Full text of Monthly Labor Review : January 1968, Vol. 91, No. 1
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Monthly Labor Review JANUARY 1968 VOL. 91 NO. The Longshore Situation W age Calendar for 1968 Clothing the City Family W ork Experience of the Population KALAMAZOO LIBRARY SYSTEM U N IT E D ST A T E S D E P A R T M E N T OF LAB O R BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis if 050 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W illard W irtz , Secretary B U R E A U OF L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S A rthur B en B M. R o ss, u rdetsky, Commissioner of Labor Statistics Deputy Commissioner Regional Offices and Directors N E W E N G L A N D R E G IO N W endell D . M acdonald 1603-A Federal B u ildin g G overn m en t Center B o sto n , Mass. 02203 P h on e: 223-6727 Connecticut Maine Massachusetts (A rea C o d e 617) New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont M ID D L E A T L A N T IC R E G IO N H erbert B ienstock 341 N in th A v e n u e N e w Y o r k , N .Y . 10001 P h on e: 971-5401 (A rea C o d e 212) Delaware District of Columbia Maryland New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia S O U T H E R N R E G IO N B runswick A . B agdon 1371 P eachtree Street N E . A tlan ta, G a. 30309 P h on e: 526-5416 (A rea C od e 404 Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi New Mexico Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas N O R T H C E N T R A L R E G IO N T homas J. M cA rdle 219 S. D earborn Street C h icago, 111. 60604 P h on e: 353-7226 (A rea C o d e 312) Illinois Indiana Kentucky Michigan Minnesota Ohio Wisconsin M O U N T A IN P L A IN S R E G IO N J ohn W. L ehman 911 W alnut Street K ansas C ity , M o. 64106 P h on e: 374-2378 (A rea C o d e 816) Colorado Iowa Kansas Montana Missouri Nebraska North Dakota South Dakota Utah Wyoming P A C IF IC R E G IO N C harles A . R oumasset 450 G o ld e n G ate A v en u e, B o x 36017 San F ran cise^ Calif. 94102 P h on e: 556-3178 Alaska Arizona California Hawaii (A rea C o d e 415) Idaho Nevada Oregon Washington The M on th ly Labor Review is for sale by the regional offices listed above and by the Superintendent of Documents, U .S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D .C. 20402. Subscription price per year— $7.50 domestic; $9.00 foreign. Single copy 75 cents. Correspondence regarding subscriptions should be addressed to the Superintendent of Documents. Communications on editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor-in-chief, M on th ly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D .C. 20212. Phone 961-23 27 (Area code 202). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Use of funds for printing this publication approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget ( October SI, 1967). Monthly Labor Review U N IT E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T OF L A B O R L aw rence R. K l e in , J a c k F . S t r ic k l a n d , https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • B U R E A U OF L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S Editor-in-Chief Executive Editor CONTENTS Articles 1 1 8 14 20 35 46 50 Two Views of the Longshore Situation Distribution of Power Within the ILWU and the ILA Containerization as a Force for Change on the Waterfront Clothing the Urban American Family: How Much for Whom? The Wage Calendar for 1968 Work Experience of the Population Workers’ Wages in Construction and Maintenance Wages in Bituminous Coal Mines Technical Note 54 Revision of the CPI Food Outlet Sample Departments ii h i IV 60 63 67 68 69 73 82 This Issue in Brief The Labor Month in Review Unemployment in 15 Metropolitan Areas Foreign Labor Briefs Significant Decisions in Labor Cases Chronology of Recent Labor Events Major Agreements Expiring in February Developments in Industrial Relations Book Reviews and Notes Current Labor Statistics 6S— 6569 January 1968 • Voi. 91 • N o. 1 This Issue in B rief. . . T h e longshore story involves more than mere muscle—it includes changes in technology and the response o f labor to these changes. A pair o f arti cles, Distribution of Power Within the ILWTJ and the IL A (p. 1) by Philip Ross, and Contain erization as a Force for Change on the Waterfront (p. 8) by Joseph P. Goldberg, comment about a major innovation on the waterfront: Containeri zation of cargo. By the use of standardized con tainers, substantial savings can be realized through economies o f scale, more efficient use of ship and pier facilities, and greater efficiency in the use of labor. Nevertheless, containerization also engend ers complex and varied changes in labor-manage ment relations and in the host of work rules found in ports of the United States. Differences in A t lantic and Pacific coast employer attitudes toward waterfront unions, union attitudes towards inno vation, and port and union structure, are of suffi cient magnitude that meaningful comparisons be tween the east and west coast dockworkers can not be made. On the west coast, where employers have regained the right, as a result of the 1960 Modernization and Mechanization Agreement, to change their operations without the threat of a strike, there is little to suggest that they are better off than their counterparts on the east coast where dockwmrkers have been able to resist innovation and hold onto outdated work rules. In 1966 the sizable increase in employment enabled 1.7 million more men and women to work at year-round full-time employment than did so in 1965. Almost half the advance (47 percent) was among women who made up only 40 percent of the ii https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis annual labor force. In their special labor force study, Work Experience o f the Population (p. 35), Forrest A. Bogan and Edward J. O’Boyle report that the increase in the number o f working women was part of a rise in the number of persons who started to work during the year. The number of women who worked full time for less than half the year also increased. O f th e more t h a n 10 million workers covered by major agreements, at least three-quarters will re ceive a deferred wage increase in 1968 or have their contracts renegotiated. Discussing The Wage Calendar for 1968 (p. 20), Cordelia Ward and William Davis indicate also that for a substantial minority o f workers, newly negotiated or deferred increases will be supplemented by adjustments under cost-of-living escalator clauses. C lothing expenditures are the object o f analysis by Ann Erickson in Clothing the Urbcm Ameri can Family: How Much for Whom? (p. 14). Clothing bills are larger for women than men and reach their peak at ages 18 to 24. S ig n ific an t changes in food retailing over the past few years have necessitated an adjustment in the Consumer Price Index food outlet sample. Taking into account the current food market situation, Helen M. Miller, in Revision of the CPI Food Outlet Sample (p. 54), examines the nature of the adjustments to the CPI. Most recent adjust ments have been derived from the Census of Retail Trade for 1963 with individual stores classified according to more current data. A ccording to a recent survey, union pay scales for carpenters, electricians, and painters in building construction were almost uniformly higher than average straight-time hourly earnings of similar workers in maintenance activities. In half the cities surveyed, construction carpenters and electricians averaged better than a third more in their pay scales than their counterparts in maintenance work. These are some of the findings of Lily Mary David and T. P. Kanninen in Workers'1 Wages in Construction and Maintenance (p. 46). The Labor Month in Review Guaranteeing a Year Of Work and Pay “ T h e one hazard with which every worker lives intimately almost every day of his working life is not loss of income because of his inability to work but rather cessation of income when he is able, ready, and willing to work and the work which he knows how to do is not required . . wrote S. Herbert Unterberger over a decade ago in his book on guaranteed wage plans. In periods of prosperity, some unions inaugurate or renew drives to insulate workers’ income from the hazards o f layoffs and short workweeks. Dur ing the high economic activity of W orld War II, the Steelworkers issued the first call for a guaran teed annual wage (G A W ) for the workers in a major industry. During the Korean conflict, for mal demands for guaranteed wages and employ ment appeared on bargaining agendas, and the current expansionary period has coincided with renewed efforts for significant new income guarantees. Coming Close. In 1967, the Rubber Workers won a guarantee of 80 percent o f normal earnings for up to a year. But the most significant advance thus far in the 1967 collective bargaining round occurred in the automobile industry, when the United Automobile Workers (U A W ) received almost a full guarantee of annual income from the Ford Motor Co. Beginning in December 1968, a Ford worker with 7 years’ seniority will be entitled to 95 per cent of his normal pay for up to a year during layoffs. This compares with a previous guarantee of 62 percent under the supplemental unemploy ment benefits plan ( SU B), which forms the basis of the new guarantees. Workers with 1 year of seniority will be entitled to 95 percent of pay for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 31 weeks. (A small amount is deducted from the guarantee to allow for transportation and lunch costs that would be incurred if the worker were employed.) The idea of maintaining workers’ income under guaranteed wage or employment plans, is not new, but the SUB plan, which covers the most workers, is comparatively recent since its for mulation was not possible until the passage of the unemployment insurance legislation in 1938. During World War II, the Congress of Industrial Organizations placed guaranteed income among its long-range goals, and the Steelworkers made their proposal. The 1947 Latimer Report on guaranteed wages traced guaranteed wage plans back to the 1890’s and found 196 plans in operation at the time of the study. Most of the plans covered 50 or fewer workers in industrial establishments with stable work forces. It was not until the early 1950’s that the U AW , after considerable study, placed on the col lective bargaining table the first comprehensive proposal for guaranteeing income under a sup plemental unemployment benefit plan. The first SUB plans resulted from a 1955 agree ment between the U A W and the Ford Motor Co. Other automobile and farm-equipment manufac turers followed suit. Subsequently, SUB plans were established in the steel, rubber, glass and ceramic, ladies’ garment, machinery, fabricated metal products, and other industries. An estimated 2.5 million workers are covered by SUB plans, and about 600,000 more by guaran teed annual wage or employment plans. Since 1960, the proportion of wage and salary workers covered by SUB plans has remained at about 1 out of 16. SUB plans are almost exclusively confined to manufacturing industries, and the G A W or GAE plans— a few o f them over 40 years old— mostly to individual establishments in service and trade. Polishing Facets. Between 1955 and the current bargaining round, SUB plan negotiations have been largely confined to improving existing plans, not extending the idea to new industries. The guaranteed proportion of normal wages remained about the same, but there were facets in the origi nal plans that were polished up in intervening col lective bargaining rounds. For example, the U A W ’s 1955 agreement with the Ford Motor Co. iix IV guaranteed 62 percent of normal pay for up to half a year, and set a maximum of $25 a week in supplemental pay. The 1958 agreement extended the benefit period to 9 months, and increased the maximum weekly benefit to $30. In 1961, the bene fit period was stretched to 1 year, and the maxi mum weekly benefit became $40. Cost is the greatest impediment to agreement on SUB plans. When the first calls issued for in dustrywide wage guarantees, they were met with predictions of bankruptcy and job loss. Published in 1954 (a full year before 1955 bargaining), the U A W proposal reduced the employer’s outlay by subtracting State unemployment compensation from the guarantee and limited the employer’s liability. “ The [cost] objection is . . . totally irrel evant when directed at a plan that provides a maximum limitation on the employer’s liability,” wrote Nat Weinberg, U A W Kesearch Director, in 1955. SUB and the Law. SUB plans embody a straight forward notion: State unemployment insurance benefits (averaging about 35 percent of normal pay) to laidoff workers are supplemented by an amount sufficient to bring income up to a specified proportion of pay. There were legal barriers to the operation of SUB plans. Several early agreements specified that the plan would not be put into effect until employer contributions could be treated as legitimate busi ness expenses under the Internal Kevenue Code. Moreover, the trust funds had to be exempted from Federal, State, and local taxes although recipients could be taxed. For purposes of com puting overtime pay under the Federal Wage and Hour Law, SUB plan contributions were not to be considered part of an employee’s regular rate of pay. Most importantly, States had to permit SUB to supplement rather than supplant State unemployment compensation benefits. By now, all of the hurdles have been cleared. The most widely used type of SUB funding requires the employer to pay so many cents into the fund for each hour worked by each employee. The contributions are pooled and payments are made to eligible employees. In another type of funding, the contributions are divided into indi vidual employee accounts. When laid off, the eligible worker draws on his own account, and has a say as to the level and duration of benefits. Some https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 plans have “ overflow” provisions under which con tributions beyond agreed funding levels are used to enhance severance or vacation pay, or to improve other fringe benefits. Ebb and Flow. The plans’ financial health varies inversely with the health of the economy or of the particular industry in which they operate. Since employer payments to the fund are based on hours worked or hours paid for, contributions are high when employment is high and somewhat lower during slack seasons and layoffs. During periods of widespread layoff, payments will greatly exceed receipts into the fund. In addition to customary layoffs, SUB plans have run into the downdrafts of the 1958 and 1960-61 recessions. During the 1960-61 recession, payments to workers exceeded contributions by about a quarter, though all types of funds (except those with contingent liabilities) were able to maintain payments at the highest level and remain solvent. Under some of the contingent-liability funds, payments had to be reduced to maintain solvency but the difficulty arose for reasons other than the type of funding. Most o f the plans, regardless of funding, have provisions for reduc ing or otherwise curtailing payments to maintain the fund’s solvency. After 12 years of experience with SUB plans, it appears unlikely that they will suffuse the econ omy in the manner that private pension, medical, life insurance, and related welfare plans did. A recent study by the Social Security Administration showed that other types o f fringe benefit provi sions covered from about one-fourth (major med ical expense) to three-fourths (hospitalization) of wage and salaried employees in the private econ omy, but that less than one twenty-fifth o f these employees were covered by SUB arrangements. The main barriers to expansion of SUB plans are cost and, frequently, lack o f employee interest. Cost inhibits institution of any new fringe benefit, and few workers are willing to trade off an estab lished benefit for another. With rising affluence, cost may be less hindrance to proliferation of guaranteed income plans, but employee interest probably will not be sufficiently kindled in indus tries lacking SUB plans until some crucial limita tions (such as reduced benefits when the fund dwindles) can be overcome. Unemployment in 15 Metropolitan Areas A t h i r d o f the Nation’s jobless workers—and an even higher proportion of all unemployed non whites—live in the 15 largest metropolitan areas. In the first 9 months of 1967, these 15 areas ac counted for 31 percent of total U.S. unemploy ment and nearly 40 percent of the nonwhite jobless total, proportions about equal to these areas’ share o f the population. The unemploy ment rate for all 15 areas combined was 4.1 percent, about the same as the national rate, with rates for individual areas ranging from 5.8 percent in San Francisco-Oakland to 2.3 percent in Washington, D.C.1 This study was undertaken by BLS in light of the growing concern over urban problems. It provides new information on the job situation in local areas, particularly for nonwhite workers. The first phase of the study covers the 15 largest Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SM SA’s), where 950,000 were unemployed, and the central cities of nine of these SM SA’s.2 An expanded report, to be published in the spring of 1968, will provide more detailed data based on 1967 annual averages. In Los Angeles-Long Beach, Detroit, San Francisco-Oakland, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, and Newark, unemployment rates exceeded the national average (4.0 percent) by 0.5 percentage point or more. In New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, and Baltimore, unemployment rates were close to the national rate. The five remaining SM SA’s had jobless rates well below the national average— ranging from about 21/f> percent in Washington, D.C., and Minneapolis-St. Paul to around 3 per cent in Boston, Houston, and Chicago. Unemployment Rates by Color. The nonwhite unemployment rate (7.7 percent) for the 15 SM SA’s combined was more than twice as high as the rate for whites (3.5 percent). About the same relationship holds between the non white and white unemployment rates nationally. O f the 12 SM SA’s in which the nonwhite un employment situation was examined separately, four— Detroit, San Francisco, St. Louis, and New https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ark—had non white unemployment rates that were 10 percent or higher. In Cleveland, the rate was 9.5 percent, compared with the national nonwhite rate o f 7.6 percent. In four SM SA’s—Los Ange les, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, non white rates were close to the national rate and in three areas—Houston, New York, and Washing ton, D.C., the rates were substantially below the national average. Central Cities. For the nine central cities studied, the average unemployment rate was 4.7 percent, higher than either the national rate or the average rate for the same nine SM SA’s (4.1 percent). In Washington, D.C., and Houston, city and SMS A rates were extremely close; elsewhere the central city rate was substantially higher than the SMSA rate. Individual city rates ranged from 7 percent 1 None of the employment rates discussed in this report are seasonally adjusted. Since rates (and levels) for individual areas are based on small samples, they are subject to large standard errors of estimate. Chances are 9 out of 10 that the unemploy ment rate from the sample would differ from a complete census by less than the range indicated by the gray-shaded portion of the bars on the chart. Detailed tables containing the actual rates, levels, and error ranges are available on request from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. These central cities are not the same as the poverty areas surveyed by the Department of Labor in November 1966. a 'SMSA’s consist of large cities and their adjacent suburban counties. Central cities are the political entities at the center of each SM SA. For example, the central city of the New York SM SA consists of the five boroughs of New York C it y ; in the W ashing ton SM SA it is the entire District of Columbia. N ote : The data discussed in this article were collected and tabulated for BL S by the Bureau of the Census as part of its Current Population Survey (C P S ). The CPS is a scientifically selected sample survey conducted monthly in 52,500 households. The labor force and unemployment levels have been adjusted to independent population estimates. Unemployment rates and levels in this report may vary in some cases from those published by the Bureau of Employment Security (B E S ) for 150 major labor areas. Variations occur because of differences in sources of information, methods of collection, and geographic coverage, and because of sampling variability and response errors. More specifically: (1)' BLS estimates of unem ployment are obtained from a sample household survey, while BES data are derived from an estimating procedure that uses insured unemployment data as a b a se ; both, however, are based on place of residence of the unemployed ; (2 ) BES unemployment rates are computed as a percent of work force figures, which are derived largely from payroll records that relate to place of work, while BL S employment estimates are based on place of residence; (3 ) SM SA definitions used in the BLS study are those in effect in 1960, while B E S has updated SM SA definitions for changes made through 1966. V U n e m p lo y m e n t R ates for 1 5 L arg est S M S A ’s a n d 9 C e n tra l C itie s, J a n u a ry -S e p te m b e r 1 9 6 7 A v e ra g e s SMSA's Rate (Percent) 0 CENTRAL CITIES 12 16 4 12 16 San Francisco-Oakland Los Angeles-Long Beach Pittsburgh1 Newark St. Louis Detroit m m w w w vw N New York Cleveland Baltimore Philadelphia ^\\\\k\\\SS3 ^X W W w kw ^T t Chicago Boston1 Houston Minneapolis-St. Paul1 Washington, D.C. 1 Nonwhite rate not shown where nonwhite labor force is less than 75,000. in San Francisco-Oakland to 2 percent in Wash ington, D.C. Los Angeles-Long Beach (6.5 percent) and Baltimore (5.7 percent) ranked close to the San Francisco high. Houston (3.4 percent) and Wash ington were the only central cities with rates be low the national average. New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Detroit had unemployment rates between 4 and 5 percent. Nonwhites. At about 7 percent, the average unem ployment rate for nonwhites was the same in the nine central cities as in the nine SM SA’s; the closeness of these two rates is largely a reflection of the heavy concentration of nonwhites in cen tral city areas. Approximately 85 percent of the VI https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis I— 1 Total 5^3 H Nonwhite □ Range where a rate based on complete census would fall 9 out of 10 times. 2 Central city rates not shown where labor force is below 350,000. non white labor force in the nine SM SA’s lived in the central cities, in contrast with 45 percent of the white labor force. The unemployment rate for central city whites was 3.9 percent, higher than the 3.6 percent rate for white workers in the nine SM SA’s. About a quarter of all nonwhite workers lived in these nine central cities; the comparable pro portion of white workers was 1 in 10. The heavy urban concentration of nonwhite workers, with their relatively high unemployment rates, is one reason that the central city unemployment rate is higher than that for the nine SM SA’s. A second factor is that the unemployment rate is higher for whites who live in the central city than in the en tire SMSA. Two Views of the Longshore Situation E d it o r ’s N ote .— These independent studies by a Bureau o f Labor Statis tics maritime specialist and a university observer focus on the , complex and varied changes in labor-management relations on the waterfront as unions and management groups accommodate to containerization. Distribution of Power Within the IL W U and the ILA P h il ip R o s s * I n t h e l a s t 8 y e a r s , a growing concern of ship ping companies with dock labor costs has led to vigorous employer efforts to lower costs by making changes in union work rules. The diverse sources o f these rules reflect the state o f bargaining in the different ports of the United States, and the rules themselves illuminate alternative methods of handling waterfront employment relationships. In some ports, restrictive work practices were incor porated into collective bargaining contracts and revealed a high degree of union power. In other ports, work rules were often an extracontractual device used to protect longshoremen from onerous and inequitable treatment. Frequently, they were directed against their unions. These observations seem to fit the data and square with the perceptions o f participants in the longshore industries on both sides of the continent. In the course o f a study 1 concerning one particular kind of change—the containeriza tion of cargo—the author talked to many of the persons whose influence on labor relations in the ports has been profound. In this comparison of the labor-management relations on the east and gulf coasts with those on the west coast can be seen some differences which suggest the general direction o f longshore collective bargaining na tionally. On the surface, the IL W U and the IL A are pursuing dissimilar roads in their approach to bargaining. The 1960 “ Modernization and Mecha nization” contract between the IL W U and the Pacific Maritime Association, which was renewed https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in 1966, has been widely heralded as marking a new era in waterfront industrial relations. It is claimed that by this agreement employers have eliminated all past restrictive work rules and have achieved full freedom from union opposition to innovate and modernize their operations. In con trast, the IL A has engaged in two major strikes in 1962 and 1964 in which the main issues are represented to be the union’s insistence upon re taining job-augmenting and redundant work rules. The public statements of waterfront employers endorse this view. West coast employers appear pleased with the state of their collective bargaining while their east coast counterparts have continu ally pled for compulsory arbitration as the only solution to their problems. The evidence indicates that the distinction made between the two unions is overdrawn. Despite some minor disturbances involving the problem of con tract enforcement and the major unsettled ques tion of periodic contract strikes, East and gulf coast employers do not appear to be worse off than companies doing business on the west coast. In fact, the evidence that they are better off in many ways, including costs, is very persuasive. The major differences in the bargaining expe rience of the IL A and the IL W U lies in the for mer’s contract strikes. It must be emphasized that the M & M Agreement was not responsible for the west coast’s strike-free record since it long ante dated the 1960 contract. The IL A ’s proneness to strikes is basically caused by a defective bargain ing relationship with deep historic roots. Symp tomatic o f the underlying weakness is the fact ♦Professor of Industrial Relations, State University of New York at Buffalo. 1 The full report of that study, which was suggested by the Ford foundation, was submitted in May 1967 to the Secretary of Transportation. 1 2 that such critical issues as seniority and the meth od of royalty payments for containerized cargo were determined by arbitration and not through negotiations. Local Dominance The economic structure of the Atlantic and gulf coast longshore industry generates a wide range o f issues which set off local against local and member against member. The many ports which make up the industry are largely independent product markets, and gains in one port are often made at the expense of another. A large port, such as New York, can best be understood as compris ing separate smaller ports, each with independent leadership, occasionally pursuing different goals. The atomization of the industry creates unusual power in the hands o f local officers. Evidence of this allocation lies in the prevalence of local dis cretion in work practices. Each port on the Atlan tic and gulf coasts has different practices in funda mental areas, such as hiring methods, gang size, and work practices generally. Moreover, differ ences within the port of New York are perpetuated by the incorporation in current contracts o f clauses which continue past variations. Although there are many practical reasons for such variation— differences in equipment, ships, terminals, and car gos—the most important influence is the policy of the particular local union. Since a major function o f an international un ion is to adjust conflicts among locals, the rela tively weak centralized authority vested in the IL A causes considerable disabilities in bargaining because of inability to reconcile competing local interests. Bold and imaginative leadership is made extremely difficult in a political context where con sent must be obtained from a group of individual local leaders who are each guided by parochial considerations. The international leadership does possess some independent power which has been used to persuade, placate, or coerce the local power centers. The rarity of these occasions underscores the constraints upon the international union lead ers, who know that the loyalty of longshoremen is primarily directed to their local leaders. 2 The IL A seems never to have sanctioned a strike from 1916 to 1945. Other ports have sustained intermittent unauthorized stoppages and slowdowns. Major wildcats took place in New York after rejection of contracts negotiated by the leadership in 1945 1947, and 1951. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 The Wildcat Syndrome The pattern of work stoppages in the IL A juris diction reflects both the union’s internal politics and a defective bargaining structure. The failure of the parties to develop effective working rela tionships is the fundamental cause of labor in stability. This is not to say that the record is all bad. Most wildcats have been eliminated,2 and many o f the ports have worked out efficient griev ance and arbitration machinery. Moreover, in re cent years the IL A contracts have brought great gains to the membership. On the employer side, greater unity of purpose and action now exist than ever before. A poor bargaining relationship is indicated, nevertheless, by the remaining incidence of wild cat strikes, by the fact that every contract negotia tion since World War I I has led to a strike, and by past inadequacy in handling critical problems. A r bitration, not bargaining, after all, resolved the issues of containerization on the Atlantic coast and seniority in the port of New York. It is d if ficult to think of any other industry which would permit outside disposition of fundamental issues which have endured through three consecutive con tract negotiations. Evidence of more persuasive influence of in ternal union affairs upon the bargaining process can be found in the rigid adherence to union work rules in most ports, even where the application of these rules is clearly inappropriate. This inflexibil ity is due mainly to membership mistrust of any action which can be construed as a surrender of acquired rights. The local union leadership is re luctant to dissipate its strength among its follow ers, while the international union is unable to exercise any authority except in situations involv ing an overt breach of contract. Even in such cases, the international’s intervention may be politically dangerous, when it confronts powerful local leaders. The Employer Contribution The differences between the IL A and the IL W U are also exemplified by contrasting employer be havior. There is some justification for the view that the IL A , during the long presidency of Joseph Ryan, was a company-dominated union. Bargaining apathy and a willingness to act in the interest 3 T H E LONGSHORE SITU ATIO N o f employers to enforce work discipline did more than create an unhealthy collaboration of inter national union and employer groups. It also set up the conditions under which employee rights were best attained and preserved by strong local union leaders. Experience demonstrated to the rank and file that their protection lay in the in flexible enforcement of* rules which were under stood, whose consequences were certain, and whose benefits were visible. Concessions could easily be obtained only by new operations at new piers, or by new employers, and then only when employee vested interests were not threatened. The employ ers themselves were a congeries of competing firms, whose own bargaining organization was a fragile thing. The ILWTJ, on the other hand, was confronted from its formation with bitter and pervasive em ployer hostility, part of which was a reaction to the union’s militance. Apart from a war-induced truce, the bargaining relations on the west coast were as antagonistic as in any industry in the United States and reached the point in 1934 and 1938 of all-out employer attempts to break the union. Under these circumstances, the interna tional union took and was delegated authority by local leaders to combat the common enemy. On both coasts, the past continues to influence present events. The reformation of the IL A re quired that the international officers offer strong support for improved employee benefits, so as to compete with the local leaders. As a consequence, forces o f moderation within the IL A are without a secure political base, and union concessions at the bargaining table are secured with difficulty. In contrast, the IL W U has experienced a long period of internal stability. The reorganization o f bargaining on the west coast in 1948 proceeded on the tacit assumption that only a strong international union could assure mutually beneficial accommodations. Accordingly, the Pacific Maritime Association followed a de liberate policy of strengthening the international in every way possible. This effort required an ef fective grievance and arbitration system, which ap pears to have operated to insure that issues critical to the authority o f the international union were favorably handled.3 Other factors also helped to consolidate the IL W U international’s power. One is the prohibi https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tion in some local constitutions against the re-elec tion o f officers beyond a 2-year term, a restriction which is not applicable to the international union. This provision eliminates the natural electoral base for local challenges to international authority. Another consideration is that the IL W U is far smaller than the IL A : One Brooklyn local has almost as many members as there are longshore men on the west coast. Moreover, since the inter national’s headquarters are located in San Fran cisco, where the largest local is housed, control of the union is made easier. Care must be taken not to exaggerate the au thority o f the IL W U ’s international officers. Local autonomy in many matters is still determinative, and local elections throughout the west coast are freely conducted. Local candidates pursue policies Which contradict strongly held international posi tions. For example, the IL W U has always main tained vigorous international opposition to discri mination against Negroes. It has made heavy con tributions to civil rights causes. However, some locals continue to discriminate against Negroes. The closeness of the ratification vote o f the last agreement also indicates the degree o f autonomy held by many locals. Containerization in the West The emphasis on cost reduction which ultimately resulted in the 1960 Modernization and Mechani zation Agreement in the west coast longshore in dustry necessitated a shift of responsibility for contract enforcement from the stevedoring com panies to the shipping companies.4 Procedures were established to invoke cost penalties upon stevedoring companies for tolerating violations and for calling portwide Shutdowns to meet job action on any particular Ship in the port. This new attitude assumed that employers could now act as a united body, and that the union could be relied upon to deliver the fruits of any agreement. The reality of these assumptions, however, was far from certain. On the employers’ side, the ob3 The method of accomplishing this cannot be fully documented, but one piece of evidence is the manner of selecting arbitrators. For ports where opposition to the international was serious, the port arbitrators jointly agreed upon were union officers who resigned to take the post. More important was P M A ’s position in accepting coastwide bargaining, and enforcing coastwide rules among its member employers. 4 For an extensive description of the 1960 M & M Agreement, see “ Working Rules in W est Coast Longshoring,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , January 1961, pp. 1 -1 0 . 4 stacles to unity were embedded in the diversity of employer interests. Nor was the union a monolithic organization with a united purpose. The organiza tion o f the longshore industry into a number of separate ports, each preoccupied with its own problems, was reflected in the union structure. The considerable degree of local autonomy which then existed on the west coast meant that the inter national union, while influential in some areas, was not an all-powerful source o f central author ity. Moreover, past bargaining hostility diminished the international union’s ability or willingness to discipline the local unions, even in matters where they were clearly wrong. The reasons which impelled the employers to take the necessary steps which preceded the 1960 M and M Agreement centered on the need to cut their exceptionally high costs. Why the union agreed to sell established practices is not so ob vious. The most important reason seems to have been recognition that change could not be in definitely postponed. Moreover, given employer unity, and the rising determination to insist upon innovation, the union could forestall change only by indulging in costly strikes. Finally, there was the realization that “ a candid review of the past several years showed that despite the militant posi tion of the membership, many operating changes had been made and we had nothing to show for them; no positive benefits or gains had accrued to the men from the changes already put into ef fect by the management.” 5 The 1960 agreement culminated several years of intensive negotiations. It gave the employers the right to introduce new machinery and to change certain restrictive work practices. Multiple han dling was eliminated, the limit on sling loads could be increased, the 4-on-4-off practice was largely abolished, and the specified minimum size of the gang was lowered below the prevailing practice in most ports. The agreement specifically abrogated past contractual restrictions as well as “ unwritten, but existing union unilateral restrictions and 5 Lincoln Fairley, “ The IL W U -P M A Mechanization and Modern ization Agreement,” in P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e I n d u s t r i a l R e l a t i o n s R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t i o n S p r i n g M e e t i n g , C h i c a g o , I I I ., M a g 4 - 5 , 1 9 6 1 (Madison, W is., The Association, 1 9 6 1 ), p. 669. 0 By way of compensation, the union obtained an annual con tribution of $5 million for the next 5 % years or for the contracts, which would be used to establish a fund for longshoremen. The most recent renewal of the contract took effect July 1, 1966, for 5 years, and raises the annual payment to $6.9 million a year for a total of $34.5 million. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 arbitration awards which interfere with the em ployer’s rights dealing with sling loads, first place arrest, multiple handling, gang size, and manning scales.” The effect o f the 1960 agreement was to actively encourage new methods of operation. Employers were given the right to introduce new techniques and man them at any level, subject to arbitration. In contrast, the union’s only recourse was to the grievance machinery. The wage guarantee6 was made feasible by freezing the registration of workers in 1958 and by making registration coastwide, enabling long shoremen to move from port to port. Furthermore, the second part o f the fund, which greatly raised retirement benefits and included a lump sum pay ment of $7,920 for normal retirement age of 65, also contained provisions o f early retirement at 62 in the event of a surplus o f labor. Since its inception in 1960, the M & M Agree ment has been hailed as a breakthrough in collec tive bargaining. Its reaffirmation in 1966 testifies to its value to both parties. But not all waterfront employers benefit from the new technology. Some companies, such as those in stevedoring, are in danger of having their past practices disrupted, with no guarantee of continued profit. Even steam ship companies and terminal operators are not all favorably affected by containerization, because most of them are not equipped to handle contain ers and necessary adjustments will be expensive. Employer enthusiasm for the new agreement ac complishes longstanding desire to cope with cer tain consequences o f union power. Prior to 1960, the IL W U had established the highest dock costs in the United States. The major achievements of the 1960 agreement were the restoration of costs to an approximation of the highest cost IL A ports and the continuation of strike-free negotiations. While these are tangible gains, and, given the im pediments, represent a substantial collective bar gaining achievement, they do not constitute a golden age. In fact, the biggest achievement—the elimination of contract strikes—actually ante dated the 1960 agreement by 12 years. The continuation of labor peace in west coast longshoring cannot be considered assured. The per sonal relationships between the leadership of the employer group and the IL W U were extremely important in developing the climate in which a T H E LONGSHORE SITU ATIO N strike-free accommodation could be made. Suc cessors will be subject to new pressures from their respective organizations. The IL A ’s Early Experience For a variety of reasons, east coast employers were not initially interested in introducing con tainerized cargo, and union resistance to the in novation also developed slowly. When a maverick company, Sea-Land Services, Inc., introduced roll-on, roll-off containers in 1955, the union ac cepted the operation.7 A showdown did not come until November 1958 when the union refused to handle shipper-loaded containers, taking the position that the 1956 con tract permitted them to refuse container work from any company not engaged in container op erations prior to the contract’s effective date. Following an arbitration award requiring the IL A to handle the containers, and arduous nego tiations marked by a strike, language was em bodied in the new contract which permitted the employers to use containers.8 Pursuant to the contract, a board o f arbitration held that containers that were loaded or unloaded away from the pier by non-ILA labor should pay royalty. The conditions of payment are: “ 1. On conventional ships, 35 cents a gross ton of the weight of the cargo in the container. 2. On par tially automated ships (conventional ships con verted for handling vans and containers) where not more than two hatches have been converted for the handling of containers, the royalty is 70 cents a gross ton. 3. On partially automated ships (conventional ships converted for handling vans and containers) where not more than 40 percent of the ship’s bale cube has been fitted for contain ers, the royalty is 70 cents a gross ton. 4. On ships where more than two hatches have been converted or fitted for the handling o f containers, the royalty is $1 a gross ton.” The union’s statement of policy, which provided the basis for its insistence upon the assessment for containers, was given in the follow ing terms: “ It is the union’s view that the time has come for management in American industry in general, and in the shipping industry in particular, to begin to view the unfavorable employment ef fects of changes in technology as an added cost to the employer who puts such changes into effect. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5 There is no reason why business investment in new techniques and new equipment cannot be intro duced in such a way as to eliminate these costs to the employer’s present employees . . . investment in new techniques can and should be broadened out to include any human cause that may be involved.” 9 Although at the time of this agreement the num ber of containers actually moving in the Port of New York was extremely small, the union did not harbor any illusions about its future growth. The union’s convention which preceded negotiations was told “I am convinced it has got to come, and when it does come, its effects on us can be tre mendous. It is not too farfetched to estimate that we stand to lose, in the full force of the container use, 8,000 to 9,000 jobs in the New York area alone, and a proportionate number in all other ports. This amounts to 30 percent o f the membership. At stake, also, is the merit of a strong union. We are a union of dock workers. We have the ocean at our backs. Any shrinkage in jobs cost means a per manent reduction in union size.” 10 Although the arbitration award establishing the container royalty system was made in 1960, its terms have been continued unchanged in subse quent agreements made in 1961 and in 1964. The funds are administered by a board o f trustees com posed of an equal number of representatives from the union and the Association. The annual income going to the container fund is extremely small. In the first 2 years it averaged around $202,000, an average income per employee per year o f $6.79, or y2 cent income per hour worked in the port. No decision has been reached on the use of these funds. 7 See the IL A testimony on this innovation in L a b o r M a n a g e m e n t P r o b le m s o f A m e r ic a n M e r c h a n t M a r in e s : H e a r in g s B e fo r e t h e C o m m i t t e e o n M e r c h a n t M a r i n e a n d F i s h e r i e s (U .S. House of Representatives, 84th Cong., 1st sess., 1955, H.R. 5 7 3 4 ), p. 879. 8 “ (a) Any employer shall have the right to use any and all type of containers without restriction or stripping by the u n io n ; (b) the parties shall negotiate for 2 weeks after the ratification of this agreement, and if no agreement is reached, shall submit to arbitration described in paragraph 13 below, the question of what should be paid on containers which are loaded or unloaded away from the pier by non-ILA labor, such submission to be within 30 days thereafter; and (c) any work performed in connection with the loading and discharging of containers from nonmembers of the N Y S A which is performed in the Port of Greater New York whether on piers or terminals controlled by them, or whether through direct contracting out, shall be performed by IL A labor.” (Memorandum of ’Settlement, p. 2.) It should be noted that, on its face, clause (c) violates Section 8 (e ) of the Taft-H artley Act. 9 Report of General Organizer Thomas W . Gleason, before the 39th Convention of the IL A , July 13, 1959, p. 13. 19 Ibid., pp. 1 4 -1 5 . 6 M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 Although the theory of the royalty is that it will provide compensation for longshoremen for loss of work resulting from the use of containers loaded and unloaded away from the piers, no study has been made of the actual effect of containers upon jobs. Gang size is not reduced for container operations, although stevedoring employers con tend that as few as eight men could be used in some operations. Persistent Issues The fear of the employment effects of container ization and other technological change on the east coast waterfront remained unabated by the royalty agreement. These fears appeared in contract ne gotiations in 1962 and in 1964. In both years, the employers aggressively sought basic changes in work rules. The 1962 settlement—which was ob tained only after a long and costly strike and Gov ernment intervention— did not resolve the most pressing issues o f manning and job security, which were postponed to future bargaining. In the mean time, the settlement directed a Labor Department study of these questions. The 1962 settlement was followed by introduc tion of a bill in the House o f Representatives which would have required compulsory arbitration of maritime disputes. This bill was solidly supported by longshore industry spokesmen and bitterly op posed by the unions. An alternative proposal sub mitted by the Secretary o f Commerce had been de veloped with the concurrence of the Secretary of Labor, the Director of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, and the Maritime Admin istrator. This proposal provided for earlier inter vention of the President than is contained in the Taft-Hartley emergency procedures and gave presidential boards authority to make recom mendations to the parties and to the public. Ulti mately, the fundamental differences in the ap proaches to reduction of conflicts in the industry led to abandonment o f attempts to obtain new leg islation in the 88th Congress. The differences between the 1964 and 1962 east coast negotiations were profound. The Labor De partment study o f hiring practices and work rules in the east and gulf coast ports constituted a sym11 For the final terms of the settlement, see M o n t h l y L a b o r R e February 1965, p. 196, and April 1965, p. 442. v iew , https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis bol of Government’s determination that a solution had to be found to waterfront strikes. The lengthy congressional hearings following the 1962 settle ment also convinced the parties that a breakdown in bargaining would be followed by an ad hoc compulsory arbitration law. Given the fact of the Government’s presence in the near background, greatest pressure was brought to bear on the union in the negotiations. Two findings of the Labor Department study, made in the context o f imminent intervention, pro vided the basis on which ultimate settlement could be made. The important facts which were proved by the accumulated detail in the studies were that (1) in many ports the unions have resisted change by holding to restrictive work practices including restrictive job assignments as well as a redundant number of gang members; (2) most ports’ hiring practices made for an excess number of casual laborers, which caused a highly unstable and in equitable job condition for many workers. Superficially, nevertheless, the 1964 negotiations appeared to follow the traditional pattern. In New York, the union and the employers issued state ments about equally intransigent, and an impasse quickly developed. On July 30, the parties jointly requested President Johnson to appoint a neutral board to study the issues and mediate the dispute. Even though the union rejected the board’s recom mendation, the agreement reached on December 16 was very close to the terms of the board’s pro posal.11 This agreement was ratified on a second vote on January 21, 1965, after a wildcat strike and initial rejection. But the union’s policy of supporting the outports, who had made little progress in local negotiations, prevented a return to work. Despite enormous pressures from the industry, the ports remained closed until the NLRB obtained an injunction on Febru ary 11, which ended the strike. However strong the case may be for asserting that the strike was unnecessary, the final settlement was an impressive achievement. The specific issues posed by job security and technological change were met. The employers’ agreement to guarantee 1600 hours of work a year and close the longshore men’s register were met by corresponding union concessions on gang size and an easing of work rule restrictions. The actions of the Labor Depart ment in clarifying the facts, in introducing calm- 7 T H E LONGSHORE SITU ATIO N ness, and in eliminating or minimizing extraneous emotional claims and counterclaims, prepared the way and provided an opportunity for this tem pestuous industry to solve its problems through collective bargaining. The 1965 contract was an exceptionally good one for the employers, and the 4-year term was suffi ciently long to enable them to enjoy new manpower flexibility without a major stoppage. By and large, containerization now enjoys equal freedom on the east coast and west coast, and the anxieties of the east coast waterfront employers are largely focused upon contract strikes. Jurisdictional Claims Although the IL A has accepted containeriza tion, acceptance was accomplished piecemeal and grudgingly. The ILW U , having embraced the modernization concept, has concentrated its strength on securing its share of the gains. In con trast, the distaste for job displacement by the IL A rank and file, and by its leadership, has caused the union to guard its jurisdictional claims tena ciously. Although there are other factors at work, particularly the more favorable position of the IL A vis-a-vis other unions, the IL A has demon strated a far greater determination to extend its jurisdiction over all employment opportunities which are associated with technological changes. The ultimate benefits of this policy go far beyond the maintenance o f a secure membership base. The extent to which the IL A successfully organizes warehouses, freight forwarders, and the like, will determine the economic leverage which may be used to protect the interests o f dockworkers. After all, containerization dilutes the skills of longshore men in addition to eliminating jobs, and thus it raises the prospect of impotent pickets watching contained cargo crossing the docks. I f the transition to containerization could be instantaneous, there is little reason to believe that either union could control its consequences. During the transition period, however, both waterfront unions’ economic strength remains formidable. With all the weaknesses of the IL A , its policies and power deployment appear to promise greater con trol over the future developments o f containeriza tion than do those of the ILW U. One important difference not alluded to previously in this account, but treated at length in my full study, is the IL W U ’s exposed jurisdictional position, which may well undermine its future economic strength. Technology is not a force of nature with its own imperatives, its own mo mentum, which place it beyond human direction or restraint. It is a human creation, therefore subject to legal restraint if it injures man or society. We must never forget for a moment that a free society centers on man. It ceases to be free if technology, not man, becomes central to its purpose. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis -Hyman G. Rickover. Containerization as a Force for Change on the Waterfront Joseph P. G oldberg* C o n t a i n e r i z a t i o n has been viewed as offering the transportation industry the possibilities which mass production generated in the automobile in dustry. Containers in standard sizes and shapes have been adapted to the requirements of either small general cargo, dry bulk cargo, liquid cargoes, or cargoes requiring refrigeration, and are being handled and transported interchangeably by rail, truck, and ship. The integration of transport and handling arrangements with the standard con tainer makes possible savings in capital utilization through economies of scale, through greater ca pacity utilization of both ship and pier facilities, and through greater efficiency in labor utilization. The advantages of unitized loads have been ap parent for many years. The transport of bulk car goes, petroleum, and ores laid the foundation for subsequent developments in handling o f general cargoes. The extensive growth of piggyback ar rangements by truckers with railroads and water carriers for integrating van and container opera tions was an added stimulant. The experiences of the past 10 years or more o f Sea-Land and Matson 1 in developing viable ship container opera tions have been important testing grounds for the “ container explosion.” Present Prospects For U.S. maritime labor (longshore and sea going) , the growth o f a domestic ship con tainer operation gave promise of the renewal of a domestic trade which had failed to recover from its prewar situation. In competing with and in sup plementing railroad and trucking services, it o f fered additional job opportunities. The present phase of the maturing of container transport is different in kind from previous experience with containers, however, and is promising to become a major source o f change in the international ship ping industry. Predictions for the port of New York are that, by 1975, as much as half of general cargo ships in foreign trade will be carried on fully or partially containerized ships, with the potential 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis for containerization amounting to over 70 per cent.2 A recent study suggested that with proper in tegration of company organization and ship opera tion, the North Atlantic trade could be carried with containerized operations requiring only 30 percent of the current ship tonnage.3 New York-New Jer sey Port plans for the development of container berths, with those now in operation, will provide facilities for handling well over the container cargo volume in 1975.4 Even if not fully realized, projects of such magnitude suggest an unprece dented dimension o f change in operations, with consequent effect on the labor force. The degree will depend on the continued growth in trade, the at traction o f new cargoes, diversion from other ports, and the extent of shipper loaded and portside loading of containers.5 Two questions suggest themselves in evaluating the readiness of unions and management to cope with this pervasive change in transportation technique. First, what are the direct effects of containerization on the labor force? And second, what are the arrangements in the maritime indus try to date ? 6 Scope of Containerization Containerization as an integrated transportation system alters the nature of longshore work. So long as the container was an adjunct to break-bulk cargo handling,7 its effect was limited. Tradition♦Special Assistant to the Commissioner of Labor Statistics. 1 The two companies were concerned with domestic and noncon tiguous tra d e s: Matson Shipping Co. for trade between the W est Coast and Hawaii, and Sea-Land Services, Inc., on the East Coast for trade with Puerto Rico and intercoastal shipping. 2 Port of New York Authority, C o n t a i n e r S h i p p i n g : F u l l A h e a d (New York, 1 9 6 7 ), pp. 21 and 34. 3 See McKinsey & Co., C o n t a i n e r i z a t i o n : T h e K e y t o L o w - C o s t T r a n s p o r t (London, British Transport Docks Board, 1 9 6 7 ). 4 Port of New York Authority, op. cit., pp. 40 and 42. 5 An additional factor is suggested by another view, that re cently constructed efficient conventional ships will continue to be competitive. The immediate prospects for overcapacity in con tainerized shipping, it is held, will prevent for sometime the high capacity operations required for adequate returns on the substan tial investment required for containers and container ships. Cf. T h e E c o n o m i s t , September 16, 1967. 6 In considering the modernization approaches taken to date by labor and management, it is useful to recall similar efforts in other industries like steel, meatpacking, railroads, and coal min ing. In 1965, concern with widespread change resulted in the appointment of a commission to study the problem. See R e p o r t o] th e N a tio n a l C o m m issio n on T e c h n o lo g y , A u to m a tio n , and submitted to the President January 29, 1966. 7 Break-bulk cargo is composed of items of varying size and form, which must be handled separately and individually stored in the wings of the hold, as opposed to dry-bulk cargo, such as wheat, and liquid-bulk cargo such as oil, both of which are simply poured into the hold. E c o n o m ic P r o g r e s s , CHANGE ON T H E W A T E R F R O N T ally, the job of the longshoremen has involved sorting cargoes on the dock, loading the sling, lift ing it by boom or crane to the hatch, and disposing of the cargo in the wings of the hold to assure stability of the ship, maximum use o f the hold, and safe disposition of the cargo. The use of forklifts on the dock and in the hold, the use of pallet boards and palletization o f cargo, and the shift to bulk transport of commodities formerly bagged like sugar and wheat, reduced the extent o f duties re quired of fixed gangs. Even if the unions insisted on maintaining the standard gang size, earnings op portunities would be decreased by the lesser time required. The use o f containers on decks or in the holds o f conventional ships, along with break-bulk cargo, made for smaller earnings but not neces sarily for revamping of work operations. On the other hand, containerized operations permit the loading of 20 to 25 tons in 21/%minutes. Handled as break-bulk, the same cargo would re quire 18 to 20 man-hours. Conventional ships re quire five to seven gangs; container ships on the east coast use two. The increase in output per man-' hour of containerized cargo to break-bulk has been estimated as ranging from 13 to 18 percent, and even higher. This increased productivity, of course, makes for additional savings through faster ship turnaround, thus permitting more in tensive use of high-cost capital investments in both ships and pier facilities. The container ship requires substantially less manpower than the conventional ship. The 100 men in gangs on conventional ships, plus the addi tional labor needed for forklift operations and checking, contrasts sharply with the 40 or so men used in cargo handling on the container ship. Longshore Operations Containerization has already had several other effects. The complex o f marshaling areas, road ways, storage facilities, and cargo handling facili ties has made for land requirements which could not be met readily in the built-up areas of the port o f New York, such as Manhattan and Brooklyn. From 10 to 20 acres are necessary for each specialized container berth, in contrast to the 8 T h e P o r t o f N e w Y o r k : C h a l l e n g e a n d O p p o r t u n i t y (New York, First National City Bank, 1 9 6 7 ), p. 29. 9 A n n u a l R e p o r ts o f th e W a te r fr o n t C o m m issio n o f N e w Y o rk H a r b o r , 1 9 6 1 —6 2 t h r o u g h 1 9 6 5 —6 6 . 10 McKinsey & Co., op. cit. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 9 two acres typical at conventional pier facilities.8 In the port of New York, the major container handling area was constructed in the Elizabethport area, from about 100 acres available for the Sea-Land operation. This area is due for further expansion, in addition to plans for the construc tion o f berth facilities on the Staten Island water front. The need for more space will intensify shifts within the port which were underway independ ently of containerization. Work opportunities on Manhattan piers have been declining for some years as more modem terminal facilities were de veloped in Brooklyn and Port Newark-Elizabeth. Hirings in Manhattan declined by 10 percent be tween 1961-62 and 1965-66. By contrast, hirings in Brooklyn and Port Newark-Elizabethport in creased by about 10 percent and over 45 percent, respectively. Manhattan hirings had fallen from 31 percent of the port’s total in 1961-62, to slightly more than 26 percent in 1964-65; Brooklyn rose from 46.3 to 49 percent; while Port Newark-Eliza bethport increased from 8.6 to 12.2 percent.9 These shifts have already caused complaints from Manhattan longshoremen, whose length of service gives them priority on their own piers, sec tions, and in the borough, but does not carry priorities in the other districts. Problems regard ing the seniority system will be intensified as con tainerization, unless more dispersed geographi cally, causes an even greater redistribution of work within the port. The impact o f containerization can be even more widespread on work opportunities in the several ports. The container “ explosion” has produced prompt reaction from a number o f port authori ties and interests on the Atlantic and gulf coasts seeking to develop container berth facilities to at tract container cargoes. The success of such efforts may result in generating some new cargoes, but initially this may be at the expense o f present break-bulk cargoes, thus reducing work opportuni ties for the present work force. Also, there is the possibility that cargoes may be concentrated in one or two ports, as recommended in a recent re port,10 and thus reduce break-bulk shipments to other ports. Under this alternative, the availability of feeder ships to the central container port may permit some container cargo development in the outports. This, however, will be a function of the alternative savings of land-based transport, in cluding unit trains, as against short haul water 10 transport. The future is uncertain at this stage, but the effect of extensive containerization, given modest increases projected in trade, would appear to be net losses in employment possibilities. In other respects, containerization offers possi bilities for improved employment prospects for the longshore labor force. With possibilities for more extensive use o f pier facilities by a greater number of container ships, earnings can actually increase and become more steady. Containerized cargo handling has produced new job requirements. Giant cranes both on ship and on shore require new skills. The operation of equipment hauling containers holding from 20 to 40 tons of cargo is another development. Training programs have been required for crane operators and tractor drivers. On the west coast the contract provides that men who receive training be available on a steady basis. West Coast Bargaining Consideration of the effect of technological ad justments on longshoring began on both coasts in the mid-fifties. The growing national concern with the effect o f automation had its influence on both the Pacific coast International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union (IL W U ) and the east coast International Longshoremen’s Asso ciation (IL A ). The west coast union had experienced the ef fect of automation in plantation labor and longshoring in Hawaii, with resultant work force re duction and dislocation. In its coastwide dealing with the Pacific Maritime Association, it func tioned from a position of relative security as the result of the new orientation toward collective bar gaining which came out of management experi ence with the prolonged strike in 1948.11 Basic to stability was the hiring hall, through which an at tempt was made to balance manpower supply and demand by allocating employment to assure both relative equality in longshoremen’s earnings and equitable labor distribution among the ship opera tors and stevedores. Among the leading complaints of the ship oper ators in west coast ports were those concerning the inefficiency of requiring in some ports, that cargo be taken off pallets and placed on the skin of the dock before being moved to or from the ship; that excessive and inflexible manning requirements https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 made for “ witnesses,” i.e., men in the gang who performed no work; and that sling load limits were unduly restricted. These charges were not denied by the union, which insisted that management had recourse to the contract and to arbitration. The prewar experience with such recourse, however, had proven its incompatibility with everyday operations, in which work stoppages were the re sponse of the men on the docks. In 1957, however, following an extensive study of likely trends in shipping and longshoring, the initial decision was made which culminated in agreement to permit the ship operators and steve dores to buy out the property rights of registered workers in the restrictive work rules they had achieved previously. Negotiations proceeded for 3 years, with interim changes in the basic workday and guarantees, with testing of the union’s good faith in a conformance and performance program, and with an initial agreement in 1959 pointing toward basing the buy-out on direct employee productivity gains. The agreement finally con cluded in 1960 followed substantial publicity and education of the membership, and a 6-month nego tiating period concluded in a fish bowl setting with the caucus in attendance. The Pattern of Change The 1960 Mechanization and Modernization agreement, renegotiated in 1966 for another 5-year term, was basically a “ buy-out” of the restrictive provisions and customs in cargo handling. The buy-out was achieved through a lump sum pay ment totaling $29 million for the period to 1966, financed out of assessments per ton of cargo han dled. The effect of the agreement was to permit re ductions in gang sizes and to increase manpower flexibility. An integral element was the role of the grievance machinery, calling for prompt local port handling of disputes by stewards and super intendents, with port arbitrators available on a 24-hour basis in the event of unsettled disputes. Major unsettled disputes involving coastwise pol icies were submitted to the coast arbitrator. Re ductions in manning were explored by a joint labor-management committee; such determinan W hile conditions were less than ideal, with management pressing for conformity to the terms of the contract, particularly in the case of Los Angeles, there was no longer the pressure of constant recourse to arbitration and work stoppage character istic of the pre-1948 period. 11 CH ANGE ON T H E W A T E R F R O N T tions were made available to the ports to assure standard adherence.12 The problem posed by reduced labor require ments was met by controlling the supply of work ers. In the postwar period, the entry of fully registered longshoremen was sharply curtailed to permit the attrition of a work force unduly swollen by wartime trade. Additional needs were met through the establishment of a “ Class B ” category of longshoremen who received union wage and overtime rates, but were not full-book union mem bers and did not enjoy pension rights. They were viewed as probationers who might eventually at tain the full status of Class A longshoremen. Additional needs were met by the numerous casuals who worked on a part-time basis, but whose primary employment was outside longshoring. From 1958 on, there was a freeze on the Class A group, pending the outcome of the negotiations on changes in work rules.13 As of 1960, the west coast, longshore work force was comparatively middle aged, with registered longshoremen averaging 49 years, and one-third o f them over 55 years. The approach to ra tionalization o f the work force in the face of an ticipated reductions was one of retirement from the top, in the hope that the 4-percent attrition rate would take care of the needed reductions.14 In fact, there was a greater rate of early retirement 13 “ W orking Rules in W est Coast Longshoring,” M o n t h l y L a b o r January 1961, pp. 1 -1 0 . The basis for assessment on imported automobiles is being challenged before the Supreme Court by the Volkswagon Co., J o u r n a l o f C o m m e r c e , November 16, 1967. 13 From 1 9 2 2 -3 4 , in the ports of Seattle, Portland, and Los Angeles, labor force size and allocation had been controlled by management-supervised halls. The award of the National Long shoremen’s Board in 1934 provided for jointly administered hiring halls. In practice, between 1 9 3 4 -4 7 , the union largely controlled hiring through union-designated dispatchers. 11 The inducement to early retirement was the payment of $7,920 in monthly installments to registered longshoremen who retired at 62, or a lump sum payment, in addition to the regular pension, to men retiring at 65, in advance of the compulsory retirement age of 68. is For varying estimates on savings, see “ 1966 W est Coast Long shore Negotiations,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , October 1966, pp. 1 0 6 7 -1 0 7 5 . 16 Gross statistics on foreign waterborne trade require com modity breakdowns for purposes of comparability. Statistics on tanker imports and exports, while readily available, have little relevance to longshore labor. Labor requirements for dry-bulk cargo are different from those of general cargo, where more labor is required because of the variety of tasks involved in break-bulk operations. The port of New York, basically a break-bjilk port, handled 16.5 million tons of foreign trade in 1965, with a value of $10.8 billion. A ll Pacific coast ports together handled 32.3 million tons of foreign trade in that year, with total value of $4.3 billion, reflecting the greater role of dry-bulk and other low value cargoes. See U n i t e d S t a t e s W a t e r b o r n e F o r e i g n C o m m e r c e (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1 9 6 5 ), Summary Report F T 985. R e v ie w , 282-907 0 - 68-2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis than was anticipated. This, coupled with the growth of Pacific coast trade volume, both before and since Vietnam, resulted in the necessity to in crease the labor force. During the period 1960-66, 2,000 men were retired, but 3,500 were registered in the A and B categories. The uncertain prospects in 1960 were reflected in the provision of a guarantee o f 35 hours per week, with a fund of $11 million i f the work avail able fell below this level due to technological, but not to economic, conditions. Recourse to this was not necessary during the period, and the fund was disbursed on a pro rata basis to registered long shoremen. The 1966 agreement provided solely for a further early retirement inducement payment of $13,000 for registered longshoremen. There were areas o f the 1960 agreement which were not met satisfactorily. These were covered in the 1966 extension and renewal agreement. Pro vision was made for increased flexibility in the size and use of gang members, and the steady employ ment of men specially trained to handle equip ment associated with containerization. The union leadership specifically called for greater mecha nization that would make longshoring a less oner ous occupation. There were increased assurances, both by contract and by general understanding that there would be standardization in work prac tices up and down the coast. There was good reason to extend the agreement, since its result has been that the labor cost of handling a ton of cargo decreased by almost 4 per cent between 1959 and 1965 despite the substantial economic benefits which were negotiated for the entire labor force.15 East Coast Bargaining In east coast ports, developments have taken different avenues because of the greater diversity in operations, differences in union and employer organization and bargaining structures, and d if ferences in the organization of the labor force. Issues have been made more complex in part be cause of the size of the labor force. The port of New York alone has more longshoremen than those on the entire west coast—22,000 to about 15,000.16 In the Atlantic and gulf ports, there £tre an estimated 50,000 longshoremen. Conditions vary among the Atlantic and gulf coast ports as to type and volume of trade, physical and weather condi- 12 tions, amount of work available, and hiring ar rangements. On the Pacific coast, there is a single employer organization handling both longshore and offshore labor-management relations; on the Atlantic and gulf ports there are separate em ployer organizations for the several ports. The New York Shipping Association (N Y S A ) does have authority to negotiate a master agreement, covering wages, overtime, pensions and welfare contributions, and the term o f the contract, for the ports from Maine to Hampton Roads, Va., and the economic terms are generally followed in the outports. But the IL A is a more loosely knit organization than the west coast ILWTI, with bargaining largely on a port basis, except for the west gulf ports. The results of bargaining are incorporated in separate port agreements, with separate negotiations on port working conditions. The organization of the labor force differs in the various ports, with available men substantially exceeding peak requirements, but in some ports sentiment has grown in recent years to control the size of the work force.17 Unlike the effort at stability on the west coast, the immediate postwar years on the east coast were years o f instability, with rank-and-file re volts, followed by government investigations and revelations of corruption, criminal involvement, and collusion between some employers and some union officials. For a period o f 6 years (1953-59) marked by expulsion from the A FL, the establishment of the watchdog Waterfront Commission o f New York and New Jersey, and representational challenges, the IL A was in a state o f flux and uncertainty, a state hardly conducive to the establishment o f a stable labor-management relationship geared to the consideration o f basic change in the existing practices. With changed leadership, closer scrutiny by the international officers, the adoption o f stand ards for local union activities, and success in rep resentation elections, the IL A succeeded in meet ing the requirements set by the A F L -C IO and was readmitted in 1959. The establishment o f the New York-New Jersey Waterfront Commission in 1953 produced a new approach to the organization of the labor force, since one of the Commission’s responsibilities was to decasualize the labor force in the port o f New York through joint union-management coopera tion. The Commission set requirements, based on https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LAB O R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 work performance and availability during the entry period, for registration o f longshoremen. The union and the N Y SA developed a seniority system, mainly out of negotiations, partly out of arbitration, which was subsequently incorporated by the Commission in its regulations. Out o f these efforts, there was a reduction in the work force to about 22,000 in 1965 from the estimated 51,000 at the time o f the investigations by the New York State Crime Commission. The effect has been to provide greater employment and earning oppor tunities to the registered work force.18 In the past decade, employer demands have been for reductions in the size o f the basic gang of 20 men. The union opposed such a change and sought to protect existing customs and practices. The introduction of containers and mechanized side-loading arrangements with increased use of forklifts brought the issue to a head in 1958 and 1959. The Sea-Land coastwise operation had dem onstrated the feasibility of using only two gangs rather than the customary five to seven on conven tional setups. In the 1959 contract negotiations, the union agreed to handle containers and manage ment agreed to maintain the gang size. Further, negotiations would continue on the establishment of a fund to compensate workers for reductions in work opportunities. Arbitration would follow if agreement could not be reached, and, indeed, these efforts proved futile. The arbitration award created a fund to be financed by dues levied on containers, loaded or unloaded away from the piers by non-ILA labor, of 35 cents a ton on conven tional ships, 70 cents a ton for partially automated ones, and $1 for those extensively containerized. A separate agreement was negotiated for a 28-centa-ton payment on container ships in the domestic trades. Acceptance of Mechanization The question o f modernization was basic again to the negotiations of 1962, as discussions were centered around the issue o f gang size, manpower utilization, and job security in the port of New York. A protracted strike was settled by a media17 W ork relationships in the port of New York over several decades had been established with individual piers using regular gangs, regular extra men, and casuals, employed in that order as needed. The attachment of the gang to the pier made for inflexi bility in portwide arrangements. 73 “ Hiring Practices for Longshoremen,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , November 1965, pp. 1 2 8 9 -9 6 . 13 CH ANGE ON T H E W A T E R F R O N T tion panel headed by Senator Wayne Morse. In addition to making economic recommendations, the panel induced the parties to agree to a study of manpower utilization and job security to be conducted by the Department o f Labor. This study, made under the overall supervison o f Secre tary Wirtz and then Assistant Secretary Eeynolds, was based on substantial field observations and meetings with the parties covering the outports as well as New York. The report, completed in 1964, covered operations, the effect of technological de velopments, manpower utilization, and the struc ture of the labor force. When the parties were un able to reach agreement, under the terms of the 1962 accord, the matter was submitted to a media tion panel headed by Assistant Secretary Eeynolds which made recommendations on an annual income guarantee and gang-size reductions, among others. The parties reached agreement in late 1964 on a 4-year contract providing for a guaranteed an nual income based on 1,600 hours straight-time pay,19 reduction in the basic gang size in stages from 20 to 17, and increased flexibility in the use of the gang. Pensions were increased to facilitate the effect of anticipated attrition by job reduction. Joint committees were established to arrange for meeting the adjustments and to discuss broader policy issues involved in the basic changes. Ini tially rejected by the New York port membership, the agreement was accepted following explanation of the terms. However, a strike continued over issues relating to port conditions in south Atlantic and west gulf ports. 19 Effective April 1966, longshoremen who had worked at least 700 hours in the preceding year were guaranteed an annual in come of 1,600 hours a year, at straight-time rates. Earnings dur ing the course of the year computed at straight-time rates, and payments for vacations, holidays, and unemployment compensa tion are deducted from guaranteed income. Payments under the guarantee are included in determining eligibility for vacation, holiday, pension, welfare and clinical services. Standards were set jointly by the Human Relations and Implementation Committee for penalties for consistent absenteeism. 20 The 1965 bill was opposed by the W aterfront Commission, and was vetoed by Governor Rockefeller after its adoption by the New York State Legislature. The bill called for the closing of the register, but specified reopening by joint labor-management agree ment. The bill enacted in 1966 was a compromise measure, and provided for temporary closing of the register for 60 days, with opportunity for labor and management to request the Commission to close or open the register in the future. Commission rejection of joint requests can be appealed to the courts. See A n n u a l R e p o r t of th e W a te r fr o n t C o m m issio n of N ew (New York, 1 9 6 7 ), p. 12. 21 B r o o k l y n L o n g s h o r e m a n , April 1967. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Y ork H arbor, 1 9 6 5 -6 6 Functioning of the Agreement The transition to these modernizing changes has been made successfully under the port of New York contract. The dispute procedure, which calls for the prompt handling of disputes on the pier by union and management representatives, and for permanent arbitration in case of outstand ing issues, has functioned well. Gang-size reduc tions have been met by attrition. The parties had pressed for statutory authority to require the Waterfront Commission to close the register. A major development in 1966 was the commission’s willingness to go along with this, but without any limitation on its regulatory or investigative au thority.20 The register was closed for a period in 1966, while port needs were explored jointly. Out of this came the determination that an additional 2,000 men were needed to be registered. As of January 1967, the annual income guarantee, paid on a quarterly basis, was reported as involving some 350 payments, totaling about $150,000 21 for the period beginning April 30, 1966. The approaches to modernization have differed. The west coast “buy out” represents an effort to meet all situations. The east coast situation repre sents a more gradual approach to meet a more complicated situation. The availability of the guaranteed income and of machinery for continu ous discussion now provides the means for facili tating change. Concern with the effect of the “ containerization explosion” can be met through continuing discussions of change, like those used in other industries to avoid contract expiration crises. The IL A leadership and the N Y SA have indicated their readiness to approach the matter in this spirit through joint exploration of the pres ent and future state of containerization, and its effect on the labor force, well in advance of the contract expiration in September 1968. The prob lems are complex, involving questions about job opportunities, labor mobility, seniority, earnings, interport rivalry, variations in port conditions, and the structure for bargaining. But the U.S. longshore industry—labor and management, aided by government resources where necessary—has taken giant strides toward flexibility and adapta tion in meeting these problems. Clothing the Urban American Family: How Much For Whom? A nn E rickson* C lothing expenditures for the urban American family member generally increase from infancy to the late teens and early twenties and then decline. But at all ages, a woman’s clothing bills are larger than a man’s. As a percent of the man’s clothing expenditures, differences in spending for the sexes range from 10 percent for the toddlers (ages 2 to 5) to 42 percent for 16- and 17-year-olds. These and other findings discussed in this article are based on expenditure data collected in the Sur vey of Consumer Expenditures, 1960-61.1 The data were tabulated for individual family members classified by some of the major causes of variation in clothing purchases: age, sex, income, geographic region, and family type. Expenditures represent only the cost o f ready-to-wear clothing purchased by the family 2 for its own members. They do not include amounts spent for clothing upkeep or clothing materials, nor do they include the value o f clothing given to family members by welfare agencies, friends, or relatives outside the consumer unit.3 Spending Over the Life Span During the survey years, average clothing ex penditures for women at all ages were higher than those for men of the same age.4Differences in cloth ing expenditures for boys and girls under age 18 became greater as age increased. Compared with clothing expenditures for boys o f the same age, expenditures for girls were higher by 10 percent at ages 2 to 5, 11 percent at ages 6 to 11, 30 percent at ages 12 to 15, and 42 percent at ages 16 to 17. After age 18, these differences narrowed as age in creased. A woman spent 38 percent more than a man at ages 18 to 24 but only 26 percent more in the age group over 25. (See chart.) 14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Despite these differences in levels o f spending for clothing men and women, age trends were similar for the sexes. Clothing expenditures generally in creased from preschool age through early adult hood (18 to 24 years o f age) and then decreased. Expenditures for children under 2 years o f age were not reported separately for boys and girls; but, as an average, they were lower than those for any other age group. It is likely that expenditures for infants and young children were low partly because they were often supplemented by gifts o f clothing from persons outside the family.5 Expenditures increased most between the age classes 6 to 11 and 12 to 15. This increase is un doubtedly due to changes in physiological and so cial needs as children enter adolescence. Since 12to 15-year-olds are going through a period of rapid *O f the Division of Living Conditions Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics. iT h e detailed tabulations on which this article is based are published in C l o t h in g f o r TJrhan F a m i l i e s : E x p e n d i t u r e s P e r M e m b e r b y S e x a n d A g e , 1 9 6 0 - 6 1 (BLS Bulletin 1556, 1 9 6 7 ). Data used in the bulletin were collected in a survey conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics as part of its program to revise the Consumer Price Index. A ll data were obtained through personal interviews with urban families. Bulletin 1556 shows average annual expenditures for indi vidual fam ily members classified by age and sex. It differs from other 1 9 6 0 -6 1 reports which present expenditures in terms of averages per fam ily rather than averages per person. All averages shown in the bulletin were computed after data from the sample of 30,284 persons had been expanded, by using a system of weights based on the 1960 Census of Population, to represent all U.S. urban fam ily members. 2 The terms fam ily and consumer unit are used interchangeably throughout this article. In the 1960—61 Survey of Consumer E x penditures, a consumer unit was defined as (1 ) a group of per sons usually living together who pooled their income and drew from a common fund-jror their major items of expense, or (2) a person who lived alone or in a household with others but who was financially independent. 3 Fam ilies’ estimates of the annual value of gifts of clothing received averaged $52.76 per fam ily in 1 9 6 0 -6 1 . Expenditures for clothing upkeep averaged $58.52 per fam ily and for clothing materials, $15.24. 4 In all surveys of consumer spending conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics since 1 9 3 4 -3 6 , families have reported spend ing more for clothing women than men. Before this survey period, families reporting expenditures in BLS Surveys spent more for husbands than for wives. See H o w A m e r i c a n B u y i n g H a b i t s C h a n g e (Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1 9 5 9 ), p. 134. Although the relationships change slowly, the levels of ex penditures shown in the accompanying tables would be affected by price changes which have occurred since the latest survey was conducted. The Consumer Price Index shows that, from 1 9 6 0 61 to September 1967, prices for girls, and women’s apparel rose about 10 percent and prices for boys’ and men’s apparel rose about 13 percent*. 6 The values of gifts of clothing reported in BLS surveys of three metropolitan areas in 1948 were tabulated by age and sex of recipient. The tabulations showed that these values were greater in proportion to fam ily expenditures for children under 2 than for other age-sex groups. In 1 of the 3 cities surveyed, the value of clothing given to children under age 2 was greater than fam ilies’ expenditures for clothing in this age group. See F a m i l y I n c o m e , E x p e n d i t u r e s , a n d S a v i n g s i n 1 0 C i t i e s (BLS Bulletin 1065, 1 9 5 2 ), pp. 7 3 -7 9 . CLOTH ING T H E U RB AN A M ER IC AN FAM ILY Per Person Clothing Expenditures by Age and Sex, Urban United States, 1960-61 A N N U A L E X P E N D IT U R E PER PER SO N $300 | | FEMALES MALES 15 spend on clothing than younger teenagers—i.e., they are more likely to have income from part-time or full-time jobs. High clothing expenditures for older groups also reflect new clothing needs as sociated with entering college, returning from mili tary service, beginning full-time jobs, and getting married. Men and women in the age group 25 to 64 spent somewhat less for their clothing than 16- to 24year-olds of the same sex. The adults probably pur chased more durable and more conservatively styled clothing which could be worn longer than clothing purchased by 16- to 24-year-olds.6 During the survey years, men and women age 25 to 64 bought fewer but more expensive clothing items than their counterparts in the younger age group.7 Adults 65 and over spent less than half as much for clothing as 25- to 64-year-olds of the same sex. Their low expenditures, in part, reflect the low in come levels of the aged. But they are also associated with decreased clothing needs as men and women retire from the labor force, low physical stamina which makes shopping very tiring, and reduced interest in clothing. Modes of Attire AGE 1 C loth in g purchased for children under tw o w as n ot reported separately for b o y s and girls. growth and physical development, they not only outgrow clothing rapidly but also begin selecting clothes in more grownup and expensive size lines. In addition, they are usually more interested in their appearance and more anxious to conform to their peers’ standards of dress than are younger children. Although 18- to 24-year-olds had the highest clothing bills, their average expenditures were only slightly higher than the 16- and 17-year-olds’. Per sons in both age groups tend to be fashion con scious, like to have special clothes for dates and school activities, and often have more money to https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Underlying the changes in total clothing ex penditures observed among age groups are varia tions in expenditures for different kinds of cloth ing. Major components of the total expenses for each sex are shown in table 1. Differences in each age group’s allocation o f the clothing dollar among various types of clothing reflect differences in so cial and physical activities over the life span and changes in preferences and customs. For example, the 16- and 17-year-old girl’s purchases reflect her style preferences: she spent proportionately more for separates (skirts, blouses, and so forth) and less for dresses than other women. Hats accounted for a much larger share of total clothing allowance of persons 65 and over than in any other age group, showing the changes in customs from one age to another. a A U SD A study of the St. Paul-Minneapolis area showed that clothing acquisitions declined much more rapidly than clothing inventories with increasing age. See Margaret Brew, R. R. O’Leary, and L. Dean, F a m i l y C l o t h i n g : I n v e n t o r i e s a n d P u r c h a s e s (Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1 9 5 6 ), pp. 1 2 -1 5 . 7 Bulletin 1556 contains information on quantities purchased and prices paid as well as information on expenditures. 16 M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 In absolute terms, expenditures for most types of clothing for girls and women increased steadily from age 2 to 24. The 16- and 17-year-olds spent more on sweaters, separates, footwear, and gloves than women in other age groups. The 18- to 24year-olds spent more for suits, dresses, underwear, T able 1. nightwear, hosiery, and accessories which included purses, jewelry, scarves, and belts. The only cloth ing items for which peak spending occurred after age 24 were coats, fur accessories, and hats. Out lays for these items were highest at ages 25 through 64. V a r io u s T y p e s o f C l o t h in g E x p e n d it u r e s P e r P e r s o n , b y A g e a n d Se x , U rban U n it e d States, 1960-61 A ge T y p e o f cloth in g 4 2 to 5 6 to 11 12 to 15 16 to 17 18 t o 24 25 to 64 65 and over G irls and w om en $73.98 11.59 1.87 6.92 2.38 .22 .21 24.86 9. 55 4. 45 7. 79 Costum es, bath in g suits, g y m suits, leotards, and other sports clo th in g ------- 1.80 1.00 10.81 6.81 3.96 3.49 17.05 3. 22 1.24 .66 .46 .42 .34 2.96 $114. 70 + 40 .7 2 17.73 .31 11.93 4.63 .63 $186.99 + 72.29 33.12 $246.77 +59. 78 39.95 $255.17 + 8 .4 0 42.99 $212.49 - 4 2 . 68 40.93 $97. 73 -1 1 4 . 76 25.90 18.78 10.70 2.88 20. 66 14.92 4.24 .74 66.21 19. 21 23.20 12. 60 1.89 6. 59 2. 44 22.75 16.90 5.65 11.77 30.18 13. 68 1.87 1.58 4. 48 1.64 3.95 9.28 .04 84.57 29. 56 26.75 14. 87 4.17 6.74 1.94 29.37 22.62 6.36 16.62 34.58 21.49 2.62 2.43 6.47 2.51 7.30 20.20 25.69 5.80 6.15 3.20 .09 60.08 36.54 10.29 6.15 1.51 2.29 3.12 30.02 23. 66 6.08 17.19 30.16 25.94 5.42 2.27 5.99 1.89 10.28 8.17 17.94 1.70 3. 41 2.84 .23 41. 68 16.65 8. 99 9.08 1.17 3.69 1.83 13.88 9.55 4.32 5.01 23. 51 6. 82 1.72 1.16 1.19 1.02 1. 61 6.08 24.13 11.49 6.46 .74 .16 83.69 38.92 21. 03 11. 99 3.23 4.70 3. 76 32.19 25.10 6.87 21. 75 32.58 27.15 3. 52 2.32 6.83 2. 58 11.75 14.81 21.37 19. 45 .98 . 12 .08 .19 .56 13.20 10.09 3.04 7.32 15.05 10.34 4.13 .80 2.13 .58 2.68 4.54 $173.32 + 29 .3 0 24.10 $184. 52 + 11. 20 24.78 $168. 52 -1 6 .0 0 17. 50 $77.16 - 9 1 .3 6 9. 77 6. 45 9. 89 7.49 .27 76.33 14.45 6.21 19.99 22.53 7.13 4.80 .56 .69 11.96 9.34 2.62 9. 44 8. 44 6.75 . 17 86.63 25.04 6.79 17.58 23.35 7.55 3.39 2.02 .86 11. 99 9.64 2.31 8.80 6.29 2.32 .08 84.19 31.97 5.15 13. 24 21.07 7.76 1.76 2. 46 .69 13.13 10.21 2.88 5.67 2. 64 1.47 .00 35. 77 16.48 1.53 5.66 8.00 3.09 .34 .18 .43 7.69 5. 41 2.27 7. 77 31.50 11. 35 .89 1. 86 3.39 5.19 .02 10.31 7.70 27.41 14.97 1.68 2.21 4. 64 6.37 .07 11.04 7.26 24. 85 15. 73 4.04 2.18 5.16 4.28 .08 5.87 3.01 10.24 7.22 3. 46 .45 1.72 1.57 .02 3.47 B o y s and m en $67. 49 T rou sers_________ ___________________ ______ _______________________________ _ __ N igh tw ea r______ ______ _________________________________ __________________________ O th er______________________________________________________________ ___________ H o s ie ry __________________________________________________ ______________________________ F ootw ea r_________________________________________ ________ _ _ __ _ ______________ H ats, gloves, and accessories__________________________________________ _ . . _ ______ O t h e r .._____________________________________________________________________________ E xpen ditu res n ot a llo c a te d 3_____ ____________________________________________________ 1 Clothing items listed in Bulletin 1556 differed for different ages. For use in this table some items were combined to get reasonably comparable cate gories across the entire age range. Average expenditures were calculated b y dividing the aggregate amount of expenditures b y the total number of persons in the age-sex group. Since all averages for a class are based on a com m on divisor, they are additive. T he totals for some subgroups m ay exceed the sum of the items b y more https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8.38 1.44 2. 26 2.97 1.53 .17 24. 62 2.39 .50 6. 24 6. 73 4. 80 4 3.02 3 .92 8.02 4.28 3. 54 .17 3.18 17. 43 2.50 1.16 .69 .58 .04 .02 3.36 $103. 75 + 3 6 .2 6 12.15 .12 2. 66 6.94 2.23 .20 42. 84 3.06 1.83 11.48 12.02 9.22 3.34 1.26 3 .59 9.24 6.02 3.01 .13 5.02 24.74 5.33 1.40 1.38 1.44 1.08 .02 4.44 $144.02 + 40. 27 19.86 .27 4. 57 9. 69 5.31 .27 60.07 6.90 3. 95 18. 46 17. 25 7.33 4. 62 1.17 5 .38 10.73 7.81 2.85 .07 6.86 32.14 8.11 .97 1. 77 2.32 3.03 .01 6.25 than is attributable to rounding. This occurs when the subgroup total includes combined expenditures which could not be allocated among the items listed. 2 Includes aprons, uniforms, and special work clothing. 3 T otal expenditures reported b y families unwilling or unable to itemize their clothing purchases. 4 Includes sunsuits. 5 Includes costumes. CLO TH IN G T H E URBAN A M E R IC A N F A M IL Y T able 2. C lothing E xpenditures P er P erson 17 by A ge, Se x , and F amily I ncome, U rban U nited States, 1960-61 Income after taxes 1 Sex and age Total Under $2,000 2 $2,000-$2,999 $3,000-$3,999 $4,000-$4,999 $5,000-$5,999 $6,000-$7,499 $7,500-$9,999 $10,000$14,999 $15,000 and over Girls: 2 to 5 years______ $73. 98 6 to 11 years_____ 114. 70 12 to 15 years____ 186. 99 16 to 17 years........ 246.77 $42. 04 45.08 62.22 59.62 $42. 77 63. 44 100.85 95. 01 $52.45 63.11 115. 65 151. 28 $55. 74 93.87 125.49 180.47 $71. 31 99.49 162. 40 213. 41 $79.45 119. 85 189. 80 275.10 $100. 07 136.14 218. 65 260.85 $98. 05 163. 50 273. 08 350.96 $182. 63 225.33 299.52 461.11 Women: 18 to 24 years____ 255.17 25 to 64 years____ 212.49 65 years and over. 97. 73 116.68 71.07 42.52 167.12 105. 01 79. 30 172.94 150. 55 95. 21 189. 69 160. 74 123. 08 210. 46 163. 73 140. 54 281.68 201. 37 95.44 338.47 256. 97 136.95 438. 55 350.85 309.62 572.86 672.88 279.14 67.49 103. 75 144. 02 173.32 37. 95 42.04 60.41 63.50 36.98 64. 42 73. 56 80.97 53. 56 77. 00 94. 92 129. 69 56.92 81.42 118. 24 179.94 58. 44 86.63 131.16 150.91 75. 34 101. 70 143. 75 142. 91 85. 83 133. 39 159. 42 177.58 81.65 139. 84 190. 78 222.06 136.07 173.11 232.93 321. 38 Men: 18 to 24 years____ 184. 52 25 to 64 years........ 168. 52 65 years and over. 77.16 76.79 62.65 31.05 142. 93 77.28 50.96 132.11 108. 06 76. 84 145. 77 134. 52 68.65 160.29 136.13 102. 97 183. 22 160. 29 130. 69 219. 06 196.91 106. 29 223. 62 244.12 113.12 333. 62 417.46 320.49 Boys: 2 to 5 years______ 6 to 11 years_____ 12 to 15 years____ 16 to 17 years____ 1The income classification is based on the family’s m oney income after deduction for personal taxes (Federal, State, and local income taxes, poll taxes, and personal property taxes). It represents the total m oney income during the survey year of all family members from all sources, plus the value of tw o nonmoney items—food and housing received as pay. 2 Due to the small sample o ' persons in each age-sex class with incomes under $2,000, the income ranges under $1,000 and $1,000-$1,999 shown in the tabulations were combined. Sample size b y age, sex, and income class for all groups is shown in table 2, Bulletin 1556, p. 23. The ages during which peak expenditures for different types o f clothing occurred varied more for men than for women. Outlays for nightwear, which may have been supplemented in certain age groups by gifts from persons outside the con sumer unit, were highest for boys ages 2 to 5. Money spent for dungarees peaked at ages 6 to 11. Footwear expenditures were highest for 12- to 17-year-olds, while spending for jackets, sweaters, trousers, shorts and special sport clothing, and hosiery was greatest at ages 16 to 17. The 18- to 24year-olds spent more than other men on coats, sports coats, shirts, and jewelry; and the 25- to 64-year-old man outspent other men for suits, un derwear, hats, and clothing accessories (ties, belts, and wallets). Since average outlays represent both prices paid and quantities purchased, variations in spending among age groups may have resulted from varia tions in both quantities and prices. For women, reductions in expenditures occurred as age in creased because older women generally purchased fewer clothing items, not because they purchased less expensive items. In fact, prices paid for the following items increased steadily with advancing age, even after 64: heavy winter coats, lightweight coats and toppers, suits, street dresses, blouses and skirts, panties, pajamas, stockings, shoes (street, dress, and casual), hats, and purses. ¿Clothing expenditures for men, which declined as age increased through age 64, also generally re flected decreases in quantities purchased rather than in prices paid. However, men 65 and over, un like women in this age group, usually purchased fewer and less expensive clothing items than their counterparts 25 to 64. The only items for which men paid higher prices after age 64 were coats, jackets, and underwear. Outlays for most major clothing categories com parable on the basis o f sex and age (outerwear, footwear, hosiery, nightwear, underwear, and hats, gloves and accessories) were consistently higher for yfomen than for men. Although boys’ fbotwear expenditures at ages 2 to 15 did exceed girls’, the differences were small. In all categories, especially hosiery and underwear and nightwear, spending by women showed greater variation over the life span than spending by men. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Income Variations Total expenditures for persons in all age-sex groups generally increased as income rose. (See table 2.) These increases represented purchases of greater quantities as well as shifts from lower to higher priced clothing. Only a few articles, such as work clothes (trousers, shirts, and gloves) for men 18 and over, wool suits for boys under 12, and 18 dresses for girls under 12, were not purchased in greater quantities at higher income levels.8 Expenditure-income elasticities, which are meas ures of the degree of responsiveness of spending to changes in income, were calculated for men’s, women’s, and children’s clothing expenditures. Re sults show that a man’s clothing purchases were generally more income-elastic than a woman’s at income levels under $6,000, while a woman’s were more income-elastic than a man’s or a child’s at in come levels above $6,000. This difference may be associated with greater labor force participation o f wives at the higher income levels, since em ployed women tend to have greater clothing needs than women who are not employed outside the home. Despite the differences in amounts spent for family members at each income level, total clothing outlays for individual family members tended to follow well-defined age-sex patterns. Families at most income levels under $5,000 and at all income levels over $5,000 consistently spent more for women at all ages than they did for men of the same age. At a few income levels under $5,000 ex penditures for boys under 12 were higher than for girls of this age, but the differences were small. Families at most income levels spent more on 18- to 24-year-olds that on persons of the same sex in other age groups. However, higher income families did deviate from this pattern. That is, for men in families with incomes o f $10,000 and over and for women in families with incomes o f $15,000 and over, spending peaked at ages 25 to 64. Per haps this is because dressing appropriately for professional and social roles is particularly expen sive for persons at the height of their career lives in higher income occupations. Regional Differences Clothing expenditures for each age-sex group varied from one part o f the country to the other. They were generally highest in the Northeast and lowest in the South. ( See table 3.) Families in the Northeast spent 33 percent more for clothing girls age 6 to 11, 27 percent more for clothing women 25 to 64,17 percent more for boys 6 to 11, and 22 per cent more for men 25 to 64 than families in the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 T able 3. C lothing E xpenditures Per P erson b y A ge, Se x , and R egion,1 U rban U nited States, 1960-61 Sex and age United States Northeast North Central South West Girls and women: 2 to 5 years__ _ 6 to 11 years____ 12 to 15 years___ 16 to 17 years___ 18 to 24 years___ 25 to 64 years___ 65 years and over____ ____ $73.98 114.70 186.99 246.77 255.17 212.49 $88.42 133.97 213.07 284.10 303.98 239. 66 $69.75 105.97 187.20 271.92 240.57 201.34 $66.34 100. 52 164.75 205.24 238.86 188.16 $71.63 121.89 178.97 200.74 227. 54 220.07 97.73 120.22 99.33 70.36 97.62 Boys and men: 2 to 5 years_____ 6 to 11 years____ 12 to 15 years___ 16 to 17 years___ 18 to 24 years___ 25 to 64 years___ 65 years and over....... ......... 67.49 103.75 144. 02 173.32 184. 52 168. 52 84. 93 115.26 159.02 192.03 193.93 186. 91 60.73 99.26 138.12 194.00 188.76 157. 08 59.69 98.24 128.01 143. 55 177. 28 153.08 65.29 103.89 152.05 150.49 171.99 177.10 77.16 88.35 79.85 64. 55 70.62 38.40 41.58 38.82 34.41 37.78 Boys and girls under 2 years......... 1 Regions defined b y the Bureau of the Census were used in this compari, son. These regions are: Northeast—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts’ New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island’ Vermont; North Central— Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, M inne' sota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; South— Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia; West—Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. South. These differences were related to variations in per capita incomes which were higher in the Northeast and lower in the South than in other regions.9 Regional variations also reflect differences in cli matic conditions : southern families do not require as much expensive heavy winter clothing as fami lies in northern climates. Expenditures for young people ages 16 to 24 were also low in the West. This may reflect greater informality of living which young adults, in par ticular, may experience in this region. For exam ple, 18- to 24-year-old men spent less on suits and 8 Families at higher income levels seemed to prefer separates (blouses and skirts for girls and sport coats and trousers for boys) to dresses and wool suits for children under 12. The quanti ties of separates purchased increased rapidly as income rose. Spending for men’s work clothing could be expected to be lower in income levels which included smaller proportions of blue-collar workers. 9 W ithin the same income classes, differences in clothing ex penditures for persons in the South and persons in the Northeast were much smaller than the average differences shown in table 3. A t income levels of $10,000 and over, expenditures for many agesex groups were higher in the South than in other regions. Regional variations in the estimated 1966 costs of clothing a 4-person fam ily (husband age 38, wife, boy of 13, and girl age 8) at a moderate standard of living were also smaller than the regional differences in expenditures for comparable age-sex groups shown in table 3. See C i t y W o r k e r ’ s F a m i l y B u d g e t f o r A M o d e r a t e L i v i n g S t a n d a r d , A u t u m n 1 9 6 6 (B L S Bulletin 1 5 7 0 -1, 1 9 6 7 ). 1» CLO TH ING T H E URBAN A M E R IC A N F A M ILY trousers but more on work and play clothes,10 and women 18 to 24 spent less on dresses, skirts, and blouses but more on sport clothing than did their counterparts in other regions. tion, men and women living as single, independent consumer units may have spent more for clothing simply because they had fewer monetary commit ments in other areas than adults in family units. Outlays by Family Type Clothing expenditures per person, by family type, urban United Slates, 1960-61 Some spending variation for clothing adults under 65 was related to differences in the type of family in which they lived.11 Of the five family types shown below, single consumer units had the highest clothing bills. Clothing needs for single women consumers were undoubtedly greater than those for other women who were less likely to be full-time participants in the labor force. In addi- Family type All family types........................ Single consumers (1-person families) Families of 2 persons or m ore-........ . Husband-wife only.............................. Husband-wife, oldest child under 18. One parent and children i _________ Other family types.......... ................... 10 In the 1 9 6 0 -6 1 survey, the category w o r k a n d p l a y c l o t h e s included work trousers, overalls, coveralls, dungarees, shorts, special sports clothing, uniforms, and special work clothing. 11 Fam ily members were grouped in 4 types of families of 2 per sons or more on the basis of relationships of members and the age of children of the head of the family as follows : (1 ) husbandwife only, (2 ) husband and wife with oldest child (including adopted and stepchildren) under 18 years of age, but with no other persons in the family, (3 ) families with only 1 parent (the head) present and children of any age, but with no other persons in the fam ily, and (4) all other types. 12 In comparable income groups, clothing expenditures were higher for women heading families than for women in other fam ily types. Men 18 to 64 $170.73 211.99 168.67 166.50 157.11 186.97 1 Expenditures for men 18 to 64 who were heads of one-parent families have been omitted because of the small numbers of such families in the sample. For men, the lowest clothing purchases were reported for husbands whose children were all under 18. Although clothing expenditures for wives in these families were also low (at incomes under $4,000 wives spent less for clothing than their husbands), they were not as low as those reported for women who were in one-parent fam ilies. Mothers heading families spent less on cloth ing than other women, primarily because their incomes were lower than incomes reported for women in other families.12 O f all subdivisions of manufacturing, women’s outerwear and related trimmings have always been most obviously linked to and commanded by fashion, and New York City remains the undisputed center of fashion in America. This is emphasized by its dominance of the mass-media market, its function as the main hub o f overseas relations and travel, and its concentration of wealth because of its financial and managerial supremacy. In the past the garment industry located in Manhattan, partly for these and partly for very different reasons, and, although it has recently been growing more rapidly elsewhere in the United States, women’s fashionable outerwear will be the last sector of the industry to cling stubbornly to the city that is the national capital o f fashion. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Women 18 to 64 $219.25 262.77 215.93 241.66 185.83 162.45 244.76 — Jean Gottman. The W age Calendar for 1968 The Outlook for Changes in Wages and Fringes Through Scheduled Increases and Contracts Subject to Bargaining Cordelia W ard and W illiam Davis* W age increases are received—in most years—by at least 3 out of 4 workers covered by major col lective bargaining agreements. Some o f the in creases result from negotiations concluded during the year; others are the result of long-term con tracts negotiated in earlier years. For a substantial minority, negotiated or deferred increases are supplemented by adjustments under cost-of-living escalator clauses. The relative importance of deferred and newly negotiated changes varies from year to year, since the number of workers covered by expiring long term agreements is not uniform among years. O f the slightly more than 10.4 million workers under major agreements, at least 8.4 million are now covered by contracts that remain in eifect for more than a year and that provide for deferred wage increases.1 In addition, open-end contracts, under which negotiations are not concluded every year, cover about 700,000 workers. During 1968, more workers covered by major collective bargaining agreements will receive de ferred than negotiated increases. Deferred wage increases are scheduled to go into eifect for about 4.6 million workers. For another 400,000 workers, contracts that expired in 1967 were still being re negotiated in late 1967; an unknown number of these will receive deferred increases some time during the year. About 4 million are included under contracts that either expire or can be re opened in 1968. The rest, about 1.2 o f the 10.4 million, are working under agreements that are neither subject to reopening nor provide a wage increase during 1968. 20 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In 1967, wage increases resulting from current negotiations and deferred wage increases each affected about the same number (approximately 4.5 million workers). About a million, including most telephone workers and some railroad non operating workers, were covered by contracts that did not expire and did not provide the possibility of a pay increase in 1967. More workers are eligible for cost-of-living es calator adjustments in 1968 than in any year since 1962, but for most of these workers a limit on the size of such adjustments has been estab lished by their agreements. Bargaining During the Year Although collective bargaining activity will continue at high levels in 1968 and will affect several key industries, the number o f workers covered by contracts that expire or are subject to *O f the Divisions of Industrial and Labor Relations and W age Economics, respectively, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1 This summary is limited to settlements affecting 1,000 work ers or more in all industries except government. For this article, a deferred increase is defined here as one re sulting from a contract negotiated prior to the year it goes into effect. Increases are usually spaced at 1-year intervals. Thus, a 3-year contract beginning in July 1967 typically provided deferred increases in July 1968 and 1969. Workers sometimes receive 2 increases or more within a year, notably in the construction industry. Except in the last paragraph on page 24, and table 5, only changes in wage rates are discussed in this sum m ary; changes in supplementary benefits are excluded. Workers in the service and finance, insurance, and real estate industries were included for the first time in the data on deferred wage increases due in 1967. They are included in all tabulations for 1968. The number of workers in the newly added industries who are due to receive deferred increases in 1968 is only about 225,000. 21 W A G E C ALEN D AR FOR 1968 related industries (aluminum and metal fabrica tion), aerospace, and men’s apparel. Agreements for most workers in shipbuilding, glass, and leather and leather products will also terminate. (Many leather workers’ contracts will expire after they receive a deferred wage increase.) Many major agreements in the paper, chemical, and to bacco industries are subject to renegotiation. Most bargaining will take place in the second half o f the year (table 1). Steel contracts expire the end of July; aerospace at that time or later. Contracts for about 80,000 workers in electrical products may be reopened on wages during the year. Bargaining can take place in 1968 for about 2.1 million workers in nonmanufacturing industries; 1,050,000 under contracts that expire, 550,000 un der open-end contracts with reopeners in 1968, and reopening on wages will be below 1967 levels. Con tracts will expire or be reopened for about 4.0 million workers in 1968 compared with approxi mately 4.6 million in 1967. O f the workers who are covered by provisions for bargaining, about 2.8 million are under con tracts that expire in 1968, and nearly 650,000 are covered by provisions for reopenings under con tracts that expire in 1969 or later. Open-end con tracts for another 550,000 workers—in railroads and coal mining—can be reopened in 1968. Shopcraft unions have already served notice of wage demands for about 275,000 workers. In manufacturing, contracts for about 1.8 mil lion workers expire or are subject to reopening this year. Collective bargaining will be dominated by negotiations on new contracts in basic steel and T able 1. E xpiration and R eopening D ates Specified in Scheduled wage reopenings in- Contract expirations Open-end agreements Fixed-expiration date agreements Year and month Agreements M ajor C ollective B argaining A greements 1 Significant industries Workers (thousands) Agreements Workers (thousands) Agreements Workers (thousands) T o t a l2..................... 1,690 8,010 112 722 18 692 1968_____________ _______ ■January......... . ............ 744 50 2,681 174 95 2 646 24 11 4 545 273 46 69 83 83 120 147 238 340 3 20 17 13 8 115 80 154 83 310 13 64 103 46 78 53 33 17 559 62 633 114 227 187 109 81 1,959 170 4 14 5 4 36 112 28 25 6 192 1 80 17 76 7 6 147 137 25 71 86 41 83 28 26 39 46 27 25 65 186 191 100 266 131 100 200 341 138 70 1 1 1 5 1 3 1 1 1 6 34 22 1 10 339 260 2,504 l ’ 505 79 999 17 10 1 20 97 59 1 709 J u l y . . ......................... October________ ____ 1969..................................... February..... .......... . July 1970 Glass; fabricated metal; railroad clerks and some operating employees. Glass. communications. 1 2 1 3 4 5 tions; some operating and nonoperating railroad workers. Steel; aircraft; communications. Aircraft; leather. Railroad shopcrafts; petroleum refining; airline mechanics. Anthracite coal mining. Electrical products. Construction; electrical products. munications; construction. equipment. 1971 1972 1973 1 Includes only those agreements for which information on expiration dates and wage reopeners was available at the time this article was prepared, in early December 1967. Because of the lack of information on m any contracts expiring late in 1967, estimates on the number of expirations and reopeners https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Railroads; coal mining. are incomplete. Unlike other tables in this article (except table 8), information in this table is based on agreements rather than bargaining situations (which m ay involve several agreements negotiated jointly), 2 Excludes government. 22 M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 T able 2. C o l l e c t iv e B a r g a in in g A c t iv it y , 1968— 1970 (Workers in thousands) Year of contract termination Scheduled reopenings in—2 Total analyzed 1 Industry 1969 1968 Situa tions Work ers Situa tions Work ers 1970 Open end 1968 1969 Situa tions Work ers Situa tions Work ers Situa tions Work ers Situa tions Work ers Situa tions 20 709 Work ers . __________ 1.962 8,818 860 2,787 683 2, 539 338 2,579 106 1,191 24 223 Manufacturing................. .......... 1,124 4,443 549 1,733 358 1,157 184 1,479 28 103 7 9 Ordnance and accessories.. . ............... Food and kindred products___ _ . . . T obacco manufacturers_____________ Textile mill prod u cts.. ____________ Apparel and other finished products. Lumber and wood products, except furniture_________________________ Furniture and fixtures........................ Paper and allied products ________ Printing, publishing, and allied products________________ : .......... . Chemicals and allied products______ Petroleum refining and related in- 20 117 7 42 70 57 327 14 75 640 6 58 6 11 9 26 110 13 14 116 10 29 1 14 30 25 108 1 35 249 4 30 6 109 1 1 4 24 4 260 1 1 1 1 26 16 62 82 25 120 2 10 44 3 14 58 22 3 13 75 5 42 2 3 5 4 6 20 1 2 44 58 61 99 27 28 25 58 9 12 16 15 7 15 19 21 1 2 33 62 3 3 28 55 25 24 35 106 53 121 110 82 107 588 99 201 9 12 20 83 29 68 10 55 70 551 61 110 2 10 14 19 21 35 7 23 36 28 32 58 13 2 1 4 3 17 92 4 1 8 5 30 4 1 3 10 1 9 120 114 24 463 1,185 40 45 67 9 88 333 13 45 29 9 242 91 10 28 15 6 130 740 18 16 79 A ll industries3_______ Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products.................................. ........... Leather and leather products............. Stone, clay and glass products______ Primary metal industries_______ . . . Fabricated metal products__________ Machinery, except electrical_______ Electrical machinery, equipment Transportation equipm ent. ______ Instruments and related p ro d u c ts .. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries............. ........................................ Nonmanufacturing______ ____ Mining, crude petroleum, and natuTransportation 4____________________ Railroads.................................. ............. Airlines______________ _______ ____ C om m unications............... . ........... Utilities: Electric and gas____ ______ Wholesale trade____________ ______ Retail trade, except restaurants_____ Restaurants_______________ _______ Services, except hotels_____ ________ Hotels___ __________________________ Construction.. . . . . . _. . . . ____ Finance, insurance, and real estate... ' '' 7 8 3 3 3 4 1 2 838 4,375 311 1,054 325 1,382 154 1,100 9 80 16 23 70 54 10 98 31 62 16 352 17 122 738 602 85 572 151 38 324 84 245 76 1,246 91 4 39 28 170 17 70 3 22 4 482 9 11 35 5 55 10 26 3 108 6 33 71 69 7 159 26 86 6 382 17 5 14 47 14 3 28 13 27 7 147 53 389 44 5 111 30 119 56 440 12 3 2 13 6 6 3 81 ,363 8 66 3 8 111 22 26 49 18 16 10 1 ____ ____ ____ ___ _ 20 709 78 1,088 17 214 2 90 16 602 1 6 10 80 42 465 6 137 2 17 56 1 492 1 3 2 5 20 2 3 1 4 " < 12 1 2 4 1 1 1 34 i 1 In clu d es o n ly those situations for w h ich inform ation on expiration dates w as available in early D ecem ber 1967. B ecause o f the lack o f in form ation on m a n y contracts expirin g late in 1967, estim ates o f the n u m b er of expirations in 1968 or later are in com p lete. In clu des 34 situ ations w ith 156,000 w orkers scheduled to expire in 1971 or later and 27 situ ations w ith 49,000 w orkers for w h ich the term ination date w as u n k n ow n . 2 A ll reopenings are u nd er fixed expiration agreem ents except for 11 situ a tions w ith 545,000 w orkers und er open-end agreem ents than can b e reop en ed in 1968 and 7 situations w ith 147,000 w orkers und er open-end agreem ents th at can be reopened in 1969. A ll o f the open-end agreem ents are in railroads or m in ing. 3 E xclu des governm ent. 4 E xcludes railroad and airline industries. 550,000 under other contracts with reopeners. Con tracts terminate in the spring for large numbers of construction workers and in the fall for A t lantic and gulf coast longshoremen. Telephone contracts for nearly 500,000 can be reopened on wages—the first in the spring and the last in the fall. Most railroad operating unions have already served demands under reopeners for wage in creases to be effective on January 1, 1968. Some nonoperating brotherhoods can also bargain under reopeners in 1968. The Railroad Clerks are free to bargain for changes to be effective the begin- ing of the year, while some other nonoperating brotherhoods are free to negotiate under reopeners in the second half of the year after receiving a de ferred wage increase on January 1. Any increase under railroad shopcraft employees’ contracts can be effective no earlier than January 1, 1969, and hence their negotiations^ are considered here as part of the 1969 bargaining picture. This summary of expiration provisions differs from those of previous years which had been based primarily on contracts actually on file with the Bureau of Labor-Statistics, plus railroad and air line agreements on file with the National Media- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 23 W A G E C ALEN D AR FOR 1968 tion Board. The summary for 1968 and subse quent years supplements the earlier sources with information about other major contracts that have been concluded but not yet filed. Another change that has been made is to include reopenings un der open-end contracts in the railroad and mining industries among those that will bargain (table 2). (In recent years, many of these contracts have been revised to specify a reopening date.) The 1968 data also differ from those for earlier years by the addition o f agreements for government-owned utilities and recent increases in employment. On the other hand, contracts scheduled to expire on December 31 are now considered subject to re negotiation during the subsequent year; formerly they were counted as part of the bargaining picture for the current year. The effect of these changes on the estimates of the number of workers affected by bargaining can be summarized in the following tabulation: Subject to negotiation in — Scope of estimates Contracts expiring during the year, excluding government-owned utilities, reopenings, and contracts not on file............................................... Contracts expiring including government-owned utilities, plus those with reopening provisions 1967 1968 (millions of workers) 3.1 4.6 2.7 4.0 The addition of government-owned utilities raises the number covered by major contracts to 10.4 million from slightly more than 10.3 million.2 Deferred Increases More workers are scheduled to receive deferred wage increases in 1968 than in any year since 1957. About 4.6 million workers 3 under major collective bargaining agreements will have their pay in creased during 1968 as a result of negotiations concluded in 1967 or earlier. N um ber of N um ber of w ork ers 1968___________ _________ 1967__________ _________ 1966___________ 1965__________ _________ 1964__________ _________ 1963__________ _________ (m illio n s ) i 4. 