Full text of Monthly Labor Review : January 1968, Vol. 91, No. 1

The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.

Monthly
Labor
Review
JANUARY

1968

VOL.

91

NO.

The Longshore Situation
W age Calendar for 1968
Clothing the City Family
W ork Experience of the Population

KALAMAZOO LIBRARY SYSTEM

U N IT E D ST A T E S D E P A R T M E N T OF LAB O R

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

if

050

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

W illard W irtz , Secretary

B U R E A U OF L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S
A

rthur

B en B

M. R

o ss,

u rdetsky,

Commissioner of Labor Statistics
Deputy Commissioner

Regional Offices and Directors
N E W E N G L A N D R E G IO N
W endell D . M acdonald
1603-A Federal B u ildin g
G overn m en t Center
B o sto n , Mass. 02203
P h on e: 223-6727

Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts

(A rea C o d e 617)

New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Vermont

M ID D L E A T L A N T IC R E G IO N

H erbert B ienstock
341 N in th A v e n u e
N e w Y o r k , N .Y . 10001
P h on e: 971-5401 (A rea C o d e 212)

Delaware
District of
Columbia
Maryland
New Jersey

New York
North Carolina
Pennsylvania
Virginia
West Virginia

S O U T H E R N R E G IO N
B runswick A . B agdon
1371 P eachtree Street N E .
A tlan ta, G a. 30309
P h on e: 526-5416 (A rea C od e 404

Alabama
Arkansas
Florida
Georgia
Louisiana
Mississippi

New Mexico
Oklahoma
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas

N O R T H C E N T R A L R E G IO N

T homas J. M cA rdle
219 S. D earborn Street
C h icago, 111. 60604
P h on e: 353-7226 (A rea C o d e 312)

Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky
Michigan

Minnesota
Ohio
Wisconsin

M O U N T A IN P L A IN S R E G IO N
J ohn W. L ehman
911 W alnut Street
K ansas C ity , M o. 64106
P h on e: 374-2378 (A rea C o d e 816)

Colorado
Iowa
Kansas
Montana
Missouri

Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Utah
Wyoming

P A C IF IC R E G IO N
C harles A . R oumasset
450 G o ld e n G ate A v en u e, B o x 36017
San F ran cise^ Calif. 94102
P h on e: 556-3178

Alaska
Arizona
California
Hawaii

(A rea C o d e 415)

Idaho
Nevada
Oregon
Washington

The M on th ly Labor Review is for sale by the regional offices listed above and by the Superintendent of Documents,
U .S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D .C. 20402. Subscription price per year— $7.50 domestic; $9.00
foreign. Single copy 75 cents. Correspondence regarding subscriptions should be addressed to the Superintendent
of Documents.
Communications on editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor-in-chief, M on th ly Labor Review, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, Washington, D .C. 20212. Phone 961-23 27 (Area code 202).


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Use of funds for printing this publication approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget
( October SI, 1967).

Monthly Labor Review
U N IT E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T OF L A B O R

L aw

rence

R. K

l e in

,

J a c k F . S t r ic k l a n d ,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

•

B U R E A U OF L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S

Editor-in-Chief
Executive Editor

CONTENTS

Articles
1
1
8
14
20
35
46
50

Two Views of the Longshore Situation
Distribution of Power Within the ILWU and the ILA
Containerization as a Force for Change on the Waterfront
Clothing the Urban American Family: How Much for Whom?
The Wage Calendar for 1968
Work Experience of the Population
Workers’ Wages in Construction and Maintenance
Wages in Bituminous Coal Mines
Technical Note

54

Revision of the CPI Food Outlet Sample
Departments

ii
h i

IV

60
63
67
68

69
73
82

This Issue in Brief
The Labor Month in Review
Unemployment in 15 Metropolitan Areas
Foreign Labor Briefs
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Major Agreements Expiring in February
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics

6S— 6569

January 1968 • Voi. 91 • N o. 1

This Issue in B rief. . .

T h e longshore story involves more than mere

muscle—it includes changes in technology and the
response o f labor to these changes. A pair o f arti­
cles, Distribution of Power Within the ILWTJ
and the IL A (p. 1) by Philip Ross, and Contain­
erization as a Force for Change on the Waterfront
(p. 8) by Joseph P. Goldberg, comment about a
major innovation on the waterfront: Containeri­
zation of cargo. By the use of standardized con­
tainers, substantial savings can be realized through
economies o f scale, more efficient use of ship and
pier facilities, and greater efficiency in the use of
labor. Nevertheless, containerization also engend­
ers complex and varied changes in labor-manage­
ment relations and in the host of work rules found
in ports of the United States. Differences in A t­
lantic and Pacific coast employer attitudes toward
waterfront unions, union attitudes towards inno­
vation, and port and union structure, are of suffi­
cient magnitude that meaningful comparisons be­
tween the east and west coast dockworkers can­
not be made. On the west coast, where employers
have regained the right, as a result of the 1960
Modernization and Mechanization Agreement, to
change their operations without the threat of a
strike, there is little to suggest that they are better
off than their counterparts on the east coast where
dockwmrkers have been able to resist innovation
and hold onto outdated work rules.
In
1966 the sizable increase in employment
enabled 1.7 million more men and women to work
at year-round full-time employment than did so
in 1965. Almost half the advance (47 percent) was
among women who made up only 40 percent of the
ii


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

annual labor force. In their special labor force
study, Work Experience o f the Population (p. 35),
Forrest A. Bogan and Edward J. O’Boyle report
that the increase in the number o f working women
was part of a rise in the number of persons who
started to work during the year. The number of
women who worked full time for less than half the
year also increased.
O f th e more t h a n 10 million workers covered by
major agreements, at least three-quarters will re­
ceive a deferred wage increase in 1968 or have
their contracts renegotiated. Discussing The Wage
Calendar for 1968 (p. 20), Cordelia Ward and
William Davis indicate also that for a substantial
minority o f workers, newly negotiated or deferred
increases will be supplemented by adjustments
under cost-of-living escalator clauses.

C lothing expenditures are the object o f analysis
by Ann Erickson in Clothing the Urbcm Ameri­
can Family: How Much for Whom? (p. 14).
Clothing bills are larger for women than men and
reach their peak at ages 18 to 24.
S ig n ific an t changes in food retailing over the
past few years have necessitated an adjustment
in the Consumer Price Index food outlet sample.
Taking into account the current food market
situation, Helen M. Miller, in Revision of the CPI
Food Outlet Sample (p. 54), examines the nature
of the adjustments to the CPI. Most recent adjust­
ments have been derived from the Census of Retail
Trade for 1963 with individual stores classified
according to more current data.
A ccording to a recent survey, union pay scales for
carpenters, electricians, and painters in building
construction were almost uniformly higher than
average straight-time hourly earnings of similar
workers in maintenance activities. In half the cities
surveyed, construction carpenters and electricians
averaged better than a third more in their pay
scales than their counterparts in maintenance
work. These are some of the findings of Lily Mary
David and T. P. Kanninen in Workers'1 Wages in
Construction and Maintenance (p. 46).

The Labor Month
in Review

Guaranteeing a Year
Of Work and Pay
“ T h e one hazard with which every worker lives
intimately almost every day of his working life is
not loss of income because of his inability to work
but rather cessation of income when he is able,
ready, and willing to work and the work which he
knows how to do is not required . .
wrote S.
Herbert Unterberger over a decade ago in his
book on guaranteed wage plans.
In periods of prosperity, some unions inaugurate
or renew drives to insulate workers’ income from
the hazards o f layoffs and short workweeks. Dur­
ing the high economic activity of W orld War II,
the Steelworkers issued the first call for a guaran­
teed annual wage (G A W ) for the workers in a
major industry. During the Korean conflict, for­
mal demands for guaranteed wages and employ­
ment appeared on bargaining agendas, and the
current expansionary period has coincided with
renewed efforts for significant new income
guarantees.

Coming Close. In 1967, the Rubber Workers
won a guarantee of 80 percent o f normal earnings
for up to a year. But the most significant advance
thus far in the 1967 collective bargaining round
occurred in the automobile industry, when the
United Automobile Workers (U A W ) received
almost a full guarantee of annual income from the
Ford Motor Co.
Beginning in December 1968, a Ford worker
with 7 years’ seniority will be entitled to 95 per­
cent of his normal pay for up to a year during
layoffs. This compares with a previous guarantee
of 62 percent under the supplemental unemploy­
ment benefits plan ( SU B), which forms the basis
of the new guarantees. Workers with 1 year of
seniority will be entitled to 95 percent of pay for


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

31 weeks. (A small amount is deducted from the
guarantee to allow for transportation and lunch
costs that would be incurred if the worker were
employed.)
The idea of maintaining workers’ income under
guaranteed wage or employment plans, is not
new, but the SUB plan, which covers the most
workers, is comparatively recent since its for­
mulation was not possible until the passage of
the unemployment insurance legislation in 1938.
During World War II, the Congress of Industrial
Organizations placed guaranteed income among its
long-range goals, and the Steelworkers made their
proposal. The 1947 Latimer Report on guaranteed
wages traced guaranteed wage plans back to the
1890’s and found 196 plans in operation at the time
of the study.
Most of the plans covered 50 or fewer workers
in industrial establishments with stable work
forces. It was not until the early 1950’s that the
U AW , after considerable study, placed on the col­
lective bargaining table the first comprehensive
proposal for guaranteeing income under a sup­
plemental unemployment benefit plan.
The first SUB plans resulted from a 1955 agree­
ment between the U A W and the Ford Motor Co.
Other automobile and farm-equipment manufac­
turers followed suit. Subsequently, SUB plans
were established in the steel, rubber, glass and
ceramic, ladies’ garment, machinery, fabricated
metal products, and other industries.
An estimated 2.5 million workers are covered
by SUB plans, and about 600,000 more by guaran­
teed annual wage or employment plans. Since
1960, the proportion of wage and salary workers
covered by SUB plans has remained at about 1 out
of 16. SUB plans are almost exclusively confined
to manufacturing industries, and the G A W or
GAE plans— a few o f them over 40 years old—
mostly to individual establishments in service and
trade.
Polishing Facets. Between 1955 and the current
bargaining round, SUB plan negotiations have
been largely confined to improving existing plans,
not extending the idea to new industries. The
guaranteed proportion of normal wages remained
about the same, but there were facets in the origi­
nal plans that were polished up in intervening col­
lective bargaining rounds. For example, the
U A W ’s 1955 agreement with the Ford Motor Co.
iix

IV

guaranteed 62 percent of normal pay for up to
half a year, and set a maximum of $25 a week in
supplemental pay. The 1958 agreement extended
the benefit period to 9 months, and increased the
maximum weekly benefit to $30. In 1961, the bene­
fit period was stretched to 1 year, and the maxi­
mum weekly benefit became $40.
Cost is the greatest impediment to agreement
on SUB plans. When the first calls issued for in­
dustrywide wage guarantees, they were met with
predictions of bankruptcy and job loss. Published
in 1954 (a full year before 1955 bargaining), the
U A W proposal reduced the employer’s outlay by
subtracting State unemployment compensation
from the guarantee and limited the employer’s
liability. “ The [cost] objection is . . . totally irrel­
evant when directed at a plan that provides a
maximum limitation on the employer’s liability,”
wrote Nat Weinberg, U A W Kesearch Director, in
1955.
SUB and the Law. SUB plans embody a straight
forward notion: State unemployment insurance
benefits (averaging about 35 percent of normal
pay) to laidoff workers are supplemented by an
amount sufficient to bring income up to a specified
proportion of pay.
There were legal barriers to the operation of
SUB plans. Several early agreements specified that
the plan would not be put into effect until employer
contributions could be treated as legitimate busi­
ness expenses under the Internal Kevenue Code.
Moreover, the trust funds had to be exempted
from Federal, State, and local taxes although
recipients could be taxed. For purposes of com­
puting overtime pay under the Federal Wage and
Hour Law, SUB plan contributions were not to
be considered part of an employee’s regular rate
of pay. Most importantly, States had to permit
SUB to supplement rather than supplant State
unemployment compensation benefits. By now, all
of the hurdles have been cleared.
The most widely used type of SUB funding
requires the employer to pay so many cents into
the fund for each hour worked by each employee.
The contributions are pooled and payments are
made to eligible employees. In another type of
funding, the contributions are divided into indi­
vidual employee accounts. When laid off, the
eligible worker draws on his own account, and has
a say as to the level and duration of benefits. Some


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

plans have “ overflow” provisions under which con­
tributions beyond agreed funding levels are used
to enhance severance or vacation pay, or to improve
other fringe benefits.
Ebb and Flow. The plans’ financial health varies
inversely with the health of the economy or of the
particular industry in which they operate. Since
employer payments to the fund are based on hours
worked or hours paid for, contributions are high
when employment is high and somewhat lower
during slack seasons and layoffs. During periods
of widespread layoff, payments will greatly exceed
receipts into the fund.
In addition to customary layoffs, SUB plans
have run into the downdrafts of the 1958 and
1960-61 recessions. During the 1960-61 recession,
payments to workers exceeded contributions by
about a quarter, though all types of funds (except
those with contingent liabilities) were able to
maintain payments at the highest level and remain
solvent. Under some of the contingent-liability
funds, payments had to be reduced to maintain
solvency but the difficulty arose for reasons other
than the type of funding. Most o f the plans,
regardless of funding, have provisions for reduc­
ing or otherwise curtailing payments to maintain
the fund’s solvency.
After 12 years of experience with SUB plans,
it appears unlikely that they will suffuse the econ­
omy in the manner that private pension, medical,
life insurance, and related welfare plans did. A
recent study by the Social Security Administration
showed that other types o f fringe benefit provi­
sions covered from about one-fourth (major med­
ical expense) to three-fourths (hospitalization) of
wage and salaried employees in the private econ­
omy, but that less than one twenty-fifth o f these
employees were covered by SUB arrangements.
The main barriers to expansion of SUB plans
are cost and, frequently, lack o f employee interest.
Cost inhibits institution of any new fringe benefit,
and few workers are willing to trade off an estab­
lished benefit for another. With rising affluence,
cost may be less hindrance to proliferation of
guaranteed income plans, but employee interest
probably will not be sufficiently kindled in indus­
tries lacking SUB plans until some crucial limita­
tions (such as reduced benefits when the fund
dwindles) can be overcome.

Unemployment in 15 Metropolitan Areas

A t h i r d o f the Nation’s jobless workers—and
an even higher proportion of all unemployed non­
whites—live in the 15 largest metropolitan areas.
In the first 9 months of 1967, these 15 areas ac­
counted for 31 percent of total U.S. unemploy­
ment and nearly 40 percent of the nonwhite
jobless total, proportions about equal to these
areas’ share o f the population. The unemploy­
ment rate for all 15 areas combined was 4.1 percent,
about the same as the national rate, with rates
for individual areas ranging from 5.8 percent in
San Francisco-Oakland to 2.3 percent in
Washington, D.C.1
This study was undertaken by BLS in light of
the growing concern over urban problems. It
provides new information on the job situation in
local areas, particularly for nonwhite workers.
The first phase of the study covers the 15 largest
Standard
Metropolitan
Statistical
Areas
(SM SA’s), where 950,000 were unemployed, and
the central cities of nine of these SM SA’s.2 An
expanded report, to be published in the spring of
1968, will provide more detailed data based on
1967 annual averages.
In Los Angeles-Long Beach, Detroit, San
Francisco-Oakland, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, and
Newark, unemployment rates exceeded the national
average (4.0 percent) by 0.5 percentage point
or more. In New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland,
and Baltimore, unemployment rates were close to
the national rate. The five remaining SM SA’s had
jobless rates well below the national average—
ranging from about 21/f> percent in Washington,
D.C., and Minneapolis-St. Paul to around 3 per­
cent in Boston, Houston, and Chicago.
Unemployment Rates by Color. The nonwhite
unemployment rate (7.7 percent) for the 15
SM SA’s combined was more than twice as high as
the rate for whites (3.5 percent). About the same
relationship holds between the non white and white
unemployment rates nationally.
O f the 12 SM SA’s in which the nonwhite un­
employment situation was examined separately,
four— Detroit, San Francisco, St. Louis, and New­


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

ark—had non white unemployment rates that were
10 percent or higher. In Cleveland, the rate was 9.5
percent, compared with the national nonwhite
rate o f 7.6 percent. In four SM SA’s—Los Ange­
les, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, non­
white rates were close to the national rate and in
three areas—Houston, New York, and Washing­
ton, D.C., the rates were substantially below the
national average.
Central Cities. For the nine central cities studied,
the average unemployment rate was 4.7 percent,
higher than either the national rate or the average
rate for the same nine SM SA’s (4.1 percent). In
Washington, D.C., and Houston, city and SMS A
rates were extremely close; elsewhere the central
city rate was substantially higher than the SMSA
rate. Individual city rates ranged from 7 percent
1
None of the employment rates discussed in this report are
seasonally adjusted. Since rates (and levels) for individual areas
are based on small samples, they are subject to large standard
errors of estimate. Chances are 9 out of 10 that the unemploy­
ment rate from the sample would differ from a complete census
by less than the range indicated by the gray-shaded portion of
the bars on the chart. Detailed tables containing the actual rates,
levels, and error ranges are available on request from the Bureau
of Labor Statistics. These central cities are not the same as the
poverty areas surveyed by the Department of Labor in November
1966.
a 'SMSA’s consist of large cities and their adjacent suburban
counties. Central cities are the political entities at the center of
each SM SA. For example, the central city of the New York SM SA
consists of the five boroughs of New York C it y ; in the W ashing­
ton SM SA it is the entire District of Columbia.
N ote : The data discussed in this article were collected and
tabulated for BL S by the Bureau of the Census as part of its
Current Population Survey (C P S ). The CPS is a scientifically
selected sample survey conducted monthly in 52,500 households.
The labor force and unemployment levels have been adjusted to
independent population estimates.
Unemployment rates and levels in this report may vary in some
cases from those published by the Bureau of Employment Security
(B E S ) for 150 major labor areas. Variations occur because of
differences in sources of information, methods of collection, and
geographic coverage, and because of sampling variability and
response errors. More specifically: (1)' BLS estimates of unem­
ployment are obtained from a sample household survey, while
BES data are derived from an estimating procedure that uses
insured unemployment data as a b a se ; both, however, are based
on place of residence of the unemployed ; (2 ) BES unemployment
rates are computed as a percent of work force figures, which are
derived largely from payroll records that relate to place of work,
while BL S employment estimates are based on place of residence;
(3 ) SM SA definitions used in the BLS study are those in effect
in 1960, while B E S has updated SM SA definitions for changes
made through 1966.
V

U n e m p lo y m e n t R ates for 1 5 L arg est S M S A ’s a n d 9 C e n tra l C itie s, J a n u a ry -S e p te m b e r
1 9 6 7 A v e ra g e s

SMSA's
Rate (Percent) 0

CENTRAL CITIES
12

16

4

12

16

San Francisco-Oakland
Los Angeles-Long Beach
Pittsburgh1
Newark
St. Louis
Detroit

m m w w w vw N

New York
Cleveland
Baltimore
Philadelphia

^\\\\k\\\SS3

^X W W w kw ^T t

Chicago
Boston1
Houston
Minneapolis-St. Paul1
Washington, D.C.

1
Nonwhite rate not shown where nonwhite labor force is less
than 75,000.

in San Francisco-Oakland to 2 percent in Wash­
ington, D.C.
Los Angeles-Long Beach (6.5 percent) and
Baltimore (5.7 percent) ranked close to the San
Francisco high. Houston (3.4 percent) and Wash­
ington were the only central cities with rates be­
low the national average. New York, Chicago,
Philadelphia, and Detroit had unemployment
rates between 4 and 5 percent.
Nonwhites. At about 7 percent, the average unem­
ployment rate for nonwhites was the same in the
nine central cities as in the nine SM SA’s; the
closeness of these two rates is largely a reflection
of the heavy concentration of nonwhites in cen­
tral city areas. Approximately 85 percent of the
VI


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

I— 1 Total

5^3

H

Nonwhite

□

Range where
a rate based
on complete
census
would fall 9
out of 10
times.

2
Central city rates not shown where labor force is below
350,000.

non white labor force in the nine SM SA’s lived in
the central cities, in contrast with 45 percent of
the white labor force. The unemployment rate for
central city whites was 3.9 percent, higher than
the 3.6 percent rate for white workers in the nine
SM SA’s.
About a quarter of all nonwhite workers lived
in these nine central cities; the comparable pro­
portion of white workers was 1 in 10. The heavy
urban concentration of nonwhite workers, with
their relatively high unemployment rates, is one
reason that the central city unemployment rate is
higher than that for the nine SM SA’s. A second
factor is that the unemployment rate is higher for
whites who live in the central city than in the en­
tire SMSA.

Two Views of the Longshore Situation
E

d it o r ’s

N

ote

.—

These independent studies by a Bureau o f Labor Statis­

tics maritime specialist and a university observer focus on the

,

complex and varied changes in labor-management relations on the
waterfront

as unions and management groups accommodate to

containerization.

Distribution of Power
Within the IL W U and the ILA
P h il ip R o s s *

I n t h e l a s t 8 y e a r s , a growing concern of ship­
ping companies with dock labor costs has led to
vigorous employer efforts to lower costs by making
changes in union work rules. The diverse sources
o f these rules reflect the state o f bargaining in the
different ports of the United States, and the rules
themselves illuminate alternative methods of
handling waterfront employment relationships. In
some ports, restrictive work practices were incor­
porated into collective bargaining contracts and
revealed a high degree of union power. In other
ports, work rules were often an extracontractual
device used to protect longshoremen from onerous
and inequitable treatment. Frequently, they were
directed against their unions.
These observations seem to fit the data
and square with the perceptions o f participants
in the longshore industries on both sides of the
continent. In the course o f a study 1 concerning
one particular kind of change—the containeriza­
tion of cargo—the author talked to many of the
persons whose influence on labor relations in the
ports has been profound. In this comparison of
the labor-management relations on the east and
gulf coasts with those on the west coast can be
seen some differences which suggest the general
direction o f longshore collective bargaining na­
tionally.
On the surface, the IL W U and the IL A are
pursuing dissimilar roads in their approach to
bargaining. The 1960 “ Modernization and Mecha­
nization” contract between the IL W U and the
Pacific Maritime Association, which was renewed


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

in 1966, has been widely heralded as marking a
new era in waterfront industrial relations. It is
claimed that by this agreement employers have
eliminated all past restrictive work rules and have
achieved full freedom from union opposition to
innovate and modernize their operations. In con­
trast, the IL A has engaged in two major strikes
in 1962 and 1964 in which the main issues are
represented to be the union’s insistence upon re­
taining job-augmenting and redundant work rules.
The public statements of waterfront employers
endorse this view. West coast employers appear
pleased with the state of their collective bargaining
while their east coast counterparts have continu­
ally pled for compulsory arbitration as the only
solution to their problems.
The evidence indicates that the distinction made
between the two unions is overdrawn. Despite some
minor disturbances involving the problem of con­
tract enforcement and the major unsettled ques­
tion of periodic contract strikes, East and gulf
coast employers do not appear to be worse off than
companies doing business on the west coast. In
fact, the evidence that they are better off in many
ways, including costs, is very persuasive.
The major differences in the bargaining expe­
rience of the IL A and the IL W U lies in the for­
mer’s contract strikes. It must be emphasized that
the M & M Agreement was not responsible for the
west coast’s strike-free record since it long ante­
dated the 1960 contract. The IL A ’s proneness to
strikes is basically caused by a defective bargain­
ing relationship with deep historic roots. Symp­
tomatic o f the underlying weakness is the fact

♦Professor of Industrial Relations, State University of New
York at Buffalo.
1
The full report of that study, which was suggested by the Ford
foundation, was submitted in May 1967 to the Secretary of
Transportation.

1

2
that such critical issues as seniority and the meth­
od of royalty payments for containerized cargo
were determined by arbitration and not through
negotiations.
Local Dominance

The economic structure of the Atlantic and gulf
coast longshore industry generates a wide range
o f issues which set off local against local and
member against member. The many ports which
make up the industry are largely independent
product markets, and gains in one port are often
made at the expense of another. A large port, such
as New York, can best be understood as compris­
ing separate smaller ports, each with independent
leadership, occasionally pursuing different goals.
The atomization of the industry creates unusual
power in the hands o f local officers. Evidence of
this allocation lies in the prevalence of local dis­
cretion in work practices. Each port on the Atlan­
tic and gulf coasts has different practices in funda­
mental areas, such as hiring methods, gang size,
and work practices generally. Moreover, differ­
ences within the port of New York are perpetuated
by the incorporation in current contracts o f clauses
which continue past variations. Although there
are many practical reasons for such variation—
differences in equipment, ships, terminals, and car­
gos—the most important influence is the policy of
the particular local union.
Since a major function o f an international un­
ion is to adjust conflicts among locals, the rela­
tively weak centralized authority vested in the
IL A causes considerable disabilities in bargaining
because of inability to reconcile competing local
interests. Bold and imaginative leadership is made
extremely difficult in a political context where con­
sent must be obtained from a group of individual
local leaders who are each guided by parochial
considerations. The international leadership does
possess some independent power which has been
used to persuade, placate, or coerce the local power
centers. The rarity of these occasions underscores
the constraints upon the international union lead­
ers, who know that the loyalty of longshoremen is
primarily directed to their local leaders.
2
The IL A seems never to have sanctioned a strike from 1916
to 1945. Other ports have sustained intermittent unauthorized
stoppages and slowdowns. Major wildcats took place in New York
after rejection of contracts negotiated by the leadership in 1945
1947, and 1951.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

The Wildcat Syndrome

The pattern of work stoppages in the IL A juris­
diction reflects both the union’s internal politics
and a defective bargaining structure. The failure
of the parties to develop effective working rela­
tionships is the fundamental cause of labor in­
stability. This is not to say that the record is all
bad. Most wildcats have been eliminated,2 and
many o f the ports have worked out efficient griev­
ance and arbitration machinery. Moreover, in re­
cent years the IL A contracts have brought great
gains to the membership. On the employer side,
greater unity of purpose and action now exist than
ever before.
A poor bargaining relationship is indicated,
nevertheless, by the remaining incidence of wild­
cat strikes, by the fact that every contract negotia­
tion since World War I I has led to a strike, and by
past inadequacy in handling critical problems. A r­
bitration, not bargaining, after all, resolved the
issues of containerization on the Atlantic coast
and seniority in the port of New York. It is d if­
ficult to think of any other industry which would
permit outside disposition of fundamental issues
which have endured through three consecutive con­
tract negotiations.
Evidence of more persuasive influence of in­
ternal union affairs upon the bargaining process
can be found in the rigid adherence to union work
rules in most ports, even where the application of
these rules is clearly inappropriate. This inflexibil­
ity is due mainly to membership mistrust of any
action which can be construed as a surrender of
acquired rights. The local union leadership is re­
luctant to dissipate its strength among its follow­
ers, while the international union is unable to
exercise any authority except in situations involv­
ing an overt breach of contract. Even in such cases,
the international’s intervention may be politically
dangerous, when it confronts powerful local
leaders.
The Employer Contribution

The differences between the IL A and the IL W U
are also exemplified by contrasting employer be­
havior. There is some justification for the view
that the IL A , during the long presidency of Joseph
Ryan, was a company-dominated union. Bargaining apathy and a willingness to act in the interest

3

T H E LONGSHORE SITU ATIO N

o f employers to enforce work discipline did more
than create an unhealthy collaboration of inter­
national union and employer groups. It also set
up the conditions under which employee rights
were best attained and preserved by strong local
union leaders. Experience demonstrated to the
rank and file that their protection lay in the in­
flexible enforcement of* rules which were under­
stood, whose consequences were certain, and whose
benefits were visible. Concessions could easily be
obtained only by new operations at new piers, or
by new employers, and then only when employee
vested interests were not threatened. The employ­
ers themselves were a congeries of competing firms,
whose own bargaining organization was a fragile
thing.
The ILWTJ, on the other hand, was confronted
from its formation with bitter and pervasive em­
ployer hostility, part of which was a reaction to
the union’s militance. Apart from a war-induced
truce, the bargaining relations on the west coast
were as antagonistic as in any industry in the
United States and reached the point in 1934 and
1938 of all-out employer attempts to break the
union. Under these circumstances, the interna­
tional union took and was delegated authority by
local leaders to combat the common enemy.
On both coasts, the past continues to influence
present events. The reformation of the IL A re­
quired that the international officers offer strong
support for improved employee benefits, so as to
compete with the local leaders. As a consequence,
forces o f moderation within the IL A are without
a secure political base, and union concessions at
the bargaining table are secured with difficulty. In
contrast, the IL W U has experienced a long period
of internal stability.
The reorganization o f bargaining on the west
coast in 1948 proceeded on the tacit assumption
that only a strong international union could assure
mutually beneficial accommodations. Accordingly,
the Pacific Maritime Association followed a de­
liberate policy of strengthening the international
in every way possible. This effort required an ef­
fective grievance and arbitration system, which ap­
pears to have operated to insure that issues critical
to the authority o f the international union were
favorably handled.3
Other factors also helped to consolidate the
IL W U international’s power. One is the prohibi­


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

tion in some local constitutions against the re-elec­
tion o f officers beyond a 2-year term, a restriction
which is not applicable to the international union.
This provision eliminates the natural electoral
base for local challenges to international authority.
Another consideration is that the IL W U is far
smaller than the IL A : One Brooklyn local has
almost as many members as there are longshore­
men on the west coast. Moreover, since the inter­
national’s headquarters are located in San Fran­
cisco, where the largest local is housed, control of
the union is made easier.
Care must be taken not to exaggerate the au­
thority o f the IL W U ’s international officers. Local
autonomy in many matters is still determinative,
and local elections throughout the west coast are
freely conducted. Local candidates pursue policies
Which contradict strongly held international posi­
tions. For example, the IL W U has always main­
tained vigorous international opposition to discri­
mination against Negroes. It has made heavy con­
tributions to civil rights causes. However, some
locals continue to discriminate against Negroes.
The closeness of the ratification vote o f the last
agreement also indicates the degree o f autonomy
held by many locals.
Containerization in the West

The emphasis on cost reduction which ultimately
resulted in the 1960 Modernization and Mechani­
zation Agreement in the west coast longshore in­
dustry necessitated a shift of responsibility for
contract enforcement from the stevedoring com­
panies to the shipping companies.4 Procedures
were established to invoke cost penalties upon
stevedoring companies for tolerating violations
and for calling portwide Shutdowns to meet job
action on any particular Ship in the port. This new
attitude assumed that employers could now act
as a united body, and that the union could be
relied upon to deliver the fruits of any agreement.
The reality of these assumptions, however, was
far from certain. On the employers’ side, the ob3 The method of accomplishing this cannot be fully documented,
but one piece of evidence is the manner of selecting arbitrators.
For ports where opposition to the international was serious, the
port arbitrators jointly agreed upon were union officers who
resigned to take the post. More important was P M A ’s position
in accepting coastwide bargaining, and enforcing coastwide rules
among its member employers.
4 For an extensive description of the 1960 M & M Agreement,
see “ Working Rules in W est Coast Longshoring,” M o n t h l y L a b o r
R e v i e w , January 1961, pp. 1 -1 0 .

4
stacles to unity were embedded in the diversity of
employer interests. Nor was the union a monolithic
organization with a united purpose. The organiza­
tion o f the longshore industry into a number of
separate ports, each preoccupied with its own
problems, was reflected in the union structure.
The considerable degree of local autonomy which
then existed on the west coast meant that the inter­
national union, while influential in some areas,
was not an all-powerful source o f central author­
ity. Moreover, past bargaining hostility diminished
the international union’s ability or willingness to
discipline the local unions, even in matters where
they were clearly wrong.
The reasons which impelled the employers to
take the necessary steps which preceded the 1960
M and M Agreement centered on the need to cut
their exceptionally high costs. Why the union
agreed to sell established practices is not so ob­
vious. The most important reason seems to have
been recognition that change could not be in­
definitely postponed. Moreover, given employer
unity, and the rising determination to insist upon
innovation, the union could forestall change only
by indulging in costly strikes. Finally, there was
the realization that “ a candid review of the past
several years showed that despite the militant posi­
tion of the membership, many operating changes
had been made and we had nothing to show for
them; no positive benefits or gains had accrued
to the men from the changes already put into ef­
fect by the management.” 5
The 1960 agreement culminated several years of
intensive negotiations. It gave the employers the
right to introduce new machinery and to change
certain restrictive work practices. Multiple han­
dling was eliminated, the limit on sling loads could
be increased, the 4-on-4-off practice was largely
abolished, and the specified minimum size of the
gang was lowered below the prevailing practice in
most ports. The agreement specifically abrogated
past contractual restrictions as well as “ unwritten,
but existing union unilateral restrictions and
5
Lincoln Fairley, “ The IL W U -P M A Mechanization and Modern­
ization Agreement,” in P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e I n d u s t r i a l R e l a t i o n s
R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t i o n S p r i n g M e e t i n g , C h i c a g o , I I I ., M a g 4 - 5 , 1 9 6 1

(Madison, W is., The Association, 1 9 6 1 ), p. 669.
0
By way of compensation, the union obtained an annual con­
tribution of $5 million for the next 5 % years or for the contracts,
which would be used to establish a fund for longshoremen. The
most recent renewal of the contract took effect July 1, 1966, for
5 years, and raises the annual payment to $6.9 million a year
for a total of $34.5 million.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

arbitration awards which interfere with the em­
ployer’s rights dealing with sling loads, first place
arrest, multiple handling, gang size, and manning
scales.”
The effect o f the 1960 agreement was to actively
encourage new methods of operation. Employers
were given the right to introduce new techniques
and man them at any level, subject to arbitration.
In contrast, the union’s only recourse was to the
grievance machinery.
The wage guarantee6 was made feasible by
freezing the registration of workers in 1958 and
by making registration coastwide, enabling long­
shoremen to move from port to port. Furthermore,
the second part o f the fund, which greatly raised
retirement benefits and included a lump sum pay­
ment of $7,920 for normal retirement age of 65,
also contained provisions o f early retirement at 62
in the event of a surplus o f labor.
Since its inception in 1960, the M & M Agree­
ment has been hailed as a breakthrough in collec­
tive bargaining. Its reaffirmation in 1966 testifies
to its value to both parties. But not all waterfront
employers benefit from the new technology. Some
companies, such as those in stevedoring, are in
danger of having their past practices disrupted,
with no guarantee of continued profit. Even steam­
ship companies and terminal operators are not all
favorably affected by containerization, because
most of them are not equipped to handle contain­
ers and necessary adjustments will be expensive.
Employer enthusiasm for the new agreement ac­
complishes longstanding desire to cope with cer­
tain consequences o f union power. Prior to 1960,
the IL W U had established the highest dock costs
in the United States. The major achievements of
the 1960 agreement were the restoration of costs
to an approximation of the highest cost IL A ports
and the continuation of strike-free negotiations.
While these are tangible gains, and, given the im­
pediments, represent a substantial collective bar­
gaining achievement, they do not constitute a
golden age. In fact, the biggest achievement—the
elimination of contract strikes—actually ante­
dated the 1960 agreement by 12 years.
The continuation of labor peace in west coast
longshoring cannot be considered assured. The per­
sonal relationships between the leadership of the
employer group and the IL W U were extremely
important in developing the climate in which a

T H E LONGSHORE SITU ATIO N

strike-free accommodation could be made. Suc­
cessors will be subject to new pressures from their
respective organizations.
The IL A ’s Early Experience

For a variety of reasons, east coast employers
were not initially interested in introducing con­
tainerized cargo, and union resistance to the in­
novation also developed slowly. When a maverick
company, Sea-Land Services, Inc., introduced
roll-on, roll-off containers in 1955, the union ac­
cepted the operation.7
A showdown did not come until November 1958
when the union refused to handle shipper-loaded
containers, taking the position that the 1956 con­
tract permitted them to refuse container work
from any company not engaged in container op­
erations prior to the contract’s effective date.
Following an arbitration award requiring the
IL A to handle the containers, and arduous nego­
tiations marked by a strike, language was em­
bodied in the new contract which permitted the
employers to use containers.8
Pursuant to the contract, a board o f arbitration
held that containers that were loaded or unloaded
away from the pier by non-ILA labor should pay
royalty. The conditions of payment are: “ 1. On
conventional ships, 35 cents a gross ton of the
weight of the cargo in the container. 2. On par­
tially automated ships (conventional ships con­
verted for handling vans and containers) where
not more than two hatches have been converted
for the handling of containers, the royalty is 70
cents a gross ton. 3. On partially automated ships
(conventional ships converted for handling vans
and containers) where not more than 40 percent
of the ship’s bale cube has been fitted for contain­
ers, the royalty is 70 cents a gross ton. 4. On ships
where more than two hatches have been converted
or fitted for the handling o f containers, the royalty
is $1 a gross ton.” The union’s statement of policy,
which provided the basis for its insistence upon the
assessment for containers, was given in the follow­
ing terms: “ It is the union’s view that the time has
come for management in American industry in
general, and in the shipping industry in particular,
to begin to view the unfavorable employment ef­
fects of changes in technology as an added cost to
the employer who puts such changes into effect.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

5
There is no reason why business investment in new
techniques and new equipment cannot be intro­
duced in such a way as to eliminate these costs to
the employer’s present employees . . . investment
in new techniques can and should be broadened
out to include any human cause that may be
involved.” 9
Although at the time of this agreement the num­
ber of containers actually moving in the Port of
New York was extremely small, the union did not
harbor any illusions about its future growth. The
union’s convention which preceded negotiations
was told “I am convinced it has got to come, and
when it does come, its effects on us can be tre­
mendous. It is not too farfetched to estimate that
we stand to lose, in the full force of the container
use, 8,000 to 9,000 jobs in the New York area alone,
and a proportionate number in all other ports.
This amounts to 30 percent o f the membership. At
stake, also, is the merit of a strong union. We are a
union of dock workers. We have the ocean at our
backs. Any shrinkage in jobs cost means a per­
manent reduction in union size.” 10
Although the arbitration award establishing the
container royalty system was made in 1960, its
terms have been continued unchanged in subse­
quent agreements made in 1961 and in 1964. The
funds are administered by a board o f trustees com­
posed of an equal number of representatives from
the union and the Association. The annual income
going to the container fund is extremely small. In
the first 2 years it averaged around $202,000, an
average income per employee per year o f $6.79, or
y2 cent income per hour worked in the port. No
decision has been reached on the use of these funds.
7 See the IL A testimony on this innovation in L a b o r M a n a g e ­
m e n t P r o b le m s o f A m e r ic a n M e r c h a n t M a r in e s : H e a r in g s B e fo r e
t h e C o m m i t t e e o n M e r c h a n t M a r i n e a n d F i s h e r i e s (U .S. House of
Representatives, 84th Cong., 1st sess., 1955, H.R. 5 7 3 4 ), p. 879.
8 “ (a) Any employer shall have the right to use any and all type
of containers without restriction or stripping by the u n io n ; (b)
the parties shall negotiate for 2 weeks after the ratification of
this agreement, and if no agreement is reached, shall submit to
arbitration described in paragraph 13 below, the question of what
should be paid on containers which are loaded or unloaded away
from the pier by non-ILA labor, such submission to be within 30
days thereafter; and (c) any work performed in connection with
the loading and discharging of containers from nonmembers of
the N Y S A which is performed in the Port of Greater New York
whether on piers or terminals controlled by them, or whether
through direct contracting out, shall be performed by IL A labor.”
(Memorandum of ’Settlement, p. 2.) It should be noted that, on its
face, clause (c) violates Section 8 (e ) of the Taft-H artley Act.
9 Report of General Organizer Thomas W . Gleason, before the
39th Convention of the IL A , July 13, 1959, p. 13.
19 Ibid., pp. 1 4 -1 5 .

6

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

Although the theory of the royalty is that it will
provide compensation for longshoremen for loss of
work resulting from the use of containers loaded
and unloaded away from the piers, no study has
been made of the actual effect of containers upon
jobs. Gang size is not reduced for container
operations, although stevedoring employers con­
tend that as few as eight men could be used in some
operations.
Persistent Issues

The fear of the employment effects of container­
ization and other technological change on the east
coast waterfront remained unabated by the royalty
agreement. These fears appeared in contract ne­
gotiations in 1962 and in 1964. In both years, the
employers aggressively sought basic changes in
work rules. The 1962 settlement—which was ob­
tained only after a long and costly strike and Gov­
ernment intervention— did not resolve the most
pressing issues o f manning and job security, which
were postponed to future bargaining. In the mean­
time, the settlement directed a Labor Department
study of these questions.
The 1962 settlement was followed by introduc­
tion of a bill in the House o f Representatives which
would have required compulsory arbitration of
maritime disputes. This bill was solidly supported
by longshore industry spokesmen and bitterly op­
posed by the unions. An alternative proposal sub­
mitted by the Secretary o f Commerce had been de­
veloped with the concurrence of the Secretary of
Labor, the Director of the Federal Mediation and
Conciliation Service, and the Maritime Admin­
istrator. This proposal provided for earlier inter­
vention of the President than is contained in the
Taft-Hartley emergency procedures and gave
presidential boards authority to make recom­
mendations to the parties and to the public. Ulti­
mately, the fundamental differences in the ap­
proaches to reduction of conflicts in the industry
led to abandonment o f attempts to obtain new leg­
islation in the 88th Congress.
The differences between the 1964 and 1962 east
coast negotiations were profound. The Labor De­
partment study o f hiring practices and work rules
in the east and gulf coast ports constituted a sym11 For the final terms of the settlement, see M o n t h l y L a b o r R e ­
February 1965, p. 196, and April 1965, p. 442.

v iew ,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

bol of Government’s determination that a solution
had to be found to waterfront strikes. The lengthy
congressional hearings following the 1962 settle­
ment also convinced the parties that a breakdown
in bargaining would be followed by an ad hoc
compulsory arbitration law. Given the fact of the
Government’s presence in the near background,
greatest pressure was brought to bear on the union
in the negotiations.
Two findings of the Labor Department study,
made in the context o f imminent intervention, pro­
vided the basis on which ultimate settlement could
be made. The important facts which were proved
by the accumulated detail in the studies were that
(1) in many ports the unions have resisted change
by holding to restrictive work practices including
restrictive job assignments as well as a redundant
number of gang members; (2) most ports’ hiring
practices made for an excess number of casual
laborers, which caused a highly unstable and in­
equitable job condition for many workers.
Superficially, nevertheless, the 1964 negotiations
appeared to follow the traditional pattern. In New
York, the union and the employers issued state­
ments about equally intransigent, and an impasse
quickly developed. On July 30, the parties jointly
requested President Johnson to appoint a neutral
board to study the issues and mediate the dispute.
Even though the union rejected the board’s recom­
mendation, the agreement reached on December 16
was very close to the terms of the board’s pro­
posal.11 This agreement was ratified on a second
vote on January 21, 1965, after a wildcat strike
and initial rejection. But the union’s policy
of supporting the outports, who had made
little progress in local negotiations, prevented
a return to work. Despite enormous pressures
from the industry, the ports remained closed
until the NLRB obtained an injunction on Febru­
ary 11, which ended the strike.
However strong the case may be for asserting
that the strike was unnecessary, the final settlement
was an impressive achievement. The specific issues
posed by job security and technological change
were met. The employers’ agreement to guarantee
1600 hours of work a year and close the longshore­
men’s register were met by corresponding union
concessions on gang size and an easing of work
rule restrictions. The actions of the Labor Depart­
ment in clarifying the facts, in introducing calm-

7

T H E LONGSHORE SITU ATIO N

ness, and in eliminating or minimizing extraneous
emotional claims and counterclaims, prepared the
way and provided an opportunity for this tem­
pestuous industry to solve its problems through
collective bargaining.
The 1965 contract was an exceptionally good one
for the employers, and the 4-year term was suffi­
ciently long to enable them to enjoy new manpower
flexibility without a major stoppage. By and large,
containerization now enjoys equal freedom on the
east coast and west coast, and the anxieties of the
east coast waterfront employers are largely
focused upon contract strikes.
Jurisdictional Claims

Although the IL A has accepted containeriza­
tion, acceptance was accomplished piecemeal and
grudgingly. The ILW U , having embraced the
modernization concept, has concentrated its
strength on securing its share of the gains. In con­
trast, the distaste for job displacement by the IL A
rank and file, and by its leadership, has caused
the union to guard its jurisdictional claims tena­
ciously. Although there are other factors at work,
particularly the more favorable position of the
IL A vis-a-vis other unions, the IL A has demon­

strated a far greater determination to extend its
jurisdiction over all employment opportunities
which are associated with technological changes.
The ultimate benefits of this policy go far beyond
the maintenance o f a secure membership base. The
extent to which the IL A successfully organizes
warehouses, freight forwarders, and the like, will
determine the economic leverage which may be
used to protect the interests o f dockworkers. After
all, containerization dilutes the skills of longshore­
men in addition to eliminating jobs, and thus it
raises the prospect of impotent pickets watching
contained cargo crossing the docks.
I f the transition to containerization could be
instantaneous, there is little reason to believe that
either union could control its consequences. During
the transition period, however, both waterfront
unions’ economic strength remains formidable.
With all the weaknesses of the IL A , its policies and
power deployment appear to promise greater con­
trol over the future developments o f containeriza­
tion than do those of the ILW U. One important
difference not alluded to previously in this account,
but treated at length in my full study, is the
IL W U ’s exposed jurisdictional position, which
may well undermine its future economic strength.

Technology is not a force of nature with its own imperatives, its own mo­
mentum, which place it beyond human direction or restraint. It is a human
creation, therefore subject to legal restraint if it injures man or society. We
must never forget for a moment that a free society centers on man. It ceases
to be free if technology, not man, becomes central to its purpose.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

-Hyman G. Rickover.

Containerization as a Force
for Change on the Waterfront

Joseph

P.

G oldberg*

C o n t a i n e r i z a t i o n has been viewed as offering the
transportation industry the possibilities which
mass production generated in the automobile in­
dustry. Containers in standard sizes and shapes
have been adapted to the requirements of either
small general cargo, dry bulk cargo, liquid cargoes,
or cargoes requiring refrigeration, and are being
handled and transported interchangeably by rail,
truck, and ship. The integration of transport and
handling arrangements with the standard con­
tainer makes possible savings in capital utilization
through economies of scale, through greater ca­
pacity utilization of both ship and pier facilities,
and through greater efficiency in labor utilization.
The advantages of unitized loads have been ap­
parent for many years. The transport of bulk car­
goes, petroleum, and ores laid the foundation for
subsequent developments in handling o f general
cargoes. The extensive growth of piggyback ar­
rangements by truckers with railroads and water
carriers for integrating van and container opera­
tions was an added stimulant. The experiences of
the past 10 years or more o f Sea-Land and Matson 1 in developing viable ship container opera­
tions have been important testing grounds for the
“ container explosion.”

Present Prospects

For U.S. maritime labor (longshore and sea­
going) , the growth o f a domestic ship con­
tainer operation gave promise of the renewal of a
domestic trade which had failed to recover from its
prewar situation. In competing with and in sup­
plementing railroad and trucking services, it o f­
fered additional job opportunities. The present
phase of the maturing of container transport
is different in kind from previous experience with
containers, however, and is promising to become
a major source o f change in the international ship­
ping industry. Predictions for the port of New
York are that, by 1975, as much as half of general
cargo ships in foreign trade will be carried on fully
or partially containerized ships, with the potential
8


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

for containerization amounting to over 70 per­
cent.2
A recent study suggested that with proper in­
tegration of company organization and ship opera­
tion, the North Atlantic trade could be carried with
containerized operations requiring only 30 percent
of the current ship tonnage.3 New York-New Jer­
sey Port plans for the development of container
berths, with those now in operation, will provide
facilities for handling well over the container
cargo volume in 1975.4 Even if not fully realized,
projects of such magnitude suggest an unprece­
dented dimension o f change in operations, with
consequent effect on the labor force. The degree will
depend on the continued growth in trade, the at­
traction o f new cargoes, diversion from other
ports, and the extent of shipper loaded and portside loading of containers.5
Two questions suggest themselves in evaluating
the readiness of unions and management to cope
with this pervasive change in transportation
technique. First, what are the direct effects of
containerization on the labor force? And second,
what are the arrangements in the maritime indus­
try to date ? 6
Scope of Containerization

Containerization as an integrated transportation
system alters the nature of longshore work. So
long as the container was an adjunct to break-bulk
cargo handling,7 its effect was limited. Tradition♦Special Assistant to the Commissioner of Labor Statistics.
1 The two companies were concerned with domestic and noncon­
tiguous tra d e s: Matson Shipping Co. for trade between the W est
Coast and Hawaii, and Sea-Land Services, Inc., on the East
Coast for trade with Puerto Rico and intercoastal shipping.
2 Port of New York Authority, C o n t a i n e r S h i p p i n g : F u l l A h e a d
(New York, 1 9 6 7 ), pp. 21 and 34.
3 See McKinsey & Co., C o n t a i n e r i z a t i o n : T h e K e y t o L o w - C o s t
T r a n s p o r t (London, British Transport Docks Board, 1 9 6 7 ).
4 Port of New York Authority, op. cit., pp. 40 and 42.
5 An additional factor is suggested by another view, that re­
cently constructed efficient conventional ships will continue to be
competitive. The immediate prospects for overcapacity in con­
tainerized shipping, it is held, will prevent for sometime the high
capacity operations required for adequate returns on the substan­
tial investment required for containers and container ships.
Cf. T h e E c o n o m i s t , September 16, 1967.
6 In considering the modernization approaches taken to date by
labor and management, it is useful to recall similar efforts in
other industries like steel, meatpacking, railroads, and coal min­
ing. In 1965, concern with widespread change resulted in the
appointment of a commission to study the problem. See R e p o r t
o]

th e

N a tio n a l

C o m m issio n

on

T e c h n o lo g y ,

A u to m a tio n ,

and

submitted to the President January 29, 1966.
7 Break-bulk cargo is composed of items of varying size and
form, which must be handled separately and individually stored
in the wings of the hold, as opposed to dry-bulk cargo, such as
wheat, and liquid-bulk cargo such as oil, both of which are simply
poured into the hold.

E c o n o m ic P r o g r e s s ,

CHANGE ON T H E W A T E R F R O N T

ally, the job of the longshoremen has involved
sorting cargoes on the dock, loading the sling, lift­
ing it by boom or crane to the hatch, and disposing
of the cargo in the wings of the hold to assure
stability of the ship, maximum use o f the hold, and
safe disposition of the cargo. The use of forklifts
on the dock and in the hold, the use of pallet boards
and palletization o f cargo, and the shift to bulk
transport of commodities formerly bagged like
sugar and wheat, reduced the extent o f duties re­
quired of fixed gangs. Even if the unions insisted on
maintaining the standard gang size, earnings op­
portunities would be decreased by the lesser time
required. The use o f containers on decks or in the
holds o f conventional ships, along with break-bulk
cargo, made for smaller earnings but not neces­
sarily for revamping of work operations.
On the other hand, containerized operations
permit the loading of 20 to 25 tons in 21/%minutes.
Handled as break-bulk, the same cargo would re­
quire 18 to 20 man-hours. Conventional ships re­
quire five to seven gangs; container ships on the
east coast use two. The increase in output per man-'
hour of containerized cargo to break-bulk has
been estimated as ranging from 13 to 18 percent,
and even higher. This increased productivity, of
course, makes for additional savings through
faster ship turnaround, thus permitting more in­
tensive use of high-cost capital investments in both
ships and pier facilities.
The container ship requires substantially less
manpower than the conventional ship. The 100
men in gangs on conventional ships, plus the addi­
tional labor needed for forklift operations and
checking, contrasts sharply with the 40 or so men
used in cargo handling on the container ship.
Longshore Operations

Containerization has already had several other
effects. The complex o f marshaling areas, road­
ways, storage facilities, and cargo handling facili­
ties has made for land requirements which could
not be met readily in the built-up areas of the
port o f New York, such as Manhattan and
Brooklyn. From 10 to 20 acres are necessary for
each specialized container berth, in contrast to the
8 T h e P o r t o f N e w Y o r k : C h a l l e n g e a n d O p p o r t u n i t y (New York,
First National City Bank, 1 9 6 7 ), p. 29.
9 A n n u a l R e p o r ts o f th e W a te r fr o n t C o m m issio n o f N e w Y o rk
H a r b o r , 1 9 6 1 —6 2 t h r o u g h 1 9 6 5 —6 6 .

10 McKinsey & Co., op. cit.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

9
two acres typical at conventional pier facilities.8
In the port of New York, the major container
handling area was constructed in the Elizabethport area, from about 100 acres available for the
Sea-Land operation. This area is due for further
expansion, in addition to plans for the construc­
tion o f berth facilities on the Staten Island water­
front. The need for more space will intensify shifts
within the port which were underway independ­
ently of containerization. Work opportunities on
Manhattan piers have been declining for some
years as more modem terminal facilities were de­
veloped in Brooklyn and Port Newark-Elizabeth.
Hirings in Manhattan declined by 10 percent be­
tween 1961-62 and 1965-66. By contrast, hirings
in Brooklyn and Port Newark-Elizabethport in­
creased by about 10 percent and over 45 percent,
respectively. Manhattan hirings had fallen from 31
percent of the port’s total in 1961-62, to slightly
more than 26 percent in 1964-65; Brooklyn rose
from 46.3 to 49 percent; while Port Newark-Eliza­
bethport increased from 8.6 to 12.2 percent.9
These shifts have already caused complaints
from Manhattan longshoremen, whose length of
service gives them priority on their own piers, sec­
tions, and in the borough, but does not carry
priorities in the other districts. Problems regard­
ing the seniority system will be intensified as con­
tainerization, unless more dispersed geographi­

cally, causes an even greater redistribution of work
within the port.
The impact o f containerization can be even more
widespread on work opportunities in the several
ports. The container “ explosion” has produced
prompt reaction from a number o f port authori­
ties and interests on the Atlantic and gulf coasts
seeking to develop container berth facilities to at­
tract container cargoes. The success of such efforts
may result in generating some new cargoes, but
initially this may be at the expense o f present
break-bulk cargoes, thus reducing work opportuni­
ties for the present work force. Also, there is the
possibility that cargoes may be concentrated in
one or two ports, as recommended in a recent re­
port,10 and thus reduce break-bulk shipments to
other ports. Under this alternative, the availability
of feeder ships to the central container port may
permit some container cargo development in the
outports. This, however, will be a function of the
alternative savings of land-based transport, in­
cluding unit trains, as against short haul water

10
transport. The future is uncertain at this stage,
but the effect of extensive containerization, given
modest increases projected in trade, would appear
to be net losses in employment possibilities.
In other respects, containerization offers possi­
bilities for improved employment prospects for
the longshore labor force. With possibilities for
more extensive use o f pier facilities by a greater
number of container ships, earnings can actually
increase and become more steady. Containerized
cargo handling has produced new job requirements.
Giant cranes both on ship and on shore require
new skills. The operation of equipment hauling
containers holding from 20 to 40 tons of cargo is
another development. Training programs have
been required for crane operators and tractor
drivers. On the west coast the contract provides
that men who receive training be available on a
steady basis.
West Coast Bargaining

Consideration of the effect of technological ad­
justments on longshoring began on both coasts in
the mid-fifties. The growing national concern with
the effect o f automation had its influence on both
the Pacific coast International Longshoremen’s
and Warehousemen’s Union (IL W U ) and the
east coast International Longshoremen’s Asso­
ciation (IL A ).
The west coast union had experienced the ef­
fect of automation in plantation labor and longshoring in Hawaii, with resultant work force re­
duction and dislocation. In its coastwide dealing
with the Pacific Maritime Association, it func­
tioned from a position of relative security as the
result of the new orientation toward collective bar­
gaining which came out of management experi­
ence with the prolonged strike in 1948.11 Basic to
stability was the hiring hall, through which an at­
tempt was made to balance manpower supply and
demand by allocating employment to assure both
relative equality in longshoremen’s earnings and
equitable labor distribution among the ship opera­
tors and stevedores.
Among the leading complaints of the ship oper­
ators in west coast ports were those concerning
the inefficiency of requiring in some ports, that
cargo be taken off pallets and placed on the skin of
the dock before being moved to or from the ship;
that excessive and inflexible manning requirements


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

made for “ witnesses,” i.e., men in the gang who
performed no work; and that sling load limits were
unduly restricted. These charges were not denied
by the union, which insisted that management had
recourse to the contract and to arbitration. The
prewar experience with such recourse, however,
had proven its incompatibility with everyday
operations, in which work stoppages were the re­
sponse of the men on the docks.
In 1957, however, following an extensive study
of likely trends in shipping and longshoring, the
initial decision was made which culminated in
agreement to permit the ship operators and steve­
dores to buy out the property rights of registered
workers in the restrictive work rules they had
achieved previously. Negotiations proceeded for
3 years, with interim changes in the basic workday
and guarantees, with testing of the union’s good
faith in a conformance and performance program,
and with an initial agreement in 1959 pointing
toward basing the buy-out on direct employee
productivity gains. The agreement finally con­
cluded in 1960 followed substantial publicity and
education of the membership, and a 6-month nego­
tiating period concluded in a fish bowl setting with
the caucus in attendance.
The Pattern of Change

The 1960 Mechanization and Modernization
agreement, renegotiated in 1966 for another 5-year
term, was basically a “ buy-out” of the restrictive
provisions and customs in cargo handling. The
buy-out was achieved through a lump sum pay­
ment totaling $29 million for the period to 1966,
financed out of assessments per ton of cargo han­
dled. The effect of the agreement was to permit re­
ductions in gang sizes and to increase manpower
flexibility. An integral element was the role of the
grievance machinery, calling for prompt local
port handling of disputes by stewards and super­
intendents, with port arbitrators available on a
24-hour basis in the event of unsettled disputes.
Major unsettled disputes involving coastwise pol­
icies were submitted to the coast arbitrator. Re­
ductions in manning were explored by a joint
labor-management committee; such determinan W hile conditions were less than ideal, with management
pressing for conformity to the terms of the contract, particularly
in the case of Los Angeles, there was no longer the pressure of
constant recourse to arbitration and work stoppage character­
istic of the pre-1948 period.

11

CH ANGE ON T H E W A T E R F R O N T

tions were made available to the ports to assure
standard adherence.12
The problem posed by reduced labor require­
ments was met by controlling the supply of work­
ers. In the postwar period, the entry of fully
registered longshoremen was sharply curtailed to
permit the attrition of a work force unduly swollen
by wartime trade. Additional needs were met
through the establishment of a “ Class B ” category
of longshoremen who received union wage and
overtime rates, but were not full-book union mem­
bers and did not enjoy pension rights. They were
viewed as probationers who might eventually at­
tain the full status of Class A longshoremen.
Additional needs were met by the numerous
casuals who worked on a part-time basis, but whose
primary employment was outside longshoring.
From 1958 on, there was a freeze on the Class A
group, pending the outcome of the negotiations on
changes in work rules.13
As of 1960, the west coast, longshore work force
was comparatively middle aged, with registered
longshoremen averaging 49 years, and one-third
o f them over 55 years. The approach to ra­
tionalization o f the work force in the face of an­
ticipated reductions was one of retirement from
the top, in the hope that the 4-percent attrition
rate would take care of the needed reductions.14
In fact, there was a greater rate of early retirement
13 “ W orking Rules in W est Coast Longshoring,” M o n t h l y L a b o r
January 1961, pp. 1 -1 0 . The basis for assessment on
imported automobiles is being challenged before the Supreme
Court by the Volkswagon Co., J o u r n a l o f C o m m e r c e , November
16, 1967.
13 From 1 9 2 2 -3 4 , in the ports of Seattle, Portland, and Los
Angeles, labor force size and allocation had been controlled by
management-supervised halls. The award of the National Long­
shoremen’s Board in 1934 provided for jointly administered hiring
halls. In practice, between 1 9 3 4 -4 7 , the union largely controlled
hiring through union-designated dispatchers.
11
The inducement to early retirement was the payment of $7,920
in monthly installments to registered longshoremen who retired
at 62, or a lump sum payment, in addition to the regular pension,
to men retiring at 65, in advance of the compulsory retirement
age of 68.
is For varying estimates on savings, see “ 1966 W est Coast Long­
shore Negotiations,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , October 1966, pp.
1 0 6 7 -1 0 7 5 .
16 Gross statistics on foreign waterborne trade require com­
modity breakdowns for purposes of comparability. Statistics on
tanker imports and exports, while readily available, have little
relevance to longshore labor. Labor requirements for dry-bulk
cargo are different from those of general cargo, where more labor
is required because of the variety of tasks involved in break-bulk
operations. The port of New York, basically a break-bjilk port,
handled 16.5 million tons of foreign trade in 1965, with a value
of $10.8 billion. A ll Pacific coast ports together handled 32.3
million tons of foreign trade in that year, with total value of $4.3
billion, reflecting the greater role of dry-bulk and other low value
cargoes. See U n i t e d S t a t e s W a t e r b o r n e F o r e i g n C o m m e r c e (U.S.
Bureau of the Census, 1 9 6 5 ), Summary Report F T 985.
R e v ie w ,

282-907 0

-

68-2


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

than was anticipated. This, coupled with the
growth of Pacific coast trade volume, both before
and since Vietnam, resulted in the necessity to in­
crease the labor force. During the period 1960-66,
2,000 men were retired, but 3,500 were registered
in the A and B categories.
The uncertain prospects in 1960 were reflected
in the provision of a guarantee o f 35 hours per
week, with a fund of $11 million i f the work avail­
able fell below this level due to technological, but
not to economic, conditions. Recourse to this was
not necessary during the period, and the fund was
disbursed on a pro rata basis to registered long­
shoremen. The 1966 agreement provided solely for
a further early retirement inducement payment of
$13,000 for registered longshoremen.
There were areas o f the 1960 agreement which
were not met satisfactorily. These were covered
in the 1966 extension and renewal agreement. Pro­
vision was made for increased flexibility in the size
and use of gang members, and the steady employ­
ment of men specially trained to handle equip­
ment associated with containerization. The union
leadership specifically called for greater mecha­
nization that would make longshoring a less oner­
ous occupation. There were increased assurances,
both by contract and by general understanding
that there would be standardization in work prac­
tices up and down the coast.
There was good reason to extend the agreement,
since its result has been that the labor cost of
handling a ton of cargo decreased by almost 4 per­
cent between 1959 and 1965 despite the substantial
economic benefits which were negotiated for the
entire labor force.15
East Coast Bargaining

In east coast ports, developments have taken
different avenues because of the greater diversity
in operations, differences in union and employer
organization and bargaining structures, and d if­
ferences in the organization of the labor force.
Issues have been made more complex in part be­
cause of the size of the labor force. The port of
New York alone has more longshoremen than
those on the entire west coast—22,000 to about
15,000.16 In the Atlantic and gulf ports, there £tre
an estimated 50,000 longshoremen. Conditions vary
among the Atlantic and gulf coast ports as to type
and volume of trade, physical and weather condi-

12
tions, amount of work available, and hiring ar­
rangements. On the Pacific coast, there is a single
employer organization handling both longshore
and offshore labor-management relations; on the
Atlantic and gulf ports there are separate em­
ployer organizations for the several ports. The
New York Shipping Association (N Y S A ) does
have authority to negotiate a master agreement,
covering wages, overtime, pensions and welfare
contributions, and the term o f the contract, for
the ports from Maine to Hampton Roads, Va.,
and the economic terms are generally followed
in the outports. But the IL A is a more loosely knit
organization than the west coast ILWTI, with
bargaining largely on a port basis, except for the
west gulf ports. The results of bargaining are
incorporated in separate port agreements, with

separate negotiations on port working conditions.
The organization of the labor force differs in the
various ports, with available men substantially
exceeding peak requirements, but in some ports
sentiment has grown in recent years to control
the size of the work force.17
Unlike the effort at stability on the west coast,
the immediate postwar years on the east coast
were years o f instability, with rank-and-file re­
volts, followed by government investigations and
revelations of corruption, criminal involvement,
and collusion between some employers and some
union officials.
For a period o f 6 years (1953-59) marked by
expulsion from the A FL, the establishment of the
watchdog Waterfront Commission o f New York
and New Jersey, and representational challenges,
the IL A was in a state o f flux and uncertainty, a
state hardly conducive to the establishment o f a
stable labor-management relationship geared to
the consideration o f basic change in the existing
practices. With changed leadership, closer scrutiny
by the international officers, the adoption o f stand­
ards for local union activities, and success in rep­
resentation elections, the IL A succeeded in meet­
ing the requirements set by the A F L -C IO and
was readmitted in 1959.
The establishment o f the New York-New Jersey
Waterfront Commission in 1953 produced a new
approach to the organization of the labor force,
since one of the Commission’s responsibilities was
to decasualize the labor force in the port o f New
York through joint union-management coopera­
tion. The Commission set requirements, based on


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N TH LY LAB O R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

work performance and availability during the
entry period, for registration o f longshoremen.
The union and the N Y SA developed a seniority
system, mainly out of negotiations, partly out of
arbitration, which was subsequently incorporated
by the Commission in its regulations. Out o f these
efforts, there was a reduction in the work force to
about 22,000 in 1965 from the estimated 51,000 at
the time o f the investigations by the New York
State Crime Commission. The effect has been to
provide greater employment and earning oppor­
tunities to the registered work force.18
In the past decade, employer demands have
been for reductions in the size o f the basic gang
of 20 men. The union opposed such a change and
sought to protect existing customs and practices.
The introduction of containers and mechanized
side-loading arrangements with increased use of
forklifts brought the issue to a head in 1958 and
1959. The Sea-Land coastwise operation had dem­
onstrated the feasibility of using only two gangs
rather than the customary five to seven on conven­
tional setups. In the 1959 contract negotiations,
the union agreed to handle containers and manage­
ment agreed to maintain the gang size. Further,
negotiations would continue on the establishment
of a fund to compensate workers for reductions in
work opportunities. Arbitration would follow if
agreement could not be reached, and, indeed, these
efforts proved futile. The arbitration award
created a fund to be financed by dues levied on
containers, loaded or unloaded away from the piers
by non-ILA labor, of 35 cents a ton on conven­
tional ships, 70 cents a ton for partially automated
ones, and $1 for those extensively containerized.
A separate agreement was negotiated for a 28-centa-ton payment on container ships in the domestic
trades.
Acceptance of Mechanization

The question o f modernization was basic again
to the negotiations of 1962, as discussions were
centered around the issue o f gang size, manpower
utilization, and job security in the port of New
York. A protracted strike was settled by a media17 W ork relationships in the port of New York over several
decades had been established with individual piers using regular
gangs, regular extra men, and casuals, employed in that order as
needed. The attachment of the gang to the pier made for inflexi­
bility in portwide arrangements.
73 “ Hiring Practices for Longshoremen,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e ­
v i e w , November 1965, pp. 1 2 8 9 -9 6 .

13

CH ANGE ON T H E W A T E R F R O N T

tion panel headed by Senator Wayne Morse. In
addition to making economic recommendations,
the panel induced the parties to agree to a study
of manpower utilization and job security to be
conducted by the Department o f Labor. This
study, made under the overall supervison o f Secre­
tary Wirtz and then Assistant Secretary Eeynolds,
was based on substantial field observations and
meetings with the parties covering the outports as
well as New York. The report, completed in 1964,
covered operations, the effect of technological de­
velopments, manpower utilization, and the struc­
ture of the labor force. When the parties were un­
able to reach agreement, under the terms of the
1962 accord, the matter was submitted to a media­
tion panel headed by Assistant Secretary Eeynolds
which made recommendations on an annual income
guarantee and gang-size reductions, among others.
The parties reached agreement in late 1964 on
a 4-year contract providing for a guaranteed an­
nual income based on 1,600 hours straight-time
pay,19 reduction in the basic gang size in stages
from 20 to 17, and increased flexibility in the use
of the gang. Pensions were increased to facilitate
the effect of anticipated attrition by job reduction.
Joint committees were established to arrange for
meeting the adjustments and to discuss broader
policy issues involved in the basic changes. Ini­
tially rejected by the New York port membership,
the agreement was accepted following explanation
of the terms. However, a strike continued over
issues relating to port conditions in south Atlantic
and west gulf ports.
19 Effective April 1966, longshoremen who had worked at least
700 hours in the preceding year were guaranteed an annual in­
come of 1,600 hours a year, at straight-time rates. Earnings dur­
ing the course of the year computed at straight-time rates, and
payments for vacations, holidays, and unemployment compensa­
tion are deducted from guaranteed income. Payments under the
guarantee are included in determining eligibility for vacation,
holiday, pension, welfare and clinical services. Standards were set
jointly by the Human Relations and Implementation Committee
for penalties for consistent absenteeism.
20 The 1965 bill was opposed by the W aterfront Commission,
and was vetoed by Governor Rockefeller after its adoption by the
New York State Legislature. The bill called for the closing of the
register, but specified reopening by joint labor-management agree­
ment. The bill enacted in 1966 was a compromise measure, and
provided for temporary closing of the register for 60 days, with
opportunity for labor and management to request the Commission
to close or open the register in the future. Commission rejection
of joint requests can be appealed to the courts. See A n n u a l R e p o r t
of

th e

W a te r fr o n t

C o m m issio n

of

N ew

(New York, 1 9 6 7 ), p. 12.
21 B r o o k l y n L o n g s h o r e m a n , April 1967.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Y ork

H arbor,

1 9 6 5 -6 6

Functioning of the Agreement

The transition to these modernizing changes
has been made successfully under the port of
New York contract. The dispute procedure, which
calls for the prompt handling of disputes on the
pier by union and management representatives,
and for permanent arbitration in case of outstand­
ing issues, has functioned well. Gang-size reduc­
tions have been met by attrition. The parties had
pressed for statutory authority to require the
Waterfront Commission to close the register. A
major development in 1966 was the commission’s
willingness to go along with this, but without any
limitation on its regulatory or investigative au­
thority.20 The register was closed for a period in
1966, while port needs were explored jointly. Out
of this came the determination that an additional
2,000 men were needed to be registered. As of
January 1967, the annual income guarantee, paid
on a quarterly basis, was reported as involving
some 350 payments, totaling about $150,000 21 for
the period beginning April 30, 1966.
The approaches to modernization have differed.
The west coast “buy out” represents an effort to
meet all situations. The east coast situation repre­
sents a more gradual approach to meet a more
complicated situation. The availability of the
guaranteed income and of machinery for continu­
ous discussion now provides the means for facili­
tating change. Concern with the effect of the
“ containerization explosion” can be met through
continuing discussions of change, like those used
in other industries to avoid contract expiration
crises. The IL A leadership and the N Y SA have
indicated their readiness to approach the matter
in this spirit through joint exploration of the pres­
ent and future state of containerization, and its
effect on the labor force, well in advance of the
contract expiration in September 1968. The prob­
lems are complex, involving questions about job
opportunities, labor mobility, seniority, earnings,
interport rivalry, variations in port conditions,
and the structure for bargaining. But the U.S.
longshore industry—labor and management, aided
by government resources where necessary—has
taken giant strides toward flexibility and adapta­
tion in meeting these problems.

Clothing the Urban American
Family:
How Much For Whom?
A nn E rickson*

C lothing expenditures for the urban American

family member generally increase from infancy to
the late teens and early twenties and then decline.
But at all ages, a woman’s clothing bills are larger
than a man’s. As a percent of the man’s clothing
expenditures, differences in spending for the sexes
range from 10 percent for the toddlers (ages 2 to
5) to 42 percent for 16- and 17-year-olds.
These and other findings discussed in this article
are based on expenditure data collected in the Sur­
vey of Consumer Expenditures, 1960-61.1 The data
were tabulated for individual family members
classified by some of the major causes of variation
in clothing purchases: age, sex, income, geographic
region, and family type. Expenditures represent
only the cost o f ready-to-wear clothing purchased
by the family 2 for its own members. They do not
include amounts spent for clothing upkeep or
clothing materials, nor do they include the value
o f clothing given to family members by welfare
agencies, friends, or relatives outside the consumer
unit.3
Spending Over the Life Span

During the survey years, average clothing ex­
penditures for women at all ages were higher than
those for men of the same age.4Differences in cloth­
ing expenditures for boys and girls under age 18
became greater as age increased. Compared with
clothing expenditures for boys o f the same age,
expenditures for girls were higher by 10 percent at
ages 2 to 5, 11 percent at ages 6 to 11, 30 percent
at ages 12 to 15, and 42 percent at ages 16 to 17.
After age 18, these differences narrowed as age in­
creased. A woman spent 38 percent more than a
man at ages 18 to 24 but only 26 percent more in
the age group over 25. (See chart.)
14


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Despite these differences in levels o f spending for
clothing men and women, age trends were similar
for the sexes. Clothing expenditures generally in­
creased from preschool age through early adult­
hood (18 to 24 years o f age) and then decreased.
Expenditures for children under 2 years o f age
were not reported separately for boys and girls;
but, as an average, they were lower than those for
any other age group. It is likely that expenditures
for infants and young children were low partly
because they were often supplemented by gifts o f
clothing from persons outside the family.5
Expenditures increased most between the age
classes 6 to 11 and 12 to 15. This increase is un­
doubtedly due to changes in physiological and so­
cial needs as children enter adolescence. Since 12to 15-year-olds are going through a period of rapid
*O f the Division of Living Conditions Studies, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
iT h e detailed tabulations on which this article is based are
published in C l o t h in g f o r TJrhan F a m i l i e s : E x p e n d i t u r e s P e r M e m ­
b e r b y S e x a n d A g e , 1 9 6 0 - 6 1 (BLS Bulletin 1556, 1 9 6 7 ). Data
used in the bulletin were collected in a survey conducted by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics as part of its program to revise the
Consumer Price Index. A ll data were obtained through personal
interviews with urban families.
Bulletin 1556 shows average annual expenditures for indi­
vidual fam ily members classified by age and sex. It differs from
other 1 9 6 0 -6 1 reports which present expenditures in terms of
averages per fam ily rather than averages per person. All averages
shown in the bulletin were computed after data from the sample
of 30,284 persons had been expanded, by using a system of
weights based on the 1960 Census of Population, to represent all
U.S. urban fam ily members.
2 The terms fam ily and consumer unit are used interchangeably
throughout this article. In the 1960—61 Survey of Consumer E x­
penditures, a consumer unit was defined as (1 ) a group of per­
sons usually living together who pooled their income and drew
from a common fund-jror their major items of expense, or (2) a
person who lived alone or in a household with others but who
was financially independent.
3 Fam ilies’ estimates of the annual value of gifts of clothing
received averaged $52.76 per fam ily in 1 9 6 0 -6 1 . Expenditures for
clothing upkeep averaged $58.52 per fam ily and for clothing
materials, $15.24.
4 In all surveys of consumer spending conducted by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics since 1 9 3 4 -3 6 , families have reported spend­
ing more for clothing women than men. Before this survey period,
families reporting expenditures in BLS Surveys spent more for
husbands than for wives. See H o w A m e r i c a n B u y i n g H a b i t s
C h a n g e (Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1 9 5 9 ),
p. 134.
Although the relationships change slowly, the levels of ex­
penditures shown in the accompanying tables would be affected
by price changes which have occurred since the latest survey was
conducted. The Consumer Price Index shows that, from 1 9 6 0 61 to September 1967, prices for girls, and women’s apparel
rose about 10 percent and prices for boys’ and men’s apparel
rose about 13 percent*.
6
The values of gifts of clothing reported in BLS surveys of
three metropolitan areas in 1948 were tabulated by age and sex
of recipient. The tabulations showed that these values were
greater in proportion to fam ily expenditures for children under 2
than for other age-sex groups. In 1 of the 3 cities surveyed, the
value of clothing given to children under age 2 was greater than
fam ilies’ expenditures for clothing in this age group. See F a m i l y
I n c o m e , E x p e n d i t u r e s , a n d S a v i n g s i n 1 0 C i t i e s (BLS Bulletin
1065, 1 9 5 2 ), pp. 7 3 -7 9 .

CLOTH ING T H E U RB AN A M ER IC AN FAM ILY

Per Person Clothing Expenditures by Age and Sex,
Urban United States, 1960-61

A N N U A L E X P E N D IT U R E
PER PER SO N
$300
|

|

FEMALES
MALES

15
spend on clothing than younger teenagers—i.e.,
they are more likely to have income from part-time
or full-time jobs. High clothing expenditures for
older groups also reflect new clothing needs as­
sociated with entering college, returning from mili­
tary service, beginning full-time jobs, and getting
married.
Men and women in the age group 25 to 64 spent
somewhat less for their clothing than 16- to 24year-olds of the same sex. The adults probably pur­
chased more durable and more conservatively
styled clothing which could be worn longer than
clothing purchased by 16- to 24-year-olds.6 During
the survey years, men and women age 25 to 64
bought fewer but more expensive clothing items
than their counterparts in the younger age
group.7
Adults 65 and over spent less than half as much
for clothing as 25- to 64-year-olds of the same sex.
Their low expenditures, in part, reflect the low in­
come levels of the aged. But they are also associated
with decreased clothing needs as men and women
retire from the labor force, low physical stamina
which makes shopping very tiring, and reduced
interest in clothing.
Modes of Attire

AGE

1

C loth in g purchased for children under tw o w as n ot reported separately

for b o y s and girls.

growth and physical development, they not only
outgrow clothing rapidly but also begin selecting
clothes in more grownup and expensive size lines.
In addition, they are usually more interested in
their appearance and more anxious to conform to
their peers’ standards of dress than are younger
children.
Although 18- to 24-year-olds had the highest
clothing bills, their average expenditures were only
slightly higher than the 16- and 17-year-olds’. Per­
sons in both age groups tend to be fashion con­
scious, like to have special clothes for dates and
school activities, and often have more money to


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Underlying the changes in total clothing ex­
penditures observed among age groups are varia­
tions in expenditures for different kinds of cloth­
ing. Major components of the total expenses for
each sex are shown in table 1. Differences in each
age group’s allocation o f the clothing dollar among
various types of clothing reflect differences in so­
cial and physical activities over the life span and
changes in preferences and customs. For example,
the 16- and 17-year-old girl’s purchases reflect her
style preferences: she spent proportionately more
for separates (skirts, blouses, and so forth) and
less for dresses than other women. Hats accounted
for a much larger share of total clothing allowance
of persons 65 and over than in any other age
group, showing the changes in customs from one
age to another.
a A U SD A study of the St. Paul-Minneapolis area showed that
clothing acquisitions declined much more rapidly than clothing
inventories with increasing age. See Margaret Brew, R. R.
O’Leary, and L. Dean, F a m i l y C l o t h i n g : I n v e n t o r i e s a n d P u r ­
c h a s e s (Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1 9 5 6 ),
pp. 1 2 -1 5 .
7
Bulletin 1556 contains information on quantities purchased
and prices paid as well as information on expenditures.

16

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

In absolute terms, expenditures for most types
of clothing for girls and women increased steadily
from age 2 to 24. The 16- and 17-year-olds spent
more on sweaters, separates, footwear, and gloves
than women in other age groups. The 18- to 24year-olds spent more for suits, dresses, underwear,

T able

1.

nightwear, hosiery, and accessories which included
purses, jewelry, scarves, and belts. The only cloth­
ing items for which peak spending occurred after
age 24 were coats, fur accessories, and hats. Out­
lays for these items were highest at ages 25 through
64.

V a r io u s T y p e s o f C l o t h in g E x p e n d it u r e s P e r P e r s o n , b y A g e a n d

Se x , U rban

U n it e d

States,

1960-61

A ge
T y p e o f cloth in g 4
2 to 5

6 to 11

12 to 15

16 to 17

18 t o 24

25 to 64

65 and
over

G irls and w om en
$73.98
11.59
1.87
6.92
2.38
.22
.21
24.86
9. 55
4. 45
7. 79
Costum es, bath in g suits, g y m suits, leotards, and other sports clo th in g -------

1.80
1.00
10.81
6.81
3.96
3.49
17.05
3. 22
1.24
.66
.46
.42
.34
2.96

$114. 70
+ 40 .7 2
17.73
.31
11.93
4.63
.63

$186.99
+ 72.29
33.12

$246.77
+59. 78
39.95

$255.17
+ 8 .4 0
42.99

$212.49
- 4 2 . 68
40.93

$97. 73
-1 1 4 . 76
25.90

18.78
10.70
2.88

20. 66
14.92
4.24

.74
66.21
19. 21
23.20
12. 60
1.89
6. 59
2. 44
22.75
16.90
5.65
11.77
30.18
13. 68
1.87
1.58
4. 48
1.64
3.95
9.28

.04
84.57
29. 56
26.75
14. 87
4.17
6.74
1.94
29.37
22.62
6.36
16.62
34.58
21.49
2.62
2.43
6.47
2.51
7.30
20.20

25.69
5.80
6.15
3.20
.09
60.08
36.54
10.29
6.15
1.51
2.29
3.12
30.02
23. 66
6.08
17.19
30.16
25.94
5.42
2.27
5.99
1.89
10.28
8.17

17.94
1.70
3. 41
2.84

.23
41. 68
16.65
8. 99
9.08
1.17
3.69
1.83
13.88
9.55
4.32
5.01
23. 51
6. 82
1.72
1.16
1.19
1.02
1. 61
6.08

24.13
11.49
6.46
.74
.16
83.69
38.92
21. 03
11. 99
3.23
4.70
3. 76
32.19
25.10
6.87
21. 75
32.58
27.15
3. 52
2.32
6.83
2. 58
11.75
14.81

21.37
19. 45
.98
. 12
.08
.19
.56
13.20
10.09
3.04
7.32
15.05
10.34
4.13
.80
2.13
.58
2.68
4.54

$173.32
+ 29 .3 0
24.10

$184. 52
+ 11. 20
24.78

$168. 52
-1 6 .0 0
17. 50

$77.16
- 9 1 .3 6
9. 77

6. 45
9. 89
7.49
.27
76.33
14.45
6.21
19.99
22.53
7.13
4.80
.56
.69
11.96
9.34
2.62

9. 44
8. 44
6.75
. 17
86.63
25.04
6.79
17.58
23.35
7.55
3.39
2.02
.86
11. 99
9.64
2.31

8.80
6.29
2.32
.08
84.19
31.97
5.15
13. 24
21.07
7.76
1.76
2. 46
.69
13.13
10.21
2.88

5.67
2. 64
1.47
.00
35. 77
16.48
1.53
5.66
8.00
3.09
.34
.18
.43
7.69
5. 41
2.27

7. 77
31.50
11. 35
.89
1. 86
3.39
5.19
.02
10.31

7.70
27.41
14.97
1.68
2.21
4. 64
6.37
.07
11.04

7.26
24. 85
15. 73
4.04
2.18
5.16
4.28
.08
5.87

3.01
10.24
7.22
3. 46
.45
1.72
1.57
.02
3.47

B o y s and m en
$67. 49

T rou sers_________ ___________________ ______ _______________________________ _ __

N igh tw ea r______ ______ _________________________________ __________________________
O th er______________________________________________________________
___________
H o s ie ry __________________________________________________ ______________________________
F ootw ea r_________________________________________ ________
_
_ __ _ ______________
H ats, gloves, and accessories__________________________________________ _ . . _
______

O t h e r .._____________________________________________________________________________
E xpen ditu res n ot a llo c a te d 3_____ ____________________________________________________

1 Clothing items listed in Bulletin 1556 differed for different ages. For use
in this table some items were combined to get reasonably comparable cate­
gories across the entire age range.
Average expenditures were calculated b y dividing the aggregate amount
of expenditures b y the total number of persons in the age-sex group. Since all
averages for a class are based on a com m on divisor, they are additive.
T he totals for some subgroups m ay exceed the sum of the items b y more


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

8.38
1.44
2. 26
2.97
1.53
.17
24. 62
2.39
.50
6. 24
6. 73
4. 80
4 3.02
3 .92
8.02
4.28
3. 54
.17
3.18
17. 43
2.50
1.16
.69
.58
.04
.02
3.36

$103. 75
+ 3 6 .2 6
12.15
.12
2. 66
6.94
2.23
.20
42. 84
3.06
1.83
11.48
12.02
9.22
3.34
1.26
3 .59
9.24
6.02
3.01
.13
5.02
24.74
5.33
1.40
1.38
1.44
1.08
.02

4.44

$144.02
+ 40. 27
19.86
.27
4. 57
9. 69
5.31
.27
60.07
6.90
3. 95
18. 46
17. 25
7.33
4. 62
1.17
5 .38
10.73
7.81
2.85
.07
6.86
32.14
8.11
.97
1. 77
2.32
3.03
.01
6.25

than is attributable to rounding. This occurs when the subgroup total includes
combined expenditures which could not be allocated among the items listed.
2 Includes aprons, uniforms, and special work clothing.
3 T otal expenditures reported b y families unwilling or unable to itemize
their clothing purchases.
4 Includes sunsuits.
5 Includes costumes.

CLO TH IN G T H E URBAN A M E R IC A N F A M IL Y

T able 2.

C lothing E xpenditures P er P erson

17
by

A ge, Se x ,

and

F amily I ncome, U rban U nited States, 1960-61

Income after taxes 1
Sex and age

Total
Under
$2,000 2

$2,000-$2,999 $3,000-$3,999

$4,000-$4,999

$5,000-$5,999

$6,000-$7,499

$7,500-$9,999

$10,000$14,999

$15,000 and
over

Girls:
2 to 5 years______ $73. 98
6 to 11 years_____ 114. 70
12 to 15 years____ 186. 99
16 to 17 years........ 246.77

$42. 04
45.08
62.22
59.62

$42. 77
63. 44
100.85
95. 01

$52.45
63.11
115. 65
151. 28

$55. 74
93.87
125.49
180.47

$71. 31
99.49
162. 40
213. 41

$79.45
119. 85
189. 80
275.10

$100. 07
136.14
218. 65
260.85

$98. 05
163. 50
273. 08
350.96

$182. 63
225.33
299.52
461.11

Women:
18 to 24 years____ 255.17
25 to 64 years____ 212.49
65 years and over. 97. 73

116.68
71.07
42.52

167.12
105. 01
79. 30

172.94
150. 55
95. 21

189. 69
160. 74
123. 08

210. 46
163. 73
140. 54

281.68
201. 37
95.44

338.47
256. 97
136.95

438. 55
350.85
309.62

572.86
672.88
279.14

67.49
103. 75
144. 02
173.32

37. 95
42.04
60.41
63.50

36.98
64. 42
73. 56
80.97

53. 56
77. 00
94. 92
129. 69

56.92
81.42
118. 24
179.94

58. 44
86.63
131.16
150.91

75. 34
101. 70
143. 75
142. 91

85. 83
133. 39
159. 42
177.58

81.65
139. 84
190. 78
222.06

136.07
173.11
232.93
321. 38

Men:
18 to 24 years____ 184. 52
25 to 64 years........ 168. 52
65 years and over. 77.16

76.79
62.65
31.05

142. 93
77.28
50.96

132.11
108. 06
76. 84

145. 77
134. 52
68.65

160.29
136.13
102. 97

183. 22
160. 29
130. 69

219. 06
196.91
106. 29

223. 62
244.12
113.12

333. 62
417.46
320.49

Boys:
2 to 5 years______
6 to 11 years_____
12 to 15 years____
16 to 17 years____

1The income classification is based on the family’s m oney income after
deduction for personal taxes (Federal, State, and local income taxes, poll
taxes, and personal property taxes). It represents the total m oney income
during the survey year of all family members from all sources, plus the value
of tw o nonmoney items—food and housing received as pay.

2 Due to the small sample o ' persons in each age-sex class with incomes
under $2,000, the income ranges under $1,000 and $1,000-$1,999 shown in the
tabulations were combined. Sample size b y age, sex, and income class for
all groups is shown in table 2, Bulletin 1556, p. 23.

The ages during which peak expenditures for
different types o f clothing occurred varied more
for men than for women. Outlays for nightwear,
which may have been supplemented in certain age
groups by gifts from persons outside the con­
sumer unit, were highest for boys ages 2 to 5.
Money spent for dungarees peaked at ages 6 to 11.
Footwear expenditures were highest for 12- to
17-year-olds, while spending for jackets, sweaters,
trousers, shorts and special sport clothing, and
hosiery was greatest at ages 16 to 17. The 18- to 24year-olds spent more than other men on coats,
sports coats, shirts, and jewelry; and the 25- to
64-year-old man outspent other men for suits, un­
derwear, hats, and clothing accessories (ties, belts,
and wallets).
Since average outlays represent both prices paid
and quantities purchased, variations in spending
among age groups may have resulted from varia­
tions in both quantities and prices. For women,
reductions in expenditures occurred as age in­
creased because older women generally purchased
fewer clothing items, not because they purchased
less expensive items. In fact, prices paid for the
following items increased steadily with advancing
age, even after 64: heavy winter coats, lightweight
coats and toppers, suits, street dresses, blouses and
skirts, panties, pajamas, stockings, shoes (street,
dress, and casual), hats, and purses.

¿Clothing expenditures for men, which declined
as age increased through age 64, also generally re­
flected decreases in quantities purchased rather
than in prices paid. However, men 65 and over, un­
like women in this age group, usually purchased
fewer and less expensive clothing items than their
counterparts 25 to 64. The only items for which
men paid higher prices after age 64 were coats,
jackets, and underwear.
Outlays for most major clothing categories com­
parable on the basis o f sex and age (outerwear,
footwear, hosiery, nightwear, underwear, and
hats, gloves and accessories) were consistently
higher for yfomen than for men. Although boys’
fbotwear expenditures at ages 2 to 15 did exceed
girls’, the differences were small. In all categories,
especially hosiery and underwear and nightwear,
spending by women showed greater variation over
the life span than spending by men.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Income Variations

Total expenditures for persons in all age-sex
groups generally increased as income rose. (See
table 2.) These increases represented purchases of
greater quantities as well as shifts from lower to
higher priced clothing. Only a few articles, such
as work clothes (trousers, shirts, and gloves) for
men 18 and over, wool suits for boys under 12, and

18
dresses for girls under 12, were not purchased in
greater quantities at higher income levels.8
Expenditure-income elasticities, which are meas­
ures of the degree of responsiveness of spending to
changes in income, were calculated for men’s,
women’s, and children’s clothing expenditures. Re­
sults show that a man’s clothing purchases were
generally more income-elastic than a woman’s at
income levels under $6,000, while a woman’s were
more income-elastic than a man’s or a child’s at in­
come levels above $6,000. This difference may be
associated with greater labor force participation
o f wives at the higher income levels, since em­
ployed women tend to have greater clothing needs
than women who are not employed outside the
home.
Despite the differences in amounts spent for
family members at each income level, total clothing
outlays for individual family members tended to
follow well-defined age-sex patterns. Families at
most income levels under $5,000 and at all income
levels over $5,000 consistently spent more for
women at all ages than they did for men of the
same age. At a few income levels under $5,000 ex­
penditures for boys under 12 were higher than
for girls of this age, but the differences were
small.
Families at most income levels spent more on
18- to 24-year-olds that on persons of the same
sex in other age groups. However, higher income
families did deviate from this pattern. That is, for
men in families with incomes o f $10,000 and over
and for women in families with incomes o f $15,000
and over, spending peaked at ages 25 to 64. Per­
haps this is because dressing appropriately for
professional and social roles is particularly expen­
sive for persons at the height of their career lives
in higher income occupations.
Regional Differences

Clothing expenditures for each age-sex group
varied from one part o f the country to the other.
They were generally highest in the Northeast and
lowest in the South. ( See table 3.) Families in the
Northeast spent 33 percent more for clothing girls
age 6 to 11, 27 percent more for clothing women 25
to 64,17 percent more for boys 6 to 11, and 22 per­
cent more for men 25 to 64 than families in the


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

T able 3. C lothing E xpenditures Per P erson b y A ge,
Se x , and R egion,1 U rban U nited States, 1960-61
Sex and age

United
States

Northeast

North
Central

South West

Girls and women:
2 to 5 years__ _
6 to 11 years____
12 to 15 years___
16 to 17 years___
18 to 24 years___
25 to 64 years___
65 years and
over____ ____

$73.98
114.70
186.99
246.77
255.17
212.49

$88.42
133.97
213.07
284.10
303.98
239. 66

$69.75
105.97
187.20
271.92
240.57
201.34

$66.34
100. 52
164.75
205.24
238.86
188.16

$71.63
121.89
178.97
200.74
227. 54
220.07

97.73

120.22

99.33

70.36

97.62

Boys and men:
2 to 5 years_____
6 to 11 years____
12 to 15 years___
16 to 17 years___
18 to 24 years___
25 to 64 years___
65 years and
over....... .........

