 620.0 3,409.7 1,254.1 1,403.4 256.7 617.5 3,503.8 1,262.7 1,405.4 258.9 617.3 3,543.8 New Mexico............................................................ New York................................................................ North Carolina ........................................................ North Dakota .......................................................... Ohio ...................................................................... 470.7 7,243.4 2,413.9 251.5 4,543.4 476.6 7,154.3 2,430.0 249.1 4,413.6 473.3 7,190.1 2,437.7 252.0 4,434.9 Geo'gia ........................................................................ Hawaii .......................................................................... Idaho............................................................................ Illinois .......................................................................... Indiana.......................................................................... 2,132.5 399.1 346.0 4,874.3 2,280.2 2,141.0 392.1 336.7 4,821.6 2,235.6 2,154.3 403.5 336.9 4,832.3 2,240.1 Oklahoma .............................................................. Oregon .................................................................. Pennsylvania .......................................................... Rhode Island .......................................................... South Carolina ........................................................ 1,110.6 1,079.4 4,896.8 404.7 1,196.2 1,143.9 1,033.6 4,712.1 394.9 1,180.6 1,148,2 1,034.9 4,788.5 396.4 1,187.5 Iowa ............................................................................ Kansas ...................................................................... Kentucky ...................................................................... Louisiana ...................................................................... Maine .......................................................................... 1,131.3 959.4 1,258.5 1,513.8 423,0 1,107.6 949.6 1,200.8 1,556.7 422.4 1,104.5 953.2 1,208.9 1,565.1 421.3 South Dakota.......................................................... Tennessee .............................................................. Texas .................................................................... Utah ...................................................................... Vermont.................................................................. 243.3 1,813.7 5,707.2 557.8 202.4 240.6 1,767.8 5,857.4 566.2 201 6 239.4 1,774.6 5,894.7 568.0 204.2 Massachusetts.............................................................. Michigan ...................................................................... Minnesota .................................................................... Mississippi .................................................................... Missouri........................................................................ 1,690.7 2,632.4 3,6453 1,813.3 851.1 2,031.2 1,687.5 2,673.3 3,445.0 1,796.0 824.0 1,986.7 1,697.3 2,690.4 3,503.2 1,794.6 828.9 1,983.5 Washington ............................................................ West Virginia .......................................................... Wisconsin................................................................ Wyoming ................................................................ 2,124.4 1,614.1 659.1 2,020.7 213.2 2,136.2 1,620.4 6309 2,004.3 224.3 2,141.0 1,623.2 634.4 2,001.3 223.0 Virgin Islands .......................................................... 35.3 35.4 Oct. 1980 p ’ Revised series; not strictly comparable with previously published data. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 77 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 10. Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group [Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands] A nnual a v erag e 1980 1979 I n d u s t r y d iv is i o n a n d g r o u p TOTAL M IN IN G 1978 1979 N ov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M ar. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t.P 86,697 89,886 91,288 91,394 89,630 89,781 90,316 90,761 90,849 91,049 89,820 851 960 986 985 982 987 996 1,006 1,024 1,049 1,030 N o v .p 90,072 90,729 91,232 91,611 1,029 1,035 1,040 1,052 4,229 4,483 4,698 4,536 4,194 4,109 4,150 4,311 4,471 4,611 4,633 4,712 4,690 4,694 4,615 20,505 14,734 21,062 15,085 21,055 15,034 20,987 14,964 20,777 14,738 20,730 14,678 20,793 14,727 20,533 14,466 20,250 14,172 20,201 14,093 19,754 13,657 20,044 13,947 20,269 14,182 20,282 14,188 20,329 14,237 Production workers................................ 12,274 8,805 12,772 9,120 12,744 9,054 12,733 9,040 12,600 8,885 12,599 8,869 12,647 8,909 12,414 8,672 12,150 8,409 12,065 8,307 11,774 8,025 11,827 8,075 12,028 8,281 12,087 8,336 12,150 8,396 Lumber and wood products .......................... Furniture and fixtures.................................... Stone, clay, and glass products .................... Primary metal industries................................ Fabricated metal products ............................ Machinery, except electrical.......................... Electric and electronic equipment .................. Transportation equipment.............................. Instruments and related products .................. Miscellaneous manufacturing ........................ 754.7 494.1 698.2 1,214.9 1,672.6 2,325.5 2,006.1 2,002.8 653.1 451.5 766.1 499.3 709.7 1,250.2 1,723.7 2,481.6 2,124.3 2,082.8 688.9 445.6 757.2 503.1 710.3 1,222.6 1,733.3 2,458.7 2,164.0 2,044.2 694.9 455.5 737.4 501.8 697.4 1,209.9 1,725.2 2,471.6 2,171.9 2,079.3 698.8 439.4 717.4 498.0 678.2 1,207.2 1,696.8 2,538.5 2,162.9 1,975.8 697.7 427.7 718.9 494.6 674.7 1,205.1 1,699.4 2,536.5 2,157.7 1,983.1 700.5 428.8 716.9 494.1 679.0 1,203.7 1,703.8 2,539.9 2,167.7 2,005.6 703.6 432.9 678.4 488.7 675.5 1,193.8 1,671.4 2,523.5 2,156.2 1,891.1 702.2 433.0 654.8 469.1 668.1 1,149.8 1,619.8 2,509.3 2,120.2 1,835.1 699.4 424.6 668.0 460.8 666.2 1,112.9 1,598.6 2,486,1 2,102.2 1,847,0 702.9 420.1 666.8 438.1 656.0 1,055.5 1,538,4 2,440.2 2,066.5 1,810.2 698.3 404.0 683.0 454.6 663.2 1,059.6 1,567.6 2,417.8 2,080.7 1,785.4 697.8 417.6 689.2 466.6 667.4 1,081.8 1,594.5 2,449.6 2,103.5 1,857.9 695.5 422.2 687.8 469.0 667.1 1,090.9 1,604.8 2,453.7 2,118.2 1,876.8 695.9 422.7 684.2 472.3 667.0 1,103.9 1,612.9 2,467.0 2,133.9 1,886.2 700.6 422.1 Production workers................................ 8,231 5,929 8,290 5,965 8,311 5,980 8,254 5,924 8,177 5,853 8,131 5,809 8,146 5,818 8,119 5,794 8,100 5,763 8,136 5,786 7,980 5,632 8,217 5,872 8,241 5,901 8,195 5,852 8,179 5,841 Food and kindred products............................ Tobacco manufactures ................................ Textile mill products...................................... Apparel and other textile products ................ Paper and allied products ............................ Printing and publishing.................................. Chemicals and allied products ...................... Petroleum and coal products ........................ Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products........................ 1,724.1 70.6 899.1 1,332.3 698.7 1,192.0 1,095.5 207.7 754,5 256.8 1,728.1 69.9 888.5 1,312.5 706.7 1,239.5 1,110.7 210.0 775.6 248.0 1,736.3 68.6 890.4 1,305.8 707.8 1,262.0 1,113.9 2126 765.9 247.6 1,706.2 70.8 889.7 1,287.1 705.9 1,268.5 1,114.2 210.6 755.6 245.2 1,659.9 69.1 884.0 1,282.0 703.5 1,266.3 1,113.1 208.6 750.3 240.3 1,644.1 67.1 884.6 1,305.8 701.9 1,270.4 1,112.1 155.9 746.3 242.6 1,641.1 64.4 886.9 1,318.4 701.8 1,272.1 1,118.1 153.1 746.5 243.4 1,626.2 62.9 882.1 1,304.2 698.8 1,270.4 1,120.6 173.6 737.2 243.3 1,638.5 62.7 870.6 1,299.0 692.4 1,267.8 1,119.5 203.4 702.4 243.2 1,676.8 64.6 853.2 1,310.5 695.0 1,271.3 1,122.2 209.1 688.5 244.7 1,709.5 63.9 820.6 1,236.9 682.3 1,264.5 1,112.0 212.0 659.3 218.9 1,795.3 71.3 854.1 1,299.9 688.7 1,264.3 1,108.4 212.4 680.4 242.6 1,790.5 75.5 854.7 1,309.2 688.6 1,267.9 1,106.3 210.9 695.8 241.1 1,729.7 76.7 857.5 1,306.6 691.2 1,272.8 1,106.0 210.0 703.3 241.2 1,684.6 76.1 860.8 1,312.8 697.4 1,282.1 1,105.4 209.4 709.6 241.1 4,923 5,141 5,243 5,240 5,136 5,130 5,143 5,147 5,167 5,185 5,145 5,144 5,170 5,173 5,171 19,542 20,269 20,756 21,114 20,325 20,155 20,226 20,373 20,497 20,562 20,506 20,579 20,692 20,704 20,940 4,969 5,204 5,282 5,264 5,241 5,250 5,269 5,265 5,263 5,287 5,278 5,284 5,291 5,310 5,315 14,573 15,066 15,474 15,850 15,084 14,905 14,957 15,108 15,234 15,275 15,228 15,295 15,401 15,394 15,625 4,724 4,974 5,039 5,047 5,052 5,061 5,085 5,104 5,137 5,201 5,229 5,232 5,194 5,196 5,204 S E R V IC E S 16,252 17,078 17,284 17,271 17,135 17,317 17,478 17,636 17,747 17,846 17,973 17,966 17,915 17,942 17,963 GOVERNMENT 15,672 2,753 12,919 15,920 2,773 13,147 16,227 2,760 13,467 16,214 2,770 13,444 16,029 2,763 13,266 16,292 2,803 13,489 16,445 2,869 13,576 16,651 3,103 13,548 16,556 2,963 13,593 16,394 2,995 13,399 15,550 2,949 12,601 15,366 2,862 12,504 15,764 2,754 13,010 16,201 2,756 13,445 16,337 2,762 13,575 C O N S T R U C T IO N M A N U F A C T U R IN G Production workers................................ D u r a b le g o o d s N o n d u ra b le g o o d s T R A N S P O R T A T I O N A N D P U B L IC U T I L IT IE S W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E W HO LESA LE TR AD E R E T A IL T R A D E F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E . Federal........................................................ State and local ............................................ 78 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11. Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted [Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands] 1979 1980 I n d u s t r y d i v is i o n a n d g r o u p TOTAL ........................................................................................................................................ M IN IN G N ov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t.p N o v .p 90,552 90,678 91,031 91,186 91,144 90,951 90,468 90,047 89,867 90,142 90,384 90,612 90,880 985 992 999 1,007 1,009 1,012 1,023 1,029 1,013 1,013 1,028 1,038 1,051 4,553 4,615 4,745 4,659 4,529 4,467 4,436 4,379 4,322 4,359 4,404 4,437 4,472 20,966 14,948 20,983 14,956 20,971 14,911 20,957 14,871 20,938 14,850 20,642 14,550 20,286 14,186 20,014 13,931 19,828 13,759 19,940 13,872 20,044 13,972 20,138 14,048 20,243 14,156 Production workers.................................................................. 12,693 9,001 12,706 9,009 12,681 8,953 12,715 8,967 12,707 8,961 12,442 8,686 12,140 8,386 11,947 8,205 11,819 8,084 11,860 8,123 11,955 8,212 12,031 8,279 12,100 8,346 Lumber and wood products ............................................................ Furniture and fixtures...................................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products ...................................................... Primary metal industries.................................................................. Fabricated metal products .............................................................. Machinery, except electrical............................................................ Electric and electronic equipment.................................................... Transportation equipment................................................................ Instruments and related products .................................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing .......................................................... 757 498 704 1,230 1,722 2,460 2,150 2,033 695 444 746 497 704 1,219 1,718 2,459 2,163 2,057 698 445 743 497 705 1,215 1,707 2,532 2,169 1,970 699 444 745 495 705 1,214 1,711 2,529 2,168 2,006 702 440 737 494 700 1,209 1,711 2,530 2,176 2,006 705 439 689 491 680 1,193 1,678 2,518 2,167 1,885 703 438 654 472 663 1,144 1,620 2,517 2,127 1,819 700 424 648 461 647 1,096 1,584 2,476 2,094 1,831 696 414 650 449 641 1,049 1,551 2,448 2,079 1,839 698 415 662 456 648 1,059 1,569 2,437 2,083 1,840 697 409 674 464 655 1,074 1,587 2,452 2,091 1,851 697 410 678 465 658 1,094 1,595 2,466 2,106 1,864 697 408 684 468 661 1,111 1,603 2,467 2,119 1,875 701 411 Production workers.................................................................. 8,273 5,947 8,277 5,947 8,290 5,958 8,242 5,904 8,231 5,889 8,200 5,864 8,146 5,800 8,067 5,726 8,009 5,675 8,080 5,749 8,089 5,760 8,107 5,769 8,143 5,810 Food and kindred products.............................................................. Tobacco manufactures .................................................................. Textile mill products........................................................................ Apparel and other textile products .................................................. Paper and allied products .............................................................. Printing and publishing.................................................................... Chemicals and allied products ........................................................ Petroleum and coal products .......................................................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products .................................... Leather and leather products .......................................................... 1,725 64 887 1,294 708 1,259 1,116 212 762 246 1,724 66 889 1,296 708 1,261 1,118 213 756 246 1,716 67 888 1,305 710 1,269 1,121 214 755 245 1,713 68 888 1,313 709 1,273 1,121 161 751 245 1,704 68 888 1,316 708 1,274 1,123 157 749 244 1,690 69 884 1,302 702 1,272 1,123 175 740 243 1,691 70 869 1,291 692 1,268 1,120 203 703 239 1,677 71 843 1,287 685 1,269 1,112 205 681 237 1,683 69 833 1,276 680 1,266 1,103 207 663 229 1,690 67 851 1,296 682 1,266 1,100 208 680 240 1,672 68 851 1,299 686 1,269 1,104 208 692 240 1,673 69 857 1,291 691 1,273 1,106 208 699 240 1,675 71 857 1,301 697 1,280 1,108 208 706 240 5,216 5,212 5,202 5,198 5,202 5,178 5,167 5,134 5,114 5,129 5,124 5,142 5,145 20,479 20,448 20,529 20,637 20,610 20,531 20,487 20,459 20,506 20,589 20,620 20,637 20,663 5,269 5,251 5,278 5,302 5,301 5,286 5,268 5,245 5,247 5,263 5,280 5,289 5,299 15,210 15,197 15,251 15,335 15,309 15,245 15,219 15,214 15,259 15,326 15,340 15,348 15,364 5,049 5,064 5,091 5,101 5,115 5,119 5,137 5,150 5,167 5,180 5,194 5,206 5,214 C O N S T R U C T IO N M A N U F A C T U R IN G Production workers.................................................................. D u r a b le g o o d s N o n d u ra b le g o o d s T R A N S P O R T A T I O N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E W HO LESA LE TR AD E R E T A IL T R A D E F IN A N C E , I N S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E S E R V IC E S 17,308 17,362 17,462 17,540 17,580 17,618 17,659 17,652 17,760 17,788 17,861 17,906 17,981 GOVERNMENT 15,996 2,773 13,223 16,002 2,773 13,229 16,032 2,791 13,241 16,087 2,826 13,261 16,161 2,886 13,275 16,384 3,115 13,269 16,273 2,960 13,313 16,230 2,951 13,279 16,157 2,893 13,264 16,144 2,828 13,316 16,109 2,765 13,344 16,108 2,770 13,338 16,111 2,776 13,335 Federal.......................................................................................... State and local .............................................................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 79 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 12. Labor turnover rates in manufacturing, 1977 to date [Per 100 employees] Year A nnual a v erag e Jan. M a r. Feb. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. Dec. 4.3 4.4 4.3 3.8 5.3 5.4 5.0 4.5 4.6 4.9 4.5 4.3 3.9 4.3 4.1 »3.6 3.1 3.3 3.0 2.4 2.4 2.2 3.0 3.3 3.1 2.1 4.0 4.2 3.7 2.5 3.5 3.9 3.4 2.6 3.0 3.5 3.1 »2.1 2.2 2.6 2.2 1.6 1.7 1.5 .9 .8 .9 1.4 1.0 .9 .9 1.7 .8 .7 .8 1.4 .6 .6 .7 »1.1 .6 .5 .5 .6 .5 .5 4.3 4.1 4.3 4,2 5.1 5.3 5.7 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.7 4.1 3.8 4.1 4.2 »3.8 3.4 3.5 3.8 3.4 3.4 3.5 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.4 3.1 3.5 3.3 2.2 2.8 3.1 2.7 1.9 1.9 2.3 2.1 »1.4 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.1 1.4 2.0 1.0 .8 1.3 1.7 1.1 .8 1.1 1.4 1.1 .9 1.2 »1.5 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.7 T o ta l a c c e s s io n s 1977 1978 1979 1980 .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.8 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.2 3.4 3.3 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.5 4.6 4.7 4.7 3.4 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.1 4.9 4.9 4.8 3.9 ___ " '___ N e w h ir e s 1977 1978 1979 1980 .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. 2.8 3.1 2.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 2.4 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.2 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.3 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.1 3.5 3.6 3.6 2.1 1977 1978 1979 1980 .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .9 .7 .7 1.2 1.0 .9 1.1 1.3 .7 .7 .9 1.1 .8 .7 .9 .9 .8 .7 .8 .8 .8 .8 1.0 3.7 3.9 3.8 2.4 R e c a ll s .8 .7 .7 1.2 T o ta l s e p a r a tio n s 1977 1978 1979 1980 .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. 3.9 3.6 3.8 4.1 3.8 3.9 4.0 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.6 3,7 3.4 3.6 3.7 4.7 3.5 3.7 3.8 4,8 3.5 3.8 3.9 4,4 Q u it s 1977 1978 1979 1980 .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. 1.4 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.9 2.1 2.1 1.5 1.9 2.2 2.1 1.4 L a y o ffs 1977 1978 1979 1980 13. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. 1.7 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.1 .9 1.1 1.4 .9 .8 1.2 1.0 .9 .8 1.3 .9 .8 .9 2.3 .8 .7 .7 2.5 8 .7 .9 2.2 Labor turnover rates in manufacturing, by major industry group [Per 100 employees] A c c e s s io n r a te s M a j o r in d u s t r y g r o u p M A N U F A C T U R IN G Seasonally adjusted.............. D u r a b le g o o d s Lumber and wood products.......... Furniture and fixtures .................. Stone, clay, and glass products . . . Primary metal industries .............. Fabricated metal products............ Machinery, except electrical.......... Electric and electronic equipment .. Transportation equipment ............ Instruments and related products .. Miscellaneous manufacturing........ N o n d u r a b le g o o d s Food and kindred products .......... Tobacco manufacturers................ Textile mill products .................... Apparel and other products.......... Paper and allied products ............ Printing and publishing.................. Chemicals and allied products . . . . Petroleum and coal products........ Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products...................... Leather and leather products........ 80 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T o ta l S e p a ra tio n ra te s N e w h ir e s R e c a ll s T o ta l Q u it s L a y o ffs O c t. S e p t. O c t. O c t. S e p t. O c t. O c t. S e p t. O c t. O c t. S e p t. O c t. O c t. S e p t. O c t. O c t. S e p t. O c t. 1979 1980 1980» 1979 1980 1980» 1979 1980 1980» 1979 1980 1980» 1979 1980 1980» 1979 1980 1980 P 4.1 4.1 4.3 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.1 2.9 2.6 2.1 2.1 2.0 0.7 1.4 1.1 4.2 4.0 4.1 3.5 3.8 3.5 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 3.7 5.1 5.5 3.5 2.6 4.4 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.1 6.1 4.0 5.3 5.4 3.8 4.2 4.6 2.9 3.3 5.0 2.8 5.8 3.4 4.3 4.1 3.3 3.4 3.5 2.6 2.8 2.8 4.4 4.8 2.9 1.5 3.5 2.5 2.6 2.1 2.6 5.2 2.1 3.6 3.8 2.2 .9 2.5 1.7 1.9 1.6 2.2 4.0 1.8 3.1 3.1 2.0 .8 2.0 1.5 1.6 .6 .5 .5 .5 .7 .7 .3 .3 1.1 .2 .7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 2.9 1.9 .8 .8 2.9 .4 1.6 1.2 1.0 .9 1.2 2.1 1.2 .8 .8 3.6 6.5 5.2 4.2 3.5 4.4 2.7 3.0 3.0 2.6 6.2 3.5 5.8 4.3 4.0 3.7 3.8 2.9 3.0 3.2 2.9 5.0 3.2 4.8 4.2 3.9 3.0 3.6 2.5 2.7 1.7 3.5 3.2 1.9 .9 2.1 1.3 1.6 1.1 1.6 3.4 1.4 2.8 2.5 1.6 .7 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.9 2.6 1.1 2.2 2.0 1.2 .5 1.2 .9 1.1 1.0 1.8 .7 1.4 1.7 1.4 .5 .6 .9 .4 1.4 1.2 2.0 .8 1.4 2.1 1.5 1.0 .8 1.4 .4 1.3 1.3 4.7 6.5 3.0 5.1 6.1 2.9 3.8 1.7 2.3 4.7 7.2 6.0 3.7 6.0 2.7 3.6 1.7 2.1 3.9 5.6 3.2 4.9 3.4 2.7 3.9 1.8 3.0 1.2 1.7 2.7 3.8 1.3 2.2 2.0 .8 1.8 .8 .5 .4 .3 4.9 8.3 3.0 3.8 5.8 3.4 3.6 2.1 2.2 2.5 3.8 1.6 2.2 3.2 1.5 2.3 1.0 .9 2.1 2.7 .9 1.7 .6 .6 1.5 3.5 2.8 .7 1.8 .7 .5 .4 .7 1.6 3.5 .5 .7 1.7 1.2 .7 .5 .6 1.9 4.9 3.8 5.6 2.5 3.2 1.5 1.9 2.7 4.0 1.2 3.1 3.4 1.3 2.3 .8 .8 1.9 2.7 .6 1.5 .7 .5 .3 .2 5.0 8.4 5.0 5.0 6.1 2.8 3.4 1.7 2.1 4.6 8.5 2.7 3.3 1.4 2.6 1.0 1.7 .8 1.4 .7 .7 1.5 .5 .4 .2 .1 .9 1.5 3.5 5.0 2.2 3.2 1.5 2.0 3.7 4.9 1.7 4.1 4.5 2.2 3.4 1.4 2.1 4.9 7.2 5.5 6.5 4.3 5.9 3.9 5.6 3.4 5.1 2.7 4.6 .6 1.2 1.8 1.1 1.2 1.0 5.2 7.1 4.6 6.9 4.2 6.4 2.8 4.5 2.3 4.1 1.9 3.2 1.2 1.6 1.3 1.7 1.3 2.3 2.4 4.4 1.8 3.2 .4 1.0 2.4 5.2 1.2 2.0 1 .7 1.2 1.7 1.9 1.6 .9 .7 .6 2.2 .9 2.0 .9 1.0 .4 .9 14. Hours and earnings, by industry division, 1949-79 [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural payrolls] Y ear A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u r ly w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u r ly w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u r ly w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u r ly h o u rs e a r n in g s e a r n in g s h o u rs e a r n in g s e a r n in g s h o u rs e a r n in g s e a r n in g s h o u rs e a r n in g s T o ta l p riv a te 1949 .................. 1950 .................. A v e ra g e M in in g A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e e a r n in g s M a n u f a c t u r in g C o n s tru c tio n $50.24 53.13 39.4 39.8 $1,275 1.335 $62.33 67.16 36.3 37.9 $1,717 1.772 $67.56 69.68 37.7 37.4 $1,792 1.863 $53.88 58.32 39.1 40.5 $1,378 1.440 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 57.86 60.65 63.76 64.52 67.72 39.9 39.9 39.6 39.1 39.6 1.45 1.52 1.61 1.65 1.71 74.11 77.59 83.03 82.60 89.54 38.4 38.6 38.8 38.6 40.7 1.93 2.01 2.14 2.14 2.20 76.96 82.86 86.41 88.91 90.90 38,1 38.9 37,9 37.2 37.1 2.02 2.13 2.28 2.39 2.45 63.34 66.75 70.47 70.49 75.30 40.6 40.7 40.5 39.6 40.7 1.56 1.64 1.74 1.78 1.85 1956 .................. 1957 .................. 1958 .................. •959' ................ 1960 .................. 70.74 73.33 75.08 78.78 80.67 39.3 38.8 38.5 39.0 38.6 1.80 1.89 1.95 2.02 2.09 95.06 98.25 96.08 103.68 105.04 40.8 40.1 38.9 40.5 40.4 2.33 2.45 2.47 2.56 2.60 96.38 100,27 103.78 108,41 112.67 37.5 37.0 36.8 37.0 36.7 2.57 2.71 2.82 2.93 3.07 78.78 81.19 82.32 88.26 89.72 40.4 39.8 39.2 40.3 39.7 1.95 2.04 2.10 2.19 2.26 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 82.60 85,91 88.46 91.33 95.45 38.6 38,7 38.8 38.7 38.8 2.14 2.22 2.28 2.36 2.46 106,92 110.70 114.40 117.74 123.52 40.5 41.0 41.6 41.9 42.3 2.64 2.70 2,75 2.81 2.92 118.08 122.47 127.19 132.06 138.38 36.9 37.0 37.3 37.2 37.4 3.20 3.31 3.41 3.55 3.70 9234 96.56 99.23 102.97 107.53 39.8 40.4 40.5 40.7 41.2 2.32 2.39 2.45 2.53 2.61 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 98.82 101.84 107.73 114.61 119.83 38.6 38.0 37.8 37.7 37.1 2.56 2.68 2.85 3.04 3.23 130.24 135.89 142.71 154.80 164.40 42.7 42.6 42.6 43.0 42.7 3.05 3.19 3.35 3.60 3.85 146.26 154.95 164.49 181.54 195.45 37.6 37.7 37.3 37.9 37.3 3.89 4.11 4.41 4.79 5.24 112.19 114.49 122.51 129.51 133.33 41.4 40.6 40.7 40.6 39.8 2.71 2.82 3.01 3.19 3.35 1971.................. 1972 .................. 1973 .................. 1974 .................. 1975 .................. 127.31 136.90 145.39 154.76 163.53 36.9 37.0 36.9 36.5 36.1 3.45 3.70 3.94 4.24 4.53 172.14 189.14 201.40 219.14 249.31 42.4 42.6 42.4 41.9 41.9 4.06 4.44 4.75 5.23 5.95 211.67 221.19 235.89 249.25 266.08 37.2 36.5 36.8 36.6 36.4 5.69 6.06 6.41 6.81 7.31 142.44 154.71 166.46 176.80 190.79 39.9 40.5 40.7 40.0 39.5 3.57 3.82 4.09 4.42 4.83 .................. .................. .................. .................. 175.45 189.00 203,70 219.30 36.1 36.0 35.8 35.6 4.86 5.25 5.69 6.16 273.90 301.20 33288 365.50 42.4 43.4 43.4 43.0 6.46 6.94 7.67 8.50 283.73 295.65 318.69 342.99 36.8 36.5 36.8 37.0 7.71 8.10 8.66 9.27 209.32 228.90 249.27 268.94 40.1 40.3 40.4 40.2 5.22 5.68 6.17 6.69 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1976 1977 1978 1979 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d p u b lic F in a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d W h o l e s a l e a n d r e t a il t r a d e u t ilit ie s 1949 .................. 1950 .................. $ e r v ic e s re a l e s ta te $42.93 40.5 40.5 $1,060 1 100 $47.63 50 52 37.8 37 7 $1,260 1 340 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 47.79 49.20 51 35 53.33 55.16 40.5 40.0 39 5 39.5 39.4 1.18 1.23 1 30 1 35 1.40 54.67 57 08 59 57 62.04 63.92 37.7 37.8 37 7 37.6 37.6 1.45 1.51 1.58 1.65 1.70 1956 .................. 1957 .................. 1958 .................. 1959 1 ................ 1960 .................. 57.48 59.60 61 76 64.41 66.01 39 1 38.7 38 6 38.8 38.6 1 47 1.54 1.60 1 66 1.71 65 68 67.53 70.12 72 74 75.14 36 9 36.7 37.1 37 3 37.2 1 78 1.84 1 89 1 95 2.02 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. $118.78 125.14 41.1 41.3 $2.89 3.03 67.41 69.91 72.01 74.66 76.91 38.3 38.2 38.1 37.9 37.7 1.76 1.83 1 89 1.97 2.04 77.12 80.94 84 38 85.79 88.91 36.9 37.3 37 5 37.3 372 2 09 2 17 2 25 2.30 2.39 $70.03 73.60 36.1 35.9 $1.94 2.05 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 128.13 130.82 138.85 147.74 155.93 41.2 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.5 3.11 3.23 3.42 3.63 3.85 79.39 82.35 87.00 91.39 96.02 37.1 36.6 36.1 35.7 35.3 2.14 2.25 2.41 2.56 272 92 13 95.72 101.75 108.70 112.67 37.3 37.1 37.0 37.1 36.7 2.47 2.58 2.75 2.93 3.07 77.04 80.38 83.97 90.57 96.66 35.5 35.1 34.7 34.7 34.4 2.17 2.29 2.42 2.61 2.81 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 168.82 187.86 203.31 217.48 233.44 40.1 40.4 40.5 40.2 39.7 4.21 4.65 5.02 5.41 5.88 101.09 106.45 111.76 119.02 126.45 35,1 34.9 34.6 34.2 33.9 2.88 3.05 3.23 3.48 3.73 117.85 122.98 129.20 137.61 148.19 36.6 36.6 36.6 36.5 36.5 3.22 3.36 3.53 3.77 4.06 103.06 110.85 117.29 126.00 134.67 33.9 33.9 33.8 33.6 33.5 3.04 3.27 3.47 3.75 4.02 1976 1977 1978 1979 .................. .................. .................. .................. 256.71 27890 302.80 325.98 39.8 399 40.0 39.9 6.45 6.99 7.57 8.17 133.79 142.52 153.64 164.96 33.7 33.3 32.9 32.6 3.97 4.28 4.67 5.06 155.43 165.26 178.00 190.77 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.2 4.27 4.54 4,89 5.27 143.52 153.45 163.67 175.27 33.3 33.0 32.8 32.7 4.31 4.65 4.99 5.36 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 ' Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 81 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 15. Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] 1979 A nnual av erag e 1980 In d u s t r y d i v is i o n a n d g r o u p T O T A L P R IV A T E 1978 1979 N ov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M ar. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t.p N o v .p 35.8 35.6 35.6 35.9 351 35.1 35.2 35.0 35.0 35.3 35.3 35.5 35.3 35.3 35.3 M IN IN G 43.4 43.0 43.6 43.9 43.4 43.2 43.4 42.8 42.7 43.2 41.9 43.1 43.5 43.4 43.3 C O N S T R U C T IO N 36.8 37.0 36.6 37.2 35.3 35.7 36.2 36,7 36.9 37,9 37.7 37.3 37.9 37,8 36.8 M A N U F A C T U R IN G 40.4 3.6 40.2 3.3 40.3 3.4 40.9 3.4 39.8 3.0 39.8 2.9 39.8 3.0 39.4 2.7 39.3 2.5 39.4 2.5 38.8 2.4 39.3 2.7 39.8 3.0 39.8 2.9 40.0 3.0 Overtime hours...................................... 41.1 3.8 40.8 3.5 40.8 3.4 41.6 3.5 40.3 3.1 40.3 3.0 40.3 3.1 39.9 2.7 39.7 2.5 39.8 2.4 39.1 2.3 39.7 2.6 40.2 2.9 40.3 2.9 40.5 3.0 Lumber and wood products .......................... Furniture and fixtures .................................... Stone, clay, and glass products...................... Primary metal industries................................ Fabricated metal products ............................ 39.8 39.3 41.6 41.8 41.0 39.4 38.7 41.5 41.4 40.7 38.8 39.3 41.7 40.7 41.0 39.2 39.9 41.8 40.9 41.9 38.1 38.4 40.1 40.7 40.6 38.5 38.4 40.1 40.7 40.4 38.3 38.5 40.7 40.7 40.6 37.1 37.9 40.4 40.6 40.2 37.6 37.3 40.6 39.3 39.9 38.4 37.3 41.0 39.1 40.1 38.2 36.2 40.3 38.6 39.2 39.2 37.6 40.7 39.0 40.0 39.3 38.3 41.1 40.2 40.5 39.0 38.4 41.3 40.2 40.4 38.9 38,5 41.4 40.9 40.7 Machinery except electrical............................ Electric and electronic equipment .................. Transportation equipment .............................. Instruments and related products .................. Miscellaneous manufacturing ........................ 42.1 40.3 42.2 40.9 38.8 41.8 40.3 41.1 40.8 38.8 41.8 40.8 40.8 41.4 39.4 42.7 41.3 42.7 41.7 39.5 41.5 40.2 40.0 41.0 38.8 41.5 40.2 40.4 40.8 38.6 41.5 40.0 40.4 40.6 38.8 41.1 39.6 39.8 40.4 38.4 40.8 39.3 39.9 40.3 38.2 40.8 39.4 39.9 40.5 38.3 40.0 38.5 39.5 39.6 37.8 40.4 39.2 40.0 39.9 38.5 41.0 39.7 40.7 40.1 39.1 40.7 39.8 41.1 40.3 388 41.0 40.3 41.2 40.9 39.0 Overtime hours...................................... 39.4 3.2 39.3 3.1 39.6 3.3 39.9 3.2 39.0 2.9 38.9 28 38.9 2.9 38.7 2.7 38.7 2.5 38.8 2.5 38.5 2.6 38.9 2.9 39.1 3.0 39.1 2.9 39.2 3.0 Food and kindred products............................ Tobacco manufactures.................................. Textile mill products...................................... Apparel and other textile products.................. Paper and allied products.............................. 39,7 38.1 40.4 35.6 42.9 39.9 38.0 40.4 35.3 42.6 40.2 38.8 41.3 35.6 42.9 40.4 39.4 41.5 35.9 43.5 39.5 37.3 40.9 35.2 42.7 39.1 36.9 40.8 35.4 42.4 39.0 37.7 40.9 35.4 42.4 38.9 38.2 39.9 35.3 42.2 39.7 38.7 39.8 35.3 41.6 39.6 38.3 39.6 35.6 41.7 39.9 36.5 38.5 35.3 41.4 40.3 36.8 39.2 35.4 41.8 40.3 38.2 39.8 35.2 42.4 39.7 40.1 39.8 35.4 42.3 39.9 40.3 40.1 35.4 42.5 Printing and publishing .................................. Chemicals and allied products........................ Petroleum and coal products ........................ Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products ........................ 376 41.9 43.6 40.9 37.1 37.5 41.9 438 40.5 36.5 37.9 42.2 44.8 40.3 36.8 38.1 42.2 43.5 40.7 37.3 37.2 41.7 36.2 40.3 36.7 37.0 41.6 39.7 39.9 36.8 37.2 41.7 39.4 40.0 36.4 36.8 41.6 41.1 39.7 36.7 36.9 41.3 42.3 39.0 37.0 36.7 41.2 42.3 39.3 37.4 36.8 40.7 42.7 38.6 36.4 37.2 40.9 42.2 40.0 36.6 37.3 41.3 43.4 40.3 36.2 37.1 41.4 44.1 40.6 36.1 37.1 41.7 44.2 41.1 36.0 40.0 39.9 40.2 40.0 39.5 39.4 39.5 39.5 39.3 39.6 39.9 39.7 39.7 39.7 39.7 32.1 Overtime hours ...................................... D u r a b le g o o d s N o n d u ra b le g o o d s T R A N S P O R T A T I O N A N D P U B L IC U T I L IT IE S W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E 32.9 32.6 324 32.9 31.9 31.9 32.0 31.8 31.9 32.3 32.5 32.7 32.1 32.1 W HO LESA LE TRADE 388 38.8 389 39.1 38.5 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.5 38.2 38.2 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.6 R E T A IL T R A D E 31.0 30.6 30.4 31.0 29.8 29.8 29.9 29.7 29.9 30.4 30.7 30.9 30.1 300 30.0 F IN A N C E , I N S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L ESTATE 36,4 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.2 36.3 36.3 36.2 36.1 36.4 36.2 36.3 36.1 36.3 36,4 S E R V IC E S 32.8 32.7 32.6 32.8 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.4 32.3 32.8 33.1 33.1 32.5 32.6 32.6 82 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 16. Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] 1980 1979 In d u s t r y d i v i s i o n a n d g r o u p N ov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t.p N o v .» 35.6 35.7 35.6 35.5 35.4 35.3 35.1 35.0 34,9 35.1 35.2 35.2 35.3 43.6 43.9 43,4 43.2 43.4 42.8 42.7 43.2 41.9 43.1 43.5 43.4 43.3 C O N S T R U C T IO N 37.0 37.2 37.3 37.1 36.6 36.7 36.8 37.1 36.8 36.5 37.4 36.9 37.2 M A N U F A C T U R IN G 40.1 3.3 40.2 3.2 40.3 3.2 40.1 3.0 39.8 3.1 39.8 3.0 39.3 2.6 39.1 2.4 39.0 2.5 39.4 2.7 39.6 2.7 39.6 2.8 39.7 2.9 Overtime hours............................................ 40.6 3.3 40.7 3.2 40.8 3.3 40.6 3.1 40.3 3.2 40.3 3.0 39.7 2.5 39.5 2.4 39.4 2.4 39.9 2.6 40.1 2.7 40.1 2.8 40.3 2.9 Lumber and wood products ................................ Furniture and fixtures.......................................... Stone, clay, and glass products .......................... Primary metal industries...................................... Fabricated metal products .................................. 38.9 38.9 41.4 40.8 40.7 39.0 38.9 41.5 40.7 40.9 39.4 39.2 41.4 40.8 40.9 39.1 39.0 41.2 40.8 40.8 38.7 38.5 40.9 40.7 40.7 37.3 38.5 40.6 40.6 40.8 37.5 37.6 40.3 39.2 39.9 37.6 37.0 40.4 38.8 39.7 38.1 36.6 40.2 38.6 39.6 38.9 37.4 40.3 39.2 40.1 38.8 38.0 40.9 40.0 40.4 38.5 37.9 40.9 40.4 40.3 39.0 38.1 41.1 41.0 40.4 Machinery, except electrical................................ Electric and electronic equipment........................ Transportation equipment.................................... Instruments and related products ........................ Miscellaneous manufacturing .............................. 41.5 40.4 40.5 41.0 38.9 41.5 40.5 40.9 41.0 39.0 41.6 40.5 40.9 41.4 39.2 41.5 40.3 40.8 40.9 39,1 41.3 40.0 40.4 40.4 38.6 41.5 39.9 40.5 40.7 38.5 41.0 39.5 39.7 40.3 38.3 40.7 39.2 39.5 40.4 38.2 40.6 39.0 39.6 40.1 38.3 40.8 39.4 40.9 40.1 38.6 40.9 39.5 40.6 40.1 38.9 40.7 39.8 40.8 40.2 38.6 40.7 39.9 40.9 40.5 38.5 Overtime hours............................................ 39.4 3.2 39.4 3.1 39.5 3.1 39.4 2.9 39.0 3.0 39.1 3.0 38.9 2.6 38.6 2.5 38.5 2.6 38.7 2.8 38.8 2.7 39.0 2.8 38.9 2.9 Food and kindred products.................................. Tobacco manufactures ...................................... Textile mill products............................................ Apparel and other textile products ...................... Paper and allied products .................................. 39.9 37.8 41.0 35.3 42.7 39.9 38.5 41.0 35.6 42.8 39.8 38.5 41.5 36.0 43.0 39.7 37.9 41.1 35.9 42.9 39.3 37.7 40.8 35.3 42.6 39.6 38.2 40.3 35.8 42,5 39.9 38.2 39.7 35.3 41.7 39.6 37.3 39.1 35.2 41.4 39.7 38.5 38.8 35.1 41.4 39.8 37.3 39.2 35.1 41.8 39.7 37.5 39.7 35.1 42.2 39.6 39.5 39.8 35.3 ■42.3 39.6 39.2 39,8 35.0 42.3 Printing and publishing........................................ Chemicals and allied products ............................ Petroleum and coal products .............................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products ........ Leather and leather products .............................. 37.5 42.0 44.4 40.0 36.6 37.4 41.8 43.4 40.0 37.0 37.8 42.0 36.9 40.7 37.2 37.4 41.9 40.7 40.0 37.2 37.2 41.8 39.7 39.9 36,9 37.2 41.5 41.1 40.1 37.3 37.1 41.3 42.5 39.3 36.7 368 41.1 42.3 39.2 36.7 36.9 40.8 422 39.0 36.1 37.1 41.0 42.2 40.2 36.5 36.9 41.3 42.7 40.1 36.2 37.0 41.4 43.5 40.3 36.1 36.7 41.5 43.8 40.8 35.9 40.2 40.0 39.5 39.4 39.5 39.5 39.3 39.6 39.9 39.7 39.7 39.7 39.7 31.8 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.2 T O T A L P R IV A T E M IN IN G ........................................................................................................ Overtime hours............................................ D u r a b le g o o d s N o n d u r a b le g o o d s T R A N S P O R T A T I O N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E 32.6 32.6 32.6 32.4 32.3 32.0 32.1 31.9 W HO LESA LE TRADE 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.8 38.5 38.5 38.6 38.0 38.0 38.2 38.5 38.4 38.6 30.1 30.1 30.2 30.2 30.6 30.6 30,6 30.4 30.3 30.0 30.1 30.0 29.8 ESTATE 36.3 36.4 36.2 36.3 36.3 36,2 36.1 36.4 36.2 363 36.1 36.3 36.4 S E R V IC E S 32.7 32.8 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.6 32.5 32.6 32.6 32.6 32.5 32.6 32.7 R E T A IL T R A D E F IN A N C E , I N S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 83 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 17. Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] A nnual av erag e 1979 1980 In d u s t r y d iv is i o n a n d g r o u p 1978 1979 N ov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t.p N o v .p T O T A L P R I V A T E ............................................................................... $ 5 .6 9 $ 6 .1 6 $ 6 .3 4 $ 6 .3 8 $ 6 .4 2 $ 6 .4 6 $ 6 .5 1 $ 6 .5 3 $ 6 .5 7 $ 6 .6 1 $ 6 .6 4 $ 6 .6 8 $6 .8 0 $6 86 $ 6 .9 1 M I N I N G ............................................................................................................... 7 .6 7 8 .5 0 8 .7 3 8 .7 5 8 .8 8 8 .9 0 8 .9 5 9 .1 0 9 .0 8 9 .1 6 9 .0 8 9 .1 8 9 .3 2 9 .4 0 9 .6 1 C O N S T R U C T IO N 866 9 .2 7 9 .5 2 9 .5 8 9 .4 9 9 .6 1 9 .6 8 9 .6 9 9 .7 7 9 .8 1 9 .9 1 1 0 .0 5 1 0 .1 9 1 0 .2 4 1 0 .2 2 M A N U F A C T U R IN G 6 .1 7 6 .6 9 6 .8 7 6 .9 7 6 .9 6 7 .0 0 7 .0 6 7 .0 9 7 .1 3 7 .2 0 7 .2 9 7 .3 0 7 .4 3 7 .4 9 7 .5 7 6 .5 8 7 .1 3 7 .2 9 7 .4 2 7 .3 9 7 .4 6 7 .5 4 7 .5 6 7 .6 0 7 .6 9 7 .7 7 7 .7 8 7 .9 3 8 .0 1 8 .0 9 5 .6 0 6 .0 8 6 .2 2 6 .2 4 6 .2 1 6 .3 3 6 .3 5 6 .2 8 6 .4 0 6 .5 6 672 676 6 .8 0 6 .7 5 677 4 .6 8 5 .0 6 5 .2 1 5 .2 6 5 .2 7 532 5 .3 7 5 .3 9 5 .4 2 5 .4 9 5 .5 2 5 .5 4 5 .5 8 5 .5 9 5 .6 3 6 .3 3 6 .8 5 7 .0 8 7 .1 1 7 .0 6 7 .1 4 7 .2 7 7 .3 4 7 .4 5 7 .5 3 7 .6 0 7 .6 4 7 .6 9 7 .7 4 7 .8 3 8 .2 0 8 .9 7 9 .2 6 ' 9 .2 8 9 .3 0 9 .4 4 9 .4 5 9 .5 3 9 .6 1 9 .6 5 9 .8 2 9 .8 4 9 .9 7 1 0 .0 9 1 0 .2 4 6 ,3 5 6 .8 4 7 .0 1 7 .1 4 7 .0 9 7 .1 4 7 .2 4 7 .2 7 7 .3 2 7 .4 2 7 .4 2 7 .4 8 7 .6 2 7 .6 6 7 .7 5 6 .7 8 7 .3 2 7 .5 0 7 .6 3 7 .6 6 7 .6 9 7 .7 6 7 .8 1 7 .9 1 7 .9 7 8 .0 5 8 .0 7 8 .2 8 8 .3 5 8 .4 4 D u r a b le g o o d s Lumber and wood products ............................ Furniture and fixtures...................................... Stone, clay, and glass products ...................... Primary metal industries.................................. Fabricated metal products .............................. Machinery, except electrical............................ Electric and electronic equipment .................... Transportation equipment................................ Instruments and related products .................... Miscellaneous manufacturing .......................... 5 .8 2 6 .3 2 6 .5 2 6 .6 4 6 .6 7 671 678 6 .7 9 6 .7 8 6 .8 7 6 .9 6 7 .0 2 7 .1 4 7 .1 9 7 .2 6 7 .9 1 8 .5 4 872 8 .9 3 8 .8 1 886 9 .0 4 9 .0 4 9 .0 6 9 .2 4 9 .3 4 9 .3 5 9 .5 6 9 .7 4 979 5 .7 1 6 .1 7 6 .3 9 6 .5 0 6 .5 7 6 .5 9 6 .6 3 6 .6 3 6 .7 2 6 .8 0 686 6 .8 6 6 .9 2 6 .9 6 7 .0 2 5 .5 1 5 .5 5 5 .6 0 4 .6 9 5 .0 3 5 .1 3 5 .2 0 5 .2 8 5 .3 0 5 .3 4 5 .3 7 5 .4 0 5 .4 2 5 .4 6 5 .4 6 5 .5 3 6 .0 0 6 .2 1 6 .2 6 6 .2 8 6 .2 7 6 .3 0 6 .3 6 6 .4 2 6 .4 8 6 .6 0 6 .6 2 6 .6 9 6 .7 2 678 Food and kindred products.............................. Tobacco manufactures.................................... Textile mill products........................................ 5 .8 0 6 .2 7 6 .5 0 6 .5 5 6 .6 1 6 .6 4 6 .6 8 6 .7 5 6 .8 2 6 .8 4 6 .8 9 6 .9 0 6 .9 3 6 .9 6 7 .0 8 6 .1 3 6 .6 5 6 .9 7 6 .9 8 7 .0 8 7 .3 6 7 .5 7 7 .7 9 7 .6 4 7 .9 7 8 .0 6 7 .7 4 7 .4 2 7 .5 4 4 .3 0 4 .6 6 4 .8 6 4 .8 7 4 .9 0 4 .9 0 4 .9 2 4 .9 1 4 .9 0 4 .9 3 5 .0 6 5 .1 9 5 .2 4 5 .2 6 5 .2 8 ........................... 3.94 4.23 4.32 4.38 4.44 4.45 4.49 4.46 4.45 4.51 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.73 4.74 Paper and allied products................................ 6 .5 2 7 .1 3 7 .4 3 7 .5 0 7 .4 9 7 .5 2 7 .5 5 7 ,6 3 7 .6 5 779 7 .9 7 7 .9 9 8 .0 6 8 .0 9 8 .1 1 Printing and publishing.................................... Chemicals and allied products ........................ Petroleum and coal products .......................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products . . . Leather and leather products .......................... 6 .5 1 6 .9 5 N o n d u r a b le g o o d s A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r t e x t ile p r o d u c t s 7 .3 4 7 .3 4 7 .4 4 773 7 .1 3 7 .2 1 7 .2 4 7 .2 9 7 .0 2 7 .6 0 7 .8 8 7 .9 2 7 .9 7 8 .0 1 8 .0 5 8 .1 2 8 .1 7 8 .2 4 8 .3 5 8 .3 9 8 .4 6 8 .5 2 8 .6 0 8 .6 3 9 .3 6 9 .5 6 9 .4 8 9 .4 6 9 .3 7 9 .2 9 9 .8 3 1 0 .0 7 1 0 .2 2 1 0 .2 5 1 0 .2 2 1 0 .3 3 1 0 .3 6 1 0 .5 1 5 .5 2 5 .9 6 6 ,1 4 6 .2 1 6 .2 5 6 .2 5 6 .2 7 6 .3 0 6 .3 4 6 .3 9 6 .4 8 6 .5 7 6 .6 3 6 .7 1 6 .7 9 3 .8 9 4 .2 2 4 .3 3 4 .3 5 4 .4 5 4 .4 7 4 .5 1 4 .5 2 4 .5 3 4 .5 4 4 .5 4 4 .5 9 4 .6 1 4 .6 4 4 .6 7 T R A N S P O R T A T I O N A N D P U B L IC U T I L IT IE S 7 .5 7 8 .1 7 8 .5 1 8 .5 4 8 .5 5 8 .5 8 8 .6 2 8 .7 1 8 .7 2 8 .7 5 8 .9 0 8 .9 5 9 .0 4 9 .2 0 9 .2 5 W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E 4 .6 7 5 .0 6 5 .1 8 5 .1 8 5 .3 4 5 .3 6 5 .4 0 5 .4 0 5 .4 2 5 .4 3 5 .4 8 5 .4 8 5 .5 6 5 .5 8 5 .6 3 7 .4 6 7 .5 3 7 .6 3 7 .7 3 7 .7 4 7 .7 7 W HO LESA LE TR AD E 5 .8 8 6 .3 9 6 .5 8 6 .6 9 672 6 .7 7 683 6 .8 7 6 .8 9 6 .9 5 6 .9 9 7 .0 1 7 .0 8 7 .0 9 7 .1 7 R E T A IL T R A D E 4 .2 0 4 .5 3 4 .6 2 4 .6 1 4 .7 8 4 .7 8 4 .8 1 4 .8 0 4 .8 2 4 .8 3 4 .8 8 4 .8 9 4 .9 5 4 .9 7 5 .0 1 ............................................................................................ F IN A N C E , I N S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L ESTATE ......................................................................................................... S E R V IC E S 18. 4 .8 9 5 .2 7 5 .4 1 5 .4 8 5 .5 3 5 .6 0 5 .6 8 5 .6 8 5 .7 0 5 .7 7 5 .7 7 5 .8 2 5 .8 7 5 .9 0 5 .9 9 4 .9 9 5 .3 6 5 .5 5 5 .6 1 5 .6 5 5 .7 0 5 .7 5 5 .7 5 5 .7 9 5 .8 1 5 .7 9 5 .8 1 5 .9 3 6 .0 0 6 .0 9 Hourly Earnings Index for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls, by industry division [Seasonally adjusted data: 1967 = 100] 1979 1980 O c t. 1 9 8 0 In d u s t r y N ov. T O T A L P R I V A T E (in c u r r e n t d o lla r s ) Mining.......................................... Construction ................................ Manufacturing .............................. Transportation and public utilities . . . Wholesale and retail trade ............ Finance, insurance, and real estate Services ...................................... T O T A L P R I V A T E (in c o n s t a n t d o lla r s ) 1Less than 0.05. 84 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. 237.3 239.4 240.3 242.4 245.2 246.2 248.3 250.9 252.1 254.0 272.0 226.5 241.9 258.7 229.7 215.7 234.9 274.6 228.1 244.1 260.1 231.4 217.9 237.8 277.0 225.8 245.2 260.8 234.2 2184 2377 278.5 229.8 247.8 262.4 235.2 221.1 239.7 280.9 232.2 250.2 265.9 237.8 225.7 242.7 283.7 233.0 252.4 267.2 238.0 224.9 243.0 284.2 234.2 255.0 268.7 239.8 226.3 245.7 286.3 235.3 258.3 270.6 241.8 230.2 248.4 285.3 236.7 260.6 272.8 243.5 229.0 247.6 288.9 239.0 262.4 273.2 245.3 232.7 249.8 104.1 103.8 102.7 102.2 102.0 101.4 101.4 101.5 102.0 102.0 N o v. 1979 to to N ov. 1980 N ov. 1980 O c t.p N o v .p 255.4 257.7 260.3 1.0 9.7 290.4 239.3 264.5 274.0 246.5 233.1 251.7 294.9 241.2 266.4 279.9 247.4 234.2 254.3 301.1 242.3 268.3 282.0 250.2 238.5 258.0 2.1 .5 .7 .8 1.1 1.8 1.5 10.7 7.0 10.9 9.0 8,9 10 6 9.8 101.5 101.4 ( ') f) (’ ) 19. Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] 1980 1979 A nnual a v erag e I n d u s t r y d iv is i o n a n d g r o u p 1978 T O T A L P R IV A T E M IN IN G ............................................................................................... C O N S T R U C T IO N 1979 N ov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M ar. A p r. M ay $228.55 $229.95 June J u ly $233.33 $234.39 Aug. $237.14 S e p t. O c t.p N o v .p $240.04 $242.16 $243.92 $20370 $219.30 $225.70 $229.04 $225.34 $226.75 $229.15 33288 365.50 380.63 384.13 385.39 384.48 388.43 389.48 387.72 395.71 380.45 395.66 405.42 407.96 318.69 342.99 348.43 356.38 335.00 343.08 350.42 355.62 360.51 371.80 373.61 374.87 386.20 387.07 376.10 416.11 249.27 268.94 276.86 285.07 277.01 278.60 280.99 279.35 280.21 283.68 28285 286.89 295.71 298.10 302.80 Lumber and wood products.......................... Furniture and fixtures .................................. Stone, clay, and glass products.................... Primary metal Industries .............................. Fabricated metal products............................ 270.44 222.88 183.92 263.33 342.76 260.35 290.90 239.55 195.82 284.28 371.36 278,39 297.43 241.34 204.75 295.24 376,88 287.41 308.67 244.61 209.87 297.20 379.55 299.17 297.82 236.60 202.37 283.11 378.51 287.85 300.64 243.71 204.29 286.31 384.21 288.46 303.86 243.21 206.75 295.89 384.62 293.94 301.64 232.99 204.28 296.54 386.92 292.25 301.72 240.64 202.17 302.47 377.67 292.07 306.06 251.90 204.78 308.73 377.32 297.54 303.81 256.70 199.82 306.28 379.05 290.86 308.87 264.99 208.30 310.95 383.76 299.20 318.79 267.24 213.71 316.06 400.79 308.61 322.80 263.25 214.66 319.66 405.62 309.46 327.65 263.35 216.76 324.16 418.82 315.43 Machinery except electrical .......................... Electric and electronic equipment.................. Transportation equipment ............................ Instruments and related products.................. Miscellaneous manufacturing........................ 285.44 234.55 333.80 233.54 181.97 305.98 254.70 350.99 251.74 195.16 313.50 266.02 355.78 264.55 202.12 325.80 274.23 381.31 271.05 205.40 317.89 268.13 352.40 269.37 204.86 319.14 269.74 357.94 268.87 204.58 322.04 271.20 365.22 269.18 207.19 320.21 268.88 359.79 267.85 206.21 322.73 266.45 361.49 270.82 206.28 325.18 270.68 368.68 275.40 207.59 322.00 267.96 368.93 271.66 206.39 326.03 275.18 374.00 273.71 210.21 339.48 283.46 389.09 277.49 215.44 339.85 286.16 400.31 280.49 215.34 346.04 292.58 403.35 287.12 218.40 217.88 230.26 233.55 173.72 140.26 279.71 235.80 250.17 252.70 188.26 149.32 303.74 245.92 261.30 270.44 200.72 153.79 318.75 249.77 264.62 275.01 202.11 157.24 326.25 244.92 261.10 264.08 200.41 156.29 319.82 243.90 259.62 271.58 199.92 157.53 318.85 245.07 260.52 285.39 201.23 158.95 320.12 246.13 262.58 297.58 195.91 157.44 321.99 248.45 270.75 295.67 195.02 157.09 318.24 251.42 270.86 305.25 195.23 160.56 324.84 254.10 274.91 294.19 194.81 158.85 329.96 257.52 278.07 284.83 203.45 162 84 333.98 261.58 279.28 283.44 208.55 165.44 341.74 262.75 276.31 302.35 209.35 167.44 342.21 265.78 282.49 311.52 211.73 167.80 344.68 244.78 294.14 376.27 260.63 318.44 409.97 270.23 332.54 428.29 274.70 334.22 412.38 269.33 332.35 342.45 269.73 333.22 371.99 273.05 335.69 366.03 270.11 337.79 404.01 274.54 337.42 425.96 273.78 339.49 432.31 277.10 339.85 437.68 283.84 343.15 431.28 288.33 349.40 448.32 287.15 352.73 456.88 288.27 358.62 464.54 225.77 144.32 241.38 154.03 247.44 159.34 252.75 162.26 251.88 163.32 249.38 164.50 250.80 164.16 250.11 165.88 247.26 167.61 251.13 169.80 250.13 165.26 262.80 167.99 267.19 166.88 272.43 167.50 279.07 168.12 T R A N S P O R T A T I O N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S 302.80 325.98 342.10 341.60 337.73 338 05 340.49 344.05 342.70 346.50 355.11 355.32 358.89 365.24 367.23 W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E 153.64 164.96 167.83 170.42 170.35 170.98 172.80 171.72 172.90 175.39 178.10 179.20 178.48 179.12 180.72 261.58 258.72 259.97 262.27 263.81 265.27 265.49 267.02 269.18 272.58 273.67 276.76 M A N U F A C T U R IN G D u r a b le g o o d s N o n d u ra b le g o o d s Food and kindred products .......................... Tobacco manufactures ................................ Textile mill products .................................... Apparel and other textile products................ Paper and allied products ............................ Printing and publishing.................................. Chemicals and allied products...................... Petroleum and coal products........................ Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products...................................... Leather and leather products........................ W HO LESA LE TR AD E 228.14 247.93 255.96 R E T A IL T R A D E 130.20 138.62 140.45 142.91 142.44 142.44 143,82 142.56 144.12 146.83 149.82 151.10 149.00 149.10 150.30 F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E 178.00 190.77 196.38 199.47 200.19 203.28 206.18 205.62 205.77 210.03 208.87 211.27 211.91 214.17 218.04 S E R V IC E S 163.67 175.27 180.93 184.01 183.63 185.25 186.88 186.30 187.02 190.57 191.65 192.31 192.73 195.60 198.53 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 85 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 20. Gross and spendable weekly earnings, in current and 1967 dollars, 1960 to date [Averages for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] P r i v a t e n o n a g r ic u lt u r a l w o r k e r s M a n u f a c t u r in g w o r k e r s S p e n d a b l e a v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n in g s S p e n d a b l e a v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n in g s G ro s s a v e ra g e Y e a r a n d m o n th w e e k l y e a r n in g s G ro s s a v e ra g e W o r k e r w it h n o d e p e n d e n ts 1960 .......................................... M a r r i e d w o r k e r w it h w e e k l y e a r n in g s W o r k e r w it h n o 3 d e p e n d e n ts M a r r i e d w o r k e r w it h d e p e n d e n ts 3 d e p e n d e n ts C u rre n t 1967 C u rre n t 1967 C u rre n t 1967 C u rre n t 1967 C u rre n t 1967 C u rre n t 1967 d o lla r s d o lla r s d o lla r s d o lla r s d o lla r s d o lla r s d o lla r s d o lla r s d o lla r s d o lla r s d o lla r s d o lla r s $80.67 $90.95 $65.59 $73.95 $72.96 $82.25 $89.72 $101.15 $72.57 $81.82 $80.11 $90.32 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... 82.60 85.91 88.46 91.33 95.45 92.19 94.82 96.47 98.31 101.01 67.08 69.56 71.05 75.04 79.32 74.87 76.78 77.48 80.78 83.94 74.48 76.99 78.56 82.57 86.63 83.13 84.98 85.67 88.88 91.67 92.34 96.56 99.23 102.97 107.53 103.06 106.58 108.21 110.84 113.79 74.60 77.86 79.51 84.40 89.08 83.26 85.94 86.71 90.85 94.26 82.18 85.53 87.25 92.18 96.78 91,72 94.40 95.15 99.22 102.41 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... 98.82 101.84 107.73 114.61 119.83 101.67 101.84 103,39 104.38 103.04 81.29 83.38 86.71 90.96 96.21 83.63 83.38 83.21 82.84 82.73 88.66 90.86 95.28 99.99 104.90 91.21 90.86 91.44 91.07 90.20 112.19 114,49 122.51 129.51 133.33 115.42 114.49 117.57 117.95 114.64 91,45 92.97 97.70 101,90 106.32 94.08 92.97 93.76 92.81 91.42 99.33 100,93 106.75 111.44 115.58 102.19 100.93 102.45 101.49 99,38 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... 127.31 136.90 145.39 154.76 163.53 104.95 109.26 109.23 104.78 101.45 103.80 112.19 117.51 124.37 132.49 85.57 89.54 88.29 84.20 82.19 112.43 121.68 127.38 134.61 145.65 92.69 97.11 95.70 91.14 90.35 142.44 154.71 166.46 176.80 190.79 117.43 123.47 125.06 119.70 118.36 114.97 125.34 132.57 140.19 151,61 94.78 100.03 99.60 94.92 94.05 124.24 135.57 143.50 151.56 166.29 102,42 108.20 107.81 102.61 103.16 1976 1977 1978 1979 .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... 175.45 189.00 203.70 219.30 102.90 104.13 104.30 100.73 143.30 155.19 165.39 177.55 84.05 85.50 84.69 81.56 155.87 169.93 180.71 194.35 91.42 93.63 92.53 89.27 209.32 228.90 249.27 268.94 122.77 126.12 127.63 123.54 167.83 183.80 197.40 212.43 98.43 101.27 101.08 97.58 181.32 200.06 214.87 232.07 106.35 110.23 110.02 106.60 1979: November........................ December........................ 225.70 229.04 99.17 c 99.58 182.22 184.59 80.06 80.26 199.27 201.80 87.55 87.74 276.86 285.07 121.64 123.94 217.80 223.38 95.69 97.12 238.08 244.31 104.60 106.22 1980: January............................ February.......................... March.............................. 225.34 226.75 229.15 96.59 95.88 95.52 181.96 182.98 184.67 77.99 77.37 76.98 199.00 200.07 201.89 85.30 84,60 84.16 277.01 278.60 280.99 118.74 117.80 117.13 217.91 218.99 220.61 93.40 92.60 91.96 238.20 239.40 241.22 102.10 101.23 100.55 April ................................ May ................................ June ................................ 228.55 229.95 233.33 94.21 93.82 94.16 184.25 185.23 187.59 75.95 75.57 75.70 201.43 202.49 205.06 83.03 82.62 82.75 279.35 280.21 283.68 115.15 114,32 114.48 219.49 220.08 222.43 90.47 89.79 89.76 239.97 240.63 243.26 98.92 98.18 98.17 July.................................. August ............................ September ...................... Octoberp ........................ Novemberp ...................... 234.39 237.14 240.04 242.16 243.92 94.51 95.01 95.29 95.30 ( ') 188.33 190.25 192.28 193.76 194.99 75.94 76.22 76.33 76.25 (’ ) 205.86 207.95 210.15 211.76 213.09 83.01 83.31 83.43 83.34 ( 1) 282.85 286.89 295.71 298.10 302.80 114.05 114.94 117.39 117.32 (’ ) 221.87 224.61 230.60 232.22 235.41 89.46 89.99 91.54 91.39 (’ ) 242.63 245.69 252.39 254.20 257.76 97.83 98.43 100.19 100.04 (’ ) ' Not available. NOTE: The earnings expressed in 1967 dollars have been adjusted for changes in price level as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers. These series are described in “The Spendable Earnings Series: A Technical Note on its Cal- 86 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis culation,” E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a r n in g s and M o n th ly R e p o rt o n pp 6' 13 See also " Spendable Earnin9s Formulas' 1978-80," 1980, pp' 10 11 c = corrected' th e L a b o r F o rc e , February 1969, E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n in g s , March UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE DATA i n s u r a n c e d a t a are compiled monthly by the Employment and Training Administration of the U.S. De partment of Labor from records of State and Federal unem ployment insurance claims filed and benefits paid. Railroad unemployment insurance data are prepared by the U.S. Rail road Retirement Board. ployed. Persons not covered by unemployment insurance (about onethird of the labor force) and those who have exhausted or not yet earned benefit rights are excluded from the scope of the survey. Ini tial claims are notices filed by persons in unemployment insurance programs to indicate they are out of work and wish to begin receiv ing compensation. A claimant who continued to be unemployed a full week is then counted in the insured unemployment figure. The rate of insured unemployment expresses the number of insured unem ployed as a percent of the average insured employment in a 12-month period. U n em plo ym en t Definitions An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the be ginning of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no ap plication is required for subsequent periods in the same year. Num ber of payments are payments made in 14-day registration periods. The average amount of benefit payment is an average for all com pensable periods, not adjusted for recovery of overpayments or set tlement of underpayments. However, total benefits paid have been adjusted. Data for all programs represent an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under State programs, Unemployment Compensation for Ex-Servicemen, and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees, and the Railroad Insurance Act. Under both State and Federal unemployment insurance programs for civilian employees, insured workers must report the completion of at least 1 week of unemployment before they are defined as unem 21. Unemployment Insurance and employment service operations [All items except average benefits amounts are in thousands] 1980 1979 It e m S e p t. All programs: Insured unemployment...................... State unemployment insurance program:’ Initial claims2 .................................... Insured unemployment (average weekly volume) ............................ Rate of insured unemployment .......... Weeks of unemployment compensated ................................ Average weekly benefit amount for total unemployment.................. Total benefits paid ............................ Unemployment compensation for exservicemen: 3 Initial claims’ .................................... Insured unemployment (average weekly volume) ............................ Weeks of unemployment compensated ................................ Total benefits paid ............................ Unemployment compensation for Federal civilian employees:4 Initial claims...................................... Insured unemployment (average weekly volume) ............................ Weeks of unemployment compensated -.............................. Total benefits paid ............................ N ov. O c t. M a r. Feb. Jan. Dec. M ay A p r. June Aug. J u ly 4,140 2,164 2,236 2,559 3,047 3,740 3,730 3,652 3,629 3,680 3,790 1,219 1,641 1,827 2,263 2,837 1,818 1,705 2,190 » 2,248 2,319 2,737 3,455 4.0 3,692 4.3 12,441 '4,398 2,024 2.4 2,057 2.4 2,384 2.8 2,864 3.4 3,537 4.1 3,518 4.1 3,356 3.9 3,278 3.8 3,343 3.9 9,171 13,792 12,801 13,170 12,689 p 12,302 6,993 7,638 8,107 $89.07 $606,095 $90.59 $673,965 $92.39 $728,370 23 26 24 24 25 21 21 21 p20 23 27 52 52 54 56 60 58 63 52 50 45 58 211 $19,634 236 $23,325 232 $23,093 233 $23,093 299 $29,635 255 $25,308 249 $24,928 246 $24,518 p220 $22,025 122 $11,761 331 $33,342 13 18 15 15 19 11 12 11 p 12 14 17 3,911 3,961 3,408 3.9 3,087 3.6 55 56 25 29 p$99.55 $99 88 $98.75 $96.41 $98 39 $99.15 $99.52 $94.54 $843,869 $1,283,946 $1,229,877 $1,218,231 $1,232,173 $1,196,836 $1,213,595 $1,397,508 25 28 29 31 34 32 30 25 22 20 26 91 $8,453 109 $10,093 118 $11,063 118 $11,047 150 $14,118 129 $12,226 123 $11,901 108 $10,323 »88 $8,280 50 $4,665 124 $11,296 13 11 10 11 22 7 5 4 6 24 44 13 Railroad unemployment insurance: Applications...................................... Insured unemployment (average weekly volume) ............................ Number of payments ........................ Average amount of benefit payment........................................ Total benefits paid ............................ 21 32 18 51 20 36 19 41 40 80 39 71 30 68 27 62 23 54 27 55 44 66 39 86 $189.08 $5,747 $189.61 $8,003 $183.38 $6,462 $197.22 $8,085 $199.01 $14,967 $208.73 $14,573 $210.79 $13,884 $201.87 $13,002 $193.44 $9,953 $199,06 $10,140 $207.08 $13,320 $211.87 $17,336 Employment service:5 New applications and renewals.......... Nonfarm placements ........................ 15,525 4,349 1,855 458 3,183 768 4,378 1,044 5,980 1,314 7,285 1,561 8,708 1,853 10,021 2,143 11,446 2,413 12,864 2,730 ' Initial claims and State insured unemployment include data under the program for Puerto Rican sugarcane workers. 2 Includes interstate claims for the Virgin Islands. Excludes transition claims under State programs. 3 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis S e p t. includes the Virgin islands. Exludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State pro grams. 5 Cumulative total for fiscal year (October 1 - September 30). NOTE: Date for Puerto Rico included. Dashes indicate data not available. 87 PRICE DATA P r i c e d a t a are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to a base period (1967 = 100, unless otherwise noted). Definitions The Consumer Price Index is a monthly statistical measure of the average change in prices in a fixed market basket of goods and ser vices. Effective with the January 1978 index, the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics began publishing CPI’s for two groups of the population. One index, a new CPI for All Urban Consumers, covers 80 percent of the total noninstitutional population; and the other index, a revised CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, covers about half the new index population. The All Urban Consumers index includes, in addition to wage earners and clerical workers, professional, manageri al, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force. The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares, doctor’s and dentist’s fees, and other goods and services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quali ty of these items is kept essentially unchanged between major revi sions so that only price changes will be measured. Prices are collected from over 18,000 tenants, 24,000 retail establishments, and 18,000 housing units for property taxes in 85 urban areas across the country. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Because the CPI’s are based on the expendi tures of two population groups in 1972-73, they may not accurately reflect the experience of individual families and single persons with different buying habits. Though the CPI is often called the “Cost-of-Living Index,” it mea sures only price change, which is just one of several important factors affecting living costs. Area indexes do not measure differences in the level of prices among cities. They only measure the average change in prices for each area since the base period. Producer Price Indexes measure average changes in prices received in primary markets of the United States by producers of commodities in all stages of processing. The sample used for calculating these in dexes contains about 2,800 commodities and about 10,000 quotations per month selected to represent the movement of prices of all com modities produced in the manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The universe includes all commodities produced or imported for sale in commercial transactions in primary markets in the United States. Producer Price Indexes can be organized by stage of processing or by commodity. The stage of processing structure organizes products by degree of fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate or semifinished goods, and crude materials). The commodity structure organizes products by similarity of end-use or material composition. To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price In dexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the Unit ed States, from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Most prices are obtained directly from producing companies on a vol untary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month. In calculating Producer Price Indexes, price changes for the vari ous commodities are averaged together with implicit quantity weights representing their importance in the total net selling value of all com modities as of 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain in dexes for stage of processing groupings, commodity groupings, dura bility of product groupings, and a number of special composite groupings. Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries measure av erage price changes in commodities produced by particular industries, as defined in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1972 (Washington, U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 1972). These indexes are derived from several price series, combined to match the economic activity of the specified industry and weighted by the value of shipments in the industry. They use data from comprehensive in dustrial censuses conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Notes on the data Beginning with the May 1978 issue of the Review, regional CPI’s cross classified by population size, were introduced. These indexes will enable users in local areas for which an index is not published to get a better approximation of the CPI for their area by using the appropri ate population size class measure for their region. The cross-classified indexes will be published bimonthly. (See table 24.) For further details about the new and the revised indexes and a comparison of various aspects of these indexes with the old unrevised CPI, see Facts About the Revised Consumer Price Index, a pamphlet in the Consumer Price Index Revision 1978 series. See also The Consumer Price Index: Concepts and Content Over the Years. Report 517, revised edition (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 1978). For interarea comparisons of living costs at three hypothetical stan dards of living, see the family budget data published in the Handbook of Labor Statistics, 1977, Bulletin 1966 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1977), tables 122-133. Additional data and analysis on price changes are provided in the CPI Detailed Report and Producer Prices and Price Indexes, both monthly publications of the Bureau. As of January 1976, the Wholesale Price Index (as it was then called) incorporated a revised weighting structure reflecting 1972 val ues of shipments. From January 1967 through December 1975, 1963 values of shipments were used as weights. For a discussion of the general method of computing consumer, producer, and industry price indexes, see BLS Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies, Bulletin 1910 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1976), chapters 13-15. See also John F. Early, “Improving the mea surement of producer price change,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1978, pp. 7 -1 5 . For industry prices, see also Bennett R. Moss, “In dustry and Sector Price Indexes,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1965, pp. 974-82. 22. Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, annual averages and changes, 1967-79 [1967 = 100] Fo o d and A ll it e m s change In d e x change E n te r ta in m e n t M e d ic a l c a r e a n d se r v i c e s In d e x In d e x change change In d e x In d e x change change P e rc e n t P e rc e n t P e rc e n t P e rc e n t P e rc e n t P e rc e n t P e rc e n t P e rc e n t T ra n s p o rta tio n upkeep Year In d e x O th e r g o o d s A p p a re l an d H o u s in g b e v e ra g e s In d e x change In d e x change .................. .................. .................. .................. 100.0 104.2 109.8 116.3 4.2 5.4 5.9 100.0 103.6 108.8 114.7 3.6 5.0 5.4 100.0 104.0 110.4 118.2 4.0 6.2 7.1 100.0 105.4 111.5 116.1 5.4 5.8 4.1 100.0 103.2 107.2 112.7 3.2 3.9 5.1 100.0 106.1 113.4 120.6 6.1 6.9 6.3 100.0 105.7 111.0 116.7 5.7 5.0 5.1 100.0 105.2 110.4 116.8 5.2 4.9 5.8 1971 .................. 1972 .................. 1973 .................. 1974.................. 1975 .................. 121.3 125.3 133.1 147.7 161.2 4.3 3.3 6.2 11.0 9.1 118.3 123,2 139.5 158.7 172.1 3.1 4.1 13.2 13.8 8.4 123.4 128.1 133.7 148,8 164.5 4.4 3.8 4.4 11.3 10.6 119.8 122.3 126.8 136.2 142.3 3.2 2.1 3.7 7.4 4.5 118.6 119.9 123.8 137.7 150.6 5.2 1.1 3.3 11.2 9.4 128.4 132.5 137.7 150.5 168.6 6.5 3.2 3.9 9.3 12.0 122.9 126.5 130.0 139.8 152.2 5.3 2.9 2.8 7.5 8.9 122.4 127.5 132.5 142.0 153.9 4.8 4.2 3.9 7.2 8.4 1976 1977 1978 1979 170.5 181.5 195.3 217.7 5.8 6.5 7.6 11.5 177.4 188.0 206.2 228.7 3.1 6.0 9.7 10.9 174.6 186.5 202.6 227.5 6.1 6.8 8.6 12.3 147.6 154.2 159.5 166.4 3.7 4.5 3.4 4.3 165.5 177.2 185.8 212.8 9.9 7.1 4.9 14.5 184.7 202.4 219.4 240.1 9.5 9.6 8.4 9.4 159.8 167.7 176.2 187.6 5.0 4.9 5.1 6.5 162.7 172.2 183.2 196.3 5.7 5.8 6.4 7.2 1967 1968 1969 1970 .................. .................. .................. .................. 23. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers and revised CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, U.S. city average— general summary and groups, subgroups, and selected items [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] U rb a n W a g e E a rn e rs a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s ( r e v is e d ) A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s G e n e ra l s u m m a ry 1980 1979 1980 1979 Aug. S e p t. O c t. 248.0 249.6 251.9 254.1 246.4 266.9 176.0 250.6 265.9 204.0 212.1 249.1 265.1 175.4 251.9 267.8 204.4 212.9 252.5 265.8 177.9 253.5 270.0 205.6 214.0 255.1 267,6 181.4 255.2 272.2 208.1 219.0 256.6 271.0 182.8 256.6 274,3 209.2 219.9 231.7 222.3 242.6 205.4 233.0 223.4 243.2 206.8 234.4 224.2 243.5 208.0 236.9 226.2 244.8 210.5 2392 228.4 246.0 213.5 240.8 2300 246.1 216.3 244.0 181.2 282.3 218.6 266.8 206.4 269.9 188.7 3222 241.5 286.3 216.5 275.1 190.8 331.9 242.7 287.3 217.9 273.1 191.8 325.9 243.9 289.3 218.6 273.3 193.0 324.2 246.3 291.7 219.5 275.4 ■ 278.6 194.8 196.8 325.3 330.3 248.2 249.6 294.3 296.6 227.4 225.4 250.9 243.0 228.3 239,6 271.1 251.0 293.2 274.2 247.3 276.8 368.0 245.1 239.7 209.4 399.1 274.9 222.0 218.7 203.5 212.9 236.3 225.3 255.7 239.9 224.0 259.1 310.2 218.8 213.0 188.7 330.2 241.7 242.9 234.2 220.5 237.7 270.0 244.6 285.4 266.3 233.4 2675 367.3 235.1 230.0 198.6 404.7 267.8 245.7 235.7 221.6 238.3 271.4 245.7 291.2 271.8 234.7 267.1 371.8 237.6 232.7 199.8 405.6 272.5 245.3 237.4 222.4 2387 272.2 247,2 288,6 269.4 238.4 271.2 373.9 237.6 232.1 200.6 406.1 269.8 246.6 239.6 224.4 239.9 272,9 249.6 288.6 269.4 242.9 275.9 374.2 239.4 233.4 202.9 405.5 269.9 248.7 242.0 226.5 241.1 273.0 251.5 290.7 271.4 246.1 280.8 373.1 242.0 235.9 205.7 402.7 271.9 251.0 243.5 228.2 241.3 272.8 252.3 294.2 274.7 247.0 279.0 371.1 244.5 238,7 207.8 400.3 275.6 $0,394 $0,443 $0,408 $0,404 350.403 $0,401 $0,397 $0,394 O c t. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. O c t. M ay June A ll I t e m s ........................................................................................................................................ 225.4 244.9 247.6 247.8 249.4 251.7 253.9 225.6 245.1 247.8 Food and beverages .................................................................... Housing........................................................................................ Apparel and upkeep...................................................................... Transportation .............................................................................. Medical care ................................................................................ Entertainment .............................................................................. Other goods and services.............................................................. 232.1 237.7 171.0 222.7 245.9 192.0 202.3 244.1 261.7 177.5 249.0 263.4 204.0 211.2 245.7 266.7 177.2 249.7 264.7 205.3 212.5 248.3 265.1 176.2 251.0 266.6 206.6 213.5 252.0 265.8 178.6 252.7 268.4 208.0 214.5 254.2 267.7 182.2 254.7 270.6 209.8 220.6 255.5 271.1 183.9 256.1 272.8 210.9 221.5 232.3 237.7 170.8 223.4 247.2 191.4 201.4 244.7 261.7 176.8 249.9 264.9 202.4 210.6 Commodities less food and beverages .................................... Nondurables less food and beverages.................................. Durables ............................................................................ 215.6 204.9 214.9 196.0 231.4 222.0 240.3 207.1 232.8 223.2 241.1 208.6 234.1 224.0 241.4 209.8 236.7 226.0 242.6 212.4 239.0 228.4 244.1 215.3 240.7 230.2 244.4 218.1 215.8 205.0 216.6 194.8 Servces ...................................................................................... Rent, residential.................................................................. Household services less rent .............................................. Transportation services........................................................ Medical care services.......................................................... Other services.................................................................... 243.6 181.4 280.7 218.5 265.3 205.7 269.2 188.9 319.6 241.5 284.7 215.9 274.2 191.1 3288 242.6 285.9 216.9 272.4 192.1 323.3 243.8 288.0 218,1 272.5 193.2 321.5 246.4 289.8 219.2 274.8 195.1 322.6 249.4 292.3 225.3 277.9 197.1 327.4 250.8 294.8 226,7 All items less food ........................................................................ All items less mortgage interest costs ............................................ Commodities less food.................................................................. Nondurables less food .................................................................. Nondurables less food and apparel................................................ Nondurables ................................................................................ Services less rent ........................................................................ Services less medical ca re ............................................................ Domestically produced farm foods ................................................ Selected beef cuts........................................................................ Energy ........................................................................................ All items less energy .................................................................... All items less food and energy ............................................ Commodities less food and energy.................................... Energy commodities ........................................................ Services less energy........................................................ 221.8 218.3 203.4 211.3 234.8 224.5 255.1 239.6 224.1 257.3 307.5 219.2 213.6 189.6 329.0 241.3 242.6 233.7 220.2 235.5 267.9 243.2 284.4 265.7 233.6 265.6 363.2 235.7 231.0 199.9 403.0 267.0 245.5 235.4 221.4 236.3 269.3 244.5 290.0 271.0 234.8 264.8 367.8 238.3 233.7 201.2 404.1 271.5 245.1 236.8 222.2 236.6 270.3 245.9 287.6 268.9 238.5 269.2 370.4 238.3 233.1 202.0 404.8 269.1 246.3 239.0 224.2 237.8 270.9 248.3 287.4 268.7 243.5 274.5 370.7 240.0 234.3 204.3 404.2 269.0 248.6 241.5 226.6 239.3 271.3 250.2 289,8 271.0 246.2 278.8 370.1 242.5 2369 207.2 401.7 271.3 Purchasing power of the consumer dollar, 1967 - $1 .................... $0,444 $0,408 $0,404 $0,404 $0,401 $0,397 J u ly S p e c ia l in d e x e s : https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 89 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 23. Continued— Consumer Price Index — U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s G e n e ra l s u m m a ry FOOD AND BEVERAGES 1979 U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s ( r e v i s e d ) 1980 1979 1980 O c t. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. O c t. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. 232.1 244.1 245.7 248.3 252.0 254.2 255.5 232.3 244.7 246.4 249.1 2525 255.1 256.6 ........................................................................................................................................................... 238.2 250.4 252.0 254.8 258.7 261.1 262.4 2383 251.0 252.7 255.5 259.2 261.9 263.4 Food at home ...................................................................................... Cereals and bakery products.......................................................... Cereals and cereal products (12/77 = 100).............................. Flour and prepared flour mixes (12/77 = 100).................... Cereal (12/77 = 100) ...................................................... Rice, pasta, and cornmeal (12/77 = 100) .......................... Bakery products (12/77 = 100) .............................................. White bread...................................................................... Other breads (12/77 = 100) ............................................ Fresh biscuits, rolls, and muffins (12/77 = 100).................. Fresh cakes and cupcakes (12/77 = 100) ........................ Cookies (12/77 = 100) .................................................... Crackers and bread and cracker products (12/77 = 100) .. Fresh sweetrolls, coffeecake, and donuts (12/77 = 100) . . . Frozen and refrigerated bakery products and fresh pies, tarts, and turnovers (12/77 = 100) .......... 235.4 227.0 120.8 124.0 119.2 120.4 119.9 202.5 120.5 119.4 117.6 116.6 115.0 118.9 246.5 244.5 131.5 129.0 131.5 133.8 128.7 216.7 128.3 127,8 127.4 126.1 122.2 128.4 248.0 245.9 133.1 131.1 133.0 135.2 129.1 216.9 128.1 129.5 127.6 126.3 123.6 129.1 251.5 247.8 135.0 132.9 135.5 136.2 129.8 218,4 129.4 129.2 127.9 127.1 125.5 129.5 256.3 249.2 136.3 133.6 137.6 136.8 130.4 217.9 129.7 130.0 129.8 128.7 124.6 131.4 258.9 250.3 137.1 133.3 138.5 138.4 130.9 219.6 130.9 129.2 129.5 129.9 124.2 131.6 260.0 253.7 137.5 133.2 139.3 138.9 133.1 222.7 132.5 133.4 132.5 131.0 126.4 133.4 234.8 227.9 121.4 125.0 119.3 120.8 120.3 202.3 123.8 118.7 118.1 118.3 115.0 120.7 246.1 244.4 132.4 129.9 132.0 135.2 128.3 216.0 130.6 126.4 126.5 126.8 123.0 129.2 247.7 245.7 133.9 131.4 133.3 137.0 128.8 215.4 130.8 127.9 126.9 126.9 124.5 130.0 251.1 248.0 135.5 132.8 135.5 137.9 129.8 217.5 132.3 128.1 127.3 128.3 125.7 130.0 255.6 249,6 136,8 133.9 137.7 138.4 130.5 217.2 133.3 128.9 129.4 130.1 124.7 131.6 258.6 251.1 137.8 134.1 138.6 140.2 131.2 219.3 134,3 128.1 129.7 131.7 124.5 132.0 259.7 254.3 138.5 133.8 139.3 141.6 133.3 222.6 135.8 132.1 132.6 132.5 126.5 134.1 122.5 131.0 131.2 131.5 131.4 132.1 135.3 118.8 126.0 127.2 129.6 129.2 129.9 130.9 Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs.......................................................... Meats, poultry, and fis h ............................................................ Meats .............................................................................. Beef and veal................................................................ Ground beef other than canned .................................. Chuck roast .............................................................. Round roast .............................................................. Round steak .............................................................. Sirloin steak .............................................................. Other beef and veal (12/77 = 100) ............................ Pork.............................................................................. Bacon ........................................................................ Pork chops ................................................................ Ham other than canned (12/77 = 100)........................ Sausage .................................................................... Canned ham .............................................................. Other pork (12/77 = 100) .......................................... Other meats.................................................................. Frankfurters .............................................................. Bologna, liverwurst, and salami (12/77 = 100) ............ Other lunchmeats (12/77 = 100)................................ Lamb and organ meats (12/77 = 100)........................ Poultry ............................................................................ Fresh whole chicken .................................................. Fresh and frozen chicken parts (12/77 = 100) ............ Other poultry (12/77 = 100) ...................................... Fish and seafood .............................................................. Canned fish and seafood (12/77 = 100)...................... Fresh and frozen fish and seafood (12/77 = 100)........ Eggs.................................................................................. 230.3 235.9 238.6 256.2 263.4 2633 230.3 242.2 250.4 147.1 204.3 190.5 195.1 94.8 257,6 218.2 115.2 240.7 236.8 134.2 120.3 137.7 170.3 159.7 110.1 120.3 311.5 115.2 120.7 161.3 231.5 238.2 239.2 264.8 269.4 273.0 243.4 250.6 256.2 152.4 191.8 177.4 182.4 87.4 250.2 210.0 107.1 240.2 234.8 133.5 121.4 136.3 176.5 172.9 114.4 117.4 324.5 125.4 122.5 148.4 231.2 237.9 238.1 263.8 266.9 268.6 240.9 247.4 264.8 152.5 190.4 173.1 182.7 87.8 246.2 208.1 106.3 239.4 230.9 133.4 121.0 137.6 177,9 176.3 115.7 115.9 329.1 127.3 124.2 147.9 236.7 243.4 243.3 267.9 266.6 277.7 243.2 253.2 270.2 155.9 200.3 186.3 193.1 92.1 249.2 208.6 115.1 239.1 229.1 135.1 120,6 137.2 187.9 193.6 120.9 117.0 330.1 129.2 123.7 154.2 245.4 251.0 251.1 273.1 272.9 279.8 248.8 258.0 274.1 159.0 212.0 201.5 199.9 98.4 262.5 217.0 123.1 247.8 245.8 138.5 123.7 140.4 197.5 205.3 127.8 120.3 331.8 131.2 123.6 178.3 251.8 257.7 257.8 277.5 276.8 287.7 248.0 260.7 280.9 161.8 222.7 220.1 206.2 102.2 277.9 225.1 128.6 254.9 256.1 143.5 125.7 143.8 205.2 214.0 134.0 122.9 335.8 133.2 124.8 179.9 252.6 259.0 258.7 275.8 275.8 284.4 250.6 258.9 270.7 161.0 225.8 224.7 207.8 105.5 282.4 232.5 127.6 259.4 260.9 146.5 127.8 146.1 209.1 216.7 134.7 128.7 336.6 133.9 124.8 175.3 229.7 235.3 238.1 257.5 265.8 268.3 233.0 239.4 249.6 147.0 204.7 194.4 194.9 94.0 258.1 215.8 115.1 238.0 237.7 130.7 118.8 138.8 168.3 157.7 108.4 119.8 306.5 114.5 118.1 160.3 230.7 237.2 238.1 266.3 270.6 280.0 245.5 250.2 257.5 152.2 191.8 177.7 180.9 85.4 253.9 213.0 106.5 235.6 234.0 129.5 117.6 138.4 173.8 168.0 112.7 117.7 3230 124.0 122.4 148.9 230.4 237.1 237.5 265.6 269.0 275.0 243.8 247.3 268.3 152.4 190.5 175.6 180.6 86.1 249.6 210.1 105.9 235.9 231.0 130.7 118.1 139.3 175.7 170.7 115.6 116.1 324.9 125.7 122.6 147.2 236.1 244.3 242.8 249.8 242.8 250.0 269.6 274.1 268.7 275.6 285.3 287.9 246.2 248.2 253.6 256.4 274.2 278.8 155.2 157.6 200.7 212.0 189.1 205.6 193.3 198.5 90.5 96.3 252.0 263.6 207.6 219.1 114.9 122.7 244.1 236.5 231.5 245.9 131.4 ■ 134.5 118.8 121.5 138.2 140.8 186.0 195.1 189.1 199.9 120.8 128.1 116.6 119.1 326.4 327.3 127.3 129.3 122.5 121.8 153.5 177.1 251 2 257.1 257.2 279.1 279.9 295.4 249.0 261.4 282.2 161.2 222.8 223.0 205.0 100.7 280.0 225.9 128.5 251.5 254.3 141.2 123.5 145.0 203.3 209.6 134.1 122.0 3334 131.0 124.5 178,4 251.8 258.1 258.1 277,4 278.9 294.0 251.1 257.9 272.8 160.3 225.8 226.0 207.3 103.5 283.2 235.2 127.9 255.8 260,3 143.6 125.5 146.5 205.4 210.5 133.5 127.1 333.8 131.2 124.6 174.4 Dairy products ........................................................................ Fresh milk and cream (12/77 = 100) ................................ Fresh whole milk............................................................ Other fresh milk and cream (12/77 = 100) .................... Processed dairy products (12/77 = 100)............................ Butter............................................................................ Cheese (12/77 = 100).................................................. Ice cream and related products (12/77 = 100)................ Other dairy products (12/77 = 100) .............................. 213.3 120.3 197.6 119.2 120.9 213,3 121.0 120.4 116.4 226.2 127.0 208.5 125.9 129.1 222.2 127.8 131.9 126.1 227.2 127.1 208.6 126.0 130.4 225.0 128.8 133.7 127.3 2286 127.7 209.4 126.9 131.4 226.9 130.0 134.6 127.5 229.7 127.9 209.8 127.1 132.5 231.2 130.4 137.0 128.3 230.6 128.0 209.7 127.7 133.6 236.2 132.3 135.7 128.9 232.7 129.1 211.3 129.1 134.9 238.9 133.4 138.0 129.0 214.0 120.4 197.4 119.8 121.7 216.6 121.1 121.9 116.9 226.9 127.2 208.4 126.8 129.9 225.3 128.5 132.9 125.7 227.8 127.4 208,7 127.2 130.7 227.2 129.0 133.8 127.4 229.2 128.0 209.8 127.5 131.9 229.7 130.1 135.5 127.7 229.9 128.0 209.7 127.6 132.9 233.7 130.9 136.1 128.8 230.9 128.2 209.8 128.3 134.1 238.8 132.7 135.4 129.3 233.1 129.1 211.0 129.5 135.8 242.5 133.8 139.1 129.4 Fruits and vegetables .............................................................. Fresh fruits and vegetables................................................ Fresh fruits.................................................................... Apples ...................................................................... Bananas .................................................................... Oranges .................................................................... Other fresh fruits (12/77 = 100) ................................ Fresh vegetables .......................................................... Potatoes ...................................................................... Lettuce...................................................................... Tomatoes .................................................................. Other fresh vegetables (12/77 = 100) ........................ 232.0 235.5 260.4 212.7 206.6 306.7 143.9 212.2 191.1 262.9 194.4 114.0 246.6 255.1 264.7 276.3 249,7 243.9 140,8 246.2 210.1 279.9 230.8 140.1 250.1 260.0 273.9 293.3 242,6 264.4 143.7 247.0 246.3 238.8 230.6 140.2 253.9 265.8 282.7 316.6 232.6 273.9 147.5 250.1 310.5 ' 205.9 209.2 137.1 258.4 273.0 302.3 340.8 234.0 297.1 158.5 245.6 327.1 213.1 205,4 126.2 257.4 269.6 286.3 295.2 2380 296.5 150.8 253.9 313.2 265.9 214.2 127.1 2542 262.3 272.9 242.2 233.4 312.9 145.4 252.4 295.6 249.1 237.3 129.7 230.2 233.6 260.6 212.9 199.7 290.3 149.7 209.4 183.8 264.2 194.1 112.5 245.5 254.4 263.8 277.3 244.5 237.6 140.9 246.0 205.6 288.6 228.4 139.7 250.2 261.4 274.9 297.4 237.7 251.0 146.5 249.4 244.4 241.7 228.6 143.4 253.0 265.2 282.3 318,7 228.7 261.5 148.7 249.8 309.4 200.6 210.8 138.0 256.6 270.8 300.1 342.2 228.0 285.5 157.9 244.4 325.4 209.3 199.6 127.0 255.8 267.8 284.9 295.3 234.3 284.2 151.9 252.4 309.2 262.5 210,8 127.6 252.3 259.6 270.4 243.7 230.2 301.5 145.6 249.9 292.0 241.3 235.6 129.6 Processed fruits and vegetables ........................................ Processed fruits (12/77 = 100)...................................... Frozen fruit and fruit juices (12/77 = 100) .................. Fruit |uices and other than frozen (12/77 = 100).......... Canned and dried fruits (12/77 = 100)........................ Processed vegetables (12/77 = 100) ............................ Frozen vegetables (12/77 = 100) .............................. 