6 1 24.5 24.3 3.7 2 2 .4 2 3. 4 w ork ers (m illio n s) 1962__________ 1961__________ 1960__________ 1959__________ 1958__________ 1957__________ ................ _________ _________ ................ . ______ _________ 2.4 2.9 2.6 2 .9 4. 0 5.0 1 Data include approximately 225,000 workers in 1968 and 195,000 in 1967 in the service, finance, insurance and real estate industries, excluded from totals for earlier years. 2 Includes 700,000 workers in 1967, 200,000 in 1966,100,000 in 1964, and 115,000 in 1963 who received increases in these years but were not included in the annual articles for these years because their settlement terms became known after the articles were completed. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis As indicated in the tabulation, this number is slightly above the 4.5 million who received de ferred increases in 1967. The 3.8 median percentage deferred wage increase scheduled to go into effect during 1968 is the highest on record.4 The fact that most contracts in the automobile, auto parts, farm and construction equipment, and trucking industries were negotiated in 1967 is the main reason more workers will receive deferred raises in 1968 5 than in 1967 (table 3). Other groups for whom 1968 wage increases have al ready been determined are workers in electrical manufacturing, rubber, meatpacking, and petro leum. Agreements for most women’s apparel industries also specify wage increases to go into effect during 1968. Some lumber and furniture, paper, and leather workers, as well as some in construction, whole sale and retail trade, and gas and electric utilities will also receive deferred adjustments. The largest number of workers due deferred in creases will receive adjustments of 3y2 and under 4 percent or 14 but less than 15 cents in 1968, com pared with 2 and under 2% percent and 7 and under 9 cents in 1967. Increases o f this size in 1968 will go to automobile workers.6 In construction, about 800,000 workers under major collective bargaining agreements will re ceive deferred increases in their scales in 1968. With most construction trades contracts on the west coast scheduled for renegotiation in 1968, this number is substantially below the approxi mately 935,000 workers who received deferred ina This estimate is a correction of the 9.5 million made in the December 1966 M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w . 3 This estimate does not include those covered by settlements reached early in December 1967, when this article was prepared, or those that were concluded earlier but had not yet been reported to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. For settlements providing deferred increases to an additional 80,000 workers, see Addendum. 4 Percentage increases were first computed in 1966, but in earlier years cents-per-hour medians were lower than those for 1968 and, consequently, the percentage medians would be smaller. 5 Although bargaining on new contracts for workers at General Motors Corp. and American Motors Corp. had not been concluded in early December when this article was prepared, it was assumed that the provisions for deferred increases would be similar to those at Ford Motor Co. and Chrysler Corp. For this reason, these workers have been included as receiving the same deferred in creases in 1968 as Ford workers. They also are included in the total with annual rather than quarterly escalator reviews. 0 For automobile and electrical products workers, guaranteed cost-of-living escalator increases in 1968 (3 cents and 0.5 percent, respectively) were considered as part of the deferred wage increase. 24 M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 creases in 1967. The most common wage scale in creases in construction will average 4 to 4.5 per cent. As is customary in construction, most of the in creases will go into effect during the first half of the year (table 4). O f the approximately 250,000 workers scheduled to receive increases in the sec ond half, some 175,000 will also receive increases in the first 6 months. Nearly all construction scale increases will be at least 10 cents and most will average 3 percent or T able 3. D istribution of more. In other industries, increases of these amounts will affect 78 and 84 percent, respectively. At least half of all construction workers will re ceive increases totaling 25 cents or more, compared with only 1.5 percent of the workers in other industries. For the first time, information is available on the cost of deferred increases in wages and bene fits. Based on collective bargaining contracts af fecting 5,000 workers or more, this information indicates that the average increase in wage and W orkers, by D eferred W age I ncreases 1 D ue in 1968 in M ajor Situations , Selected M anufacturing and N onmanufacturing I ndustries 2 Approximate number of workers affected (thousands) Average deferred wage increase T otal....... .................................. N um ber of situa tions All indus tries studied2 Total Food manu and factur kindred ing 3 prod ucts 890 4,627 2,395 18 27 19 57 53 45 110 51 57 37 39 73 35 51 7 9 45 37 28 17 37 38 38 79 82 318 129 176 430 272 256 281 849 584 152 178 16 160 181 147 66 33 115 86 25 39 28 91 116 143 312 234 172 150 834 149 50 15 3 3 2 8 33 44 69 119 117 139 60 80 30 43 23 22 15 18 7 29 42 76 145 428 441 1,249 '791 202 450 110 125 89 46 188 99 17 78 93 47 84 92 286 1,079 304 87 287 29 34 25 6 1 11 181 A p parel Rubber Lum and ber miscel Metal and laneous work furni plastic ing ture products 320 85 94 1,444 Total nonmanufa tar ing 4 2,232 Con struc tion Ware housing whole sale and retail trade Trans porta tion Serv ices 829 249 830 157 F i nance, insur ance and real estate 79 C ents P ee H our Under 5 cents__________ ____ _____ 5 and under 6 cents_______________ 6 and under 7 cents_______________ 7 and under 8 cents_________ _____ 8 and under 9 cents_______________ 9 and under 10 cents_________ . . . 11 and under 12 cents_____________ 14 and under 15 cents____ _________ 17 and under 19 cents_____________ 19 and under 21 cents...... .................. 21 and under 23 cents_____________ 23 and under 25 cents___ _ ______ 25 and under 30 cents_____________ 30 and under 35 c e n t s ...__________ 35 and under 40 cents_______ _____ 40 and under 45 cents_____ _____ _ 45 cents and o v e r .............. ......... . N ot specified or not computed 6__ 7 1 2 13 102 38 3 1 5 7 3 10 14 16 27 27 19 35 10 115 43 2 2 ’ 1 1 7 26 50 1 93 13 20 5 39 84 130 240 57 40 18 724 29 17 8 4 21 2 16 13 40 54 227 13 33 118 38 84 131 15 435 102 163 13 157 179 139 66 33 115 65 86 25 128 10 8 142 139 65 33 111 9 29 61 336 155 170 487 115 163 81 91 64 40 187 88 17 78 72 15 9 41 62 62 93 68 76 66 79 41 31 37 58 17 61 14 7 1 28 38 5 5 46 36 7 30 39 4 4 1 5 9 8 16 25 5 135 2 1 7 2 124 6 314 44 14 3 147 3 8 22 8 54 1 1 5 1 2 8 10 5 2 9 i 8 4 20 19 9 P ercent 6 Under 2 percent........ .......... ............. 2 and under 2)4 percent................... 2)4 and under 3 percent___________ 3 and under 3)4 percent___________ 3)4 and under 4 percent.................... 4 and under i)4 percent_________ 4)4 and under 5 percent_________ _ 5)4 and under 6 percent__________ 6 and under 6)4 percent_______ _ 6)4 and under 7 percent. _______ 7 and under 7)4 p ercen t.................. 7)4 and under 8 percent________ . 8 and under 9 percent____________ 9 and under 10 percent. ................... 10 percent and over_______________ N ot specified or not computed 5__ 10 11 34 89 27 9 1 8 2 18 16 29 16 4 203 4 17 2 21 1 Average increase for all workers covered b y a collective bargaining settle ment. For additional information regarding definitions, see text footnote 1. 2 Excludes government. 3 Includes workers in the following industry groups for which separate data are not shown: Tobacco (2.350), textiles (27,925), paper and allied pro ducts (57,125), printing and publishing (20,750), chemicals and allied products (37,600), petroleum refining and related industries (45,400), leather and leather products (50,800), stone, clay, and glass products (15,150), and miscellaneous manufacturing (14,700). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 31 14 39 1 59 24 10 34 68 54 180 904 89 46 17 22 6 1 5 2 17 4 46 7 35 26 44 4 14 6 7 20 1 5 258 7 7 315 58 4 2 4 4 26 18 33 n 1 6 5 3 3 8 140 5 10 25 8 2 20 15 18 34 3 27 3 12 4 Includes 84,000 in public utilities and 4,350 in mining, for which separate data are not shown. 3 Insufficient information to compute amount of increase. 6 Percent of estimated straight-time average hourly earnings. N o te : Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal totals. 25 W A G E C ALEN D AR FOR 1968 T able 4. Effective month T iming Approximate number of workers affected (thousands)2 T otal________ 4,627 January___________ 744 February__________ March_______ _____ A pril______________ 201 228 827 May_______________ June_______________ 403 666 July_______________ 521 of D eferred W age I ncreases D ue Principal industries affected in Effective month Railroads (nonoperating employees, ex cept clerks and shopcrafts), construc tion, wom en’s and children’s dresses, and petroleum. Women’s apparel. West coast fruit and vegetable canning. Trucking, railroad skilled shopcrafts, construction, and southern California retail and wholesale grocery industry. Construction and airline mechanics. Construction, rubber, lumber, women’ s coats and suits, and electrical products. Construction, railroad shopcrafts, and gas and electric utilities. 1988 in M ajor Situations 1 Approximate number of workers affected (thousands)2 80 314 335 Month not k n o w n .. 795 60 17 Principal industries affected Electrical products and meatpacking. Railroad skilled shopcrafts and electrical products. Automobiles. Nome. None. 1 Excludes government. This total is smaller than the sum of the individual items, since at least 290,000 workers will receive 2 deferred increases and 140,000 will receive 3 increases in 1968. benefit increases for the approximately 2.5 million workers covered by such contracts will be 4.5 per cent in 1968 (table 5) .7 group o f workers affected was in the electrical products industry. Almost all of the workers covered by provisions for cost-of-living escalator adjustments are also due deferred wage increases during 1968 (table 6). Included are employees o f industries in which wage escalation, is* concentrated. The only major exception is in the aerospace industry, where most contracts expire during the year after either 2 or 3 escalator reviews. While cost-of-living provisions are almost al ways limited to long-term contracts that specify wage increases for a period of more than a year, most workers are covered by long-term contracts that do not have a cost-of-living escalator provi sion. O f all workers due deferred wage increases in 1968, only about 36 percent will have escalator reviews. Among those who will receive a deferred wage increase but are not covered by escalation are nonoperating railroad, employees, workers in construction, «ifiosfe food prqduction (other than 2 Cost-of-Living Escalation With the relatively sharp increase in the Con sumer Price Index during 1966 and 1967, there was a modest increase in the number of workers covered by major collective bargaining agreements with escalator clauses. The growth was somewhat slower in 1967 than in 1966 and, moreover, the trend toward establishing maximum limits on the increase in escalator allowances accelerated. Dur ing the year, such limits were established for the two largest groups o f workers covered by escala tor provisions, and the escalator adjustment for the automobile workers was changed from quar terly to annual. The number o f workers covered by cost-of-living escalator provisions at the end o f 1967— about 2.25 m illion8— although higher than in any year since 1962, was still well below the peak levels reached in 1958 and 1959, as the following tabulation indicates: N u m ber N u m ber of w ork ers (m 1968__________ 1967__________ 1966__________ 1965__________ 1964__________ 1963__________ illio n s _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ of w ork ers (m ) 2.5 2 .2 2 .0 2 .0 2 .0 1.85 1962__________ 1961__________ 1960__________ 1959__________ 1958__________ 1957__________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ illio n s) 2 .5 2. 5-2 .8 3.3 4.0 4.0 3.5 Adoption o f new escalator clauses was concen trated in the metalworking industries. The largest https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7 T h e differen ce betw een 3.8 f o r th e m edian d eferred in crease and the 4.5 f o r th e m edian d eferred w a g e and benefit in creases ca n n o t be in terp reted as due to la rg er ch an ges in benefits than in w ages con sid ered alone. T h e estim ate fo r w a g e and benefit ch an ges is lim ite d to co n tr a c ts a ffectin g 5,000 w ork ers o r m ore w h ile th a t f o r w ag es a lon e in clu d es a ll co n tr a c ts a ffe ctin g 1,000 w ork ers o r m ore. 8 T o these w ork ers sh ou ld be added a t lea st 785,000 w ork ers w h o are cov ered by sm aller u n ion a greem en ts o r are n o t un ion ized but are cov ered by p ro v is io n fo r c o s t-o f-liv in g esca la tion . T hese in clu d e 415,000 p ro d u c tio n w ork ers in n on u n ion and sm all u n ion m a n u fa ctu rin g p la n ts and a bou t 370,000 w h ite -co lla r w ork ers in establish m en ts w h ere u n ion ized em ployees are cov ered by e sca la tor clauses in agreem ents. A m on g th e u n org a n ized w ork ers cov ered by c o s t-o f-liv in g esca la tion are a bou t 22,000 em ploy ees o f the S tate o f W iscon sin w h ose salaries are ad ju sted on th e basis o f ch an ges in th e C P I. M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 26 T able 5. D istribution of D eferred W age and B enefit I ncreases in K ey C ollective B argaining Situations ,1 1968 D eferred w age and benefit increases as percent of existing w age and benefit expenditures N u m b e r of workers (In thousands) 2,743 29 49 161 459 200 468 185 745 84 96 160 41 39 19 8 1 L im ite d t o governm ent. settlem ents affecting 5,000 w orkers or m ore. E xcludes meatpacking), women’s apparel, rubber, and petro leum workers, and most of those in the service industries, electric and gas utilities, trade, lumber and furniture, paper, leather, and finance, insur ance and real estate. In 1968, a majority of the workers— at least 65 percent—covered by cost-of-living escalator clauses will have their allowance reviewed on an annual basis, with quarterly reviews in effect for about 500,000 workers, and even fewer having either monthly or semi-annual reviews. This will be the first year in which annual reviews have been more important than quarterly adjust ments. Prior to the automobile settlements in late 1967, which substituted annual for quarterly adjustments, approximately 60 percent o f all workers with cost-of-living escalator clauses re ceived quarterly adjustments in their allowance. (See table 7.) Substitution of annual for more frequent cost-of-living escalator reviews has re sulted in deferring the first review of the size o f the cost-of-living allowance until the end of the first year or the beginning of the second year of the con tract and, hence, reducing the number of reviews to two in a 3-year contract. Collective bargaining in recent years has pro duced other changes in wage escalation formulas. The major development has been to limit the amount the allowance can be increased in a year or over the life o f the contract. Limits on escalator allowances were established in basic steel and re lated agreements in 1960, but, with the abandon ment of escalation in these contracts in 1962, the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis number of workers covered by limited escalation declined. At the beginning of 1966, contracts cover ing only 50,000 workers set an absolute maximum on escalator increases. The provisions for limits grew rapidly in 1966 and especially in 1967. As of January 1968, an estimated 1.5 million workers were covered by such limits. Trucking agreements set a 4-cent annual maxi mum increase in the cost-of-living allowance. As a result of agreements in the automobile and re lated industries, two annual cost-of-living reviews with a maximum increase in the allowance in the second contract year o f 8 cents and by the begin ning of the final year o f the contract of another 8 cents were substituted for a quarterly adjustment T able 6. P r e v a l e n c e o f C o s t - o f - L iv in g E s c a l a t io n in M a jo r C o n t r a c t s 1 P r o v id in g D e f e r r e d W a g e I n c r e a s e s i n 1968 Item A ll workers with deferred increases___ Approximate number of workers due to receive deferred wage increases (thousands) Percent of workers covered b y cost-of-living escalator clauses 4,627 36 38 79 82 318 129 176 430 272 256 281 849 584 152 178 16 160 181 147 66 33 115 86 11 5 50 4 38 31 42 22 10 45 84 55 31 9 A V E R A G E D E F E R R E D W AG E IN C R E A S E S 2 C ents per H our Under 5____________ ____ ____________ 5 and under 6__________ ____________ 6 and under 7*______ ________________ 7 and under 8............................................ 8 and under 9_________ ______________ 9 and under 10___ __ _ _ ___________ 10 and under 11______________________ 11 and under 12_______________ ____ _ _ 12 and under 13______________ _______ 13 and under 14______________________ 14 and under 15.......... .......... ................... 15 and under 17__ __ _ _______________ 17 and under 19_______ ______________ 19 and under 21______ _____ ________ N ot specified or not com p u ted 3______ 11 P ercent 4 Under 2._..................... ......... ................. 2 and under V /z ______________________ V/z and under 3_______ _____ ______ 3 and under 3J^___ _________ _____ _ V/z and under 4______________________ 4 and under 4^£____________ ______ _ V/z and under 5______________ ______ 5 and under 5 K -- _____ _____ ____ 5Yz and under 6 .. _ _________________ N ot specified or not computed 3______ 76 145 428 441 1,249 791 202 450 110 125 89 46 188 99 17 78 93 1 E x clu des governm ent. 2 See footn ote 1, table 3. 3 Insufficient in form ation to co m p u te am ou n t o f increase. 4 P ercent o f estim ated straight-tim e average h o u rly earnings. 17 60 33 26 73 40 5 10 10 10 W A G E C ALEN D AR FOR 1968 T able 7. T y p ic a l 27 C o st- o f- L iv in g E scalato r I n c r e a s e s in S elected I n d u s t r ie s , 1957-67 Increases (in cents per hour) in allowances effective in— Industry 1967 A u to m o b ile s _____ . .............. . . ......... . ....................... F a rm and con stru ction e q u ip m e n t____________ . A e r o s p a c e ................. ......................................... .............. T r u c k in g ________________ _____ _________ __________ M eatpack in g____ _____ _________________ ___________ S t e e l ...----------------------------------------------- ------------------A lu m in u m ________________________________________ C on tainers (cans).............. .............................................. R a ilroa d s......................................................................— A v era ge (m ean) increase 12. .......................................... 1966 1964 1965 1 2 or 5 35 11 11 4 4 3-8 4 5-10 63 4 — 4 — — — — 4.0 11 85 — — — — 5.8 4 8 — — — — 8.3 3 3 4 — 4 — — — — 3.3 1963 1962 3 3 3 3 4 3 or 4 4 3 or 4 74 3 — — — — 3.3 1 2 (9) (9) (9) 2.4 1961 1960 1959 1958 1957 4 4 4 1 or 2 3 3 4 2 or 3 6 6 6 3 — 4 4 or 5 4 6 8 or 9 2 6 6 2 103 3 3 8 11 3 1 1 1 9 9 9 5 6.4 5 7 22 « 1 or 2 3 3 — 2.5 3 3 3 (9) 3.4 2.3 6 7 7 8 7.0 1 Three quarterly reviews of the cost-of-living allowance at American Motors Corp. and 2 reviews at other automobile companies resulted in increases of 5 cents and 2 cents, respectively, prior to contract expirations in the Fall. N ew 3-year agreements at Ford Motor Company and Chrysler Corp. changed the escalator review to annual from quarterly with the first review in 1968. General Motors Corp. and American Motors Corp. were still bargaining in m id-December 1967. 2 Includes 1 cent diverted for pension improvements. 3 Resulting from 3 quarterly reviews prior to contract expirations late in the year. A new 3-year agreement at Caterpillar Tractor Co. changed the escalator review to annual from quarterly with the first review in 1968. Other companies were still bargaining in mid-December 1967. 4 Varying b y company. 5 The 1957 changes apply to employees of only a few firms; escalator clauses were not established at some others until 1958. B y 1965, most companies had escalator clauses, including all the large firms on the Pacific Coast. 6 A 3-cent increase was diverted into health and welfare funds; no wage increase was granted. 7 Includes 1 or 2 cents diverted into health and welfare funds. 8 Resulting from one semiannual review prior to contract expirations; new contracts negotiated during the year deferred the first semiannual review until 1968. 9 Escalation discontinued during the year. 10 Includes 1.5 cents diverted toward a projected increase in the cost of insurance. 11 A 3-cent increase was diverted toward a projected increase in the cost of insurance. 12 Averages were based upon increases in industries where escalation was in effect during the entire year. in the cost-of-living allowance, with no maximum limit. The parties reportedly agreed that if the GPI advances sufficiently to warrant a greater in crease in the allowance under the previous formula, the 1970 negotiations would take this into account. A number of the 1967 contracts contained other stipulations. Agreements for about 50,000 workers specify that only if the CPI rises enough to pro vide a cost-of-living escalator adjustment in excess of the deferred wage increase will there be any change in the allowance; some also specify that the Index must rise substantially—about 2.0 points—before the allowance will be adjusted. Whereas most agreements tie the change in the allowance to changes in the Index between single months, about 750,000 workers have clauses which base adjustments on changes in quarterly averages of the CPI.9 The national B L S -C P I continues to be the most widely used index for escalator clauses. Only about 70,000 workers, or approximately 3 percent of all workers with escalator clauses, have adjustments based on reviews of individual city indexes. 9 Another important provision for escalation involves pensions of workers already retired under the Federal Civil Service A n nuity Plan. Legislation passed in 1962 provided for annual adjust ments in these pensions whenever the CPI rises by 3 percent for 3 consecutive months since the month on which the last adjust ment was based. 10 An expiration calendar for all agreements covering 1,000 workers or more will be available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics early in 1968. N ote : Dashes indicate no escalation plan in effect during the year. Significant Contract Provisions Table 8 lists 101 selected major bargaining agree ments, each covering 5,000 workers or more, ap plying in total to 2.9 million workers. Space limi tations preclude the listing of all major contracts covering 5,000 workers or more under which some action in 1968 is scheduled.10 The selection was designed to cover a broad range of industries and key bargaining situations; contracts in the con struction industry are not listed. Many of the selected bargaining agreements expire or may be reopened for wage negotiations between January 1 and December 31, 1968. (The effective dates of these actions are printed in boldface type in the ap propriate columns of the table.) Other agreements provide for wage reviews based upon changes in living costs or specify deferred wage increases pay able during 1968. ADDENDUM The summary o f deferred wage increases was prepared early in December and does not reflect settlements reached later in the month. By mid-December, when this article went to press, the Bureau had recorded settlements affecting an additional 80,000 workers that provided deferred wage increases in 1968. O f these, approximately 39,000 were in transportation; 27,000 in metalworking; 14,000 in retail and wholesale trade; and 1,000 in petroleum refining. 282-907 0 - 68-3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 28 T able 8. E x p ir a t io n , R e o p e n in g , an d W a g e - A d ju st m e n t P r o v is io n s of S e l e c t e d A g r e e m e n t s , J a n u a r y - D e c e m b e r 1968 C o l l e c t iv e B a r g a in in g [1968 expirations shown in bold face '] Order of Listing N onm anu facturing M anufacturing 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. . 7. . 6 8 Steel and a lu m in u m F a bricated m etal p rod u cts M achinery E lectrical p rod u cts A u tom ob iles A ircraft S h ipbu ildin g O ther transportation equ ip m en t 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 1415. 16. O rdnance an d accessories R u bber C hem icals Stone, c la y , and glass produ cts Paper A p parel L eather and leather produ cts F o o d p rod u cts Approxim ate n um ber o f em ployees covered U n io n 3 C o m p a n y or a ssocia tion 2 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. M ining A irlines R ailroads T ru ck in g an d w arehousing M aritim e T elep h on e and telegraph E lectric and gas utilities W holesale and retail trade F inan ce, insurance, and real estate H otels and restaurants P rovision s effective Ja n u a ry-D e ce m b e r 1968 for— C on tract term 4 Wage reopening A u to m a tic costo f-livin g r e v ie w 5 D eferred w age increase (h o u rly rate unless otherw ise specified) Sept. 30, 1968_____ Sept. 30, 1968; 3 percent (6-cent m inimum). 1. Steel and Aluminum Aluminum Co. of America- Auto Workers; Aluminum Workers; and Steelworkers. Steelworkers-- Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp. ____d o—........ . Kaiser Steel Corp. (Fon tana, Calif.). United States Steel Corp., ____d o____ ____ 5 Steel Producing D ivi sions (salaried, clerical, and technical em ployees). .do. 10 major basic steel com panies—production and maintenance employees: Armco Steel Corp. Bethlehem Steel Co. Colorado Fuel and Iron Corp. (Massachusetts and Colorado). Inland Steel Co. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp. (Pennsylvania and Ohio). National Steel Corp., Great Lakes Steel Division (Michigan). Pittsburgh Steel Corp. Republic Steel Corp. United States Steel Corp. Y oungstown Sheet and Tube Co. 31,000 June 1965 to May 1968. 9,000 June 1965 to May 1968. Sept. 1965 to July 1968. Sept. 1965 to July 1968. 6,800 7,100 332,400 Sept. 1965 to July 1968. 2. Fabricated Metal Products Steelworkers____ ____ d o________ _ 14,800 13,500 Oct. 1964 to Jan. 1968. Oct. 1964 to Jan. 1968. 3. Machinery except Electrical Briggs and Stratton Corp. (Milwaukee, W is.). Timken Roller Bearing Co. (Canton, Columbus, and Wooster, Ohio). Allied Industrial Workers. Steelworkers____ 5,000 10,000 Aug. 1965 to July 1969. Sept. 1965 to Aug. 1968. July 31, 1968, on 60 days’ notice. 4. Electrical Products 85,000 Workers (IU E ). Oct. 1966 to Oct. 1969. June 1968; 4 percent. 18,000 M a y 1970. 3 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis W A G E C ALEN D AR FOR 1968 T able 8. E x p ir a t io n , Company or association 2 29 R e o p e n in g , an d W a g e -A d ju st m e n t P r o v is io n s of S e l e c t e d A g r e e m e n t s , J a n u a r y - D e c e m b e r 1968— Continued Union 5 Ap proxi mate number of em ployees covered C o l l e c t iv e B a r g a in in g Provisions effective January-December 1968 for— Contract term 4 Wage reopening Automatic costof-living rev iew 5 Deferred wage increase (hourly rate unless otherwise specified) 4. Electrical Products— Continued Radio Corp. of Am erica___ Western Electric Co., Inc., (Kearney, N .J.). Western Electric Co., Inc., Hawthorne Works (Chicago, 111.). Westinghouse Electric Corp. Electrical Workers (IB E W ). ____d o ......... 26,000 July 1967 to June 1970.6 11,500 Dec. 1966 to Dec. 1969. Feb. 1967 to Feb. 1970. 10,100 June 1, 1968; 4 percent (9-cent m inim um ). June 16, 1968, on 60 days’ notice. Aug. 19, 1968, on 60 days’ notice. Electrical W ork ers (IU E ). 40,000 Oct. 1966 to N ov. 1969. Oct. 14, 1968 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Federation of Westinghouse Independent Salaried Unions (Ind.). 14,000 Oct. 1966 to N ov. 1969. Oct. 14, 1968 Zenith Radio Corp. (Chicago, IH.). Independent Radionic Workers of America (Ind.). 12,000 July 1965 to June 1968. Oct. 14, 1968; 6-12 cents for hourly workers; $2.40-$4.80 per week for salary weekly; $10.40-$20.80 per month for salary monthly. Oct. 14, 1968; $2.40-$6.20 per week for salary weekly keysheets; $10.40-$31.19 per month for salary monthly keysheets; and 3 percent for professional and adminis trative keysheets. 5. Automobiles Budd Co. National Agreement. A uto Workers___ 13,600 Feb. 1965 to Mar. 1968. Chrysler Corp. .do. 95,000 N ov. 1967 to Sept. 1970.6 Ford Motor Co. .do. 160,000 Oct. 1967 to Sept. 1970.6 Quarterly (Mar., June, Sept., Dec.). Similar to F ord’s settlement, details not avaHable. Allowances ad justed annuaUy, but paid on a quarterly basis. 6. Aircraft Bendix Corp. Auto W orkers___ 13,000 Feb. 1965 to Apr. 1968. Boeing Co. M achinists.......... 51,800 Oct. 1965 to Oct. 1968. Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc., Professional employees (California and Tulsa, Okla.). Southern California Profes sional Engi neering Associ ation (Ind.). M achinists.......... 5,300 Sept. 1965 to Oct. 1968. 10,500 Aug. 1965 to July 1968. Quarterly (Feb., M ay, Aug., N ov.). 21,000 July 1965 to July 1968. Quarterly (Feb., M ay, Aug., N ov.). 28,700 July 1965 to July 1968. Quarterly (Jan., Apr., July, Oct.). 18,700 N ov. 1965 to Nov. 1968. 33,000 Oct. 1965 to Sept. 1968. Quarterly (M ar., June, Sept., D ec.). Quarterly (Jan., Apr., July, Oct.). Douglas Aircraft C o., Inc., Missile and Space Sys tems Division (Santa M onica, Calif.). Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc. A uto Workers___ (Long Beach, Calif.; Tulsa, Okla.; and Char lotte, N .C .). Lockheed Aircraft Corp. Machinists______ (Los Angeles County, Calif., and Marietta, Ga.). M cDonnell Aircraft Corp. ____ d o___________ (St. Louis, M o.). North American Aviation, Inc. A uto Workers___ United Aircraft Corp., Pratt & W hitney A ir craft Division (Connecticut).___________________ See fo o t n o t e s a t en d o f table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 16,000 Nov. 1968. Quarterly (M ar., June, Sept., Dec.). Quarterly (Jan., Apr., July, Oct.). 1968; similar to F ord ’ s settle ment, details not available. 1968 ; 9)4-17 cents. M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 19G8 30 T able 8. E x p ir a t io n , R e o p e n in g , an d W a g e - A d ju st m e n t P r o v is io n s of S e l e c t e d A g r e e m e n t s , J a n u a r y - D e c e m b e r 1968— Continued Approxi- Company or association 2 Union 3 number of em ployees covered C o l l e c t iv e B a r g a in in g Provisions effective January-December 1968 for— term 4 Wage reopening Automatic costof-living rev iew 6 Deferred wage increase (hourly rate unless otherwise specified) 7. Shipbuilding General Dynamics Corp., Electric Boat Division (Groton, Conn.). Jacksonville Shipyards, Inc. (Duval County, Fla.). Newport News Shipbuild ing and D ry Dock Co. (Newport News, Va.). Pacific Coast Ship builders’ Association. M etal Trades Council of N ew London County. Independent Workers Union of Flor ida (Ind.). Peninsula Ship builders Asso ciation (Ind.). M etal Trades District Coun cil. 12,500 July 1965 to June 1968. 5,000 Jan. 1967 to Jan. 1970. 15.000 July 1965 to July 1969. July 3, 1968; 3 percent. 15.000 July 1965 to June 1968. Jan. 1, 1968; 5 cents. June 1, 1968 (may be opened to discuss basic wage rates only). 8. Other Transportation Equipment General American Transportation Corp. Pullman Inc., PullmanStandard Division. Steelworkers____ 5,500 ____ d o___________ 5,600 Oct. 1965 to Sept. 1968. N ov. 1965 to Sept. 1968. 9. Ordnance and Accessories 9,600 Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Lockheed Missiles and Space Division. Quarterly (Jan., Apr., July, Oct.). July 1965 to July 1968. 10. Rubber Firestone Tire and R ub ber Co. Rubber W orkers. Uniroyal Inc. (U.S. Rubber). 17,000 July 1967 to Apr. 1970. 22,000 July 1967 to A pr. 1970. July 1, 1968; 15 cents (2-4 cents of this increase is for inequity adjustment at 3 plants). July 1, 1968; 15 cents. 11. Chemicals D ow Chemical Co. (M idland and B ay City, M ich .). F M C Corp., American Viscose Division, Fibers Operations. M ine Workers, District 50 (Ind.). Textile Workers Union. See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5,900 Mar. 1965 to Mar. 1968. 8,000 June 1965 to June 1968. Quarterly (Mar., June, Sept., Dec.). 31 W A G E C ALEN D AR FOR 1968 T able 8. E x p ir a t io n , R e o p e n in g , an d W a g e - A d ju st m e n t P r o v is io n s of S e l e c t e d A g r e e m e n t s , J a n u a r y - D e c e m b e r 1968— Continued Union 3 Company or association 2 Approxi mate number of em ployees covered C o l l e c t iv e B a r g a in in g Provisions effective January-December 1968 for— Contract term 4 Wage reopening Automatic costof-living rev iew 6 Deferred wage increase (hourly rate unless otherwise specified) 12. Stone, Clay, and Glass Products Glass Bottle Glass Containers M anu Blowers. facturers Institute, Inc. (National Automatic Machine Dept.). ........d o ................ . Glass Container M anu- . facturers Institute, Inc. (production and mainte nance—West Coast). Glass Container M anu facturers Institute, Inc. (production and mainte nance-excluding West Coast). Glass and Ce Libbey-Owens-Ford ramic Workers. Glass Co. 7,000 Mar. 1965 to Feb. 1968. 6,000 Mar. 1965 to Mar. 1968. 26,000 Feb. 1965 to Jan. 1968. 8,400 Oct. 1965 to Oct. 1968. 13. Paper International Paper Co., Southern Kraft Division. Pacific Coast Association of Pulp and Paper Manufacturers. Papermakers and Paperworkers; Pulp and Sul phite Workers; Electrical Workers (IB E W ). Association of Western Pulp and Paper Workers (Ind.). June 1, 1968; 5 percent. 12,000 M ay 1970.6 20,100 March 15, 1968; 5 percent plus special adjustments of 10 cents per horn- for journey men and journeymen plus mechanics, and 5 cents per hour and all wom en’s jobs. Mar 1967 to Mar. 1969. 14. American Millinery Manufacturing Assn., Inc. (N ew York City and N ew Jersey). Clothing Manufacturers Association of the U .S.A. Popular Priced Dress Manufacturers’ Group, Inc.; Popular Price Dress Contractors Association, Inc.; United Better Dress Manufacturers Association, Inc.; Na tional Dress Manufac turers Association, Inc.; and Affiliated Dress Manufacturers, Inc. International Shoe Divi sion of Interco, Inc. Jan. 1, 1968: 2 percent per week for piece workers; $2-$3 per week for weekly workers. 8,500 Dec. 1968. Clothing Workers. Ladies’ Garment Workers. 100,000 80,000 June 1965 to May 1968. Feb. 1967 to Jan. 1970. 15. Brown Shoe Co. Apparel United Shoe Workers; Boot and Shoe Workers. ____do__________ Teamsters (In d .). American Bakery and Confectionery Workers. 12,100 N ov. 1966 to Oct. 1968. 11,000 Oct. 1966 to Sept. 1968. See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 75,000 9,000 Feb. 1, 1968: week workers— $5-$8.50 per week; piece workers—25 cents per hour. Leather and Leather Products 16. California Processors, Inc. (Calif.). National Biscuit Co. (Interstate). In the event of an increase or decrease in cost of living since Jan. 15,1967. Mar. 1967 to Feb. 1970. Sept. 1967 to Aug. 1969.6 In event of changes in Com pany’s competitive or economic position. Jan. 2, 1968: 12 cents-hourly; 7 percent-piece rates. Feb. 1, 1968: additional ad justments in piece rates. Jan. 1, 1968: 12 cents to timeworkers; 6 cents per clock hour plus 4 cents on class wages to pieceworkers; additional 5 cents to lowest wage. Food Products Mar. 1, 1968: 9-16 cents. Sept. 1, 1968: 12 cents. 32 T able M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 8. E x p ir a t io n , Company or association2 R e o p e n in g , an d W a g e -A d ju st m e n t P r o v is io n s of S e l e c t e d A g r e e m e n t s , J a n u a r y - D e c e m b e r 1968— Continued Union 5 Approxi mate number of em ployees covered C o l l e c t iv e B a r g a in in g Provisions effective January-December 1968 for— Contract term 4 Wage reopening Automatic costof-living rev iew 6 Deferred wage increase (hourly rate unless otherwise specified) Semiannually (Jan. and July). Sept. 1968: 11 cents plus 0.5 increase in increments be tween job classes. A d d i tional 8 cents to some plants. Sept. 1968: 11 cents. Other reported terms similar to Armour and Co. Sept. 1968: 11 cents. Other reported terms similar to Armour and Co. 16. Food Products— Continued Pineapple companies (canneries and planta tions) (Hawaii). Armour and C o— ........ Longshoremen and Warehousemen (Ind.). Packinghouse Workers; Meat Cutters. Mar. 1965 to Jan. 1968. 12,000 Mar. 1967 to Aug. 1970.8 10,000 John Morrell and Co. Swift and Co. 6,000 ____ d o .____ _____ 12,000 Aug. 1970.6 (Jan. and July). Mar. 1967 to Aug. 1970.« Semiannually (Jan. and July). 17. M ine Workers Anthracite operators (Ind.). Pennsylvania. Bituminous coal operators - ------ d o___________ 10,000 80,000 Sept. 1966 to Open End. Apr. 1966 to Open End. Mining After Sept. 30, 1968, on 60 days’ notice. 18. Airlines American Airlines Inc., airline mechanic, plant maintenance, fleet serv ice and ground service employees. Pan American W orld Airways, Inc., airline mechanics and ground service employees. 5 major airlines: Eastern, National, Northwest, Trans-World and United (mechanics and related employees). 10,500 Sept. 1966 to Dec. 1968.6 Notice on Mar. 31, 1968, for wages to be effective May 1, 1968. ____ d o___________ 9,600 Dec. 1966 to Mar. 1969.6 Serve notice on May 31, 1968, for rates of pay effective July 1, 1968. Machinists........... 35,400 Jan. 1966 to Dec. 1968.6 Transport Workers. Jan. 1, 1968 and Sept. 1, 1968. May 1, 1968 ; 5 percent. 19. Railroads Class I Railroads: Nonoperating unions. Class I Railroads: Oper- Machinists; Electrical Workers (IB E W ); Sheet M etal Workers; Boilermakers; Firemen and Oilers; Rail way Carmen. Railroad Signal men; Maintenance of W ay Employees; Transportation Communica tions E m ploy ees; Hotel and Restaurant Employees. 137,000 Open End.6 A t any time after Dec. 31, 1968. 135,000 Jan. 1967 to A t any time after June 30, Open End.6 1968. 38,000 Aug. 1966 to A t any time after June 30, Open End.6 1968. 19,000 Aug. 1966 to A t any time after June 30, Open End.6 1968. Dec. 1966 to A t any time after June 30, Open End.6 1968. ating unions. Railway Express Agency, Inc. Locom otive Engineers (Ind.). Railway Conductors (Ind.). Railway C lerks.. See fo o tn o te s a t en d o f table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 35,000 July 1, 1968; 5 percent to all employees. Skilled employees receive additional 5 cents on April 1, 1968, and Oct. 1, 1968. Jan. 1, 1968 ; 2.5 percent. 33 W A G E C ALEN D AR FOR 1968 T able 8. E x p ir a t io n , R e o p e n in g , an d W a g e - A d ju st m e n t P r o v is io n s of S e l e c t e d A g r e e m e n t s , J a n u a r y - D e c e m b e r 1968— Continued Union 3 Company or association 2 Approximate number of em ployees covered C o l l e c t iv e B a r g a in in g Provisions effective January-December 1968 for— Contract term 4 Wage reopening Automatic costof-living rev iew 6 Deferred wage increase (hourly rate unless otherwise specified) 20. Trucking and Warehousing Central States area overthe-road m otor freight supplemental agree ment. Joint area cartage agreement (Illinois and Indiana). Western States area local cartage. In event of war, declaration of emergency, or imposition of economic controls, on 60 days’ notice. __ _.d o______ ___________ __ Apr. 1, 1968. Apr. 1, 1968; 15 cents. Apr. 1, 1968. Apr. 1, 1968; 15 cents, also 34-cent increase in milage rate. Apr. 1967 to Mar. 1970. ____ d o____ ________________ Apr. 1, 1968. Apr. 1, 1968; 15 cents. 29,000 Apr. 1967 to Mar. 1970. ____ d o____ Apr. 1, 1968. 9,500 Apr. 1967 to Mar. 1970. Apr. 1, 1968; 15 cents (18-20 cents for Northern Nevada). Apr. 1, 1968; 15 cents, also J4-cent increase in milage rate. Teamsters (Ind.) _ 120,000 Apr. 1967 to Mar. 1970. ____ d o___________ 40,000 Apr. 1967 to Mar. 1970. ____ d o.................... 14,000 Central States area local cartage supplemental agreement. Western States area overthe-road m otor freight supplemental agree ment ___ ____ ______ __do_________ __ _ ___ __ _ Apr. 1, 1968. 21. Maritime Atlantic and Gulf Coast tanker companies, un licensed personnel. D ry cargo agreement (Atlantic and Gulf Coasts). Maritim e_______ Passenger and dry cargo agreement, unlicensed personnel (Atlantic and Gulf Coasts). Freightship agreement, unlicensed personnel (Atlantic and Gulf Coasts). Galveston Maritime Assn., Inc.; and Houston Maritime Assn. (Ports of Texas; and Lake Charles, La.). N ew Orleans Steamship Association, deep sea agreement (Port of New Orleans, La.). N ew York Shipping Assn., Inc. (Port of Greater N ew York and vicinity). Pacific Maritime Associa tion, unlicensed seamen (Pacific Coast). M aritime........ - 5,000 Aug. 1963 to June 1969. Union to give 60 days’ notice on or after Apr. 16, 1968. June 16, 1968; 3.2 percent increase in total em ploy ment costs to be allocated at union's option. 6,200 neers. June 1969. 16,300 Aug. 1963 to June 1969. Seafarers________ 9,200 Sept. 1965 to June 1968. Longshoremen’s Association. 5,000 Oct. 1964 to Sept. 1968. ____ d o__________ 5,000 Oct. 1964 to Sept. 1968. ____ d o .____ _____ 24,000 Oct. 1964 to Sept. 1968. Apr. 16, 1968, on 60 days’ notice. June 16, 1968; $25 per month per job, to be allocated as determined b y the union. 10,400 June 1969. 22. Telephone and Telegraph C ommunications American Telephone and Telegraph Co., Long Workers. lines Dept. Electrical Illinois Bell Telephone Workers Co., Plant Dept. (IB E W ). (Illinois). N ew York Telephone Co., Telephone Traffic Traffic D ept. (New Union (Ind.). York; downstate area). C ommunications New York Telephone Co., Workers. Downstate and Upstate Plant Depts. ____ do___________ Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Co. (Northern California) and Bell 'Belephone Co. of Nevada. ____ d o___________ Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Co. Southwestern Bell Tele ____ d o___________ phone Co. Western Electric Co., Inc., ____ d o___________ Service Division, Instal lation Organization. See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 24,000 Jan. 1967 to Jan. 1970. July 16, 1968, on 60 days’ notice. 11,400 Oct. 1966 to Oct. 1969. Apr. 7, 1968, on 60-70 days’ notice. 15,000 Apr. 1967 to Mar. 1970. Sept. 13, 1968, on 60 days’ notice. 25,000 Feb. 1967 to Feb. 1970.« August 1968. 24,600 Oct. 1966 to Oct. 1969. Apr. 16, 1968, on 60 days’ notice. 65,300 N ov. 1966 to N ov. 1969. Feb. 1967 to Feb. 1970. Sept. 1966 to Sept. 1969. May 14, 1968, on 60 days’ notice. Aug. 5, 1968, on 60 days’ notice. Mar. 6, 1968, on 60 days’ notice. 50,700 21,500 34 T able M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 8. E x p ir a t io n , Company or association 2 R e o p e n in g , an d W a g e - A d ju st m e n t P r o v is io n s of S e l e c t e d A g r e e m e n t s , J a n u a r y - D e c e m b e r 1968— Continued Union 3 A p proxi mate number of em ployees covered C o l l e c t iv e B a r g a in in g Provisions effective January-December 1968 for— Contract term 4 Wage reopening Automatic costof-living rev iew 5 Deferred wage increase (hourly rate unless otherwise specified) 22. Telephone and Telegraph—Continued Western Union Telegraph Co. (Interstate) (ex cluding New York metropolitan area). Telegraphers____ 19,500 June 1966 to May 1968. 23. Electric and Gas Utilities Consolidated Edison Co. of New York, Inc. (New York C ity and West chester County, N .Y .). Pacific Gas and Electric Co. (California). U tility Workers.- 19,600 Dec. 1965 to Nov. 1968. Electrical Workers (IB E W ). 17,700 July 1966 to June 1970. Food Employers Council, Inc., and Independent Retail Operators (South ern California). Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Co. (New York). Retail Clerks___ 45,000 Apr. 1964 to Mar. 1969. Meat Cutters___ 16,200 Aug. 1965 to Aug. 1968. Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union. Retail Clerks____ 8,500 Apr. 1965 to Jan. 1968. 9,900 Feb. 1966 to Feb. 1968. Metropolitan Life Insur Insurance Workers. ance Co. R ealty Advisory Board on Building Service Labor Realtions, Inc.; Employees. apartment buildings (New York, N .Y .). Realty Advisory Board on ____ d o ___________ Labor Relations, Inc.; commercial buildings (New York, N .Y .). 8,500 M ay 1966 to Apr. 1968. A pr 1967 to Apr. 1970. Jan. 7, 1968 ; 5-7 cents, and July 7, 1968 ; 2.5-7 cents (no increase in lower classifica tion minimum rates). July 1, 1968; weekly increase varies b y occupation. Conditional wage reopeners based on BLS Consumer Price Index formula on written notice between June 15 and July 1, 1968. 24. Wholesale and Retail Trade M a cy’s N ew Y ork Division of R . H. M acy and Co., Inc. (New York, N .Y .). Washington, D .C ., Food Employers’ Labor Relations Association (Washington, D .C ., area.). Annually (first M onday in April). Apr. 1, 1968; 7.5 cents (varies for apprentices and helpers). 25. Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate 20,000 25,000 Apr. 21, 1968; 12.5 cents. Jan. 1966 to Dec. 1968. Jan. 1, 1968; 10 cents. 26. Hotels and Restaurants Golden Gate Restaurant Association and Independent Restaurants and Taverns (San Francisco, Calif.). Hotel Association of New York City, Inc. (New York, N .Y .). Southern Florida Hotel and Motel Association (Greater Miami, Fla., area). Hotel and Restaurant Employees. 12,500 Sept. 1964 to Aug. 1969. N ew York Hotel and Motel Trades Council. 32,000 June 1966 to M ay 1970. Hotel and Restaurant Employees. 5,300 Sept. 1965 to Sept. 1969. Sept. 1, 1968, on 90 days’ notice. Sept. 15, 1968, on 30-60 days’ notice. 1 Contracts on file with the Bureau of Labor Statistics, N ov. 1,1967, execpt where footnote indicates that information is from newspaper source. 2 Interstate unless othewise specified. 3 Unions affiliated with the A F L -C IO , except where noted as independent. 4 Refers to the date the contract is to go into effect, not the date of signing. Where a contract has been amended or modified and the original termination date extended, the effective date of the changes becomes the new effective date of the agreement. F or purposes of this listing, the expiration is the formal termination date established b y the agreement. In general, it is the earliest date on which https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis week. (In event subway fare is increased to 25 cents, wages will be increased an additional 50 cents per week.) Mar. 16, 1968; $1 per week (no increases provided for the Banquet Dept., i.e. Extra Waiters, Extra Bartenders, etc.). termination of the contract could be effective, except for special provisions for termination as in the case of disagreement arising out of a wage reopening. Many agreements provide for automatic renewal at the expiration date un less notice of termination is given. The Labor Management Relations A ct of 1947 requires that a party to an agreement desiring to terminate or m odify it shall serve written notice upon the other party 60 days prior to the ex piration date. 5 Date shown indicates the month in which adjustment is to be made, not the month of the Consumer Price Index on which adjustment is based. 6 Information is from newspaper account of settlement. Special Labor Force Report W ork Experience of the Population F orrest A. Bogan and E dward J. O’Boyle* A rise in manpower requirements during 1966 enabled 1.7 million more men and women than in 1965 to work at year-round full-time jobs. For the first time, the number of persons working the en tire year at full-time jobs reached 50 million. Almost half (47 percent) of the advance was among women, who constituted only 40 percent of the annual labor force. The 900,000 increase in year-round full-time employment of men was ac companied by a substantial reduction in the total working full time 27 to 49 weeks during the year. For women, however, the expansion was part of a rise in the number who started to work during the year; the number of women who worked full time for less than half the year also increased during 1966. As in other years, a much smaller proportion of Negro than white workers were employed at full-time jobs all year; between 1965 and 1966 this gap did not narrow significantly.1 Part-time employment also expanded during the year. About 16 million persons worked at part-time jobs in 1966, over 600,000 more than during the previous year. About three-fourths of this incre ment, particularly among the women, wTere persons who worked year round. These developments largely explain the reduc tion in unemployment during 1966. The number of persons who had 1 week or more of joblessness during the year fell by 750,000 to 11.4 million. The number of men with unemployment during the year dropped by 11 percent and was largely at tributable to the continuing demand for yearround workers. On balance, greater manpower re quirements did not reduce unemployment among women but rather drew significant numbers of them into the labor force. Most of the improvement in unemployment oc https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis curred among those who had been jobless for a to tal of 15 weeks or more; this number fell to about 2.7 million, about 700,000 fewer than in 1965. Un employment did not decline in all duration groups, however. The number of persons out of work for fewer than 5 weeks rose by approximately 250,000 to 3.3 million. All o f the decline in unemployment was among whites. The proportion of whites with unemploy ment in 1966 was 12 percent compared with 14 percent in 1965. Among Negroes, however, the percent with unemployment—22 percent—re mained the same. Labor Force Attachment The majority o f the 86 million Americans with work experience in 1966 held a strong attachment to the labor force. F ifty million o f them were employed at year-round full-time jobs and 5.4 mil lion worked a full year at part-time jobs; an other 5.2 million persons were in the labor force all year but were unemployed part o f the year. The traditionally stronger attachment of men than women to the labor force was clear in the figures (table 1). Four out of five men were fullyear labor force participants, compared with about half the women. Year-round labor force at tachment was slightly less, overall, for Negro men than for white. Among women, the same propor tion of white and Negroes were in the labor force year round.2 *O f the D iv is io n o f L a b o r F o rc e S tu dies, B u rea u o f L a b o r S ta tis tics. 1 D a ta p erta in to the 1966 w o rk exp erien ce o f p ersons in the civ ilia n n o n in stitu tio n a l p o p u la tio n 16 yea rs and over, and are based on in fo rm a tio n fro m su p p lem en ta ry qu estion s to th e F e b ru a ry 1967 m o n th ly su rv ey o f th e la b o r fo rce , co n d u cte d fo r the B ureau o f L a b o r S ta tistics by th e B ureau o f th e C ensus th ro u g h its cu rre n t p o p u la tio n survey. T h is is th e eigh th in a series o f re p o rts on th is s u b je ct. T he m o st re ce n t w as p u b lish ed in th e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , D ecem ber 1966, pp. 1 3 6 9 -1 3 7 7 , and is rep rin ted w ith a d d itio n a l ta b u la r d a ta and e x p la n a to ry n otes as S pecial L a b or F o rc e R e p o rt N o. 76, w h ich also in clu d es a co m p lete lis tin g o f e a rlier re p o rts and th eir cov era ge. 2 T he tables in th is re p o rt re fe r t o the “ n o n w h ite ” p o p u la tio n , o f w h om 92 p ercen t are N egroes. T h e d a ta th u s overw h e lm in g ly p e rta in to N egroes and w ill be used in th is a rtic le to describe the exp erien ce o f N egroes. 35 36 The following analysis will deal with persons 18 years o f age and older, because most 16- and 17year-old boys and girls are enrolled in school and have only a tenuous attachment to the labor force. For example, although 3.8 million 16- and 17-yearolds worked or looked for work at some time dur ing 1966, about two-thirds of them were in the labor force for less than half a year. Summer vaca tion and part-time jobs are characteristic of this group’s attachment to the work force. The degree o f labor force attachment of the working population 18 years o f age and over varied considerably by sex, age, color, and marital status (table 2). The proportions of workers in the year-round labor force will serve as indexes for comparing the relative degree o f commitment of each group to the work force. Thus, 83 percent of the men 18 years and over who worked during 1966, compared with 56 percent of the women, were in the labor force all year. A much stronger attachment exists among the married compared with the unmarried men, and among the men in the prime working age groups as contrasted with persons of school or retirement age. Labor force behavior o f women tends to run contrary to the men’s experience. Single women enter the labor force at an early age and maintain a fairly strong attachment if they remain unmarried. Married women, because of family responsibilities, are less likely to work all year. Predictably, working men with family respon sibilities had the strongest attachment to the labor force in 1966; 9 out of 10 married men but only 6 out of 10 unmarried men 18 to 64 years old were full-year labor force participants. Particularly among the young adults, the contrast was striking. Less than half o f the unmarried men 18 to 24 years old who worked in 1966 were in the labor force year round, compared with proportionately twice as many married men. Many of the young unmar ried men were in college or entered the labor force after the beginning o f the year. The smaller proportion of Negroes enrolled in school accounts for much o f the difference between young adult Negroes and whites. Among the young men, for example, 64 percent of the Negro workers com pared with 57 percent o f the white workers were full-year labor force participants. Among men 25 to 54 years of age, the relative labor force attachment of Negroes and whites is https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LAB O R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 reversed; a slightly higher proportion of white than Negro men (92 and 89 percent, respectively) were in the labor force year round. Married women 25 years old and over who worked are less likely to be in the labor force all year than unmarried women, primarily because they have family responsibilities. About 56 per cent o f the married women in this age group were in the labor force all year compared with 71 per cent of those unmarried. Among young women (18 to 25), 37 percent o f the married and 42 percent of the unmarried had a strong attachment to the labor force, but the reasons for these low rates are different. For married women, presence of young children hampers many o f them from remaining in the year-round labor force; for unmarried wom en, attendance at school is most likely the main reason. Among married women 25 to 44 years old, Negro women were more likely than white women to be in the labor force for the entire year. This d if ference arises primarily because relatively more Negro wives find it necessary to supplement the husband’s comparatively low wages. On the other hand, among married women age 45 and over, relatively fewer Negro women are in the yearround labor force. More illness and disability among the older Negro women help explain this reversal in labor force attachment. Also, it is prob able that seasonal employment affects older Negro women more than whites. Unemployment The incidence of unemployment varies widely by attachment to the labor force, but more sig nificantly by such characteristics as age, sex, color, and occupation. During 1966, unemployment tended to be relatively low, less than 10 percent, among persons 18 years of age and over who had been in the labor force all year or for only a brief period (1 to 13 weeks). Many of the latter group are probably housewives and students who already have temporary jobs when they enter the labor force and leave as soon as the job is finished. The proportion with unemployment was highest among persons, both white and Negro, in the labor force 27 to 39 weeks (chart 1). For example, among men with this much attachment to the labor force, 1 out of 4 was unemployed at some time during the year. W O R K E X P E R IE N C E OF T H E POPULATION T a b l e 1. W o r k E x p e r ie n c e of 37 P erso n s 16 Y e a r s of A ge an d O ver, by Both sexes 1965 1964 of E m ploym ent Male Work experience 1966 Extent 1963 1966 1965 an d b y S e x , 1963-66 Female 1964 1963 1966 1965 1964 1963 Number (thousands) T otal who worked during the year 86,266 83,930 83,011 81,186 51, 708 51,067 50,742 49,783 34, 558 32,863 32,269 31,403 Full time 2______________________ ____ _______ - ............ 70,140 50 to 52 weeks_______ ______- __________________ _ 50,049 27 to 49 weeks........... ..............__ - - __ ___ - ........ _ 10,647 1 to 26 weeks........................................... .................... . 9,444 ............. ___ 68,433 48,383 11,157 8,893 67, 516 46,832 11,682 9,002 65,929 45,445 11,555 8,929 45,909 36,191 5,802 3,916 45,353 35,293 6,297 3,763 45,124 34,419 6, 717 3,988 44,170 33, 583 6,684 3,903 24,231 13,858 4,845 5,528 23,080 13,090 4,860 5,130 22,392 12,413 4,965 5,014 21, 759 11,862 4,871 5,026 Part time............. ................................................. ................ 16,126 50 to 52 w eeks... _____ __________ ______ ______ 5,407 27 to 49 weeks____________________________________ 3,380 1 to 26 weeks____________ ____ _______ ______ ____ 7,339 15,497 4,940 3,068 7,489 15,495 4,836 3,204 7,455 15,257 4,813 3,162 7,282 5,799 2,091 1,162 2,546 5,714 1,969 1,088 2,657 5,618 1,847 1,117 2,654 5,613 1,764 1,164 2,685 10,327 3,316 2,218 4,793 9,783 2,971 1,980 4,832 9,877 2,989 2,087 4,801 9,644 3,049 1,998 4,597 Percent distribution 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Full time 2___________________________________________ 50 to 52 weeks_______________________________ _ _ 27 to 49 weeks,.- ________ ____ _______ _________ 1 to 26 weeks........................................................ .......... 81.3 58.0 12.3 10.9 81.5 57.6 13.3 10.6 81.3 56.4 14.1 10.8 81.2 56.0 14.2 11.0 88.8 70.0 11.2 7.6 88.8 69.1 12.3 7.4 88.9 67.8 13.2 7.9 88.7 67.5 13.4 7.8 70.1 40.1 14.0 16.0 70.2 39.8 14.8 15.6 69.4 38.5 15.4 15.5 69.3 37.8 15.5 16.0 Part tim e______ _____________ _____ _________________ 50 to 52 w eek s................................... ..................... ___ 27 to 49 weeks_______________ ______ ________ ____ 1 to 26 weeks________________________________ ___ 18.7 6.3 3.9 8.5 18.5 5.9 3.7 8.9 18.7 5.8 3.9 9.0 18.8 5.9 3.9 9.0 11.2 4.0 2.2 4.9 11.2 3.9 2.1 5.2 11.1 3.6 2.2 5.2 11.3 3.5 2.3 5.4 29.9 9.6 6.4 13.9 29.8 9.0 6.0 14.7 30.6 9.3 6.5 14.9 30.7 9.7 6.4 14.6 T otal who worked during the year 1____ _______ 1 Tim e worked includes paid vacations and paid sick leave. 2 Usually worked 35 hours or more per week. N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal totals. A majority of the men in the labor force 27 to 39 weeks are 18 to 24 years old, many of whom are making their first labor force entry with its at tendant job hunting and job changing. Unemployed workers are primarily persons who have strong attachment to the labor force. The majority of those with some unemployment (61 percent) were in the labor force all year and nearly another 10 percent for 40 to 49 weeks. A greater proportion of the unemployed Negro than white workers were in the labor force all year (66 and 60 percent, respectively). Many unemployed workers are not easily dis couraged. Among unemployed persons in the labor force all year, about 12 percent of the men and 20 percent of the women were jobless for over 6 months—more than half of the time they were in the labor force. Greater proportions of Negro than white jobless workers in the labor force the entire year were unemployed for at least half the time— about 16 percent of the Negro men and 27 percent of the women. The Non worker A total of 1.3 million persons looked for work during 1966 but did not find any, and they con stituted 11 percent of all persons unemployed at https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis some time during the year (table 3). A dispropor tionately large percentage, one-fourth, were Negro; among all workers, 11 percent were Negro. Nearly half the persons who looked but did not work were under 25, most of them probably stu dents. Another large proportion (39 percent) were women (chiefly married) age 25 and over. Only about 150,000 were men 25 to 64 years. The length of unemployment among the non workers varied widely by sex and color. Among the women, about 60 percent looked for work for less than 5 weeks and about 17 percent for 15 weeks or more; of the men about 40 percent were in each category. Moreover, among the small group of men 25 to 64 years old about half looked for work for over 6 months compared with only 12 percent of women in the same age group. A greater propor tion of the Negro persons (one-third) than of the white (one-fifth) looked for work for 15 weeks or more, possibly an indication o f their greater financial need. Exactly how many among the 1.3 million persons who looked but did not find work in 1966 became discouraged and dropped out of the labor force is not certain. A substantial proportion, however, were seriously attached to the labor force. In February 1967 at the time of the survey, some 500,000 of them were in the labor force, with nearly M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 38 200,000 employed, a majority as full-time workers. Over half of the 300,000 who were unemployed in February had been jobless at that time for 15 consecutive weeks or more. Occupations of the Employed The proportion of workers who are employed year round at full-time jobs during the year depends not only on economic conditions but also the extent to which workers want only part-time jobs or have entered the labor force during the year. Teenagers and others in school as well as persons of retirement age are much less inclined than those in the central age group to work all year at full-time jobs, and women are not as likely as men to be steadily employed. About 58 percent of all persons who worked in 1966 were year-round full-time workers—a somewhat higher percent than a year earlier. The proportion of men was nearly double that for women. Seven out o f ten men who were employed at some time during 1966 worked at year-round full T a b l e 2. L ength of T im e in L a b o r F o rce time jobs. The occupation groups with the highest proportions of regular workers (year-round full time) are generally those with above average ed ucational requirements. Approximately 9 out of 10 men who were managers and officials and 8 out of 10 professional and technical workers were em ployed all year at full-time jobs. Virtually all— 91 percent—o f the engineers and salaried man agers and officials worked all year. Unemployment rates in these two occupations are usually the lowest of all. About three-fourths of the 10 million men who worked during 1966 as skilled craftsmen worked year round at full-time jobs. However, this pro portion varied widely among the various occu pations in this broad group. Largely because of the seasonal nature o f their work, fewer than 6 out o f 10 skilled construction craftsmen worked regularly all year compared with 9 out of 10 fore men and 8 out of 10 mechanics and other skilled workers. Year-round full-time work was somewhat less common among the 11 million men who worked of P e r so n s W it h W o r k an d M a r it a l S t a tu s E x p e r ie n c e in 1966, by Female Male Age, marital status, and color Percent distribution of weeks in labor force Total with work experience (thousands) Total 51, 708 100.0 A ge, Se x , C o lo r, 50 to 52 27 to 49 weeks weeks Total with work experience 1 to 26 (thousands) weeks Percent distribution of weeks in labor force Total 50 to 52 27 to 49 weeks weeks 1 to 26 weeks A ll P ersons Total, 16 years and over------------------------------------------------ 81.0 8.6 10.4 34,558 100.0 54.3 18.4 27.3 59.1 33.3 20.6 29.9 16 to 19 years____________________ ______ ______ ______________ 20 to 24 years___ ____ ______ ___________________ ________ - 25 to 64 y ea rs..