67.49
103.75
144. 02
173.32
184. 52
168. 52

84. 93
115.26
159.02
192.03
193.93
186. 91

60.73
99.26
138.12
194.00
188.76
157. 08

59.69
98.24
128.01
143. 55
177. 28
153.08

65.29
103.89
152.05
150.49
171.99
177.10

77.16

88.35

79.85

64. 55

70.62

38.40

41.58

38.82

34.41

37.78

Boys and girls
under 2 years.........

1 Regions defined b y the Bureau of the Census were used in this compari,
son. These regions are: Northeast—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts’
New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island’
Vermont; North Central— Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, M inne'
sota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin;
South— Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida,
Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina,
Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia;
West—Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana,
Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

South. These differences were related to variations
in per capita incomes which were higher in the
Northeast and lower in the South than in other
regions.9
Regional variations also reflect differences in cli­
matic conditions : southern families do not require
as much expensive heavy winter clothing as fami­
lies in northern climates.
Expenditures for young people ages 16 to 24
were also low in the West. This may reflect greater
informality of living which young adults, in par­
ticular, may experience in this region. For exam­
ple, 18- to 24-year-old men spent less on suits and
8 Families at higher income levels seemed to prefer separates
(blouses and skirts for girls and sport coats and trousers for
boys) to dresses and wool suits for children under 12. The quanti­
ties of separates purchased increased rapidly as income rose.
Spending for men’s work clothing could be expected to be lower
in income levels which included smaller proportions of blue-collar
workers.
9 W ithin the same income classes, differences in clothing ex­
penditures for persons in the South and persons in the Northeast
were much smaller than the average differences shown in table 3.
A t income levels of $10,000 and over, expenditures for many agesex groups were higher in the South than in other regions.
Regional variations in the estimated 1966 costs of clothing a
4-person fam ily (husband age 38, wife, boy of 13, and girl age 8)
at a moderate standard of living were also smaller than the
regional differences in expenditures for comparable age-sex
groups shown in table 3. See C i t y W o r k e r ’ s F a m i l y B u d g e t f o r
A M o d e r a t e L i v i n g S t a n d a r d , A u t u m n 1 9 6 6 (B L S Bulletin 1 5 7 0 -1,
1 9 6 7 ).

1»

CLO TH ING T H E URBAN A M E R IC A N F A M ILY

trousers but more on work and play clothes,10 and
women 18 to 24 spent less on dresses, skirts, and
blouses but more on sport clothing than did their
counterparts in other regions.

tion, men and women living as single, independent
consumer units may have spent more for clothing
simply because they had fewer monetary commit­
ments in other areas than adults in family units.

Outlays by Family Type

Clothing expenditures per person, by family type, urban United Slates, 1960-61

Some spending variation for clothing adults
under 65 was related to differences in the type of
family in which they lived.11 Of the five family
types shown below, single consumer units had the
highest clothing bills. Clothing needs for single
women consumers were undoubtedly greater than
those for other women who were less likely to be
full-time participants in the labor force. In addi-

Family type
All family types........................
Single consumers (1-person families)
Families of 2 persons or m ore-........ .
Husband-wife only..............................
Husband-wife, oldest child under 18.
One parent and children i _________
Other family types.......... ...................

10 In the 1 9 6 0 -6 1 survey, the category w o r k a n d p l a y c l o t h e s
included work trousers, overalls, coveralls, dungarees, shorts,
special sports clothing, uniforms, and special work clothing.
11 Fam ily members were grouped in 4 types of families of 2 per­
sons or more on the basis of relationships of members and the
age of children of the head of the family as follows : (1 ) husbandwife only, (2 ) husband and wife with oldest child (including
adopted and stepchildren) under 18 years of age, but with no
other persons in the family, (3 ) families with only 1 parent
(the head) present and children of any age, but with no other
persons in the fam ily, and (4) all other types.
12 In comparable income groups, clothing expenditures were
higher for women heading families than for women in other
fam ily types.

Men 18
to 64
$170.73
211.99
168.67
166.50
157.11
186.97

1
Expenditures for men 18 to 64 who were heads of one-parent families have
been omitted because of the small numbers of such families in the sample.

For men, the lowest clothing purchases were
reported for husbands whose children were all
under 18. Although clothing expenditures for
wives in these families were also low (at incomes
under $4,000 wives spent less for clothing than
their husbands), they were not as low as those
reported for women who were in one-parent fam­
ilies. Mothers heading families spent less on cloth­
ing than other women, primarily because their
incomes were lower than incomes reported for
women in other families.12

O f all subdivisions of manufacturing, women’s outerwear and related
trimmings have always been most obviously linked to and commanded by
fashion, and New York City remains the undisputed center of fashion in
America. This is emphasized by its dominance of the mass-media market, its
function as the main hub o f overseas relations and travel, and its concentration
of wealth because of its financial and managerial supremacy. In the past the
garment industry located in Manhattan, partly for these and partly for very
different reasons, and, although it has recently been growing more rapidly
elsewhere in the United States, women’s fashionable outerwear will be the
last sector of the industry to cling stubbornly to the city that is the national
capital o f fashion.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Women 18
to 64
$219.25
262.77
215.93
241.66
185.83
162.45
244.76

— Jean Gottman.

The W age Calendar for 1968
The Outlook for Changes
in Wages and Fringes Through Scheduled Increases
and Contracts Subject to Bargaining

Cordelia W ard

and

W illiam Davis*

W age increases are received—in most years—by

at least 3 out of 4 workers covered by major col­
lective bargaining agreements. Some o f the in­
creases result from negotiations concluded during
the year; others are the result of long-term con­
tracts negotiated in earlier years. For a substantial
minority, negotiated or deferred increases are
supplemented by adjustments under cost-of-living
escalator clauses.
The relative importance of deferred and newly
negotiated changes varies from year to year, since
the number of workers covered by expiring long­
term agreements is not uniform among years. O f
the slightly more than 10.4 million workers under
major agreements, at least 8.4 million are now
covered by contracts that remain in eifect for more
than a year and that provide for deferred wage
increases.1 In addition, open-end contracts, under
which negotiations are not concluded every year,
cover about 700,000 workers.
During 1968, more workers covered by major
collective bargaining agreements will receive de­
ferred than negotiated increases. Deferred wage
increases are scheduled to go into eifect for about
4.6 million workers. For another 400,000 workers,
contracts that expired in 1967 were still being re­
negotiated in late 1967; an unknown number of
these will receive deferred increases some time
during the year. About 4 million are included
under contracts that either expire or can be re­
opened in 1968. The rest, about 1.2 o f the 10.4
million, are working under agreements that are
neither subject to reopening nor provide a wage
increase during 1968.
20


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

In 1967, wage increases resulting from current
negotiations and deferred wage increases each
affected about the same number (approximately
4.5 million workers). About a million, including
most telephone workers and some railroad non­
operating workers, were covered by contracts that
did not expire and did not provide the possibility
of a pay increase in 1967.
More workers are eligible for cost-of-living es­
calator adjustments in 1968 than in any year
since 1962, but for most of these workers a limit
on the size of such adjustments has been estab­
lished by their agreements.
Bargaining During the Year

Although collective bargaining activity will
continue at high levels in 1968 and will affect
several key industries, the number o f workers
covered by contracts that expire or are subject to
*O f the Divisions of Industrial and Labor Relations and W age
Economics, respectively, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1
This summary is limited to settlements affecting 1,000 work­
ers or more in all industries except government.
For this article, a deferred increase is defined here as one re­
sulting from a contract negotiated prior to the year it goes into
effect. Increases are usually spaced at 1-year intervals. Thus, a
3-year contract beginning in July 1967 typically provided deferred
increases in July 1968 and 1969. Workers sometimes receive 2
increases or more within a year, notably in the construction
industry.
Except in the last paragraph on page 24, and table 5, only
changes in wage rates are discussed in this sum m ary; changes in
supplementary benefits are excluded.
Workers in the service and finance, insurance, and real estate
industries were included for the first time in the data on deferred
wage increases due in 1967. They are included in all tabulations
for 1968. The number of workers in the newly added industries
who are due to receive deferred increases in 1968 is only about
225,000.

21

W A G E C ALEN D AR FOR 1968

related industries (aluminum and metal fabrica­
tion), aerospace, and men’s apparel. Agreements
for most workers in shipbuilding, glass, and
leather and leather products will also terminate.
(Many leather workers’ contracts will expire after
they receive a deferred wage increase.) Many
major agreements in the paper, chemical, and to­
bacco industries are subject to renegotiation. Most
bargaining will take place in the second half o f the
year (table 1). Steel contracts expire the end of
July; aerospace at that time or later. Contracts for
about 80,000 workers in electrical products may be
reopened on wages during the year.
Bargaining can take place in 1968 for about 2.1
million workers in nonmanufacturing industries;
1,050,000 under contracts that expire, 550,000 un­
der open-end contracts with reopeners in 1968, and

reopening on wages will be below 1967 levels. Con­
tracts will expire or be reopened for about 4.0
million workers in 1968 compared with approxi­
mately 4.6 million in 1967.
O f the workers who are covered by provisions
for bargaining, about 2.8 million are under con­
tracts that expire in 1968, and nearly 650,000 are
covered by provisions for reopenings under con­
tracts that expire in 1969 or later. Open-end con­
tracts for another 550,000 workers—in railroads
and coal mining—can be reopened in 1968. Shopcraft unions have already served notice of wage
demands for about 275,000 workers.
In manufacturing, contracts for about 1.8 mil­
lion workers expire or are subject to reopening
this year. Collective bargaining will be dominated
by negotiations on new contracts in basic steel and
T able 1.

E xpiration

and

R eopening D ates Specified

in

Scheduled wage reopenings in-

Contract expirations

Open-end agreements

Fixed-expiration date
agreements

Year and month
Agreements

M ajor C ollective B argaining A greements 1

Significant industries

Workers
(thousands)
Agreements

Workers
(thousands)

Agreements

Workers
(thousands)

T o t a l2.....................

1,690

8,010

112

722

18

692

1968_____________ _______
■January......... . ............

744
50

2,681
174

95
2

646
24

11
4

545
273

46
69
83
83

120
147
238
340

3
20
17
13

8
115
80
154

83

310

13

64

103
46
78
53
33
17
559
62

633
114
227
187
109
81
1,959
170

4
14
5
4

36
112
28
25

6

192

1

80

17

76

7
6

147
137

25
71
86
41
83
28
26
39
46
27
25

65
186
191
100
266
131
100
200
341
138
70

1
1
1
5
1
3

1
1
1
6
34
22

1

10

339
260

2,504
l ’ 505

79

999

17
10
1
20

97
59
1
709

J u l y . . .........................
October________ ____
1969.....................................
February..... .......... .

July

1970

Glass; fabricated metal; railroad clerks and
some operating employees.
Glass.

communications.

1

2

1
3

4
5

tions; some operating and nonoperating
railroad workers.
Steel; aircraft; communications.
Aircraft; leather.

Railroad shopcrafts; petroleum refining;
airline mechanics.
Anthracite coal mining.

Electrical products.
Construction; electrical products.

munications; construction.
equipment.

1971
1972
1973

1 Includes only those agreements for which information on expiration dates
and wage reopeners was available at the time this article was prepared, in
early December 1967. Because of the lack of information on m any contracts
expiring late in 1967, estimates on the number of expirations and reopeners


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Railroads; coal mining.
are incomplete. Unlike other tables in this article (except table 8), information
in this table is based on agreements rather than bargaining situations (which
m ay involve several agreements negotiated jointly),
2 Excludes government.

22

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

T able

2.

C o l l e c t iv e

B a r g a in in g

A c t iv it y ,

1968— 1970

(Workers in thousands)
Year of contract termination

Scheduled reopenings in—2

Total
analyzed 1
Industry

1969

1968
Situa­
tions

Work­
ers

Situa­
tions

Work­
ers

1970

Open end

1968

1969

Situa­
tions

Work­
ers

Situa­
tions

Work­
ers

Situa­
tions

Work­
ers

Situa­
tions

Work­
ers

Situa­
tions

20

709

Work­
ers

. __________

1.962

8,818

860

2,787

683

2, 539

338

2,579

106

1,191

24

223

Manufacturing................. ..........

1,124

4,443

549

1,733

358

1,157

184

1,479

28

103

7

9

Ordnance and accessories.. . ...............
Food and kindred products___ _ . . .
T obacco manufacturers_____________
Textile mill prod u cts.. ____________
Apparel and other finished products.
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_________________________
Furniture and fixtures........................
Paper and allied products ________
Printing, publishing, and allied
products________________ : .......... .
Chemicals and allied products______
Petroleum refining and related in-

20
117
7
42
70

57
327
14
75
640

6
58
6
11
9

26
110
13
14
116

10
29
1
14
30

25
108
1
35
249

4
30

6
109

1

1

4
24

4
260

1
1

1
1

26
16
62

82
25
120

2
10
44

3
14
58

22
3
13

75
5
42

2
3
5

4
6
20

1

2

44
58

61
99

27
28

25
58

9
12

16
15

7
15

19
21

1

2

33

62

3

3

28

55

25
24
35
106
53
121

110
82
107
588
99
201

9
12
20
83
29
68

10
55
70
551
61
110

2
10
14
19
21
35

7
23
36
28
32
58

13
2
1
4
3
17

92
4
1
8
5
30

4
1
3

10
1
9

120
114
24

463
1,185
40

45
67
9

88
333
13

45
29
9

242
91
10

28
15
6

130
740
18

16

79

A ll industries3_______

Rubber and miscellaneous plastics
products.................................. ...........
Leather and leather products.............
Stone, clay and glass products______
Primary metal industries_______ . . .
Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery, except electrical_______
Electrical machinery, equipment
Transportation equipm ent. ______
Instruments and related p ro d u c ts ..
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries............. ........................................
Nonmanufacturing______ ____
Mining, crude petroleum, and natuTransportation 4____________________
Railroads.................................. .............
Airlines______________ _______ ____
C om m unications............... . ...........
Utilities: Electric and gas____ ______
Wholesale trade____________ ______
Retail trade, except restaurants_____
Restaurants_______________ _______
Services, except hotels_____ ________
Hotels___ __________________________
Construction.. . . . . . _. . . . ____
Finance, insurance, and real estate...

' ''

7

8

3

3

3

4

1

2

838

4,375

311

1,054

325

1,382

154

1,100

9
80
16
23
70
54
10
98
31
62
16
352
17

122
738
602
85
572
151
38
324
84
245
76
1,246
91

4
39

28
170

17

70

3
22

4
482

9
11
35
5
55
10
26
3
108
6

33
71
69
7
159
26
86
6
382
17

5

14
47
14
3
28
13
27
7
147

53
389
44
5
111
30
119
56
440

12
3
2
13
6
6
3
81

,363

8

66

3

8

111
22
26
49
18
16
10

1

____ ____ ____ ___ _
20

709

78

1,088

17

214

2

90

16

602

1
6
10

80
42
465

6

137

2

17

56
1

492
1

3
2

5
20

2

3

1

4

" <

12

1
2

4

1
1

1
34

i

1 In clu d es o n ly those situations for w h ich inform ation on expiration dates
w as available in early D ecem ber 1967. B ecause o f the lack o f in form ation on
m a n y contracts expirin g late in 1967, estim ates o f the n u m b er of expirations
in 1968 or later are in com p lete. In clu des 34 situ ations w ith 156,000 w orkers
scheduled to expire in 1971 or later and 27 situ ations w ith 49,000 w orkers for
w h ich the term ination date w as u n k n ow n .
2 A ll reopenings are u nd er fixed expiration agreem ents except for 11 situ a­

tions w ith 545,000 w orkers und er open-end agreem ents than can b e reop en ed
in 1968 and 7 situations w ith 147,000 w orkers und er open-end agreem ents
th at can be reopened in 1969. A ll o f the open-end agreem ents are in railroads
or m in ing.
3 E xclu des governm ent.
4 E xcludes railroad and airline industries.

550,000 under other contracts with reopeners. Con­
tracts terminate in the spring for large numbers
of construction workers and in the fall for A t­
lantic and gulf coast longshoremen. Telephone
contracts for nearly 500,000 can be reopened on
wages—the first in the spring and the last in the
fall.
Most railroad operating unions have already
served demands under reopeners for wage in­
creases to be effective on January 1, 1968. Some
nonoperating brotherhoods can also bargain under
reopeners in 1968. The Railroad Clerks are free
to bargain for changes to be effective the begin-

ing of the year, while some other nonoperating
brotherhoods are free to negotiate under reopeners
in the second half of the year after receiving a de­
ferred wage increase on January 1. Any increase
under railroad shopcraft employees’ contracts can
be effective no earlier than January 1, 1969, and
hence their negotiations^ are considered here as
part of the 1969 bargaining picture.
This summary of expiration provisions differs
from those of previous years which had been based
primarily on contracts actually on file with the
Bureau of Labor-Statistics, plus railroad and air­
line agreements on file with the National Media-


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

23

W A G E C ALEN D AR FOR 1968

tion Board. The summary for 1968 and subse­
quent years supplements the earlier sources with
information about other major contracts that have
been concluded but not yet filed. Another change
that has been made is to include reopenings un­
der open-end contracts in the railroad and mining
industries among those that will bargain (table
2). (In recent years, many of these contracts have
been revised to specify a reopening date.) The 1968
data also differ from those for earlier years by the
addition o f agreements for government-owned
utilities and recent increases in employment. On
the other hand, contracts scheduled to expire on
December 31 are now considered subject to re­
negotiation during the subsequent year; formerly
they were counted as part of the bargaining
picture for the current year.
The effect of these changes on the estimates of
the number of workers affected by bargaining can
be summarized in the following tabulation:
Subject to negotiation in —
Scope of estimates
Contracts expiring during the year, excluding
government-owned utilities, reopenings, and
contracts not on file...............................................
Contracts expiring including government-owned
utilities, plus those with reopening provisions

1967
1968
(millions of workers)
3.1
4.6

2.7
4.0

The addition of government-owned utilities
raises the number covered by major contracts to
10.4 million from slightly more than 10.3 million.2
Deferred Increases

More workers are scheduled to receive deferred
wage increases in 1968 than in any year since 1957.
About 4.6 million workers 3 under major collective
bargaining agreements will have their pay in­
creased during 1968 as a result of negotiations
concluded in 1967 or earlier.
N um ber of

N um ber of

w ork ers

1968___________ _________
1967__________ _________
1966___________
1965__________ _________
1964__________ _________
1963__________ _________

(m illio n s )
i 4. 6
1 24.5
24.3

3.7
2 2 .4
2 3. 4

w ork ers
(m illio n s)

1962__________
1961__________
1960__________
1959__________
1958__________
1957__________

................
_________
_________
................
. ______
_________

2.4
2.9
2.6
2 .9
4. 0
5.0

1 Data include approximately 225,000 workers in 1968 and 195,000 in 1967
in the service, finance, insurance and real estate industries, excluded from
totals for earlier years.
2 Includes 700,000 workers in 1967, 200,000 in 1966,100,000 in 1964, and 115,000
in 1963 who received increases in these years but were not included in the
annual articles for these years because their settlement terms became known
after the articles were completed.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

As indicated in the tabulation, this number is
slightly above the 4.5 million who received de­
ferred increases in 1967.
The 3.8 median percentage deferred wage
increase scheduled to go into effect during 1968 is
the highest on record.4
The fact that most contracts in the automobile,
auto parts, farm and construction equipment,
and trucking industries were negotiated in 1967 is
the main reason more workers will receive deferred
raises in 1968 5 than in 1967 (table 3). Other
groups for whom 1968 wage increases have al­
ready been determined are workers in electrical
manufacturing, rubber, meatpacking, and petro­
leum. Agreements for most women’s apparel
industries also specify wage increases to go into
effect during 1968.
Some lumber and furniture, paper, and leather
workers, as well as some in construction, whole­
sale and retail trade, and gas and electric utilities
will also receive deferred adjustments.
The largest number of workers due deferred in­
creases will receive adjustments of 3y2 and under
4 percent or 14 but less than 15 cents in 1968, com­
pared with 2 and under 2% percent and 7 and
under 9 cents in 1967. Increases o f this size in 1968
will go to automobile workers.6
In construction, about 800,000 workers under
major collective bargaining agreements will re­
ceive deferred increases in their scales in 1968.
With most construction trades contracts on the
west coast scheduled for renegotiation in 1968,
this number is substantially below the approxi­
mately 935,000 workers who received deferred ina This estimate is a correction of the 9.5 million made in the
December 1966 M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w .
3 This estimate does not include those covered by settlements
reached early in December 1967, when this article was prepared,
or those that were concluded earlier but had not yet been reported
to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. For settlements providing
deferred increases to an additional 80,000 workers, see Addendum.
4 Percentage increases were first computed in 1966, but in
earlier years cents-per-hour medians were lower than those for
1968 and, consequently, the percentage medians would be smaller.
5 Although bargaining on new contracts for workers at General
Motors Corp. and American Motors Corp. had not been concluded
in early December when this article was prepared, it was assumed
that the provisions for deferred increases would be similar to
those at Ford Motor Co. and Chrysler Corp. For this reason, these
workers have been included as receiving the same deferred in­
creases in 1968 as Ford workers. They also are included in the
total with annual rather than quarterly escalator reviews.
0
For automobile and electrical products workers, guaranteed
cost-of-living escalator increases in 1968 (3 cents and 0.5 percent,
respectively) were considered as part of the deferred wage
increase.

24

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

creases in 1967. The most common wage scale in­
creases in construction will average 4 to 4.5 per­
cent.
As is customary in construction, most of the in­
creases will go into effect during the first half of
the year (table 4). O f the approximately 250,000
workers scheduled to receive increases in the sec­
ond half, some 175,000 will also receive increases
in the first 6 months.
Nearly all construction scale increases will be at
least 10 cents and most will average 3 percent or
T able 3.

D istribution

of

more. In other industries, increases of these
amounts will affect 78 and 84 percent, respectively.
At least half of all construction workers will re­
ceive increases totaling 25 cents or more, compared
with only 1.5 percent of the workers in other
industries.
For the first time, information is available on
the cost of deferred increases in wages and bene­
fits. Based on collective bargaining contracts af­
fecting 5,000 workers or more, this information
indicates that the average increase in wage and

W orkers, by D eferred W age I ncreases 1 D ue in 1968 in M ajor Situations , Selected
M anufacturing and N onmanufacturing I ndustries 2
Approximate number of workers affected (thousands)

Average deferred wage increase

T otal....... ..................................

N um ­
ber of
situa­
tions

All
indus­
tries
studied2

Total
Food
manu­
and
factur­ kindred
ing 3
prod­
ucts

890

4,627

2,395

18
27
19
57
53
45
110
51
57
37
39
73
35
51
7
9
45
37
28
17
37
38

38
79
82
318
129
176
430
272
256
281
849
584
152
178
16
160
181
147
66
33
115
86

25
39
28
91
116
143
312
234
172
150
834
149
50
15
3
3
2
8

33
44
69
119
117
139
60
80
30
43
23
22
15
18
7
29
42

76
145
428
441
1,249
'791
202
450
110
125
89
46
188
99
17
78
93

47
84
92
286
1,079
304
87
287
29
34
25
6
1
11

181

A p­
parel

Rubber
Lum ­
and
ber
miscel­ Metal
and
laneous work­
furni­
plastic
ing
ture products

320

85

94

1,444

Total
nonmanufa tar­
ing 4

2,232

Con­
struc­
tion

Ware­
housing
whole­
sale and
retail
trade

Trans­
porta­
tion

Serv­
ices

829

249

830

157

F i­
nance,
insur­
ance
and
real
estate
79

C ents P ee H our
Under 5 cents__________ ____ _____
5 and under 6 cents_______________
6 and under 7 cents_______________
7 and under 8 cents_________ _____
8 and under 9 cents_______________
9 and under 10 cents_________ . . .
11 and under 12 cents_____________
14 and under 15 cents____ _________
17 and under 19 cents_____________
19 and under 21 cents...... ..................
21 and under 23 cents_____________
23 and under 25 cents___ _ ______
25 and under 30 cents_____________
30 and under 35 c e n t s ...__________
35 and under 40 cents_______ _____
40 and under 45 cents_____ _____ _
45 cents and o v e r .............. ......... .
N ot specified or not computed 6__

7
1
2
13
102
38
3
1
5
7
3

10
14
16
27
27
19
35
10
115
43
2
2

’

1
1
7
26
50
1
93

13
20
5
39
84
130
240
57
40
18
724
29
17
8
4

21

2

16

13
40
54
227
13
33
118
38
84
131
15
435
102
163
13
157
179
139
66
33
115
65

86
25
128
10
8
142
139
65
33
111
9

29
61
336
155
170
487
115
163
81
91
64
40
187
88
17
78
72

15
9
41
62
62
93
68
76
66
79
41
31
37
58
17
61
14

7
1
28
38

5
5
46
36
7
30
39
4
4
1
5
9
8
16
25

5
135
2
1
7
2
124
6
314
44
14
3
147
3

8
22
8
54
1
1
5
1

2

8
10
5
2
9

i
8

4
20

19

9

P ercent 6
Under 2 percent........ .......... .............
2 and under 2)4 percent...................
2)4 and under 3 percent___________
3 and under 3)4 percent___________
3)4 and under 4 percent....................
4 and under i)4 percent_________
4)4 and under 5 percent_________ _
5)4 and under 6 percent__________
6 and under 6)4 percent_______ _
6)4 and under 7 percent. _______
7 and under 7)4 p ercen t..................
7)4 and under 8 percent________ .

8 and under 9 percent____________
9 and under 10 percent. ...................
10 percent and over_______________
N ot specified or not computed 5__

10
11
34
89
27
9
1

8
2
18
16
29
16
4
203
4
17
2

21

1 Average increase for all workers covered b y a collective bargaining settle­
ment. For additional information regarding definitions, see text footnote 1.
2 Excludes government.
3 Includes workers in the following industry groups for which separate
data are not shown: Tobacco (2.350), textiles (27,925), paper and allied pro­
ducts (57,125), printing and publishing (20,750), chemicals and allied products
(37,600), petroleum refining and related industries (45,400), leather and leather
products (50,800), stone, clay, and glass products (15,150), and miscellaneous
manufacturing (14,700).


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1
31
14
39
1

59
24
10

34
68
54
180
904
89
46
17
22
6
1
5

2

17

4
46
7
35
26
44
4
14
6
7
20
1

5
258
7
7
315
58
4
2

4
4
26
18
33
n
1
6
5
3
3

8
140
5

10

25
8

2
20

15
18

34
3
27
3

12

4
Includes 84,000 in public utilities and 4,350 in mining, for which separate
data are not shown.
3 Insufficient information to compute amount of increase.
6 Percent of estimated straight-time average hourly earnings.
N o te : Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal
totals.

25

W A G E C ALEN D AR FOR 1968

T able 4.

Effective month

T iming

Approximate
number of
workers
affected
(thousands)2

T otal________

4,627

January___________

744

February__________
March_______ _____
A pril______________

201
228
827

May_______________
June_______________

403
666

July_______________

521

of

D eferred W age I ncreases D ue

Principal industries affected

in

Effective month

Railroads (nonoperating employees, ex­
cept clerks and shopcrafts), construc­
tion, wom en’s and children’s dresses,
and petroleum.
Women’s apparel.
West coast fruit and vegetable canning.
Trucking, railroad skilled shopcrafts,
construction, and southern California
retail and wholesale grocery industry.
Construction and airline mechanics.
Construction, rubber, lumber, women’ s
coats and suits, and electrical products.
Construction, railroad shopcrafts, and
gas and electric utilities.

1988

in

M ajor Situations 1

Approximate
number of
workers
affected
(thousands)2
80
314
335

Month not k n o w n ..

795
60
17

Principal industries affected

Electrical products and meatpacking.
Railroad skilled shopcrafts and electrical
products.
Automobiles.
Nome.
None.

1 Excludes government.
This total is smaller than the sum of the individual items, since at least

290,000 workers will receive 2 deferred increases and 140,000 will receive 3
increases in 1968.

benefit increases for the approximately 2.5 million
workers covered by such contracts will be 4.5 per­
cent in 1968 (table 5) .7

group o f workers affected was in the electrical
products industry.
Almost all of the workers covered by provisions
for cost-of-living escalator adjustments are also
due deferred wage increases during 1968 (table 6).
Included are employees o f industries in which
wage escalation, is* concentrated. The only major
exception is in the aerospace industry, where most
contracts expire during the year after either 2 or
3 escalator reviews.
While cost-of-living provisions are almost al­
ways limited to long-term contracts that specify
wage increases for a period of more than a year,
most workers are covered by long-term contracts
that do not have a cost-of-living escalator provi­
sion. O f all workers due deferred wage increases
in 1968, only about 36 percent will have escalator
reviews. Among those who will receive a deferred
wage increase but are not covered by escalation
are nonoperating railroad, employees, workers in
construction, «ifiosfe food prqduction (other than

2

Cost-of-Living Escalation

With the relatively sharp increase in the Con­
sumer Price Index during 1966 and 1967, there
was a modest increase in the number of workers
covered by major collective bargaining agreements
with escalator clauses. The growth was somewhat
slower in 1967 than in 1966 and, moreover, the
trend toward establishing maximum limits on the
increase in escalator allowances accelerated. Dur­
ing the year, such limits were established for the
two largest groups o f workers covered by escala­
tor provisions, and the escalator adjustment for
the automobile workers was changed from quar­
terly to annual.
The number o f workers covered by cost-of-living
escalator provisions at the end o f 1967— about 2.25
m illion8— although higher than in any year since
1962, was still well below the peak levels reached
in 1958 and 1959, as the following tabulation
indicates:
N u m ber

N u m ber

of

w ork ers

(m
1968__________
1967__________
1966__________
1965__________
1964__________
1963__________

illio n s

_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________

of

w ork ers

(m

)

2.5
2 .2
2 .0
2 .0
2 .0

1.85

1962__________
1961__________
1960__________
1959__________
1958__________
1957__________

________
________
________
________
________
________

illio n s)

2 .5
2. 5-2 .8
3.3
4.0
4.0
3.5

Adoption o f new escalator clauses was concen­
trated in the metalworking industries. The largest


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

7 T h e differen ce betw een 3.8 f o r th e m edian d eferred in crease
and the 4.5 f o r th e m edian d eferred w a g e and benefit in creases
ca n n o t be in terp reted as due to la rg er ch an ges in benefits than
in w ages con sid ered alone. T h e estim ate fo r w a g e and benefit
ch an ges is lim ite d to co n tr a c ts a ffectin g 5,000 w ork ers o r m ore
w h ile th a t f o r w ag es a lon e in clu d es a ll co n tr a c ts a ffe ctin g 1,000
w ork ers o r m ore.
8 T o these w ork ers sh ou ld be added a t lea st 785,000 w ork ers
w h o are cov ered by sm aller u n ion a greem en ts o r are n o t un ion ized
but are cov ered by p ro v is io n fo r c o s t-o f-liv in g esca la tion . T hese
in clu d e 415,000 p ro d u c tio n w ork ers in n on u n ion and sm all u n ion
m a n u fa ctu rin g p la n ts and a bou t 370,000 w h ite -co lla r w ork ers in
establish m en ts w h ere u n ion ized em ployees are cov ered by e sca la tor
clauses in agreem ents. A m on g th e u n org a n ized w ork ers cov ered
by c o s t-o f-liv in g esca la tion are a bou t 22,000 em ploy ees o f the S tate
o f W iscon sin w h ose salaries are ad ju sted on th e basis o f ch an ges
in th e C P I.

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

26
T able 5. D istribution of D eferred W age and
B enefit I ncreases in K ey C ollective B argaining
Situations ,1 1968
D eferred w age and benefit increases as percent of
existing w age and benefit expenditures

N u m b e r of workers
(In thousands)
2,743
29
49
161
459
200

468
185
745
84
96
160
41
39
19
8

1 L im ite d t o
governm ent.

settlem ents affecting

5,000 w orkers

or m ore.

E xcludes

meatpacking), women’s apparel, rubber, and petro­
leum workers, and most of those in the service
industries, electric and gas utilities, trade, lumber
and furniture, paper, leather, and finance, insur­
ance and real estate.
In 1968, a majority of the workers— at least
65 percent—covered by cost-of-living escalator
clauses will have their allowance reviewed on an
annual basis, with quarterly reviews in effect
for about 500,000 workers, and even fewer having
either monthly or semi-annual reviews. This will
be the first year in which annual reviews have
been more important than quarterly adjust­
ments. Prior to the automobile settlements in late
1967, which substituted annual for quarterly
adjustments, approximately 60 percent o f all
workers with cost-of-living escalator clauses re­
ceived quarterly adjustments in their allowance.
(See table 7.) Substitution of annual for more
frequent cost-of-living escalator reviews has re­
sulted in deferring the first review of the size o f the
cost-of-living allowance until the end of the first
year or the beginning of the second year of the con­
tract and, hence, reducing the number of reviews to
two in a 3-year contract.
Collective bargaining in recent years has pro­
duced other changes in wage escalation formulas.
The major development has been to limit the
amount the allowance can be increased in a year or
over the life o f the contract. Limits on escalator
allowances were established in basic steel and re­
lated agreements in 1960, but, with the abandon­
ment of escalation in these contracts in 1962, the


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

number of workers covered by limited escalation
declined. At the beginning of 1966, contracts cover­
ing only 50,000 workers set an absolute maximum
on escalator increases. The provisions for limits
grew rapidly in 1966 and especially in 1967. As of
January 1968, an estimated 1.5 million workers
were covered by such limits.
Trucking agreements set a 4-cent annual maxi­
mum increase in the cost-of-living allowance. As
a result of agreements in the automobile and re­
lated industries, two annual cost-of-living reviews
with a maximum increase in the allowance in the
second contract year o f 8 cents and by the begin­
ning of the final year o f the contract of another 8
cents were substituted for a quarterly adjustment
T able 6.
P r e v a l e n c e o f C o s t - o f - L iv in g E s c a l a t io n
in
M a jo r C o n t r a c t s 1 P r o v id in g D e f e r r e d W a g e
I n c r e a s e s i n 1968

Item

A ll workers with deferred increases___

Approximate
number of
workers due to
receive deferred
wage increases
(thousands)

Percent of
workers covered
b y cost-of-living
escalator clauses

4,627

36

38
79
82
318
129
176
430
272
256
281
849
584
152
178
16
160
181
147
66
33
115
86

11
5
50
4
38
31
42
22
10
45
84
55
31
9

A V E R A G E D E F E R R E D W AG E
IN C R E A S E S 2
C ents per H our
Under 5____________ ____ ____________
5 and under 6__________ ____________
6 and under 7*______ ________________
7 and under 8............................................
8 and under 9_________ ______________
9 and under 10___ __ _ _ ___________
10 and under 11______________________
11 and under 12_______________ ____ _ _
12 and under 13______________ _______
13 and under 14______________________
14 and under 15.......... .......... ...................
15 and under 17__ __ _ _______________
17 and under 19_______ ______________
19 and under 21______ _____ ________

N ot specified or not com p u ted 3______

11

P ercent 4
Under 2._..................... ......... .................
2 and under V /z ______________________
V/z and under 3_______
_____ ______
3 and under 3J^___ _________ _____ _
V/z and under 4______________________
4 and under 4^£____________ ______ _
V/z and under 5______________ ______
5 and under 5 K -- _____ _____ ____
5Yz and under 6 .. _ _________________

N ot specified or not computed 3______

76
145
428
441
1,249
791
202
450
110
125
89
46
188
99
17
78
93

1 E x clu des governm ent.
2 See footn ote 1, table 3.
3 Insufficient in form ation to co m p u te am ou n t o f increase.
4 P ercent o f estim ated straight-tim e average h o u rly earnings.

17
60
33
26
73
40
5
10
10

10

W A G E C ALEN D AR FOR 1968

T

able

7.

T

y p ic a l

27
C

o st- o f- L iv in g

E

scalato r

I

n c r e a s e s in

S elected I

n d u s t r ie s ,

1957-67

Increases (in cents per hour) in allowances effective in—
Industry
1967
A u to m o b ile s _____ . .............. . . ......... . .......................
F a rm and con stru ction e q u ip m e n t____________ .
A e r o s p a c e ................. ......................................... ..............
T r u c k in g ________________ _____ _________ __________
M eatpack in g____ _____ _________________ ___________
S t e e l ...----------------------------------------------- ------------------A lu m in u m ________________________________________
C on tainers (cans).............. ..............................................
R a ilroa d s......................................................................—
A v era ge (m ean) increase 12. ..........................................

1966

1964

1965

1 2 or 5
35

11
11

4

4 3-8

4 5-10
63

4
—
4
—
—
—
—
4.0

11
85

—
—
—
—
5.8

4

8

—
—
—
—
8.3

3
3
4
—
4
—
—
—
—
3.3

1963

1962
3

3
3
3

4 3 or 4
4 3 or 4
74

3
—
—

—
—
3.3

1
2

(9)
(9)
(9)
2.4

1961

1960

1959

1958

1957

4
4
4 1 or 2

3
3
4 2 or 3

6
6

6

3
—

4 4 or 5

4

6 8 or 9

2

6

6

2
103

3

3

8

11 3

1
1
1

9
9
9
5
6.4

5
7

22

« 1 or 2

3
3
—
2.5

3
3

3

(9)

3.4

2.3

6

7
7
8
7.0

1 Three quarterly reviews of the cost-of-living allowance at American
Motors Corp. and 2 reviews at other automobile companies resulted in
increases of 5 cents and 2 cents, respectively, prior to contract expirations in
the Fall. N ew 3-year agreements at Ford Motor Company and Chrysler
Corp. changed the escalator review to annual from quarterly with the first
review in 1968. General Motors Corp. and American Motors Corp. were
still bargaining in m id-December 1967.
2 Includes 1 cent diverted for pension improvements.
3 Resulting from 3 quarterly reviews prior to contract expirations late in
the year. A new 3-year agreement at Caterpillar Tractor Co. changed the
escalator review to annual from quarterly with the first review in 1968.
Other companies were still bargaining in mid-December 1967.
4 Varying b y company.
5 The 1957 changes apply to employees of only a few firms; escalator clauses
were not established at some others until 1958. B y 1965, most companies
had escalator clauses, including all the large firms on the Pacific Coast.

6 A 3-cent increase was diverted into health and welfare funds; no wage
increase was granted.
7 Includes 1 or 2 cents diverted into health and welfare funds.
8 Resulting from one semiannual review prior to contract expirations;
new contracts negotiated during the year deferred the first semiannual
review until 1968.
9 Escalation discontinued during the year.
10 Includes 1.5 cents diverted toward a projected increase in the cost of
insurance.
11 A 3-cent increase was diverted toward a projected increase in the cost
of insurance.
12 Averages were based upon increases in industries where escalation was
in effect during the entire year.

in the cost-of-living allowance, with no maximum
limit. The parties reportedly agreed that if the
GPI advances sufficiently to warrant a greater in­
crease in the allowance under the previous formula,
the 1970 negotiations would take this into account.
A number of the 1967 contracts contained other
stipulations. Agreements for about 50,000 workers
specify that only if the CPI rises enough to pro­
vide a cost-of-living escalator adjustment in excess
of the deferred wage increase will there be any
change in the allowance; some also specify that
the Index must rise substantially—about 2.0
points—before the allowance will be adjusted.
Whereas most agreements tie the change in the
allowance to changes in the Index between single
months, about 750,000 workers have clauses which
base adjustments on changes in quarterly averages
of the CPI.9

The national B L S -C P I continues to be the most
widely used index for escalator clauses. Only about
70,000 workers, or approximately 3 percent of all
workers with escalator clauses, have adjustments
based on reviews of individual city indexes.

9 Another important provision for escalation involves pensions
of workers already retired under the Federal Civil Service A n­
nuity Plan. Legislation passed in 1962 provided for annual adjust­
ments in these pensions whenever the CPI rises by 3 percent for
3 consecutive months since the month on which the last adjust­
ment was based.
10 An expiration calendar for all agreements covering 1,000
workers or more will be available from the Bureau of Labor
Statistics early in 1968.

N ote : Dashes indicate no escalation plan in effect during the year.

Significant Contract Provisions

Table 8 lists 101 selected major bargaining agree­
ments, each covering 5,000 workers or more, ap­
plying in total to 2.9 million workers. Space limi­
tations preclude the listing of all major contracts
covering 5,000 workers or more under which some
action in 1968 is scheduled.10 The selection was
designed to cover a broad range of industries and
key bargaining situations; contracts in the con­
struction industry are not listed. Many of the
selected bargaining agreements expire or may be
reopened for wage negotiations between January 1
and December 31, 1968. (The effective dates of
these actions are printed in boldface type in the ap­
propriate columns of the table.) Other agreements
provide for wage reviews based upon changes in
living costs or specify deferred wage increases pay­
able during 1968.

ADDENDUM

The summary o f deferred wage increases was prepared early in December
and does not reflect settlements reached later in the month. By mid-December,
when this article went to press, the Bureau had recorded settlements affecting
an additional 80,000 workers that provided deferred wage increases in 1968.
O f these, approximately 39,000 were in transportation; 27,000 in metalworking; 14,000 in retail and wholesale trade; and 1,000 in petroleum refining.
282-907 0

-

68-3


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

28
T able

8.

E x p ir a t io n ,

R e o p e n in g ,

an d W a g e - A d ju st m e n t P r o v is io n s of S e l e c t e d
A g r e e m e n t s , J a n u a r y - D e c e m b e r 1968

C o l l e c t iv e

B a r g a in in g

[1968 expirations shown in bold face ']
Order of Listing
N onm anu facturing

M anufacturing
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.
7.
.

6
8

Steel and a lu m in u m
F a bricated m etal p rod u cts
M achinery
E lectrical p rod u cts
A u tom ob iles
A ircraft
S h ipbu ildin g
O ther transportation equ ip m en t

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
1415.
16.

O rdnance an d accessories
R u bber
C hem icals
Stone, c la y , and glass produ cts
Paper
A p parel
L eather and leather produ cts
F o o d p rod u cts

Approxim ate
n um ber
o f em ­
ployees
covered

U n io n 3

C o m p a n y or a ssocia tion 2

17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

M ining
A irlines
R ailroads
T ru ck in g an d w arehousing
M aritim e
T elep h on e and telegraph
E lectric and gas utilities
W holesale and retail trade
F inan ce, insurance, and real estate
H otels and restaurants

P rovision s effective Ja n u a ry-D e ce m b e r 1968 for—
C on tract
term 4
Wage reopening

A u to m a tic costo f-livin g r e v ie w 5

D eferred w age increase (h o u rly
rate unless otherw ise specified)

Sept. 30, 1968_____

Sept. 30, 1968; 3 percent
(6-cent m inimum).

1. Steel and Aluminum
Aluminum Co. of America- Auto Workers;
Aluminum
Workers; and
Steelworkers.
Steelworkers-- Kaiser Aluminum and
Chemical Corp.
____d o—........ .
Kaiser Steel Corp. (Fon­
tana, Calif.).
United States Steel Corp., ____d o____ ____
5 Steel Producing D ivi­
sions (salaried, clerical,
and technical em­
ployees).
.do.
10 major basic steel com ­
panies—production and
maintenance employees:
Armco Steel Corp.
Bethlehem Steel Co.
Colorado Fuel and Iron
Corp. (Massachusetts
and Colorado).
Inland Steel Co.
Jones and Laughlin Steel
Corp. (Pennsylvania
and Ohio).
National Steel Corp.,
Great Lakes Steel
Division (Michigan).
Pittsburgh Steel Corp.
Republic Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
Y oungstown Sheet and
Tube Co.

31,000

June 1965 to
May 1968.

9,000

June 1965 to
May 1968.
Sept. 1965 to
July 1968.
Sept. 1965 to
July 1968.

6,800
7,100

332,400

Sept. 1965 to
July 1968.

2. Fabricated Metal Products
Steelworkers____
____ d o________

_

14,800
13,500

Oct. 1964 to
Jan. 1968.
Oct. 1964 to
Jan. 1968.
3. Machinery except Electrical

Briggs and Stratton Corp.
(Milwaukee, W is.).
Timken Roller Bearing
Co. (Canton, Columbus,
and Wooster, Ohio).

Allied Industrial
Workers.
Steelworkers____

5,000
10,000

Aug. 1965 to
July 1969.
Sept. 1965 to
Aug. 1968.

July 31, 1968, on 60 days’
notice.

4. Electrical Products
85,000
Workers
(IU E ).

Oct. 1966 to
Oct. 1969.

June 1968; 4 percent.

18,000
M a y 1970. 3
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

W A G E C ALEN D AR FOR 1968

T able

8.

E x p ir a t io n ,

Company or association 2

29

R e o p e n in g , an d W a g e -A d ju st m e n t P r o v is io n s of S e l e c t e d
A g r e e m e n t s , J a n u a r y - D e c e m b e r 1968— Continued

Union 5

Ap­
proxi­
mate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

C o l l e c t iv e

B a r g a in in g

Provisions effective January-December 1968 for—

Contract
term 4

Wage reopening

Automatic costof-living rev iew 5

Deferred wage increase (hourly
rate unless otherwise specified)

4. Electrical Products— Continued
Radio Corp. of Am erica___
Western Electric Co., Inc.,
(Kearney, N .J.).
Western Electric Co., Inc.,
Hawthorne Works
(Chicago, 111.).
Westinghouse Electric
Corp.

Electrical
Workers
(IB E W ).
____d o .........

26,000

July 1967 to
June 1970.6

11,500

Dec. 1966 to
Dec. 1969.
Feb. 1967 to
Feb. 1970.

10,100

June 1, 1968; 4 percent
(9-cent m inim um ).
June 16, 1968, on 60 days’
notice.
Aug. 19, 1968, on 60 days’
notice.

Electrical W ork­
ers (IU E ).

40,000

Oct. 1966 to
N ov. 1969.

Oct. 14, 1968

Westinghouse Electric
Corp.

Federation of
Westinghouse
Independent
Salaried
Unions (Ind.).

14,000

Oct. 1966 to
N ov. 1969.

Oct. 14, 1968

Zenith Radio Corp.
(Chicago, IH.).

Independent
Radionic
Workers of
America
(Ind.).

12,000

July 1965 to
June 1968.

Oct. 14, 1968; 6-12 cents for
hourly workers; $2.40-$4.80
per week for salary weekly;
$10.40-$20.80 per month for
salary monthly.
Oct. 14, 1968; $2.40-$6.20 per
week for salary weekly keysheets; $10.40-$31.19 per
month for salary monthly
keysheets; and 3 percent for
professional and adminis­
trative keysheets.

5. Automobiles
Budd Co. National
Agreement.

A uto Workers___

13,600

Feb. 1965 to
Mar. 1968.

Chrysler Corp.

.do.

95,000

N ov. 1967 to
Sept. 1970.6

Ford Motor Co.

.do.

160,000

Oct. 1967 to
Sept. 1970.6

Quarterly (Mar.,
June, Sept.,
Dec.).
Similar to F ord’s
settlement,
details not
avaHable.
Allowances ad­
justed annuaUy,
but paid on a
quarterly basis.
6. Aircraft

Bendix Corp.

Auto W orkers___

13,000

Feb. 1965 to
Apr. 1968.

Boeing Co.

M achinists..........

51,800

Oct. 1965 to
Oct. 1968.

Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc.,
Professional employees
(California and Tulsa,
Okla.).

Southern California Profes­
sional Engi­
neering Associ­
ation (Ind.).
M achinists..........

5,300

Sept. 1965 to
Oct. 1968.

10,500

Aug. 1965 to
July 1968.

Quarterly (Feb.,
M ay, Aug.,
N ov.).

21,000

July 1965 to
July 1968.

Quarterly (Feb.,
M ay, Aug.,
N ov.).

28,700

July 1965 to
July 1968.

Quarterly (Jan.,
Apr., July,
Oct.).

18,700

N ov. 1965 to
Nov. 1968.

33,000

Oct. 1965 to
Sept. 1968.

Quarterly (M ar.,
June, Sept.,
D ec.).
Quarterly (Jan.,
Apr., July,
Oct.).

Douglas Aircraft C o., Inc.,
Missile and Space Sys­
tems Division (Santa
M onica, Calif.).
Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc.
A uto Workers___
(Long Beach, Calif.;
Tulsa, Okla.; and Char­
lotte, N .C .).
Lockheed Aircraft Corp.
Machinists______
(Los Angeles County,
Calif., and Marietta,
Ga.).
M cDonnell Aircraft Corp. ____ d o___________
(St. Louis, M o.).
North American Aviation,
Inc.

A uto Workers___

United Aircraft Corp.,
Pratt & W hitney A ir­
craft Division (Connecticut).___________________
See fo o t n o t e s a t en d o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

16,000
Nov. 1968.

Quarterly (M ar.,
June, Sept.,
Dec.).
Quarterly (Jan.,
Apr., July,
Oct.).

1968; similar to F ord ’ s settle­
ment, details not available.
1968 ; 9)4-17 cents.

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 19G8

30
T able

8.

E x p ir a t io n ,

R e o p e n in g , an d W a g e - A d ju st m e n t P r o v is io n s of S e l e c t e d
A g r e e m e n t s , J a n u a r y - D e c e m b e r 1968— Continued
Approxi-

Company or association 2

Union 3

number
of em­
ployees
covered

C o l l e c t iv e

B a r g a in in g

Provisions effective January-December 1968 for—
term 4
Wage reopening

Automatic costof-living rev iew 6

Deferred wage increase (hourly
rate unless otherwise specified)

7. Shipbuilding

General Dynamics Corp.,
Electric Boat Division
(Groton, Conn.).
Jacksonville Shipyards,
Inc. (Duval County,
Fla.).
Newport News Shipbuild­
ing and D ry Dock Co.
(Newport News, Va.).
Pacific Coast Ship­
builders’ Association.

M etal Trades
Council of
N ew London
County.
Independent
Workers
Union of Flor­
ida (Ind.).
Peninsula Ship­
builders Asso­
ciation (Ind.).
M etal Trades
District Coun­
cil.

12,500

July 1965 to
June 1968.

5,000

Jan. 1967 to
Jan. 1970.

15.000

July 1965 to
July 1969.

July 3, 1968; 3 percent.

15.000

July 1965 to
June 1968.

Jan. 1, 1968; 5 cents.

June 1, 1968 (may be opened
to discuss basic wage rates
only).

8. Other Transportation Equipment

General American Transportation Corp.
Pullman Inc., PullmanStandard Division.

Steelworkers____

5,500

____ d o___________

5,600

Oct. 1965 to
Sept. 1968.
N ov. 1965 to
Sept. 1968.

9. Ordnance and Accessories

9,600

Lockheed Aircraft Corp.,
Lockheed Missiles and
Space Division.

Quarterly (Jan.,
Apr., July,
Oct.).

July 1965 to
July 1968.

10. Rubber

Firestone Tire and R ub­
ber Co.

Rubber W orkers.

Uniroyal Inc. (U.S.
Rubber).

17,000

July 1967 to
Apr. 1970.

22,000

July 1967 to
A pr. 1970.

July 1, 1968; 15 cents (2-4
cents of this increase is for
inequity adjustment at 3
plants).
July 1, 1968; 15 cents.

11. Chemicals

D ow Chemical Co. (M idland and B ay City,
M ich .).
F M C Corp., American
Viscose Division, Fibers
Operations.

M ine Workers,
District 50
(Ind.).
Textile Workers
Union.

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

5,900

Mar. 1965 to
Mar. 1968.

8,000

June 1965 to
June 1968.

Quarterly (Mar.,
June, Sept.,
Dec.).

31

W A G E C ALEN D AR FOR 1968
T able

8.

E x p ir a t io n ,

R e o p e n in g , an d W a g e - A d ju st m e n t P r o v is io n s of S e l e c t e d
A g r e e m e n t s , J a n u a r y - D e c e m b e r 1968— Continued

Union 3

Company or association 2

Approxi­
mate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

C o l l e c t iv e

B a r g a in in g

Provisions effective January-December 1968 for—
Contract
term 4
Wage reopening

Automatic costof-living rev iew 6

Deferred wage increase (hourly
rate unless otherwise specified)

12. Stone, Clay, and Glass Products
Glass Bottle
Glass Containers M anu­
Blowers.
facturers Institute, Inc.
(National Automatic
Machine Dept.).
........d o ................ .
Glass Container M anu- .
facturers Institute, Inc.
(production and mainte­
nance—West Coast).
Glass Container M anu­
facturers Institute, Inc.
(production and mainte­
nance-excluding West
Coast).
Glass and Ce­
Libbey-Owens-Ford
ramic Workers.
Glass Co.

7,000

Mar. 1965 to
Feb. 1968.

6,000

Mar. 1965 to
Mar. 1968.

26,000

Feb. 1965 to
Jan. 1968.

8,400

Oct. 1965 to
Oct. 1968.
13. Paper

International Paper Co.,
Southern Kraft Division.

Pacific Coast Association
of Pulp and Paper
Manufacturers.

Papermakers and
Paperworkers;
Pulp and Sul­
phite Workers;
Electrical
Workers
(IB E W ).
Association of
Western Pulp
and Paper
Workers
(Ind.).

June 1, 1968; 5 percent.

12,000
M ay 1970.6

20,100

March 15, 1968; 5 percent plus
special adjustments of 10
cents per horn- for journey­
men and journeymen plus
mechanics, and 5 cents per
hour and all wom en’s jobs.

Mar 1967 to
Mar. 1969.

14.
American Millinery
Manufacturing Assn.,
Inc. (N ew York City
and N ew Jersey).
Clothing Manufacturers
Association of the U .S.A.
Popular Priced Dress
Manufacturers’ Group,
Inc.; Popular Price Dress
Contractors Association,
Inc.; United Better
Dress Manufacturers
Association, Inc.; Na­
tional Dress Manufac­
turers Association, Inc.;
and Affiliated Dress
Manufacturers, Inc.

International Shoe Divi­
sion of Interco, Inc.

Jan. 1, 1968: 2 percent per
week for piece workers;
$2-$3 per week for weekly
workers.

8,500
Dec. 1968.
Clothing
Workers.
Ladies’ Garment
Workers.

100,000
80,000

June 1965 to
May 1968.
Feb. 1967 to
Jan. 1970.

15.
Brown Shoe Co.

Apparel

United Shoe
Workers; Boot
and Shoe
Workers.
____do__________

Teamsters (In d .).
American
Bakery and
Confectionery
Workers.

12,100

N ov. 1966 to
Oct. 1968.

11,000

Oct. 1966 to
Sept. 1968.

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

75,000
9,000

Feb. 1, 1968: week workers—
$5-$8.50 per week; piece
workers—25 cents per hour.

Leather and Leather Products

16.
California Processors,
Inc. (Calif.).
National Biscuit Co.
(Interstate).

In the event of an increase or
decrease in cost of living
since Jan. 15,1967.

Mar. 1967 to
Feb. 1970.
Sept. 1967 to
Aug. 1969.6

In event of changes in Com ­
pany’s competitive or
economic position.

Jan. 2, 1968: 12 cents-hourly;
7 percent-piece rates.
Feb. 1, 1968: additional ad­
justments in piece rates.
Jan. 1, 1968: 12 cents to timeworkers; 6 cents per clock
hour plus 4 cents on class
wages to pieceworkers;
additional 5 cents to lowest
wage.

Food Products
Mar. 1, 1968: 9-16 cents.
Sept. 1, 1968: 12 cents.

32
T able

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968
8.

E x p ir a t io n ,

Company or association2

R e o p e n in g , an d W a g e -A d ju st m e n t P r o v is io n s of S e l e c t e d
A g r e e m e n t s , J a n u a r y - D e c e m b e r 1968— Continued

Union 5

Approxi­
mate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

C o l l e c t iv e

B a r g a in in g

Provisions effective January-December 1968 for—
Contract
term 4
Wage reopening

Automatic costof-living rev iew 6

Deferred wage increase (hourly
rate unless otherwise specified)

Semiannually
(Jan. and July).

Sept. 1968: 11 cents plus 0.5
increase in increments be­
tween job classes. A d d i­
tional 8 cents to some
plants.
Sept. 1968: 11 cents. Other
reported terms similar to
Armour and Co.
Sept. 1968: 11 cents. Other
reported terms similar to
Armour and Co.

16. Food Products— Continued
Pineapple companies
(canneries and planta­
tions) (Hawaii).
Armour and C o— ........

Longshoremen
and Warehousemen
(Ind.).
Packinghouse
Workers;
Meat Cutters.

Mar. 1965 to
Jan. 1968.

12,000

Mar. 1967 to
Aug. 1970.8

10,000

John Morrell and Co.
Swift and Co.

6,000

____ d o .____ _____

12,000

Aug. 1970.6

(Jan. and July).

Mar. 1967 to
Aug. 1970.«

Semiannually
(Jan. and July).

17.
M ine Workers
Anthracite operators
(Ind.).
Pennsylvania.
Bituminous coal operators - ------ d o___________

10,000
80,000

Sept. 1966 to
Open End.
Apr. 1966 to
Open End.

Mining

After Sept. 30, 1968, on 60
days’ notice.
18. Airlines

American Airlines Inc.,
airline mechanic, plant
maintenance, fleet serv­
ice and ground service
employees.
Pan American W orld
Airways, Inc., airline
mechanics and ground
service employees.
5 major airlines: Eastern,
National, Northwest,
Trans-World and
United (mechanics and
related employees).

10,500

Sept. 1966 to
Dec. 1968.6

Notice on Mar. 31, 1968, for
wages to be effective May 1,
1968.

____ d o___________

9,600

Dec. 1966 to
Mar. 1969.6

Serve notice on May 31, 1968,
for rates of pay effective
July 1, 1968.

Machinists...........

35,400

Jan. 1966 to
Dec. 1968.6

Transport
Workers.

Jan. 1, 1968 and
Sept. 1, 1968.

May 1, 1968 ; 5 percent.

19. Railroads
Class I Railroads: Nonoperating unions.

Class I Railroads: Oper-

Machinists;
Electrical
Workers
(IB E W );
Sheet M etal
Workers;
Boilermakers;
Firemen and
Oilers; Rail­
way Carmen.
Railroad Signal­
men; Maintenance of W ay
Employees;
Transportation
Communica­
tions E m ploy­
ees; Hotel and
Restaurant
Employees.

137,000
Open End.6

A t any time after Dec. 31,
1968.

135,000

Jan. 1967 to
A t any time after June 30,
Open End.6
1968.

38,000

Aug. 1966 to
A t any time after June 30,
Open End.6
1968.

19,000

Aug. 1966 to
A t any time after June 30,
Open End.6
1968.
Dec. 1966 to
A t any time after June 30,
Open End.6
1968.

ating unions.

Railway Express Agency,
Inc.

Locom otive
Engineers
(Ind.).
Railway Conductors (Ind.).
Railway C lerks..

See fo o tn o te s a t en d o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

35,000

July 1, 1968; 5 percent to all
employees. Skilled employees receive additional
5 cents on April 1, 1968, and
Oct. 1, 1968.

Jan. 1, 1968 ; 2.5 percent.

33

W A G E C ALEN D AR FOR 1968
T able

8.

E x p ir a t io n ,

R e o p e n in g , an d W a g e - A d ju st m e n t P r o v is io n s of S e l e c t e d
A g r e e m e n t s , J a n u a r y - D e c e m b e r 1968— Continued

Union 3

Company or association 2

Approximate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

C o l l e c t iv e

B a r g a in in g

Provisions effective January-December 1968 for—
Contract
term 4
Wage reopening

Automatic costof-living rev iew 6

Deferred wage increase (hourly
rate unless otherwise specified)

20. Trucking and Warehousing

Central States area overthe-road m otor freight
supplemental agree­
ment.
Joint area cartage agreement (Illinois and
Indiana).
Western States area local
cartage.

In event of war, declaration
of emergency, or imposition
of economic controls, on
60 days’ notice.
__ _.d o______ ___________ __

Apr. 1, 1968.

Apr. 1, 1968; 15 cents.

Apr. 1, 1968.

Apr. 1, 1968; 15 cents, also
34-cent increase in milage
rate.

Apr. 1967 to
Mar. 1970.

____ d o____ ________________

Apr. 1, 1968.

Apr. 1, 1968; 15 cents.

29,000

Apr. 1967 to
Mar. 1970.

____ d o____

Apr. 1, 1968.

9,500

Apr. 1967 to
Mar. 1970.

Apr. 1, 1968; 15 cents (18-20
cents for Northern
Nevada).
Apr. 1, 1968; 15 cents, also
J4-cent increase in milage
rate.

Teamsters (Ind.) _ 120,000

Apr. 1967 to
Mar. 1970.

____ d o___________

40,000

Apr. 1967 to
Mar. 1970.

____ d o....................

14,000

Central States area local
cartage supplemental
agreement.

Western States area overthe-road m otor freight
supplemental agree­
ment

___ ____ ______

__do_________

__ _ ___ __ _ Apr. 1, 1968.

21. Maritime
Atlantic and Gulf Coast
tanker companies, un­
licensed personnel.
D ry cargo agreement
(Atlantic and Gulf
Coasts).

Maritim e_______

Passenger and dry cargo
agreement, unlicensed
personnel (Atlantic and
Gulf Coasts).
Freightship agreement,
unlicensed personnel
(Atlantic and Gulf
Coasts).
Galveston Maritime Assn.,
Inc.; and Houston
Maritime Assn. (Ports
of Texas; and Lake
Charles, La.).
N ew Orleans Steamship
Association, deep sea
agreement (Port of New
Orleans, La.).
N ew York Shipping
Assn., Inc. (Port of
Greater N ew York and
vicinity).
Pacific Maritime Associa­
tion, unlicensed seamen
(Pacific Coast).

M aritime........ -

5,000

Aug. 1963 to
June 1969.

Union to give 60 days’ notice
on or after Apr. 16, 1968.
June 16, 1968; 3.2 percent
increase in total em ploy­
ment costs to be allocated
at union's option.

6,200
neers.

June 1969.
16,300

Aug. 1963 to
June 1969.

Seafarers________

9,200

Sept. 1965 to
June 1968.

Longshoremen’s
Association.

5,000

Oct. 1964 to
Sept. 1968.

____ d o__________

5,000

Oct. 1964 to
Sept. 1968.

____ d o .____ _____

24,000

Oct. 1964 to
Sept. 1968.

Apr. 16, 1968, on 60 days’
notice.

June 16, 1968; $25 per month
per job, to be allocated as
determined b y the union.

10,400
June 1969.

22. Telephone and Telegraph
C ommunications
American Telephone and
Telegraph Co., Long
Workers.
lines Dept.
Electrical
Illinois Bell Telephone
Workers
Co., Plant Dept.
(IB E W ).
(Illinois).
N ew York Telephone Co., Telephone Traffic
Traffic D ept. (New
Union (Ind.).
York; downstate area).
C ommunications
New York Telephone Co.,
Workers.
Downstate and Upstate
Plant Depts.
____ do___________
Pacific Telephone and
Telegraph Co. (Northern
California) and Bell
'Belephone Co. of
Nevada.
____ d o___________
Southern Bell Telephone
and Telegraph Co.
Southwestern Bell Tele­
____ d o___________
phone Co.
Western Electric Co., Inc., ____ d o___________
Service Division, Instal­
lation Organization.
See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

24,000

Jan. 1967 to
Jan. 1970.

July 16, 1968, on 60 days’
notice.

11,400

Oct. 1966 to
Oct. 1969.

Apr. 7, 1968, on 60-70 days’
notice.

15,000

Apr. 1967 to
Mar. 1970.

Sept. 13, 1968, on 60 days’
notice.

25,000

Feb. 1967 to
Feb. 1970.«

August 1968.

24,600

Oct. 1966 to
Oct. 1969.

Apr. 16, 1968, on 60 days’
notice.

65,300

N ov. 1966 to
N ov. 1969.
Feb. 1967 to
Feb. 1970.
Sept. 1966 to
Sept. 1969.

May 14, 1968, on 60 days’
notice.
Aug. 5, 1968, on 60 days’
notice.
Mar. 6, 1968, on 60 days’
notice.

50,700
21,500

34
T able

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968
8.

E x p ir a t io n ,

Company or association 2

R e o p e n in g , an d W a g e - A d ju st m e n t P r o v is io n s of S e l e c t e d
A g r e e m e n t s , J a n u a r y - D e c e m b e r 1968— Continued

Union 3

A p­
proxi­
mate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

C o l l e c t iv e

B a r g a in in g

Provisions effective January-December 1968 for—

Contract
term 4

Wage reopening

Automatic costof-living rev iew 5

Deferred wage increase (hourly
rate unless otherwise specified)

22. Telephone and Telegraph—Continued
Western Union Telegraph
Co. (Interstate) (ex­
cluding New York
metropolitan area).

Telegraphers____

19,500

June 1966 to
May 1968.

23. Electric and Gas Utilities
Consolidated Edison Co.
of New York, Inc. (New
York C ity and West­
chester County, N .Y .).
Pacific Gas and Electric
Co. (California).

U tility Workers.-

19,600

Dec. 1965 to
Nov. 1968.

Electrical
Workers
(IB E W ).

17,700

July 1966 to
June 1970.

Food Employers Council,
Inc., and Independent
Retail Operators (South­
ern California).
Great Atlantic and Pacific
Tea Co. (New York).

Retail Clerks___

45,000

Apr. 1964 to
Mar. 1969.

Meat Cutters___

16,200

Aug. 1965 to
Aug. 1968.

Retail, Wholesale and Department Store
Union.
Retail Clerks____

8,500

Apr. 1965 to
Jan. 1968.

9,900

Feb. 1966 to
Feb. 1968.

Metropolitan Life Insur­
Insurance
Workers.
ance Co.
R ealty Advisory Board on Building Service
Labor Realtions, Inc.;
Employees.
apartment buildings
(New York, N .Y .).
Realty Advisory Board on ____ d o ___________
Labor Relations, Inc.;
commercial buildings
(New York, N .Y .).

8,500

M ay 1966 to
Apr. 1968.
A pr 1967 to
Apr. 1970.

Jan. 7, 1968 ; 5-7 cents, and
July 7, 1968 ; 2.5-7 cents (no
increase in lower classifica­
tion minimum rates).
July 1, 1968; weekly increase
varies b y occupation.

Conditional wage reopeners
based on BLS Consumer
Price Index formula on
written notice between
June 15 and July 1, 1968.

24. Wholesale and Retail Trade

M a cy’s N ew Y ork Division of R . H. M acy and
Co., Inc. (New York,
N .Y .).
Washington, D .C ., Food
Employers’ Labor Relations Association
(Washington, D .C .,
area.).

Annually (first
M onday in
April).

Apr. 1, 1968; 7.5 cents (varies
for apprentices and helpers).

25. Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate

20,000

25,000

Apr. 21, 1968; 12.5 cents.

Jan. 1966 to
Dec. 1968.

Jan. 1, 1968; 10 cents.

26. Hotels and Restaurants
Golden Gate Restaurant
Association and Independent Restaurants
and Taverns (San Francisco, Calif.).
Hotel Association of New
York City, Inc. (New
York, N .Y .).

Southern Florida Hotel
and Motel Association
(Greater Miami, Fla.,
area).

Hotel and Restaurant Employees.

12,500

Sept. 1964 to
Aug. 1969.

N ew York Hotel
and Motel
Trades Council.

32,000

June 1966 to
M ay 1970.

Hotel and Restaurant Employees.

5,300

Sept. 1965 to
Sept. 1969.

Sept. 1, 1968, on 90 days’
notice.

Sept. 15, 1968, on 30-60 days’
notice.

1 Contracts on file with the Bureau of Labor Statistics, N ov. 1,1967, execpt
where footnote indicates that information is from newspaper source.
2 Interstate unless othewise specified.
3 Unions affiliated with the A F L -C IO , except where noted as independent.
4 Refers to the date the contract is to go into effect, not the date of signing.
Where a contract has been amended or modified and the original termination
date extended, the effective date of the changes becomes the new effective
date of the agreement.
F or purposes of this listing, the expiration is the formal termination date
established b y the agreement. In general, it is the earliest date on which


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

week. (In event subway
fare is increased to 25 cents,
wages will be increased an
additional 50 cents per
week.)
Mar. 16, 1968; $1 per week (no
increases provided for the
Banquet Dept., i.e. Extra
Waiters, Extra Bartenders,
etc.).

termination of the contract could be effective, except for special provisions
for termination as in the case of disagreement arising out of a wage reopening.
Many agreements provide for automatic renewal at the expiration date un­
less notice of termination is given. The Labor Management Relations A ct
of 1947 requires that a party to an agreement desiring to terminate or m odify
it shall serve written notice upon the other party 60 days prior to the ex­
piration date.
5 Date shown indicates the month in which adjustment is to be made, not
the month of the Consumer Price Index on which adjustment is based.
6 Information is from newspaper account of settlement.

Special Labor Force Report

W ork Experience
of the Population
F orrest A. Bogan and
E dward J. O’Boyle*
A rise in manpower requirements during 1966
enabled 1.7 million more men and women than in
1965 to work at year-round full-time jobs. For the
first time, the number of persons working the en­
tire year at full-time jobs reached 50 million.
Almost half (47 percent) of the advance was
among women, who constituted only 40 percent of
the annual labor force. The 900,000 increase in
year-round full-time employment of men was ac­
companied by a substantial reduction in the total
working full time 27 to 49 weeks during the year.
For women, however, the expansion was part of a
rise in the number who started to work during the
year; the number of women who worked full time
for less than half the year also increased during
1966. As in other years, a much smaller proportion
of Negro than white workers were employed at
full-time jobs all year; between 1965 and 1966 this
gap did not narrow significantly.1
Part-time employment also expanded during the
year. About 16 million persons worked at part-time
jobs in 1966, over 600,000 more than during the
previous year. About three-fourths of this incre­
ment, particularly among the women, wTere persons
who worked year round.
These developments largely explain the reduc­
tion in unemployment during 1966. The number of
persons who had 1 week or more of joblessness
during the year fell by 750,000 to 11.4 million. The
number of men with unemployment during the
year dropped by 11 percent and was largely at­
tributable to the continuing demand for yearround workers. On balance, greater manpower re­
quirements did not reduce unemployment among
women but rather drew significant numbers of
them into the labor force.
Most of the improvement in unemployment oc­


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

curred among those who had been jobless for a to­
tal of 15 weeks or more; this number fell to about
2.7 million, about 700,000 fewer than in 1965. Un­
employment did not decline in all duration groups,
however. The number of persons out of work for
fewer than 5 weeks rose by approximately 250,000
to 3.3 million.
All o f the decline in unemployment was among
whites. The proportion of whites with unemploy­
ment in 1966 was 12 percent compared with 14
percent in 1965. Among Negroes, however, the
percent with unemployment—22 percent—re­
mained the same.
Labor Force Attachment
The majority o f the 86 million Americans with
work experience in 1966 held a strong attachment
to the labor force. F ifty million o f them were
employed at year-round full-time jobs and 5.4 mil­
lion worked a full year at part-time jobs; an­
other 5.2 million persons were in the labor force
all year but were unemployed part o f the year.
The traditionally stronger attachment of men
than women to the labor force was clear in the
figures (table 1). Four out of five men were fullyear labor force participants, compared with
about half the women. Year-round labor force at­
tachment was slightly less, overall, for Negro men
than for white. Among women, the same propor­
tion of white and Negroes were in the labor force
year round.2
*O f the D iv is io n o f L a b o r F o rc e S tu dies, B u rea u o f L a b o r S ta ­
tis tics.
1 D a ta p erta in to the 1966 w o rk exp erien ce o f p ersons in the
civ ilia n n o n in stitu tio n a l p o p u la tio n 16 yea rs and over, and are
based on in fo rm a tio n fro m su p p lem en ta ry qu estion s to th e F e b ­
ru a ry 1967 m o n th ly su rv ey o f th e la b o r fo rce , co n d u cte d fo r the
B ureau o f L a b o r S ta tistics by th e B ureau o f th e C ensus th ro u g h
its cu rre n t p o p u la tio n survey.
T h is is th e eigh th in a series o f re p o rts on th is s u b je ct. T he
m o st re ce n t w as p u b lish ed in th e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , D ecem ­
ber 1966, pp. 1 3 6 9 -1 3 7 7 , and is rep rin ted w ith a d d itio n a l ta b u la r
d a ta and e x p la n a to ry n otes as S pecial L a b or F o rc e R e p o rt N o. 76,
w h ich also in clu d es a co m p lete lis tin g o f e a rlier re p o rts and th eir
cov era ge.
2 T he tables in th is re p o rt re fe r t o the “ n o n w h ite ” p o p u la tio n ,
o f w h om 92 p ercen t are N egroes. T h e d a ta th u s overw h e lm in g ly
p e rta in to N egroes and w ill be used in th is a rtic le to describe
the exp erien ce o f N egroes.

35

36
The following analysis will deal with persons 18
years o f age and older, because most 16- and 17year-old boys and girls are enrolled in school and
have only a tenuous attachment to the labor force.
For example, although 3.8 million 16- and 17-yearolds worked or looked for work at some time dur­
ing 1966, about two-thirds of them were in the
labor force for less than half a year. Summer vaca­
tion and part-time jobs are characteristic of this
group’s attachment to the work force.
The degree o f labor force attachment of the
working population 18 years o f age and over
varied considerably by sex, age, color, and marital
status (table 2). The proportions of workers in
the year-round labor force will serve as indexes for
comparing the relative degree o f commitment of
each group to the work force. Thus, 83 percent of
the men 18 years and over who worked during
1966, compared with 56 percent of the women,
were in the labor force all year. A much stronger
attachment exists among the married compared
with the unmarried men, and among the men in
the prime working age groups as contrasted with
persons of school or retirement age. Labor force
behavior o f women tends to run contrary to the
men’s experience. Single women enter the labor
force at an early age and maintain a fairly strong
attachment if they remain unmarried. Married
women, because of family responsibilities, are less
likely to work all year.
Predictably, working men with family respon­
sibilities had the strongest attachment to the labor
force in 1966; 9 out of 10 married men but only
6 out of 10 unmarried men 18 to 64 years old were
full-year labor force participants. Particularly
among the young adults, the contrast was striking.
Less than half o f the unmarried men 18 to 24 years
old who worked in 1966 were in the labor force
year round, compared with proportionately twice
as many married men. Many of the young unmar­
ried men were in college or entered the labor force
after the beginning o f the year. The smaller
proportion of Negroes enrolled in school accounts
for much o f the difference between young adult
Negroes and whites. Among the young men, for
example, 64 percent of the Negro workers com­
pared with 57 percent o f the white workers were
full-year labor force participants.
Among men 25 to 54 years of age, the relative
labor force attachment of Negroes and whites is


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N TH LY LAB O R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

reversed; a slightly higher proportion of white
than Negro men (92 and 89 percent, respectively)
were in the labor force year round.
Married women 25 years old and over who
worked are less likely to be in the labor force all
year than unmarried women, primarily because
they have family responsibilities. About 56 per­
cent o f the married women in this age group were
in the labor force all year compared with 71 per­
cent of those unmarried. Among young women (18
to 25), 37 percent o f the married and 42 percent
of the unmarried had a strong attachment to the
labor force, but the reasons for these low rates are
different. For married women, presence of young
children hampers many o f them from remaining
in the year-round labor force; for unmarried wom­
en, attendance at school is most likely the main
reason.
Among married women 25 to 44 years old, Negro
women were more likely than white women to be
in the labor force for the entire year. This d if­
ference arises primarily because relatively more
Negro wives find it necessary to supplement the
husband’s comparatively low wages. On the other
hand, among married women age 45 and over,
relatively fewer Negro women are in the yearround labor force. More illness and disability
among the older Negro women help explain this
reversal in labor force attachment. Also, it is prob­
able that seasonal employment affects older Negro
women more than whites.
Unemployment
The incidence of unemployment varies widely
by attachment to the labor force, but more sig­
nificantly by such characteristics as age, sex, color,
and occupation. During 1966, unemployment
tended to be relatively low, less than 10 percent,
among persons 18 years of age and over who had
been in the labor force all year or for only a brief
period (1 to 13 weeks). Many of the latter group
are probably housewives and students who already
have temporary jobs when they enter the labor
force and leave as soon as the job is finished. The
proportion with unemployment was highest among
persons, both white and Negro, in the labor force
27 to 39 weeks (chart 1). For example, among men
with this much attachment to the labor force, 1 out
of 4 was unemployed at some time during the year.

W O R K E X P E R IE N C E OF T H E POPULATION

T a b l e 1.

W o r k E x p e r ie n c e

of

37

P erso n s 16 Y e a r s

of

A ge

an d

O ver,

by

Both sexes
1965

1964

of

E m ploym ent

Male

Work experience
1966

Extent

1963

1966

1965

an d b y

S e x , 1963-66

Female
1964

1963

1966

1965

1964

1963

Number (thousands)
T otal who worked during the year

86,266

83,930

83,011

81,186

51, 708

51,067

50,742

49,783

34, 558

32,863

32,269

31,403

Full time 2______________________ ____ _______ - ............ 70,140
50 to 52 weeks_______ ______- __________________ _ 50,049
27 to 49 weeks........... ..............__ - - __ ___ - ........ _ 10,647
1 to 26 weeks........................................... .................... . 9,444

............. ___

68,433
48,383
11,157
8,893

67, 516
46,832
11,682
9,002

65,929
45,445
11,555
8,929

45,909
36,191
5,802
3,916

45,353
35,293
6,297
3,763

45,124
34,419
6, 717
3,988

44,170
33, 583
6,684
3,903

24,231
13,858
4,845
5,528

23,080
13,090
4,860
5,130

22,392
12,413
4,965
5,014

21, 759
11,862
4,871
5,026

Part time............. ................................................. ................ 16,126
50 to 52 w eeks... _____ __________
______ ______
5,407
27 to 49 weeks____________________________________ 3,380
1 to 26 weeks____________ ____ _______ ______ ____
7,339

15,497
4,940
3,068
7,489

15,495
4,836
3,204
7,455

15,257
4,813
3,162
7,282

5,799
2,091
1,162
2,546

5,714
1,969
1,088
2,657

5,618
1,847
1,117
2,654

5,613
1,764
1,164
2,685

10,327
3,316
2,218
4,793

9,783
2,971
1,980
4,832

9,877
2,989
2,087
4,801

9,644
3,049
1,998
4,597

Percent distribution
100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Full time 2___________________________________________
50 to 52 weeks_______________________________ _ _
27 to 49 weeks,.- ________ ____ _______ _________
1 to 26 weeks........................................................ ..........

81.3
58.0
12.3
10.9

81.5
57.6
13.3
10.6

81.3
56.4
14.1
10.8

81.2
56.0
14.2
11.0

88.8
70.0
11.2
7.6

88.8
69.1
12.3
7.4

88.9
67.8
13.2
7.9

88.7
67.5
13.4
7.8

70.1
40.1
14.0
16.0

70.2
39.8
14.8
15.6

69.4
38.5
15.4
15.5

69.3
37.8
15.5
16.0

Part tim e______ _____________ _____ _________________
50 to 52 w eek s................................... ..................... ___
27 to 49 weeks_______________ ______ ________ ____
1 to 26 weeks________________________________ ___

18.7
6.3
3.9
8.5

18.5
5.9
3.7
8.9

18.7
5.8
3.9
9.0

18.8
5.9
3.9
9.0

11.2
4.0
2.2
4.9

11.2
3.9
2.1
5.2

11.1
3.6
2.2
5.2

11.3
3.5
2.3
5.4

29.9
9.6
6.4
13.9

29.8
9.0
6.0
14.7

30.6
9.3
6.5
14.9

30.7
9.7
6.4
14.6

T otal who worked during the year 1____ _______

1 Tim e worked includes paid vacations and paid sick leave.
2 Usually worked 35 hours or more per week.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal totals.

A majority of the men in the labor force 27 to 39
weeks are 18 to 24 years old, many of whom are
making their first labor force entry with its at­
tendant job hunting and job changing.
Unemployed workers are primarily persons who
have strong attachment to the labor force. The
majority of those with some unemployment (61
percent) were in the labor force all year and nearly
another 10 percent for 40 to 49 weeks. A greater
proportion of the unemployed Negro than white
workers were in the labor force all year (66 and
60 percent, respectively).
Many unemployed workers are not easily dis­
couraged. Among unemployed persons in the labor
force all year, about 12 percent of the men and 20
percent of the women were jobless for over 6
months—more than half of the time they were in
the labor force. Greater proportions of Negro than
white jobless workers in the labor force the entire
year were unemployed for at least half the time—
about 16 percent of the Negro men and 27 percent
of the women.
The Non worker

A total of 1.3 million persons looked for work
during 1966 but did not find any, and they con­
stituted 11 percent of all persons unemployed at


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

some time during the year (table 3). A dispropor­
tionately large percentage, one-fourth, were
Negro; among all workers, 11 percent were Negro.
Nearly half the persons who looked but did not
work were under 25, most of them probably stu­
dents. Another large proportion (39 percent) were
women (chiefly married) age 25 and over. Only
about 150,000 were men 25 to 64 years.
The length of unemployment among the non­
workers varied widely by sex and color. Among
the women, about 60 percent looked for work for
less than 5 weeks and about 17 percent for 15 weeks
or more; of the men about 40 percent were in each
category. Moreover, among the small group of men
25 to 64 years old about half looked for work for
over 6 months compared with only 12 percent of
women in the same age group. A greater propor­
tion of the Negro persons (one-third) than of the
white (one-fifth) looked for work for 15 weeks
or more, possibly an indication o f their greater
financial need.
Exactly how many among the 1.3 million persons
who looked but did not find work in 1966 became
discouraged and dropped out of the labor force
is not certain. A substantial proportion, however,
were seriously attached to the labor force. In
February 1967 at the time of the survey, some
500,000 of them were in the labor force, with nearly

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

38
200,000 employed, a majority as full-time workers.
Over half of the 300,000 who were unemployed in
February had been jobless at that time for 15
consecutive weeks or more.
Occupations of the Employed
The proportion of workers who are employed
year round at full-time jobs during the year
depends not only on economic conditions but also
the extent to which workers want only part-time
jobs or have entered the labor force during the
year. Teenagers and others in school as well as
persons of retirement age are much less inclined
than those in the central age group to work all
year at full-time jobs, and women are not as likely
as men to be steadily employed. About 58 percent
of all persons who worked in 1966 were year-round
full-time workers—a somewhat higher percent
than a year earlier. The proportion of men was
nearly double that for women.
Seven out o f ten men who were employed at
some time during 1966 worked at year-round full­
T a b l e 2.

L ength

of

T im e

in

L a b o r F o rce

time jobs. The occupation groups with the highest
proportions of regular workers (year-round full­
time) are generally those with above average ed­
ucational requirements. Approximately 9 out of
10 men who were managers and officials and 8 out
of 10 professional and technical workers were em­
ployed all year at full-time jobs. Virtually all—
91 percent—o f the engineers and salaried man­
agers and officials worked all year. Unemployment
rates in these two occupations are usually the
lowest of all.
About three-fourths of the 10 million men who
worked during 1966 as skilled craftsmen worked
year round at full-time jobs. However, this pro­
portion varied widely among the various occu­
pations in this broad group. Largely because of
the seasonal nature o f their work, fewer than 6
out o f 10 skilled construction craftsmen worked
regularly all year compared with 9 out of 10 fore­
men and 8 out of 10 mechanics and other skilled
workers.
Year-round full-time work was somewhat less
common among the 11 million men who worked

of P e r so n s W it h W o r k
an d M a r it a l S t a tu s

E x p e r ie n c e

in

1966,

by

Female

Male

Age, marital status, and color

Percent distribution of weeks
in labor force

Total
with work
experience
(thousands)

Total

51, 708

100.0

A ge, Se x , C o lo r,

50 to 52 27 to 49
weeks weeks

Total
with work
experience
1 to 26 (thousands)
weeks

Percent distribution of weeks
in labor force
Total

50 to 52 27 to 49
weeks weeks

1 to 26
weeks

A ll P ersons
Total, 16 years and over------------------------------------------------

81.0

8.6

10.4

34,558

100.0

54.3

18.4

27.3
59.1
33.3
20.6
29.9

16 to 19 years____________________ ______ ______ ______________
20 to 24 years___ ____ ______ ___________________ ________ - 25 to 64 y ea rs..------ ------------------------------- ----------------------------------65 years and o v e r ..._____ _________________________ ________ -

4,935
5,418
38,619
2,736

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

31.6
68.5
90.6
59.5

15.7
12.0
6.8
15.5

52.6
19.5
2.7
25.0

4,054
5,048
24,044
1,412

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

22.0
46.5
61.6
50.9

18.9
20.2
17.8
19.2

Married, spouse present.. ................................... .................... ..........
Single and other marital status----------------------------------- . --------

38,977
12,731

100.0
100.0

89.2
55.9

7.2
13.2

3.7
30.9

20,492
14,066

100.0
100.0

53.3
55.8

19.3
16.9

27.4
27.2

Total, 16 years and o v e r ...----------- ----------------------------------

46,510

100.0

81.3

8.6

10.1

30,179

100.0

54.3

18.3

27.4

16 to 19 years___________ . ------------------- ------------------- ---------20 to 24 years__________________________ _______ _______ _______
25 to 64 years---------------------- ----------------- ----------------------- ------65 years and over________ ____ _______ _
. ---------- -------- -------

4,358
4,787
34,847
2, 518

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

32.2
67.1
90.9
59.7

16.3
12.5
6.6
15.8

51.5
20.4
2.5
24.6

3,605
4,453
20,871
1,250

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

22.1
46.5
61.7
51.5

19.7
20.2
17.6
19.2

58.2
33.3
20.7
29.4

Married, spouse present _ ---------------------------------- ---------- ------Single and other marital status._. ........... ....................... .........

35,613
10,897

100.0
100.0

89.4
54.7

7.0
13.8

3.6
31.6

18,314
11,865

100.0
100.0

53.1
56.1

19.3
16.8

27.5
27.1

White

N onwhite
Total, 16 years and over___________________ ____ _________

5,198

100.0

78.6

9.0

12.3

4,379

100.0

54.4

18.6

27.0

16 to 19 years_________________________________________________20 to 24 years____ _________ _________________ _____ ________ _
25 to 64 years_______ _________ . ----------- ---------------------------65 years and over____________ _______ . . . . . ----------------- . . .

577
631
3,772
218

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

27.3
79.2
87.6
56.9

11.5
8.3
8.6
12.5

61.3
12.5
3.8
30.6

449
595
3,173
162

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

20.4
46.6
61.0
46.6

13.0
19.5
19.1
19.3

66.6
33.9
19.8
34.2

Married, spouse present. . . . ___ _ ____________ . . ------------Single and other marital status____________ . -------------------------

3,364
1,834

100.0
100.0

87.1
63.1

8.7
9.8

4.3
27.1

2,178
2,201

100.0
100.0

54.6
54.2

19.3
17.8

26.2
27.9

N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal totals.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

39

W O R K E X P E R IE N C E OF T H E POPULATION

Chart 1. Unemployment and Labor Force Attachment
in 1966
P e r c e n t with
unemployment
30
|

| W H IT E

in any other major occupation group to work at
year-round full-time jobs—2 out of 3. Among
professional and technical workers, close to half
held regular full-time jobs and one-fourth worked
part time. H alf of the more than 10 million women
who were clerical workers were year-round full­
time workers. A greater proportion o f the sten­
ographers, typists, and secretaries were regular
workers than those in other clerical positions.
The three broad occupation groups of sales,
service, and private household workers accounted
for relatively few of the year-round full-time
women workers :
Percent of women with—

Occupation
Service w orkers (except p rivate h o u s e h o ld ).
Sales w ork ers.......................................
P rivate household w ork ers.....................

year-round
full-time jobs

Part-time jobs
35
51
65

30
27
17

Women who wanted part-time jobs tended to find
employment in these occupations.
Negro Workers

during the year as operatives—68 percent. O f the
semiskilled workers in nonmanufacturing indus­
tries (most likely in trade and service) fewer were
regular workers, and more part-time, than opera­
tives in factories or drivers and deliverymen.
Among women, other factors, in addition to skill
level, are important in determining the incidence
of year-round full-time work. Many of them do
not want to remain in the labor force all year, or
if they do, they want only part-time jobs. Only 40
percent o f all women who worked during 1966
were employed all year at full-time jobs. About
30 percent were usually employed at part-time
jobs, a majority o f whom worked only part of the
year.
As with men, women who were managers, o f­
ficials, and proprietors were more likely than those


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Men working in white-collar and skilled occu­
pations had greater opportunity for year-round
full-time employment than those in semiskilled,
service, or unskilled occupations. Among Negro
men, year-round full-time work was less prevalent
than among whites, but this only reflects the d if­
ferent proportions in white-collar and skilled oc­
cupations. In the service, and particularly un­
skilled occupations, the proportions of Negroes
employed regularly were significantly higher than
those of whites, as shown in the following
tabulation:
Percent in
occupations who
Percent distribution worked year round
of all workers
full time

White

N onwhite

White

N onwhite

M en *______ _______- ................
White-collar.............
Skilled___________________ - ........ .
Semiskilled-................................... - - Service___________________________
Unskilled-............................. - ............

100.0
40.0
20.0
19.9
6.8
6.8

100.0
17.5
12.8
27.2
15.2
18.8

71.0
79.6
75.4
68.1
55.8
39.4

61.0
74.5
66.7
64.6
59.3
49.6

Womens____ ______
White-collar_______________
Service___________________________
Private household------------------------Semiskilled________________

100.0
59.8
15.3
5.1
15.3

100.0
25.9
22.7
25.3
17.5

40.6
47.0
28.4
10.8
42.3

36.4
47.8
40.0
25.9
42.5

1

In clu d e s farm w ork ers, n o t show n.
s In clu d e s skilled, u n sk illed , and farm w ork ers, n o t show n.

40

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

T able 3.