230.1 120.4 116.3 119.8 124.6 110.9 110.2 239.4 125.4 118.1 129.3 127.5 115.2 114.7 241.4 126.4 120.1 129.5 128.3 116.2 116.4 243.0 126.6 118.5 130.6 129.0 117.6 118.4 244.5 126 9 119.2 130.1 130.0 118.8 119.6 246.3 127.4 119.3 130 8 130.7 120.1 119.7 247.5 127.8 118.8 131.0 132.0 120.8 120.3 228.3 120.3 115.2 120.7 124.0 109.8 110.2 237.6 125.7 117.5 129.8 127.8 113.9 114.6 239.7 126.7 118.9 130.4 128.9 115.0 116.3 241.5 126.8 117.8 130.9 129.5 116.6 118.2 242.9 127.2 118.1 130.7 130.7 117.5 119.2 244.6 127.6 118.5 131.0 131.5 118.7 119.4 246.4 128.5 118.8 131.9 132.7 119.6 120.3 Food 90 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 23. Continued — Consumer Price Index U.S. city average [1967=100 unless otherwise specified] U rb a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s ( r e v is e d ) A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s G e n e ra l s u m m a ry 1979 O c t. FOOD A N D BEVERAG ES Food 1980 1979 1980 M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. O c t. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. C o n t in u e d C o n tin u e d Food at home — Continued Fruits and vegetables — Continued Cut corn and canned beans except lima (12/77=100) . . . Other canned and dried vegetables (12/77-100)............ Other foods at home...................................................................... Sugar and sweets.......................................................................... Candy and chewing gum (12/77 -100) .................................... Sugar and artificial sweeteners (12/77-100)...................... Other sweets (12/77 -100) .............................................. Fats and oils (12/77-100) ...................................................... Margarine ........................................................................ Nondairy substitutes and peanut butter (12/77=100) .......... Other fats, oils, and salad dressings (12/77 -100) .............. Nonalcoholic beverages .......................................................... Cola drinks, excluding diet c o la .......................................... Carbonated drinks, including diet cola (12/77=100)............ Roasted coffee ................................................................ Freeze dried and instant coffee.......................................... Other noncarbonated drinks (12/77-100).......................... Other prepared foods .............................................................. Canned and packaged soup (12/77-100).......................... Frozen prepared foods (12/77-100).................................. Snacks (12/77-100)........................................................ Seasonings, olives, pickles, and relish (12/77-100)............ Other condiments (12/77 -100) ........................................ Miscellaneous prepared foods (12/77-100) ...................... Other canned and packaged prepared foods (12/77=100) .. 113.6 109.9 278.0 283.1 119.9 117.0 115,9 231.9 244.4 115.1 121.1 372.1 246.4 118.5 432.4 366.5 114,8 213.4 113.4 123.1 119.6 118.8 115.8 117.2 116.7 116.0 115.1 298.1 326.8 128.9 161.4 123.6 239.5 246.1 121.4 125.8 393.0 265.4 126.2 433.5 381.9 120.7 229,1 122.0 131.3 126.1 125.4 127.9 127.6 124.6 116.6 115.9 301.8 342.0 130.5 180.3 125.8 240.0 249.0 123.1 124.9 395.9 267.8 128.3 432.4 380.2 121.8 230.9 122.9 132.0 127.2 127.5 128.8 128.6 125.2 118.1 117.0 304.3 353.1 131,6 194.2 127.2 239.3 247.0 123.6 124.6 397.4 268.4 129.2 435.3 381.0 122.1 232.3 123.3 132.4 128.3 128.0 130.2 129.3 126.0 119.4 118.0 307.8 355.1 132.6 194,6 128.3 242.0 249.3 124.7 126.2 402.8 275.2 131.3 433.9 380.3 123.1 234.9 123.7 134.6 129.3 129.4 131.8 130.9 127.5 121.4 119.6 309.2 361.1 134.2 200.2 129.2 243.6 249.2 125.8 127,4 403.9 276.7 132.5 426.1 376.1 124.5 235.2 123.8 133.9 129.8 130.7 133.0 130.6 126.9 122.5 120.3 311.5 369.0 134.7 209.4 131.5 246,0 254.2 125.6 128.5 404.9 280.4 133.9 411.8 368.1 125.8 236.6 124.1 133.9 130.6 131.9 133.4 132.0 127.9 111.9 108.5 276.5 282.2 119.6 116.9 114.8 231.9 244.9 114.6 121.0 368.2 242.0 116.1 424.4 365.3 113.5 213.4 113.3 122.0 120.6 117.6 117.0 116.7 116.9 114.2 113.3 298.0 328.0 129.0 163.3 122.2 240.1 248.4 121.6 125.5 392.3 263.2 124.8 430.0 380.4 120.0 229.6 122.5 131.0 127.3 125.5 129.2 127.0 124.3 115.2 114.2 301.4 342.9 130.8 180.7 124.6 240,5 249.4 123.5 124.9 395.1 267.1 125.2 429.2 378.7 120.8 230.8 123.7 130,8 127.9 127.3 129.9 128.3 124.1 117.0 115.6 303.7 354.6 132.0 194,5 126.5 240.6 248.6 124.0 125.0 396.2 265.6 127.4 432.3 379.2 121.1 232.1 123.5 131.3 128.5 127.3 131.6 128.9 125.4 118.1 116.4 307.4 356.6 133.2 195.1 126.9 242.4 251.5 124.8 125.7 403.0 274.7 128.8 430.4 379.7 122.3 234.2 124.2 131.7 129.9 127.8 133.4 130.2 126.8 119.6 117.9 309.1 361.8 134.7 199.7 127.7 244.6 251.8 125.8 127.4 403.6 274.9 130.2 423.1 374.8 123.8 235.6 124.7 131.6 130.4 129.5 135.0 131:1 127.2 120.9 118.5 311.7 369.8 135.4 209.5 129.2 247.0 256.6 125.5 128.7 405.8 279.6 131.8 409.3 366.3 125.3 236.9 124.9 131.9 131.0 132.2 135.3 131.7 128.2 Food away from hom e.......................................................................... Lunch (12/77-100) ...................................................................... Dinner (12/77-100) ...................................................................... Other meals and snacks (12/77-100)............................................ 249.6 121.3 121.6 119.5 264.6 128.5 128.7 127.4 266.6 129.3 129.5 129.0 267.8 130.0 130.1 129.3 269.5 131.2 130.7 130.0 271.4 132.1 131.9 130.4 273.1 132.9 132.4 131.8 251.3 122.2 122.4 120.5 267.6 129.9 130.5 128.6 269.9 130.7 131.0 131.1 271.2 131.1 132.0 131.6 272.8 131.8 132.8 132.3 274.9 132.9 133.8 133.3 277.4 134.4 135.1 133.9 A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s 176.0 185.4 186.4 187.2 188.7 189.6 190.4 176.9 186.9 188.0 189.2 190.6 191.7 192.5 122.1 189.2 135.2 212.6 109.6 122.5 123.1 190.1 136.9 213.9 111.2 123.5 123.6 190.8 137.6 214.7 111.7 124.5 124.0 191.7 137.7 215.4 112.5 125.1 115.7 175.2 131.0 2025 105.9 114.2 122.0 187.5 135.1 212.0 108.7 121.7 122.7 188.8 135.4 213.7 108.9 122.5 123.6 189.7 136.6 217.4 109.6 122.9 124.6 191.1 137.8 218.1 111.1 123 6 125.1 191.9 138.5 219.8 111.2 124.8 125.6 192.0 139.0 224.2 111.6 125.3 Alcoholic beverages at home (12/77-100) ............................................ Beer and a le .................................................................................. Whiskey ........................................................................................ Wine.............................................................................................. Other alcoholic beverages (12/77-100).......................................... Alcoholic beverages away from home (12/77-100)................................ 114.6 175.1 129.4 198.0 105.9 115.9 120.9 187.7 133.9 208.5 109.0 121.5 121.4 188.2 134.7 211.5 108.7 122.3 H O U S IN G 237.7 261.7 266.7 265.1 265.8 267.7 271.1 237.7 261.7 2669 265.1 265.8 267.6 271.0 S h e l t e r ........................................................................................................................................................ 251.5 280.2 286.3 282.9 283.3 2853 290.4 252.4 281 6 288.0 2843 284.8 286.8 292.0 Rent, residential.................................................................................... 181.4 188.9 191.1 192.1 193.2 195.1 197.1 181.2 188.7 190.8 191.8 193.0 194.8 196.8 Other rental costs ................................................................................ Lodging while out of town................................................................ Tenants’ insurance (12/77-100) .................................................... 241.6 254.2 114.1 261.9 279.9 121.2 264.2 282.1 122.6 265.7 283.8 123.1 267.5 286.4 122.2 268.9 287.0 124.7 268.8 286.0 125.4 241.3 253.0 114.7 261.7 278.6 121.4 2639 280.8 122.7 265.5 282.3 123.3 267.3 285.1 122.7 268.6 285.6 125.2 268.8 284.9 126.0 Homeownership.................................................................................... Home purchase.............................................................................. Financing, taxes, and insurance ...................................................... Property insurance .................................................................. Property taxes ........................................................................ Contracted mortgage interest c o s t............................................ Mortgage interest rates...................................................... Maintenance and repairs ................................................................ Maintenance and repair services .............................................. Maintenance and repair commodities ........................................ Paint and wallpaper, supplies, tools, and equipment (12/77-100) ................................................ Lumber, awnings, glass, and masonry (12/77-100)............ Plumbing, electrical, heating, and cooling supplies (12/77-100).................................................... Miscellaneous supplies and equipment (12/77=100) .......... 276.7 233.4 330.5 319.9 185.1 408.1 172.0 264.7 287.0 212.5 312.9 249.7 399.7 344.9 187.6 513.6 202.4 284.9 310.1 225.8 320.4 252.6 416.1 351.8 187.7 538.9 210.3 285.9 310.6 228.0 315.4 253.9 399.6 355.5 188.3 512.2 199.0 287.6 312.1 230.3 315.4 258.1 393.6 355.9 190.3 501.8 192.0 288.5 312.4 232.7 317.6 261.5 393.5 359.8 191.2 500.9 188.9 291.6 315.9 234.9 323.8 265.5 404.7 362.0 192.0 518.1 192.6 2928 317.0 236.3 278.3 233.6 333.5 321.9 186.5 408.8 172.0 265.3 289.4 211.9 315.4 249.8 404.9 346.4 189.3 515.6 202.8 2834 309.1 226.5 323.4 253.0 422.0 352.7 189.4 541.5 210.8 283.8 308.5 228.8 317.9 254.3 405.0 357.2 190.0 514.6 199.6 285.1 309.0 231.3 318.1 258.6 3988 357.9 192.0 504.2 192.5 287.7 312.1 233.2 320.2 262.1 398.9 3629 193.0 503.6 189.5 290.3 315.6 233.9 326.7 266.4 410.8 365.3 193.8 521.2 193.0 290.4 315.1 235.0 117.4 116.0 128.7 118.0 131.3 118.9 133.4 119.1 134.4 120.1 135.6 122.2 136.9 122.4 116.6 116.2 128.7 118.4 130.9 118.5 132.2 119.3 133.1 120.4 132.7 121.8 133.1 122.5 112.8 113.3 119.3 118.7 119.9 119.1 121.1 120.1 122.7 122.1 123.2 122.7 123.8 123.3 113.8 111.9 122.0 120.1 123.8 120.7 125.9 122.5 126.6 123.9 126.1 125.2 126.6 125.9 252.9 275.9 282.2 285.5 286.8 288.2 287.6 253.4 276.4 283.0 286.1 287.4 288.7 288.0 360.3 561.9 585.6 142.1 313.5 267.6 368.6 362.1 562.7 586.4 142.5 315.4 268.6 372.0 363.8 562.9 585.9 143.8 317.4 269.6 376.1 362.1 559.9 581.8 144.8 316.0 265.3 380.9 F u e l a n d o t h e r u t ilit ie s Fuels .................................................................................................. Fuel oil, coal, and bottled gas.......................................................... Fuel o il.................................................................................... Other fuels (6/78 - 100) ........................................................ Gas (piped) and electricity .............................................................. Electricity................................................................................ Utility (piped) gas ..................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 310.3 470.8 491.2 118.5 272.5 228.7 329.1 346.4 556.0 580.4 139.4 298.2 248.1 364.6 355.8 558.7 583.2 140.1 308.8 261.9 366.7 360.8 560.4 585.1 140.4 314.3 267.4 371.8 362.5 561.5 586.1 140.8 316.1 268.3 375.2 364.5 561.5 585.4 142.1 318.4 269.2 380.2 362.8 558.7 581.5 143.1 317.1 265.3 384.6 310,1 471.7 491.9 118.8 272.2 228.8 327.4 3460 557.1 580.5 141.3 297.5 248.0 3623 355.8 559.8 583.3 141.9 308.5 262.3 364.9 91 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 23. Continued — Consumer Price Index — U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s G e n e ra l s u m m a ry 1979 O c t. H O U S IN G U rb a n W a g e E a rn e rs a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s (re v is e d ) 1980 M ay June 1979 1980 J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. O c t. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. C o n t in u e d F u e l a n d o t h e r u t ilit ie s — C o n t in u e d Other utilities and public services ............................................................ Telephone services .......................................................................... Local charges (12/77 = 100) .................................................... Interstate toll calls (12/77 = 100) .............................................. Intrastate toll calls (12/77 = 100) .............................................. Water and sewerage maintenance .................................................... 158.8 131.2 98,7 98.4 101.7 245.6 163.1 134.0 104.3 97.3 99.4 256.5 164.9 135.5 105.3 99.5 99.6 259.3 165,9 136.3 105.4 101,6 99.5 261.3 166.5 136.5 105.4 101.9 99.9 263.5 167.1 137.0 106.0 102.1 100.1 264.5 167.8 137.5 106.6 102.1 100.1 266.2 158.9 131.3 98.8 98.4 101.5 245.8 163.1 133.9 104.0 97.4 99.3 257.6 164,9 135.4 105.1 99.5 99.5 260.5 165.9 136.1 105.2 101.6 99,3 262.4 166.4 136.4 105.2 101.9 99.7 264.5 167.1 136.9 105.9 102.1 100.0 265.5 167.8 137.4 106.5 102.1 99.9 267.3 H o u s e h o l d f u r n is h in g s a n d o p e r a t i o n s 193.3 204.2 205.5 206.2 207.2 209.2 210.1 191.7 201.9 202.9 203.5 204.5 206.0 206.8 Housefurnishings ........................................................................ Textile housefurnishings.................................................................... Household linens (12/77 = 100) ................................................ Curtains, drapes, slipcovers, and sewing materials (12/77 = 100) . Furniture and bedding ...................................................................... Bedroom furniture (12/77 = 100) .............................................. Sofas (12/77 = 100) ................................................................ Living room chairs and tables (12/77 = 100) .............................. Other furniture (12/77 = 100).................................................... Appliances including TV and sound equipment.................................... Television and sound equipment (12/77 = 100) .......................... Television .......................................................................... Sound equipment (12/77 = 100) ........................................ Household appliances................................................................ Refrigerators and home freezer............................................ Laundry equipment (12/77 = 100) ...................................... Other household appliances (12/77 = 100).......................... Stoves, dishwashers, vacuums, and sewing machines (12/77 = 100) .............................................. Office machines, small electric appliances, and air conditioners (12/77 = 100)................................ Other household equipment (12/77 = 100)........................................ Floor and window coverings, infants’ laundry cleaning and outdoor equipment (12/77 = 100) ...................... Clocks, lamps, and decor items (12/77 - 100) .......................... Tableware, serving pieces, and nonelectric kitchenware (12/77 = 100) .................................................... Lawn equipment, power tools, and other hardware (12/77 = 100) , 165.2 177.8 107.7 114.2 180.0 116.4 107.3 106.2 115.0 136.9 104.9 103.4 107.4 156.9 155.3 112.1 109.8 173.4 187.3 114.4 119.3 191.9 125.0 111.4 110.8 125.6 139.9 105.7 104.1 108.3 162.6 162.7 118.2 112.1 174.6 189.4 116.0 120.1 193.6 126.2 113.0 110.6 127.1 140.2 105.6 104.2 107.9 163.4 163.2 119.1 112.7 174.7 188.2 114.6 120.2 192.8 125.4 112.2 110.7 126.6 140.5 105.8 104.4 108.2 163.7 163.6 119.6 112.6 175.2 189.1 114.1 121.9 192.6 125.8 111.3 111.6 125.7 141,4 106.6 105.0 109.1 164.6 164.4 120.2 113.3 177.3 194.1 118.4 123.6 195.7 127.9 112.7 114.1 127.5 142.0 107.0 105.0 109.8 165.5 164,8 120.9 114.2 177.9 195.9 119.5 124.9 195.2 127.4 113.8 113.0 127.0 142.3 107.1 104.7 110.3 166.0 165.8 121.5 114.2 164.4 177.2 107.4 114.1 180.3 114.8 109.6 107.5 114.7 135.7 104.1 102.0 106.9 155.6 157.9 111.3 107.2 172.2 186.1 113.4 119.0 190.1 121.7 112.0 112.6 123.5 140.2 105.4 102.8 108.7 163.4 166.0 118.5 111.8 172.9 189.6 116.2 120.5 190.8 123.1 112.7 111.7 123.9 140.1 105.2 103.1 108.0 163.6 166.8 118.9 111.7 172.9 188.7 114.8 121.0 189.7 122.6 111.7 111.3 123.0 140.1 105.0 102.7 108.0 163.8 166.4 118.7 112.1 173.5 189.6 114.7 122.4 189,9 123.6 110.4 112.3 122.5 140.6 105.2 103.3 107.9 164.5 168.0 120.1 112.0 175.0 192.5 117.7 122.7 192.0 124.5 111.1 115.1 123.6 141.2 105.7 103.2 108.8 165.2 169.1 120.0 112.5 175.6 195.1 119.5 124.1 192.5 124.6 113.0 114.4 123.6 141.2 105.6 103.2 108.7 165.3 169.4 120.2 112.5 109.0 110.3 111.2 111.6 111.8 111.8 112.4 106.9 111.9 111.4 112.8 111.4 111.8 112.1 110.7 111.2 114.2 119.0 114.4 120.2 113.8 121.3 115.1 121.7 117.0 123.0 116.2 124.1 107.6 110.8 111.7 117.8 112.0 118.5 111.3 119.7 112.6 120.5 113.4 121.6 113.0 122.2 109.8 108.6 117.6 117.6 120.2 118.8 120.8 119.0 121.7 119.8 123.0 120.6 123.3 121.6 105.5 107.1 113.2 114.4 114.3 115.9 114.7 116.6 115.3 117.1 116.8 118.2 118.2 119.4 115.4 108.5 124.1 114.0 125.4 113.7 126.4 115.9 125.8 117.1 128.2 117.2 130.0 117.9 114.7 111.0 121.7 117.4 122 2 117.6 124.0 118.7 125.1 119.6 126.3 120.3 126.3 120.9 Housekeeping supplies............................................................................ Soaps and detergents ...................................................................... Other laundry and cleaning products (12/77 = 100) .......................... Cleansing and toilet tissue, paper towels and napkins (12/77 = 100) .. Stationery, stationery supplies, and gift wrap (12/77 = 100) .............. Miscellaneous household products (12/77 = 100).............................. Lawn and garden supplies (12/77 = 100).......................................... 224.8 217.9 113.7 117.2 109.5 114.3 110.0 243.6 235.0 119.8 128.6 116.3 123.0 125.2 245.4 234.9 121.1 129.4 116.9 124.4 126.8 247.3 237.2 122.3 130.2 117.6 125.4 127.6 249.9 240.1 124.4 132.2 117.4 127.7 127.5 252.0 243.7 125.6 133.8 118.0 129.0 127.1 253.6 248.7 125.7 134.2 118.6 129.5 126.9 223.9 216.3 113.5 117.9 108.6 112.7 108.8 241.2 232.1 119.5 130.8 116.0 120.9 118.9 243.0 232.3 120.8 131.5 116.5 122.1 121.0 245.2 234.4 122.3 132.7 117.9 123.5 120.7 247.8 236.8 123.9 135.1 117.4 125.5 121.4 249.6 241.1 125.0 135.8 116.9 126.6 120.5 251.2 245.6 125.1 136.2 118.2 126.7 121.0 Housekeeping services...................................................... ...................... Postage .......................................................................................... Moving, storage, freight, household laundry, and drycleaning services (12/77 = 100) .............................................. Appliance and furniture repair (12/77 = 100) .................................... 254.6 257.3 267.6 257.3 269.1 257.3 270.4 257.3 271.6 257.3 273.3 257.3 274.5 257.3 253.9 257.2 265.6 257.3 267.0 257.3 268.1 257.3 269.0 253.7 270.2 257.3 271.0 257.3 118.8 112.3 129.4 117.2 130.5 117.7 131.0 118.7 131.3 119.4 132.8 119.8 133.3 120.3 119.7 112.1 128.5 116.7 129.2 117.4 129.7 117.8 129.7 118.3 130.3 118.7 130.2 119.2 A P P A R E L A N D U P K E E P .................................................................................................................. 171.0 177.5 177.2 176.2 178.6 182.2 183.9 170.8 176.8 176.0 175.4 177.9 181.4 182.8 A p p a r e l c o m m o d itie s Apparel commodities less footwear.................................................... Men’s and boys .............................................................................. Men’s (12/77 = 100) ................................................................ Suits, sport coats, and jackets (12/77 = 100) ...................... Coats and jackets (12/77 = 100)........................................ Furnishings and special clothing (12/77 = 100) .................... Shirts (12/77 = 100) .......................................................... Dungarees, jeans, and trousers (12/77 = 100) .................... Boys’ (12/77 = 100) ................................................................ Coats, jackets, sweaters, and shirts (12/77 = 100) .............. Furnishings (12/77 = 100).................................................. Suits, trousers, sport coats, and jackets (12/77 = 100) ........ Women’s and girls’ .......................................................................... Women’s (12/77 = 100)............................................................ Coats and jackets .............................................................. Dresses .............................................................................. Separates and sportswear (12/77 = 100)............................ Underwear, nightwear, and hosiery (12/77 = 100)................ Suits (12/77 = 100)............................................................ Girls (12/77 = 100) .................................................................. Coats, jackets, dresses, and suits (12/77 = 100).............. Separates and sportswear (12/77 = 100)............................ Underwear, nightwear, hosiery, and accessories (12/77 = 100).............................................. 92 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 165.2 170.1 169.7 168.5 171.0 174.9 176.4 165.3 169.8 168.8 168.0 170.7 174.4 175.6 162.3 164.2 103.5 101.6 97.8 109.9 108.5 99.5 106.3 103.9 110.8 106.5 155.5 103.4 173.9 167.2 996 106.6 97.1 103.6 102.8 102.5 166.9 168.0 105.7 101.2 97.3 117.9 112.2 100.2 109.7 105.2 114.3 111.3 154.1 102 4 162.0 163.9 100.3 111.8 88.0 102.7 99.4 101.8 166.4 166.8 104.8 997 96.3 118.2 110.8 99.5 109.5 104.6 114.6 111.3 153.0 101.7 158.1 163.3 99.5 112.1 86.5 102.1 98.1 100.7 165.0 165.9 103.9 97.1 96.0 118.4 110.7 99.2 110.0 104.4 114.7 112.6 150.6 99.8 158.8 153.9 96.8 113.2 85.5 102.0 989 99.7 167.8 167.9 105.6 99.2 96.7 119.3 114.9 99.5 109.5 106.0 114.6 110.3 153.7 101.7 164.0 158.3 98.5 114.2 86.5 104.5 103.4 102.0 171.8 171.7 108.1 103.2 99.9 120.8 116.9 101.2 111.4 108.1 116.6 111.9 159.0 105.7 168.9 168.5 102.2 114.6 95.4 105.8 102.1 105.3 173.1 173.9 109.5 104.3 100.4 122.9 118.3 102.6 113.0 109.2 118.1 113.9 159.7 106.1 167.0 170.0 101.6 114.9 98.2 107.0 103.2 106.7 162.4 164.4 103.8 99.1 99.5 109.1 108.3 102.8 105.3 103.8 110.1 104.7 154.8 103.3 174.1 159.1 100.4 107.9 99.9 101.5 97.9 103.5 166.4 168.9 106.3 97.1 97.2 116,4 113.7 105.2 109.6 107.7 112.7 109.9 154.1 103.0 162.4 154.5 101.2 112.2 98.2 100.5 95.3 99.9 165.3 168.1 105.5 95.4 97.1 115.4 112.9 105.0 109.8 107.8 113.3 110.1 151.2 100.8 155.2 152.5 99.2 112.3 91.7 99.6 93.8 98.5 164.4 167.2 104.7 93.2 97.1 115.7 111.2 104.8 110.0 107.4 113.3 110.9 149.9 99.6 157.5 146.2 97.1 112.8 90.1 100.0 95.6 98.2 167.3 168.4 106.1 95.2 98.0 116.3 115.1 105.0 108.6 107.1 112.9 108.2 154.1 102.5 170.2 151.1 99.7 114.3 91.3 102.3 99.5 100.7 171.1 171.6 108.3 98.3 100.0 117.5 117.4 107.1 110.2 109.6 113.7 109,4 159.8 107.0 177.0 156.8 104.6 114.8 105.7 103.3 97.3 104.2 172.2 173.8 109.5 99.7 101.3 118.8 118.5 108.3 112.0 111.2 115.1 111.5 160.3 107.0 176.5 157.5 103.6 115.3 106.8 105.1 99.0 106.3 106.7 110.0 111.4 111.4 111.2 113.0 113.8 103.9 110.0 110.9 110.4 109.6 111.3 112.8 23. Continued— Consumer Price Index — U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] U rb a n W a g e E a rn e rs a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s ( r e v is e d ) A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s G e n e ra l s u m m a ry 1980 1979 1980 1979 O c t. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. O c t. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Apparel commodities less footwear—Continued Infants’ and toddlers’ ...................................................................... Other apparel commodities ............................................................ Sewing materials and notions (12/77 - 100) ............................ Jewelry and luggage (12/77 - 100) ........................................ 224.8 175.5 102.2 118.3 237.4 202.7 109.1 140.4 240.9 205.3 110.2 142.2 243.0 205.5 109.3 142.8 243.9 209.9 110.2 146.5 242.4 210.5 110.9 146.8 244.1 211.8 111.9 147.5 228.7 178.7 100.8 122.3 242.8 197.4 108.6 136.3 246.8 201.0 110.9 138.6 249.2 200.8 108.8 139.4 252.6 204.1 110.0 142.0 248.3 204.4 110.7 142.0 249,2 204.1 112.0 141.1 Footwear.............................................................................................. Men’s (12/77 - 100) .................................................................... Boys’ and girls’ (12/77 - 100) ...................................................... Womens' (12/77 - 100)................................................................ 182.6 116.7 113.0 113.5 189.3 120.0 121.3 115.8 189.0 121.3 121.0 114.6 189.5 121.1 123.5 113.8 190.3 121.3 122.8 115.4 193.2 123.6 123.3 117.7 196.1 124.7 125.8 119.6 181.9 118.0 113.0 111.1 189.3 122.7 121.5 112.9 188.9 123.6 121.3 111.7 189.3 123.2 123.1 111.3 190.0 123.4 123.9 111.7 193.3 124.9 124.6 115.1 195.6 125.8 126.9 116.3 212.5 125.2 114.0 232.2 136.9 124.5 233.6 137.5 125.5 234.4 137.7 126.3 235.4 138.3 126.9 237.3 140.0 126.9 240.0 141.1 129.2 210.8 124,7 112.9 230.8 135.6 125.0 231.8 137.3 123.9 232.6 137.5 124.7 233.7 138.4 125.0 234.5 139.1 125.1 238.1 140.9 127.4 APPAREL AND UPKEEP C o n t in u e d A p p a r e l c o m m o d i t i e s — C o n t in u e d A p p a re l s e r v ic e s Laundry and drycleaning other than coin operated (12/77 = 100)............ Other apparel services (12/77 - 100) .................................................. T R A N S P O R T A T IO N 222.7 249.0 249.7 251.0 252.7 254.7 256.1 223.4 249.9 250.6 251.9 253.5 255.2 256.6 P r i v a t e ........................................................................................................................................................ 223.1 249.2 249.7 250.5 251.6 253.2 254.5 223.7 250.1 250.8 251.5 252.7 254.1 255.5 167.5 199.9 303.8 249.1 120.6 178.9 199.3 375.4 266.1 130.6 178.5 200,7 376.2 267.3 131.4 179.2 203.4 376.7 269.0 131.8 181.1 206.4 375.9 271.1 133.0 181.7 214.6 373.0 273.8 133.8 181.9 222.7 370.5 276.0 135.0 167.4 199.9 305.2 249.4 120.4 179.6 199.3 377.1 266.1 129.7 179.4 200.8 377.6 268.0 130.8 180.0 203.4 377.8 269.7 131.3 181.9 206.4 377.1 272.2 132.4 182.3 214.6 373.9 273.9 133.0 182.0 222.7 371.7 276.6 1346 119.4 117.5 117.8 203.7 182.0 115.9 117.9 160.7 121.8 211.4 233.8 120.4 107.9 144.0 104.5 114.6 116.4 126.6 125.9 125.1 224.5 195.3 132.2 125.4 172.6 126.5 234.5 247.1 155.0 112.1 146.4 104.7 120.4 124.0 127.5 126.1 125.9 225.0 195.5 134.1 125.3 172.3 126.8 235.0 248.5 153.7 112.9 146.4 104.7 121.5 126.1 128.1 127.3 126.4 224.5 197.7 136.3 126.6 174.9 126.6 233.8 249.1 149.7 113.3 146.4 104.9 122.6 126.8 129.0 128.4 127.3 224.7 198.3 136.3 127.0 175.9 126.2 233.9 250.2 148.2 114.0 146.5 104.9 122.8 128.3 130.9 129.4 128.7 226.0 200.9 137.5 128.8 178.8 127.3 234.9 251.3 148.6 114.5 146.5 104.9 122.8 129.8 132.7 130.0 129.8 226.5 2009 136,5 128.9 179.2 126.9 235.6 251.5 149.9 114.6 146.5 104.9 122.9 130.0 120.2 117.3 118.0 204.0 181.6 115.9 117.6 161.1 120.0 211.9 233.7 119.4 108.6 143.9 104.2 115.5 120.8 127.8 125.4 125.4 226.7 196.7 131.5 126.5 175.6 125.0 236.8 246.9 153.8 113.1 146.5 104.4 121.0 130.0 128.8 126.2 126.2 227.3 196.8 133.6 126.3 174.9 125.4 237.6 248.2 153.5 114.0 146.5 104.4 122.1 132.7 129.9 127.2 126.6 226.7 200.1 135.5 128.4 178.9 125.7 236.0 248.7 149.1 114.7 146.5 104.6 123.3 134.6 131.5 128.4 127.5 2268 200.6 136.1 128.7 179.9 125.2 236.0 249,9 147.5 115.4 146.5 104.6 123.5 136.6 131.8 129.5 128.5 227.6 201.9 135.6 129.8 181.5 125.8 236.7 250.9 147.5 115.8 146.5 104.6 123.5 137.8 133.9 130.2 129.6 228.0 201.4 135.4 129.4 180.8 125.7 237.3 251.2 148.3 116.3 146.5 104.7 123.6 139.1 209.1 239.5 242.2 250.5 261.5 271.0 273.6 207.3 232.9 234.9 245.8 256.9 264,4 266.5 275.4 293.6 201.9 267.6 255.5 275.5 293.9 221.8 269.2 255.4 287.9 298.0 233.8 273.0 255.6 308.6 304.5 234.4 273.6 255.6 313.0 306.9 2352 274.7 255.7 2659 267.8 270.0 272.2 274.3 173.0 New cars ............................................................................................ Used c a rs ............................................................................................ Gasoline .............................................................................................. Automobile maintenance and repair........................................................ Body work (12/77 - 100).............................................................. Automobile drive train, brake, and miscellaneous mechanical repair (12/77 - 100) ................................................ Maintenance and servicing (12/77 - 100) ...................................... Power plant repair (12/77 - 100) .................................................. Other private transportation .................................................................. Other private transportation commodities ........................................ Motor oil, coolant, and other products (12/77 - 100) ................ Automobile parts and equipment (12/77 - 100)........................ Tires ................................................................................ Other parts and equipment (12/77 - 100) ........................ Other private transportation services................................................ Automobile insurance .............................................................. Automobile finance charges (12/77 - 100) .............................. Automobile rental, registration, and other fees (12/77 = 100) . . . State registration .............................................................. Drivers’ license (12/77 - 100) .......................................... Vehicle inspection (12/77 - 100) ...................................... Other vehicle related fees (12/77 - 100) .......................... P u b l i c ........................................................................................................................................................... Airline fare............................................................................................ .ntercity bus ‘are .................................................................................. Intracity mass transit ............................................................................ Taxi fare .............................................................................................. Intercity train fa re .................................................................................. 220.6 276.0 191.3 233.6 221.1 270.0 293.6 204.6 259.9 250.0 275.5 293,8 204.4 262.0 255.2 276.9 294.2 222.6 263.3 255.3 289.8 297.9 234.1 266.2 255.4 310.3 304.7 234.8 266.8 255.5 315.0 307.1 235.6 267.9 255.6 220.7 275.5 191.0 238.7 221.4 270.0 293.4 202.0 265.7 251.1 M E D IC A L C A R E 245.9 263.4 264.7 266.6 268.4 270.6 272.8 247.2 264.9 M e d ic a l c a r e c o m m o d itie s Prescription drugs ................................................................................ Anti-infective drugs (12/77 - 100).................................................. Tranquillizers and sedatives (12/77 - 100)...................................... Circulatories and diuretics (12/77 - 100)........................................ Hormones, diabetic drugs, biologicals, and prescription and supplies (12/77 - 100) ...................................... Pain and symptom control drugs (12/77 - 100) .............................. Supplements, cough and cold preparations, and respiratory agents (12/77 - 100)................................................ Nonprescription drugs and medical supplies (12/77 - 100) .................... Eyeglasses (12/77 - 100) ............................................................ Internal and respiratory over-the-counter drugs ................................ Nonprescription medical equipment and supplies (12/77 - 100)........ 156.6 166.4 167.9 169.1 170.2 171.3 172.5 157.4 167.2 168.5 169.7 170.8 171.8 144.5 113.5 115.8 109.7 153.5 118.7 124.1 114.6 154.8 120.5 124.9 115.1 155.6 121.2 125.5 115.4 156.4 120.5 126.1 116.0 157.5 122.4 126.3 116.9 158.5 124.1 127.1 117.3 145.2 114.8 115.6 110.6 154.6 120.7 123.5 116.8 155.8 122.0 124.2 117.3 156.6 122.3 124.7 117.6 157.4 121.6 125.4 118.2 158.5 123,4 125.4 118.9 159.5 125.1 126.2 119,3 122.5 115.6 133.2 122.9 134.3 124.2 135,5 124.5 138.2 125.2 138,9 125.6 139.6 126.3 122.2 116.3 132.4 124.2 133.7 125.5 134.8 126.1 137.0 127.6 138.1 128.1 138.8 128.7 111.3 118.2 118.6 119.3 119.9 120.5 120.4 112.6 119.5 120.2 120.9 121.2 121.8 122.1 121.0 117.3 188.4 117.5 122.0 117.8 190.1 119.0 122.9 118.4 191.6 119.9 123.6 119.0 192.4 121.2 124,4 119.6 194.0 121.8 112.5 110.2 173.7 111.0 119.5 116.5 186.0 116,5 120.6 118.2 187.3 117.5 121.7 118.7 189.1 119.1 122.6 119.9 190.4 119.9 123.3 120.5 191.2 120.8 124.4 121.0 193.5 121.3 113.2 110.0 175.2 111.8 120.1 116.3 186.9 117.1 M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v ic e s 2653 284,7 2859 288.0 289.8 292.3 294.8 2668 286.3 287.3 289.3 291.7 294.3 296.6 Professional services ............................................................................ Physicians’ services........................................................................ Denta services.............................................................................. Other professional services (12/77 - 100)...................................... 231.6 249.7 218.5 112.7 250.3 267.5 238.8 122.2 251.8 269.2 240.3 122.9 253.5 270.9 241.1 125.0 254.7 272.2 242.2 126.0 257.3 274.2 245.8 126.7 259.0 276.0 247.5 127.6 234,9 254.4 221.2 112.1 253.5 272.3 241.2 121.6 255.1 273.9 243.1 122.2 256.1 275.4 243.0 123.6 2578 277.6 244,5 123.9 260.4 280,5 247.3 124.5 261.9 281.8 249.0 125.1 Other medical care services.................................................................. Hospital and other medical services (12/77 - 100).......................... Hospital room.......................................................................... Other hospital and medical care services .................................. 306.2 121.3 380.2 120.8 326.3 130.4 410.1 129.5 327.2 131.4 412.6 130.6 329.7 133.4 418.2 132.8 332.3 135.4 424.0 135.1 334.7 137.1 428.4 137.0 338.0 139,3 435.8 139.0 305.9 120.5 379.4 119.5 326.5 129.7 406.7 129.1 326.5 130.3 408.5 129.7 329,8 132.6 414.9 132.3 333.3 134.9 422.4 134.4 335.6 136.4 427.2 136.0 339.2 138.9 435.3 138.4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 93 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 23. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967=100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s G e n e ra l s u m m a ry 1979 O c t. M ay June 192.0 204.0 205,3 193.1 207.0 208.3 Reading materials (12/77 = 100).......................................................... Newspapers .................................................................................. Magazines, periodicals, and books (12/77 = 100)............................ 113.8 217.7 117.2 121.5 237.2 122.4 122.3 239.0 123.1 Sporting goods and equipment (12/77 = 100)........................................ Sport vehicles (12/77 = 100) ........................................................ Indoor and warm weather sport equipment (12/77 = 100)................ Bicycles ........................................................................................ Other sporting goods and equipment (12/77 = 100) ........................ 111.2 107.5 167.1 110.0 118.5 119.9 112.0 179.7 113.7 Toys, hobbies, and other entertainment (12/77 = 100)............................ Toys, hobbies, and music equipment (12/77 = 100) ........................ Photographic supplies and equipment (12/77 = 100)........................ Pet supplies and expense (12/77 = 100) ........................................ 110.8 110.7 109.4 112.1 E N T E R T A IN M E N T E n te r ta in m e n t c o m m o d itie s U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s ( r e v i s e d ) 1980 J u ly 1979 A ug. S e p t. 206.6 208.0 209.8 209.3 210.8 212.8 123.0 240.0 124.1 123.2 240.7 124.0 126.1 242.3 129.3 118.6 119.8 111.1 180.6 114.6 119.5 120.7 112.4 181.6 115.0 120.9 122.2 113.5 183.6 116.5 119.4 118.5 120.8 120.1 120,6 119,6 121.8 121.7 121.0 119.0 122.8 123.2 O c t. 1980 O c t. M ay 210.9 191.4 213.7 190.7 127.0 245.3 129.6 121.1 NA 113.8 184.7 117.2 121.8 120.4 122.5 123.9 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. 202.4 204.0 204.4 205.6 208.1 209.2 203.4 204.5 204.8 206.4 208.6 209.0 113.3 217.4 117.2 121.1 236.4 122.3 121.8 238.2 122.8 122.5 239.3 123.7 122.7 239.9 123.7 125.5 241.5 129.3 126.6 244.6 129.6 121.8 NA 114.5 185.3 118.2 106.7 104.6 106.0 166.9 109.8 114.0 112.5 110.3 180.9 114.6 114.2 112.6 110.2 181.4 115.3 114.2 112.5 110.6 181.4 116.1 115.3 113.5 111.7 183.2 116.9 115.8 NA 112.1 184.9 117.4 116.3 NA 112.5 185.4 117.8 122.6 121.4 123.1 124.4 122.8 120.9 123.1 125.8 111.0 110.1 109.3 113.9 118.1 115.8 120.5 120.9 119.0 117.0 121.1 121.4 119.1 115.9 122.4 122.9 120.3 117.8 121.7 123.8 121.3 119.0 121.8 125.2 120.9 117.4 122.3 126,4 E n te r ta in m e n t s e r v ic e s 190.8 200.1 201.4 203.1 204.3 206.1 207.2 193.5 201.8 204.3 204.8 205.2 208.4 210.6 Fees for participant sports (12/77 = 100).............................................. Admissions (12/77 = 100).................................................................... Other entertainment services (12/77 = 100).......................................... 113.2 115.7 110.0 120.2 118,8 116.4 120.9 120.4 116.6 122.1 121.3 117.4 123.2 122.1 117.4 124.5 122.6 118.3 125.5 122.7 119.0 114.9 116.8 111.4 120.5 121.0 116.5 121.5 123.2 118.2 121.9 123.2 118.8 121.8 124.2 119.1 124.7 124.1 120.8 127.0 124.2 121.6 O T H E R G O O D S A N D S E R V IC E S 202.3 211.2 212.5 213.5 214.5 220.6 221.5 201.4 210.6 212.1 212.9 214.0 219,0 219.9 T o b a c c o p ro d u c ts 191.3 200.4 203.4 203.8 204.5 204.5 204.5 191.2 200.5 203.6 204.0 204.4 204.3 204.3 Cigarettes............................................................................................ Other tobacco products and smoking accessories (12/77 = 100)............ 193.8 113.0 202.9 119.0 206.0 120.2 206.4 120.7 207.0 122.0 206.8 122.8 206.8 123.2 193.9 112.3 203.2 118.5 206.4 119.5 206.8 120.3 207.0 121.7 206.8 122.7 206.7 123.1 P e rs o n a l c a re 199.8 211.6 212.4 214.4 215.4 216.7 217.8 199.4 210.9 211.8 213.1 214.7 216.6 218.0 Toilet goods and personal care appliances.............................................. Products for the hair, hairpieces and wigs (12/77 = 100).................. Dental and shaving products (12/77 = 100) .................................... Cosmetics, bath and nail preparations, manicure and eye makeup implements (12/77 = 100) ................................ Other toilet goods and small personal care appliances (12/77 = 100) 192.5 111.9 114.1 204.1 120.0 121.0 205.1 120.7 122.3 207.9 121.4 124.0 209.0 121.7 125.2 210.3 121.8 125.3 211.8 124.5 126.0 191.6 111.1 112.7 203.9 120.0 118.8 204.5 119.7 120.4 206.6 120.5 122.0 208.8 122.5 123,6 210.4 123.6 124.0 212.1 123.6 125.3 110.7 110.9 116.5 117.4 116.7 117.6 119.1 119.4 119.6 119.9 121.3 120.8 121.3 120.8 110.1 111.7 116.2 119.0 116.6 119.1 117.9 120.4 118.5 121.5 ' 119.7 122.1 121.1 123.6 Personal care services.......................................................................... Beauty parlor services for women.................................................... Haircuts and other barber shop services for men (12/77 = 100) . . . . 207.0 208.3 115.9 218.8 220.4 122.2 219.6 220.6 123.4 220.9 222.1 123.9 221.7 222.5 124.8 223.1 224.5 124.8 223.8 225.2 125.3 207.3 209.1 115.4 218.1 219.4 122.0 219.1 220.2 122.8 219.8 221.0 123.0 220.7 222.0 123.4 222.9 225.0 123.9 224.0 225.6 125.0 P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a tio n a l e x p e n s e s 224.0 229.2 229.5 229.9 231.4 249.5 251.1 224.2 229.4 229.8 230.3 231.8 249.8 251.2 School books and supplies.................................................................... Personal and educational services.......................................................... Tuition and other school fees .......................................................... College tuition (12/77 = 100) .................................................. Elementary and high school tuition (12/77 = 100) .................... Personal expenses (12/77 = 100).................................................. 202.3 229.4 118.1 117.3 120.9 115.8 207.1 234.7 118.6 117.9 120.9 127.8 207.1 235.0 118.6 117.9 120.9 128.7 207.2 235.5 118.7 118.0 120.9 129.5 207.7 237.1 119.4 118.7 122.0 130.7 221.0 256.2 131.6 130.7 134.4 130.5 221.9 257.8 132.2 131.5 134.4 132.4 205.8 229.0 118.2 117.3 120.7 114.9 210.9 234.2 118.7 117.9 120.7 125.1 210.9 234.8 118.7 117.9 120.7 126.4 210.9 235.4 118.8 118.0 120.7 127.4 211.5 237.1 119.5 118.7 121.8 128.5 224.8 256.1 131.8 130.7 134.3 129.7 225.6 257.5 132.4 131.5 134.3 131.0 299.8 288.9 220.7 278.7 370.1 342.6 238.9 297.6 370.9 353.8 244.8 298.6 371.5 342.3 249.1 300.1 370.7 338.3 251.9 300.8 367.9 338.6 254.8 303.6 365.5 346.4 254.9 304.7 301.2 288.5 220.7 279.9 371.6 342.8 237.9 296.5 372.2 354.0 244.0 296.7 372.5 342.6 248.4 297.5 371.8 338.7 251.2 299.7 368.7 339.0 253.6 302.3 366.6 346.7 253.5 302.4 S p e c i a l in d e x e s : Gasoline, motor oil, coolant, and other products...................................... Insurance and finance .......................................................................... Utilities and public transportation............................................................ Housekeeping and home maintenance services ...................................... 94 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 24. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Cross classification of region and population size class by expenditure category and commodity and service group [December 1977 = 100] S iz e c la s s A S iz e c la s s B S iz e c la s s C S iz e c la s s D ( 1 .2 5 m il lio n o r m o r e ) ( 3 8 5 ,0 0 0 - 1 . 2 5 0 m il lio n ) ( 7 5 ,0 0 0 - 3 8 5 , 0 0 0 ) ( 7 5 ,0 0 0 o r le s s ) C a te g o ry a n d g ro u p Aug. O c t. June Aug. 1980 1980 1980 1980 June O c t. June A ug. O c t. June Aug. O c t. N o r th e a s t E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y Food and beverages .................................................................................... Other goods and services ............................................................................ 127.1 126.2 129.6 111.5 135.3 123.0 117.7 116.1 129.1 129.5 131.2 112.0 138.0 125.1 118.3 117.2 130.5 131.0 131.8 116.2 139.4 126.3 120.0 121.2 131.0 128.6 133.1 111.3 141.7 123.2 120.2 119.0 134,8 131.0 139.7 113.1 143.5 124.4 121.1 120.0 137.2 133.7 141.9 116.2 145.3 127.2 122.7 124.0 135.6 130.5 144.9 113.2 138.2 123.5 116.5 121.9 138.3 133.4 148.4 113.9 140.3 125.0 118.9 123.3 141.2 134.7 151.0 124.6 142.8 129.1 120.1 127.8 131.0 127.6 133.5 115.0 140.2 124.4 123.8 116.8 134.1 130.4 138.7 115.0 141.4 125.2 124.4 118.3 135.6 131.5 139.9 118.6 143.1 126.9 125.2 122.0 128.4 129.7 125.4 130.4 131.0 127.4 131.8 132.3 128.8 132.1 133.8 129.2 136.1 138.5 132.8 138.3 140.5 135.4 133.8 135.4 138.5 136,9 138.6 140.4 139.9 142.3 143.4 131.5 133.3 130.2 135.1 137.3 132.5 136.6 139.1 134.0 C O M M O D I T Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P Commodities less food and beverages .......................................................... Services ............................................................................................................ N o rth C e n tra l E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y All items ............................................................................................................ Food and oeverages .................................................................................... Housing ...................................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep .................................................................................... Transportation.............................................................................................. Medical care................................................................................................ Entertainment .............................................................................................. Other goods and services ............................................................................ 136.7 128.1 147.5 108.5 140.1 126.1 120.1 117.9 136.8 131.5 145.4 109.0 141.0 127.8 122.4 118.6 140.8 133.1 151.9 112.1 143.2 129.1 124.5 122.6 134.4 126.7 141.2 111.0 140.7 125.8 117.1 123.2 134.7 129.8 139.4 112.9 141.3 128.8 118.6 124.4 137.6 130.8 143.7 118.2 143.0 129.6 121.1 128.4 131.9 128.7 135.6 111.0 140.4 126.6 121.3 117.5 132.9 131.8 135.3 112.0 141.6 129.1 122.7 118.8 135.1 133.7 137.9 115.3 142.9 130.6 124.3 122.5 131.9 129.6 134.5 114.6 139.8 128.9 117.3 121.6 131.7 133.9 131.5 113.6 140.4 133.7 116.9 122.9 134.6 135.8 135 3 115.5 142.2 133.3 121.1 128.4 132.9 135.2 142.3 134.5 135.9 140.3 138.1 140.4 144,9 129.9 131.2 141.7 132.4 133.4 138.4 135.0 136.8 141,8 129.7 130.1 135.5 131.9 131.9 134.5 133.9 134.0 137.1 128.0 127.3 138.1 129.8 128.0 • 134.8 132.6 131.2 137.7 136.1 134.8 139.7 131.9 132.4 132.4 105.6 140.4 133.9 130.5 125.1 134.1 134.5 133.7 110.5 142.2 140.2 132.4 128.2 C O M M O D I T Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P Commodities ...................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages .......................................................... Services ............................................................................................................ S o u th E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y All items ............................................................................................................ Food and beverages .................................................................................... Housing ...................................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep .................................................................................... Transportation.............................................................................................. Medical care................................................................................................ Entertainment .............................................................................................. Other goods and services ............................................................................ 133.5 128.5 138.5 116.4 140.9 124.1 116.3 120.9 134.8 132.3 138.2 116.7 143.5 125.4 119.5 122.3 136.7 134.6 139.8 119.9 145.0 126.8 120.2 126.4 134.7 127.9 141.4 112.6 140.6 125.8 122.5 119.5 135.4 131.3 140.5 114.1 142.0 127.5 124.0 121.3 138.1 133.0 143.5 116.4 144.5 130.9 125.3 126.8 133.1 129.1 138,9 107.3 139.7 127.5 120.3 120.2 133.7 132.8 137.1 109.4 141.1 128.8 122.0 121.6 143.0 132.7 125.0 124.7 131.4 128.1 134.0 107.2 138.7 133.9 128.0 123.9 130.9 132.0 137.2 133.1 133.5 137.1 135.4 135.8 138.4 130.6 131.7 140.9 132.7 133.3 139.5 135.2 136.1 142.6 129.7 130.0 138.4 131.9 131.5 136.4 134.1 133.8 139.2 129.0 129.3 135.1 131.3 130.9 132.7 133.4 133.0 135.0 111.8 C O M M O D I T Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P Commooities ...................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages .......................................................... Services ............................................................................................................ W est E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y All Items ............................................................................................................ Food and beverages .................................................................................... Housing ...................................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep .................................................................................... Transportation.............................................................................................. Medical care................................................................................................ Entertainment .............................................................................................. Other goods and services ............................................................................ 136.1 127.7 142.5 114.5 141.1 129 5 119.5 121.7 135.5 130.5 139.2 116.4 142.8 130.6 120.8 122.8 137.7 132.7 141.6 117.9 144.9 133.0 122.3 126.2 136.0 130.2 141.4 118.4 140.7 127.9 123.9 124.3 136 8 133.1 140.9 119.5 142.4 129.0 125.9 125.7 139.5 135.0 144.7 121.5 144.3 130.7 125.7 128.1 133.6 127.6 137.9 107.4 142.1 129.4 122.4 119.0 134.2 129.5 137.2 108.5 143.6 132.2 125.2 120.2 136.3 131.7 139.4 111.2 145.9 133.3 126.9 122.3 134.3 129.6 135.9 123.6 141.7 132.5 130.3 124.4 135.4 132.9 135.6 126.3 143.5 134.1 131.5 124.5 136.9 135.6 136.2 129.1 145.9 134.9 131.2 128.1 130.4 131.6 143.6 132.3 133.1 139.7 134.2 134.8 142.5 132.5 133.5 140.8 134.6 135.2 140.0 136.3 136.8 144.0 130.1 131.1 138.5 132.2 133.3 137.1 134.1 135.1 139.5 131.7 132.6 138.2 134.1 134.6 137.3 135.7 135.7 138.7 C O M M O D I T Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P Commodities ...................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverage ............................................................ Services ............................................................................................................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 95 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 25. Consumer Price Index — U.S. city average, and selected areas [1967=100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s A re a ' U.S. city average2 ................................................ Anchorage, Alaska ( 1 0 /6 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................ Atlanta, Ga..................................................... Baltimore, Md........................... Boston, Mass................................................... Buffalo, N.Y................................ 1979 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. O c t. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. 225.4 244.9 247.6 247.8 249.4 251.7 253.9 225.6 245.1 247.8 248.0 249.6 251.9 250.2 223.5 226.5 220.8 228.4 242.2 249.1 236.9 218.7 Detroit, Mich......................................... Honolulu, Hawaii ................................................ Houston, Tex.............................................................. Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas .................................... Los Angeles-Long Beach, Anaheim, Calif............................. 227.2 210.5 244.2 229.9 221.8 252.4 240.9 248.2 258.0 249.1 234.5 San Francisco-Oakland, Calif................................................ Seattle-Everett, Wash..................................................... Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va...................................................... 221.5 239.4 253.7 248.7 238.9 257.3 241.8 269.7 244.1 259.5 249.6 241.8 247.2 'The areas listed include not only the central city but the entire portion of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined for the 1970 Census of Population, except that the Standard Consolidated Area is used for New York and Chicago. 253.7 221.7 264.6 264.9 225.5 228.0 264.3 234.6 272.3 254.8 252.6 226.9 211.1 241.8 227.9 224.0 255.5 243.1 233.0 219.3 247.9 256.3 221.3 226.1 234.6 243.0 2529 248.0 248.9 252.6 130.9 255.2 234.1 239.9 2 Average of 85 cities. 220.8 252.1 251.5 238.4 245.3 264.2 262.9 257.7 252.0 247.3 251.2 241.5 246.9 248.3 261.4 233.5 269.4 253.0 254.9 256.6 242.6 249.5 257.6 255.4 252.7 267.7 251.4 251.6 248.7 252.8 134.9 263.2 250.6 240.7 252.2 245.9 265.7 247.7 246.8 242.0 249.5 261.7 270.9 253.8 229.5 265.6 249.3 250.1 2 4 3 .2 243.8 246.8 255.9 242.6 264.8 251.9 245.4 238.2 254.4 257.4 134.7 255.9 248.4 236.7 2 3 5 .8 258.1 249.2 247.0 259.1 2658 255.8 228.0 262.8 246.3 253.4 252.4 253.2 244.5 235.5 250.5 254.5 O c t. 254.1 226.7 249.7 250.8 240.9 262.4 256.9 252.4 271.8 251.0 255.1 247.2 218.6 2 4 3 .1 246.0 250.7 252.7 245.0 269.9 248.0 249.6 241.2 239.6 133.1 258.4 250.1 240.8 2 3 9 .8 242.5 246.1 250.1 259.9 224.8 244.7 247.8 236.8 266.6 255.1 230.1 268.6 250.8 247.3 133.6 251.6 2464 237.2 2 3 2 .5 220.1 226.0 245.2 253.9 258.5 261.6 256.7 227.5 266.5 247.8 250.1 129.7 250.3 231.2 219.9 246.8 256.7 223.1 255.0 244.4 236.8 250.1 256.4 248.4 230.9 246.5 235.4 243.1 251.6 224.7 228.2 Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J........................................... Pittsburgh, Pa..................................................... Portland, Oreg.-Wash................................................ St. Louis, Mo.-lll.................................................................. San Diego, Calif......................................................... 96 1980 M ay 221.8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1979 O c t. Chicago, 111.-Northwestern Ind...................................... Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky.-Ind............................................. Cleveland, O hio................................ Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex.................................. Denver-Boulder, Colo...................................................... Miami, Fla. (11/77=100) ............................................ Milwaukee, Wis........................................ Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.-Wis.......................................... New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N.J........................................... N o r th e a s t, Pa. ( S c r a n t o n ) .................................................................................. U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s ( r e v i s e d ) 1980 252.6 254.6 251.8 26. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 ] A nnual C o m m o d i t y g r o u p in g 1980 1979 a v erag e 1979 N ov. Dec. Jan. Feb M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly 1 Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. F IN IS H E D G O O D S Finished goods.................................................................... 216.1 226.3 228.1 232.4 235.7 238.5 240.5 241.6 243.0 '247.1 249.0 248.9 252.2 253.2 Finished consumer goods.............................................. Finished consumer foods .......................................... Crude .................................................................. Processed ............................................................ Nondurable goods less foods .................................... Duraole goods.......................................................... Consumer nondurable goods less food and energy . . . . Capital equipment ........................................................ 215.7 226.3 231.4 223.8 225.9 181.9 (2) 216.7 227.1 230.5 228.1 2286 245.5 190.0 178.3 223.9 229.1 232.1 227.9 230.3 247.9 191.8 179.1 225.3 233.5 231.4 226.0 229.7 254.7 199.1 182.9 229.3 237.6 231.6 220.1 230.4 262.7 202.1 185.1 230.5 240.8 233.1 230.9 231.1 270.9 200.3 187.0 232.2 242.1 228.9 222.3 227.2 276.9 201.2 189.3 236.2 243.4 230.0 226.1 228.1 279.6 201.0 190.6 236.6 245.0 231.0 223.6 229.4 281.0 203.5 192.1 237.7 '249.6 '239.7 '233.8 238.0 '283.0 '206.6 ' 193.6 '240.5 251.8 c 244.9 240.7 243.0 284.3 206.3 194.6 241,9 251.8 245.8 253,2 242.9 284.7 204.9 195.5 241.3 253.6 245.9 231.3 244.8 284.9 211.0 196.6 248.2 254.7 246.9 248.2 244.5 287.0 210.6 198.3 249.1 Intermediate materials, supplies, and components.................. 242.8 256.3 258.7 265.9 271.6 273.7 275.1 276.4 278.2 '281.0 282.6 284.1 286.3 288.0 Materials and components for manufacturing.................. Materials for food manufacturing................................ Materials for nondurable manufacturing ...................... Materials for durable manufacturing............................ Components for manufacturing .................................. 234.1 223.6 220.1 271.3 206.8 245.5 227.8 233.4 284.6 214.8 247.8 230.4 235.3 287.8 216.3 255.5 226.0 241.1 303.7 219.2 259.8 245.6 244.0 306.5 223.2 259.5 240.1 247.4 301.4 225.3 260.3 238.7 253.0 296.6 227.7 262.2 255.5 255.5 295.5 228.6 264.1 260.4 256.3 298.2 230.0 ' 265.4 '263.9 '257.2 '299.3 '231.6 267.2 277.5 258.8 298.1 234.5 268.4 275.9 258.3 301.4 236.2 271.8 296.4 259.6 305.0 237.6 273.1 301.6 261.9 304.9 238.5 Materials and components for construction .................... 246.9 254.0 253.7 257.7 262.1 265.5 265.6 265.7 267.1 '269.8 271.1 271.5 272.1 273.9 Processed fuels and lubricants...................................... Manufacturing industries............................................ Nonmanufacturing industries...................................... 