------ ------------------------------- ----------------------------------65 years and o v e r ..._____ _________________________ ________ - 4,935 5,418 38,619 2,736 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 31.6 68.5 90.6 59.5 15.7 12.0 6.8 15.5 52.6 19.5 2.7 25.0 4,054 5,048 24,044 1,412 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 22.0 46.5 61.6 50.9 18.9 20.2 17.8 19.2 Married, spouse present.. ................................... .................... .......... Single and other marital status----------------------------------- . -------- 38,977 12,731 100.0 100.0 89.2 55.9 7.2 13.2 3.7 30.9 20,492 14,066 100.0 100.0 53.3 55.8 19.3 16.9 27.4 27.2 Total, 16 years and o v e r ...----------- ---------------------------------- 46,510 100.0 81.3 8.6 10.1 30,179 100.0 54.3 18.3 27.4 16 to 19 years___________ . ------------------- ------------------- ---------20 to 24 years__________________________ _______ _______ _______ 25 to 64 years---------------------- ----------------- ----------------------- ------65 years and over________ ____ _______ _ . ---------- -------- ------- 4,358 4,787 34,847 2, 518 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 32.2 67.1 90.9 59.7 16.3 12.5 6.6 15.8 51.5 20.4 2.5 24.6 3,605 4,453 20,871 1,250 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 22.1 46.5 61.7 51.5 19.7 20.2 17.6 19.2 58.2 33.3 20.7 29.4 Married, spouse present _ ---------------------------------- ---------- ------Single and other marital status._. ........... ....................... ......... 35,613 10,897 100.0 100.0 89.4 54.7 7.0 13.8 3.6 31.6 18,314 11,865 100.0 100.0 53.1 56.1 19.3 16.8 27.5 27.1 White N onwhite Total, 16 years and over___________________ ____ _________ 5,198 100.0 78.6 9.0 12.3 4,379 100.0 54.4 18.6 27.0 16 to 19 years_________________________________________________20 to 24 years____ _________ _________________ _____ ________ _ 25 to 64 years_______ _________ . ----------- ---------------------------65 years and over____________ _______ . . . . . ----------------- . . . 577 631 3,772 218 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 27.3 79.2 87.6 56.9 11.5 8.3 8.6 12.5 61.3 12.5 3.8 30.6 449 595 3,173 162 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 20.4 46.6 61.0 46.6 13.0 19.5 19.1 19.3 66.6 33.9 19.8 34.2 Married, spouse present. . . . ___ _ ____________ . . ------------Single and other marital status____________ . ------------------------- 3,364 1,834 100.0 100.0 87.1 63.1 8.7 9.8 4.3 27.1 2,178 2,201 100.0 100.0 54.6 54.2 19.3 17.8 26.2 27.9 N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal totals. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 39 W O R K E X P E R IE N C E OF T H E POPULATION Chart 1. Unemployment and Labor Force Attachment in 1966 P e r c e n t with unemployment 30 | | W H IT E in any other major occupation group to work at year-round full-time jobs—2 out of 3. Among professional and technical workers, close to half held regular full-time jobs and one-fourth worked part time. H alf of the more than 10 million women who were clerical workers were year-round full time workers. A greater proportion o f the sten ographers, typists, and secretaries were regular workers than those in other clerical positions. The three broad occupation groups of sales, service, and private household workers accounted for relatively few of the year-round full-time women workers : Percent of women with— Occupation Service w orkers (except p rivate h o u s e h o ld ). Sales w ork ers....................................... P rivate household w ork ers..................... year-round full-time jobs Part-time jobs 35 51 65 30 27 17 Women who wanted part-time jobs tended to find employment in these occupations. Negro Workers during the year as operatives—68 percent. O f the semiskilled workers in nonmanufacturing indus tries (most likely in trade and service) fewer were regular workers, and more part-time, than opera tives in factories or drivers and deliverymen. Among women, other factors, in addition to skill level, are important in determining the incidence of year-round full-time work. Many of them do not want to remain in the labor force all year, or if they do, they want only part-time jobs. Only 40 percent o f all women who worked during 1966 were employed all year at full-time jobs. About 30 percent were usually employed at part-time jobs, a majority o f whom worked only part of the year. As with men, women who were managers, o f ficials, and proprietors were more likely than those https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Men working in white-collar and skilled occu pations had greater opportunity for year-round full-time employment than those in semiskilled, service, or unskilled occupations. Among Negro men, year-round full-time work was less prevalent than among whites, but this only reflects the d if ferent proportions in white-collar and skilled oc cupations. In the service, and particularly un skilled occupations, the proportions of Negroes employed regularly were significantly higher than those of whites, as shown in the following tabulation: Percent in occupations who Percent distribution worked year round of all workers full time White N onwhite White N onwhite M en *______ _______- ................ White-collar............. Skilled___________________ - ........ . Semiskilled-................................... - - Service___________________________ Unskilled-............................. - ............ 100.0 40.0 20.0 19.9 6.8 6.8 100.0 17.5 12.8 27.2 15.2 18.8 71.0 79.6 75.4 68.1 55.8 39.4 61.0 74.5 66.7 64.6 59.3 49.6 Womens____ ______ White-collar_______________ Service___________________________ Private household------------------------Semiskilled________________ 100.0 59.8 15.3 5.1 15.3 100.0 25.9 22.7 25.3 17.5 40.6 47.0 28.4 10.8 42.3 36.4 47.8 40.0 25.9 42.5 1 In clu d e s farm w ork ers, n o t show n. s In clu d e s skilled, u n sk illed , and farm w ork ers, n o t show n. 40 M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 T able 3. E xtent of U nemployment of P ersons 16 Y ears A ge of Both sexes 1965 Over , by Se x , 1964-66 Male Extent of unemployment 1966 and 1964 1966 1965 Female 1964 1966 1965 1964 Number (thousands) Total working or looking for w ork___________________________ Percent with unemploym ent-------------------------------------------- 87, 540 13.0 85,246 14.2 84, 618 16.4 52,103 12.5 51,553 14.1 51,343 16.4 35, 437 13.8 33,693 14.4 33,275 16.3 T otal with unemploym ent-____ _____________________________ 11,387 12,131 13,843 6,503 7,289 8, 419 4,884 4,842 5,424 1,274 10,113 1,316 10,815 1,607 12, 236 395 6,108 486 6,803 601 7,818 879 4,005 830 4,012 1,006 4, 418 1,269 8,844 1,198 9, 617 1,115 11,121 923 5,185 879 5,924 811 7,007 346 3,659 319 3,693 304 4,114 3,348 2,038 1,047 1,567 844 3,088 2,196 1,277 1,983 1,073 3,015 2, 531 1,506 2,434 1,635 1,727 1,286 707 972 493 1,642 1,381 867 1,342 692 1,642 1,687 1,035 1,598 1,045 1,621 752 340 595 351 1,446 815 410 641 381 1,373 844 471 836 590 3,411 1,465 1,946 3,915 1,755 2,160 4, 713 2,323 2,390 2,295 900 1,395 2, 753 1,139 1,614 3,284 1,562 1, 722 1,116 565 551 1,162 616 546 1,429 761 668 D id not work hut looked for w ork _______________________ With work experience. ............................... .................... .......... Year-round workers 1 with 1 or 2 weeks of unemploym ent---------------- -----------------------------------------------------Part-year workers,2 total_____________________________ With unemployment of— 1 to 4 weeks__________________________________ 5 to 10 weeks_________________________________ 11 to 14 weeks______________________________ _ 15 to 26 weeks____________________ __________ 27 weeks or more_________ _____________ . . . Total with 2 spells or more of unemployment________ 2 spells__________ __________ ________ ___________ 3 spells or m ore__________________________________ Percent distribution Unemployed persons with work experience, total____________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Year-round workers 1 with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment____ Part-year workers 2 with unemployment o f__________________ 1 to 4 w eeks..___________ ___________ _____ ______________ 5 to 10 weeks_____ __ ________ ____________________ _ _ 11 to 14 weeks____ _____ ______________________________ __ 15 to 26 weeks___________________ _______________________ 27 weeks or more___ __________ ___________ _____________ 12.5 87.5 33.1 20.2 10.4 15.5 8.3 11.1 88.9 28.6 20.3 11.8 18.3 9.9 9.1 90.9 24.6 20.7 12.3 19.9 13.4 15.1 84.9 28.3 21.1 11.6 15.9 8.1 12.9 87.1 24.1 20.3 12.7 19.7 10.2 10.4 89.6 21.0 21.6 13.2 20.4 13.4 8.6 91.4 40.5 18.8 8.5 14.9 8.8 8.0 92.0 36.0 20.3 10.2 16.0 9.5 6.9 93.1 31.1 19.1 10.7 18.9 13.4 T otal with 2 spells or more of unemploym ent________________ 2 spells___ . . . . . . . ___________ _ ________________ 3 spells or m o r e .___________ _____________________________ 33.7 14.5 19.2 36.2 16.2 20.0 38.5 19.0 19.5 37.6 14.7 22.8 40.5 16.7 23.7 42.0 20.0 22.0 27.9 14.1 13.8 29.0 15.4 13.6 32.3 17.2 15.1 1 Worked 50 weeks or more. 2 Worked less than 50 weeks. While the data are not conclusive, the available evidence suggests the following: (1) A combina tion of limited job opportunities elsewhere and low wage rates in the service and unskilled occupa tions force many more Negroes than whites to work year round full time at these jobs; and (2) for many whites such jobs are a source of support for other activities, such as going to school. Thus whites more than Negroes are not available for year-round full-time work at this level. Among women, the proportion o f Negroes working at year-round full-time jobs was at least the same as for whites. For service and private household workers the proportion of Negroes was considerably higher than o f whites. The overall proportion of Negro women employed at regular full-time jobs, however, was not higher than that of whites because o f the large concentration in private household occupations where the propor tion regularly employed at full-time jobs is low. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal totals. Occupations of the Unemployed The 10 million workers with some unemploy ment in 1966— 12 percent of all persons who worked—were heavily concentrated among bluecollar and service workers, occupations generally requiring the least education and training or sub ject to seasonal layoffs. Two-thirds of the unem ployed were craftsmen, operatives, laborers, and service (including private household) workers, although only half of all who worked during the year were in these occupations. Unemployment among construction craftsmen in 1966 continued to be the highest of any occupa tion, except among unskilled workers in the same industry, despite efforts to decrease seasonal em ployment. They constituted about a third of the employed but almost two-thirds o f the unem ployed skilled workers. Thus, unemployment among craftsmen excluding construction workers 41 W O R K E X P E R IE N C E OF T H E POPULATION was very low—only 9 percent—in 1966. The high est percent of unemployment occurred among con struction laborers, one-third of whom were jobless during the year. Among the 2.4 million persons unemployed a total o f 15 weeks or more, a disproportionate share were blue-collar and service workers. Joblessness for a total of 15 weeks or more was very common among unemployed men who were carpenters or other skilled construction craftsmen, service workers, and farm and nonfarm laborers, and among unemployed women who were operatives, private household workers, and other service workers. While many of the workers jobless for many weeks during 1966 may be relatively un skilled, there were other factors which contribute to prolonged unemployment—low or poor educa tion, discrimination because of age, sex, or color, and predominantly seasonal or intermittent char acter of employment in an industry or area. Three-fourths of the unemployed experienced fewer weeks of unemployment. In many occupa tions, the majority of the unemployed were job less for a month or less. Among men, white-collar employees, mechanics and repairmen, and opera tives in manufacturing were generally unem ployed for only a short duration. Among women, the majority o f white-collar workers were jobless for only one spell o f unemployment. Unem ploy ment of 1 month or less is usually frictional, such as the entry into the labor force of young people, the reentry o f women, and leaving one job for an other because of changing manpower needs or bet ter employment conditions. Largely because Negroes tend to be concentrated in occupations in which chances to be unemployed are greatest, relatively more Negroes than whites were unemployed during 1966, 19 and 11 percent, respectively (chart 2). For example, 80 percent of the unemployed Negroes were blue-collar and serice workers, compared with 65 percent of the un employed whites. Furthermore, Negroes were 3 Under revised definitions, official labor force estimates now relate to ages 16 years and over. Comparisons with 1960 are based on persons 14 years and over because data for 16 years and over are not available for years prior to 1966 in the detail discussed. However, most comparisons are not greatly affected because over this period the number of 14- and 15-year-olds with work experi ence increased by only 300,000. Furthermore, 14- and 15-year-olds are primarily part-year and part-time workers and in 1966 they constituted a relatively large proportion only among agricultural wage and salary (15 percent) and unpaid fam ily (19 percent) workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Chart 2. Unemployment Among Negroes and Whites in 1966 PERCENT 20 40 60 80 Relatively more Negro than white workers had some une mplo ym ent And more of the unemployed Negroes were jobless 15 weeks or more . . . In part because Negroes were more heavily conc en trated in blue-collar and service occu pa tions . . . Where the per cen t of workers with some une mplo ym ent is high: NEGROES [ ] W H IT E S more likely to be jobless longer. Overall, a third of the unemployed Negroes were jobless for a total of 15 weeks or more, but only one-fifth of the whites. In some occupations, the proportions o f Negroes with severe unemployment were particu larly large. Among craftsmen, relatively twice as many Negroes as whites (44 versus 21 percent, respectively) were jobless for 15 weeks or more. Among service workers (including private house hold) 35 percent of the Negroes and 25 percent of the whites were unemployed for that many weeks. Work Experience, 1960-66 Approximately 7.9 million more persons worked at some time during 1966 than 6 years earlier.3 Two of the more striking developments over this period were a sharp rise in the number of women with work experience and for men a shift to yearround full-time employment from working at full time jobs, 27 to 49 weeks. (See chart 3.) Both movements were closely related to steady advances in manpower requirements since 1961 and scattered labor shortages in recent years. 42 M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968 Chart 3. Changes in the Number of Persons With Work Experience, 1960-66 M -6 -4 I L L -2 I O N S O T O T A L W IT H W O R K E X P E R IE N C E W O R K E D F U L L T IM E 50-5 2 w eeks 2 7-4 9 weeks 1-26 w eeks W O R K E D P A R T T IM E M EN I I LZI W OMEN Higher manpower requirements led to a rise in the num ber of women with work experience, and for men, to a shift to year-round full-time employment. Women accounted for about 60 percent of the 7.9 million increase in the number of persons with work experience between 1960 and 1966. More started working in 1966— 1.7 million—than in any other year. More than half o f the net increase for women during the 1960’s occurred among yearround full-time workers who even in 1966 ac counted for less than half of all women who worked. The greater part o f this upward move ment came in 1965-66. The upsurge in regular employment was particularly significant because women in this group generally have a continuing attachment to the labor force. Ninety-seven per cent of the women who worked all o f 1966 at full time jobs were still in the labor force in February 1967. Important gains also occurred in part-time work. About 1.2 million more women reported working part time in 1966 than 6 years earlier. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis This increase was closely matched by a 1.1 million rise in the total with full-time jobs for 1 to 49 weeks. O f the 2.6 million rise since 1960 in the number of women working all year at full-time jobs, edu cational services accounted for 725,000.4 In edu cational services, there was an equally large gain in part-year full-time and part-time employment combined. Some of the more important factors that combined to bring about this growth were soaring school enrollment, expanded use of school facili ties during summer months, and greater utiliza tion of the specialized services o f such educational institutions as day nurseries, libraries, and trade schools. About 350,000 women were added as year-round full-time workers in medical and health services since 1960. Two-thirds of the increase occurred in the second half of this period and was associated with greater government participation in financ ing medical care. At the same time, the proportion usually working part-time schedules rose from about 1 in 5 to 1 in 4, indicating that medical and health facilities are turning increasingly to parttime workers to meet manpower shortages. Less dramatic but nonetheless signficant gains in yearround full-time work were reported in retail trade, apparel, public administration, and electrical machinery. Employed Men Roughly 3.1 million more men were employed at some time in 1966 than 1960; about 2.1 million were added between 1963 and 1966. Over the 6 years the number working year round full time jumped by 4.3 million. This increase was more evenly distributed over the 6-year period than the advance in the total with work experience. At least 750,000 regular workers were added in every year except 1961 when economic activity fell off sharply. The upturn in year-round full-time employment appears to be allied with the rollback in the number working at full-time jobs for 27 to 49 weeks. Since 1960, the size o f this group dropped by 1.8 million as better business conditions led to a significant shift into year-round full-time work. The largest * Includes In addition to primary and secondary schools, and colleges, such institutions as reading clinics, museums, and art galleries. 43 W O R K E X P E R IE N C E OF T H E POPULATION annual increase in regular work occurred at the same time (1963) as the biggest decrease in full time employment of 27 to 49 weeks’ duration. About 2.6 million more men worked year round full time as wage and salary workers in manufac turing industries in 1966 than in I960.5 Hard goods producers, particularly in primary and fabricated metals, electrical and nonelectrical machinery, and transportation equipment, accounted for threefourths o f the increase. Soft goods producers, notably in food processing and chemicals, were re sponsible for the balance. A t the same time, full time work for 27 to 49 weeks dropped by almost 450,000; the decreases were heavily concentrated in durable goods production. Year-round full-time wage and salary employ ment in nonmanufacturing increased by 3.3 mil lion during the 6-year period ending in 1966. A disproportionate share was in construction where 750,000 more wage and salary workers reported working all year at full-time jobs. The increases in regular employment in nonmanufacturing (excluding construction) appear to be associated largely with secular developments in the economy. In manufacturing and construc tion, on the other hand, cyclical forces seem to be the major consideration. Heavy cutbacks in year-round full-time employ ment were limited to farming activity, where the number of self-employed and wage and salary workers fell by 625,000 over the 6-year period. At the same time, the number who worked full time 27 to 49 weeks dropped by 225,000. Clearly these movements were part of a longrun decline in man power requirements on the farm that is creating serious problems of dislocation. A portion o f these workers, undoubtedly, found new jobs in the booming nonagricultural sector. Unemployment, 1960-66 Two divergent movements marked the changes in unemployment between 1960 and 1966 as the total number o f persons who were unemployed at some time during the year declined by 2.5 mil lion.6 For men, both the jobless total and its composition changed significantly over this period, while for women only the composition of the un employed was altered materially. Both movements reflect some of the principal differences in the effect 282-907 0 - 68-4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Chart 4. Changes in the Number of Persons With Unemployment, by Duration, 1960-66 M -3 .0 H -1 .0 I MEN I -0 .5 [ L L I O O N S 0 .5 1.0 1.5 j WOMEN For men, both the jobless total and its composition changed significantly since 1960, while for women only the composition was altered materially. 1 Less than 50,000. of rising manpower requirements on the labor force activity of men and women. The number of men with unemployment during the year dropped by 2.7 million over the 6 years since 1960. (See chart 4.) Except for 1960-61, when the economy struggled through a period o f dete riorating business conditions, each succeeding year brought a further decrease in the jobless total. The large cutback in the number o f men with unemployment was limited to nonworkers who 5 Estimates of the number with work experience in 1966 by class of worker and industry are not strictly comparable with those for previous years because of earlier misclassifications of some wage and salary workers as self-employed. The change in classification resulted in a shift of about 750,000 from nonfarm self-employment to wage and salary employment. This change affects the work experience data primarily for men in trade and service industries ; increases in manufacturing and other nonfarm industries are believed to be relatively minor. 8 Includes all persons 14 years of age and over. M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968 44 looked for work and part-year workers out of work a total of 5 weeks or more, as the number of workers with very short-term unemployment (1 to 4 weeks) increased. Most of the decrease came in 1964-66 and is largely attributable to a sizable in crease in the number of men working all year at full-time jobs.7 Working men who were unem ployed for a total of 15 weeks or more were among the principal beneficiaries of the sharply rising demand for regular wrnrk crews. The rollback was evenly apportioned between those who were jobless for 15 to 26 weeks and those unemployed 27 weeks or more. Together, these men accounted for 22 per cent of the total with unemployment in 1966 com pared with 34 percent in 1960. Unemployment fell markedly among those workers who have particularly severe problems in finding steady jobs, that is, men who were unem ployed for one spell of 15 weeks or more. About 825.000 fewer men in this group were out of work for 4 consecutive months or more in 1966 than 6 years earlier. While fewer men were unemployed at some time in 1966 than 1960, the number of women with un employment remained unchanged. Between 196164, however, the total for women was significantly higher and only in recent years has it fallen to the 1960 level. Thus, women accounted for 43 percent of all persons with unemployment in 1966 com pared with 34 percent in 1960. Nevertheless, unem ployment declined for select groups. For example, 375.000 fewer part-year workers were jobless for 5 weeks or more in 1966 than in 1960. Significantly, most of the decline developed among those who were unemployed a total of 15 weeks or more. About 1 out of 5 of the unemployed women in 1966 w'ere part-year workers with 15 weeks or more of unemployment compared with 1 out of 4 in 1960. The decrease in the number who were jobless for 15 weeks or more was balanced by an equivalent increase in the number of part-year workers with unemployment of 1 to 4 weeks. A growing demand for labor did not reduce the number of women with unemployment because 4.8 million more women worked or looked for work in 1966 than in 1960. Fewer Negro men were unemployed at some time in 1966 than in 1960, but the percentage de crease in the number of unemployed Negroes just matched the rate of decline for white men. Thus, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis no special advantage accrued to either group. Over the period Negroes constituted about 17 percent o f all men with unemployment. Even in recent years when the demand for labor climbed abruptly, this proportion did not change significantly. At the same time, the number of Negro women with unemployment did not vary appreciably. Like their male counterparts, however, Negro women accounted for a stable 20 percent of all women with unemployment. Teenagers Approximately 32 percent of the 7.3 million 14and 15-year-olds worked or looked for work at some time during 1966.8 Because many young teenagers have a highly seasonal attachment to the labor force, their participation rate in any given month is usually much lower than the total for the year. The proportion in the labor force in 1966 ranged from a February low of 13 percent to a June high of 27 percent. During the summer months (June-August) nearly twice as many were in the labor force as during the regular school year (September-May). More than two-thirds, how ever, were not in the labor force at any time during 1966. Almost all (97 percent) said that going to school was the main reason for not working or looking for work. O f the 2.3 million boys and girls who worked in 1966, about 500,000 reported year-round employ ment. All but a very small portion of these were part-time workers. Most o f the other 1.8 million with work experience were employed part-year on 7 For the period 1 9 5 5 -6 6 , year-to-year variations in the number of men with year-round full-time jobs explained 72 percent of the yearly changes in the number of part-year workers with unemployment of 5 weeks or more. L ea st sq u a re r eg r e ssio n e q u a tio n fo r y e a r -to -y e a r ch a n ges A Part-year workers unemployed 5 weeks or more = 297,057 — 1.0153 X A workers employed year round full time Standard erro r: 0.2080 Coefficient of correlation : — 0.85 Level of significance : .001 8 Several new concepts and methods to measure and report official manpower statistics were introduced in January 1967. One of these revisions raised the lower age limit of the labor force to 16 from 14 years. The reasons for this change were several. First, child labor laws protect the young worker from hazardous occupations and working conditions. Second, unemployment is a far less significant economic problem for young teenagers than for older persons. Finally, the primary activity of persons in this age group is going to school rather than working or looking for work. 45 W O R K E XP E R IE N C E OF (THE POPULATION part-time schedules. School enrollment was the major reason reported for working part-year only; fewer than 50,000 attributed their part-year work history chiefly to unemployment. Roughly 200,000 14- and 15-year-olds were un employed at some time during 1966. This num ber represented 8.6 percent o f the total working or looking for work and was far below the 13.0 percent for persons 16 years of age and over. About 21/2 times as many 14- and 15-year-olds were jobless during the summer months as in the normal school year. Unemployment dropped sharply from the June-August period to October when nearly all of the younger teenagers were en rolled in school. O f the part-year workers with un employment, only 2 percent of the 14- and 15-yearolds compared with 20 percent of those 16 and over cited unemployment as the reason for not working all year. The proportion of long-term unemployment (15 weeks or more) among 14- and 15-year-olds remained close to 18 percent over the 1960-66 period, while the equivalent proportion of unemD ata for these age groups not available before 1964. ployed persons 16 and over dropped from 33 per cent in 1964 to 24 percent in 1966.9 The decline among the latter group is clearly attributable to rising manpower requirements. Since most young sters start looking for work only when schools close in June and stop when schools reopen in Sep tember, few are in the labor force long enough to accumulate more than 3 months of unem ployment during the entire year. School attend ance, therefore, is an important determinant not only of the level of unemployment but its dura tion as well. Although the rate of unemployment for 14- and 15-year-olds is relatively high (on a monthly basis, 7.9 percent in 1966) it is far more important that relatively few have a strong labor force attach ment. O f those who worked in 1966, only 38 per cent were still in the labor force in February 1967. Fewer yet encounter unemployment at all. Thus, the central problem is not one of finding more jobs for 14- and 15-year-olds in order to reduce the current rate of unemployment. Rather it is one of raising their educational achievement in order to minimize the risk of unemployment in their adult years. Assuring a place for all citizens in the world of work is not consideration for the poor, but insurance for the majority. National manpower policy has been greatly influenced in the postwar era by our response to the threat from without. In the years ahead it must be shaped by the challenge from within. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis — Eli Ginsberg. W orkers’ W ages in Construction and Maintenance L ily Mary David and T. P. K anninen * A study covering three crafts in 50 metropolitan areas in late 1965 or early 1966 1 indicates that union scales of skilled workers in building con struction were almost uniformly higher than the average straight-time hourly earnings of such workers in maintenance activities. The three crafts were carpenters, electricians, and painters. Few individual maintenance workers in these trades were paid as much as the union scale for construction work in their area. Differentials and Overlap Union scales of construction carpenters were 11 to 73 percent higher than average hourly earnings of maintenance carpenters in the same area, with the difference amounting to 33 percent or more in half the cities. For the electricians, scales were 18 to 63 percent higher than average hourly earn ings of maintenance electricians, with a difference o f at least 39 percent in half the cities. Scales for painters in building construction were lower than the average hourly pay o f maintenance painters in only one city—Richmond, Va. Elsewhere differentials in favor of union scales for painters were smaller than for maintenance electricians or carpenters ; they ranged from 7 to 54 percent, with a differential of at least 27 percent in half the metropolitan areas surveyed (table 1). *O f the Division of W age Economics and formerly of the Division of Occupational Pay, Bureau of Labor Statistics, respectively. 1 Data vary among cities from September 1965 to M ay 1966. (See table 1.) 2 Differences in the relative importance of various industries as well as in the extent of unionization among cities presumably affected the size of the differential for all three trades. For example, the relative importance of employment in the service industries in New York reduced average hourly earnings for maintenance workers in that city. 46 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In cents per hour, the construction-maintenance differentials ranged among cities from 34 cents to $2.45 for carpenters, and from 66.5 cents to $2.01 for electricians. Maintenance painters in Rich mond earned 34 cents more, on the average, than the union scale for construction painters. In a majority of cities, the differentials were 85 cents to $1.30 for carpenters, $1.10 to $1.50 for elec tricians, and 55 cents to $1.10 for painters. Differentials varied not only among cities but among the three trades within the same city. (See table 2.) To some extent, this lack of uniformity reflects intercity differences in the industries in which maintenance workers are concentrated and the extent of unionization of maintenance workers, as well as differences in local bargaining conditions among the three construction crafts.2 The spread between construction scales and maintenance pay varied more among cities within a region than among regions. (See chart.) For car penters and electricians, however, differentials in favor of building scales tended to be proportion ately greater in the Northeast than in other cities. O f 10 cities with the greatest differentials, the Northeast accounted for 7 in the case of carpenters, Union Construction Scales as Percent of Straight Time A verage H ourly Earnings in M aintenance W ork, Selected M etropolitan Areas, Three Crafts, 1 9 6 6 Percent 100 125 150 175 200 . CONSTRUCTION AND M AINTENANCE W A G ES T able 1. 47 Straight-T ime A verage H ourly E arnings in M aintenance W ork C onstruction, 3 T rades in 50 A reas, 1965-66 Carpenters Region, metropolitan area, and date of survey Northeast: Boston—Oct. 1965________ _ Buffalo—Dec. 1965 ________ New Haven—Jan. 1966i_- _ New Y ork—April 1966 . Philadelphia—N ov. 1965______ Pittsburgh—J n. 1966 .. Portland—N ov. 1965_____ Providence-Pawtucket— May 1966____________________ Trenton—Dec. 1965___________ Y ork—Feb. 1966. _ ____ ____ South: Atlanta—May 1966____________ Baltimore—N ov. 1965.._ . . . Birmingham—April 1966______ Charleston—April 1966____ Chattanooga— Sept. 1965. Dallas—N ov. 1965____ . . ____ Houston—June 1966________ Jacksonville—Jan. 1966________ Little R ock-N . Little R ock— Aug. 1965___________________ Louisville—Feb. 1966__________ Memphis—Jan. 1966______ Miami—Dec. 1965 _____ . _ _ New Orleans—Feb. 1966.. . _ Richm ond—N ov. 1965... . . . Savannah—May 1966 _________ Washington, D .C .-M d .-V a .— Oct. 1965___________________ North Central: Chicago—April 1966______ . . . Cincinnati—March 1965_______ Cleveland—Sept. 1965___ Columbus—Oct. 1965__ __ Davenport-Rock IslandMoline—Oct. 1965__________ Dayton—Jan. 1966.. . . . __ _ Des Moines—Feb. 1966___ . Detroit—Jan. 1966___ Indianapolis—Dec. 1965____ _ Kansas "City—N ov. 1965__ Milwaukee—April 1966.. _____ Omaha—Oct. 1965____ ______ St. Louis—Oct. 1965__________ South Bend—March 1966______ Toledo—Feb. 1966____ . . . . _ Wichita—Oct. 1965____________ Y oungstown-W arren— N ov. 1965___________________ West: Denver—Dec. 1965____________ Los Angeles-Long Beach— March 1966_____________ . . . Phoenix—March 1966____ _ . . . Portland—May 1966___________ Salt Lake City—Dec. 1965____ San Diego—N ov. 1965____ . . Spokane—June 1966___ Average hourly earnings in mainte nance Union scales in building construc tion $3.13 3.17 2. 79 3.35 3.38 3. 34 2. 52 U nion Scales Electricians Construction rate higher by— Average hourly earnings in mainte nance Union scales in building construc tion in B uilding Painters Construction rate higher by- Average hourly earnings in mainte nance Union scales in building construc tion Construction rate higher by- Dollars per hour Per cent $4. 50 4.315 4.50 5.80 4. 45 5. 075 3. 70 $1.37 1.145 1.71 2. 45 1.07 1.735 1.18 44 36 61 73 32 52 47 $3. 24 3.49 3.04 3.46 3.33 3.45 2. 75 $5. 25 5.11 4. 75 5.20 5. 25 5.25 3.95 $2.01 1.62 1.71 1.74 1.92 1.80 1.20 62 46 56 50 58 52 44 $2.88 3.19 2.88 3.16 3.03 3.14 2.33 $4.20 4.125 4. 25 4.80 3.975 4. 425 2.50 $1.32 . 935 1.37 1.64 .945 1.285 . 17 46 29 48 52 31 41 7 2. 66 3.08 2.62 3.95 4.80 3. 55 1.29 1.72 .93 48 56 35 2. 97 3.30 2.94 4.55 5.30 4. 40 1.58 2.00 1.46 53 61 50 2.68 3.09 2.59 3.60 4.375 3. 05 .92 1.285 .46 34 42 18 2. 97 3.11 3.31 3. 58 2. 45 2. 95 3.61 2. 82 4.00 4.09 3.90 4. 475 3.85 4.15 4. 32 3. 75 1.03 .98 .59 .895 1.40 1.20 .71 .93 35 32 18 25 57 41 20 33 3. 46 3.23 3.67 3. 58 2.91 3.18 3.69 3.18 4.30 4. 70 4. 35 4.45 4. 25 4.275 4.355 4.40 .84 1.47 .68 .87 1.34 1.095 .665 1.22 24 46 19 24 46 34 18 38 2.82 2. 98 3.06 3.53 2. 78 2.81 3.51 2. 67 4. 25 4.05 4.00 3. 65 3. 75 3.913 4.035 3. 50 1.43 1.07 .94 . 12 .97 1.103 .525 .83 51 36 31 3 35 39 15 31 2.47 3.40 2. 62 2.85 3.09 3.11 3.14 3.65 4.125 4.00 3.90 3.90 3.45 3.80 1.18 .725 1.38 1.05 .81 .34 .66 48 21 53 37 26 11 21 2. 67 3. 57 3.22 3.05 3. 30 3.30 3.35 4. 35 4. 545 4.525 4.55 4.40 4. 05 4.35 1. 68 .975 1.305 1.50 1.10 .75 1.00 63 27 41 49 33 23 30 3. 25 2. 71 2.52 2.99 3.09 3.07 3.82 3.80 3. 57 3.375 2. 75 3.375 Dollars per hour Per cent Dollars Per per cent hour .57 18 40 1.09 45 1.05 .385 13 -1 1 -.3 4 .305 10 3.19 4.10 .91 29 3.30 4.90 1.60 48 2. 84 4.37 1.53 54 3. 66 3.26 3. 36 3.22 4.85 4. 40 4. 75 4.14 1.19 1.14 1.39 .92 33 35 41 29 3.67 3.35 3.46 3.37 4.95 4.75 4.89 4.60 1. 28 1.40 1.43 1.23 35 42 41 36 3. 86 3.20 3.22 3.13 4.60 4.00 4. 56 3.65 .74 .80 1.34 . 52 19 25 42 17 3.33 3.53 3.46 3.51 3.39 3. 49 3. 40 3.11 3.34 3.39 3.49 2.95 4.12 4. 38 4.20 4.43 4. 40 4.15 4. 26 4.10 4.675 4.15 4.495 3.825 .79 .85 .74 .92 1.01 .66 .86 .99 1.335 .76 1.005 .875 24 24 21 26 30 19 25 32 40 22 29 30 3.67 3.52 3. 54 3.73 3.53 3.63 3.70 3. 42 3.63 3. 41 3. 44 3.14 4. 56 4.64 4.60 5.00 4.625 4.85 4.60 4.60 5.15 4.50 4. 75 4.65 .89 1.12 1.06 1.27 1.095 1.22 .90 1.18 1.52 1.09 1.31 1.51 24 32 30 34 31 34 24 35 42 32 38 48 3.21 3. 34 3.37 3.40 3.34 3. 49 3.45 3.29 3.35 3. 51 3.28 2.93 3. 77 4.00 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.075 4.01 3.825 4.34 3.80 4.165 3. 50 3. 38 4. 50 1.12 33 3. 61 4.625 1.015 28 3.20 3.22 4.415 1.195 37 3.41 4.62 1.21 35 3. 35 3.39 3.35 3.39 3.25 3. 32 3. 53 4.64 4.505 4.68 4.10 4. 75 4. 45 1. 25 1.155 1.29 .85 1.43 .92 37 34 38 26 43 26 3.68 3. 56 3. 61 3.30 3.83 3.60 5. 46 5.00 5.00 4.60 5.50 4.538 1. 78 1.44 1.39 1.30 1.67 .938 48 40 39 39 44 26 3.37 3.05 3.49 3.24 3.24 3.43 4. 76 4. 05 4.05 3.85 4. 82 4.38 8 for electricians, and 5 for painters. Three cities with the greatest differentials for carpenters and painters and two for electricians were in the South. The greatest differentials occurred in New York 3 The construction scale in an area consists of a single rate for the occupation— the basic (minimum) wage scale established by the union agreement. Rates in excess of the negotiated minimum, which may be paid for special qualifications ov other reasons, are not included but are probably paid to relatively few workers. By contrast, the data reported for maintenance workers consist of their actual average hourly earnings, which vary among estab lishments and among individuals within the same establishment. The information for maintenance workers includes workers em ployed in both union and nonunion establishments. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and .56 .66 .53 .60 .76 .585 .56 .535 .99 .29 .885 .57 17 20 16 18 23 17 16 16 30 8 27 19 4.14 .94 29 3.85 .50 15 1.39 1.00 .56 .61 1.58 .95 41 33 16 19 49 28 City, where union scales exceeded average hourly earnings for maintenance employees in the same trade by 50 to 73 percent; New Haven, where the range was 48 to 61 percent; Trenton, 42 to 61; Boston, 44 to 62; and Pittsburgh, 41 to 52. An analysis of the distribution of individual maintenance workers’ earnings indicates very lit tle overlap between their pay and the union con struction scales in the city in which they work.3 As table 3 indicates, maintenance carpenters were paid the union construction scale in 20 of the 50 48 M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 T able 2. and A reas W ith H ighest and L owest Percentage D ifferential B etween U nion Scales in C onstruction Straight-T ime A verage H ourly E arnings of M aintenance W orkers, T hree C rafts, 1965-66 Carpenters Metropolitan area Electricians Percent differential— wage scales over maintenance average hourly earnings Painters Percent differential— wage scales over maintenance average hourly earnings Metropolitan area Percent differential— wage scales over maintenance average hourly earnings Metropolitan area Highest differentials New York __ . New H aven. . _____ _____ Chattanooga .. . Trenton. _ . Memphis____________________ Pittsburgh________________ . Little R ock-N . Little R o c k ... Providence-Pawtucket. ___ _ Portland, Maine___ . . . . . B o s to n ... . . . . . . . . _. 73 61 57 56 53 52 48 48 47 44 Little R ock-N . Little Rock T r e n t o n ..._____ _ Providence-Pawtucket. . Pittsburgh_______________ New York ____ _ Miami___ . . . . 63 62 61 58 56 53 52 50 50 49 Washington, D .C ___ 18 19 23 24 24 24 24 26 27 28 54 51 Boston_________ _____ Cleveland___. . . . . 46 42 42 Pittsburgh. . _______ 41 Charleston, W. V a _ Portland, Maine______ South Bend. . ____ Savannah___ . . . _ R ich m on d .. 3 7 8 10 11 Denver______ _______ ._ . H ouston___ 15 15 Om aha... . . . . 16 Lowest differentials R ic h m o n d ..___ ... _ Birmingham_______ _____ Kansas C i t y . . . ___ . . . . H ouston... Savannah ___ Louisville_________________ _ Des M oines.. _____ . . . South B end___ . . . ______ D ayton_______ D avenport-Rock Island______ 11 18 19 20 21 21 21 22 24 24 Houston___ Birm ingham .. . . . . R ichm ond_______________ Davenport-Rock Island... Atlanta____________ _ _. M ilwaukee.. Spokane___ __ . . Youngstown-W arren... __ metropolitan areas; in 40 of the cities, none of the maintenance electricians received the union construction rate; and in 17 of the cities, none of the painters received the union scale. Very rarely did as many as 10 percent of the maintenance workers in a metropolitan area receive the con struction scale. Among the areas where at least 10 percent of the maintenance carpenters and painters earned the union scale was Chicago. The overlap was greater for painters than for carpen ters or electricians. The overlap was confined largely to trade, where some stores paid their maintenance workers the construction scale. Their payment of the construc tion scale may be related in part to the fact that for relatively large projects, they hire union workers temporarily or contract work out to a union con tractor. Moreover, in some of the other industry divisions— for example, utilities—the pay scale for maintenance workers is governed by a job evalua tion system for all blue-collar workers. Meaning of the Differential In evaluating these differentials, a number of distinctions between construction and maintenance work should be recognized: There are substantial differences in the number of days worked in a year, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ... . _ since construction workers lose time because of weather and because of shifting from job to job as work on a project is completed. Even though newer methods of construction have reduced the exposure of building trades employees to weather, their working conditions are usually still more rigorous than those of maintenance employees. There may also be differences, especially for electricians, in the amount of skilled work actually performed in a workday. Some skilled maintenance workers fre quently are not kept busy at their highest skills during many hours for which they are paid, whereas the construction workers’ skills are usually utilized more constantly. Construction workers are generally faced with a greater variety of problems requiring their skills than maintenance employees. It should also be pointed out that data on union scales are limited to the central city ; the informa tion on average hourly earnings of maintenance workers pertains to all those employed throughout the metropolitan area. In some areas, there may be a difference in union scales between the central city and outlying communities. Moreover, the in formation for maintenance workers includes union and nonunion establishments. Trends. Information was available on trends in earnings and union scales from 1955 to 1966 (table 4). It indicates that in all cities, the absolute 49 CONSTRUCTION AND M AINTENANCE W A G ES On the other hand, percentage differentials did not widen at all for Buffalo carpenters or painters, Philadelphia carpenters, Atlanta or Cleveland carpenters or electricians, Baltimore carpenters, Dallas electricians or painters, Chicago painters, and Denver electricians. T able 3. P roportion of M aintenance W orkers R eceiving U nion C onstruction Scales in M ajor M etropolitan A reas, by R egion , 1965-66 Number of metropolitan areas in which specified percent of maintenance workers Percent of maintenance workreceived union scale or more ers receiving union scale o r ___________________________________________ more U nited North South North West States east Central Areas studied________________ 50 10 16 17 Carpenters: N one_____________________ Less than 2 percent_______ 2-4 percent_______________ 5-9 percent_____ . 10 percent or m ore________ 20 9 8 7 6 4 4 1 8 2 3 3 40 7 1 2 9 1 Electricians: N one_____________________ Less than 2 percent_______ 2-4 percent_______________ 5-9 percent_______________ 10 percent or more________ Painters: N one_____________________ Less than 2 percent. 2-4 percent___ ________ 5-9 percent_______________ 10 percent or more________ 1 0 5 0 2 4 2 5 2 4 12 1 1 2 12 7 6 2 4 3 3 5 0 Expenditures on Benefits. The comparisons pre sented here are limited to union wage scales or straight-time hourly earnings and take no account of expenditures for benefits. In mid-1966 union contracts in the construction industry provided for employer contributions toward vacation pay as well as insurance and pension benefits, averag ing about 9 percent of union scales and varying among cities from less than 2 to about 15 percent. For the same items, expenditures on benefits in manufacturing establishments in 1962 also amounted to approximately 9 percent o f straighttime hourly earnings. A more current picture of expenditures on benefits in manufacturing might indicate a slightly higher ratio of expenditures to hourly earnings. It is also true that expenditures on other benefits for which information is not available for construction (notably, holidays and other leave) would be higher in manufacturing than in construction. But even considering all benefits, the difference between construction and manufacturing expenditures would probably be relatively small. It would certainly not substan tially offset the differential in terms of wage rates. 7 5 - 17 11 4 5 13 4 3 3 3 5 1 1 5 1 1 differentials (cents per hour) have grown substan tially. In a majority o f cities, they also have grown in relative terms, although the percentage differ entials have not changed markedly in most jobs and areas, and in some cases they have not grown at all. A substantial widening in percentage differ entials did take place for Boston electricians and painters, Buffalo electricians, New York City and St. Louis carpenters, Atlanta and Baltimore painters, and Memphis carpenters and painters. T able 4. D ifferences B etween U nion C onstruction Scales and Straight-T ime A verage H ourly E arnings of M aintenance W orkers, 3 T rades in Selected M etropolitan A reas, 1955 and 1966 Excess of construction rates over maintenance straight-time average hourly earnings for— Carpenters Region and metro politan area 1955 1966 Electricians Percent excess 1955 1955 Northeast: Boston................ B u ffa lo ,............. N ew York City. Philadelphia___ South: A tlanta________ Baltim ore.......... Dallas_________ Memphis......... . Middle West: Chicago....... ....... Cleveland....... . St. L ouis............ Far West: D e n ve r.............. Los Angeles____ Portland......... . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1966 1966 Painters Percent excess 1955 $0.83 0. 795 1.21 0. 91 $1.37 1.145 2.45 1.07 41 36 55 40 44 36 73 32 0.68 0. 69 0. 77 0. 535 1.03 0.98 1.20 1.38 35 33 39 29 35 32 41 53 0.77 0. 795 0.90 0.83 0.69 1. 055 0. 78 1.19 1.39 1.335 27 48 34 33 41 40 0.69 0.475 0.27 1.195 1.25 1.29 32 21 11 37 37 38 $0.88 0.87 1.05 1.25 $2.01 1.62 1.75 1.92 Percent excess 1955 1966 1966 42 38 47 56 62 46 50 58 0.84 1.47 1.095 1.305 35 36 43 39 24 46 34 41 0.84 0. 955 0. 90 1.28 1.43 1.52 34 41 38 0.86 0.78 0. 57 1.21 1. 78 1.39 40 32 24 1955 $0.70 0. 73 0. 97 0. 55 1966 $1.32 0. 935 1.64 0.945 39 36 47 27 46 29 52 31 0. 67 0. 43 0.735 0.513 1.43 1. 07 1.103 1.09 35 22 39 29 51 36 39 40 35 41 42 0. 575 0.82 0. 66 0.74 1.34 0.99 23 38 29 19 42 30 35 48 39 0. 57 0.51 0.23 0.50 1.39 0. 56 28 23 10 15 41 16 50 W ages in Bituminous Coal Mines S t r a i g h t - t i m e e a r n i n g s of production and re lated workers in bituminous coal mines averaged $3.30 an hour in January 1967. Earnings of nearly two-thirds of the 87,510 workers covered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics survey1 were within a range of $3.40 to $3.80 an hour. Workers in under ground mines, 83 percent o f the industry’s work force, averaged $3.34 an hour, compared with $3.14 for those in surface mines (table 1). Average weekly earnings, however, were higher for surface miners by $11.50. Average weekly hours worked were 47 in surface mines, compared with 40.5 in underground mines. For both types o f mines, earnings varied by location, labor-management contract status, employment size,*and occupation. A large majority of the production workers were provided 8 paid holidays a year, 2 weeks’ paid vacation after 1 year of service, and health and retirement benefits. Earnings The nationwide average for production workers in January 1967 ($3.30 an hour) was nearly 12 percent above the average in November 1962 ($2.95), when a similar study was conducted.2 This increase was largely due to general wage increases granted under the terms of collective bargaining agreements between the United Mine Workers of America (Ind.) and members of the Bituminous Coal Operators’ Association.3 The agreements, covering a large majority of the industry’s workers, provided wage increases of $1 a day on each o f three separate occasions—April 2, 1964, January 1, 1965, and April 1, 1966; on the latter date, inside electricians, mechanics, and continuous-mining-machine operators received an additional increase of 32 cents a day. As a result of longer workweeks in the industry, up from 37.5 hours in 1962 to 41.5 in 1967, the percent rise in average weekly earnings for production workers was about double the increase in average hourly earnings. Earnings information was developed separately for seven States, which together accounted for 94 percent of the bituminous coal mining work force https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968 in January 1967. Average hourly earnings for pro duction workers in underground and surface mines combined ranged from $3.68 in Illinois to $2.87 in Virginia. Workers in West Virginia, the largest State in terms of industry employment and coal production, averaged $3.45. Averages in the re maining States were: Pennsylvania, $3.28; Ohio, $3.23; Alabama, $3.19; and Kentucky, $2.98. Production workers in the industry, working an average of 41.5 hours, averaged $137.50 a week. Average weekly earnings for all mines in the seven States were: Illinois, $162.50; Ohio, $142.50; West Virginia, $141.50; Pennsylvania, $140; Alabama, $127; Kentucky, $124.50; and Virginia, $111.50. Production workers in underground mines aver aged $3.34 an hour—20 cents more than in surface mines. Surface miners, on the other hand, aver aged $147 for a 47-hour week compared with $135.50 for underground miners who had an average workweek of 40.5 hours. Wage relationships between underground and surface mines varied among the four States for which comparisons could be made. In Illinois and Kentucky, workers in surface mines averaged more than those in underground mines by 25 and 45 cents an hour, respectively, while workers in underground mines held an average wage advan tage of 46 cents in Ohio and $1.21 in Pennsylvania. 1 T h e su rvey in clu d ed e sta b lish m en ts e m p lo y in g 10 w ork ers or m ore and p rim a rily engaged in p ro d u cin g b itu m in ou s co a l o r in d e v e lo p in g b itu m in ou s co a l m ines (p a r t o f in d u s try 1211 as d e fined in th e 1957 ed itio n o f the Sta nda rd In d u stria l Classification M anual and S u p p lem en ts, p rep a red by th e U .S. B ureau o f the B u d g e t). T h e stu d y exclu d ed sep a ra tely op e ra te d co a l p re p a ra tio n p lan ts, as w e ll as o th e r sepa ra te a u x ilia ry u n its such as ce n tra l offices. T h e s tra ig h t-tim e ea rn in g s p resen ted in th is a rtic le d iffe r in co n ce p t fro m th e gro ss ea rn in g s p ublished in the B u re a u ’ s m o n th ly h ou rs and e a rn in g s series. T he a ve ra g e s p resen ted here e xclu d e prem ium p a y fo r o ve rtim e and f o r w o rk on w eekends, h olid a ys, an d la te s h ifts . A m ore com p reh en siv e a cco u n t o f this su rv e y w ill be p resen ted in a fo rth co m in g b u lletin w h ich w ill co n ta in an exp la n a tio n o f differences b etw een the em p loy m en t and ea rn in g s estim ates f o r th is survey and th o s e presented in th e m onthly'*series. T h e term p ro d u c tio n and rela ted w ork ers, as used in th is s u r vey, in clu d es w o r k in g fo re m e n and a ll n on su p e rv iso ry w ork ers (in clu d in g leadm en and tra in e e s) engaged in e x c a v a tio n , haulage, tru ck in g, h o istin g , v e n tila tio n , d ra in a ge, d rillin g , b lastin g, lo a d ing, cru sh in g, p rocessin g, in sp e ctio n , sto ra g e h a n d lin g , w a re h ou sing, sh ip pin g, m ain ten an ce, repair, ja n it o r ia l w ork, w a tch m en services, d evelop m en t (e x c e p t c o n stru c tio n p e rfo rm e d b y a sep a ra te w ork f o r c e ) , a u x ilia ry p r o d u c tio n f o r p la n t's ow n use (e.g ., p o w e r p la n t), and re cord k eep in g and o th e r services clo s e ly a sso cia te d w ith the abov e p ro d u c tio n o p e ra tio n s. 3 F o r an a cco u n t o f the e a rlier stu dy, see “ E a rn in g s in B itu m i nou s C oal M ines, N ovem ber 1 9 6 2 ,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , O ctob er 1963, pp. 1 1 5 3 -1 1 5 6 . 3 F o r a d d itio n a l in fo rm a tio n on th e term s o f th ese agreem ents, see W age C h r o n o lo g y : B itu m in o u s Coal M in e s , 1 9 3 3 -6 8 (B E S B u lle tin 1558, 1 9 6 7 ). 51 W AGES IN BITU M IN OU S COAL M IN ES T able 1. N umber , A verage W eekly H ours W orked , and A verage Straight-T ime E arnings 1 of P roduction W orkers in B ituminous C oal M ines, by T ype of M ine , U nited States and Selected States, January 1967 Average Num ber of workers T yp e of mine and state H ourly earnings 1 Underground mines: Surface mines: Weekly hours worked 2 Weekly earnings 1 87,510 $3.30 41.5 $137.50 72,644 3,848 3,985 9,881 7,807 2,074 2,612 13,029 6,203 29,617 3.34 3.19 3.58 2. 90 2.81 3.23 3.47 3.54 2.84 3.46 40.5 39.5 42.0 40.5 40.0 41.5 41.5 40.5 39.0 41.0 135. 50 126.00 151.00 117.50 113.00 134.00 144. 50 144.00 110.00 142. 00 14,866 2,633 2,064 1,533 2,761 3,451 3.14 3.83 3.35 3.63 3. 01 2.33 47.0 47.0 47.5 48.0 46.5 £0.5 147.00 180. 50 160. 00 174. 50 139. 50 117. 50 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Average weekly earnings were rounded to the nearest half dollar. 2 Average weekly hours were rounded to the nearest half hour. 3 Includes data for States in addition to those shown separately. Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the study. 4 East Kentucky includes the following counties: Bell, B oyd, Breathitt, Carter, Clay, Elliott, Floyd, Greenup, Harlan, Jackson, Johnson, Knott, Knox, Laurel, Lawrence, Lee, Leslie, Letcher, McCreary, Magoffin, Martin, Morgan, Owsley, Perry, Pike, Pulaski, Rockcastle, Wayne, and Whitely. 5 West Kentucky includes the following counties: Butler, Christian, Crit tenden, Daviess, Hancock, Henderson, Hopkins, Logan, McLean, Muhlen berg, Ohio, Simpson, T odd, Union, Warren, and Webster. As the following tabulation illustrates, the pro portions of workers in union mines varied among the selected States in both branches of the industry. workers in underground mines and to slightly more than a fourth in surface mines. Workers in mines with 50 employees or more averaged more than those in smaller mines: $3.51 compared with $2.58 in underground mines and $3.56 compared with $2.68 in surface mines. Larger mines accounted for four-fifths of the workers in underground mines, compared with a little more than one-half in surface mines. Earnings of over nine-tenths of the production workers were within a range of $2 to $4 an hour. As indicated below, however, there were heavy clusters of wmrkers within comparatively narrow earnings ranges, particularly in underground mines. Percent of production workers in mines with collective bargaining agreements covering a majority of such workers Underground mines United States L . . ............................. A labam a..................................... Illinois______________ ________ K e n tu ck y .................................... East........................ ............. W est....................... O h io.— ..................... Pennsylvania________________ V irginia....................................... West Virginia________ ________ 80-84 95+ 95+ 50-54 45-49 75-79 90-94 90-94 50-54 90-94 Surface mines 50-54 ............... ........... . 95+ 65-69 ............................. . 85-89 40-44 __________________ ____ _____________ __________________ 1 Includes data for States in addition to those shown separately. Alaska and Hawaii are not included in data. Percent of production workers earning specified amounts in— N ote : Dashes indicate data insufficient for publication. Hourly earnings Production workers in underground mines hav ing collective bargaining agreements averaged $3.52 an hour compared with $2.39 for those in mines without such agreements. Corresponding averages in surface mines were $3.80 and $2,36, respectively. Mines with collective bargaining agreements accounted for virtually all workers in underground mines with 50 employees or more, compared with four-fifths in surface mines in the same size category; coverage was substantially less in smaller mines, amounting to a third of the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A ll mines Underground mines Surface mines Under $2.00______________ 5.5 4.3 11.3 $2.00 and $2.20 and $2.40 and $2.60 and $2.80 and under under under under under $2.20_____ $2.40.......... $2.60______ $2.80______ $3.00_____ 3.3 3.8 3.3 3.3 1.8 2.3 3.1 3.0 2.5 1.7 8.1 7.2 5.1 7.2 2.0 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 under under under under under $3.20_____ $3.40_____ $3.60_____ $3.80_____ $4.00_____ 2.6 5.7 34.3 29.3 4.9 2.2 6.4 40.2 31.7 2.0 4.4 2.2 5.3 17.3 19.0 2.4 100.0 87,510 .7 100.0 72,644 10.9 100.0 14,866 and and and and and $4.00 and over_____ ______ Total (percent)_____ Number of workers.. N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal 100. 52 T able M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 2. p a t io n s N in um ber U and A verage nderground B Selected occupations S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s 1 o f P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s in S e l e c t e d O c c u C o a l M i n e s , U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d S e l e c t e d S t a t e s , J a n u a r y 1967 it u m in o u s Num ber of workers, United States 2 Average hourly earnings 1 Kentucky United Alabama States 2 Total Brakemen________________________ _ _ Bratticemen______________________ . . . . Continuous-mining-machine operators.... Car droppers, outside___________________ Drillers, machine_______________________ Electricians, maintenance, in s id e ______ ___ Electricians, maintenance, outside Loaders, hand__________________________ Loading-machine operators_____________ Mechanics, maintenance, inside_________ Mechanics, maintenance, outside_______ Motormen, inside____________________ . ______ _________________ R oof bolters. Shuttle-car operators_______________ Slate pickers, outside.. . ........... Tipple operators________________________ Truckdrivers________ ____ ______ _____ 676 1,030 2,807 696 1,333 2,117 429 3,088 3; 155 4,360 1,779 5, 794 5,039 6,252 324 1,259 1,099 $3.15 3.32 3.71 3.55 3.27 3.66 3.71 2.32 3.52 3. 69 3.70 3.21 3.51 3.31 3.28 3.33 2.92 $3.16 3.16 3.36 3.37 3.47 3.65 2.29 3.45 3.37 3.62 3.09 3.37 3.23 2.82 2.83 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 See footnote 3, table 1. 3 See footnote 4, table 1. Data were tabulated for a number of occupa tional classifications, some of which are shown for underground mines in table 2.4The highest average among these jobs ($3.71 an hour) was recorded for continuous-mining-machine operators and mainte nance electricians (working above the ground). In side electricians and maintenance mechanics averaged at or within a few cents o f $3.70 an hour. Hand loaders, engaged in shoveling coal into mine cars or onto conveyors, were the lowest paid of the jobs studied with an average of $2.32 an hour; East Kentucky and Virginia accounted for about half o f the workers in that job, but for only a fifth of the employment in underground mines. Shuttle-car operators, who drive electrically powered trucks that transport coal from the excavation point in the mine to a conveyor belt or mine car, had the highest employment level among the occupations studied separately and averaged $3.31 an hour. Among the occupations for which comparisons were possible in each of the States, hourly wages were usually highest in Illinois and lowest in Ken tucky or Virginia. The spread in average earnings among the States varied considerably among the occupations. Hoof bolters in Illinois, for example, averaged 9 percent more than those in Kentucky, whereas the corresponding spread was 18 percent for shuttle-car operators and 30 percent for ma chine drillers. Hourly earnings of individuals performing simi lar tasks were usually concentrated within com paratively narrow earnings ranges. For example, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Ohio Pennsyl vania Virginia $2 63 3.26 $3.41 3.28 3.75 3.39 3.51 3.20 3.53 3.50 3.75 3. 52 $3.30 3.41 3.72 3.62 $2 S3 3.41 3.63 3. 62 3.55 3.02 Illinois $3.50 3.87 3.61 3.73 3.74 3. 72 3.41 3.62 3.46 2.95 3.55 3.69 $2.87 3.07 3.48 3.24 2.77 3.47 3.54 1.89 3.08 3.46 3.45 2.84 3.31 2.92 2.75 2.70 2.43 E a s t3 $2.88 2.98 3.52 3.18 2.62 3.47 3.55 1.89 3.01 3.47 3.43 2.82 3.33 2.82 2. 98 2.65 2.31 West Virginia W est4 3.30 3.46 3.49 3.08 3.25 3.27 2.04 2.98 2.79 3.56 3.75 3.82 3.34 3. 