E xtent

of

U nemployment

of

P ersons 16 Y ears

A ge

of

Both sexes
1965

Over ,

by

Se x , 1964-66

Male

Extent of unemployment
1966

and

1964

1966

1965

Female
1964

1966

1965

1964

Number (thousands)
Total working or looking for w ork___________________________
Percent with unemploym ent--------------------------------------------

87, 540
13.0

85,246
14.2

84, 618
16.4

52,103
12.5

51,553
14.1

51,343
16.4

35, 437
13.8

33,693
14.4

33,275
16.3

T otal with unemploym ent-____ _____________________________

11,387

12,131

13,843

6,503

7,289

8, 419

4,884

4,842

5,424

1,274
10,113

1,316
10,815

1,607
12, 236

395
6,108

486
6,803

601
7,818

879
4,005

830
4,012

1,006
4, 418

1,269
8,844

1,198
9, 617

1,115
11,121

923
5,185

879
5,924

811
7,007

346
3,659

319
3,693

304
4,114

3,348
2,038
1,047
1,567
844

3,088
2,196
1,277
1,983
1,073

3,015
2, 531
1,506
2,434
1,635

1,727
1,286
707
972
493

1,642
1,381
867
1,342
692

1,642
1,687
1,035
1,598
1,045

1,621
752
340
595
351

1,446
815
410
641
381

1,373
844
471
836
590

3,411
1,465
1,946

3,915
1,755
2,160

4, 713
2,323
2,390

2,295
900
1,395

2, 753
1,139
1,614

3,284
1,562
1, 722

1,116
565
551

1,162
616
546

1,429
761
668

D id not work hut looked for w ork _______________________
With work experience. ............................... .................... ..........
Year-round workers 1 with 1 or 2 weeks of unemploym ent---------------- -----------------------------------------------------Part-year workers,2 total_____________________________
With unemployment of—
1 to 4 weeks__________________________________
5 to 10 weeks_________________________________
11 to 14 weeks______________________________ _
15 to 26 weeks____________________ __________
27 weeks or more_________ _____________ . . .
Total with 2 spells or more of unemployment________
2 spells__________ __________ ________ ___________
3 spells or m ore__________________________________

Percent distribution
Unemployed persons with work experience, total____________

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Year-round workers 1 with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment____
Part-year workers 2 with unemployment o f__________________
1 to 4 w eeks..___________ ___________ _____ ______________
5 to 10 weeks_____ __ ________ ____________________ _ _
11 to 14 weeks____ _____ ______________________________ __
15 to 26 weeks___________________ _______________________
27 weeks or more___ __________ ___________ _____________

12.5
87.5
33.1
20.2
10.4
15.5
8.3

11.1
88.9
28.6
20.3
11.8
18.3
9.9

9.1
90.9
24.6
20.7
12.3
19.9
13.4

15.1
84.9
28.3
21.1
11.6
15.9
8.1

12.9
87.1
24.1
20.3
12.7
19.7
10.2

10.4
89.6
21.0
21.6
13.2
20.4
13.4

8.6
91.4
40.5
18.8
8.5
14.9
8.8

8.0
92.0
36.0
20.3
10.2
16.0
9.5

6.9
93.1
31.1
19.1
10.7
18.9
13.4

T otal with 2 spells or more of unemploym ent________________
2 spells___ . . . . . . .
___________ _ ________________
3 spells or m o r e .___________ _____________________________

33.7
14.5
19.2

36.2
16.2
20.0

38.5
19.0
19.5

37.6
14.7
22.8

40.5
16.7
23.7

42.0
20.0
22.0

27.9
14.1
13.8

29.0
15.4
13.6

32.3
17.2
15.1

1 Worked 50 weeks or more.
2 Worked less than 50 weeks.

While the data are not conclusive, the available
evidence suggests the following: (1) A combina­
tion of limited job opportunities elsewhere and
low wage rates in the service and unskilled occupa­
tions force many more Negroes than whites to
work year round full time at these jobs; and (2)
for many whites such jobs are a source of support
for other activities, such as going to school. Thus
whites more than Negroes are not available for
year-round full-time work at this level.
Among women, the proportion o f Negroes
working at year-round full-time jobs was at least
the same as for whites. For service and private
household workers the proportion of Negroes was
considerably higher than o f whites. The overall
proportion of Negro women employed at regular
full-time jobs, however, was not higher than that
of whites because o f the large concentration in
private household occupations where the propor­
tion regularly employed at full-time jobs is low.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal totals.

Occupations of the Unemployed
The 10 million workers with some unemploy­
ment in 1966— 12 percent of all persons who
worked—were heavily concentrated among bluecollar and service workers, occupations generally
requiring the least education and training or sub­
ject to seasonal layoffs. Two-thirds of the unem­
ployed were craftsmen, operatives, laborers, and
service (including private household) workers,
although only half of all who worked during the
year were in these occupations.
Unemployment among construction craftsmen
in 1966 continued to be the highest of any occupa­
tion, except among unskilled workers in the same
industry, despite efforts to decrease seasonal em­
ployment. They constituted about a third of the
employed but almost two-thirds o f the unem­
ployed skilled workers. Thus, unemployment
among craftsmen excluding construction workers

41

W O R K E X P E R IE N C E OF T H E POPULATION

was very low—only 9 percent—in 1966. The high­
est percent of unemployment occurred among con­
struction laborers, one-third of whom were jobless
during the year.
Among the 2.4 million persons unemployed a
total o f 15 weeks or more, a disproportionate share
were blue-collar and service workers. Joblessness
for a total of 15 weeks or more was very common
among unemployed men who were carpenters or
other skilled construction craftsmen, service
workers, and farm and nonfarm laborers, and
among unemployed women who were operatives,
private household workers, and other service
workers. While many of the workers jobless for
many weeks during 1966 may be relatively un­
skilled, there were other factors which contribute
to prolonged unemployment—low or poor educa­
tion, discrimination because of age, sex, or color,
and predominantly seasonal or intermittent char­
acter of employment in an industry or area.
Three-fourths of the unemployed experienced
fewer weeks of unemployment. In many occupa­
tions, the majority of the unemployed were job­
less for a month or less. Among men, white-collar
employees, mechanics and repairmen, and opera­
tives in manufacturing were generally unem­
ployed for only a short duration. Among women,
the majority o f white-collar workers were jobless
for only one spell o f unemployment. Unem ploy­

ment of 1 month or less is usually frictional, such
as the entry into the labor force of young people,
the reentry o f women, and leaving one job for an­
other because of changing manpower needs or bet­
ter employment conditions.
Largely because Negroes tend to be concentrated
in occupations in which chances to be unemployed
are greatest, relatively more Negroes than whites
were unemployed during 1966, 19 and 11 percent,
respectively (chart 2). For example, 80 percent of
the unemployed Negroes were blue-collar and serice workers, compared with 65 percent of the un­
employed whites. Furthermore, Negroes were
3
Under revised definitions, official labor force estimates now
relate to ages 16 years and over. Comparisons with 1960 are based
on persons 14 years and over because data for 16 years and over
are not available for years prior to 1966 in the detail discussed.
However, most comparisons are not greatly affected because over
this period the number of 14- and 15-year-olds with work experi­
ence increased by only 300,000. Furthermore, 14- and 15-year-olds
are primarily part-year and part-time workers and in 1966 they
constituted a relatively large proportion only among agricultural
wage and salary (15 percent) and unpaid fam ily (19 percent)
workers.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Chart 2. Unemployment Among Negroes and Whites
in 1966
PERCENT
20

40

60

80

Relatively more Negro than white
workers had some une mplo ym ent

And more of the unemployed
Negroes were jobless 15 weeks or
more . . .

In part because Negroes were more
heavily conc en trated in blue-collar
and service occu pa tions . . .

Where the per cen t of workers with
some une mplo ym ent is high:

NEGROES
[ ] W H IT E S

more likely to be jobless longer. Overall, a third
of the unemployed Negroes were jobless for a total
of 15 weeks or more, but only one-fifth of the
whites. In some occupations, the proportions o f
Negroes with severe unemployment were particu­
larly large. Among craftsmen, relatively twice
as many Negroes as whites (44 versus 21 percent,
respectively) were jobless for 15 weeks or more.
Among service workers (including private house­
hold) 35 percent of the Negroes and 25 percent
of the whites were unemployed for that many
weeks.
Work Experience, 1960-66

Approximately 7.9 million more persons worked
at some time during 1966 than 6 years earlier.3
Two of the more striking developments over this
period were a sharp rise in the number of women
with work experience and for men a shift to yearround full-time employment from working at full­
time jobs, 27 to 49 weeks. (See chart 3.) Both
movements were closely related to steady advances
in manpower requirements since 1961 and scattered
labor shortages in recent years.

42

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968

Chart 3. Changes in the Number of Persons With
Work Experience, 1960-66

M
-6

-4

I

L

L

-2

I

O

N

S

O

T O T A L W IT H W O R K
E X P E R IE N C E

W O R K E D F U L L T IM E
50-5 2 w eeks

2 7-4 9 weeks

1-26 w eeks

W O R K E D P A R T T IM E

M EN

I

I

LZI
W OMEN

Higher manpower requirements led to a rise in the num­
ber of women with work experience, and for men, to a
shift to year-round full-time employment.

Women accounted for about 60 percent of the
7.9 million increase in the number of persons with
work experience between 1960 and 1966. More
started working in 1966— 1.7 million—than in any
other year. More than half o f the net increase for
women during the 1960’s occurred among yearround full-time workers who even in 1966 ac­
counted for less than half of all women who
worked. The greater part o f this upward move­
ment came in 1965-66. The upsurge in regular
employment was particularly significant because
women in this group generally have a continuing
attachment to the labor force. Ninety-seven per­
cent of the women who worked all o f 1966 at full­
time jobs were still in the labor force in February
1967.
Important gains also occurred in part-time
work. About 1.2 million more women reported
working part time in 1966 than 6 years earlier.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

This increase was closely matched by a 1.1 million
rise in the total with full-time jobs for 1 to 49
weeks.
O f the 2.6 million rise since 1960 in the number
of women working all year at full-time jobs, edu­
cational services accounted for 725,000.4 In edu­
cational services, there was an equally large gain
in part-year full-time and part-time employment
combined. Some of the more important factors that
combined to bring about this growth were soaring
school enrollment, expanded use of school facili­
ties during summer months, and greater utiliza­
tion of the specialized services o f such educational
institutions as day nurseries, libraries, and trade
schools.
About 350,000 women were added as year-round
full-time workers in medical and health services
since 1960. Two-thirds of the increase occurred in
the second half of this period and was associated
with greater government participation in financ­
ing medical care. At the same time, the proportion
usually working part-time schedules rose from
about 1 in 5 to 1 in 4, indicating that medical and
health facilities are turning increasingly to parttime workers to meet manpower shortages. Less
dramatic but nonetheless signficant gains in yearround full-time work were reported in retail trade,
apparel, public administration, and electrical
machinery.
Employed Men

Roughly 3.1 million more men were employed
at some time in 1966 than 1960; about 2.1 million
were added between 1963 and 1966. Over the 6
years the number working year round full time
jumped by 4.3 million. This increase was more
evenly distributed over the 6-year period than the
advance in the total with work experience. At least
750,000 regular workers were added in every year
except 1961 when economic activity fell off
sharply.
The upturn in year-round full-time employment
appears to be allied with the rollback in the number
working at full-time jobs for 27 to 49 weeks. Since
1960, the size o f this group dropped by 1.8 million
as better business conditions led to a significant
shift into year-round full-time work. The largest
* Includes In addition to primary and secondary schools, and
colleges, such institutions as reading clinics, museums, and art
galleries.

43

W O R K E X P E R IE N C E OF T H E POPULATION

annual increase in regular work occurred at the
same time (1963) as the biggest decrease in full­
time employment of 27 to 49 weeks’ duration.
About 2.6 million more men worked year round
full time as wage and salary workers in manufac­
turing industries in 1966 than in I960.5 Hard goods
producers, particularly in primary and fabricated
metals, electrical and nonelectrical machinery, and
transportation equipment, accounted for threefourths o f the increase. Soft goods producers,
notably in food processing and chemicals, were re­
sponsible for the balance. A t the same time, full­
time work for 27 to 49 weeks dropped by almost
450,000; the decreases were heavily concentrated
in durable goods production.
Year-round full-time wage and salary employ­
ment in nonmanufacturing increased by 3.3 mil­
lion during the 6-year period ending in 1966. A
disproportionate share was in construction where
750,000 more wage and salary workers reported
working all year at full-time jobs.
The increases in regular employment in nonmanufacturing (excluding construction) appear
to be associated largely with secular developments
in the economy. In manufacturing and construc­
tion, on the other hand, cyclical forces seem to be
the major consideration.
Heavy cutbacks in year-round full-time employ­
ment were limited to farming activity, where the
number of self-employed and wage and salary
workers fell by 625,000 over the 6-year period. At
the same time, the number who worked full time
27 to 49 weeks dropped by 225,000. Clearly these
movements were part of a longrun decline in man­
power requirements on the farm that is creating
serious problems of dislocation. A portion o f these
workers, undoubtedly, found new jobs in the
booming nonagricultural sector.
Unemployment, 1960-66

Two divergent movements marked the changes
in unemployment between 1960 and 1966 as the
total number o f persons who were unemployed
at some time during the year declined by 2.5 mil­
lion.6 For men, both the jobless total and its
composition changed significantly over this period,
while for women only the composition of the un­
employed was altered materially. Both movements
reflect some of the principal differences in the effect
282-907 0

-

68-4


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Chart 4. Changes in the Number of Persons With
Unemployment, by Duration, 1960-66
M
-3 .0

H

-1 .0

I

MEN

I

-0 .5

[

L

L

I
O

O

N

S
0 .5

1.0

1.5

j WOMEN

For men, both the jobless total and its composition
changed significantly since 1960, while for women only
the composition was altered materially.
1 Less than 50,000.

of rising manpower requirements on the labor
force activity of men and women.
The number of men with unemployment during
the year dropped by 2.7 million over the 6 years
since 1960. (See chart 4.) Except for 1960-61, when
the economy struggled through a period o f dete­
riorating business conditions, each succeeding year
brought a further decrease in the jobless total.
The large cutback in the number o f men with
unemployment was limited to nonworkers who
5
Estimates of the number with work experience in 1966 by
class of worker and industry are not strictly comparable with
those for previous years because of earlier misclassifications of
some wage and salary workers as self-employed. The change in
classification resulted in a shift of about 750,000 from nonfarm
self-employment to wage and salary employment. This change
affects the work experience data primarily for men in trade and
service industries ; increases in manufacturing and other nonfarm
industries are believed to be relatively minor.
8 Includes all persons 14 years of age and over.

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968

44
looked for work and part-year workers out of
work a total of 5 weeks or more, as the number of
workers with very short-term unemployment (1 to
4 weeks) increased. Most of the decrease came in
1964-66 and is largely attributable to a sizable in­
crease in the number of men working all year at
full-time jobs.7 Working men who were unem­
ployed for a total of 15 weeks or more were among
the principal beneficiaries of the sharply rising
demand for regular wrnrk crews. The rollback was
evenly apportioned between those who were jobless
for 15 to 26 weeks and those unemployed 27 weeks
or more. Together, these men accounted for 22 per­
cent of the total with unemployment in 1966 com­
pared with 34 percent in 1960.
Unemployment fell markedly among those
workers who have particularly severe problems in
finding steady jobs, that is, men who were unem­
ployed for one spell of 15 weeks or more. About
825.000 fewer men in this group were out of work
for 4 consecutive months or more in 1966 than 6
years earlier.
While fewer men were unemployed at some time
in 1966 than 1960, the number of women with un­
employment remained unchanged. Between 196164, however, the total for women was significantly
higher and only in recent years has it fallen to the
1960 level. Thus, women accounted for 43 percent
of all persons with unemployment in 1966 com­
pared with 34 percent in 1960. Nevertheless, unem­
ployment declined for select groups. For example,
375.000 fewer part-year workers were jobless for
5 weeks or more in 1966 than in 1960. Significantly,
most of the decline developed among those who
were unemployed a total of 15 weeks or more.
About 1 out of 5 of the unemployed women in 1966
w'ere part-year workers with 15 weeks or more of
unemployment compared with 1 out of 4 in 1960.
The decrease in the number who were jobless for
15 weeks or more was balanced by an equivalent
increase in the number of part-year workers with
unemployment of 1 to 4 weeks. A growing demand
for labor did not reduce the number of women
with unemployment because 4.8 million more
women worked or looked for work in 1966 than
in 1960.
Fewer Negro men were unemployed at some
time in 1966 than in 1960, but the percentage de­
crease in the number of unemployed Negroes just
matched the rate of decline for white men. Thus,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

no special advantage accrued to either group. Over
the period Negroes constituted about 17 percent
o f all men with unemployment. Even in recent
years when the demand for labor climbed abruptly,
this proportion did not change significantly. At
the same time, the number of Negro women with
unemployment did not vary appreciably. Like
their male counterparts, however, Negro women
accounted for a stable 20 percent of all women
with unemployment.
Teenagers

Approximately 32 percent of the 7.3 million 14and 15-year-olds worked or looked for work at
some time during 1966.8 Because many young
teenagers have a highly seasonal attachment to the
labor force, their participation rate in any given
month is usually much lower than the total for the
year. The proportion in the labor force in 1966
ranged from a February low of 13 percent to a
June high of 27 percent. During the summer
months (June-August) nearly twice as many were
in the labor force as during the regular school year
(September-May). More than two-thirds, how­
ever, were not in the labor force at any time during
1966. Almost all (97 percent) said that going to
school was the main reason for not working or
looking for work.
O f the 2.3 million boys and girls who worked in
1966, about 500,000 reported year-round employ­
ment. All but a very small portion of these were
part-time workers. Most o f the other 1.8 million
with work experience were employed part-year on
7 For the period 1 9 5 5 -6 6 , year-to-year variations in the number
of men with year-round full-time jobs explained 72 percent of
the yearly changes in the number of part-year workers with
unemployment of 5 weeks or more.
L ea st

sq u a re

r eg r e ssio n

e q u a tio n

fo r

y e a r -to -y e a r

ch a n ges

A Part-year workers unemployed 5 weeks or more =
297,057 — 1.0153 X A workers employed year round full time
Standard erro r: 0.2080
Coefficient of correlation : — 0.85
Level of significance : .001
8 Several new concepts and methods to measure and report
official manpower statistics were introduced in January 1967.
One of these revisions raised the lower age limit of the labor force
to 16 from 14 years. The reasons for this change were several.
First, child labor laws protect the young worker from hazardous
occupations and working conditions. Second, unemployment is a
far less significant economic problem for young teenagers than
for older persons. Finally, the primary activity of persons in this
age group is going to school rather than working or looking for
work.

45

W O R K E XP E R IE N C E OF (THE POPULATION

part-time schedules. School enrollment was the
major reason reported for working part-year only;
fewer than 50,000 attributed their part-year work
history chiefly to unemployment.
Roughly 200,000 14- and 15-year-olds were un­
employed at some time during 1966. This num­
ber represented 8.6 percent o f the total working
or looking for work and was far below the 13.0
percent for persons 16 years of age and over.
About 21/2 times as many 14- and 15-year-olds
were jobless during the summer months as in the
normal school year. Unemployment dropped
sharply from the June-August period to October
when nearly all of the younger teenagers were en­
rolled in school. O f the part-year workers with un­
employment, only 2 percent of the 14- and 15-yearolds compared with 20 percent of those 16 and
over cited unemployment as the reason for not
working all year.
The proportion of long-term unemployment
(15 weeks or more) among 14- and 15-year-olds
remained close to 18 percent over the 1960-66
period, while the equivalent proportion of unemD ata for these age groups not available before 1964.

ployed persons 16 and over dropped from 33 per­
cent in 1964 to 24 percent in 1966.9 The decline
among the latter group is clearly attributable to
rising manpower requirements. Since most young­
sters start looking for work only when schools
close in June and stop when schools reopen in Sep­
tember, few are in the labor force long enough
to accumulate more than 3 months of unem­
ployment during the entire year. School attend­
ance, therefore, is an important determinant not
only of the level of unemployment but its dura­
tion as well.
Although the rate of unemployment for 14- and
15-year-olds is relatively high (on a monthly basis,
7.9 percent in 1966) it is far more important that
relatively few have a strong labor force attach­
ment. O f those who worked in 1966, only 38 per­
cent were still in the labor force in February
1967. Fewer yet encounter unemployment at all.
Thus, the central problem is not one of finding
more jobs for 14- and 15-year-olds in order to
reduce the current rate of unemployment. Rather
it is one of raising their educational achievement
in order to minimize the risk of unemployment in
their adult years.

Assuring a place for all citizens in the world of work is not consideration
for the poor, but insurance for the majority. National manpower policy has
been greatly influenced in the postwar era by our response to the threat from
without. In the years ahead it must be shaped by the challenge from within.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

— Eli Ginsberg.

W orkers’ W ages
in Construction
and Maintenance
L ily Mary David

and

T. P. K anninen *

A study covering three crafts in 50 metropolitan
areas in late 1965 or early 1966 1 indicates that
union scales of skilled workers in building con­
struction were almost uniformly higher than the
average straight-time hourly earnings of such
workers in maintenance activities. The three
crafts were carpenters, electricians, and painters.
Few individual maintenance workers in these
trades were paid as much as the union scale for
construction work in their area.
Differentials and Overlap

Union scales of construction carpenters were 11
to 73 percent higher than average hourly earnings
of maintenance carpenters in the same area, with
the difference amounting to 33 percent or more in
half the cities. For the electricians, scales were
18 to 63 percent higher than average hourly earn­
ings of maintenance electricians, with a difference
o f at least 39 percent in half the cities. Scales for
painters in building construction were lower than
the average hourly pay o f maintenance painters
in only one city—Richmond, Va. Elsewhere
differentials in favor of union scales for painters
were smaller than for maintenance electricians or
carpenters ; they ranged from 7 to 54 percent, with
a differential of at least 27 percent in half the
metropolitan areas surveyed (table 1).
*O f the Division of W age Economics and formerly of the
Division of Occupational Pay, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
respectively.
1 Data vary among cities from September 1965 to M ay 1966.
(See table 1.)
2 Differences in the relative importance of various industries
as well as in the extent of unionization among cities presumably
affected the size of the differential for all three trades. For
example, the relative importance of employment in the service
industries in New York reduced average hourly earnings for
maintenance workers in that city.

46


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

In cents per hour, the construction-maintenance
differentials ranged among cities from 34 cents to
$2.45 for carpenters, and from 66.5 cents to $2.01
for electricians. Maintenance painters in Rich­
mond earned 34 cents more, on the average, than
the union scale for construction painters. In a
majority of cities, the differentials were 85 cents
to $1.30 for carpenters, $1.10 to $1.50 for elec­
tricians, and 55 cents to $1.10 for painters.
Differentials varied not only among cities but
among the three trades within the same city. (See
table 2.) To some extent, this lack of uniformity
reflects intercity differences in the industries in
which maintenance workers are concentrated and
the extent of unionization of maintenance workers,
as well as differences in local bargaining conditions
among the three construction crafts.2
The spread between construction scales and
maintenance pay varied more among cities within
a region than among regions. (See chart.) For car­
penters and electricians, however, differentials in
favor of building scales tended to be proportion­
ately greater in the Northeast than in other cities.
O f 10 cities with the greatest differentials, the
Northeast accounted for 7 in the case of carpenters,
Union Construction Scales as Percent of Straight Time
A verage H ourly Earnings in M aintenance W ork,
Selected M etropolitan Areas, Three Crafts, 1 9 6 6

Percent
100

125

150

175

200 .

CONSTRUCTION AND M AINTENANCE W A G ES

T able 1.

47

Straight-T ime A verage H ourly E arnings in M aintenance W ork
C onstruction, 3 T rades in 50 A reas, 1965-66
Carpenters

Region, metropolitan area, and
date of survey

Northeast:
Boston—Oct. 1965________ _
Buffalo—Dec. 1965 ________
New Haven—Jan. 1966i_- _
New Y ork—April 1966 .
Philadelphia—N ov. 1965______
Pittsburgh—J n. 1966 ..
Portland—N ov. 1965_____
Providence-Pawtucket—
May 1966____________________
Trenton—Dec. 1965___________
Y ork—Feb. 1966. _ ____ ____
South:
Atlanta—May 1966____________
Baltimore—N ov. 1965.._ . . .
Birmingham—April 1966______
Charleston—April 1966____
Chattanooga— Sept. 1965.
Dallas—N ov. 1965____ . . ____
Houston—June 1966________
Jacksonville—Jan. 1966________
Little R ock-N . Little R ock—
Aug. 1965___________________
Louisville—Feb. 1966__________
Memphis—Jan. 1966______
Miami—Dec. 1965 _____ . _ _
New Orleans—Feb. 1966.. . _
Richm ond—N ov. 1965... . . .
Savannah—May 1966 _________
Washington, D .C .-M d .-V a .—
Oct. 1965___________________
North Central:
Chicago—April 1966______ . . .
Cincinnati—March 1965_______
Cleveland—Sept. 1965___
Columbus—Oct. 1965__ __
Davenport-Rock IslandMoline—Oct. 1965__________
Dayton—Jan. 1966.. . . . __ _
Des Moines—Feb. 1966___ .
Detroit—Jan. 1966___
Indianapolis—Dec. 1965____ _
Kansas "City—N ov. 1965__
Milwaukee—April 1966.. _____
Omaha—Oct. 1965____ ______
St. Louis—Oct. 1965__________
South Bend—March 1966______
Toledo—Feb. 1966____ . . . . _
Wichita—Oct. 1965____________
Y oungstown-W arren—
N ov. 1965___________________
West:
Denver—Dec. 1965____________
Los Angeles-Long Beach—
March 1966_____________ . . .
Phoenix—March 1966____ _ . . .
Portland—May 1966___________
Salt Lake City—Dec. 1965____
San Diego—N ov. 1965____ . .
Spokane—June 1966___

Average
hourly
earnings
in mainte­
nance

Union
scales in
building
construc­
tion

$3.13
3.17
2. 79
3.35
3.38
3. 34
2. 52

U nion Scales

Electricians
Construction
rate higher
by—

Average
hourly
earnings
in mainte­
nance

Union
scales in
building
construc­
tion

in

B uilding

Painters
Construction
rate higher
by-

Average
hourly
earnings
in mainte­
nance

Union
scales in
building
construc­
tion

Construction
rate higher
by-

Dollars
per
hour

Per­
cent

$4. 50
4.315
4.50
5.80
4. 45
5. 075
3. 70

$1.37
1.145
1.71
2. 45
1.07
1.735
1.18

44
36
61
73
32
52
47

$3. 24
3.49
3.04
3.46
3.33
3.45
2. 75

$5. 25
5.11
4. 75
5.20
5. 25
5.25
3.95

$2.01
1.62
1.71
1.74
1.92
1.80
1.20

62
46
56
50
58
52
44

$2.88
3.19
2.88
3.16
3.03
3.14
2.33

$4.20
4.125
4. 25
4.80
3.975
4. 425
2.50

$1.32
. 935
1.37
1.64
.945
1.285
. 17

46
29
48
52
31
41
7

2. 66
3.08
2.62

3.95
4.80
3. 55

1.29
1.72
.93

48
56
35

2. 97
3.30
2.94

4.55
5.30
4. 40

1.58
2.00
1.46

53
61
50

2.68
3.09
2.59

3.60
4.375
3. 05

.92
1.285
.46

34
42
18

2. 97
3.11
3.31
3. 58
2. 45
2. 95
3.61
2. 82

4.00
4.09
3.90
4. 475
3.85
4.15
4. 32
3. 75

1.03
.98
.59
.895
1.40
1.20
.71
.93

35
32
18
25
57
41
20
33

3. 46
3.23
3.67
3. 58
2.91
3.18
3.69
3.18

4.30
4. 70
4. 35
4.45
4. 25
4.275
4.355
4.40

.84
1.47
.68
.87
1.34
1.095
.665
1.22

24
46
19
24
46
34
18
38

2.82
2. 98
3.06
3.53
2. 78
2.81
3.51
2. 67

4. 25
4.05
4.00
3. 65
3. 75
3.913
4.035
3. 50

1.43
1.07
.94
. 12
.97
1.103
.525
.83

51
36
31
3
35
39
15
31

2.47
3.40
2. 62
2.85
3.09
3.11
3.14

3.65
4.125
4.00
3.90
3.90
3.45
3.80

1.18
.725
1.38
1.05
.81
.34
.66

48
21
53
37
26
11
21

2. 67
3. 57
3.22
3.05
3. 30
3.30
3.35

4. 35
4. 545
4.525
4.55
4.40
4. 05
4.35

1. 68
.975
1.305
1.50
1.10
.75
1.00

63
27
41
49
33
23
30

3. 25
2. 71
2.52
2.99
3.09
3.07

3.82
3.80
3. 57
3.375
2. 75
3.375

Dollars
per
hour

Per­
cent

Dollars Per­
per
cent
hour

.57
18
40
1.09
45
1.05
.385
13
-1 1
-.3 4
.305
10

3.19

4.10

.91

29

3.30

4.90

1.60

48

2. 84

4.37

1.53

54

3. 66
3.26
3. 36
3.22

4.85
4. 40
4. 75
4.14

1.19
1.14
1.39
.92

33
35
41
29

3.67
3.35
3.46
3.37

4.95
4.75
4.89
4.60

1. 28
1.40
1.43
1.23

35
42
41
36

3. 86
3.20
3.22
3.13

4.60
4.00
4. 56
3.65

.74
.80
1.34
. 52

19
25
42
17

3.33
3.53
3.46
3.51
3.39
3. 49
3. 40
3.11
3.34
3.39
3.49
2.95

4.12
4. 38
4.20
4.43
4. 40
4.15
4. 26
4.10
4.675
4.15
4.495
3.825

.79
.85
.74
.92
1.01
.66
.86
.99
1.335
.76
1.005
.875

24
24
21
26
30
19
25
32
40
22
29
30

3.67
3.52
3. 54
3.73
3.53
3.63
3.70
3. 42
3.63
3. 41
3. 44
3.14

4. 56
4.64
4.60
5.00
4.625
4.85
4.60
4.60
5.15
4.50
4. 75
4.65

.89
1.12
1.06
1.27
1.095
1.22
.90
1.18
1.52
1.09
1.31
1.51

24
32
30
34
31
34
24
35
42
32
38
48

3.21
3. 34
3.37
3.40
3.34
3. 49
3.45
3.29
3.35
3. 51
3.28
2.93

3. 77
4.00
3.90
4.00
4.10
4.075
4.01
3.825
4.34
3.80
4.165
3. 50

3. 38

4. 50

1.12

33

3. 61

4.625

1.015

28

3.20

3.22

4.415

1.195

37

3.41

4.62

1.21

35

3. 35

3.39
3.35
3.39
3.25
3. 32
3. 53

4.64
4.505
4.68
4.10
4. 75
4. 45

1. 25
1.155
1.29
.85
1.43
.92

37
34
38
26
43
26

3.68
3. 56
3. 61
3.30
3.83
3.60

5. 46
5.00
5.00
4.60
5.50
4.538

1. 78
1.44
1.39
1.30
1.67
.938

48
40
39
39
44
26

3.37
3.05
3.49
3.24
3.24
3.43

4. 76
4. 05
4.05
3.85
4. 82
4.38

8 for electricians, and 5 for painters. Three cities
with the greatest differentials for carpenters and
painters and two for electricians were in the South.
The greatest differentials occurred in New York
3
The construction scale in an area consists of a single rate for
the occupation— the basic (minimum) wage scale established by
the union agreement. Rates in excess of the negotiated minimum,
which may be paid for special qualifications ov other reasons, are
not included but are probably paid to relatively few workers. By
contrast, the data reported for maintenance workers consist of
their actual average hourly earnings, which vary among estab­
lishments and among individuals within the same establishment.
The information for maintenance workers includes workers em­
ployed in both union and nonunion establishments.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

and

.56
.66
.53
.60
.76
.585
.56
.535
.99
.29
.885
.57

17
20
16
18
23
17
16
16
30
8
27
19

4.14

.94

29

3.85

.50

15

1.39
1.00
.56
.61
1.58
.95

41
33
16
19
49
28

City, where union scales exceeded average hourly
earnings for maintenance employees in the same
trade by 50 to 73 percent; New Haven, where the
range was 48 to 61 percent; Trenton, 42 to 61;
Boston, 44 to 62; and Pittsburgh, 41 to 52.
An analysis of the distribution of individual
maintenance workers’ earnings indicates very lit­
tle overlap between their pay and the union con­
struction scales in the city in which they work.3
As table 3 indicates, maintenance carpenters were
paid the union construction scale in 20 of the 50

48

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

T able 2.
and

A reas W ith H ighest and L owest Percentage D ifferential B etween U nion Scales in C onstruction
Straight-T ime A verage H ourly E arnings of M aintenance W orkers, T hree C rafts, 1965-66
Carpenters

Metropolitan area

Electricians
Percent differential—
wage scales over
maintenance average
hourly earnings

Painters

Percent differential—
wage scales over
maintenance average
hourly earnings

Metropolitan area

Percent differential—
wage scales over
maintenance average
hourly earnings

Metropolitan area

Highest differentials
New York __ .
New H aven. . _____ _____
Chattanooga .. .
Trenton. _ .
Memphis____________________
Pittsburgh________________ .
Little R ock-N . Little R o c k ...
Providence-Pawtucket. ___ _
Portland, Maine___ . . . . .
B o s to n ... . . . . . . . .
_.

73
61
57
56
53
52
48
48
47
44

Little R ock-N . Little Rock
T r e n t o n ..._____ _
Providence-Pawtucket. .
Pittsburgh_______________
New York
____ _
Miami___

. . . .

63
62
61
58
56
53
52
50
50
49

Washington, D .C ___

18
19
23
24
24
24
24
26
27
28

54
51

Boston_________ _____
Cleveland___. . . . .

46
42
42

Pittsburgh. . _______

41

Charleston, W. V a _
Portland, Maine______
South Bend. .
____
Savannah___ . . . _
R ich m on d ..

3
7
8
10
11

Denver______ _______
._ .
H ouston___

15
15

Om aha... . . . .

16

Lowest differentials
R ic h m o n d ..___
... _
Birmingham_______ _____
Kansas C i t y . . . ___ . . . .
H ouston...
Savannah ___
Louisville_________________ _
Des M oines.. _____ . . .
South B end___
. . . ______
D ayton_______
D avenport-Rock Island______

11
18
19
20
21
21
21
22
24
24

Houston___
Birm ingham .. . . . .
R ichm ond_______________
Davenport-Rock Island...
Atlanta____________
_ _.
M ilwaukee..
Spokane___ __ .

.

Youngstown-W arren... __

metropolitan areas; in 40 of the cities, none of
the maintenance electricians received the union
construction rate; and in 17 of the cities, none of
the painters received the union scale. Very rarely
did as many as 10 percent of the maintenance
workers in a metropolitan area receive the con­
struction scale. Among the areas where at least 10
percent of the maintenance carpenters and
painters earned the union scale was Chicago. The
overlap was greater for painters than for carpen­
ters or electricians.
The overlap was confined largely to trade, where
some stores paid their maintenance workers the
construction scale. Their payment of the construc­
tion scale may be related in part to the fact that for
relatively large projects, they hire union workers
temporarily or contract work out to a union con­
tractor. Moreover, in some of the other industry
divisions— for example, utilities—the pay scale for
maintenance workers is governed by a job evalua­
tion system for all blue-collar workers.
Meaning of the Differential

In evaluating these differentials, a number of
distinctions between construction and maintenance
work should be recognized: There are substantial
differences in the number of days worked in a year,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

...
.

_

since construction workers lose time because of
weather and because of shifting from job to job as
work on a project is completed. Even though newer
methods of construction have reduced the exposure
of building trades employees to weather, their
working conditions are usually still more rigorous
than those of maintenance employees. There may
also be differences, especially for electricians, in
the amount of skilled work actually performed in
a workday. Some skilled maintenance workers fre­
quently are not kept busy at their highest skills
during many hours for which they are paid,
whereas the construction workers’ skills are usually
utilized more constantly. Construction workers are
generally faced with a greater variety of problems
requiring their skills than maintenance employees.
It should also be pointed out that data on union
scales are limited to the central city ; the informa­
tion on average hourly earnings of maintenance
workers pertains to all those employed throughout
the metropolitan area. In some areas, there may be
a difference in union scales between the central
city and outlying communities. Moreover, the in­
formation for maintenance workers includes union
and nonunion establishments.
Trends. Information was available on trends in
earnings and union scales from 1955 to 1966 (table
4). It indicates that in all cities, the absolute

49

CONSTRUCTION AND M AINTENANCE W A G ES

On the other hand, percentage differentials did
not widen at all for Buffalo carpenters or painters,
Philadelphia carpenters, Atlanta or Cleveland
carpenters or electricians, Baltimore carpenters,
Dallas electricians or painters, Chicago painters,
and Denver electricians.

T able 3. P roportion of M aintenance W orkers
R eceiving U nion C onstruction Scales in M ajor
M etropolitan A reas, by R egion , 1965-66
Number of metropolitan areas in which
specified percent of maintenance workers
Percent of maintenance workreceived union scale or more
ers receiving union scale o r ___________________________________________
more
U nited North­
South
North
West
States
east
Central
Areas studied________________

50

10

16

17

Carpenters:
N one_____________________
Less than 2 percent_______
2-4 percent_______________
5-9 percent_____ .
10 percent or m ore________

20
9
8
7
6

4
4
1

8
2

3
3

40
7
1
2

9
1

Electricians:
N one_____________________
Less than 2 percent_______
2-4 percent_______________
5-9 percent_______________
10 percent or more________
Painters:
N one_____________________
Less than 2 percent.
2-4 percent___ ________
5-9 percent_______________
10 percent or more________

1

0

5

0
2

4
2

5

2
4

12
1
1
2

12

7

6

2
4
3
3
5

0

Expenditures on Benefits. The comparisons pre­
sented here are limited to union wage scales or
straight-time hourly earnings and take no account
of expenditures for benefits. In mid-1966 union
contracts in the construction industry provided
for employer contributions toward vacation pay
as well as insurance and pension benefits, averag­
ing about 9 percent of union scales and varying
among cities from less than 2 to about 15 percent.
For the same items, expenditures on benefits in
manufacturing establishments in 1962 also
amounted to approximately 9 percent o f straighttime hourly earnings. A more current picture of
expenditures on benefits in manufacturing might
indicate a slightly higher ratio of expenditures to
hourly earnings. It is also true that expenditures
on other benefits for which information is not
available for construction (notably, holidays and
other leave) would be higher in manufacturing
than in construction. But even considering all
benefits, the difference between construction and
manufacturing expenditures would probably be
relatively small. It would certainly not substan­
tially offset the differential in terms of wage rates.

7

5

-

17
11
4
5
13

4
3

3

3

5

1
1

5
1
1

differentials (cents per hour) have grown substan­
tially. In a majority o f cities, they also have grown
in relative terms, although the percentage differ­
entials have not changed markedly in most jobs
and areas, and in some cases they have not grown
at all. A substantial widening in percentage differ­
entials did take place for Boston electricians and
painters, Buffalo electricians, New York City and
St. Louis carpenters, Atlanta and Baltimore
painters, and Memphis carpenters and painters.
T able 4.

D ifferences B etween U nion C onstruction Scales and Straight-T ime A verage H ourly E arnings
of M aintenance W orkers, 3 T rades in Selected M etropolitan A reas, 1955 and 1966
Excess of construction rates over maintenance straight-time average hourly earnings for—
Carpenters

Region and metro­
politan area
1955

1966

Electricians

Percent excess
1955
1955

Northeast:
Boston................
B u ffa lo ,.............
N ew York City.
Philadelphia___
South:
A tlanta________
Baltim ore..........
Dallas_________
Memphis......... .
Middle West:
Chicago....... .......
Cleveland....... .
St. L ouis............
Far West:
D e n ve r..............
Los Angeles____
Portland......... .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1966

1966

Painters

Percent excess
1955

$0.83
0. 795
1.21
0. 91

$1.37
1.145
2.45
1.07

41
36
55
40

44
36
73
32

0.68
0. 69
0. 77
0. 535

1.03
0.98
1.20
1.38

35
33
39
29

35
32
41
53

0.77
0. 795
0.90
0.83

0.69
1. 055
0. 78

1.19
1.39
1.335

27
48
34

33
41
40

0.69
0.475
0.27

1.195
1.25
1.29

32
21
11

37
37
38

$0.88
0.87
1.05
1.25

$2.01
1.62
1.75
1.92

Percent excess
1955

1966

1966

42
38
47
56

62
46
50
58

0.84
1.47
1.095
1.305

35
36
43
39

24
46
34
41

0.84
0. 955
0. 90

1.28
1.43
1.52

34
41
38

0.86
0.78
0. 57

1.21
1. 78
1.39

40
32
24

1955

$0.70
0. 73
0. 97
0. 55

1966

$1.32
0. 935
1.64
0.945

39
36
47
27

46
29
52
31

0. 67
0. 43
0.735
0.513

1.43
1. 07
1.103
1.09

35
22
39
29

51
36
39
40

35
41
42

0. 575
0.82
0. 66

0.74
1.34
0.99

23
38
29

19
42
30

35
48
39

0. 57
0.51
0.23

0.50
1.39
0. 56

28
23
10

15
41
16

50

W ages in Bituminous
Coal Mines
S t r a i g h t - t i m e e a r n i n g s of production and re­
lated workers in bituminous coal mines averaged
$3.30 an hour in January 1967. Earnings of nearly
two-thirds of the 87,510 workers covered by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics survey1 were within a
range of $3.40 to $3.80 an hour. Workers in under­
ground mines, 83 percent o f the industry’s work
force, averaged $3.34 an hour, compared with $3.14
for those in surface mines (table 1). Average
weekly earnings, however, were higher for surface
miners by $11.50. Average weekly hours worked
were 47 in surface mines, compared with 40.5 in
underground mines. For both types o f mines,
earnings varied by location, labor-management
contract status, employment size,*and occupation.
A large majority of the production workers
were provided 8 paid holidays a year, 2 weeks’
paid vacation after 1 year of service, and health
and retirement benefits.

Earnings

The nationwide average for production workers
in January 1967 ($3.30 an hour) was nearly 12
percent above the average in November 1962
($2.95), when a similar study was conducted.2
This increase was largely due to general wage
increases granted under the terms of collective
bargaining agreements between the United Mine
Workers of America (Ind.) and members of the
Bituminous Coal Operators’ Association.3 The
agreements, covering a large majority of the
industry’s workers, provided wage increases of $1
a day on each o f three separate occasions—April
2, 1964, January 1, 1965, and April 1, 1966; on the
latter date, inside electricians, mechanics, and
continuous-mining-machine operators received an
additional increase of 32 cents a day. As a result
of longer workweeks in the industry, up from 37.5
hours in 1962 to 41.5 in 1967, the percent rise in
average weekly earnings for production workers
was about double the increase in average hourly
earnings.
Earnings information was developed separately
for seven States, which together accounted for 94
percent of the bituminous coal mining work force


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968

in January 1967. Average hourly earnings for pro­
duction workers in underground and surface mines
combined ranged from $3.68 in Illinois to $2.87 in
Virginia. Workers in West Virginia, the largest
State in terms of industry employment and coal
production, averaged $3.45. Averages in the re­
maining States were: Pennsylvania, $3.28; Ohio,
$3.23; Alabama, $3.19; and Kentucky, $2.98.
Production workers in the industry, working an
average of 41.5 hours, averaged $137.50 a week.
Average weekly earnings for all mines in the seven
States were: Illinois, $162.50; Ohio, $142.50; West
Virginia, $141.50; Pennsylvania, $140; Alabama,
$127; Kentucky, $124.50; and Virginia, $111.50.
Production workers in underground mines aver­
aged $3.34 an hour—20 cents more than in surface
mines. Surface miners, on the other hand, aver­
aged $147 for a 47-hour week compared with
$135.50 for underground miners who had an
average workweek of 40.5 hours.
Wage relationships between underground and
surface mines varied among the four States for
which comparisons could be made. In Illinois and
Kentucky, workers in surface mines averaged
more than those in underground mines by 25 and
45 cents an hour, respectively, while workers in
underground mines held an average wage advan­
tage of 46 cents in Ohio and $1.21 in Pennsylvania.
1
T h e su rvey in clu d ed e sta b lish m en ts e m p lo y in g 10 w ork ers or
m ore and p rim a rily engaged in p ro d u cin g b itu m in ou s co a l o r in
d e v e lo p in g b itu m in ou s co a l m ines (p a r t o f in d u s try 1211 as d e­
fined in th e 1957 ed itio n o f the Sta nda rd In d u stria l Classification
M anual and S u p p lem en ts, p rep a red by th e U .S. B ureau o f the
B u d g e t). T h e stu d y exclu d ed sep a ra tely op e ra te d co a l p re p a ra ­
tio n p lan ts, as w e ll as o th e r sepa ra te a u x ilia ry u n its such as
ce n tra l offices.
T h e s tra ig h t-tim e ea rn in g s p resen ted in th is a rtic le d iffe r in
co n ce p t fro m th e gro ss ea rn in g s p ublished in the B u re a u ’ s
m o n th ly h ou rs and e a rn in g s series. T he a ve ra g e s p resen ted here
e xclu d e prem ium p a y fo r o ve rtim e and f o r w o rk on w eekends,
h olid a ys, an d la te s h ifts . A m ore com p reh en siv e a cco u n t o f this
su rv e y w ill be p resen ted in a fo rth co m in g b u lletin w h ich w ill
co n ta in an exp la n a tio n o f differences b etw een the em p loy m en t
and ea rn in g s estim ates f o r th is survey and th o s e presented in
th e m onthly'*series.
T h e term p ro d u c tio n and rela ted w ork ers, as used in th is s u r­
vey, in clu d es w o r k in g fo re m e n and a ll n on su p e rv iso ry w ork ers
(in clu d in g leadm en and tra in e e s) engaged in e x c a v a tio n , haulage,
tru ck in g, h o istin g , v e n tila tio n , d ra in a ge, d rillin g , b lastin g, lo a d ­
ing, cru sh in g, p rocessin g, in sp e ctio n , sto ra g e h a n d lin g , w a re ­
h ou sing, sh ip pin g, m ain ten an ce, repair, ja n it o r ia l w ork, w a tch ­
m en services, d evelop m en t (e x c e p t c o n stru c tio n p e rfo rm e d b y a
sep a ra te w ork f o r c e ) , a u x ilia ry p r o d u c tio n f o r p la n t's ow n use
(e.g ., p o w e r p la n t), and re cord k eep in g and o th e r services clo s e ly
a sso cia te d w ith the abov e p ro d u c tio n o p e ra tio n s.
3
F o r an a cco u n t o f the e a rlier stu dy, see “ E a rn in g s in B itu m i­
nou s C oal M ines, N ovem ber 1 9 6 2 ,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , O ctob er
1963, pp. 1 1 5 3 -1 1 5 6 .
3 F o r a d d itio n a l in fo rm a tio n on th e term s o f th ese agreem ents,
see W age C h r o n o lo g y : B itu m in o u s Coal M in e s , 1 9 3 3 -6 8 (B E S
B u lle tin 1558, 1 9 6 7 ).

51

W AGES IN BITU M IN OU S COAL M IN ES

T able 1. N umber , A verage W eekly H ours W orked , and A verage Straight-T ime E arnings 1 of P roduction
W orkers in B ituminous C oal M ines, by T ype of M ine , U nited States and Selected States, January 1967
Average
Num ber of
workers

T yp e of mine and state

H ourly earnings 1

Underground mines:

Surface mines:

Weekly hours
worked 2

Weekly earnings 1

87,510

$3.30

41.5

$137.50

72,644
3,848
3,985
9,881
7,807
2,074
2,612
13,029
6,203
29,617

3.34
3.19
3.58
2. 90
2.81
3.23
3.47
3.54
2.84
3.46

40.5
39.5
42.0
40.5
40.0
41.5
41.5
40.5
39.0
41.0

135. 50
126.00
151.00
117.50
113.00
134.00
144. 50
144.00
110.00
142. 00

14,866
2,633
2,064
1,533
2,761
3,451

3.14
3.83
3.35
3.63
3. 01
2.33

47.0
47.0
47.5
48.0
46.5
£0.5

147.00
180. 50
160. 00
174. 50
139. 50
117. 50

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts. Average weekly earnings were rounded to the nearest half
dollar.
2 Average weekly hours were rounded to the nearest half hour.
3 Includes data for States in addition to those shown separately. Alaska
and Hawaii were not included in the study.
4 East Kentucky includes the following counties: Bell, B oyd, Breathitt,

Carter, Clay, Elliott, Floyd, Greenup, Harlan, Jackson, Johnson, Knott,
Knox, Laurel, Lawrence, Lee, Leslie, Letcher, McCreary, Magoffin, Martin,
Morgan, Owsley, Perry, Pike, Pulaski, Rockcastle, Wayne, and Whitely.
5
West Kentucky includes the following counties: Butler, Christian, Crit­
tenden, Daviess, Hancock, Henderson, Hopkins, Logan, McLean, Muhlen­
berg, Ohio, Simpson, T odd, Union, Warren, and Webster.

As the following tabulation illustrates, the pro­
portions of workers in union mines varied among
the selected States in both branches of the
industry.

workers in underground mines and to slightly
more than a fourth in surface mines.
Workers in mines with 50 employees or more
averaged more than those in smaller mines: $3.51
compared with $2.58 in underground mines and
$3.56 compared with $2.68 in surface mines. Larger
mines accounted for four-fifths of the workers in
underground mines, compared with a little more
than one-half in surface mines.
Earnings of over nine-tenths of the production
workers were within a range of $2 to $4 an hour.
As indicated below, however, there were heavy
clusters of wmrkers within comparatively narrow
earnings ranges, particularly in underground
mines.

Percent of production workers in mines
with collective bargaining agreements
covering a majority of such workers
Underground
mines

United States L . . .............................
A labam a.....................................
Illinois______________ ________
K e n tu ck y ....................................
East........................ .............
W est.......................
O h io.— .....................
Pennsylvania________________
V irginia.......................................
West Virginia________ ________

80-84
95+
95+
50-54
45-49
75-79
90-94
90-94
50-54
90-94

Surface
mines

50-54
............... ........... .
95+
65-69
............................. .
85-89
40-44
__________________
____ _____________
__________________

1
Includes data for States in addition to those shown separately. Alaska
and Hawaii are not included in data.

Percent of production workers earning specified
amounts in—

N ote : Dashes indicate data insufficient for publication.
Hourly earnings

Production workers in underground mines hav­
ing collective bargaining agreements averaged
$3.52 an hour compared with $2.39 for those in
mines without such agreements. Corresponding
averages in surface mines were $3.80 and $2,36,
respectively. Mines with collective bargaining
agreements accounted for virtually all workers in
underground mines with 50 employees or more,
compared with four-fifths in surface mines in the
same size category; coverage was substantially
less in smaller mines, amounting to a third of the


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A ll
mines

Underground
mines

Surface
mines

Under $2.00______________

5.5

4.3

11.3

$2.00 and
$2.20 and
$2.40 and
$2.60 and
$2.80 and

under
under
under
under
under

$2.20_____
$2.40..........
$2.60______
$2.80______
$3.00_____

3.3
3.8
3.3
3.3
1.8

2.3
3.1
3.0
2.5
1.7

8.1
7.2
5.1
7.2
2.0

$3.00
$3.20
$3.40
$3.60
$3.80

under
under
under
under
under

$3.20_____
$3.40_____
$3.60_____
$3.80_____
$4.00_____

2.6
5.7
34.3
29.3
4.9

2.2
6.4
40.2
31.7
2.0

4.4
2.2
5.3
17.3
19.0

2.4
100.0
87,510

.7
100.0
72,644

10.9
100.0
14,866

and
and
and
and
and

$4.00 and over_____ ______
Total (percent)_____
Number of workers..

N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal 100.

52
T

able

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

2.

p a t io n s

N
in

um ber

U

and

A

verage

nderground

B

Selected occupations

S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s 1 o f P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s in S e l e c t e d O c c u ­
C o a l M i n e s , U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d S e l e c t e d S t a t e s , J a n u a r y 1967

it u m in o u s

Num ber of
workers,
United
States 2

Average hourly earnings 1
Kentucky
United Alabama
States 2

Total
Brakemen________________________ _ _
Bratticemen______________________ . . . .
Continuous-mining-machine operators....
Car droppers, outside___________________
Drillers, machine_______________________
Electricians, maintenance, in s id e ______
___
Electricians, maintenance, outside
Loaders, hand__________________________
Loading-machine operators_____________
Mechanics, maintenance, inside_________
Mechanics, maintenance, outside_______
Motormen, inside____________________ .
______ _________________
R oof bolters.
Shuttle-car operators_______________
Slate pickers, outside.. .
...........
Tipple operators________________________
Truckdrivers________ ____ ______ _____

676
1,030
2,807
696
1,333
2,117
429
3,088
3; 155
4,360
1,779
5, 794
5,039
6,252
324
1,259
1,099

$3.15
3.32
3.71
3.55
3.27
3.66
3.71
2.32
3.52
3. 69
3.70
3.21
3.51
3.31
3.28
3.33
2.92

$3.16
3.16
3.36
3.37
3.47
3.65
2.29
3.45
3.37
3.62
3.09
3.37
3.23
2.82
2.83

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 See footnote 3, table 1.
3 See footnote 4, table 1.

Data were tabulated for a number of occupa­
tional classifications, some of which are shown for
underground mines in table 2.4The highest average
among these jobs ($3.71 an hour) was recorded for
continuous-mining-machine operators and mainte­
nance electricians (working above the ground). In­
side electricians and maintenance mechanics
averaged at or within a few cents o f $3.70 an hour.
Hand loaders, engaged in shoveling coal into mine
cars or onto conveyors, were the lowest paid of the
jobs studied with an average of $2.32 an hour; East
Kentucky and Virginia accounted for about half
o f the workers in that job, but for only a fifth of
the employment in underground mines. Shuttle-car
operators, who drive electrically powered trucks
that transport coal from the excavation point in
the mine to a conveyor belt or mine car, had the
highest employment level among the occupations
studied separately and averaged $3.31 an hour.
Among the occupations for which comparisons
were possible in each of the States, hourly wages
were usually highest in Illinois and lowest in Ken­
tucky or Virginia. The spread in average earnings
among the States varied considerably among the
occupations. Hoof bolters in Illinois, for example,
averaged 9 percent more than those in Kentucky,
whereas the corresponding spread was 18 percent
for shuttle-car operators and 30 percent for ma­
chine drillers.
Hourly earnings of individuals performing simi­
lar tasks were usually concentrated within com­
paratively narrow earnings ranges. For example,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Ohio

Pennsyl­
vania

Virginia

$2 63
3.26 $3.41
3.28 3.75
3.39 3.51
3.20
3.53
3.50 3.75
3. 52

$3.30
3.41
3.72
3.62

$2 S3
3.41
3.63
3. 62

3.55

3.02

Illinois

$3.50
3.87
3.61

3.73
3.74
3. 72
3.41
3.62
3.46
2.95
3.55
3.69

$2.87
3.07
3.48
3.24
2.77
3.47
3.54
1.89
3.08
3.46
3.45
2.84
3.31
2.92
2.75
2.70
2.43

E a s t3
$2.88
2.98
3.52
3.18
2.62
3.47
3.55
1.89
3.01
3.47
3.43
2.82
3.33
2.82
2. 98
2.65
2.31

West
Virginia

W est4

3.30
3.46
3.49
3.08
3.25
3.27
2.04
2.98
2.79

3.56
3.75
3.82
3.34
3. 52
3.40
2.97
3.26
3.37

3.75

3.66

3.73
2.88

3.84
2.14
3.02
3.48
3.63
2.59
3.41
3.28
2.94
3.29
2.22

3.71
3.75
3.79
3.41
3.56
3.45
3.58
3.48
3.56

$3 40
3.37

3.69
3.59
3.51
3.72
3.73
2.48
3.67
3.74
3.75
3.39
3.54
3.37
3.57
3.51
3.14

4 See footnote 5, table 1.
N ote : Dashes indicate that no data reported or that data do not meet
publication criteria.

between seven- and eight-tenths of the workers
employed as boom conveyor operators, bratticemen,
inside motormen, inside oilers and greasers, shut­
tle-car operators and inside trackmen earned be­
tween $3.40 and $3.50 an hour. Similarly, over
eight-tenths of the continuous-mining-machine
operators, inside maintenance electricians, and
mechanics earned between $3.70 and $3.80 an hour.
These heavy concentrations of workers reflect the
extensive use of formal pay systems providing a
single rate for specified occupations. Furthermore,
UMWA contracts frequently specify the same rate
for several occupations. Less than 5 percent of the
workers in the industry (nearly all in underground
mines) were paid on an incentive basis.
Establishment Practices

Work schedules of 40 hours a week were in effect
in mines accounting for nine-tenths of the inside
workers in underground mines; 5 seven-tenths of
the outside workers on noncontinuous operations,
on the other hand, were on a 3614-hour schedule.
Inside workers accounted for slightly more than
four-fifths of the underground mine workers, and
outside workers on noncontinuous operations, vir4 T h e fo r th c o m in g com p reh en siv e r e p o rt w ill p ro v id e sep a ra te
d a ta f o r a d d itio n a l jo b s stu died sep a ra tely in u n d e rgro u n d m ines
and fo r selected o cc u p a tio n s in su rfa ce m ines. E a rn in g s in f o r ­
m a tio n w ill be p resen ted on a w eek ly and h o u rly basis.
5 L ess th a n 1 p e rce n t o f th e em p loy m en t in u n d ergrou n d
m in es w as a cco u n te d fo r b y o u tsid e w o rk e rs on co n tin u o u s
o p e ra tio n s, such as engineers and hoistm en . W o rk sched ules
f o r these w ork ers w ere g e n e ra lly sim ilar to th o se f o r in sid e
w orkers.

W AGES IN B ITU M IN O U S COAL M IN ES

tually all of the remainder. Weekly work schedules
in surface mines were quite varied— a fourth of
the workers had schedules of 36*4 hours, a similar
proportion 40 hours, and a slightly larger pro­
portion 48 hours; most of the remainder were in
mines having schedules in excess of 48 hours.
Work schedules in underground and surface mines
usually included 30-minute paid lunch periods.
Time required by inside workers to travel from
the mine opening to the working face and return
in underground mines was also generally included
in the work schedules.
Slightly more than two-fifths of the workers in
underground mines and a fourth of those in sur­
face mines were employed on late shifts at the time
o f the survey. A latge majority of thqse workers
received extra pay, usually amounting to 8 cents
an hour for second-shift work and 10 cents for
work on third or other late shifts in addition to
day-shift rates.
Paid holidays, nearly always 8 days a year, were
provided by mines employing four-fifths o f the
6
All beneficiaries of the fund were notified on August 30, 1965,
that those over 65 years of age were required to enroll in the
Federal Medicare program, since fund benefits would not be
available for hospital or medical care benefits which were pro­
vided for under the 1965 social security amendments.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

53
workers in underground mines and slightly more
than one-half of those in surface mines. The new
2i/2-year agreement between the UM W A and the
Bituminous Coal Operators Association, effective
April 1, 1966, included the first provision for pay
on holidays on which miners do not work, and the
addition o f 1 holiday to the 7 formerly observed
as unpaid holidays.
Paid vacations were provided by mines employ­
ing nearly seven-eighths of the workers in under­
ground mines and slightly more than three-fourths
of those in surface mines. UM W A contracts, wdiich
applied to approximately four-fifths o f the work­
ers in underground mines and to slightly more
than one-half of those in surface mines, provide 2
weeks (10 times the employee’s day wage rate)
paid vacation after 1 year or more of service.
Hospital and medical care, benefits to widows
and orphans, and retirement pensions were among
the benefits provided by the UM W A Welfare and
Retirement Fund. At the time o f the survey, the
Fund provided retirement pensions of $100 a
month; the payment was raised to $115 effective
July 1 ,1967.6
— F

r e d e r ic k

L. B

auer

Division of Occupational Pay

Technical Note

Revision of the CPI
Food Outlet Sample
Helen M. Miller*
i n c e t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f the revised reporter
samples for the Consumer Price Index (C P I) in
1964, numerous changes have taken place in the
food retailing structure. Some of the changes are
apparent from reports of Bureau of Labor Sta­
tistics agents concerning stores in the BLS sample.

S

Changes in Retailing

In some areas, individual chain organizations
have more than doubled in size while some enter­
prises, which were a major factor in earlier years,
have either declined in prominence or gone out of
business. Mergers have been common and a num­
ber of major chains have started operations in new
cities, especially in the West Coast region. For
independent food stores, both the owner turnover
rate and the number of store closings have been
high. This is particularly true o f small stores—
both grocery and “ specialty” (meat and produce)
markets.
During this period, the “ bantam” market, or
“ convenience goods” store, has emerged as an in­
tegral part of the overall food marketing picture,
discount operations have been expanded, and the
trend toward diversification has been continued
as more food organizations entered the drug or de­
partment store fields.
In the 1964 revision of the CPI, a stratified
random sample of stores was selected for the pric­
ing of food items.1 Pricing was distributed among

* 0 f the Office of Price and Living Conditions, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
1 The selection of the CPI sample is discussed in T h e C o n s u m e r
P r i c e I n d e x : H i s t o r y a n d T e c h n i q u e s (B L S Bulletin 1517, 1 9 6 6 ),
pp. 5 8 -6 5 .
2 For comparative purposes, a retail food chain is defined as a
group of four or more stores owned and operated by the same
firm.

54


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

food stores of various types and sizes roughly in
proportion to their importance in terms of sales.
A further stratification was made to represent ad­
equately stores located in both the city proper
and the suburban areas. In adopting this type of
sample, the Bureau recognized the need for peri­
odic sample adjustments to assure that the pro­
portional allocations would be maintained as ac­
curately as possible. These adjustments were
planned to follow the release of data obtained in
future Censuses of Retail Trade.
In recognition of the significant changes in food
retailing since 1964, a sample adjustment was made
in the spring and summer months of 1967 to rep­
resent more adequately the current market struc­
ture. Ideally, such an adjustment should have been
based on current data, but current information was
not available. As the 1963 allocations had been
based on data from the 1958 Census of Retail
Trade, so the most recent adjustment was derived
from the Census of Retail Trade for the year
1963—the latest comprehensive sales figures avail­
able. However, individual stores selected were
classified according to more recent information
from our sample reporters.
Continuation of Trend

A comparison of census data for 1958 and 1963
shows that the changes were a continuation of a
trend present in the previous 5 years. During the
1958-63 period, the relative importance of chain
grocery organizations 2 increased in all but a few
of the larger metropolitan areas, whereas the im­
portance of independent grocery and “ specialty”
stores declined. Chain growth was greater in the
west coast cities than in other areas; for example,
the relationship of chain grocery organization
sales to total food store sales in the San Francisco
area increased from 33 percent in 1958 to 49 per­
cent in 1963, and in San Diego, from 47 percent to
63 percent. In contrast, the relative importance of
chain stores showed little change in the New Y orknorthern New Jersey and Philadelphia areas but
declined slightly in Pittsburgh and Buffalo. As in
1958, chain organizations with the highest propor­
tion of sales were found in Washington, where
they accounted for 77 percent of the city’s 1963
food sales.
Within the independent grocery store category,
the sales decline in the “ small” store grouping was

55

CPI FOOD O U TLET SAMPLE

most evident. Decreases in relative importance
were reflected for the stores with annual sales vol­
ume of less than $100,000 in all larger areas. Since
the small grocery store is most prevalent on the
east coast, the amount of decrease was greatest
in these areas. In Philadelphia, for example, the
stores of this size accounted for 51 percent of in­
dependent grocery store sales in 1958 but for only
38 percent 5 years later. Significantly, the largest
increases in the relative proportion of sales oc­
curred in the $l,000,000-or-more size grouping,
with a few exceptions.
Meat and Produce Markets

During the period of 1958 to 1963, meat and
produce markets decreased considerably in im­
portance, both in sales volume and in the number
of outlets. For the United States as a whole, meat
market sales decreased some 34 percent and the
number of outlets about 31 percent ; produce mar­
ket sales declined by approximately 18 percent and
the number of produce markets by some 30 per­
cent. In a number of cities, sales o f these two types
of outlets were only about half as important in
1963 as they had been in 1958.
The distribution of meat sales between grocery
stores and meat markets, as estimated by BLS
from confidential reports, verifies the decline in the
importance of meat markets. For example, in 1958,
it was estimated that meat sales in Philadelphia
were equally divided between grocery stores and
meat markets ; the 1963 data indicate that 70 per­
cent of that city’s meat sales were made in grocery
stores and only 30 percent in meat markets. Similar
patterns are shown for other cities, such as New
T ork, Buffalo, Detroit, and Chicago, where meat
markets had traditionally been a significant factor
in the food retailing structure.
Suburban grocery store sales (both chain and in­
dependent) were more important in 1963 than in
1958, as was anticipated with the continuation of
population shifts to these areas and the growth of
suburban shopping centers. All types o f stores,
however, did not share equally in this increase in
business. For example, although the distribution
of independent grocery store sales between city
proper and suburbs showed no change in the Wash­
ington and St. Louis areas, the ratio of suburban
chain store sales to total chain store sales increased


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

in both areas 6 and 15 percent, respectively. Gener­
ally, the amount of increase in suburban sales was
greater for chain stores than for independent
grocery stores. In the suburbs of Chicago, Hono­
lulu, and Houston, sales of chain stores increased,
but those of independent store sales actually
decreased.
The sampling design used for the collection of
CPI food prices provides for the inclusion of the
universe of chain grocery organizations in each
city, and for the representation of other types of
food store—independent grocery stores, meat mar­
kets, and produce markets—in different propor­
tions for three main commodity groups: meats,
produce, and dry groceries.
Chain Organizations

In 1963, no explicit restriction had been made
on the number o f chain organizations. In all but
two CPI cities, at least one outlet of each food
.chain had been chosen to represent stores with
different pricing policies, such as discount divi­
sion or suburban outlets, or both. All largest
chains for New York and Los Angeles were in­
cluded, but cost made it necessary to sample the
smaller organizations (with fewer than 10 out­
lets in the area). Following the establishment of
pricing in 1963, no changes were made in the des­
ignation of a particular store as a chain, even
though it might no longer meet the BLS cri­
terion—“ an organization of four stores or more
owned and operated by the same firm.” Similarly,
no additions were made to this segment of the
sample even though an independent store, through
purchase or merger, might qualify as a chain
organization.
By 1967, changes in organizational structure
became so pronounced that an adjustment o f this
component was needed to represent adequately
the current chain universe in various cities. Since
most of the changes affected the smaller chain or­
ganizations, an attempt was made to stabilize this
category of the sample by using a more limited
definition of a chain organization. That is, the
guideline for inclusion in the sample was changed
to take in only those organizations o f four stores
or more whose sales represented at least 1 percent
of the total grocery sales in the respective stand­
ard metropolitan statistical area or city. Consid-

56
eration was given to the use o f a classification of
“ 11 or more” multiunits as published by the
Bureau of the Census as a definition o f chain for
BLS purposes. However, such an approach was
not feasible since it would have resulted in the ex­
clusion of a number o f local or regional chains
(4 10 outlets) representing a sizable proportion
of total grocery sales in the area, while retaining a
national chain even though its importance in a
specific area was minimal.
The Bureau has yet to develop criteria for de­
termining how many area outlets of a given chain
must be included in the sample if the chain is to
be properly represented within the area. While
no drastic sample changes were deemed neces­
sary, additional outlets for a number of chain
organizations were included in some cities to rep­
resent the various price levels caused by neigh­
borhood conditions or certain competitive factors
influencing the price structure within the area.
More discount division and bantam chain outlets
were added to the chain component to represent
the increasing importance of these operations.
Other Food Stores

As indicated previously, the sampling design
provides for the representation o f three independ­
ent store types—grocery stores, meat markets, and
produce markets. Within each grouping the
sample is further stratified both as to size o f store
(“ large” and “ small” ) and as to location (city
proper and suburban).
Size of the 1963 independent store sample had
been predetermined, considering the size of a city
and budget limitations. Within this predeter­
mined framework, the allocation of stores by
types was based on the number of quotations re­
quired for meats and fresh produce.3 For example,
if in a city with a predetermined sample size of
20 quotations (for meat and produce) 80 percent
of estimated total meat sales were made in grocery
stores and 20 percent in meat markets, 20 percent
(or 4) of the outlets selected were meat markets.
Likewise, if 10 percent of produce sales were made
in produce markets, two produce markets were
selected.
Estimates of sales for meat and produce were
derived from sales distribution patterns as re­
ported by grocery stores in the CPI sample. To il­


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968

lustrate, in one city the reporters estimated that
meat sales accounted for an average of some 30
percent of sales in grocery stores in the BLS
sample. An estimated dollar value was computed
for meat sales in all independent grocery stores,
by using 30 percent of all grocery store sales for
1958 as reported by the Bureau of the Census. A
comparison of the estimated dollar value of meat
sales in grocery stores and total meat market sales
(census data) produced a ratio of the distribution
of meat sales between the two outlet types.
Size Allocations

Within each grouping of stores, two size sub­
strata were used: stores with $300,000 annual sales
volume and over were designated as “ large,” and
those with a sales volume of less than $300,000 as
“ small.” Each substratum represented, roughly,
50 percent of independent grocery store sales re­
ported by the 1958 Census for the United States
as a whole. Food outlets for each metropolitan
area or city were allocated between the two size
substrata according to distribution of sales within
the area as reported by the Census.
For practical reasons, grocery stores with sales
volume of less than $50,000 were excluded from the
sample. Although these stores are numerous, es­
pecially in a few large cities, they account for a
very small percent of total independent grocery
store business. Moreover, pricing in these stores
has always been unsatisfactory—many items are
not carried at all, others are not carried
consistently.
Numerous changes— from a classification stand­
point—occurred between 1963 and 1967 in the
characteristics of stores selected for the sample.
Approximately 10 percent of the sample grocery
stores no longer represented the size substratum
for which they had been selected: small stores had
grown large, and in a few instances sales of large
stores had decreased to the level where the sub­
stratum sales volume criterion was no longer met.
The 1967 sample adjustment for independent
stores consisted of a redefinition of the size sub­
strata and recomputation o f the allocations, us-

3
The required numbers of quotations were 40 in the “ A - l ”
stratum cities (60 in New Y ork), 24 in the “ A ” and “ B ” stratum
cities, and 10 in the “ C” stratum cities.

CPI FOOD O UTLET SAMPLE

57

ing the 1963 Census of Retail Trade sales figures.
Distribution of grocery store sales to the three
categories, meat, produce, and dry groceries, was
obtained from new data collected by the BLS
for the year 1965. A new sampling frame was thus
developed. To limit the cost of sample adjustment,
outlets already being priced were retained, if us­
able in the adjusted sample; if not usable, these
outlets were canceled and additional ones were
selected to meet the required classifications as to
outlet type, size, and location. Table 1 shows the
distribution of the revised food outlet sample for
each of the CPI cities.
To repeat, the objective of the sample adjust­
ment w’as to have two equal sales volume substrata.
No one break between large and small stores was
applicable in all cities. A proposed 50/50 break
(based on 1963 census data) would have estab­
lished a $l,000,000-sales-volume division in two
midwest cities, whereas a 50/50 division of inde­
pendent grocery store sales would fall within the
$100,000-$299,999 volume group for two east
coast cities. Therefore, on the basis of industry
trends and the data available, a $500,000-salesvolume division was adopted to separate the size
T

able

1.

G

e o g r a p h ic

D

is t r ib u t io n

of

C

o n su m er

substrata for the 1967 sample adjustment. In each
city, the substrata were assigned weights based on
census sales data for each area, as described later.
In addition to the stratification by size, food
stores were similarly stratified by location (city
proper and suburbs) in proportion to the distri­
bution of sales shown in the census tabulations.
Separate allocations were made by store type;
however, data were not available to make individ­
ual allocations for large and small stores within
an outlet type.
Comparison of Samples

It is difficult to make a comparison between the
old and the adjusted samples because of the many
diverse factors involved. For example, if sample
sizes are compared, prices are currently obtained
from fewer food stores than previously. The de­
crease in sample size is for the most part the re­
sult of a change in the concept of a chain grocery
organization for index purposes. The decrease in
the number of sample outlets occurred in specific
cities and in the chain grocery segment of the
samples. For food stores other than chains, the

P r ic e I n d e x F o o d S t o r e S a m p l e ,

by

Number of outlets

Area 1 or city

Total

Chain
gro­
cery
stores

Independent2
grocery stores
Large

Small

ype of

O

utlet,

1967

Number of outlets

Meat
markets

Pro­
duce
markets

56 areas or cities___

1,488

329

399

513

161

86

C h ica g o .............
D etroit___________
Los Angeles_____________
N ew Y o r k ______
Philadelphia________ .

61
59
67
108
60

11
10
20
18
8

17
15
21
20
9

20
22
15
26
24

10
9
7
30
12

3
4
14
7

Baltim ore______
B oston_______
C leveland____
P ittsburgh___________
St. L ou is___________
San Francisco
Washington___

35
37
38
36
33
39
37

6
7
6
6
6
12
9

7
11
8
7
11
12
9

12
11
12
11
12

5
6
8
6
1

Atlanta. __ _
B uffalo________
Cincinnati_____
Dallas. _______
D ayton____________
Denver____
H artford___
H o n o lu lu .. . .
H ouston________
Ind ianap olis...
Kansas C it y ..
Milwaukee___
Minneapolis_______
N ashville. _
San D iego______

32
36
35
36
31
35
32
31
36
35
33
35
37
32
35

7
5
6
10
5
6
6
5
10
8
8
6
8
7
8

6
9
6
8
11
8
11
13
13
9
15
13
13
6
7

h

14

4

17
11
14
15
12
15
12
10
10
13
8
7
9
18
15

i
7
5
2
2
5
2
2
2
3
i
4
5
i
3

Area 1 or city

Seattle___

_

5
2
Lancaster___ _
6
3
i
i
1
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
5
2
2

1 The area used here are the standard metropolitan statistical areas established by the Bureau of the Budget.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

T

. ..........

Total

Chain
gro­
cery
stores

Independent2
grocery stores
Large

Small

40
29

12

12
18

11

19
13
19
15
15
17
14
17
17
17

9
3

6
4

4
4
4
3

4
6
4
3
6

11
7
6
9
11
11
s
9
5
g
6
6
8
7
6
8
9

6

7
4
10
4

6
6

3
3

7
7'

1
2
1
4
3
3
3
4
2
3
1
3
3
2
1
3
1

4
i
2

6
4
3
5
5
5
2
5
3
3
3
1
2
3
1
4
5

3
3
3
2
2
2
3
2
4
i
3

Meat
markets

4
1

Pro­
duce
markets

1

3
1
i
1
1

3
1
1

2 “ Large” A store with an annual sales volum e of $500,000 or more; “ Small”
A store with an annual sales volum e of $50,000 to $499,999.

58
T

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

able

2.

R

e l a t iv e

W

e ig h t s

for

C PI F o o d P
Stan dard

r ic e s ,

M

by

Store

C
A

e t r o p o l it a n

ate g o ry ,1

reas

3 M

ajor

G

r o u p in g s

in

29 S e l e c t e d

2 1967
Percent of sales

Percent of sales
A re a 2 or city and store category

A rea 2 or city and store category

Meat

D ry
groceries

Produce

71
7
22

65
7
28

69
9
22

Kansas City:
I _____________________________________
II______________________________________
I I I _____________________________________

53
29
18

48
28
24

57
28
15

Baltimore:
I
II
III

49
17
34

52
14
34

65
14
21

Los Angeles:
I _____________________________________
I I _____________________________________
I I I _____________________________________

56
22
22

60
22
18

68
20
12

Boston:
I
II
III

48
20
32

53
16
31

67
15
18

Milwaukee:
I _____________________________________
I I _____________________________________
I I I ____________________________________

36
37
27

38
35
27

47
38
15

Buffalo:
I
II
III

41
21
38

41
19
40

56
23
21

Minneapolis:
I ____________________________________
I I ______________________________________
I I I _________________________________

39
31
30

42
30
28

52
29
19

57
16
27

53
19
28

67
16
17

Nashville:
I _____________________________________
I I __________________________________
III ________________________________

60
5
35

56
4
40

66
5
29

41
13
46

39
17
44

55
15
30

New York:
I ____________________________________
II ________________________________
III
___________________ _____

36
14
50

46
15
39

64
14
22

47
16
37

62
15
23

62
17
21

Philadelphia:
I ________________________________
I I _____________________________________
III _____________________________ __

50
12
38

50
10
40

70
9
21

66
13
20

65
11
24

70
9
21

Pittsburgh:
I
______________________________
II
____________________________
HI
__________ _________

51
14
35

44
15
41

63
14
23

54
18
28

51
16
33

61
19
20

St. Louis:
I __________________________________
II
________________________
III
_______________ _____

43
26
31

46
25
29

54
21
25

Denver:
I _____________________________________
I I _____________________________________
I I I _____________________________________

66
8
26

66
8
26

76
8
16

San Diego:
I _________________________ ___
II __________________________________
III _________________________

63
10
27

64
9
27

71
11
18

Detroit:
I _____________________________________
I I _____________________________________
I I I _____________________________________

55
15
30

55
14
31

69
12
19

San Francisco:
I
_____________________
II
_______________________
III
_______
_____

42
21
37

38
25
37

61
21
18

Hartford:
I _____________________________________
II___________________________________
III_____________________________________

49
19
32

53
18
29

67
17
16

Seattle:
I
II
III

53
23
24

55
21
24

54
26
20

Honolulu :
I _____________________________________
I I _____________________________________
III____________________________________

44
30
26

47
27
26

45
30
25

Washington:
I
II
III

77
8
15

74
7
19

84
5
11

Houston:
I _____________________________________
II____________________________________
III_____________________________________

44
28
28

41
27
32

45
34
21

W ichita:
I
II
III

50
34
16

52
32
16

52
36
12

Indianapolis:
I _____________________________________
I I _____________________________________
III____________________________________

57
15
28

52
12
36

73
12
15

Atlanta:
I
II
III

Chicago:
I .
II
III

___________

__

____

Cincinnati:
I
II
III
Cleveland:
I
II _________________
III _____________

_______________

Dallas:
I ________________
II ________________
III _____________
Dayton:
I ___________________
I I _____________________
III ________________

________
_____________

D ry
groceries

Prod­
uce

Meat

1 1—chain (4 or more) grocery stores; II—large independent food stores:
grocery, meat, and produce markets; and III—small independent food stores:
grocery, meat, and produce markets.

total sample size is approximately the same, the
basic difference being one o f proportions rather
than size—i.e., the sample includes more independ­
ent grocery stores and fewer specialty markets.
A comparison of the number o f outlets by store
type in 56 metropolitan smaller cities is as follow s:


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

___________

_______

______

_______

2 The areas used here are the standard metropolitan statistical areas established b y the Bureau of the Budget,

Number of stores priced under—

T otal...........................
Chain grocery stores______
Independent grocery stores
Meat markets_____ _____
Produce markets_________

1964
sample

1967
sample

1,533
355
853
220
105

1,488
329
912
161
86

CPI FOOD O UTLET SAMPLE

A comparison of substrata size categories is
meaningless since the terms “ large” and “ small”
differ as to scope in the old and the adjusted out­
let samples. For some cities the proportion of
“ large” stores has been increased, for others it has
been decreased.
Currently more food stores (both chain and
other) located in suburban areas are being priced
than under the old sample. Furthermore, the ad­
justed sample reflects an expanded pricing of dis­
count operations, department store food divisions,
and other outlets of varying price levels.
Weight Revision

Sample adjustment was accompanied by the re­
vision of internal weights used in the processing of

282-907 0

-

68-5


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

59
food prices for the CPI. Prices for each food item
are regularly computed as weighted averages of
separate averages for the three categories of
stores—chain grocery stores and other large and
small food stores, largely independent groceries.
Internal weighting factors proportional to the an­
nual sales volume within the metropolitan area or
city for each chain are used in calculating the aver­
age price o f chain stores. Prices for each of the
other two groups are simple averages. The average
prices are weighted by relative food sales for each
class of stores for the three categories, meats, pro­
duce, and other foods, derived from the Census of
Retail Trade and the distribution of sales reported
to BLS. Weighting factors for the 29 largest areas
included in the CPI are given in table 2.

Foreign Labor Briefs

W o r l d w id e
trade
u n io n
o r g a n iz a t io n s
made
news on two occasions in October. (1) President
Johnson made an unscheduled appearance at the
World Congress of the International Federation of
Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees
(F IE T ), held in Washington October 23-26. The
meeting was the first ever convened in the capital
of the United States by an International Trade
Secretariat (worldwide alliance of national trade
unions in a particular sector or occupation). The
F IE T currently reports more than 5 million mem­
bers belonging to 112 unions in 62 countries. The
President, in addition to discussing the war in
Vietnam and the Kennedy Round, spoke of re­
gionalism as a hopeful development for promot­
ing economic advance and stability throughout
the world. AFL-CIO President George Meany
vigorously reiterated his organization’s opposi­
tion to contacts with unions in Communist bloc
countries. The delegates also heard and dis­
cussed reports on the effect of automation on
white-collar workers, and adopted resolutions on
the crises in Greece and the Middle East, voca­
tional training, and automation. (2) The execu­
tive board of the International Confederation of
Free Trade Unions (IC F T U ), which is an asso­
ciation of democratically oriented national trade
union centrals, met in Brussels and elected Harm
Geert Buiter, of The Netherlands, as general secre­
tary of the organization.

West Germany— Italian W o rk e rs

The Italian Government has asked the Govern­
ment of West Germany to give employment pref­
erence to Italian workers over those from other
countries that are not members of the European
Economic Community (E E C ). Italian workers,
traditionally the largest contingent of Germany’s
foreign labor force, have been hardest hit by the
current slowdown in the German economy. Their
number fell by nearly one-third during the year
ending in September 1967, while the total number
of foreign workers in Germany declined by onefourth.
60


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Italy based the request for special consideration
for Italian workers on its interpretation of an
EEC regulation, in effect since May 1964, provid­
ing that the government placement offices of mem­
ber States, in handling requests for workers,
should give priority to those from within the Com­
munity. The West German Government, however,
has taken the position that this regulation rep­
resented merely a recommendation, and pointed to
its inability to control the hiring of foreign
workers outside its national labor exchanges since,
under the regulation, employers may hire directly
or through recruiting officers abroad, without re­
gard to nationality.
France— A lg eria n W o rk e rs

A conference on Algerian workers in France,
sponsored by l’Association France-Algérie, was
held in Lyon October 13-15. The meeting revealed
that of the 550,000 Algerians in France, two-thirds
were employed, representing 2% percent of the
French labor force (and 10 to 12 percent of the
working population o f Algeria). The Algerians
were estimated to constitute 30 to 40 percent of the
workers in the French building industry and 30
percent in the metal industry.
In their speeches, some of the delegates from 35
Algerian associations in the Rhone-Alps region
presented the Algerians as a mobile population,
and as easily adjustable to local employment fluc­
tuations and valuable to the French economy be­
cause they perform heavy manual labor not wanted
by the French. They pointed to the deplorable liv­
ing conditions in Algerian communities, citing
particularly such problems as crowded and sub­
standard housing (in Grenoble 65 percent of the
Algerians inhabit dwellings without running
water, 15 percent live in apartments without win­
dows or heat, and 15 percent do not have beds),
adult and child illiteracy, and the need for voca­
tional schools to equip workers with skills they
could use in Algeria in case of their return.
Netherlands— W a g e P o lic y

The system o f wage controls and the require­
ment of Government approval of collective agree♦ P repared in th e Office o f F o re ig n L a b o r and T rad e, B u rea u o f
L a b o r S ta tistics, on the b asis o f m a te ria l a va ila b le in ea rly
N ovem ber.

FOREIGN LAB O R B R IEFS

merits, in effect since 1963, will be replaced by free
collective bargaining in 1968. Under the new sys­
tem, adopted by the Board of the Labor Founda­
tion (the principal labor-management advisory
body to the Government) on October 6, the Gov­
ernment retains the right to intervene only if an
agreement presents a danger to the national econ­
omy. The Minister of Social Affairs had stated
earlier that the Government would accept any
wage system approved by the Labor Foundation.
Employers realize that free bargaining may cause
unrest or strikes, but they prefer it to a Govern­
ment-controlled ' wage policy which may require
marginal industries to pay higher wages than they
can afford. Trade unions recognize the danger of
the new system for workers in the weaker indus­
tries and enterprises, but feel that free bargaining
will stimulate greater member interest.
Denmark—Basic A greem ent

The Danish Federation o f Labor (LO ) has long
sought a greater voice for labor in management de­
cisions, and in recent years has had codetermina­
tion as a major objective. However, the LO ’s basic
agreement of 1960 with the Employers’ Confedera­
tion, which replaced the original basic agreement
of 1899— the Magna Charta of Danish Labor—
contains clauses which prevent worker participa­
tion in the hiring and dismissal of employees and in
the distribution and direction of work in the en­
terprise. The LO has, therefore, taken steps to
terminate the 1960 agreement. I f it is indeed ter­
minated, the agreement will nevertheless remain
in force until March 1,1969, the date o f expiration
o f the national wage contract.
U.S.S.R.—Minimum Wage

Effective January 1, 1968, the minimum
monthly wage is to be raised from 40 rubles
($44.44) to 60 rubles ($66.67). The increase will
affect workers in the lowest wage brackets of all
branches of industry, construction, and agricul­
ture, as well as specific categories of workers in
transportation, communications, and consumer
services. The average monthly wages of all wage
and salary earners in 1966 were 99 rubles ($110),
and are expected to be 108.6 rubles ($120.55) in
1968.
1 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , August 1967, pp. 1 8 -1 9 .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

61
Vacations. The minimum annual vacation of a
Soviet worker is to be increased, as of January 1,
1968, from 12 working days to 15. In effect, this
will raise the minimum from 2 weeks to 3 weeks
because of the introduction o f the 5-day workweek
for most workers beginning November 7 ,1967.1 Up
to that time, most workers worked 6 days a week
and were entitled to at least 2 weeks of annual
vacation. It would appear that about a third of all
Soviet workers will receive the extra 3 days o f an­
nual leave, for in 1964, the last year for which
leave figures are available, 36.6 percent o f all the
workers received 12 days of annual leave.
Japan—Labor Trends

The Ministry of Labor recently issued a roundup
of labor developments in 1966 and an estimate of
future needs and prospects. The supply o f labor
in that year continued tight, particularly for
smaller enterprises, and new job vacancies in­
creased faster than in 1965.
Average wages and salaries in 1966 were higher
by 10.8 percent than in the previous year, mainly
because of an increase in overtime work. The differ­
ential in the rate of wage increase between large
and small enterprises widened in 1966 for the first
time since 1958; wages increased by 12 percent in
manufacturing enterprises employing more than
500 workers, compared with a rise o f 9.5 percent in
enterprises with fewer than 100 workers. This wid­
ening of the differential resulted from a greater in­
crease in overtime work and in wages for beginners
in large firms than in small ones.
Labor productivity rose sharply in 1966, par­
ticularly in iron, steel, and machinery manufactur­
ing enterprises, under the influence of business
expansion. In machinery manufacturing, the 12.4
percent increase in labor productivity exceeded the
11.6 percent increase in wages. The gap between
large and small enterprises in labor productivity
was narrowed but remains much wider than that
in some other advanced countries.
The Ministry anticipated a reduction in the
number of school graduates seeking employment
and, consequently, a higher average age o f work­
ers in the coming years. It pointed out the need
for correcting imbalances in the supply and
demand for labor with respect to the following:
Shortages of young workers and surpluses of older

62
workers; shortages in some occupations (particu­
larly skilled ones) and surpluses in others ; and the
heavy outflow of young, men and women from
rural areas to urban jobs. The Ministry further
advocated modernization of small enterprises and
those in services and commerce, to eliminate under­
employment and to raise productivity.
Latin America— In co m e D istribution

According to figures on income distribution pub­
lished by the United Nations Economic Commis­
sion for Latin America, half of the population
which receives a lower income than the other half
shares in the national income to the extent o f a
total of 12.5 percent in Ecuador and Peru, 15 per­
cent in Chile and Mexico, IT percent in Venezuela,
20 percent in Brazil and Colombia, and 20.5 per­
cent in Argentina and Peru. (In the United States
and the United Kingdom, the percentages are 23.5
and 25.5, respectively.)
Brazil— Vocational S ch ool

The first major urban social project of the A lli­
ance for Progress to approach completion in Bra­
zil, under the sponsorship o f a trade union, is a new
vocational high school opened in Porto Alegre last
August. (The school had provided some instruc­
tion in temporary quarters since 1963.) When com­
pleted, the school will accommodate 1,500 day stu­
dents and 700 night students. This project, called
by U.S. Ambassador John W- Tuthill “ a pioneer­
ing step in vocational training in Brazil,” began in
1960 when the Porto Alegre Metalworkers’ Union
agreed to devote a wTage increase to the construc­
tion of a school for vocational training. In 1966,
the U.S. Agency for International Development
(A ID ) signed a Program Agreement with the
union, which led to an A ID grant of 346,000 new
cruzeiros (about $127,000) for that purpose. The
school is widely considered to be a model of trade
union participation in the Alliance for Progress,
and a step in the fulfillment o f the Declaration of
Cundinamarca, issued by the first meeting of Min­
isters of Labor of American States in 1963.
Peru— W a g es

On September 1, the sol was devalued by 32 per­
cent (from 3.8 to 2.6 U.S. cents). Strong protests


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

were immediately made by organized labor against
the resulting increase in the cost of living. Decree
No. 10 of October 13 was then issued, granting a
flat wage increase of 10 percent—but not to exceed
1,000 soles per month—to all private sector
employees, retroactive to September 1. Trade
unions held that this increase was insufficient to
compensate for the devaluation and called general
strikes in several southern cities, which led to a
30-day suspension o f constitutional guarantees in
the Province of Arequipa. On October 24, the Gov­
ernment issued Decree No. 11, to provide additional
increases for the lowest paid workers.
The new law provides the additional monthly
wage increases on a sliding scale. Workers earning
up to 1,500 soles per month will receive an increase
of 150 soles (minimum 10 percent) ; those earning
between 1,500 and 2,500 soles, an increase o f 125
soles (maximum 8.3 percent and minimum 5 per­
cent) ; and those earning from 2,500 to 4,000 soles,
an increase of 100 soles (maximum 4 percent and
minimum 2.5 percent). Agricultural workers will
receive an increase of 50 soles per month. A bill
pending before the Congress provides for an
increase of 500 soles per month for married Gov­
ernment employees, and 450 soles per month for
single ones.
El Salvador— W o r k e r s ’ H o u sin g

The Institute of Urban Housing (IV U ) has
undertaken a program, under which private com­
panies and public agencies can join with the IV U
and the prospective homeowners in financing lowcost housing1 for workers. The new program is
called the Third Party Program: the IV U and
the prospective homeowner are the first two par­
ties, while the “ outside investor” (private com­
pany or public agency) is the third party. The
program guarantees the third party a 6-percent
annual interest on its investment.
The prospective homeowner and the employer
(third party) are to furnish jointly at least 30 per­
cent of the necessary financing, and the Institute
will provide the remainder. However, in cases
where municipalities or public entities are the
third parties, the share to be provided by the homeowner and the third party may be reduced to 20
percent. The monthly payment made by the homeowner will be applied first to repaying the third
party’s equity.

Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*

Constitutional Issues

Crew Consist. A three-judge Federal district
court ruled 1 that two Arkansas statutes requiring
six-man crews for freight trains and switching
operations were no longer justifiable for safety
reasons and were, therefore, unconstitutional
since they now violated the due process guarantee
and were unduly burdensome on interstate com­
merce. The court concluded that if the railroads
were to survive, they must be free to take advan­
tage of technological improvements and innova­
tions, and that they should be able to solve the
crew consist problems by means of collective bar­
gaining with the unions.
In 1964 the carriers challenged the validity of
the State’s crew consist laws on constitutional
grounds, and on the further basis that the Fed­
eral Government had preempted this question
when Congress, acting to avert a threatened rail
strike, provided for arbitration to settle the crew
consist problem. In the initial proceeding the dis­
trict court granted the carriers summary judg­
ment on the preemption question,2 but the Su­
preme Court reversed and remanded the case for
consideration o f the constitutional issue.3
The carriers contended that the crew consist
laws were unconstitutional in that they were no
longer required for safety reasons due to tech­
nological advances in the industry. The defend­
ants and intervening unions, in essence, argued
that safety still required crew consist rules. But
even if this was debatable, they held, the court
should not substitute its judgment for that of the
State legislature; and in the alternative, the laws
were justifiable as “ economic” legislation. The
court rejected the alternative basis because the
laws always had been exclusively characterized
as safety measures.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Summarizing the applicable legal principles, the
court stated, “ In the absence of controlling Federal
enactments, the State . . . is free, subject to the
limitation of the Commerce Clause, the Due
Process Clause, and the Equal Protection Clause,
in the exercise of its police power to legislate in
the interest of safety of railroad operations even
though its legislation may affect interstate
commerce.”
Thirty-four years ago, the court pointed out, the
Supreme Court upheld4 these particular crew
consist laws as being reasonable safety statutes;
but the technological changes which have occurred
over the intervening years enabled the railroads
to operate with smaller crews without an increase
in accidents. The court concluded that “continued
enforcement of the statutes makes no significant
contribution to railroad safety,” and held that it
is unreasonable and arbitrary to require six men
for all road service and switching operations
regardless of circumstances.
The court also recognized that if the railroad
industry is going to survive it has to be able to take
advantage of technological advances. These
statutes “ hamstring the carriers in the important
field of labor relations, and impose upon them
requirements not generally imposed throughout
the country and not imposed in any o f the (border­
ing) States . . .,” the court concluded. Thus since
the laws are no longer needed for safety reasons,
the additional payroll costs they cause the carriers
to incur place the carriers at a competitive dis­
advantage with other modes of transportation and,
therefore, constitute an undue burden on interstate
commerce.
The court made it clear, however, that by finding
the laws unconstitutional, it did not require the
♦Prepared in th e U .S. D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b or, Office o f the
S o licito r. T h e cases cov ered in th is a rtic le rep resen t a selection
o f the sig n ifica n t d e cisio n s believed to be o f special in terest. N o
a ttem p t has been m ade to reflect all recen t ju d icia l and a d m in is­
tra tiv e d evelop m en ts in the field o f la b o r la w or to in d ica te the
effect o f p a rtic u la r d ecision s in ju ris d ictio n s in w h ich co n tr a r y
re su lts m ay be reach ed based u p on lo c a l s ta tu to ry p ro v isio n s,
th e existe n ce o f lo ca l preced en ts, o r a d ifferen t a p p ro a ch b y the
co u rts to the issu e p resented.
1 C h ic a g o
R o c k I s l a n d a n d P a c i f ic R a i l r o a d G o. v. H a r d in
(D .C .-W .D . A rk.. O ctob er 2. 1 9 6 7 ).
2 C h i c a g o , R o c k I s l a n d a n d P a c ific R a i l r o a d C o . v. H a r d i n , 239
P . Supp. 1 (1 9 6 5 ).
2
B r o t h e r h o o d o f R a i l r o a d L o c o m o t i v e E n g i n e e r s v. H a r d i n , 382
US 4 23 (1 9 6 6 ).
* M i s s o u r i P a c i f ic R . C o .

v. N o r w o o d , 290 US 600 (1 9 3 3 ).