360.9 298.9 422.9 416.5 325.2 510.0 424.6 332.2 519.1 444.0 340.5 550.3 464.0 351.4 579.9 481.0 356.6 609.5 486.9 358.3 620.0 488.8 364.3 617.2 493.0 373.0 616.4 '505.2 378.4 '636.0 508.1 381.3 638.9 510.2 385.9 638.2 507.1 384.9 632.7 510.8 384.7 640.9 Containers .................................................................. 235.3 243.8 247.1 250.9 251.6 253.8 262.6 263.8 265.5 '266.6 266.5 2668 270.0 269.8 253.7 234.4 263.8 256.3 261.6 256.3 235.1 267.4 265.4 263.9 337.6 IN T E R M E D I A T E M A T E R I A L S 217.6 204.4 224.7 224.1 221.5 226.4 213.7 233.3 226.9 231.2 229.2 216.3 236.1 230.4 233.9 232.5 220.9 238.7 224.4 238.3 239.0 222.5 247.8 223.3 249.6 240.8 223.7 249.8 218.9 252.9 241.7 227.1 249.5 206.6 255.2 241.8 228.5 248.9 210.5 253.7 243.2 230.6 249.9 207.7 255.6 ' 247.2 '231.8 '255.4 '227.5 '257.7 248.2 2322 256.7 235.4 257.6 251.7 233.1 261.5 251.9 259.8 Crude materials for further processing.................................. 282.2 290.8 296.2 296.8 308.4 303.5 297.0 300.7 299.6 '316.6 327.7 331.8 336.0 Foodstuffs and feedstuffs.............................................. 247.2 246.4 249.7 243.0 252.6 245.9 235.5 242.9 242.5 263.5 276.6 276.7 279.1 277.3 444.1 452.0 Supplies...................................................................... Manufacturing industries............................................ Nonmanufacturing industries...................................... Feeds .................................................................. Other supplies ...................................................... C R U D E M A T E R IA L S (2) 374.9 384.2 398.9 414.3 412.7 413.9 410.5 407.9 '417.1 424.3 436.3 Nonfood materials except fuel.................................... Manufacturing industries ........................................ Construction.......................................................... 284.5 293.3 207.0 304.6 314.9 214.8 311.6 322.5 216.6 330.1 342.1 226.0 341.7 354.9 228.7 339.8 352.5 229.9 337.0 349.1 232.4 329.3 340.3 232.8 324.4 334.7 234.1 '331.9 '342.5 '239.1 340.5 352.6 235.8 348.1 360.6 239.6 353.5 366.0 245.3 357.9 370.7 247.5 Crude fu e l................................................................ Manufacturing industries ........................................ Nonmanufacturing industries .................................. 568.2 607.6 548.3 617.4 667.8 589.3 634.5 688.3 603.9 636.3 690.3 605.7 664.8 725.7 628.8 664.1 724.5 628.8 678.9 742.2 641.3 690.3 756.1 650.8 695.6 762.9 655.1 '710.5 '781.4 '667.3 713.2 784.5 669.8 740.5 818.0 692.3 756.1 837.9 704.7 776.1 861.8 721.9 Finished goods excluding foods............................................ Finished consumer goods excluding foods...................... Finished consumer goods less energy............................ ( 2) 208.2 ( 2) 222.8 223.1 204.7 2246 225.3 206.1 230.5 232.3 209.4 234.6 238.3 211.2 237.8 242.3 211.9 241.7 246.2 211.5 242.8 247.6 212.4 244.3 249.5 214.0 '246.9 '251.9 '218.5 247.9 252.7 220.7 247.4 252.3 220.9 251.7 255.0 223.2 252.7 255.9 224.0 Intermediate materials less foods and feeds.......................... Intermediate materials less energy ................................ 244.0 (2) 258.1 247.1 260.5 249.1 268.4 255.3 273.7 259.8 276.2 260.5 278.0 261.4 278.6 262.6 280.5 264.2 '282.9 '266,3 283,9 257.8 285.2 269.3 286.6 272.0 288.0 273.6 Intermediate foods and feeds .............................................. 223.2 226.9 229.8 224.8 237.5 232.4 227.3 239.7 242.1 '251.0 262.7 267.1 282.2 288.7 Crude materials less agricultural products ............................ Crude materials less energy.......................................... 390.5 (2) 424.1 2438 435.0 246.9 452.9 244.0 469.3 254.8 469.0 248.4 469.9 2387 464.7 241.5 463.8 239.0 '471.0 '257.2 479.3 268.7 491.5 270.7 502.5 273.5 510.4 273.5 Nonfood materials........................................................ S P E C IA L G R O U P I N G S 1Data for July 1980 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. c=corrected, r=revised. 2 Not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 97 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 27. Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings [1967=100 unless otherwise specified] A nnual Code C o m m o d ity g ro u p a n d s u b g ro u p A ll c o m m o d i t i e s = 100) F a rm p ro d u c ts a n d p ro c e s s e d fo o d s a n d fe e d s I n d u s t r ia l c o m m o d i t i e s 1980 N ov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. 235.6 250.0 247.2 262.3 249.7 267.3 254.9 270.2 260.2 275.6 229.8 236.5 232.3 250.6 234.6 253.1 231.9 260.6 1979 A ll c o m m o d i t i e s ( 1 9 5 7 - 5 9 1979 averag e A p r. M ay June J u ly 1 Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. 261.9 277.4 262.8 278.8 264.2 280.3 265.6 281.8 r 270.4 ' 286.9 273.1 289.8 274.1 290.8 277.0 293.9 278.4 295.4 2370 265.9 234.9 268.6 229.3 271.3 233.8 271.9 234.3 273.5 r 246.6 '276.2 254.8 277.3 256.3 278.2 258.8 281.2 260.1 282.7 FARM PR O D U C TS A N D PR O C ESSED FOODS A N D FEEDS 01 01-1 01-2 01-3 01 -4 01-5 01-6 01 -7 01 -8 01-9 Farm products ............................................................................ Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables ........................................ Grains...................................................................................... Livestock ................................................................................ Live poultry.............................................................................. Plant and animal fibers.............................................................. Fluid milk ................................................................................ E99S........................................................................................ Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds .................................................... Other farm products ................................................................ 241.4 229.0 214.8 260.3 194.3 209.9 250.1 176.5 244.3 289.0 240.2 216.5 226.6 248.3 195.5 215.4 262.5 178.7 229.8 318.3 242.5 210.7 227.9 252.5 194.7 222.0 264.0 198.4 230.3 319.4 236.4 219.0 214.6 247.8 195.2 239.0 262.3 165.6 218.1 301.1 242.3 220.6 223.3 257.2 184,6 269.5 263.8 150.4 224.7 304.7 239.3 218.5 217.9 251 8 180.1 254.9 263.1 184.2 2159 311.5 228.9 223.2 210.8 230.5 171.9 266.9 265.4 153.3 205.1 304.8 2335 244.0 219.0 233.3 171.3 272.7 265.4 140.5 206.9 311.0 233.4 233.5 215.3 240.0 166.6 247.0 265.5 146.8 207.4 309.4 '254.3 '252.0 244.8 260.5 227.2 267.0 265.8 159.3 251.4 292.4 263.6 253.8 256.5 275.7 224.5 274.6 271.6 176.9 261.5 282.7 266.6 266.0 260.6 266.8 241.0 295.2 275.5 188.4 280,7 283.9 263.4 240.4 269.2 263.0 222.9 278.5 280.9 175.2 284.4 282.9 264.9 246.4 270.9 254.8 221.0 287.2 284.7 194.0 298.3 296.6 02 02-1 02-2 02-3 02-4 02-5 02-6 02-7 02-8 02-9 Processed foods and feeds.......................................................... Cereal and bakery products...................................................... Meats, poultry, and fish ............................................................ Dairy products.......................................................................... Processed fruits and vegetables................................................ Sugar and confectionery .......................................................... Beverages and beverage materials............................................ Fats and o ils .................................................... ........................ Miscellaneous processed foods ................................................ Manufactured animal feeds ...................................................... 222.5 210.3 242.0 211.2 221.9 214.7 210.7 243.3 216.5 219.4 227.1 222.5 239.3 219.3 222.4 222.9 221.2 241.9 222.2 222.4 229.3 223.6 242.8 219.9 222.6 234.4 221 6 235.6 223.1 224.9 228.5 225.4 239.6 221.0 222.9 235.0 224.0 225.1 225.4 219.7 233.1 229.9 239.6 220.8 223.3 287.5 224.8 226.4 223.5 219.8 231.6 231.8 239.2 223.0 223.7 264,1 225.9 222.6 224.7 216.6 228.6 232.4 226.0 227.5 2246 275.0 227.9 214.5 225.1 2050 233.1 234.7 224.5 228.5 225.4 327.8 231.2 212.0 223.7 207.2 2339 233.2 226.6 229.5 227.2 325.4 234.3 212.8 223.4 205.0 '241.5 '234.7 248.5 '230.1 '229.8 '313.5 '234.6 '226.9 223.5 '223.9 249.1 235.5 259.9 233.0 230.6 347.1 237.3 236.8 224.0 230.1 249.8 238.0 257.7 234.1 231.9 341.4 236.2 237.8 226.9 243.8 255.4 241.3 255.8 238.4 234.5 399.9 236.7 231.1 230.6 247.2 256.5 245.4 250.8 240.6 235.2 403.4 238.1 237.9 235.0 254.9 03 03-1 03-2 03-3 03-4 03-81 03-82 Textile products and apparel ........................................................ Synthetic fibers (12/75 = 100).................................................. Processed yarns and threads (12/75 = 100) ............................ Gray fabrics (12/75 = 100)...................................................... Finished fabrics (12/75 = 100) ................................................ Apparel.................................................................................... Textile housefurnishlngs............................................................ 168.7 119.0 109.2 127.1 107.4 160,4 190.4 172.8 124.2 112.5 130.7 109.7 163.1 196.5 173.1 124.7 112.7 132.3 109.9 162.6 197.1 175.2 127.0 114.6 132.7 110.5 165.5 199.0 176.5 127.2 118.0 132.3 111.1 166.8 199.7 179.3 129.1 119.3 136 8 113.2 168.0 201.3 181.2 130.4 122.1 137.0 114.5 170.0 201.6 182.0 133.2 124.2 136.5 115.3 170.2 202.6 183.0 134.5 122.8 134.8 115.8 172.7 202.7 ' 184.7 '136.0 '122.4 '135.7 ' 116.6 '174.4 210.7 185.2 137.8 122.6 136.6 116.7 174.8 211.0 186.2 139.3 123.4 139.2 116.8 174.7 217.1 187.8 140.9 124.2 142.5 118.2 175.5 218.0 189.3 141.4 124.9 144.3 119.0 176.0 218.0 04 04-1 04-2 04-3 04-4 Hides, skins, leather, and related products .................................... Hides and skins........................................................................ Leather.................................................................................... Footwear ........■...................................................................... Other leather and related products............................................ 252.4 535.4 356.7 218.0 205.0 248.9 447.6 319.8 227.9 208.4 249.2 443.9 324.8 227.9 208.0 255.7 468.8 347.6 229.1 213.1 250.9 404.8 340.3 228.0 214.8 246.8 348.7 311.0 231.8 217.8 243.5 328.6 297.6 231.9 216.2 240.7 289.7 290.4 231.9 217.4 240.9 315.7 284.4 231.9 2159 '245.1 356.6 292.2 '232.7 '217.5 251.1 398.4 314.2 233.9 217.4 . 247.8 356.1 300.2 2357 217.6 247.3 381.5 272.5 236.8 221.9 255.5 409.1 317.3 237.7 222.6 05 05-1 05-2 05-3 05-4 05-61 05-7 Fuels and related products and power .......................................... C oal........................................................................................ Coke ...................................................................................... Gas fuels1 .............................................................................. Electric power.......................................................................... Crude petroleum 2 .................................................................... Petroleum products, refined 3 .................................................... 408.1 450.9 429.2 544.1 270.2 376.5 444.8 476.9 455.1 431.2 637.0 281.9 450.4 545.4 487.9 458.6 431.2 662.4 287.0 470.8 555.2 508.0 459.3 430.6 677.5 290.5 513.6 583.3 532.7 459.6 430.6 716.6 299.3 515.1 620.4 5535 461.7 430.6 716.6 305.5 522.8 659.0 566.6 465.2 430.6 730.1 310.1 533.9 678.0 572.1 466.5 430.6 745.1 316.5 540.1 680.9 576.5 466.6 430.6 749.2 326.0 549.0 681.7 '585.5 '467.5 430.6 '762.1 '331.1 '551.4 '693.9 589.5 469.0 430.6 762.3 333.8 566.3 697.5 5930 472.1 430.6 785.3 338.6 570.8 695.5 592.5 471.0 430.6 801.1 337.6 579.6 689.6 597.6 475.7 430.6 826,5 332.0 580.7 696.8 06 06-1 06-21 06-22 06-3 06-4 06-5 06-6 06-7 Chemicals and allied products...................................................... Industrial chemicals4 ................................................................ Prepared paint.......................................................................... Paint materials ........................................................................ Drugs and pharmaceuticals ...................................................... Fats and oils, inedible .............................................................. Agricultural chemicals and chemical products ............................ Plastic resins and materials ...................................................... Other chemicals and allied products .......................................... 222.3 264.0 204.4 241.2 159.4 376.7 214.4 235.9 191,8 236.0 288.4 209.4 256.6 163.0 344.3 229.5 261.4 198 8 238.2 292.3 210.7 256.8 164.4 327.1 232.9 262.5 201.4 246.0 302.9 223.3 259.9 166.5 325.6 241.9 •270.4 209.4 248.7 307.9 223.3 263.4 167.6 302.2 248.0 272.1 211.3 252.8 313.3 228.7 267.5 168.9 299.9 256.1 274.5 215.0 259.8 322.1 231.5 272.1 172.6 298.2 258.5 287.6 223.1 262.5 328.5 238.8 273.9 172.8 294.7 258.5 288.4 224.8 262.8 329.5 238.8 275.0 174.4 255.8 257.6 287.6 226.9 '263.3 '328.7 '238.8 '277.2 '175.7 260.0 '258.7 '285.7 '228.5 264.3 329.0 239.1 278.2 175.7 307.6 259.6 282.0 229.9 263.2 326.2 239.6 278.9 176.7 304,5 260.4 277.1 229.4 264.6 329.0 239.6 279.5 178.3 302.0 260.0 276.7 231.3 266.9 333.4 241.7 279.5 181.1 308.2 260.4 277.1 232.6 07 07-1 07-11 07-12 07-13 07-2 Rubber and plastic products ........................................................ Rubber and rubber products...................................................... Crude rubber .......................................................................... Tires and tubes........................................................................ Miscellaneous rubber products.................................................. Plastic products (6/78 = 100) .................................................. 194.3 209.2 221.4 205.9 206.4 110.0 204.9 223.7 237.2 223 1 217.1 114.3 205.9 224.3 240.2 223.1 217.7 115.2 207.8 226.1 252.7 225.1 215.9 116.3 210.7 231.5 263.9 231.6 217.8 116.7 212.7 231.5 255.8 231.6 220.6 119.0 214.1 233.4 264.7 231.8 222 1 119.7 215.0 234.7 263.9 233.2 224.0 119.9 217.3 236.8 264.1 235.6 226.4 121.4 '218,8 ' 239.0 '263,4 ' 238.0 '229.3 ' 122.0 219.9 240.7 263.4 237.0 234.6 122.4 221.2 242.5 266.3 239.9 234.8 122.8 222.7 245.4 270.7 244.7 234.8 123.0 223.0 245.8 270.0 244.7 236.1 123.1 08 08-1 08-2 08-3 08-4 Lumber and wood products.......................................................... Lumber.................................................................................... Millwork .................................................................................. Plywood .................................................................................. Other wood products................................................................ 300.4 354.3 254.3 250.5 235.4 298.9 355.6 252.3 242.2 239.9 290.1 339.5 250.3 237.9 240.5 290.0 336.3 254 1 238.2 242.2 294.7 341.4 258.0 243.4 243.4 294.9 340.6 262.2 240.0 243.1 275.6 310.1 257.5 219.8 241.7 272.1 301.4 251,8 230.6 240.7 279.8 313.0 253.0 241.7 238.7 '289.2 ' 327.2 255.9 '252.8 236,9 295.3 333.5 260.3 262.3 236.2 291.8 326.6 264.5 253.6 236.8 288.7 319.2 265.4 253.1 2367 2934 325.0 2700 256.6 236.6 IN D U S T R IA L C O M M O D IT IE S See footnotes at end of table. 98 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 27. Continued — Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings [1967=100 unless otherwise specified] 1980 1979 A nnual C o m m o d ity g ro u p a n d s u b g ro u p IN D U S T R IA L C O M M O D IT IE S 1979 N ov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly 1 Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. C o n t in u e d 09 09-1 09-11 09-12 09-13 09-14 09-15 09-2 Pulp, paper, and allied products.................................................... Pulp, paper, and products, excluding building paper and board . . . Woodpulp................................................................................ Wastepaper ............................................................................ Paper ...................................................................................... Paperboard .............................................................................. Converted paper and paperboard products................................ Building paper and board .......................................................... 219.0 220.7 314.3 206.6 229.6 202.1 209.9 182,4 229.5 231.1 338.0 220.0 241.8 212.8 219.0 183.6 231.7 233.4 338.0 221.2 242.7 215.4 221.9 184.6 237.4 239.2 356.6 222.9 245.5 221.8 227.7 186.2 239.2 240.8 356.4 223.4 247.2 223.7 229.5 191.7 242.6 244.1 356.8 224.9 250.3 227.4 233.0 198.7 247.8 249.4 385.6 242.5 253.5 232.1 236.7 201.3 249.2 250.6 385.6 226.1 256.1 235.5 237.6 206.8 251.1 252.4 387.7 206,6 257.9 238.9 239.8 208.9 '251.7 '252.9 ' 388 3 194.0 '258.2 '237.1 '241.2 211.8 252.2 253.6 388.6 193.8 258.8 238.1 242.0 209.2 252.7 254.1 390.6 192.5 258.9 239.2 242.5 209.6 254.4 255.8 329.1 192.8 262.5 241.0 243.4 212.1 255.5 256.7 392.6 191.7 264.4 243.2 243.8 215.6 10 10-1 10-13 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 Metals and metal products .......................................................... ror and steel .......................................................................... Steel mill products.................................................................... Nonferrous metals.................................................................... Metal containers ...................................................................... Hardware ................................................................................ Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings............................................ Heating equipment.................................................................... Fabricated structural metal products.......................................... Miscellaneous metal products.................................................... 259.3 283.5 280.4 261.7 269.2 218.7 217.1 187.1 248.9 231.4 271.1 292.0 288.8 284.1 280.9 225.5 225.4 193.1 256.7 238.6 273.6 292.8 289.3 291.9 280.9 226.2 226.5 195.6 257.7 239.1 284.6 297.4 293.6 326.3 283.3 228.2 232.8 199.5 258.9 240.6 288,9 300.3 294.2 337.7 284.4 230.4 236.7 202.6 259.7 241.6 286.8 301.8 295.5 321.4 288,5 231.5 242.4 202.6 265.1 244.2 284.4 307.2 304.1 298.3 304.1 237.3 243.8 204.2 269.1 246.1 281.8 304.8 305.5 289.7 302.7 238.4 247.5 204.0 269.9 246.7 281.9 303.4 305.8 288.8 302.7 240.5 248.6 205.0 270.1 250.4 '282.5 '300.6 301.0 '292.6 303.0 '242.6 '249.7 '296.2 '272.2 '251.1 282.7 302.3 301.0 288.9 303.2 242.6 250.4 208,0 272.6 254.1 286.2 304.3 301.0 297.9 303.2 245.1 250.5 208.8 273.8 255.8 290.4 310.4 307.5 303.9 304.4 245.8 250.6 210.0 276.2 257.1 290.7 312.5 309.5 301.0 303.3 247.9 251.8 211.2 277.6 257.7 11 11-1 11-2 11-3 11 -4 11-6 11-7 11-9 Machinery and equipment ............................................................ Agricultural machinery and equipment........................................ Construction machinery and equipment...................................... Metalworking machinery and equipment .................................... General purpose machinery and equipment................................ Special industry machinery and equipment ................................ Electrical machinery and equipment .......................................... Miscellaneous machinery.......................................................... 213.9 232.1 256.2 241.3 236.4 247.0 178.9 208.9 221.3 243.4 265.4 252.2 244.2 254.9 184.9 214.9 223.4 244.2 268.8 254.6 247.6 256.1 186.6 216.3 227.6 248.4 276.0 258.9 251.0 260.6 190.6 220.3 230.2 249.9 278.3 261.8 253.3 263.2 194.3 221.1 232.5 252.0 279.5 264.1 256.7 265.5 196.5 223.2 236.4 254.4 284.2 270.2 261.1 271.9 198.9 227.2 237.6 256.4 285.9 272.9 262.8 273.0 199.9 227.3 239.2 257.1 287.6 275.4 264.8 274.3 201.6 228.2 '241.5 '258.6 '291.5 278.0 ' 266.1 '276.7 '203.7 '231.1 242.2 258.9 2928 278.9 266.6 277.3 204.7 231.5 244.3 262.5 295.0 280.2 268.9 283.2 206.0 233.1 246.4 262.8 298.4 282.2 271.9 286.2 207.0 236.1 247.7 266.1 299.7 283.7 273.2 287.9 207.4 238.1 12 12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-5 12-6 Furniture and household durables ................................................ Household furniture .................................................................. Commercial furniture ................................................................ Floor coverings ........................................................................ Household appliances .............................................................. Home electronic equipment ...................................................... Other household durable goods ................................................ 171.3 186.3 221.8 147.9 160.9 91.3 228.2 176.4 193.0 223.3 152.8 164,5 90.3 248.2 177.9 194.8 225.1 152.9 165.3 90.5 254.4 183.4 197,4 226.9 159.0 166.5 91.0 287.4 185.6 198.5 231.4 158.5 168.9 91.2 295.3 185.7 198.9 232.8 160.8 169.9 91.3 288.3 184.4 200.3 233.6 162.2 171.1 91.4 267.3 185.4 203.0 233.9 161.9 173.2 92.0 265.6 186.5 204.0 235.5 162.1 175.5 91.8 266.5 '188,0 '206.5 '237.2 163.2 '175.8 '91.7 '271.5 187.3 206.3 237.1 163.5 175.0 88.9 273.0 187.8 206.6 237.4 163.9 176.2 89.1 273.2 189.1 207.7 241.2 164.5 176.6 88.9 277.8 190.4 209.1 241.5 165.7 177.2 91.1 278.4 13 13-11 13-2 13-3 13-4 13-5 13-6 13-7 13-8 13-9 Nonmetallic mineral products........................................................ Flat glass ................................................................................ Concrete ingredients ................................................................ Concrete products.................................................................... Structural clay products excluding refractories............................ Refractories ............................................................................ Asphalt roofing ........................................................................ Gypsum products .................................................................... Glass containers ...................................................................... Other nonmetallic minerals........................................................ 248.6 183.9 244.0 244.1 217.9 236.5 3253 252.3 261.1 313.7 257.4 185.4 249.6 250.6 221.8 247.4 347.4 256.2 265.2 342.2 259.6 186.4 251.0 253.2 226.7 248.0 346.5 255.0 274.2 342.2 268.4 191.0 265.0 265.4 229.6 248.5 356.6 255.4 274.3 351.8 274.0 191.0 266.6 266.7 231.0 251.1 372.5 262.2 274.3 381.7 276.5 191.4 267.5 269.1 231.4 253.9 388.8 267.6 274.3 387.0 283.7 195.3 271.7 272.9 235.0 261.7 408.9 264.0 294.3 399.6 284.0 195.3 272.4 275.2 230.0 264.4 401.1 256.5 294.3 400.7 283.4 193.6 273.2 275.8 230.1 265.8 400.9 257.1 294.3 394.8 '284.8 194.3 '275.9 275.9 '230.1 '268.7 '413.8 253.1 1294.3 '396.9 284.8 199.5 272.7 275.9 229.8 271.4 409.4 251.8 294.6 397.1 286.0 199.7 274.6 277.5 230.2 271.4 406.2 251.8 294.6 400.7 287.8 200.7 277.8 276.9 233.4 274.1 408.4 249.5 305.0 400.6 288.4 203.1 278.5 277.6 233.6 274.1 396.9 253.3 306.5 402.0 14 14-1 14-4 Transportation equipment (12/68 - 100)...................................... Motor vehicles and equipment .................................................. Railroad equipment .................................................................. 188.1 190.5 277.3 194.8 197,4 288.2 195.6 198.2 289.0 198,7 200.7 297.5 198.2 200.1 299.3 198.8 200,7 302.1 203.2 205.4 309.9 202.5 204.5 310.5 203.1 205.2 312.2 '206.2 '208.6 316.4 208.6 211.4 316.4 204.2 205.3 320,4 215.8 217.8 323.3 216.0 218.0 323.6 15 15-1 15-2 15-3 15-4 15-51 15-9 Miscellaneous products................................................................ Toys, sporting goods, small arms, ammunition............................ Tobacco products .................................................................... Notions.................................................................................... Photographic equipment and supplies ........................................ Mobile homes (12/74 - 100).................................................... Other miscellaneous products .................................................. 208.7 176.2 217.8 191.8 153.7 138.1 263.7 221.4 181.2 222.2 195.8 161.2 144.0 293.3 227.4 183.0 226.6 196.8 164.3 144.1 308.8 242.9 190.9 236.6 203.1 165.9 144.7 351.6 262.9 193.5 237.2 203.2 218.6 146.8 378.3 256.1 194.5 237.3 207.2 219.1 147.1 351.3 252.8 195.4 238.1 216.8 212.3 149.4 340.9 251.7 196.0 247.7 217.0 199.6 150.4 340.2 258.0 197.5 248.1 217.0 201.7 150.6 360.2 '261.7 '200.2 '248.2 221.7 '201.6 151.2 '370.9 259.9 201.0 247.6 223.8 202.3 151.4 363.3 264,4 201.6 247.6 223.9 201.3 151.0 380.5 265.0 202.0 248.9 224.0 201.2 152.0 381.0 263.8 202.8 253,9 224.1 207.1 152.0 368.2 1Data for July 1980 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 2 Prices for natural gas are lagged 1 month. 3 Includes only domestic production. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 Most prices for refined petroleum products are lagged 1 month, 5Some prices for industrial chemicals are lagged 1 month. r=revised. 99 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 28. Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings [1967=100 unless otherwise specified] Annual 1979 Commodity grouping 1980 1979 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July1 Aug. Sept Oct Nov. All commodities — less farm products........................ All foods ......................................................................... Processed foods Industrial commodities less fu e ls ...................................... Selected textile mill products (Dec. 1975 = 1 0 0 ) ........... H osiery.............................................................................. Underwear and nightwear................................................. Chemicals and allied products, including synthetic rubber and manmade fibers and yarns ................................... Pharmaceutical preparations............................................ Lumber and wood products, excluding millwork and other wood products..................................................... Special metals and metal products ................................. Fabricated metal products .............................................. Copper and copper products .......................................... Machinery and motive products........................................ 234.4 226.4 227.2 218.3 113.9 112.6 168.9 247.0 230.0 231.8 226.9 117.0 114.6 171.6 249.5 232.2 234.2 228.5 117.2 115.3 172.9 255.7 231.2 233.3 234.7 118.9 119.2 175.3 260.9 235.8 238.6 238.0 119.3 119.4 177.4 262.9 234.8 236.9 238.9 121.3 120.3 182.1 264.8 231.9 234.1 240.5 122.2 121.1 182.4 265.9 237.3 239.0 240.6 122.9 121.5 182.8 267.5 237.7 239.9 242.0 123.7 122.2 187.1 '270.9 '245.9 '247.3 '243.9 '125.5 '123.5 '188.3 273.0 253.9 255.5 244.8 125.8 125.5 189.4 273.9 254.2 254.8 245.4 126.9 126.1 189.7 277.3 258.3 261.2 248.8 127.9 126.4 189.9 278.7 259.3 261.4 249.8 128.5 126.7 190.5 212.4 152.0 226.3 155.4 228.7 156.9 236.3 159.2 239.2 160.3 243.2 161.7 250.0 165.6 252.8 165.9 253.8 167.6 '254.2 '168.1 254.7 168.2 253.8 168.8 255.3 170.8 257.3 173.7 325.0 234.6 236.8 299.3 207.0 323.3 244.5 244.6 213.8 214.3 310.8 246.3 245.3 217.1 215.9 308.6 253.7 247.2 227.7 219.7 313.9 256.0 248.4 260.7 220.9 312.2 255.1 252.0 240.9 222.5 284.7 255.8 255.9 222.0 226.7 282.0 254.0 256.8 212.2 227.1 293.5 254.4 258.6 208.5 228.3 '306.9 '256.2 '259.9 '214.5 '231.0 314.3 257.5 261.3 209.0 232.5 306.7 257.0 262.7 214.1 231.7 301.4 264.6 264.2 216.9 238.1 306.5 265.0 265.2 216.9 239.0 Machinery and equipment, except electrical.................... Agricultural machinery, including tra c to rs ........................ Metalworking machinery................................................... Numerically controlled machine tools (Dec. 1971 = 100) Total tractors..................................................................... Agricultural machinery and equipment less parts ........... Farm and garden tractors less parts ............................... Agricultural machinery excluding tractors less parts . . . . Industrial valves................................................................ Industrial fittings................................................................ Abrasive grinding wheels ................................................. Construction materials ..................................................... 234.2 237.4 259.1 199.8 251.6 232.7 236.1 238.7 256.0 261.7 226.2 251.4 242.5 250.8 272.7 208.8 262.5 244.9 250.5 251.3 263.1 276.8 239.0 256.7 244.8 251.5 276.0 211.2 266.2 245.8 251.1 252.0 266.1 276.8 239.0 255.4 249.1 256.1 281.9 213.1 273.0 250.0 256.0 256.4 271.0 276.8 239.0 259.3 251.1 257.2 284.4 215.4 275.1 251.5 257.5 257.3 273.5 280.4 244.0 262.6 253.5 260.0 287.5 216.7 276.6 254.1 261.5 258.9 280.0 282.8 244.0 265.1 258.2 261.9 293.6 223.8 280.8 256.2 263.7 260.7 287.8 289.9 261.4 262.3 259.6 263.9 296.8 226.9 282.9 258.0 264.7 263.6 288.4 291.5 261.3 261.8 261.2 264.7 299.7 228.5 284.0 258.7 264.8 265.0 290.1 295.9 261.3 264.2 '263.7 '266.3 '303.3 228.7 '288.3 '260.8 '267.2 '265.9 '291.1 '296.1 '261.5 '267.0 264.1 266.4 304.7 229.3 289.3 260.8 269.3 264.3 289.6 295.9 261.3 268.9 266.7 270.8 306.5 230.0 294.0 264.6 276.3 266.6 290.1 295.9 261.3 268.8 269.4 271.1 309.4 231.7 296.4 264.9 276.3 267.0 291.8 298.4 268.4 269.4 271.3 275.4 311.4 232.4 296.8 268.8 276.9 274.5 293.7 298.6 273.0 271.8 1 Data for July 1980 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 29. Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product [1967=100] Annual average 1979 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July1 Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. Total durable g o o d s....................................................... Total nondurable goods ................................................. 226.9 241.7 235.3 256.2 237.0 259.3 243.8 263.2 247.1 270.2 247.0 273.4 247.7 274.4 247.1 277.6 248.7 278.8 '251.2 '285.6 252.1 289.9 252.9 291.1 257.2 292.7 257.8 294.8 Total manufactures ....................................................... Durable..................................................................... Nondurable.............................................................. 228.8 226.1 231.1 240.6 234.6 246.6 242.6 236.2 249.0 248.4 242.9 253.9 253.2 245.7 260.8 255.2 245.6 265.2 257.0 246.7 267.9 258.3 246.7 270.7 259.8 248.5 271.7 '263.0 '2 5 1 .0 '275.9 265.0 251.7 279.3 265.4 252.3 279.4 268.8 256.5 281.8 270.1 257.1 283.9 Total raw or slightly processed goods ........................... Durable..................................................................... Nondurable .............................................................. 270.4 262.1 270.1 281.0 265.8 281.2 285.9 267.8 286.3 287.6 282.8 286.9 295.9 305.3 294.2 295.4 303.4 293.8 290.4 286.0 289.8 292.7 262.2 294.0 293.8 249.9 296.1 '307.7 '255.2 '310.6 314.8 263.1 317.6 319.5 273.1 321.9 319.5 282.7 321.1 321.8 285.9 323.3 Commodity grouping 1979 1980 1 Data for July 1980 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 30. Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries [1967=100 unless otherwise specified] 1972 Annual 1979 Industry description code 1980 1979 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June 134.8 234.4 451.3 459.8 217.6 125.8 140.2 252.1 455.5 533.9 224.7 124.2 142.0 300.0 458.9 551.3 225.6 129.3 142.0 308.3 459.2 582.7 238.8 136.6 147.3 335.4 459.6 598.0 243.2 136.6 152.6 330.0 461.7 600.6 243.9 136.6 152.6 337.5 464.6 612.5 248.6 136.6 152.6 337.5 466.0 619.6 249.3 136.6 152.6 322.9 466.0 631.5 250.0 136.6 247.4 219.6 187.1 228.8 241.5 213.4 188.3 241.7 243.9 220.0 188.5 243.1 240.8 211.9 186.1 241.8 240.1 207.8 178.2 242.8 238.9 209.4 173.5 243.4 225.6 197.9 164.5 252.7 227.2 193.3 164.7 253.7 230.0 190.9 164.2 255.7 July1 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 155.8 331.2 '466.9 '638.0 '254.8 136.6 155.8 329.1 468.2 650.0 250.6 136.6 155.8 335.4 471.2 666.4 251.9 136.6 155.8 338.7 470.0 680.6 261.4 137.2 155.8 343.7 474.5 690.6 263.5 132.1 249.1 '213.7 214.2 256.3 265.2 232.8 212.1 268.6 257.1 239.3 226.0 265.8 257.9 246.4 211.3 273.2 251.3 249.0 205.9 273.3 MINING 1011 1092 1211 1311 1442 1455 Iron ores (12/75 = 100) ............................................ Mercury ores (12/75 = 100) ...................................... Bituminous coal and lignite.......................................... Crude petroleum and natural g a s ............................... Construction sand and g ra v e l...................................... Kaolin and ball clay (6/76 - 100) ............................. 2011 2013 2016 2021 Meat packing plants..................................................... Sausages and other prepared meats ........................ Poultry dressing plants...................... ...................... Creamery butter ......................................................... MANUFACTURING See footnote at end of table. 100 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 30. Continued Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] 1972 Annual 1980 1979 In d u s t r y d e s c r i p t i o n S IC code 1979 M A N U F A C T U R IN G N ov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly ' Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. C o n t in u e d 2022 2024 2033 2034 2041 2044 2048 2061 2063 2067 Cheese natural and processed (12/72 = 100) .............. Ice cream and frozen desserts (12/72 = 100) .............. Canned fruits and vegetables........................................ Dehydrated food products (12/73 = 100)...................... Flour mills (12/71 = 100) ............................................ Rice milling.................................................................. Prepared foods, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100)............................ Raw cane sugar .......................................................... Beet sugar .................................................................. Chewing gum .............................................................. 189.2 172.5 208.6 174.2 173.1 204.0 120.4 210.3 202.6 245.8 193.6 179.9 212.2 156.2 184.4 231.8 124.3 223.3 210.6 262.3 193.9 180.1 212.2 157.3 184.1 218.1 125.0 248.4 223.2 262.3 195.4 180.9 213.4 157.6 181.7 217.5 122.0 260.5 224.6 262.3 192.9 181.5 213.6 159.0 183,6 233.0 122.6 374.9 293.2 262.3 195.7 185.0 214.7 156.4 181.6 258.0 121.5 276.0 305.7 281.9 201.9 191.3 216.3 157.5 175,0 260.4 116.5 320.2 296.6 282.0 201.9 192.1 217.3 156.4 182.3 254.5 116.9 456.1 339.9 282.0 202.5 195.2 219.9 156.3 180.8 236.0 116.2 402.4 348.0 282.0 '203.4 195,2 '222.9 157.7 '188.6 225.3 '122.2 381.8 '342.3 282.4 208.6 195.5 2235 159.6 193.1 219.9 127.0 484.0 366.3 282.4 209.8 196.1 225.4 159.9 196.1 225.9 130.0 458.9 384.7 302.4 215.5 199.5 228.5 162.6 201.5 237.2 129.5 588.2 429.4 322.4 216.8 199.8 231,8 168.7 205.1 265.8 133.6 563.8 476.2 322.9 2074 2075 2077 2083 2085 2091 2092 2095 2098 2111 Cottonseed oil m ills...................................................... Soybean oil m ills.......................................................... Animal and marine fats and oils .................................... Malt ............................................................................ Distilled liquor, except brandy (12/75 = 100) ................ Canned and cured seafoods (12/73 = 100) .................. Fresh or frozen packaged fish ...................................... Roasted coffee (12/72 - 100)...................................... Macaroni and spaghetti ................................................ Cigarettes.................................................................... 207,4 245.0 338.4 203.7 113.7 146.4 381.6 254.5 1997 225.0 204.7 242.4 315.2 228.2 118.1 155.6 391.4 287.5 221.5 229.2 205.6 241.9 300.7 228.2 118.1 159.8 388.4 287.5 227.7 234.3 182.4 235.1 298.1 244.1 118.6 160.9 389.7 281.3 227.7 245.8 184.4 230.4 292.6 244.1 118.7 164.0 385.5 273.9 227.7 245.9 170.4 222.3 297.4 244.1 118.7 165.7 391.6 274.0 227.7 246.0 154.7 211.9 274.0 244.1 118.7 170.2 370.5 273.9 230.5 246.3 150.4 212.9 262.9 244.1 118.9 173.1 360.0 273.9 230.5 257.3 155.1 208.6 238.9 244.1 120.5 175.3 361.2 283.1 230.5 257.4 '191.3 '237.4 '274.5 244.1 '121.0 175.9 '363.7 274.5 230.5 '257.4 213.5 242.9 297.1 244.1 127.7 177.5 365.7 274.7 230.5 257.2 232.9 274.9 307.0 244.1 127.7 178.6 355.5 263.9 239.3 257.2 218.7 278.5 311.0 267.4 127.9 180.0 354.3 257.0 243.6 257.6 231.7 290.5 317.2 267.4 128.5 183.1 353.8 252.5 243.6 263.4 2121 2131 2211 2221 2251 2254 2257 2261 2262 Cgars ........................................................................ Chewing and smoking tobacco...................................... Weaving mills, cotton (12/72 = 100) ............................ Weaving mills, synthetic (12/77 = 100) ........................ Women's hosiery, except socks (12/75 - 100).............. Knit underwear mills .................................................... Circular knit fabric mills (6/76 = 100)............................ Finishing plants, cotton (6/76 = 100) ............................ Finishing plants, synthetics, silk (6/76 - 100) ................ 147.3 248.4 195.3 115.0 97.5 173.3 95.2 121.8 107.2 150.4 260.8 201.6 117.3 100.3 174.6 98.4 126.3 109.7 150.4 260.8 201.9 117.2 100.2 178.3 98.6 126.6 109.8 151.2 260.9 204.4 118.1 103.3 182.5 99.3 128.7 110.3 154.2 265.1 206.9 118.3 103.3 184.1 100.4 129.6 109,4 154.4 267.3 209.5 122.7 104.3 186.5 103.4 131.9 110.4 155.3 279.2 211.3 123.0 105.0 186.8 104.0 132.4 110.7 155.3 278.6 212.9 122.4 105.4 187.1 104.4 134.5 111.8 159.8 278.6 212.9 121.2 105.4 190.4 105.0 134.6 112.1 '159.9 '279.5 '217.7 '123.0 105.4 '192.6 '105.4 137.2 '113.8 157.2 274.9 218.7 124.2 108.8 192.8 105.4 137.2 114.1 157.2 274.9 221.4 126.1 108.8 194.0 105.5 136.8 115.1 161.0 290.1 223.0 129.9 108.9 194.1 106.4 139.0 117.3 161.3 290.2 223.9 132.5 109.0 194.6 106.8 139.3 117.9 2272 2281 2282 2284 2298 2311 2321 2322 2323 2327 Tufted carpets and rugs................................................ Yarn mills, except wool (12/71 =100) .......................... Throwing and winding mills (6/76 = 100) ...................... Thread mills (6/76 = 100)............................................ Cordage and twine (12/77 = 100)................................ Men's and boys’ suits and coats.................................... Men’s and boys’ shirts and nightwear ............................ Men’s and boys’ underwear.......................................... Men's and boys’ neckwear (12/75 = 100) .................... Men’s and boys’ separate trousers................................ 128.0 176.7 107.4 123.7 107.0 204.2 194.0 188.9 106.5 161.5 130.1 183.0 109.6 128.4 114.9 206.8 196.6 190.0 110.9 163.4 130.1 183.7 109.2 128.6 114.9 206.7 196.3 194.0 110.9 163.5 134.7 188.0 110.1 128.7 115.0 209.0 197.7 199.8 112.4 164.2 134.5 197.8 110.6 129.2 117.2 208.1 196.2 202.0 112.4 174.2 137.0 199.5 112.0 130.0 118.5 208.3 199.3 204,0 112.4 174.3 137.3 203.7 114.8 134.6 123.6 209.7 204.0 204.2 112.4 174.9 137.1 204.5 118.1 143.0 123.8 210.9 203.7 204.3 112.4 174.9 137.4 202.8 115.8 142.9 125.0 211.6 205.1 208.5 112.4 175.1 '137.7 '202.9 '115.0 143.0 125.0 214.9 '206.5 211.1 '112.4 175.3 137,9 204.3 114.2 143.1 125.0 214.9 205.7 211.1 112.4 175.3 138.3 205.7 115.3 143.1 125.0 214.9 206.7 212.8 112.4 175.3 139,0 207.8 115.8 143.8 127.1 215,9 206.9 212.8 112.4 175.3 140.3 209.9 116.0 143.9 129.2 215.9 207.5 212.8 112.4 175.3 2328 2331 2335 2341 2342 2361 2381 2394 2396 2421 Men’s and boys’ work clothing ...................................... Women’s and misses’ blouses and waists (6/78 = 100) , Women's and misses' dresses (12/77 = 100)................ Women’s and children's underwear (12/72 = 100) ........ Brassieres and allied garments (12/75 = 100) .............. Children’s dresses and blouses (12/77 = 100).............. Fabric dress and work gloves........................................ Canvas and related products (12/77 = 100).................. Automotive and apparel trimmings (12/77 = 100).......... Sawmills and planing mills (12/71 = 100)...................... 208.6 102.0 107.0 144.3 116,9 104.8 241.4 109.3 111.3 251.0 219.1 105.9 108.8 147.4 117.8 105.7 246.9 112.1 114.3 250.2 219.6 106.8 108.8 147.7 118.8 105.6 246.9 120.1 114.3 237.9 225.1 107.1 112.9 149.4 119.7 105.3 257.7 122.1 114.3 234.8 233.6 106.6 113.8 150.0 122.9 105.3 261.7 122.8 114.3 239.5 235.4 106.7 113.8 153.1 124.9 105.5 265.0 123.4 122.3 239.1 241.2 107.6 113.9 153.1 125.4 106.3 267.5 123.4 122.3 215,8 241,8 107.6 113.9 153.2 125.4 105.6 271.1 123.4 122.3 209.4 242.6 107.8 114.0 155.0 126.6 108.0 271.1 123.4 122.3 218.1 244,8 111.4 114.0 155.4 ' 127.8 '112.7 271.1 123.4 122.3 '228.9 244.1 112.6 115.4 156.8 129.4 112.4 271.1 123.4 122.3 233.9 243.8 112.6 115.4 155.7 129.4 111.9 271.1 124.5 122.3 228.0 243.9 112.8 116.3 156.0 129.4 112.3 271.1 125.6 122.3 222.1 243.9 112.8 116.3 157.1 129.5 114.8 272.1 125.6 131.0 226.8 2436 2439 2448 2451 2492 2511 2512 2515 2521 2611 Softwood veneer and plywood (12/75 - 100)................ Structural wood members, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100) ............ Wood pallets and skids (12/75 - 100).......................... Mobile homes (12/74 = 100)........................................ Particleboard (12/75 = 100) ........................................ Wood household furniture (12/71 = 100) ...................... Upholstered household furniture (12/71 - 100).............. Mattresses and bedsprmgs............................................ Wood office furniture .................................................... Pulp mills (12/73 = 100).............................................. 152.3 151.2 166.5 138.2 139.1 165.5 150.0 165.7 215.3 200.6 142.9 158.2 171.0 144.0 136.8 172.3 153 8 172.3 217.6 213.9 138.9 158.2 170.5 144.1 134,5 174.5 155.7 172.3 221.9 2139 138.5 158.2 169.8 144.8 136.9 177.5 155.9 169.9 226.2 2252 143.7 158.2 167.0 146.9 150.7 178.2 158.7 170.5 233.8 225.1 139.8 158.3 166.3 147.2 158.9 178.9 158.7 170.5 233.8 225.5 121.9 158.2 164.6 149.5 161.9 180.0 160.9 172.8 233.9 2438 130.3 152.1 162.8 150.5 167.3 182.2 161.1 176.0 233.9 243.9 140.5 152.1 159.7 150.7 171.7 183.5 162.5 176.0 234.0 243.9 '150.4 152.1 157.1 '151.3 168.7 ' 185.1 '166.1 '180.8 '235.5 '244.5 157.2 152.2 156.0 151.4 167.4 185.7 163.4 186 3 236.1 246.6 150.3 155.5 154.9 151.1 162.5 186.0 163.4 186.3 2362 246.6 149.2 152.3 158.9 157.0 154.7 154.6 152.1 . 152.1 158.6 161.6 187.0 188.6 1649 165.8 186.3 186.4 240.3 239.6 248.3 249.0 2621 2631 2647 2654 2655 2812 2821 2822 2824 2873 Paper mills, except building (12/74 = 100).................... Paperboard mills (12/74 - 100) .................................. Sanitary paper products................................................ Sanitary food containers .............................................. Fiber cans, drums, and similar products (12/75 = 100) .. Alkalies and chlorine (12/73 = 100).............................. Plastics materials and resins (6/76 = 100).................... Synthetic rubber .......................................................... Organic fiber, noncelluloslc............................................ Nitrogenous fertilizers (12/75 = 100) ............................ 130.2 119.8 277.7 188.7 134.8 208.8 121.2 210.3 117.6 103.4 136.5 126.3 288.4 198.2 138.5 216.7 133.8 228.0 123.2 111.7 136.8 127.6 290.9 199.9 142.3 217.3 134.1 2304 122.6 113.5 139.0 131.3 295.8 202.6 143.2 220.4 138.5 240.9 124.1 114.3 139.8 132.3 3039 204.8 143.2 2265 139.7 244.2 124,7 119.8 142.5 134.6 311.7 208.9 143.3 233.7 140.8 244.7 126.9 122.1 145.0 137.9 316.7 212.9 146.6 241.2 146.4 256.8 128.5 123.6 145.8 139.5 319.3 215.5 148.7 246.5 147.3 259.3 131.7 124.5 146.2 141.2 321 2 217.2 150.6 250.0 146.9 259.6 132.8 123.4 '146.4 '140.3 ' 327.4 '218.2 155.2 '251,9 ' 146.1 '259.8 '133.4 122 6 146.9 140.9 332.0 221.5 155.2 261.9 144.6 259.4 135.1 123.7 146.9 141.6 332.1 223.4 155.2 261.8 141.9 259.1 136.7 123.7 148.5 142.5 333.6 223.4 155.5 2628 141.8 259.9 138.6 130.3 149.5 143.7 335.6 223.4 155.5 272.3 142.0 259.3 139 3 130.0 2874 2875 2892 2911 2951 2952 3011 Phosphatic fertilizers .................................................... Fertilizers, mixing only .................................................. Explosives .................................................................. Petroleum refining (6/76 - 100) .................................. Paving mixtures and blocks (12/75 = 100).................... Asphalt felts and coatings (12/75) = 100) .................... Tires and inner tubes (12/73 = 100) ............................ 193.8 203.8 239.4 163.6 134.3 162.5 176.4 221.6 227.0 251.7 201.0 145.6 152.2 191.2 223.4 227.1 252.5 204.8 145.7 151.9 191.4 229.2 233.2 253.6 213.9 150.0 156.1 193.0 233.2 239.8 255.2 228.4 161.5 162.7 198.7 235.0 242.5 260.2 242.3 167.9 169.9 198.8 237.2 245.2 271.4 250.5 172.7 178.2 199.1 236.3 248.5 272.8 253.0 172.7 174.8 200.1 235.7 249.0 273.7 253.3 172.6 175.0 202.2 '234.8 '249.8 '273.8 '255.9 '174.7 '180.9 '204.1 240,2 247.5 273.3 257.0 175.0 179.0 203.3 240.5 249.7 273.2 256,3 175.9 177.6 205.7 239.2 249.3 273.4 254.5 176.5 178.5 209.5 239.2 251.7 272.8 256.1 176.5 173.5 209.5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 101 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 30. Continued — Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] 1972 Annual 1979 1980 In d u s t r y d e s c r i p t i o n S IC code 1979 N ov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly ’ Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. 3021 3031 3079 3111 3142 3143 3144 3171 3211 3221 Rubber and plastic footwear (12/71 = 100).................................... Reclaimed rubber (12/73 = 100) .................................................. Miscellaneous plastic products (6/78 = 100) .................................. Leather tanning and finishing (12/77 = 100).................................... House slippers (12/75 = 100)........................................................ Men’s footwear, except athletic (12/75 = 100)................................ Women's footwear, except athletic.................................................. Women’s handbags and purses (12/75 = 100) .............................. Flat glass (12/71 = 100) .............................................................. Glass containers............................................................................ 171.1 170.0 109.9 167.5 135.8 152.7 194.5 128.9 151.7 261.1 173.5 179.2 114.6 150.8 135.9 160.3 204.0 131.8 153.3 265.2 173.5 179.5 115.6 153.5 135.9 160.3 204.0 131.8 153.9 274.2 173.5 179.7 116.6 164.3 143.5 160.3 205.6 131.9 157.6 274.3 173.6 180.0 117.0 160.8 145.4 157.9 206.3 131.9 157.6 274.3 173.6 184.9 119.1 146.7 145.4 158.5 213.5 132.1 157.9 274.3 173.7 185.9 120.3 140.8 145.4 158.5 213.8 132.1 160.8 294.2 173.7 186.5 120.5 137.9 145.4 158.5 213.8 140.8 160.8 294.2 173.8 186.5 122.2 134.6 145.4 158.5 213.8 140.9 158.9 294.2 ’ 181.8 ’ 186.5 ’ 122.7 137.7 ’ 151.1 '158.5 '214.2 140.9 159.5 '294.2 182.1 183.7 123.1 147.9 152.5 159.5 214.3 140.9 162.6 294.5 182.1 183.9 123.6 141.0 152.5 161.6 215.2 140.9 162.8 294.5 182.7 182.0 123.7 129.1 154.9 161.7 217.1 140.9 163.8 304.9 183.1 182.0 123.8 149.3 159.7 162.4 217.1 140.9 166.4 306.4 3241 3251 3253 3255 3259 3261 3262 3263 3269 3271 Cement, hydraulic.......................................................................... Brick and structural clay tile ............................................................ Ceramic wall and floor tile (12/75 = 100) ...................................... Clay refractories............................................................................ Structural clay products, n.e.c........................................................... Vitreous plumbing fixtures .............................................................. Vitreous china food utensils............................................................ Fine earthenware food utensils........................................................ Pottery products, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100)............................................ Concrete block and brick................................................................ 283.1 258.6 117.2 242.1 189.2 207.4 295.2 244.9 132.5 233.0 285.5 261.3 120.2 252.9 192.3 215.7 305.4 248.4 135.5 240.0 286.2 262.7 130.3 254.0 196.5 217.3 308.2 294.3 150.1 240.2 305.7 268.3 130.4 255.1 196.3 219.2 308.2 294.3 150.1 249.5 305.9 270.4 130.4 259.4 198.1 224.6 308.2 294.3 150.1 250.6 306.3 271.9 130.4 263.7 196.4 226.7 308.2 294.3 150.1 252.3 312.6 276.4 130.4 273.9 203.1 227.6 313.4 295.1 151.4 259.3 313.8 278.5 117.6 275.6 204.1 236.1 313.4 293.9 151.5 259.4 313.8 278.5 117.6 275.9 204.4 235.8 318.6 294.7 152.7 259.4 '313.3 278.5 117.6 '279.2 '204.7 237.2 '318.3 '294.6 '152.7 '259.5 310.3 277.6 117.6 281.1 205.4 240.4 318.2 294.3 152.6 259.5 309.4 278.5 117.6 281.3 205.2 241.1 318.7 296.1 153.2 260.4 309.0 282.6 120.1 281.6 205.3 241.5 327.4 297.6 155.4 259.3 307.6 283.0 120.1 282.1 205.4 242.6 327.4 297.6 155.4 259.4 3273 3274 3275 3291 3297 3312 3313 3316 3317 3321 Ready-mixed concrete.................................................................... Lime (12/75 = 100) ...................................................................... Gypsum products .......................................................................... Abrasive products (12/71 = 100) .................................................. Nonclay refractories (12/74 = 100)................................................ Blast furnaces and steel mills ........................................................ Electrometallurgical products (12/75 = 100) .................................. Cold finishing of steel shapes.......................................................... Steel pipes and tubes .................................................................... Gray Iron foundries (12/68 = 100).................................................. 248.2 141.0 252.8 187.8 145.6 288.8 111.9 265.5 268.6 255.8 254.6 144.3 256.8 195.3 152.3 297.1 117.5 273.4 273.1 269.6 257.0 144.6 255.6 196.5 152.3 297.7 117.6 273.9 273.2 269.7 270.8 149.5 255.9 199.4 152.6 302.4 117.8 274.1 280.5 273.7 272.6 153.5 262.8 203.3 153.3 302.9 117.8 277.1 281.0 276.9 275.5 155.6 268.1 203.9 154.2 304.1 118.0 277.2 283.2 277.2 278.8 157.1 264.6 212.0 157.4 312.0 118.7 285.9 286.8 279.8 281.5 157.3 257.0 211.8 159.7 313.3 118.6 288.1 286.9 280.5 282.5 157.7 257.5 213.5 161.2 313.5 118.7 288.2 290.4 282.5 '282.6 159.6 253.5 215.2 162.8 '308.6 '117.1 282.2 '292.4 '283.0 282.6 159.9 252.3 215.7 164.9 308.4 117.1 282.3 292.6 280.6 283.5 158.8 252.2 217.2 164.9 308.5 117.2 282.3 292.6 280.7 282.8 160.9 250.0 218,8 167.9 314.8 117.3 288.1 294.3 288.2 282.8 161.0 253.7 220.2 167.6 316.6 117.3 288.5 302.4 288.6 3333 3334 3351 3353 3354 3355 3411 3425 3431 3465 Primary zin c.................................................................................. Primary aluminum.......................................................................... Copper rolling and drawing ............................................................ Aluminum sheet plate and foil (12/75 = 100).................................. Aluminum extruded products (12/75 = 100).................................... Aluminum rolling, drawing, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100) .............................. Metal cans.................................................................................... Hand saws and saw blades (12/72 = 100) .................................... Metal sanitary ware........................................................................ Automotive stampings (12/75 = 100) ............................................ 265.7 243.1 213.2 148.9 149.3 132.4 264.1 163.3 224.8 128.5 257.8 263.2 222.6 151.3 157.4 139.9 274.6 169.5 231.7 132.4 265.7 266.6 225.0 151.7 158.0 140.5 274.7 169.8 232.9 132.4 266.1 267.0 231.0 153.2 158.8 140.7 276.6 173.1 237.8 132.4 272.4 267.0 253.1 153.5 158.9 141.0 277.3 174.6 242.1 132.4 279.6 267.8 238.6 155.5 160.9 141.1 279.9 176.4 243.1 132.7 274.3 276.0 227.4 157.8 167.7 143.8 295.1 178.0 245.5 133.5 268.2 287.0 222.8 157.6 167.7 145.2 295.2 181.5 249.7 133.8 268.6 290.1 220.2 157.8 167.7 146.7 294.9 181.9 249.9 137.8 '255.9 '312.1 '222.8 158.2 168.3 '147.4 295.6 '183.5 250.9 '137.8 255.8 310.7 224.1 157.6 168.3 147.6 295.9 185.2 251.4 140.1 260.9 313.7 220.2 157.6 168.1 147.6 296.1 185.6 251.3 140.4 269.9 327.6 222.2 161.4 173.1 150.5 297.9 186.6 251.5 140.5 279.3 329.9 223.1 163.3 176.3 151.3 297.2 186.9 252.1 141.2 3482 3493 3494 3498 3519 3531 3532 3533 3534 3542 Small arms ammunition (12/75 = 100) .......................................... Steel springs, except wire .............................................................. Valves and pipe fittings (12/71 = 1 0 0 )............................................ Fabricated pipe and fittings ............................................................ Internal combustion engines, n.e.c..................................................... Construction machinery (12/76 = 100) .......................................... Mining machinery (12/72 = 100).................................................... Oilfield machinery and equipment.................................................... Elevators and moving stairways...................................................... Machine tools, metal forming types (12/71 = 100) .......................... 132.2 219.8 204.8 289.2 243.3 125.1 229.4 291.6 215.9 242.8 133.6 224.1 212.5 297.4 254.9 129.4 235.4 302.8 220.6 253.7 143.2 225.6 214.3 297.4 254.9 130.9 236.4 309.1 220.9 256.7 143.2 226.1 216.9 301.7 260.5 134.6 245.8 314.2 225.6 266.1 143.2 226.6 219.6 301.8 261.8 135.7 247.1 316.2 226.1 268.1 142.6 228.6 223.1 303.5 266.1 136.3 247.8 318.9 229.1 269.4 141.7 229.2 229.4 313.0 270.6 138.6 256.0 329.8 232.6 274.3 141.4 229.2 229.9 313.1 271.6 139.5 257.3 333.1 234.1 275.1 144.6 230.3 231.8 313.8 271.7 140.3 258.2 337.4 242.8 279.2 '145.1 '230.3 '232.5 317.2 '276.8 '141.8 259.4 342.6 244.2 '284.3 152.1 230.6 232.0 317.2 276.3 142.5 262.0 343.8 243.8 285.9 150.1 231.7 232.3 319.9 281.8 143.5 263.4 344.7 246.4 286.2 150.6 232.8 234.7 325.0 283.8 145.1 265.2 350.8 248.3 287.1 151.1 232.9 235.6 329.9 287.1 145.8 267.9 357.8 248.4 287.9 3546 3552 3553 3576 3592 3612 3623 3631 3632 3633 Power driven hand tools (12/76 = 100).......................................... Textile machinery (12/69 = 100).................................................... Woodworking machinery (12/72 = 100).......................................... Scales and balances, excluding laboratory ...................................... Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves (6/76 = 100).............................. Transformers ................................................................................ Welding apparatus, electric (12/72 = 100)...................................... Household cooking equipment (12/75 = 100).................................. Household refrigerators, freezers (6/76 = 100) .............................. Household laundry equipment (12/73 = 100).................................. 119.3 194.7 185.4 194.2 139.6 168.1 192.2 122.2 113.6 148.8 122.8 200.6 192.7 199.5 145.1 170.4 198.6 125.9 115.7 152.3 124.4 200.6 192.9 201.0 145.3 171.6 200.3 126.3 116.3 153.5 126.3 202.6 201.2 204.2 147.5 172.9 201.3 128.7 117.0 154.0 126.6 205.2 201.6 205.8 147.8 176.6 203.3 129.3 118.5 156.6 127.4 207.0 205.1 206.6 148.6 177.5 206.0 129.4 118.6 158.3 129.0 213.4 212.3 207.5 152.6 180.5 207.0 129.7 119.3 160.3 131.2 213.6 212.1 208.2 153.0 181.5 209.2 133.1 119.4 161.7 131.1 217.0 213.7 208.6 153.5 182.9 211.0 134.7 122.0 162.3 133.5 '221.7 '215.9 '215.4 '158.6 '186.0 '212.1 '134.9 '122.2 '161.2 134.4 222.1 216.4 217.0 158.9 189.5 212.3 134.1 121.7 161.5 134.7 222.2 216.5 217.0 159.9 190.9 211,4 134.6 121.9 165.5 136.3 223.7 217.4 217.1 164.7 194.0 213.8 134.7 122.8 166.1 136.4 224.5 218.1 217.7 165.0 192.8 214.2 134.9 123.7 166.6 3635 3636 3641 3644 3646 3648 3671 3674 3675 3676 Household vacuum cleaners .......................................................... Sewing machines (12/75 - 100).................................................... Electric lamps................................................................................ Noncurrent-carrying wiring devices (12/72 = 100) .......................... Commercial lighting fixtures (12/75 = 100) .................................... Lighting equipment, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100) ........................................ Electron tubes receiving type.......................................................... Semiconductors and related devices .............................................. Electronic capacitors (12/75 = 100) .............................................. Electronic resistors (12/75 = 100).................................................. 141.7 121.4 235.2 204.6 126.5 126.0 220.3 84.8 125.2 124.4 144.7 122.6 238.7 211.9 131.6 129.8 227.4 85.6 135.8 126.7 145.8 122.6 240.8 215.0 131.9 130.5 227.7 86.4 138.0 127.3 146.1 122.6 248.5 212.9 133.4 133.0 229.1 86.8 147.7 127.4 149.7 129.2 252.4 215.2 134.3 133.2 229.4 88.5 149.1 128.8 151.3 129.2 251.8 215.3 136.2 134.6 229.7 89.3 151.3 131.8 148.6 129.2 252.3 217.4 138.0 139.4 254.0 90.4 157.0 131.9 149.3 129.2 251.3 218.2 138.5 140.2 254.7 91.2 160.7 133.0 155.8 129.2 258.1 220.4 139.2 140.7 255.2 92.0 160.5 135.2 '158.4 '130.0 '266.3 '220.3 '139.2 '140.7 '255.5 '92.1 '168.6 '135.3 151.9 129.4 268.0 222.8 140.9 140.8 255.2 91.3 164.5 136.1 152.1 129.4 267.8 223.0 141.9 143.3 255.7 91.7 174.0 136.9 152.2 129.7 268.9 223.8 142.3 143.4 264.6 91.7 170.0 137.7 152.2 129.7 269.3 225.0 143.4 144.5 264.8 91.1 170.1 137.7 3678 3692 3711 3942 3944 3955 3995 3996 Electronic connectors (12/75 = 100).............................................. Primary batteries, dry and w e t........................................................ Motor vehicles and car bodies (12/75 = 100).................................. Dolls (12/75 = 100)...................................................................... Games, toys, and children's vehicles .............................................. Carbon paper and inked ribbons (12/75 = 100) .............................. Burial caskets (6/76 = 100) .......................................................... Hard surface floor coverings (12/75 = 100).................................... 131.7 170.1 125.1 110.8 182.7 118.6 122.5 126.3 140.7 173.1 130.1 112.9 186.3 125.2 124.8 134.1 142.1 174.1 130.4 113.0 186.6 125.2 124.8 134.1 145.1 174.2 132.7 122.7 198.7 126.2 128.3 138.6 146.4 176.5 131.6 125.4 203.8 128.2 128.3 138.7 146.7 176.6 131.8 125.6 204.0 128.3 128.3 138 7 146.5 176.8 135.5 127.7 205.0 131.5 128.4 143.2 146.8 176.4 134.5 128.4 205.3 133.3 130.3 143.3 148.7 176.4 134.6 128.4 205.9 136.4 132.2 143.3 '148.9 176.4 '137.3 '128.4 '206.0 ' 135.0 132.2 146.1 149.2 176.7 138.1 126.7 204.5 136.4 132.2 146.6 149.7 176.8 131.1 126.7 204.5 136.4 132.9 146.6 150.0 176.9 144.0 126.6 204.7 135.0 132.9 146.6 150.0 176.9 144.1 126.6 205.2 135.0 132.9 146.6 ’ Data for July 1980 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 102 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r=revised, PRODUCTIVITY DATA P roductivity data are compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from establishment data and from estimates of com pensation and output supplied by the U.S. Department of Commerce and the Federal Reserve Board. Definitions Output is the constant dollar gross domestic product produced in a given period. Indexes of output per hour of labor input, or labor pro ductivity, measure the value of goods and services produced per hour of labor. Compensation per hour includes wages and salaries of em ployees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans. The data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and supplementary payments for the self-employed, except for nonfinancial corporations, in which there are no self-employed. Real com pensation per hour is compensation per hour adjusted by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Unit labor cost measures the labor compensation cost required to produce one unit of output and is derived by dividing compensation by output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, in terest, and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting compensation of all persons from the current dollar gross domestic product and dividing by output. In these tables, Unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits and invento ry valuation adjustments per unit of output. The implicit price deflator is derived by dividing the current dollar estimate of gross product by the constant dollar estimate, making the deflator, in effect, a price index for gross product of the sector reported. 31. The use of the term “man-hours” to identify the labor component of productivity and costs, in tables 31 through 34, has been discontin ued. Hours of all persons is now used to describe the labor input of payroll workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers. Output per all-employee hour is now used to describe labor productiv ity in nonfinancial corporations where there are no self-employed. Notes on the data In the private business sector and the nonfarm business sector, the basis for the output measure employed in the computation of output per hour is Gross Domestic Product rather than Gross National Product. Computation of hours includes estimates of nonfarm and farm proprietor hours. Output data are supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly manufacturing output indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to annual estimates of output (gross product originating) from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Compensation and hours data are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Beginning with the September 1976 issue of the Review, tables 3 1 34 were revised to reflect changeover to the new series— private busi ness sector and nonfarm business sector— which differ from the previously published total private economy and nonfarm sector in that output imputed for owner-occupied dwellings and the household and institutions sectors, as well as the statistical discrepancy, are omitted. For a detailed explanation, see J. R. Norsworthy and L. J. Fulco, “New sector definitions for productivity Series,” Monthly Labor Review, October 1976, pages 40-42. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1950-79 [1967 = 100] Ite m Private business sector: Output per hour of all persons ........................ Compensation per hour .................................. Real compensation per hour............................ Unit labor c o s t................................................ Unit nonlabor payments .................................. Implicit price deflator ...................................... Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons ........................ Compensation per hour .................................. Real compensation per hour............................ Unit labor co s t................................................ Unit nonlabor payments .................................. Implicit price deflator ...................................... Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all employees .................... Compensation per hour .................................. Real compensation per hour............................ Unit labor c o s t................................................ Unit nonlabor payments .................................. Implicit price deflator ...................................... Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons ........................ Compensation per hour .................................. Real compensation per hour............................ Unit labor co s t................................................ Unit nonlabor payments .................................. Implicit price deflator ...................................... 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 61.2 42.6 59.2 69,6 73.1 70.8 70.6 56.1 69.9 79.4 80.4 79.8 79.0 72.2 81.4 91.4 85.4 89.3 95.1 88.7 93.9 93.3 95.9 942 104.4 123.3 106.0 118.2 105.8 113.9 111.5 139.8 111.6 125.4 118.9 123.2 113.6 151.3 113.6 133.2 124.9 130.3 110.2 165.2 111.8 149,8 130.3 143.1 112.6 181.7 112.7 161.3 150.3 157.5 116.6 197.6 115.9 169.5 157.9 165.5 118.7 213.3 117.5 179.7 165.5 174.8 119.3 231.4 118.4 194.0 174.3 187.2 118.3 253.1 116.4 214.0 184.4 203.8 67.2 45.6 63.3 68.0 71.4 69.1 74.6 59.0 73.6 79.1 80.1 79.4 81.2 74.5 84.1 91.7 84.4 89.2 96.0 89.4 94.6 93.2 95.8 94.1 103.2 121.9 104.8 118.1 106.0 114.0 110.1 138.4 110.5 125.7 117.4 122.9 112.0 149.2 112.1 133.2 117.8 127.9 108.6 163.0 110.4 150.1 124.7 141.4 110.7 179.3 111.2 161.9 145.9 156.4 114.6 194.2 113.9 169.5 156.0 164.8 116.4 209.6 115.5 180.1 163.8 174.5 116.9 227.5 116.4 194.6 169.9 186.1 115.7 247.9 114.0 214.4 178.6 202.1 n ri ci n n (’ ) <’ ) (’ > ( 1) (’ ) ( 1) (’ ) 80.6 76.0 85.7 94.3 90.8 931 96.9 90.1 95.3 93.0 100.1 955 103.7 121.8 104.7 117.4 103.5 112.5 110.6 136.7 109.1 123.7 114.8 120.5 112.9 147,6 110.9 130.7 116.8 125.8 108.7 161.7 109.5 148.8 124.8 140.2 112.2 177.9 110.4 158.6 148.1 154.9 115.8 192.7 113.0 166.4 156.8 163.0 117.0 208.0 114.6 177.7 164.4 173.0 118.0 225.0 115.2 190.6 170.6 183.5 117,5 244.9 112.7 2084 179.5 198.1 65.8 45.6 63.3 69.4 82.3 73.3 75.0 61.2 76.3 81.6 88.6 838 79.8 78.0 88.0 97.7 92.3 961 98.4 91.1 96.4 92.6 103.3 95.9 105.0 122.3 105.1 116.5 96.2 110.3 115.7 136.6 109.0 118.1 107.4 114.8 118.9 146.5 110.1 123.2 106.4 1180 113.0 161.7 109.5 143.1 105.6 131.6 118.8 181.1 112.3 152.4 128.4 145.1 124.0 196.1 115.0 158.2 139.6 152.5 127.7 212.7 117.2 166.6 147.4 160.7 128.2 229.9 117.6 179.4 152.4 171.1 129 2 250.8 115.3 194.1 154.4 181.9 ' Not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 103 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1981 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity 32. Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1969-79 A n n u a l r a te Year o f change It e m 1969 Private business sector: Output per hour of all persons ............................ Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per hour................................ U n it labor cost.................................................... Unit nonlabor payments...................................... Implicit price deflator .......................................... Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons ............................ Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor cost.................................................... Unit nonlabor payments...................................... Implicit price deflator .......................................... Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all employees........................ Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor cost.................................................... Unit nonlabor payments...................................... Implicit price deflator .......................................... Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons ............................ Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor cost.................................................... Unit nonlabor payments...................................... Implicit price deflator .......................................... 1970 0.2 6.9 1.4 6.6 1.0 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1977 1976 1978 1979 1 9 5 0 -7 9 1 9 6 0 -7 9 4 .7 0.7 7.2 1.2 6.4 1.2 4.7 3.3 6.7 2.3 3.3 6.8 4.4 3.4 6.2 2.8 2.8 5.3 3.6 1.9 8.2 1.9 6.2 5.0 5.8 -3.0 9.2 -1.6 12.5 4.4 9.8 2.1 10.0 .8 7.7 15.3 10.1 3.5 8.8 2.8 5.0 5.1 5.0 1.8 8.0 1.4 6.0 4.8 5.6 0.5 8,5 0.8 8.0 5.3 7.1 -0.8 9.4 -1.7 10.3 5.8 8.9 2.5 5.9 2.5 3.3 3.0 3.2 2.1 6.9 2.0 4.7 4.2 4.5 -.2 6.4 1.0 6.7 .4 4.5 .2 6.8 .8 6.5 1.6 4.9 3.0 6.7 2.3 3.5 6.7 4.5 3.6 6.4 3.0 2.7 3.8 3.1 1.7 7.8 1.5 6.0 .3 4.1 -3.1 9.2 -1.6 12.7 5.9 10.5 2.0 10.0 .8 7.9 17.0 10.6 3.5 8.3 2.4 4.7 6.9 5.4 1.5 7.9 1.4 6.3 5.0 5.9 .5 8.6 .8 8.0 3.7 6.6 -1.1 9.0 -2.1 10.2 5.1 8.6 2.1 5.6 2.2 3.4 2.9 3.3 1.9 6.7 1.7 4.7 4.0 4.5 .4 6.8 1.3 6.3 0 4.1 .0 6.8 .8 6.8 .5 4.6 3.3 6.2 1.8 2.7 7.3 4.2 3.1 5.7 2.4 2.5 3.3 2.8 2.1 7.9 1.6 5.7 1.8 4.4 -3.7 9.6 -1.3 13.8 6.8 11.5 3.2 10.0 .8 6.6 18.7 10.5 3.2 8.3 2.4 4.9 5.8 5.2 1.1 7.9 1.4 6.8 4.9 6.1 .9 8.2 .5 7.3 3.8 6.1 -.4 8.9 -2.2 9.3 5.2 7.9 1.3 6.6 1.2 5.2 -4.4 2.3 -.1 7.1 1.1 7.2 -3.2 4.2 5.2 6.2 1.9 .9 9.2 3.1 4.8 5.2 1.8 .4 2.3 1.0 2.8 7.2 .9 4.3 -1.0 2.8 -5.0 10.4 -.5 16.1 -.7 11.5 5.1 12.0 2.6 6.6 21.6 10.2 4.4 8.3 2.4 3.8 8.8 5.1 3.0 8.4 1.9 5.3 5.5 5.4 .4 8.1 .4 7.7 3.4 6.5 0.8 9.1 -2.0 8.2 1.3 6.3 ( 1) ( 1) V) (’ ) ( 1) (’ ) 2.5 5.5 2.1 2.9 1.9 2.6 1.9 6.5 1.6 4.5 3.6 4.2 2.5 6.5 1.5 3.9 2.5 3.5 ' Not available. 33. Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted [1967 = 100 ] Q u a r te r ly in d e x e s Annual It e m Private business sector: Output per hour of all persons ............................ Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor cost.................................................... Unit nonlabor payments...................................... Implicit price deflator .......................................... Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons ............................ Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor cost.................................................... Unit nonlabor payments...................................... Implicit price deflator .......................................... Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all employees ........................ Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Total unit costs ........, ........................................ Unit labor cost ............................................ Unit nonlabor costs...................................... Unit profits ........................................................ Implicit price deflator .......................................... Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons ............................ Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Unit abor cost.................................................... r = revised. 104 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis av erag e 1978 1979 1980 1978 1979 I II III IV I II III IV I II III 119.3 231.4 118.4 194.0 174.3 187.2 118.3 253.1 ’ 16.4 214.0 184.4 203.8 118.5 224.6 118.8 189.4 164.8 180.9 119.1 2288 118.3 192.1 173.9 185.8 119,7 233.7 118.2 195.2 177.0 188.9 119.8 238.4 117.9 199.0 181.3 192.9 118.9 244.8 117.9 205.9 180.8 197.2 118.3 250.4 117.0 211.7 183.7 202.0 117.8 255.7 115.8 217.0 185.6 206.1 117.7 260.3 114.2 221.1 188.3 209.7 117.7 267.6 112.9 227.5 190.0 214.5 116.8 275.3 112.5 235.6 192.3 220.6 r 116.9 r281.1 r 112.9 r 240.4 r 200.0 r 226.4 116.9 227.5 116.4 194.6 169.9 186.1 115.7 247.9 114.0 214.4 178.6 202.1 116.2 221.0 116.9 190.2 161.1 180.2 116.7 224.9 116.3 192.8 169.1 184.7 117.4 229.5 116.1 195.6 173 0 1878 117.6 234.4 115.9 199.3 176.1 191.4 116.6 240.2 115.7 206.0 174.3 195.1 115.4 244.9 114.4 212.1 177.6 200.3 115.0 249.9 113.2 217.3 180.5 204.7 115.2 255.6 112.1 221.8 182.5 208.4 114.9 262.2 110.6 228.2 185.9 213.7 113.8 269.0 109.9 236.3 190.0 2204 r 114.3 r 274.7 r 110.3 r 240.5 '197.5 r 225.8 118,0 225.0 115.2 193.3 190.6 201.8 127.2 183.5 117.5 244.9 112.7 210.4 208.4 216.6 127.8 198.1 116.9 219.0 115.8 190.8 187.3 201.5 107.1 178.3 118.0 222.6 115.1 191,6 188 7 200.8 129.2 182.3 118.5 226.9 114.8 194.0 191.5 201.6 132.7 184.9 118.8 231.3 114.4 196.8 194.8 203.1 138.7 188.2 118.1 237.3 114.3 202.3 201.0 206.5 130.3 191.6 117.3 242.1 113.1 208.0 206.4 213.2 129.2 196.3 117.2 247.1 111.9 213.2 210.8 220.5 127.5 200.4 117.1 252.1 110.6 218.0 215.3 226.1 124.0 204.0 117.1 258.8 109.2 224.3 221.1 234.4 120.5 208.9 116.5 265.7 108.5 233.6 228.0 250.8 108.3 215.0 » 117.9 p 271.8 »109.1 »238.2 »230.7 »261.7 »115.1 »219.9 128.2 229.9 117.6 179,4 129.2 250.8 115.3 194.1 126.4 223.9 118.4 177.2 127.7 227.1 117.5 177.8 129.3 231.7 117.2 179.1 129.4 236.6 117.0 182.8 128.4 242.3 116.7 188.8 128.7 248.0 115.9 192.6 129.5 252.7 114.4 195.1 129.1 258.0 113.2 199.9 128.2 264.6 111.6 206.4 126.7 274.1 112.0 216.4 '126.4 '282.1 '113.2 '223.1 34. Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted at annual rate [1967 = 100] Q u a rte rly p e r c e n t c h a n g e a t a n n u a l ra te It e m Private business sector: Output per hour of all persons .................... Compensation per hour .............................. Real compensation per hour........................ Unit labor c o s t............................................ Unit nonlabor payments .............................. Implicit price deflator .................................. Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons .................... Compensation per hour .............................. Real compensation per hour........................ Unit labor c o s t............................................ Unit nonlabor payments .............................. Implicit price deflator .................................. Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all employees ................ Compensation per hour .............................. Real compensation per hour........................ Total unit costs .......................................... Unit labor costs ...................................... Unit nonlabor costs.................................. Unit profits.................................................. Implicit price deflator .................................. Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons .................... Compensation per hour .............................. Real compensation per hour........................ Unit labor co s t............................................ 1 1979 II 1 9 7 9 III 1 9 7 9 IV 1 9 7 9 1 1980 P e rc e n t c h a n g e fro m s a m e q u a rte r a y e a r a g o II 1 9 8 0 II 1 9 7 8 III 1 9 7 8 IV 1 9 7 8 1 1979 II 1 9 7 9 I II 1 9 7 9 to to to to to to to to to to to to II 1 9 7 9 III 1 9 7 9 IV 1 9 7 9 I 1980 II 1 9 8 0 III 1 9 8 0 II 1 9 7 9 III 1 9 7 9 IV 1 9 7 9 I 1980 II 1 9 8 0 III 1 9 8 0 -2.0 9.5 -2.9 11.8 6.5 10.1 -1.4 8.7 -4.1 10.3 4.2 8.3 -0.3 7.5 -5.4 7.8 5.9 7.2 -0.3 11.7 -4.5 12.1 3.8 9.4 -2.7 12.0 -1.5 15.1 4.9 11.9 '0.3 '8.7 '1.5 '8.4 '17.0 '11.0 -0.7 9.4 -1.1 10.2 5.7 8.7 -1.6 9.4 -2.1 11.2 4.8 9.1 -1.7 9.2 -3.2 11.1 3.9 8.7 -1.0 9.3 -4.2 10.5 5.1 8.8 -1.2 9.9 -3.9 11.3 4.7 9.2 ' -0.8 '9.9 '- 2 .5 ' 10 8 '7.8 '9.9 -3.9 8.1 -4.2 12.5 7.7 11.0 -1.5 8.5 -4.4 10.1 6.6 9.0 0.8 9.5 -3.6 8.6 4.6 7.4 -1.1 10.7 -5.3 12.0 7.5 10.6 -3.7 10.8 -2.6 15.0 9.1 13.2 '1.5 '8.8 '1.6 '7.2 '16.8 '10.0 -1.1 8.9 -1.6 10.1 5.0 8.5 -2.0 8.9 -2.5 11.1 4.3 9.0 -2.0 9.1 -3.3 11.3 3.7 8.9 -1.4 '9.2 -4.4 10.8 6.6 9.5 -1.4 9.8 -4.0 11.4 7.0 10.0 '- 0 .7 '9.9 '- 2 .5 ' 10.7 '9.4 '10.3 -2.7 8.3 -4.1 11.8 11.2 13.5 -3.4 10.2 -0.3 8.5 -4.3 10.2 8.8 14.6 -5.3 8.6 -0.4 8.4 -4.5 9.3 8.9 10.6 -10.4 7.3 -0.1 11.0 -5.1 12.2 11.1 15.4 -10.9 9.9 -1.9 11.1 -2.3 17.6 13.2 31.1 -34.7 12.1 p4.7 p9.6 p2.3 p8.2 p4.7 p 18.6 p27.5 p9.6 -.6 8.7 -1.8 8.6 9.4 6.2 0 7.7 -1.1 8.9 -2.6 9.9 10.1 9.4 -3.9 8.4 -1.4 9.0 -3.3 10.8 10.6 11.3 -10.6 8.4 -0.9 9.0 -4.5 10.9 10.0 13.5 -7.6 9.0 -0.7 9.7 -4.1 '12.3 10.5 17.7 -16.2 9.5 p0.6 p 10.0 p -2.4 p 11.7 p9.4 p 18.7 p -9.7 p9.7 1.1 9.6 -2.8 8.5 2.5 7.8 -4.9 5.2 -1.3 8.8 -4.2 10.2 -2.8 10.5 -5.5 13.7 -4.7 15.2 1.4 20.9 ' -0.7 '12.1 '4.6 '12.9 0.8 9.2 -1.3 8.3 0.1 9.1 -2.4 8.9 -0.3 9.1 -3.3 '9.3 0.2 9.2 -4.4 9.3 -1.6 10.5 -3.4 12.4 '- 2 .4 '11.6 '- 1 .0 '14.4 ' = revised. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 105 LABOR-MANAGEMENT DATA Major collective bargaining data are obtained from contracts on file at the Bureau of Labor Statistics, direct contact with the parties, and from secondary sources. Addi tional detail is published in Current Wage Developments, a monthly periodical of the Bureau. Data on work stoppages are based on confidential responses to questionnaires mailed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to parties involved in work stoppages. Stoppages initially come to the attention of the Bureau from reports of Federal and State mediation agencies, newspapers, and union and industry publications. the agreement. Changes over the life of the agreement refer to total agreed upon settlements (exclusive of potential cost-of-living escalator adjustments) expressed at an average annual rate. Wage-rate changes are expressed as a percent of straight-time hourly earnings, while wage and benefit changes are expressed as a percent of total compensation. Effective wage-rate adjustments going into effect in major bargaining units measure changes actually placed into effect during the reference period, whether the result of a newly negotiated increase, a deferred increase negotiated in an earlier year, or as a result of a costof-living escalator adjustment. Average adjustments are affected by workers receiving no adjustment, as well as by those receiving in creases or decreases. Definitions Work stoppages include all known strikes or lockouts involving six workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. Data cover all workers idle one shift or more in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effect on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material or service shortages. Data on wage changes apply to private nonfarm industry agree ments covering 1,000 workers or more. Data on wage and benefit changes combined apply only to those agreements covering 5,000 workers or more. First-year wage settlements refer to pay changes go ing into effect within the first 12 months after the effective date of 35. Wage and benefit settlements in major collective bargaining units, 1975 to date [In percent] A nnual av erag e Q u a r te r ly a v e r a g e S e c to r a n d m e a s u re 1978 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 » 1979 IV I II I II IV I II III Wage and benefit settlements, all Industries: First-year settlements .................................... Annual rate over life of contract ...................... 11.4 8.1 8.5 6.6 9.6 6.2 8.3 6.3 9.0 6.6 6.1 5.2 2.8 5.3 10.5 7.8 9.0 6.1 8.5 6.0 8.6 6,4 10,1 6.8 11.6 7.3 Wage rate settlements, all industries: First-year settlements .................................. Annual rate over life of contract ...................... 10.2 7.8 8.4 6.4 7.8 5.8 7.6 6.4 7.4 6.0 7.4 5.9 5.7 6.6 8.9 7.2 6.8 5.1 6.3 5.3 7.8 6.3 8.7 6.8 10.7 7.4 Manufacturing: First-year settlements................................ Annual rate over life of contract ................ 9.8 8.0 8.9 6.0 8.4 5.5 8.3 6.6 6.9 5.4 9.5 7.4 8.7 7.7 9.7 8.1 6.3 4.7 5.6 4.2 7.0 5.6 6.6 4.9 8.7 5.5 Nonmanufacturing (excluding construction): First-year settlements................................ Annual rate over life of contract ................ 11.9 8.0 8.6 7.2 8.0 5.9 8.0 6.5 7.6 6.2 6.4 5.1 3.2 5.6 8.5 5.8 9.4 6.5 7,8 7.4 9.1 7.1 10.4 8.6 9.4 5.8 Construction: First-year settlements................................ Annual rate over life of contract ................ 8.0 7.5 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.5 6.2 8.8 8.3 8.4 7.1 9.7 8.2 8.7 8.3 9.7 8.5 7.5 7.6 9.6 9,3 12.7 10.3 15.7 13.3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 36. Effective wage adjustments going into effect in major collective bargaining units, 1975 to date [In percent] A v e r a g e q u a r te r ly c h a n g e s A v e ra g e annual ch a n g es S e c to r an d m e a s u re 1975 *■ 1976 1977 1978 1980 » 1979 1978 1979 III IV I II III IV I II I II Total effective wage rate adjustment, all industries.............. Change resulting from — Current settlement .............................................. Prior settlement .................................................. Escalator provision .............................................. 8.7 8.1 8.0 8.2 9.1 2.7 1.4 1.4 2.6 3.3 1.6 1.5 2.9 3.1 2.8 3.7 2.2 3.2 3.2 1.6 3.0 3.2 1.7 2.0 3.7 2.4 3.0 3.0 3.1 .5 1.2 1.0 .4 .5 .5 .2 .6 .6 1.1 1.0 .5 1.0 1.0 1.2 .5 .4 .7 .4 .5 .6 1.0 1.2 .6 1.5 1.1 .6 Manufacturing............................................................ Nonmanufacturing...................................................... 8.5 8.9 8.5 7.7 8.4 7.6 8.6 7.9 9.6 8.8 2.9 2.5 1.9 1.1 1.5 1.4 2.3 2.8 3.2 3.4 2.4 1.0 1.8 1.3 3.2 2.7 2.6 3.6 NOTE: Because of rounding and compounding, the sums of individual items may not equal totals. 37. Work stoppages, 1947 to date N u m b e r o f s to p p a g e s M o n th a n d y e a r ► v » W o r k e r s in v o lv e d B e g in n in g in In e f f e c t m o n th o r y e a r d u r in g m o n t h D a y s id le B e g in n in g in In e f f e c t m o n th o r y e a r d u r in g m o n t h (th o u s a n d s ) (th o u s a n d s ) N u m l)e r (th o u s a n d s ) P e rc e n t o f e s tim a te d w o r k in g tim e 1947 1948 1949 1950 ......................................................................................... ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ......................................................................................... 3,693 3,419 3,606 4,843 2,170 1,960 3 030 2410 34 600 34,100 50 500 38 800 30 28 44 33 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 ......................................................................................... ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ 4,737 5,117 5,091 3,468 4,320 2,220 3,540 2 400 1 530 2 650 22 900 59 100 28,300 22 600 28 200 18 48 .22 18 22 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ 3,825 3,673 3,694 3,708 3,333 1 900 1,390 2 060 1,880 1,320 33 100 16 500 23 900 69 ODO 19 100 24 12 18 50 14 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ 3,367 3,614 3 362 3,655 3,963 1,450 1,230 941 1 640 1,550 16300 18 600 16 100 22 900 23 300 11 13 11 15 15 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ 4,405 4,595 5,045 5,700 5,716 1,960 2,870 2,649 2,481 3 305 25,400 42 100 49 018 42 869 66 414 15 25 28 24 37 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ 5,138 5,010 5,353 6,074 5,031 3,280 1,714 2 251 2,778 1 746 47 589 27 066 27 948 47 991 31 237 26 15 14 24 16 1976 ........................................................................................ 1977 ......................................................................................... 1978 ...................................................................................... 5,648 5,506 4,230 2 420 2 040 1 623 37 859 35 822 36 922 19 17 17 1979': October...................................................................... December .................................................................. 439 272 149 208 91 45 3 372 3 201 2 424 17 17 13 1980p: January ...................................................................... February .................................................................... March ........................................................................ April............................................................................ M ay............................................................................ June .......................................................................... J u ly ............................................................................ August........................................................................ September.................................................................. October...................................................................... 352 354 396 425 505 435 491 409 438 360 3,142 3,025 2,705 2,736 2,464 2,553 4,030 3,363 3,169 2,638 .16 .17 .14 .14 .13 .13 .21 .17 .16 .13 441 590 631 663 752 714 768 768 711 649 207 114 123 116 139 164 270 64 163 94 r =revised. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 292 332 310 231 214 201 394 238 269 189 p = preliminary. ☆ U .S . G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G O F F IC E : I9 8 I O — 3 4 1 -2 5 8 /5 3 107 How to order BLS publications PERIODICALS Order from (and make checks payable to) Su perintendent o f Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402. For foreign subscriptions, add 25 percent. BULLETINS AND HANDBOOKS About 140 bulletins and handbooks published each year are for sale by regional offices of the Bureau o f Labor Statistics (see inside front cover) and by the Su perintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402. Make checks payable to the Superintendent o f Documents. 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