52 3.40 2.97 3.26 3.37 3.75 3.66 3.73 2.88 3.84 2.14 3.02 3.48 3.63 2.59 3.41 3.28 2.94 3.29 2.22 3.71 3.75 3.79 3.41 3.56 3.45 3.58 3.48 3.56 $3 40 3.37 3.69 3.59 3.51 3.72 3.73 2.48 3.67 3.74 3.75 3.39 3.54 3.37 3.57 3.51 3.14 4 See footnote 5, table 1. N ote : Dashes indicate that no data reported or that data do not meet publication criteria. between seven- and eight-tenths of the workers employed as boom conveyor operators, bratticemen, inside motormen, inside oilers and greasers, shut tle-car operators and inside trackmen earned be tween $3.40 and $3.50 an hour. Similarly, over eight-tenths of the continuous-mining-machine operators, inside maintenance electricians, and mechanics earned between $3.70 and $3.80 an hour. These heavy concentrations of workers reflect the extensive use of formal pay systems providing a single rate for specified occupations. Furthermore, UMWA contracts frequently specify the same rate for several occupations. Less than 5 percent of the workers in the industry (nearly all in underground mines) were paid on an incentive basis. Establishment Practices Work schedules of 40 hours a week were in effect in mines accounting for nine-tenths of the inside workers in underground mines; 5 seven-tenths of the outside workers on noncontinuous operations, on the other hand, were on a 3614-hour schedule. Inside workers accounted for slightly more than four-fifths of the underground mine workers, and outside workers on noncontinuous operations, vir4 T h e fo r th c o m in g com p reh en siv e r e p o rt w ill p ro v id e sep a ra te d a ta f o r a d d itio n a l jo b s stu died sep a ra tely in u n d e rgro u n d m ines and fo r selected o cc u p a tio n s in su rfa ce m ines. E a rn in g s in f o r m a tio n w ill be p resen ted on a w eek ly and h o u rly basis. 5 L ess th a n 1 p e rce n t o f th e em p loy m en t in u n d ergrou n d m in es w as a cco u n te d fo r b y o u tsid e w o rk e rs on co n tin u o u s o p e ra tio n s, such as engineers and hoistm en . W o rk sched ules f o r these w ork ers w ere g e n e ra lly sim ilar to th o se f o r in sid e w orkers. W AGES IN B ITU M IN O U S COAL M IN ES tually all of the remainder. Weekly work schedules in surface mines were quite varied— a fourth of the workers had schedules of 36*4 hours, a similar proportion 40 hours, and a slightly larger pro portion 48 hours; most of the remainder were in mines having schedules in excess of 48 hours. Work schedules in underground and surface mines usually included 30-minute paid lunch periods. Time required by inside workers to travel from the mine opening to the working face and return in underground mines was also generally included in the work schedules. Slightly more than two-fifths of the workers in underground mines and a fourth of those in sur face mines were employed on late shifts at the time o f the survey. A latge majority of thqse workers received extra pay, usually amounting to 8 cents an hour for second-shift work and 10 cents for work on third or other late shifts in addition to day-shift rates. Paid holidays, nearly always 8 days a year, were provided by mines employing four-fifths o f the 6 All beneficiaries of the fund were notified on August 30, 1965, that those over 65 years of age were required to enroll in the Federal Medicare program, since fund benefits would not be available for hospital or medical care benefits which were pro vided for under the 1965 social security amendments. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 53 workers in underground mines and slightly more than one-half of those in surface mines. The new 2i/2-year agreement between the UM W A and the Bituminous Coal Operators Association, effective April 1, 1966, included the first provision for pay on holidays on which miners do not work, and the addition o f 1 holiday to the 7 formerly observed as unpaid holidays. Paid vacations were provided by mines employ ing nearly seven-eighths of the workers in under ground mines and slightly more than three-fourths of those in surface mines. UM W A contracts, wdiich applied to approximately four-fifths o f the work ers in underground mines and to slightly more than one-half of those in surface mines, provide 2 weeks (10 times the employee’s day wage rate) paid vacation after 1 year or more of service. Hospital and medical care, benefits to widows and orphans, and retirement pensions were among the benefits provided by the UM W A Welfare and Retirement Fund. At the time o f the survey, the Fund provided retirement pensions of $100 a month; the payment was raised to $115 effective July 1 ,1967.6 — F r e d e r ic k L. B auer Division of Occupational Pay Technical Note Revision of the CPI Food Outlet Sample Helen M. Miller* i n c e t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f the revised reporter samples for the Consumer Price Index (C P I) in 1964, numerous changes have taken place in the food retailing structure. Some of the changes are apparent from reports of Bureau of Labor Sta tistics agents concerning stores in the BLS sample. S Changes in Retailing In some areas, individual chain organizations have more than doubled in size while some enter prises, which were a major factor in earlier years, have either declined in prominence or gone out of business. Mergers have been common and a num ber of major chains have started operations in new cities, especially in the West Coast region. For independent food stores, both the owner turnover rate and the number of store closings have been high. This is particularly true o f small stores— both grocery and “ specialty” (meat and produce) markets. During this period, the “ bantam” market, or “ convenience goods” store, has emerged as an in tegral part of the overall food marketing picture, discount operations have been expanded, and the trend toward diversification has been continued as more food organizations entered the drug or de partment store fields. In the 1964 revision of the CPI, a stratified random sample of stores was selected for the pric ing of food items.1 Pricing was distributed among * 0 f the Office of Price and Living Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1 The selection of the CPI sample is discussed in T h e C o n s u m e r P r i c e I n d e x : H i s t o r y a n d T e c h n i q u e s (B L S Bulletin 1517, 1 9 6 6 ), pp. 5 8 -6 5 . 2 For comparative purposes, a retail food chain is defined as a group of four or more stores owned and operated by the same firm. 54 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis food stores of various types and sizes roughly in proportion to their importance in terms of sales. A further stratification was made to represent ad equately stores located in both the city proper and the suburban areas. In adopting this type of sample, the Bureau recognized the need for peri odic sample adjustments to assure that the pro portional allocations would be maintained as ac curately as possible. These adjustments were planned to follow the release of data obtained in future Censuses of Retail Trade. In recognition of the significant changes in food retailing since 1964, a sample adjustment was made in the spring and summer months of 1967 to rep resent more adequately the current market struc ture. Ideally, such an adjustment should have been based on current data, but current information was not available. As the 1963 allocations had been based on data from the 1958 Census of Retail Trade, so the most recent adjustment was derived from the Census of Retail Trade for the year 1963—the latest comprehensive sales figures avail able. However, individual stores selected were classified according to more recent information from our sample reporters. Continuation of Trend A comparison of census data for 1958 and 1963 shows that the changes were a continuation of a trend present in the previous 5 years. During the 1958-63 period, the relative importance of chain grocery organizations 2 increased in all but a few of the larger metropolitan areas, whereas the im portance of independent grocery and “ specialty” stores declined. Chain growth was greater in the west coast cities than in other areas; for example, the relationship of chain grocery organization sales to total food store sales in the San Francisco area increased from 33 percent in 1958 to 49 per cent in 1963, and in San Diego, from 47 percent to 63 percent. In contrast, the relative importance of chain stores showed little change in the New Y orknorthern New Jersey and Philadelphia areas but declined slightly in Pittsburgh and Buffalo. As in 1958, chain organizations with the highest propor tion of sales were found in Washington, where they accounted for 77 percent of the city’s 1963 food sales. Within the independent grocery store category, the sales decline in the “ small” store grouping was 55 CPI FOOD O U TLET SAMPLE most evident. Decreases in relative importance were reflected for the stores with annual sales vol ume of less than $100,000 in all larger areas. Since the small grocery store is most prevalent on the east coast, the amount of decrease was greatest in these areas. In Philadelphia, for example, the stores of this size accounted for 51 percent of in dependent grocery store sales in 1958 but for only 38 percent 5 years later. Significantly, the largest increases in the relative proportion of sales oc curred in the $l,000,000-or-more size grouping, with a few exceptions. Meat and Produce Markets During the period of 1958 to 1963, meat and produce markets decreased considerably in im portance, both in sales volume and in the number of outlets. For the United States as a whole, meat market sales decreased some 34 percent and the number of outlets about 31 percent ; produce mar ket sales declined by approximately 18 percent and the number of produce markets by some 30 per cent. In a number of cities, sales o f these two types of outlets were only about half as important in 1963 as they had been in 1958. The distribution of meat sales between grocery stores and meat markets, as estimated by BLS from confidential reports, verifies the decline in the importance of meat markets. For example, in 1958, it was estimated that meat sales in Philadelphia were equally divided between grocery stores and meat markets ; the 1963 data indicate that 70 per cent of that city’s meat sales were made in grocery stores and only 30 percent in meat markets. Similar patterns are shown for other cities, such as New T ork, Buffalo, Detroit, and Chicago, where meat markets had traditionally been a significant factor in the food retailing structure. Suburban grocery store sales (both chain and in dependent) were more important in 1963 than in 1958, as was anticipated with the continuation of population shifts to these areas and the growth of suburban shopping centers. All types o f stores, however, did not share equally in this increase in business. For example, although the distribution of independent grocery store sales between city proper and suburbs showed no change in the Wash ington and St. Louis areas, the ratio of suburban chain store sales to total chain store sales increased https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in both areas 6 and 15 percent, respectively. Gener ally, the amount of increase in suburban sales was greater for chain stores than for independent grocery stores. In the suburbs of Chicago, Hono lulu, and Houston, sales of chain stores increased, but those of independent store sales actually decreased. The sampling design used for the collection of CPI food prices provides for the inclusion of the universe of chain grocery organizations in each city, and for the representation of other types of food store—independent grocery stores, meat mar kets, and produce markets—in different propor tions for three main commodity groups: meats, produce, and dry groceries. Chain Organizations In 1963, no explicit restriction had been made on the number o f chain organizations. In all but two CPI cities, at least one outlet of each food .chain had been chosen to represent stores with different pricing policies, such as discount divi sion or suburban outlets, or both. All largest chains for New York and Los Angeles were in cluded, but cost made it necessary to sample the smaller organizations (with fewer than 10 out lets in the area). Following the establishment of pricing in 1963, no changes were made in the des ignation of a particular store as a chain, even though it might no longer meet the BLS cri terion—“ an organization of four stores or more owned and operated by the same firm.” Similarly, no additions were made to this segment of the sample even though an independent store, through purchase or merger, might qualify as a chain organization. By 1967, changes in organizational structure became so pronounced that an adjustment o f this component was needed to represent adequately the current chain universe in various cities. Since most of the changes affected the smaller chain or ganizations, an attempt was made to stabilize this category of the sample by using a more limited definition of a chain organization. That is, the guideline for inclusion in the sample was changed to take in only those organizations o f four stores or more whose sales represented at least 1 percent of the total grocery sales in the respective stand ard metropolitan statistical area or city. Consid- 56 eration was given to the use o f a classification of “ 11 or more” multiunits as published by the Bureau of the Census as a definition o f chain for BLS purposes. However, such an approach was not feasible since it would have resulted in the ex clusion of a number o f local or regional chains (4 10 outlets) representing a sizable proportion of total grocery sales in the area, while retaining a national chain even though its importance in a specific area was minimal. The Bureau has yet to develop criteria for de termining how many area outlets of a given chain must be included in the sample if the chain is to be properly represented within the area. While no drastic sample changes were deemed neces sary, additional outlets for a number of chain organizations were included in some cities to rep resent the various price levels caused by neigh borhood conditions or certain competitive factors influencing the price structure within the area. More discount division and bantam chain outlets were added to the chain component to represent the increasing importance of these operations. Other Food Stores As indicated previously, the sampling design provides for the representation o f three independ ent store types—grocery stores, meat markets, and produce markets. Within each grouping the sample is further stratified both as to size o f store (“ large” and “ small” ) and as to location (city proper and suburban). Size of the 1963 independent store sample had been predetermined, considering the size of a city and budget limitations. Within this predeter mined framework, the allocation of stores by types was based on the number of quotations re quired for meats and fresh produce.3 For example, if in a city with a predetermined sample size of 20 quotations (for meat and produce) 80 percent of estimated total meat sales were made in grocery stores and 20 percent in meat markets, 20 percent (or 4) of the outlets selected were meat markets. Likewise, if 10 percent of produce sales were made in produce markets, two produce markets were selected. Estimates of sales for meat and produce were derived from sales distribution patterns as re ported by grocery stores in the CPI sample. To il https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968 lustrate, in one city the reporters estimated that meat sales accounted for an average of some 30 percent of sales in grocery stores in the BLS sample. An estimated dollar value was computed for meat sales in all independent grocery stores, by using 30 percent of all grocery store sales for 1958 as reported by the Bureau of the Census. A comparison of the estimated dollar value of meat sales in grocery stores and total meat market sales (census data) produced a ratio of the distribution of meat sales between the two outlet types. Size Allocations Within each grouping of stores, two size sub strata were used: stores with $300,000 annual sales volume and over were designated as “ large,” and those with a sales volume of less than $300,000 as “ small.” Each substratum represented, roughly, 50 percent of independent grocery store sales re ported by the 1958 Census for the United States as a whole. Food outlets for each metropolitan area or city were allocated between the two size substrata according to distribution of sales within the area as reported by the Census. For practical reasons, grocery stores with sales volume of less than $50,000 were excluded from the sample. Although these stores are numerous, es pecially in a few large cities, they account for a very small percent of total independent grocery store business. Moreover, pricing in these stores has always been unsatisfactory—many items are not carried at all, others are not carried consistently. Numerous changes— from a classification stand point—occurred between 1963 and 1967 in the characteristics of stores selected for the sample. Approximately 10 percent of the sample grocery stores no longer represented the size substratum for which they had been selected: small stores had grown large, and in a few instances sales of large stores had decreased to the level where the sub stratum sales volume criterion was no longer met. The 1967 sample adjustment for independent stores consisted of a redefinition of the size sub strata and recomputation o f the allocations, us- 3 The required numbers of quotations were 40 in the “ A - l ” stratum cities (60 in New Y ork), 24 in the “ A ” and “ B ” stratum cities, and 10 in the “ C” stratum cities. CPI FOOD O UTLET SAMPLE 57 ing the 1963 Census of Retail Trade sales figures. Distribution of grocery store sales to the three categories, meat, produce, and dry groceries, was obtained from new data collected by the BLS for the year 1965. A new sampling frame was thus developed. To limit the cost of sample adjustment, outlets already being priced were retained, if us able in the adjusted sample; if not usable, these outlets were canceled and additional ones were selected to meet the required classifications as to outlet type, size, and location. Table 1 shows the distribution of the revised food outlet sample for each of the CPI cities. To repeat, the objective of the sample adjust ment w’as to have two equal sales volume substrata. No one break between large and small stores was applicable in all cities. A proposed 50/50 break (based on 1963 census data) would have estab lished a $l,000,000-sales-volume division in two midwest cities, whereas a 50/50 division of inde pendent grocery store sales would fall within the $100,000-$299,999 volume group for two east coast cities. Therefore, on the basis of industry trends and the data available, a $500,000-salesvolume division was adopted to separate the size T able 1. G e o g r a p h ic D is t r ib u t io n of C o n su m er substrata for the 1967 sample adjustment. In each city, the substrata were assigned weights based on census sales data for each area, as described later. In addition to the stratification by size, food stores were similarly stratified by location (city proper and suburbs) in proportion to the distri bution of sales shown in the census tabulations. Separate allocations were made by store type; however, data were not available to make individ ual allocations for large and small stores within an outlet type. Comparison of Samples It is difficult to make a comparison between the old and the adjusted samples because of the many diverse factors involved. For example, if sample sizes are compared, prices are currently obtained from fewer food stores than previously. The de crease in sample size is for the most part the re sult of a change in the concept of a chain grocery organization for index purposes. The decrease in the number of sample outlets occurred in specific cities and in the chain grocery segment of the samples. For food stores other than chains, the P r ic e I n d e x F o o d S t o r e S a m p l e , by Number of outlets Area 1 or city Total Chain gro cery stores Independent2 grocery stores Large Small ype of O utlet, 1967 Number of outlets Meat markets Pro duce markets 56 areas or cities___ 1,488 329 399 513 161 86 C h ica g o ............. D etroit___________ Los Angeles_____________ N ew Y o r k ______ Philadelphia________ . 61 59 67 108 60 11 10 20 18 8 17 15 21 20 9 20 22 15 26 24 10 9 7 30 12 3 4 14 7 Baltim ore______ B oston_______ C leveland____ P ittsburgh___________ St. L ou is___________ San Francisco Washington___ 35 37 38 36 33 39 37 6 7 6 6 6 12 9 7 11 8 7 11 12 9 12 11 12 11 12 5 6 8 6 1 Atlanta. __ _ B uffalo________ Cincinnati_____ Dallas. _______ D ayton____________ Denver____ H artford___ H o n o lu lu .. . . H ouston________ Ind ianap olis... Kansas C it y .. Milwaukee___ Minneapolis_______ N ashville. _ San D iego______ 32 36 35 36 31 35 32 31 36 35 33 35 37 32 35 7 5 6 10 5 6 6 5 10 8 8 6 8 7 8 6 9 6 8 11 8 11 13 13 9 15 13 13 6 7 h 14 4 17 11 14 15 12 15 12 10 10 13 8 7 9 18 15 i 7 5 2 2 5 2 2 2 3 i 4 5 i 3 Area 1 or city Seattle___ _ 5 2 Lancaster___ _ 6 3 i i 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 5 2 2 1 The area used here are the standard metropolitan statistical areas established by the Bureau of the Budget. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T . .......... Total Chain gro cery stores Independent2 grocery stores Large Small 40 29 12 12 18 11 19 13 19 15 15 17 14 17 17 17 9 3 6 4 4 4 4 3 4 6 4 3 6 11 7 6 9 11 11 s 9 5 g 6 6 8 7 6 8 9 6 7 4 10 4 6 6 3 3 7 7' 1 2 1 4 3 3 3 4 2 3 1 3 3 2 1 3 1 4 i 2 6 4 3 5 5 5 2 5 3 3 3 1 2 3 1 4 5 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 4 i 3 Meat markets 4 1 Pro duce markets 1 3 1 i 1 1 3 1 1 2 “ Large” A store with an annual sales volum e of $500,000 or more; “ Small” A store with an annual sales volum e of $50,000 to $499,999. 58 T M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 able 2. R e l a t iv e W e ig h t s for C PI F o o d P Stan dard r ic e s , M by Store C A e t r o p o l it a n ate g o ry ,1 reas 3 M ajor G r o u p in g s in 29 S e l e c t e d 2 1967 Percent of sales Percent of sales A re a 2 or city and store category A rea 2 or city and store category Meat D ry groceries Produce 71 7 22 65 7 28 69 9 22 Kansas City: I _____________________________________ II______________________________________ I I I _____________________________________ 53 29 18 48 28 24 57 28 15 Baltimore: I II III 49 17 34 52 14 34 65 14 21 Los Angeles: I _____________________________________ I I _____________________________________ I I I _____________________________________ 56 22 22 60 22 18 68 20 12 Boston: I II III 48 20 32 53 16 31 67 15 18 Milwaukee: I _____________________________________ I I _____________________________________ I I I ____________________________________ 36 37 27 38 35 27 47 38 15 Buffalo: I II III 41 21 38 41 19 40 56 23 21 Minneapolis: I ____________________________________ I I ______________________________________ I I I _________________________________ 39 31 30 42 30 28 52 29 19 57 16 27 53 19 28 67 16 17 Nashville: I _____________________________________ I I __________________________________ III ________________________________ 60 5 35 56 4 40 66 5 29 41 13 46 39 17 44 55 15 30 New York: I ____________________________________ II ________________________________ III ___________________ _____ 36 14 50 46 15 39 64 14 22 47 16 37 62 15 23 62 17 21 Philadelphia: I ________________________________ I I _____________________________________ III _____________________________ __ 50 12 38 50 10 40 70 9 21 66 13 20 65 11 24 70 9 21 Pittsburgh: I ______________________________ II ____________________________ HI __________ _________ 51 14 35 44 15 41 63 14 23 54 18 28 51 16 33 61 19 20 St. Louis: I __________________________________ II ________________________ III _______________ _____ 43 26 31 46 25 29 54 21 25 Denver: I _____________________________________ I I _____________________________________ I I I _____________________________________ 66 8 26 66 8 26 76 8 16 San Diego: I _________________________ ___ II __________________________________ III _________________________ 63 10 27 64 9 27 71 11 18 Detroit: I _____________________________________ I I _____________________________________ I I I _____________________________________ 55 15 30 55 14 31 69 12 19 San Francisco: I _____________________ II _______________________ III _______ _____ 42 21 37 38 25 37 61 21 18 Hartford: I _____________________________________ II___________________________________ III_____________________________________ 49 19 32 53 18 29 67 17 16 Seattle: I II III 53 23 24 55 21 24 54 26 20 Honolulu : I _____________________________________ I I _____________________________________ III____________________________________ 44 30 26 47 27 26 45 30 25 Washington: I II III 77 8 15 74 7 19 84 5 11 Houston: I _____________________________________ II____________________________________ III_____________________________________ 44 28 28 41 27 32 45 34 21 W ichita: I II III 50 34 16 52 32 16 52 36 12 Indianapolis: I _____________________________________ I I _____________________________________ III____________________________________ 57 15 28 52 12 36 73 12 15 Atlanta: I II III Chicago: I . II III ___________ __ ____ Cincinnati: I II III Cleveland: I II _________________ III _____________ _______________ Dallas: I ________________ II ________________ III _____________ Dayton: I ___________________ I I _____________________ III ________________ ________ _____________ D ry groceries Prod uce Meat 1 1—chain (4 or more) grocery stores; II—large independent food stores: grocery, meat, and produce markets; and III—small independent food stores: grocery, meat, and produce markets. total sample size is approximately the same, the basic difference being one o f proportions rather than size—i.e., the sample includes more independ ent grocery stores and fewer specialty markets. A comparison of the number o f outlets by store type in 56 metropolitan smaller cities is as follow s: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ___________ _______ ______ _______ 2 The areas used here are the standard metropolitan statistical areas established b y the Bureau of the Budget, Number of stores priced under— T otal........................... Chain grocery stores______ Independent grocery stores Meat markets_____ _____ Produce markets_________ 1964 sample 1967 sample 1,533 355 853 220 105 1,488 329 912 161 86 CPI FOOD O UTLET SAMPLE A comparison of substrata size categories is meaningless since the terms “ large” and “ small” differ as to scope in the old and the adjusted out let samples. For some cities the proportion of “ large” stores has been increased, for others it has been decreased. Currently more food stores (both chain and other) located in suburban areas are being priced than under the old sample. Furthermore, the ad justed sample reflects an expanded pricing of dis count operations, department store food divisions, and other outlets of varying price levels. Weight Revision Sample adjustment was accompanied by the re vision of internal weights used in the processing of 282-907 0 - 68-5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 59 food prices for the CPI. Prices for each food item are regularly computed as weighted averages of separate averages for the three categories of stores—chain grocery stores and other large and small food stores, largely independent groceries. Internal weighting factors proportional to the an nual sales volume within the metropolitan area or city for each chain are used in calculating the aver age price o f chain stores. Prices for each of the other two groups are simple averages. The average prices are weighted by relative food sales for each class of stores for the three categories, meats, pro duce, and other foods, derived from the Census of Retail Trade and the distribution of sales reported to BLS. Weighting factors for the 29 largest areas included in the CPI are given in table 2. Foreign Labor Briefs W o r l d w id e trade u n io n o r g a n iz a t io n s made news on two occasions in October. (1) President Johnson made an unscheduled appearance at the World Congress of the International Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees (F IE T ), held in Washington October 23-26. The meeting was the first ever convened in the capital of the United States by an International Trade Secretariat (worldwide alliance of national trade unions in a particular sector or occupation). The F IE T currently reports more than 5 million mem bers belonging to 112 unions in 62 countries. The President, in addition to discussing the war in Vietnam and the Kennedy Round, spoke of re gionalism as a hopeful development for promot ing economic advance and stability throughout the world. AFL-CIO President George Meany vigorously reiterated his organization’s opposi tion to contacts with unions in Communist bloc countries. The delegates also heard and dis cussed reports on the effect of automation on white-collar workers, and adopted resolutions on the crises in Greece and the Middle East, voca tional training, and automation. (2) The execu tive board of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (IC F T U ), which is an asso ciation of democratically oriented national trade union centrals, met in Brussels and elected Harm Geert Buiter, of The Netherlands, as general secre tary of the organization. West Germany— Italian W o rk e rs The Italian Government has asked the Govern ment of West Germany to give employment pref erence to Italian workers over those from other countries that are not members of the European Economic Community (E E C ). Italian workers, traditionally the largest contingent of Germany’s foreign labor force, have been hardest hit by the current slowdown in the German economy. Their number fell by nearly one-third during the year ending in September 1967, while the total number of foreign workers in Germany declined by onefourth. 60 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Italy based the request for special consideration for Italian workers on its interpretation of an EEC regulation, in effect since May 1964, provid ing that the government placement offices of mem ber States, in handling requests for workers, should give priority to those from within the Com munity. The West German Government, however, has taken the position that this regulation rep resented merely a recommendation, and pointed to its inability to control the hiring of foreign workers outside its national labor exchanges since, under the regulation, employers may hire directly or through recruiting officers abroad, without re gard to nationality. France— A lg eria n W o rk e rs A conference on Algerian workers in France, sponsored by l’Association France-Algérie, was held in Lyon October 13-15. The meeting revealed that of the 550,000 Algerians in France, two-thirds were employed, representing 2% percent of the French labor force (and 10 to 12 percent of the working population o f Algeria). The Algerians were estimated to constitute 30 to 40 percent of the workers in the French building industry and 30 percent in the metal industry. In their speeches, some of the delegates from 35 Algerian associations in the Rhone-Alps region presented the Algerians as a mobile population, and as easily adjustable to local employment fluc tuations and valuable to the French economy be cause they perform heavy manual labor not wanted by the French. They pointed to the deplorable liv ing conditions in Algerian communities, citing particularly such problems as crowded and sub standard housing (in Grenoble 65 percent of the Algerians inhabit dwellings without running water, 15 percent live in apartments without win dows or heat, and 15 percent do not have beds), adult and child illiteracy, and the need for voca tional schools to equip workers with skills they could use in Algeria in case of their return. Netherlands— W a g e P o lic y The system o f wage controls and the require ment of Government approval of collective agree♦ P repared in th e Office o f F o re ig n L a b o r and T rad e, B u rea u o f L a b o r S ta tistics, on the b asis o f m a te ria l a va ila b le in ea rly N ovem ber. FOREIGN LAB O R B R IEFS merits, in effect since 1963, will be replaced by free collective bargaining in 1968. Under the new sys tem, adopted by the Board of the Labor Founda tion (the principal labor-management advisory body to the Government) on October 6, the Gov ernment retains the right to intervene only if an agreement presents a danger to the national econ omy. The Minister of Social Affairs had stated earlier that the Government would accept any wage system approved by the Labor Foundation. Employers realize that free bargaining may cause unrest or strikes, but they prefer it to a Govern ment-controlled ' wage policy which may require marginal industries to pay higher wages than they can afford. Trade unions recognize the danger of the new system for workers in the weaker indus tries and enterprises, but feel that free bargaining will stimulate greater member interest. Denmark—Basic A greem ent The Danish Federation o f Labor (LO ) has long sought a greater voice for labor in management de cisions, and in recent years has had codetermina tion as a major objective. However, the LO ’s basic agreement of 1960 with the Employers’ Confedera tion, which replaced the original basic agreement of 1899— the Magna Charta of Danish Labor— contains clauses which prevent worker participa tion in the hiring and dismissal of employees and in the distribution and direction of work in the en terprise. The LO has, therefore, taken steps to terminate the 1960 agreement. I f it is indeed ter minated, the agreement will nevertheless remain in force until March 1,1969, the date o f expiration o f the national wage contract. U.S.S.R.—Minimum Wage Effective January 1, 1968, the minimum monthly wage is to be raised from 40 rubles ($44.44) to 60 rubles ($66.67). The increase will affect workers in the lowest wage brackets of all branches of industry, construction, and agricul ture, as well as specific categories of workers in transportation, communications, and consumer services. The average monthly wages of all wage and salary earners in 1966 were 99 rubles ($110), and are expected to be 108.6 rubles ($120.55) in 1968. 1 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , August 1967, pp. 1 8 -1 9 . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 61 Vacations. The minimum annual vacation of a Soviet worker is to be increased, as of January 1, 1968, from 12 working days to 15. In effect, this will raise the minimum from 2 weeks to 3 weeks because of the introduction o f the 5-day workweek for most workers beginning November 7 ,1967.1 Up to that time, most workers worked 6 days a week and were entitled to at least 2 weeks of annual vacation. It would appear that about a third of all Soviet workers will receive the extra 3 days o f an nual leave, for in 1964, the last year for which leave figures are available, 36.6 percent o f all the workers received 12 days of annual leave. Japan—Labor Trends The Ministry of Labor recently issued a roundup of labor developments in 1966 and an estimate of future needs and prospects. The supply o f labor in that year continued tight, particularly for smaller enterprises, and new job vacancies in creased faster than in 1965. Average wages and salaries in 1966 were higher by 10.8 percent than in the previous year, mainly because of an increase in overtime work. The differ ential in the rate of wage increase between large and small enterprises widened in 1966 for the first time since 1958; wages increased by 12 percent in manufacturing enterprises employing more than 500 workers, compared with a rise o f 9.5 percent in enterprises with fewer than 100 workers. This wid ening of the differential resulted from a greater in crease in overtime work and in wages for beginners in large firms than in small ones. Labor productivity rose sharply in 1966, par ticularly in iron, steel, and machinery manufactur ing enterprises, under the influence of business expansion. In machinery manufacturing, the 12.4 percent increase in labor productivity exceeded the 11.6 percent increase in wages. The gap between large and small enterprises in labor productivity was narrowed but remains much wider than that in some other advanced countries. The Ministry anticipated a reduction in the number of school graduates seeking employment and, consequently, a higher average age o f work ers in the coming years. It pointed out the need for correcting imbalances in the supply and demand for labor with respect to the following: Shortages of young workers and surpluses of older 62 workers; shortages in some occupations (particu larly skilled ones) and surpluses in others ; and the heavy outflow of young, men and women from rural areas to urban jobs. The Ministry further advocated modernization of small enterprises and those in services and commerce, to eliminate under employment and to raise productivity. Latin America— In co m e D istribution According to figures on income distribution pub lished by the United Nations Economic Commis sion for Latin America, half of the population which receives a lower income than the other half shares in the national income to the extent o f a total of 12.5 percent in Ecuador and Peru, 15 per cent in Chile and Mexico, IT percent in Venezuela, 20 percent in Brazil and Colombia, and 20.5 per cent in Argentina and Peru. (In the United States and the United Kingdom, the percentages are 23.5 and 25.5, respectively.) Brazil— Vocational S ch ool The first major urban social project of the A lli ance for Progress to approach completion in Bra zil, under the sponsorship o f a trade union, is a new vocational high school opened in Porto Alegre last August. (The school had provided some instruc tion in temporary quarters since 1963.) When com pleted, the school will accommodate 1,500 day stu dents and 700 night students. This project, called by U.S. Ambassador John W- Tuthill “ a pioneer ing step in vocational training in Brazil,” began in 1960 when the Porto Alegre Metalworkers’ Union agreed to devote a wTage increase to the construc tion of a school for vocational training. In 1966, the U.S. Agency for International Development (A ID ) signed a Program Agreement with the union, which led to an A ID grant of 346,000 new cruzeiros (about $127,000) for that purpose. The school is widely considered to be a model of trade union participation in the Alliance for Progress, and a step in the fulfillment o f the Declaration of Cundinamarca, issued by the first meeting of Min isters of Labor of American States in 1963. Peru— W a g es On September 1, the sol was devalued by 32 per cent (from 3.8 to 2.6 U.S. cents). Strong protests https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 were immediately made by organized labor against the resulting increase in the cost of living. Decree No. 10 of October 13 was then issued, granting a flat wage increase of 10 percent—but not to exceed 1,000 soles per month—to all private sector employees, retroactive to September 1. Trade unions held that this increase was insufficient to compensate for the devaluation and called general strikes in several southern cities, which led to a 30-day suspension o f constitutional guarantees in the Province of Arequipa. On October 24, the Gov ernment issued Decree No. 11, to provide additional increases for the lowest paid workers. The new law provides the additional monthly wage increases on a sliding scale. Workers earning up to 1,500 soles per month will receive an increase of 150 soles (minimum 10 percent) ; those earning between 1,500 and 2,500 soles, an increase o f 125 soles (maximum 8.3 percent and minimum 5 per cent) ; and those earning from 2,500 to 4,000 soles, an increase of 100 soles (maximum 4 percent and minimum 2.5 percent). Agricultural workers will receive an increase of 50 soles per month. A bill pending before the Congress provides for an increase of 500 soles per month for married Gov ernment employees, and 450 soles per month for single ones. El Salvador— W o r k e r s ’ H o u sin g The Institute of Urban Housing (IV U ) has undertaken a program, under which private com panies and public agencies can join with the IV U and the prospective homeowners in financing lowcost housing1 for workers. The new program is called the Third Party Program: the IV U and the prospective homeowner are the first two par ties, while the “ outside investor” (private com pany or public agency) is the third party. The program guarantees the third party a 6-percent annual interest on its investment. The prospective homeowner and the employer (third party) are to furnish jointly at least 30 per cent of the necessary financing, and the Institute will provide the remainder. However, in cases where municipalities or public entities are the third parties, the share to be provided by the homeowner and the third party may be reduced to 20 percent. The monthly payment made by the homeowner will be applied first to repaying the third party’s equity. Significant Decisions in Labor Cases* Constitutional Issues Crew Consist. A three-judge Federal district court ruled 1 that two Arkansas statutes requiring six-man crews for freight trains and switching operations were no longer justifiable for safety reasons and were, therefore, unconstitutional since they now violated the due process guarantee and were unduly burdensome on interstate com merce. The court concluded that if the railroads were to survive, they must be free to take advan tage of technological improvements and innova tions, and that they should be able to solve the crew consist problems by means of collective bar gaining with the unions. In 1964 the carriers challenged the validity of the State’s crew consist laws on constitutional grounds, and on the further basis that the Fed eral Government had preempted this question when Congress, acting to avert a threatened rail strike, provided for arbitration to settle the crew consist problem. In the initial proceeding the dis trict court granted the carriers summary judg ment on the preemption question,2 but the Su preme Court reversed and remanded the case for consideration o f the constitutional issue.3 The carriers contended that the crew consist laws were unconstitutional in that they were no longer required for safety reasons due to tech nological advances in the industry. The defend ants and intervening unions, in essence, argued that safety still required crew consist rules. But even if this was debatable, they held, the court should not substitute its judgment for that of the State legislature; and in the alternative, the laws were justifiable as “ economic” legislation. The court rejected the alternative basis because the laws always had been exclusively characterized as safety measures. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Summarizing the applicable legal principles, the court stated, “ In the absence of controlling Federal enactments, the State . . . is free, subject to the limitation of the Commerce Clause, the Due Process Clause, and the Equal Protection Clause, in the exercise of its police power to legislate in the interest of safety of railroad operations even though its legislation may affect interstate commerce.” Thirty-four years ago, the court pointed out, the Supreme Court upheld4 these particular crew consist laws as being reasonable safety statutes; but the technological changes which have occurred over the intervening years enabled the railroads to operate with smaller crews without an increase in accidents. The court concluded that “continued enforcement of the statutes makes no significant contribution to railroad safety,” and held that it is unreasonable and arbitrary to require six men for all road service and switching operations regardless of circumstances. The court also recognized that if the railroad industry is going to survive it has to be able to take advantage of technological advances. These statutes “ hamstring the carriers in the important field of labor relations, and impose upon them requirements not generally imposed throughout the country and not imposed in any o f the (border ing) States . . .,” the court concluded. Thus since the laws are no longer needed for safety reasons, the additional payroll costs they cause the carriers to incur place the carriers at a competitive dis advantage with other modes of transportation and, therefore, constitute an undue burden on interstate commerce. The court made it clear, however, that by finding the laws unconstitutional, it did not require the ♦Prepared in th e U .S. D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b or, Office o f the S o licito r. T h e cases cov ered in th is a rtic le rep resen t a selection o f the sig n ifica n t d e cisio n s believed to be o f special in terest. N o a ttem p t has been m ade to reflect all recen t ju d icia l and a d m in is tra tiv e d evelop m en ts in the field o f la b o r la w or to in d ica te the effect o f p a rtic u la r d ecision s in ju ris d ictio n s in w h ich co n tr a r y re su lts m ay be reach ed based u p on lo c a l s ta tu to ry p ro v isio n s, th e existe n ce o f lo ca l preced en ts, o r a d ifferen t a p p ro a ch b y the co u rts to the issu e p resented. 1 C h ic a g o R o c k I s l a n d a n d P a c i f ic R a i l r o a d G o. v. H a r d in (D .C .-W .D . A rk.. O ctob er 2. 1 9 6 7 ). 2 C h i c a g o , R o c k I s l a n d a n d P a c ific R a i l r o a d C o . v. H a r d i n , 239 P . Supp. 1 (1 9 6 5 ). 2 B r o t h e r h o o d o f R a i l r o a d L o c o m o t i v e E n g i n e e r s v. H a r d i n , 382 US 4 23 (1 9 6 6 ). * M i s s o u r i P a c i f ic R . C o . v. N o r w o o d , 290 US 600 (1 9 3 3 ). 63 64 increase or decrease in crew consist. The decision “ simply leaves [the carriers] free to work out their crew consist problems with the Brotherhoods by means of collective bargaining with the framework of the Railway Labor Act without their hands being tied by statutes [no longer required for safety reasons],” the court said. It should be noted that, in holding the crew consist statutes unconstitutional, the court pointedly observes that its decision conflicts with recent decisions by the highest courts of New- York and Indiana, thus indicating its opinion that the time is right for the Supreme Court to reexamine the question. Civil Rights Act— Title VII Discrimination—Marital Status. In a case of first impression, where an airline fired a stewardess because she got married while under contract, a Federal district court held5 that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 did not prohibit discrimination of the basis of marital status. The airline has a policy of hiring only single girls as stewardesses, and requires them to sign a statement that if they marry they will resign. When the airline fired a married stewardess, she brought suit, claiming the company had committed an unlawful employment practice in violation of section 2000e-2(a) (1) of the act, which bans dis crimination in employment because of “ race, color, religion, or national origin.” The plaintiff argued that since the airline did not require male employees to be single, demanding this of stewardesses was discriminatory. The company defended its policy by contending that the “ single woman rule” was a bona fide occupational quali fication and as such was protected by the act (section 2000e-2 ( e ) ). The court did not reach consideration of the above defense, but held the company had discrim inated on the basis of marital status, not sex, and that “ it is plain” the act “ does not prevent discrim ination against married people in favor of single ones.” Nor does the act’s legislative history indicate that Congress intended to ban such discrimination, the court added. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968 Labor Relations Secondary B oycott. The National Labor Rela tions Board held6 that a union violated the secondary boycott provisions o f the National Labor Relations Act when it picketed businesses, includ ing restaurants, and distributed handbills asking the public not to patronize the places because they advertised in a newspaper published by an em ployer with which it had a labor dispute. The Board further held that the handbills were mis leading, and their distribution was illegal, since they referred to “ this establishment”—which could have been any of the shops in the market place—rather than to the businesses concerned. The union and the publisher of a weekly news paper were engaged in a labor dispute. Five businesses, four of them restaurants, which reg ularly advertised in the newspaper, were located in a shopping center that also housed numerous businesses that did not advertise in the weekly. The unions picketed the entrance to the shoppingcenter with signs asking the public not to buy the products of the businesses advertised in the weekly newspaper. It also distributed handbills asking the public not to patronize “ this establishment.” The publisher charged the union was conducting an unlawful secondary boycott, attempting to in jure the businesses of the newspaper’s customers in an effort to force them to stop doing business with the newspaper. The union alleged that its activity was lawful under the doctrine of the Tree Fruits case,7 where the U.S. Supreme Court held that a union may conduct consumer picketing against a secondary employer to persuade his cus tomers not to buy from him the products of a primary employer. The Board held that since four of the picketed businesses were restaurants, they were actually advertising the businesses themselves rather than their specific products. The union’s picketing was, it said, an attempt to stop the public from patron izing the restaurants entirely. The Board found this to be a secondary boycott prohibited by the act. 6 E u la lie E . C oop er v. D elta A ir L in es, In c. (D .C .-E .D . L a., O ctob er 19, 1 9 6 7 ). 8 H on olu lu T ypogra ph ica l U nion N o. 37 and H a w a ii P ress N ew sp a p ers, In c ., 167 N L R B N o. 150, O ctob er 25, 1967. 7 N L R B v. F r u it and V eg eta b le P a ck ers L o ca l 7 6 0 , 377 UJS. 58. 65 D ECISIO N S IN LABOR CASES It also found that the handbills which the union passed out at the gate to the shopping center were misleading in that they alleged a dispute with “this establishment.” The Board held that this was in tended to imply that the entire shopping center was involved rather than just the five which advertized in the paper. One member o f the Board dissented, arguing that the Tree Fruits case must be read with two other cases8 which established that an employer providing a medium by which a product is adver tised participates in the “ production” of that prod uct within the meaning of the act’s definition of production. A service, he stated, is a product as much as bread is; since a service is not divisible into its components, the entire business was the product advertised by the restaurants picketed. I f the union has a right to picket the primary em ployer’s products at the place where the customer receives them, the picketing of the advertised serv ices at the secondary employer’s places of business was not unlawful. The fact that all the products of a restaurant are advertised by the employer in volved in a labor dispute does not, in the dissent er’s opinion, limit the union’s right to picket. The dissenter also found no violation in the distribution of the handbills. The handbills were designed to be distributed in front of the adver tised places of business, but this was prevented by the police. He held that since they were distributed at the shopping center gate in conjunction with picketing which identified the businesses involved, there was no ambiguity about their meaning and intent. Vague Court Order. In a recent holding,9 the Supreme Court found a district court’s decree en forcing an arbitration award in a labor dispute “ too vague” to have apprised the defendant union in specific terms o f what it prohibited or required. Enforcement of the decree was, therefore, denied. * G r e a t W e s t e r n B r o a d c a s t i n g C o . v. N L R B , 356 F. 2d 434, and 377 U.S. 46. 8 In te r n a tio n a l L o n g s h o r e m e n ’s A ss o c ia tio n , L o c a l 1 2 9 1 P h i l a d e l p h i a M a r i n e T r a d e A s s o c i a t i o n (U.S. Sp. Ct., Nov. 6, 1 9 6 7 ). 10 S i n c la i r R e fi n in g C o . v. A t k i n s o n , 370 U.S. 195. 11 T e x t i l e W o r k e r s U n i o n v. L i n c o l n M i l l s , 353 U.S. 448. N L R B v . S e r v e t te , I n c ., https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis v. The Court did not decide whether the NorrisLaGuardia Act’s anti-injunction provisions forbid the Federal courts to issue such decrees. A union and an employer association submitted a dispute to an arbitrator in accordance with their collective bargaining agreement, but when the arbitrator upheld the association’s position, the union refused to abide by the award. After a series of work stoppages over the previously arbitrated issue, the association sought, and was granted, an order from a Federal district court directing the union “ to comply and abide by said award.” When another work stoppage occurred over the same issue, the union was cited for contempt and fined $100,000 a day for as long as the work stoppage continued. A court of appeals affirmed the con tempt citation, and the union appealed to the Supreme Court. The union asserted that the order was too vague, and that the Federal district court was prohibited from issuing the decree by the Norris-LaGuardia Act. It cited a case10 in which the Supreme Court ruled that a Federal court cannot enjoin a work stoppage even when the applicable contract con tains a no-strike clause. The association argued that, the decree was not an injunction within the meaning of the Norris-LaGuardia Act, and cited a Supreme Court holding11 that a Federal court may grant equitable relief under section 301 of the LM RA to enforce an agreement to arbitrate. Without deciding whether the decree was an injunction under the Norris-LaGuardia Act, the Court held that it was an injunction within the meaning of Rule 65(d) of the Federal Rule O f Civil Procedure, which requires that a court’s order be in “ specific . . . terms.” “ For whatever power the district court might have possessed under the circumstances disclosed by this record,” the Court said, “ the conclusion is inescapable that the decree which the court in fact entered was too vague to be sustained as a valid exercise of Federal judicial authority.” Regarding the power of a contempt citation, the High Court observed: “ The judicial contempt power is a potent weapon. When it is founded upon a decree too vague to be understood, it can be a deadly one. . . . The most fundamental postu- 66 M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 lates of our legal order forbid the imposition of a penalty for disobeying a command that defies comprehension.” The dissenting Justice Douglas argued that if the decree was an injunction under Rule 65(d), it was also an injunction under the NorrisLaGuardia Act. He suggested an accommodation between Norris-LaGuardia and the LM RA that would limit the applicability of the anti-injunction provision in cases such as this where injunctive relief is vital to the purpose of section 301 of the LMRA. The latter act, he said, is designed to en courage collective bargaining agreements in which the parties agree to refrain from disruptive uni lateral action. The dissenting Justice added that allowing a union to submit a dispute to arbitration and to disregard the arbitrator’s award with im punity results in a “ heads I win, tails you lose” situation which is disruptive to the Federal scheme of arbitration in labor disputes. None o f us are demigods and we work with finite people and finite tools. The beginning of wisdom, Socrates taught us, is the knowledge of our limita tions. . . . The effectiveness o f the Labor Act, like the effectiveness of all law, depends on the degree o f public acceptance of [its] guidelines, tools, and tech niques. Law and public order in any field of human behavior can, in the long run, never be maintained by police power alone. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis — Arnold Ordman. September 15 order. The case was International L on g Association, Local 1291, v. Philadelphia M arine Trade Association. (See p. 65, this issue.) shorem en’s Chronology of Recent Labor Events November 15 G overnor Nelson A. Rockefeller designated the Civil Service Employes Association as bargaining agent for 124,000 New York State employees, valid for 1 year. The action was taken under provisions of the Taylor Act, passed earlier in the year. (See MLR, June 1967, p. 79.) November 17 November 5, 1967 Members of Textile Workers (T W U A ) Local 406 voted to accept a Federal mediator’s contract proposal with the New England Division o f Maremont Corp. Under the plan, company and union representatives decided on a con tract term of 22 months. Workers previously had rejected a contract for a 34-month term. W age and benefit changes were comparable for both. About 1,500 workers had been on strike since November 1. C h ry sler C orp . and the United Auto Workers reached agreement on a 3-year contract covering about 95,000 workers. Economic gains were similar to those specified in the UAW-Ford contract (see MLR, December 1967, p. 53), but the agreement with Chrysler included a pro vision to bring Canadian wage rates up to U.S. levels by June 1, 1970. The two sides reached an accord on Novem ber 27 covering about 8,000 salaried employees. These white-collar workers will receive salary increases, ranging from $35 to $87 a month, retroactive to October 16. ( See p. 69, this issue.) November 6 November 20 A C irc u it C ourt in R ichm ond reversed an NLRB ruling that Westinghouse Electric Corp. was guilty of unfair labor practice for refusing to bargain over the price of food in a company cafeteria run by a caterer. The case was W estin g h ou se E lectric Corp. v. N L R B . (See MLR, February 1066, p. 189.) November 7 S ecretary of L abor W illard W irtz ordered that child labor regulations be changed to provide greater work opportunity for those 14 to 16 years old. Youths 14 and 15 years old will be allowed to work until 9 :0 0 p.m. be tween June 1 and Labor Day instead of till 7 :00 p.m., and those between 14 and 16 will be allowed to participate in work-training programs during school hours under certain Economic Opportunity programs. At the same time, the Secretary redefined occupations especially hazardous to youth concerning the operation of motor vehicles and those involving work in agriculture. B y ordering representation elections for nonprofessional employees at two establishments, the NLRB extended its jurisdiction to private hospitals and nursing homes. In B u tte M edical P roperties, the Board established its au thority over proprietary hospitals with a gross revenue of $250,000 or more, and in U n iversity N ursing H om e, Inc., over privately owned nursing homes with gross rev enues of $100,000 or more. November 23 T h e A m erican B roadcasting C o. and the National Asso ciation of Broadcast Employees reached an agreement affecting about 1,500 technicians and engineers. The 4-year contract provides for a reduction in the workweek and an immediate increase of $19 a week, $14 of which will be retroactive to April 1, 1967. Minimum pay will reach $275 a week by October 1, 1970. The technicians had been on strike since September 22. November 8 November 27 T h e S uprem e C ourt reversed a contempt finding by a Philadelphia District Court against IL A Local 1291 on grounds that the District Court was not specific as to what it required or prohibited. Issued September 15, 1965, the order instructed the union to comply with an arbitrator’s ruling about a contract “set back” provision. When further work disruptions occurred in the Phila delphia port, the same District Court, in March 1966, held the union and its officers in contempt for violating the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ew Y ork C it y Taxi Drivers Local 3036 and the Metro politan Taxicab Board of Trade reached an agreement on a 3-year contract covering about 29,000 drivers. The agree ment will not take effect, however, until the city approves an “adequately” higher fare. The pact includes an im mediate increase in commissions to 48 percent (from 47 ), and to 49 percent 18 months from now, with an additional 1 percent in each case for drivers with long service. 67 Major Agreements Expiring in February 1968 E N o t e .— This is a listing of collective bargaining agreements ending during the month, and includes almost all agreements 1 covering 1 ,0 00 workers or more. Copies of M ajor Collective Bargaining Agreement Expirations, cover ing the entire year, are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U .S . Department of Labor, Washington, D .C . 20212, or to any o f the Bureau’s regional offices. d it o r ’ s Company and location Union 2 Industry Number of workers Associated General Contractors of New Jersey (New Jersey) Construction. Laborers. 7,800 Bloomingdale Brothers, Inc. (New York C ity )__________________________ Bulova Watch Co., Inc., Jackson Heights Mfg. Division (Flushing and Woodside, N .Y .). Retail trade_______ Controlling instru ments. Retail, Wholesale and Department Store U nion. Production Employees Group of the Bulova Watch Co. (Ind.). 3, 500 2 ,0 0 0 California Apparel Contractors Assn., Inc. (Los Angeles, Calif.) California Sportswear & Dress Assn., Inc. (Los Angeles, Calif.). Crown Cork & Seal Co., Inc. (Illinois, Maryland, and Florida). Apparel_________ Apparel_________ Fabricated metal products. Ladies’ Garment Workers. Ladies’ Garment Workers Steelworkers_____________ 1,200 2,000 E. I. D u Pont De Nemours and Co. (Clinton, Iow a).............................. ....... Eastern Cement Haulers Assn. (Interstate)______________________________ Eltra Corp., Mergenthaler Linotype Division (Brooklyn and Plainview, N .Y .). Eltra Corp., Prestolite Division (Interstate)_______ __________ ______ ____ Chemicals___ Trucking____ M ach in ery... Transparent Film Workers, Inc. (Ind.) Teamsters (Ind.)_____ _______ _____ _ Auto W orkers................, ......................... 1,000 2,000 1,200 Electrical products.. Auto Workers. 5, 400 Federal-Mogul Corp., Bower Roller Bearings Division (Detroit, M ich)___ Machinery Auto Workers. 3,000 Glass Container Manufacturers Institute, Inc., National Autom atic Ma chine Department (Interstate). Greyhound Lines, Inc., Western Division (Interstate)............ ...................... Stone, clay and glass products. Transit________ Glass Bottle Blowers________ 7.000 Amalgamated Transit Union. 5.000 H . J. Heinz Co. (Pittsburgh, P a .).......................... H oover Co. (North Canton-Canton, O h io)______ Hum ble Oil & Refining Co. (Houston, Tex. area) Food products Machinery___ Mining............. Meat Cutters__________________________________ Electrical Workers (IB E W )_____________________ Employees’ Federation of Hum ble Oil & Re fining Co. (Ind.). 1,500 I -A 3 Beet Sugar Refining Companies (California)........................................ . I -A 3 Breweries (St. Louis, M o.)__________ ________________ __________ _ I -A 3 Chinaware Companies (New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio)_______ Food p rod u cts.. Food products. . Stone, clay and glass products. Construction___ Retail trade____ Retail trade____ Retail trade____ Distillery Workers_________ Brewery Workers................. Potters.......... ........................ 2,700 1,950 1,800 T ru cking........... Teamsters (In d .)......... ......... U tilit ie s ............ Electrical Workers (IBEW) 1,400 Jewel Tea Co., Inc. (Illinois and Indiana) Retail trade. United Retail Workers Union (Ind.) 7,650 Knox Glass, Inc. (Interstate)........ .......... ............. .................... ............. Stone, clay, and glass products. Glass Bottle Blowers-------- 2,600 Labor Standards Assn., Gimbels Brothers (Pittsburgh, P a .) ............ Litton Industries, Ingalls Shipbuilding Division (Pascagoula, Miss.) Retail trade______ Transportation equipment. T obacco manufac turers. Retail C lerks............ ......... Metal Trades Department. 1,000 Tobacco Workers.............. . 2,000 Fabricated metal products. Primary metals____ Steelworkers., 3,000 Auto Workers. 1,300 Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp. (Baraboo, Wis.) Ordnance and accessories. Badger Ordnance Works Council. 