63

64
increase or decrease in crew consist. The decision
“ simply leaves [the carriers] free to work out their
crew consist problems with the Brotherhoods by
means of collective bargaining with the framework
of the Railway Labor Act without their hands
being tied by statutes [no longer required for
safety reasons],” the court said.
It should be noted that, in holding the crew
consist statutes unconstitutional, the court
pointedly observes that its decision conflicts with
recent decisions by the highest courts of New- York
and Indiana, thus indicating its opinion that the
time is right for the Supreme Court to reexamine
the question.
Civil Rights Act— Title VII

Discrimination—Marital Status. In a case of
first impression, where an airline fired a stewardess
because she got married while under contract, a
Federal district court held5 that the Civil Rights
Act of 1964 did not prohibit discrimination of the
basis of marital status.
The airline has a policy of hiring only single
girls as stewardesses, and requires them to sign a
statement that if they marry they will resign.
When the airline fired a married stewardess, she
brought suit, claiming the company had committed
an unlawful employment practice in violation of
section 2000e-2(a) (1) of the act, which bans dis­
crimination in employment because of “ race, color,
religion, or national origin.” The plaintiff argued
that since the airline did not require male
employees to be single, demanding this of
stewardesses was discriminatory. The company
defended its policy by contending that the “ single
woman rule” was a bona fide occupational quali­
fication and as such was protected by the act
(section 2000e-2 ( e ) ).
The court did not reach consideration of the
above defense, but held the company had discrim­
inated on the basis of marital status, not sex, and
that “ it is plain” the act “ does not prevent discrim­
ination against married people in favor of single
ones.” Nor does the act’s legislative history indicate
that Congress intended to ban such discrimination,
the court added.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968

Labor Relations

Secondary B oycott. The National Labor Rela­
tions Board held6 that a union violated the
secondary boycott provisions o f the National Labor
Relations Act when it picketed businesses, includ­
ing restaurants, and distributed handbills asking
the public not to patronize the places because they
advertised in a newspaper published by an em­
ployer with which it had a labor dispute. The
Board further held that the handbills were mis­
leading, and their distribution was illegal, since
they referred to “ this establishment”—which
could have been any of the shops in the market
place—rather than to the businesses concerned.
The union and the publisher of a weekly news­
paper were engaged in a labor dispute. Five
businesses, four of them restaurants, which reg­
ularly advertised in the newspaper, were located
in a shopping center that also housed numerous
businesses that did not advertise in the weekly.
The unions picketed the entrance to the shoppingcenter with signs asking the public not to buy the
products of the businesses advertised in the weekly
newspaper. It also distributed handbills asking
the public not to patronize “ this establishment.”
The publisher charged the union was conducting
an unlawful secondary boycott, attempting to in­
jure the businesses of the newspaper’s customers
in an effort to force them to stop doing business
with the newspaper. The union alleged that its
activity was lawful under the doctrine of the Tree
Fruits case,7 where the U.S. Supreme Court held
that a union may conduct consumer picketing
against a secondary employer to persuade his cus­
tomers not to buy from him the products of a
primary employer.
The Board held that since four of the picketed
businesses were restaurants, they were actually
advertising the businesses themselves rather than
their specific products. The union’s picketing was,
it said, an attempt to stop the public from patron­
izing the restaurants entirely. The Board found
this to be a secondary boycott prohibited by the
act.
6 E u la lie E . C oop er v. D elta A ir L in es, In c. (D .C .-E .D . L a.,
O ctob er 19, 1 9 6 7 ).
8 H on olu lu T ypogra ph ica l U nion N o. 37 and H a w a ii P ress
N ew sp a p ers, In c ., 167 N L R B N o. 150, O ctob er 25, 1967.
7 N L R B v. F r u it and V eg eta b le P a ck ers L o ca l 7 6 0 , 377 UJS. 58.

65

D ECISIO N S IN LABOR CASES

It also found that the handbills which the union
passed out at the gate to the shopping center were
misleading in that they alleged a dispute with “this
establishment.” The Board held that this was in­
tended to imply that the entire shopping center
was involved rather than just the five which
advertized in the paper.
One member o f the Board dissented, arguing
that the Tree Fruits case must be read with two
other cases8 which established that an employer
providing a medium by which a product is adver­
tised participates in the “ production” of that prod­
uct within the meaning of the act’s definition of
production. A service, he stated, is a product as
much as bread is; since a service is not divisible
into its components, the entire business was the
product advertised by the restaurants picketed. I f
the union has a right to picket the primary em­
ployer’s products at the place where the customer
receives them, the picketing of the advertised serv­
ices at the secondary employer’s places of business
was not unlawful. The fact that all the products of
a restaurant are advertised by the employer in­
volved in a labor dispute does not, in the dissent­
er’s opinion, limit the union’s right to picket.
The dissenter also found no violation in the
distribution of the handbills. The handbills were
designed to be distributed in front of the adver­
tised places of business, but this was prevented by
the police. He held that since they were distributed
at the shopping center gate in conjunction with
picketing which identified the businesses involved,
there was no ambiguity about their meaning and
intent.
Vague Court Order. In a recent holding,9 the
Supreme Court found a district court’s decree en­
forcing an arbitration award in a labor dispute
“ too vague” to have apprised the defendant union
in specific terms o f what it prohibited or required.
Enforcement of the decree was, therefore, denied.
* G r e a t W e s t e r n B r o a d c a s t i n g C o . v. N L R B , 356 F. 2d 434, and
377 U.S. 46.
8
In te r n a tio n a l L o n g s h o r e m e n ’s A ss o c ia tio n , L o c a l 1 2 9 1
P h i l a d e l p h i a M a r i n e T r a d e A s s o c i a t i o n (U.S. Sp. Ct., Nov. 6,
1 9 6 7 ).
10 S i n c la i r R e fi n in g C o . v. A t k i n s o n , 370 U.S. 195.
11 T e x t i l e W o r k e r s U n i o n v. L i n c o l n M i l l s , 353 U.S. 448.
N L R B v . S e r v e t te , I n c .,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

v.

The Court did not decide whether the NorrisLaGuardia Act’s anti-injunction provisions forbid
the Federal courts to issue such decrees.
A union and an employer association submitted
a dispute to an arbitrator in accordance with their
collective bargaining agreement, but when the
arbitrator upheld the association’s position, the
union refused to abide by the award. After a series
of work stoppages over the previously arbitrated
issue, the association sought, and was granted, an
order from a Federal district court directing the
union “ to comply and abide by said award.” When
another work stoppage occurred over the same
issue, the union was cited for contempt and fined
$100,000 a day for as long as the work stoppage
continued. A court of appeals affirmed the con­
tempt citation, and the union appealed to the
Supreme Court.
The union asserted that the order was too vague,
and that the Federal district court was prohibited
from issuing the decree by the Norris-LaGuardia
Act. It cited a case10 in which the Supreme Court
ruled that a Federal court cannot enjoin a work
stoppage even when the applicable contract con­
tains a no-strike clause. The association argued
that, the decree was not an injunction within the
meaning of the Norris-LaGuardia Act, and cited a
Supreme Court holding11 that a Federal court
may grant equitable relief under section 301 of the
LM RA to enforce an agreement to arbitrate.
Without deciding whether the decree was an
injunction under the Norris-LaGuardia Act, the
Court held that it was an injunction within the
meaning of Rule 65(d) of the Federal Rule O f
Civil Procedure, which requires that a court’s order
be in “ specific . . . terms.” “ For whatever power
the district court might have possessed under the
circumstances disclosed by this record,” the Court
said, “ the conclusion is inescapable that the decree
which the court in fact entered was too vague to be
sustained as a valid exercise of Federal judicial
authority.”
Regarding the power of a contempt citation, the
High Court observed: “ The judicial contempt
power is a potent weapon. When it is founded
upon a decree too vague to be understood, it can
be a deadly one. . . . The most fundamental postu-

66

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

lates of our legal order forbid the imposition of a
penalty for disobeying a command that defies
comprehension.”
The dissenting Justice Douglas argued that if
the decree was an injunction under Rule 65(d),
it was also an injunction under the NorrisLaGuardia Act. He suggested an accommodation
between Norris-LaGuardia and the LM RA that
would limit the applicability of the anti-injunction
provision in cases such as this where injunctive

relief is vital to the purpose of section 301 of the
LMRA. The latter act, he said, is designed to en­
courage collective bargaining agreements in which
the parties agree to refrain from disruptive uni­
lateral action. The dissenting Justice added that
allowing a union to submit a dispute to arbitration
and to disregard the arbitrator’s award with im­
punity results in a “ heads I win, tails you lose”
situation which is disruptive to the Federal scheme
of arbitration in labor disputes.

None o f us are demigods and we work with finite people and finite tools. The
beginning of wisdom, Socrates taught us, is the knowledge of our limita­
tions. . . . The effectiveness o f the Labor Act, like the effectiveness of all law,
depends on the degree o f public acceptance of [its] guidelines, tools, and tech­
niques. Law and public order in any field of human behavior can, in the long
run, never be maintained by police power alone.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

— Arnold Ordman.

September 15 order. The case was International L on g­
Association, Local 1291, v. Philadelphia
M arine Trade Association. (See p. 65, this issue.)
shorem en’s

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

November 15
G overnor Nelson A. Rockefeller designated the Civil
Service Employes Association as bargaining agent for
124,000 New York State employees, valid for 1 year. The
action was taken under provisions of the Taylor Act,
passed earlier in the year. (See MLR, June 1967, p. 79.)

November 17
November 5, 1967
Members of Textile Workers (T W U A ) Local 406 voted
to accept a Federal mediator’s contract proposal with the
New England Division o f Maremont Corp. Under the
plan, company and union representatives decided on a con­
tract term of 22 months. Workers previously had rejected
a contract for a 34-month term. W age and benefit changes
were comparable for both. About 1,500 workers had been
on strike since November 1.

C h ry sler C orp . and the United Auto Workers reached
agreement on a 3-year contract covering about 95,000
workers. Economic gains were similar to those specified
in the UAW-Ford contract (see MLR, December 1967,
p. 53), but the agreement with Chrysler included a pro­
vision to bring Canadian wage rates up to U.S. levels by
June 1, 1970. The two sides reached an accord on Novem­
ber 27 covering about 8,000 salaried employees. These
white-collar workers will receive salary increases, ranging
from $35 to $87 a month, retroactive to October 16. ( See
p. 69, this issue.)

November 6
November 20
A C irc u it C ourt in R ichm ond reversed an NLRB ruling
that Westinghouse Electric Corp. was guilty of unfair
labor practice for refusing to bargain over the price of
food in a company cafeteria run by a caterer. The case
was W estin g h ou se E lectric Corp. v. N L R B . (See MLR,
February 1066, p. 189.)

November 7
S ecretary of L abor W illard W irtz ordered that child
labor regulations be changed to provide greater work
opportunity for those 14 to 16 years old. Youths 14 and
15 years old will be allowed to work until 9 :0 0 p.m. be­
tween June 1 and Labor Day instead of till 7 :00 p.m., and
those between 14 and 16 will be allowed to participate in
work-training programs during school hours under certain
Economic Opportunity programs. At the same time, the
Secretary redefined occupations especially hazardous to
youth concerning the operation of motor vehicles and those
involving work in agriculture.

B y ordering representation elections for nonprofessional
employees at two establishments, the NLRB extended its
jurisdiction to private hospitals and nursing homes. In
B u tte M edical P roperties, the Board established its au­
thority over proprietary hospitals with a gross revenue
of $250,000 or more, and in U n iversity N ursing H om e,
Inc., over privately owned nursing homes with gross rev­
enues of $100,000 or more.

November 23
T h e A m erican B roadcasting C o. and the National Asso­
ciation of Broadcast Employees reached an agreement
affecting about 1,500 technicians and engineers. The 4-year
contract provides for a reduction in the workweek and
an immediate increase of $19 a week, $14 of which will
be retroactive to April 1, 1967. Minimum pay will reach
$275 a week by October 1, 1970. The technicians had been
on strike since September 22.

November 8
November 27
T h e S uprem e C ourt reversed a contempt finding by a
Philadelphia District Court against IL A Local 1291 on
grounds that the District Court was not specific as to
what it required or prohibited. Issued September 15,
1965, the order instructed the union to comply with an
arbitrator’s ruling about a contract “set back” provision.
When further work disruptions occurred in the Phila­
delphia port, the same District Court, in March 1966, held
the union and its officers in contempt for violating the


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N ew Y ork C it y Taxi Drivers Local 3036 and the Metro­
politan Taxicab Board of Trade reached an agreement on
a 3-year contract covering about 29,000 drivers. The agree­
ment will not take effect, however, until the city approves
an “adequately” higher fare. The pact includes an im­
mediate increase in commissions to 48 percent (from 47 ),
and to 49 percent 18 months from now, with an additional
1 percent in each case for drivers with long service.
67

Major Agreements Expiring in February 1968
E

N o t e .— This is a listing of collective bargaining agreements ending
during the month, and includes almost all agreements 1 covering 1 ,0 00
workers or more.
Copies of M ajor Collective Bargaining Agreement Expirations, cover­
ing the entire year, are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, U .S . Department of Labor, Washington, D .C . 20212, or to
any o f the Bureau’s regional offices.

d it o r ’ s

Company and location

Union 2

Industry

Number
of
workers

Associated General Contractors of New Jersey (New Jersey)

Construction.

Laborers.

7,800

Bloomingdale Brothers, Inc. (New York C ity )__________________________
Bulova Watch Co., Inc., Jackson Heights Mfg. Division (Flushing and
Woodside, N .Y .).

Retail trade_______
Controlling instru­
ments.

Retail, Wholesale and Department Store U nion.
Production Employees Group of the Bulova
Watch Co. (Ind.).

3, 500
2 ,0 0 0

California Apparel Contractors Assn., Inc. (Los Angeles, Calif.)
California Sportswear & Dress Assn., Inc. (Los Angeles, Calif.).
Crown Cork & Seal Co., Inc. (Illinois, Maryland, and Florida).

Apparel_________
Apparel_________
Fabricated metal
products.

Ladies’ Garment Workers.
Ladies’ Garment Workers
Steelworkers_____________

1,200
2,000

E. I. D u Pont De Nemours and Co. (Clinton, Iow a).............................. .......
Eastern Cement Haulers Assn. (Interstate)______________________________
Eltra Corp., Mergenthaler Linotype Division (Brooklyn and Plainview,
N .Y .).
Eltra Corp., Prestolite Division (Interstate)_______ __________ ______ ____

Chemicals___
Trucking____
M ach in ery...

Transparent Film Workers, Inc. (Ind.)
Teamsters (Ind.)_____ _______ _____ _
Auto W orkers................, .........................

1,000
2,000
1,200

Electrical products..

Auto Workers.

5, 400

Federal-Mogul Corp., Bower Roller Bearings Division (Detroit, M ich)___

Machinery

Auto Workers.

3,000

Glass Container Manufacturers Institute, Inc., National Autom atic Ma­
chine Department (Interstate).
Greyhound Lines, Inc., Western Division (Interstate)............ ......................

Stone, clay and
glass products.
Transit________

Glass Bottle Blowers________

7.000

Amalgamated Transit Union.

5.000

H . J. Heinz Co. (Pittsburgh, P a .)..........................
H oover Co. (North Canton-Canton, O h io)______
Hum ble Oil & Refining Co. (Houston, Tex. area)

Food products
Machinery___
Mining.............

Meat Cutters__________________________________
Electrical Workers (IB E W )_____________________
Employees’ Federation of Hum ble Oil & Re­
fining Co. (Ind.).

1,500

I -A 3 Beet Sugar Refining Companies (California)........................................ .
I -A 3 Breweries (St. Louis, M o.)__________ ________________ __________ _
I -A 3 Chinaware Companies (New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio)_______

Food p rod u cts..
Food products. .
Stone, clay and
glass products.
Construction___
Retail trade____
Retail trade____
Retail trade____

Distillery Workers_________
Brewery Workers.................
Potters.......... ........................

2,700
1,950
1,800

T ru cking...........

Teamsters (In d .)......... .........

U tilit ie s ............

Electrical Workers (IBEW)

1,400

Jewel Tea Co., Inc. (Illinois and Indiana)

Retail trade.

United Retail Workers Union (Ind.)

7,650

Knox Glass, Inc. (Interstate)........ .......... ............. .................... .............

Stone, clay, and
glass products.

Glass Bottle Blowers--------

2,600

Labor Standards Assn., Gimbels Brothers (Pittsburgh, P a .) ............
Litton Industries, Ingalls Shipbuilding Division (Pascagoula, Miss.)

Retail trade______
Transportation
equipment.
T obacco manufac­
turers.

Retail C lerks............ .........
Metal Trades Department.

1,000

Tobacco Workers.............. .

2,000

Fabricated metal
products.
Primary metals____

Steelworkers.,

3,000

Auto Workers.

1,300

Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp. (Baraboo, Wis.)

Ordnance and
accessories.

Badger Ordnance Works Council.

1,200

Printing Industries of Philadelphia, Inc., Allied Printing Employers
Assn. (Philadelphia, Pa.).
Public Service Coordinated Transport (New Jersey)__________ __________
Pullman, Inc., Trailmobile Division (Cincinnati, Ohio)_________________

Typographical U nion___________________

1,100

Amalgamated Transit U nion-----------------Auto Workers___________ ______ ________

5,000

Purse Seine Vessel Owners’ Marketing Assn. (Washington and Alaska)___

Printing and pu b ­
lishing.
Transit__________
Transportation
equipment.
Fisheries.................

Sealed Power Corp. (Muskegon, M ich.)_______________________ ____ _____
St. Paul Food Retailers Assn. (St. Paul, M inn.)_________________________
Standard Packaging Corp., Brown and Bigelow Division (St. Paul,
Minn.).
Sterns Brothers, Store and Warehouse Employees (New Y ork )__________
Walker Manufacturing Co. (Michigan and W isconsin)...................................

I -A 3 Contractors on the Highway and H eavy Industry (Colorado)...........
I -A 3 Markets, Food Handlers Division (Minneapolis, M inn.)_______ ____
I -A 3 Markets, Meat Departments (Minneapolis, M inn)............ ...................
I -A 3 Meat Dept. Employees of Retail Food Chains (Greater Kansas C ity
area).
I -A 3 Moving and Storage Industry, 6 associations (Greater N ew York
area.)
Iroquois Gas Corp. (New Y ork )_____________________ __________________ _

P. Lorillard Co. (Greensboro, N .C .)........................................................
National Can Corp., Master Agreement (Interstate)
National Castings Co. (Cicero, 111.)...................... .......

Ward Furniture Manufacturing Co. (Ft. Smith, A rk .)___________________
Washington, D .C . Food Employers Labor Relations Assn. (Washington,
D .C . metropolitan area).


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

21,00
1,000

2,000
4,500

1,000
1,000
3, 500

4,750

1,100

Longshoremen and Warehousemen (Ind.)

1,400

Machinery_______
Retail trade______
Printing and pub­
lishing.
Retail trade______

Auto W o rk e rs ....---------------------------------------------Retail Clerks----------------- ------------- ---------- - ..........
Bookbinders----------------------------- ------------------------

1,300
1,500

Retail, Wholesale and Department Store U nion.

1,350

Fabricated metal
products.
F u rn itu re ..........
Retail trade_____

Auto Workers____

1,000

Furniture Workers
Retail Clerks____

1,000
9,950

1 Excludes government, airlines, and railroads.
2 Union affiliated with A F L -C IO except where noted as independent
(Ind.).

68

Operating Engineers............
Meat Cutters_____________
Meat C u tte rs.......................
Meat Cutters_____________

1,400

3 Industry area (group of companies signing same contract).

1,000

Developments in
Industrial Relations*

A utomobile negotiations continued in November
with agreements covering 95,000 hourly and 8,000
salaried Auto Workers being reached at Chrysler
Corp. Settlement terms were similar to the pre­
vious month’s Ford-UAW agreement, but wage
parity for Canadian workers was added. Scattered
walkouts preceded ratification of the Chrysler
contracts.
Idleness caused by strikes in October rose to
6,510,000 man-days or 0.54 percent o f the estimated
total working time,1 compared with 2,190,000 mandays, or 0.19 percent, in October 1966.

Metalworking
The Chrysler Corp., in November, became the
second major automaker to settle with the Auto­
mobile Workers as 3-year contracts were ratified
covering 95,000 production and maintenance
workers and 8,000 salaried workers in the United
States. Terms were closely patterned after the
Ford Motor Co. settlement.2 Agreement was
reached to bring 12,500 Canadian hourly employees
o f Chrysler up to the U.S. pay scale in four steps
by June 1,1970. In addition, pension service credits
were restored for workers laid off between 1958
and 1962, when Chrysler was in financial difficulty.
The hourly worker agreement, reached Novem­
ber 8, was not ratified until November 17 because
of local strikes which idled 50,000 workers at their
peak. The salaried employees’ agreement was
reached on November 27.
A month-long strike by 4,500 Automobile Work­
ers at Burroughs Corp. plants in the Detroit area
ended in late October with ratification o f a 3-year
agreement. Wages were increased 2.8 percent a
year, with skilled workers receiving an additional
30 cents an hour in the first year. Pensions were
increased to $5 from $2.80 a month for each year
of credited service.
About 5,800 employees of Whirlpool Corp.,
Evansville, Ind., Division were affected by an Oc­


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

tober 17 settlement with Local 808 of the Electrical
Workers (IU E ). Terms of the 3-year contract
included an immediate 12-cent wage increase (20
cents for skilled employees), additional 10-cent in­
creases in both 1968 and 1969, continuation of the
limited escalator clause, eighth and ninth paid
holidays, and improved insurance and pension
vesting provisions.
A 16-day strike by 7,300 workers ended in Octo­
ber when the Collins Radio Co. of Cedar Rapids,
Iowa, and the Electrical Workers (IB E W ) agreed
on a 3-year contract. A wage increase averaging
20.8 cents an hour was effective immediately, with
an average 12.5-cent-an-hour increase in both the
second and third years. Provisions for limited costof-living increases effective in the 18th and 30th
months of the agreement were added; other terms
were not reported. The plant, which employs a
total of 13,000 workers, produces electronic
equipment.
In the Cleveland area, TRW , Inc. (automobile
and aerospace products) and the independent A ir­
craft Workers Alliance reached agreement in No­
vember on a 3-year contract. The contract, which
was retroactive to the June 1 termination date of
the previous agreement, incorporated some of the
provisions and improved others, of the wage-ben­
efit terms the company had announced in June as
a “ downpayment” towards the final package. The
company had made the June announcement dur­
ing a suspension of bargaining resulting from an
objection filed by the Automobile Workers to a
May NLRB election in which the A W A retained
bargaining rights.3
Final terms for the 7,200 workers were a 6-per­
cent wage increase effective June 1,1967; 3-percent
wage increases in the second and third years; ad­
ditional adjustments of up to 26 cents an hour for
skilled employees; and continuation of the cost-ofliving escalator clause, with no limit on the size
of increases. Normal pension benefits were raised
to $6 for each year of service up to 30 years, with
an additional $3 a month for each additional year.
Previously, the minimum normal pension for re­
tirees with 30 years or more of service was $210,
including social security benefits. Early retirement
♦Prepared in the Division of W age Economics, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, on the basis of published material available in late
November.
1 Data for 1967 are preliminary.
2 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , December 1967, p. 53.
3 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , August 1967, p. 66.

69

70
with no actuarial reduction was made available at
age 62. Other provisions included establishment of
a savings plan, with employees being able to invest
up to 6 percent o f their annual base pay and TRW
contributing $1 for each $2 invested by the em­
ployees; 2 additional paid holidays, bringing the
total to 10; increased jury duty pay; paid funeral
leave; and improved vacation, sickness and acci­
dent, and surgical benefits.
Other Manufacturing

The protracted negotiations in the New York
City newspaper industry drew nearer to comple­
tion when the American Newspaper Guild (ANG)
settled with the Daily News and the Times. The
3-year contracts followed the pattern of the earlier
agreement the ANG negotiated with the Long Is­
land Press, also a member of the Publishers Asso­
ciation of New York, and those negotiated by five
other unions with each of the three papers.4 Nego­
tiations continued with three unions.
In the Times contract, which was negotiated on
October 24 and affected 2,500 employees, the pat­
tern 8-, 6-, and 6-percent annual wage increases
resulted in gains totaling $42.75 a week for re­
porters and photographers and $16 for the lowest
paid classification, which includes cleaners and
office boys. Top minimum rates (attained after
specified lengths o f service) were also increased,
resulting in a $275-a-week scale for the highest
rated classification (including columnists and de­
partmental editors) in the final year of the agree­
ment (a $60 increase) and a $250 rate for reporters
and photographers (a $50 increase). Other provi­
sions included introduction of a cost-of-living es­
calator clause and improvements in vacations and
severance benefits.
The AN G-Daily News accord, which was
reached in late September and affected 1,300 em­
ployees, resulted in increases in the top minimum
rates ranging from $15.65 in the lowest classifica­
tions to $45.90 in the highest, bringing the mini­
mum for the top classification to $260.90 a week.
Fringe benefit changes in the Daily News settle1

For terms of some of these earlier settlements, see M o n t h l y
August 1967, p. 68, and July 1967, pp. 6 0 -6 1 .
5
For earlier settlements involving the Michigan Road Builders
Association, see M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , November 1967, p. 61,
and December 1967, p. 59.
8 For earlier settlements with 6 other trades, see M o n t h l y
L a b o r R e v i e w , November 1967, p. 60.

L a bor R e v ie w ,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968

ment were similar to those negotiated at the
Times.
In late October, the American Enka Corp.
reached agreement with the United Textile W ork­
ers on a 3-year contract for 2,400 workers. Terms
included a 6-cent-an-hour immediate increase, ad­
ditional wage adjustments for some classifications,
and provisions for wage bargaining in 1968 and
1969, as well as improved vacation benefits for
workers on continuous shifts.
The Upholstered Furniture Manufacturers’ As­
sociation of the Metropolitan District (the New
York City area) and Furniture Workers Local 76
reached agreement in early October on a 3-year
contract covering 2,000 employees in 28 shops. The
agreement provided an hourly wage increase of 20
cents, retroactive to September 1, with additional
15-cent increases in 1968 and 1969. Minimum
hourly rates were increased to $3.60 for mechan­
ics, from $3.25; $1.65 to $2.50 for apprentices,
from $1.30 to $2.50; and $1.65 to $2.10 for other
classifications, from $1.40 to $1.90. The contract
also included a provision for a wage reopening tied
to living costs.
Construction

In Michigan, heavy and highway construction
bargaining was completed as the Road Builders
Association settled on 3-year contracts with the
Carpenters and Teamsters.5 The agreements pro­
vided a $1.96-an-hour package for 4,500 workers
and an estimated $1.7l-an-hour package for 2,500
workers, respectively.
The current round of construction industry
bargaining in the Lake Charles, La»-, area was con­
cluded with agreements between the Associated
General Contractors (AGC) and the Iron W ork­
ers, the Operating Engineers, and the Sheet Metal
Workers.6 The 3-year wage-benefit packages were
$1.24 for Iron Workers, $1.05 to $1.30 for the
Operating Engineers, and $1.35 for the Sheet
Metal Workers. Earlier, the Painters had agreed
to a $1.05 package. The unions had been on strike
since July 1.
A late October settlement between the AGC and
the Bricklayers in Waco and Ft. Hood, Tex., pro­
vided a $1.00 wage increase over 2 years.
In late October, the Boilermakers negotiated a
3-year area agreement for field construction work

DEVELO PM ENTS IN IN D U ST R IA L R ELATIO NS

in six northeastern States,7 giving an estimated
$1.67% package for 1,500 workers.
Earlier in the year, in July, the Boilermakers
had negotiated a 3-year area agreement providing
an estimated $1.55 package for 2,000 workers in
field construction work in 11 States8 in the
Missouri River Basin.
The Cook County (Illinois) Association of
Plumbing, Heating and Cooling Contractors, and
the Plumbers reached agreement in November on
a 3-year contract that will become effective June 1,
1968, on expiration of the current contract. About
5,000 workers were affected. O f the $1.05 package,
50 cents was to be paid into bank savings accounts
established for each employee, 50 cents was to be
used for wage increases, and 5 cents was to be paid
into the pension fund.
Trade and Services

Retail Clerks Local 888 and E. J. Korvette, Inc.,
agreed in mid-October on a 3-year contract cover­
ing 6,000 workers in the New York City area, The
agreement, which replaced one that was scheduled
to expire February 1,1968, provided wage increases
of 121/2 cents an hour effective October 30,7% cents
in 1968, and 10 cents in 1969. Holiday pay, pro­
gression schedules, vacation, sick leave, and health
and welfare provisions were improved. A new re­
location and severance program gave full-time
employees whose jobs are eliminated the choice of
retraining for a new position at company expense
and at no loss in pay and seniority, or receiving
severance pay.
The Retail Clerks and A. & P. stores agreed
during October to a 3-year contract covering 4,000
workers in southern Michigan. Reportedly, the
union had rejected an earlier contract proposal to
await the outcome of a Retail Clerks’ strike against
the Kroger Co. The A. & P. settlement was iden­
tical to the Kroger agreement, except that it also
included a cost-of-living escalator clause and a 5cent additional adjustment for “ back-up” cashiers.9
In Philadelphia, the Retail Clerks negotiated
a contract with Kiddie City stores that contained
a provision for time and one-half pay for vaca­
tions similar to one in a contract the union had
previously negotiated with other retail stores.10
The 30-month Kiddie City agreement, covering


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

71
260 employees, increased wages and duration of va­
cations, added a seventh paid holiday, and estab­
lished health and welfare, pension, jury duty, and
funeral leave provisions.
In the Chicago area, 11 Teamster locals and
representatives of 125 fuel oil and gasoline distri­
bution firms reached agreement on November 13,
ending a 4-day strike by 3,500 truck drivers that
had curtailed bus service and forced many service
stations to close. The 3-year contract provided for
wage increases of 25 cents an hour retroactive to
November 1, 15 cents on November 1, 1968, and 19
cents on November 1, 1969, a 3-cent increase in
night differentials, double-time pay plus holiday
pay for the first 8 hours o f work on a holiday, a
guarantee of 8 hours o f work for employees re­
quired to drive on Sundays and holidays, a $l-aweek increase in employer payments to the health
and welfare fund, and a $2 increase in payments
to the pension fund ($1 in 1968, and $1 in 1969).
In late October, the Meat Cutters reached agree­
ment with the Allied Employers, Inc., of Seattle,
Wash., on a contract that ended a 29-day strikelockout of 2,000 workers. The 43-month pact cov­
ering nine jobbers and meat departments in 70
retail food stores, provided wage increases rang­
ing from 45 cents for wrappers to 57% cents for
department heads and journeymen, a 5-cent-anhour increase in the employer contribution for
welfare benefits, effective January 1, 1968, and a
5-cent increase in employer pension contributions,
effective October 1, 1969. It also established an
employer-financed prescription drug plan.
In early November, owners of 48 office buildings
in the Pittsburgh, Pa., area reached agreement
with the Building Service Employees on a 3-year
package estimated at more than 50 cents an hour.
The pact, which covered 2,000 maintenance and
cleaning workers, provided an immediate wage
increase of 15 cents for men and 12% cents for
women, and 10-cent increases to all employees in
both 1968 and 1969. Other terms included skill
adjustments for some employees, a seventh paid
7 Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, and upstate New York.
8 Missouri, Montana, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, North
and South Dakota, Wisconsin, Colorado, and Wyoming.
9 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , December 1967, p. 58, for terms
of the K roger-R C IA settlement.
10 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , November 1967, p. 60, for terms
of the earlier settlement, which affected 170 employees.

72
holiday, a fourth week of paid vacation after 25
years, a 1-cent-an-hour increase in the employer
contribution to the pension fund on July 1, 1968,
and again on July 1, 1969, bringing the contribu­
tion to 10 cents, $2,500 life insurance coverage,
instead of $2,000, a $40 instead of a $35-a-week
sickness and accident benefit, and employer as­
sumption of half the premium for dependent hos­
pital-medical coverage effective July 1, 1968, and
the balance effective July 1,1969.
Several large hospitals in Washington, D.C., an­
nounced salary increases of as much as 80 percent
for their residents and interns. The round began
with the Washington Hospital Center, which an­
nounced the following annual salary schedule to
become effective January 1, 1968: $8,100 for in­
terns, from $4,500 ; $8,300 to $8,600 for American
residents, from $4,680 to $5,220; and $5,110 for
foreign-trained residents," from $4,500. George
Washington University Hospital (G W U ) fol­
lowed by raising salaries to the following levels,
also effective January 1: $6,013 for interns, from
$4,009, and $7,016 to $8,519 for residents, from
$5,011 to $6,013. These salaries would be increased
by $500 effective July 1,1968. Fifth-year resident?
at GWU hospital would receive only the July in­
crease, bringing their salary to $10,002. George­
town University Hospital then announced that it
was raising its salaries to about the same level as
GWU, on January 1, and that a further increase
was being considered.
Government

On November 8, the Houston, Tex., City Coun­
cil approved salary increases of $26 or more a
month for 6,000 city employees, effective the last
pay period in 1967. Approximately 2,500 employees
will receive more than $26, as a result o f a job


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968

evaluation study. In addition, life insurance cov­
erage was increased to $3,000, from $2,000. The
action did not affect policemen and firemen, who
were already scheduled to receive salary increases
averaging 22 and 23.9 percent, respectively, as
a result of an October council action.
Columbus, Ohio, public school employees re­
ceived salary increases retroactive to September 1
as a result of additional State funds made avail­
able to local school boards.11 The increase was $200
to $1,000 for teachers; $200 for Class I and II
nurses and dental hygienists; $300 for doctors and
dentists; $1,000 for school psychologists with a
master’s degree; and 10 cents an hour for 1,400
noncertified school workers. Pay o f administrators
and assistant superintendents was also raised. In
February 1967, teachers received wage increases
of $400 a year and noncertified employees received
5 percent, financed from city funds.
Other Developments

In New York City, 50 labor and business lead­
ers organized a Labor-Management Council to
promote better labor relations and to improve the
city’s economic climate. Named as cochairmen of
the new council were Harry Van Arsdale, Jr.,
president of the New York Central Labor Coun­
cil, and Ralph C. Gross, president of the Com­
merce and Industry Association of New York. The
council is to meet regularly to identify problems
of mutual interest and work toward their solution.
Both Governor Rockefeller and Mayor John V.
Lindsay attended the council’s organizational
luncheon and praised its concept and potential
for the city.
11
See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , November 1967, pp. 5 7 -5 8 , for a
description of the State law that provided for the additional
funds and for details of increases granted Cleveland and Cin­
cinnati teachers under the law.

Book Reviews
and Notes

Machine Takeover
The Autom ated S ta te: Computer System s as a
Neiv Force in Society. By Robert MacBride.

Philadelphia, Pa., Chilton Book Co., 1967. 407
pp. $12.50.

The concern of this book is twofold. It deals with
the impact of automation on employment, and the
establishment of a national computer system and
its implications for our society.
Actually more than half of the publication is in
the form of appendices in which one finds re­
printed in their entirety a number of reports and
documents pertinent to the author’s discussion. For
example, the Report o f the Ad Hoc Committee on
the Triple Revolution and the Report of the Na­
tional Commission on Technology, Automation,
and Economic Progress are both included.
In addition, the device of the extended quote is
used quite often in the text. For example, in the
discussion on automation and unemployment, one
reads at yawning length what such people as John
Kenneth Galbraith, Gardiner Means and Adolph
Berle, Robert Theobald and Donald Michael, have
said on this topic. This partial listing of Mr. MacBride’s sources gives an indication o f his orienta­
tion. He seems unaware o f the important work
done in this area by Solow, Lipsey, Gordon, and
others, and in any case dismisses the view of the
impact of technology on employment now gener­
ally held by economists as unduly optimistic. The
selection of views presented by the author does ab­
solutely nothing to further our understanding of
this significant issue.
Proposals for a National Data Center that might
serve as the central information-gathering service
of the Federal Government are considered. Such a
center would collect in one facility the widely scat­
tered statistical information now gathered by nu­
merous Federal, State, and local agencies. Further­
more, when operational, the center would permit


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

the government to obtain much more refined data
and to engage in higher levels of analysis than
at present. Such a system would be a boon
to policymakers and social scientists, but might
also be considered a further incursion on individ­
ual privacy. Congressman Gallagher and others
have expressed the fear that such a system might
permit the development of “ dossiers” on every
American.
A recent article in The Public Interest by Carl
Kaysen successfully demonstrates that such fears
are, in the main, unfounded. The development of a
National Data Center is a logical extension of the
advances being made in computer technology. Un­
fortunately, Mr. MacBride makes a poor advo­
cate of the proposal. His vision o f our future
“ Automated State” seems perilously close to
an Orwellian nightmare—yet the author never
takes full cognizance of the character of his
prophecies. In his view, the future functions
of government “ will be applications of a kind
of social engineering carried on in the same
fashion, basically, as are the physical engineering
projects of today such as roads, bridges, and sew­
age plants . . . One of the most attractive fea­
tures of a national computer system is that the
whole country can be used as a kind of socio­
economic laboratory . . . The process is simple if
you have access to a large and reliable computer.”
In this sort of technocratic society, “ individuals
will be called upon to supply a great deal o f infor­
mation about their activities . . . It will become
difficult if not impossible for any individual to
know what the consequences of many o f his actions
will be. Seemingly trivial actions will acquire a
new significance, although the individual will
never know precisely what it is.”
The requirements of a perfectly efficient society
will dictate that an individual’s freedom of choice
as to education, job, area of residence, and so on,
will be restricted to what is compatible with the
needs of the total society and economy. The author
concludes, “ Given the resources of modern tech­
nology and planning techniques, it is really no
great trick to transform even a country like ours
into a smoothly running corporation where every
detail o f life is a mechanical function to be taken
care of.”
Can Mr. MacBride be taken seriously? He has
the systems analyst’s faith in statistics—but he for­
gets that one man’s mean may be another man’s
73

74

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968

poison. The kind of limb lie chooses to crawl out
on has been sawed off many times. For this amount
the reader may prefer to do his sawing elsewhere.
— D

a v id

B.

L

ip s k y

Department of Industrial Relations
State University of New York at Buffalo

Both Sides of the Coin
Organizing and the Law. By Stephen I. Schloss-

berg. Washington, Bureau of National Affairs,
Inc., 1967. 254 pp. $8.50.
Examining the changing role o f labor lawyers
tells us much about the development of public
policy in labor. At one time a labor lawyer was
someone who represented unions at considerable
personal and financial sacrifice and whose major
job was to protect union officers and members from
legal harassment. The labor protection accorded
unions in the Wagner and Taft-Hartley Acts has
changed all o f this. While the labor bar is rather
rigidly divided between those lawyers who rep­
resent management and those who represent
labor, neither group is regarded as especially
impecunious.
Partly because o f the cost, unions do not use
lawyers nearly as much as employers do. Nowhere
is this fact as apparent, and as damaging to union
effectiveness, as in organizing.
The purpose o f the Taft-Hartley Act is to pro­
tect labor. It makes the right to organize explicit,
and provides, through the NLRB, the machinery
by which this right is protected. But the Board’s
posture must be neutral, providing a forum for
balancing and weighing competing rights and in­
terests. Although unions are frequently repre­
sented by counsel at NLRB hearings, they very
seldom use (and use poorly when they do) lawyers
or Board law in shaping organizing campaigns.
Herein lies the major difference in the relationship
of companies and unions to the law.
The most distinctive feature of management’s
response to union organizing efforts is the strong
influence exerted by their lawyers on company
strategy and tactics. For the union the details of
organizing are left to staff organizers wTho gener­
ally have only a limited knowledge of the appli­
cable law.
Stephen Schlossberg, the general counsel of the
UAW , has written the first comprehensive book to


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

overcome these deficiencies in union organizing
campaigns. On one level, it is a handbook for union
organizers, in which the Labor Board’s representa­
tion machinery is described and the law is set forth
in straightforward language. The descriptions on
such issues as criteria for unit determination, con­
tract bar rules, and Board election standards, are
models of expository clarity and are impeccably
accurate. More than a guide, Mr. Schlossberg de­
scribes and evaluates alternative organizing tactics
as they are affected by legal considerations. He has
succeeded in writing what is undoubtedly the most
useful book ever published for a trade union
audience.
The value of this work will not be limited to
union officers. Lawyers in general as well as man­
agement personnel will find much o f interest in it.
For students of American labor, the book repre­
sents a treasury of insights into the influence of the
law upon the organizing process.
One criticism must be made. The chapter on em­
ployer unfair labor practices is far too short and
unduly elliptical. It is hoped that this can be cor­
rected in what will surely be the next edition of
this superb book.
— P h i l i p Ross
Department of Industrial Relations
State University of New York at Buffalo

Cause and Effects
Labor and American P olitics: A Book o f Read­
ings. By Charles M. Rehmus and Doris M.

McLaughlin. Ann Arbor, Mich., University
of Michigan Press, 1967. 461 pp. $9.
The editors’ primary purpose in compiling these
readings is to show the nature and extent of the
American labor movement’s involvement in
politics. The book is intended for use as a text
or supplementary reading for college courses in
labor history, pressure group theory, and Ameri­
can politics.
Chronologically organized, the first part illus­
trates “ the often overlooked fact that organized
labor in the United States has always been in poli­
tics.” By and large the 28 readings which have'
been selected to support this thesis are from wellknown secondary sources such as Governm ent and
Labor in E a rly Am erica by Richard B. Morris,

75

BOOK R E V IE W S AND NOTES

A H istory o f American Labor by Joseph Rayback,
American Labor by Henry Pelling, and Orga­
nized Labor in American H istory by Philip Taft.

The subject of the second part is “ Labor and
Politics Today.” In this section there are 27
carefully selected readings. Union sources are
used to explain the structure and operations
of COPE, to show how labor keeps score on con­
gressional voting, and to describe a national legis­
lative campaign and a local get-out-the-vote drive.
To provide analysis of labor’s contemporary polit­
ical role the editors have taken excerpts from
the best of recent research in the field. To illus­
trate, with examples taken at random, we find
“ Organized Labor in the Political Process: A Case
Study o f the Right-to-Work Campaign in Ohio”
by Glenn W. Miller and Stephen B. Ware, “ The
Magnitude and Method of Labor’s Financial In­
volvement in Politics” by Harry M. Scoble, and
“ Membership Reaction to Political Action in Six
Local Unions” by Joel Seidman and others.
We can agree with the editors that an under­
standing o f labor’s historical role in politics is as
important as a knowledge o f its contemporary
political involvement, but this reviewer found
Part I I of considerably more interest than Part I.
The introductory remarks in each chapter of Part I
are uninspiring, the reliance on secondary sources
when there is so much exciting primary source
material is disturbing, and the serious omissions
(Eugene Deb’s role in American labor and politics
is hardly mentioned) reduce the impact of the his­
torical study.
Nevertheless, the book should serve well as a
text supplement in the college courses for which
it was intended. It would also be a worthwhile
addition to the libraries of trade unionists and
academicians interested in the labor movement.
— K

e it h

D

ix

School for Workers
University of Wisconsin

Between Reality and Myth
Technology and Change. By Donald A. Schon.

New York, Delacorte Press, 1967. 248 pp.
$7.95.
Although the book is marred by misinterpreta­
tions of American economic history, the central
282-907 0

-

68-6


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

purpose— to distinguish between the realities of
technological change and the widely held stereo­
types and myths o f automation, and to suggest new
corporate and social standards to deal with the
problems and consequences of technological ad­
vancement—is well achieved.
The first two chapters stress that invention and
innovation are by no means as rational and
systematic as after-the-fact views often suggest.
The more significant the development, Dr. Schon
observes, the less likely that it was anticipated.
Planning the process of invention and innovation
is useful only “ when treated as something from
which to deviate.”
In the next four chapters Mr. Schon dem­
onstrates that management attitudes toward
technological innovation are contradictory and
complicated. Although management spokesmen
uniformly extol the virtues and needs o f change,
management practice frequently reflects the view
that technological innovation is “ dangerous, dis­
ruptive and uncertain.” Major changes from with­
in often come about because a determined indi­
vidual emerged as a “ product champion” and man­
aged through legitimate and irregular tactics to
overcome organizational resistance. A significant
recent change in corporate structure has been, in
effect, “ an institutionalization of the role of the
product champion” by providing a corporate um­
brella for new small firms where operations are
based on developing new technology. But, in tradi­
tional industries like textiles, machine tools, and
building, the major technological innovations of
the last 50 to 60 years were the results of in­
novations from outside—by new “ invading” re­
search and development-based industries like
chemicals (synthetic fibers) and aero-space
(numerical controls).
Although most recent technological innovation
has come out of private industry, the Federal
Government has played a significant role and this
role will grow in importance, according to the
author. In the final two chapters, he calls for a
new “ ethic of change” which will recognize that
technological progress is not an automatic road
to the Good Society but must be treated as a
dynamic and uncertain process requiring a bold,
flexible, and experimental outlook, with a concern
for the human role o f producer and consumer.

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968

76
As long as he confines himself to recent cor­
porate organizational and technological practice,
the author seems to be on firm ground. When he
turns to economic history to support some long-run
generalizations, he commits errors. For example,
he uses a curve of gross national product in cur­
rent dollars from 1900 to 1960 to support his claim
that national and corporate growth was mainly
a post-World War II phenomenon based on the
“ full flowering of technical innovation” and that
the period from 1900 through the 1930’s was one
o f “ relative inactivity” . While the private sector
productivity rate has increased since 1947, the
change is not nearly as pronounced as Dr. Schon
contends. A constant dollar curve would have
significantly modified his conclusion, and allow­
ance for population growth' would have modified
it further. Similarly his statement that our
economy underwent what Rostov refers to as a
“ take-off” in the 1940’s and 1950’s is a century away
from Rostov’s own observation that the United
States’ “ take-off” occurred between 1843 and 1860.
Despite such economic misinterpretations, this
volume is worth careful attention because of its
skillful portrayal o f the corporation’s approach to
the new technology.
— M

il t o n

D

erber

I nstitute of Labor and Industrial Relations
University of Illinois

Habitat and Humanity

Cities in a Race With Time. By Jeanne R. Lowe.
New York, Random House, Inc., 1967. 601 pp.,
bibliography. $10.
Americans are faced with—and most of us live
in—the untidy results of our failure to accommo­
date the city to man, rather than man to the city.
To take up the burden of improving our urban
areas requires simultaneous efforts to deal with
accumulated physical and social decay and to plan
for the kind of environment that is capable of
adapting itself to the continually changing future.
Lately, the popular wisdom seems to be moving
toward condemning urban renewal because it has
not solved all of the city’s problems. It is criticized
as an attempt to shore up a decaying structure,
when what is needed is a foresighted organization
of resources to improve the quality of living in the
teeming metropolitan centers forecast for the nottoo-distant future.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

In the face of this easy criticism of those who
have at least tried to cope with the urban crisis,
Jeanne Lowe offers a provocative account of the
problems faced by pioneering leaders in five cit­
ies—New York, New Haven, Pittsburgh, Wash­
ington, and Philadelphia—and some of the lessons
they learned.
The program of each of the cities studied was
regarded at one time as the most progressive, the
most hopeful of its kind. In each, the planners and
developers— idealists and pragmatists, architects
and social workers, bureaucrats and citizen groups,
taxpayers and financiers— were buffeted by forces
they had not foreseen, by the intricacies o f achiev­
ing the political action necessary to give meaning
to their policies.
Using the case history approach, Miss Lowe tells
of the programs and personalities in these very
different yet similar innovating attempts. Human
intertwined with economic problems are exempli­
fied in the relocation, accounted in detail, of the
(predominantly Negro) families uprooted from
the District of Columbia’s Southwest slums—a
stretch of land bounded by the Capital and the
Potomac river which is finally taking shape as
Washington’s “new Southwest,” with a notable
achievement of racial, if not economic, integration.
By her careful review of the often unplanned
development of our cities and the complexity of
urban renewal—this “ bundle of powers and funds”
which the author believes will become a permanent
function in both the central cities and their suburbs
and fringe towns—Miss Lowe has provided a guide
useful to the layman as well as to the new breed
of urbanologists, as planners and people move
together toward the realization that the metro­
politan environment must encompass and encour­
age psychic as well as physical space, human as
well as economic values.
— G e o r g e n a R. P o t t s
Office of Publications
Bureau of Labor Statistics

Diverse Dialogue

Methods of Organizational Research. Edited by
Victor H. Vroom. Pittsburgh, Pa., University
of Pittsburgh Press, 1967. 211 pp. $3.95.
A seminar sponsored by the University of Pitts­
burgh on Organizational Research provides the
base for this book. The seminar covered four

77

BOOK R E V IE W S AND NOTES

areas— laboratory experiments, field experiments,
comparative field studies, and computer simula­
tion—which matches the four chapters in the book.
A participant from each seminar area wrote a
chapter on his concept of the issues in organiza­
tional research.
The results can best be described as diverse.
There is little agreement between chapters, and
there are large differences in the definition of the
major issues in research. It appears that each
group dealt with different fields o f inquiry, except
when they undertook to criticize each other.
The first chapter, by Karl E. Weick, discusses
laboratory experiments. It is well organized and
defensive. Mr. Weick provides a good discussion
of some of the laboratory experiments which match
the variety of actual experiences. The chapter does
much to demonstrate that the method of labora­
tory experimentation is applicable to organiza­
tional behavior and theory.
There are two sections in the second chapter; one
is on organizational change and the other is on
field experiments. Louis B. Barnes first presents
an excellent description of the conceptual schemes
of organizational change and then relates the use­
fulness of field study in this area. The author’s
particular concern is with indicating ways in which
the classical experimental design can be widened
so that it can better apply to conditions prevailing
in the field.
Because of its lack of organization, the chapter
on comparative studies is the most difficult in the
book. Tom Burns offers many interesting concep­
tual ideas regarding this method but much of the
discussion is hard to follow.
By way of contrast, the final chapter is well
organized and clearly written. Thornton B. Roby
discusses computer simulation and its possible use
in organizational research in a manner that can be
understood by readers who have little knowledge
of the subject.
The main conclusion that becomes apparent
from these presentations is that the methods which
are widely used in organizational research do not
have established methodological bases while those
methods which are more formally designed have
trouble establishing their applicability.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

— T

homas

J.

A

t c h is o n

D epartment of Management
San Diego State College

Summaries of Recent Books
The E m erging Law o f Labor Relations in Public
E m ploym ent. By Kurt L. Hanslowe. Ithaca,

N.Y., Cornell University, New York State
School o f Industrial and Labor Relations,
1967. 117 pp. (IL R Paperback 4.) $2.50.
As the number of government workers continues
to increase, it becomes more and more important
to determine what the policies toward organizing
and collective bargaining should be. In this brief
paperback, Professor Hanslowe discusses the
obligations of government to deal fairly with its
employees. He describes how governments at vari­
ous levels have handled the question of how much
participation in establishing employment terms
public employees will be allowed. Besides discuss­
ing Federal and various State policies, which
range between total restriction and partial accom­
modation, there is a separate chapter on “ The Un­
finished New York Story.”
Agricultural Developm ent and Econom ic Growth.

Edited by Herman M. Southworth and Bruce
F. Johnston. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University
Press, 1967. 608 pp. $12.
Increasing agricultural productivity in under­
developed countries is essential to economic
growth. But because areas differ with respect to
natural resources and the culture of the inhabit­
ants, it is difficult to devise a simple formula for
agricultural development. The 14 papers included
in this book are as diverse as the subjects they
cover. Social structure, education, farm size, nutri­
tion, taxation and price policy are some of the
topics discussed; a commentary by the con­
tributors to the book follows each chapter.
American Unions:

Structure

,

,

Governm ent and

Politics. By Jack Barbash. New York, Ran­

dom House, Inc., 1967. 183 pp., bibliography.
$2.45.
Beginning with a discussion of the structure of
locals, the author goes on to describe the na­
tional union, and the A F L -C IO . Union workers
and leaders not only have differences with the
employer but with each other. Differences arise
over who should get the scarce jobs, the role of the
union in society, and the amount o f power should
have over its members in relation to other union

78

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

bodies; and, “ the most common forum for discus­
sion and resolution of contending interests is the
great network of formal meetings built into the
system of union government.” These points are
discussed in the last two chapters.
The M obile M anager:

A S tu d y o f the N ew Gen­

eration o f Top Executives. By Eugene E. Jen­

nings. Ann Arbor, Mich., University o f Michi­
gan, Bureau- of Industrial Relations, 1967.
135 pp. $6.
The author’s intensive study of mobility among
business executives has resulted in an attempt to
classify the characteristics and problems of mobile
managers. The examination is based on reports
from 1,500 managers and 230 corporate presidents.
Its principal findings is that effectiveness rests on
mobility, and the book presents the outlines o f a
technique for predicting both.

Thomas J. Curtin. Boston, Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1967.
226 pp., bibliography. $3.95.
A n tip o ve rty W o r k and Training E ffo r ts : Goals and R e ­
ality. By Sar A. Levitan. Joint publication of the

Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations, Univer­
sity of Michigan— Wayne State University and the
National Manpower Policy Task Force, 1967. 112 pp.
(Policy Papers in Human Resources and Industrial
Relations, 3.) $2, Publications Office, Institute of
Labor and Industrial Relations, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Neiv D irections in Vocational Education. Washington, U.S.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Of­
fice of Education, 1957. 55 pp. (OE 880047.) 30 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Vocational E d u ca tion : P re-R equ isite o f a M od ern E c o n ­
om y. (I n OECD Observer, Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development, Paris, October 1967,
pp. 27-31. 50 cents. Distributed in United States by
OECD Publications Center, Washington.)
Estim ating Rehabilitation N ee d s : A C onference on Plan­
ning fo r Vocational Rehabilitation [in N ew J e r s e y ].

Transforming

A m erica :

Patterns

of

Social

Change. By Raymond W. Mack. New York,

Random House, Inc., 1967. 199 pp. $4.95.
A short book attempting to cover much ground,
this summary of major social trends in the United
States is addressed to lay readers in nontechnical
terms. There is a chapter on the production and
distribution of abundance, and each chapter de­
scribing a function essential to social survival con­
cludes with a section of crucial questions.

Other Recent Publications
Education and Training
Education and Learning. By Wilbur J. Cohen. (I n Annals

of the American Academy of Political and Social Sci­
ence, Philadelphia, September 1967, pp. 79-101. $2.50;
$2 to Academy members.)

Edited by Monroe Berkowitz. New Brunswick, N.J.,
Rutgers— The State University, Bureau of Economic
Research, 1967. 108 pp. $2.
Program m ed Instruction in I n d u s tr y : A W o r ld -W id e E x ­
perim ent in Staff Training. By E. B. Young. New York,
Pergamon Press Inc., 1967. 23 pp.
Research In form a tion Sources in T ra ining: A Com prehen­
sive S u r v ey o f P resen t and Planned R esources. By

Gerald H. Whitlock. (In Training and Development
Journal, Madison, W is., November 1967, pp. 2-8.
$1.75.)
R esearch in A pprenticeship Training: Proceedings o f a
Conference, S eptem ber 8 -9 , 1966. Madison, University
of Wisconsin, Center for Studies in Vocational and
Technical Education (for Office of Manpower Policy,
Evaluation, and Research of the U.S. Department of
Labor), 1967. 192 pp.

Health and Safety

The Reorganization o f Educational R esou rces. By George

To W o r k I s H u m a n : M ental H ealth and the B usiness

J. Maslach. (In Daedalus, American Academy of Arts
and Sciences, Boston, Fall 1967, pp. 1200-1209. $1.75.)

Com m unity. Edited by Alan McLean, M.D. New York,
Macmillan Co., 1967. 306 pp., bibliography. $6.95.

H igh er Education fo r N eg ro es: Challenges and Prospects.

Air-P ollution A b a te m en t: E conom ic R a tiona lity and R e ­

By Kenneth B. Clark. (In Journal o f Negro Educa­
tion, Howard University, Washington, Summer 1967,
pp. 196-203. $1.75.)

ality. By Azriel Teller. (In Daedalus, American Acad­
emy of Arts and 'Sciences, Boston, Fall 1967, pp.
1082-1098. $1.75.)

Educational E xpen d itu res in the United States. By Rich­

Occupational D isea se in California, 1965. Berkeley, Cali­

ard F. Young. (I n Monthly Review, Federal Reserve
Bank of Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo., SeptemberOctober 1967, pp. 3 -8 .)

fornia State Department o f Public Health, Bureau of
Occupational Health, 1967. 45 pp. Free.
D isa bility and D epen dency. By Terence E. Carroll.

P o verty, Education and R a ce R ela tion s: Studies and P ro­
posals. By William C. Kvaraceus, John S. Gibson,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(I n

American Federationist, A F L -C IO , Washington, Oc­
tober 1967, pp. 15-17.)

79

BOOK R E V IE W S AN D NOTES

A cu te Conditions— Incidence and A ssocia ted D isability,

Labor Force

United S tates, J u ly 1 965-J u n e 1966. Washington, U.S.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Pub­
lic Health Service, 1967. 61 pp. (Vital and Health
Statistics Data from the National Health Survey;
PHS Publication No. 1009-Series 10-No. 38.) 45 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

1984 and B e y o n d : The W orld o f W ork . By Herbert E.

Striner. Kalamazoo, Mich., W . E. Upjohn Institute
for Employment Research, 1967.15 pp.
H ealth M anpow er, 1 9 6 6 -7 5 : A S tu d y of R equirem ents and
Supply. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bu­

reau of Labor Statistics, 1967. 50 pp. (B LS Report

Prescribed and N onprescribcd M edicines— T yp e and Use
o f M edicines,

323.)

United S ta tes, J u ly 1 96 4 -J u n e 1965.

Washington, U.S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1967. 41 pp. (Vital
and Health Statistics Data from the National Health
Survey; PHS Publication No. 1000-Series 10-No. 39.)
30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

Industrial Relations

H ealth

Service

Educational

O ccupations:

Occupational

R equirem ents— Connecticut

N eeds

and

and

Its

Areas, 1967, 1971, 1976. Storrs, Conn., University of

Connecticut, Labor Education Center, 1967. 130 pp.
Health M anpow er in a D eveloping E c o n o m y : Taiwan, A
Case S tu d y in Planning. By Timothy D. Baker and

Mark Perlman. Baltimore, Md., The Johns Hopkins

L abor in A m e rica : T h e Union and E m p lo yer R esp on ses to

Press, 1967. 203 pp. $6.50.

the Challenges o f Our Changing S ociety. Proceedings

of a Conference, May 19-20, 1966. Edited by Lafayette
G. Harter, Jr. and John Keltner. Corvallis, Ore­
gon State University Press, 1967. 144 pp. $2.95.

F ederal

W or k fo r c e

Outlook,

Fiscal

Y ears

1967-1970.

Washington, U.S. Civil Service Commission, 1967.
H PP-

Diagnosing Indu strial Unrest. (In Labor Gazette, Canada

Department of Labor, Ottawa, October 1967, pp. 624—
625, 656. 50 cents, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa.)

The Peruvian Industrial Labor Force. By David Chaplin.

Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1967. 324
pp., bibliography. $9.

E m ployee-M a n agem en t R elations in the Publio S ervic e:
Selected R eferen ces. Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Library, September 1967. 43 pp.

and the “ N ew E con om ics.” By Leon H.
Keyserling. (In Annals of the American Academy of
Political and Social Science, Philadelphia, September
1967, pp. 102-119. $2.50; $2 to Academy members.)

E m ploym ent

Unit D eterm in ation in Public E m ploym en t. By Andrew

W . J. Thomson. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University, New
York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations,
1967. 20 pp. (Public Employee Relations Reports, 1.)
Single copy free.

Le

P rosp ettive

deU’ Occupazione n elV Ind ustrie Italiana

per il Quadricnnio 1967-1970. (I n Rassegna di Statis-

tiche del Lavoro, Confederazione Generale della Industria Italiana, Rome, May-June 1967, pp. 167-169.)

R estrictive Labor Practices in the Superm arket In d u stry.

By Herbert R. Northrup and Gordan R. Storholm.
Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton
School of Finance and Commerce, 1967. 202 pp. (In ­
dustrial Research Unit Study 44.) $7.50, University
of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
F orm al G rievan ce P rocedu res fo r Public-School Teachers,

Geographical and Occupational M o b ility o f W ork ers in
the A ircraft and E lectronics Indu stries. Final Report.

Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development, 1967. 122 pp. (International Seminars,
1966-3.) $2. Distributed in United States by OECD
Publications Center, Washington.

Washington, National Education Associa­
tion, 1967. 63 pp. (Research Report 1967-R10.) $1.25.

Schooling, E xperience, and Gains and L osses in H um an

Arbitration and the D u ty to Bargain. By Bernard Cush­

and Robert G. Myers. (In Journal of the American
Statistical Association, Washington, September 1967,

196 5 -5 6.

Capital Through M igration. By Mary Jean Bowman

man. Madison, W is., University of Wisconsin, 1967.
29 pp. (Reprint from Wisconsin Law Review, Summer
1967.)

Ending o f Casual S y stem o f W orkin g in the D ocks. (In

Arbitration, N ot N L R B In terven tion . By Bernard Samoff.

Ministry of Labor Gazette, London, September 1967,
pp. 709-711. 5s., H.M. Stationary Office, London.)

(In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, October 1967, pp.
602-631. $1.35.)

Equal E m ploym en t Opportunity. Hearings before the Sub­

The L abor Court Idea. By R. W . Fleming. (In Michigan

Law Review, Ann Arbor, Mich., June 1967, pp. 15511568. $2.)


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

pp. 875-898.)

committee on Employment, Manpower, and Poverty
of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, U.S.
Senate, 90th Congress, 1st. session. Washington, 1967.
202 pp.

80

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968

N eg ro -W ln te Occupational D ifferen ces in the A bsen ce of
D iscrim ination. By ¡Stanley Lieberson and Glenn V.

Fuguitt. (In American Journal of ¡Sociology, Univer­
sity of Chicago, Chicago, September 1967, pp. 188-200.
$2, University of Chicago Press-)

Weinberg. Montreal, Canada, McGill University, 1967.
107 pp. $3.
U tility : C om petition or R egulation? By
Manley R. Irwin. (In Yale Law Journal, New Haven,
Conn., June 1967, pp. 1299-1320. $2.50.)

T h e Com puter

Labor Organizations
Coping W ith R esistance to Change. By Arnold S. Judson.
M em b er A ttitu d es mid Union S urvival in a R ig h t-to-W o rk
State. By Robert G. Graham and Milton Valentine.
(In Personnel Journal, Swarthmore, Pa., October
1967, pp. 585-588, 595. 75 cents.)
o f Public E m p loyees. By Hoyt Gemlin.
Washington, Editorial Research Reports, 1967. 18 pp.
(1967, Vol. II, No. 17.) $2.

Organisation

Personnel Management
V a r ie ty : A

Public P erson nel Approach. By Chester A.

N e w la n d .

P u b lic

(In

P e rso n n e l

R e v ie w ,

C h ic a g o ,

October 1967, pp. 231-236. $2.)

in the Canadian Public S ervice. By E. P. Benson. (In

Review,

Chicago,

Social Security
N ew International In stru m en ts on Inva lid ity, O ld-Age,
and Survivors Pensions. (In Social Security Bulletin,

U.S. Department o f Health, Education, and Welfare,
Social Security Administration, Washington, October
1967, pp. 16-25. 25 cents, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.)
20 Years o f S u rvivor Insurance B enefits Under the R a il­
road R etirem en t A ct. (In Monthly Review, U.S. Rail­

R ecen t Changes in the Approach to P erson n el M anagem ent

Public Personnel
216-221. $2.)

(In Automation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 1967, pp.
54-60. $1.)

October

road Retirement Board, Chicago, September 1967, pp.
2-5, 13.)

1967,
U nem ploym ent In su ra n ce: A L ook at the Pa st and F uture.

P erson nel M anagem ent and the Com puter, Princeton, N.J.,

Princeton University, Industrial Relations Section,
November 1967. 4 pp. (Selected References 138.)
40 cents.

By Arthur J. Altmeyer. (In Unemployment Insurance
Review, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employ­
ment Security, Washington, October 1967, pp. 1-8. 30
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
A B u sin essm en ’s C ritique on Public W elfa re. By Barbara

By
Edward C. Webster and others. Montreal, Canada,
McGill University, Industrial Relations Center, 1967.
124 pp., bibliography. $3,75, paperbound.

D ecision

M aking

in

the

E m p loym en t

In terview .

R ecruiting Technical Personnel. By William A. Douglass.

Automation, Cleveland, Ohio, November 1967,
pp. 64-69. $1.)

Flower. (In Conference Board Record, National Indus­
trial Conference Board, Inc., New York, November
1967, pp. 13-19.)

Urban Affairs

(In

N otes on In sta n t Urban R e n ew a l: In com e Supplem ents —
A N ew Approach to the Slum H ousing Problem . By

Prices and Consumption Economics
P rice F orm a tion in Various E c o n o m ies: Proceedings o f a
C onference

H eld

by

the

International

Roger Montgomery. (In Trans-Action, Washington
University, St. Louis, Mo., September 1967, pp. 1U12.
75 cents.)

E con om ic

Association. Edited by D. C. Hague, New York, St.

Martin’s Press, 1967. 281 pp. $8.50.

T he Urban C risis: A n A n a lysis; A n A n sw er. (In American

Federationist, A F L -G IO , Washington, October 1967,
pp. 1-5.)

T h e Im p a ct o f F a rm P rices on W h olesa le and R eta il P rice
L evels. By Gene L. Swackhamer. ( I n Monthly Review,
Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Kansas City,
Mo., September-October 1967, pp. 9-16.)
W h a t’s A h ea d fo r C onsum er S e rv ic es? By Fabian Linden.
(I n Conference Board Record, National Industrial
Conference Board, Inc., New York, November 1967,
pp. 32-35.)

Productivity and Technological Change

Econom ic Evalua tion o f Urban R e n ew a l: Conceptual F o u n ­
dation o f B en efit-C ost A na lysis. By Jerome Rothen­

berg. Washington, Brookings Institution, 1967. 277
pp., bibliography. (Studies of Government Finance.)
$6.75.
E conom ic and Social D isp arities B e tw e en Central Cities
and Their Surburbs. By Marjorie Cahn Brazer. (In
Land Economies, Madison, W is., August 1967, pp. 2 9 4 302. $2.50.)

Hum an Values and Technological C hange: Seven teen th

Sick Cities— A nd the Search fo r a Cure. (In Trans-Action,

Annual C on feren ce o f the Indu strial Relations C enter

Washington University, St. Louis, Mo., October 1967,
pp. 34—41, et seq. 75 cents.)

o f M cG ill U n iversity, M a y 1 6 -1 7 ,1 9 6 7 . Edited by Paul


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

81

BOOK R E V IE W S AND NOTES

T he E xp erim en ta l City. By Athelstan Spilhaus. (In Dae­

dalus, American Academy of Arts and
Boston, Fall 1967, pp. 1129-1141. $1.75.)

Sciences,

Wages and Hours

Incom e, E m ploym en t, and E conom ic Grow th. By Wallace

C. Peterson. New York, W . W . Norton & Co., Inc., 1967.
507 pp. Revised edition. $7.95.
M acroeconom ics — P roblem s, Concepts, and S elf-T ests. By

A rea W a g e S u r v e y : T he M anchester, N .H ., M etropolitan

Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1967.18 pp. (Bulle­
tin 1575-1.) 20 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington. Other recent bulletins in this series in­
clude the metropolitan areas of Little Rock-North
Little Rock, A r k .; Boise City, Id ah o; Oklahoma City,
O kla.; Green Bay, W i s .; Raleigh, N .C .; Chattanooga,
T en n .-G a .; Tam pa-St. Petersburg, F la .; Scranton,
Pa. (Bulletins 1575-2 through 1575-9.) Various pages
and prices.
Area, J u ly 1967.

C om pensation E xpen d itu res and P a yroll H o u r s : M oto r
Pa ssen ger Transportation In du stries, 196 J). Washing­

ton, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1967. 57 pp. (Bulletin 1561.) 40 cents, Su­
perintendent of Documents, Washington.

Harold R. Wiliams. New York, W . W . Norton & Co.,
Inc., 1967. 301 pp. (Designed to accompany Income,
Employment, and Economic Growth by Wallace C.
Peterson. )
F ull E m p loym en t W ith o u t Inflation. By Michael E. Levy.
(In Conference Board Record, National Industrial
Conference Board, Inc., New York, November 1967,
pp. 36-41.)
D em ocrats, Dinners and D ollars. By Ronald Floyd Stin­

nett. Ames, Iowa State University Press, 1967. 310
pp. $5.95.
International

M anagem ent

In form a tion

S y s te m s :

Ap­

proaches to D esign and Im plém entation. New York,

American Management Association, 1967. 40 pp.
(Management Bulletin 103.) $4.50; $3 to AM A
members.

W a g e C h ron ology: T he B oein g Co. ( W ash in gton P la n ts),

T he A d m in istra tor’s J o b : Issu es and D ilem m as. By R. K.

1 936-67. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bu­

Ready. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1967. 139
pp. $5.95.

reau of Labor Statistics, 1967. 21 pp. (Bulletin 1565.)
25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

A nnotated
F a cu lty

Salary Schedules in Public Com m unity-Junior

B ibliography

of

B ibliographies

on

Selected

G overnm ent Publications and Supplem entary Guides

Colleges, 1 9 6 5 -6 6 : A P ilot S tu d y o f 2 -Y ea r In stitu ­

to

tions. Washington, National Education Association,

S ystem . By Alexander C. Body. Kalamazoo, Western

1967. 45 pp. (Research Report 1967-R9.) $1.

Michigan University, 1967. 181 pp. $2.50, Edwards
Brothers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan.

fo r a Guaranteed Annual W age. By V. E.
Lunardi. (In Factory, New York, November 1967, pp.
82-85. $1.)

the Superintendent

o f D ocum ents

Classification

The Push

T he Coordination and Integra tion o f G overnm ent S ta tisti­

( In American Federationist, A F L -C IO , Washington,
November 1967, pp. 19-22.)

cal Program s. Report of the Subcommittee on Eco­
nomic Statistics of the Joint Economic Committee,
U.S. Congress. Washington, 1967. 10 pp. (Joint Eco­
nomic Print, 90th Cong., 1st. sess.) 10 cents, Superin­
tendent of Documents, Washington.

W orkin g Conditions in Canadian In d u stry, 1966. Ottawa,

L atin Am erica, 1967. A Symposium. (In Current History,

Canada Department of Labor, Economics and Re­
search Branch, 1967. 211 pp. (Report 10.) In English
and French. $1, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa.

Philadelphia, Pa., November 1967. pp. 257-302, 306309. 95 cents. )

The G row th o f L on g er Vacations. B y Rudolph Oswald.

A m e rica : W ill the Com m on M a rk et W o r k ? By
Mildred Adams. (In Think, Armonk, N.Y., September-October 1967, pp. 18-24.)

Latin

Miscellaneous
The

Changing Am erican E con om y. Edited by John R.
Coleman. New York, Basic Books, Inc., 1967. 275 pp.
$5.95.

T h e Finances o f Sta te and L oca l G overnm ents. By Don­

Harvard Business Review, Boston, September-October 1967, pp. 2-4, et seq. $2.)

ald A. King and Martin Lefkowitz. (In Survey of
Current Business, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Office of Business Economics, Washington, October
1967, pp. 20-32. 45 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.)

T he N ew Econ om ics o f R esou rces. By Nathaniel Wollman.

Queensland Y ea r B ook, 1966. By S. E. Solomon. Brisbane,

Entering the N ew E c o n o m y • By Dean S. Emmer.

(In

Daedalus, American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, Boston, Fall 1967, pp. 1099-1114. $1.75.)
(In


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Commonwealth Bureau of Census and
Queensland Office, [19671. 509 pp.

Statistics,

Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
A.----- Labor Force and Employment
A.—
83
83
84
84
85
85

86
90
94
95
96

A -l.
A -2 .
A -3 .
A -4 .
A -5 .
A -6 .
A -7 .
A -8 .
A -9 .
A - 10.
A -ll.
A -1 2 .
A -1 3 .

Summary employment and unemployment estimates, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
Seasonally adjusted rates of unemployment
Rates of unemployment, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
Employed persons, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
Unemployed persons, by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted
Full- and part-time status of the civilian labor force, not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, by color, sex, and age, seasonally adjusted1
Total employment and unemployment rates, by occupation, seasonally adjusted1
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups, seasonally adjusted
Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally adjusted
Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations

B.—
97

B -l.

c
C..—— Earnings and Hours
100
113

C -l.
C -2 .

113
114

C -3 .
C -4 .

115
117

C -5 .
C -6 .

Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagri­
cultural payrolls in current and 1957-59 dollars
Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries
Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by major industry
group
Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities

D .—
. — Consumer and Wholesale Prices
118

D -l.

119

D -2 .

120
121
123
124

D -3 .
D -4 .
D -5 .
D -6 .

Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers, all items,
groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
Consumer Price Index-— U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers, selected groups,
subgroups, and special groups of items, seasonally adjusted
Consumer Price Index— U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical workers
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product

E .—
125

E -l.

1 Tables A -7 and A-8 appear quarterly in the February, May, August, and November issues of the Review.
N ote : W ith the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are. described in B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys
and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458, 1966).

82


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A.— LABOR FORCE AND EM PLO YM EN T

83

A.— Labor Force and Employment
T able A - l .

Summary employment and unemployment estimates, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
1967

1966

Annual

Employment status, age, and sex
Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

1966

81, 576
78,106
75, 083
3, 829
71,254
3,023

81, 460
77,997
74, 630
3, 707
70,923
3, 367

81,259
77,803
74, 625
3,676
70,949
3,178

81,160
77, 701
74, 718
3,992
70,726
2,983

80,954
77,505
74,489
3,856
70,633
3,016

80, 681
77, 237
74,147
3,727
70,420
3,090

79,645
76,189
73,289
3,652
69, 637
2,900

80,189
76,740
73,910
3,890
70,020
2,830

79,959
76,523
73, 747
3,855
69,892
2,776

80,443
77,025
74,137
3,890
70, 247
2,888

80,473
77,087
74,255
4,015
70,240
2,832

80,154
76,764
73,893
4,011
69,882
2,871

79,934
76, 612
73,897
3,892
70,005
2,715

79,360
76,081
73,199
3,779
69,420
2,882

78,893
75,770
72,895
3,979
68,915
2,875

77,178
74,455
71,088
4,361
66,726
3,366

48,336
45, 563
44, 480
2,808
41, 672
1,083

48,280
45, 513
44, 375
2, 791
41, 584
1,138

48,238
45, 476
44, 435
2,806
41, 629
1,041

48, 365
45, 559
44, 479
2,835
41,644
1,080

48,273
45,433
44,338
2,791
41,547
1,095

48,196
45,314
44,156
2,726
41,430
1,158

47,920
45,021
43,922
2, 753
431,169
1,099

48,033
45,140
44,092
2,870
41,222
1,048

47,921
45,047
44,010
2,795
41, 215
1,037

48,605
45,222
44,236
2,875
41,361
986

48,591
45, 239
44, 227
2,861
41,366
1,012

47,842
44,987
43,898
2,884
41,014
1,089

47,604
44,797
43,711
2,807
40,904
1,086

47,493
44,723
43,654
2,800
40,854
1,069

47,437
44, 787
43,667
2,894
40,773
1,119

47,115
44,857
43,422
3,174
40,246
1,435

Civilian labor force____________
26,134 26, 092 26,051 25, 557 25,516 25,177 24,730 25,023 24,862 25,071 25,221 25,139 25,145 24,884 24,427
Em ployed_______________________ 25, 093 24, 827 24, 781 24, 558 24,421 24,094 23,773 24,002 23,834 24,057 24,128 24,167 24, 278 23,891 23, 507
Agriculture____________________
512
624
634
567
705
581
537
625
628
636
702
729
663
593
675
Nonagricultural industries____ 24, 459 24, 260 24, 269 23,853 23,797 23, 513 23,236 23,377 23,206 23,421 23,426 23,438 23,615 23,298 22,832
Unem ployed____________________ 1,041 1,265 1,270
999 1,095 1,083
957 1,021 1,028 1,014 1,093
972
867
993
919

23,687
22,630
748
21,882
1,056

1965

T otal
T otal labor force__________
Civilian labor force________
Em ployed_______________
Agriculture______________
Nonagricultural industries____
Unem ployed_____________ .
M e n , 20 Y ears

and

O ver

Total labor force__________________
Civilian labor force___________ . .
Em ployed_______________________
Agriculture________________
Nonagricultural industries____
U nem ployed___________________
Wom en , 20 Y ears

and

O ver

B oth Se x e s , 16-19 Y ears
Civilian labor force________________
E m ployed_______________________
Agriculture____________________
Nonagricultural industries____
Unem ployed____________________

6,409
5,510
387
5,123
899

6,392
5, 428
349
5, 079
964

T able A -2 .

6,276
5, 409
358
5,051
867

6,585
5,681
452
5,229
904

6,556
5,730
441
5,289
826

6.746
5,897
420
5,477
849

6,438
5,594
362
5,232
844

6, 577
5,816
395
5,421
761

6,614
5,903
432
5,471
711

6,732
5,844
379
5,465
888

6,627
5,900
452
5,448
727

6,638
5,828
398
5,430
810

6,670
5,908
422
5,486
762

6,474
5,654
386
5,268
820

6,557
5,721
410
5,310
836

5,910
5,036
439
4,598
874

Seasonally adjusted rates of unemployment
Annual
average

1966

1967
Selected unemployment rates
Nov.
Total (all civilian workers)...............
Men, 20 years and over__________
Women, 20 years and over_______
Both sexes, 16-19 years__________
White workers___________________
Nonwhite workers______________
Married m en______________________
Full-time workers_________________
Blue-collar workers_______________
Experienced wage and salary
workers_________________________
Labor force time lo s t 1_____________

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

1966

3.9
2.4
4.0
14.0
3.4
7.3
1.7
3.6
4.4

4.3
2.5
4.8
15. 1
3.8
8.8
1.9
3.9
4.9

4.1
2.3
4.9
13.8
3.6
7.9
1.8
3.8
4.6

3.8
2.4
3.9
13.7
3. 5
6.9
2.0
3.6
4.4

3.9
2.4
4.3
12.6
3.5
7.2
1.8
3.6
4.7

4.0
2.6
4.3
12.6
3.5
7.8
2.0
3.9
4.7

3.8
2.4
3.9
13.1
3.3
7.8
1.9
3.5
4.6

3.7
2.3
4.1
11.6
3.3
7.3
1.9
3.3
4.6

3.6
2.3
4.1
10.7
3.1
7.4
1.7
3.1
4.2

3.7
2.2
4.0
13.2
3.3
7.1
1.6
3.0
4.1

3.7
2.2
4.3
11.0
3.3
6.6
1.7
3.1
4.2

3.7
2.4
3.9
12.2
3.3
7.6
1.7
3.3
4.3

3.5
2.4
3.4
11.4
3.1
6.9
1.7
3.4
4.3

3.8
2.4
4.0
12.7
3.4
7.4
1.9
3.4
4.1

3.8
2.5
3.8
12.7
3.3
7.3
1.9
3.4
4.3

4.5
3.2
4.5
14.8
4.1
8.1
2.4
3.5
5.3

3.6
4.1

4.1
4.7

4.0
4.6

3.6
4. 3

3.7
4.3

3.8
4.5

3.6
3.8

3.4
4.0

3.4
4.1

3.4
4.0

3.5
4.1

3.5
4.1

3.4
3.8

3.5
4.1

3.5
4.2

4.3
5.0

1 Man-hours lost b y the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force man-hours.

Beginning in the March issue, the 1965 and 1966 statistics on the labor force were revised to
take account of the lower age limit change from 14 to 16 years of age. The 1967 data reflect all
the definitional changes which became effective in January 1967. (See the February 1967 E m ­
p lo y m e n t and Earnings and M on th ly Report on the Labor Force, Vol. 13, No. 8.) Although
these data are not strictly comparable with those published prior to January 1967, they may be
treated by most users as continuing the previous series.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1965

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1968

84
T able A-3.

Rates of unemployment, by age and sex seasonally adjusted
1966

1967

Annual
average

Ago and sex
Nov.

Oet.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

1966

1965

T otal
16 years and over__________________

3.9

4.3

4.1

3.8

3.9

4.0

3.8

3.7

3.6

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.5

3.8

3.8

4.5

10 to19 years____________________
16 and 17 years________________
18 and 19 years________________
20 to24 years_________ ■__________
25 years and over-----------------------25 to54 years__________________
55 years and over______________

14.0
16.2
12.0
5.6
2.6
2.6
2.4

15.1
16.5
13.9
6.5
2.9
3.0
2.5

13.8
15.6
12.6

6.6

12.6
14.4
11.4
6.2
2.6
2.7
2.3

12.6
14.0
13.1
5.8
2.8
2.9
2.3

13.1
13.7
12.8
5.2
2.6
2.7
2.7

11.6
14.8
10.9
5.1
2.6
2.7
2.5

10.7
12.0
9.8
5.4
2.6
2.6
2.5

13.2
16.4
11.0
5.2
2.5
2.6
2.2

11.0
13.1
9.5
5.6
2.6
2.6
2.9

12.2
13.8
10.8
5.6
2.6
2.5
2.5

11.4
12.9
10.6
5.0
2.5
2.5
2.4

12.7
14.7
11.4
5. 4
2. 6
2.7
2.5

12.7
14.8
11.3
5.3

2.7
2.8
2.3

13.7
15.3
12.7
5.5
2.5
2.6
2.5

14.8
16. 5
13.5
6.7
3.2
3.2
3.2

3.3
14.5
16.1
12.0
5.4
2.0
1.8
2.6

3.4
15.0
17.3
12.9
5.3
2.1
2.0
2.5

3.0
12.4
13.2
11.4
4.9
1.9
1.9
2.0

3.1
12.4
15.3
10.2
5.0
2.0
2.0
2.4

3.1
11.6
14.5
9.2
5.0
2.1
2.0
2.3

3.3
12.3
14.2
10.3
5.1
2.2
2.1
2.5

3.2
12.9
14.5
11.8
4.9
2.1
2.0
2.8

3.0
11.8
16.8
10.8
4.0
2.1
2.0
2.6

2.9
10.1
11.3
9.0
4.2
2.1
2.0
2.4

3.0
12.6
14.8
10.3
3.6
2.0
1.9
2.2

2.9
11.1
13.9
8.8
4.2
2.0
1.8
2.8

3.2
12.2
13.8
10.8
5.3
2.1
2.0
2.3

3.0
10.5
11.5
9.7
4.9
2.2
2 .1
2.4

3.1
11.7
14.1
9.9
4.3
2 .1
2 .1
2.1

4.9
13.4
16.3
12.0
5.9
3.6
4.1

5.8
15.1
15.3
15.1
8.0
4.3
5.0

5.9
15.6
19.3
13.8
8.8
4.1
4.5
2.9

5.1
15.4
15.4
15.4

5.3
13.8
14.3
13.8
7.6
3.7
4.1
2.2

5.2
13.0
13.8
12.4
6.8
3.9
4.5
1.7

4.8
13.4
12.4
13.8
5.5
3.4
4.0
2.6

4.9
11.3
12.0
11.0

4.9
11.6
13.1
10.7
6.9
3.6
3.9
2.8

5.1
13.9
18.7
11.7
7.3
3.5
3.7
2.1

5.0
10.8
11.9
10.2
7.4
3.8
4.0
3.3

4.7
12.2
13.7
10.7
6.1
3.5
3.6
3.0

4.4
12.6
14.9
11.5
5.2

5.0
13.9
15.7
13.0
6.9
3.5

2.6
2.6
2.6

M ale
16 years and over__________________
16 to 19 y e a r s ___________________
16 and 17 years________________
18 and 19 years________________
20 to24 years____________________
25 years and over________________
55 years and over______________

3.2

11.7
13.7
10.2
4. 6
2.2
2.1
2.7

4.0
14.1
16.1
12. 4
6.3
2.8
2. 7
3. 3

F emale
16 to 19 years____________ _______
18 and 19 years_____________

55 years and over________________

2.1

T able A-4

2.6

6.1

3.5
3.7
2.7

6.6

3.6
3.9
2.4

3.1
3.4
2.3

3.8
3.1

4.8

14.1
16. 6
12. 6
6.3
3.3
3. 6
2.4

5.5
15. 7
17. 2
14.8
7. 3
4. 0
4, 3
2.8

Employed persons, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1966

1967

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

1966

1965

73,747
5,903
2,478
3,465
8,348
59, 516
46,391
13,224

74,137
5,844
2,399
3,465
8,355
60,000
46, 616
13,450

74,255
5,900
2,389
3,516
8,228
60,125
46,742
13, 468

73,893
5,828
2, 427
3,487
8,126
59,886
46, 541
13,405

73,987
5,908
2,362
3,537
8,062
59,925
46,399
13, 544

73,199
5, 654
2,233
3,386
7,977
59,593
4tj, 146
13,332

72,895
5, 721
2,269
3, 452
7,963
59,212
45,944
13,268

71, 088
5, 036
2 , 074
2, 962
7, 702
58, 351
45, 31S
13, 033

47, 548 47,425 47, 479 47, 712 47,555 47,448 47,050 47,273 47,358 47,475 47, 533 47,116 47,011 46,824 46,919
3,068 3,050 3, 044 3,233 3,217 3,292 3,128 3,176 3,348 3,239 3,306 3,218 3,300 3,170 3, 2 5 2
1,439 1,400 1,409 1,436 1,399 1,403 1,324 1,351 1,512 1,444 1,453 1,463 1,451 1,369 1,380
1,644 1,639 1,653 1,786 1,810 1,856 1,766 1,825 1,854 1,852 1,867 1,802 1,858 1,790 1,862
4,792 4, 806 4,849 4, 891 4,856 4,881 4, 750 4,771 4, 762 4,812 4, 721 4,588 4,594 4, 586 4, 599
39,669 39, 588 39; 589 39,566 39,468 29,266 39,177 39,306 39,276 39,474 39,493 39,259 39,098 39, 085 39, 069
30, 765 30, 637 30, 648 30, 638 30, 584 30, 425 30,402 30, 558 30, 645 30, 697 30, 776 30, 519 30,331 30,313 30,378
55 years and over______________ 8,941 8,915 8,898 8,889 8,860 8,870 8,738 8, 717 8,670 8,777 8, 758 8, 767 8,805 8,741 8, 691

46, 340
2, 918
1, 284
1, 634
4, 583
38, 839
30,240
8, 599

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

74, 630
5, 428
2,288
3,106
8,514
60, 718
46,876
13,712

74, 625
5; 409
2,246
3,148
8, 522
60, 724
46, 768
13, 698

74, 718
5,681
2,341
3,331
8, 612
60, 393
46, 709
13, 632

74, 489
5, 730
2,322
3,402
8,604
60,128
46, 471
13,563

74,147
5, 897
2,363
3,491
8, 571
59, 678
46, 062
13, 627

May

Apr.

T otal
75,083
5, 510
2,316
3,192
8,699
60,872
47,106
55 vears and over______________ 13,782

73,289 73,910
5, 594 4,816
2,201 2,346
3,358 3,470
8,420 8,418
59, 300 59,650
46,044 46, 295
13,244 13,360

M ale

F emale
27,535 27, 205 27,146 27,006 26,934 26, 699 26,239 26, 637 26,389 26,662 26,722 26, 777
2,442 2,378 2,365 2, 448 2,513 2, 605 2,466 2,640 2, 555 2,605 2, 594 ■2, 610
964
936
955
995
966
877
960
923
905
837
888
877
1,548 1,467 1,495 1,545 1,592 1,635 1,592 1,645 1,611 1,643 1,649 1,685
3,907 3, 708 3,673 3, 721 3, 748 3,690 3,670 3,647 3,586 3, 543 3, 507 3,538
21,203 21,130 21,135 20,827 20, 660 20,412 20,123 20,344 20,240 20,526 20, 632 20, 627
16,341 16, 239 16,120 16, 071 15,887 15, 638 15, 642 15, 737 15,746 15,919 159, 66 16, 022
55 years and over______________ 4,841 4, 797 4.800 4, 743 4,703 4,757 4, 506 4,643 4,554 4, 673 4,710 4, 638


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

26,887 26,375 25,976
2, 608 2,484 2,469
879
864
911
1,679 1, 596 1,590
3, 68 8 3,391 3, 3b4
20,827 20,508 20,143
16, 068 15,833 15, 566
4, 739 4, 591 4, 577

24, 748
790
1,328
3, 119
19,512

A.— LABO R FORCE AN D EM PLO YM EN T

T

able

A-5.

85

Unemployed persons, by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
1967

1966

Annual
average

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks __ _____ __ . .
5 to 14 weeks. _ __ _______________
15 weeks and over _ _
. . . ____
15 to 26 w eek s.. . _________ ____
27 weeks and over_____ __ . . .
15 weeks and over as a percent of
civilian labor force______________

T

able

A-6.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

1966

1965

1,586
918
487
310
177

1,847
1,153
489
313
176

1,889
945
437
278
159

1, 660
945
441
231
210

1,805
876
435
265
170

1,649
919
444
298
146

1,371
877
414
271
143

1,468
900
436
251
185

1,408
986
560
354
206

1,678
771
439
249
190

1,542
787
485
282
203

1,562
760
496
269
227

1,397
789
484
287
197

1,493
900
517
293
224

1,535
804
536
245
241

1,628
983
755
404
351

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.5

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.7

.7

1.0

Full- and part-time status of the civilian labor force, not seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
1967

1966

Full- and part-time
employment status
N ovember

October

September

August

July

June

May

April

March

February

December

Annual
average
1966

1965

F ull T ime
C ivilian labor force______
E m p loy ed :
F u ll-tim e schedules L
Part tim e for
econ om ic reasons—
U n em p loy ed , looking
for full-tim e w o r k ____
U n em p loy m en t rate.........

67,170

67,309

67,950

71,134

71,058

70,195

65,538

65,640

65,425

65,445

66, 205

66,943

66,145

63,063

63, 267

63,747

66, 264

65,909

64,688

61,978

61,447

60,916

60,793

62, 285

62,734

61,144

2,072

1,934

2,117

2,486

2,499

2,507

1,573

2,079

2,209

2,283

1,875

1,894

2,209

2,034
3.0

2,108
3.1

2,086
3.1

2,384
3.4

2,650
3.7

3, 000
4.3

1,987
3.0

2,114
3.2

2,300
3.5

2,369
3.6

2,045
3.1

2,315
3.5

2,792
4.2

10,943

10,823

9,576

7,978

8,413

8,825

10,557

10,471

10,088

10,246

10,047

8,830

8,310

10,083

9,980
843

8,767
809

7, 421

7,813

8,197

10,086

9,920

9,433

9,432

9,439

8,279

7,735

557
7.0

600
7.1

628
7.1

471
4.5

551
5.3

655
6.5

814
7.9

608
6.1

560
6.2

575
6.9

P art T ime
C iv ilia n labor force______
E m p lo y e d (volu n ta ry
part t im e )____________
U n em p loy ed , lookin g
for part-tim e w o r k ___
U n em p loy m en t ra te_____

860
7.9

7.8

8.4

1 Employed persons with a job but not at work are distributed proportionately among the full- and part-time employed categories.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JANUARY 1968

86
T able A -9 .

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]

Annual
average

1966

1967
Industry
N ov .2
Total employees__

601
_ _ ___

. ____

_ .

Crude petroleum and natural gas fieldsNonmetallic minerals, except fuels______

Contract construction__

3,336

General building contractors.

_

_

Highway and street construction_____
Plumbing, heating, air conditioning

Manufacturing
Durable goods . .
Nondurable goods

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

1965

67, 267 66,903 66, 672 66, 408 66,129 66, 514 65,594 65, 215 64,843 64,491 64,531 66, 087 65,559 63,982 60,832

. . . . _ ____________

Minings __
Iron ores.-

Oct.

....
__ ____ _
_________ _ _ ___

600
64.9
27.5
10.9
143.6
136.7
266.0
147.5
118.5
125.4
43.7
41.8

609
66.7
28.2
11.2
143.9
137.1
270.8
151.2
119.6
127.3
44.3
42.6

620
70.2
28.4
13.8
142.7
135.8
278.2
154.4
123.8
128.5
44.6
43.2

636
90.4
28.5
33.0
140.0
133.2
277.5
154.5
123.0
127.6
44.1
42.7

633
90. 6
28.8
33. 0
142.4
135.4
273.6
152.4
121.2
126.0
43.2
42. 2

618
88.3
27.9
32. 2
140. 2
133.2
267.9
148.6
119.3
121.8
43. 0
39.1

614
87.4
27.1
32.2
139.0
131.8
269.1
148.8
120.3
118.4
41.3
37.3

607
87.7
27.2
32.3
140.2
132.9
266.1
148.7
117. 4
112.5
38.4
34.5

606
86.9
26.9
32.1
141.4
133.8
267.3
148.5
118.8
110.1
37.2
33.5

611
85.9
26.1
31.9
141.5
134.1
272.1
148.6
123.5
111.6
37.7
34.2

622
86.3
26.6
31.6
142.0
134.6
275.8
148.7
127.1
117.9
40.9
37.0

624
86.4
26.8
31.8
141.5
134.1
274.3
149.4
124.9
122.1
42.2
39.7

625
86.5
26.3
31.7
137.7
129.9
279.8
152.4
127.4
120.8
41.6
39.1

632
83.8
25.9
30.0
141.4
131.8
287.1
156.6
130.5
119.6
41.0
40.0

3,461 3,513 3,594 3,548 3,407 3,227 3,106 2,922 2,863 2,947 S, 146 3,328 3,292 3,186
1,081.4 1,091.3 1,119.4 1,095. 9 1, 057.1 1, 005.9 979.1 942.4 931.3 962.9 1, 028. 0 1,066.6 1, 047.3 994.0
747.6 774.1 ' 793.5 782.8 744.9 677.5 614.9 538.2 518.9 530.9 593.3 696.2 673.9 648.5
380.0 403.5 414.3 405.3 380.2 335.6 286.4 224.8 211.7 216.2 262.4 339.4 326.8 324.4
367.6 370.6 379.2 377.5 364.7 341.9 328. 5 313. 4 307.2 314.7 330.9 356.8 347.1 324.1
1, 631.9 1, 647.8 1,681.5 1, 668.8 1, 605. 0 1, 543. 7 1,511.8 1, 441. 0 1,413.1 1, 452. 7 1, 525. 0 1, 565.1 1, 570. 9 1, 543. 4
384.3 384.6 387.7 383.2 372.0 358.4 358.0 357.7 360.6 366.7 371.3 376.6 373.1 366.2
143.2 148.7 155.5 152. 0 144.5 136.5 127.3 115.6 109.7 111.6 128.5 138.8 141.0 143.1
272.6 272.9 275.0 273.3 265.3 254.9 252.9 248.5 248.5 251.9 255.9 257.1 250.4 233.7
227.1 231.0 241.9 241.6 233.4 227.1 218.5 207.9 196.2 200.0 213.1 221.2 235.0 238.8
121.4 122.7 125.8 122.4 118.0 112.6 110.8 102.9
98.8 106.2 113.5 117.5 112.2 110.2

19,540 19,383 19,443 19,435 19,156 19,382 19,133 19,181 19,263 19,297 19,333 19,534 19,625 19,186 18,062
11, 404 11,217 11, 249 11, 266 11,213 11,383 11,282 11,298 11,359 11,389 11,413 11,516 11, 549 11,256 10,406
8,136 8,166 8,194 8,169 7,943 7,999 7,851 7,883 7,904 7,908 7,920 8, 018 8,076 7,930 7,656

D u ra b le goods

Ordnance and accessories _____________
Ammunition, except for small arms. ..
Sighting and fire control equipment. .
Other ordnance and accessories______ .
Lumber and wood products____________
Logging camps <fc logging contractors. _
Sawmills and planing mills
Millwork, plywood, & related products.
W ooden containers____
Miscellaneous wood products_________
Furniture and fixtures
.. .
. . . . .
Household furniture
..
. . . .. .
Office furniture _

300.5
227.1

Other furniture and fixtures. ______ _
Stone, clay, and glass products. .
Flat glass
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown
Cement, hydraulic______ ______ _
Structural clay products__ _

49.3
637.4

56.6
594.3
84.1
232.5
163.2
34.7
79.8
461.4
326.9

125.5
36.7
64.7

300.0
226.6
17.1
56.3
599.1
86.0
233.4
165.7
34.8
79.2
460.9
324.3
37.2
48.1
51.3
634.8
28.2
123.7
36.6
65.2
41.7

299.0
225.2
16.8
57.0
603.2
87.8
234.3
166.9
34.8
79.4
456.8
318.9
37.2
48.9
51.8
639.8
27.7
123.6
37.6
65.8
41.9

296.1
222.9
16.4
56.8
611.8
89.0
236.8
170.4
35.6
80.0
456.2
318.6
37.0
49.8
50.8
646.9
30.1
123.5
38.0
67.6
41.8

291.0
219.4
16.0
55.6
610.1
91.4
237.5
166.9
36.5
77.8
442.5
307.5
35.8
48.8
50.4
643.9
30.3
123.3
36.9
67.7
41.1

288.7
215.9
15.7
57.1
613.5
91.9
239.1
166.9
37.1
78.5
451.6
313.9
35.8
48.8
53.1
641.9
29. 7
124.5
37.7
68.3
41.7

285.1
213.1
15.5
56.5
584.8
78.0
233.4
160.4
36.3
76.7
448.3
313.2
36.4
47.3
51.4
628.4
30.4
122.0
36.7
66.6
41.4

285.8
214.1
15.3
56.4
579.6
74.0
231, 6
159.7
35.8
78.5
451.0
316.7
36.6
47.6
50.1
624.5
30.9
122.2
36.5
65.4
42.0

285.3
213.2
15.0
57.1
577.6
74.0
231.4
157.3
35.9
79.0
455.8
319.8
37.2
47.5
51.3
617.7
32.3
122.1
35.4
64.1
42.3

283.2
211.5
14.6
57.1
576.8
76.4
230.8
154.9
35.9
78.8
459.4
323.3
37.4
47.4
51.3
612.6
31.8
121.6
34.9
63.0
42.5

279.2
207.9
14.3
57.0
577.1
77.0
230.4
155.2
36.1
78.4
462.4
324.8
37.5
48.1
52.0
616.5
32.5
122.3
35.4
63.1
42.2

272.7
201.9
14.2
56.6
584.3
78.0
232.1
159.2
35.6
79.4
471.6
332.6
37.4
48.3
53.3
629.4
32.7
123.4
36.5
66.0
42.7

271.6
202.5
14.0
55.1
598.4
83.4
236.7
162.7
35.2
80.4
474.2
335.4
37.0
48.4
53.4
642.6
32.7
124.7
38.1
67.8
43.7

256.0
192.6
13.4
50.0
612.6
81.3
244.9
171.3
35.5
79.6
461.7
328.1
34.8
47.2
51.6
644.6
32.7
122.6
38.0
70.3
43.3

225.8
173.0
12.2
40.7
606.9
84.2
249.4
164.7
34.4
74.2
430.7
309.2
30.2
43.5
47.8
628.3
32.3
115.4
38.0
69.7
43.4

Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod­
ucts_____ ________ __ .
_. ._ ..
179.7 181.6 184.2 186.0 185.4 181.2 175.5 171.8 165.2 162.1 164.1 170.2 176.1 178.9 177.8
Other stone & nonmetallic mineral
products _. ________________
_____
134.2 134.4 136.0 137.5 137.2 136.7 134.1 133.7 134.1 134.0 133.7 134.6 136.0 135.7 130.0
Primary metal industries_________ _
1, 267.2 1, 252.0 1, 266.3 1, 288.6 1,297. 0 1,319.9 1,310.2 1,314.1 1,330.9 1,338. 2 1,348.2 1,347.4 1,348.9 1,345.4 1,301.0
Blast furnace and basic steel products
622.4 617.8 623.9 632.7 635.3 634.6 628.5 630.1 636.0 635.6 639.6 640.1 645.4 651.3 657.3
Iron and steel foundries.
219.4 209.0 214.6 224.7 212.5 228.8 227.4 227.8 232.3 237.2 241.4 239.2 239.3 238.5 227. 0
73.9
79.2
78.1
80.0
Nonferrous metals
81.2
80.7
80.6
81.9
80.9
81.1
67.2
66.3
69.8
68.0
82.3
Nonferrous rolling and drawing _.
200.5 200.9 201.3 200.4 207.6 210.4 211.2 212.1 215.5 217.4 218.6 219.9 218.8 215.0 196.5
81.
5
90.5
92.0
93.3
89.4
91.5
93.0
Nonferrous foundries...
90.5
89.2
92.7
87.7
89.3
89.2
88.5
87.5
64.8
72.1
74.2
74.6
75.0
74.9
74.4
Miscellaneous primary metal products.
69.4
73.7
73.0
73.6
69.3
70.0
71.8
71.8
1,269.
0
1,349.1
1,384.
7
Fabricated metal p ro d u c ts _________ . . . 1, 350. 2 1,340.1 1, 342. 5 1, 356.3 1,340. 9 1,369.1 1,345. 6 1,346.7 1,350. 2 1,358.5 1,364. 6 1,379.5
Metal cans____ _ __ __
65.0
65.7
66.6
68,'7 68.2 68.1 66.5 66.0 64.9 63.7 62.9 63.5 63.7 64.8 61.0
155.1
161.3
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware _ . _ 161.0 160.1 161.5 156.9 153.6 159.2 156.2 157.1 158.4 162.0 163.4 165.2 165.4
80.2
79. 9
79.4
80.0
77.2
78.1
76.3
77.3
Plumbing and heating, except electric..
79.5
79.1
77.3
79.6
79.1
78.5
77.7
Fabricated structural metal products
400.7 402.1 403.8 406.8 406.9 407.7 396.8 395.9 391.3 393.0 394.4 400. 2 403.1 397.7 375.1
97.8
110.4 110.6 111.3 112.1 111.4 113.3 112. 7 113.6 115.2 115.3 115. C 114. 6 112.8 107.9
Screw machine products, bolts, etc . .
Metal stampings..
227.9 217.9 216.3 229.4 221.4 236.6 234.9 233.4 235.9 239.9 243.2 247.3 248.5 235.9 220.9
77.3
87.4
85.0
85.2
86.3
85.5
85.2
Metal services, nec
86.4
86.3
85. S 85.6
84.2
84.1
86.1
85.9
61.9
66.2
68.7
68.5
68.8
68.4
68.6
67.1
66.8
65.9
67.2
Misc. fabricated wire products
66.1
65.7
66.3
66.0
152.2 151. C 151. £ 152.4 151.8 152.9 151.1 152. C 152.7 153.3 153.9 154.2 155.1 150.2 139.9
Misc. fabricated metal products____ . .
Machinery, except electrical_____________ 1,959.8 1, 919. 0 1, 959. 6 1,969. 6 1,973.4 1,988.1 1,977. 6 1,988. 7 1,994.0 1,988.4 1,985. 8 1,975.8 1,948.2 1,911.1 1,735.3
91.1
99.1
98.4
92.5
Engines and turbines_________________
106.8 104.5 103.5 104. £ 103.4 104.5 103.1 104.3 105.1 104.6 104.9
Farm machinery______
139.6 140. £ 143.7 146.8 152.0 154.3 157.4 158.8 156.7 154.6 151.9 147.7 148.0 135.7
Construction and related m achinery.
269.0 244.9 274.0 274.3 276.7 278.1 275.8 277.9 279.3 279.3 280.6 282.4 280.9 277.8 256.2
Metal working machinery_____________
341. S 341. C 342.2 344.3 346.2 349.5 348.1 350.8 351.6 350.8 349.7 347.7 343.7 335.5 304.2
Special industry machinery___________
198.5 199. C 200.5 202.7 203.5 205.7 204.8 208.3 208.7 209.0 209.3 209.0 207.9 205.5 193.3
290.1 292.7 294.2 292.4 296.0 292.1 293.7 290.4 291.2 294.8 294.2 291.6 284.7 261.0
General industrial machinery_________
290.4
241.6 236. C 241.2 241.5 237.8 234.3 234.3 231.5 233.6 232.4 230.8 229.8 227.1 217.1 190.5
Office and computing machines. __ ___
Service industry machines____________
132.0 129.6 129.6 130.2 133.2 134.5 133.3 132.4 132.6 131.3 130.6 131.4 129.0 126.2 114.1
Miscellaneous machinery, except elec­
trical________ ____
237.0 234.3 235.0 233.8 233.4 233.5 231.8 232.4 233.9 233.1 230.5 231.0 227.8 217.3 189.3
See footn otes at en d o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

87

A .— LABOR FORCE AND EM PLOYM ENT

T able A-9.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1— Continued
[In thousands]
1966

1967

Annual
average

Industry
Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

1965

M anufacturin g— C on tin u ed
D u r a b l e g o o d *— C on tin u ed

Electrical equ ip m en t and su p p lie s_______ 1,930.2 1,918.4 1,897.3 1,907.5 1,871.5 1,868.1 1,885.0 1,902.9 1,933.4 1,954.7 1,962.0 1,974.2 1,977.8 1,896.4 1, 659.2
197.9 198.0 199.7 200.4 199.7 200.7 198.0 198.6 197.0 196.6 194.3 196.9 195.4 189.8 170.0
E lectric test & distribu tin g eq u ip m en t216.3 215.3 217.9 220.6 218.6 221.0 220.3 221.6 224.6 226.0 226.6 220.6 217.8 214.3 192.3
E lectrical industrial apparatu s_________
187.2 184.4 168.9 174.8 169.8 177.9 174.4 174.8 178.3 181.6 184.5 192.2 189.3 181.3 165.3
H ousehold appliances__________________
E lectric ligh ting and w iring eq u ip m e n t.
189.6 191.3 191.3 191.1 188.4 192.3 191.9 193.4 192.1 194.3 196.7 197.3 196.1 193.1 173.0
R a d io and T V receiving e q u ip m e n t___
156.1 157.1 154.2 148.6 138.2 117.9 134.8 138.5 154.1 162.7 170.2 174.9 178.8 159.8 133.4
C om m u n ication e q u ip m e n t____________
510.5 508.8 503.4 503.9 502.5 499.0 497.0 497.1 494.6 491.7 478.7 476.9 486.0 465.5 416.8
354.9 353.8 351.8 351.5 342.4 344.4 354.9 365.3 378.0 385.8 393.2 395.9 395.9 381.5 307.1
E lectronic com pon en ts and accessories.
109.7 110.1 116.6 111.9 114.9 113.7 113.6 114.7 116.0 117.8 119.5 118.5 111.3 101.4
Misc. electrical equ ip m en t & s u p p lie s ..
T ran sp ortation e q u ip m e n t_______________ 1,994. 4 1,885.4 1,882.2 1,834. 6 1,866. 4 1,952. 6 1,938.1 1,927.6 1,941.2 1,947.7 1,951.4 1,995.9 1,994.2 1,911.5 1,740. 6
759.4 759.3 717.2 749.9 829.8 826.9 813.3 837.2 845.4 854.7 887.9 894.2 859.2 842.7
M otor vehicles and eq u ip m e n t_________
A ircraft and p a rts ______ ________________
849.7 836.8 833.0 823.4 824.1 820.3 812.5 812.8 810.1 805.2 805.2 810.0 803.2 750.5 624.2
171.6 168.0 167.0 165.8 161.4 172.5 174.6 176.4 171.1 175.6 174.6 175.4 170.1 176.4 160.2
Ship and boat b u ild in g and repairing _ .
56.2
63.7
61.6
62.1
63.8
57.4
59.1
59.3
60.7
57.1
50.1
52.2
R ailroad e q u ip m e n t____________________
55.2
58.1
57.3
63.0
63.8
54.8
58.8
66.0
63.5
60.8
O ther transportation e q u ip m e n t_______
72.6
67.0
71.1
70.7
72.9
73.0
389.0
447.9
433.1
451.2
452.3
Instrum ents and related p rod u cts________
458.6 454.9 455.3 457.9 454.8 456.0 451.0 453.2 453.8 452.8
71.7
83.1
83.9
80.1
84.2
85.7
85.3
85.0
87.4
88.1
85.9
Engineering & scien tific in s tru m e n ts .. .
87.5
88.1
87. 2
99.4
M echanical m easuring & con trol d evices.
108.1 106.5 106.5 107.6 108.2 107.6 107.5 108.6 109.4 109.7 110.5 111.5 111.3 108.5
49.1
45.5
51.0
50.8
50.8
50.8
50.5
50.8
51.0
50.9
50.3
50.2
49.9
50.5
O ptical and op h th a lm ic g o o d s_________
50.2
30.5
32.3
31.6
32.1
32.1
32.0
32.0
31.9
O ph th alm ic g o o d s ____________________
31.2
31.3
31.6
31.7
31.2
31.1
56.4
63.9
61.6
64.3
64.4
65.2
64.0
65.4
65.2
65.5
M edical instrum ents and su pplies_____
65.9
65.6
64.8
66.0
65.8
84.1
96.8
P h otograp h ic e q u ip m en t and supplies _
103.6 103.7 105.3 104.1 102.9 101.0 101.6 101.6 ^ 101.6 101.2 101.9 101.2
31.9
37.4
37.0
39.9
40.5
41.3
41.3
40.9
40.9
W atches, clocks, and w atch ca ses_______
41. 5
42.0
40. 6
41.0
40.9
419.5
434.5
M iscellaneous m anufacturin g in d u s tr ie s ..
449.6 452.2 447.4 440.6 421.3 433.5 428.1 424.2 419.3 417.0 414.5 432.9 460.1
45.7
51.6
49.2
51.4
51.4
51.0
50.8
51.4
51.0
51.5
Jew elry, silverw are, and plated w a r e ...
51.8
51.5
47.6
52.5
50.8
98.2 111.6 133.5 117.9 116.7
T o y s and sporting good s__________ _____
132.5 128.7 124.5 116. 4 117.5 114.5 109.5 103.4 100.4
33.3
35.3
34.6
34.6
35.1
34.9
34.8
Pens, pencils, office and art su p p lies___
34.0
34.2
34.6
35.1
34.9
34.2
35.0
56.4
61.1
58.9
57.5
59.3
58.2
60.5
60.3
58.2
57.7
57.5
C ostum e jew elry and n otion s __________
60.4
55.7
57.4
O ther m anufacturin g industries________
172.3 173.4 172.7 170.7 167.0 171.3 170.0 170.8 172.1 172.6 173.4 175.5 178.6 174.0 167.4
27.2
24.7
28.0
27.3
24.6
25.4
26.4
26.8
27.5
28.0
M usical instrum ents and parts_______
25.7
25.7
24.4
25.7
N o n d u r a b le goods

F o o d and k in dred p ro d u cts ______________ 1,825.5 1,874.3 1,917.0 1,880.6 1,830.8 1,792.9 1, 731.8 1, 713.8 1, 713.0 1,708.3 1,725.4 1, 779.2 1,820.0 1,778.9 1, 756.7
M eat p r o d u c ts ________________________
337.8 334.4 334.5 337.6 334.3 329.3 321.4 318.0 321.4 322.3 325.1 333.4 335.1 323.8 318.4
D airy p r o d u c ts ___________ ______________
264.4 266.9 272.5 280.4 281.6 280.2 273.5 271.4 268.8 267.4 268.0 269.7 270.6 277.5 285.8
C anned, cured, and frozen fo o d s _______
336.7 387.9 335. 7 294.5 264.9 241.0 236.1 232.9 228.4 233.4 252.5 283.0 275.7 260.2
G rain m ill p r o d u c ts ____________________
127.9 130.5 130.5 133.0 132.9 132.1 128.2 126.5 127.2 126.4 126.7 127.0 125.6 127.8 126.9
B akery p rod u cts________________________
293.0 293.9 294.0 296.2 295. 7 295.0 288.9 286.4 287.7 286.7 285.8 287.4 288.0 284.4 287.4
36.2
35.6
43.9
50.1
28.4
32.4
Sugar____________________________ _______
39.0
42.4
31.0
29.8
27.5
29.1
29. 6
30.6
77.2
89.6
80.7
90.3
84.7
82.9
73.7
77.2
78.9
80.0
C on fectionery and related p ro d u cts____
87.3
75.1
74.6
74.3
79.6
221.5
229.3
230.9
B everages___ ______ __________ __________
236.0 238.2 238.6 244.0 245.3 242.7 232.1 230.3 225.9 223.0 223.9 228.4
149.2 146.6 145.1 144.5 144.4 143.0 142.3 143.3 142.8 142.8 143.5 146.6 147.1 144.1 143.2
M isc. foods and k in d red p r o d u c ts ______
86.8
83.9
92.6
92.0
96.4
77.3
88.6
T o b a c co m anufactures____________________
99.0 100.2
81.5
76.2
74.9
75.3
77.0
90.5
38.6
39.0
39.6
41. 2
39.7
39.6
C igarettes..... ....................................... ...........
40.7
41.2
41. 3
41.1
39.6
40.1
39.8
40.0
24.2
21.9
22.0
21.2
21.4
21.8
C igars________ _________ _________________
21.6
21.8
21.7
21.2
21. 6
21.8
21.8
21.8
T extile m ill p r o d u c ts _____________________
964.2 960.8 957.3 955.4 933.5 957.0 941.0 944.1 948.1 945.2 950.8 960.0 966.6 961.5 925.6
229.2
237.2
W eaving m ills, c o t to n ____________ _____ _
237.3 236.3 236.2 232.9 234.7 237.8 235.9 236.4 238.1 237.2 240.0 240.5 240.0
92.4
97.3
97.0
92.7
97.5
97.4
95.8
95.3
95.9
96.8
W eaving m ills, syn th etics______________
95.4
94.4
94.4
95.2
95.0
45.5
45.4
43.4
44.8
43.5
45.0
44.2
W eaving and finishing m ills, w o o l..........
44.3
44.5
45.9
44.5
44.9
44.9
44.8
44.6
29.4
31.4
30.0
32.4
32.6
31.7
31.6
32.1
32.3
N arrow fabric m ills _____________________
32.0
31.9
31.9
31.7
31.6
31.8
229.1
234.4
225.9
233.8
K n ittin g m ills ................................................
230.1 233.1 231.6 233.9
232.9 227.5 226.1 224.9 220.9 219.9 226.2
76.9
79.6
79.6
80.5
80.9
80.6
80.3
80.8
T extile finishing, except w o o l__________
81.6
80.3
81.0
81.7
77.3
79.9
80.0
41.4
44.9
43.5
43.2
44.9
F loor coverin g m ills . ________ __________
47.1
46.7
43.4
44.3
46.0
44.3
43.2
43.8
43.2
Y a rn and thread m ills__________________
115.9 114.2 113.0 112.9 111.0 113.9 112.3 112.6 113.5 114.3 115.8 116.4 116.3 115.9 109.2
72.6
71.6
77.2
78.0
77.6
77.9
77.2
77.3
77.2
M iscellaneous textile good s_____________
76.7
76.2
76.5
73.6
73.9
74.9
A pparel and other textile p ro d u cts _______ 1,403.9 1,401.3 1,398.0 1,405.5 1,338.9 1,395. 4 1,382.2 1,376. 2 1,396. 3 1,407.5 1,392. 4 1,405. 0 1,421.9 1,398.8 1,354.2
119.3
122.9
116.6
122.9
124.3
118.4 118.6 120.6 121.1
M e n ’s and b o y s ’ suits and c o a ts_______
123.9 123.1 121.1 122.8 122.9 123.3
M e n ’s an d b o y s ’ fu rn ish in g s___________
366.6 366.1 366.5 370.5 357.2 369.8 365.7 366.0 366.9 367.7 369.1 369.9 372.0 370.6 351.9
W o m e n ’ s and m isses’ outerw ear_______
432.6 432.4 426.7 430.1 409.2 424.6 423.0 421.0 431.6 436.6 423.7 422.7 427.6 423.5 417.1
W o m e n ’s and ch ildren ’ s undergar­
m en ts_________________________________
122.7 122.3 122.9 122.4 118.2 122.4 123.1 124.1 125.1 126.0 124.9 127.6 130.2 125.2 120.8
29.1
28.0
27.1
28.3
24.6
28.9
H ats, caps, and m illin ery ______________
24.1
25.9
22. 6
29.3
23.8
22. 6
27. 7
23.9
78.4
80.2
80.1
78.1
76.5
79.1
C h ildren ’ s outerw ear___________________
76.7
78.2
77.4
80.5
76.1
78.5
78.0
81.7
79.9
76.3
79.5
83.8
80.0
84.1
83.9
75.8
82.7
77. 5
Fu r goods and m iscellaneous apparel___
79.0
76. 6
77. 4
74.6
77. 0
M isc. fabricated textile p ro d u cts ______
180.2 177.0 176.3 174.6 160.7 170.2 168.2 166.4 167.4 167.0 167.6 174.1 178.2 169.0 161.4
Paper and allied p rod u cts________________
689.5 686.9 688.5 694.6 689.4 693.6 674.2 675.6 676.8 674.3 674.3 680.2 681.0 667.5 639.1
Paper and p u lp m ills___________________
220.2 219.4 222.1 224.5 223.5 223.9 215.6 216.9 216.2 215.8 215.3 216.6 216.4 215.2 211.9
68.1
71.8
72.9
73.6
74.2
73.5
75.0
74.0
P aperboard m ills_______________________
74.3
73.6
73.6
73.9
73.4
72.8
75.1
M isc. con verted paper p rod u cts_______
181.2 180.2 180.2 181.7 179.4 180.3 176.0 177.0 176.7 175.3 174.6 176.7 177.1 171.7 159. 6
P aperboard containers and bo xe s______
214.7 214.5 212.7 213.4 212.2 214.3 209.0 208.1 210.0 209.2 210.2 213.3 214.6 208.8 199.6
Printing and pu b lish in g__________________ 1,072.0 1,067.6 1,066.1 1,067.9 1,066.0 1, 067.3 1, 059.3 1, 060. 8 1,060.4 1, 052.9 1,047.3 1, 050. 6 1, 043. 6 1, 021. 8 979.4
N ew spap ers_______________________ _____
363.1 362.4 362. S 363.7 364.3 365.7 363.4 361.7 361.0 359.1 357.5 360.5 358.8 353.1 345. 4
69.7
71.7
72. S
73.3
76.2
75.5
73.5
75.4
74.1
73.7
P eriodica ls______________________________
75.8
74. 4
74.9
74.7
81.3
89.3
91.0
94.4
93.1
96.7
B ook s___________________________________
94.7
97.2
97.4
96.2
92.9
97.5
97.1
97. 0
309.3
322.8
330.0
331.8
335.9
331.5
334.4 335.3 332.5 334.7 335.8 331.8
C om m ercial p r in tin g ___________________
344.7 342.1 339.3
51. 2
54.9
56.2
56.3
56.2
55.8
59.0
58.4
B lan k book s and b o o k b in d in g _________
56.0
56.6
56.7
56.3
57.6
56.7
56.9
Other pu b lish in g & prin tin g indus­
tr ie s ..____ ___________________ _________
138.6 138.4 137.1 136.4 136.3 136.7 135.3 135.3 135.4 135.9 134.6 135.6 134.7 130.0 122.5

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UARY 1968

Table A-9.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1— Continued
[In thousands}

1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
N ov.2 Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

999.0
312.6
203.7
137.3
114.1
70.8
51.9
108.6
194.5
155.9
38.6
471.7
79.8
161. 5
230.4
342.3
29.7
223.3
89.3

993.6
311.9
202.3
135.6
113.0
70.2
55.2
105.4
192.3
154.0
38.3
478.7
79.3
164.5
234.9
351.7
30.7
228.1
92.9

985.3
307.7
200.1
134.2
110.7
68.4
61.2
103.0
187.4
150.9
36.5
469.1
77.5
162.3
229.3
345.6
30.1
226.1
89.4

988.6
308.5
201.8
133.3
110.7
68.0
64.4
101.9
185.9
150.4
35.5
517.0
109.2
177.6
130.2
346.1
30.1
226.1
89.9

980.1
307.7
199.4
132.2
111.1
67.8
61.0
100.9
182.8
149.0
33.8
518.4
109.6
178.3
230.5
351.4
30.4
229.6
91.4

36.0

37.9

35.9

36. 7

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

976.3
307.1
203.1
131. 6
109.8
67.4
57.1
100.2
183.0
149.4
33.6
521.4
109.2
181.7
230.5
357.8
30.7
234.7
92.4

973.9
306.5
205.3
131.7
110.2
66.9
54.5
98.8
182.5
149.1
33.4
526.8
109.4
185.2
232.2
357.5
31.0
235.4
91.1

972.5
305.6
206.6
130.5
112.3
67.0
52.8
97.7
184.2
149.7
34.5
531.4
110.0
185.2
236.2
362.3
31. 5
239.0
91.8

38.4

38.9

N ov.

1966

1965

971.4
305.0
206.6
129.9
113.0
67.3
52.3
97.3
185.8
149.8
36.0
529.7
109.7
183.0
237.0
363.9
31.1
238.4
94.4

957.9
301.5
205.4
126.9
109.7
67.6
54.7
92.1
186.0
149.6
36.4
509.8
107.2
178.7
223.9
363.5
31.7
240.6
91.2

907.8
290.1
193.7
118.1
105.6
66.3
53.2
80.8
182.9
148.1
34.8
470.8
101.8
171.6
197.5
352.9
31.6
234.5
86.8

40.7

Manufacturing—Continued
N o n d u r a b le g o od s—

Continued

Chemicals and allied products__________
Industrial chemicals______ __________
Plastics materials and synthetics....... __
1)rugs________________________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_______
Paints and allied products. __________
Agricultural chemicals ___________
Other chemical products_____________
Petroleum and coal products_________
Petroleum refining
...
Other petroleum and coal products____
Rubber and plastics products, nec______
Tires and inner tubes .
. . . . .
Other rubber products. . . .
. ...
Miscellaneous plastics products_______
Leather and leather products____ _
Leather tanning and finishing . . . . .
Footwear, except rubber______________
Other leather products . . .
_________
Handbags and personal leather
goods___________________________

997.5
306.6
207.8
138.0
115.8
68.4
53.6
107.3
192.0
154.7
37.3
537.8
109.5
183.0
245.3
354.4
31.0
228.1

996.3
307.8
205.4
137.1
116.9
68.8
53.3
107.0
193.2
154.7
38.5
534.0
109.6
181.7
242.7
351.2
30.6
225.7

95.3

94.9
39.2

_____
Transportation and public utilities.
Railroad transportation. . . .
Class I railroads 3. _ _____________ ____
Local and interurban passenger transit...
Local and suburban transportation
Taxicabs.
. _
Intercity highway transportation_____
Trucking and warehousing_____________
Public warehousing.. ______
Transportation b y air _ . _
.. ___
Air transportation___________
Pipe line transportation___
_ . _
Other transportation and services .
Communication.
Telephone com m unication___ _ _

4,306

Telegraph com m u n ica tio n _____________
R a dio and television broadcasting.
E lectric, gas, and sanitary services
E lectric com panies and' system s_____ .
Gas com panies and s y ste m s..
C om b in a tion com panies and system s .
W ater, steam , A sanitary system s

995.9 1, 003. 5
307.6 312.0
205.5 205.4
137.2 138.0
117.3 117.1
71.0
69.3
51.9
52.5
106.5 108.1
195.2
194.2
155.4 156.2
39.0
38.8
531.1 522.1
106.
5
109.4
181.4 177.2
238.4
240.3
349.6 354.0
30.5
30.6
225.4 230.1
93.4
93.6
38.4
38.3

32.8
119.0
639.2
262.0
152.5
180.1
44.6

33.3
119.9
648.5
265.6
154.5
182.9
45.5

14,036 13,801
W holesale t r a d e ___
3,632 3,605
M o to r vehicles, & a u tom otiv e equipm ent
269.4
D rugs, chem icals, and allied p ro d u cts.
217.1
D ry goods and apparel_____ _’________ _
154.1
G roceries and related p r o d u c t s ._ _ _ _
531.0
E lectrical goods .
285.1
H ardw are, p lu m bin g, & heating equipm en t. ___ . .
157.3
M ach in ery, equ ipm en t, and s u p p lie s..
677.6
M iscellaneous w holesalers____ . _
1, 209.1
Retail trade_____ . . . __
10,404 10,196
2, 058.9
D epartm en t stores. .
1,306.9
M ail order houses___ ____
' 129.9
V a riety stores
_
339.3
F o o d stores
1, 605. 0
G rocery, m eat, and vegetable stores.
1, 420. 7
A pparel and accessory stores._ _ _
.
' 690.2
M e n ’s & b o y s ’ clothing & fu rn ish in gs..
114.2
W o m e n ’s ready-to-w ear stores
251.8
F a m ily clothing stores
113.7
Shoe stores____________ . . .
137.7
Furniture and hom e furnishings stores
432.8
Furniture and hom e furnishings
278.2
E ating and drinking p la c e s .. .
..
2,184.9
Other retail tra d e______
3, 224.5
B u ilding materials and farm e qu ip m en t.
540.6
A u tom otive dealers & service stations .
1, 527.3
M otor vehicle dealers
745.5
Other autom otiv e
A
accessory
dealers . . .
206.2
G asoline service station s.
575.6
1,156.6
D ru g stores and proprietory s t o r e s ...
441.0
F arm and garden su p p ly stores
99.4
Fuel and ice dealers.’. ’. _________
107.9

13,689
3, 586

Wholesale and retail trade

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

37.8

39.1

38.6

36.3

4,174 4,191
695. 3 693. 4
603. 6 602. 0
275.4 276.8
80. 7
82.2
111. 0 111. 7
42.5
41.8
959.6 1, 000.1
80.5
83.9
285.2 281.1
257. 5 253.9
18.1
18.1
352.6 335.8
959. 4 958.1
802.2 800.7

4,175
695. 7
603. 6
276.2
82.1
111. 7
41. 5
994.1
86.3
276.4
250.0
18.1
334.2
953.9
796.9

4,183 4,222 4,229 4,151
699. 4 714.9 713. 0 718. 5
608. 0 619.1 620.6 624.9
276.6 275.6 272.8 268.7
82.1
82. 0
82.2
81.9
111.7 110.8 108. 6 108.7
42.1
42.2
41.9
41.8
998.9 1, 030. 4 1, 045. 0 1, 007. 5
91.3
94.9
84.5
87. 0
272.9 268.1 264.9 246. 9
246. 6 241.9 238.9 221.9
18.8
18.2
18.3
18. 4
341.2 341.3 343.1 335.1
950.1 947.4 946.5 927.0
793.6 790.8 790.5 773.4

4,036
735.3
640.1
268.8
82.5
109.5
41.8
963.5
82.0
229.0
205.9
19.5
315.4
880.8

34.0
115.7
629.4
257. 6
150. 6
177.4
43. 8

33.7
114.2
628.0
257.8
150.1
176.9
43. 2

33. 5
114. 7
627.2
257.4
150.1
176.8
42. 9

33.6
114.3
625.9
257.1
149.8
176.5
42. 5

33.3
114.2
625.7
257.1
149. 8
176.3
42. 5

13, 675 13,503
3,562 3,503

13,412
3,499

13,332
3,486

13,218
3,479

13,334
3,491

265. 2

4,285 4,317 4,330 4,335 4,304 4,250
680.6 690.2 702. 4 706 5 706.9 697. 2
590.7 600.1 612.7 616.5 616.6 606. 7
275.9 275.9 255.6 256.4 269.1 277.3
82.7
81.0
81.9
81.2
82.2
82.2
110.5 109.5 108.3 108.1 108.5 110.1
45.1
44.5
43.2
45.1
44.2
43.2
1, 052.9 1, 059.3 1, 055. 4 1,061.8 1,041.5 1, 022.8
89.9
89.6
93.8
88.3
84.3
86.0
302.8 300.6 300.8 297.2 293.3 289.0
272.4 270.7 270.7 268.0 264.4 260. 6
19.3
18.9
18.2
19.3
19.1
18. 2
350.1 352.1 357.6 352.9 356.4 353.6
964.9 971.3 983.2 984.0 973. 3 962. 5
803.2 808.3 821.1 821.9 812. 5 803.4

269.3
215.8
152.5
518.2
284.9

33.9
118.5
655.9
266.0
158.2
185.1
46. 6

34.1
118.4
656. 5
269.3
158.0
183.1
46.1

13, 622 13,629
3, 608 3,587
274 7
216 5
153. 7
520. 5
289.3

34.1
117.2
644.2
263.8
155.4
179.7
45.3

158.1
679.5

10,103 10, 014 10,042
1,991.6
1, 257. 5
' 119.8
331.9
1, 582.0 1 562 3 1 568 5
1, 399.6
1’ 38Q 1
' 680.1 ’ 655 0 ’ 656 8
112.3
0 111 4
245.7
238 7 23Q 8
112.4
109 1
6
139.0
130 2 129 5
431.9
429
4
428. 8
277.1
276 3 275 5
2,191.7 2 198 4 2,205 5
3, 225. 6 3 231.8 3 238 3
' 543.3 ’ 553. 3 554.6
1, 539. 4 1 542.1 1,548 2
' 748. 7 748. 3 750 8

111

110

102.8

12,716
3,312

33.0

112.2

147. 7
506. 0
285.1

265. 4
211. 7
147. 9
503. 0
285 4

264. 5
211. 4
149. 0
501.5
283. 5

264.9
209. 9
147.3
499.7
281. 8

263.
210.
147.
505.
279.

4
4
0
7
2

146.3
522.7
280.1

264.1
212.5
147.0
520.2
277.9

261.1
206.9
142.8
511.6
272.0

255.3
198.0
139.4
510.7
256.0

157. 5

155. 6

155. 2

155. 2

154 5

154 8

155.7

155.9

154. 5

150.1

1,958. 2
L 246.8
112. 5
320. 5
1,576.0
1,392.9
' 682.3
114.9
246. 2
114. 5
135. 6
431.1
275. 2
, 226. 8
3, 238.4
549.5
1,533.3
' 747. 0

1,942. 0
i , 229. 6
112. 7
323. 0
1,581.4
1,397.2
’ 675.8
111. 4
247.7

1, 922.1
1, 219. 2
113. 7
320. 7
1, 577.1
l ’ 397. 0
' 667. 7

1,924.1
1, 217. 5
115.3
323.8
1, 576. 7
139 5.1
’ 682. 7
.8
245.3
112.9
140. 0
427. 5
273.3
2, 097. 7
3 137.2
513.4
1 486.7
739. 6

1,886.9
L 197. 7
' 118.8
310.2
1,576.9
1,395.7
' 650.4
110.9
235.1
.8
125.9
427. 5
272. 9
2, 064. 7
3 132.4
509.2
1,481. 0
739. 7

1, 984. 2
1, 266.3
' 130. 7
319.8
1,571.0
1, 395. 9
’ 676.8
118.1
244.1
116.8
129.3
426.9
273.4
2, 045. 8
3| 138. 0
' 511. 8
1,487. 8
’ 741. 7

2, 532.1
1,648.7
' 155. 8
407.9
1, 599. 2
1,415.4
807.4
143.0
291.9
144.6
148.7
442.4
284.3
2, 085. 7
3, 247.3
' 529. 2
1, 500.9
744. 5

2,154. 4
1,378. 5
' 147. 4
346.0
1, 570. 0
1,394. 0
' 694. 9
114.7
256.1
115.9
134.1
432.5
278. 6
2, 092. 0
3,147.4
' 529. 8
1,489.0
742.2

1,968.8
1, 250. 6
' 124. 9
319.9
1,538.3
1,365.2
665.5

1,873.4
1,173.0
119.5
312.7
1,468.6
1,296.1
640.2
104.9
237.7
104.4
123.9
409.6
265.0
1,987.9
3, 023. 7
539.3
1, 424. 2
723.0

211.8

264.1

212.2

666.8 657. 6 653. 6 641. 0 639.9 643.7 641.5 637.4 623.8 579.4
1, 208.1 1,188. 5 1,188. 2 1,188. 7 1,183. 0 1,182. 2 1,196.4 1,189. 7 1,165. 0 1,122. 3
9,404
10,113 10,000 9,913
9,846 ' 9, 739 ' 9, 843 10, 714 10, 091 9,773

2

110.8 111
244.8
112.1 110. 6

134.1
132.8
425. 6 427.1
272.1
272. 3
2,183. 4 2,150. 4
3 191.8 3 168.3
529.6
524.8
1, 510. 0 1, 504. 3
740.1
740 5

110

201

211

207.3
210. 7
6
583.4
583. 1 585.8
1T135
5
1,142.9 1 136. 4
437.1
431.7
431. 6
96.2
95. 2
95. 8
104.7
102.9

14,248 13, 603 13,211
3, 534 3, 512 3,438

33.4
113.8
625.0
256.5
150.6
176.4
41. 5

271.9
213. 5
149.9
520.5
288. 4

274.1
215. 4
151. 9
516.3
290 6

1, 208. 2

628.2
256.7
152.2
177.4
41. 9

735.2
31.8
106.9
623.4
253.0
153.6
176.5
40.4

33.6
114.1
625.9
256.5
150.7
176.5
42.2

1

111.2

246.6
109.6
129.3
421.8
272.0
2, 063. 8
3,115.3
539.9
1, 470. 0
737.8

179.3
. 2 193.3
206.3
192. 6 195.4
208. 5 204.9
201. 7 195. 7
521.9
538.9
545.6
550.1
565. 0 562.1
551.4
548. 7 550.7
577.8
1,
060.
3
1,105.4
1,128.
6
1
138.4
1,
217.
2
155 6 1 152 2 1 139 2 1 137 1 1 142. 2
401. 0
440.3
437.4
437.2 ’ 436. 7 ' 440. 5 442.5 ' 463.9 ' 430. 2 420.1
95.0
95.7
93.6
94.3
94.
7
99. 4
. 0 105. 2 100. 9
97. 2
108.5
109.0
112.5
116.5
115.8
104.8
104.5
107.6
113.5
115.9

102

A.— LABO R FORCE AND EM PLOYM ENT

T able A-9.

89

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1— Continued
[In thousands]
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
N ov.2 Oct .2

Finance, insurance, andreal estate_____

3,270

Banking________________________________ _____
Credit agencies other than banks__________ ____
Savings and loan associations_________________
Personal credit institutions___________________
Security, com m odity brokers, & services________
Insurance carriers________________________ _____
Life insurance________________________________
Accident and health insurance________ _______
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance. _ _ --------Insurance agents, brokers, and service---- ----------Real e s ta te ....__________________________ _______
Operative builders____________________ ______
Other finance, insurance, & real e s t a t e ...----------

3,265
870.7
346.4
100.9
185.3
162.0
962.9
506.3
75.3
341.4
253.6
587.8
42.2
81.7

Sept.
3, 274
872.1
347.3
100.2
187.1
160.0
965.1
507.9
75.3
342.0
253.1
593.8
42.2
82.1

Aug.
3,274
882.0
348.4
100.7
187.5
160.6
971.8
510.0
76.2
345.4
255.8
603.3
43.3
83.1

July

June

M ay

Apr.

3,289
877.6
349.5
101.2
187.9
158.0
962.3
503.4
75.6
343.4
254.4
605.0
42.0
81.9

3,253
865.6
345.9
98.9
187.5
153.1
952.6
500.9
74.0
338.7
252.0
601.4
41.1
82.1

3,202
851.1
341.6
97.0
185.6
149.2
943.0
497.5
72.3
334.9
247.0
588.5
38.8
81.6

3,181
848.0
340.4
96.7
184.9
147.9
939.2
496.3
71.8
333. 0
246.2
578.2
37.3
81.5

Mar.
3,157
846.3
339.3
95.8
185.2
146.3
936.1
494.4
71.3
332.4
245.1
562.6
35.6
81.3

Feb.

Jan.

3,133
843.6
337.0
94.9
184.2
143.8
931.4
491.8
69.7
331.6
244.2
552.8
33.6
80.2

3,114
838.2
336.0
95.8
182.6
141.8
923.2
489.5
67.1
328.1
241.1
552.6
33.4
80.6

Services__________________________________ 10,209 10,229 10,212 10,262 10,265 10,196 10,057 9,963 9,817 9,725
Hotels and other lodging places_________
668.7 685.3 718.5 817.4 817. 3 733.5 687.8 671.9 647. 0 635.9
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels_____
623.5 643.5 681.7 683.3 656.2 621.6 611.0 590.8 580.5
Personal services________________________ 1, 032.4 1, 032.3 1, 028.3 1, 026.1 1,030. 5 1,030.5 1, 022.1 1, 020. 7 1,016.2 1, 010. 5
Laundries and drycleaning plants_____
554.2 554.8 557.0 563.6 564.0 556.5 556.0 552.8 548.9
Miscellaneous business services_________
1,351.7 1,351.1 1, 352.1 1,340. 3 1,331.6 1,306. 4 1,300.3 1,284.1 1,271.8
Advertising___________________________
112.2 112.6 112.8 113.5 113.1 112.9 112.5 112.9 112.1
Credit reporting and collection________
71.2
70.3
70.6
71.0
70.9
70.1
69.6
69.1
68.5
M otion pictures________________________
185.4 194.5 203.9 202.9 196.8 190.5 183.4 173.9 178.2
M otion picture filming & distributing.
53.1
53.2
56.8
55.4
53.5
49.3
47.3
47.3
52.8
132.3 141.3 147.1 147.5 143.3 141.2 136.1 126.6 125.4
M otion picture theaters and services...
Medical and other health services_______ 2, 506.1 2, 497.2 2, 485.4 2,485. 6 2,476. 4 2,453. 5 2,400. 5 2,383. 5 2,367.1 2,343. 3
Hospitals______ ____ _________________
1, 575.5 1, 566.4 1, 572.3 1,569. 5 1,549.7 1,525.3 1,516.1 1, 506.6 1,493.3
Legal services___________________________
204.8 204.2 209.0 208.1 203.8 195.1 195.0 194.7 194.2
Educational services____________________ 1,135. 4 1,125.4 1, 028.2 914.0 928.6 1, 000. 4 1, 068.5 1, 066.1 1, 065. 4 1, 057. 0
357.8 340.4 295.2 296.6 335.3 346.9 346.4 345.8 345.1
Elementary and secondary schools____
685.5 611.0 546.0 557.6 588.7 644.9 642.9 643.4 636.1
Colleges and universities______________
514.8 518.7 526.5 523.3 515.8 498.7 500.6 501.4 500.7
Miscellaneous services__________________
278.3 279.6 286.0 284.7 282.7 272.8 270.5 269.8 268.0
Engineering and architectural services.
74.2
75.2
Nonprofit research agencies___________
75.0
75.4
73.4
73.5
74.6
73.6
73.7
Government_____________________________
Federal G o v e rn m e n t4___________________
E x ecu tiv e________________________________
D epartm en t of D efen se________________
P ost Office D ep a rtm en t_______________
Other a g en cies ________ ________________
L egislative_______________________________
Ju d icial___________________________________
State and local g o v e r n m e n t 5_____ ______
State govern m en t________________________
State edu cation ________________________
Other State govern m en t______________
L ocal govern m en t_______________________
Local ed u ca tion ________________________
Other local g overn m en t_______________

3,125
838.3
336.2
94.6
183.4
142.6
923.2
490.2
66.1
327.9
243.6
559.8
34.5
80.9

N ov.
3,116
835.4
334.4
94.2
182.3
142.2
917.9
487.6
65.0
326.2
242.0
563.1
35.6
81.0

1966

1965

3,102
823.1
335.0
96.3
180.0
140.7
909.8
486.6
60.1
322.2
239.2
573.2
41.0
80.8

3,023
792.0
326.9
97.1
171.8
129.0
893.4
481.2
54.2
315.8
232.8
568.9
45.8
79.6

9,643 9,693 9,695 9,545 9,087
625.3 629.7 641.4 684.6 659.1
570.1 572.5 583.1 610.1 584.2
1, 010.1 1, 016.9 1, 022.7 1, 012.9 985.4
550.5 555.7 559.5 559.1 548.4
1, 268. 6 1,271.6 1,260.7 1,220. 2 1,109.1
111.5 111.5 111.8 111.9 112.5
69.4
69.4
68.4
68.3
65.7
180.3 187.8 189.7 190.2 185.1
55.2
59.5
54.0
48.5
58.7
125.1 128.3 131.0 136.2 136.6
2,312.1 2, 290. 2 2,278.1 2,206. 5 2, 079.5
1,475.5 1,465.1 1,460.6 1,418.5 1,356.5
193.5 196.2 195.1 190.3 181.5
1,046.9 1,048. 7 1, 049. 5 968.1 924.6
344.5 346.7 346.6 325.9 315.6
626.1 625.8 626.5 570.8 544.3
496.2 491.6 490.2 488.5 449.0
266.5 266.8 265.7 264.9 242.4
68.2
73.5
73.4
73.6
73.7

11,971 11,879 11,615 11,240 11,271 11,664 11,604 11,584 11,554 11,474 11,366 11,497 11,339 10,871 10,091
2,721 2, 707 2, 707 2,784 2,798 2, 766 2,690 2, 683 2, 669 2,652 2, 643 2,769 2,641 2,564 2,378
2, 673.5 2, 673.0 2, 749.3 2,763. 4 2, 731. 8 2,657. 2 2, 650. 3 2, 635.7 2, 619. 7 2, 609. 3 2,736.4 2, 608. 2 2, 531.9 2,346. 7
1,104. 6 1,104.7 1,135. 5 1,144.1 1,135.3 1,103. 0 1,100. 4 1, 098.1 1,092.7 1,084.3 1, 076.3 1, 071. 7 1, 023. 6 938. 5
702.7 701.4 715.2 713.7 714.4 697.8 696.9 693.1 689.4 697.2 837.8 706.3 680.9 614.2
866.2 866.9 898.6 905.6 882.1 856.4 853.0 844.5 837.6 827.8 822.3 830.2 827.3 793.9
25. 4
27.5
26.4
26.0
26.4
26.0
27.6
28.1
26.9
26.7
26.5
27.0
28.5
28.5
6.4
6.3
6.2
6.2
6.0
5.9
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.2
6.1
6.3
6.3
9, 250 9,172 8,908 8,456 8,473 8,898 8,914 8,901 8,885 8,822 8,723 8,728 8,698 8,307 7,714
2, 397.3 2, 293.7 2,255. 7 2,265. 0 2,347. 5 2,342. 0 2,340. 8 2,333.4 2,313.4 2,289.8 2,282. 0 2,279.8 2,161. 9 1,995.9
957.4 820.3 751.8 767.7 877.2 920.0 922.5 918.8 905.8 891.2 891.2 893.0 782.6 679.1
1, 439.9 1, 473. 4 1, 503.9 1,497.3 1,470.3 1,422. 0 1,418.3 1,414.6 1,407. 6 1,398. 6 1,390.8 1,386.8 1,379.3 1,316.8
6, 774.9 6, 613.9 6,200. 5 6,208. 2 6, 550. 2 6, 572. 4 6,560. 0 6,551.1 6, 508.1 6,433.0 6,445. 7 6,418. 6 6,145. 0 5,717.6
3, 910.1 3, 697. 6 3,196.9 3, 208. 3 3, 627. 0 3, 762. 2 3,771.4 3, 775.1 3, 747. 8 3, 693. 7 3,704.5 3, 686. 9 3,419.1 3,119.9
2, 864.8 2,916.3 3, 003. 6 2,999. 9 2,923. 2 2,810.2 2,788. 6 2, 776. 0 2,760.3 2,739.3 2, 741. 2 2,731.7 2, 726. 0 2, 597. 7

1Beginning with the October 1967 issue, figures differ from those previously
published. The industry series have been adjusted to March 1966 bench­
marks (comprehensive counts of employment). For comparable back data,
see Employment and Earnings Statistics for the United States, 1909-67 (BLS
Bulletin 1312—5). Statistics from April 1966 forward are subject to further
revision when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all fulland part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked
during, or received pay for any part of the pay period which includes the 12th
of the month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are
excluded.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Dec.

2 Preliminary.
3 Beginning January 1965, data relate to railroads with operating revenues
of $5,000,000 or more.
4 Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for
the last day of the month.
5 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
Source : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared b y the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is pre­
pared b y the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission.

90

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UARY 1968

T able A -10 .

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
N ov.2
Total p riva te.. . ___ ____

___

_________

Mining.
Metal mining___________________________

___

Crude petroleum and natural gas fields

Contract construction
Heavy construction, nec______

2,835

______

Painting, paperhanging, decorating___
Roofing and sheet metal w o r k _____ ..

Manufacturing__
Durable goods__________ _______ . . .
Nondurable goods____ _____ ________

Sept.

Aug.

45,913 45, 640 45,696 45, 785
458

Copper ores. . ___ _ ________ _____
Coalm ining . .
___________ ____
Bituminous coal and lignite m ining___

Oct.

458
49.9
22.9
5.5
124.6
118.5
179.5
79.2
100.3
104.0
37.1

464
51.4
23.5
5.6
124.9
118.8
182.0
81.5
100.5
105.3
37.6

473
54.5
23.8
7.9
123.9
117.9
188.4
83.6
104.8
106.5
37.9

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

1965

45.4 45, 545 44,782 44,440 44,136 43,895 44, 079 45,517 45,167 44, 234 42, 309
490
74.6
23 8
26.9
121 6
115.5
188 6
84.4
104 2
105 3
37.3

488
74.9
24. 2
27.0
123. 5
117.3
185 4
83.4
102. 0
104 2
36. 6

2,956 3,005 3,081 3,033 2,893
932.4 940.6 968.7 945 9 907 3
656.2 680.6 698.4 686 6 647 3
343.2 365.0 375.5 366.1 340 5
313.0 315.6 322.9 320.5 306.8
1, 367.2 1,383.9 1, 413.8 1,400 4 1 338 8 1
311.9 313.4 314.5 310. 5 ’ 298 7
128.0 133.7 140.4 136.9 129.4
219.6 220.2 221.7 219. 4 211 5
205.5 208.4 219.5 218.3 211 1
99.2 100.3 103.3 100.0
95.9

476
73.1
23 3
26.5
121.8
115.6
180 5
80.2
100 3
100 3
36 5

472
72.4
22. 6
26.6
120. 6
114.3
181 8
80.5
101 3
96 8
34 9

465
72.5
22 6
26.6
121 8
115.4

465
72.2
22 6
26. 5
123 2
116.5

471
71.1
91 8
26.3
123 b
116.9

482
71.6
99 3
26.1
193 7
117. 1

25! 6

26.1

24.7

116.8

112! 7

115.2

80.4

80.4

80.6

8l! 3

81.5

84.5

88.4

32 0

30 7

2,724
859 4
583 4
296 9
286.5
281 0 1

2,603
832 4
522 9
249 1
273.8
248 1

2,425
796 2
447 3
188 6
258.7

2,369
784 8

2,451
817 5

2,648
881 4

2,828

2,799

2,710

176 3
252A

25 9!7

926 4
276! 0

299! 9

291 ! 1

270.9

121.6
202 8

112.3

101. 0

95.0

96! 5

Ï13.1

123.4

125! 5

128! 4

90.8

89.0

!0

77! 9

84! 6

!4

95.9

90.9

89.6

82

484
71.6

485
71.8

494
69.8

34 3

92

14,394 14,242 14,290 14,261 13,996 14,249 14,059 14,104 14,200 14,252 14,304 14,513 14,619 14,273 13,434
8,341 8,157 8,182 8,193 8,141 8,332 8,261 8,271 8,340 8,380 8,417 8,528 8, 572 8,349 7,715
6,053 6,085 6,108 6,068 5,855 5,917 5,798 5,833 5,860 5, 872 5,887 5,985 6, 047 5,925 5,719

Durable goods

Ordnance and accessories
____ ___ .
96.1
155.3 156.2 155.1 153.1 149.1 148.0 145.6 145.6 145.6 144.4 141.2 137.5 134.9 121.8
Ammunition, except for small arms___
98.4
98.5
98.0
96.9
94.1
90.6
89.3
80.9
64.0
109.3 109.2 107.3 105.7 102.5 100.6
Sighting and fire control equipment___
6.7
6.7
6. 6
6.4
6.2
6. 0
6. 0
6. 0
5. 6
4.9
7.4
7.3
7.0
Other ordnance and accessories____ . __
40.5
40.7
41.1
40. 5
41.2
41.3
39.6
35.3
27.2
39.6
40.5
40.4
40.9
39.8
39.8
Lumber and wood products____________
516.6 520.7 524.8 533.2 531.0 534.2 507.4 502.5 501.5 500.3 501.2 508.3 521.8 535.0 532.4
Sawmills and planing m ills__
. . . . 211.5 212.6 213.1 215.6 216.5 217.7 212.2 209.9 209.9 209.2 209.1 210.9 215.5 223.4 228.0
Millwork, plywood, & related products . . . _ _ _ _____
136.7 138.8 139.9 143.3 139.6 140.0 134.2 133.4 131.4 128.8 129.2 132.6 135.8 143.9 138.8
Wooden containers..
32.6
31.2
33.3
32.1
32.3
32.3
32.4
31.9
31.0
30.9
32.0
32.1
31.6
31.0
32.8
Miscellaneous wood products_________
67.2
66.1
64.6
66.9
67.5
67.3
68.2
63.5
67.3
66.8
67.5
67.0
67.9
68.9
65. 4
Furniture and fixtures__________________
380.4 379.8 376.2 374.6 361.8 371.3 369.0 370.5 375.4 378.9 381.4 391.1 394.1 382.6 357.4
Household furniture________
__ ___
276.5 274.3 269.7 268.6 257.9 264.7 264.5 267.4 270.9 274.2 275.5 283.3 286.3 280.3 264.6
Office furniture_______________________
29.1
28.4
29.1
28.8
27 8
27. 7
28. 6
29. 0
29.2
29.3
29.3
29. 2
27. 2
23. 6
Partitions and fixtures..
35.8
36.3
37.1
3fi 4
36.7
35.3
35. 5
35. 5
35. 4
35. 0
32.4
36.1
36. 4
36. 3
Other furniture and fixtures___________
40.6
38.9
40.1
42.2
40.8
41.1
39.0
40.0
40.1
40.5
42.1
42.3
40.1
36.8
39.7
Stone, clay, and glass products
510.5 505.8 509.8 516.5 513.8 512.4 499.0 495.3 489.6 483.8 489.1 502.6 515.1 517.5 504.6
Flat glass.. . . .
20.9
20.4
22.8
22.8
23 4
23 9
25 2
24 7
25 5
25 9
25 9
25 9
26 1
Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n.
109.7 107.9 107.5 107.5 107.1 107.9 105.8 105.9 105.8 105.4 106.1 107.1 108.5 107.0 100,7
Cement, hydraulic.. . . _____
_
28. C
29.4
28.2
28.9
29.1
28.1
28.0
26.9
25.9
29.3
29.2
29.4
26.7
27.7
28.3
Structural clay products__
54.2
56.2
53.4
54.6
55.2
56.9
54.2
52.6
51.3
55.0
59.4
59.0
51.8
56.7
56.5
Pottery and related products . . .
35.2
35.1
35.3
35. 2
34 6
35.1
36.9
35.6
35.5
36.2
36.8
35.7
37.1
34.4
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products_______________
138.4 140.2 142.6 144.3 143.8 140.1 134.3 130.9 125.2 122.4 124.4 129.9 135.5 137.8 137.2
Other stone & nonmetallic mineral
products.. . _
100.8 100.6 101.7 103.0 102.8 102.5
97.7
99.9
99.5 100.2
99.8 100.1 101.7 102.8 102.5
Primary metal industries.. .
1, 007. 8 993.1 1,005.8 1,027. 6 1,036. 3 1, 061. 0 1, 054.6 1, 058.2 1, 073. 4 1, 084. 9 1, 093.7 1, 093. 4 1,095.9 1, 095. 7 1, 062. 0
Blast furnace and basic steel products.. 495.1 491.3 497.0 506.4 509.6 509.6 505.5 507.1 511.2 514.4 517.4 517.5 523.4 530.4 538.4
Iron and steel foundries_____
185.5 174.5 179.8 189.7 177.4 193.6 192.4 192.6 197.0 201.8 205.9 204.1 204.0 203.8 194.6
Nonferrous metals. _
47.7
49.4
48.8
57.4
62.8
62.3
62.4
61.1
60.3
62.6
62.6
62.5
61.9
50.7
63.1
Nonferrous rolling and drawing_______
150.7 151.1 151.2 149.9 156.9 160.6 161.5 162.3 165.7 167.9 169.0 170.4 170.0 166.6 151.1
Nonferrous foundries... .
74.0
72.4
73.0
68.3
75.2
74.2
74. 5
77.4
76.9
77.8
78.2
76.3
73.8
72.1
78.8
Miscellaneous primary metal products.
54.8
55.4
55.0
52.2
59.2
58.7
59.3
60.0
60.4
60.0
58.3
57.2
60.7
60.7
57.1
Fabricated metal products
1, 047.7 1, 033.1 1,034.1 1,046.0 1,029. 9 1,060.1 1, 039. 5 1, 039. 6 1, 044. 7 1, 053.5 1, 060. 3 1, 075. 6 1,081.3 1, 050. 2 982.7
Metal cans _
56.8
55.1
55.9
51.2
58.5
57.0
56.5
54.0
55. C
58.4
55.2
54.1
53.3
59.0
53.9
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware___
129.1 127.9 128.3 123.6 119.6 125.6 123.0 123.7 124.9 128.4 129.8 131.5 131.4 127.9 122.5
Plumbing and heating, except electric.
58.6
58.8
58.3
60.4
60.0
57.5
56.6
60.2
57.8
57.4
58.7
57.5
58.2
59.6
57.1
Fabricated structural metal products...
288.1 289.9 291.5 293.7 293.5 295.5 285.4 284.7 281.2 282.9 284.6 289.7 292.7 289.4 270.9
Screw machine products, bolts, e t c ._.
87.3
87.6
88.0
77.4
90.0
85.8
89.6
90.6
92.4
90.3
88.6
88.0
92.3
92.2
91.9
Metal stam pings...
189.5 174.2 172.8 185.3 176.6 191.8 190.8 188.7 191.2 195.4 198.3 203.4 204.4 192.5 180.5
Metal services, nec ..
72.4
72.2
72.1
64.8
71.9
71.9
70.3
72.1
74.2
71.7
70.5
71.1
71.7
71.6
72.9
Misc. fabricated wire products __
54.0
52.9
53.6
50.1
53.2
52.7
52.5
54.0
55,5
56.1
53.9
52.9
55.3
55.6
55.9
Misc. fabricated metal products______
113.6 113.0 113.4 113.4 113.4 114.9 113.0 113.7 115.0 116 0 116.7 116.8 118.0 113.7 105.2
Machinery, except electrical .
1,355. 2 1,317.3 1,358.0 1,364. 2 1,365. 2 1, 386.0 1,381.2 1,391.9 1, 399.2 1,397.1 1,398.3 1, 391. 5 1,367.1 1,344.8 1, 214. 8
Engines and turbines.. . . .
73.8
72.1
70.8
62.2
72.1
68.5
70.1
72.3
72.1
72.4
61.4
73.1
72.5
72.9
67.2
Farm machinery.
100.4 101.5 103 5 lOfi 8 112 1 114 5 117 4 118 9 117 3 115 4 113 3 109 2 109 6
99. 0
Construction and related m ach in ery ...
177.1 154.0 182.4 182.7 184.8 186.8 185.7 187.1 188.3 188.8 190.3 191.9 191.3 190.3 175.6
Metal working machinery
256.7 255.6 256.9 258.1 259.9 264.3 263.3 266.2 267.9 267.2 266.3 264.9 261.0 254.7 229.4
Special industry machinery . _
133.6 134.5 135.5 136.6 137.1 139.9 140.0 142.7 143.1 143.7 144.1 144.2 143.6 142.2 133.7
General industrial m achinery.. _
191.1 191.6 193.5 194.2 192.1 196.8 193.6 195.3 192.0 193.7 198.1 198.0 195.7 191.5 175.8
Office and computing machines_______
142.6 136.1 142.8 143.2 139.8 135.9 135.9 134.4 137.4 137.0 136.8 135.8 134.0 128.3 112.2
Service industry machines___
92.9
90.3
90.4
79.4
88.4
95.2
90.6
92.9
94.4
93.8
93.9
92.7
92.2
93.2
90.9
Misc. machinery, except electrical_____
184.7 182.7 184.2 183.2 181.7 182.7 181.7 182.6 184.6 184.2 182.2 183.0 180.0 171.4 147.5
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

91

A.— LAB O R FORCE AND EM PLOYM ENT

T able A-10.

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1— Continued
[In thousands]
1966

1967

Annual
average

Industry
N ov .2 Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

1965

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods— Continued

Electrical equipment and supplies______ 1,307.8 1,295. 8 1,272.9 1,283.8 1,247.1 1, 247.2 1, 267.4 1, 285.2 1,317.2 1, 339.4 1,352.3 1,366.9 1,374.9 1, 316.8 1.140. 5
Electric test & distributing equipment.
135.8 135.7 136.7 136.7 136.9 138.6 136.7 137.5 136.3 135.2 134.2 135.7 134.5 130.6 115.6
Electrical industrial apparatus________
150.9 150.3 152.5 155.2 153.5 155.9 155.6 156.6 159.6 161.3 162.4 156.7 154.7 152.6 134.9
Household appliances_________________
150.7 147.6 131.4 137.9 130.7 139.6 136.6 136.4 139.6 142.6 145.7 152.7 149.2 142.8 129.7
Electric lighting and wiring equipment. 144.5 146.4 146.1 146.0 143.4 147.2 147.0 148.7 147.3 149.6 152.4 153.5 152.9 150.8 134.6
Radio and T V receiving equipment___
122.7 123.9 120.4 115.0 104.7
84.6 100.6 103.4 118. C 125.6 134.1 140.1 144.0 127.1 105.7
Communication equipment___________
256.7 254.3 248.3 249.0 247. 3 247.4 248.1 248.3 247.9 246.9 235.7 234.6 245.2 234.5 209.2
Electronic components and accessories.
255.8 254.9 254. C 253.9 245.2 245.5 255.3 267.0 280. C 288.3 296.2 300.4 301.9 292.4 232.6
78.2
82. 7
85. 4
89.9
91.6
93.2
92.5
86. C
83. 5
90 1
87.3
88. 5
88,4
87 5
Transportation equipm ent_____ ! *______ 1,414.2 1,310.0 1,304. 5 1,258.6 1,293.6 1,383. 0 1,374.1 1,360.8 1,375.7 1,382.2 1, 386.8 1,430.3 1, 429.8 1,361.0 1, 240.7
572. 9 570. 5 528 5 562. 6 643.5 640 7 625 7 648.1 656.2 665.7 699. 5 705.5 668.4 658.9
Aircraft and p a r t s ...* ..!______________
514.7 503.5 499.1 490.9 493.5 492.6 490.5 489.5 488.9 484.9 484.5 488.7 483.0 444.7 356.3
Ship and boat building and repairing _.
140.5 137.4 136.8 136.4 131.2 141.7 143.4 145.4 140.6 144.2 143.9 143.8 139.2 146.8 134.3
Railroad equipment . . . .
. ___
45.2
44.1
37. 7
39.6
42. 5
47.6
49.0
48.6
44. 6
44.3
46.1
46.3
50. 7
50. 6
Other transportation equipment ____
61.1
51.5
52.5
47.1
58.5
51.8
49.3
43.7
47.6
58. 5
60.3
55.2
54.1
60 6
Instruments and related p r o d u c ts ........... 287.5 284.3 284.4 285.5 282.6 286.1 284.4 286.8 288.0 287.2 287.5 287.8 285.6 276.6 248.1
Engineering & scientific instruments. _.
45.2
45.2
41.7
44.5
44.5
43.7
36.8
45.5
45.6
45.2
45. C
44.0
45.6
45.1
Mechanical measuring & control devices________________________________
69.2
71.0
65.1
68. C
71.1
72.2
72.7
72.9
68.7
70.4
71. C
67.8
68.8
69.0
68.8
32.5
_____
36.1
35.6
36.3
35.0
Optical and ophthalmic goods.
35.5
36.2
36.5
36.2
36.0
35.7
35.9
36.1
35.8
35.0
Ophthalmic goods
. . .
.
24.2
23.2
23.6
24.4
24.3
24.2
24. 5
23 8
23. 6
24. 0
24.2
24.6
23.8
42.7
39.0
Medical instruments and supplies_____
44.6
44.1
44.5
44.4
44.8
44.3
43.9
44.3
44.2
4 4 .5
44.8
4 5 .1
43! 5
Photographic equipment and supplies.
55.9
48.9
56.7
57.2 . 57.3
57.9
57.5
56.3
56.7
56.7
58.0
56.7
5 7 .3
56.7
Watches, clocks, and watchcases.
25.8
34.3
33.4
30.7
30.2
34. 0
32.8
34 5
33. S
33.5
33. 6
34. C
33. 5
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
357.6 360.9 356.8 349.8 330.5 342.8 338.3 3 3 4 . 7
329.6 327.9 325.4 343.0 371.0 346.8 335.5
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w a re...
40.6
38.4
36.0
39.9
39.4
39.1
39.7
39.6
39.4
40.3
40.5
39.4
39.4
3 9 .8
36.0
T oys and sporting goods . _ .
97.4
112.1 109 1 104. 5
98.2
90.9 113.4
83.7
78.8
97 3
94 7
90.1
80. 8
Pens, pencils, office and art supplies .
25.4
24.6
24.6
24.6
94 H
25.4
25.8
25.8
24 7
25. 6
25. 7
25.7
25.6
25.8
Costume jewelry and notions * ".
46.5
50.2
50.7
48.6
49.9
47.0
47. 6
46.9
48.8
49 8
47 6
47 3
46.8
133.4 134.1 133.8 131.7 127.7 132.7 131.3 132.1 133.7 134.3 134.9 137.2 140.6 136.2 131.1
Other manufacturing industries_______
Musical instruments and parts______
19.4
20.5
20. 5
22.5
22.4
23.2
23.0
20.2
21.2
21.8
22.3
20.5
20. 5
19.2
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products_____________ 1,227. 4 1,273.2 1,310.5 1,265.6 1, 216. 7 1,183.8 1,132.4 1,114.8 1,116.3 1,113.2 1,131.8 1,181.1 1, 222.4 1,180.9 1,159.1
Meat products.. _______________
273.7 269.6 268.9 271.1 268. 5 263.4 256.3 252.4 256.4 256.7 260.2 268.0 269.7 258.7 252.9
Dairy products.. ____________________
120.4 122.8 126.1 131.5 132.3 132.0 126.5 124.6 122.3 120.8 121.2 122.5 122.2 127.3 131.2
Canned, cured, and frozen foods______
290.3 340.4 288.6 247 9 219.8 197.9 192.8 189.7 186.1 191.0 210.1 240.4 233.3 219.7
Grain mill products________ . . . .
89.6
89.6
89.1
92.0
92.0
89.2
88.4
89.2
89.3
87.8
88.7
93.6
90.1
94.3
94.3
Bakery products.. ___________________
171.3 172.2 172.9 173.9 173.3
172.6 167.6 165.1 166.1 165.3 164.7 166.1 168.2 165.0 166.5
Sugar__________ ____
35. 2
23 3 22 0 20 5 22.1 25. 4 31 9 36.9 42. 7 28.7 29.3
24 7
Confectionery and related products___
72.9
62.5
70.2
66.1
74.3
68.0
64.7
66.0
73.8
60.4
5 9 .9
60.0
62.8
65.1
5 9 .0
Beverages________________________
123.0 125. 0 123.4 125.4 127. 0 126.6 119.3 117.8 114.8 112.4 113.5 117.7 120.2 118.4 113.8
94.1
Mise, foods and kindred products_____
99.0
93.8
95.9
96.7
96.9
94.1
93.4
94.1
92.9
92.9
92.1
92.2
92.9
93. 2
74.8
Tobacco manufactures__________________
86.0
71.5
87.2
79.4
76.2
80.0
83.7
65.0
69.5
64.1
62.9
63.3
78.1
65.1
Cigarettes.. _____ ._
33. 7
34 3
33 8 32 9 32 8 32 6 32. 6 32.7 32. 6 32. 6 32. C 32.1
Cigars______________
20 2 19 7 20 1 20 4 20.4 20.1 20. 5 20.4 20.4 22.5
19.8
20. 3
Textile mill products_______ . .
854.4 852.3 849.4 847.0 826.6 849.2 835.0 837.5 841.7 839.7 844.7 854.3 860.9 857.1 826.7
Weaving mills, cotton_______ .
217.5 216.4 216.4 212.9 214.9 218.2 216.6 217.0 218.7 218.2 220.4 221.3 220.8 218.0 210.5
Weaving mills, synthetics...
86.9
86.6 86.1 86.0 83. 5 85.5 84.8 84.8 85.6 86.4 87.2 87.9 87.9 87.5 83.4
39.9
Weaving and finishing mills, w ool_____
38.2
39.6
37.7
37.6
38.5
38.9
38.9
38.6
38.5
38.3
38.9
39.8
38.9
38. 7
26.2
Narrow fabric mills. _ ___ .
27.9
28.5
28.2
28.9
28.9
28.2
28.5
28.5
28.8
28.4
28.3
28.3
28.2
26.5
Knitting m ills________
204.6 207.3 206.2 208.6 201.0 207.5 202.6 201.0 199.9 195.9 195.2 201.3 208.8 209.8 205.8
69.0
Textile finishing, except w ool______ .
68.4
68.0 68.2 66.9 68.7 64.8 67.1 67.5 67.6 67.7 68.5 67.8 67.3 65.4
Floor covering mills ______
38.0
37 0
35 7
34 8 34 9 35. 2 35 7 36.1 36. 8 36.8 35.6 34.0
37 7
Yarn and thread m ills_____
107.1 105.5 104.5 1012 102.5 1 0 5 ! 3
103. 6 103.9 104.8 105.8 107.2 107.8 107.9 107.7 101.2
60.2
Miscellaneous textile goods
64.2
63.4
63.8
64.4
63.4
64.1
62.9
63.8
61.6
63.1
63.0
60.1
60.6
57.9
Apparel and other textile products_____ 1,241.4 1,240.0 1,237.2 1,245.2 1,183.0 1,235. 0 1, 223. 6 1,218.8 1,239. 5 1,250. 7 1, 235. 2 1,247.7 1, 262. 8 1,243. 0 1, 205. 6
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats...
104.4 104.9 106.5 107.1 103.1 109.8 108.9 107.5 108.8 109.3 109.9 110.5 109.7 109.7 107.0
M en’s and boys’ furnishings.
328.7 328.8 329.4 333.4 321.0 333.1 329.5 329.4 331.1 332.0 333.1 334.0 335.7 334.9 319.3
W omen’s and misses’ outerwear
383.9 384.3 378.9 382.9 363.1 376.8 376.3 374.8 385.7 390.2 378.0 377.1 381.8 378.7 373.6
W om en’s and children’s undergarm en ts... ..
107.7 107.4 108.0 107.6 103.6 107.6 108.1 109.4 110.5 111.1 109.9 112.6 115.0 110.6 106.6
Hats, caps, and millinery
21.9
21.3
21 2 21 0 20 1 20. 0 24. 8 26. 4 26. 0 25.4 24.2 24.9 25.9
23 1
Children’s outerwear____
68.0 68.0 69.7 70.1 7 3 . 0 71.6 69.9 69.3 72.6 70.9 70.0 71.2 71.8 70.2
67.6
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
73.9
73.8
72 5
69.1
65.1
66.8 66. 8 67. 2 67. 3 65.4 69. 5 72.9 68.9 66.1
Miscellaneous fabricated textile* products_______ .
154.6 151.4 150.7 148.9 135.8 144.8 142.3 141.0 142.1 141.8 142.0 148. 6 152.3 143.5 136.9
Paper and allied p roducts... _
535.6 533.3 534.2 540.3 534.3 539.5 521.6 522.5 524.1 522.2 522.7 528.5 530.1 519.0 497.7
Paper and pulp m ills.. . .
173.0 172.1 174.6 176.9 175.6 176.7 169.0 170.1 169.8 169.7 169.2 170.6 170.5 170.0 168.2
54.-1
56.4
Paperboard mills__
57.4
57.5
57.5
57.7
57.8
57.6
57.1
58.6
57.5
57.7
57.7
58.7
57.5
Miscellaneous converted paper products.. __ _ . . .
133.4 133.0 132.6 134.3 132.0 133.0 129.1 129.9 129.7 128.7 128.2 129.4 130.0 125.8 116.8
Paperboard containers and boxes.
171.4 171.1 169.5 170.5 169.0 171.1 166.0 165.0 166.9 166.2 167.6 171.0 172.2 166.8 158. 6
Printing and publishing.. . __
675.3 672.4 671.6 672.0 670.9 673.1 670.1 671.7 672.4 667.3 663.0 667.9 663.3 649.5 620.6
Newspapers__________
180.8 180.5 181.0 180.3 180.8 182.6 182.7 181.4 181.2 179.8 178.8 182.4 181.2 178.4 175. 4
Periodicals_____
25. 7
25 4 25 3 25 8 26 0 25. 8 25. 7 25.8 25.6 25.4 25.3
26. 0
25. 8
25 5
Books _.
54.1
55. 9
58 4
58 6 59 1 60 0 59 9 59. 2 57. 9 56.9 55.6 55.3 50.1
57 9
Commercial printing___
270.6 268.2 265.6 262.9 261.2 262.1 26o! 8 262! 5 263.3 260.1 259.6 260.6 258.9 253.4 241.9
41. 7
45.3
46.5
Blankbooks and bookbinding___
46.4
46.3
46.2
45.9
46.1
46.4
48.7
48.3
46.8
46.8
46.9
47.7
86.3
91.7
95.5
Other publishing & printing industries.
95.9
97.0
94.9
97.7
97.7
96.4
96.0
96.7
95.1
95.4
95.2
96.7
See footnotes at end of table.
282-907 0 - 6 8 - 7


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

92

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968

T able A -1 0 .

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1— Continued
[In thousands]
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
N ov .2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

1965

M anufacturin g— C ontinued
N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s — C on tin u ed

Chem icals and allied p r o d u c ts ___________
Industrial chem icals___________ ______
Plastics m aterials and sy n th e tics_____
D ru gs_____________________________ _____
Soap, cleaners, and toilet g o o d s_______
Paints and allied p ro d u cts _____________
A gricultural chem icals_________________
Other chem ical p r o d u c ts _______________
P etroleum and coal p ro d u cts _____________
P etroleu m refining______________________
O ther p etroleu m and coal p ro d u cts____
R u b b er and plastics produ cts, n e c _______
Tires and inner tu b e s__________ _____ _
Other ru bber p ro d u cts_________________
M iscellaneous plastics p r o d u c ts _______
Leather an d leather p r o d u c ts ____________
Leather tanning and fin ish in g_________
Footw ear, except ru b b e r _______________
Other leather p rod u cts_________________
H andbags an d personal leather
good s________ _____ __________________
Transportation an d public utilities:
L ocal and interurban passenger transit:
L ocal and subu rba n tran sportation ____
In tercity h igh w ay transportation ______
T ru ck in g and w areh ou sin g_______________
P u b lic w arehousing____________________
P ipe line tra n sp orta tion ........... ................. ..
C om m u n ica tion __________________________
T eleph on e com m u n ica tio n _____________
Telegraph com m u n ication s 2___________
R a d io and television broadcastin g_____
E lectric, gas, and sanitary services_______
E lectric com panies and system s________
Gas com panies and system s____________
C om b in a tion com panies and system s __
W ater, steam , & sanitary system s____
W h olesale an d retail trade__________________
W holesale tr a d e ___________________________
M o to r vehicles <fe a u tom otiv e e q u ip ­
m en t____ ______________________________
D rugs, chem icals, an d allied p r o d u c ts ..
D ry goods and apparel_________________
G roceries an d related p r o d u c ts_________
E lectrical goods_________________________
H ardw are, p lu m b in g & heating eq u ip ­
m en t__________________________________
M a ch in ery, equ ip m en t, and s u p p lie s ...
M iscellaneous w holesalers______________
R etail trade_______________________________
R etail general m erch andise_____________
D epartm en t stores____________________
M ail order houses_____________________
V a riety stores_________________________
F o o d stores_____________________________
G rocery, m eat, and vegetable s to re s..
A p parel and accessory stores___________
M e n ’s & b o y s ’ clothing & furnish­
ings—
W o m e n ’s ready-to-w ear stores_______
F a m ily cloth in g stores___________ ______
Shoe stores____________________________
Fu rn iture and hom e furnishings stores.
Fu rn iture and hom e furn ish in g s_____
E a ting and drinking p laces_____________
Other retail trade_____________
B u ildin g m aterials and farm e q u ip ­
m en t_____ __________________________
M o to r vehicle dealers______________
Other a u tom otiv e
&
accessory
dealers____________________________
D ru g stores an d p rop rietory stores___
F uel and ice dealers__________________

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

590.1
169.3
136.8
71.1
71.2
37.2
33.6
70.9
120.5
93.7
26.8
416.0
76.2
143.4
196.4
306.5
27.0
199.2
80.3

589.2
170.5
134.7
70.8
71.5
37.3
33.6
70.8
121.7
93.8
27.9
413.1
76.4
142.8
193.9
302.9
26.6
196.9
79.4

587.2
169.4
134.4
71.4
72.0
37.8
32.8
69.4
122.5
94.2
28.3
409.6
76.0
142.1
191.5
301.9
26.6
197.0
78.3

590.2
171.9
133.4
71.0
71.4
39.5
32.1
70.9
122.2
93.8
28.4
401.1
73.2
137.9
190.0
306.1
26.9
201.4
77.8

587.3
173.0
131.9
71.0
68.5
39.2
32.2
71.5
121.8
93.9
27.9
353.5
47.8
123.1
182.6
295.4
25.8
195.7
73.9

586.9
174.0
130.9
70.8
68.3
38.8
35.3
68.8
120.8
93.2
27.6
360.5
47.5
125.6
187.4
304.0
26.7
200.1
77.2

584.8
172.5
129.9
70.1
66.3
37.5
41.7
66.8
117.2
91.4
25.8
351.5
45.5
124.3
181.7
298.5
26.1
198.4
74.0

589.6
173.9
131.0
69.6
66.6
37.0
45.2
66.3
116.2
91.3
24.9
399.5
77.2
139.3
183. C
299.1
26.2
198.3
74.6

581.2
173.0
128.5
68.7
67. C
37.1
42. C
64.9
113.6
90.2
23.4
401.3
77.6
140.2
183.5
304.6
26.4
201.9
76.3

580.0
173.1
132.7
68.5
66.0
36.9
38.1
64.7
113.9
90.8
23.1
405.2
77.5
143.7
184.0
310. C
26.7
206.4
76.9

578.4
172.9
134.6
68.6
66.5
36.8
35.6
63.4
113.4
90.6
22.8
410. £
77.8
147. S
185.8
310.4
27. C
207.5
76.1

578.4
172. C
136.5
68.2
68.4
37. C
33. £
62.4
115.3
91.2
24.1
415.5
78.2
147.3
190.0
316.0
27.6
211.1
77.3

578.9
172. C
136.8
67.7
69.5
37.3
33.3
62.3
116.6
91. C
25.6
414.6
78.0
145.2
191.4
317.8
27.2
210.5
80.1

572.3
170.5
136.4
66.7
67. C
37.7
35.5
58.7
115.8
90.1
25.7
397.2
76. C
141.7
179.6
318.4
27.6
213.4
77.3

546.1
166.7
130.8
61.6
64.8
37.1
34.7
50.5
112.9
88.7
24.3
365.9
72.7
135.7
157.5
310.0
27.5
208.8
73.8

33.6

32.8

32.9

30.5

32.5

30.4

31.3

32.5

33.9

33.2

33.8

35.8

33.6

31.4

77.7
39.4
955.4
82.5
15.1
760.5
639.0
22.6
95.5
552.0
223.2
130.6
159.0
39.2

78.3
40.9
961.1
78.4
15.7
765.4
642.5
22.8
96.7
561.1
226.8
132.6
161.6
40.1

76.8
41.5
957.8
78.6
16.2
777.5
655.5
23.0
95.6
568.4
227.2
136.3
163.7
41.2

77.0
41.4
964.1
77.4
16.2
778.8
656.2
23.3
96.1
569.0
230.2
136.4
161.7
40.7

78.0
40.6
946.0
73.8
16. C
769.2
647.7
23.2
95.1
556.9
224.9
133.9
158.1
40.0

77.9
39.5
924.7
75. C
15.1
758.1
638.7
23.1
93.2
543.1
219.0
129.4
156.2
38.5

76.4
38.8
862.4
69.6
15.1
756.3
638.0
23.0
92.1
541.7
219.2
129.0
155.7
37.8

77.9
38.2
905.4
72.9
15.1
755.9
637.2
22.9
-92.7
540.9
219.0
128.9
155.6
37.4

77.8
37.8
900.5
75.2
15.1
752.1
634.3
22.9
91.8
539.8
218.5
128.9
155.5
36.9

78.0
38.7
905.6
76.2
15.2
748.9
631.3
22.8
91.7
540.1
218.6
129.1
155.5
36.9

77.7
38.7
937.7
80.3
15.2
748.0
630.1
23.0
91.9
540.8
218.3
129.6
156.1
36.8

77.6
38.6
953.4
84. C
15.3
747.5
629.7
23.0
91.8
539.8
218.3
129.5
155.8
36.2

77.5
38.3
918.5
74.1
15.8
732.5
616.5
22.8
90.5
544.9
218.4
131.7
158.2
36.6

78.1
38.5
878.4
72.0
16.3
698.1
587.2
22.2
86.7
542.4
214.6
134.5
158.1
35.2

12,513 12,278 12,177 12,124 12,132 12,184 12,019 11,937 11,858 11,750 11,874 12,780 12,147 11,786 11,358
3,065 3,030 3,018 3,044 3,024 3,004 2,947 2,948 2,940 2,935 2,947 2,992 2,974 2,911 2,814
221.8
179.4
124.3
464.0
232.5
133.1
569.7
1, 016.4
9,448 9,248
1,895.5
1, 202.6
122.2
318.1
1,486.2
1,314.4
619.9

229.7
179.6
124.8
454. 7
236.9

229.3
178.5
123.1
450.7
238.2

134.2 135.1
573.1 572.0
1,016.8 1,027.2
9,159 9,080
1,830.2 1,780.1
1,154. 7 1,125.0
112.0 106.6
310.7 297.7
1,464,4 1,445.7
1, 294.2 1,279. 5
610.1 586.7

134.1
571.7
1,023.2
9,108
1,786.7
1,135.1
104.2
296.7
1,451.5
1,284.1
587.9

223.1
178.6
123.2
451.9
232.5

227.3
176.7
121.5
454.7
235.6

221.6
175.4
119.3
441.0
232.2

133.9 131.8
566.6 556.2
1, 017. 7 999.5
9,180 9,072
1,800.9 1, 782.8
1,145. 6 1,127. 7
104.8 105.0
300.6 302.9
1, 459.2 1, 466. 7
1,288.2 1, 294. 2
613.0 606.9

221.7
175.6
120.4
437.7
232.7

221.2
175.2
121.6
437.0
232.5

221.6
173.5
120.1
435.7
231.6

220.7
173.8
119.7
441.7
229.7

221.5
175.9
118.8
458.8
229.6

221.2
176.4
119.5
457.3
228.5

131.6 131.7 131.1 131.4 132.2 132.5
554.5 543.2 542.6 545.8 545.0 541.0
1, 000. 7 1, 001. 4 996.4 994.9 1,011.6 1, 005.8
8,989 8,918 8,815 8,927 9,788 9,173
1, 763.1 1, 765. 0 1,728. 4 1, 825. 8 2,365.1 1,992.4
1,117.6 1,115.8 1, 095. 6 1,164. 4 1, 540. 0 1,275.3
105.9 107.5 111.4 123.0 148.2 139.2
300.3 303.3 289.9 299.3 386.8 325.7
1,463. 6 1,462. 0 1, 462. 8 1,458.1 1, 487. 2 1,458.4
1,295.4 1, 291. 7 1,293.2 1,294. 4 1,314.9 1,293.8
598.1 613.4 582.1 607.6 738.3 626.5

218.8
171.1
116.0
449.1
224.0

214.3
164.0
112.9
450.2
213.1

131.2 127.8
529.1 490.8
986.6 954.0
8,876 8, 544
1,810.7 1,719.6
1,149. 6 1, 077. 6
117.3 112.3
299.3 292.1
1,428.9 1,364.3
1,267.1 1,201. 7
598.9 577.1

102.0 100.4
99.6
94.6
99.9
99.2
99.6
99.4 106.8 132.1 104.3 100.7
99.9 103.2
227.5 221.2 214.9 215.5 222.2 223.6 220.4 221.5 211.6 220.6 268.2 232.4 223.5 215.6
105.5 104.0 100.8 102.4 106.3 104.0 102.2 104.9 102.8 108.0 136.3 107.7 101.6
97.2
120.7 122.5 113.8 112.9 118.6 117.4 116.3 123.7 109.5 112.5 131.5 117.0 112.6 108.2
379.2 378.8 375.9 376.7 377.2 373.0 375.3 375.5 376.1 376.1 390.7 380.7 371.0 362.3
243.3 242.4 242.0 241.5 241.5 238.2 238.6 239.7 239.4 240.5 250.9 245.3 239.0 234.2
2, 043.4 2, 050.4 2,056. 3 2,062. 3 2, 083. 2 2, 039.1 2, 006. 6 1,958.1 1,926.3 1,907. 7 1,944. 0 1,949. 2 1,926. 6 1,852.9
2,823.5 2,824.8 2,834.8 2,842. 7 2,846.9 2,803.1 2, 782.4 2, 743.8 2,739.3 2,751.9 2,862.9 2, 765.3 2, 739. 2 2,668. 0
463.9
630.9

466.3
634.0

477.1
634.4

477.6
637.1

472.4
633.9

453.2
627.5

448.5
628.7

437.6
627.3

431.9
628.1

435.5
631.6

452.9
635.0

454.7
632.9

464.5
631.1

464.9
623.5

177.5
400.8
93.0

178.3
396.8
90.2

181.6
392.0
88.3

182.8
391.4
88.3

179.8
401.3
90.5

176.2
398.6
90.1

172.9
398.9
93.2

167.4
398.7
99.0

165.0
402.8
101.6

168.0
405.7
102.2

179.6
426.4
101.4

174.5 167.6
393. 6 382.7
97.9| 94.8

155.8
366.3
95.6

A.— LABO R FORCE AND EM PLO YM EN T

T able A-10.