1,200 Printing Industries of Philadelphia, Inc., Allied Printing Employers Assn. (Philadelphia, Pa.). Public Service Coordinated Transport (New Jersey)__________ __________ Pullman, Inc., Trailmobile Division (Cincinnati, Ohio)_________________ Typographical U nion___________________ 1,100 Amalgamated Transit U nion-----------------Auto Workers___________ ______ ________ 5,000 Purse Seine Vessel Owners’ Marketing Assn. (Washington and Alaska)___ Printing and pu b lishing. Transit__________ Transportation equipment. Fisheries................. Sealed Power Corp. (Muskegon, M ich.)_______________________ ____ _____ St. Paul Food Retailers Assn. (St. Paul, M inn.)_________________________ Standard Packaging Corp., Brown and Bigelow Division (St. Paul, Minn.). Sterns Brothers, Store and Warehouse Employees (New Y ork )__________ Walker Manufacturing Co. (Michigan and W isconsin)................................... I -A 3 Contractors on the Highway and H eavy Industry (Colorado)........... I -A 3 Markets, Food Handlers Division (Minneapolis, M inn.)_______ ____ I -A 3 Markets, Meat Departments (Minneapolis, M inn)............ ................... I -A 3 Meat Dept. Employees of Retail Food Chains (Greater Kansas C ity area). I -A 3 Moving and Storage Industry, 6 associations (Greater N ew York area.) Iroquois Gas Corp. (New Y ork )_____________________ __________________ _ P. Lorillard Co. (Greensboro, N .C .)........................................................ National Can Corp., Master Agreement (Interstate) National Castings Co. (Cicero, 111.)...................... ....... Ward Furniture Manufacturing Co. (Ft. Smith, A rk .)___________________ Washington, D .C . Food Employers Labor Relations Assn. (Washington, D .C . metropolitan area). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 21,00 1,000 2,000 4,500 1,000 1,000 3, 500 4,750 1,100 Longshoremen and Warehousemen (Ind.) 1,400 Machinery_______ Retail trade______ Printing and pub lishing. Retail trade______ Auto W o rk e rs ....---------------------------------------------Retail Clerks----------------- ------------- ---------- - .......... Bookbinders----------------------------- ------------------------ 1,300 1,500 Retail, Wholesale and Department Store U nion. 1,350 Fabricated metal products. F u rn itu re .......... Retail trade_____ Auto Workers____ 1,000 Furniture Workers Retail Clerks____ 1,000 9,950 1 Excludes government, airlines, and railroads. 2 Union affiliated with A F L -C IO except where noted as independent (Ind.). 68 Operating Engineers............ Meat Cutters_____________ Meat C u tte rs....................... Meat Cutters_____________ 1,400 3 Industry area (group of companies signing same contract). 1,000 Developments in Industrial Relations* A utomobile negotiations continued in November with agreements covering 95,000 hourly and 8,000 salaried Auto Workers being reached at Chrysler Corp. Settlement terms were similar to the pre vious month’s Ford-UAW agreement, but wage parity for Canadian workers was added. Scattered walkouts preceded ratification of the Chrysler contracts. Idleness caused by strikes in October rose to 6,510,000 man-days or 0.54 percent o f the estimated total working time,1 compared with 2,190,000 mandays, or 0.19 percent, in October 1966. Metalworking The Chrysler Corp., in November, became the second major automaker to settle with the Auto mobile Workers as 3-year contracts were ratified covering 95,000 production and maintenance workers and 8,000 salaried workers in the United States. Terms were closely patterned after the Ford Motor Co. settlement.2 Agreement was reached to bring 12,500 Canadian hourly employees o f Chrysler up to the U.S. pay scale in four steps by June 1,1970. In addition, pension service credits were restored for workers laid off between 1958 and 1962, when Chrysler was in financial difficulty. The hourly worker agreement, reached Novem ber 8, was not ratified until November 17 because of local strikes which idled 50,000 workers at their peak. The salaried employees’ agreement was reached on November 27. A month-long strike by 4,500 Automobile Work ers at Burroughs Corp. plants in the Detroit area ended in late October with ratification o f a 3-year agreement. Wages were increased 2.8 percent a year, with skilled workers receiving an additional 30 cents an hour in the first year. Pensions were increased to $5 from $2.80 a month for each year of credited service. About 5,800 employees of Whirlpool Corp., Evansville, Ind., Division were affected by an Oc https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tober 17 settlement with Local 808 of the Electrical Workers (IU E ). Terms of the 3-year contract included an immediate 12-cent wage increase (20 cents for skilled employees), additional 10-cent in creases in both 1968 and 1969, continuation of the limited escalator clause, eighth and ninth paid holidays, and improved insurance and pension vesting provisions. A 16-day strike by 7,300 workers ended in Octo ber when the Collins Radio Co. of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and the Electrical Workers (IB E W ) agreed on a 3-year contract. A wage increase averaging 20.8 cents an hour was effective immediately, with an average 12.5-cent-an-hour increase in both the second and third years. Provisions for limited costof-living increases effective in the 18th and 30th months of the agreement were added; other terms were not reported. The plant, which employs a total of 13,000 workers, produces electronic equipment. In the Cleveland area, TRW , Inc. (automobile and aerospace products) and the independent A ir craft Workers Alliance reached agreement in No vember on a 3-year contract. The contract, which was retroactive to the June 1 termination date of the previous agreement, incorporated some of the provisions and improved others, of the wage-ben efit terms the company had announced in June as a “ downpayment” towards the final package. The company had made the June announcement dur ing a suspension of bargaining resulting from an objection filed by the Automobile Workers to a May NLRB election in which the A W A retained bargaining rights.3 Final terms for the 7,200 workers were a 6-per cent wage increase effective June 1,1967; 3-percent wage increases in the second and third years; ad ditional adjustments of up to 26 cents an hour for skilled employees; and continuation of the cost-ofliving escalator clause, with no limit on the size of increases. Normal pension benefits were raised to $6 for each year of service up to 30 years, with an additional $3 a month for each additional year. Previously, the minimum normal pension for re tirees with 30 years or more of service was $210, including social security benefits. Early retirement ♦Prepared in the Division of W age Economics, Bureau of Labor Statistics, on the basis of published material available in late November. 1 Data for 1967 are preliminary. 2 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , December 1967, p. 53. 3 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , August 1967, p. 66. 69 70 with no actuarial reduction was made available at age 62. Other provisions included establishment of a savings plan, with employees being able to invest up to 6 percent o f their annual base pay and TRW contributing $1 for each $2 invested by the em ployees; 2 additional paid holidays, bringing the total to 10; increased jury duty pay; paid funeral leave; and improved vacation, sickness and acci dent, and surgical benefits. Other Manufacturing The protracted negotiations in the New York City newspaper industry drew nearer to comple tion when the American Newspaper Guild (ANG) settled with the Daily News and the Times. The 3-year contracts followed the pattern of the earlier agreement the ANG negotiated with the Long Is land Press, also a member of the Publishers Asso ciation of New York, and those negotiated by five other unions with each of the three papers.4 Nego tiations continued with three unions. In the Times contract, which was negotiated on October 24 and affected 2,500 employees, the pat tern 8-, 6-, and 6-percent annual wage increases resulted in gains totaling $42.75 a week for re porters and photographers and $16 for the lowest paid classification, which includes cleaners and office boys. Top minimum rates (attained after specified lengths o f service) were also increased, resulting in a $275-a-week scale for the highest rated classification (including columnists and de partmental editors) in the final year of the agree ment (a $60 increase) and a $250 rate for reporters and photographers (a $50 increase). Other provi sions included introduction of a cost-of-living es calator clause and improvements in vacations and severance benefits. The AN G-Daily News accord, which was reached in late September and affected 1,300 em ployees, resulted in increases in the top minimum rates ranging from $15.65 in the lowest classifica tions to $45.90 in the highest, bringing the mini mum for the top classification to $260.90 a week. Fringe benefit changes in the Daily News settle1 For terms of some of these earlier settlements, see M o n t h l y August 1967, p. 68, and July 1967, pp. 6 0 -6 1 . 5 For earlier settlements involving the Michigan Road Builders Association, see M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , November 1967, p. 61, and December 1967, p. 59. 8 For earlier settlements with 6 other trades, see M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , November 1967, p. 60. L a bor R e v ie w , https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968 ment were similar to those negotiated at the Times. In late October, the American Enka Corp. reached agreement with the United Textile W ork ers on a 3-year contract for 2,400 workers. Terms included a 6-cent-an-hour immediate increase, ad ditional wage adjustments for some classifications, and provisions for wage bargaining in 1968 and 1969, as well as improved vacation benefits for workers on continuous shifts. The Upholstered Furniture Manufacturers’ As sociation of the Metropolitan District (the New York City area) and Furniture Workers Local 76 reached agreement in early October on a 3-year contract covering 2,000 employees in 28 shops. The agreement provided an hourly wage increase of 20 cents, retroactive to September 1, with additional 15-cent increases in 1968 and 1969. Minimum hourly rates were increased to $3.60 for mechan ics, from $3.25; $1.65 to $2.50 for apprentices, from $1.30 to $2.50; and $1.65 to $2.10 for other classifications, from $1.40 to $1.90. The contract also included a provision for a wage reopening tied to living costs. Construction In Michigan, heavy and highway construction bargaining was completed as the Road Builders Association settled on 3-year contracts with the Carpenters and Teamsters.5 The agreements pro vided a $1.96-an-hour package for 4,500 workers and an estimated $1.7l-an-hour package for 2,500 workers, respectively. The current round of construction industry bargaining in the Lake Charles, La»-, area was con cluded with agreements between the Associated General Contractors (AGC) and the Iron W ork ers, the Operating Engineers, and the Sheet Metal Workers.6 The 3-year wage-benefit packages were $1.24 for Iron Workers, $1.05 to $1.30 for the Operating Engineers, and $1.35 for the Sheet Metal Workers. Earlier, the Painters had agreed to a $1.05 package. The unions had been on strike since July 1. A late October settlement between the AGC and the Bricklayers in Waco and Ft. Hood, Tex., pro vided a $1.00 wage increase over 2 years. In late October, the Boilermakers negotiated a 3-year area agreement for field construction work DEVELO PM ENTS IN IN D U ST R IA L R ELATIO NS in six northeastern States,7 giving an estimated $1.67% package for 1,500 workers. Earlier in the year, in July, the Boilermakers had negotiated a 3-year area agreement providing an estimated $1.55 package for 2,000 workers in field construction work in 11 States8 in the Missouri River Basin. The Cook County (Illinois) Association of Plumbing, Heating and Cooling Contractors, and the Plumbers reached agreement in November on a 3-year contract that will become effective June 1, 1968, on expiration of the current contract. About 5,000 workers were affected. O f the $1.05 package, 50 cents was to be paid into bank savings accounts established for each employee, 50 cents was to be used for wage increases, and 5 cents was to be paid into the pension fund. Trade and Services Retail Clerks Local 888 and E. J. Korvette, Inc., agreed in mid-October on a 3-year contract cover ing 6,000 workers in the New York City area, The agreement, which replaced one that was scheduled to expire February 1,1968, provided wage increases of 121/2 cents an hour effective October 30,7% cents in 1968, and 10 cents in 1969. Holiday pay, pro gression schedules, vacation, sick leave, and health and welfare provisions were improved. A new re location and severance program gave full-time employees whose jobs are eliminated the choice of retraining for a new position at company expense and at no loss in pay and seniority, or receiving severance pay. The Retail Clerks and A. & P. stores agreed during October to a 3-year contract covering 4,000 workers in southern Michigan. Reportedly, the union had rejected an earlier contract proposal to await the outcome of a Retail Clerks’ strike against the Kroger Co. The A. & P. settlement was iden tical to the Kroger agreement, except that it also included a cost-of-living escalator clause and a 5cent additional adjustment for “ back-up” cashiers.9 In Philadelphia, the Retail Clerks negotiated a contract with Kiddie City stores that contained a provision for time and one-half pay for vaca tions similar to one in a contract the union had previously negotiated with other retail stores.10 The 30-month Kiddie City agreement, covering https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 71 260 employees, increased wages and duration of va cations, added a seventh paid holiday, and estab lished health and welfare, pension, jury duty, and funeral leave provisions. In the Chicago area, 11 Teamster locals and representatives of 125 fuel oil and gasoline distri bution firms reached agreement on November 13, ending a 4-day strike by 3,500 truck drivers that had curtailed bus service and forced many service stations to close. The 3-year contract provided for wage increases of 25 cents an hour retroactive to November 1, 15 cents on November 1, 1968, and 19 cents on November 1, 1969, a 3-cent increase in night differentials, double-time pay plus holiday pay for the first 8 hours o f work on a holiday, a guarantee of 8 hours o f work for employees re quired to drive on Sundays and holidays, a $l-aweek increase in employer payments to the health and welfare fund, and a $2 increase in payments to the pension fund ($1 in 1968, and $1 in 1969). In late October, the Meat Cutters reached agree ment with the Allied Employers, Inc., of Seattle, Wash., on a contract that ended a 29-day strikelockout of 2,000 workers. The 43-month pact cov ering nine jobbers and meat departments in 70 retail food stores, provided wage increases rang ing from 45 cents for wrappers to 57% cents for department heads and journeymen, a 5-cent-anhour increase in the employer contribution for welfare benefits, effective January 1, 1968, and a 5-cent increase in employer pension contributions, effective October 1, 1969. It also established an employer-financed prescription drug plan. In early November, owners of 48 office buildings in the Pittsburgh, Pa., area reached agreement with the Building Service Employees on a 3-year package estimated at more than 50 cents an hour. The pact, which covered 2,000 maintenance and cleaning workers, provided an immediate wage increase of 15 cents for men and 12% cents for women, and 10-cent increases to all employees in both 1968 and 1969. Other terms included skill adjustments for some employees, a seventh paid 7 Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and upstate New York. 8 Missouri, Montana, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, North and South Dakota, Wisconsin, Colorado, and Wyoming. 9 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , December 1967, p. 58, for terms of the K roger-R C IA settlement. 10 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , November 1967, p. 60, for terms of the earlier settlement, which affected 170 employees. 72 holiday, a fourth week of paid vacation after 25 years, a 1-cent-an-hour increase in the employer contribution to the pension fund on July 1, 1968, and again on July 1, 1969, bringing the contribu tion to 10 cents, $2,500 life insurance coverage, instead of $2,000, a $40 instead of a $35-a-week sickness and accident benefit, and employer as sumption of half the premium for dependent hos pital-medical coverage effective July 1, 1968, and the balance effective July 1,1969. Several large hospitals in Washington, D.C., an nounced salary increases of as much as 80 percent for their residents and interns. The round began with the Washington Hospital Center, which an nounced the following annual salary schedule to become effective January 1, 1968: $8,100 for in terns, from $4,500 ; $8,300 to $8,600 for American residents, from $4,680 to $5,220; and $5,110 for foreign-trained residents," from $4,500. George Washington University Hospital (G W U ) fol lowed by raising salaries to the following levels, also effective January 1: $6,013 for interns, from $4,009, and $7,016 to $8,519 for residents, from $5,011 to $6,013. These salaries would be increased by $500 effective July 1,1968. Fifth-year resident? at GWU hospital would receive only the July in crease, bringing their salary to $10,002. George town University Hospital then announced that it was raising its salaries to about the same level as GWU, on January 1, and that a further increase was being considered. Government On November 8, the Houston, Tex., City Coun cil approved salary increases of $26 or more a month for 6,000 city employees, effective the last pay period in 1967. Approximately 2,500 employees will receive more than $26, as a result o f a job https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968 evaluation study. In addition, life insurance cov erage was increased to $3,000, from $2,000. The action did not affect policemen and firemen, who were already scheduled to receive salary increases averaging 22 and 23.9 percent, respectively, as a result of an October council action. Columbus, Ohio, public school employees re ceived salary increases retroactive to September 1 as a result of additional State funds made avail able to local school boards.11 The increase was $200 to $1,000 for teachers; $200 for Class I and II nurses and dental hygienists; $300 for doctors and dentists; $1,000 for school psychologists with a master’s degree; and 10 cents an hour for 1,400 noncertified school workers. Pay o f administrators and assistant superintendents was also raised. In February 1967, teachers received wage increases of $400 a year and noncertified employees received 5 percent, financed from city funds. Other Developments In New York City, 50 labor and business lead ers organized a Labor-Management Council to promote better labor relations and to improve the city’s economic climate. Named as cochairmen of the new council were Harry Van Arsdale, Jr., president of the New York Central Labor Coun cil, and Ralph C. Gross, president of the Com merce and Industry Association of New York. The council is to meet regularly to identify problems of mutual interest and work toward their solution. Both Governor Rockefeller and Mayor John V. Lindsay attended the council’s organizational luncheon and praised its concept and potential for the city. 11 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , November 1967, pp. 5 7 -5 8 , for a description of the State law that provided for the additional funds and for details of increases granted Cleveland and Cin cinnati teachers under the law. Book Reviews and Notes Machine Takeover The Autom ated S ta te: Computer System s as a Neiv Force in Society. By Robert MacBride. Philadelphia, Pa., Chilton Book Co., 1967. 407 pp. $12.50. The concern of this book is twofold. It deals with the impact of automation on employment, and the establishment of a national computer system and its implications for our society. Actually more than half of the publication is in the form of appendices in which one finds re printed in their entirety a number of reports and documents pertinent to the author’s discussion. For example, the Report o f the Ad Hoc Committee on the Triple Revolution and the Report of the Na tional Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress are both included. In addition, the device of the extended quote is used quite often in the text. For example, in the discussion on automation and unemployment, one reads at yawning length what such people as John Kenneth Galbraith, Gardiner Means and Adolph Berle, Robert Theobald and Donald Michael, have said on this topic. This partial listing of Mr. MacBride’s sources gives an indication o f his orienta tion. He seems unaware o f the important work done in this area by Solow, Lipsey, Gordon, and others, and in any case dismisses the view of the impact of technology on employment now gener ally held by economists as unduly optimistic. The selection of views presented by the author does ab solutely nothing to further our understanding of this significant issue. Proposals for a National Data Center that might serve as the central information-gathering service of the Federal Government are considered. Such a center would collect in one facility the widely scat tered statistical information now gathered by nu merous Federal, State, and local agencies. Further more, when operational, the center would permit https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the government to obtain much more refined data and to engage in higher levels of analysis than at present. Such a system would be a boon to policymakers and social scientists, but might also be considered a further incursion on individ ual privacy. Congressman Gallagher and others have expressed the fear that such a system might permit the development of “ dossiers” on every American. A recent article in The Public Interest by Carl Kaysen successfully demonstrates that such fears are, in the main, unfounded. The development of a National Data Center is a logical extension of the advances being made in computer technology. Un fortunately, Mr. MacBride makes a poor advo cate of the proposal. His vision o f our future “ Automated State” seems perilously close to an Orwellian nightmare—yet the author never takes full cognizance of the character of his prophecies. In his view, the future functions of government “ will be applications of a kind of social engineering carried on in the same fashion, basically, as are the physical engineering projects of today such as roads, bridges, and sew age plants . . . One of the most attractive fea tures of a national computer system is that the whole country can be used as a kind of socio economic laboratory . . . The process is simple if you have access to a large and reliable computer.” In this sort of technocratic society, “ individuals will be called upon to supply a great deal o f infor mation about their activities . . . It will become difficult if not impossible for any individual to know what the consequences of many o f his actions will be. Seemingly trivial actions will acquire a new significance, although the individual will never know precisely what it is.” The requirements of a perfectly efficient society will dictate that an individual’s freedom of choice as to education, job, area of residence, and so on, will be restricted to what is compatible with the needs of the total society and economy. The author concludes, “ Given the resources of modern tech nology and planning techniques, it is really no great trick to transform even a country like ours into a smoothly running corporation where every detail o f life is a mechanical function to be taken care of.” Can Mr. MacBride be taken seriously? He has the systems analyst’s faith in statistics—but he for gets that one man’s mean may be another man’s 73 74 M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968 poison. The kind of limb lie chooses to crawl out on has been sawed off many times. For this amount the reader may prefer to do his sawing elsewhere. — D a v id B. L ip s k y Department of Industrial Relations State University of New York at Buffalo Both Sides of the Coin Organizing and the Law. By Stephen I. Schloss- berg. Washington, Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1967. 254 pp. $8.50. Examining the changing role o f labor lawyers tells us much about the development of public policy in labor. At one time a labor lawyer was someone who represented unions at considerable personal and financial sacrifice and whose major job was to protect union officers and members from legal harassment. The labor protection accorded unions in the Wagner and Taft-Hartley Acts has changed all o f this. While the labor bar is rather rigidly divided between those lawyers who rep resent management and those who represent labor, neither group is regarded as especially impecunious. Partly because o f the cost, unions do not use lawyers nearly as much as employers do. Nowhere is this fact as apparent, and as damaging to union effectiveness, as in organizing. The purpose o f the Taft-Hartley Act is to pro tect labor. It makes the right to organize explicit, and provides, through the NLRB, the machinery by which this right is protected. But the Board’s posture must be neutral, providing a forum for balancing and weighing competing rights and in terests. Although unions are frequently repre sented by counsel at NLRB hearings, they very seldom use (and use poorly when they do) lawyers or Board law in shaping organizing campaigns. Herein lies the major difference in the relationship of companies and unions to the law. The most distinctive feature of management’s response to union organizing efforts is the strong influence exerted by their lawyers on company strategy and tactics. For the union the details of organizing are left to staff organizers wTho gener ally have only a limited knowledge of the appli cable law. Stephen Schlossberg, the general counsel of the UAW , has written the first comprehensive book to https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis overcome these deficiencies in union organizing campaigns. On one level, it is a handbook for union organizers, in which the Labor Board’s representa tion machinery is described and the law is set forth in straightforward language. The descriptions on such issues as criteria for unit determination, con tract bar rules, and Board election standards, are models of expository clarity and are impeccably accurate. More than a guide, Mr. Schlossberg de scribes and evaluates alternative organizing tactics as they are affected by legal considerations. He has succeeded in writing what is undoubtedly the most useful book ever published for a trade union audience. The value of this work will not be limited to union officers. Lawyers in general as well as man agement personnel will find much o f interest in it. For students of American labor, the book repre sents a treasury of insights into the influence of the law upon the organizing process. One criticism must be made. The chapter on em ployer unfair labor practices is far too short and unduly elliptical. It is hoped that this can be cor rected in what will surely be the next edition of this superb book. — P h i l i p Ross Department of Industrial Relations State University of New York at Buffalo Cause and Effects Labor and American P olitics: A Book o f Read ings. By Charles M. Rehmus and Doris M. McLaughlin. Ann Arbor, Mich., University of Michigan Press, 1967. 461 pp. $9. The editors’ primary purpose in compiling these readings is to show the nature and extent of the American labor movement’s involvement in politics. The book is intended for use as a text or supplementary reading for college courses in labor history, pressure group theory, and Ameri can politics. Chronologically organized, the first part illus trates “ the often overlooked fact that organized labor in the United States has always been in poli tics.” By and large the 28 readings which have' been selected to support this thesis are from wellknown secondary sources such as Governm ent and Labor in E a rly Am erica by Richard B. Morris, 75 BOOK R E V IE W S AND NOTES A H istory o f American Labor by Joseph Rayback, American Labor by Henry Pelling, and Orga nized Labor in American H istory by Philip Taft. The subject of the second part is “ Labor and Politics Today.” In this section there are 27 carefully selected readings. Union sources are used to explain the structure and operations of COPE, to show how labor keeps score on con gressional voting, and to describe a national legis lative campaign and a local get-out-the-vote drive. To provide analysis of labor’s contemporary polit ical role the editors have taken excerpts from the best of recent research in the field. To illus trate, with examples taken at random, we find “ Organized Labor in the Political Process: A Case Study o f the Right-to-Work Campaign in Ohio” by Glenn W. Miller and Stephen B. Ware, “ The Magnitude and Method of Labor’s Financial In volvement in Politics” by Harry M. Scoble, and “ Membership Reaction to Political Action in Six Local Unions” by Joel Seidman and others. We can agree with the editors that an under standing o f labor’s historical role in politics is as important as a knowledge o f its contemporary political involvement, but this reviewer found Part I I of considerably more interest than Part I. The introductory remarks in each chapter of Part I are uninspiring, the reliance on secondary sources when there is so much exciting primary source material is disturbing, and the serious omissions (Eugene Deb’s role in American labor and politics is hardly mentioned) reduce the impact of the his torical study. Nevertheless, the book should serve well as a text supplement in the college courses for which it was intended. It would also be a worthwhile addition to the libraries of trade unionists and academicians interested in the labor movement. — K e it h D ix School for Workers University of Wisconsin Between Reality and Myth Technology and Change. By Donald A. Schon. New York, Delacorte Press, 1967. 248 pp. $7.95. Although the book is marred by misinterpreta tions of American economic history, the central 282-907 0 - 68-6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis purpose— to distinguish between the realities of technological change and the widely held stereo types and myths o f automation, and to suggest new corporate and social standards to deal with the problems and consequences of technological ad vancement—is well achieved. The first two chapters stress that invention and innovation are by no means as rational and systematic as after-the-fact views often suggest. The more significant the development, Dr. Schon observes, the less likely that it was anticipated. Planning the process of invention and innovation is useful only “ when treated as something from which to deviate.” In the next four chapters Mr. Schon dem onstrates that management attitudes toward technological innovation are contradictory and complicated. Although management spokesmen uniformly extol the virtues and needs o f change, management practice frequently reflects the view that technological innovation is “ dangerous, dis ruptive and uncertain.” Major changes from with in often come about because a determined indi vidual emerged as a “ product champion” and man aged through legitimate and irregular tactics to overcome organizational resistance. A significant recent change in corporate structure has been, in effect, “ an institutionalization of the role of the product champion” by providing a corporate um brella for new small firms where operations are based on developing new technology. But, in tradi tional industries like textiles, machine tools, and building, the major technological innovations of the last 50 to 60 years were the results of in novations from outside—by new “ invading” re search and development-based industries like chemicals (synthetic fibers) and aero-space (numerical controls). Although most recent technological innovation has come out of private industry, the Federal Government has played a significant role and this role will grow in importance, according to the author. In the final two chapters, he calls for a new “ ethic of change” which will recognize that technological progress is not an automatic road to the Good Society but must be treated as a dynamic and uncertain process requiring a bold, flexible, and experimental outlook, with a concern for the human role o f producer and consumer. M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968 76 As long as he confines himself to recent cor porate organizational and technological practice, the author seems to be on firm ground. When he turns to economic history to support some long-run generalizations, he commits errors. For example, he uses a curve of gross national product in cur rent dollars from 1900 to 1960 to support his claim that national and corporate growth was mainly a post-World War II phenomenon based on the “ full flowering of technical innovation” and that the period from 1900 through the 1930’s was one o f “ relative inactivity” . While the private sector productivity rate has increased since 1947, the change is not nearly as pronounced as Dr. Schon contends. A constant dollar curve would have significantly modified his conclusion, and allow ance for population growth' would have modified it further. Similarly his statement that our economy underwent what Rostov refers to as a “ take-off” in the 1940’s and 1950’s is a century away from Rostov’s own observation that the United States’ “ take-off” occurred between 1843 and 1860. Despite such economic misinterpretations, this volume is worth careful attention because of its skillful portrayal o f the corporation’s approach to the new technology. — M il t o n D erber I nstitute of Labor and Industrial Relations University of Illinois Habitat and Humanity Cities in a Race With Time. By Jeanne R. Lowe. New York, Random House, Inc., 1967. 601 pp., bibliography. $10. Americans are faced with—and most of us live in—the untidy results of our failure to accommo date the city to man, rather than man to the city. To take up the burden of improving our urban areas requires simultaneous efforts to deal with accumulated physical and social decay and to plan for the kind of environment that is capable of adapting itself to the continually changing future. Lately, the popular wisdom seems to be moving toward condemning urban renewal because it has not solved all of the city’s problems. It is criticized as an attempt to shore up a decaying structure, when what is needed is a foresighted organization of resources to improve the quality of living in the teeming metropolitan centers forecast for the nottoo-distant future. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In the face of this easy criticism of those who have at least tried to cope with the urban crisis, Jeanne Lowe offers a provocative account of the problems faced by pioneering leaders in five cit ies—New York, New Haven, Pittsburgh, Wash ington, and Philadelphia—and some of the lessons they learned. The program of each of the cities studied was regarded at one time as the most progressive, the most hopeful of its kind. In each, the planners and developers— idealists and pragmatists, architects and social workers, bureaucrats and citizen groups, taxpayers and financiers— were buffeted by forces they had not foreseen, by the intricacies o f achiev ing the political action necessary to give meaning to their policies. Using the case history approach, Miss Lowe tells of the programs and personalities in these very different yet similar innovating attempts. Human intertwined with economic problems are exempli fied in the relocation, accounted in detail, of the (predominantly Negro) families uprooted from the District of Columbia’s Southwest slums—a stretch of land bounded by the Capital and the Potomac river which is finally taking shape as Washington’s “new Southwest,” with a notable achievement of racial, if not economic, integration. By her careful review of the often unplanned development of our cities and the complexity of urban renewal—this “ bundle of powers and funds” which the author believes will become a permanent function in both the central cities and their suburbs and fringe towns—Miss Lowe has provided a guide useful to the layman as well as to the new breed of urbanologists, as planners and people move together toward the realization that the metro politan environment must encompass and encour age psychic as well as physical space, human as well as economic values. — G e o r g e n a R. P o t t s Office of Publications Bureau of Labor Statistics Diverse Dialogue Methods of Organizational Research. Edited by Victor H. Vroom. Pittsburgh, Pa., University of Pittsburgh Press, 1967. 211 pp. $3.95. A seminar sponsored by the University of Pitts burgh on Organizational Research provides the base for this book. The seminar covered four 77 BOOK R E V IE W S AND NOTES areas— laboratory experiments, field experiments, comparative field studies, and computer simula tion—which matches the four chapters in the book. A participant from each seminar area wrote a chapter on his concept of the issues in organiza tional research. The results can best be described as diverse. There is little agreement between chapters, and there are large differences in the definition of the major issues in research. It appears that each group dealt with different fields o f inquiry, except when they undertook to criticize each other. The first chapter, by Karl E. Weick, discusses laboratory experiments. It is well organized and defensive. Mr. Weick provides a good discussion of some of the laboratory experiments which match the variety of actual experiences. The chapter does much to demonstrate that the method of labora tory experimentation is applicable to organiza tional behavior and theory. There are two sections in the second chapter; one is on organizational change and the other is on field experiments. Louis B. Barnes first presents an excellent description of the conceptual schemes of organizational change and then relates the use fulness of field study in this area. The author’s particular concern is with indicating ways in which the classical experimental design can be widened so that it can better apply to conditions prevailing in the field. Because of its lack of organization, the chapter on comparative studies is the most difficult in the book. Tom Burns offers many interesting concep tual ideas regarding this method but much of the discussion is hard to follow. By way of contrast, the final chapter is well organized and clearly written. Thornton B. Roby discusses computer simulation and its possible use in organizational research in a manner that can be understood by readers who have little knowledge of the subject. The main conclusion that becomes apparent from these presentations is that the methods which are widely used in organizational research do not have established methodological bases while those methods which are more formally designed have trouble establishing their applicability. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis — T homas J. A t c h is o n D epartment of Management San Diego State College Summaries of Recent Books The E m erging Law o f Labor Relations in Public E m ploym ent. By Kurt L. Hanslowe. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University, New York State School o f Industrial and Labor Relations, 1967. 117 pp. (IL R Paperback 4.) $2.50. As the number of government workers continues to increase, it becomes more and more important to determine what the policies toward organizing and collective bargaining should be. In this brief paperback, Professor Hanslowe discusses the obligations of government to deal fairly with its employees. He describes how governments at vari ous levels have handled the question of how much participation in establishing employment terms public employees will be allowed. Besides discuss ing Federal and various State policies, which range between total restriction and partial accom modation, there is a separate chapter on “ The Un finished New York Story.” Agricultural Developm ent and Econom ic Growth. Edited by Herman M. Southworth and Bruce F. Johnston. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press, 1967. 608 pp. $12. Increasing agricultural productivity in under developed countries is essential to economic growth. But because areas differ with respect to natural resources and the culture of the inhabit ants, it is difficult to devise a simple formula for agricultural development. The 14 papers included in this book are as diverse as the subjects they cover. Social structure, education, farm size, nutri tion, taxation and price policy are some of the topics discussed; a commentary by the con tributors to the book follows each chapter. American Unions: Structure , , Governm ent and Politics. By Jack Barbash. New York, Ran dom House, Inc., 1967. 183 pp., bibliography. $2.45. Beginning with a discussion of the structure of locals, the author goes on to describe the na tional union, and the A F L -C IO . Union workers and leaders not only have differences with the employer but with each other. Differences arise over who should get the scarce jobs, the role of the union in society, and the amount o f power should have over its members in relation to other union 78 M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 bodies; and, “ the most common forum for discus sion and resolution of contending interests is the great network of formal meetings built into the system of union government.” These points are discussed in the last two chapters. The M obile M anager: A S tu d y o f the N ew Gen eration o f Top Executives. By Eugene E. Jen nings. Ann Arbor, Mich., University o f Michi gan, Bureau- of Industrial Relations, 1967. 135 pp. $6. The author’s intensive study of mobility among business executives has resulted in an attempt to classify the characteristics and problems of mobile managers. The examination is based on reports from 1,500 managers and 230 corporate presidents. Its principal findings is that effectiveness rests on mobility, and the book presents the outlines o f a technique for predicting both. Thomas J. Curtin. Boston, Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1967. 226 pp., bibliography. $3.95. A n tip o ve rty W o r k and Training E ffo r ts : Goals and R e ality. By Sar A. Levitan. Joint publication of the Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations, Univer sity of Michigan— Wayne State University and the National Manpower Policy Task Force, 1967. 112 pp. (Policy Papers in Human Resources and Industrial Relations, 3.) $2, Publications Office, Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations, Ann Arbor, Mich. Neiv D irections in Vocational Education. Washington, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Of fice of Education, 1957. 55 pp. (OE 880047.) 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Vocational E d u ca tion : P re-R equ isite o f a M od ern E c o n om y. (I n OECD Observer, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, October 1967, pp. 27-31. 50 cents. Distributed in United States by OECD Publications Center, Washington.) Estim ating Rehabilitation N ee d s : A C onference on Plan ning fo r Vocational Rehabilitation [in N ew J e r s e y ]. Transforming A m erica : Patterns of Social Change. By Raymond W. Mack. New York, Random House, Inc., 1967. 199 pp. $4.95. A short book attempting to cover much ground, this summary of major social trends in the United States is addressed to lay readers in nontechnical terms. There is a chapter on the production and distribution of abundance, and each chapter de scribing a function essential to social survival con cludes with a section of crucial questions. Other Recent Publications Education and Training Education and Learning. By Wilbur J. Cohen. (I n Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sci ence, Philadelphia, September 1967, pp. 79-101. $2.50; $2 to Academy members.) Edited by Monroe Berkowitz. New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers— The State University, Bureau of Economic Research, 1967. 108 pp. $2. Program m ed Instruction in I n d u s tr y : A W o r ld -W id e E x perim ent in Staff Training. By E. B. Young. New York, Pergamon Press Inc., 1967. 23 pp. Research In form a tion Sources in T ra ining: A Com prehen sive S u r v ey o f P resen t and Planned R esources. By Gerald H. Whitlock. (In Training and Development Journal, Madison, W is., November 1967, pp. 2-8. $1.75.) R esearch in A pprenticeship Training: Proceedings o f a Conference, S eptem ber 8 -9 , 1966. Madison, University of Wisconsin, Center for Studies in Vocational and Technical Education (for Office of Manpower Policy, Evaluation, and Research of the U.S. Department of Labor), 1967. 192 pp. Health and Safety The Reorganization o f Educational R esou rces. By George To W o r k I s H u m a n : M ental H ealth and the B usiness J. Maslach. (In Daedalus, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, Fall 1967, pp. 1200-1209. $1.75.) Com m unity. Edited by Alan McLean, M.D. New York, Macmillan Co., 1967. 306 pp., bibliography. $6.95. H igh er Education fo r N eg ro es: Challenges and Prospects. Air-P ollution A b a te m en t: E conom ic R a tiona lity and R e By Kenneth B. Clark. (In Journal o f Negro Educa tion, Howard University, Washington, Summer 1967, pp. 196-203. $1.75.) ality. By Azriel Teller. (In Daedalus, American Acad emy of Arts and 'Sciences, Boston, Fall 1967, pp. 1082-1098. $1.75.) Educational E xpen d itu res in the United States. By Rich Occupational D isea se in California, 1965. Berkeley, Cali ard F. Young. (I n Monthly Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo., SeptemberOctober 1967, pp. 3 -8 .) fornia State Department o f Public Health, Bureau of Occupational Health, 1967. 45 pp. Free. D isa bility and D epen dency. By Terence E. Carroll. P o verty, Education and R a ce R ela tion s: Studies and P ro posals. By William C. Kvaraceus, John S. Gibson, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (I n American Federationist, A F L -C IO , Washington, Oc tober 1967, pp. 15-17.) 79 BOOK R E V IE W S AN D NOTES A cu te Conditions— Incidence and A ssocia ted D isability, Labor Force United S tates, J u ly 1 965-J u n e 1966. Washington, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Pub lic Health Service, 1967. 61 pp. (Vital and Health Statistics Data from the National Health Survey; PHS Publication No. 1009-Series 10-No. 38.) 45 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. 1984 and B e y o n d : The W orld o f W ork . By Herbert E. Striner. Kalamazoo, Mich., W . E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1967.15 pp. H ealth M anpow er, 1 9 6 6 -7 5 : A S tu d y of R equirem ents and Supply. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bu reau of Labor Statistics, 1967. 50 pp. (B LS Report Prescribed and N onprescribcd M edicines— T yp e and Use o f M edicines, 323.) United S ta tes, J u ly 1 96 4 -J u n e 1965. Washington, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1967. 41 pp. (Vital and Health Statistics Data from the National Health Survey; PHS Publication No. 1000-Series 10-No. 39.) 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Industrial Relations H ealth Service Educational O ccupations: Occupational R equirem ents— Connecticut N eeds and and Its Areas, 1967, 1971, 1976. Storrs, Conn., University of Connecticut, Labor Education Center, 1967. 130 pp. Health M anpow er in a D eveloping E c o n o m y : Taiwan, A Case S tu d y in Planning. By Timothy D. Baker and Mark Perlman. Baltimore, Md., The Johns Hopkins L abor in A m e rica : T h e Union and E m p lo yer R esp on ses to Press, 1967. 203 pp. $6.50. the Challenges o f Our Changing S ociety. Proceedings of a Conference, May 19-20, 1966. Edited by Lafayette G. Harter, Jr. and John Keltner. Corvallis, Ore gon State University Press, 1967. 144 pp. $2.95. F ederal W or k fo r c e Outlook, Fiscal Y ears 1967-1970. Washington, U.S. Civil Service Commission, 1967. H PP- Diagnosing Indu strial Unrest. (In Labor Gazette, Canada Department of Labor, Ottawa, October 1967, pp. 624— 625, 656. 50 cents, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa.) The Peruvian Industrial Labor Force. By David Chaplin. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1967. 324 pp., bibliography. $9. E m ployee-M a n agem en t R elations in the Publio S ervic e: Selected R eferen ces. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Library, September 1967. 43 pp. and the “ N ew E con om ics.” By Leon H. Keyserling. (In Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Philadelphia, September 1967, pp. 102-119. $2.50; $2 to Academy members.) E m ploym ent Unit D eterm in ation in Public E m ploym en t. By Andrew W . J. Thomson. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University, New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, 1967. 20 pp. (Public Employee Relations Reports, 1.) Single copy free. Le P rosp ettive deU’ Occupazione n elV Ind ustrie Italiana per il Quadricnnio 1967-1970. (I n Rassegna di Statis- tiche del Lavoro, Confederazione Generale della Industria Italiana, Rome, May-June 1967, pp. 167-169.) R estrictive Labor Practices in the Superm arket In d u stry. By Herbert R. Northrup and Gordan R. Storholm. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, 1967. 202 pp. (In dustrial Research Unit Study 44.) $7.50, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. F orm al G rievan ce P rocedu res fo r Public-School Teachers, Geographical and Occupational M o b ility o f W ork ers in the A ircraft and E lectronics Indu stries. Final Report. Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1967. 122 pp. (International Seminars, 1966-3.) $2. Distributed in United States by OECD Publications Center, Washington. Washington, National Education Associa tion, 1967. 63 pp. (Research Report 1967-R10.) $1.25. Schooling, E xperience, and Gains and L osses in H um an Arbitration and the D u ty to Bargain. By Bernard Cush and Robert G. Myers. (In Journal of the American Statistical Association, Washington, September 1967, 196 5 -5 6. Capital Through M igration. By Mary Jean Bowman man. Madison, W is., University of Wisconsin, 1967. 29 pp. (Reprint from Wisconsin Law Review, Summer 1967.) Ending o f Casual S y stem o f W orkin g in the D ocks. (In Arbitration, N ot N L R B In terven tion . By Bernard Samoff. Ministry of Labor Gazette, London, September 1967, pp. 709-711. 5s., H.M. Stationary Office, London.) (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, October 1967, pp. 602-631. $1.35.) Equal E m ploym en t Opportunity. Hearings before the Sub The L abor Court Idea. By R. W . Fleming. (In Michigan Law Review, Ann Arbor, Mich., June 1967, pp. 15511568. $2.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis pp. 875-898.) committee on Employment, Manpower, and Poverty of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, U.S. Senate, 90th Congress, 1st. session. Washington, 1967. 202 pp. 80 M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968 N eg ro -W ln te Occupational D ifferen ces in the A bsen ce of D iscrim ination. By ¡Stanley Lieberson and Glenn V. Fuguitt. (In American Journal of ¡Sociology, Univer sity of Chicago, Chicago, September 1967, pp. 188-200. $2, University of Chicago Press-) Weinberg. Montreal, Canada, McGill University, 1967. 107 pp. $3. U tility : C om petition or R egulation? By Manley R. Irwin. (In Yale Law Journal, New Haven, Conn., June 1967, pp. 1299-1320. $2.50.) T h e Com puter Labor Organizations Coping W ith R esistance to Change. By Arnold S. Judson. M em b er A ttitu d es mid Union S urvival in a R ig h t-to-W o rk State. By Robert G. Graham and Milton Valentine. (In Personnel Journal, Swarthmore, Pa., October 1967, pp. 585-588, 595. 75 cents.) o f Public E m p loyees. By Hoyt Gemlin. Washington, Editorial Research Reports, 1967. 18 pp. (1967, Vol. II, No. 17.) $2. Organisation Personnel Management V a r ie ty : A Public P erson nel Approach. By Chester A. N e w la n d . P u b lic (In P e rso n n e l R e v ie w , C h ic a g o , October 1967, pp. 231-236. $2.) in the Canadian Public S ervice. By E. P. Benson. (In Review, Chicago, Social Security N ew International In stru m en ts on Inva lid ity, O ld-Age, and Survivors Pensions. (In Social Security Bulletin, U.S. Department o f Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security Administration, Washington, October 1967, pp. 16-25. 25 cents, Superintendent of Docu ments, Washington.) 20 Years o f S u rvivor Insurance B enefits Under the R a il road R etirem en t A ct. 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(In Daedalus, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, Fall 1967, pp. 1099-1114. $1.75.) (In https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Queensland Office, [19671. 509 pp. Statistics, Current Labor Statistics TABLES A.----- Labor Force and Employment A.— 83 83 84 84 85 85 86 90 94 95 96 A -l. A -2 . A -3 . A -4 . A -5 . A -6 . A -7 . A -8 . A -9 . A - 10. A -ll. A -1 2 . A -1 3 . Summary employment and unemployment estimates, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted rates of unemployment Rates of unemployment, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted Employed persons, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted Unemployed persons, by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted Full- and part-time status of the civilian labor force, not seasonally adjusted Employment status, by color, sex, and age, seasonally adjusted1 Total employment and unemployment rates, by occupation, seasonally adjusted1 Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups, seasonally adjusted Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally adjusted Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations B.— 97 B -l. c C..—— Earnings and Hours 100 113 C -l. C -2 . 113 114 C -3 . C -4 . 115 117 C -5 . C -6 . Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagri cultural payrolls in current and 1957-59 dollars Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by major industry group Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities D .— . — Consumer and Wholesale Prices 118 D -l. 119 D -2 . 120 121 123 124 D -3 . D -4 . D -5 . D -6 . Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers, all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items Consumer Price Index-— U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers, selected groups, subgroups, and special groups of items, seasonally adjusted Consumer Price Index— U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical workers Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product E .— 125 E -l. 1 Tables A -7 and A-8 appear quarterly in the February, May, August, and November issues of the Review. N ote : W ith the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are. described in B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458, 1966). 82 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A.— LABOR FORCE AND EM PLO YM EN T 83 A.— Labor Force and Employment T able A - l . Summary employment and unemployment estimates, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted [In thousands] 1967 1966 Annual Employment status, age, and sex Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. 1966 81, 576 78,106 75, 083 3, 829 71,254 3,023 81, 460 77,997 74, 630 3, 707 70,923 3, 367 81,259 77,803 74, 625 3,676 70,949 3,178 81,160 77, 701 74, 718 3,992 70,726 2,983 80,954 77,505 74,489 3,856 70,633 3,016 80, 681 77, 237 74,147 3,727 70,420 3,090 79,645 76,189 73,289 3,652 69, 637 2,900 80,189 76,740 73,910 3,890 70,020 2,830 79,959 76,523 73, 747 3,855 69,892 2,776 80,443 77,025 74,137 3,890 70, 247 2,888 80,473 77,087 74,255 4,015 70,240 2,832 80,154 76,764 73,893 4,011 69,882 2,871 79,934 76, 612 73,897 3,892 70,005 2,715 79,360 76,081 73,199 3,779 69,420 2,882 78,893 75,770 72,895 3,979 68,915 2,875 77,178 74,455 71,088 4,361 66,726 3,366 48,336 45, 563 44, 480 2,808 41, 672 1,083 48,280 45, 513 44, 375 2, 791 41, 584 1,138 48,238 45, 476 44, 435 2,806 41, 629 1,041 48, 365 45, 559 44, 479 2,835 41,644 1,080 48,273 45,433 44,338 2,791 41,547 1,095 48,196 45,314 44,156 2,726 41,430 1,158 47,920 45,021 43,922 2, 753 431,169 1,099 48,033 45,140 44,092 2,870 41,222 1,048 47,921 45,047 44,010 2,795 41, 215 1,037 48,605 45,222 44,236 2,875 41,361 986 48,591 45, 239 44, 227 2,861 41,366 1,012 47,842 44,987 43,898 2,884 41,014 1,089 47,604 44,797 43,711 2,807 40,904 1,086 47,493 44,723 43,654 2,800 40,854 1,069 47,437 44, 787 43,667 2,894 40,773 1,119 47,115 44,857 43,422 3,174 40,246 1,435 Civilian labor force____________ 26,134 26, 092 26,051 25, 557 25,516 25,177 24,730 25,023 24,862 25,071 25,221 25,139 25,145 24,884 24,427 Em ployed_______________________ 25, 093 24, 827 24, 781 24, 558 24,421 24,094 23,773 24,002 23,834 24,057 24,128 24,167 24, 278 23,891 23, 507 Agriculture____________________ 512 624 634 567 705 581 537 625 628 636 702 729 663 593 675 Nonagricultural industries____ 24, 459 24, 260 24, 269 23,853 23,797 23, 513 23,236 23,377 23,206 23,421 23,426 23,438 23,615 23,298 22,832 Unem ployed____________________ 1,041 1,265 1,270 999 1,095 1,083 957 1,021 1,028 1,014 1,093 972 867 993 919 23,687 22,630 748 21,882 1,056 1965 T otal T otal labor force__________ Civilian labor force________ Em ployed_______________ Agriculture______________ Nonagricultural industries____ Unem ployed_____________ . M e n , 20 Y ears and O ver Total labor force__________________ Civilian labor force___________ . . Em ployed_______________________ Agriculture________________ Nonagricultural industries____ U nem ployed___________________ Wom en , 20 Y ears and O ver B oth Se x e s , 16-19 Y ears Civilian labor force________________ E m ployed_______________________ Agriculture____________________ Nonagricultural industries____ Unem ployed____________________ 6,409 5,510 387 5,123 899 6,392 5, 428 349 5, 079 964 T able A -2 . 6,276 5, 409 358 5,051 867 6,585 5,681 452 5,229 904 6,556 5,730 441 5,289 826 6.746 5,897 420 5,477 849 6,438 5,594 362 5,232 844 6, 577 5,816 395 5,421 761 6,614 5,903 432 5,471 711 6,732 5,844 379 5,465 888 6,627 5,900 452 5,448 727 6,638 5,828 398 5,430 810 6,670 5,908 422 5,486 762 6,474 5,654 386 5,268 820 6,557 5,721 410 5,310 836 5,910 5,036 439 4,598 874 Seasonally adjusted rates of unemployment Annual average 1966 1967 Selected unemployment rates Nov. Total (all civilian workers)............... Men, 20 years and over__________ Women, 20 years and over_______ Both sexes, 16-19 years__________ White workers___________________ Nonwhite workers______________ Married m en______________________ Full-time workers_________________ Blue-collar workers_______________ Experienced wage and salary workers_________________________ Labor force time lo s t 1_____________ Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. 1966 3.9 2.4 4.0 14.0 3.4 7.3 1.7 3.6 4.4 4.3 2.5 4.8 15. 1 3.8 8.8 1.9 3.9 4.9 4.1 2.3 4.9 13.8 3.6 7.9 1.8 3.8 4.6 3.8 2.4 3.9 13.7 3. 5 6.9 2.0 3.6 4.4 3.9 2.4 4.3 12.6 3.5 7.2 1.8 3.6 4.7 4.0 2.6 4.3 12.6 3.5 7.8 2.0 3.9 4.7 3.8 2.4 3.9 13.1 3.3 7.8 1.9 3.5 4.6 3.7 2.3 4.1 11.6 3.3 7.3 1.9 3.3 4.6 3.6 2.3 4.1 10.7 3.1 7.4 1.7 3.1 4.2 3.7 2.2 4.0 13.2 3.3 7.1 1.6 3.0 4.1 3.7 2.2 4.3 11.0 3.3 6.6 1.7 3.1 4.2 3.7 2.4 3.9 12.2 3.3 7.6 1.7 3.3 4.3 3.5 2.4 3.4 11.4 3.1 6.9 1.7 3.4 4.3 3.8 2.4 4.0 12.7 3.4 7.4 1.9 3.4 4.1 3.8 2.5 3.8 12.7 3.3 7.3 1.9 3.4 4.3 4.5 3.2 4.5 14.8 4.1 8.1 2.4 3.5 5.3 3.6 4.1 4.1 4.7 4.0 4.6 3.6 4. 3 3.7 4.3 3.8 4.5 3.6 3.8 3.4 4.0 3.4 4.1 3.4 4.0 3.5 4.1 3.5 4.1 3.4 3.8 3.5 4.1 3.5 4.2 4.3 5.0 1 Man-hours lost b y the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force man-hours. Beginning in the March issue, the 1965 and 1966 statistics on the labor force were revised to take account of the lower age limit change from 14 to 16 years of age. The 1967 data reflect all the definitional changes which became effective in January 1967. (See the February 1967 E m p lo y m e n t and Earnings and M on th ly Report on the Labor Force, Vol. 13, No. 8.) Although these data are not strictly comparable with those published prior to January 1967, they may be treated by most users as continuing the previous series. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1965 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1968 84 T able A-3. Rates of unemployment, by age and sex seasonally adjusted 1966 1967 Annual average Ago and sex Nov. Oet. Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. 1966 1965 T otal 16 years and over__________________ 3.9 4.3 4.1 3.8 3.9 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.8 3.8 4.5 10 to19 years____________________ 16 and 17 years________________ 18 and 19 years________________ 20 to24 years_________ ■__________ 25 years and over-----------------------25 to54 years__________________ 55 years and over______________ 14.0 16.2 12.0 5.6 2.6 2.6 2.4 15.1 16.5 13.9 6.5 2.9 3.0 2.5 13.8 15.6 12.6 6.6 12.6 14.4 11.4 6.2 2.6 2.7 2.3 12.6 14.0 13.1 5.8 2.8 2.9 2.3 13.1 13.7 12.8 5.2 2.6 2.7 2.7 11.6 14.8 10.9 5.1 2.6 2.7 2.5 10.7 12.0 9.8 5.4 2.6 2.6 2.5 13.2 16.4 11.0 5.2 2.5 2.6 2.2 11.0 13.1 9.5 5.6 2.6 2.6 2.9 12.2 13.8 10.8 5.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 11.4 12.9 10.6 5.0 2.5 2.5 2.4 12.7 14.7 11.4 5. 4 2. 6 2.7 2.5 12.7 14.8 11.3 5.3 2.7 2.8 2.3 13.7 15.3 12.7 5.5 2.5 2.6 2.5 14.8 16. 5 13.5 6.7 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 14.5 16.1 12.0 5.4 2.0 1.8 2.6 3.4 15.0 17.3 12.9 5.3 2.1 2.0 2.5 3.0 12.4 13.2 11.4 4.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 3.1 12.4 15.3 10.2 5.0 2.0 2.0 2.4 3.1 11.6 14.5 9.2 5.0 2.1 2.0 2.3 3.3 12.3 14.2 10.3 5.1 2.2 2.1 2.5 3.2 12.9 14.5 11.8 4.9 2.1 2.0 2.8 3.0 11.8 16.8 10.8 4.0 2.1 2.0 2.6 2.9 10.1 11.3 9.0 4.2 2.1 2.0 2.4 3.0 12.6 14.8 10.3 3.6 2.0 1.9 2.2 2.9 11.1 13.9 8.8 4.2 2.0 1.8 2.8 3.2 12.2 13.8 10.8 5.3 2.1 2.0 2.3 3.0 10.5 11.5 9.7 4.9 2.2 2 .1 2.4 3.1 11.7 14.1 9.9 4.3 2 .1 2 .1 2.1 4.9 13.4 16.3 12.0 5.9 3.6 4.1 5.8 15.1 15.3 15.1 8.0 4.3 5.0 5.9 15.6 19.3 13.8 8.8 4.1 4.5 2.9 5.1 15.4 15.4 15.4 5.3 13.8 14.3 13.8 7.6 3.7 4.1 2.2 5.2 13.0 13.8 12.4 6.8 3.9 4.5 1.7 4.8 13.4 12.4 13.8 5.5 3.4 4.0 2.6 4.9 11.3 12.0 11.0 4.9 11.6 13.1 10.7 6.9 3.6 3.9 2.8 5.1 13.9 18.7 11.7 7.3 3.5 3.7 2.1 5.0 10.8 11.9 10.2 7.4 3.8 4.0 3.3 4.7 12.2 13.7 10.7 6.1 3.5 3.6 3.0 4.4 12.6 14.9 11.5 5.2 5.0 13.9 15.7 13.0 6.9 3.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 M ale 16 years and over__________________ 16 to 19 y e a r s ___________________ 16 and 17 years________________ 18 and 19 years________________ 20 to24 years____________________ 25 years and over________________ 55 years and over______________ 3.2 11.7 13.7 10.2 4. 6 2.2 2.1 2.7 4.0 14.1 16.1 12. 4 6.3 2.8 2. 7 3. 3 F emale 16 to 19 years____________ _______ 18 and 19 years_____________ 55 years and over________________ 2.1 T able A-4 2.6 6.1 3.5 3.7 2.7 6.6 3.6 3.9 2.4 3.1 3.4 2.3 3.8 3.1 4.8 14.1 16. 6 12. 6 6.3 3.3 3. 6 2.4 5.5 15. 7 17. 2 14.8 7. 3 4. 0 4, 3 2.8 Employed persons, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted [In thousands] Annual average 1966 1967 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. 