93

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by

industry 1— Continued
[In thousands]
1967
Industry

N ov 2

Finance, insurance, andreal estate4____

1966

Annual
average

______

2,597

Banking________________________________ _______
Credit agencies other than banks_______________
Savings and loan associations_________________
Security, com m odity brokers & s e rv ice s ............
Insurance carriers______________________________
Life insurance__________________________ ____ Accident and health insurance__________________
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.....................

Oct.2

Sept.

2,596
725.3
273.8
80.7
142.1
674.8
293.0
65.4
283.5

2,605
726.4
275.2
80.3
140.3
677.6
294.3
65.5
284.9

Aug.
2,640
736.3
276.7
80.8
141.2
685.3
296.8
66.5
288.9

July

June

2,624
732.0
277.9
81.2
139.0
676.5
290.4
66.1
287.1

2,589
720.1
274.1
79.1
134.0
668.1
288.0
64.7
283.3

M ay
2,544
706.8
271.3
77.4
130.2
660.9
286.1
63.3
279.9

Apr.
2,527
704.1
269.9
77.1
129.0
659.5
286.8
62.8
278.6

Mar.
2,507
702.7
268.8
76.3
127.7
656.9
285.0
62.2
278. 5

Feb.

Jan.

2,487
700.5
266.8
75.5
125.5
654.5
283.7
60.9
278.4

2,472
696.6
266.2
76.6
123.4
647.8
282.8
58.3
274.9

Dec.
2,490
699.0
267.0
75.7
125.1
649.9
284.2
57.8
275.5

N ov.

1966

1965

2,485
696.9
265.5
75.4
125.0
645.1
282.5
56.6
273.7

2,478
686.4
267.1
77.8
123.8
640.7
282.9
51.9
271.7

2,426
.663.5
263.4
79.7
113.9
634.0
282.9
46.3
269.2

Services:

Hotels and other lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels........................
Personal services:
Laundries and drycleaning plants......... .............
M otion pictures:
M otion picture filming & distributing________

580.2

599.0

635.9

637.7

613.3

580.5

570.0

549.7

540.9

531.9

534.7

546.1

571.1

546.8

503.4

503.8

505.7

511.9

511.7

504.8

503.7

499.9

496.8

498.0

503.1

506.3

505.2

492.0

32.1

32.1

34.0

34.4

33.8

31.3

29.8

31.0

31.6

34.0

37.2

36.5

33.5

30.4

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967, and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-9.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related
workers; for contract construction, to construction workers; and for all other
industries, to nonsupervisory workers. Transportation and public utilities,
and services are included in total private but are not shown separately in this
table.
P r o d u c t i o n a n d r e la te d w o r k e r s include working foremen and all nonsuper­
visory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, and watchmen
services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use
(e.g., powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated
with the above production operations.

C o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k e r s include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics,
apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition,
repair, and maintenance, etc., at the site of construction or working in shop
or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed
b y members of the construction trades.
N o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s include employees (not above the working super­
visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons,
operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors,
watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whose
services are closely associated with those of the employees listed.
2 Preliminary.
3 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
4 Nonoffice salesmen excluded from nonsupervisory count for all series in
this division.

CAUTION
The series on employment, hours, earnings, and labor turnover in nonagricultural establishments
have been adjusted to March 1966 benchmarks and are not comparable with those published in the
Monthly Labor Review prior to the October 1967 issue, nor with those for periods after April 1965
appearing in the Handbook o f Labor Statistics, 1967. (See footnote 1, table A -9 , and “ BLS Estab­
lishment Employment Estimates Revised to March 1966 Benchmark Levels” appearing in the Sep­
tember 1967 issue of E m p loym en t and Earnings and M on th ly Report on the Labor Force.)
Moreover, when the figures are again adjusted to new benchmarks, the data presented in this issue
should not be compared with those in later issues which reflect the adjustments. Comparable historical
data appear in E m p loym en t and Earnings Statistics for the United States, 1909-67 (BLS
Bulletin 13 12 -5 ).
Beginning with the October 1967 issue of the Monthly L ajor Review, industry titles have been
changed, as necessary, to conform to the Bureau of the Budget’s Standard list of short SIC titles—
definitions are unchanged.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

94

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 196S

T able A - l l .

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted 1
[In thousands]
1967

1966

Industry division and group
N ov.2

Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Total employees_________________________________________ 66, 709 66,231 66,055 66,190 65,939 65,903 65, 639 65, 653 65, 749 65, 692 65, 564 65, 251 65,014
Mining__________________________________________________

598

596

601

606

623

619

617

620

624

624

625

623

621

Contract construction____________________________________

3,248

3,235

3,238

3,223

3,231

3,187

3,192

3,276

3,313

3,352

3,311

3,291

3,241

Manufacturing___________________________________________ 19,413 19,162 19,142 19,318 19,169 19,285 19,238 19,331 19, 445 19, 507 19, 558 19, 526 19, 498
Durable goods _ ______________________________________
Ordnance and accessories_________________________ - Lumber and wood products__________________________
Furniture and fixtures _ _ ___________________________
Stone, clay, and glass products______________________
Primary metal industries____________________________
Fabricated metal products___________________________
Machinery, except electrical _________________________
Electrical equipment and su p p lies___________________
Transportation equipm ent. _ _______________________
Instruments and related products____________________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
___________

11,340 11,137 11,149 11,351 11,218 11, 285 11, 283 11,322 11, 434 11,482 11, 507 11,496 11,485
272
270
292
283
277
299
297
290
286
288
286
300
299
607
596
598
584
592
602
603
591
585
585
590
593
585
469
469
451
452
459
465
466
455
451
447
453
455
456
640
642
640
626
625
624
628
638
640
634
627
622
626
1,286 1,268 1,262 1,281 1,280 1, 295 1,299 1, 305 1,332 1,348 1,362 1,364 1,369
1,372
1,372
1,374
1,374
1,338 1,328 1,331 1,356 1,350 1,357 1,348 1,354 1,364
1,980 1,934 1,966 1,976 1,969 1,972 1,972 1,979 1,984 1,984 1,988 1,978 1,968
1,909 1,895 1,882 1,916 1,889 1,872 1,904 1,916 1,947 1,959 1,958 1,955 1,956
1,959 1,861 1,873 1,980 1,896 1,947 1,927 1,916 1,932 1,938 1,938 1,959 1,959
446
455
454
453
451
454
456
454
454
456
457
452
456
438
430
434
442
438
432
433
436
425
427
430
428
426

Nondurable goods______________________________________ 8,073
Food and kindred products__________________________ 1,799
90
Tobacco manufactures _ ____________________________
Textile mill products_________________________________
959
Apparel and other textile products. . . . . . __________ 1,390
Paper and allied products ___________________________
687
Printing and p u b lish in g_____________________________ 1,069
Chemicals and allied products________________________ 1,003
Petroleum and coal products_________________________
193
Rubber and plastics products, nec___________________
531
Leather and leather products_________________________
352
Transportation and public utilities____________ _________

4,289

8,025
1,785
82
954
1,383
684
1,065
1,000
192
529
351

7,993
1,777
81
950
1,377
682
1,064
993
191
529
349

7,967
1,751
85
946
1,381
687
1,067
992
190
521
347

7,951
1,790
89.
940
1,376
689
1,066
989
191
479
342

8,000
1,806
87
948
1,396
688
1,066
990
189
479
351

7,955
1,797
86
941
1,395
679
1, 064
982
187
472
352

8,009
1,800
86
945
1,390
680
1, 063
984
187
520
354

8, 011
1, 803
84
952
1, 384
684
1,065
981
186
521
351

8, 025
1, 798
85
954
1,401
681
1,056
984
187
523
356

8, 051
1,795
89
963
1,414
680
1,053
983
187
527
360

8,030
1,795
86
962
1,411
679
1,044
978
187
527
361

8, 013
1,793
84
962
1,408
678
1,041
976
187
523
361

4,255

4,262

4,283

4,292

4, 266

4, 267

4,212

4,246

4, 247

4,242

4,218

4, 212

Wholesale and retail trade________________________________ 13,833 13,769 13, 719 13,664 13,647 13, 648 13, 609 13, 572 13, 557 13, 541 13, 515 13, 416 13, 406
Wholesale trade________________________________________ 3,603 3, 573 3,565 3,569 3,555 3, 555 3, 549 3, 545 3,535 3, 521 3, 512 3,496 3, 484
Retail trade____________________________________________ 10,230 10,196 10,154 10,095 10,092 10, 093 10, 060 10, 027 10, 022 10, 020 10, 003 9,920 9,922
3,227

3,205

3,194

3,179

3,165

3,152

3,144

3,132

Services__________________________________________________ 10,260 10,198 10,161 10,130 10,074 10, 035

9,987

9,973

9,946

9,883

9,840

9, 781

9,744

Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te ....

.

. ____ _______

3,286

3,268

3,264

3,253

3,234

Government_____________________________________________ 11,782 11,748 11,668 11,713 11,669 11, 636 11, 524 11,475 11,439 11,373 11, 321 11, 252 11,160
Federal________________________
2,696 2,712 2,715 2,746 2,759 2,747 2,698 2,688 2,685 2,673 2, 667 2, 653 2, 616
State and local________ _____ __________________________ 9,086 9,036 8,953 8,967 8,910 8, 889 8, 826 8,787 8, 754 8,700 8,654 8,599 8,544
1 For coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-9.
2 Preliminary.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in appendix A ,
B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies (B L S Bulletin 1458, 1966).

A — LABO R FORCE AND EM PLOYM ENT

T able A -12 .

95

Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted 1
Revised series; see box, p. 93.
[In thousands]
1967

Major industry group
N ov.2

Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1966
May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Manufacturing., . . . _ __________ _ . . _ _ _ _ _
14,266 14,025 14,003 14,191 14,056 14,170 14,147 14,233 14,358 14,436 14,506 14,495 14,490
Durable goods____ _________ ______ _ . . . .
____
8,275 8,077 8,091 8,299 8,170 8,240 8,254 8,286 8,407 8,459 8,502 8,501 8,505
Ordnance and accessories.. . . . . . . . . _____ . . . . . .
149
153
155
154
155
147
147
151
146
143
140
136
133
Lumber and wood products. ________________________
516
512
508
509
507
514
524
513
508
525
519
530
521
____________ ___ . . .
375
Furniture and fixtures____
374
374
370
369
371
375
379
384
366
385
389
389
Stone, clay, and glass products______________________
508
499
494
497
498
495
499
509
498
509
512
512
513
Primary metal industries_____
_____ . ______ _ 1,026 1,009 1,003 1,024 1,023 1,037 1,042 1,049 1,073 1,091 1,106 1,109 1,116
Fabricated metal p rod u cts.. _____ ____ _____ . . . 1,036 1,021 1,023 1,048 1,041 1,048 1,041 1,046 1,059 1,065 1,068 1,069 1,069
Machinery, except electrical.. . . . _______________ . . 1,371 1,330 1,365 1,375 1,368 1,372 1,373 1,380 1,388 1,392 1,398 1,390 1,384
Electrical equipment and supplies___________________ 1,286 1,272 1,260 1,290 1,265 1,251 1,284 1,298 1,332 1,345 1,348 1,347 1,352
Transportation equipment . . . .
______ . . . _ . . . 1,381 1,286 1,297 1,410 1,326 1,377 1,361 1,347 1,363 1,371 1,373 1,394 1,396
286
Instruments and related products.
_ ____ . . . .
285
285
283
281
285
287
289
289
288
289
286
284
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_______ _____
337
335
336
337
340
342
339
343
344
347
353
349
349
Nondurable goods____ .
. . _______ ____________ . 5,991
...
1,199
Food and kindred products_____ . . .
Tobacco manufactures____ __________________________
78
Textile mill products_____ . . . . _____________ ____
849
Apparel and other textile products__________________
1,230
Paper and allied products. __ _ . . __________________
532
Printing and publishing... __________________________
672
Chemicals and allied products_______________________
595
122
Petroleum and coal products___ ____ _ _ ______ __
Rubber and plastics products, nec___________________
409
305
Leather and leather products____ . . . . . . ________ .
1 For definition of production workers, see footnote 1, table A-10.
2 Preliminary.

282-907 O


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

5,948
1,186
70
846
1,223
529
669
593
121
408
303

5,912
1,175
69
842
1,218
527
669
585
120
407
300

5,892
1,148
72
839
1,223
534
673
585
118
401
299

5,886
1,185
76
834
1,220
536
674
585
119
362
295

5,930
1,201
75
841
1,239
535
673
583
119
362
302

5,893
1,196
74
835
1,235
525
672
580
117
354
305

5,947
1,195
73
838
1,232
526
673
583
118
402
307

5,951
1,200
72
845
1,226
531
674
580
116
403
304

5,977
1,197
73
848
1,243
529
670
585
117
406
309

6,004
1,196
77
856
1,254
527
668
585
117
411
313

5,994
1,195
74
856
1,252
527
663
584
118
411
314

5,985
1,195
72
856
1,252
526
660
584
117
408
315

N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in appendix A,
B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458, 1966).

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 19GS

96
T able A -1 3 .

Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations 1
[All items except average benefit amounts are in thousands]
1967

1966

Item
Oct.
Employment service:2
New applications for w ork------ ----Nonfarm placements.-

- - ... -

Aug.

Sept.

844
540

820
558

967
487

881
552

M ay

June

July

1,335
537

Apr.

974
507

Feb.

Mar.

859
476

887
460

Jan.

853
407

Dec.

966
440

N ov.

721
420

Oct.

794
513

819
592

State unemployment insurance programs:
848
1,087
1,346
915
872
1,218
803
1,005
1,061
1,280
709
798
663
Initial cla im s34
.
----Insured unem ploym ents (average weekly
1,142
1,582
903
1,532
1,558
1,254
1,184
1,019
1,360
889
894
1,059
753
- - ------volume) 6___ 2.4
3.4
2.4
3.3
1.9
2.1
2.9
3.3
2.2
2.7
1.6
1.8
1.8
Rate of insured unem ploym ent7----4,
663
6,323
5,398
5,615
2,960
4,071
4,977
3,139
4, 351
3,808
3,971
2, 476
3,186
Weeks of un employment compensated—
Average weekly benefit amount for total
$40. 70 $40.10 $41.08 $40.10 $39.99 $40.99 $41.81 $42.07 $41.97 $41.73 $41. 39 $40. 57 $39.84
unem ploym ent.. .
$122,145 $122, 614 $172,807 $147,307 $156,083 $183, 645 $200, 588 $257,488 $219,480 $224,787 $157,566 $114,814 $93,697
Total benefits paid ------ .
------Unemployment compensation for ex-service­
men: 8 8
Initial claims 36_____ . . ---------------Insured unem ploym ent8 (average weekly
volum e)_____
...
-------Weeks of unemployment compensated—
Total benefits paid . -----

20

18

21

22

17

14

14

16

15

19

17

15

13

22
82
$3,502

22
88
$3, 715

25
106
$4,443

24
75
$3,126

19
82
$3,471

19
81
$3,404

21
85
$3, 576

24
101
$4,199

25
93
$3,878

25
96
$3,963

21
72
$2,973

16
59
$2,450

14
51
$2,117

Unemployment compensation for Federal
civilian em ployees:810
Initial claims 3___ __
. . . .
--- - Insured unem ploym ent3 (average weekly
volu m e)..
-.
----- --Weeks of unemployment compensated__
Total benefits paid. . - - - - - -------- - -

11

9

9

12

9

9

8

8

9

15

10

9

9

20
76
$3,164

18
73
$3,043

19
87
$3,581

20
67
$2, 752

18
81
$3,370

18
78
$3,237

19
81
$3, 354

22
103
$4,192

24
91
$3,728

23
87
$3,581

20
75
$3, 045

17
67
$2, 752

16
60
$2,466

56

15

12

15

3

4

5

6

11

7

6

6

21
93
$45. 67
$4,176

21
46
$66. 68
$2,910

18
45
$74.31
$3,181

17
32
$73. 45
$2,069

14
36
$73.44
$2,478

17
42
$71.29
$2,812

2C
$74.1C
$3,013

23
57
$77.16
$4,233

24
53
$75. 54
$3,784

25
48
$72.95
$3,499

19
40
$76.70
$2,858

18
38
$73.80
$2,550

16
34
$71. 99
$2,126

952

955

1,122

1,246

1,070

1,196

1,422

1,602

1,654

1,631

1,313

955

799

Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications 11__
--------Insured unemployment (average weekly
____ _
volum e)_______
Number of payments 42______ - ,
-----Average amount of benefit p a ym en t13 ..
Total benefits paid 14_________ . ----------All programs: 13
Insured unemployment

- ------------ _

2;

1 Includes data for Puerto Rico beginning January 1961 when the Common­
wealth’s program became part of the Federal-State UI system.
2 Includes Guam and the Virgin Islands.
3 Initial claims are notices filed b y workers to indicate they are starting
periods of unemployment. Excludes transitions claims under State programs.
4 Includes interstate claims for the Virgin Islands.
1 Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem­
ployment.
6 Initial claims and State insured unemployment include data under the
program for Puerto Rican sugarcane workers.
7 The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered employment in a 12-month period.
s Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.
8 Includes the Virgin Islands.
Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

44

11 An application for benefits is filed b y a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is re­
quired for subsequent periods in the same year.
>2 Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods.
13 The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not ad­
justed for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
14Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments,
is Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, Ex-servicemen and U C P E programs and the Railroad Unemployment
Insurance Act.
Source : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for
all items except railroad unemployment insurance which is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.

B.—LABOR TURNOVER

97

B.— Labor Turnover
Table B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1
[Per 100 employees]
1967

1966

Annual
average

Major industry group
Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

4.3

2.9

43

3.9
4

5.1
/) 1

5.0

4.3

4 fi

3.8
3.7
4.5
5.6
3.1

4.8
4.7
5.9
7.4
3.9
3.3
5.4
3.9
5.1
5.1
3.9

4.8
3.8
6.7

4.1
2.9

Oct.

1966

1965

Accessions: Total
Manufacturing______________________ .
Seasonally adjusted______________ _
Durable goods ___________________ .
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products _____ __
Furniture and fixtures __________ . .
Stone, clay, and glass products________
Primary metal industries_____________
Fabricated metal products____ * .
Machinery, except electrical______ . . .
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment________ . .
Instruments and related products_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Nondurable goods__________________
Foods and kindred products_______ _
Tobacco manufactures____________ . . .
Textile mill products _ ________ . . .
Apparel and" other textile products____
Paper and allied products. ___________
Printing and publishing______________
Chemicals and allied products________
Petroleum and coal products
_ _.
Rubber and plastics" products, nec____
Leather and leather products.................
N onmanufacturing:
Metal m ining_________________________ _
C oalm ining__________
___

4.6

5.3

5.4

4.6

5.9

4.6

3.9

3.9

4.6

4.3

4.3

4.2

4.6

4.6

4.2

4-1

4.2
3.6

4.7
4.1
7.7
7.1
4.7
3.2
5.5
3.3
4.3
5.4
3.4
7.7

4.8
4.3
6.5
7.7
5.1
3.3
5.7
3.0
4.5
5.7
3.5
7.4

4.1
3.5

5.5
5.0
9.2
6.4
6.9
4.6

4.3
3.1
8.3
5.3
5.4
3.2
5.1
3.0
3.3
4.9
2.9
6.3

3.7

3.7
2.7
6.5
4.9
4.7
2.7
4.4
2.9
3.0
3.9
3.0
5.8

6.0

6.2

6.0

6.5
3.8
3.2
4.9
3.1
4.2
4.3
3.3
6.3
5.1
7.2

6.2

5.3
5.5
3.7
3.7

2.6
1.8
5.3
6.2
2.4
1.5

9.5
7.4
5.6

9.7
15.0

4.3
4.3
2.9
3.1
5.6
6.5

4.1
3.7
2.4

6.2

3.0

1.6

6.0
6.8

2.8
6.1
6.2
2.9

2.1

6.0

6.7
4.7
2.9
5.0
2.9
3.8
4.1
3.0
6.3

4.3
4.7
5.5
4.9
7.2

5.5
7.7
9.6
5.3

6.5
9.5
5.9
5.7

6.8

3.6
3.4

2.6

2.3
5.7
7.7

2.8

1.7

6.1

6.2
6.1

5.1
4.5
4.6
7.1
6.4
6.5
1.7

5.1
7.0
5.4
5.4
5.9
3.9
3.6

2.8

2.7
5.3
5.7

4.0

1.6

2.8

7.0
4.5
5.0

2.6

4.5
2.7
2.9
3.7
2.9

6.0

3.4
2.9
5.4
4.5
3.7

2.6

4.0
3.0
3.1
3.3
2.9
5.1

4.1
3.8
6.4
5.3
3.7
3.2
4.7
3.6
3.8
4.0
3.5

6.2

4.3
5.6
2.9
4.8
5.1
3.3
3.1
2.5

4.7
5.0
3.3
3.5
2.7

3.8
4.3
3.2
4.1
5.0
2.9
3.3
2.4

4.3
5.0

4.3
4.8

4.1
4.7

4.5
5.0
3.7
4.7
6.3
3.4
3.7
2.4
1.5
4.6
7.0

4.7

3.4
1.4

3.0
1.5

4.6
2.3

2.6

1.8

4.2
5.1

3.6
43

2.8

2.0

1.6

2.7

2.2

3.6
3.4
2.3
2.3
3.2

fi

2.8

2.5
2.3
3.0

4.4
3.2
3.7
3.8
3.0
5.5

3.1
4.1
7.0
2.9
3.4
2.5
2.7

4.2
5.3
5.9
4.2
4.9
3.4
3.3

3.2
4.1

1.4
4.9
5.3

3.0
1.4

1.7

2.6
2.6

1.8
1.1

2.2

2.8

8.2
5.4
7.6

6.2

5.2
5.8
4.4
4.1
2.7
1.9

6.0

6.6

5.5
4.0
2.9
4.6
3.3
3.9
4.7
3.2
6.3

5.2
6.9
6.4
5.1

4.6

4.5
3.7
5.3
3.9
4.7
5.3
3.8
6.9

6.1
6.1

4.0
3.8
2.9

4.3
5.8
3.2
3.2
2.4

5.5
6.3

4.4
5.4

3.0

2.0

3.5
1.7

3.2
1.7

3.8

3.1
3.0

3.3
2.7
4.6
3.3
4.3
3.9
3.5
7.5

3.8
3.2
5.7
5.9
3.5
2.7
4.3
3.3
3.8
3.4
3.4
5.5

4.2
5.5
4.4
4.1
4.3
4.0
3.5
2.3
1.7
5.3
4.8

4.0
5.0
3.7
4.1
4.2
3.5
3.2
2.4
1.7
4.6
4.8

2.3
1.3

2.5
1.1

6.0
6.2

6.1

2.1

1.8

Accessions: N ew hires
Manufacturing.. .

______ .

.. .
______ .

3.5

4.1

4.0

3.3

4.5

3.3

S.3

3.3

3.1

3.0

3.2

3.2

Durable goods__________
.
_ _
Ordnance and accessories_____________
Lumber and wood products___________
Furniture and fixtures_______________
Stone, clay, and glass products________
Primary metal industries_____________
Fabricated metal products. .
___
Machinery, except"electrical-__ . . . . .
Electrical equipment and supplies .
Transportation equipment________
Industries and related products_______
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.

3.2
3.1
5.2
5.3
3.1

3.7
3.4

3.5
3.5
5.7
6.3
4.0
2.3
4.5
2.3
3.0
3.6
3.0

2.9
2.9
5.3
5.1
3.6
1.7
3.4

4.1
4.3
7.8
5.3
5.4
3.1
4.9
3.4
3.3
3.7
4.2
5.6

3.0

Nondurable goods________ .
F ood and kindred products___________
Tobacco manufacturing_______________
Textile mill products................................
Apparel and other textile products____
Paper and allied products____
____
Printing and publishing______________
Chemicals and allied products . . . .
Petroleum and coal products..
____
Rubber and plastics products, nec____
Leather and leather products. . ___ _

4.0
5.4
4.2
4.1
3.9
3.3
3.2

Seasonally adjusted _____

N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining _____________ ___
____
Coal m ining_____________ __________ ___
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.0

4.1
2.5
3.1
2.9

2.8
5.5

2.2
1.6

6.6
6.2

3.8
2.3
4.5
2.5
3.2
3.6

2.8
6.7

4.7
7.3
4.4
4.5
4.5
3.8
3.6
2.4

2.8

6.2

4.7
7.4

11.1
4.7
4.6
3.6
3.1
1.9

2.6

2.1

2.4 2.7

2.6
4.2

3.9
5.9
5.1
3.7
3.9
3.0

2.8
2.1
2.1

5.1
7.4
3.8
4.6
4.2
5.1
4.2
3.7
3.9

6.0

4.6
4.9

4.8
4.8

5.0
4.7

4.0
4.6

4.9

2.0

2.2
1.0

2.1

2.1

5.1

.8

1

1.3

1.1

1.2

2.6

6.5
4.3
4.0
1.9
3.8
2.4

2.1
2.7
2.4
4.7

3.7
5.1

2.8

4.2
3.6
3.3
2.9

2.2

2.8

3.1

2.6

2.3
5.5
3.8
3.3
1.5
3.3

2.2
2.0

2.8

2.7

3.0

3.2

3.4.

3.6

2.7

2.5
2.5
3.9
3.8

2.9
3.1
4.2
4.5
2.3

2.2

4.8
4.2
2.9
1.7
3.4
2.4

2.2
2.3
2.6

2.2

1.7
3.1

2.6
2.3
2.1
2.6

2.3
2.4
4.1

4.0

3.8

3.2
4.0
1.9
3.7
3.3

3.1
3.4
1.7
3.5
3.5

2.8

2.8
2.7
2.1
2.0

2.8
2.8
2.1

2.4
4.0
3.9

3.3
3.1

1.5
3.3
3.2

2.7
1.1

2.4
1.1

2.3
.9

2.9
2.3
3.1
3.4
2.4
2.7
1.9
1.3
3.2
3.3

2.1
1.0

2.0

3.5
3.0

2.8
2.1

3.0
3.9
3.2
3.4

2.6

3.5
4.0

2.8

3.0
1.9

1.1

2.1

3.6

2.1
1.8

2.9
3.0

1.6

1.5
2.5

2.1
2.0
1.7
2.0
2.5

2.3

2.8
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.2

3.4

1.4
.9

3.1

4.1

3.7

3.9

3.1

4.1
4.1
5.2

3.1

3.8
5.1
2.5

2.1

3.7
2.7
3.1

2.8
2.7
4.9

3.3
3.9
4.6
3.3
3.5
3.0

2.8
1.8
1.2

3.5
4.8

2.6

3.1

4.1
4.1

2.7

2.0

2.0

1.2

1.0

1.1

6.8

1.8

4.7
4.6
2.7

2.0
2.6
2.9
2.8
2.6

3.5

4.5

3.2
4.1
3.3
3.3
3.7
2.5

2.6

1.9
1.4
3.4
3.9

2.2
.9

98

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968

T

able

B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1— Continued
[Per 100 employees]
1967

1966

Annual
average

Major industry group
Oct.*

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1965

Oct.

1966

4.6

4.1
3.8
2.5
6.0
5.1
3.9
3.0
4.2
2.8
3.1
4.3
2.7

Separations: Total
4.6
4-4

6.2
4.7

4.8
4-4

4.3

4.2

4.3

4.6

4.0

4. 5

4.2

4.3

4.8

4.3

4.8

4.6

4.7

5.2

4.9

4.6

4.4

4 .6

4.6

Durable goods_____________________ ___
Ordnance and accessories........ ................
Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts __________
Furniture and fixtures____
_ __ ___
Stone, clay, and glass products________
Primary metal industries.. . ________
Fabricated metal products.. . ________
Machinery, except electrical.. _ _ ___
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment .
_____
Instruments and related products_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_____________________ .
.

4.1
3.1
6.2
5.4
4.1
3.4
5.1
3.1
3.9
3.9
3.1

5.7
4.5
9.4
7.6
6.3
5.0
6.7
4.5
5.0
5.6
4.5

4.9
3.6
8.2
7.0
5.5
3.9
5.8
3.8
4.3
5.1
3.7

4.7
2.8
5.9
5.8
4.3
3.1
5.2
3.4
3.3
8.1
2.7

4.1
2.9
5.9
5.6
4.6
3.2
5.3
3.5
3.4
4.3
3.0

3.9
2.8
6.5
5.8
4.2
3.1
4.5
3.1
3.7
3.8
2.9

4.1
3.3
6.4
5.8
4.2
3.3
4.8
3.3
4.3
4.1
2.9

4.4
3.0
6.8
6.4
4.5
3.6
5.0
3.5
4.8
4.3
3.0

3.9
2.4
5.3
5.2
4.2
3.0
4.9
2.8
4.0
4.5
2.7

4.4
2.6
6.3
6.2
5.2
3.6
4.9
3.1
4.2
5.1
2.9

3.9
1.7
6.4
4.9
4.8
2.9
4.3
2.5
3.2
3.8
2.4

3.9
2.1
7.3
5.7
4.5
3.1
4.7
2.6
3.4
3.7
2.4

4. 5
2.8
7.4
6.8
4.7
3.6
5.3
3.3
4.0
4.4
3.5

4.4
2.6
7.1
6.3
4.6
3.2
5.1
3.4
3.8
4.9
3.1

7.2

7.8

6.4

6.0

5.3

5.4

5.1

5.4

5.0

5.7

12.2

8.6

6.8

6.9

5.9

Nondurable goods___ _____
_ _______
Food and kindred products____
___
Tobacco manufactures.. . ____ ___
Textile mill products_____
_ ___
Apparel and other textile products____
Paper and allied p rod u cts ___
___
Printing and publishing__
.
Chemicals and allied p rod u cts..............
Petroleum and coal p ro d u c ts _________
Rubber and plastics products, nec____
Leather and leather products_________

5.2
8.3
7.8
4.7
5.8
3.7
3.4
2.4
2.1
5.0
5.4

7.0
10.4
4.6
6.2
6.8
6.3
5.1
4.3
4.4
6.8
7.7

5.8
7.6
7.7
6.2
6.5
4.8
4.2
3.1
2.7
6.2
6.9

5.0
6.1
3.8
5.4
7.4
3.5
3.2
2.2
1.8
5.3
8.1

4.5
5.4
3.6
4.8
5.9
3.5
3.6
2.7
1.8
5.0
5.0

4.5
5.6
4.2
4.8
5.8
3.5
3.3
2.5
1.9
5.0
5.7

4.6
5.6
4.8
5.0
6.2
3.6
3.1
2.3
1.8
4.9
6.1

4.7
5.5
7.7
5.2
6.4
3.5
3.3
2.4
1.7
5.1
6.2

4.1
5.0
7.2
4.6
5.0
3.0
3.0
2.1
1.5
5.1
5.6

4.8
6.0
8.1
5.2
5.7
3.5
3.5
2.4
2.0
5.3
6.2

4.6
7.1
6.0
4.2
5.5
3.0
3.0
2.1
1.8
4.2
6.4

4.7
7.2
6.5
4.8
5.4
3.5
3.0
2.0
1.9
4. 5
5.2

5.4
8.4
4.9
5.3
5.8
4.1
3.5
2.5
2.1
5.5
5.9

5.0
6.8
6.0
5.1
6.1
3.8
3.4
2. 5
2.1
5.0
6.4

4.4
6.1
6.4
4.1
5.8
3.1
3.1
2.2
1.9
4.2
5.3

Nonmanufacturing:
Metal m in in g..
______
______
C o a lm in in g ... _ _ . _ _ _ . . . . . ___

3.6
1.5

6.8
2.1

3.9
2.1

3.1
1.9

3.1
1.6

3.5
1.9

4.0
2.2

3.5
2.1

2.9
1.6

3.8
2.3

3.3
1.4

3.4
1.6

4.0
1.8

3.5
1.8

3.1
1.9

2.6

1.9

Manufacturing .. . ______________________

5.3

Separations: Quits
2.4

4.0

3.2

2.1

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.1

1.9

2.1

1.7

2.1

2.8

2.2

2.3

2.3

2.1

2.4

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.5

2.7

2.6

2.6

Durable goods. . ____________ . . ___
Ordnance and accessories____
____
Lumber and wood products___________
Furniture and fixtures.. . . . . . _____
Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u cts _______
Primary metal industries_______
___
Fabricated metal products____
___
Machinery, except electrical . . . ___
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment___
___
Instruments and related products_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_____________________________

2.2
1.8
4.1
3.6
2.3
1.4
2.6
1.7
2.1
1.7
2 0

3.6
2.8
7.0
5.4
4.2
2.8
4.2
2.8
3.3
2.9
3.2

2.9
2.2
5.4
5.0
3.5
2.1
3.6
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.4

1.8
1.5
3.8
3.4
2.2
1.2
2.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5

2.1
1.6
4.1
3.3
2.4
1.4
2.4
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.8

2.0
1.4
4.5
3.5
2.2
1.3
2.4
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.6

2.0
1.6
4.1
3.7
2.0
1.3
2.4
1.7
1.9
1.5
1.6

2.0
1.5
3.7
3.8
1.9
1.3
2.4
1.7
1.9
1.6
1.7

1.7
1.3
2.9
3.1
1.6
1.1
2.1
1.5
1.8
1.4
1.6

1.9
1.2
3.1
3.5
1.8
1.4
2.3
1.7
2.0
1.5
1.7

1.5
.9
2.6
2.7
1.4
1.1
1.8
1.3
1.6
1.1
1.3

1.9
1.1
3.4
3.6
1.9
1.3
2.4
1.5
1.9
1.5
1. 5

2.6
1.6
4.6
4.8
2.6
1.8
3.0
1.9
2.5
2.0
2.4

2.4
1.5
4.5
4.3
2.4
1.7
2.8
1.9
2.3
1.9
2.0

1.7
1.1
3.4
3.1
1.7
1.2
1.9
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.4

4.4

5.6

4.3

2.8

3.0

3.0

2.9

2.8

2.5

2.7

2.6

3.9

4.6

3.6

2.6

Nondurable goods__
________
Food and kindred products .
___
Tobacco manufactures.. _____ _ ___
Textile m ill products___________
___
Apparel and other textile products____
Paper and allied products_____ . . . .
Printing and publishing__
___ _
Chemicals and allied products________
Petroleum and coal products... _____
Rubber and plastics products, nec____
Leatner and leather products._________

2.8
3.7
3.3
3.2
3.0
2.3
2.0
1.2
1.1
2.9
3.8

4.6
6.4
3.2
4.6
4.1
4.7
3.6
2.9
2.6
4.6
5.3

3.7
4.5
3.1
4.6
3.9
3.2
2.8
1.9
1.5
4.1
4.8

2.5
3.0
1.6
3.2
3.0
1.9
1.9
1.1
.8
2.6
3.6

2.6
2.9
1.7
3.3
2.8
2.2
2.2
1.3
.9
3.1
3.3

2.5
2.8
1.7
3.4
3.0
2.1
2.0
1.3
.9
2.9
3.4

2.4
2.5
1.6
3.4
2.8
2.1
1.9
1.2
.7
2.7
3.3

2.4
2.5
1.7
3.3
2.8
2.1
2.0
1.2
.7
2.7
3.2

2.1
2.2
1.7
2.8
2.5
1.7
1.8
1.0
.7
2.4
3.0

2.4
2.5
1.9
3.1
2.9
2.0
2.0
1.1
.7
2.5
3.6

1.9
2.2
1.6
2.3
2.1
1.6
1.6
.9
.6
2.0
2.9

2.4
2.9
1.8
2.9
2.8
2.1
1.8
1.0
.6
2.7
3.4

3.1
3.9
2.3
3.6
3.4
2.7
2.2
1.4
.9
3.5
4.3

2.8
3.2
1.9
3.5
3.3
2.4
2.2
1.4
.9
3.1
4.1

2.1
2.4
1.5
2.5
2.6
1.7
1.7
1.0
.7
2.1
3.0

N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining________ _______________
C oalm ining_________ . . . _______ ____

1.5
.7

5.5
.9

2.8
1.0

1.7
.8

2.0
.5

2.0
.6

1.9
.6

1.9
.7

1.4
.7

1.7
.6

1.1
.6

1.3
.6

1.7
.8

2.0
.7

1.7
.6

Manufacturing-

..

.

.....

S ee f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

-----------

99

B.— LABOR TURNOVER

Table B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1— Continued
[Per 100 em ployees]

1967

Annual
average

1966

Major industry group
Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

1966

1965

Separations: Layoffs
Manufacturing. _

_

Durable goods___________
___________
Ordnance and accessories________ . . .
Lumber and wood products______—
Furniture and fixtures.. .
...
..
Stone, clay, and glass products________
Primary metal industries_____________
^Fabricated metal p r o d u c t s . . . _____
______
Machinery, except electrical..
Electrical equipment and su p p lies.. . . .
Transportation equipment____ ______
Instruments and related products_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_______________ ._ . . .
_______

.8
.5
1.7
.7
1.1
.7
1.1
.4
.4
1.3
.4

1.1
.4
1.6
.8
1.3
.6
1.2
.5
.5
2.1
.4

1.2
.8
1.7
1.0
1.5
1,0
1.4
.6
.8
2.2
.6

3.5

.8

2.1

2.3

1.6
3.5
4.0
1.1
1.8
.6
.6
.5

1.5
3.5
1.8
.8
1.5
.4
.6
.5
.6

1.4
2.8
3.5
.7
2.1
.5

.6
.6
.9
1.4

1.6
2.9
4.4
.8
2.4
.8
.9
.7
.6
1.2
1.5

.7

.7

1.1

1.9

1.1

1.6

1.1
1.4

1.1
1.4

1.3
1.5

1.5
1.7

1.3
1.5

1 .4

1.8
1.3

1.3
1.3

1.1

1.0
.4
1.2
.7
.9
1.0
1.3
.6
.8
1.4
.5

1.1
.7
1.1
.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
.8
.7
1.8
.6

1.0
.6
1.8
.8
.9
.9
1.0
.8
.8
1.8
.6

2.0
.6
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.0
2.1
1.1
1.0
5.8
.7

l.l
.4
.8
1.2
1.2
.9
1.8
.9
.7
1.7
.4

1.0
.6
.9
1.2
1.2
.9
1.0
.6
1.1
1.4
.6

1.2
.9
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.4
.7
1.4
1.8
.7

1.5
.8
2.1
1.4
1.7
1.3
1.6
.8
1.9
1.9
.5

1.4
.5
1.6
1.1
1.7
1.0
1.9
.5
1.2
2.4
.5

1.5
.5
2.3
1.5
2.6
1.0
1.6
.5
1.2
2.7
.5

1.5
.2
3.1
1.2
2.7
1.0
1.5
.5
.7
1.9
.4

1.1
.4
3.0
1.0
1.8
.8
1.3
.4
.5
1.3
.3

1.7

1.0

1.0

2.2

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.5

1.6

2.0

8.6

1.5
3.0
.5
.7
1.9
.7
.8

1.2
2.3
3.6
.6
1.6
.6

1.8
2.4
1.5
1.5
3.5
.7
.8
.6
.3
1.5
3.6

1.2
1.7
1.1
.6
2.3
.4

1.3
2.0
2.0
.6
2.1
.5

1.4
2.3
2.5
.7
2.6
.7
.6
.5
.5
1.1
1.9

1.5
2.3
5.2
.9
2.8
.6
.6
.6
.4
1.3
2.0

1.3
2.1
4.9
.9
1.7
.5
.6
.5
.4
1.7
1.7

1.6
2.7
5.6
1.2
1.9

2.1
4.2
3.6
1.2
2.8

1.0
1.2

.6

.7

.9

.5

1.7
3.8
3.4
.7
2.0
.6
.8
.5
.4
.9
.8

N onmanufacturing:
Metal m in in g.. .
. . . . . . _ __ _ ___
Coal m ining____ _____________________

1.2
.3

.7

1.0
.9
1.3
.5

.6

.7

.5
.6
.9
1.2
.3
.5

.7

.6

F or com p arability of data w ith those pub lish ed in issues prior to O ctober
1967, see footn ote 1, table A -9 .
M on th -to-m on th changes in total e m p loym en t in m anufacturing and
nonm an ufacturing industries as indicated b y labor tu rn over rates are not
com parable w ith the changes show n b y th e B u rea u ’ s em ploym en t series
for th e follow in g reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.4

1.2
1.3

Nondurable goods______________________
F ood and kindred products______ ___
Tobacco m anufactures... . . . ._ _ ___
Textile mill products_________________
Apparel and other textile products____
Paper and allied products____________
Printing and publishing___ __ ______
Chemicals and allied products________
Petroleum and coal products.. ______
Rubber and plastics products, nec_____
Leather and leather products___ ______

1

1.2

1.1

1.3
1.3

.7
.8
.3
.8

.7

.7
.7

.3
1.0
1.5

.7

.5

.8

.7

1.5

.7

.8
.6

.7

.7
.9
.7

.7
.7

1.5
1.7

.8
1.3
2.7

1.0

.8

1.1

1.0

1.5

1.3

.5

.5

.4

.8

.7

.7

.6

.9

during the calendar m o n th , w h ile th e e m p loym en t series m easures changes
fro m m id m o n th to m id m o n th and (2) the tu rn over series excludes personnel
changes caused b y strikes, b u t the em p lo ym e n t series reflects th e influence
o f such stoppages.
P relim inary.

2

100

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

C.— Earnings and Hours
Table C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
N ov.2 O ct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

1965

$99.84
131. 66
135.24
136.29
143.11
146. 20
148.13
124.95
129. 34
121. 33
124.48
125.76
144.14
136. 96
138. 55
131.14
145. 91
151. 56
159.14

$98. 69
130. 66
133. 77
138. 09
140. 07
145. 95
148. 44
122. 69
128. 11
118. 63
123. 39
123. 45
145. 89
136. 49
145. 14
142. 80
147. 97
153. 22
161. 44

$95. 06
123.52
127. 30
129.24
136.71
137. 51
140.26
116.18
123. 62
110. 31
117.45
116. 58
138. 38
128.16
137.90
136. 36
140.00
145. 39
152.47

141. 20
179. 65
134. 39
120.85

139. 59
179. 79
138. 75
123. 50

134. 61
170. 28
133. 21
117.30

Average weekly earnings
Total private___________________________ ... $103. 90 $103. 63 $104. 06 $103. 45 $103. 18 $101. 88 $100. 06 $99. 41 $99. 56 $99. 30 $99.70 $99.97
137. 60 139.00 139. 32 138. 24 139. 43 136. 53 134. 09 134. 51 132. 09 131. 14 134.09 133. 45
Mining__________ - ------- -------------------136. 21 136. 86 135. 20 136. 40 137. 48 135. 98 137. 05 137. 60 136. 00 136. 00 136. 53
Metal mining___ _______________________
137. 27 142. 80 139. 86 139. 73 134. 40 134. 37 137. 67 139. 40 136. 31 138. 65 136.86
Iron ores____ - - ------------------------------128. 21 127. 75 131. 24 140. 71 145. 08 142. 35 142. 35 143. 55 142. 46 142. 79 144.21
Copper ores___ --------------- --------148. 80 150. 69 151. 74 156. 15 154. 01 148. 37 148. 45 145. 39 146. 10 153.38 155.91
Coal mining____________________________
150. 75 152. 66 153. 71 157. 00 156. 38 151. 07 150. 78 147. 68 148. 40 155. 77 158. 30
Bituminous coal and lignite m ining----134. 66 132. 99 131. 15 133. 67 127. 56 127. 75 129. 63 127. 75 126. 42 127. 50 124.91
Oil and gas extraction___________________
136. 68 137. 42 133. 32 138. 69 133. 25 132. 51 135. 71 131. 78 133. 42 135. 62 129. 65
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
132.89 129. 79 129. 44 129. 60 122. 82 124. 24 125. 27 123. 52 121. 26 120. 96 121. 39
Oil and gas field services______________
135. 66 137.12 136. 30 133. 17 131. 96 128. 03 124. 65 119. 03 116. 72 119. 30 120.94
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels---------133.48 136. 29 135. 32 132. 96 131. 04 127. 84 122. 89 115. 84 110. 16 115.14 120.19
Crushed and broken stone____________
160.
86
160. 40 162. 60 159. 08 157. 90 153. 56 149. 54 147. 23 146. 83 143. 60 149.14 148.83
Contract construction____________________
149. 69 151. 03 148. 08 146. 17 142. 03 141. 12 139. 32 139. 26 135. 84 141.21 141.21
General building contractors____________
162. 43 166. 80 164. 16 161. 30 154. 14 144. 32 139. 48 138. 90 139. 26 142. 56 142. 04
Heavy construction contractors_________
158. 42 167. 01 164. 72 163. 10 151. 87 139. 88 131. 60 126. 86 127. 40 130.28 129. 75
Highway and street construction______
166. 78 165.97 163. 86 159. 80 156. 62 148. 52 146. 28 147. 75 147. 45 150.88 151. 62
H eavy construction, nec______________
166. 66 168. 28 163. 94 164. 00 160. 39 157. 81 155. 86 154. 64 150. 73 157.14 156. 09
Special trade contractors______ ____ ____
176. 73 178.15 172. 38 170. 77 167. 52 165. 46 164. 74 164. 35 162. 26 166. 53 165. 36
Plumbing, heating, air conditioning___
Painting, paperhanging, and decorat150.94 152. 94 149. 97 150. 47 146. 65 145. 40 140. 54 140. 54 138. 80 140. 70 141.60
ing------ ------- -------------------------------197.68 195. 61 189. 73 192. 23 188. 46 187. 50 184. 89 184. 78 181. 45 185.81 186.44
Electrical work____________________
149. 72 153. 72 148. 61 149. 03 147. 74 144. 01 141. 45 138. 58 127. 00 138. 43 140. 22
Masonry, stonework, and plastering.
135.19 140. 82 136. 44 136. 82 132. 75 127. 53 122. 88 118. 72 116. 29 125.25 125.21
Roofing and sheet metal work..........
Average weekly hours
T o ta l p riv a te ________________________________
M ining_______________________________________
M etal m in in g ________________________ _____
Iron ores________________________________
C op p er ores_____________________________
C oal m in in g_______________________________
B itu m in ou s coal and lignite m in in g ___
O il and gas extraction____________________
C rud e petroleu m and natural gas fieldsO il and gas field services_______________
N on m eta llic m inerals, except fuels_______
C rush ed and broken stone_____________
C on tract con stru ction ______________________
General b u ild in g contractors_____________
H ea v y construction co n tr a c to r s .................
H ig h w a y and street c o n s tr u c tio n ..........
H e a v y construction, n ec________________
Special trade contractors__________________
P lu m b in g, heating, air con d ition in g___
Painting, paperhanging, and decorat­
in g—
Electrical w o rk _________________________
M asonry, stonew ork, and plastering___
R oofin g and sheet m etal w o r k _________

38.2
42.6
_

.

_________

38.3

—
—
_________
—

38.1
42.9
41.4
41.1
40.7
40. 0
40.2
43.3
40.8
45.2
46.3
47.5
38.1
36.6
42.3
42.7
41.8
37.2
39.1

38.4
43.0
41.6
42.5
40.3
40.4
40. 6
42.9
40.9
44.6
46.8
48.5
38.9
37.2
43.1
44.3
41.7
37.9
39.5

38.6
43.2
41. 6
42.0
41.4
40.9
41.1
43.0
40.4
45.1
47.0
48.5
38.8
37.3
43.2
44.4
41.8
37.6
39.0

35.6
39.3
34.9
34.4

36.5
39.2
36.0
36.2

36.4
39.2
35.3
36.0

38.5
43.3
42.1
42.6
42.9

37.9
42.3
42.1
41.6
43.4
40.1
40 5
42.3
40.4
43.9
45.4
47.0
37.2
36.0
40.2
40.9
39.5
36.7
38.3

37.8
42.3
42.3
42.1
43.4
39 8
40 1
42.5
41.0
43.8
45.0
46.2
36.9
36.0
39.4
40.0
38.8
36.5
38.4

38.0
41.8
42.6
42.5
43.9
39 4
39 7
42.3
40.3
43.8
43.6
44.9
36.8
35.8
39.8
40.4
39.4
36.3
38.4

37.9
41.5
42.5
42.2
43.7
39. 7
40 0
42.0
40.8
43.0
42.6
43.2
35.9
35.1
38.9
39.2
38.7
35.3
38.0

38.2
42.3
42.5
42.4
43.8
40 9
41 1
42.5
41.6
43.2
43.7
44.8
37.1
36.3
39.6
39.6
39.6
36.8
39.0

38.6
42.5
42.4
41.6
44.1
41 8
42 1
42.2
40.9
43.2
44.3
45.7
37.3
36.3
39.9
39.8
39.9
36.9
39.0

38.4
42.2
42.0
41.3
43.9
39 3
39 5
42.5
40.8
43.8
45.1
47.1
36.4
35.3
38.7
38.8
38.6
36.0
37.8

38.7
42.7
42.2
42.1
43.5
40 3
40 fi
42! 6
40.8
44.1
45.7
47.3
37.6
36.3
41.0
42.0
40.1
37.1
38.9

38.8
42.3
41.6
40.9
43.4
39 Q

43.4
41.4
45.0
46.4
48.0
38.7
37.1
42.9
44.2
41.4
37.7
38.9

38.3
42.8
42.3
41.1
43.7
41. 4
41 7
42.1
40.5
43.4
46.3
48.0
38.2
36.7
42.0
42.9
41.0
37.3
38.6

36.7
39.8
35.4
36.1

36.3
39.1
35.6
35.4

35.9
38.9
34.7
34.1

35.4
38.6
34.5
33.3

35.4
38.9
33.8
32.0

34.7
38.2
30.9
31.6

35.0
39.2
33.6
33.4

35.4
39.5
34.2
33.3

35.3
37.9
33.1
33.2

35.7
39.0
34.6
34.4

35.8
38.7
34.6
34.5

42.4
40.8
43.6
45.7
47.2
37.4
36.1
40.8
41.7
40.0
36.9
38.6

Average hourly earnings
Total private_____________________________
Mining___________________________________
Metal mining___________________________
Iron ores. _________ ______ ___________
Copper ores_______ _____ _____ _______
Coal mining________________ _______ ___
Bituminous coal and lignite m ining___
Oil and gas extraction___________________
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields,
Oil and gas field services______________
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels______
Crushed and broken stone.......... ............
Contract construction_____________________
General building contractors____________
H eavy construction contractors_________
Highway and street construction______
Heavy construction, nec______________
Special trade contractors________________
Plumbing, heating, air conditioning___
Painting, paperhanging, and decorat­
ing—
Electrical work_______________________
Masonry, stonework, and plastering___
Roofing and sheet metal w ork________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.72
3. 23

4. 20

$2. 72
3. 24
3. 29
3. 34
3.15
3. 72
3. 75
3.11
3. 35
2.94
2.93
2. 81
4. 21
4.09
3.84
3. 71
3.99
4.48
4. 52

$2. 71
3.24
3.29
3. 36
3.17
3.73
3. 76
3.10
3. 36
2. 91
2.93
2. 81
4.18
4. 06
3. 87
3.77
3. 98
4.44
4. 51

$2.68
3. 20
3. 25
3.33
3.17
3.71
3.74
3. 05
3. 30
2.87
2.90
2.79
4.10
3.97
3.80
3.71
3. 92
4.36
4. 42

$2.68
3. 22
3. 24
3.28
3.28

4. 24
5. 03
4. 29
3. 93

4.19
4. 99
4. 27
3.89

4.12
4. 84
4. 21
3.79

3.08
3. 35
2.88
2.87
2. 77
4.08
3.94
3. 76
3.69
3.86
4.35
4.39

$2. 66
3.19
3. 25
3. 27
3. 32
3. 72
3. 75
3. 03
3.29
2.83
2. 85
2. 73
4.02
3. 87
3.67
3.54
3. 82
4. 30
4. 34

$2.64
3.17
3. 23
3. 23
3. 28
3. 70
3. 73
3.02
3.28
2. 83
2.82
2. 72
4.02
3. 92
3. 59
3.42
3. 76
4. 30
4.32

$2. 63
3.18
3. 24
3.27
3.28
3. 73
3. 76
3. 05
3. 31
2. 86
2. 77
2. 66
3.99
3.87
3. 54
3.29
3.77
4. 27
4.29

$2.62
3.16
3. 23
3.28
3.27
3.69
3.72
3. 02
3.27
2. 82
2. 73
2.58
3.99
3.89
3.49
3.14
3. 75
4. 26
4.28

$2.62
3.16
3. 20
3. 23
3. 26
3.68
3.71
3. 01
3. 27
2.82
2. 74
2. 55
4.00
3.87
3.58
3. 25
3.81
4.27
4. 27

$2. 61
3.17
3.20
3. 27
3. 26
3.75
3.79
3. 00
3.26
2. 80
2. 73
2. 57
4. 02
3. 89
3.60
3.29
3. 81
4.27
4.27

$2. 59
3.14
3. 22
3.29
3. 27
3.73
3.76
2.96
3.17
2.81
2.73
2. 63
3.99
3.89
3. 56
3. 26
3.80
4.23
4. 24

$2.60
3.12
3. 22
3. 30
3. 26
3. 72
3. 75
2.94
3.17
2.77
2. 76
2.67
3. 96
3. 88
3. 58
3. 38
3. 78
4. 21
4. 21

$2.55
3. 06
3.17
3. 28
3. 22
3.62
3.65
2.88
3.14
2.69
2.70
2.61
3.88
3. 76
3. 54
3. 40
3.69
4.13
4.15

$2. 45
2. 92
3. 06
3.16
3.15
3. 46
3. 49
2. 74
3. 03
2. 53
2. 57
2. 47
3. 70
3. 55
3. 38
3. 27
3. 50
3.94
3.95

4.10
4. 83
4. 21
3.79

4.04
4. 82
4.15
3.75

4.05
4.82
4.15
3.74

3.97
4. 79
4.10
3.69

3.97
4.75
4.10
3.71

4.00
4. 75
4.11
3.68

4. 02
4.74
4.12
3.75

4. 00
4.72
4.10
3. 76

4.00
4. 74
4. 06
3.64

3.91
4. 61
4. 01
3. 59

3. 76
4. 40
3. 85
3.40

101

C.— EAR N IN G S AND HOURS

Table C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
N ov.2

Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing____________________________ $118. 20 $116. 00^$116.57 $114. 77 $113. 65 $114. 49 $113. 52 $112. 56 $112. 44 $111.88 $113.42 $114.40 $113. 99 $112. 34 $107. 53
Durable goods______________________ 127. 71 125. 44 126. 05 123.30 122. 40 123.19 122.89 121.18 121. 36 120. 77 122.84 124. 62 123. 77 122.09 117.18
Nondurable goods____ ______________ 105. 20 104.14 104. 66 102.80 102.03 101. 63 100. 73 100. 22 100.08 99.18 99.65 100. 25 100.10 98.49 94.44
Ordnance and accessories, _____________
Ammunition, except for small arms----Other ordnance and accessories________
Lumber and wood products____________
Sawmills and planing mills ______ ___
Millwork, plywood, & related products.
Wooden containers____________________
Miscellaneous wood products_________
Furniture and fixtures__________________
Household furniture _________________
Office furniture _____________________
Other furniture and fixtures___________

141. 34 137. 43
143.62 137.94
132. 26
137.60 137. 49

138. 65
138.93
135 38
137.92

135.11
135. 29
133. 25
133.46

134. 05
134. 64
137.15
131.99

132. 25
131. 46
134. 96
133. 56

134. 08
133. 72
135 98
133.73

132.48
131. 46
140 51
133. 22

133. 54
134. 55
137 60
130. 20

133. 22
134. 23
137 70
129. 58

136. 63
135. 71
13Q 43
138. 03

138.02
135. 38
135 46
143.28

136.75
134.88
133 35
141. 48

99. 55 100.21 99. 72 96.88 96. 64 97.27 95.18 94.77 93.09
93. 66 94. 07 94.48 93. 61 91.37 91.98 89.02 88.84 88. 22
107.12 105. 78 106. 55 106. 40 103. 68 103. 63 102. 41 103.41 101. 09
83.23 82.82 83.62 81.80 80. 60 81.60 80. 36 79. 56 77.76
94.99 93.94 93.48 91.76 90.85 91.88 90.20 89. 35 88. 56

91.08
86.24
99. 70
76.00
86.83

90.80
85. 75
99.38
75.44
86.88

90.80
84. 53
99.47
76. 36
88.37

91.43
85.17
98.00
76.04
88. 78

134.94 131.15
134. 55 .135. 66
130 83 127 08
135.25 1 2 1 . 9 3
91.80
86.07
99.70
75. 53
87.34

88.75
82. 42
96.93
72.92
84.67

97. 27
92.39

97. 41 97. 41 95.06 92.40 93.09 91. 25 90.46 90. 74 90.12 90.63 93. 79 93.15 91.72 88.19
92.48 92.03 88.88 85.89 86. 76 84. 41 84.24 84.71 83.89 83. 95 87. 76 87.13 85. 49 83.21
IK. 83 114. 44 110. 56 113. 01 108.94 110.12 110 24 109 82 110 51 114 01 115 61 114 38 112 32 104 06
118. 49 120.80 121.82 114. 74 118 28 116 69 118 65 113 12 113 55 114 05 117 04 114 81 115 02 112 86
101.15 102.21 102 97 100. 60 98.57 101.09 100. 45 99.14 97.68 9 7 ' 1 0 9 5 ! 7 5 1 0 1 . 1 0
99. 36 97. 90 92.18
Average weekly hours

Manufacturing____________________________
Durable goods. ____________________
Nondurable goods__________________

40.9
41.6
40.0

40.7
41.4
39.9

40.9
41.6
40.1

40.7
41.1
40.0

40.3
40.8
39.7

40.6
41.2
39.7

40.4
41.1
39.5

40.2
40.8
39.3

40.3
41.0
39.4

40.1
40.8
39.2

40.8
41.5
39.7

41.3
42.1
40.1

41.3
42.1
40.2

41.3
42.1
40.2

41.2
42.0
40.1

Ordnance and accessories_______________
Amm unition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment___
Other ordnance and accessories________

42.7
43.0

42.4
42.1
41.4
43.1

41.7
41.5
41.0
42.1

41.5
41.3
42.2
41.9

41.2
40.7
41 4
42.4

41.9
41.4
42 1
43.0

41.4
40.7
43 1
42.7

41.6
41.4
42 6
42.0

41.5
41.3
42 5
41.8

42.3
41.5
42.9

42.6

41.9
41.8
39.6
42.7

4 4 .1

42.6
41.4
42 2
45.2

42.6
41.5
42 2
45.2

42.3
41.4
41.8
44.2

41.0
42.0
40 6
41.9

Lumber and w ood products __________
Sawmills and planing m ills___________
Millwork, plywood, & related products.
Wooden containers____________________
Miscellaneous wood products_________

40.8
40.9
41.2
40.6
41.3

40.9
40.9
41.0
40.4
41.2

40.7
40.9
41.3
40.2
41.0

40.2
40.7
41.4
40.1
40.6

40.1
39.9
40.5
40.3
40.2

40.7
40.7
40.8
40.8
41.2

40.5
40.1
40.8
41.0
41.0

40.5
40.2
41.2
40.8
40.8

40.3
40.1
40.6
40.5
41.0

39.6
39.2
40.2
40.0
40.2

40.0
39.7
40.4
41.0
40.6

40.0
39.5
40.6
41.5
41.1

40.1
39.8
40.0
41.1
41.1

40.8
40.6
41.2
41.5
41.2

40.9
40.6
41.6
41.2
41.3

Furniture and fixtures.. _______________
Household furniture _________________
Office furniture _________ ______ .

40.7
40.7

Other furniture and fixtures, ________

40.3

41.1
41.1
42.1
41. 0
40.4

41.1
40.9
42.7
41. 8
40.7

40.8
40.4
42.2
42.3
41.4

40.0
39.4
43.3
40. 4
40.9

40.3
39.8
41 9
41. 5
41.6

39.5
38.9
41 4
40. 8
41.0

39.5
39.0
41 6
40. 3
40.8

39.8
39.4
41 6
40 4
40.7

39.7
39.2
41 7
40 7
40.8

40.1
39.6
42 7
41 2
40.4

41.5
41.2
43 3
41. 8
42.3

41.4
41.1
43 0
41. 3
42.1

41.5
41.1
43. 2
42. 0
42.2

41.6
41.4
42.3
41.8
41.9

Average hourly earnings
Manufacturing______________ _____________
Durable goods, ____________________
Nondurable goods__________________

$2.89
3.07
2. 63

$2.85
3.03
2. 61

$2.85
3.03
2.61

$2.82
3.00
2. 57

$2.82
3.00
2.57

$2.82
2. 99
2. 56

$2.81
2. 99
2. 55

$2.80
2.97
2. 55

$2.79
2. 96
2. 54

$2. 79
2.96
2. 53

$2.78
2. 96
2.51

$2.77
2. 96
2. 50

$2.76
2. 94
2.49

$2. 72
2.90
2. 45

$2. 61
2. 79
2. 36

Ordnance and accessories, ___ .
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment , .
Other ordnance and accessories________

3.31
3. 34
3.23

3.28
3. 30
3.34
3. 22

3.27
3. 30
3.27
3.20

3.24
3. 26
3. 25
3.17

3.23
3. 26
3.25
3.15

3.21
3. 23
3.26
3.15

3.20
3.23
3. 23
3.11

3. 20
3.23
3.26
3.12

3. 21
3. 25
3. 23
3.10

3. 21
3. 25
3.24
3.10

3. 23
3. 27
3. 25
3.13

3.24
3.27
3. 21
3.17

3. 21
3. 25
3.16
3.13

3.19
3. 25
3.13
3. 06

3.13
3. 23
3.13
2. 91

Lum ber and w ood products , . ___ _. _
Sawmills and planing m ills___________
Millwork, plywood, & related products.
Wooden containers.,
_ _ ___
Miscellaneous wood products
, . .

2. 44
2.29
2. 60
2. 05
2. 30

2. 45
2. 30
2.58
2. 05
2.28

2. 45
2.31
2. 58
2.08
2. 28

2.41
2. 30
2. 57
2.04
. 2.26

2. 41
2.29
2. 56
2.00
2.26

2.39
2. 26
2. 54
2. 00
2.23

2. 35
2.22
2. 51
1.96
2.20

2.34
2. 21
2. 51
1.95
2.19

2. 31
2.20
2. 49
1.92
2.16

2. 30
2. 20
2.48
1.90
2.16

2.27
2.16
2. 46
1.84
2.14

2.27
2.14
2. 45
1.84
2.15

2.28
2.14
2. 45
1.85
2.16

2. 25
2.12
2. 42
1.82
2.12

2.17
2.03
2. 33
1.77
2.05

Furniture and fixtures..
Household furniture _______ .
Office furniture, _______ _ _
Partitions and fixtures
Other furniture and fixtures__________

2.39
2.27

2.37
2.25
2.68
2.89
2.53

2. 37
2.25
2. 68
2.89
2. 53

2.33
2.20
2. 62
2.88
2.43

2.31
2.18
2,61
2 . 84
2,41

2. 31
2.18
2 60
2 85
2.43

2. 31
2.17
2. 66
2 86
2.45

2.29
2.16
2. 65
2 82
2. 43

2.28
2.15
2. 64
2 80
2.40

2.27
2.14
2 65
2 79
2.38

2. 26
2.12
2. 67
2. 79
2.37

2. 26
2.13
2. 67
2.80
2. 39

2.25
2.12
2. 66
2.78
2. 36

2.21
2.08
2. 60
2.76
2. 32

2.12
2. 01
2. 46
2.70
2. 20

See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.51

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

102
Table C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
N ov.2 Oct. 2 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued

Stone, clay, and glass products---------------- $122.09 $120.83 $121.11 $119.99 $118.01 $117.46 $116. 62 $115. 23 $113. 70 $112.19 $113. 71 $115. 23 $116. 20 $114.24 $110. 04
151.32 154. 76 151. 79 147.33 152. 46 149. 56 150. 33 149.24 150. 28 152. 64 155.06 160. 60 153. 36 149. 60
Glass"and glassware, pressed or blown _ 118. 08 116. 40 114.29 113. 20 114.45 113. 93 113.93 113. 24 115. 34 112. 59 114. 26 114. 68 114.12 111. 93 106.25
Cement, hydraulic____________________ 143.05 137.03 136.95 131. 61 132.07 130. 70 130.41 132. 70 129. 02 128. 70 130. 79 131. 65 138. 22 132. 61 124. 42
. 101. 52 101.35 102.01 100. 45 100.04 100. 45 99. 72 99. 55 97. 77 96. 07 95.92 96. 48 97. 44 97.00 94. 02
104. 67 103. 62 102.83 99. 46 102. 57 102. 31 103. 22 101. 26 100. 22 101.12 101. 75 102. 36 98.85 95.12
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products---- ----------- ---------------- ----------- 127.16 129.34 132.24 130.87 127.80 124. 60 121.05 116. 57 113.40 111.38 112. 44 114.90 116.42 117. 65 113. 08
Other stone & nonmetallic mineral
products____________________________ 121.06 120. 64 120. 51 119.81 117. 67 117.99 117. 71 116.60 114. 93 113.65 115. 36 116.76 116. 20 115. 64 110. 62
Primary metal industries---------- ------------Blast furnace and basic steel products-Iron and steel foundries_______________
Nonferrous metals------------------------------Nonferrous rolling and drawing----------Nonferrous foundries_____ . - - - - - —
Miscellaneous primary metal products.

138.58
144.00
130. 52
138.45
136.21
120. 47
147. 74

137.16
142.48
128.03
138.13
135.15
120. 69
144.49

138. 58
145. 89
127. 51
138. 22
134.93
120. 07
146. 20

137. 50
144. 00
128. 54
135.98
131. 46
120. 66
146. 62

136.27
143.47
125.44
133. 54
132.51
117. 41
143.15

136.12
141. 55
128. 74
134. 20
132. 71
119.95
143.85

134. 64
141. 20
125. 86
131. 88
130. 09
120. 95
144.14

133. 57
139. 35
123.11
132. 51
130. 40
117. 68
142. 27

135. 38
142. 31
124. 73
131.15
131. 24
117. 27
147. 70

134.97
140.80
125.44
130. 21
133. 65
119. 25
148.12

138. 69
144.02
129.20
132. 60
136. 66
121.30
150. 66

137. 61
140. 45
131. 63
131.86
138. 03
123.77
152.14

139.02
142.97
130. 42
132. 60
139. 42
122. 93
155.14

138.09
144.73
128. 57
129. 98
136. 27
120. 56
150. 25

133. 88
140. 90
125. 72
124.44
130.07
113.97
143. 52

40.5
41.4
40.5
40.6
39.7
39.3

41.2
42.4
41.4
41.0
39.8
39.5

41.6
42.6
41.4
41.4
40.2
39.9

41.8
44.0
41.2
42.4
40.6
40.3

42.0
42.6
41.0
41.7
41.1
39.7

42.0
42.5
40.4
41.2
41.6
39.8
44.0

Average weekly hours
Stone, clay, and glass products______
Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n. _
Cement, hydraulic________ _____ ______
Structural clay products. -------- ---------Pottery and related products__________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products_________________________________
Other stone & nonmetallic mineral
products____________________________
Primary metal industries. --------------------Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries_______________
Nonferrous metals____________________
Nonferrous rolling and drawing----------Nonferrous foundries________ ________
Miscellaneous primary metal products.

42.1
41.0
42.7
41.1

.......

42.1
41.8
40.7
41.4
41.2
39.8

42.2
42.4
40.1
41.5
41.3
39.7

42.1
41.7
40.0
41.0
41.0
39.4

41.7
40.7
40.3
41.4
41.0
38.4

41.8
42.0
40.4
41.1
41.0
39.3

41.5
41.2
40.4
41.4
40.7
39.5

41.3
41.3
40.3
41.6
40.8
39.7

40.9
41.0
40.9
40.7
40.4
39.4

44.0

44.6

45.6

45.6

45.0

44.5

43.7

42.7

42.0

41.1

41.8

42.4

42.8

43.9

41.6

41.6

41.7

41.6

41.0

41.4

41.3

41.2

40.9

40.3

41.2

41.7

41.5

41.9

41.9

41.0
40.0
41.7
42.6
42.7
40.7
41.5

40.7
39.8
41.3
42.5
42.5
40.5
40.7

41.0
40.3
41.4
42.4
42.7
40.7
41.3

40.8
40.0
41.6
42.1
42. C
40.9
41.3

40.8
40.3
41.4
41.6
42.2
39.8
40.9

41.0
40.1
41.8
42.2
42.4
40.8
41.1

40.8
40.0
41.4
42.0
42.1
41. C
41.3

40.6
39.7
40.9
42.2
42.2
40.3
41.0

40.9
40.2
41.3
41.9
42.2
40.3
42.2

40.9
40.0
41.4
41.6
42.7
40.7
42.2

41.9
40.8
42. 5
42.5
43.8
41.4
42.8

41.7
39.9
43.3
42.4
44.1
42.1
43.1

42.0
40.5
42.9
42.5
44.4
42.1
43.7

42.1
41.0
43.0
42.2
44.1
42.3
43.3

42.1
41.2
43.5
41.9
43.5
41.9
43.1

$2. 78
3. 65
2. 77
3. 26
2. 40

$2.72
3.6C
2. 73
3.18
2. 36
2.4E

$2.62
3.52
2. 63
3.02
2. 26
2 .3E

Average hourly earnings
Stone, clay, and glass products__________

$2.90
2.88
3.35
2.47

$2.87
3.62
2.86
3.31
2.46
2.63

$2.87
3.65
2.85
3 .3C
2.47
2.61

$2.85
3. 64
2.83
3.21
2.45
2. 61

$2.83
3.62
2.84
3. IE
2. 41
2 .5E

$2.81
3 .6a
2.82
3.18
2.45
2. 61

$2. 81
3. 6i
2.82
3.15
2.45
2. 5£

$2.79
3.64
2.81
3. IE
2.44
2. 6(

$2.78
3.64
2.82
3.17
2. 42
2.57

$2.77

Glass and glassware, pressed or b lo w n ..
Cement, hydraulic___ ______ _______
Structural clay products-------- -------------

2. 78
3.17
2. 42
2. 55

$2.76
3. 6C
2. 76
3.19
2. 41
2.56

$2.77
3.64
2. 77
3.18
2.40
2.55

3 .6 a

2.54

Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products_________________________________
Other stone & nonmetallic mineral
products.................................................

2.8£

2.9C

2 .9C

2.87

2.81

2.8C

2.77

2. 7i

2.7C

2. 71

2. 69

2.71

2.72

2.68

2. 57

2.91

2.90

2.89

2.88

2.87

2.85

2.85

2.83

2.81

2.82

2.80

2.80

2.80

2.76

2. 64

Primary metal industries.. ___ ________
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries. _____________
Nonferrous m etals.. ____________ ____
Nonferrous rolling and drawing_______
Nonferrous foundries_______________ . .
Miscellaneous primary metal products.

3.38
3 .6C
3. IS
3.25
3 .IE
2.96
3.56

3.37
3.58
3.1C
3.25
3.18
2.98
3. 55

3.38
3.62
3.08
3.26
3.16
2. 95
3.54

3.37
3. 6(
3. Of
3. 25
3. ia
2. 95
3. 55

3.34
3.56
3.05
3.21
3.11
2.95
3. 50

3. 32
3. 5Î
3. Of
3. If
3. li
2.94
3.50

3.30
3. 5i
3. 04
3.14
3 .0£
2.95
3.49

3.29
3. 51
3.01
3.14
3.0E
2.92
3.47

3.31
3. 54
3. 02
3.1i
3.11
2.91
3.50

3.30
3. 52
3 .0£

3.31
3. 5£
3.0i
3.12
3.12
2 .9£
3.52

3.30
3.52
3.04
3.11
3 .1£
2. 94
3.53

3.31
3.53
3.04
3.12
3.14
2.92
3. 55

3.28
3.53
2.99
3.08
3.09
2.85
3. 47

3.18
2.42
2.89
2.97
2.99
2.72
3. 33

S ee f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3 . ia
3 . ia

2.9£
3. 51

103

C — EAR N IN G S AND HOURS

Table C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
N ov.2 O ct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued

Fabricated metal products ___________ .
Metal cans____________________________
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware-----Plumbing and heating, except electric..
Fabricated structural metal products .
Screw machine products, bolts, etc____
Metal stampings______________________
Metal services, nec. __________________
Misc. fabricated wire products________
Misc. fabricated metal products_______

$125. 93 $124.38 $126. 00
149.16 144. 82 148. 58
122.89 120.60 122. 01
117. 79 117.96 117.01
125.22 124.80 126. 42
130. 77 128. 70 128.87
134. 46 131.88 136. 21
109.34 108. 00 109. 20
113. 42 111.91 112.20
122. 72 121.95 123.02

Machinery, except electrical_____________
Engines and turbines_________________

136. 31 135.88 136.10
150.10 147. 55 148.75
123. 72 126. 40
131.97 133.02
153. 91 153.47 153.28
130.17 128. 71 128.29
133. 76 134. 08 133.14
131.15 130. 94 132. 72
120. 58 120. 36 121. 84
134. 90 133. 61 132. 62

Metal working machinery_____________
Special industry machinery___________
General industrial machinery_________
Office and computing machines_______
Service industry machines____________
Misc. machinery, except electrical_____

$123. 55 $121. 66 $122. 84 $123.26 $121. 54 $120.72
147. 50 150. 75 147.84 147.94 143.38 142.86
117.96 113.20 114. 62 116.16 115.30 115.46
113.93 111.72 113.81 111.56 110.88 109.14
124.15 121.84 122.43 122.13 121.25 122.13
125.67 123. 52 125.83 125.24 125.27 128.33
133.12 133.63 134.72 136.31 131.02 125.02
109.20 106.80 109.06 108.26 107.98 108.39
110.16 108.94 111.25 110.03 108. 54 109.75
119.72 118.15 118.20 119. 77 119.07 120.35
132.82
141.86
125.06
130.82
150.33
124.80
132.40
129.90
117. 62
130.42

133. 24
139. 26
123. 80
129.56
151.80
125.10
132.09
130.10
119.19
129.08

134.09
140.15
126.32
129. 78
153. 53
126.90
132.93
129.78
117.96
130.90

134.30
141.93
128.30
130.73
154.35
126.78
133.88
128.34
118.24
129.60

134.82
142.27
130.38
130.52
156.07
128.14
132.29
130.20
115.83
129.17

$120.83 $122.89 $124. 53 $123.81 $121. 69
137.12 137.85 139.40 136.92 140. 40
114. 74 116. 60 117.03 116. 62 114.54
108.31 109.02 111.35 110.95 110.16
121. 42 123.31 125.83 123.09 120.83
129.95 131.26 133.18 131.98 128.13
127.08 131. 25 133.76 135. 65 133. 61
106.92 108. 21 109.20 107.90 107.26
108.27 111.10 112.71 112.98 110.88
118.78 121.51 121.09 119.83 119.43

$116.20
137.49
111. 64
105.06
114.26
120. 73
129.03
100.43
104.92
113.84

136.20
146.20
135.14
131.57
156.29
128.01
133. 65
130.51
117.83
129.47

135.88
143.72
136.21
130.83
156.52
127.41
131. 66
129.58
116.52
130.80

137.03
143. 48
136. 40
131.35
157. 42
129.65
136. 47
131.75
115.26
133.20

138. 60
154.51
132.29
134. 08
157.17
132. 61
138.92
133.85
119.81
132.46

136. 78
144. 66
127.89
135.45
155. 69
130.10
137.09
132.18
119.68
132.76

134.90
142.95
129.89
133.92
153. 72
127.16
135.21
131.33
117.18
128.91

127. 58
133. 44
121. 72
126.39
144.37
120.22
126.56
127.20
112.19
121.21

Average weekly hours
Fabricated metal products______________
Metal cans____________________________
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware____
Plumbing and heating, except electric..
Fabricated structural metal products. _
Screw machine products, bolts, etc____
Metal stampings______________________
Metal services, nec____________________
Misc. fabricated wire products________
Misc. fabricated metal products_______

41.7
44.0
41.8
40.9
41.6
43.3
41.5
40.8
40.8
41.6

41.6
43.1
41.3
41.1
41.6
42.9
42.0
40.3
40.4
41.2

42.0
43.7
41.5
41.2
42.0
43.1
42.7
40.9
40.8
41.7

41.6
43.9
41.1
40.4
41.8
42.6
41.6
40.9
40.5
41.0

41.1
44.6
40.0
39.9
41.3
42.3
41.5
40.0
40.2
40.6

41.5
44.0
40.5
40.5
41.5
42.8
42.1
41.0
40.9
40.9

41.5
43.9
40.9
39.7
41.4
42.6
42.2
40.7
40.6
41.3

41.2
42.8
40.6
39.6
41.1
42.9
41.2
40.9
40.5
41.2

41.2
42.9
40.8
39.4
41.4
43.8
40.2
40.9
40.8
41.5

41.1
41.3
40.4
39.1
41.3
44.2
40.6
40.5
40.4
41.1

41.8
41.9
41.2
39.5
41.8
44.8
41.8
41.3
41.3
41.9

42.5
42.5
41.5
40.2
42.8
45.3
42.6
42.0
41.9
41.9

42.4
42.0
41.5
40.2
42.3
45.2
43.2
41.5
42.0
41.9

42.4
43.2
41.5
40.5
42.1
44.8
43.1
41.9
42.0
42.2

42.1
43.1
41.5
40.1
41.7
43.9
43.3
41.5
41.8
41.7

Machinery, except electrical.. .
Engines and turbines_________________

42.2
42.4

Construction and related m ach in ery ...
Metal working machinery. _ _________
Special industry machinery___________
General industrial machinery_________
Office and computing machines_______
Service industry machines____________
Misc. machinery, except electrical_____

44.1
42.4
41.8
41.9
40.6
43.1

42.2
41.8
39. 4
41. 5
44.1
42.2
41.9
41.7
40.8
43.1

42.4
42.5
40.0
41.7
44.3
42.2
42.0
42.0
41.3
43.2

41.9
41.0
39. 7
41.4
43.7
41.6
41.9
41.5
40.7
42.9

41.9
40.6
39.3
41.0
44.0
41.7
41.8
41.3
41.1
42.6

42.3
41.1
40.1
41.2
44.5
42.3
42.2
41.2
41.1
43.2

42.5
41.5
40. 6
41.5
45.0
42.4
42.5
41.4
41.2
43.2

42.8
41.6
41.0
41.7
45.5
43.0
42.4
42.0
40.5
43.2

43.1
42.5
42.1
41.9
45.7
43.1
42.7
42.1
41.2
43.3

43.0
41.9
42.3
41.8
45.9
42.9
42.2
41.8
40.6
43.6

43.5
42.2
42.1
42.1
46.3
43.8
43.6
42.5
40.3
44.4

44.0
44.4
41.6
42.7
46.5
44.8
44.1
42.9
41.6
44.6

43.7
42.8
40.6
43.0
46.2
44.1
43.8
42.5
41.7
44.7

43.8
42.8
41.9
43.2
46.3
44.0
43.9
42.5
41.7
44.3

43.1
41.7
41.4
42.7
45.4
43.4
42.9
42.4
41.4
43.6

Average hourly earnings
Fabricated metal products_____________
Metal cans______________ __________
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware___
Plumbing and heating, except electrie.
Fabricated structural metal products..
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
Metal stampings_____________________
Metal services, nec...................................
Misc. fabricated wire p rod u cts.............
Misc. fabricated metal products_______

$3.02
3.39
2.94
2.88
3.01
3.02
3.24
2.68
2. 78
2.95

$2.99
3. 36
2.92
2. 87
3.00
3.00
3.14
2.68
2.77
2.96

$3.00
3.40
2.94
2.84
3. 01
2.99
3.19
2.67
2. 75
2.95

$2.97
3.36
2.87
2.82
2.97
2.95
3.20
2.67
2.72
2.92

$2.96
3.38
2.83
2.80
2.95
2.92
3.22
2.67
2. 71
2.91

$2.96
3.36
2.83
2.81
2.95
2.94
3.20
2.66
2.72
2.89

$2.97
3.37
2.84
2.81
2.95
2.94
3.23
2. 66
2.71
2.90

$2.95
3.35
2.84
2.80
2.95
2.92
3.18
2. 64
2.68
2.89

$2.93
3.33
2.83
2.77
2.95
2.93
3.11
2.65
2.69
2.90

$2.94
3.32
2.84
2.77
2.94
2.94
3.13
2.64
2.68
2.89

$2.94
3.29
2.83
2. 76
2.95
2.93
3.14
2.62
2.69
2.90

$2.93
3.28
2.82
2. 77
2.94
2.94
3.14
2.60
2.69
2.89

$2.92
3.26
2.81
2.76
2.91
2.92
3.14
2.60
2.69
2.86

$2.87
3.25
2.76
2.72
2.87
2.86
3.10
2.56
2. 64
2.83

$2.76
3.19
2.69
2.62
2.74
2.75
2.98
2.42
2.51
2.73

Machinery, except electrical____________
Engines and turbines________________
Farm machinery......................................
Construction and related m achinery..
Metal working machinery____________
Special industry machinery__________
General industrial machinery________
Office and computing machines______
Service industry machines___________
Misc. machinery, except electrical____

3.23
3. 54

3.22
3. 53
3.14
3.18
3.48
3.05
3.20
3.14
2.95
3.10

3.21
3. 50
3.16
3.19
3.46
3.04
3.17
3.16
2.95
3.07

3.17
3.46
3.15
3.16
3.44
3.00
3.16
3.13
2.89
3.04

3.18
3.43
3.15
3.16
3.45
3.00
3.16
3.15
2.90
3.03

3.17
3.41
3.15
3.15
3.45
3. 00
3.15
3.15
2.87
3.03

3.16
3.42
3.16
3.15
3.43
2.99
3.15
3.10
2.87
3.00

3.15
3.42
3.18
3.13
3.43
2.98
3.12
3.10
2.86
2.99

3.16
3. 44
3.21
3.14
3.42
2.97
3.13
3.10
2.86
2.99

3.16
3.43
3.22
3.13
3.41
2.97
3.12
3.10
2.87
3.00

3.15
3.40
3.24
3.12
3.40
2.96
3.13
3.10
2.86
3.00

3.15
3.48
3.18
3.14
3.38
2.96
3.15
3.12
2.88
2.97

3.13
3.38
3.15
3.15
3.37
2.95
3.13
3.11
2.87
2.97

3.08
3.34
3.10
3.10
3.32
2.89
3.08
3.09
2.81
2.91

2.96
3.20
2.94
2.96
3.18
2.77
j¿. 95
3.00
2.71
2.78

See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.49
3.07
3.20
3.13
2.97
3.13

104

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

Table C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
N ov.2

O ct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Electrical equipment and supplies______ $116.16 $114. 49 $112. 31 $111.76
Electric test & distributing equipment— 124.09 123.26 122. 01 119.19
Electrical industrial apparatus________ 119. 54 119. 54 118. 73 117. 05
Household appliances____ ________ __ 128.85 126. 68 120.95 120. 30
Electric lighting and wiring equipment. 106.39 104. 41 104.28 104. 66
97. 02 98. 00 96. 32 95.68
Radio and T V receiving equipment___
Communication equipment . . ____ .. 130. 52 128.23 126. 38 125. 36
Electronic components and accessories.- 97.91 96.53 95.11 94. 62
120.95 119. 36 119.99
Transportation equipment______________

153. 08 146. 43
151.37
Aircraft and parts_____________________ 152. 57 149.10
Ship and boat building and repairing. _ 134. 53 136. 61
136. 40
Railroad equipment
. . . . . ..
Other transportation equipment . _
108. 58

147. 48
155.88
147.90
134. 39
130.81
105. 63

143. 52
148.16
146. 70
131. 34
133. 23
105. 06

$111.32
119.14
118. 73
121. 50
102.05
93.17
124.12
94.38

$111.88 $110.12 $108. 35
119.48 119.19 119. 36
116. 76 116. 93 117. 62
119. 39 118. 70 111.93
104. 26 104. 00 100. 74
92.20 91. 37 86. 76
126. 48 124. 03 123. 62
93.60 92.19 91.48
120.00 118.80 117.91 116.13
140. 29
144. 23
144. 67
127. 26
137. 54

102.00

141.17
145.14
144. 24
130.90
135. 32
106. 50

141. 78
144.96
145.09
133.09
138. 23
102.97

137. 30
135.76
145.18
132.93
139. 09
98. 60

$108. 93 $107.98 $109. 35
120.10 118.82 118. 43
117. 26 116. 85 118. 85
115.15 114. 76 115. 63
102. 56 100.10 103.97
89. 21 90.82 92.97
124.12 123. 82 124. 56
91.42 90. 56 91.41
116. 82 115.94 121.18

$111. 24
123. 69
119.71
116. 80
104. 70
94.80
125. 63
92.86
125. 40

136. 21
135, 63
143.06
127. 59
139.19
94.75

141. 02
143. 50
144.24
133.63
141. 66
93.07

144. 93
150.80
144.14
136. 21
141.92
94.92

145.18
151.71
145.92
130. 60
141.80
95. 01

141.86
147. 23
143. 32
130.41
137. 09
95.52

137.71
147. 63
131.88
121. 50
129. 44
93.09

136.49
133.86
145. 09
132. 60
136.00
98.89

$110. 56 $109.18 $105. 78
120. 69 117.46 113.02
118. 02 118. 72 113. 70
121.01 118.82 114. 54
104. 45 102.41 99. 55
96.88 94. 33 91.54
123.02 120.93 116.47
92.00 92.11 89. 28
127. 32 119. 89 115. 36

Average weekly hours
Electrical equipment and supplies. ___
Electric test & distributing equipmentElectrical industrial apparatus. ______
Household appliances_________________
Electric lighting and wiring equipment.
Radio and T V receiving equipment___
Communication equipment___________
Electronic components and accessories.
Mise, electrical equipment & supplies..

40.9
41.5
40.8
41.7
40.3
39.6
41.7
39.8

40.6
41.5
40.8
41.4
39.7
40.0
41.1
39.4
41.0

40.4
41.5
40.8
41.0
39.8
39.8
40.9
39.3
40.6

40.2
41.1
40.5
40. 1
40.1
39.7
40.7
39.1
40.4

39.9
40.8
40.8
40.5
.39.4
38.5
40.3
39.0
40.0

40.1
41.2
40.4
40.2
40.1
38.1
41.2
39.0
40.0

39.9
41.1
40.6
40.1
40.0
37.6
40.8
38.9
39.7

39.4
41.3
40.7
38.2
39.2
36.0
40.8
38.6
39.5

39.9
41.7
41.0
39.3
39.6
37.8
41.1
38.9
39.6

39.7
41.4
41.0
39.3
38.8
38.0
41.0
38.7
39.3

40.5
41.7
41.7
39.6
40.3
38.9
41.8
39.4
40.8

41.2
42.8
42.3
40.0
40.9
39.5
42.3
40.2
41.8

41.1
42.2
42.0
41.3
40.8
40.2
41.7
40.0
42.3

41.2
42.1
42.4
41.4
40.8
39.8
41.7
40.4
41.2

41.0
41.4
41.8
41.2
40.8
39.8
41.3
40.4
41.2

Transportation equipment______________
M otor vehicles and equipment______
Aircraft and parts_____________________
Ship and boat building and repairing ..
Railroad equipm ent.
Other transportation equipment______

43.0

42.2
42. 4
42.6
40.9
40.0
41.6

42.5
43.3
42.5
40.6
38. 7
41.1

41.6
41.5
42.4
39.8
39.3
41.2

40.9
40.4
42.3
38.8
40.1
40.0

41.4
41.0
42.3
40.4
39.8
41.6

41.7
41.3
42.8
40.7
40.3
40.7

40.5
38.9
42.7
40.9
40. 2
39.6

40.5
38.8
42.8
40.8
40.0
39.4

40.3
39.2
42.2
39.5
40.7
37.9

41.6
41.0
42.8
41.5
41.3
38.3

42.5
42.6
42.9
42.3
40.9
38.9

42.7
43.1
43.3
41.2
41.1
39.1

42.6
42.8
43.3
41.4
40.8
39.8

42.9
44.2
42.0
40.5
40.2
40.3

$2. 70
2.84
2.85
2.92
2.58
2. 39
2.98
2.32
2.97

$2. 70
2.89
2.83
2.92
2. 56
2.40
2. 97
2. 31
3.00

$2.69

2.81
2.93
2. 56
2. 41
2.95
2. 30
3. 01

$2.65
2. 79
2. 80
2. 87
2. 51
2. 37
2.90
2.28
2.91

$2.58
2.73
2.72
2. 78
2.44
2. 30
2. 82

3.39
3. 50
3.37
3.22
3.43
2.43

3.41
3. 54
3. 36
3. 22
3. 47
2.44

3.40
3.52
3.37
3.17
3.45
2.43

3. 33
3.44
3.31
3.15
3. 36
2.40

3.21
3. 34
3.14
3. 00
3.22
2.31

43.1
40.4

Average hourly earnings
Electrical equipment and supplies______
Electric test & distributing equipment—
Electrical industrial apparatus________
Household appliances_________________
Electric lighting and wiring equipmentRadio and T V receiving equipment___
Communication equipment............. .......
Electronic components and accessories.
Mise, electrical equipment & supplies .

$2.84
2. 99
2.93
3.09
2. 64
2. 45
3.13
2. 46

Transportation equipment______________
M otor vehicles and equipment______
Aircraft and parts__________________
Ship and boat building and repairing..
Railroad equipment __________ . .
Other transportation equipment______

3. 56

See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3. 54
3. 33

$2.82
2.97
2.93
3. 06
2. 63
2. 45
3.12
2. 45
2. 95

$2.78
2.94
2.91
2.95
2. 62
2. 42
3.09
2. 42
2. 94

$2. 78
2.90
2.89
3. 00
2. 61
2. 41
3.08
2. 42
2. 97

$2. 79
2. 92
2.91
3.00
2. 59
2. 42
3.08
2. 42
3.00

$2.79
2.90
2.89
2.97
2.60
2. 42
3.07
2.40
2.97

$2.76
2.90

3. 47
3. 57
3. 50
3.34
3. 41
2.61

3. 47
3. 60
3. 48
3.31
3.38
2. 57

3. 45
3. 57
3. 46
3.30
3. 39
2. 55

3.43
3. 57
3.42
3.28
3.43
2.55

3.41
3. 54
3.41
3.24
3.40
2.56

$2.73

2.96
2.60
2.43
3.04
2.37
2.97

$2.75
2.89
2.89
2.93
2. 57
2. 41
3.03
2.37
2.94

2.93
2. 59
2. 36
3. 02
2. 35
2. 95

$2. 72
2.87
2.85
2.92
2. 58
2. 39
3. 02
2.34
2.95

3.40
3. 51
3. 39
3. 27
3.43
2.53

3. 39
3.49
3.40
3. 25
3. 46
2.49

3.37
3. 45
3. 39
3. 25
3.40
2.51

3.38
3.46
3. 39
3.23
3.42
2.50

2.88

2.88
2.86

2.86

2.21

2.80

105

C.— EAR N IN G S AN D HOURS

T able C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued
1967

Annual
average

1966

Industry
N o v .2

j

Oct.2 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued

Instruments and related p roducts.......... $119. 23 $118.
Engineering & scientific instruments.
137.
Mechanical measuring & control de­
vices____________________________ . . . . 115. 71 115.
Optical and ophthalmic goods________ 108.40 108.
95.
Ophthalmic goods__________________
Medical instruments and supplies_____ 101. 59 100.
Photographic equipment and supplies..
141.
Watches, clocks, and watchcases______
94.

$118. 53 $117.14 $116.28 $117.01 $115.90 $115. 77 $115.51 $114.11 $115. 65 $116.89 $116.20 $114.93 $108.47
137. 82 134.41 136.00 137.90 137.14 138.85 137.85 133. 65 133.30 136.97 134.23 133.18 125.33
115.
108.
95.
100.
141.
94.

112.16 110. 25 110.92 113.24 111.20 112.72 110.92 116.06 117.88 117.18 115.78 109.03
108.09 107. 04 107.94 105.82 105.67 104.86 103.68 105.22 106.59 105. 41 103. 66 99.30
95.20 94.96 94.80 94.09 94.09 93.06 92.59 93.20 94.42 94.60 92.84 89.40
99.05 98.46 98.40 98.74 98.33 97. 44 97.69 96.64 97.68 97.51 95.24 90.63
141.53 140.10 141.67 137. 48 135.98 137.49 136. 53 136.21 136.28 134.59 134.54 128.14
94.00 93. 53 93.06 90.87 91.77 91.43 90.23 92.06 92.11 91.69 91.39 87.85

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries._ 94.96 93.69 92.66 92.04 90. 79 92.20 91.57 91.57 92.20 90.17 91.87 91.20 90.45 88.80
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w a re... 111.11 110.15 108. 94 106.23 103. 22 104.26 105.30 105.18 104.52 100.47 103.38 108.03 109.23 102.26
Toys, and sporting goods_____________
83.13 83.13 82.71 81.96 83.10 82.11 82.71 83.10 81.79 82. 53 79.17 79.60 78.80
Pens, pencils, office and art supplies___
91. 71 90. 46 91.64 90.16 90.68 90.06 89.33 89.04 87. 58 88.31 90.17 90.45 86.65
Costume jewelry and notions_________
85. 24 83.64 83.64 81.75 85.36 84.07 84.46 83.42 81.32 82.47 82.35 80.13 81.39
Other manufacturing industries.......... . 102.14 100.84 99.65 98.36 96. 47 97.86 96.97 96.58 97. 71 96.08 97.66 97.84 97.84 95.68
Musical instruments and parts______
102.00 102. 51 100.84 99. 79 98.39 96.75 99.15 99.43 98.89 100.85 103.91 104. 75 100.53

85.39
95. 53
76.44
82.82
77.62
92.46
97.75

Average weekly horns
Instruments and related products............
Engineering & scientific instrum ents.. .
Mechanical measuring & control de­
vices........................... ..............................
Optical and ophthalmic goods................
Ophthalmic goods__________ _______
Medical instruments and supplies_____
Photographic equipment and supplies. .
Watches, clocks, and watchcases______
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w a re...
T oys and sporting goods______________
Pens, pencils, office and art supplies___
Costume jewelry and n otion s................
Other manufacturing industries_______
Musical instruments and parts______

41.4

41.3
42.5

41.3
42.8

41.1
42.4

40.8
42.5

41.2
43.5

41.1
43.4

41.2
43.8

41.4
43.9

40.9
42.7

41.6
43.0

42.2
43.9

42.1
43.3

42.1
43.1

41.4
41.5

40.6
40.6

40.7
40.8
39.5
40.3
42.4
40.7

40.9
40.8
39.7
40.2
42.3
40.7

40.2
41.1
40.0
40.1
42.5
40.0

39.8
40.7
39.9
39.7
42.2
39.8

39.9
41.2
40.0
40.0
42.8
39.6

40.3
40.7
39.7
40.3
42.3
39.0

40.0
40.8
39.7
40.3
42.1
39.9

40.4
40.8
39.6
40.1
42.7
40.1

39.9
40.5
39.4
40.2
42.4
39.4

41.6
41.1
40.0
40.1
42.7
40.2

42.1
41.8
40.7
40.7
43.4
40.4

42.0
41.5
40.6
40.8
43.0
41.3

42.1
41.8
40.9
40.7
43.4
40.8

41.3
41.9
41.2
40.1
43.0
40.3

39.7
41.1
39.4
39.7
39.1
39.7
40.0

39.6
40.8
39.4
39.5
38.9
39.7
40.2

39.5
40.7
39.2
39.5
38.9
39.5
39.7

38.8
39.7
38.3
39.2
38.2
38.9
39.6

39.4
40.1
39.2
39.6
39.7
39.3
39.2

39.3
40.5
39.1
39.5
39.1
39.1
38.7

39.3
40.3
39.2
39.7
39.1
39.1
39.5

39.4
40.2
39.2
39.4
38.8
39.4
39.3

38.7
39.4
38.4
39.1
38.0
38.9
39.4

39.6
40.7
39.3
39.6
38.9
39.7
40.5

40.0
42.2
39.0
40.8
39.4
40.1
41.9

40.2
42.5
40.0
41.3
38.9
40.1
41.9

40.0
41.4
39.4
40.3
39.7
40.2
41.2

39.9
41.0
39.2
40.4
39.6
40.2
40.9

40.8

39.9
41.0

39.9

Average hourly earnings
Instruments and related products_______
Engineering & scientific instrum ents-,.
Mechanical measuring & control de­
v ic e s ................... ........... ........ ' _______
Optical and ophthalmic goods______ v
Ophthalmic goods.................................
Medical instruments and supplies_____
Photographic equipment and supplies..
Watches, clocks, and watchcases______

$2.88

$2.87
3.24

$2.87
3. 22

$2.85
3.17

$2.85
3.20

$2.84
3.17

$2.82
3.16

$2.81
3.17

$2.79
3.14

$2.79
3.13

$2.78
3.10

$2.77
3.12

$2.76
3.10

$2.73
3.09

$2.62
3.02

2. 85
2. 67

2.83
2. 67
2.43
2.50
3.34
2.33

2.83
2.66
2.41
2.51
3.34
2.33

2.79
2.63
2.38
2.47
3.33
2.35

2. 77
2.63
2.38
2. 48
3.32
2.35

2. 78
2.62
2.37
2.46
3.31
2.35

2.81
2.60
2.37
2.45
3.25
2.33

2.78
2.59
2.37
2.44
3.23
2.30

2.79
2.57
2.35
2.43
3.22
2.28

2.78
2.56
2.35
2.43
3.22
2.29

2.79
2.56
2.33
2.41
3.19
2.29

2.80
2.55
2.32
2.40
3.14
2.28

2.79
2.54
2.33
2.39
3.13
2.22

2.75
2. 48
2.27
2.34
3.10
2.24

2.64
2.37
2.17
2.26
2.98
2.18

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries __
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w a re...
T oys and sporting g o o d s .......................
Pens, pencils, office and art supplies___
Costume jewelry and notions______ . . .
Other manufacturing industries............
Musical instruments and parts............

2.38
2. 71

2.36
2.68
2.11
2.31
2.18
2. 54
2.55

2.34
2. 67
2.11
2.29
2.15
2. 51
2.55

2.33
2.61
2.11
2.32
2.15
2.49
2.54

2.34
2. 60
2.14
2.30
2.14
2.48
2.52

2.34
2.60
2.12
2.29
2.15
2.49
2.51

2.33
2.60
2.10
2.28
2.15
2.48
2.50

2.33
2.61
2.11
2.25
2.16
2.47
2.51

2.34
2.60
2.12
2.26
2.15
2.48
2.53

2.33
2.55
2.13
2.24
2.14
2.47
2.51

2.32
2.54
2.10
2.23
2.12
2.46
2.49

2.28
2.56
2.03
2.21
2.09
2.44
2.48

2.25
2. 57
1.99
2.19
2.06
2.44
2.50

2.22
2.47
2.00
2.15
2.05
2.38
2.44

2.14
2.33
1.95
2.05
1.96
2.30
2.39

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.49

2. 56

106

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968

T able C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
N ov.2

Oct.2 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Jan.

Feb.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
lanufacturing— C on tin u ed
Nondurable goods
F ood and kindred p ro d u cts______________ $108. 67 $107.98 $109. 67
M eat produ cts _________________________ 119. 70 116. 06 120.13
D airy p r o d u c ts _________________________ 115.35 114.93 115. 60
C anned, cured, and frozen fo o d s_______
92.21
87.02
G rain m ill p r o d u c ts ____________________ 126.95 126.68 127.70
B a k ery p rod u cts________________________
109. 47 109.48
Sugar____________________________________
26 122.14
C on fection ery and related p ro d u cts ____
90.74
91.20 94.48
B evera ges_______________________________ 122.89 123.11 125.87
M isc. foods and k in dred p ro d u cts . ___ 109.98 108.52 108.16

111.10

T o b a c co m anufactures____________________
Cigarettes_______________________________
C igars___________________________________

83.46

T extile m ill p rod u cts_____________________
W eaving m ills, c o t t o n .. _______________
W eaving m ills, synthetics ____________
W eaving and finishing m ills, w o o l_____
N arrow fabric m ills . __________________
K n ittin g m ills __________________________
T extile finishing, except w o o l__________
F loor coverin g m ills _ _________________
Y a rn and thread m ills __________________
M iscellaneous textile g ood s_____________

88.62
90. 74
93.09
93.28
85.69
79.18
99.79
83.18
101. 52

110

86.33
85.44
105.26 105.36
72.44
72.29
88.19
90. 52
92.66
93.93
84.86
77.41
99.13
96.34
82.17
99.92

86. 73

88.62
91.38
93.72
83.23
77.41
96.90
95 03
80.54
99.96

$108.50
115. 09
114.38
83.76
120.50
108.68
122.06
92.86
127.26
107.78

$107.18
113.83
111.57
84.52
120.39
107.07
124.64
91.94
123.42
106.50

$105.86
113.96
110.62
82.06
118.53
104.28
126.59
87.85
123.93
105.16

102.12

$99.87
107.27
105.08
78.99
113.40
101.40
110.33
83.53
114.09
98.79

87.75
91.44 94.41
109.69 113.24 113.98
68.82
63.89
68.81

90.30
107.48
68.08

91.33
110.25
.97

87.52
105.71
64.80

82.08
98.19
64.78

83.16
103.95
64.98

88.10
112.47
68.02

81.24
100.77
68.24

84.97
105.45
65.84

79.21
97.27
63.95

82.22
84.03
84.25
90.10
81.40
73.72
94.38
87.15
74.24
92.43

81.20
84.23
83.43
87.99
79.40
72.75
93.94
83.43
72.93
92.89

81.20
84.64
82.62
86.73
78.21
72.56
92.43
82.42
72.91
91.88

80.60
85.04
82.62

77.82
71.80
90.91
79.39
72.73
90.98

81.61
86.28
83.84
87.57
80.15
70.68
90. 27
82.01
74.37
93.44

82.40
87.29
84.84
87.78
81.34
70.88
93.31
83.82
75.48
93.66

83.42
87.29
87.11
85.68
81.16
72. 58
92.66
77.42
96.53

82.12
85.54
87.03
87.54
80. 26
71.60
91.58
83.36
77. 59
93.95

78.17
80. 28
83.90
83.69
75.99
. 29
85.85
81.51
73.70
88.83

$107.94
115. 51
114.01
85. 53
126.67
108.00
126.48
94.76
125.93
107.68

$108. 62
116.06
116.15
82.84
126.40
110.16
124.53
92.34
127.44
108.26

83.84
83.42
86.31
93.09
82.42
76.64
91.10
93.72
76.92
95.76

81.41
81.40
84.46
91.81
80.80
74.69
.94
90.09
74.64
93.07

88

82.82
83.42
83.43
91.16
81.81
74.88
94.81
88.19
75.39
94.62

66

$106.52 $105.18
112.16 110.76
110.62
84.26
83.11
119.14
104. 67 104. 67
127.30 115.53
91.66
90.45
122.91 119.20
105.59 104.17

120.01

86.11

$106.14
116. 05
110.56
81. 87
123.12
104.01
111.28
88.80
87.85
117.89 122.36
103.91 105.11

$106.08
115.64
110.46
82. 60
122.30
103.49

110.88

110.68

$104.90
114.51
110.30
80.32
122.94
104. 54

$103. 82
109. 74
109.13
83.35
118.61
104.38
114.78
87.34
121.99 119.60
105.35

110.11
88.22

86.88

68

A vera ge w e e k ly hours
40.9
41.6
42.1
39 2
45.9
40.1
39 1
40.0
40.1
41.9

41.7
42.6
42.5
40. 8
46.1
40.4
39.4
40.9
41.0
41.6

41.2
41.7
42.7
38.7
46.4
40.3
40.8
41.2
41.7
41.9

41.3
41.9
43.5
38.0
46.3
40.8
40.3
39.8
42.2
41.8

41.1
41.4
43.0
37.9
44.3
40.4
39.5
40.2
42.0
42.1

40.6
40.8
42.1
37.9
44.1
40.1
41.0
39.8
40.6
41.6

40.1
40.7
41.9
36.8
43.1
39.5
41.1
38.7
40.9
41.4

40.5
40.2
41.9
38.3
43.8
39.8
41.6
40.2
40.7
41.9

40.3
39.7
42.0
38.3
43.8
39.8
39.7
40.2
40.0
41.5

40.8
41.3
42.0
38.6
44.8
39.5
40.1
40.0
40.1
41.9

41.3
42.2
42.2
38.8
45.1
39.7
42.8
40.3
41.2
42.9

41.3
42.1
42.1
38.8
45.2
39.9
44.4
40.1
40.8
43.0

41.2
41.1
42.3
39.5
45.1
40.3
42.2
39.7
41.1
42.2

41.1
41.1
42.2
39.3
45.0
40.4
42.6
39.4
40.6
42.4

39.0

40.3
38 0
39 8

39.6
37 9
39 5

39.0
39.6
37.4

38.1
40.3
35.3

39.5
41.0
37.6

38.1
38.8
37.2

38.7
39.8
37.0

37.4
38.3
35.8

36.0
36.1
35.4

37.8
38.5
35.9

40.6
41.5
38.0

38.5
37.6
37.7

38.8
39.2
37.2

37.9
37.7
37.4

T extile m ill p rod u cts_____________________
W eaving m ills, c o tto n __________________
W eaving m ills, synthetics _____________
W eaving and finishing m ills, w o o l........ ..
N arrow fabrics m ills . .......... ......................
K n ittin g m ills __________________________
T ex tile finishing, except w o o l___
F loor coverin g m ills ______ . .
___
Y a rn and thread m ills __________________
M iscellaneous textile g ood s_____________

41.7
42.4
42.9
42.4
41.0
39.2
43.2

41.6
42.3
42.9
42.5
40.8
38.9
43.1
44.6
41.5
42.7

41.3
41.8
42.5
42.6
40.6
38.9
42.5
44. 2
41.3
42.9

41.1
41.5
42.1
43.5
40.8
39.1
41.6
44.0
40.7
42.0

40.3
40.7
41.4
42.9
40.4
38.5
40.8
42.9
39.7
41.0

40.8
41.5
41.1
42.8
40.7
38.6
42.9
42.4
40.1
41.5

40.5
41.6
41.3
42.5
40.7
38.0
42.9
41.9
39.7
40.9

40.2
41.7
41.1
41.9
40.1
37.5
42.7
40.5
39.0
41.1

40.2
41.9
40.7
41.3
39.5
37.4
42.4
40.4
39.2
41.2

40.1
42.1
40.7
41.2
39.5
37.2
41.7
49.3
39.1
40.8

40.6
42.5
41.3
41.7
41.1
37.2
41.6
40.4
40.2
41.9

41.2
43.0
42.0
42.0
41.5
37.7
43.0
41.7
40.8
42.0

41.5
43.0
42.7
40.8
41.2
38.4
42.7
42.8
41.4
42.9

41.9
43.2
43.3
42.7
41.8
38.7
43.2
42.1
42.4
42.9

41.8
42.7
43.7
42.7
41.3
38.8
42.5
42.9
42.6
42.3

F o o d and k in dred p ro d u cts______________
M eat p r o d u c ts __________________________
D a ir y p r o d u c ts _________________________
C anned, cured, and frozen f o o d s ..
G rain m ill p r o d u c ts ____________________
B a k ery p rod u cts________________________
S u g a r .. _
___ .
C on fection ery and related p r o d u c ts ____
B ev era ges_______________________________
M isc. foods and k in dred p r o d u c ts ______

$2.67
2.85
2. 74

$2. 64
2.79
2. 73
. 22
2. 76
2. 73
2.82
2.28
3.07
2. 59

$2.63
2.82
2.72
2.26
2. 77
2. 71
3.10
2.31
3.07
2.60

$2.62
2.77
2.67

$2.60
2.80
2.63
2.14
2.73
. 62
2.76

$2.57
2.75
2.62

$2.54
2.72
2.62
2.07
2.72
2.62
2.48
. 20
2.99
2.45

$2.52
2.67
2.58

$2.43
2.61
2.49

3.10
2.30
3.02
2. 57

$2.63
2.77
2.67
2.18
2.73
2.70
3.09
2.32
3.02
2.59

$2.64
2.78

2.63
2. 59
2.72

2.52
2.51
2.59

2.91
2.42

2.81
2.33

T o b a c co m an ufactures____________________
Cigarettes_____
____
_.
C igars___
. . . . .

2.14

2.18
2. 78
1.83

2.25
2. 77
1.84

2.40
2.81
1.81

2.19
2.69
1.77

2.09
2.58
1.71

T extile m ill p rod u cts_____________________
W eaving m ills, c o tto n __________________
W eaving m ills, s yn th etics______________
W eaving and finishing m ills, w o o l_____
N arrow fabric m ills _____________________
K n ittin g m ills __________________________
T extile finishing, except w o o l__________
F loor coverin g m i l l s . ___________________
Y a rn and thread m ills__________________
M iscellaneous textile g ood s_____________

2.13
2.14
2.17

F o o d and k in dred p ro d u cts ______________
M eat p r o d u c ts __________________________
D a iry p r o d u c ts _________________________
C anned, cured, and frozen foods . . . . . .
G rain m ill p r o d u c ts . _________________
B a kery p rod u cts________________________
Sugar. ____ _________________ . . . . . . . .
C on fection ery and related p ro d u cts ____
B ev era ges_______________________________
M isc. foods and kindred p ro d u cts______

40.7
42.0
42.1

T o b a c co m an ufactures____________________
C igarettes_____ ____ . . . . . .
Cigars ___ _______ .

45.5
40.4
39.8
39.9
42.3

41.8
43.2

A vera ge h o u rly earnings

See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2. 79
2. 75
2.28
3. 08
. 60

2

2

2.12
2. 77
1.82

2.21
2.68

2.73

$2.64
2.80
2. 64
2.23
2.75
2.64
3.08
2.27
3.03
2.54

$2.63
2.79
2.64

2.72
2.69
3.09
2.31
3.03
2.56

$2.64
2.79
2.65
2.23
2.73
2.67
3.04
2.31
3.04
2.56

2.74
2.63
3. 06
2.28
3.02
2.52

$2.61
2.79
2.64
2.17
2.72
2.63
2.91
2.25
2.98
2.51

2.39
2.78
1.83

2.37
2.77
1.83

2.36
2.77
1.81

2.34
2.76
1.81

2.28
2.72
1.83

2.66
2.21

2.12 2.10 2.04 2.02 2.03 2.03
2.14
2.12 2.01 2.00 2.01 2.02
2.16
2.15
2.05
2. 04
2.04
2.03
2. 20
2.21
2.2C
2.14
2 . 14
2.13
2.12
2.09
2. 08 2. 05 2.02 2.00 2.01 2.00
2.02 1.99 1.99 1.96 1.94 1.94 1.94
2.30
2. 28 2.19 2.18 2.21 2.20
2.31
2.13
2.10 2.08 2.08
2.16
2.15
1.99
1.98
1.89
1.88 1.88 1.87
1.95
2.35

2.34

2.33

2.28

2. 27

2.28

2.26

2.20

2

2. 22
2.94
2.48

2.20
2. 70
1.81

2.11
2.73
2.62
2.60
2.18
2.97
2.45

2.17
2.71
1.79

2

2.11
2.68
1.81

2.11 2.01
2.20 2.12

2.02 2. 02 2.01 2.01 2.00 2.01 1.96 1.87
1.88
2.02 2.02 2.02 2.03 2.03 2.03 1.98 1.92
2.02 2.04 2.01
2.03
2.03
2.03
1.96
2.10 2.10 2.09 2.10 2.09 2.10 2.05
1.84
1.92
1.97
1.96
1.97
1.95
1.98
1.98
1.88 1.89 1.85 1.76
1.90
1.93
1.94
1.94
2.20 2.18 2.18 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.12 2.02
1.90
2.02 2.03 2.01 2.03 1.98 1.73
2.04
2.06
1.87
1.86 1.86 1.85 1.85 1.87 1.83 2
.10
2.19
2. 25
2.23
2.23
2.23
2.23
2.26
2.03

10T

C.— EAR N IN G S AND HOURS

T able C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued
1967

Annual
average

1966

Industry
N ov.2 O c t.2 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued

Apparel and other textile products______ $75. 50 $73.75 $74. 73 $74.05 $72.16 $72. 52 $71.80 $72.16 $71.80 $71.04 $70.40 $69.87 $70.25 $68.80 $66. 61
92.69 89.06 90.40 87.97 85.18 88.67 88. 22 87.75 87.00 85.70 88.09 87. 78 86.94 85.79 81.86
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats_______
Men’s and boys’ furnishings_________ _ 65.86 64. 77 64.40 64.18 63.49 63.66 62.78 62.97 62.80 63.15 61.42 61.34 60.64 59.15 57.90
Women’s and misses’ outerwear-. _ . .
76.73 75. 48 77.40 77.97 76.81 74.58 74. 43 75.99 75.77 74.21 72.08 71.02 71.32 71.34 68.68
Women’s and children’s undergarments. 69.38 69.00 68.82 67.52 65.88 65.88 65.70 65.51 65.70 64.98 63.89 63.70 65.98 63.10 60.19
73.60 73.54 75. 65 74.98 72. 62 68.75 69.58 71. 75 75.90 74.16 72.27 70.62 71.18 70.08
Children’s'outerwear.
___ _____
67.26 66.85 66.88 66.36 66.74 67.49 66.01 65.08 64.40 65.14 64.62 62. 66 62.48 62.99 60. 79
82. 58 82. 66 79. 35 77.96 77.83 78.12 76.96 75. 75 75.18 74. 57 76.34 77.91 74. 70 71.18
Mise, fabricated textile products_______ 83.22 80.47 82.64 82.43 75.11 78.00 78.83 76.84 77. 25 75.85 77.29 79.15 79.54 76.02 74.11
Paper and allied products___ _
Paper and pulp m ills_________________
Paperboard mills
.
...
Mise, converted paper products_______
Paperboard containers and boxes........

126. 28
142. 77
147. 80
109. 71
115.18

125.85
143. 09
147.03
108.47
114. 48

124.41
141. 44
144.38
108.32
112.41

123. 69
141.96
144.13
107.38
110.12

122.41
139. 67
141.88
106.30
110.88

120.28
137.64
136.22
104.86
108.47

119.00
136.40
137.28
103.38
107. 01

119.71
136.89
139.78
105.22
107.38

119.14
136.75
137.90
104. 55
105.41

119.84
137. 20
138.08
106.08
107. 07

120.81
138.12
138.57
105.84
109.65

121.80
139. 05
140.43
105.84
110.33

119.35
135.30
138. 62
104.16
108.63

114.22
128.16
132.14
99.42
104.23

Printing and publishing__
Newspapers . ___________

127. 59 127.25 128.21
134.32 131. 04 132.13
141.20 143. 42
112.03 111. 72
129. 20 131.32 133.00
98.17 98. 05 98.94
129.65 128.26 127.92

126. 28
129.24
139. 47
114.21
130. 41
96.89
128.15

124.91
128. 52
138. 23
111.84
128.58
94. 75
125. 68

124.86
129.95
133.12
112.16
128.58
96.64
125. 68

124.86
129.60
130.42
115. 65
127.59
98.16
126.34

124.03
127.44
130. 02
114.26
127.47
97.78
125.18

125. 06
126. 71
130.87
115. 51
129.17
96. 75
127.71

123.33
125. 65
129.81
113.71
126. 75
93.99
128.43

123.97
124.95
129.63
115.09
127. 26
96.36
128.64

125.90
131.33
132. 20
114. 54
128.08
96.72
127.14

124.87
129. 55
133. 72
115. 08
128.16
96.33
125.32

122. 61
125.24
130. 65
114. 53
126. 56
95.16
124.94

118.12
119.85
126.23
110.68
120.96
91.57
120.90

Commercial printing
Blankbooks and bookbinding______ . .
Other publishing & printing ind _ _

125.85
142. 77
148. 58
108.73
114. 48

Average weekly hours
Apparel and other textile products_____
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats.
. ..
Men’ s and boys’ furnishings___________
Women’s and misses’ outerwear .
Women’s and children’s undergarments.

36.1
37.2
36.8
33.8
37.0
35.7
35.2
36.9
38.8

36.3
36.5
37.1
34.5
37.1
36.9
35.3
36.4
38.7

35.9
36.4
36.7
34.6
36.2
36.4
35.5
35.6
37.0

35.9
37.1
36.8
33.9
36.2
35. 6
35.9
35.7
37.5

35.9
37.7
36.5
34.3
35.9
34.9
35.3
36.0
37.9

35.9
37.5
36.4
34.7
35.8
35.5
34.8
36.3
37.3

35.9
37.5
36.3
34.6
36.1
35.0
35.0
35.9
37.5

35.7
37.1
36.5
34.2
35.9
35.8
35.4
35.8
37.0

36.1
38.3
37.0
34.0
36.3
36.0
36.1
36.2
37.7

36.2
38.5
37.4
33.5
36.4
36.5
35.4
36.7
38.8

36.4
38.3
37.2
33.8
37.7
36.4
35.7
37.1
38.8

36.4
38.3
37.2
34.3
36.9
36.5
36.2
36.8
38.2

36.4
37.9
37.6
34.0
36.7
36.5
36.4
36.5
38.4

Mise, fabricated textile products_______

38.0

35.8
36.8
36.8
33.4
36.7
35.9
35.0
36.7
38.5

Paper and allied products_______________
Paper and pulp mills
_____
Paperboard mills _________________ .
Mise, converted paper products_______
Paperboard containers and boxes. . . . . .

43.1
44.2
45.2
41.4
42.5

43.1
44.2
45.3
41.5
42.4

43.1
44.3
45.1
41.4
42.4

42.9
44.2
44.7
41.5
42.1

42.8
44.5
44.9
41.3
41.4

42.8
44.2
44.9
41.2
42.0

42.5
44.4
43.8
40.8
41.4

42.2
44.0
44.0
40.7
41.0

42.6
44.3
44.8
41.1
41.3

42.4
44.4
44.2
41.0
40.7

42.8
44.4
44.4
41.6
41.5

43.3
44.7
44.7
42.0
42.5

43.5
45.0
45.3
42.0
42.6

43.4
44.8
45.3
42.0
42.6

43.1
44.5
45.1
41.6
42.2

Printing and publishing_____
Newspapers . . . . . . . . .
..

38.2
36.6

38.1
35.9
40.0
38.9
39.2
38.3
38.4

38.5
36.4
40.4
39.2
39.7
38.8
38.3

38.5
36.1
40.9
40.5
39.4
38.6
38.6

38.2
36.0
40.3
39.8
39.2
37.9
38.2

38.3
36.3
39.5
40.2
39.2
38.5
38.2

38.3
36.2
38.7
41.6
38.9
38.8
38.4

38.4
36.0
39.4
41.4
39.1
38.8
38.4

38.6
36.1
39.3
41.7
39.5
38.7
38.7

38.3
35.9
39.1
41.2
39.0
37.9
38.8

38.5
35.7
39.4
41.4
39.4
38.7
39.1

39.1
37.1
39.7
41.2
39.9
39.0
39.0

38.9
36.7
40.4
41.1
39.8
39.0
38.8

38.8
36.3
40.2
41.8
39.8
39.0
38.8

38.6
36.1
40.2
41.3
39.4
38.8
39.0

$2.06
2.42
1.76
2.26

$2.07
2.43
1.75
2.29

$1.99
2.31
1.73
2.17
1.81

$1.95
2.30

$1.93
2.28

$1.9c
2.27

2.18
2.13

2.19
2.03

2.18
2.08

1.75
1.98
1.77
2.08
2.04

1.75
1.94
1.75

2.19

1.76
2.06
1.79
2. 06
2.05

2.05

$1.89
2. 24
1.59
2.08
1.71
1.95
1.74
2. 03
1.99

$1.83
2.16
1.54

2.06
1.90
2.24
2.13

$2.01
2.34
1.73
2. 22
1.82
2.06

$2. 02
2.39
1.73

2.05
1.91
2.25
2.09

$2.04
2. 41
1.73
2.26
1.82
2.05

Paper and allied products_____ _______
___
Paper and pulp mills ______
Paperboard mills_____________________
Mise, converted paper p rod u cts..
Paperboard containers and boxes.......

2.93
3.23
3.27
2. 65
2.71

2.92
3.23
3.28
2.62
2.70

2.92
3.23
3. 26
2.62
2.70

2.90
3.20
3.23
2. 61
2.67

2.89
3.19
3. 21
2.60
2.66

Printing and publishing _ . . . . . .
Newspapers___________
__________
Periodicals____
__________ ________
B ooks.. .
_______ _
. . .
Commercial printing________________
Blankbooks and bookbinding- . _ .
Other publishing & printing in d ______

3.34
3. 67

3.34
3.65
3. 53

3.33
2. 57
3.35

3.35
2. 56
3.34

3.33
3.63
3. 55
2.85
3.35
2. 55
3. 34

3.28
3.58
3.41
2.82
3.31
2. 51
3.32

3. 27
3.57
3.43
2.81
3.28
2. 50
3.29

Children’s outerwear.

. _____ . . .

_____ _
... .. .

Commercial p rin tin g ..
Blankbooks and bookbin din g.. .
Other publishing & printing ind

36.3
38.3
37.0
34.1
37.1
35.4

38.8
38.2
38.7

Average hourly earnings
Apparel and other textile products. . . . .
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats .
Men’s and boys’ furnishings_________
Women’s and misses’ outerwear_______
Women’s and children’s undergarments.
Children’s outerwear __I
.. . .
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel __
Mise, fabricated textile products* _ ___

See fo o tn o te s at end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.08
2.42
1.78
2.25
1.87
1.90

1.88

2.88

1.86

$2.00
2.34
1.72
2.17
1.83
1.97
1.87
2.17
2.08

$2.01
2.34
1.73
2.19
1.83
1.96
1.87

$2.00
2.32
1.73
2.19
1.82
2.05
1.84

2.12 2.11
2.06

2.06

1.84
2.1C
2.05

2.83
3.10
3.11
2.57
2.62

2.82
3.10
3.12
2. 54
2. 61

2.81
3.09
3.12
2. 56
2. 60

2.81
3.08
3.12
2. 55
2.59

2.80
3.09
3.11
2.55
2.58

2.79
3.09
3.10
2. 52
2. 58

2.80
3.09
3.10
2.52
2.59

2.75
3.02
3.06
2.48
2.55

2.65

3.16
3.16
2.58
2.64

3. 26
3.58
3.37
2.79
3.28
2.51
3.29

3.26
3.58
3.37
2.78
3.28
2.53
3.29

3.23
3.54
3.30
2.76
3.26
2.52
3.26

3.24
3.51
3.33
2.77
3.27
2. 5C
3.30

3.22
3.5C
3.32
2.76
3.25
2.48
3.31

3.22
3.50
3.29
2. 78
3.23
2.49
3.29

3.22
3.54
3.33
2.78
3. 21
2.48
3. 26

3. 21
3.53
3.31
2.80
3.22
2.47
3.23

3.16
3.45
3.25
2.74
3.18
2.44
3. 22

3.06
3.32
3.14

2.20

1.82
2.04

1.88 1.88 1.88
2.86

2.12

1.66 1.64 1.63
2.12 2.12 2.11
2.10

2.02
1.64
1.92
1.67
1.95
1.93

2.88
2.93
2.39
2.47

2.68

3.07
2.36
3.10

108

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968

T

able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
N ov .2 O c t .2 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable good«—Continued

Chemicals and allied products__________ $132. 09 $130. 73 $130. 31 $129.17 $129. 48 $128. 65
Industrial chemicals__________________ 147. 49 146. 30 146.23 143.59 145. 74 143. 72
Plastics materials and synthetics______ 133. 65 130. 31 129.27 130.62 129.89 128. 63
Drugs________________________________ 120.25 118. 55 116. 69 115.54 114.86 114.97
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods........ .
124.23 123. 93 124.64 123.53 125. 26 124.34
Paints and allied products____________ 121. 58 122. 78 124. 38 122.25 121.18 122. 47
Agricultural chemicals________________ 112. 04 109. 82 110.83 108.00 110.08 107.19
Other chemical products______________ 126.27 124.34 126.05 123.07 123.30 123.37

$127.10 $127. 49
142.12 142.80
126. 46 125.33
115. 26 118. 08
125.05 123.32
120. 60 117.91
105. 40 112. 70
121.13 122.43

$126.88 $125. 25
142.04 140.19
125.33 123.19
118. 24 117.96
122. 61 122.10
117. 50 115. 66
109.31 105. 40
121.84 119. 95

$126.16 $127.68
141. 20 143.65
123.07 126.78
117. 55 117.01
122. 29 120.83
116.81 118. 24
107. 75 106.32
120.30 123.77

$127.98
145.09
126.48
116.18
122. 06
118.40
104.90
122.47

$125.16 $121.09
140. 86 136. 08
125.08 120. 70
113. 02 107. 04
119.94 113.15
118. 01 113.15
105. 27 100.69
119.97 116. 48

Petroleum and coal products____________
Petroleum refining____________________
Other petroleum and coal products____

155. 43 155.95 155. 52 153.79 156. 67 152. 72 153.58 153.15 150.94 147.97 144.90 145. 67 146. 70 144. 58 138.42
161.63 160. 74 159.18 157.88 163.07 159. 47 161. 41 161.36 159.38 156.19 151.94 152.82 154.34 151. 56 145. 05
133.20 140.14 143.35 138.87 134. 98 131. 24 126. 58 123.41 117.04 114.90 116.05 118.02 119.85 120. 22 115.90

Rubber and plastics products, nec______
Tires and inner tubes_________________
Other rubber products________________
Miscellaneous plastics products________

120. 69 119.99 119. 71 116.89 105. 73 109.03 107. 57 110.30 110.16 109.35 112.19 113.13 113. 67 112.14 109.62
187.15 187. 31 184.94 177. 25 145. 89 164.94 162. 50 154. 45 154. 76 154.03 161. 62 165.10 165.17 163.39 158. 06
115. 37 114. 26 114. 54 112.47 104. 54 107. 3C 105.18 106. 66 106. 52 105. 73 108. 09 110. 09 110. 62 107. 74 103. 82
99.06 97.20 98.16 96.76 95. 75 96.29 94.94 94.71 94.54 93.43 94.37 94.30 94.35 94.39 92. 77

Leather and leather products____________ 82.11 80. 43 80.26 80.11 79. 75 79.28 77. 04 75.19 75. 65 76.13 77.20 76.63 76.03 74.88
Leather tanning and finishing_________ 108.14 109. 34 108. 39 105.99 103. 22 107.45 107. 57 104. 66 103. 20 101. 65 102. 66 104.19 104. 23 101.75
Footwear, except rubber______________
79. 95 77.52 77.93 77.97 77. 42 76. 20 74.00 71.64 72.44 73.68 75.08 73.92 72.39 71.81
Other leather products________________
78. 56 76. 96 76. 76 77.00 77.14 76.73 74. 57 73. 77 75.35 73.80 74.86 74.87 76.05 73.15
Handbags and personal leather g o o d s ..
74.82 74. 45 73.50 74. 47 72.89 70. 79 70.40 70.36 Y0.59 71.05 69.19 72.20 69.38

71.82
97.99
68.80
70.49
67.86

Average weekly hours
Chemicals and allied products__________
Industrial chemicals__________________
Plastics materials and synthetics______
Drugs________________________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_______
Paints and allied products____________
Agricultural chemicals________________
Other chemical products______________

41.8
41.9
42.7
40.9
41.0
40.8
42.6
41.4

41.5
41.8
41.9
40.6
40.9
41.2
42.4
40.9

41.5
41.9
41.7
40.1
41.0
41.6
42.3
41.6

41.4
41.5
42.0
40.4
40.5
41.3
41.7
41.3

41.5
42.0
41.9
40.3
40.8
41.5
42.5
41.1

41.5
41.9
41.9
40.2
40.9
41.8
42.2
41.4

41.4
41.8
41.6
40.3
41.0
41.3
42.5
41.2

41.8
42.0
41.5
41.0
40.7
40.8
46.0
41.5

41.6
41.9
41.5
41.2
40.6
40.8
44.8
41.3

41.2
41.6
41.2
41.1
40.7
40.3
42.5
40.8

41.5
41.9
41.3
41.1
40.9
40.7
43.1
41.2

42.0
42.5
42.4
41.2
41.1
41.2
42.7
42.1

42.1
42.8
42.3
41.2
41.8
41.4
42.3
41.8

42.0
42.3
42.4
40.8
41.5
41.7
43.5
41.8

41.9
42.0
42.5
40.7
40.7
41.6
43.4
41.9

Petroleum and coal products____________
Petroleum refining____________________
Other petroleum and coal products____

42.7
42.2
44.4

43.2
42.3
46.1

43.2
42.0
47.0

43.2
42.1
46.6

43.4
42.8
45.6

42.9
42.3
45.1

42.9
42.7
43.8

42.9
42.8
43.3

42.4
42.5
41.8

41.8
42.1
40.6

41.4
41.4
41.3

42.1
42.1
42.0

42.4
42.4
42.5

42.4
42.1
43.4

42.2
41.8
43.9

Rubber and plastics products, nec_______
Tires and inner tubes_________________
Other rubber products________________
Miscellaneous plastics products________

42.2
47.5
41.5
40.6

42.1
47.3
41.4
40.5

42.3
47.3
41.5
40.9

42.2
46.4
41.5
41.0

40.2
40.3
39.9
40.4

41.3
44.7
40.8
40.8

40.9
44.4
40.3
40.4

40.7
42.2
40.4
40.3

40.8
42.4
40.5
40.4

40.5
42.2
40.2
40.1

41.4
43.8
41.1
40.5

41.9
44.5
41.7
41.0

42.1
44.4
41.9
41.2

42.0
44.4
41.6
41.4

42.0
44.4
41.2
41.6

Leather and leather products___________
Leather tanning and finishing_________
Footwear, except rubber______________
Other leather products________________
Handbags and personal leather goods..

39.1
40.5
39.0
38.7

38.3
40.8
38.0
38.1
37.6

38.4
40.9
38.2
38.0
37.6

38.7
40.3
38.6
38.5
37.5

38.9
39.7
39.1
38.0
37.8

38.3
40.7
38.1
37.8
37.0

37.4
40.9
37.0
37.1
36.3

36.5
40.1
36.0
36.7
36.1

36.9
40.0
36.4
37.3
35.9

37.5
39.4
37.4
36.9
36.2

38.6
40.1
38.7
38.0
37.2

38.7
40.7
38.7
38.2
37.0

38.4
40.4
37.9
39.0
38.0

38.6
40.7
38.4
38.3
37.5

38.2
41.0
37.8
38.1
37.7

Average hourly earnings
Chemicals and allied products__________
Industrial chemicals__________________
Plastics materials and synthetics______
Drugs________________________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_______
Paints and allied products____________
Agricultural chemicals________________
Other chemical products______________

$3.16
3. 52
3.13
2. 94
3.03
2. 98
2. 63
3.05

$3.15
3. 50
3.11
2.92
3. 03
2.98
2. 59
3.04

$3.14
3.49
3.10
2.91
3. 04
2.99
2.62
3.03

$3.12
3.46
3.11
2.86
3.05
2.96
2.59
2.98

$3.12
3.47
3.10
2.85
3.07
2.92
2.59
3.00

$3.10
3.43
3.07
2.86
3.04
2.93
2.54
2.98

$3.07
3. 40
3. 04
2.86
3.05
2.92
2.48
2.94

$3.05
3.40
3.02
2.88
3.03
2.89
2. 45
2.95

$3.05
3.39
3.02
2.87
3.02
2.88
2. 44
2.95

$3.04
3.37
2.99
2.87
3.00
2.87
2.48
2.94

$3.04
3.37
2.98
2.86
2.99
2.87
2. 50
2.92

$3.04
3.38
2.99
2.84
2.94
2.87
2.49
2.94

$3.04
3.39
2.99
2.82
2. 92
2.86
2.48
2.93

$2.98
3.33
2.95
2. 77
2.89
2.83
2.42
2.87

$2.89
3.24
2.84
2.63
2.78
2.72
2.32
2.78

Petroleum and coal products____________
Petroleum refining____________________
Other petroleum and coal products____

3.64
3.83
3.00

3. 61
3. 80
3. 04

3.60
3.79
3. 05

3.56
3.75
2.98

3.61
3.81
2.96

3.56
3. 77
2.91

3.58
3.78
2.89

3.57
3. 77
2.85

3.56
3. 75
2.80

3.54
3. 71
2.83

3. 50
3. 67
2.81

3.46
3.63
2.81

3. 46
3. 64
2.82

3.41
3.60
2.77

3.28
3. 47
2. 64

Rubber and plastics products, nec______
Tires and inner tubes_________________
Other rubber products________________
Miscellaneous plastics products________

2.86
3. 94
2.78
2.44

2.85
3.96
2. 76
2.40

2.83
3. 91
2. 76
2.40

2.77
3.82
2.71
2.36

2.63
3.62
2.62
2.37

2. 64
3.69
2.63
2.36

2.63
3.66
2.61
2.35

2.71
3.66
2.64
2.35

2. 70
3. 65
2.63
2.34

2. 70
3. 65
2.63
2.33

2. 71
3.69
2.63
2.33

2. 70
3. 71
2. 64
2.30

2.70
3.72
2.64
2.29

2. 67
3.68
2.59
2.28

2.61
3.56
2. 52
2.23

Leather and leather products____________
Leather tanning and finishing_________
Footwear, except rubber______________
Other leather products________________
Handbags and personal leather goods..

2.10
2.67
2.05
2.03

2.10
2.68
2.04
2.02
1.99

2.09
2.65
2.04
2.02
1.98

2.07
2.63
2.02
2.00
1.96

2.05
2. 60
1.98
2.03
1.97

2.07
2. 64
2.00
2. 03
1.97

2.06
2.63
2.00
2.01
1.95

2.06
2. 61
1.99
2.01
1.95

2.05
2. 58
1.99
2.02
1.96

2.03
2.58
1.97
2.00
1.95

2.00
2.56
1.94
1.97
1.91

1.98
2. 56
1.91
1.96
1.87

1.98
2.58
1.91
1.95
1.90

1.94
2. 50
1.87
1.91
1.85

1.88
2.39
1.82
1.85
1.80

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

109

C.— EAR N IN G S AND HOURS

T able C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued
1966

1967

Annual
average

Industry
N ov.2 Oct .2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Eeb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads3- - - ------------------------Local and suburban transportation.......
Intercity highway transportation-------Trucking and warehousing____________
Public warehousing_________________
Pipe line transportation_______________
C ommunication______________________
Telephone com m unication__________
Telegraph communication 4_________
Radio and television broadcasting—
Electric, gas, and sanitary services-----Electric companies and systems_____
Gas companies and systems_________
Combination companies and systems
Water, steam, & sanitary systems-----

$121.12 $117. 32 $120. 40 $119.13 $117.32
146. 01 150. 42 157.18 153.72 150.34
142. 97 144. 75 142.52 141. 53 141.34
102. 06 103. 86 102.62 102.62 101. 66
161.56 162.15 156.11 160.19 155. 77
120. 69 121.39 118.29 120.20 119. 59
114.84 115.13 111.93 114.05 113.87
135. 84 135. 33 135. 02 135.96 135.14
157. 60 160. 00 155. 99 157.20 154. 81
146. 50 144.42 141. 25 142.35 142.00
147. 85 146. 62 144. 84 146.72 145. 95
Ï36.95 135.11 129.65 130.97 128. 88
159. 22 155. 50 153.04 152.99 153. 77
116. 00 115.14 113. 24 114.62 113. 52

$140. 68 $135.34 $138. 53 $143. 77 $137.49 $137. 22 $137. 90 $135. 65 $130. 80
117. 73 114.11 113. 70 112. 88 112. 74 112. 71 114.33 112.36 108. 20
146.03 144. 57 136.12 142.43 145. 29 143. 22 145. 53 144.95 133. 72
136. 27 121.86 135.11 134. 60 132.80 137.82 136.85 135.15 130. 48
99.15 101. 81 97.71 98. 40 97. 61 99.12 98.18 96. 80 93.50
159.08 166. 53 155. 80 157. 38 161. 66 154. 34 152. 31 151. 29 145.85
117. 69 117. 90 117. 00 120.10 118. 01 120.40 122. 54 118. 55 114. 62
112.03 112. 22 111.36 114. 62 112.97 115. 31 117. 03 113. 27 109. 08
133.90 128. 23 128.35 131. 07 128.35 128. 53 127. 62 128. 01 122.55
154.45 154.01 153. 65 154. 42 152. 05 154.41 158. 36 151. 24 147. 63
140.49 140. 83 139. 59 141.86 139.18 140.11 140. 53 136.95 131. 24
144. 07 143. 59 143. 24 143. 87 141. 52 142. 20 142. 96 139. 70 133.31
129. 43 129. 20 128.02 128. 52 129. 78 128.33 129.90 125. 77 120. 83
151.89 152. 94 151. 37 156.14 150. 75 154. 28 152. 52 149. 70 143. 79
113.12 113. 27 111.91 113. 42 112. 06 111.79 112.89 110. 42 105.16

Average weekly hours
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3_......... _..........
Local and suburban transportation____
Intercity highway transportation-------Trucking and warehousing................
Public warehousing_________________
Pipeline transportation............................
C ommunication______________________
Telephone communication__________
Telegraph communication 4_________
Radio and television broadcasting—
Electric, gas, and sanitary services------Electric companies and systems_____
Gas companies and systems_________
Combination companies and systems
Water, steam, & sanitary systems-----

42.8
42.2
42.3
40.5
40.9
39.7
39.6
43.4
39.4
41. 5
41.3
41.5
41.9
40.7

41.9
43.1
42.7
40.1
41.9
39.8
39.7
43.1
39.9
41.5
41.3
41.7
41.8
40.4

43.0
44.4
42.8
40.4
41.3
39.3
39.0
43.0
40.1
41.3
41.5
40.9
41.7
40.3

42.7
43.3
42.5
40.4
41.5
39.8
39.6
43.3
40.0
41.5
41.8
40.8
41.8
40.5

42.2
43.2
42.7
40.5
41.1
39.6
39.4
42.9
39.9
41.4
41.7
40.4
41.9
40.4

44.1
42.5
42.7
41.8
39.5
41.0
39.1
38.9
43.9
39.5
41.2
41.4
40.7
41.5
40.4

41.9
41.8
42,9
38.2
40.4
42.7
39.3
39.1
42.6
39.9
41.3
41.5
40.5
41.9
40.6

43.7
41.8
41.0
41.7
39.4
41.0
39.0
38.8
42.5
39.6
41.3
41.4
40.9
41.7
40.4

44.1
41.5
42.9
41.8
40.0
41.2
39.9
39.8
43.4
39.8
41.6
41.7
40.8
42.2
40.8

43.1
41.6
43.5
41.5
40.5
42.1
39.6
39.5
42.5
39.7
41.3
41.5
41.2
41.3
40.6

43.7
41.9
43.4
42.8
41.3
41.6
40.0
39.9
42.7
39.9
41.7
41.7
41.0
42.5
40.8

44.2
42.5
44.1
42.5
41.6
41.5
41.4
41.5
42.4
40.5
41.7
41.8
41.5
41.9
41.2

43.9
42.4
44.6
42.5
40.5
41.0
40.6
40.6
43.1
39.8
41.5
41.7
41.1
41.7
41.2

43.6
42.1
43.7
42.5
40.3
41.2
40.5
40.4
43.0
39.9
41.4
41.4
41.1
41.8
41.4

$3. 26
2.72
3. 32
3. 22
2. 46
3. 82
3. 01
2.88
3. 02
3.88
3. 41
3.45
3.15
3. 70
2. 78

$3.19
2.71
3.34
3.20
2. 41
3.84
2.98
2.86
3. 02
3.83
3.37
3. 41
3.15
3. 65
2.76

$3.14
2.69
3.30
3. 22
2. 40
3.71
3. 01
2. 89
3.01
3.87
3.36
3.41
3.13
3.63
2.74

$3.12
2. 69
3.30
3. 22
2.36
3. 67
2.96
2.82
3. 01
3.91
3.37
3. 42
3.13
3.64
2.74

$3.09
2.65
3. 25
3.18
2. 39
3.69
2.92
2.79
2.97
3.80
3. 30
3.35
3.06
3. 59
2.68

$3.00
2. 57
3. 06
3.07
2.32
3. 54
2.83
2. 70
2.85
3.70
3.17
3. 22
2. 94
3.44
2.54

Average hourly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3____________________
Local and suburban transportation-----Intercity highway transportation--------Trucking and warehousing!................ .
Public warehousing__________ _____ _
Pipeline transportation_______________
Communication_______________ _______
Telephone communication__________
Telegraph communication 4_________
Radio and television broadcasting—
Electric, gas, and sanitary services------Electric companies and systems_____
Gas companies and systems_________
Combination companies and systems.
Water, steam, & sanitary systems___
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2. 83
3.46
3. 38
2. 52
3. 95
3.04
2.90
3.13
4.00
3. 53
3. 58
3.30
3.80
2. 85

$2.80
3.49
3. 39
2. 59
3. 87
3. 05
2.90
3.14
4. 01
3. 48
3. 55
3.24
3. 72
2. 85

$2.80
3. 54
3.33
2. 54
3. 78
3. 01
2. 87
3.14
3. 89
3. 42
3. 49
3.17
3.67
2.81

$2.79
3.55
3.33
2.54
3.86
3.02
2.88
3.14
3.93
3.43
3.51
3.21
3. 66
2.83

$2.78
3. 48
3.31
2. 51
3.79
3.02
2. 89
3.15
3.88
3. 43
3. 50
3.19
3.67
2.81

$3.19
2.77
3. 42
3. 26
2. 51
3.88
3. 01
2.88
3. 05
3.91
3. 41
3.48
3.18
3. 66
2.80

$3.23
2.73
3.37
3.19
2. 52
3. 90
3.00
2.87
3. 01
3.86
3.41
3.46
3.19
3.65
2. 79

$3.17
2. 72
3.32
3.24
2. 48
3.80
3.00
2. 87
3. 02
3.88
3.38
3. 46
3.13
3.63
2.77

110

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968

Table C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
N ov.2 O c t .2 Sept.

Aug.

j

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade_________________ $83.26 $82.90 $83. 45 $84.15 $84.15 $82.80 $81.09 $80. 73
Wholesale trade_________________________ 118. 78 118.08 118. 08 116.64 117. 62 116. 64 115.66 115. 26
Motor vehicles & automotive equip­
ment _______________________________
107.64 106.30 108.00 107.23 107.38 106.97 107. 23
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
122. 58 121.79 120.40 120.99 117.90 117.51 118.59
Dry goods and apparel________________
116.21 115. 06 114.13 114.90 112. 48 112. 05 112.48
Groceries and related products________
109.08 111. 38 110.27 111.76 108. 79 106. 92 106. 25
Electrical goods_______________________
126.07 129.86 129.63 129.20 129. 20
Hardware, plumbing & heating equip­
129.90 130.10
ment_______________________________
114. 21 114. 33 110.70 111.78 111. 10 110. 02 109.34
Machinery, equipment, and supplies...
132.19 131.87 129.34 129.02 129.51 128.30 127.80
Miscellaneous wholesalers_____________
116. 03 116. 22 114.91 115.89 114.80 113. 43 113.83
Retail trade____________________________
71.34 71.55 71. 66 72.96 72.96 71.56 69.80 69.80
Retail general merchandise___________
64.68 65.01 66.05 65. 86 64.35 62.99 62.34
Department stores__________________
68.69 68. 76 69.47 69.89 68.31 66. 65 65.81
Mail order houses___________________
74.76 77.54 77.47 77.17 76.38 75. 26 74.48
Variety stores_______________________
49.83 50.18 51.68 51. 51 49. 57 48.00 48.16
Food stores___________________________
74.91 75.60 77.48 77.70 75. 70 73.14 72.37
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores..
75.80 76.84 78.98 79. 20 76.83 73.80 73.25
Apparel and accessory stores__________
62.08 62.53 63.17 63.65 62. 59 60. 80 60. 86
Men’s & boys’ clothing & furnishings.
74. 46 73. 96 75.40 76.46 76. 47 73. 01 73. 22
Women’s ready-to-wear stores_______
56.56 56. 82 57.25 58.10 56. 72 56.00 55.53
Family clothing stores______________
60.54 61.43 61.57 61.90 60.78 60.35 •60. 40
Shoe stores__________ ______________
63.65 64. 27 64.70 64. 35 62.51 59.69 58.98

___

___

$80. 59 $80. 22 $80.30 $79.57 $79.86 $79. 02 $76.53
114. 74 114.05 114.09 113. 27 112.74 111.38 106.49
105.32
117.51
111.81
105. 73
132.98

104. 65
118.50
110. 58
105. 59
130.85

105. 41
117.89
109. 53
105. 26
132.98

105. 66
115. 60
109.15
104.04
126. 65

105. 41
115. 49
110.78
103.48
128.87

104. 08
114.17
107.26
102.09
126.98

100.14
109.08
103.19
97.00
122.84

108. 27 108.14 108.68 108. 00 108.95 107.30 101.91
126. 27 125.05 124.24 125. 46 124. 53 121.66 115. 23
113. 60 112.92 113.08 112. 40 111.60 110.95 107.20
69.30 69.10 69.15 68.64 68.87 68.57 66.61
61.88 61.18 61.05 60. 26 61.01 60.94 59.15
65.04 64. 52 64.92 63.36 65.27 64. 55 62.98
75.39 72.24 69.42 73.08 70.04 71.51 71.00
48.34 47. 70 46.35 46. 97 46. 66 46.19 44.10
72.49 72. 27 72. 27 72.59 71.81 72.21 70.66
73.47 73. 47 73.15 73.81 72.81 73. 22 71.69
60.03 60. 03 60.35 58.24 58.97 58. 89 57.46
71.99 72.91 75.15 72.12 72.03 71.96 69.84
55. 21 55. 01 55.38 52.95 53.13 52.97 51.46
59. 52 58.06 57. 22 57.14 58. 50 58.21 56.28
57.83 58.53 59.03 56.36 58.02 58.40 56.64

Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade_________________
Wholesale trade__________ __________ ___
Motor vehicles & automotive equip­
ment _______________________________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
D ry goods and apparel__________ _____
Groceries and related products________
Electrical goods_______________________
Hardware, plumbing & heating equip­
ment _______________________________
Machinery, equipment, and supplies.. .
Miscellaneous wholesalers_____________
Retail trade________ _____ _____ _______
Retail general merchandise___________
Department stores________ _________
Mail order houses___________________
Variety stores_______________________
Food stores___________________________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores..
Apparel and accessory stores__________
Men’s & boys’ clothing & furnishings.
Women’s ready-to-wear stores_______
Family clothing stores______________
Shoe stores__________ ____ _________

36.2
40.4

34.8

36.2
40.3

36.6
40.3

37.4
40.5

37.4
40.7

36.8
40.5

36.2
40.3

36.2
40.3

36.3
40.4

36.3
40.3

36.5
40.6

37.0
40.9

36.8
40.7

37.1
40.8

37.7
40.8

41.4
39.8
38.1
40.7
41.5

41.2
39.8
38.1
41.1
41.7

41.7
40.0
38.3
41.3
41.2

41.4
39.8
38.3
41.7
42.3

41.3
39.3
38.0
40.9
42.5

41.3
39.3
37.6
40.5
42.5

41.4
39.4
38.0
40.4
42.5

41.3
39.7
37.9
40.2
43.6

41.2
39.9
38.0
40.3
42.9

41.5
40.1
37.9
40.8
43.6

41.8
40.3
38.3
41.1
44.9

41.5
40.1
38.2
40.9
43.1

41.8
40.2
37.9
41.0
42.9

41.9
40.4
37.8
41.1
42.8

40.5
40.8
39.6
34.9
32.5
32.4
35.1
30.2
33.0
33.1
32.0
34.0
31.6
32.2
30.9

40.4
40.7
39.8
35.3
33.0
32.9
35.9
30.6
33.6
33.7
32.4
34.4
32.1
32.5
31.2

40.4
40.8
39.9
36.3
33.7
33.4
35.7
31.9
34.9
35.1
33.6
35.4
32.9
33.1
33.7

40.5
40.7
40.1
36.3
33.6
33.6
35.4
31.6
35.0
35.2
33.5
35.4
33.2
33.1
33.0

40.4
40.6
40.0
35.6
33.0
33.0
35.2
30.6
34.1
34.3
32.6
34.6
32.6
32.5
31.1

40.3
40.6
39.8
34.9
32.3
32.2
35.5
30.0
32.8
32.8
32.0
33.8
32.0
32.1
30.3

40.2
40.7
39.8
34.9
32.3
32.1
35.3
30.1
32.6
32.7
32.2
33.9
32.1
32.3
30.4

40.1
40.6
40.0
35.0
32.4
32.2
35.9
30.4
32.8
32.8
32.1
33.8
32.1
32.0
30.6

40.2
40.6
39.9
34.9
32.2
32.1
34.4
30.0
32.7
32.8
32.1
33.6
31.8
31.9
31.3

40.4
40.6
40.1
35.1
32.3
32.3
33.7
30.1
33.0
33.1
32.1
33.7
32.2
31.1
31.4

40.6
40.9
40.3
35.9
34.2
33.7
41.5
32.3
33.4
33.4
33.6
35.3
33.6
33.2
32.1

40.5
41.1
40.0
35.5
32.8
32.8
34.5
30.7
33.4
33.4
32.4
34.3
32.2
32.5
30.7

40.8
41.1
40.2
35.9
33.3
33.1
35.4
31.0
33.9
33.9
32.9
35.1
32.7
32.7
31.4

40.6
41.3
40.3
36.6
33.8
33.5
36.6
31.5
34.3
34.3
33.6
36.0
33.2
33.3
32.0

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade_________________
Wholesale trade_________________________
Motor vehicles & automotive equip­
ment _______________________________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
D ry goods and apparel________________
Groceries and related products________
Electrical goods_________________ ____ _
Hardware, plumbing & heating equip­
ment . . . ____________________________
Machinery, equipment, and supplies...
Miscellaneous wholesalers_____________
Retail trade____________________________
Retail general merchandise___________
Department stores__________________
Mail order houses___________________
Variety stores_______________________
Food stores___________________________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores..
Apparel and accessory stores__________
Men’s & boys’ clothing & furnishings .
Women’s ready-to-wear stores_______
Family clothing stores______________
Shoe stores_________________________

See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.29
2. 93

$2.28
2.93

$2.25
2.88

$2.25
2. 89

$2.25
2.88

$2.24
2.87

$2.23
2.86

$2.22
2.84

$2. 21
2.83

$2.20
2.81

$2.16
2,80

$2.18
2.79

$2.13
2.73

$2.03
2.61

2.60
3.08
3.05
2.68
3.13

2.58
3.06
3. 02
2.71
3.12

2.59
3.01
2.98
2.67
3.06

2.59
3.04
3.00
2.68
3.07

2.60
3.00
2.96
2. 66
3. 05

2. 59
2.99
2.98
2. 64
3.04

2. 59
3. 01
2.96
2.63
3. 04

2. 55
2.96
2.95
2.63
3.05

2. 54
2.97
2. 91
2. 62
3. 05

2. 54
2.94
2.89
2.58
3.05

2. 54
2.91
2.85
2.54
3. 05

2. 54
2.89
2.88
2. 55
2.98

2.49
2.84
2.83
2.49
2. 96

2.39
2. 70
2.73
2.36
2.87

2.82
3.24
2.93
2.05
1.99
2.12
2.13
1.65
2.27
2.29
1.94
2.19
1.79
1.88
2.06

2.83
3.24
2. 92
2.03
1.97
2.09
2.16
1.64
2. 25
2.28
1.93
2.15
1.77
1. 89
2.06

2.74
3.17
2.88
2.01
1.96
2.08
2.17
1.62
2.22
2.25
1.88
2.13
1.74
1.86
1.92

2.76
3.17
2. 89
2.01
1.96
2.08
2.18
1.63
2.22
2.25
1.90
2.16
1.75
1.87
1.95

2.75
3.19
2.87
2. 01
1.95
2.07
2.17
1.62
2.22
2.24
1.92
2. 21
1.74
1.87
2.01

2.73
3.16
2.85
2.00
1.95
2.07
2.12
1.60
2.23
2.25
1.90
2.16
1.75
1.88
1.97

2. 72
3.14
2.86
2.00
1.93
2.05
2.11
1.60
2. 22
2.24
1.89
2.16
1.73
1.87
1.94

2. 70
3.11
2.84
1.98
1.91
2. 02
2.10
1.59
2. 21
2.24
1.87
2.13
1.72
1.86
1.89

2.69
3.08
2.83
1.98
1.90
2.01
2.10
1.59
2.21
2.24
1.87
2.17
1.73
1.82
1.87

2.69
3.06
2.82
1.97
1.89
2.01
2.06
1.54
2.19
2. 21
1.88
2.23
1.72
1.84
1.88

2.68
3.08
2.83
1.94
1.82
1.92
2.02
1.51
2.16
2.18
1.82
2.10
1.66
1.79
1.87

2.66
3.06
2.81
1.95
1.86
1.98
2.03
1.52
2.18
2. 21
1.82
2.14
1.66
1.78
1.86

2.63
2.96
2. 76
1.91
1.83
1.95
2.02
1.49
2.13
2.16
1.79
2.05
1.62
1.78
1.86

2.51
2. 79
2.66
1.82
1.75
1.88
1.94
1.40
2. 06
2.09
1.71
1.94
1.55
1.69
1.77

111

C — EAR NIN G S A N D HOURS

Table C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
N ov.2 Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
Retail trade—Continued
Furniture and home furnishings stores..
Furniture and home furnishings____
Eating and drinking places 5__________
Other retail trade_____________________
Building materials and farm equip­
ment________ ______ ______ _____ Motor vehicle dealers_______________
Other automotive & accessory dealers.
Drug stores and proprietary stores.-.
Fuel and ice dealers_________________

$94.33 $95.20 $94. 53 $95.16 $93. 27 $91. 30 $90.92 $90.68 $89. 54 $91. 33 $95.28 $91. 65 $90.46 $88.18
94. 57 95. 31 93.36 93.60 92.58 90.48 90.09 89. 01 89. 24 89.63 93.60 90. 55 89. 27 86.58
50.16 50.28 51.70 51.21 50.06 49. 32 48.84 48.80 48.33 48.62 48. 72 48.10 47.60 45. 76
88. 76 88.65 89.65 90.27 88.93 87. 02 87. 25 86. 07 85.67 86.33 86.62 86.37 85.63 83.23
97.29 98. 05 97.48 97.06 96.41 94.39 93. 56 92. 51 92. 03 92.10 92. 99 91.91 91.54 88.41
112. 44 111. 45 113.10 115.48 114. 48 111. 57 110.99 108. 45 107. 02 108.12 110. 59 110.76 108.97 105. 75
96.10 95. 67 95.91 95.04 94. 61 92.44 92. 66 92.44 91.37 90.48 90. 05 90.29 89.38 85. 70
65. 33 65.96 67.94 67. 55 65. 43 63.22 63.22 62. 75 62.89 62. 79 63.83 63. 02 63.14 61.60
106. 45 104. 55 100.85 103.22 102. 50 101. 71 105.32 104. 49 111.71 107. 43 106.07 105.15 101.28 96.05

Finance, insurance, and real estate_________
Banking____________ ___________________
Credit agencies other than banks_______
Savings and loan associations_________
Security, com m odity brokers & services..
Insurance carriers_______________________
Life insurance_________________ ___
Accident and health insurance________
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance...

98.32
87. 56
91.37
91.63
152.31
103. 79
104.96
88.32
106.22

97. 31
86.35
90.51
90.28
149.97
103. 04
103.94
89.17
105. 46

96.83
86. 44
90. 24
89. 78
149.65
10?. 67
103.94
88.70
104. 60

97.20
86.30
90.62
92.12
154.22
103.04
104.03
89.92
104.71

96.20
85. 47
88.40
88. 56
152. 76
102. 77
103. 66
88.45
104.43

96.20
85. 47
88.64
89.28
149. 71
102.49
103. 66
89.30
103.88

95.83
85.93
89. 25
90.38
148.58
102. 58
103. 09
89.67
104. 63

95. 35
84.82
88.50
88. 30
143.64
102.12
103.49
90.65
103.60

94.98
85.19
88.60
89. 89
138.76
102. 67
103.49
90.27
104. 71

94. 61
85. 04
89. 44
91.96
137. 63
100. 74
100.08
90. 27
103. 57

93.62
84.15
87.00
87.08
132.47
101.08
101.02
90.13
103.47

93.00 92.50 88. 91
83.10 82. 21 79. 24
86.02 85.96 84.29
86.85 87.05 84.67
131. 73 138.38 127. 43
100. 81 99. 32 95. 86
100. 56 99.19 95. 27
90.27 89.41 85.38
103.19 101.68 97.92

Average weekly hours
Furniture and home furnishings stores________
Furniture and home furnishings____ _______
Eating and drinking places 5______ _____ _____
Other retail trade__________ ______ ___ _______
Building materials and farm equip­
m e n t.......................................................... .......
Motor vehicle dealers.______ _______________
Other automotive & accessory dealers________
Drug stores and proprietary stores__________
Fuel and ice dealers_______________________ _
Finance, insurance, and real estate_______
Banking......... ......................................... .
Credit agencies other than banks.............
Savings and loan associations...........
Security, com m odity brokers & services.
Insurance carriers______________________
Life insurance__________ ______ _____
Accident and health insurance_______
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance..

37.1

38.5
38.6
33.0
39.1

38.7
38.9
33.3
39.4

38.9
38.9
34.7
40.2

39.0
39.0
34.6
40.3

38.7
38.9
33.6
39.7

38.2
38.5
33.1
39.2

38.2
38.5
33.0
39.3

38.1
38.2
33.2
39.3

38.1
38.3
33.1
39.3

38.7
38.8
33.3
39.6

39.7
40.0
33.6
40.1

39.0
39.2
33.4
39.8

39.5
39.5
34.0
40.2

39.9
39.9
35.2
40.8

41.4
41.8
42.9
33.5
41.1

41.9
41.9
42.9
34.0
41.0

42.2
42.2
43.4
35.2
40.5

42.2
42.3
43.2
35.0
40.8

42.1
42.4
43.2
33.9
41.0

41.4
42.1
42.6
33.1
40.2

41.4
42.2
42.9
33.1
41.3

41.3
42.2
43.4
33.2
41.3

40.9
42.3
43.1
33.1
43.3

41.3
42.4
43.5
33.4
42.8

41.7
42.7
43.5
34.5
42.6

41.4
42.6
43.2
33.7
42.4

41.8
42.9
43.6
34.5
42.2

42.1
43.7
43.5
35.4
42.5

37.1
37.1
37.6
37.4
37.7
37.2
36.7
36.8
37.8

37.0
36.9
37.4
37.0
37.4
37.2
36.6
37.0
37.8

37.1
37.1
37.6
37.1
37.6
37.2
36.6
36.5
37.9

37.1
37.2
37.6
37.6
37.8
37.2
36.5
36.7
37.8

37.0
37.0
37.3
36.9
38.0
37.1
36.5
36.7
37.7

37.0
37.0
37.4
37.2
37.9
37.0
36.5
36.9
37.5

37.0
37.2
37.5
37.5
38.0
36.9
36.3
36.9
37.5

37.1
37.2
37.5
37.1
37.8
37.0
36.7
37.0
37.4

37.1
37.2
37.7
37.3
37.3
37.2
36.7
37.3
37.8

37.1
37.3
37.9
38.0
36.8
36.9
36.0
37.3
37.8

37.3
37.4
37.5
36.9
36.9
37.3
36.6
37.4
37.9

37.2
37.1
37.4
36.8
36.9
37.2
36.7
37.3
37.8

37.3
37.2
37.7
37.2
37.3
37.2
36.6
37.1
37.8

37.2
37.2
37.8
37.3
37.7
37.3
36.5
36.8
38.1

Average hourly earnings
Furniture and home furnishings stores..
Furniture and home furnishings.........
Eating and drinking places 5_____ ____
Other retail trade__________ __________
Building materials and farm equip­
m e n t .......... ............................... ........
Motor vehicle dealers.......... ..................
Other automotive & accessory dealers.
Drug stores and proprietary stores...
Fuel and ice dealers...............................
Finance, insurance, and real estate_______
Banking.................. .....................................
Credit agencies other than banks______
Savings and loan associations...........
Security, com m odity brokers & services.
Insurance carriers..................... ................
Life insurance.................... ....................
Accident and health insurance_______
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance..

See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.

282-907 0 - 6 8 - 9


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.66

$2. 45
2.45
1.52
2.27

$2.46
2.45
1.51
2. 25

$2.43
2.40
1.49
2.23

2.35
2.69
2.24
1.95
2.59

2.34
2.66
2.23
1.94
2. 55

2.31
2.68
2.21
1.93
2.49

2. 65
2. 36
2. 43
2.45
4. 04
2.79
2.86
2.40
2.81

2.63
2.34
2.42
2.44
4. 01
2. 77
2.84
2. 41
2.79

2. 61
2.33
2.40
2.42
3.98
2. 76
2.84
2.43
2.76

$2.44 $2. 41
2.40 1 2.38
1.49
1.48
2. 24
2.24

$2.39
2. 35
1.49
2. 22

$2.38
2.34
1.48
2.22

$2.38
2.33
1.47
2.19

$2.35
2.33
1.46
2.18

$2. 36
2. 31
1.46
2.18

$2.40
2.34
1. 45
2.16

$2.35
2.31
1.44
2.17

$2.29
2.26
1.40
2.13

$ 2.21

2.30
2.73
2.20
1.93
2.53

2.29
2.70
2.19
1.93
2. 50

2.28
2.65
2.17
1.91
2. 53

2.26
2.63
2.16
1.91
2.55

2.24
2.57
2.13
1.89
2.53

2.25
2. 53
2.12
1.90
2.58

2.23
2. 55
2.08
1.88
2.51

2.23
2. 59
2.07
1.85
2.49

2.22
2.60
2.09
1.87
2.48

2.19
2.54
2.05
1.83
2.40

2.10
2.42
1.97
1.74
2.26

2.62
2.32
2.41
2. 45
4.08
2.77
2.85
2. 45
2.77

2.60
2. 31
2. 37
2.40
4.02
2. 77
2.84
2.41
2. 77

2.60
2. 31
2.37
2.40
3.95
2. 77
2.84
2.42
2. 77

2.59
2. 31
2.38
2. 41
3.91
2.78
2. 84
2. 43
2.79

2.57
2.28
2.36
2.38
3.80
2.76
2.82
2.45
2. 77

2. 56
2.29
2. 35
2.41
3. 72
2. 76
2.82
2.42
2.77

2. 55
2.28
2. 36
2.42
3. 74
2.73
2. 78
2.42
2. 74

2. 51
2. 25
2. 32
2. 36
3. 59
2.71
2.76
2.41
2.73

2.50
2. 24
2. 30
2. 36
3.57
2.71
2.74
2. 42
2.73

2.48
2.21
2.28
2.34
3.71
2.67
2.71
2.41
2.69

2.39
2.13
2.23
2.27
3.38
2.57
2. 61
2.32
2.57

2.17
1. 30
2.04

112

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968

Table C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
N ov.2 O c t.2 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Services:
Hotels and other lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 6____
Personal services:
Laundries and drycleaning plants_____
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming & distributing...

—
—
—

$56. 88 $56. 68 $57.22 $56.92 $56.36 $56.42 $55.85 $56.15 $56.00 $55.05 $55.72 $54.83 $53.34 $51.54

66. 20

65. 63

65.25

65.42

65.77

64.53

64.13

63.24

62.02

62.79

62.87

61.99

61.12

58.98

161.13 159. 56 163.18 163.96 162.38 155.16 154.77 150.91 160.24 162.89 166.96 159.83 157.77 148.08
Average weekly hours

Services:
Hotels and other lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 6
Personal services:
Laundries and drycleaning plants____
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming & distributing.

—

36.0

36.1

37.4

37.2

36.6

36.4

36.5

36.7

36.6

36.7

36.9

36.8

37.3

37.4

37.5

37.5

37.6

37.8

37.3

37.5

37.2

36.7

37.6

38.1

37.8

38.2

37.9
38.8

41.0

40.6

41.0

41.3

40.8

40.3

40.2

39.3

41.3

42.2

42.7

41.3

41.3

39.7

$1.53

$1.53

$1.50

$1.51

$1.49

$1.43

$1.36

1.70

1.69

1.67

1.65

1.64

1.60

1.52

3.84

3.88

3.86

3.91

3.87

3.82

3.73

Average hourly earnings
Services:
Hotels and other lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 6____
Personal services:

$1. 58
1.77

$1.57
1.75

$1.53
1.74

$1.53
1.74

$1.54
1.74

$1.55
1.73

$1.53
1.71

Motion pictures:
3. 93

3. 93

3.98

1For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967 see footnote 1, table A-9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10.
2Preliminary.
3Based upon m onthly data summarized in the M-300 report b y the Inter­
state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received
pay during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC
Group I). Beginning January 1965, data relate to railroads with operating
revenues of $5,000,000 or more.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.97

3.98

3.85

3.85

4Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
5Money payments only, tips not included.
6Data for nonoffice salesmen excluded from all series in this division.
Source : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.)

113

C.— EAR N IN G S AN D HOURS

T able C-2.

Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on
private nonagricultural payrolls in current and 1957-59 dollars 1
1966

1967

Annual
average

Item
Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Mar.

Apr.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

1966

1965

Total private

Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars - . . ____________________ $103. 63 $104.06 $103.45 $103.18 $101.88 $100.06 $99.41 $99. 56 $99.30 $99. 70 $99.97 $99.84 $100. 62 $98.69 $95.06
88.20 88.86 88.49 88. 57 87. 83 86. 56 86.22 86. 57 86.50 86. 92 87.16 87.12 87.88 87. 26 86. 50
1957-59 dollars__________________________
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
84.74 85.07 84.61 84.40 83.42 82.04 81.54 81.66 81.46 81.76 82.17 82. 07 82.66 81.19 78.99
Current dollars_______________________
72.12 72. 65 72.38 72.45 71.91 70.97 70.72 71.01 70.96 71.28 71.64 71.61 72.19 71.79 71.87
1957-59 dollars . . . ________________
Worker with 3 dependents:
92.29 92.63 92.15 91.93 90.90 89.45 88.93 89. 05 88. 84 89.16 89.58 89.47 90.09 88. 55 86.30
Current dollars_______________________
78.54 79.10 78.83 78.91 78.36 77. 38 77.13 77.43 77.39 77. 73 78.10 78.07 78.68 78.29 78. 53
1957-59 dollars. _ _____________________
Manufacturing

Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars___________ . . . _______
1957-59 dollars__________________________
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars_______________________
1957-59 dollars________________________
W orker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars_______________________
1957-59 dollars________________________

116.00 116. 57 114.77 113. 65 114.49 113.52 112. 56 112.44 111.88 113.42 114.40 113.99 113.85 112.34 107. 53
98. 72 99. 55 98.18 97. 55 98.70 98.20 97.62 97. 77 97.46 98.88 99.74 99.47 99.43 99.33 97.84
92.24
79. 79

91.51
79.37

91.42
79. 50

91.00
79.27

92.72
80.98

91. 57
80.96

89.08
81.06

102.15 102.61 101.16 100.27 100.93 100.16
86.94 87.63 86.54 86.07 87.01 86.64

99.40
86.21

99.30
86.35

98. 86 100.08 101. 09 100. 76 100. 65
86.11 87.25 88.13 87.92 87.90

99.45
87.93

96. 78
88. 06

94.12
80.10

94.55
80.74

93.19
79. 72

92.34
79.26

92.97
80.15

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967, see footnote 1, table A -9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10.
Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly
earnings as published in table C -l less the estimated amount of the workers’
Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax
liability depends on the number of dependents supported b y the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com-

Table C-3.

92.16
80.35

93.13
81.19

92.82
80.99

puted for 2 types of income receivers: (1) A worker with no dependents and
(2) a married worker with 3 dependents.
T he earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have heen adjusted for changes
in purchasing power as measured b y the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index.
2 Preliminary.
N ote : These series are described in “ The Calculation and Uses of Spend­
able Earnings Series,” Monthly Labor Review, A pril 1966, pp. 406-410.

Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries 1
1966

1967
In d u stry division and group
N o v .2

O ct.

Sept.

A u g.

Ju ly

June

M ay

A p r.

Mar.

F eb .

Jan.

D e c.

N ov.
42.7

43.1

42.3

42.8

42.8

43.2

42.2

42.0

42.7

42.4

42.2

42.6

42.5

39.4

37.1

38.3

37.5

37.5

37.4

36.4

37.4

37.4

37.6

38.2

38.1

37.4

M a n u fa ctu rin g _______________ _ _________ ______ __________

40.9

40.6

40.8

40.7

40.4

40.3

40.3

40.5

40.4

40.3

41.0

41.0

41.3

D u rable g o o d s _______ __________ ________________________
O rdnance and accessories........ —.
_
____________
L u m b e r and w o o d p r o d u c t s .,- . _
__________ _
F u rn iture and fixtu res____
_________ ______ __
Stone, cla y, and glass p ro d u cts _______________ __ _
P rim a ry m etal in d u s trie s .-. ...........
__ ____ _ _ .
F a bricated m etal p rod u cts____
. _________________
M achinery, except electrical__________ _ _ _ _____
..
E lectrical equ ip m en t and s u p p lie s .-.
T ran sp ortation eq u ip m en t____
_______ . .
Instrum ents and related p r o d u c ts . _ . . .
__ . . . . . .
M iscellaneous m anufacturin g industries
........... .

41.6
42.5
41.2
40.3
42.0
41.3
41.6
42.2
40.7
42.2
41.2
39.6

41.3
41.7
40.6
40.4
41.8
41.2
41.4
42.3
40.5
41.5
41.1
39.3

41.6
42.4
40.5
40.7
42.0
41.0
41.8
42.7
40.2
42.7
41.2
39.5

41.3
41.9
39.7
40.2
41.6
41.0
41.5
42.2
40.4
42.5
41.2
39.4

41.0
41.8
39.9
40.2
41.3
40.9
41.3
42.1
40.3
41.4
41.0
39.2

40.9
41.2
40.1
40.3
41.3
40.6
41.2
42.0
40.0
41.2
41.0
39.4

41.0
42.0
40.1
40.1
41.1
40.6
41.3
42.3
39.9
41.7
41.1
39.5

41.0
41.6
40.6
40.3
41.3
40.2
41.5
42.8
39.6
40.9
41.5
39.7

41.1
41.9
40.7
40.2
41.5
40.8
41.5
42.9
40.0
40.7
41.5
39.2

41.0
41.7
40.3
40.2
41.5
40.9
41.4
43.0
49.7
40.7
40.9
38.7

41.7
42.0
40.4
40.7
41.9
41.8
42.2
43.5
40.7
41.6
41.8
40.0

41.7
42.0
40.3
40.6
41.7
41.7
42.1
43.6
40.6
41.6
41.9
39.7

42.1
42.4
40.5
41.0
41.7
42.3
42.3
43.8
40.9
41.9
41.9
39.9

N on d u ra b le g ood s ___
_ ______ _______
F o o d and k in d red p rod u cts_________
T o b a c co m anufactures_____ __
...
T extile m ill p r o d u c ts .- . .
A p p a rel and other textile p ro d u cts______ _
P aper and allied p rod u cts______ _ _ _ ____________
P rin tin g and p u b lish in g____ . . . .
___
C h em icals and allied p rod u cts___________
___________
P etroleu m and coal p ro d u c ts . ________
R u b b e r and plastics produ cts, n e c ___
L eath er and leather p rod u cts____ __

40.0
40.5
39.0
41.4
36.4
42.9
38.3
41.8
42.8
42.0
39.3

39.7
40.7
38.9
41.3
35.8
42.8
38.0
41.5
43.2
41.9
38.7

39.9
41.0
38.0
41.4
36.3
42.8
38.3
41.5
42.4
41.9
38.9

39.7
40.8
38.9
41.0
35.8
42.6
38.3
41.5
43.1
42.0
38.3

39.6
40.6
38.4
40.6
35.9
42.7
38.3
41.5
42.8
40.6
38.4

39.5
41.0
39.0
40.4
35.7
42.6
38.3
41.3
42.6
41.2
37.9

39.5
40.6
38.3
40.5
35.9
42.5
38.3
41.2
42.6
40.9
37.7

39.8
40.8
39.4
40.8
36.2
42.5
38.6
41.5
42.6
41.1
37.7

39.5
41.1
38.2
40.2
35.5
42.8
38.5
41.6
43.0
41.0
37.0

39.5
41.0
38,2
40.2
35.6
42.8
38.6
41.4
42.6
40.9
37.1

40.0
41.1
38.7
40.9
36.6
43.2
38.8
41.8
42.0
41.5
38.3

39.9
41.0
39.0
40.9
36.4
43.1
38.6
41.9
42.4
41.4
38.0

40.2
41.1
¿8.6
41.2
36.5
43.3
39.0
42.1
42.5
41.9
38.6

36.6
40.4
35.2

36.3
40.3
35.1

36.7
40.3
35.4

36.7
40.5
35.5

36.7
40.5
35.4

36.7
40.5
35.4

36.3
40.3
35.2

36.4
•40.4
35.1

36.6
40.5
35.3

36.6
40.5
35.3

36.8
40.7
35.5

36.7
40. 6
35. 6

36.9
40.6
35.6

M i n i n g - - ___ __

____

_ _ ___ ____

_______________

C on tract con stru ction ______________ _____ _________

W holesale and retail tra d e.
W holesale trade__________
R etail tra d e. __ ____ __________

For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-10.
Preliminary.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

_ _

_ _ _

N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in appendix A.
B L S Handbook o f Methods for Surveys and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458,1966).

114

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

T able C-4.

Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by
major industry group 1
1967

1966

Annual
average

Major industry group

Manufacturing____________________________

N ov.2 Oct .2

Sept.2 Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

$2.73

$2.71

$2.71

$2. 71

$2. 70

$2.70

$2.69

$2.68

$2.67

$2.65

$2.64

$2.59

$2.51

2.88
3.09
2.29
2.23
2.68
3.20
2.83
3.02
2.71
3.27
2. 74
2.27

2.87
3.07
2.25
2.24
2.68
3.19
2.84
3.01
2.69
3.27
2.73
2.26

2.86
3.08
2.24
2.22
2.67
3.18
2.83
3.00
2.67
3.26
2.71
2.26

2.85
3.08
2.21
2.21
2. 66
3.18
2.81
2.99
2.65
3.26
2.69
2.27

2.84
3.08
2.21
2.19
2.66
3.16
2.81
2.98
2.64
3.25
2.69
2.26

2.84
3.08
2.18
2.18
2.65
3.16
2.80
2.98
2.61
3.26
2.67
2.25

2.82
3.08
2.18
2.16
2.64
3.15
2.79
2.96
2.60
3.25
2.66
2.21

2.80
3.06
2.19
2.15
2.64
3.16
2.77
2.95
2.58
3.22
2. 64
2.17

2. 76
3.05
2.15
2.11
2.59
3.13
2.73
2.90
2. 54
3.15
2.61
2.14

2.67
3.03
2.07
2.03
2. 49
3.04
2. 64
2.81
2.49
3.04
2.53
2.07

2. 46
2.51
2.32
1.94
1.98
2.70

2. 46
2.52
2.32
1.94
1.97
2.68

2.46
2.53
2.31
1.94
1.97
2. 67

2.45
2. 51
2.30
1.94
1.97
2.66

2.44
2.50
2.25
1.93
1.96
2. 66

2.42
2.48
2.17
1.93
1.91
2. 65

2. 40
2. 45
2.12
1.91
1.90
2. 64

2.39
2.42
2.08
1.91
1.89
2.63

2.35
2.40
2.15
1.87
1.85
2.59

2.27
2.33
2.06
1.78
1.80
2.50

$2. 77

$2.74

Durable goods__________________________
2.94
Ordnance and accessories_____ ______
Lumber and wood products. _ ______
Furniture and fixtures________________
Stone, clay, and glass products________
Primary metal industries_____________
Fabricated metal products____________
Machinery, except electrical___________
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment____________
Instruments and related products_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. —

2.90
3.13
2. 33
2.28
2. 73
3. 25
2.86
3. 06
2. 73
3.31
2. 77
2.28

2.89
3.11
2.32
2.28
2. 71
3.25
2. 86
3.05
2.69
3. 29
2. 76
2. 26

2.88
3.10
2.30
2.24
2. 70
3.25
2. 84
3. 03
2. 70
3.28
2. 75
2. 26

2.88
3.10
2.30
2.23
2.69
3.22
2.84
3. 03
2.71
3.28
2.75
2.28

Nondurable goods______________________
Food and kindred products___
Tobacco manufactures. _____________
Textile mill products_____________
Apparel and other textile products..
Paper and allied products*....
Printing and publishing______________
Chemicals and allied products.. . . .
Petroleum and coal products______
Rubber and plastics*products, nee.
Leather and leather products.__

2. 50
2.51
2.07
2.02
2.02
2. 75

2.50
2.50
2.12
2. 00
2.03
2. 75

2.47
2.49
2.20
1.95
2. 00
2.74

2.47
2.50
2. 33
1.94
1.98
2.73

2.52

( 2)

3.04
3. 44
2. 70
2.04

(2)

3.03
3. 43
2. 68
2.04

( 3)

3.01
3.41
2. 63
2. 02

1For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967, see footnote 1, table A -9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived b y assuming
that overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

( 3)

3.01
3. 45
2.52
2.00

( 3)

2.99
3.42
2.52
2.02

( 3)

2.97
3.44
2.52
2.02

( 3)

2.94
3.43
2.61
2.02

( 3)

2.94
3.43
2. 60
2.01

( 3)

2.94
3.41
2.59
1.98

( 3)

2.94
3.38
2.59
1.95

(3)

2.93
3.34
2.57
1.93

( 3)

2.92
3.33
2.56
1.93

( 3)

2.87
3.29
2.54
1.89

1965

( 3)

2.79
3.18
2. 49
1.84

2Preliminary.
3N ot available because average overtime rates are significantly above time
and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods total
has little effect.

C.— EAR N IN G S AN D HOURS

Table C-5.