1966 1965 73,747 5,903 2,478 3,465 8,348 59, 516 46,391 13,224 74,137 5,844 2,399 3,465 8,355 60,000 46, 616 13,450 74,255 5,900 2,389 3,516 8,228 60,125 46,742 13, 468 73,893 5,828 2, 427 3,487 8,126 59,886 46, 541 13,405 73,987 5,908 2,362 3,537 8,062 59,925 46,399 13, 544 73,199 5, 654 2,233 3,386 7,977 59,593 4tj, 146 13,332 72,895 5, 721 2,269 3, 452 7,963 59,212 45,944 13,268 71, 088 5, 036 2 , 074 2, 962 7, 702 58, 351 45, 31S 13, 033 47, 548 47,425 47, 479 47, 712 47,555 47,448 47,050 47,273 47,358 47,475 47, 533 47,116 47,011 46,824 46,919 3,068 3,050 3, 044 3,233 3,217 3,292 3,128 3,176 3,348 3,239 3,306 3,218 3,300 3,170 3, 2 5 2 1,439 1,400 1,409 1,436 1,399 1,403 1,324 1,351 1,512 1,444 1,453 1,463 1,451 1,369 1,380 1,644 1,639 1,653 1,786 1,810 1,856 1,766 1,825 1,854 1,852 1,867 1,802 1,858 1,790 1,862 4,792 4, 806 4,849 4, 891 4,856 4,881 4, 750 4,771 4, 762 4,812 4, 721 4,588 4,594 4, 586 4, 599 39,669 39, 588 39; 589 39,566 39,468 29,266 39,177 39,306 39,276 39,474 39,493 39,259 39,098 39, 085 39, 069 30, 765 30, 637 30, 648 30, 638 30, 584 30, 425 30,402 30, 558 30, 645 30, 697 30, 776 30, 519 30,331 30,313 30,378 55 years and over______________ 8,941 8,915 8,898 8,889 8,860 8,870 8,738 8, 717 8,670 8,777 8, 758 8, 767 8,805 8,741 8, 691 46, 340 2, 918 1, 284 1, 634 4, 583 38, 839 30,240 8, 599 Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June 74, 630 5, 428 2,288 3,106 8,514 60, 718 46,876 13,712 74, 625 5; 409 2,246 3,148 8, 522 60, 724 46, 768 13, 698 74, 718 5,681 2,341 3,331 8, 612 60, 393 46, 709 13, 632 74, 489 5, 730 2,322 3,402 8,604 60,128 46, 471 13,563 74,147 5, 897 2,363 3,491 8, 571 59, 678 46, 062 13, 627 May Apr. T otal 75,083 5, 510 2,316 3,192 8,699 60,872 47,106 55 vears and over______________ 13,782 73,289 73,910 5, 594 4,816 2,201 2,346 3,358 3,470 8,420 8,418 59, 300 59,650 46,044 46, 295 13,244 13,360 M ale F emale 27,535 27, 205 27,146 27,006 26,934 26, 699 26,239 26, 637 26,389 26,662 26,722 26, 777 2,442 2,378 2,365 2, 448 2,513 2, 605 2,466 2,640 2, 555 2,605 2, 594 ■2, 610 964 936 955 995 966 877 960 923 905 837 888 877 1,548 1,467 1,495 1,545 1,592 1,635 1,592 1,645 1,611 1,643 1,649 1,685 3,907 3, 708 3,673 3, 721 3, 748 3,690 3,670 3,647 3,586 3, 543 3, 507 3,538 21,203 21,130 21,135 20,827 20, 660 20,412 20,123 20,344 20,240 20,526 20, 632 20, 627 16,341 16, 239 16,120 16, 071 15,887 15, 638 15, 642 15, 737 15,746 15,919 159, 66 16, 022 55 years and over______________ 4,841 4, 797 4.800 4, 743 4,703 4,757 4, 506 4,643 4,554 4, 673 4,710 4, 638 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 26,887 26,375 25,976 2, 608 2,484 2,469 879 864 911 1,679 1, 596 1,590 3, 68 8 3,391 3, 3b4 20,827 20,508 20,143 16, 068 15,833 15, 566 4, 739 4, 591 4, 577 24, 748 790 1,328 3, 119 19,512 A.— LABO R FORCE AN D EM PLO YM EN T T able A-5. 85 Unemployed persons, by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted [In thousands] 1967 1966 Annual average Duration of unemployment Less than 5 weeks __ _____ __ . . 5 to 14 weeks. _ __ _______________ 15 weeks and over _ _ . . . ____ 15 to 26 w eek s.. . _________ ____ 27 weeks and over_____ __ . . . 15 weeks and over as a percent of civilian labor force______________ T able A-6. N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. 1966 1965 1,586 918 487 310 177 1,847 1,153 489 313 176 1,889 945 437 278 159 1, 660 945 441 231 210 1,805 876 435 265 170 1,649 919 444 298 146 1,371 877 414 271 143 1,468 900 436 251 185 1,408 986 560 354 206 1,678 771 439 249 190 1,542 787 485 282 203 1,562 760 496 269 227 1,397 789 484 287 197 1,493 900 517 293 224 1,535 804 536 245 241 1,628 983 755 404 351 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .5 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .7 .7 1.0 Full- and part-time status of the civilian labor force, not seasonally adjusted [In thousands] 1967 1966 Full- and part-time employment status N ovember October September August July June May April March February December Annual average 1966 1965 F ull T ime C ivilian labor force______ E m p loy ed : F u ll-tim e schedules L Part tim e for econ om ic reasons— U n em p loy ed , looking for full-tim e w o r k ____ U n em p loy m en t rate......... 67,170 67,309 67,950 71,134 71,058 70,195 65,538 65,640 65,425 65,445 66, 205 66,943 66,145 63,063 63, 267 63,747 66, 264 65,909 64,688 61,978 61,447 60,916 60,793 62, 285 62,734 61,144 2,072 1,934 2,117 2,486 2,499 2,507 1,573 2,079 2,209 2,283 1,875 1,894 2,209 2,034 3.0 2,108 3.1 2,086 3.1 2,384 3.4 2,650 3.7 3, 000 4.3 1,987 3.0 2,114 3.2 2,300 3.5 2,369 3.6 2,045 3.1 2,315 3.5 2,792 4.2 10,943 10,823 9,576 7,978 8,413 8,825 10,557 10,471 10,088 10,246 10,047 8,830 8,310 10,083 9,980 843 8,767 809 7, 421 7,813 8,197 10,086 9,920 9,433 9,432 9,439 8,279 7,735 557 7.0 600 7.1 628 7.1 471 4.5 551 5.3 655 6.5 814 7.9 608 6.1 560 6.2 575 6.9 P art T ime C iv ilia n labor force______ E m p lo y e d (volu n ta ry part t im e )____________ U n em p loy ed , lookin g for part-tim e w o r k ___ U n em p loy m en t ra te_____ 860 7.9 7.8 8.4 1 Employed persons with a job but not at work are distributed proportionately among the full- and part-time employed categories. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JANUARY 1968 86 T able A -9 . Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1 [In thousands] Annual average 1966 1967 Industry N ov .2 Total employees__ 601 _ _ ___ . ____ _ . Crude petroleum and natural gas fieldsNonmetallic minerals, except fuels______ Contract construction__ 3,336 General building contractors. _ _ Highway and street construction_____ Plumbing, heating, air conditioning Manufacturing Durable goods . . Nondurable goods Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1966 1965 67, 267 66,903 66, 672 66, 408 66,129 66, 514 65,594 65, 215 64,843 64,491 64,531 66, 087 65,559 63,982 60,832 . . . . _ ____________ Minings __ Iron ores.- Oct. .... __ ____ _ _________ _ _ ___ 600 64.9 27.5 10.9 143.6 136.7 266.0 147.5 118.5 125.4 43.7 41.8 609 66.7 28.2 11.2 143.9 137.1 270.8 151.2 119.6 127.3 44.3 42.6 620 70.2 28.4 13.8 142.7 135.8 278.2 154.4 123.8 128.5 44.6 43.2 636 90.4 28.5 33.0 140.0 133.2 277.5 154.5 123.0 127.6 44.1 42.7 633 90. 6 28.8 33. 0 142.4 135.4 273.6 152.4 121.2 126.0 43.2 42. 2 618 88.3 27.9 32. 2 140. 2 133.2 267.9 148.6 119.3 121.8 43. 0 39.1 614 87.4 27.1 32.2 139.0 131.8 269.1 148.8 120.3 118.4 41.3 37.3 607 87.7 27.2 32.3 140.2 132.9 266.1 148.7 117. 4 112.5 38.4 34.5 606 86.9 26.9 32.1 141.4 133.8 267.3 148.5 118.8 110.1 37.2 33.5 611 85.9 26.1 31.9 141.5 134.1 272.1 148.6 123.5 111.6 37.7 34.2 622 86.3 26.6 31.6 142.0 134.6 275.8 148.7 127.1 117.9 40.9 37.0 624 86.4 26.8 31.8 141.5 134.1 274.3 149.4 124.9 122.1 42.2 39.7 625 86.5 26.3 31.7 137.7 129.9 279.8 152.4 127.4 120.8 41.6 39.1 632 83.8 25.9 30.0 141.4 131.8 287.1 156.6 130.5 119.6 41.0 40.0 3,461 3,513 3,594 3,548 3,407 3,227 3,106 2,922 2,863 2,947 S, 146 3,328 3,292 3,186 1,081.4 1,091.3 1,119.4 1,095. 9 1, 057.1 1, 005.9 979.1 942.4 931.3 962.9 1, 028. 0 1,066.6 1, 047.3 994.0 747.6 774.1 ' 793.5 782.8 744.9 677.5 614.9 538.2 518.9 530.9 593.3 696.2 673.9 648.5 380.0 403.5 414.3 405.3 380.2 335.6 286.4 224.8 211.7 216.2 262.4 339.4 326.8 324.4 367.6 370.6 379.2 377.5 364.7 341.9 328. 5 313. 4 307.2 314.7 330.9 356.8 347.1 324.1 1, 631.9 1, 647.8 1,681.5 1, 668.8 1, 605. 0 1, 543. 7 1,511.8 1, 441. 0 1,413.1 1, 452. 7 1, 525. 0 1, 565.1 1, 570. 9 1, 543. 4 384.3 384.6 387.7 383.2 372.0 358.4 358.0 357.7 360.6 366.7 371.3 376.6 373.1 366.2 143.2 148.7 155.5 152. 0 144.5 136.5 127.3 115.6 109.7 111.6 128.5 138.8 141.0 143.1 272.6 272.9 275.0 273.3 265.3 254.9 252.9 248.5 248.5 251.9 255.9 257.1 250.4 233.7 227.1 231.0 241.9 241.6 233.4 227.1 218.5 207.9 196.2 200.0 213.1 221.2 235.0 238.8 121.4 122.7 125.8 122.4 118.0 112.6 110.8 102.9 98.8 106.2 113.5 117.5 112.2 110.2 19,540 19,383 19,443 19,435 19,156 19,382 19,133 19,181 19,263 19,297 19,333 19,534 19,625 19,186 18,062 11, 404 11,217 11, 249 11, 266 11,213 11,383 11,282 11,298 11,359 11,389 11,413 11,516 11, 549 11,256 10,406 8,136 8,166 8,194 8,169 7,943 7,999 7,851 7,883 7,904 7,908 7,920 8, 018 8,076 7,930 7,656 D u ra b le goods Ordnance and accessories _____________ Ammunition, except for small arms. .. Sighting and fire control equipment. . Other ordnance and accessories______ . Lumber and wood products____________ Logging camps <fc logging contractors. _ Sawmills and planing mills Millwork, plywood, & related products. W ooden containers____ Miscellaneous wood products_________ Furniture and fixtures .. . . . . . . Household furniture .. . . . .. . Office furniture _ 300.5 227.1 Other furniture and fixtures. ______ _ Stone, clay, and glass products. . Flat glass Glass and glassware, pressed or blown Cement, hydraulic______ ______ _ Structural clay products__ _ 49.3 637.4 56.6 594.3 84.1 232.5 163.2 34.7 79.8 461.4 326.9 125.5 36.7 64.7 300.0 226.6 17.1 56.3 599.1 86.0 233.4 165.7 34.8 79.2 460.9 324.3 37.2 48.1 51.3 634.8 28.2 123.7 36.6 65.2 41.7 299.0 225.2 16.8 57.0 603.2 87.8 234.3 166.9 34.8 79.4 456.8 318.9 37.2 48.9 51.8 639.8 27.7 123.6 37.6 65.8 41.9 296.1 222.9 16.4 56.8 611.8 89.0 236.8 170.4 35.6 80.0 456.2 318.6 37.0 49.8 50.8 646.9 30.1 123.5 38.0 67.6 41.8 291.0 219.4 16.0 55.6 610.1 91.4 237.5 166.9 36.5 77.8 442.5 307.5 35.8 48.8 50.4 643.9 30.3 123.3 36.9 67.7 41.1 288.7 215.9 15.7 57.1 613.5 91.9 239.1 166.9 37.1 78.5 451.6 313.9 35.8 48.8 53.1 641.9 29. 7 124.5 37.7 68.3 41.7 285.1 213.1 15.5 56.5 584.8 78.0 233.4 160.4 36.3 76.7 448.3 313.2 36.4 47.3 51.4 628.4 30.4 122.0 36.7 66.6 41.4 285.8 214.1 15.3 56.4 579.6 74.0 231, 6 159.7 35.8 78.5 451.0 316.7 36.6 47.6 50.1 624.5 30.9 122.2 36.5 65.4 42.0 285.3 213.2 15.0 57.1 577.6 74.0 231.4 157.3 35.9 79.0 455.8 319.8 37.2 47.5 51.3 617.7 32.3 122.1 35.4 64.1 42.3 283.2 211.5 14.6 57.1 576.8 76.4 230.8 154.9 35.9 78.8 459.4 323.3 37.4 47.4 51.3 612.6 31.8 121.6 34.9 63.0 42.5 279.2 207.9 14.3 57.0 577.1 77.0 230.4 155.2 36.1 78.4 462.4 324.8 37.5 48.1 52.0 616.5 32.5 122.3 35.4 63.1 42.2 272.7 201.9 14.2 56.6 584.3 78.0 232.1 159.2 35.6 79.4 471.6 332.6 37.4 48.3 53.3 629.4 32.7 123.4 36.5 66.0 42.7 271.6 202.5 14.0 55.1 598.4 83.4 236.7 162.7 35.2 80.4 474.2 335.4 37.0 48.4 53.4 642.6 32.7 124.7 38.1 67.8 43.7 256.0 192.6 13.4 50.0 612.6 81.3 244.9 171.3 35.5 79.6 461.7 328.1 34.8 47.2 51.6 644.6 32.7 122.6 38.0 70.3 43.3 225.8 173.0 12.2 40.7 606.9 84.2 249.4 164.7 34.4 74.2 430.7 309.2 30.2 43.5 47.8 628.3 32.3 115.4 38.0 69.7 43.4 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod ucts_____ ________ __ . _. ._ .. 179.7 181.6 184.2 186.0 185.4 181.2 175.5 171.8 165.2 162.1 164.1 170.2 176.1 178.9 177.8 Other stone & nonmetallic mineral products _. ________________ _____ 134.2 134.4 136.0 137.5 137.2 136.7 134.1 133.7 134.1 134.0 133.7 134.6 136.0 135.7 130.0 Primary metal industries_________ _ 1, 267.2 1, 252.0 1, 266.3 1, 288.6 1,297. 0 1,319.9 1,310.2 1,314.1 1,330.9 1,338. 2 1,348.2 1,347.4 1,348.9 1,345.4 1,301.0 Blast furnace and basic steel products 622.4 617.8 623.9 632.7 635.3 634.6 628.5 630.1 636.0 635.6 639.6 640.1 645.4 651.3 657.3 Iron and steel foundries. 219.4 209.0 214.6 224.7 212.5 228.8 227.4 227.8 232.3 237.2 241.4 239.2 239.3 238.5 227. 0 73.9 79.2 78.1 80.0 Nonferrous metals 81.2 80.7 80.6 81.9 80.9 81.1 67.2 66.3 69.8 68.0 82.3 Nonferrous rolling and drawing _. 200.5 200.9 201.3 200.4 207.6 210.4 211.2 212.1 215.5 217.4 218.6 219.9 218.8 215.0 196.5 81. 5 90.5 92.0 93.3 89.4 91.5 93.0 Nonferrous foundries... 90.5 89.2 92.7 87.7 89.3 89.2 88.5 87.5 64.8 72.1 74.2 74.6 75.0 74.9 74.4 Miscellaneous primary metal products. 69.4 73.7 73.0 73.6 69.3 70.0 71.8 71.8 1,269. 0 1,349.1 1,384. 7 Fabricated metal p ro d u c ts _________ . . . 1, 350. 2 1,340.1 1, 342. 5 1, 356.3 1,340. 9 1,369.1 1,345. 6 1,346.7 1,350. 2 1,358.5 1,364. 6 1,379.5 Metal cans____ _ __ __ 65.0 65.7 66.6 68,'7 68.2 68.1 66.5 66.0 64.9 63.7 62.9 63.5 63.7 64.8 61.0 155.1 161.3 Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware _ . _ 161.0 160.1 161.5 156.9 153.6 159.2 156.2 157.1 158.4 162.0 163.4 165.2 165.4 80.2 79. 9 79.4 80.0 77.2 78.1 76.3 77.3 Plumbing and heating, except electric.. 79.5 79.1 77.3 79.6 79.1 78.5 77.7 Fabricated structural metal products 400.7 402.1 403.8 406.8 406.9 407.7 396.8 395.9 391.3 393.0 394.4 400. 2 403.1 397.7 375.1 97.8 110.4 110.6 111.3 112.1 111.4 113.3 112. 7 113.6 115.2 115.3 115. C 114. 6 112.8 107.9 Screw machine products, bolts, etc . . Metal stampings.. 227.9 217.9 216.3 229.4 221.4 236.6 234.9 233.4 235.9 239.9 243.2 247.3 248.5 235.9 220.9 77.3 87.4 85.0 85.2 86.3 85.5 85.2 Metal services, nec 86.4 86.3 85. S 85.6 84.2 84.1 86.1 85.9 61.9 66.2 68.7 68.5 68.8 68.4 68.6 67.1 66.8 65.9 67.2 Misc. fabricated wire products 66.1 65.7 66.3 66.0 152.2 151. C 151. £ 152.4 151.8 152.9 151.1 152. C 152.7 153.3 153.9 154.2 155.1 150.2 139.9 Misc. fabricated metal products____ . . Machinery, except electrical_____________ 1,959.8 1, 919. 0 1, 959. 6 1,969. 6 1,973.4 1,988.1 1,977. 6 1,988. 7 1,994.0 1,988.4 1,985. 8 1,975.8 1,948.2 1,911.1 1,735.3 91.1 99.1 98.4 92.5 Engines and turbines_________________ 106.8 104.5 103.5 104. £ 103.4 104.5 103.1 104.3 105.1 104.6 104.9 Farm machinery______ 139.6 140. £ 143.7 146.8 152.0 154.3 157.4 158.8 156.7 154.6 151.9 147.7 148.0 135.7 Construction and related m achinery. 269.0 244.9 274.0 274.3 276.7 278.1 275.8 277.9 279.3 279.3 280.6 282.4 280.9 277.8 256.2 Metal working machinery_____________ 341. S 341. C 342.2 344.3 346.2 349.5 348.1 350.8 351.6 350.8 349.7 347.7 343.7 335.5 304.2 Special industry machinery___________ 198.5 199. C 200.5 202.7 203.5 205.7 204.8 208.3 208.7 209.0 209.3 209.0 207.9 205.5 193.3 290.1 292.7 294.2 292.4 296.0 292.1 293.7 290.4 291.2 294.8 294.2 291.6 284.7 261.0 General industrial machinery_________ 290.4 241.6 236. C 241.2 241.5 237.8 234.3 234.3 231.5 233.6 232.4 230.8 229.8 227.1 217.1 190.5 Office and computing machines. __ ___ Service industry machines____________ 132.0 129.6 129.6 130.2 133.2 134.5 133.3 132.4 132.6 131.3 130.6 131.4 129.0 126.2 114.1 Miscellaneous machinery, except elec trical________ ____ 237.0 234.3 235.0 233.8 233.4 233.5 231.8 232.4 233.9 233.1 230.5 231.0 227.8 217.3 189.3 See footn otes at en d o f table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 87 A .— LABOR FORCE AND EM PLOYM ENT T able A-9. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1— Continued [In thousands] 1966 1967 Annual average Industry Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1966 1965 M anufacturin g— C on tin u ed D u r a b l e g o o d *— C on tin u ed Electrical equ ip m en t and su p p lie s_______ 1,930.2 1,918.4 1,897.3 1,907.5 1,871.5 1,868.1 1,885.0 1,902.9 1,933.4 1,954.7 1,962.0 1,974.2 1,977.8 1,896.4 1, 659.2 197.9 198.0 199.7 200.4 199.7 200.7 198.0 198.6 197.0 196.6 194.3 196.9 195.4 189.8 170.0 E lectric test & distribu tin g eq u ip m en t216.3 215.3 217.9 220.6 218.6 221.0 220.3 221.6 224.6 226.0 226.6 220.6 217.8 214.3 192.3 E lectrical industrial apparatu s_________ 187.2 184.4 168.9 174.8 169.8 177.9 174.4 174.8 178.3 181.6 184.5 192.2 189.3 181.3 165.3 H ousehold appliances__________________ E lectric ligh ting and w iring eq u ip m e n t. 189.6 191.3 191.3 191.1 188.4 192.3 191.9 193.4 192.1 194.3 196.7 197.3 196.1 193.1 173.0 R a d io and T V receiving e q u ip m e n t___ 156.1 157.1 154.2 148.6 138.2 117.9 134.8 138.5 154.1 162.7 170.2 174.9 178.8 159.8 133.4 C om m u n ication e q u ip m e n t____________ 510.5 508.8 503.4 503.9 502.5 499.0 497.0 497.1 494.6 491.7 478.7 476.9 486.0 465.5 416.8 354.9 353.8 351.8 351.5 342.4 344.4 354.9 365.3 378.0 385.8 393.2 395.9 395.9 381.5 307.1 E lectronic com pon en ts and accessories. 109.7 110.1 116.6 111.9 114.9 113.7 113.6 114.7 116.0 117.8 119.5 118.5 111.3 101.4 Misc. electrical equ ip m en t & s u p p lie s .. T ran sp ortation e q u ip m e n t_______________ 1,994. 4 1,885.4 1,882.2 1,834. 6 1,866. 4 1,952. 6 1,938.1 1,927.6 1,941.2 1,947.7 1,951.4 1,995.9 1,994.2 1,911.5 1,740. 6 759.4 759.3 717.2 749.9 829.8 826.9 813.3 837.2 845.4 854.7 887.9 894.2 859.2 842.7 M otor vehicles and eq u ip m e n t_________ A ircraft and p a rts ______ ________________ 849.7 836.8 833.0 823.4 824.1 820.3 812.5 812.8 810.1 805.2 805.2 810.0 803.2 750.5 624.2 171.6 168.0 167.0 165.8 161.4 172.5 174.6 176.4 171.1 175.6 174.6 175.4 170.1 176.4 160.2 Ship and boat b u ild in g and repairing _ . 56.2 63.7 61.6 62.1 63.8 57.4 59.1 59.3 60.7 57.1 50.1 52.2 R ailroad e q u ip m e n t____________________ 55.2 58.1 57.3 63.0 63.8 54.8 58.8 66.0 63.5 60.8 O ther transportation e q u ip m e n t_______ 72.6 67.0 71.1 70.7 72.9 73.0 389.0 447.9 433.1 451.2 452.3 Instrum ents and related p rod u cts________ 458.6 454.9 455.3 457.9 454.8 456.0 451.0 453.2 453.8 452.8 71.7 83.1 83.9 80.1 84.2 85.7 85.3 85.0 87.4 88.1 85.9 Engineering & scien tific in s tru m e n ts .. . 87.5 88.1 87. 2 99.4 M echanical m easuring & con trol d evices. 108.1 106.5 106.5 107.6 108.2 107.6 107.5 108.6 109.4 109.7 110.5 111.5 111.3 108.5 49.1 45.5 51.0 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.5 50.8 51.0 50.9 50.3 50.2 49.9 50.5 O ptical and op h th a lm ic g o o d s_________ 50.2 30.5 32.3 31.6 32.1 32.1 32.0 32.0 31.9 O ph th alm ic g o o d s ____________________ 31.2 31.3 31.6 31.7 31.2 31.1 56.4 63.9 61.6 64.3 64.4 65.2 64.0 65.4 65.2 65.5 M edical instrum ents and su pplies_____ 65.9 65.6 64.8 66.0 65.8 84.1 96.8 P h otograp h ic e q u ip m en t and supplies _ 103.6 103.7 105.3 104.1 102.9 101.0 101.6 101.6 ^ 101.6 101.2 101.9 101.2 31.9 37.4 37.0 39.9 40.5 41.3 41.3 40.9 40.9 W atches, clocks, and w atch ca ses_______ 41. 5 42.0 40. 6 41.0 40.9 419.5 434.5 M iscellaneous m anufacturin g in d u s tr ie s .. 449.6 452.2 447.4 440.6 421.3 433.5 428.1 424.2 419.3 417.0 414.5 432.9 460.1 45.7 51.6 49.2 51.4 51.4 51.0 50.8 51.4 51.0 51.5 Jew elry, silverw are, and plated w a r e ... 51.8 51.5 47.6 52.5 50.8 98.2 111.6 133.5 117.9 116.7 T o y s and sporting good s__________ _____ 132.5 128.7 124.5 116. 4 117.5 114.5 109.5 103.4 100.4 33.3 35.3 34.6 34.6 35.1 34.9 34.8 Pens, pencils, office and art su p p lies___ 34.0 34.2 34.6 35.1 34.9 34.2 35.0 56.4 61.1 58.9 57.5 59.3 58.2 60.5 60.3 58.2 57.7 57.5 C ostum e jew elry and n otion s __________ 60.4 55.7 57.4 O ther m anufacturin g industries________ 172.3 173.4 172.7 170.7 167.0 171.3 170.0 170.8 172.1 172.6 173.4 175.5 178.6 174.0 167.4 27.2 24.7 28.0 27.3 24.6 25.4 26.4 26.8 27.5 28.0 M usical instrum ents and parts_______ 25.7 25.7 24.4 25.7 N o n d u r a b le goods F o o d and k in dred p ro d u cts ______________ 1,825.5 1,874.3 1,917.0 1,880.6 1,830.8 1,792.9 1, 731.8 1, 713.8 1, 713.0 1,708.3 1,725.4 1, 779.2 1,820.0 1,778.9 1, 756.7 M eat p r o d u c ts ________________________ 337.8 334.4 334.5 337.6 334.3 329.3 321.4 318.0 321.4 322.3 325.1 333.4 335.1 323.8 318.4 D airy p r o d u c ts ___________ ______________ 264.4 266.9 272.5 280.4 281.6 280.2 273.5 271.4 268.8 267.4 268.0 269.7 270.6 277.5 285.8 C anned, cured, and frozen fo o d s _______ 336.7 387.9 335. 7 294.5 264.9 241.0 236.1 232.9 228.4 233.4 252.5 283.0 275.7 260.2 G rain m ill p r o d u c ts ____________________ 127.9 130.5 130.5 133.0 132.9 132.1 128.2 126.5 127.2 126.4 126.7 127.0 125.6 127.8 126.9 B akery p rod u cts________________________ 293.0 293.9 294.0 296.2 295. 7 295.0 288.9 286.4 287.7 286.7 285.8 287.4 288.0 284.4 287.4 36.2 35.6 43.9 50.1 28.4 32.4 Sugar____________________________ _______ 39.0 42.4 31.0 29.8 27.5 29.1 29. 6 30.6 77.2 89.6 80.7 90.3 84.7 82.9 73.7 77.2 78.9 80.0 C on fectionery and related p ro d u cts____ 87.3 75.1 74.6 74.3 79.6 221.5 229.3 230.9 B everages___ ______ __________ __________ 236.0 238.2 238.6 244.0 245.3 242.7 232.1 230.3 225.9 223.0 223.9 228.4 149.2 146.6 145.1 144.5 144.4 143.0 142.3 143.3 142.8 142.8 143.5 146.6 147.1 144.1 143.2 M isc. foods and k in d red p r o d u c ts ______ 86.8 83.9 92.6 92.0 96.4 77.3 88.6 T o b a c co m anufactures____________________ 99.0 100.2 81.5 76.2 74.9 75.3 77.0 90.5 38.6 39.0 39.6 41. 2 39.7 39.6 C igarettes..... ....................................... ........... 40.7 41.2 41. 3 41.1 39.6 40.1 39.8 40.0 24.2 21.9 22.0 21.2 21.4 21.8 C igars________ _________ _________________ 21.6 21.8 21.7 21.2 21. 6 21.8 21.8 21.8 T extile m ill p r o d u c ts _____________________ 964.2 960.8 957.3 955.4 933.5 957.0 941.0 944.1 948.1 945.2 950.8 960.0 966.6 961.5 925.6 229.2 237.2 W eaving m ills, c o t to n ____________ _____ _ 237.3 236.3 236.2 232.9 234.7 237.8 235.9 236.4 238.1 237.2 240.0 240.5 240.0 92.4 97.3 97.0 92.7 97.5 97.4 95.8 95.3 95.9 96.8 W eaving m ills, syn th etics______________ 95.4 94.4 94.4 95.2 95.0 45.5 45.4 43.4 44.8 43.5 45.0 44.2 W eaving and finishing m ills, w o o l.......... 44.3 44.5 45.9 44.5 44.9 44.9 44.8 44.6 29.4 31.4 30.0 32.4 32.6 31.7 31.6 32.1 32.3 N arrow fabric m ills _____________________ 32.0 31.9 31.9 31.7 31.6 31.8 229.1 234.4 225.9 233.8 K n ittin g m ills ................................................ 230.1 233.1 231.6 233.9 232.9 227.5 226.1 224.9 220.9 219.9 226.2 76.9 79.6 79.6 80.5 80.9 80.6 80.3 80.8 T extile finishing, except w o o l__________ 81.6 80.3 81.0 81.7 77.3 79.9 80.0 41.4 44.9 43.5 43.2 44.9 F loor coverin g m ills . ________ __________ 47.1 46.7 43.4 44.3 46.0 44.3 43.2 43.8 43.2 Y a rn and thread m ills__________________ 115.9 114.2 113.0 112.9 111.0 113.9 112.3 112.6 113.5 114.3 115.8 116.4 116.3 115.9 109.2 72.6 71.6 77.2 78.0 77.6 77.9 77.2 77.3 77.2 M iscellaneous textile good s_____________ 76.7 76.2 76.5 73.6 73.9 74.9 A pparel and other textile p ro d u cts _______ 1,403.9 1,401.3 1,398.0 1,405.5 1,338.9 1,395. 4 1,382.2 1,376. 2 1,396. 3 1,407.5 1,392. 4 1,405. 0 1,421.9 1,398.8 1,354.2 119.3 122.9 116.6 122.9 124.3 118.4 118.6 120.6 121.1 M e n ’s and b o y s ’ suits and c o a ts_______ 123.9 123.1 121.1 122.8 122.9 123.3 M e n ’s an d b o y s ’ fu rn ish in g s___________ 366.6 366.1 366.5 370.5 357.2 369.8 365.7 366.0 366.9 367.7 369.1 369.9 372.0 370.6 351.9 W o m e n ’ s and m isses’ outerw ear_______ 432.6 432.4 426.7 430.1 409.2 424.6 423.0 421.0 431.6 436.6 423.7 422.7 427.6 423.5 417.1 W o m e n ’s and ch ildren ’ s undergar m en ts_________________________________ 122.7 122.3 122.9 122.4 118.2 122.4 123.1 124.1 125.1 126.0 124.9 127.6 130.2 125.2 120.8 29.1 28.0 27.1 28.3 24.6 28.9 H ats, caps, and m illin ery ______________ 24.1 25.9 22. 6 29.3 23.8 22. 6 27. 7 23.9 78.4 80.2 80.1 78.1 76.5 79.1 C h ildren ’ s outerw ear___________________ 76.7 78.2 77.4 80.5 76.1 78.5 78.0 81.7 79.9 76.3 79.5 83.8 80.0 84.1 83.9 75.8 82.7 77. 5 Fu r goods and m iscellaneous apparel___ 79.0 76. 6 77. 4 74.6 77. 0 M isc. fabricated textile p ro d u cts ______ 180.2 177.0 176.3 174.6 160.7 170.2 168.2 166.4 167.4 167.0 167.6 174.1 178.2 169.0 161.4 Paper and allied p rod u cts________________ 689.5 686.9 688.5 694.6 689.4 693.6 674.2 675.6 676.8 674.3 674.3 680.2 681.0 667.5 639.1 Paper and p u lp m ills___________________ 220.2 219.4 222.1 224.5 223.5 223.9 215.6 216.9 216.2 215.8 215.3 216.6 216.4 215.2 211.9 68.1 71.8 72.9 73.6 74.2 73.5 75.0 74.0 P aperboard m ills_______________________ 74.3 73.6 73.6 73.9 73.4 72.8 75.1 M isc. con verted paper p rod u cts_______ 181.2 180.2 180.2 181.7 179.4 180.3 176.0 177.0 176.7 175.3 174.6 176.7 177.1 171.7 159. 6 P aperboard containers and bo xe s______ 214.7 214.5 212.7 213.4 212.2 214.3 209.0 208.1 210.0 209.2 210.2 213.3 214.6 208.8 199.6 Printing and pu b lish in g__________________ 1,072.0 1,067.6 1,066.1 1,067.9 1,066.0 1, 067.3 1, 059.3 1, 060. 8 1,060.4 1, 052.9 1,047.3 1, 050. 6 1, 043. 6 1, 021. 8 979.4 N ew spap ers_______________________ _____ 363.1 362.4 362. S 363.7 364.3 365.7 363.4 361.7 361.0 359.1 357.5 360.5 358.8 353.1 345. 4 69.7 71.7 72. S 73.3 76.2 75.5 73.5 75.4 74.1 73.7 P eriodica ls______________________________ 75.8 74. 4 74.9 74.7 81.3 89.3 91.0 94.4 93.1 96.7 B ook s___________________________________ 94.7 97.2 97.4 96.2 92.9 97.5 97.1 97. 0 309.3 322.8 330.0 331.8 335.9 331.5 334.4 335.3 332.5 334.7 335.8 331.8 C om m ercial p r in tin g ___________________ 344.7 342.1 339.3 51. 2 54.9 56.2 56.3 56.2 55.8 59.0 58.4 B lan k book s and b o o k b in d in g _________ 56.0 56.6 56.7 56.3 57.6 56.7 56.9 Other pu b lish in g & prin tin g indus tr ie s ..____ ___________________ _________ 138.6 138.4 137.1 136.4 136.3 136.7 135.3 135.3 135.4 135.9 134.6 135.6 134.7 130.0 122.5 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UARY 1968 Table A-9. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1— Continued [In thousands} 1967 1966 Annual average Industry N ov.2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. 999.0 312.6 203.7 137.3 114.1 70.8 51.9 108.6 194.5 155.9 38.6 471.7 79.8 161. 5 230.4 342.3 29.7 223.3 89.3 993.6 311.9 202.3 135.6 113.0 70.2 55.2 105.4 192.3 154.0 38.3 478.7 79.3 164.5 234.9 351.7 30.7 228.1 92.9 985.3 307.7 200.1 134.2 110.7 68.4 61.2 103.0 187.4 150.9 36.5 469.1 77.5 162.3 229.3 345.6 30.1 226.1 89.4 988.6 308.5 201.8 133.3 110.7 68.0 64.4 101.9 185.9 150.4 35.5 517.0 109.2 177.6 130.2 346.1 30.1 226.1 89.9 980.1 307.7 199.4 132.2 111.1 67.8 61.0 100.9 182.8 149.0 33.8 518.4 109.6 178.3 230.5 351.4 30.4 229.6 91.4 36.0 37.9 35.9 36. 7 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. 976.3 307.1 203.1 131. 6 109.8 67.4 57.1 100.2 183.0 149.4 33.6 521.4 109.2 181.7 230.5 357.8 30.7 234.7 92.4 973.9 306.5 205.3 131.7 110.2 66.9 54.5 98.8 182.5 149.1 33.4 526.8 109.4 185.2 232.2 357.5 31.0 235.4 91.1 972.5 305.6 206.6 130.5 112.3 67.0 52.8 97.7 184.2 149.7 34.5 531.4 110.0 185.2 236.2 362.3 31. 5 239.0 91.8 38.4 38.9 N ov. 1966 1965 971.4 305.0 206.6 129.9 113.0 67.3 52.3 97.3 185.8 149.8 36.0 529.7 109.7 183.0 237.0 363.9 31.1 238.4 94.4 957.9 301.5 205.4 126.9 109.7 67.6 54.7 92.1 186.0 149.6 36.4 509.8 107.2 178.7 223.9 363.5 31.7 240.6 91.2 907.8 290.1 193.7 118.1 105.6 66.3 53.2 80.8 182.9 148.1 34.8 470.8 101.8 171.6 197.5 352.9 31.6 234.5 86.8 40.7 Manufacturing—Continued N o n d u r a b le g o od s— Continued Chemicals and allied products__________ Industrial chemicals______ __________ Plastics materials and synthetics....... __ 1)rugs________________________________ Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_______ Paints and allied products. __________ Agricultural chemicals ___________ Other chemical products_____________ Petroleum and coal products_________ Petroleum refining ... Other petroleum and coal products____ Rubber and plastics products, nec______ Tires and inner tubes . . . . . . Other rubber products. . . . . ... Miscellaneous plastics products_______ Leather and leather products____ _ Leather tanning and finishing . . . . . Footwear, except rubber______________ Other leather products . . . _________ Handbags and personal leather goods___________________________ 997.5 306.6 207.8 138.0 115.8 68.4 53.6 107.3 192.0 154.7 37.3 537.8 109.5 183.0 245.3 354.4 31.0 228.1 996.3 307.8 205.4 137.1 116.9 68.8 53.3 107.0 193.2 154.7 38.5 534.0 109.6 181.7 242.7 351.2 30.6 225.7 95.3 94.9 39.2 _____ Transportation and public utilities. Railroad transportation. . . . Class I railroads 3. _ _____________ ____ Local and interurban passenger transit... Local and suburban transportation Taxicabs. . _ Intercity highway transportation_____ Trucking and warehousing_____________ Public warehousing.. ______ Transportation b y air _ . _ .. ___ Air transportation___________ Pipe line transportation___ _ . _ Other transportation and services . Communication. Telephone com m unication___ _ _ 4,306 Telegraph com m u n ica tio n _____________ R a dio and television broadcasting. E lectric, gas, and sanitary services E lectric com panies and' system s_____ . Gas com panies and s y ste m s.. C om b in a tion com panies and system s . W ater, steam , A sanitary system s 995.9 1, 003. 5 307.6 312.0 205.5 205.4 137.2 138.0 117.3 117.1 71.0 69.3 51.9 52.5 106.5 108.1 195.2 194.2 155.4 156.2 39.0 38.8 531.1 522.1 106. 5 109.4 181.4 177.2 238.4 240.3 349.6 354.0 30.5 30.6 225.4 230.1 93.4 93.6 38.4 38.3 32.8 119.0 639.2 262.0 152.5 180.1 44.6 33.3 119.9 648.5 265.6 154.5 182.9 45.5 14,036 13,801 W holesale t r a d e ___ 3,632 3,605 M o to r vehicles, & a u tom otiv e equipm ent 269.4 D rugs, chem icals, and allied p ro d u cts. 217.1 D ry goods and apparel_____ _’________ _ 154.1 G roceries and related p r o d u c t s ._ _ _ _ 531.0 E lectrical goods . 285.1 H ardw are, p lu m bin g, & heating equipm en t. ___ . . 157.3 M ach in ery, equ ipm en t, and s u p p lie s.. 677.6 M iscellaneous w holesalers____ . _ 1, 209.1 Retail trade_____ . . . __ 10,404 10,196 2, 058.9 D epartm en t stores. . 1,306.9 M ail order houses___ ____ ' 129.9 V a riety stores _ 339.3 F o o d stores 1, 605. 0 G rocery, m eat, and vegetable stores. 1, 420. 7 A pparel and accessory stores._ _ _ . ' 690.2 M e n ’s & b o y s ’ clothing & fu rn ish in gs.. 114.2 W o m e n ’s ready-to-w ear stores 251.8 F a m ily clothing stores 113.7 Shoe stores____________ . . . 137.7 Furniture and hom e furnishings stores 432.8 Furniture and hom e furnishings 278.2 E ating and drinking p la c e s .. . .. 2,184.9 Other retail tra d e______ 3, 224.5 B u ilding materials and farm e qu ip m en t. 540.6 A u tom otive dealers & service stations . 1, 527.3 M otor vehicle dealers 745.5 Other autom otiv e A accessory dealers . . . 206.2 G asoline service station s. 575.6 1,156.6 D ru g stores and proprietory s t o r e s ... 441.0 F arm and garden su p p ly stores 99.4 Fuel and ice dealers.’. ’. _________ 107.9 13,689 3, 586 Wholesale and retail trade See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 37.8 39.1 38.6 36.3 4,174 4,191 695. 3 693. 4 603. 6 602. 0 275.4 276.8 80. 7 82.2 111. 0 111. 7 42.5 41.8 959.6 1, 000.1 80.5 83.9 285.2 281.1 257. 5 253.9 18.1 18.1 352.6 335.8 959. 4 958.1 802.2 800.7 4,175 695. 7 603. 6 276.2 82.1 111. 7 41. 5 994.1 86.3 276.4 250.0 18.1 334.2 953.9 796.9 4,183 4,222 4,229 4,151 699. 4 714.9 713. 0 718. 5 608. 0 619.1 620.6 624.9 276.6 275.6 272.8 268.7 82.1 82. 0 82.2 81.9 111.7 110.8 108. 6 108.7 42.1 42.2 41.9 41.8 998.9 1, 030. 4 1, 045. 0 1, 007. 5 91.3 94.9 84.5 87. 0 272.9 268.1 264.9 246. 9 246. 6 241.9 238.9 221.9 18.8 18.2 18.3 18. 4 341.2 341.3 343.1 335.1 950.1 947.4 946.5 927.0 793.6 790.8 790.5 773.4 4,036 735.3 640.1 268.8 82.5 109.5 41.8 963.5 82.0 229.0 205.9 19.5 315.4 880.8 34.0 115.7 629.4 257. 6 150. 6 177.4 43. 8 33.7 114.2 628.0 257.8 150.1 176.9 43. 2 33. 5 114. 7 627.2 257.4 150.1 176.8 42. 9 33.6 114.3 625.9 257.1 149.8 176.5 42. 5 33.3 114.2 625.7 257.1 149. 8 176.3 42. 5 13, 675 13,503 3,562 3,503 13,412 3,499 13,332 3,486 13,218 3,479 13,334 3,491 265. 2 4,285 4,317 4,330 4,335 4,304 4,250 680.6 690.2 702. 4 706 5 706.9 697. 2 590.7 600.1 612.7 616.5 616.6 606. 7 275.9 275.9 255.6 256.4 269.1 277.3 82.7 81.0 81.9 81.2 82.2 82.2 110.5 109.5 108.3 108.1 108.5 110.1 45.1 44.5 43.2 45.1 44.2 43.2 1, 052.9 1, 059.3 1, 055. 4 1,061.8 1,041.5 1, 022.8 89.9 89.6 93.8 88.3 84.3 86.0 302.8 300.6 300.8 297.2 293.3 289.0 272.4 270.7 270.7 268.0 264.4 260. 6 19.3 18.9 18.2 19.3 19.1 18. 2 350.1 352.1 357.6 352.9 356.4 353.6 964.9 971.3 983.2 984.0 973. 3 962. 5 803.2 808.3 821.1 821.9 812. 5 803.4 269.3 215.8 152.5 518.2 284.9 33.9 118.5 655.9 266.0 158.2 185.1 46. 6 34.1 118.4 656. 5 269.3 158.0 183.1 46.1 13, 622 13,629 3, 608 3,587 274 7 216 5 153. 7 520. 5 289.3 34.1 117.2 644.2 263.8 155.4 179.7 45.3 158.1 679.5 10,103 10, 014 10,042 1,991.6 1, 257. 5 ' 119.8 331.9 1, 582.0 1 562 3 1 568 5 1, 399.6 1’ 38Q 1 ' 680.1 ’ 655 0 ’ 656 8 112.3 0 111 4 245.7 238 7 23Q 8 112.4 109 1 6 139.0 130 2 129 5 431.9 429 4 428. 8 277.1 276 3 275 5 2,191.7 2 198 4 2,205 5 3, 225. 6 3 231.8 3 238 3 ' 543.3 ’ 553. 3 554.6 1, 539. 4 1 542.1 1,548 2 ' 748. 7 748. 3 750 8 111 110 102.8 12,716 3,312 33.0 112.2 147. 7 506. 0 285.1 265. 4 211. 7 147. 9 503. 0 285 4 264. 5 211. 4 149. 0 501.5 283. 5 264.9 209. 9 147.3 499.7 281. 8 263. 210. 147. 505. 279. 4 4 0 7 2 146.3 522.7 280.1 264.1 212.5 147.0 520.2 277.9 261.1 206.9 142.8 511.6 272.0 255.3 198.0 139.4 510.7 256.0 157. 5 155. 6 155. 2 155. 2 154 5 154 8 155.7 155.9 154. 5 150.1 1,958. 2 L 246.8 112. 5 320. 5 1,576.0 1,392.9 ' 682.3 114.9 246. 2 114. 5 135. 6 431.1 275. 2 , 226. 8 3, 238.4 549.5 1,533.3 ' 747. 0 1,942. 0 i , 229. 6 112. 7 323. 0 1,581.4 1,397.2 ’ 675.8 111. 4 247.7 1, 922.1 1, 219. 2 113. 7 320. 7 1, 577.1 l ’ 397. 0 ' 667. 7 1,924.1 1, 217. 5 115.3 323.8 1, 576. 7 139 5.1 ’ 682. 7 .8 245.3 112.9 140. 0 427. 5 273.3 2, 097. 7 3 137.2 513.4 1 486.7 739. 6 1,886.9 L 197. 7 ' 118.8 310.2 1,576.9 1,395.7 ' 650.4 110.9 235.1 .8 125.9 427. 5 272. 9 2, 064. 7 3 132.4 509.2 1,481. 0 739. 7 1, 984. 2 1, 266.3 ' 130. 7 319.8 1,571.0 1, 395. 9 ’ 676.8 118.1 244.1 116.8 129.3 426.9 273.4 2, 045. 8 3| 138. 0 ' 511. 8 1,487. 8 ’ 741. 7 2, 532.1 1,648.7 ' 155. 8 407.9 1, 599. 2 1,415.4 807.4 143.0 291.9 144.6 148.7 442.4 284.3 2, 085. 7 3, 247.3 ' 529. 2 1, 500.9 744. 5 2,154. 4 1,378. 5 ' 147. 4 346.0 1, 570. 0 1,394. 0 ' 694. 9 114.7 256.1 115.9 134.1 432.5 278. 6 2, 092. 0 3,147.4 ' 529. 8 1,489.0 742.2 1,968.8 1, 250. 6 ' 124. 9 319.9 1,538.3 1,365.2 665.5 1,873.4 1,173.0 119.5 312.7 1,468.6 1,296.1 640.2 104.9 237.7 104.4 123.9 409.6 265.0 1,987.9 3, 023. 7 539.3 1, 424. 2 723.0 211.8 264.1 212.2 666.8 657. 6 653. 6 641. 0 639.9 643.7 641.5 637.4 623.8 579.4 1, 208.1 1,188. 5 1,188. 2 1,188. 7 1,183. 0 1,182. 2 1,196.4 1,189. 7 1,165. 0 1,122. 3 9,404 10,113 10,000 9,913 9,846 ' 9, 739 ' 9, 843 10, 714 10, 091 9,773 2 110.8 111 244.8 112.1 110. 6 134.1 132.8 425. 6 427.1 272.1 272. 3 2,183. 4 2,150. 4 3 191.8 3 168.3 529.6 524.8 1, 510. 0 1, 504. 3 740.1 740 5 110 201 211 207.3 210. 7 6 583.4 583. 1 585.8 1T135 5 1,142.9 1 136. 4 437.1 431.7 431. 6 96.2 95. 2 95. 8 104.7 102.9 14,248 13, 603 13,211 3, 534 3, 512 3,438 33.4 113.8 625.0 256.5 150.6 176.4 41. 5 271.9 213. 5 149.9 520.5 288. 4 274.1 215. 4 151. 9 516.3 290 6 1, 208. 2 628.2 256.7 152.2 177.4 41. 9 735.2 31.8 106.9 623.4 253.0 153.6 176.5 40.4 33.6 114.1 625.9 256.5 150.7 176.5 42.2 1 111.2 246.6 109.6 129.3 421.8 272.0 2, 063. 8 3,115.3 539.9 1, 470. 0 737.8 179.3 . 2 193.3 206.3 192. 6 195.4 208. 5 204.9 201. 7 195. 7 521.9 538.9 545.6 550.1 565. 0 562.1 551.4 548. 7 550.7 577.8 1, 060. 3 1,105.4 1,128. 6 1 138.4 1, 217. 2 155 6 1 152 2 1 139 2 1 137 1 1 142. 2 401. 0 440.3 437.4 437.2 ’ 436. 7 ' 440. 5 442.5 ' 463.9 ' 430. 2 420.1 95.0 95.7 93.6 94.3 94. 7 99. 4 . 0 105. 2 100. 9 97. 2 108.5 109.0 112.5 116.5 115.8 104.8 104.5 107.6 113.5 115.9 102 A.— LABO R FORCE AND EM PLOYM ENT T able A-9. 89 Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1— Continued [In thousands] 1967 1966 Annual average Industry N ov.2 Oct .2 Finance, insurance, andreal estate_____ 3,270 Banking________________________________ _____ Credit agencies other than banks__________ ____ Savings and loan associations_________________ Personal credit institutions___________________ Security, com m odity brokers, & services________ Insurance carriers________________________ _____ Life insurance________________________________ Accident and health insurance________ _______ Fire, marine, and casualty insurance. _ _ --------Insurance agents, brokers, and service---- ----------Real e s ta te ....__________________________ _______ Operative builders____________________ ______ Other finance, insurance, & real e s t a t e ...---------- 3,265 870.7 346.4 100.9 185.3 162.0 962.9 506.3 75.3 341.4 253.6 587.8 42.2 81.7 Sept. 3, 274 872.1 347.3 100.2 187.1 160.0 965.1 507.9 75.3 342.0 253.1 593.8 42.2 82.1 Aug. 3,274 882.0 348.4 100.7 187.5 160.6 971.8 510.0 76.2 345.4 255.8 603.3 43.3 83.1 July June M ay Apr. 3,289 877.6 349.5 101.2 187.9 158.0 962.3 503.4 75.6 343.4 254.4 605.0 42.0 81.9 3,253 865.6 345.9 98.9 187.5 153.1 952.6 500.9 74.0 338.7 252.0 601.4 41.1 82.1 3,202 851.1 341.6 97.0 185.6 149.2 943.0 497.5 72.3 334.9 247.0 588.5 38.8 81.6 3,181 848.0 340.4 96.7 184.9 147.9 939.2 496.3 71.8 333. 0 246.2 578.2 37.3 81.5 Mar. 3,157 846.3 339.3 95.8 185.2 146.3 936.1 494.4 71.3 332.4 245.1 562.6 35.6 81.3 Feb. Jan. 3,133 843.6 337.0 94.9 184.2 143.8 931.4 491.8 69.7 331.6 244.2 552.8 33.6 80.2 3,114 838.2 336.0 95.8 182.6 141.8 923.2 489.5 67.1 328.1 241.1 552.6 33.4 80.6 Services__________________________________ 10,209 10,229 10,212 10,262 10,265 10,196 10,057 9,963 9,817 9,725 Hotels and other lodging places_________ 668.7 685.3 718.5 817.4 817. 3 733.5 687.8 671.9 647. 0 635.9 Hotels, tourist courts, and motels_____ 623.5 643.5 681.7 683.3 656.2 621.6 611.0 590.8 580.5 Personal services________________________ 1, 032.4 1, 032.3 1, 028.3 1, 026.1 1,030. 5 1,030.5 1, 022.1 1, 020. 7 1,016.2 1, 010. 5 Laundries and drycleaning plants_____ 554.2 554.8 557.0 563.6 564.0 556.5 556.0 552.8 548.9 Miscellaneous business services_________ 1,351.7 1,351.1 1, 352.1 1,340. 3 1,331.6 1,306. 4 1,300.3 1,284.1 1,271.8 Advertising___________________________ 112.2 112.6 112.8 113.5 113.1 112.9 112.5 112.9 112.1 Credit reporting and collection________ 71.2 70.3 70.6 71.0 70.9 70.1 69.6 69.1 68.5 M otion pictures________________________ 185.4 194.5 203.9 202.9 196.8 190.5 183.4 173.9 178.2 M otion picture filming & distributing. 53.1 53.2 56.8 55.4 53.5 49.3 47.3 47.3 52.8 132.3 141.3 147.1 147.5 143.3 141.2 136.1 126.6 125.4 M otion picture theaters and services... Medical and other health services_______ 2, 506.1 2, 497.2 2, 485.4 2,485. 6 2,476. 4 2,453. 5 2,400. 5 2,383. 5 2,367.1 2,343. 3 Hospitals______ ____ _________________ 1, 575.5 1, 566.4 1, 572.3 1,569. 5 1,549.7 1,525.3 1,516.1 1, 506.6 1,493.3 Legal services___________________________ 204.8 204.2 209.0 208.1 203.8 195.1 195.0 194.7 194.2 Educational services____________________ 1,135. 4 1,125.4 1, 028.2 914.0 928.6 1, 000. 4 1, 068.5 1, 066.1 1, 065. 4 1, 057. 0 357.8 340.4 295.2 296.6 335.3 346.9 346.4 345.8 345.1 Elementary and secondary schools____ 685.5 611.0 546.0 557.6 588.7 644.9 642.9 643.4 636.1 Colleges and universities______________ 514.8 518.7 526.5 523.3 515.8 498.7 500.6 501.4 500.7 Miscellaneous services__________________ 278.3 279.6 286.0 284.7 282.7 272.8 270.5 269.8 268.0 Engineering and architectural services. 74.2 75.2 Nonprofit research agencies___________ 75.0 75.4 73.4 73.5 74.6 73.6 73.7 Government_____________________________ Federal G o v e rn m e n t4___________________ E x ecu tiv e________________________________ D epartm en t of D efen se________________ P ost Office D ep a rtm en t_______________ Other a g en cies ________ ________________ L egislative_______________________________ Ju d icial___________________________________ State and local g o v e r n m e n t 5_____ ______ State govern m en t________________________ State edu cation ________________________ Other State govern m en t______________ L ocal govern m en t_______________________ Local ed u ca tion ________________________ Other local g overn m en t_______________ 3,125 838.3 336.2 94.6 183.4 142.6 923.2 490.2 66.1 327.9 243.6 559.8 34.5 80.9 N ov. 3,116 835.4 334.4 94.2 182.3 142.2 917.9 487.6 65.0 326.2 242.0 563.1 35.6 81.0 1966 1965 3,102 823.1 335.0 96.3 180.0 140.7 909.8 486.6 60.1 322.2 239.2 573.2 41.0 80.8 3,023 792.0 326.9 97.1 171.8 129.0 893.4 481.2 54.2 315.8 232.8 568.9 45.8 79.6 9,643 9,693 9,695 9,545 9,087 625.3 629.7 641.4 684.6 659.1 570.1 572.5 583.1 610.1 584.2 1, 010.1 1, 016.9 1, 022.7 1, 012.9 985.4 550.5 555.7 559.5 559.1 548.4 1, 268. 6 1,271.6 1,260.7 1,220. 2 1,109.1 111.5 111.5 111.8 111.9 112.5 69.4 69.4 68.4 68.3 65.7 180.3 187.8 189.7 190.2 185.1 55.2 59.5 54.0 48.5 58.7 125.1 128.3 131.0 136.2 136.6 2,312.1 2, 290. 2 2,278.1 2,206. 5 2, 079.5 1,475.5 1,465.1 1,460.6 1,418.5 1,356.5 193.5 196.2 195.1 190.3 181.5 1,046.9 1,048. 7 1, 049. 5 968.1 924.6 344.5 346.7 346.6 325.9 315.6 626.1 625.8 626.5 570.8 544.3 496.2 491.6 490.2 488.5 449.0 266.5 266.8 265.7 264.9 242.4 68.2 73.5 73.4 73.6 73.7 11,971 11,879 11,615 11,240 11,271 11,664 11,604 11,584 11,554 11,474 11,366 11,497 11,339 10,871 10,091 2,721 2, 707 2, 707 2,784 2,798 2, 766 2,690 2, 683 2, 669 2,652 2, 643 2,769 2,641 2,564 2,378 2, 673.5 2, 673.0 2, 749.3 2,763. 4 2, 731. 8 2,657. 2 2, 650. 3 2, 635.7 2, 619. 7 2, 609. 3 2,736.4 2, 608. 2 2, 531.9 2,346. 7 1,104. 6 1,104.7 1,135. 5 1,144.1 1,135.3 1,103. 0 1,100. 4 1, 098.1 1,092.7 1,084.3 1, 076.3 1, 071. 7 1, 023. 6 938. 5 702.7 701.4 715.2 713.7 714.4 697.8 696.9 693.1 689.4 697.2 837.8 706.3 680.9 614.2 866.2 866.9 898.6 905.6 882.1 856.4 853.0 844.5 837.6 827.8 822.3 830.2 827.3 793.9 25. 4 27.5 26.4 26.0 26.4 26.0 27.6 28.1 26.9 26.7 26.5 27.0 28.5 28.5 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.0 5.9 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.1 6.3 6.3 9, 250 9,172 8,908 8,456 8,473 8,898 8,914 8,901 8,885 8,822 8,723 8,728 8,698 8,307 7,714 2, 397.3 2, 293.7 2,255. 7 2,265. 0 2,347. 5 2,342. 0 2,340. 8 2,333.4 2,313.4 2,289.8 2,282. 0 2,279.8 2,161. 9 1,995.9 957.4 820.3 751.8 767.7 877.2 920.0 922.5 918.8 905.8 891.2 891.2 893.0 782.6 679.1 1, 439.9 1, 473. 4 1, 503.9 1,497.3 1,470.3 1,422. 0 1,418.3 1,414.6 1,407. 6 1,398. 6 1,390.8 1,386.8 1,379.3 1,316.8 6, 774.9 6, 613.9 6,200. 5 6,208. 2 6, 550. 2 6, 572. 4 6,560. 0 6,551.1 6, 508.1 6,433.0 6,445. 7 6,418. 6 6,145. 0 5,717.6 3, 910.1 3, 697. 6 3,196.9 3, 208. 3 3, 627. 0 3, 762. 2 3,771.4 3, 775.1 3, 747. 8 3, 693. 7 3,704.5 3, 686. 9 3,419.1 3,119.9 2, 864.8 2,916.3 3, 003. 6 2,999. 9 2,923. 2 2,810.2 2,788. 6 2, 776. 0 2,760.3 2,739.3 2, 741. 2 2,731.7 2, 726. 0 2, 597. 7 1Beginning with the October 1967 issue, figures differ from those previously published. The industry series have been adjusted to March 1966 bench marks (comprehensive counts of employment). For comparable back data, see Employment and Earnings Statistics for the United States, 1909-67 (BLS Bulletin 1312—5). Statistics from April 1966 forward are subject to further revision when new benchmarks become available. These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all fulland part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during, or received pay for any part of the pay period which includes the 12th of the month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are excluded. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Dec. 2 Preliminary. 3 Beginning January 1965, data relate to railroads with operating revenues of $5,000,000 or more. 4 Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for the last day of the month. 5 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen. Source : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared b y the U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is pre pared b y the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission. 90 M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UARY 1968 T able A -10 . Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1 [In thousands] 1967 1966 Annual average Industry N ov.2 Total p riva te.. . ___ ____ ___ _________ Mining. Metal mining___________________________ ___ Crude petroleum and natural gas fields Contract construction Heavy construction, nec______ 2,835 ______ Painting, paperhanging, decorating___ Roofing and sheet metal w o r k _____ .. Manufacturing__ Durable goods__________ _______ . . . Nondurable goods____ _____ ________ Sept. Aug. 45,913 45, 640 45,696 45, 785 458 Copper ores. . ___ _ ________ _____ Coalm ining . . ___________ ____ Bituminous coal and lignite m ining___ Oct. 458 49.9 22.9 5.5 124.6 118.5 179.5 79.2 100.3 104.0 37.1 464 51.4 23.5 5.6 124.9 118.8 182.0 81.5 100.5 105.3 37.6 473 54.5 23.8 7.9 123.9 117.9 188.4 83.6 104.8 106.5 37.9 July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1966 1965 45.4 45, 545 44,782 44,440 44,136 43,895 44, 079 45,517 45,167 44, 234 42, 309 490 74.6 23 8 26.9 121 6 115.5 188 6 84.4 104 2 105 3 37.3 488 74.9 24. 2 27.0 123. 5 117.3 185 4 83.4 102. 0 104 2 36. 6 2,956 3,005 3,081 3,033 2,893 932.4 940.6 968.7 945 9 907 3 656.2 680.6 698.4 686 6 647 3 343.2 365.0 375.5 366.1 340 5 313.0 315.6 322.9 320.5 306.8 1, 367.2 1,383.9 1, 413.8 1,400 4 1 338 8 1 311.9 313.4 314.5 310. 5 ’ 298 7 128.0 133.7 140.4 136.9 129.4 219.6 220.2 221.7 219. 4 211 5 205.5 208.4 219.5 218.3 211 1 99.2 100.3 103.3 100.0 95.9 476 73.1 23 3 26.5 121.8 115.6 180 5 80.2 100 3 100 3 36 5 472 72.4 22. 6 26.6 120. 6 114.3 181 8 80.5 101 3 96 8 34 9 465 72.5 22 6 26.6 121 8 115.4 465 72.2 22 6 26. 5 123 2 116.5 471 71.1 91 8 26.3 123 b 116.9 482 71.6 99 3 26.1 193 7 117. 1 25! 6 26.1 24.7 116.8 112! 7 115.2 80.4 80.4 80.6 8l! 3 81.5 84.5 88.4 32 0 30 7 2,724 859 4 583 4 296 9 286.5 281 0 1 2,603 832 4 522 9 249 1 273.8 248 1 2,425 796 2 447 3 188 6 258.7 2,369 784 8 2,451 817 5 2,648 881 4 2,828 2,799 2,710 176 3 252A 25 9!7 926 4 276! 0 299! 9 291 ! 1 270.9 121.6 202 8 112.3 101. 0 95.0 96! 5 Ï13.1 123.4 125! 5 128! 4 90.8 89.0 !0 77! 9 84! 6 !4 95.9 90.9 89.6 82 484 71.6 485 71.8 494 69.8 34 3 92 14,394 14,242 14,290 14,261 13,996 14,249 14,059 14,104 14,200 14,252 14,304 14,513 14,619 14,273 13,434 8,341 8,157 8,182 8,193 8,141 8,332 8,261 8,271 8,340 8,380 8,417 8,528 8, 572 8,349 7,715 6,053 6,085 6,108 6,068 5,855 5,917 5,798 5,833 5,860 5, 872 5,887 5,985 6, 047 5,925 5,719 Durable goods Ordnance and accessories ____ ___ . 96.1 155.3 156.2 155.1 153.1 149.1 148.0 145.6 145.6 145.6 144.4 141.2 137.5 134.9 121.8 Ammunition, except for small arms___ 98.4 98.5 98.0 96.9 94.1 90.6 89.3 80.9 64.0 109.3 109.2 107.3 105.7 102.5 100.6 Sighting and fire control equipment___ 6.7 6.7 6. 6 6.4 6.2 6. 0 6. 0 6. 0 5. 6 4.9 7.4 7.3 7.0 Other ordnance and accessories____ . __ 40.5 40.7 41.1 40. 5 41.2 41.3 39.6 35.3 27.2 39.6 40.5 40.4 40.9 39.8 39.8 Lumber and wood products____________ 516.6 520.7 524.8 533.2 531.0 534.2 507.4 502.5 501.5 500.3 501.2 508.3 521.8 535.0 532.4 Sawmills and planing m ills__ . . . . 211.5 212.6 213.1 215.6 216.5 217.7 212.2 209.9 209.9 209.2 209.1 210.9 215.5 223.4 228.0 Millwork, plywood, & related products . . . _ _ _ _____ 136.7 138.8 139.9 143.3 139.6 140.0 134.2 133.4 131.4 128.8 129.2 132.6 135.8 143.9 138.8 Wooden containers.. 32.6 31.2 33.3 32.1 32.3 32.3 32.4 31.9 31.0 30.9 32.0 32.1 31.6 31.0 32.8 Miscellaneous wood products_________ 67.2 66.1 64.6 66.9 67.5 67.3 68.2 63.5 67.3 66.8 67.5 67.0 67.9 68.9 65. 4 Furniture and fixtures__________________ 380.4 379.8 376.2 374.6 361.8 371.3 369.0 370.5 375.4 378.9 381.4 391.1 394.1 382.6 357.4 Household furniture________ __ ___ 276.5 274.3 269.7 268.6 257.9 264.7 264.5 267.4 270.9 274.2 275.5 283.3 286.3 280.3 264.6 Office furniture_______________________ 29.1 28.4 29.1 28.8 27 8 27. 7 28. 6 29. 0 29.2 29.3 29.3 29. 2 27. 2 23. 6 Partitions and fixtures.. 35.8 36.3 37.1 3fi 4 36.7 35.3 35. 5 35. 5 35. 4 35. 0 32.4 36.1 36. 4 36. 3 Other furniture and fixtures___________ 40.6 38.9 40.1 42.2 40.8 41.1 39.0 40.0 40.1 40.5 42.1 42.3 40.1 36.8 39.7 Stone, clay, and glass products 510.5 505.8 509.8 516.5 513.8 512.4 499.0 495.3 489.6 483.8 489.1 502.6 515.1 517.5 504.6 Flat glass.. . . . 20.9 20.4 22.8 22.8 23 4 23 9 25 2 24 7 25 5 25 9 25 9 25 9 26 1 Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n. 109.7 107.9 107.5 107.5 107.1 107.9 105.8 105.9 105.8 105.4 106.1 107.1 108.5 107.0 100,7 Cement, hydraulic.. . . _____ _ 28. C 29.4 28.2 28.9 29.1 28.1 28.0 26.9 25.9 29.3 29.2 29.4 26.7 27.7 28.3 Structural clay products__ 54.2 56.2 53.4 54.6 55.2 56.9 54.2 52.6 51.3 55.0 59.4 59.0 51.8 56.7 56.5 Pottery and related products . . . 35.2 35.1 35.3 35. 2 34 6 35.1 36.9 35.6 35.5 36.2 36.8 35.7 37.1 34.4 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products_______________ 138.4 140.2 142.6 144.3 143.8 140.1 134.3 130.9 125.2 122.4 124.4 129.9 135.5 137.8 137.2 Other stone & nonmetallic mineral products.. . _ 100.8 100.6 101.7 103.0 102.8 102.5 97.7 99.9 99.5 100.2 99.8 100.1 101.7 102.8 102.5 Primary metal industries.. . 1, 007. 8 993.1 1,005.8 1,027. 6 1,036. 3 1, 061. 0 1, 054.6 1, 058.2 1, 073. 4 1, 084. 9 1, 093.7 1, 093. 4 1,095.9 1, 095. 7 1, 062. 0 Blast furnace and basic steel products.. 495.1 491.3 497.0 506.4 509.6 509.6 505.5 507.1 511.2 514.4 517.4 517.5 523.4 530.4 538.4 Iron and steel foundries_____ 185.5 174.5 179.8 189.7 177.4 193.6 192.4 192.6 197.0 201.8 205.9 204.1 204.0 203.8 194.6 Nonferrous metals. _ 47.7 49.4 48.8 57.4 62.8 62.3 62.4 61.1 60.3 62.6 62.6 62.5 61.9 50.7 63.1 Nonferrous rolling and drawing_______ 150.7 151.1 151.2 149.9 156.9 160.6 161.5 162.3 165.7 167.9 169.0 170.4 170.0 166.6 151.1 Nonferrous foundries... . 74.0 72.4 73.0 68.3 75.2 74.2 74. 5 77.4 76.9 77.8 78.2 76.3 73.8 72.1 78.8 Miscellaneous primary metal products. 54.8 55.4 55.0 52.2 59.2 58.7 59.3 60.0 60.4 60.0 58.3 57.2 60.7 60.7 57.1 Fabricated metal products 1, 047.7 1, 033.1 1,034.1 1,046.0 1,029. 9 1,060.1 1, 039. 5 1, 039. 6 1, 044. 7 1, 053.5 1, 060. 3 1, 075. 6 1,081.3 1, 050. 2 982.7 Metal cans _ 56.8 55.1 55.9 51.2 58.5 57.0 56.5 54.0 55. C 58.4 55.2 54.1 53.3 59.0 53.9 Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware___ 129.1 127.9 128.3 123.6 119.6 125.6 123.0 123.7 124.9 128.4 129.8 131.5 131.4 127.9 122.5 Plumbing and heating, except electric. 58.6 58.8 58.3 60.4 60.0 57.5 56.6 60.2 57.8 57.4 58.7 57.5 58.2 59.6 57.1 Fabricated structural metal products... 288.1 289.9 291.5 293.7 293.5 295.5 285.4 284.7 281.2 282.9 284.6 289.7 292.7 289.4 270.9 Screw machine products, bolts, e t c ._. 87.3 87.6 88.0 77.4 90.0 85.8 89.6 90.6 92.4 90.3 88.6 88.0 92.3 92.2 91.9 Metal stam pings... 189.5 174.2 172.8 185.3 176.6 191.8 190.8 188.7 191.2 195.4 198.3 203.4 204.4 192.5 180.5 Metal services, nec .. 72.4 72.2 72.1 64.8 71.9 71.9 70.3 72.1 74.2 71.7 70.5 71.1 71.7 71.6 72.9 Misc. fabricated wire products __ 54.0 52.9 53.6 50.1 53.2 52.7 52.5 54.0 55,5 56.1 53.9 52.9 55.3 55.6 55.9 Misc. fabricated metal products______ 113.6 113.0 113.4 113.4 113.4 114.9 113.0 113.7 115.0 116 0 116.7 116.8 118.0 113.7 105.2 Machinery, except electrical . 1,355. 2 1,317.3 1,358.0 1,364. 2 1,365. 2 1, 386.0 1,381.2 1,391.9 1, 399.2 1,397.1 1,398.3 1, 391. 5 1,367.1 1,344.8 1, 214. 8 Engines and turbines.. . . . 73.8 72.1 70.8 62.2 72.1 68.5 70.1 72.3 72.1 72.4 61.4 73.1 72.5 72.9 67.2 Farm machinery. 100.4 101.5 103 5 lOfi 8 112 1 114 5 117 4 118 9 117 3 115 4 113 3 109 2 109 6 99. 0 Construction and related m ach in ery ... 177.1 154.0 182.4 182.7 184.8 186.8 185.7 187.1 188.3 188.8 190.3 191.9 191.3 190.3 175.6 Metal working machinery 256.7 255.6 256.9 258.1 259.9 264.3 263.3 266.2 267.9 267.2 266.3 264.9 261.0 254.7 229.4 Special industry machinery . _ 133.6 134.5 135.5 136.6 137.1 139.9 140.0 142.7 143.1 143.7 144.1 144.2 143.6 142.2 133.7 General industrial m achinery.. _ 191.1 191.6 193.5 194.2 192.1 196.8 193.6 195.3 192.0 193.7 198.1 198.0 195.7 191.5 175.8 Office and computing machines_______ 142.6 136.1 142.8 143.2 139.8 135.9 135.9 134.4 137.4 137.0 136.8 135.8 134.0 128.3 112.2 Service industry machines___ 92.9 90.3 90.4 79.4 88.4 95.2 90.6 92.9 94.4 93.8 93.9 92.7 92.2 93.2 90.9 Misc. machinery, except electrical_____ 184.7 182.7 184.2 183.2 181.7 182.7 181.7 182.6 184.6 184.2 182.2 183.0 180.0 171.4 147.5 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 91 A.— LAB O R FORCE AND EM PLOYM ENT T able A-10. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1— Continued [In thousands] 1966 1967 Annual average Industry N ov .2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1966 1965 Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods— Continued Electrical equipment and supplies______ 1,307.8 1,295. 8 1,272.9 1,283.8 1,247.1 1, 247.2 1, 267.4 1, 285.2 1,317.2 1, 339.4 1,352.3 1,366.9 1,374.9 1, 316.8 1.140. 5 Electric test & distributing equipment. 135.8 135.7 136.7 136.7 136.9 138.6 136.7 137.5 136.3 135.2 134.2 135.7 134.5 130.6 115.6 Electrical industrial apparatus________ 150.9 150.3 152.5 155.2 153.5 155.9 155.6 156.6 159.6 161.3 162.4 156.7 154.7 152.6 134.9 Household appliances_________________ 150.7 147.6 131.4 137.9 130.7 139.6 136.6 136.4 139.6 142.6 145.7 152.7 149.2 142.8 129.7 Electric lighting and wiring equipment. 144.5 146.4 146.1 146.0 143.4 147.2 147.0 148.7 147.3 149.6 152.4 153.5 152.9 150.8 134.6 Radio and T V receiving equipment___ 122.7 123.9 120.4 115.0 104.7 84.6 100.6 103.4 118. C 125.6 134.1 140.1 144.0 127.1 105.7 Communication equipment___________ 256.7 254.3 248.3 249.0 247. 3 247.4 248.1 248.3 247.9 246.9 235.7 234.6 245.2 234.5 209.2 Electronic components and accessories. 255.8 254.9 254. C 253.9 245.2 245.5 255.3 267.0 280. C 288.3 296.2 300.4 301.9 292.4 232.6 78.2 82. 7 85. 4 89.9 91.6 93.2 92.5 86. C 83. 5 90 1 87.3 88. 5 88,4 87 5 Transportation equipm ent_____ ! *______ 1,414.2 1,310.0 1,304. 5 1,258.6 1,293.6 1,383. 0 1,374.1 1,360.8 1,375.7 1,382.2 1, 386.8 1,430.3 1, 429.8 1,361.0 1, 240.7 572. 9 570. 5 528 5 562. 6 643.5 640 7 625 7 648.1 656.2 665.7 699. 5 705.5 668.4 658.9 Aircraft and p a r t s ...* ..!______________ 514.7 503.5 499.1 490.9 493.5 492.6 490.5 489.5 488.9 484.9 484.5 488.7 483.0 444.7 356.3 Ship and boat building and repairing _. 140.5 137.4 136.8 136.4 131.2 141.7 143.4 145.4 140.6 144.2 143.9 143.8 139.2 146.8 134.3 Railroad equipment . . . . . ___ 45.2 44.1 37. 7 39.6 42. 5 47.6 49.0 48.6 44. 6 44.3 46.1 46.3 50. 7 50. 6 Other transportation equipment ____ 61.1 51.5 52.5 47.1 58.5 51.8 49.3 43.7 47.6 58. 5 60.3 55.2 54.1 60 6 Instruments and related p r o d u c ts ........... 287.5 284.3 284.4 285.5 282.6 286.1 284.4 286.8 288.0 287.2 287.5 287.8 285.6 276.6 248.1 Engineering & scientific instruments. _. 45.2 45.2 41.7 44.5 44.5 43.7 36.8 45.5 45.6 45.2 45. C 44.0 45.6 45.1 Mechanical measuring & control devices________________________________ 69.2 71.0 65.1 68. C 71.1 72.2 72.7 72.9 68.7 70.4 71. C 67.8 68.8 69.0 68.8 32.5 _____ 36.1 35.6 36.3 35.0 Optical and ophthalmic goods. 35.5 36.2 36.5 36.2 36.0 35.7 35.9 36.1 35.8 35.0 Ophthalmic goods . . . . 24.2 23.2 23.6 24.4 24.3 24.2 24. 5 23 8 23. 6 24. 0 24.2 24.6 23.8 42.7 39.0 Medical instruments and supplies_____ 44.6 44.1 44.5 44.4 44.8 44.3 43.9 44.3 44.2 4 4 .5 44.8 4 5 .1 43! 5 Photographic equipment and supplies. 55.9 48.9 56.7 57.2 . 57.3 57.9 57.5 56.3 56.7 56.7 58.0 56.7 5 7 .3 56.7 Watches, clocks, and watchcases. 25.8 34.3 33.4 30.7 30.2 34. 0 32.8 34 5 33. S 33.5 33. 6 34. C 33. 5 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 357.6 360.9 356.8 349.8 330.5 342.8 338.3 3 3 4 . 7 329.6 327.9 325.4 343.0 371.0 346.8 335.5 Jewelry, silverware, and plated w a re... 40.6 38.4 36.0 39.9 39.4 39.1 39.7 39.6 39.4 40.3 40.5 39.4 39.4 3 9 .8 36.0 T oys and sporting goods . _ . 97.4 112.1 109 1 104. 5 98.2 90.9 113.4 83.7 78.8 97 3 94 7 90.1 80. 8 Pens, pencils, office and art supplies . 25.4 24.6 24.6 24.6 94 H 25.4 25.8 25.8 24 7 25. 6 25. 7 25.7 25.6 25.8 Costume jewelry and notions * ". 46.5 50.2 50.7 48.6 49.9 47.0 47. 6 46.9 48.8 49 8 47 6 47 3 46.8 133.4 134.1 133.8 131.7 127.7 132.7 131.3 132.1 133.7 134.3 134.9 137.2 140.6 136.2 131.1 Other manufacturing industries_______ Musical instruments and parts______ 19.4 20.5 20. 5 22.5 22.4 23.2 23.0 20.2 21.2 21.8 22.3 20.5 20. 5 19.2 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products_____________ 1,227. 4 1,273.2 1,310.5 1,265.6 1, 216. 7 1,183.8 1,132.4 1,114.8 1,116.3 1,113.2 1,131.8 1,181.1 1, 222.4 1,180.9 1,159.1 Meat products.. _______________ 273.7 269.6 268.9 271.1 268. 5 263.4 256.3 252.4 256.4 256.7 260.2 268.0 269.7 258.7 252.9 Dairy products.. ____________________ 120.4 122.8 126.1 131.5 132.3 132.0 126.5 124.6 122.3 120.8 121.2 122.5 122.2 127.3 131.2 Canned, cured, and frozen foods______ 290.3 340.4 288.6 247 9 219.8 197.9 192.8 189.7 186.1 191.0 210.1 240.4 233.3 219.7 Grain mill products________ . . . . 89.6 89.6 89.1 92.0 92.0 89.2 88.4 89.2 89.3 87.8 88.7 93.6 90.1 94.3 94.3 Bakery products.. ___________________ 171.3 172.2 172.9 173.9 173.3 172.6 167.6 165.1 166.1 165.3 164.7 166.1 168.2 165.0 166.5 Sugar__________ ____ 35. 2 23 3 22 0 20 5 22.1 25. 4 31 9 36.9 42. 7 28.7 29.3 24 7 Confectionery and related products___ 72.9 62.5 70.2 66.1 74.3 68.0 64.7 66.0 73.8 60.4 5 9 .9 60.0 62.8 65.1 5 9 .0 Beverages________________________ 123.0 125. 0 123.4 125.4 127. 0 126.6 119.3 117.8 114.8 112.4 113.5 117.7 120.2 118.4 113.8 94.1 Mise, foods and kindred products_____ 99.0 93.8 95.9 96.7 96.9 94.1 93.4 94.1 92.9 92.9 92.1 92.2 92.9 93. 2 74.8 Tobacco manufactures__________________ 86.0 71.5 87.2 79.4 76.2 80.0 83.7 65.0 69.5 64.1 62.9 63.3 78.1 65.1 Cigarettes.. _____ ._ 33. 7 34 3 33 8 32 9 32 8 32 6 32. 6 32.7 32. 6 32. 6 32. C 32.1 Cigars______________ 20 2 19 7 20 1 20 4 20.4 20.1 20. 5 20.4 20.4 22.5 19.8 20. 3 Textile mill products_______ . . 854.4 852.3 849.4 847.0 826.6 849.2 835.0 837.5 841.7 839.7 844.7 854.3 860.9 857.1 826.7 Weaving mills, cotton_______ . 217.5 216.4 216.4 212.9 214.9 218.2 216.6 217.0 218.7 218.2 220.4 221.3 220.8 218.0 210.5 Weaving mills, synthetics... 86.9 86.6 86.1 86.0 83. 5 85.5 84.8 84.8 85.6 86.4 87.2 87.9 87.9 87.5 83.4 39.9 Weaving and finishing mills, w ool_____ 38.2 39.6 37.7 37.6 38.5 38.9 38.9 38.6 38.5 38.3 38.9 39.8 38.9 38. 7 26.2 Narrow fabric mills. _ ___ . 27.9 28.5 28.2 28.9 28.9 28.2 28.5 28.5 28.8 28.4 28.3 28.3 28.2 26.5 Knitting m ills________ 204.6 207.3 206.2 208.6 201.0 207.5 202.6 201.0 199.9 195.9 195.2 201.3 208.8 209.8 205.8 69.0 Textile finishing, except w ool______ . 68.4 68.0 68.2 66.9 68.7 64.8 67.1 67.5 67.6 67.7 68.5 67.8 67.3 65.4 Floor covering mills ______ 38.0 37 0 35 7 34 8 34 9 35. 2 35 7 36.1 36. 8 36.8 35.6 34.0 37 7 Yarn and thread m ills_____ 107.1 105.5 104.5 1012 102.5 1 0 5 ! 3 103. 6 103.9 104.8 105.8 107.2 107.8 107.9 107.7 101.2 60.2 Miscellaneous textile goods 64.2 63.4 63.8 64.4 63.4 64.1 62.9 63.8 61.6 63.1 63.0 60.1 60.6 57.9 Apparel and other textile products_____ 1,241.4 1,240.0 1,237.2 1,245.2 1,183.0 1,235. 0 1, 223. 6 1,218.8 1,239. 5 1,250. 7 1, 235. 2 1,247.7 1, 262. 8 1,243. 0 1, 205. 6 M en’s and boys’ suits and coats... 104.4 104.9 106.5 107.1 103.1 109.8 108.9 107.5 108.8 109.3 109.9 110.5 109.7 109.7 107.0 M en’s and boys’ furnishings. 328.7 328.8 329.4 333.4 321.0 333.1 329.5 329.4 331.1 332.0 333.1 334.0 335.7 334.9 319.3 W omen’s and misses’ outerwear 383.9 384.3 378.9 382.9 363.1 376.8 376.3 374.8 385.7 390.2 378.0 377.1 381.8 378.7 373.6 W om en’s and children’s undergarm en ts... .. 107.7 107.4 108.0 107.6 103.6 107.6 108.1 109.4 110.5 111.1 109.9 112.6 115.0 110.6 106.6 Hats, caps, and millinery 21.9 21.3 21 2 21 0 20 1 20. 0 24. 8 26. 4 26. 0 25.4 24.2 24.9 25.9 23 1 Children’s outerwear____ 68.0 68.0 69.7 70.1 7 3 . 0 71.6 69.9 69.3 72.6 70.9 70.0 71.2 71.8 70.2 67.6 Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel... 73.9 73.8 72 5 69.1 65.1 66.8 66. 8 67. 2 67. 3 65.4 69. 5 72.9 68.9 66.1 Miscellaneous fabricated textile* products_______ . 154.6 151.4 150.7 148.9 135.8 144.8 142.3 141.0 142.1 141.8 142.0 148. 6 152.3 143.5 136.9 Paper and allied p roducts... _ 535.6 533.3 534.2 540.3 534.3 539.5 521.6 522.5 524.1 522.2 522.7 528.5 530.1 519.0 497.7 Paper and pulp m ills.. . . 173.0 172.1 174.6 176.9 175.6 176.7 169.0 170.1 169.8 169.7 169.2 170.6 170.5 170.0 168.2 54.-1 56.4 Paperboard mills__ 57.4 57.5 57.5 57.7 57.8 57.6 57.1 58.6 57.5 57.7 57.7 58.7 57.5 Miscellaneous converted paper products.. __ _ . . . 133.4 133.0 132.6 134.3 132.0 133.0 129.1 129.9 129.7 128.7 128.2 129.4 130.0 125.8 116.8 Paperboard containers and boxes. 171.4 171.1 169.5 170.5 169.0 171.1 166.0 165.0 166.9 166.2 167.6 171.0 172.2 166.8 158. 6 Printing and publishing.. . __ 675.3 672.4 671.6 672.0 670.9 673.1 670.1 671.7 672.4 667.3 663.0 667.9 663.3 649.5 620.6 Newspapers__________ 180.8 180.5 181.0 180.3 180.8 182.6 182.7 181.4 181.2 179.8 178.8 182.4 181.2 178.4 175. 4 Periodicals_____ 25. 7 25 4 25 3 25 8 26 0 25. 8 25. 7 25.8 25.6 25.4 25.3 26. 0 25. 8 25 5 Books _. 54.1 55. 9 58 4 58 6 59 1 60 0 59 9 59. 2 57. 9 56.9 55.6 55.3 50.1 57 9 Commercial printing___ 270.6 268.2 265.6 262.9 261.2 262.1 26o! 8 262! 5 263.3 260.1 259.6 260.6 258.9 253.4 241.9 41. 7 45.3 46.5 Blankbooks and bookbinding___ 46.4 46.3 46.2 45.9 46.1 46.4 48.7 48.3 46.8 46.8 46.9 47.7 86.3 91.7 95.5 Other publishing & printing industries. 95.9 97.0 94.9 97.7 97.7 96.4 96.0 96.7 95.1 95.4 95.2 96.7 See footnotes at end of table. 282-907 0 - 6 8 - 7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 92 M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968 T able A -1 0 . Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1— Continued [In thousands] 1967 1966 Annual average Industry N ov .2 Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1966 1965 M anufacturin g— C ontinued N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s — C on tin u ed Chem icals and allied p r o d u c ts ___________ Industrial chem icals___________ ______ Plastics m aterials and sy n th e tics_____ D ru gs_____________________________ _____ Soap, cleaners, and toilet g o o d s_______ Paints and allied p ro d u cts _____________ A gricultural chem icals_________________ Other chem ical p r o d u c ts _______________ P etroleum and coal p ro d u cts _____________ P etroleu m refining______________________ O ther p etroleu m and coal p ro d u cts____ R u b b er and plastics produ cts, n e c _______ Tires and inner tu b e s__________ _____ _ Other ru bber p ro d u cts_________________ M iscellaneous plastics p r o d u c ts _______ Leather an d leather p r o d u c ts ____________ Leather tanning and fin ish in g_________ Footw ear, except ru b b e r _______________ Other leather p rod u cts_________________ H andbags an d personal leather good s________ _____ __________________ Transportation an d public utilities: L ocal and interurban passenger transit: L ocal and subu rba n tran sportation ____ In tercity h igh w ay transportation ______ T ru ck in g and w areh ou sin g_______________ P u b lic w arehousing____________________ P ipe line tra n sp orta tion ........... ................. .. C om m u n ica tion __________________________ T eleph on e com m u n ica tio n _____________ Telegraph com m u n ication s 2___________ R a d io and television broadcastin g_____ E lectric, gas, and sanitary services_______ E lectric com panies and system s________ Gas com panies and system s____________ C om b in a tion com panies and system s __ W ater, steam , & sanitary system s____ W h olesale an d retail trade__________________ W holesale tr a d e ___________________________ M o to r vehicles <fe a u tom otiv e e q u ip m en t____ ______________________________ D rugs, chem icals, an d allied p r o d u c ts .. D ry goods and apparel_________________ G roceries an d related p r o d u c ts_________ E lectrical goods_________________________ H ardw are, p lu m b in g & heating eq u ip m en t__________________________________ M a ch in ery, equ ip m en t, and s u p p lie s ... M iscellaneous w holesalers______________ R etail trade_______________________________ R etail general m erch andise_____________ D epartm en t stores____________________ M ail order houses_____________________ V a riety stores_________________________ F o o d stores_____________________________ G rocery, m eat, and vegetable s to re s.. A p parel and accessory stores___________ M e n ’s & b o y s ’ clothing & furnish ings— W o m e n ’s ready-to-w ear stores_______ F a m ily cloth in g stores___________ ______ Shoe stores____________________________ Fu rn iture and hom e furnishings stores. Fu rn iture and hom e furn ish in g s_____ E a ting and drinking p laces_____________ Other retail trade_____________ B u ildin g m aterials and farm e q u ip m en t_____ __________________________ M o to r vehicle dealers______________ Other a u tom otiv e & accessory dealers____________________________ D ru g stores an d p rop rietory stores___ F uel and ice dealers__________________ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 590.1 169.3 136.8 71.1 71.2 37.2 33.6 70.9 120.5 93.7 26.8 416.0 76.2 143.4 196.4 306.5 27.0 199.2 80.3 589.2 170.5 134.7 70.8 71.5 37.3 33.6 70.8 121.7 93.8 27.9 413.1 76.4 142.8 193.9 302.9 26.6 196.9 79.4 587.2 169.4 134.4 71.4 72.0 37.8 32.8 69.4 122.5 94.2 28.3 409.6 76.0 142.1 191.5 301.9 26.6 197.0 78.3 590.2 171.9 133.4 71.0 71.4 39.5 32.1 70.9 122.2 93.8 28.4 401.1 73.2 137.9 190.0 306.1 26.9 201.4 77.8 587.3 173.0 131.9 71.0 68.5 39.2 32.2 71.5 121.8 93.9 27.9 353.5 47.8 123.1 182.6 295.4 25.8 195.7 73.9 586.9 174.0 130.9 70.8 68.3 38.8 35.3 68.8 120.8 93.2 27.6 360.5 47.5 125.6 187.4 304.0 26.7 200.1 77.2 584.8 172.5 129.9 70.1 66.3 37.5 41.7 66.8 117.2 91.4 25.8 351.5 45.5 124.3 181.7 298.5 26.1 198.4 74.0 589.6 173.9 131.0 69.6 66.6 37.0 45.2 66.3 116.2 91.3 24.9 399.5 77.2 139.3 183. C 299.1 26.2 198.3 74.6 581.2 173.0 128.5 68.7 67. C 37.1 42. C 64.9 113.6 90.2 23.4 401.3 77.6 140.2 183.5 304.6 26.4 201.9 76.3 580.0 173.1 132.7 68.5 66.0 36.9 38.1 64.7 113.9 90.8 23.1 405.2 77.5 143.7 184.0 310. C 26.7 206.4 76.9 578.4 172.9 134.6 68.6 66.5 36.8 35.6 63.4 113.4 90.6 22.8 410. £ 77.8 147. S 185.8 310.4 27. C 207.5 76.1 578.4 172. C 136.5 68.2 68.4 37. C 33. £ 62.4 115.3 91.2 24.1 415.5 78.2 147.3 190.0 316.0 27.6 211.1 77.3 578.9 172. C 136.8 67.7 69.5 37.3 33.3 62.3 116.6 91. C 25.6 414.6 78.0 145.2 191.4 317.8 27.2 210.5 80.1 572.3 170.5 136.4 66.7 67. C 37.7 35.5 58.7 115.8 90.1 25.7 397.2 76. C 141.7 179.6 318.4 27.6 213.4 77.3 546.1 166.7 130.8 61.6 64.8 37.1 34.7 50.5 112.9 88.7 24.3 365.9 72.7 135.7 157.5 310.0 27.5 208.8 73.8 33.6 32.8 32.9 30.5 32.5 30.4 31.3 32.5 33.9 33.2 33.8 35.8 33.6 31.4 77.7 39.4 955.4 82.5 15.1 760.5 639.0 22.6 95.5 552.0 223.2 130.6 159.0 39.2 78.3 40.9 961.1 78.4 15.7 765.4 642.5 22.8 96.7 561.1 226.8 132.6 161.6 40.1 76.8 41.5 957.8 78.6 16.2 777.5 655.5 23.0 95.6 568.4 227.2 136.3 163.7 41.2 77.0 41.4 964.1 77.4 16.2 778.8 656.2 23.3 96.1 569.0 230.2 136.4 161.7 40.7 78.0 40.6 946.0 73.8 16. C 769.2 647.7 23.2 95.1 556.9 224.9 133.9 158.1 40.0 77.9 39.5 924.7 75. C 15.1 758.1 638.7 23.1 93.2 543.1 219.0 129.4 156.2 38.5 76.4 38.8 862.4 69.6 15.1 756.3 638.0 23.0 92.1 541.7 219.2 129.0 155.7 37.8 77.9 38.2 905.4 72.9 15.1 755.9 637.2 22.9 -92.7 540.9 219.0 128.9 155.6 37.4 77.8 37.8 900.5 75.2 15.1 752.1 634.3 22.9 91.8 539.8 218.5 128.9 155.5 36.9 78.0 38.7 905.6 76.2 15.2 748.9 631.3 22.8 91.7 540.1 218.6 129.1 155.5 36.9 77.7 38.7 937.7 80.3 15.2 748.0 630.1 23.0 91.9 540.8 218.3 129.6 156.1 36.8 77.6 38.6 953.4 84. C 15.3 747.5 629.7 23.0 91.8 539.8 218.3 129.5 155.8 36.2 77.5 38.3 918.5 74.1 15.8 732.5 616.5 22.8 90.5 544.9 218.4 131.7 158.2 36.6 78.1 38.5 878.4 72.0 16.3 698.1 587.2 22.2 86.7 542.4 214.6 134.5 158.1 35.2 12,513 12,278 12,177 12,124 12,132 12,184 12,019 11,937 11,858 11,750 11,874 12,780 12,147 11,786 11,358 3,065 3,030 3,018 3,044 3,024 3,004 2,947 2,948 2,940 2,935 2,947 2,992 2,974 2,911 2,814 221.8 179.4 124.3 464.0 232.5 133.1 569.7 1, 016.4 9,448 9,248 1,895.5 1, 202.6 122.2 318.1 1,486.2 1,314.4 619.9 229.7 179.6 124.8 454. 