115

Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
O V .2

Manufacturing__________ _______ _________
Durable goods_________________ ____
Nondurable goods__________________

3.5
3.7
3.2

Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

3.5
3.7
3.4

3.7
3.9
3.6

3.4
3.5
3.3

3.2
3.3
3.1

3.3
3.4
3.1

3.2
3.3
3.0

3.1
3.2
2.9

3.2
3.4
3.0

3.2
3.4
2.9

3.4
3.7
3.0

3.7
4.1
3.3

3.9
4.3
3.4

3.9
4.3
3.4

3.6
3.9
3.2

4.0
4.0
3.3
4.1
3.9
4.1
3.6
3.0
3.8
3.6
3.6
3.8
3.5
3.2
4 5
3.9
4.4
2.6
3.7
2.5
6.8

4.4
4.2
3.4
4.9
4.0
4.2
4.1
3.4
3.7
3.6
3. 4
4.2
4.3
3.6
4.9
4.0
4.3
2.5
3.9
2.4
7.8

3.8
3.6
3.7
4.2
3.8
4.1
4.0
3.0
3.6
3.1
2.9
3.0
4.6
3.8
4.6
2.3
4.2
2.4
3.6
2.2
7.5

3.5
3.4
4.0
3.8
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.4
3.5
2.6
2.2
4.1
3.3
3.5
4.5
2.8
4.5
2.6
3.6
1.9
7.1

3.2
2.9
3.5
3.8
3.6
3.7
3.4
3.5
3.6
2.9
2.5
3.2
4.0
3.7
4.3
3.1
4.3
2.4
3.6
2.0
6.8

3.4
3.1
3.9
4.2
3.5
3.6
3.3
3.5
3.8
2.4
2.1
3.1
3.3
3.4
4.1
2.8
4.4
2.2
3.3
2.1
6.2

3.2
2.7
4.9
4.1
3.6
3.6
3.4
3.4
3.5
2.5
2.2
3.4
2.9
3.2
3.9
3.2
3.7
2.5
3.3
2.3
5.7

3.4
3.2
4.3
3.7
3.3
3.4
3.2
3.1
3.4
2.6
2.4
3.3
2.9
3.3
3.7
3.2
4.0
2.2
3.0
2.2
5.1

3.6
3.4
4.6
3.7
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.3
2.7
2.4
4.2
3.2
3.3
3.5
3.1
3.7
2.0
2.6
2.2
4.9

4.0
3.3
4.5
5.4
3.3
3.3
3.0
3.7
3.5
2.8
2.6
4.4
2.7
3.3
3.5
3.8
3.6
2.3
2.6
2.3
4.6

4.3
3.4
3.0
6.3
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.9
3.5
3.8
3.6
5.1
3.6
4.3
3.9
3.7
4.1
2.3
2.8
2.6
4.9

4.2
3.4
3.9
6.3
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.8
3.8
3.9
3.7
4.9
3.5
4.3
4.3
5.9
4.2
3.0
3.4
3.1
5.3

3.9
3.2
3.4
5.4
4.0
4.0
3.9
4.1
3.9
3.8
3.6
4.7
4.2
4.2
4.5
4.3
4.2
2.8
3.6
2.5
6.3

3.0
3.1
1.6
2.9
3.8
3.7
4.0
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.7
3.7
4.2
4.1
4.0
2.2
3.6
2.2
6.2

3.5
3.1
2.1
4.2
4.5
4.2
3.4
3.5
3.9
4.3
3.6
3.2
3.8
5.0
4.2
4.0
3.8
3.2
4.2
4.1
2.4
3.3
5.8
3.9
3.8
3.0
3.1
5.4
2.7

3.8
3.3
2.3
4.4
4.6
4.2
3.5
4.0
4.2
4.9
3.8
3.2
4.1
5.3
5.0
4.0
3.6
3.6
4. 2
4.7
2.5
3.5
5.9
4.0
3.9
2.9
3.5
5.3
2.7

3.6
3.0
1.9
4.2
4.6
3.7
3.4
4.3
3.8
4.7
3.3
2.6
3.9
4.8
4.2
4.0
3.3
3.2
4.0
4.0
2.3
3.4
5.7
3.6
3.9
3.1
2.6
5.4
2.4

3.4
3.0
2.2
3.8
3.7
4.0
2.9
4.1
3.6
5.3
2.4
2.3
3.5
4.5
4.3
3.6
3.2
3.0
4.0
3.6
2.1
3.3
6.0
3.7
3.7
2.6
3.2
5.2
2.2

3.4
3.1
1.9
4.6
4.1
4.2
3.4
4.5
3.8
4.7
2.7
2.7
3.7
5.0
4.5
3.9
3.4
3.2
4.2
3.7
2.6
3.1
6.4
4.2
4.1
2.3
3.1
5.5
2.4

3.3
2.8
1.8
3.7
4.0
3.8
3.5
3.8
3.7
5.0
2.8
2.1
3.6
4.9
4.5
3.8
3.2
3.3
4.3
4.1
3.1
3.2
6.'5
4.3
4.2
2.3
3.1
5.3
2.2

3.3
2.8
1.8
3.8
3.9
4.1
3.0
4:2
3.5
4.9
2.8
2.0
3.4
5.0
3.8
3.8
3.2
3.1
4.5
4.0
3.4
3.2
7.0
4.8
4.2
2.8
2.5
5.3
2.1

3.2
3.3
2.3
4.0
3.9
4.7
3.2
5.2
3.7
4.1
3.1
2.2
3.5
5.9
3.4
4.2
3.6
3.6
4.8
5.1
4.1
3.4
7.3
5.0
4.5
3.2
3.0
5.5
2.4

3.0
3.4
2.2
4.4
3.8
5.2
3.6
5.3
3.7
3.5
3.1
2.0
3.6
6.5
3.5
4.0
3.6
3.6
5.0
4.7
4.5
3.6
7.6
5.2
4.6
3.2
2.9
6.0
2.5

3.1
3.7
2.4
4.9
4.1
5.3
4.3
5.4
3.9
3.2
3.2
2.1
3.8
6.7
3.9
4.4
3.9
3.7
5.2
4.5
4.2
3.6
7.7
5.4
5.1
3.6
2.5
6.4
2.8

3.7
3.8
2.1
5.4
4.0
5.8
4.7
5.6
4.3
3.1
3.4
2.6
4.5
7.1
4.3
4.9
4.0
3,9
5.6
6.7
3.6
4.2
7.9
6.0
5.6
3.9
3.4
6.4
3.3

3.9
4.0
2.4
5.4
4.2
6.1
4.9
6.5
4.5
3.7
3.5
2.6
4.4
7.2
5.3
4.7
4.5
4.1
5.4
4.9
3.1
4.7
7.6
5.8
5.5
3.8
3.6
6.5
3.3

4.1
4.0
2.7
5.3
3.9
6.0
4.7
5.9
4.5
4.4
3.5
2.7
4.1
6.9
5.3
4.9
4.3
4.2
5.5
5.4
3.8
4.9
7.8
5.6
5.5
4.0
3.4
6.3
3.3

3.5
3.8
2.8
5.5
3.5
5.1
3.9
5.2
4.0
4.5
3.4
2.3
3.6
5.4
5.3
4.3
3.8
3.5
4.6
4.1
2.9
4.2
6.7
4.8
4.4
3.4
2.9
5.4
2.8

3.3
2.7
3.3
2.3
2.7
3.0
2.2
2.9
4.3
4. 6
4.3
3.5
1.9
3.9
3.0
4.1

3.4
3.0
3.1
2.3
2.7
2.9
2.0
2.8
4.7
5.3
4.8
3.2
1.8
3.9
3.1
4.0

2.9
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.5
1.7
2.6
4.2
4.4
4.7
3.0
1.9
3.9
2.7
3.6

3.0
2.7
2.9
1.8
1.6
2.3
1.8
2.2
3.9
3.7
4.4
3.4
2.0
3.2
2.9
4.1

2.9
2.7
2.5
2.1
1.6
2.7
1.9
2.3
3.5
3.4
3.8
3.4
2.2
3.7
3.0
4.7

2.9
2.8
2.2
2.1
1.0
2.6
1.7
1.9
3.6
3.2
4.2
3.5
2.3
3.2
3.0
4.5

3.1
3.1
1.7
2.1
.5
2.5
1.7
1.8
3.1
2.2
4.2
3.6
2.1
2.8
3.0
4.9

3.6
3.3
1.8
2.2
1.3
2.9
1.9
2.2
2.9
1.7
4.4
3.6
2.3
2.3
3.2
4.9

3.4
3.5
1.8
2.3
1.2
3.1
2.3
2.0
3.1
2.2
4.4
3.2
3.6
1.8
3.1
4.3

3.5
3.7
1.9
2.7
1.7
3.2
2.6
3.0
3.5
2.9
4.4
3.9
3.7
1.6
3.3
4.1

4.2
4.0
2.5
2.9
2.7
3.7
2.9
3.8
4.1
4.1
4.5
4.2
3.7
1.9
3.8
4.7

3.9
4.0
3.3
3.1
3.1
3.3
2.7
4.1
4.8
5.0
5.1
3.9
3.4
2.1
3.8
4.3

3.8
4.4
3.4
3.0
2.8
3.3
3.0
3.3
4.7
4.9
5.0
4.0
3.3
2.7
3.7
4.3

3.0
3.5
3.0
2.7
2.4
2.7
2.4
3.2
4.8
6.2
3.3
3.4
2.6
2.9
3.0
3.4

2.9
2.6
1.8
2.2
3.6
2.4
2.9
4.1
2.9
2.0
2.7
2.7
2.3

3.1
2.8
2.1
2.4
3.6
2.3
2.8
4.2
3.0
2.3
2.3
2.5
2.0

2.5
2.7
1.9
2.2
3.3
1.8
2.6
3.4
2.8
1.8
2.5
2.3
1.5

2.5
2.6
2.0
2.5
3.5
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.2
2.0
1.6
1.9
1.4

2.4
2.9
2.1
2.4
3.5
1.8
2.4
3.2
2.5
1.7
2.6
2.3
1.7

2.7
2.6
1.9
2.4
3.4
1.6
2.4
3.6
2.3
2.0
2.4
2.2
1.7

2.3
2.8
2.1
2.3
3.7
1.6
2.4
3.6
2.4
1.9
2.4
2.1
1.6

2.9
2.9
2.1
2.2
4.0
2.3
2.6
3.7
2.5
2.3
2.1
2.5
2.4

2.6
3.0
2.3
2.3
4.1
2.2
2.5
3.1
2.4
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.2

3.4
3.0
2.2
2.2
4.0
2.5
2.5
3.4
2.3
2.2
2.5
2.4
2.3

4.1
3.1
2,4
2.6
4.4
2.8
2.9
4.8
2.4
3.1
2.7
2.6
3.5

4.1
3.1
2.7
2.8
4.5
2.8
3.1
4.9
2.8
3.2
2.9
2.9
3.9

4.1
3.2
2.7
2.7
4.6
2.6
3.0
4.3
2.7
2.5
2.9
2.9
3.2

2.9
2.8
2.4
2.1
4.1
2.4
2.7
3.6
2.6
2.3
2.5
2.7
3.0

1965

Durable goods

Ordnance and accessories_______________
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment—
Other ordnance and accessories________
Lumber and wood products____________
Sawmills and planing m ills___________
Millwork, plywood, & related products.
Wooden con tainers___________________
Miscellaneous w ood products__________
Furniture and fixtures__________________
Household furniture_____ ____________
Office furniture_______________________
Partitions and fixtures______ ______ _
Other furniture and fixtures__________
Stone, clay, and glass products__________
Flat glass_____________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n ..
Cement, hydraulic_______________ ____
Structural clay products______________
Pottery and related products_________
Concrete, gypsum , and plaster products.
Other stone & nonmetallic mineral
products___________________________
Primary metal industries_______________
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel fou n dries...____ _______
Nonferrous metals_____ ______ _______
Nonferrous rolling and drawing_______
Nonferrous foundries__________________
Miscellaneous primary metal products.
Fabricated metal products______________
Metal cans____________________________
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware_____
Plumbing and heating, except electric..
Fabricated structural metal products. .
Screw machine products, bolts, etc____
Metal stampings______________________
Metal services, nec____________________
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products..
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.
Machinery, except electrical_____________
Engines and turbines_________________
Farm machinery______________________
Construction and related m achinery._.
Metal working machinery_____________
Special industry machinery___________
General industrial machinery_________
Office and computing m a ch in es...____
Service industry machines____________
Miscellaneous machinery, except electrical
Electrical equipment and supplies______
Electrical test & distributing equip­
m ent________________ ______________
Electrical industrial apparatus________
Household amffiances_________________
Electric lighting and wiring equipment,
Radio and T V receiving equipment___
Communication equipment___________
Electronic components and accessories. .
Misc. electrical equipment & supplies..
Transportation equipment______________
Motor vehicles and equipment________
Aircraft and p a rts.______ ____________
Ship and boat building and repairing. _
R ailro ad equipm ent. . . . ______ _____
Other transportation equipment______
Instruments and related p roducts_______
Engineering & scientific instrum ents...
Mechanical measuring & control de­
vices________________________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods_________
Ophthalmic goods__________ ____ _
Medical instruments and supplies_____
Photographic equipment and supplies..
Watches, clocks, and w a tchcases_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w a re...
T oys and sporting goods______________
Pens, pencils, office and art supplies__
Costume Jewelry and n otion s...............
Other manufacturing industries...........
Musical instruments and parts______
See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

_____

_____

_____

—

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

116
T able C-5.

Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by
industry 1— Continued
Annual
average

1966

1967
Industry
N ov.

Oct.2 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

1965

4.2
4.6
4.2
3.4
7.9
3.6
3.8
3.4
3.9
4.5
1.7

4.3
4.7
4.7
3.2
7.6
3.9
4.0

4.2
4.4
4.7
3.2

3.9
4.2
4.0
3.0

3.6
3.7
3.7
2.7

3.6
3.7
3.8

3.8
4.2
3.6
2.9

3.8
4.1

3.6
4.4
1.3

4.0
5.1
3.7
2.9
6.7
3.1
3.1
3.2
3.5
4.7
1.9

4.0
4.3
3.7
3.1

3.8
3.5
2.7
3.7
4.5
1.7

3.8
4.8
3.4
2.9
7.0
2.9
3.0

4.0
5.1
3.5
2.9

3.8
3.6

3.6
4.0
3.9
2.3
5.7
3.0
3.6

3.3
3.7
3.2
3.6
4.9

3.5
3.9
2.7
3.8
4.4
1.4
1.7

3.3
4.0
2.4
3.3
4.3

Nondurable goods

Canned, cured, and frozen foods. _ -----

Confectionery and related products___
Mise, foods and kindred products--------

4.1
4.7
3.8
3.2
7.7
3.6
3.9
2.9
3.2
4.6

2.1
1.2
2.1
4.2
4.5
4.9
4.7
3.7
2.7
5.5

6.1

4.2
4.7
1.4
1. 6
Women’s and children’s undergarments.
Children’s outerwear.

.

___

1.2
1.1
1.5
.9

1.1
1.8

2.5
5.3
Paperboard mills . . . . . _
_ _____
Mise, converted paper products_______
Printing and publishing __________ .
Newspapers________ _
_
. _ .
Periodicals____________________________
B o ok s.. _________ ______ _ ________
Commercial printing _______________
Other publishing & printing in d . ____
Chemicals and allied products. ___ _ .
________
Industrial chemicals.
Plastics materials and synthetics. . .
Drugs________________________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods ______
Paints and allied products. __________
Agricultural chemicals________________
Other chemicals products_____________
Petroleum and coal products____________
Petroleum refining____________________
Other petroleum and coal products____
Rubber and plastics products, nec______
Tires and inner tubes_____ ____ ____
Other rubber products________________
Miscellaneous plastics products. _____
Leather and leather products____
Leather tanning and finishing_________
Footwear, except rubber...................... .
Other leather products.............................
Handbags and personal leather goods.

6.0

7.7
3.8
5.0
3.2
2.7
4.6

2.2

3.7
2.5
2.9
2.9
3.0

2.8
2.4
3.1
3.2
3.7
3.0
4.3
3.2

8.2
4.7
8.9
3.9
3.5

2.0
1.8
2.0

3.9

1.9

4.7
5.5
4.1
4.3
7.7
3.9
4.3
3.7
3.5
4.8
2.3
1.5
2.5
4.1
4.3
4.8
4.7
3.0
2. 7
5.3
5.9
4.1
5.0
1.5
1.5

1.2
1.3
1.6
1.1
1.2

1.7
2.9
5.5
6.5
7.4
3.9
5.1
3.4
2.9
5.2
2.4
4.1
2.7
2.9
3.1
3.3

2.7
2.4
3.3

3.6
4.0
3.3
4.3
3.0
8.7
4.9
8.9
4.1
3.9

2.0

3.9
1.7

2.1
2.2

1.8
1.0

3.9
4.2
4.3
5.0
3.1
2.7
4.3

6.0

3.6
4.2
1.4
1.4

1.2

1.3
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.4
2.5
5.0

6.0

7.2
3.5
4.5
3.1
2.5
4.4
3.5
3.5

2.6

3.1
2.9
3.1
2.9

2.1

3.1
3.1
3.4
2.9
3.8
2.5

8.1
4.5
7.6
3.9
3.7

2.1
2.0
2.0

3.3

1.9

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967, see footnote 1, table A -9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10.
These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related
workers during the pay period which includes the 12th of the month. Over­
time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.8

6.1

2.8

4.4
4.5
2.4
3.9

4.9
4.8

3.3
3.5
3.6
4.9
2.7

3.5
3.9
3.2
4.5
3.0
2.3
5.5
4.9
3.4
3.7

.6

2.2

3.8
5.0
2.9
3.4

1.2
.8
.9
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3

1.0
1.6

5.1
6.5
7.0
3.7
4.2
3.0
2.4
4.2
3.2
3.3

2.0

2.9
3.0
3.3

2.8

2.3
3.1
2.9
3.7
3.0
4.0
3.0
7.3
3.2
4.6

2.8
1.8
3.0
1.6
1.9
1.8
3.2

2.2
3.3
1.1

1.2
1.3
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.1

1.7
4.9
5.9
7.1
3.5
4.2
3.0
2.9
3.3
3.0
3.2

2.1
2.8

2.9
3.0

2.8
2.1
2.7
3.2
3.6
3.4
3.7

2.8
6.8

3.9
6.7
3.3
3.7

1.8

3.8
1.5
1.9

1.6

6.0

2.2
1.1

3.5
4.1
3.6
4.4
3.1

2.1
5.2
4.3
3.3
3.6

1.2
1.6
.9
1.2
1.0
.8
1.1
1.1
1.8

4.6
5.8

6.1

2.2
1.8

2.5
.9
3.4
4.4
3.4
3.9

2.8

1.9
5.0
3.3
3.0
3.6

1.2

1.4
.9
1.3

1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1

1.5
4.6
5.8

6.6

6.0

3.1
3.7

2.8
1.8

.9
3.3
4.4
3.2
3.5

2.8
1.9
4.7
3.3

2.8

3.5
1.3
1.5
.9
1.4

2.6
2.5
2.4

2.9
2.5

6.6
2.6
3.3
1.6
3.8
1.3
1.5
1.4

2.8

3.0
1.4
3.5

1.2
1.4
1.3

1.8

4.4
3.5
3.3
4.2
1.3

1.6
1.1
1.3
1.1

3.7
3.8
3.0

6.0

2.4
2.7
3.1
4.8

3.2
3.5
3.0
5.5
3.2
4.3

2.8
1.2
1.5
1.0

3.6

3.5
4.6
3.5
4.0
3.5

1.5
5.0

3.8
4.9
3.8
2.5
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.4

2.8

1.8

4.6
2.9

1.1
1.1
.6

1.5
4.8

3.5
4.6
3.4
2.5
2.9
3.1
3.0
2.3

3.5
2.9
5.4
3.5

.7
3.3
4.6
3.2
3.6
2.9

3.0
4.2

1.7
4.8

6.9
3.6
3.8
3.4

8.2

1.0

2.6

1.5
1.3

1.2
1.3
1.2
1.1

3.2
3.7
3.2

2.6

5.8
3.2
3.0
3.1
3.1
4.3
.9

1.3
L-2
1.4
1.3

3.3
3.8
3.1
3.0
3.0
4.4
3.1
2.7
2.7
2.9
2.9

2.6

2.8

2.6

2.6
6.6

3.0
3.1

2.8

4.2
3.4
4.2
3.0
3.4
1.7
3.1
1.5
1.7
1.7

1.0

6.1
6.8
2.1

3.4
4.3
3.4
2.3

1.0

6.0

7.0
3.9
4.0
3.1

2.0

3.7
4.5
3.5

2.8

3.3

3.3

2.9
2.9
2.3
2.9
2.9

2.9
3.2
2.3
3.2
2.7

4.8
3.0
3.0

4.6

2.1
2.8

3.6
3.4
4.2
3.0
3.3

1.8

3.2
1.7

1.6

1.7

2.1
2.8

2.7
2.5
3.7
3.9

6.1

2.2
1.0

3.8
5.0
3.9
3.9
3.9
1.9
5.1
4.3
3.5
4.2
1.4
1.5

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.6
2.2
5.2
6.1

7.0
3.9
4. 6
3.7
3.4
3.4
4.4
4.0
2.7
3.5
3.1
3.3

2.9
3.1

2.8
2.4
4.2
3.3
3.0

2.6

4.4
4.2

6.6

6.6

1.2
1.2
1.2

4.2
5.3
4.5
3.9
4.1
2.3
5.2
5.1
4.0
5.0
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.9
1.3
1.3

1.8

2.5
5.5
6.3
7.5
4.3
5. 0
3.6
3.2
4.5
4.1
3.9
2.7
3.5

1.6
1.3
1.4

1.6
1.4
1.6
1.5
2.1

5.5
6.3
7.5
4.1
4.9
3.5

2.8

4.2
4.9
3.9

2.9

1.2

1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4

2.1
6.0

5.1

7.0
3.5
4.5
3.1
2.4
3.8
4.2
3.4
2.5
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.9

3.7
2.9

3.4
3.2

3.6
2.7
3.9
3.4
3.3
2.9
4.8
4.5
6.4
4.1
4.0

3.3
3.0
5.2
3.3
3.2
2.5
5.4
4.4
3.8
4.1

3.3
4.0

3.5
1.9
2.3
2.2

3.3

2.8

3.0

3.7
1.9

3.5

1.7

2.9

2.1

4.4
5.3
5.0
4.7
4.1
2.5
5.3
4.5
4.8
4.9
1.5

1.1
.8

1.3
4.2
4.8
5.3
4.4
3.6
2.5
4.6
5.1
4.7
4.3
1.4
1.5

3.3

3.6
3.6

2.1

1.1

6.6

3.3
3.3

3.3
3.3

2.0
2.0
1.7
1.6

6.8

2.1
1.6
2.8

2.8

6.2
2.1

2.6
2.5
2.7
4.9
3.0

2.8
2.1
5.5

6.1
1.8
1.6
2.0
1.9

either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week
ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which
only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums
were paid are excluded.
2 Preliminary.

117

C.— EAR N IN G S AND HOURS

T able C-6.

Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities 1
[1957-59=100]
1967

1966

Annual
average

A ctivity
N ov.2 Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

1965

Man-hours
T o ta l..
. . . . ______ ____ _ ____ _ .
Mining___________________________________
Contract construction__________ . . . . ___
Manufacturing . . ____ _ _ ______________
Durable g o o d s ..
___
. _______ __
Ordnance and accessories____________
Lumber and wood products____ _____
Furniture and fixtures. ___ __________
Stone, clay, and glass p r o d u c t s ...___
Primary metal industries.
Fabricated metal products__________ _
Machinery, except electrical___________
Electrical equipment and supplies . .
Transportation equipment. . _______
Instruments and related products.
Misc. manufacturing industries________

116.1
77.4
118.3
117.7
122.6
186.7
94.0
124.5
110. 0
104.7
123.8
134.8
143.7
122.3
130.4
116.5

115.3
77.9
122.6
115.9
119.1
184.2
94.9
125.6
108.8
102,4
121.7
131.1
141.3
111.2
128.6
116.9

116.8
79.1
127.1
116.8
120.0
184.8
95.2
124.3
110.1
104.6
123.1
135.9
138.3
111.6
128.8
115.4

116.5
81.1
130.1
115.7
118.9
179.5
95.7
123.0
111.2
106.3
123.2
134.9
138.7
105.4
128.5
112.7

113.8
84.3
127.8
112.7
117.3
174.1
95.0
116.3
109.7
107.3
120.0
134.9
133.8
106.5
126.4
104.6

114.8
83.0
120.2
115.4
121.0
171.5
97.1
120.5
109.6
110.2
124.8
138.2
134.6
115.0
129.1
110.4

111.7
80.0
110.4
113.5
119.9
171.6
91.6
117.3
106.0
109.1
122.3
138.5
136.1
115.3
128.0
108.6

110.5
79.2
104.7
113.2
119.1
169.5
90.8
117.7
104.5
108.7
121.3
140.4
136.4
111.0
129.4
107.5

110.2
77.1
97.1
114.3
120.6
170.4
90.1
120.1
102.5
111.3
122.0
142.2
141.4
112.1
130.6
106.0

109.4
76.7
92.5
114.1
120.5
168.6
88.4
121.1
100.1
112.5
122.5
141.6
143.2
112.1
128.7
103.7

112.3
79.1
99.1
116.4
123.4
168.1
89.4
123.1
103.0
116.0
125.6
143.5
147.3
116.0
131.0
105.2

116.2
81.4
107.4
119.6
126.6
164.8
90.7
130.6
106.9
115.4
129.4
144.6
151.3
122.3
133.1
112.1

117.6
81.1
111.9
120.5
127.3
161.9
93.3
131.3
110.1
116.5
129.7
141.1
152.1
123.0
131.7
121.9

115.9
82.2
114.7
117.8
124.2
144.9
97.4
127.7
111.2
116.9
126.1
139.0
145.8
116.7
127.7
113.4

109.3
83.0
110.5
110.4
114.3
113.3
97.0
119.5
108.3
113.3
117.2
123.6
125.7
107.1
112.7
109.4

Nondurable g o o d s .. _
_ _________ __
F ood and kindred products___________
Tobacco manufactures _______________
Textile mill products_________ _____
Apparel and other textile products . . .
Paper and allied products_____________
Printing and publishing.. ._ __ _ _.
Chemicals and allied products. .
Petroleum and coal products .
R ubber and plastics products, nec____
Leather and leather products________

111.3
98.9
102.2
105.4
118.1
117.7
118.5
118.7
85.0
154.4
97.9

111.6
103.2
107.0
104.7
116.5
117.2
117.9
117.7
86.8
152.8
94.8

112.7
108.2
101.0
103.7
117.1
117.5
118.8
117.4
87.3
152.4
94.8

111.6
103.4
92.8
102.8
118.5
118.4
118.9
117.6
87.1
148.7
97.0

106.8
99.6
75.7
98.4
111.3
116.6
117.9
117.3
87.4
125.0
94.0

108.0
96.2
77.1
102.2
116.2
118.0
118.6
117.4
85.7
130.9
95.2

105.2
91.0
73.0
100.0
115.3
113.1
118.0
116.7
83.1
126.3
91.3

105.4
88.6
74.6
99.5
114.7
112.7
118.5
118.7
82.3
143.1
89.4

106.1
89.5
74.2
99.9
116.6
114.0
119.3
116.6
79.5
144.1
92.0

105.7
88.8
76.2
99.4
117.1
112.9
117.4
115.2
78.6
144.5
95.0

107.3
91.4
87.8
101.3
116.9
114.1
117.2
115.5
77.5
149.4
98.2

110.4
96.6
98.9
103.9
118.6
116.9
119.9
117.1
80.1
153.2
100.2

111.7
99.9
93.3
105.4
120.5
117.8
118.6
117.5
81.7
153.4
99.8

109.5
96.2
84.6
106.0
118.7
115.0
115.8
115.9
81.0
146.8
100.6

105.3
94.4
86.4
102.0
115.1
109.6
110.0
110.2
78.7
135.2
96.9

97.7
137.2
151.1

97.1
131.3
150.4

100.4
141.0
153.1

102.6
151.7
156.9

101.6
157.0
157.4

100.8
157.6
151.4

97.1
144.6
136.6

Payrolls
M in in g ..
Contract construction
Manufacturing. . .

100.2
176.1
160.6

101.2
182.7
156.4

102.8
188.3
157.6

104.1
188.9
154.5

108.9
184.7
150.5

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967, see footnote 1, table A-9.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

106.2
171.1
153.8

101.8
157.3
150.9

101.0
147.9
149.9

workers and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined
in footnote 1, table A-10.
2Preliminary.

118

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

D.— Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able D - l .

Consumer Price Index 1—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers,
all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1967

1966

Annual
average

Group
N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

A pr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

1965

All items . . . -----------------------------------------All items (1947-49 = 100)___________________

117.8
144.5

117.5
144.2

117.1
143.7

116.9
143.4

116.5
142.9

116.0
142.3

115. 6
141.8,

115.3
141.5

115.0
141.1

114.8
140.9

114.7
140.7

114.7
140.7

114.6
140.6

113.1
138.8

109.9
134.8

F ood ---------------- -------------------------------------Food at hom e..
_______
. . ____
Cereals and bakery products________
Meats, poultry, arid fish_____ ____ .
Dairy products____________ _ _____
Fruits and vegetables _ _ _ ___ _
Other foods at home 2_____ _________ .
Food away from hom e. ____ __________

115.6
112.3
118.4
111.4
117.8
116.7
101.5
132.0

115.7
112.6
118.2
112.3
117.9
115.3
102.3
131.4

115.9
112.9
118.4
113.4
117.3
115.6
102.4
130.8

116.6
113.9
118.4
113.1
116.6
122.7
102.6
130.3

116. 0
113.3
118.2
112.3
116.4
124.4
100.2
129.7

115.1
112.3
118.3
111.6
116.3
119.9
100.0
129.1

113.9
110.9
118.8
108.5
115.9
116.4
100.7
128.7

113.7
110.8
118.5
109.0
115.7
114.2
101.4
128.3

114.2
111.5
118.6
110.0
115.7
115.2
102.3
127.7

114.2
111.7
118.5
110.7
116.1
114.2
102.5
127.4

114.7
112.3
118.8
110.3
116.4
115.3
104.9
127.0

114.8
112.6
118.8
110.9
116.5
114.3
105.7
126.3

114.8
112.8
118.6
111.8
116.7
114.9
104.8
125.7

114.2
112.6
115.8
114.1
111.8
117.6
103.9
123.2

108.8
107.2
111.2
105.1
105.0
115.2
101.8
117.8

H ousing.. ______________________________
. . . . . ----------------Shelter 3__ _
R ent------ ---------------- -------------------- .
Homeownership 4__ .
Fuel and utilities 5.
_____________ . .
Fuel oil and coal........ . . . _____
Gas and electricity... . . .
____ .
Household furnishings and operation 6___

115.5
119.4
113.2
121. 9
109.3
112.7
109.0
109.3

115.3
119.0
113.0
121.5
109.4
112.5
108.9
109.1

115.0
118.7
112.8
121.1
109.4
112.3
108.9
108.8

114.7
118.4
112.6
120.8
109.1
111.7
108.5
108.3

114.3
117.9
112.4
120.2
108.9
111.4
108.3
108.2

114.1
117.7
112.2
119.9
108.6
110.5
108.2
108.1

113.9
117.5
112.1
119.7
108.7
110.8
108.3
107.9

113.6
116.9
111.9
119.0
108.8
111.0
108.4
107.7

113.3
116.6
111.8
118.6
108.7
111.1
108.3
107.3

113.3
116.8
111.7
118.9
108.7
111.1
108.3
107.0

113.1
116.5
111.4
118.7
108.6
110.5
108.3
106.7

113.0
116.4
111.3
118. 6
108.4
110.2
107.9
106.7

112.6
115.8
111.2
117.8
108.3
108.9
108.1
106.5

111.1
114.1
110.4
115.7
107.7
108.3
108.1
105.0

108.5
110.6
108.9
111.4
107.2
105.6
107.8
103.1

Apparel and upkeep 7____ . . . . . .
______
M en’s and boys’ ___________ ______ ____
W om en’s and girls’ ____
Footwear_________________ . . . _______ .

116.6
116.6
113.5
127.6

116.0
116.1
112.7
127.1

115.1
115.5
111.1
126.4

113.8
114.5
108.8
126.0

113.7
113.9
109.2
125.4

113.9
114.1
109.7
125.4

113.8
114.0
109.6
125.2

113.0
113.5
108.4
124.9

112.6
112.7
108.2
124.2

111.9
111.8
107.3
123.4

111.3
111.6
106.4
122.9

112.3
112.6
108,1
122.9

112.0
112.4
107.8
122.8

109.6
110. 3
105.1
119.6

106.8
107.4
103.1
112.9

Transportation
Private__ _ .
Public________

118.3
116.2
134.6

117.7
115.7
133.0

116.8
114.8
133.0

116.4
114.4
132.8

116.2
114.1
132.7

115.7
113.7
132.2

115.5
113.6
130.9

115.1
113.2
130.6

114.2
112.2
13C.5

113.8
111.8
130.0

113.4
111.4
129.8

113.8
111.7
129.8

114.5
112.6
129.6

112.7
111.0
125.8

111.1
109.7
121.4

. ______ _ .

126.2
139.7
116.9
122.0
121.0

125.5
139.0
116.5
121.4
120.3

124.9
138.5
116.4
120.5
119.7

124.2
137.5
116.1
120.0
118.8

123.6
136.9
115.5
119.8
117.8

123.2
136.3
115.3
119.7
116.9

122.8
135.7
115.0
119.6
116.7

122.6
135.1
114.9
119.4
116.6

122.2
134.6
114.4
118.9
116.4

121.8
133.6
114.1
118.6
116.3

121.4
132.9
113.8
118.5
116.2

121.0
131.9
113.7
118.4
115.9

120.8
131.3
113.4
118.3
116.0

119.0
127.7
112.2
117. 1
114.9

115.6
122.3
109.9
115.2
111.4

Special groups:
All items less shelter______ ____________
. . .
._ ___
A ll items less food . ----A ll items less medical care . _ . ______

117. 5
118.7
116.5

117.1
118.2
116.2

116.7
117.7
115.8

116.5
117.1
115.6

116.1
116.8
115.2

115.6
116.5
114.8

115.1
116.3
114.4

114.8
115.9
114.1

114. 6
115.4
113.8

114.3
115.2
113.7

114.2
114.8
113.6

114.3
114.9
113.7

114.4
114.8
113.6

112.9
113.0
112.3

109.6
110.4
109.1

Comm odities___ _____ . . . _ . . . . . . _ _.
Non durables2____ _ . . . .
. .............
Durables i°__ _______ . . .
____ _______
Services u 12 ____ ___________ ____ _______

112.6
115. 3
106.0
129.6

112.4
115.1
105.7
129.1

112.0
114.9
104.8
128.7

111.9
114.8
104.7
128.2

111.5
114.3
104.4
127.7

111.0
113.8
104.1
127.4

110.5
113.2
103.9
127.0

110.2
113.0
103.4
126.6

110.0
112.9
102.9
126.3

109.9
112.7
102.8
125.9

109.9
112.7
102.7
125.5

110.1
113.0
103.1
125.2

110.2
112.9
103.5
124.7

109.2
111.8
102.7
122.3

106.4
107.9
102.6
117.8

Commodities less food _
-------Nondurables less fo o d . . . .
------Apparel com m odities___ __ . _______
Apparel commodities less footwear .
Nondurables less food and apparel____
New ca rs .. . . . . . .
...
__ ___
Used cars . . .
.
___ _ . . . . . . _
Household durables 1 3 ____ ___ ________
Housefurnishings_______ ______________

111. 1
115.2
115.7
113.4
114.8
101.4
125.6
98.8
101.8

110.6
114.5
115.1
112.7
114.2
101.1
126.0
98.7
101.5

110.0
114.1
114.1
111.7
114.1
96.1
126.2
98.4
101.2

109.4
113.2
112.7
110.0
113.4
96.9
125.2
98.2
100.8

109.1
112.8
112.6
110.0
113.0
97.0
124.8
98.1
100.8

108.9
112.7
112.8
110.3
112.7
96.8
122.4
98.0
100.7

108.7
112.7
112.7
110.2
112.6
96.9
121.4
98.1
100.6

108.4
112.4
111.9
109.4
112.7
97.0
118.8
98.0
100.6

107.8
111.8
111.5
109.0
112.0
97.2
115.9
97.8
100.3

107.6
111.5
110.7
108.2
111.9
97.3
114.0
97.7
100.0

107.3
111.0
110.1
107.6
111.6
97.6
113.0
97.6
99.7

107.7
111.4
111.2
108.8
111.6
98.6
114.2
97.7
100.0

107.8
111.3
110.9
108.6
111.5
99.3
119.3
97.6
99.9

106.5
109.7
108.5
106.3
110.3
97.2
117.8
96.8
98.8

105.1
107.2
105.8
104.4
108.0
99.0
120.8
96.9
97.9

Services less re n t11____
............
Household services less rent __
Transportation services___ . __ ... . . . .
. _____
Medical care services_____
Other services 14________________________

133.2
128.6
130.0
149.6
133.9

132.7
128.4
129.2
148.7
133.1

132.3
128.1
128.9
148.0
132.4

131.7
127. 5
128.8
146.7
131.9

131.2
127.0
128.3
146.0
131.6

130.8
126.7
128.1
145.2
131.3

130.4
126.5
127.7
144.4
130.8

130.0
126.0
127.6
143.6
130.3

129.5
125.6
127.4
142.9
129.7

129.2
125.5
127.2
141.6
129.4

128.8
125.1
126.9
140.6
129.1

128.3
124.9
126.5
139.4
128.9

127.7
124.2
126.1
138.6
128.5

125.0
121.5
124.3
133.9
126.5

120.0
117.0
119.3
127.1
121.8

__ _____ . . . . .
-------------------------- ---

Health and recreation.. . _ _____ ____
Medical care.
. . . _____ _ . . .
Personal care.
- - - - - - - . . . . ._
Other goods and services 8

...
._

1 The C P I measures the average change in prices of goods and services
purchased b y urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families. Beginning
January 1964, the index structure was revised to reflect buying patterns of
wage earners and clerical workers in the 1960’s. The indexes shown here are
based on expenditures of all urban wage-earner and clerical-worker consumers,
including single workers living alone, as well as families of two or more
persons.
2 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, nonalcoholic beverages, and
prepared and partially prepared foods.
3 Also includes hotel and motel room rates not shown separately.
4 Includes home purchase, mortgage interest, taxes, insurance, and main­
tenance and repairs.
5 Also includes telephone, water, and sewerage service not shown separately.
6 Includes housefurnishings and housekeeping supplies and services.
7 Includes dry cleaning and laundry of apparel, infants’ wear, sewing
materials, jewelry, and miscellaneous apparel, not shown separately.
8 Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and funeral, legal, and bank
service charges.
» Includes foods, paint, furnace filters, shrubbery, fuel oil, coal, household
textiles, housekeeping supplies, apparel, gasoline and motor oil, drugs and


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

pharmaceuticals, toilet goods, nondurable recreational goods, newspapers,
magazines, books, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages.
10Includes home purchase, which was classified under services prior to
1964, building materials, furniture and bedding, floor coverings, household
appliances, dinnerware, tableware, cleaning equipment, power tools, lamps,
Venetian blinds, hardware, automobiles, tires, radios, television sets, tape
recorders, durable toys, and sports equipment.
11 Excludes home purchase costs which were classified under this heading
prior to 1964.
is Includes rent, mortgage interest, taxes and insurance on real property,
home maintenance and repair services, gas, electricity, telephone, water,
sewerage service, household help, postage, laundry and dry cleaning, furni­
ture and apparel repair and upkeep, moving, auto repairs, auto insurance,
registration and license fees, parking and garage rent, local transit, taxicab,
airplane, train, and bus fares, professional medical services, hospital services,
health insurance, barber and beauty shop services,_movies, fees for sports,
television repairs, and funeral, bank, and legal services.
is Does not include auto parts,durable toys, and sports equipment.
14 Includes the services components of apparel, personal care, reading and
recreation, and other goods and services.

D.— CONSUMER AN D W H O L E SA L E PRICES

T

able

119

D -2. Consumer Price Index 1— U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers,
selected groups, subgroups, and special groups of items, seasonally adjusted 2
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1967

Group

1966

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

F ood_____ ______ ____ ____________ _________________
Food at h o m e ...
__ ____
__ __
_____
Meats, poultry, and fish___ _ _ __ ___ _ ________
Dairy products_______ ____ ___________ ______ ____
Fruits and vegetables___________ __ __________ ___
Other foods at h om e........... ___ _ _ ___ _
____

116.1
112.9
111.3
117.0
121.1
100.9

115.8
112.7
111.2
117.3
120.5
101.1

115.6
112.5
111.1
117.1
119.7
101.3

115.8
112.9
112.1
116.6
120.6
102.5

115.0
112.0
112.2
117. 0
116.0
101.1

115.3
112.6
113.1
117.4
115.1
101.6

114.5
111. 5
110.3
116.6
113.5
101.7

113.9
110.9
110.0
116.3
112.1
101.9

114.3
111.6
110.4
115.6
114.7
102.8

114. 0
111.4
110.4
115.9
114.4
102.3

114.9
112.5
110.4
115.8
118.5
104.4

115.3
113.1
111.3
115.9
117.6
104.9

115.3
113.4
111.5
116.1
119.6
104.1

Fuel and utilities 3___________ _ ____ _____ . . . ______
_ ________ ______ ____
Fuel oil and c o a l4_ ___ _

109.1
112.1

109.4
112.8

109.5
113.8

109. 5
113.9

109.3
113.7

108.8
112.4

108.8
112.4

108.7
110.3

108.4
109.4

108.7
108.9

108.2
108.3

108.0
108.3

108.1
108.3

Apparel and upkeep 5_________________________________ __
M en’s and boys’ ___ _
_____ _ _ ______ ______ _
W om en’s and girls’_______ _ ______ __ _ ____ _ _ _
Footwear____ _____________________________________ _ .

115.9
115.7
112.3
127.2

115.4
115.6
111.5
126.8

114.9
115.3
110.7
126.5

114.3
115.0
109.6
126.3

114.2
114.4
109.7
125.8

113.9
114.2
109.8
125.3

113.7
114.0
109.6
125.2

113.1
113.6
108.7
124.8

112.9
113.2
108.6
124.3

112.3
112.2
107.9
123.5

111.9
111.9
107.5
123.0

111.7
111.9
107.1
122.5

111.3
111.7
107.5
122.3

__________ _________ _____________
Transportation___ __
Private____
_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ . . . _ ___

117.8
115.6

117.3
115.4

117.0
115.1

116.3
114.3

116.0
113.9

115.9
113.8

115.6
113.7

115.3
113.4

114.5 • 114.3
112.7 112.2

113.2
111.3

113.3
111.4

114.0
112.0

Special groups:
__________
__ ____
C om m odities6____
Nondurables___ _ _ _ ____ _ ___ _ __ _____ _
Durables67___ __________ _____ _ ______________

112.5
115.4
105.6

112.3
115.0
105.5

112.0
114.7
105.1

111.8
114.6
104.9

111.3
113.7
104.4

111.1
113.9
104.1

110.6
113.4
103.9

110.3
113.1
103.4

110.1
113.0
103.0

110.0
112.7
103.0

110.1
112.9
102.7

110.1
113.1
102.9

110.1
112.9
103.1

Commodities less food 6___ _ _________________________
Nondurables less fo o d ... _
_ _
____ _ _. _____
_
_. .
Apparel commodities___
A’pparel commodities less footwear.______ _ ______
______
New cars_______ ___ _
Used cars______ _____
_ __
Housefurnishings............... ... _
___

110.7
114.7
114.8
112.4
99.8
124.7
101.7

110.4
114.2
114.3
111.9
100.4
124.8
101.5

110.1
114.0
113.9
111.4
97.9
125.1
101.2

109.6
113.4
113.2
110.6
98.2
123.3
101.1

109.2
113.0
113.2
110.6
98.0
123.1
100.9

108.9
112.8
112.9
110.4
97.2
120.9
100.6

108.8
112.8
112. 6
110.2
97.1
121.9
100.5

108.4
112.5
112.1
109.6
96.8
119.4
100.4

108.0
112.0
111.9
109.4
97.1
117.9
100.2

107.9
111.8
111.3
108.9
96.9
117.2
100.2

107.4
111.1
110.8
108.4
96.9
115.1
100.0

107.4
111.1
110.5
108.0
97.5
114.0
100.0

107.4
111.0
110.0
107.6
97.7
118.0
99.8

1See footnote 1, table D -l.
2Beginning January 1966, seasonally adjusted national indexes were com ­
puted for selected groups, subgroups, and special groups where there is a
significant seasonal pattern of price change. Previously published indexes
for the year 1965 have been adjusted. N o seasonally adjusted indexes will be
shown for any of the individual metropolitan areas for which separate indexes
are published. Previously, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has made
available only seasonal factors, rather than seasonally adjusted indexes (e.g.,
Department of Labor Bulletin 1366, Seasonal Factors, Consumer Price Index:
Selected Series'). The factors currently used were derived b y the BLS


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Seasonal Factor Method using data for 1956-66. These factors will be up­
dated at the end of each calendar year. A detailed description of the BLS
Seasonal Factor Method is provided in appendix A , B L S Handbook of Meth­
ods for Surveys and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458, 1966).
3See footnote 5, table D -l.
4See footnote 6, table D -l.
5See footnote 8, table D -l.
6See footnote 10, table D -l.
7See footnote 12, table D -l.

120
T

able

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

D -3.

Consumer Price Index— U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical
workers 1
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]

1967

1966

A rea 2
N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Fob.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Annual
average

1966

1965

194749=100
N o v.'
1967

All items
___

117.8

117.5

117.1

116.9

116.5

116.0

115.6

115.3

115.0

114.8

114.7

114.7

114.6

113.1

109.9

144.5

Atlanta, Ga.
. . ____ . . . .
Baltimore, M d . .. . . _________ ,
Boston, M ass______ _____ . . . . . .
Buffalo, N .Y . (N ov. 1963=100)........
Chicago, 111.-Northwestern Ind ____
Cincinnati, Ohio-K entucky_______

(9
(9
(9
111.2
115.5
(9

(9
(9
120.8
(9
115.1
(9

115.6
117.6
(9
(9
115.0
114.7

(9
(9
(9
110.4
114.5
(9

(9
(9
119.9
(9
113.7
(9

114.8
115.7
(9
(9
112.9
113.1

(9
(9
(9
109.5
112.6
(9

(9
(9
118.8
(9
112.2
(9

114.0
114.8
(9
(9
112.3
111.6

(9
(9
(9
108.5
112.2
(9

(9
(9
118.6
(9
111.8
(9

113.3
114.5
(9
(9
112.2
111.2

(9
(9
(9
108.0
111.9
(9

111.5
113.4
117.0
107.0
110.7
110.3

108.1
109.6
113.2
103.5
107.6
107.2

(9
(9
(9

Cleveland, Ohio___________ ______ 114.7
Dallas, Tex. (N ov. 1963=100)____ - 109.1
Detroit, M ich .. _ ___ _
116.0
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963 = 100).
(9
Houston, Tex_____________ ______
(9
Kansas City, ,Mo.-Kansas__ .
(9

(9
(9
115.5
(9
115.6
(9

(9
(9
115.3
108.7
(9
120.1

113.2
108.9
115.3
(9
(9
(9

(9
(9
115.0
(9
114.3
(9

(9
(9
114.7
107.9
(9
117.4

111.8
107.5
114.5
(9
(9
(9

(9
(9
114.6
(9
113.6
(9

(9
(9
114.3
106.7
(9
117.9

111.5
107.0
113.5
(9
(9
(9

(9
(9
113.3
(9
113.0
(9

(9
(9
113.3
106.6
(9
117.3

110.9
106. 5
112.7
(9
(9
(9

109.7
105.0
111.1
105.1
111.5
116.3

106.9
101 4
106.4
102.1
108.5
113.3

142.5

Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif____
Milwaukee, Wis_____
.. __
Minneapolis-St. Paul, M inn___ _
N ew Y ork,N .Y .-N ortheastern N .J.
Philadelphia, P a .-N .J ___ _________
Pittsburgh, P a ____________ ______
Portland, Oreg.-W ash-------------------

120.0
114. 5
(9
120.3
118.6
(9
(9

118.9
(9
118.4
120.2
118.3
115.5
119.4

119.1
(9
(9
119.7
117.9
(9
(9

118.3
113.6
(9
119.4
117.4
(9
(9

117.5
(9
115.6
119.1
116.7
115.0
118.2

117.3
(9
(9
118.7
116.6
(9
(9

116.9
112.2
(9
118.4
116. 0
(9
(9

116.3
(9
114.2
118.2
115.8
114.2
117.4

115.4
(9
(9
118.2
115.5
(9
(9

115.7
111.4
(9
118.0
115.3
(9
(9

115.8
(9
113.4
117.5
115.0
114.0

116.3
111. 6
(9
117. 7
115.0
(9
(9

114.7
110.6
112.2
116.0
113.7
113.0

112.5
108.2
109.5
112.2
110.6
110.2

117.1

116.3
(9
(9
117.6
115.3
(9
(9

115.S

111.8

149.6
144.4
(9
145.0
145.6
(9
(9

St. Louis, M o .-Ill______ ____ _____
San Diego, Calif. (Feb. 1965=100)...
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif.
Scranton, Pa_____ . . . ____ ______
Seattle, W ash______ ______________
Washington, D .C .-M d .-V a ______

(9
106.5
(9
119.6
119.2
117.8

(9
(9
(9
(9
(9

117.7
(9
120.4
(9

(9
105.9
(9
118.7
118.2
117.3

(9
(9
(9
(9

116. 5
(9
118.4
(9
(9

(9
104.1
(9
117.1
116.8
115.7

(9
(9
(9
(9

115.5
(9
117.1
(9

(9
(9
(9
(9

114.9
(9
117.2
(9

(9
103.5
(9

113.5
102.1
115 6

(9
(9

(9
103.7
(9
116.3
115.9
115.1

(9
(9

116.2

111 9

115.6
114.6

114.1
113.3

109.9
100.1
112.7
111.0
111.0
109.6

(9
142.7
149.8
141.8

U.S. city average 3___ _____

(9

(9
(9

(9

(9

(9

(9
(9

(9
(9

145.6
(9

143.0
(9
(9

(9

Food
115.6

115.7

115.9

116.6

116.0

115.1

113.9

113.7

114.2

114.2

114.7

114.8

114.8

114.2

108.8

114.1
116.7
119. 7
109.9
116.4
112.0

115.0
117.6
120.5
109.9
116.7
112.2

115.1
118.1
121.3
110.4
116.6
112.4

115.4
118.3
121.1
111.3
117.7
114.4

114.4
117.6
120.1
111.1
116.4
115.2

114.3
115.5
119.0
110.6
114.5
113.7

113.6
114.9
118.3
108.9
113.9
111.9

112.9
114.8
117.7
108.9
113.1
111.3

113.6
114.9
118.4
109.4
114.1
111.4

113.5
115.2
118.2
109.3
114.7
111.2

114.1
115.3
119.0
109.7
114.1
111.5

113.8
116.0
118.8
109.3
114.7
111.7

114.0
115.9
118. 5
109.7
114.7
112.4

112.9
115.9
117.0
108.8
114.6
111.8

107.4
109.3
112.5
104.1
108.8
106.2

112.5
110.0
114.7
111.1
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963=100).
115.9
118.9

112.1
110.2
114.7
111. 1
116.1
118.6

112.4
110.0
114.5
110.3
116.2
118.5

113.0
110.8
116.3
110.1
116.1
119.1

112.2
110.2
115.1
109.9
115.9
118.4

111.5
109.4
113.5
109.5
115.0
117.8

109.9
108.4
113.0
108.4
114.2
116.1

109.6
107.9
112. 6
108.0
115. 5
116.0

110.3
108.9
113.2
108.3
115.7
116.6

110.0
109,8
112.7
107.7
116 0
117.2

110.9
110.5
113.0
108.1
116.6
118.0

111.5
110.9
113.1
108. 0
116.9
117.8

111.8
111.0
113.1
108.7
116.6
117. 5

110 9
110.0
112.2
107.0
115.4
117.2

104.8
103.9
105.0
103.5
109.2
111.3

115.7
114. 7
113. 5
116.0
115.1
111. 7

115.2
115.2
113.4
116.1
115.3
111.8
115.2

115.1
114.9
113.1
116.2
116.5
112.0

114.6
116.5
114.3
117.2
115.9
113.1

114.3

113.6

112.5

114. 0

112.2
114.4
113.0
109.5
114.1

112.5
114.9
113.1
109.7

112.8
112.8
112.5
115.0
113.6
110.2

113.7

112.3
115.5
114.5
111.6

112.4
113. 5
111.8
114.3
113.3
109.1

112.4

113.1
116.5
114.7
112.9
115.9

113.0
115.5
113.7
111.3

112.9
115.3
114.0
111.2

113. 7
114.3
112.6
115. 7
113.5
111.4

113.3
114.0
112.4
115.1
113.1
111.8

110.7
107.7
107.1
109.8
107.2
107.5

116.0

115.7

115.6

116.0

1117

109.5

119.2
108 9
115.1
114. 7
115.8
116.0

119.7
108. 5
115.4

119.0
108.6
115. 7

119.9

118.8

118.1

119.2

114.4

113.0

113.2

118.5
105.9
113.3

119.3

116.1

114.4

114.4

118.6
106.6
115.1

117.8
106.5
114.2

111.5
102. 7
110.2

112.1

112.6

113.1

113.2

112.8

107.7

115.2
117.8

115.4
116.3

114.4
115.7

117.4
106.2
112.8
112. 0
113.6
114.4

117.2

115.2
116.8

120.0
109.1
116.4
116.0
115.2
118.0

113.1
114.8

113.3
115.3

113.5
114.7

114.0
114.7

114.3
114.7

114.7
113.5

114.1
114.0

110.3
108.4

U.S. city average 3_______

. . . ___

Baltimore, M d ___________ . . . . .
Buffalo, N .Y . (N ov. 1963=100)
Chicago, Ul.-Northwestern I n d ___

Dallas, Tex. (N ov. 1963=100)

Minneapolis-St. Paul, M inn____ .
New York, N .Y.-N ortheastern N .J.
Philadelphia, P a .- N .J - . ____ _____
Pittsburgh, P a.
........................
St. Louis, M o .-Ill__________

. .

.

Seattle, W a sh ..
.................
Washington, D .C .-M d .-V a _______

1 See footnote 1, table D -l . Indexes measure time-to-time changes in
prices. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one area than in
another.
2 The areas listed include not only the central city but the entire urban
portion of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined for the 1960
Census of Population; except that the Standard Consolidated Area is used
for N ew York and Chicago.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3 Average of 56 “ cities” (metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan urban
places) beginning January 1966.
4 All items indexes are computed m onthly for 5 areas and once every 3
months on a rotating cycle for other areas.

121

D.— CONSUMER AN D W H O L E SA L E PRICES

T

able

D^4.

Indexes of wholesale prices/ by group and subgroup of commodities
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise sp e c ifie d ]2

1967

1966

C om m odity group
N ov.
106.2
103.4
96.4
102.9
81.3
96.2
65.6
74.9
123.6
80.7
Eggs_____ ____
____ _____________________________
109.9
100.9
Processed foods and feeds__ _ __________ __________ .
110.9
117.0
102.2
123.0
112.0
113.9
107.4
70.8
82.7
Refined vegetable oils_______________________________
87.5
101.5
113.1
118.8
107.3
107.1
103.0
101.2
102.2
88.1
183.9
108.0
Textile housefurnishings-- _ ___________ _ _____ _ 107.3
114. 5
Hides, skins, leather, and related products_______________ 115.4
Hides and skins _ _ . .
_ ________ . _ _ ____ ____
90.4
106. 5
123.7
Other leather and related products............................... .
111.9
Fuels and related products, and power________ ________
102.8
Coal.........
r
*
.
_ _ 104.8
C o k e ____
....................
. . . . . . . . . . 112.0
Gas fuels (Jan. 1958=100)__ _________ ____________ 132.8
Electric power (Jan. 1958=100)............................. . . .
100. 9
99.0
100.4
98.2
98.3
Prepared paint............ ... ..................
..............
109.9
Paint materials____ .
..........
91.4
93.7
Fats and oils, inedible . . . . .
_____ _________
77.9
Agricultural chemicals and chemical products............. 101.7
86.3
Other chemicals and allied products_________________ 108.6
Rubber and rubber p r o d u c ts ___
99.1
Crude rubber.
______________
.
. . . . ____
83.8
Tires and tubes________ ______ ___________ _____ . . .
98. 7
Miscellaneous rubber p rod u cts.. _ .
105.6
Lumber and wood p rod u cts .............
106.7
L um ber_____ _______ __________
110.9
Millwork...................
113. 5
Plyw ood___________________
.
..........................
87.8
Other wood products (Dec. 1966=100)_______________ 101.5
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Annual
average

Oct. Sept. Aug.

July June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

1965

106.1
104.1
97.1
91.6
86.6
101.8
73.8
72.4
123.5
76.8
108.5
97.4
111.7
116.8
104.7
123.0
109.3
113.9
107.3
76.3
83.3
88.1
101.8
112.6
120.6
107. 2
106.8
102.2
99.1
102.8
86.9
179.5
107.5
107.4
115.9
114.8
86.8
104.7
123. 6
111.9
103.0
103 8
112.0
132.7
100.8
99.0
101.0
98.2
98.3
109.9
91.0
93. 6
78. 5
101. 6
86.1
108.8
98.8
84.2
98.7
104.8
107.3
111.2
113.4
90.2
101.5

106.5
107.3
102. 8
107.9
92.6
107.4
91.9
70.9
121.3
86.0
117.1
99. 7
113.1
116.9
109.9
122.0
107 0
113.7
106. 4
77.4
86.8
88.3
101. 3
113 1
123.2
106.8
106 0
101.5
98.9
103. 3
85. 5
168 4
107.1
105.3
117.1
115.2
93. 4
109 5
121 4
112.9
103.9
103 0
112 0
131.8
100. 6
98.4
103.3
98. 3
97. 2
108.8
90.9
94.1
77.1
103. 5
90. 0
108.7
95.8
85.7
94.0
101. 6
105.3
108.3
112. 1
89. 4
102.0

105.8
105.0
100.7
104.4
98. 0
102. 6
85. 6
69.9
120.9
74. 5
117.8
99. 9
110.7
117. 4
103. 8
120.8
105 1
112. 0
106. 0
89.8
93. 9
96. 6
101. 6
112. 4
118. 7
106 4
106 0
101. 6
100.3
103.1
86.3
167.0
106. 3
105. 5
118 5
115.2
87.2
110 9
121. 4
114.3
104. 4
102.6
112 0
135 0
100 6
98. 3
103 7
98. 8
97 5
108 8
91.0
94 1
82. 9
105 2
90. 7
108.7
95. 8
85. 9
94. 0
101 5
104 2
107.0
111. 7
87.5
102. 0

105.3
103.4
97.6
99.6
98.3
94.0
89.0
69.9
119.1
77.0
118.4
99.2
110.0
117.2
100.6
120.1
104.3
111.8
105.9
91.5
93.8
96.8
101.6
112.9
122.9
106.2
106.0
101.8
100.8
102.9
86.8
164.5
106.2
105.2
119.4
115.7
88.3
112.9
121.5
114.5
103.3
102. 7
112.0
134.8
100.6
98.3
101.7
98.8
97.6
108.8
91.2
94.0
85.3
105.2
90.4
108.6
95.9
86.5
94.0
101.5
104.1
106.6
111.6
87.9
102.0

105.7
104.6
99.6
98.4
99.9
97.4
90.8
70.3
119.0
90.8
120.5
99.5
110.6
117.5
101.7
120.7
104.2
112.5
105.6
89.6
94.2
96.9
101.8
112.0
124.8
106.3
106.0
101.8
101.3
104.0
86.9
164.1
106.0
105.1
120.8
116.9
98.9
114.6
121.7
114.4
103.7
102.2
112.0
134.6
100.6
98.3
102.4
98.5
97.0
108.8
90.8
94.4
81.5
105.9
90.3
107.8
95.9
86.5
94.9
100.9
103.6
106.0
111.2
87.7
102.0

106.0
105.7
101.0
104.5
95.8
99.5
97.1
70.2
122.9
84.0
120.3
100.5
111.7
117.3
104.7
121.2
104.3
112.6
105.9
92.0
94.1
96.7
103.5
111.5
125.9
106. 5
106.0
102.0
101.8
104.7
87.1
164.1
105.9
105.3
121.0
118.0
107.8
116.3
121.6
114.6
103.4
102.3
112.0
134.5
100.6
98.2
101.9
98.5
96.9
108.7
90.8
94.2
89.1
105.4
90.5
107.6
95.8
87.1
94.9
100.4
103.6
105.4
111. 1
89.2
102.0

106.2
107.0
102.6
101.8
100.7
101.4
88.1
70.8
123.4
100.0
123.5
99.6
112.8
117.6
105.4
121.8
105.9
113.0
105.8
94.9
94.1
93.0
106.3
112.6
132.1
106.5
105.8
102.0
102.5
104.7
87.1
166.1
105.7
105.3
120.5
117.9
110.1
116.9
120.9
114.5
102.6
102.3
112.0
134.6
100.6
98.2
100.3
98.4
96.6
108.7
90.6
94.7
92.3
104.2
90.3
107.4
95.6
87.6
94.9
99.7
102.6
104.5
110.3
87.3
102.0

105.9
106.7
101.8
101.3
101.5
97.9
77.2
71.0
124.0
109.0
124.5
100.5
112.8
118.0
104.4
122.3
105.8
112.6
105.8
97.5
98.1
101.2
106.3
113.7
132.0
106.3
105.5
101.8
102.7
104.8
86.9
163.2
105.4
105.3
119.7
117.3
109.2
116.2
120.3
114.2
102.4
102.4
112.0
132.0
100.8
98.1
100.2
98.2
96.4
108.5
90.6
94.7
95.1
103.1
90.2
107.0
95.0
87.6
93.9
99.3
102.5
104.5
110.3
87.4
100.0

105.9
107.1
102.5
104.2
98.0
98.4
85.1
70.9
124.4
121.8
122.9
98.7
112.6
118.7
104.2
122.6
105.9
112.1
105.6
105.6
99.2
102.2
106.8
114.6
128.4
106.3
105.5
102.1
103.0
105.1
87.7
161.1
105.5
105.3
119.1
117.5
114.3
114.1
120.1
115.1
102.7
101.9
112.0
130.6
100.3
98.1
101.3
98.0
96.0
107.8
90.4
95.0
91.6
103.3
90.2
106.9
95.0
87.9
93.9
99.2
103.0
105.6
110.3
86.9

105.9
108.9
105.6
102. 5
97.3
110.0
91.4
82.3
117.6
107.9
122.9
101.5
113.0
115.4
110.2
118.5
104.8
110. 5
105.8
113.1
107.2
108.7
104.6
114.0
126.6
105.8
104.7
102.1
102.5
106.0
89.5
153.6
105.0
104.4
122.6
119.7
140.8
121.1
118.2
114.4
101.3
98.6
109.8
129.3
100.3
97.5
99.5
97.8
95.7
106.8
90.1
94.5
102.8
102.8
89.0
106.6
94.8
89.2
93.3
98.8
105.6
108.5
110.0
92.8

102. 5
102.1
98.4
101.8
89. 6
100. 5
87.2
91.1
103.5
93.5
112.9
97.6
106.7
109.0
101.0
108.5
102.1
109.0
105.7
113.4
100.9
97.0
101.2
113.6
116.3
102.9
102.5
101.8
100.2
104.3
95.0
134.3
103.7
103.1
123.0
109.2
111.2
108.1
110.7
106.1
98.9
96.5
107.3
124.1
100.8
96.8
95.9
97.4
95.0
105.4
89.8
94.4
112.7
101.8
88.4
105.3
92.9
90.0
90.0
97.1
101.1
101.9
107.7
92.3

106.2
105.3
98.4
92.2
85.6
103.5
72.9
72.4
123.7
93.1
109.0
97.7
112.7
116.6
108.6
122.8
107.9
113.8
106.7
79.6
87.9
91.3
102.0
112.5
121.5
107.1
106.5
102.0
99.2
102.7
86.3
175.7
107.4
106.8
115.6
114.4
93.2
105.3
121.8
111.8
104.5
104.1
112.0
132.6
100. 7
99.0
103.9
97.9
97.1
109.9
90.6
93.5
77.1
101.2
87.7
108.7
98.2
83.9
98.7
103.7
108.7
112.0
113.1
95.7
101.3

106.1
105.2
99.2
96.6
86.1
106.3
77.3
71.4
120.9
82.1
111.6
99.3
112.1
116.8
107.4
122.1
107.1
113.8
106.6
83.0
89.8
91.9
101 0
112.1
119.6
106.8
106.3
101.7
98.8
102.9
85.9
172.6
107.3
105.3
116.0
114.4
86.8
109.2
121.2
112.5
104.7
103.0
112.0
132.0
100.5
99.0
104. 6
98.0
97.1
108.8
90.7
93.6
77.2
101.8
89.5
108.7
97.8
84.8
98.7
102.3
106.1
109.0
112.6
90.9
101.6

106.3
106.8
102.4
114.3
96.1
104.9
85.7
70.9
121.3
76.0
116.6
100.2
112.6
117.2
108.3
122.2
106.5
112.7
106.3
82.4
91.7
93.5
101.6
112.6
122.4
106.7
106.0
101.6
99.7
103.2
85.8
167.0
106.7
105.3
118.0
115.6
95.8
110.2
121.5
113.3
104.0
102.4
112.0
134.3
100. 5
98.3
103.1
98.5
97.2
108.8
91.0
94.1
79.5
105.1
90.3
108.5
95.8
86.2
94.0
101.5
104.7
108.0
111.7
87.6
102.0

122

M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

T

able

D -4.

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities— Continued
[1957-59=100, unless otherw ise s p e c ifie d ]2

1967

1966

Com m odity group
N ov.
Industrial Commodities—Continued
Pulp, paper, and allied prod u cts.-- ----Pulp, paper, and products, excluding building paper
- - ,
- - - - - - arid board_____
W oodpulp_____ -- - -- --- ----- -------W astepaper... _- . . ---- --.
- -- -----------Paper______ _ __
_ -------------------------- Paperboard---Converted paper and paperboard products__________
Building paper and board-..
__
----- --- _ ---------Metals and metal products
_ _ - - - - -------- - Iron and steel.. ----------- . . ------------------------- ------- - - .
Steel mill products. _________ - ____________________
Nonferrous metals------- --..
-----------Metal containers--_
- .------------------------- _ __
H ardw are...
_
.
Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings-----_ ----- --Heating equipment. - ___ ____________ ____
Fabricated structural metal products________________
Miscellaneous metal products________________________
Machinery and equipm en t.,
_ _ -----Agricultural machinery and equipment______________
Construction machinery and equipm en t.. -------- __ _
Metalworking machinery and equipment____ ____
General purpose machinery and equipment__________
Special industry machinery and equipment (Jan.
1961=100)_________________________________________
Electrical machinery and equipment_________________
Miscellaneous machinery____ _
Furniture and household durables_______________________
Household furniture____ - . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Commercial furniture.
_
_ _ -----Floor coverings-. .
_ ______ Household appliances.
_____ _____
. _
..
Home electronic equipment.
_ ___________ _
Other household durable goods______________________
Nonmetallic mineral products .
_
F la tg la s s... ________
____ ____________________ _
Concrete ingredients
.
.
Concrete products____ - - - - Structural clay products excluding refractories_____
Refractories____
.. .. _
Asphalt roofing_______ . . ____ _ __ . . _______ _
_ _
Gypsum products___ __
Glass containers___ _________________ - - - - - Other nonmetallic minerals___ .
..............................
Transportation equipm ent3______
_____ _ .
Motor vehicles and equipment_______________________
Railroad equipment (Jan. 1961=100)_________________
Miscellaneous products___
_
__
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, am m unition.. . .
Tobacco products___ _
_ ___________ _________
N otions____ _ -_
_____ __
.
_______ ____ _
Photographic equipment and supplies_______________
Other miscellaneous products_______ ________________

1

Oct.

Sept. Aug.

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

104.6 104.3 104.1 104.0 104.1 103.9 103.9 103.9 103.6 103.3 103.1 103.0 103.0 102.6

1965

99.9

105.1
98.0
76.5
111.2
97.3
105.5
92.0
110.5
104.3
106.8
122.7
112.9
115.7
110.2
93.3
105.9
114.1
112.6
123.9
125.3
125.4
114.7

104.8
98.0
76.6
111.2
97.3
104.9
92.1
109.8
103.9
106.5
120.7
111.7
115.4
110.2
92.9
105.7
114.1
112.2
122.3
124.3
124.6
114.4

104.6
98.0
75.4
110.9
97.3
104.8
91.4
109.6
104.0
106.3
119.4
111.7
115.3
110.2
92.7
105.6
114.1
111.9
122.2
122.4
124.4
114.0

104.5
98.0
74.6
110.9
97.3
104.6
91.3
109.2
103.5
105.7
118.9
111.7
115.2
110.1
92.5
105.5
114.2
111.8
122.0
122.4
124.4
113.6

104.6
98.0
76.2
110.9
97.3
104.7
91.5
109.0
103.4
105.7
118.6
111.7
113.8
110.0
92.6
105.1
113.8
111.6
121.9
122.1
123.9
113. 2

104.3
98.0
76.7
109.6
97.3
104.9
91.5
108.9
103.3
105.7
118.7
111.7
113.0
110.8
92.5
104p9
113.7
111.6
121.8
121.9
123.6
113.1

104.3
98.0
77.5
109.5
97.3
104.9
91.7
108.9
103.2
105.7
118.9
111.7
112.9
110.7
92.0
105.1
113.7
111. 6
121.8
121.9
123.6
113.2

104.3
98.0
79.1
109.3
97.3
104.9
92.2
109.1
103.2
105.6
120.0
111.5
112.8
110.5
92.0
104.9
113.6
111.6
121.8
121.8
122.9
113.0

104.0
98.0
79.7
108.5
97.3
104.7
92.3
109.4
103.3
105.6
121.1
111.5
112.4
110.5
92.2
104.8
113.7
111.5
121.9
121.5
122.6
113.0

103.7
98.0
83.2
108. 5
97.3
104.0
92.4
109.6
103.2
105. 6
122.3
111.5
112.0
110.5
92.3
104.8
113.6
111.2
121.7
121.4
122.2
113.0

103.5
98.0
83.9
108.5
97.3
103.7
92.4
109.4
103.0
105.4
121.8
111.5
111.9
110.5
92.6
104.8
113.6
111.1
121.5
121.3
121.9
112.8

103.4
98.0
90.5
108.5
97.2
103.2
92.7
109.0
102.9
105.3
120.5
110.2
111.9
110.5
93.4
104.9
113.2
110.7
120.8
121.0
121.8
112.4

103.4
98.0
92.7
108.5
97.2
103.1
93.1
109.0
102.8
105.2
121.0
110.2
111.5
110.5
93.4
104.8
113.1
110.2
120.4
120.6
121.5
112.2

103.0
98.0
105.0
107.3
97.1
102.3
92.6
108.3
102.3
104.7
120.9
110.0
109.6
108.4
92.5
103.9
111.6
108.2
118.5
118.9
118.8
109.7

100.2
98.1
99.4
104.1
96.4
99.3
92.7
105.7
101.4
103.3
115.2
107.6
106.0
103.1
91.7
101.2
109.4
105.0
115.1
115.3
113.6
105.1

118. 3
101.6
110.4
102. 0
114.3
112.3
94.9
90.8
82.2
118.9
105.1
107.0
106.4
105.6
111.1
106.0
99.4
103.9
101.1
102.0

118.2
101.5
109. 9
101.7
113.4
112.0
94.8
90.5
82.1
118.9
104.9
107.0
106.3
105.9
110.7
104.9
95.1
103.9
101.1
101.9

116.7
101.5
109.7
101.2
113.0
112.0
93.4
90.3
81.6
118.2
104.7
106.9
106.1
105.9
110.7
104.9
95.1
100.7
101.1
101.7

116.7
101.6
109.4
101.0
112.8
111.9
92.6
90.1
81.8
117.9
104.5
106.9
106.0
105.8
110.4
104.9
91.8
100.7
101.1
101.8

116.3
101.7
109.1
100.9
112.6
111.9
92.9
90.1
81.8
116.6
104.2
104. 5
106. 0
105. 8
109.9
104.9
91.6
100.7
101.1
102.2

116.1
101.8
109.1
100.8
112.4
111.9
93.1
90.0
82.0
115.9
103.9
103.3
105.9
105.7
109.7
104.9
88.3
100.9
101.0
102.2

116.1
101.9
108.9
100.8
112.4
111.9
93.1
89.7
82.9
115.8
103.8
103.3
105.9
105.2
109.7
104.9
88.3
102.3
101.0
102.1

115.8
102.3
108.8
100.6
112.4
109.3
93.1
89.8
83.3
115.7
103.9
103.3
106.0
104.6
109.4
104.9
94.8
102.3
101.0
102.0

115.4
102.2
108.8
100.6
112.4
109.3
93.8
89.8
83.3
115.2
103.8
103.3
105.8
104.5
109.3
104.9
94.8
102.3
101.0
101.8

115.1
101.8
108.7
100.4
112.0
109.3
93.9
89.7
83.5
114.8
103.7
103.3
105.6
104.4
109.3
104.8
94.8
103.5
101.0
101.1

114.8
101.9
108.5
100.4
111.9
108.7
94.1
89.6
83.6
114.8
103.6
103.3
105.8
103.9
109.3
104.8
95.7
103.5
101.0
101.1

114.3
101. 5
108.1
100.4
111.8
108.7
96.2
89.2
83.8
114.0
103.3
103.3
104.3
103.9
109.1
104.2
95.7
103.5
101.1
101.3

114.1
100.7
107.8
100.3
111.5
108.0
96.6
89.2
83.8
113.8
103.3
103.3
104.2
103.5
109.3
104.2
97.6
103.5
101.1
101.3

111.8
99.0
106.5
99.1
109.1
105.7
97.0
89.1
83.6
111.6
102.6
100.7
103.9
103.0
108. 4
103.7
96.0
102.4
99.9
101.7

108.0
96.8
105.2
98.0
106.2
103.7
97.7
89.2
85.2
108.9
101.7
100.9
103.2
101.5
106.6
103.0
92.8
104.0
98.1
101.3

104.0
104.8
110.6
106.3
114.8
102.1
113.6
108.9

103.7
104.5
110.5
106.3
114.8
100.8
113.6
108.7

101.5
102.9
110.2
106.1
114.8
100.8
111.6
108.7

101. 3
102.9
110.0
105.8
114.8
100.8
111.3
108.5

101.3
102.9
109.7
105.6
114.8
100.8
-110.1
108.3

101.4
102.9
109.6
105.3
114.8
100.8
110.1
108.0

101.6
102.9
108.0
105.3
110.3
100.8
110.1
107.4

101.6
102.7
108.0
105.2
110.3
100.8
110.2
107.4

101.6
102.7
107.7
104.0
110.3
100.8
110.1
107.3

101.6
102.7
108.0
105.3
110.3
100.8
110.3
107.2

101.6
102.7
107.9
105.2
110.3
100.8
110.1
107.2

101.7
102.7
107.5
104.8
110.3
100.8
109.9
106.1

101.7
101.0
107.4
104.8
110.2
100.8
109.8
106.0

100.8
101.2
106.8
104.1
109.6
100.5
108.9
105.3

100.7
100.9
104.8
102.7
106.2
99.1
109.2
103.8

A s of January 1967, the indexes incorp orated a revised w eighting structure
reflecting 1963 values of shipm ents. C hanges also w ere m ade in the classi­
fication structure, and titles and com position of som e indexes were changed.
T itles and indexes in this table conform w ith the revised classification struc­
ture, and m a y differ from data p reviou sly pu b lish ed. See Wholesale Prices
and Price Indexes, January 1967 (final) and F eb ru ary 1967 (final) for a descrip­
tion of the changes.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

July

Annual
average

2

A s o f January 1962, the indexes w ere con verted from the form er base of
1947-49=100 to the n e w base of 1957-59 = 100. T e ch n ica l details an d earlier
data on the 1957-59 base furnished u p o n request to the Bureau.
N o t available.

3

N ote : For a description o f the general m e th o d o f co m p u tin g the m o n th ly
W holesale Price Index, see B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies
(B L S B u lletin 1458, O ctober 1966), Ch apter 11.

123

D.— CONSUMER AND W H O L E SA L E PRICES

T

able

D -5.

Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1957-59=100, unless otherw ise s p e c ifie d ]2
1966

1967

A n n u al
average

C o m m o d ity group
N ov.
A ll com m od ities—less farm p ro d u cts ----------------------------------A ll food s--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Processed food s______________________________________________
Textile products, exclu din g hard and bast fiber p rod u cts.
H osiery ---------------------------- .---------------------------------------- -----------U nderw ear and n igh tw ea r---------------------------------------------------R efined petroleu m p r o d u c t s .. . -------------------------------------E ast C oast, refined _____________________________________
M id -C on tin en t, refined_________________________________
G u lf Coast, refined_____________________________________
P a cific Coast, refin ed ----------------------------------------------------M id w est, refined (Jan. 1961=100)----------------------------------Pharm aceu tical preparations_______________________________
L u m b er and w ood products excluding m illw ork and other
w ood p rod u cts 3. ------- --------------------------------------------------------Special m etals and m etal p r o d u c ts 4________________________
M achinery and m otive p rod u cts____ _______________________
M achinery and eq u ip m en t, except electrical_____ *l -----------A g ricultu ral m ach in ery, in clu d in g tractors------------------------M etalw orking m a c h in e r y ...------- --------- -------------------------------T o ta l tractors______________________________ _____ ___________
Industrial va lves...................................... ......... ................... ...........
Industrial fittings___________________________________________
A b ra sive grinding w heels___________________________________
C on stru ction m aterials_____ ______ ___________________ ______

107.3
108.0
109.6
97.6
91.8
109.9
100.4
104.3
.9

100
100.8
91.3
95.0
95.7

105.6
109.4

Oct.

107.2 107.1
107.5 109.3
110.4
96.4
96.1
91.6
91.6
109.9 109.9
103.9
104.3 104.3
97.9 103.0
102.3 107.0
91.3
91.3
96.3
98.8
95.6 95.5

101.0

108.6
107.8
108.6
118.3
124.1
131.5
123.7

119.6
126.1
133.2
126.7

103.0
94.6
106.2

103.0 101.5
94.6 94.6
106.2 106.3

122.8 122.8 122.8

1See footn ote 1, table D -4 .
2See footn ote 2, table D -4 .
3F orm erly titled “ L u m b er and w o o d products, excluding m illw o rk .”


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

June

M ay

A p r.

Mar.

F eb .

Jan.

D e c.

N ov.

106.8
108.8

106.8
110.7

106.2
106.4
108.2
96.7
91.6
108.4
101.7

106.3
107.3
108.8
97.0
91.6
107.7
102.4

106.5
108.5
109.9
97.3
91.6
107.5
101.9

106.3
109.8

95.5
91.3
109.7
103.3
104.3
103.0
107.0
92.2
95.2
96.1

106.4
107.8
109.6
96.3
91.7
108.7
103.7

106.5
109.5

95.6
91.6
109.7
104.6
104.3
103.0
108.6
92.2
98.8
95.6

106.7
110.3
111.4
95.9
91.3
109.7
103.1

97.5
91.4
107.1

103.0 103.0
102.5 104.1
95.6
95.6
94.7
94.0
96.4
95.9

100.9
104.1
95.6
93.4
96.3

97.5
91.4
107.5
100.3
99.9
98.7
102.5
94.8
92.7
96.9

106.3 105.8
110.7
110.7 111.5
98.0
98.5
91.4
92.0
107.1 106.8
101.3
99.5
98.1
97.5
99.5
98.6
105.1
94.4
90.7
92.7
92.7
97.5
96.8

105.1
107.5
108.5
118.2
123.9
131.5
123.7
121.9
101.5
94.6
105.3

104.1
107.4
108.4
117.8
123.9
130.6
123.4

103.4
107.3
108.4
117.6
123.8
130.4
123.3
121.5

94.6
104.9

94.6 94.7
104.6 104.4

111.6 111.1 112.0

106.5
108.8
109.7
119.0
124.3
131.7
125.4

110.1

July

S e p t . A u g.

101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6

103.0 103.0
107.0 107.2
92.1
95.6
95.2
95.2
96.1
96.2

102.6
107.5
108.5
117.6
123.7
130.5
123.3
122.7

121.8
102.6 102.6 102.6

102.5 101.9
107.6 107.7
108.5 108.4
117.3 117.2
123.7 123.8
129.5 129.2
123.0 123.1
122.7 122.7
101.7 101.7
94.7
94.7
104.7 104.5

102.0

110.6 110.6

100.7
107.9 107.8
108.3 108.2
117.0 116.8
123.7 123. 4
128.4 128.1
123.1 123.0
122.7 122.4
101.7 101.7
94.7
94.7
104.4 104.1

100.2

99.9
97.9
102.5
94.8
92.7
97.1

110.6

100.8 101.6
107.5 107.5
108.0 107.7
116.4 116.1
122.7 122.4
128.2 127.8
122.7 122.3
121.9
99.1
99.1
94.7
94.7
104.0 104.0

122.1

1966

102.2

1965
102.9
104.5
105.1
99.1
93.5
104.6
95.9
95.3
97.6
95.1
90.6
91.7
96.5

105.1
99.8
106.7 104.7
106.0 103.7
114.0
120.3 116.6
124.1 117.4
116.8
116.3 105.7
95.9
90.8
94.2
93.9
103.9

110.1

120.2

100.8

4 M etals and m etal p roducts, agricultural m a ch in ery and eq u ip m en t, and
m otor vehicles and equipm ent.

124

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968

T

able

D-6.

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1957-59 = 100)2
1967

1966

A n n u a l average

C o m m o d ity group
N ov.

O ct.

Sept.

A u g.

July

June

----------------- . - --

106.2

106.1

106.2

106.1

106.5

C rude m aterials for further processing_________________
C rud e foodstuffs and feedstuffs. --------------------------C ru d e n on food m aterials except f u e l ------ _
.
C rud e n on food m aterials, except fuel, for
m anufacturin g----- --- ..
C rud e n on food m aterials, except fuel, for
_____________ ___
con stru ction .
C rud e fu el---------------------------------------------------------- - - C rude fuel for m an u factu rin g__________________
C rud e fuel for n on m an u fa ctu rin g______________

96.5
96.1
95.9

97.9
99 1
94.2

98.5
99.9
94.3

99.5
101.4
94.5

101. 7 101.4
104. 7 104.2
94. 6 95.1

93.1

A ll co m m o d itie s -----------

------------

106.3

M a r.

F eb .

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

105.3

105.7

106.0

106.2

105.9

105.9

98.0
99.2
94.6

99.7
101.3
95.7

M ay

A p r.

105.8

1966

1965

105.9

102.5

105.3
107.2
101.9

98.9
98.3
99.8

S ta g e o f p r o c e s s in g

interm ediate m aterials, supplies, and co m p o n e n ts ____
Interm ediate m aterials and com p on en ts for m a n u ­
facturing____
- - - - - - ------- _
Interm ediate m aterials for food m anufacturin g.
Interm ediate m aterials for non d u rable m a n u ­
facturing______________________________________
Interm ediate m aterials for d urable m an u ­
factu ring____
- - _
-------------- .
C om pon en ts for m an u factu rin g_______________
M aterials and com pon en ts for co n stru ctio n _______
Processed fuels and lubrican ts ___________
Processed fuels and lubrican ts for m anufac­
turin g
______ ______________ __ _ _
___ __
Processed fuels and lubrican ts for n o n m a n u ­
factu ring_________
---------- _ --------- ------C on ta in ers.
_
_ _ _____
_______
S u p p lie s ... _ - . - ________
_______
Supplies for m an u factu rin g____________________
Supplies for n on m an ufacturing________________
M anufactured anim al fe e d s___ ___________
O ther su p p lies. _______ _ __ __ _______ _
Finished goods (goods to users, in clu d in g raw foods
and fu els)_____________________________________________
C on sum er finished good s__________________________
Con sum er foods___ ___
- ----- ..
C onsum er crude food s___________________ .
C on sum er processed fo o d s . . . . ___ __
C onsum er other n on d u rable g o o d s ..
C onsum er durable goods____ ________________
P rodu cer finished goods_____ . . . _ _________ _
P rodu cer finished goods for m an ufacturin g___
P rodu cer finished goods for nonm an ufacturing-

95.0

100.6
103.1
94.7

96.3

96.8

97.0

101.8

99.5

104.3
109.7
109.6
109.9

104.3
108.9
108.9
109.1

103.9
106.4
106.3
106.6

103.2
103.3
103.2
103.5

105.5

105.5

105.5

105.6

105.4

105.3

104.8

104.6
108.1

104.6
108.7

104.8
109.0

104.7

110.1

104.5
110.9

104.4

111.2

104.0
111.3

102.2
102.0

99.1

99.1

99.3

99.3

99.2

99.2

99.5

98. 7

102

107.4
107.5
104.9
102.7

107.4 107.7
107.6 107.9
104.8 104.9
103.2 102.5

107.7
107.9
104.8
102.7

107.9
107.6
104.7
102.5

107.6 107.1
107.5 107.1
104.4 104.3
102.3 101.9

107.0
106.6
104.3
102.5

106.6
104.9
104.1
101.4

104.6
.3
101.4
99.5

102.9

103.5

103.7 103.6

103.7

103.7

103.6

103.2

103.4

102.5

101.0

100.3
105.9
112.9
109.5
113.6
124.9
104.5

99.8
105.3

110.7

110.1

110.2
109.9
110.6

105.4

105.4

105.4

105.3

110.0

104.5
109.9

104.4

104.4

104.4
109.1

98.4

98.4

98.4

98.6

98.9

101.1

108.4
108.1
106.2
101.3

108.2
108.0
106.3

102.2

107.7
107.9
105.5
102.4

107.5
107. 5
105.2
.1

103.1

103.0

103.0

102.8

98.5
106.6
111.3
110.9
110.3 110.7
111.5 113.2
106.1 105.9

100.9
106.6

101.5
106.4

111.9
105.9

105.7

105.7

105.2
108.0

104.8
108.6

104.7

99.3

98.8

108.8
108.6
106.3

98.0
107.3

111.1
111.1

110.0
110.8

110.2

110.2 110.2

100.8

101.5
106.4 106.5
111. 5 111.3
.6
. 1 110.9
115.9 115.2
105.3 105.3

102.3
106.6
110.4
110.4
109.7

111.2 110.8
110.8 110.7 110 110.6
110.6 110.0 111
114.2 112.2
111.6
105.3

105.4

102.5
97.6

104.7
109.4
109.3
109.7

93.6
105.6

93. 7
105.9

111.0

100.8 101.1

101.9
104.2 102.3
97.4
97.0

95.8

93.7
105.7
110.3

93.5
106.0
110.3

111.0

102.7
96.5

105.0 104.7
109.4 109.3
109.3 109.2
109.6 109.6

94.2

105.7
109.8
109.9 109.5
110. 7 110.3

93.3

106.6 106.1
110.9
110.7 110.7
111.3 111.5

106.8
111.3

100.8

94.9

100.6 101.1 100.6
106.6 106.4 106.0
111.4 111.8 111.6
110.4 110.1 109.7
111.1 111.7 111.7

115-9 117.8
105.2 105.2 105.3

118.8
104.8
107.6
106.5
109.3
103.1
110.4
106.3
101.3

108.9
107.5
109.1
102.7
110.3
107.9
103.0
113.0
117.1
109.0

108.6
107.2
108.8
96.3

108.7
107.6
110.5
100.3
112.4
108.0
101.4

108.3
107.2
109.6
98.3
111.7
108.0

108.7
107.7
111.5
104.6
112.7
107.4
.1

116.7
108.6

115.9
107.5

115.8
107.2

115.4
107.2

108.4 107.6 107.0 107.2
107.4 106.4 105.7 106.0
110.9 108. 5 106.9 107.9
104.4
99.9 97.8 100.5
108-6 109.2
107.2 106.9 106.4 106.4
101.3 101.3 101.3
110.7
115.3 115.2 114.7 114.5
107.1 107.2 107-0 107.0

109.1
104.0
107.2
109.3
105.2
100.9
103.6
100.7

108.7
104.2
107.1
109.0
105.3

108.2
104.8
107.1
108.4
105.8
101.9
100.5 100.7

107.9
104.8
106.8
108.1
105.6
102.3
100.3
102.4

107.6
105. 6
106.8
107.9
105.8
104.5
99. 4
104.8

107.5 107.5 107.6 107.6
105.4 104.6 103.7 104.2
106.6 106.3 106.2 106.3
107.7 107.7 107-8 107.7
105.6 105.0 104.6 104.8
104.4 103.1
102.5
99.6
99.9 99.2
104.7 103.3
102.4

111.0
112.1 110.0
107.8
101.2 101 101.0
102.8
112.6 111.6 111.4 111.2 111.2 111.1 110.8

100.8
105.2
112.6 111.6
109.2 109.5
113.3 111.8
124.8 121.2

99.4
104.9
110.7
108.9
110.7
119.5
103.4

106.6

101

97.1

102.1
106.0
106.1
105.4
109.7
100.9

104.2

104.0
107.8
107.0
111.3
112.7

106.9
106.4

103.6

114.3
106.9

107.7 107.6
106.6 106.6
110.3 110.5
106.0 108.0
110.9
105.8 105.5
101.3 101.3
110.5
114.0 113.7
106.8 '106 6

109.8
113.4
106.1

108.0
111.3
104.6

105.4
108.0
102.9

107.6
104.7
106.4
107.7
105.1
103.6
103.4
103.6

107.4
105.2
106.4
107.5
105.3
104.7
104.1
104.7

107.1 106.9
104.9 105.1
106.2 106.2
107.2 107.0
105.2 105.3
104.0 104.7
103.9 106.3
104.1 104.6

106.0
105.6
105.7
106.0
105.3
106.5
109.0
106.4

103.7
101.5

110.6

111.0

110.2

102.8
111.2 104.5
106.5
100.2
111.0 112.0 105.2
105.7
104.8
102.8
101.2 100.2 99.6

D u ra b ility o f p ro d u ct

T ota l durable goods____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
...........
T otal nondurable g o o d s ... ............................
T otal m anufactures .............
D urable m anufactures_____________________________
N on durable m anufactures _ ____________ _______
T otal raw or slightly processed goods ________________
D urable raw or slightly processed good s____ .
N ondurable raw or slightly processed g o o d s .__

1See footn ote 1, table D-4.
2See footn ote 2, table D -4 .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

101.2
101.2 102.0

101.0
102.0
101.1

102.8

103.7
101.9
100.7
104.7
ICO. 5

N ote : F o r description o f the series b y stage o f processing, see Wholesale
Prices and Price Indexes, January 1967 (final) and F eb ru ary 1967 (final);
and b y d u ra b ility o f p rod u ct and data beginning w ith 1947, see Wholesale
Prices and Price Indexes, 1957 (B L S B u lletin 1235,1958).

E.— W O R K STOPPAGES

125

E.— Work Stoppages
T

able

E -l.

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
N u m ber o f stoppages

W orkers in v o lv e d in stoppages

M an -days idle during m onth
or year

M o flth and year
B eginn ing in
m on th or year

In effect dur­
ing m onth

B eg in n in g in
m o n th or year

In effect dur­
ing m on th

N u m ber

Percent of
estim ated
w ork ing tim e

___ ______ _________ ___ ______________
_________________________________________
____ _____________________________________________
____________________________________________________
___________________________________________ ____
. . . . _ ____________________________________
_ _ _______________________________________ ____
_____________________________ _____ ____________________
.
___ . . . ____________________________________ _____
.
. _______ ___ _____ _____________ ______________
.
____________________________________________________
...
. _______________ ________________________
_______- - - - _____________________________________
. . . .
_____________________________________
___ __ . . ______ ______________________ ______
.
. __________________________________________________
______________________________________ ___________
_________________________________________________________
.
__________________________________________________
__________ _______ ____________________________________
______________________________________________________
. _____ _____________________________________________

4,750
4,985
3,693
3,419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3,468
4,320
3,825
3,673
Z, 694
3,708
3^333
Z, 367
3^ 614
3 ’ 362
3i 655
3,963
4,405

1965: Jan uary______________ - ------------------------- ----------------F eb ru a ry _________________________ __________________
--------------------------. ... .
M arch -----------A p r il_______ _____ _________________________
_________
M a y _____
. . ----------------------------- -------------- . . . .
Ju n e____________ _____. . .
. . ------------------------------J u ly ___________________________________________________
A u g u st--------- -------------------------------- --------------------------Septem ber. . --------- . . . ----- ----------- __ _ __
. .
. . ------- -------------------------------O ctob er__________ .
N o v e m b e r .. _ ---------------------------------------------------------. ----------------------- ----------- . . .
D ecem b er.................

244
208
329
390
450
425
416
388
345
321
289
158

404
393
511
603
669
677
702
685
631
570
505
371

98,800
45,100
180, 000
141,000
127, 000
268, 000
156,000
109,000
155,000
101, 000
140, 000
24,300

183,000
149,000
274,000
194,000
201. 000
354,000
334,000
229,000
250,000
209,000
192,000
75,800

1,740,000
1, 440,000
1,770,000
1,840, 000
1,850,000
2, 590,000
3, 670. 000
2, 230,000
2,110,000
1, 770,000
1,380,000
907,000

.18
.15
.16
.17
.19
.23
.34
.20
.20
.16
.13
.08

1966: J a n u a ry ___________________________ ___________ ________
F e b ru a ry ______________________________________________
M arch __________________________________________________
Ap r i l . . . ___. . . _ _ __________________ ____ ________
_
M ay..
______________________________________________
J u n e ___________________________________________________
J u ly ___________________________________________________
A u g u s t________________________________________________
S ep tem b er_____________________________________________
O cto b e r________________________________________________
N o v e m b e r _____ _____________________________________
D e ce m b e r _____________________________________________

238
252
336
403
494
499
448
442
422
410
288
173

389
421
536
614
720
759
704
718
676
651
533
389

113,000
101,000
217,000
227,000
240,000
161,000
286,000
117,000
132,000
191,000
126.000
49,000

140,000
138,000
265,000
392,000
340,000
265,000
347,000
310,000
226,000
255,000
234,000
158,000

1,090,000
928,000
1,410,000
2,600,000
2,870,000
2,220,000
3,100,000
3,370,000
1,780,000
2,190,000
2,150,000
1,670,000

.10
.09
.12
.24
.26
.19
.29
.27
.16
.19
.19
.15

_ _ _ ____ __________ __
1967: Jan uary 2___ . . . _ ____
F e b r u a r y 2_________
. . ___ __ _______
._ . . .
M arch 2_________ ________________________ ___________ _
A p r i l 2__________ . . . . ______
M ay 2 _________________________________________________
J u n e 2. . ---------------------- --------------- . . . . . ___ _____
J u ly 2__________________________________________________
A u g u s t 2_______________________________________________
S e p te m b e r 2_________________________ _______ __________
O ctober 2______________ ______ ______________ ____ _____
N o v e m b e r 2. _. ____
. _ . . . ____________ _______ _

275
325
430
440
535

440
465
575
600
695
670
630
655
670
645
530

98,000
106; 000
141,000
409,000
255,000
177,000
804,000
86,000
375,000
158,000
197, 000

190,000
151,000
202,000
443,000
402,000
350, 000
1,010,000
231,000
484,000
440,000
388,000

1,270,000
1,280,000
1,490,000
2,170,000
3,900,000
4,360,000
4,710,000
2,840.000
6,320,000
6,510,000
3,060,000

.11
.12
.12
.20
.33
.36
.43
.22
.57
.54
.26

1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
I960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966

430
375
385
405
405
300

1The data include all known strikes or lockouts involving 6 workers or
more and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved
and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab­
lishments directly involved in a stoppage. T hey do not measure the indirect


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3,470,000
4,600,000
2 , 170,000
1,960.000
3,030,000
2,410,000
2,220,000
3| 540,000
2,400,000
530, 000
2 , 650, 000
1,900, 000
l| 390. 000
2 , 060,000
880,000
L 320,000
l ' 450,000
2 Z 0 , 000
' 941,000
1,640,000
1,550,000
960,000

38 non non
i in ’ non’ non
34 non non
3 4 ’ m o' onn
50 500000
38 800*000
22 900*000
59,100* 000
28 300 000
22’ 600’ 000
28 200 000
33*lOo’ 000
16 500*000
23* 900* 000
69*000 ' 000
19 ’ 100 000
16 300 000
18*600000
16 ion’ 000
, pod’ nnn
23 300 000
25*400’ 000

22

or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
2Preliminary.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1 968-0-282-907


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

U n it e d S t a t e s
G o v e r n m e n t P r in t in g O f f ic e
DIVISIO N O F P U B LIC D O C U M E N T S

W

a s h in g to n

,

D.C. 20402

O F F IC IA L B U S IN E S S


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

P O S T A G E A N D F E E S PAID
U.S. G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G O F F I C E