7 236.9 229.3 178.5 123.1 450.7 238.2 134.2 135.1 573.1 572.0 1,016.8 1,027.2 9,159 9,080 1,830.2 1,780.1 1,154. 7 1,125.0 112.0 106.6 310.7 297.7 1,464,4 1,445.7 1, 294.2 1,279. 5 610.1 586.7 134.1 571.7 1,023.2 9,108 1,786.7 1,135.1 104.2 296.7 1,451.5 1,284.1 587.9 223.1 178.6 123.2 451.9 232.5 227.3 176.7 121.5 454.7 235.6 221.6 175.4 119.3 441.0 232.2 133.9 131.8 566.6 556.2 1, 017. 7 999.5 9,180 9,072 1,800.9 1, 782.8 1,145. 6 1,127. 7 104.8 105.0 300.6 302.9 1, 459.2 1, 466. 7 1,288.2 1, 294. 2 613.0 606.9 221.7 175.6 120.4 437.7 232.7 221.2 175.2 121.6 437.0 232.5 221.6 173.5 120.1 435.7 231.6 220.7 173.8 119.7 441.7 229.7 221.5 175.9 118.8 458.8 229.6 221.2 176.4 119.5 457.3 228.5 131.6 131.7 131.1 131.4 132.2 132.5 554.5 543.2 542.6 545.8 545.0 541.0 1, 000. 7 1, 001. 4 996.4 994.9 1,011.6 1, 005.8 8,989 8,918 8,815 8,927 9,788 9,173 1, 763.1 1, 765. 0 1,728. 4 1, 825. 8 2,365.1 1,992.4 1,117.6 1,115.8 1, 095. 6 1,164. 4 1, 540. 0 1,275.3 105.9 107.5 111.4 123.0 148.2 139.2 300.3 303.3 289.9 299.3 386.8 325.7 1,463. 6 1,462. 0 1, 462. 8 1,458.1 1, 487. 2 1,458.4 1,295.4 1, 291. 7 1,293.2 1,294. 4 1,314.9 1,293.8 598.1 613.4 582.1 607.6 738.3 626.5 218.8 171.1 116.0 449.1 224.0 214.3 164.0 112.9 450.2 213.1 131.2 127.8 529.1 490.8 986.6 954.0 8,876 8, 544 1,810.7 1,719.6 1,149. 6 1, 077. 6 117.3 112.3 299.3 292.1 1,428.9 1,364.3 1,267.1 1,201. 7 598.9 577.1 102.0 100.4 99.6 94.6 99.9 99.2 99.6 99.4 106.8 132.1 104.3 100.7 99.9 103.2 227.5 221.2 214.9 215.5 222.2 223.6 220.4 221.5 211.6 220.6 268.2 232.4 223.5 215.6 105.5 104.0 100.8 102.4 106.3 104.0 102.2 104.9 102.8 108.0 136.3 107.7 101.6 97.2 120.7 122.5 113.8 112.9 118.6 117.4 116.3 123.7 109.5 112.5 131.5 117.0 112.6 108.2 379.2 378.8 375.9 376.7 377.2 373.0 375.3 375.5 376.1 376.1 390.7 380.7 371.0 362.3 243.3 242.4 242.0 241.5 241.5 238.2 238.6 239.7 239.4 240.5 250.9 245.3 239.0 234.2 2, 043.4 2, 050.4 2,056. 3 2,062. 3 2, 083. 2 2, 039.1 2, 006. 6 1,958.1 1,926.3 1,907. 7 1,944. 0 1,949. 2 1,926. 6 1,852.9 2,823.5 2,824.8 2,834.8 2,842. 7 2,846.9 2,803.1 2, 782.4 2, 743.8 2,739.3 2,751.9 2,862.9 2, 765.3 2, 739. 2 2,668. 0 463.9 630.9 466.3 634.0 477.1 634.4 477.6 637.1 472.4 633.9 453.2 627.5 448.5 628.7 437.6 627.3 431.9 628.1 435.5 631.6 452.9 635.0 454.7 632.9 464.5 631.1 464.9 623.5 177.5 400.8 93.0 178.3 396.8 90.2 181.6 392.0 88.3 182.8 391.4 88.3 179.8 401.3 90.5 176.2 398.6 90.1 172.9 398.9 93.2 167.4 398.7 99.0 165.0 402.8 101.6 168.0 405.7 102.2 179.6 426.4 101.4 174.5 167.6 393. 6 382.7 97.9| 94.8 155.8 366.3 95.6 A.— LABO R FORCE AND EM PLO YM EN T T able A-10. 93 Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1— Continued [In thousands] 1967 Industry N ov 2 Finance, insurance, andreal estate4____ 1966 Annual average ______ 2,597 Banking________________________________ _______ Credit agencies other than banks_______________ Savings and loan associations_________________ Security, com m odity brokers & s e rv ice s ............ Insurance carriers______________________________ Life insurance__________________________ ____ Accident and health insurance__________________ Fire, marine, and casualty insurance..................... Oct.2 Sept. 2,596 725.3 273.8 80.7 142.1 674.8 293.0 65.4 283.5 2,605 726.4 275.2 80.3 140.3 677.6 294.3 65.5 284.9 Aug. 2,640 736.3 276.7 80.8 141.2 685.3 296.8 66.5 288.9 July June 2,624 732.0 277.9 81.2 139.0 676.5 290.4 66.1 287.1 2,589 720.1 274.1 79.1 134.0 668.1 288.0 64.7 283.3 M ay 2,544 706.8 271.3 77.4 130.2 660.9 286.1 63.3 279.9 Apr. 2,527 704.1 269.9 77.1 129.0 659.5 286.8 62.8 278.6 Mar. 2,507 702.7 268.8 76.3 127.7 656.9 285.0 62.2 278. 5 Feb. Jan. 2,487 700.5 266.8 75.5 125.5 654.5 283.7 60.9 278.4 2,472 696.6 266.2 76.6 123.4 647.8 282.8 58.3 274.9 Dec. 2,490 699.0 267.0 75.7 125.1 649.9 284.2 57.8 275.5 N ov. 1966 1965 2,485 696.9 265.5 75.4 125.0 645.1 282.5 56.6 273.7 2,478 686.4 267.1 77.8 123.8 640.7 282.9 51.9 271.7 2,426 .663.5 263.4 79.7 113.9 634.0 282.9 46.3 269.2 Services: Hotels and other lodging places: Hotels, tourist courts, and motels........................ Personal services: Laundries and drycleaning plants......... ............. M otion pictures: M otion picture filming & distributing________ 580.2 599.0 635.9 637.7 613.3 580.5 570.0 549.7 540.9 531.9 534.7 546.1 571.1 546.8 503.4 503.8 505.7 511.9 511.7 504.8 503.7 499.9 496.8 498.0 503.1 506.3 505.2 492.0 32.1 32.1 34.0 34.4 33.8 31.3 29.8 31.0 31.6 34.0 37.2 36.5 33.5 30.4 1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October 1967, and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-9. For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related workers; for contract construction, to construction workers; and for all other industries, to nonsupervisory workers. Transportation and public utilities, and services are included in total private but are not shown separately in this table. P r o d u c t i o n a n d r e la te d w o r k e r s include working foremen and all nonsuper visory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating, processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing, warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, and watchmen services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (e.g., powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated with the above production operations. C o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k e r s include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics, apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition, repair, and maintenance, etc., at the site of construction or working in shop or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed b y members of the construction trades. N o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s include employees (not above the working super visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons, operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors, watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whose services are closely associated with those of the employees listed. 2 Preliminary. 3 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers. 4 Nonoffice salesmen excluded from nonsupervisory count for all series in this division. CAUTION The series on employment, hours, earnings, and labor turnover in nonagricultural establishments have been adjusted to March 1966 benchmarks and are not comparable with those published in the Monthly Labor Review prior to the October 1967 issue, nor with those for periods after April 1965 appearing in the Handbook o f Labor Statistics, 1967. (See footnote 1, table A -9 , and “ BLS Estab lishment Employment Estimates Revised to March 1966 Benchmark Levels” appearing in the Sep tember 1967 issue of E m p loym en t and Earnings and M on th ly Report on the Labor Force.) Moreover, when the figures are again adjusted to new benchmarks, the data presented in this issue should not be compared with those in later issues which reflect the adjustments. Comparable historical data appear in E m p loym en t and Earnings Statistics for the United States, 1909-67 (BLS Bulletin 13 12 -5 ). Beginning with the October 1967 issue of the Monthly L ajor Review, industry titles have been changed, as necessary, to conform to the Bureau of the Budget’s Standard list of short SIC titles— definitions are unchanged. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 94 M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 196S T able A - l l . Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups, seasonally adjusted 1 [In thousands] 1967 1966 Industry division and group N ov.2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Total employees_________________________________________ 66, 709 66,231 66,055 66,190 65,939 65,903 65, 639 65, 653 65, 749 65, 692 65, 564 65, 251 65,014 Mining__________________________________________________ 598 596 601 606 623 619 617 620 624 624 625 623 621 Contract construction____________________________________ 3,248 3,235 3,238 3,223 3,231 3,187 3,192 3,276 3,313 3,352 3,311 3,291 3,241 Manufacturing___________________________________________ 19,413 19,162 19,142 19,318 19,169 19,285 19,238 19,331 19, 445 19, 507 19, 558 19, 526 19, 498 Durable goods _ ______________________________________ Ordnance and accessories_________________________ - Lumber and wood products__________________________ Furniture and fixtures _ _ ___________________________ Stone, clay, and glass products______________________ Primary metal industries____________________________ Fabricated metal products___________________________ Machinery, except electrical _________________________ Electrical equipment and su p p lies___________________ Transportation equipm ent. _ _______________________ Instruments and related products____________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ___________ 11,340 11,137 11,149 11,351 11,218 11, 285 11, 283 11,322 11, 434 11,482 11, 507 11,496 11,485 272 270 292 283 277 299 297 290 286 288 286 300 299 607 596 598 584 592 602 603 591 585 585 590 593 585 469 469 451 452 459 465 466 455 451 447 453 455 456 640 642 640 626 625 624 628 638 640 634 627 622 626 1,286 1,268 1,262 1,281 1,280 1, 295 1,299 1, 305 1,332 1,348 1,362 1,364 1,369 1,372 1,372 1,374 1,374 1,338 1,328 1,331 1,356 1,350 1,357 1,348 1,354 1,364 1,980 1,934 1,966 1,976 1,969 1,972 1,972 1,979 1,984 1,984 1,988 1,978 1,968 1,909 1,895 1,882 1,916 1,889 1,872 1,904 1,916 1,947 1,959 1,958 1,955 1,956 1,959 1,861 1,873 1,980 1,896 1,947 1,927 1,916 1,932 1,938 1,938 1,959 1,959 446 455 454 453 451 454 456 454 454 456 457 452 456 438 430 434 442 438 432 433 436 425 427 430 428 426 Nondurable goods______________________________________ 8,073 Food and kindred products__________________________ 1,799 90 Tobacco manufactures _ ____________________________ Textile mill products_________________________________ 959 Apparel and other textile products. . . . . . __________ 1,390 Paper and allied products ___________________________ 687 Printing and p u b lish in g_____________________________ 1,069 Chemicals and allied products________________________ 1,003 Petroleum and coal products_________________________ 193 Rubber and plastics products, nec___________________ 531 Leather and leather products_________________________ 352 Transportation and public utilities____________ _________ 4,289 8,025 1,785 82 954 1,383 684 1,065 1,000 192 529 351 7,993 1,777 81 950 1,377 682 1,064 993 191 529 349 7,967 1,751 85 946 1,381 687 1,067 992 190 521 347 7,951 1,790 89. 940 1,376 689 1,066 989 191 479 342 8,000 1,806 87 948 1,396 688 1,066 990 189 479 351 7,955 1,797 86 941 1,395 679 1, 064 982 187 472 352 8,009 1,800 86 945 1,390 680 1, 063 984 187 520 354 8, 011 1, 803 84 952 1, 384 684 1,065 981 186 521 351 8, 025 1, 798 85 954 1,401 681 1,056 984 187 523 356 8, 051 1,795 89 963 1,414 680 1,053 983 187 527 360 8,030 1,795 86 962 1,411 679 1,044 978 187 527 361 8, 013 1,793 84 962 1,408 678 1,041 976 187 523 361 4,255 4,262 4,283 4,292 4, 266 4, 267 4,212 4,246 4, 247 4,242 4,218 4, 212 Wholesale and retail trade________________________________ 13,833 13,769 13, 719 13,664 13,647 13, 648 13, 609 13, 572 13, 557 13, 541 13, 515 13, 416 13, 406 Wholesale trade________________________________________ 3,603 3, 573 3,565 3,569 3,555 3, 555 3, 549 3, 545 3,535 3, 521 3, 512 3,496 3, 484 Retail trade____________________________________________ 10,230 10,196 10,154 10,095 10,092 10, 093 10, 060 10, 027 10, 022 10, 020 10, 003 9,920 9,922 3,227 3,205 3,194 3,179 3,165 3,152 3,144 3,132 Services__________________________________________________ 10,260 10,198 10,161 10,130 10,074 10, 035 9,987 9,973 9,946 9,883 9,840 9, 781 9,744 Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te .... . . ____ _______ 3,286 3,268 3,264 3,253 3,234 Government_____________________________________________ 11,782 11,748 11,668 11,713 11,669 11, 636 11, 524 11,475 11,439 11,373 11, 321 11, 252 11,160 Federal________________________ 2,696 2,712 2,715 2,746 2,759 2,747 2,698 2,688 2,685 2,673 2, 667 2, 653 2, 616 State and local________ _____ __________________________ 9,086 9,036 8,953 8,967 8,910 8, 889 8, 826 8,787 8, 754 8,700 8,654 8,599 8,544 1 For coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-9. 2 Preliminary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in appendix A , B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies (B L S Bulletin 1458, 1966). A — LABO R FORCE AND EM PLOYM ENT T able A -12 . 95 Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally adjusted 1 Revised series; see box, p. 93. [In thousands] 1967 Major industry group N ov.2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June 1966 May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Manufacturing., . . . _ __________ _ . . _ _ _ _ _ 14,266 14,025 14,003 14,191 14,056 14,170 14,147 14,233 14,358 14,436 14,506 14,495 14,490 Durable goods____ _________ ______ _ . . . . ____ 8,275 8,077 8,091 8,299 8,170 8,240 8,254 8,286 8,407 8,459 8,502 8,501 8,505 Ordnance and accessories.. . . . . . . . . _____ . . . . . . 149 153 155 154 155 147 147 151 146 143 140 136 133 Lumber and wood products. ________________________ 516 512 508 509 507 514 524 513 508 525 519 530 521 ____________ ___ . . . 375 Furniture and fixtures____ 374 374 370 369 371 375 379 384 366 385 389 389 Stone, clay, and glass products______________________ 508 499 494 497 498 495 499 509 498 509 512 512 513 Primary metal industries_____ _____ . ______ _ 1,026 1,009 1,003 1,024 1,023 1,037 1,042 1,049 1,073 1,091 1,106 1,109 1,116 Fabricated metal p rod u cts.. _____ ____ _____ . . . 1,036 1,021 1,023 1,048 1,041 1,048 1,041 1,046 1,059 1,065 1,068 1,069 1,069 Machinery, except electrical.. . . . _______________ . . 1,371 1,330 1,365 1,375 1,368 1,372 1,373 1,380 1,388 1,392 1,398 1,390 1,384 Electrical equipment and supplies___________________ 1,286 1,272 1,260 1,290 1,265 1,251 1,284 1,298 1,332 1,345 1,348 1,347 1,352 Transportation equipment . . . . ______ . . . _ . . . 1,381 1,286 1,297 1,410 1,326 1,377 1,361 1,347 1,363 1,371 1,373 1,394 1,396 286 Instruments and related products. _ ____ . . . . 285 285 283 281 285 287 289 289 288 289 286 284 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_______ _____ 337 335 336 337 340 342 339 343 344 347 353 349 349 Nondurable goods____ . . . _______ ____________ . 5,991 ... 1,199 Food and kindred products_____ . . . Tobacco manufactures____ __________________________ 78 Textile mill products_____ . . . . _____________ ____ 849 Apparel and other textile products__________________ 1,230 Paper and allied products. __ _ . . __________________ 532 Printing and publishing... __________________________ 672 Chemicals and allied products_______________________ 595 122 Petroleum and coal products___ ____ _ _ ______ __ Rubber and plastics products, nec___________________ 409 305 Leather and leather products____ . . . . . . ________ . 1 For definition of production workers, see footnote 1, table A-10. 2 Preliminary. 282-907 O https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5,948 1,186 70 846 1,223 529 669 593 121 408 303 5,912 1,175 69 842 1,218 527 669 585 120 407 300 5,892 1,148 72 839 1,223 534 673 585 118 401 299 5,886 1,185 76 834 1,220 536 674 585 119 362 295 5,930 1,201 75 841 1,239 535 673 583 119 362 302 5,893 1,196 74 835 1,235 525 672 580 117 354 305 5,947 1,195 73 838 1,232 526 673 583 118 402 307 5,951 1,200 72 845 1,226 531 674 580 116 403 304 5,977 1,197 73 848 1,243 529 670 585 117 406 309 6,004 1,196 77 856 1,254 527 668 585 117 411 313 5,994 1,195 74 856 1,252 527 663 584 118 411 314 5,985 1,195 72 856 1,252 526 660 584 117 408 315 N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in appendix A, B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458, 1966). M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 19GS 96 T able A -1 3 . Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations 1 [All items except average benefit amounts are in thousands] 1967 1966 Item Oct. Employment service:2 New applications for w ork------ ----Nonfarm placements.- - - ... - Aug. Sept. 844 540 820 558 967 487 881 552 M ay June July 1,335 537 Apr. 974 507 Feb. Mar. 859 476 887 460 Jan. 853 407 Dec. 966 440 N ov. 721 420 Oct. 794 513 819 592 State unemployment insurance programs: 848 1,087 1,346 915 872 1,218 803 1,005 1,061 1,280 709 798 663 Initial cla im s34 . ----Insured unem ploym ents (average weekly 1,142 1,582 903 1,532 1,558 1,254 1,184 1,019 1,360 889 894 1,059 753 - - ------volume) 6___ 2.4 3.4 2.4 3.3 1.9 2.1 2.9 3.3 2.2 2.7 1.6 1.8 1.8 Rate of insured unem ploym ent7----4, 663 6,323 5,398 5,615 2,960 4,071 4,977 3,139 4, 351 3,808 3,971 2, 476 3,186 Weeks of un employment compensated— Average weekly benefit amount for total $40. 70 $40.10 $41.08 $40.10 $39.99 $40.99 $41.81 $42.07 $41.97 $41.73 $41. 39 $40. 57 $39.84 unem ploym ent.. . $122,145 $122, 614 $172,807 $147,307 $156,083 $183, 645 $200, 588 $257,488 $219,480 $224,787 $157,566 $114,814 $93,697 Total benefits paid ------ . ------Unemployment compensation for ex-service men: 8 8 Initial claims 36_____ . . ---------------Insured unem ploym ent8 (average weekly volum e)_____ ... -------Weeks of unemployment compensated— Total benefits paid . ----- 20 18 21 22 17 14 14 16 15 19 17 15 13 22 82 $3,502 22 88 $3, 715 25 106 $4,443 24 75 $3,126 19 82 $3,471 19 81 $3,404 21 85 $3, 576 24 101 $4,199 25 93 $3,878 25 96 $3,963 21 72 $2,973 16 59 $2,450 14 51 $2,117 Unemployment compensation for Federal civilian em ployees:810 Initial claims 3___ __ . . . . --- - Insured unem ploym ent3 (average weekly volu m e).. -. ----- --Weeks of unemployment compensated__ Total benefits paid. . - - - - - -------- - - 11 9 9 12 9 9 8 8 9 15 10 9 9 20 76 $3,164 18 73 $3,043 19 87 $3,581 20 67 $2, 752 18 81 $3,370 18 78 $3,237 19 81 $3, 354 22 103 $4,192 24 91 $3,728 23 87 $3,581 20 75 $3, 045 17 67 $2, 752 16 60 $2,466 56 15 12 15 3 4 5 6 11 7 6 6 21 93 $45. 67 $4,176 21 46 $66. 68 $2,910 18 45 $74.31 $3,181 17 32 $73. 45 $2,069 14 36 $73.44 $2,478 17 42 $71.29 $2,812 2C $74.1C $3,013 23 57 $77.16 $4,233 24 53 $75. 54 $3,784 25 48 $72.95 $3,499 19 40 $76.70 $2,858 18 38 $73.80 $2,550 16 34 $71. 99 $2,126 952 955 1,122 1,246 1,070 1,196 1,422 1,602 1,654 1,631 1,313 955 799 Railroad unemployment insurance: Applications 11__ --------Insured unemployment (average weekly ____ _ volum e)_______ Number of payments 42______ - , -----Average amount of benefit p a ym en t13 .. Total benefits paid 14_________ . ----------All programs: 13 Insured unemployment - ------------ _ 2; 1 Includes data for Puerto Rico beginning January 1961 when the Common wealth’s program became part of the Federal-State UI system. 2 Includes Guam and the Virgin Islands. 3 Initial claims are notices filed b y workers to indicate they are starting periods of unemployment. Excludes transitions claims under State programs. 4 Includes interstate claims for the Virgin Islands. 1 Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem ployment. 6 Initial claims and State insured unemployment include data under the program for Puerto Rican sugarcane workers. 7 The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of the average covered employment in a 12-month period. s Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs. 8 Includes the Virgin Islands. Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 44 11 An application for benefits is filed b y a railroad worker at the beginning of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is re quired for subsequent periods in the same year. >2 Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods. 13 The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not ad justed for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments. 14Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments, is Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the State, Ex-servicemen and U C P E programs and the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act. Source : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for all items except railroad unemployment insurance which is prepared by the U.S. Railroad Retirement Board. B.—LABOR TURNOVER 97 B.— Labor Turnover Table B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1 [Per 100 employees] 1967 1966 Annual average Major industry group Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 4.3 2.9 43 3.9 4 5.1 /) 1 5.0 4.3 4 fi 3.8 3.7 4.5 5.6 3.1 4.8 4.7 5.9 7.4 3.9 3.3 5.4 3.9 5.1 5.1 3.9 4.8 3.8 6.7 4.1 2.9 Oct. 1966 1965 Accessions: Total Manufacturing______________________ . Seasonally adjusted______________ _ Durable goods ___________________ . Ordnance and accessories___________ Lumber and wood products _____ __ Furniture and fixtures __________ . . Stone, clay, and glass products________ Primary metal industries_____________ Fabricated metal products____ * . Machinery, except electrical______ . . . Electrical equipment and supplies____ Transportation equipment________ . . Instruments and related products_____ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. Nondurable goods__________________ Foods and kindred products_______ _ Tobacco manufactures____________ . . . Textile mill products _ ________ . . . Apparel and" other textile products____ Paper and allied products. ___________ Printing and publishing______________ Chemicals and allied products________ Petroleum and coal products _ _. Rubber and plastics" products, nec____ Leather and leather products................. N onmanufacturing: Metal m ining_________________________ _ C oalm ining__________ ___ 4.6 5.3 5.4 4.6 5.9 4.6 3.9 3.9 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.6 4.6 4.2 4-1 4.2 3.6 4.7 4.1 7.7 7.1 4.7 3.2 5.5 3.3 4.3 5.4 3.4 7.7 4.8 4.3 6.5 7.7 5.1 3.3 5.7 3.0 4.5 5.7 3.5 7.4 4.1 3.5 5.5 5.0 9.2 6.4 6.9 4.6 4.3 3.1 8.3 5.3 5.4 3.2 5.1 3.0 3.3 4.9 2.9 6.3 3.7 3.7 2.7 6.5 4.9 4.7 2.7 4.4 2.9 3.0 3.9 3.0 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.0 6.5 3.8 3.2 4.9 3.1 4.2 4.3 3.3 6.3 5.1 7.2 6.2 5.3 5.5 3.7 3.7 2.6 1.8 5.3 6.2 2.4 1.5 9.5 7.4 5.6 9.7 15.0 4.3 4.3 2.9 3.1 5.6 6.5 4.1 3.7 2.4 6.2 3.0 1.6 6.0 6.8 2.8 6.1 6.2 2.9 2.1 6.0 6.7 4.7 2.9 5.0 2.9 3.8 4.1 3.0 6.3 4.3 4.7 5.5 4.9 7.2 5.5 7.7 9.6 5.3 6.5 9.5 5.9 5.7 6.8 3.6 3.4 2.6 2.3 5.7 7.7 2.8 1.7 6.1 6.2 6.1 5.1 4.5 4.6 7.1 6.4 6.5 1.7 5.1 7.0 5.4 5.4 5.9 3.9 3.6 2.8 2.7 5.3 5.7 4.0 1.6 2.8 7.0 4.5 5.0 2.6 4.5 2.7 2.9 3.7 2.9 6.0 3.4 2.9 5.4 4.5 3.7 2.6 4.0 3.0 3.1 3.3 2.9 5.1 4.1 3.8 6.4 5.3 3.7 3.2 4.7 3.6 3.8 4.0 3.5 6.2 4.3 5.6 2.9 4.8 5.1 3.3 3.1 2.5 4.7 5.0 3.3 3.5 2.7 3.8 4.3 3.2 4.1 5.0 2.9 3.3 2.4 4.3 5.0 4.3 4.8 4.1 4.7 4.5 5.0 3.7 4.7 6.3 3.4 3.7 2.4 1.5 4.6 7.0 4.7 3.4 1.4 3.0 1.5 4.6 2.3 2.6 1.8 4.2 5.1 3.6 43 2.8 2.0 1.6 2.7 2.2 3.6 3.4 2.3 2.3 3.2 fi 2.8 2.5 2.3 3.0 4.4 3.2 3.7 3.8 3.0 5.5 3.1 4.1 7.0 2.9 3.4 2.5 2.7 4.2 5.3 5.9 4.2 4.9 3.4 3.3 3.2 4.1 1.4 4.9 5.3 3.0 1.4 1.7 2.6 2.6 1.8 1.1 2.2 2.8 8.2 5.4 7.6 6.2 5.2 5.8 4.4 4.1 2.7 1.9 6.0 6.6 5.5 4.0 2.9 4.6 3.3 3.9 4.7 3.2 6.3 5.2 6.9 6.4 5.1 4.6 4.5 3.7 5.3 3.9 4.7 5.3 3.8 6.9 6.1 6.1 4.0 3.8 2.9 4.3 5.8 3.2 3.2 2.4 5.5 6.3 4.4 5.4 3.0 2.0 3.5 1.7 3.2 1.7 3.8 3.1 3.0 3.3 2.7 4.6 3.3 4.3 3.9 3.5 7.5 3.8 3.2 5.7 5.9 3.5 2.7 4.3 3.3 3.8 3.4 3.4 5.5 4.2 5.5 4.4 4.1 4.3 4.0 3.5 2.3 1.7 5.3 4.8 4.0 5.0 3.7 4.1 4.2 3.5 3.2 2.4 1.7 4.6 4.8 2.3 1.3 2.5 1.1 6.0 6.2 6.1 2.1 1.8 Accessions: N ew hires Manufacturing.. . ______ . .. . ______ . 3.5 4.1 4.0 3.3 4.5 3.3 S.3 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.2 Durable goods__________ . _ _ Ordnance and accessories_____________ Lumber and wood products___________ Furniture and fixtures_______________ Stone, clay, and glass products________ Primary metal industries_____________ Fabricated metal products. . ___ Machinery, except"electrical-__ . . . . . Electrical equipment and supplies . Transportation equipment________ Industries and related products_______ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. 3.2 3.1 5.2 5.3 3.1 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.5 5.7 6.3 4.0 2.3 4.5 2.3 3.0 3.6 3.0 2.9 2.9 5.3 5.1 3.6 1.7 3.4 4.1 4.3 7.8 5.3 5.4 3.1 4.9 3.4 3.3 3.7 4.2 5.6 3.0 Nondurable goods________ . F ood and kindred products___________ Tobacco manufacturing_______________ Textile mill products................................ Apparel and other textile products____ Paper and allied products____ ____ Printing and publishing______________ Chemicals and allied products . . . . Petroleum and coal products.. ____ Rubber and plastics products, nec____ Leather and leather products. . ___ _ 4.0 5.4 4.2 4.1 3.9 3.3 3.2 Seasonally adjusted _____ N onmanufacturing: Metal mining _____________ ___ ____ Coal m ining_____________ __________ ___ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.0 4.1 2.5 3.1 2.9 2.8 5.5 2.2 1.6 6.6 6.2 3.8 2.3 4.5 2.5 3.2 3.6 2.8 6.7 4.7 7.3 4.4 4.5 4.5 3.8 3.6 2.4 2.8 6.2 4.7 7.4 11.1 4.7 4.6 3.6 3.1 1.9 2.6 2.1 2.4 2.7 2.6 4.2 3.9 5.9 5.1 3.7 3.9 3.0 2.8 2.1 2.1 5.1 7.4 3.8 4.6 4.2 5.1 4.2 3.7 3.9 6.0 4.6 4.9 4.8 4.8 5.0 4.7 4.0 4.6 4.9 2.0 2.2 1.0 2.1 2.1 5.1 .8 1 1.3 1.1 1.2 2.6 6.5 4.3 4.0 1.9 3.8 2.4 2.1 2.7 2.4 4.7 3.7 5.1 2.8 4.2 3.6 3.3 2.9 2.2 2.8 3.1 2.6 2.3 5.5 3.8 3.3 1.5 3.3 2.2 2.0 2.8 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.4. 3.6 2.7 2.5 2.5 3.9 3.8 2.9 3.1 4.2 4.5 2.3 2.2 4.8 4.2 2.9 1.7 3.4 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.2 1.7 3.1 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.6 2.3 2.4 4.1 4.0 3.8 3.2 4.0 1.9 3.7 3.3 3.1 3.4 1.7 3.5 3.5 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.1 2.0 2.8 2.8 2.1 2.4 4.0 3.9 3.3 3.1 1.5 3.3 3.2 2.7 1.1 2.4 1.1 2.3 .9 2.9 2.3 3.1 3.4 2.4 2.7 1.9 1.3 3.2 3.3 2.1 1.0 2.0 3.5 3.0 2.8 2.1 3.0 3.9 3.2 3.4 2.6 3.5 4.0 2.8 3.0 1.9 1.1 2.1 3.6 2.1 1.8 2.9 3.0 1.6 1.5 2.5 2.1 2.0 1.7 2.0 2.5 2.3 2.8 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.2 3.4 1.4 .9 3.1 4.1 3.7 3.9 3.1 4.1 4.1 5.2 3.1 3.8 5.1 2.5 2.1 3.7 2.7 3.1 2.8 2.7 4.9 3.3 3.9 4.6 3.3 3.5 3.0 2.8 1.8 1.2 3.5 4.8 2.6 3.1 4.1 4.1 2.7 2.0 2.0 1.2 1.0 1.1 6.8 1.8 4.7 4.6 2.7 2.0 2.6 2.9 2.8 2.6 3.5 4.5 3.2 4.1 3.3 3.3 3.7 2.5 2.6 1.9 1.4 3.4 3.9 2.2 .9 98 M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968 T able B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1— Continued [Per 100 employees] 1967 1966 Annual average Major industry group Oct.* Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. 1965 Oct. 1966 4.6 4.1 3.8 2.5 6.0 5.1 3.9 3.0 4.2 2.8 3.1 4.3 2.7 Separations: Total 4.6 4-4 6.2 4.7 4.8 4-4 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.6 4.0 4. 5 4.2 4.3 4.8 4.3 4.8 4.6 4.7 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.4 4 .6 4.6 Durable goods_____________________ ___ Ordnance and accessories........ ................ Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts __________ Furniture and fixtures____ _ __ ___ Stone, clay, and glass products________ Primary metal industries.. . ________ Fabricated metal products.. . ________ Machinery, except electrical.. _ _ ___ Electrical equipment and supplies____ Transportation equipment . _____ Instruments and related products_____ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_____________________ . . 4.1 3.1 6.2 5.4 4.1 3.4 5.1 3.1 3.9 3.9 3.1 5.7 4.5 9.4 7.6 6.3 5.0 6.7 4.5 5.0 5.6 4.5 4.9 3.6 8.2 7.0 5.5 3.9 5.8 3.8 4.3 5.1 3.7 4.7 2.8 5.9 5.8 4.3 3.1 5.2 3.4 3.3 8.1 2.7 4.1 2.9 5.9 5.6 4.6 3.2 5.3 3.5 3.4 4.3 3.0 3.9 2.8 6.5 5.8 4.2 3.1 4.5 3.1 3.7 3.8 2.9 4.1 3.3 6.4 5.8 4.2 3.3 4.8 3.3 4.3 4.1 2.9 4.4 3.0 6.8 6.4 4.5 3.6 5.0 3.5 4.8 4.3 3.0 3.9 2.4 5.3 5.2 4.2 3.0 4.9 2.8 4.0 4.5 2.7 4.4 2.6 6.3 6.2 5.2 3.6 4.9 3.1 4.2 5.1 2.9 3.9 1.7 6.4 4.9 4.8 2.9 4.3 2.5 3.2 3.8 2.4 3.9 2.1 7.3 5.7 4.5 3.1 4.7 2.6 3.4 3.7 2.4 4. 5 2.8 7.4 6.8 4.7 3.6 5.3 3.3 4.0 4.4 3.5 4.4 2.6 7.1 6.3 4.6 3.2 5.1 3.4 3.8 4.9 3.1 7.2 7.8 6.4 6.0 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.4 5.0 5.7 12.2 8.6 6.8 6.9 5.9 Nondurable goods___ _____ _ _______ Food and kindred products____ ___ Tobacco manufactures.. . ____ ___ Textile mill products_____ _ ___ Apparel and other textile products____ Paper and allied p rod u cts ___ ___ Printing and publishing__ . Chemicals and allied p rod u cts.............. Petroleum and coal p ro d u c ts _________ Rubber and plastics products, nec____ Leather and leather products_________ 5.2 8.3 7.8 4.7 5.8 3.7 3.4 2.4 2.1 5.0 5.4 7.0 10.4 4.6 6.2 6.8 6.3 5.1 4.3 4.4 6.8 7.7 5.8 7.6 7.7 6.2 6.5 4.8 4.2 3.1 2.7 6.2 6.9 5.0 6.1 3.8 5.4 7.4 3.5 3.2 2.2 1.8 5.3 8.1 4.5 5.4 3.6 4.8 5.9 3.5 3.6 2.7 1.8 5.0 5.0 4.5 5.6 4.2 4.8 5.8 3.5 3.3 2.5 1.9 5.0 5.7 4.6 5.6 4.8 5.0 6.2 3.6 3.1 2.3 1.8 4.9 6.1 4.7 5.5 7.7 5.2 6.4 3.5 3.3 2.4 1.7 5.1 6.2 4.1 5.0 7.2 4.6 5.0 3.0 3.0 2.1 1.5 5.1 5.6 4.8 6.0 8.1 5.2 5.7 3.5 3.5 2.4 2.0 5.3 6.2 4.6 7.1 6.0 4.2 5.5 3.0 3.0 2.1 1.8 4.2 6.4 4.7 7.2 6.5 4.8 5.4 3.5 3.0 2.0 1.9 4. 5 5.2 5.4 8.4 4.9 5.3 5.8 4.1 3.5 2.5 2.1 5.5 5.9 5.0 6.8 6.0 5.1 6.1 3.8 3.4 2. 5 2.1 5.0 6.4 4.4 6.1 6.4 4.1 5.8 3.1 3.1 2.2 1.9 4.2 5.3 Nonmanufacturing: Metal m in in g.. ______ ______ C o a lm in in g ... _ _ . _ _ _ . . . . . ___ 3.6 1.5 6.8 2.1 3.9 2.1 3.1 1.9 3.1 1.6 3.5 1.9 4.0 2.2 3.5 2.1 2.9 1.6 3.8 2.3 3.3 1.4 3.4 1.6 4.0 1.8 3.5 1.8 3.1 1.9 2.6 1.9 Manufacturing .. . ______________________ 5.3 Separations: Quits 2.4 4.0 3.2 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.9 2.1 1.7 2.1 2.8 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.6 Durable goods. . ____________ . . ___ Ordnance and accessories____ ____ Lumber and wood products___________ Furniture and fixtures.. . . . . . _____ Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u cts _______ Primary metal industries_______ ___ Fabricated metal products____ ___ Machinery, except electrical . . . ___ Electrical equipment and supplies____ Transportation equipment___ ___ Instruments and related products_____ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_____________________________ 2.2 1.8 4.1 3.6 2.3 1.4 2.6 1.7 2.1 1.7 2 0 3.6 2.8 7.0 5.4 4.2 2.8 4.2 2.8 3.3 2.9 3.2 2.9 2.2 5.4 5.0 3.5 2.1 3.6 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.4 1.8 1.5 3.8 3.4 2.2 1.2 2.2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.1 1.6 4.1 3.3 2.4 1.4 2.4 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.4 4.5 3.5 2.2 1.3 2.4 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.6 2.0 1.6 4.1 3.7 2.0 1.3 2.4 1.7 1.9 1.5 1.6 2.0 1.5 3.7 3.8 1.9 1.3 2.4 1.7 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.3 2.9 3.1 1.6 1.1 2.1 1.5 1.8 1.4 1.6 1.9 1.2 3.1 3.5 1.8 1.4 2.3 1.7 2.0 1.5 1.7 1.5 .9 2.6 2.7 1.4 1.1 1.8 1.3 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.9 1.1 3.4 3.6 1.9 1.3 2.4 1.5 1.9 1.5 1. 5 2.6 1.6 4.6 4.8 2.6 1.8 3.0 1.9 2.5 2.0 2.4 2.4 1.5 4.5 4.3 2.4 1.7 2.8 1.9 2.3 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.1 3.4 3.1 1.7 1.2 1.9 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.4 4.4 5.6 4.3 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.7 2.6 3.9 4.6 3.6 2.6 Nondurable goods__ ________ Food and kindred products . ___ Tobacco manufactures.. _____ _ ___ Textile m ill products___________ ___ Apparel and other textile products____ Paper and allied products_____ . . . . Printing and publishing__ ___ _ Chemicals and allied products________ Petroleum and coal products... _____ Rubber and plastics products, nec____ Leatner and leather products._________ 2.8 3.7 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.3 2.0 1.2 1.1 2.9 3.8 4.6 6.4 3.2 4.6 4.1 4.7 3.6 2.9 2.6 4.6 5.3 3.7 4.5 3.1 4.6 3.9 3.2 2.8 1.9 1.5 4.1 4.8 2.5 3.0 1.6 3.2 3.0 1.9 1.9 1.1 .8 2.6 3.6 2.6 2.9 1.7 3.3 2.8 2.2 2.2 1.3 .9 3.1 3.3 2.5 2.8 1.7 3.4 3.0 2.1 2.0 1.3 .9 2.9 3.4 2.4 2.5 1.6 3.4 2.8 2.1 1.9 1.2 .7 2.7 3.3 2.4 2.5 1.7 3.3 2.8 2.1 2.0 1.2 .7 2.7 3.2 2.1 2.2 1.7 2.8 2.5 1.7 1.8 1.0 .7 2.4 3.0 2.4 2.5 1.9 3.1 2.9 2.0 2.0 1.1 .7 2.5 3.6 1.9 2.2 1.6 2.3 2.1 1.6 1.6 .9 .6 2.0 2.9 2.4 2.9 1.8 2.9 2.8 2.1 1.8 1.0 .6 2.7 3.4 3.1 3.9 2.3 3.6 3.4 2.7 2.2 1.4 .9 3.5 4.3 2.8 3.2 1.9 3.5 3.3 2.4 2.2 1.4 .9 3.1 4.1 2.1 2.4 1.5 2.5 2.6 1.7 1.7 1.0 .7 2.1 3.0 N onmanufacturing: Metal mining________ _______________ C oalm ining_________ . . . _______ ____ 1.5 .7 5.5 .9 2.8 1.0 1.7 .8 2.0 .5 2.0 .6 1.9 .6 1.9 .7 1.4 .7 1.7 .6 1.1 .6 1.3 .6 1.7 .8 2.0 .7 1.7 .6 Manufacturing- .. . ..... S ee f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ----------- 99 B.— LABOR TURNOVER Table B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1— Continued [Per 100 em ployees] 1967 Annual average 1966 Major industry group Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. 1966 1965 Separations: Layoffs Manufacturing. _ _ Durable goods___________ ___________ Ordnance and accessories________ . . . Lumber and wood products______— Furniture and fixtures.. . ... .. Stone, clay, and glass products________ Primary metal industries_____________ ^Fabricated metal p r o d u c t s . . . _____ ______ Machinery, except electrical.. Electrical equipment and su p p lies.. . . . Transportation equipment____ ______ Instruments and related products_____ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_______________ ._ . . . _______ .8 .5 1.7 .7 1.1 .7 1.1 .4 .4 1.3 .4 1.1 .4 1.6 .8 1.3 .6 1.2 .5 .5 2.1 .4 1.2 .8 1.7 1.0 1.5 1,0 1.4 .6 .8 2.2 .6 3.5 .8 2.1 2.3 1.6 3.5 4.0 1.1 1.8 .6 .6 .5 1.5 3.5 1.8 .8 1.5 .4 .6 .5 .6 1.4 2.8 3.5 .7 2.1 .5 .6 .6 .9 1.4 1.6 2.9 4.4 .8 2.4 .8 .9 .7 .6 1.2 1.5 .7 .7 1.1 1.9 1.1 1.6 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.5 1 .4 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.0 .4 1.2 .7 .9 1.0 1.3 .6 .8 1.4 .5 1.1 .7 1.1 .9 1.0 1.2 1.4 .8 .7 1.8 .6 1.0 .6 1.8 .8 .9 .9 1.0 .8 .8 1.8 .6 2.0 .6 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.0 2.1 1.1 1.0 5.8 .7 l.l .4 .8 1.2 1.2 .9 1.8 .9 .7 1.7 .4 1.0 .6 .9 1.2 1.2 .9 1.0 .6 1.1 1.4 .6 1.2 .9 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.4 .7 1.4 1.8 .7 1.5 .8 2.1 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.6 .8 1.9 1.9 .5 1.4 .5 1.6 1.1 1.7 1.0 1.9 .5 1.2 2.4 .5 1.5 .5 2.3 1.5 2.6 1.0 1.6 .5 1.2 2.7 .5 1.5 .2 3.1 1.2 2.7 1.0 1.5 .5 .7 1.9 .4 1.1 .4 3.0 1.0 1.8 .8 1.3 .4 .5 1.3 .3 1.7 1.0 1.0 2.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.6 2.0 8.6 1.5 3.0 .5 .7 1.9 .7 .8 1.2 2.3 3.6 .6 1.6 .6 1.8 2.4 1.5 1.5 3.5 .7 .8 .6 .3 1.5 3.6 1.2 1.7 1.1 .6 2.3 .4 1.3 2.0 2.0 .6 2.1 .5 1.4 2.3 2.5 .7 2.6 .7 .6 .5 .5 1.1 1.9 1.5 2.3 5.2 .9 2.8 .6 .6 .6 .4 1.3 2.0 1.3 2.1 4.9 .9 1.7 .5 .6 .5 .4 1.7 1.7 1.6 2.7 5.6 1.2 1.9 2.1 4.2 3.6 1.2 2.8 1.0 1.2 .6 .7 .9 .5 1.7 3.8 3.4 .7 2.0 .6 .8 .5 .4 .9 .8 N onmanufacturing: Metal m in in g.. . . . . . . . _ __ _ ___ Coal m ining____ _____________________ 1.2 .3 .7 1.0 .9 1.3 .5 .6 .7 .5 .6 .9 1.2 .3 .5 .7 .6 F or com p arability of data w ith those pub lish ed in issues prior to O ctober 1967, see footn ote 1, table A -9 . M on th -to-m on th changes in total e m p loym en t in m anufacturing and nonm an ufacturing industries as indicated b y labor tu rn over rates are not com parable w ith the changes show n b y th e B u rea u ’ s em ploym en t series for th e follow in g reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1.4 1.2 1.3 Nondurable goods______________________ F ood and kindred products______ ___ Tobacco m anufactures... . . . ._ _ ___ Textile mill products_________________ Apparel and other textile products____ Paper and allied products____________ Printing and publishing___ __ ______ Chemicals and allied products________ Petroleum and coal products.. ______ Rubber and plastics products, nec_____ Leather and leather products___ ______ 1 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.3 .7 .8 .3 .8 .7 .7 .7 .3 1.0 1.5 .7 .5 .8 .7 1.5 .7 .8 .6 .7 .7 .9 .7 .7 .7 1.5 1.7 .8 1.3 2.7 1.0 .8 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.3 .5 .5 .4 .8 .7 .7 .6 .9 during the calendar m o n th , w h ile th e e m p loym en t series m easures changes fro m m id m o n th to m id m o n th and (2) the tu rn over series excludes personnel changes caused b y strikes, b u t the em p lo ym e n t series reflects th e influence o f such stoppages. P relim inary. 2 100 M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 C.— Earnings and Hours Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry 1967 1966 Annual average Industry N ov.2 O ct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1966 1965 $99.84 131. 66 135.24 136.29 143.11 146. 20 148.13 124.95 129. 34 121. 33 124.48 125.76 144.14 136. 96 138. 55 131.14 145. 91 151. 56 159.14 $98. 69 130. 66 133. 77 138. 09 140. 07 145. 95 148. 44 122. 69 128. 11 118. 63 123. 39 123. 45 145. 89 136. 49 145. 14 142. 80 147. 97 153. 22 161. 44 $95. 06 123.52 127. 30 129.24 136.71 137. 51 140.26 116.18 123. 62 110. 31 117.45 116. 58 138. 38 128.16 137.90 136. 36 140.00 145. 39 152.47 141. 20 179. 65 134. 39 120.85 139. 59 179. 79 138. 75 123. 50 134. 61 170. 28 133. 21 117.30 Average weekly earnings Total private___________________________ ... $103. 90 $103. 63 $104. 06 $103. 45 $103. 18 $101. 88 $100. 06 $99. 41 $99. 56 $99. 30 $99.70 $99.97 137. 60 139.00 139. 32 138. 24 139. 43 136. 53 134. 09 134. 51 132. 09 131. 14 134.09 133. 45 Mining__________ - ------- -------------------136. 21 136. 86 135. 20 136. 40 137. 48 135. 98 137. 05 137. 60 136. 00 136. 00 136. 53 Metal mining___ _______________________ 137. 27 142. 80 139. 86 139. 73 134. 40 134. 37 137. 67 139. 40 136. 31 138. 65 136.86 Iron ores____ - - ------------------------------128. 21 127. 75 131. 24 140. 71 145. 08 142. 35 142. 35 143. 55 142. 46 142. 79 144.21 Copper ores___ --------------- --------148. 80 150. 69 151. 74 156. 15 154. 01 148. 37 148. 45 145. 39 146. 10 153.38 155.91 Coal mining____________________________ 150. 75 152. 66 153. 71 157. 00 156. 38 151. 07 150. 78 147. 68 148. 40 155. 77 158. 30 Bituminous coal and lignite m ining----134. 66 132. 99 131. 15 133. 67 127. 56 127. 75 129. 63 127. 75 126. 42 127. 50 124.91 Oil and gas extraction___________________ 136. 68 137. 42 133. 32 138. 69 133. 25 132. 51 135. 71 131. 78 133. 42 135. 62 129. 65 Crude petroleum and natural gas fields. 132.89 129. 79 129. 44 129. 60 122. 82 124. 24 125. 27 123. 52 121. 26 120. 96 121. 39 Oil and gas field services______________ 135. 66 137.12 136. 30 133. 17 131. 96 128. 03 124. 65 119. 03 116. 72 119. 30 120.94 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels---------133.48 136. 29 135. 32 132. 96 131. 04 127. 84 122. 89 115. 84 110. 16 115.14 120.19 Crushed and broken stone____________ 160. 86 160. 40 162. 60 159. 08 157. 90 153. 56 149. 54 147. 23 146. 83 143. 60 149.14 148.83 Contract construction____________________ 149. 69 151. 03 148. 08 146. 17 142. 03 141. 12 139. 32 139. 26 135. 84 141.21 141.21 General building contractors____________ 162. 43 166. 80 164. 16 161. 30 154. 14 144. 32 139. 48 138. 90 139. 26 142. 56 142. 04 Heavy construction contractors_________ 158. 42 167. 01 164. 72 163. 10 151. 87 139. 88 131. 60 126. 86 127. 40 130.28 129. 75 Highway and street construction______ 166. 78 165.97 163. 86 159. 80 156. 62 148. 52 146. 28 147. 75 147. 45 150.88 151. 62 H eavy construction, nec______________ 166. 66 168. 28 163. 94 164. 00 160. 39 157. 81 155. 86 154. 64 150. 73 157.14 156. 09 Special trade contractors______ ____ ____ 176. 73 178.15 172. 38 170. 77 167. 52 165. 46 164. 74 164. 35 162. 26 166. 53 165. 36 Plumbing, heating, air conditioning___ Painting, paperhanging, and decorat150.94 152. 94 149. 97 150. 47 146. 65 145. 40 140. 54 140. 54 138. 80 140. 70 141.60 ing------ ------- -------------------------------197.68 195. 61 189. 73 192. 23 188. 46 187. 50 184. 89 184. 78 181. 45 185.81 186.44 Electrical work____________________ 149. 72 153. 72 148. 61 149. 03 147. 74 144. 01 141. 45 138. 58 127. 00 138. 43 140. 22 Masonry, stonework, and plastering. 135.19 140. 82 136. 44 136. 82 132. 75 127. 53 122. 88 118. 72 116. 29 125.25 125.21 Roofing and sheet metal work.......... Average weekly hours T o ta l p riv a te ________________________________ M ining_______________________________________ M etal m in in g ________________________ _____ Iron ores________________________________ C op p er ores_____________________________ C oal m in in g_______________________________ B itu m in ou s coal and lignite m in in g ___ O il and gas extraction____________________ C rud e petroleu m and natural gas fieldsO il and gas field services_______________ N on m eta llic m inerals, except fuels_______ C rush ed and broken stone_____________ C on tract con stru ction ______________________ General b u ild in g contractors_____________ H ea v y construction co n tr a c to r s ................. H ig h w a y and street c o n s tr u c tio n .......... H e a v y construction, n ec________________ Special trade contractors__________________ P lu m b in g, heating, air con d ition in g___ Painting, paperhanging, and decorat in g— Electrical w o rk _________________________ M asonry, stonew ork, and plastering___ R oofin g and sheet m etal w o r k _________ 38.2 42.6 _ . _________ 38.3 — — _________ — 38.1 42.9 41.4 41.1 40.7 40. 0 40.2 43.3 40.8 45.2 46.3 47.5 38.1 36.6 42.3 42.7 41.8 37.2 39.1 38.4 43.0 41.6 42.5 40.3 40.4 40. 6 42.9 40.9 44.6 46.8 48.5 38.9 37.2 43.1 44.3 41.7 37.9 39.5 38.6 43.2 41. 6 42.0 41.4 40.9 41.1 43.0 40.4 45.1 47.0 48.5 38.8 37.3 43.2 44.4 41.8 37.6 39.0 35.6 39.3 34.9 34.4 36.5 39.2 36.0 36.2 36.4 39.2 35.3 36.0 38.5 43.3 42.1 42.6 42.9 37.9 42.3 42.1 41.6 43.4 40.1 40 5 42.3 40.4 43.9 45.4 47.0 37.2 36.0 40.2 40.9 39.5 36.7 38.3 37.8 42.3 42.3 42.1 43.4 39 8 40 1 42.5 41.0 43.8 45.0 46.2 36.9 36.0 39.4 40.0 38.8 36.5 38.4 38.0 41.8 42.6 42.5 43.9 39 4 39 7 42.3 40.3 43.8 43.6 44.9 36.8 35.8 39.8 40.4 39.4 36.3 38.4 37.9 41.5 42.5 42.2 43.7 39. 7 40 0 42.0 40.8 43.0 42.6 43.2 35.9 35.1 38.9 39.2 38.7 35.3 38.0 38.2 42.3 42.5 42.4 43.8 40 9 41 1 42.5 41.6 43.2 43.7 44.8 37.1 36.3 39.6 39.6 39.6 36.8 39.0 38.6 42.5 42.4 41.6 44.1 41 8 42 1 42.2 40.9 43.2 44.3 45.7 37.3 36.3 39.9 39.8 39.9 36.9 39.0 38.4 42.2 42.0 41.3 43.9 39 3 39 5 42.5 40.8 43.8 45.1 47.1 36.4 35.3 38.7 38.8 38.6 36.0 37.8 38.7 42.7 42.2 42.1 43.5 40 3 40 fi 42! 6 40.8 44.1 45.7 47.3 37.6 36.3 41.0 42.0 40.1 37.1 38.9 38.8 42.3 41.6 40.9 43.4 39 Q 43.4 41.4 45.0 46.4 48.0 38.7 37.1 42.9 44.2 41.4 37.7 38.9 38.3 42.8 42.3 41.1 43.7 41. 4 41 7 42.1 40.5 43.4 46.3 48.0 38.2 36.7 42.0 42.9 41.0 37.3 38.6 36.7 39.8 35.4 36.1 36.3 39.1 35.6 35.4 35.9 38.9 34.7 34.1 35.4 38.6 34.5 33.3 35.4 38.9 33.8 32.0 34.7 38.2 30.9 31.6 35.0 39.2 33.6 33.4 35.4 39.5 34.2 33.3 35.3 37.9 33.1 33.2 35.7 39.0 34.6 34.4 35.8 38.7 34.6 34.5 42.4 40.8 43.6 45.7 47.2 37.4 36.1 40.8 41.7 40.0 36.9 38.6 Average hourly earnings Total private_____________________________ Mining___________________________________ Metal mining___________________________ Iron ores. _________ ______ ___________ Copper ores_______ _____ _____ _______ Coal mining________________ _______ ___ Bituminous coal and lignite m ining___ Oil and gas extraction___________________ Crude petroleum and natural gas fields, Oil and gas field services______________ Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels______ Crushed and broken stone.......... ............ Contract construction_____________________ General building contractors____________ H eavy construction contractors_________ Highway and street construction______ Heavy construction, nec______________ Special trade contractors________________ Plumbing, heating, air conditioning___ Painting, paperhanging, and decorat ing— Electrical work_______________________ Masonry, stonework, and plastering___ Roofing and sheet metal w ork________ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2.72 3. 23 4. 20 $2. 72 3. 24 3. 29 3. 34 3.15 3. 72 3. 75 3.11 3. 35 2.94 2.93 2. 81 4. 21 4.09 3.84 3. 71 3.99 4.48 4. 52 $2. 71 3.24 3.29 3. 36 3.17 3.73 3. 76 3.10 3. 36 2. 91 2.93 2. 81 4.18 4. 06 3. 87 3.77 3. 98 4.44 4. 51 $2.68 3. 20 3. 25 3.33 3.17 3.71 3.74 3. 05 3. 30 2.87 2.90 2.79 4.10 3.97 3.80 3.71 3. 92 4.36 4. 42 $2.68 3. 22 3. 24 3.28 3.28 4. 24 5. 03 4. 29 3. 93 4.19 4. 99 4. 27 3.89 4.12 4. 84 4. 21 3.79 3.08 3. 35 2.88 2.87 2. 77 4.08 3.94 3. 76 3.69 3.86 4.35 4.39 $2. 66 3.19 3. 25 3. 27 3. 32 3. 72 3. 75 3. 03 3.29 2.83 2. 85 2. 73 4.02 3. 87 3.67 3.54 3. 82 4. 30 4. 34 $2.64 3.17 3. 23 3. 23 3. 28 3. 70 3. 73 3.02 3.28 2. 83 2.82 2. 72 4.02 3. 92 3. 59 3.42 3. 76 4. 30 4.32 $2. 63 3.18 3. 24 3.27 3.28 3. 73 3. 76 3. 05 3. 31 2. 86 2. 77 2. 66 3.99 3.87 3. 54 3.29 3.77 4. 27 4.29 $2.62 3.16 3. 23 3.28 3.27 3.69 3.72 3. 02 3.27 2. 82 2. 73 2.58 3.99 3.89 3.49 3.14 3. 75 4. 26 4.28 $2.62 3.16 3. 20 3. 23 3. 26 3.68 3.71 3. 01 3. 27 2.82 2. 74 2. 55 4.00 3.87 3.58 3. 25 3.81 4.27 4. 27 $2. 61 3.17 3.20 3. 27 3. 26 3.75 3.79 3. 00 3.26 2. 80 2. 73 2. 57 4. 02 3. 89 3.60 3.29 3. 81 4.27 4.27 $2. 59 3.14 3. 22 3.29 3. 27 3.73 3.76 2.96 3.17 2.81 2.73 2. 63 3.99 3.89 3. 56 3. 26 3.80 4.23 4. 24 $2.60 3.12 3. 22 3. 30 3. 26 3. 72 3. 75 2.94 3.17 2.77 2. 76 2.67 3. 96 3. 88 3. 58 3. 38 3. 78 4. 21 4. 21 $2.55 3. 06 3.17 3. 28 3. 22 3.62 3.65 2.88 3.14 2.69 2.70 2.61 3.88 3. 76 3. 54 3. 40 3.69 4.13 4.15 $2. 45 2. 92 3. 06 3.16 3.15 3. 46 3. 49 2. 74 3. 03 2. 53 2. 57 2. 47 3. 70 3. 55 3. 38 3. 27 3. 50 3.94 3.95 4.10 4. 83 4. 21 3.79 4.04 4. 82 4.15 3.75 4.05 4.82 4.15 3.74 3.97 4. 79 4.10 3.69 3.97 4.75 4.10 3.71 4.00 4. 75 4.11 3.68 4. 02 4.74 4.12 3.75 4. 00 4.72 4.10 3. 76 4.00 4. 74 4. 06 3.64 3.91 4. 61 4. 01 3. 59 3. 76 4. 40 3. 85 3.40 101 C.— EAR N IN G S AND HOURS Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued 1967 1966 Annual average Industry N ov.2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1966 1965 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing____________________________ $118. 20 $116. 00^$116.57 $114. 77 $113. 65 $114. 49 $113. 52 $112. 56 $112. 44 $111.88 $113.42 $114.40 $113. 99 $112. 34 $107. 53 Durable goods______________________ 127. 71 125. 44 126. 05 123.30 122. 40 123.19 122.89 121.18 121. 36 120. 77 122.84 124. 62 123. 77 122.09 117.18 Nondurable goods____ ______________ 105. 20 104.14 104. 66 102.80 102.03 101. 63 100. 73 100. 22 100.08 99.18 99.65 100. 25 100.10 98.49 94.44 Ordnance and accessories, _____________ Ammunition, except for small arms----Other ordnance and accessories________ Lumber and wood products____________ Sawmills and planing mills ______ ___ Millwork, plywood, & related products. Wooden containers____________________ Miscellaneous wood products_________ Furniture and fixtures__________________ Household furniture _________________ Office furniture _____________________ Other furniture and fixtures___________ 141. 34 137. 43 143.62 137.94 132. 26 137.60 137. 49 138. 65 138.93 135 38 137.92 135.11 135. 29 133. 25 133.46 134. 05 134. 64 137.15 131.99 132. 25 131. 46 134. 96 133. 56 134. 08 133. 72 135 98 133.73 132.48 131. 46 140 51 133. 22 133. 54 134. 55 137 60 130. 20 133. 22 134. 23 137 70 129. 58 136. 63 135. 71 13Q 43 138. 03 138.02 135. 38 135 46 143.28 136.75 134.88 133 35 141. 48 99. 55 100.21 99. 72 96.88 96. 64 97.27 95.18 94.77 93.09 93. 66 94. 07 94.48 93. 61 91.37 91.98 89.02 88.84 88. 22 107.12 105. 78 106. 55 106. 40 103. 68 103. 63 102. 41 103.41 101. 09 83.23 82.82 83.62 81.80 80. 60 81.60 80. 36 79. 56 77.76 94.99 93.94 93.48 91.76 90.85 91.88 90.20 89. 35 88. 56 91.08 86.24 99. 70 76.00 86.83 90.80 85. 75 99.38 75.44 86.88 90.80 84. 53 99.47 76. 36 88.37 91.43 85.17 98.00 76.04 88. 78 134.94 131.15 134. 55 .135. 66 130 83 127 08 135.25 1 2 1 . 9 3 91.80 86.07 99.70 75. 53 87.34 88.75 82. 42 96.93 72.92 84.67 97. 27 92.39 97. 41 97. 41 95.06 92.40 93.09 91. 25 90.46 90. 74 90.12 90.63 93. 79 93.15 91.72 88.19 92.48 92.03 88.88 85.89 86. 76 84. 41 84.24 84.71 83.89 83. 95 87. 76 87.13 85. 49 83.21 IK. 83 114. 44 110. 56 113. 01 108.94 110.12 110 24 109 82 110 51 114 01 115 61 114 38 112 32 104 06 118. 49 120.80 121.82 114. 74 118 28 116 69 118 65 113 12 113 55 114 05 117 04 114 81 115 02 112 86 101.15 102.21 102 97 100. 60 98.57 101.09 100. 45 99.14 97.68 9 7 ' 1 0 9 5 ! 7 5 1 0 1 . 1 0 99. 36 97. 90 92.18 Average weekly hours Manufacturing____________________________ Durable goods. ____________________ Nondurable goods__________________ 40.9 41.6 40.0 40.7 41.4 39.9 40.9 41.6 40.1 40.7 41.1 40.0 40.3 40.8 39.7 40.6 41.2 39.7 40.4 41.1 39.5 40.2 40.8 39.3 40.3 41.0 39.4 40.1 40.8 39.2 40.8 41.5 39.7 41.3 42.1 40.1 41.3 42.1 40.2 41.3 42.1 40.2 41.2 42.0 40.1 Ordnance and accessories_______________ Amm unition, except for small arms___ Sighting and fire control equipment___ Other ordnance and accessories________ 42.7 43.0 42.4 42.1 41.4 43.1 41.7 41.5 41.0 42.1 41.5 41.3 42.2 41.9 41.2 40.7 41 4 42.4 41.9 41.4 42 1 43.0 41.4 40.7 43 1 42.7 41.6 41.4 42 6 42.0 41.5 41.3 42 5 41.8 42.3 41.5 42.9 42.6 41.9 41.8 39.6 42.7 4 4 .1 42.6 41.4 42 2 45.2 42.6 41.5 42 2 45.2 42.3 41.4 41.8 44.2 41.0 42.0 40 6 41.9 Lumber and w ood products __________ Sawmills and planing m ills___________ Millwork, plywood, & related products. Wooden containers____________________ Miscellaneous wood products_________ 40.8 40.9 41.2 40.6 41.3 40.9 40.9 41.0 40.4 41.2 40.7 40.9 41.3 40.2 41.0 40.2 40.7 41.4 40.1 40.6 40.1 39.9 40.5 40.3 40.2 40.7 40.7 40.8 40.8 41.2 40.5 40.1 40.8 41.0 41.0 40.5 40.2 41.2 40.8 40.8 40.3 40.1 40.6 40.5 41.0 39.6 39.2 40.2 40.0 40.2 40.0 39.7 40.4 41.0 40.6 40.0 39.5 40.6 41.5 41.1 40.1 39.8 40.0 41.1 41.1 40.8 40.6 41.2 41.5 41.2 40.9 40.6 41.6 41.2 41.3 Furniture and fixtures.. _______________ Household furniture _________________ Office furniture _________ ______ . 40.7 40.7 Other furniture and fixtures, ________ 40.3 41.1 41.1 42.1 41. 0 40.4 41.1 40.9 42.7 41. 8 40.7 40.8 40.4 42.2 42.3 41.4 40.0 39.4 43.3 40. 4 40.9 40.3 39.8 41 9 41. 5 41.6 39.5 38.9 41 4 40. 8 41.0 39.5 39.0 41 6 40. 3 40.8 39.8 39.4 41 6 40 4 40.7 39.7 39.2 41 7 40 7 40.8 40.1 39.6 42 7 41 2 40.4 41.5 41.2 43 3 41. 8 42.3 41.4 41.1 43 0 41. 3 42.1 41.5 41.1 43. 2 42. 0 42.2 41.6 41.4 42.3 41.8 41.9 Average hourly earnings Manufacturing______________ _____________ Durable goods, ____________________ Nondurable goods__________________ $2.89 3.07 2. 63 $2.85 3.03 2. 61 $2.85 3.03 2.61 $2.82 3.00 2. 57 $2.82 3.00 2.57 $2.82 2. 99 2. 56 $2.81 2. 99 2. 55 $2.80 2.97 2. 55 $2.79 2. 96 2. 54 $2. 79 2.96 2. 53 $2.78 2. 96 2.51 $2.77 2. 96 2. 50 $2.76 2. 94 2.49 $2. 72 2.90 2. 45 $2. 61 2. 79 2. 36 Ordnance and accessories, ___ . Ammunition, except for small arms___ Sighting and fire control equipment , . Other ordnance and accessories________ 3.31 3. 34 3.23 3.28 3. 30 3.34 3. 22 3.27 3. 30 3.27 3.20 3.24 3. 26 3. 25 3.17 3.23 3. 26 3.25 3.15 3.21 3. 23 3.26 3.15 3.20 3.23 3. 23 3.11 3. 20 3.23 3.26 3.12 3. 21 3. 25 3. 23 3.10 3. 21 3. 25 3.24 3.10 3. 23 3. 27 3. 25 3.13 3.24 3.27 3. 21 3.17 3. 21 3. 25 3.16 3.13 3.19 3. 25 3.13 3. 06 3.13 3. 23 3.13 2. 91 Lum ber and w ood products , . ___ _. _ Sawmills and planing m ills___________ Millwork, plywood, & related products. Wooden containers., _ _ ___ Miscellaneous wood products , . . 2. 44 2.29 2. 60 2. 05 2. 30 2. 45 2. 30 2.58 2. 05 2.28 2. 45 2.31 2. 58 2.08 2. 28 2.41 2. 30 2. 57 2.04 . 2.26 2. 41 2.29 2. 56 2.00 2.26 2.39 2. 26 2. 54 2. 00 2.23 2. 35 2.22 2. 51 1.96 2.20 2.34 2. 21 2. 51 1.95 2.19 2. 31 2.20 2. 49 1.92 2.16 2. 30 2. 20 2.48 1.90 2.16 2.27 2.16 2. 46 1.84 2.14 2.27 2.14 2. 45 1.84 2.15 2.28 2.14 2. 45 1.85 2.16 2. 25 2.12 2. 42 1.82 2.12 2.17 2.03 2. 33 1.77 2.05 Furniture and fixtures.. Household furniture _______ . Office furniture, _______ _ _ Partitions and fixtures Other furniture and fixtures__________ 2.39 2.27 2.37 2.25 2.68 2.89 2.53 2. 37 2.25 2. 68 2.89 2. 53 2.33 2.20 2. 62 2.88 2.43 2.31 2.18 2,61 2 . 84 2,41 2. 31 2.18 2 60 2 85 2.43 2. 31 2.17 2. 66 2 86 2.45 2.29 2.16 2. 65 2 82 2. 43 2.28 2.15 2. 64 2 80 2.40 2.27 2.14 2 65 2 79 2.38 2. 26 2.12 2. 67 2. 79 2.37 2. 26 2.13 2. 67 2.80 2. 39 2.25 2.12 2. 66 2.78 2. 36 2.21 2.08 2. 60 2.76 2. 32 2.12 2. 01 2. 46 2.70 2. 20 See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.51 M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 102 Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued 1967 1966 Annual average Industry N ov.2 Oct. 2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1966 1965 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods—Continued Stone, clay, and glass products---------------- $122.09 $120.83 $121.11 $119.99 $118.01 $117.46 $116. 62 $115. 23 $113. 70 $112.19 $113. 71 $115. 23 $116. 20 $114.24 $110. 04 151.32 154. 76 151. 79 147.33 152. 46 149. 56 150. 33 149.24 150. 28 152. 64 155.06 160. 60 153. 36 149. 60 Glass"and glassware, pressed or blown _ 118. 08 116. 40 114.29 113. 20 114.45 113. 93 113.93 113. 24 115. 34 112. 59 114. 26 114. 68 114.12 111. 93 106.25 Cement, hydraulic____________________ 143.05 137.03 136.95 131. 61 132.07 130. 70 130.41 132. 70 129. 02 128. 70 130. 79 131. 65 138. 22 132. 61 124. 42 . 101. 52 101.35 102.01 100. 45 100.04 100. 45 99. 72 99. 55 97. 77 96. 07 95.92 96. 48 97. 44 97.00 94. 02 104. 67 103. 62 102.83 99. 46 102. 57 102. 31 103. 22 101. 26 100. 22 101.12 101. 75 102. 36 98.85 95.12 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products---- ----------- ---------------- ----------- 127.16 129.34 132.24 130.87 127.80 124. 60 121.05 116. 57 113.40 111.38 112. 44 114.90 116.42 117. 65 113. 08 Other stone & nonmetallic mineral products____________________________ 121.06 120. 64 120. 51 119.81 117. 67 117.99 117. 71 116.60 114. 93 113.65 115. 36 116.76 116. 20 115. 64 110. 62 Primary metal industries---------- ------------Blast furnace and basic steel products-Iron and steel foundries_______________ Nonferrous metals------------------------------Nonferrous rolling and drawing----------Nonferrous foundries_____ . - - - - - — Miscellaneous primary metal products. 138.58 144.00 130. 52 138.45 136.21 120. 47 147. 74 137.16 142.48 128.03 138.13 135.15 120. 69 144.49 138. 58 145. 89 127. 51 138. 22 134.93 120. 07 146. 20 137. 50 144. 00 128. 54 135.98 131. 46 120. 66 146. 62 136.27 143.47 125.44 133. 54 132.51 117. 41 143.15 136.12 141. 55 128. 74 134. 20 132. 71 119.95 143.85 134. 64 141. 20 125. 86 131. 88 130. 09 120. 95 144.14 133. 57 139. 35 123.11 132. 51 130. 40 117. 68 142. 27 135. 38 142. 31 124. 73 131.15 131. 24 117. 27 147. 70 134.97 140.80 125.44 130. 21 133. 65 119. 25 148.12 138. 69 144.02 129.20 132. 60 136. 66 121.30 150. 66 137. 61 140. 45 131. 63 131.86 138. 03 123.77 152.14 139.02 142.97 130. 42 132. 60 139. 42 122. 93 155.14 138.09 144.73 128. 57 129. 98 136. 27 120. 56 150. 25 133. 88 140. 90 125. 72 124.44 130.07 113.97 143. 52 40.5 41.4 40.5 40.6 39.7 39.3 41.2 42.4 41.4 41.0 39.8 39.5 41.6 42.6 41.4 41.4 40.2 39.9 41.8 44.0 41.2 42.4 40.6 40.3 42.0 42.6 41.0 41.7 41.1 39.7 42.0 42.5 40.4 41.2 41.6 39.8 44.0 Average weekly hours Stone, clay, and glass products______ Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n. _ Cement, hydraulic________ _____ ______ Structural clay products. -------- ---------Pottery and related products__________ Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products_________________________________ Other stone & nonmetallic mineral products____________________________ Primary metal industries. --------------------Blast furnace and basic steel products.. Iron and steel foundries_______________ Nonferrous metals____________________ Nonferrous rolling and drawing----------Nonferrous foundries________ ________ Miscellaneous primary metal products. 42.1 41.0 42.7 41.1 ....... 42.1 41.8 40.7 41.4 41.2 39.8 42.2 42.4 40.1 41.5 41.3 39.7 42.1 41.7 40.0 41.0 41.0 39.4 41.7 40.7 40.3 41.4 41.0 38.4 41.8 42.0 40.4 41.1 41.0 39.3 41.5 41.2 40.4 41.4 40.7 39.5 41.3 41.3 40.3 41.6 40.8 39.7 40.9 41.0 40.9 40.7 40.4 39.4 44.0 44.6 45.6 45.6 45.0 44.5 43.7 42.7 42.0 41.1 41.8 42.4 42.8 43.9 41.6 41.6 41.7 41.6 41.0 41.4 41.3 41.2 40.9 40.3 41.2 41.7 41.5 41.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 41.7 42.6 42.7 40.7 41.5 40.7 39.8 41.3 42.5 42.5 40.5 40.7 41.0 40.3 41.4 42.4 42.7 40.7 41.3 40.8 40.0 41.6 42.1 42. C 40.9 41.3 40.8 40.3 41.4 41.6 42.2 39.8 40.9 41.0 40.1 41.8 42.2 42.4 40.8 41.1 40.8 40.0 41.4 42.0 42.1 41. C 41.3 40.6 39.7 40.9 42.2 42.2 40.3 41.0 40.9 40.2 41.3 41.9 42.2 40.3 42.2 40.9 40.0 41.4 41.6 42.7 40.7 42.2 41.9 40.8 42. 5 42.5 43.8 41.4 42.8 41.7 39.9 43.3 42.4 44.1 42.1 43.1 42.0 40.5 42.9 42.5 44.4 42.1 43.7 42.1 41.0 43.0 42.2 44.1 42.3 43.3 42.1 41.2 43.5 41.9 43.5 41.9 43.1 $2. 78 3. 65 2. 77 3. 26 2. 40 $2.72 3.6C 2. 73 3.18 2. 36 2.4E $2.62 3.52 2. 63 3.02 2. 26 2 .3E Average hourly earnings Stone, clay, and glass products__________ $2.90 2.88 3.35 2.47 $2.87 3.62 2.86 3.31 2.46 2.63 $2.87 3.65 2.85 3 .3C 2.47 2.61 $2.85 3. 64 2.83 3.21 2.45 2. 61 $2.83 3.62 2.84 3. IE 2. 41 2 .5E $2.81 3 .6a 2.82 3.18 2.45 2. 61 $2. 81 3. 6i 2.82 3.15 2.45 2. 5£ $2.79 3.64 2.81 3. IE 2.44 2. 6( $2.78 3.64 2.82 3.17 2. 42 2.57 $2.77 Glass and glassware, pressed or b lo w n .. Cement, hydraulic___ ______ _______ Structural clay products-------- ------------- 2. 78 3.17 2. 42 2. 55 $2.76 3. 6C 2. 76 3.19 2. 41 2.56 $2.77 3.64 2. 77 3.18 2.40 2.55 3 .6 a 2.54 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products_________________________________ Other stone & nonmetallic mineral products................................................. 2.8£ 2.9C 2 .9C 2.87 2.81 2.8C 2.77 2. 7i 2.7C 2. 71 2. 69 2.71 2.72 2.68 2. 57 2.91 2.90 2.89 2.88 2.87 2.85 2.85 2.83 2.81 2.82 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.76 2. 64 Primary metal industries.. ___ ________ Blast furnace and basic steel products.. Iron and steel foundries. _____________ Nonferrous m etals.. ____________ ____ Nonferrous rolling and drawing_______ Nonferrous foundries_______________ . . Miscellaneous primary metal products. 3.38 3 .6C 3. IS 3.25 3 .IE 2.96 3.56 3.37 3.58 3.1C 3.25 3.18 2.98 3. 55 3.38 3.62 3.08 3.26 3.16 2. 95 3.54 3.37 3. 6( 3. Of 3. 25 3. ia 2. 95 3. 55 3.34 3.56 3.05 3.21 3.11 2.95 3. 50 3. 32 3. 5Î 3. Of 3. If 3. li 2.94 3.50 3.30 3. 5i 3. 04 3.14 3 .0£ 2.95 3.49 3.29 3. 51 3.01 3.14 3.0E 2.92 3.47 3.31 3. 54 3. 02 3.1i 3.11 2.91 3.50 3.30 3. 52 3 .0£ 3.31 3. 5£ 3.0i 3.12 3.12 2 .9£ 3.52 3.30 3.52 3.04 3.11 3 .1£ 2. 94 3.53 3.31 3.53 3.04 3.12 3.14 2.92 3. 55 3.28 3.53 2.99 3.08 3.09 2.85 3. 47 3.18 2.42 2.89 2.97 2.99 2.72 3. 33 S ee f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 . ia 3 . ia 2.9£ 3. 51 103 C — EAR N IN G S AND HOURS Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued 1967 1966 Annual average Industry N ov.2 O ct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1966 1965 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods—Continued Fabricated metal products ___________ . Metal cans____________________________ Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware-----Plumbing and heating, except electric.. Fabricated structural metal products . Screw machine products, bolts, etc____ Metal stampings______________________ Metal services, nec. __________________ Misc. fabricated wire products________ Misc. fabricated metal products_______ $125. 93 $124.38 $126. 00 149.16 144. 82 148. 58 122.89 120.60 122. 01 117. 79 117.96 117.01 125.22 124.80 126. 42 130. 77 128. 70 128.87 134. 46 131.88 136. 21 109.34 108. 00 109. 20 113. 42 111.91 112.20 122. 72 121.95 123.02 Machinery, except electrical_____________ Engines and turbines_________________ 136. 31 135.88 136.10 150.10 147. 55 148.75 123. 72 126. 40 131.97 133.02 153. 91 153.47 153.28 130.17 128. 71 128.29 133. 76 134. 08 133.14 131.15 130. 94 132. 72 120. 58 120. 36 121. 84 134. 90 133. 61 132. 62 Metal working machinery_____________ Special industry machinery___________ General industrial machinery_________ Office and computing machines_______ Service industry machines____________ Misc. machinery, except electrical_____ $123. 55 $121. 66 $122. 84 $123.26 $121. 54 $120.72 147. 50 150. 75 147.84 147.94 143.38 142.86 117.96 113.20 114. 62 116.16 115.30 115.46 113.93 111.72 113.81 111.56 110.88 109.14 124.15 121.84 122.43 122.13 121.25 122.13 125.67 123. 52 125.83 125.24 125.27 128.33 133.12 133.63 134.72 136.31 131.02 125.02 109.20 106.80 109.06 108.26 107.98 108.39 110.16 108.94 111.25 110.03 108. 54 109.75 119.72 118.15 118.20 119. 77 119.07 120.35 132.82 141.86 125.06 130.82 150.33 124.80 132.40 129.90 117. 62 130.42 133. 24 139. 26 123. 80 129.56 151.80 125.10 132.09 130.10 119.19 129.08 134.09 140.15 126.32 129. 78 153. 53 126.90 132.93 129.78 117.96 130.90 134.30 141.93 128.30 130.73 154.35 126.78 133.88 128.34 118.24 129.60 134.82 142.27 130.38 130.52 156.07 128.14 132.29 130.20 115.83 129.17 $120.83 $122.89 $124. 53 $123.81 $121. 69 137.12 137.85 139.40 136.92 140. 40 114. 74 116. 60 117.03 116. 62 114.54 108.31 109.02 111.35 110.95 110.16 121. 42 123.31 125.83 123.09 120.83 129.95 131.26 133.18 131.98 128.13 127.08 131. 25 133.76 135. 65 133. 61 106.92 108. 21 109.20 107.90 107.26 108.27 111.10 112.71 112.98 110.88 118.78 121.51 121.09 119.83 119.43 $116.20 137.49 111. 64 105.06 114.26 120. 73 129.03 100.43 104.92 113.84 136.20 146.20 135.14 131.57 156.29 128.01 133. 65 130.51 117.83 129.47 135.88 143.72 136.21 130.83 156.52 127.41 131. 66 129.58 116.52 130.80 137.03 143. 48 136. 40 131.35 157. 42 129.65 136. 47 131.75 115.26 133.20 138. 60 154.51 132.29 134. 08 157.17 132. 61 138.92 133.85 119.81 132.46 136. 78 144. 66 127.89 135.45 155. 69 130.10 137.09 132.18 119.68 132.76 134.90 142.95 129.89 133.92 153. 72 127.16 135.21 131.33 117.18 128.91 127. 58 133. 44 121. 72 126.39 144.37 120.22 126.56 127.20 112.19 121.21 Average weekly hours Fabricated metal products______________ Metal cans____________________________ Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware____ Plumbing and heating, except electric.. Fabricated structural metal products. _ Screw machine products, bolts, etc____ Metal stampings______________________ Metal services, nec____________________ Misc. fabricated wire products________ Misc. fabricated metal products_______ 41.7 44.0 41.8 40.9 41.6 43.3 41.5 40.8 40.8 41.6 41.6 43.1 41.3 41.1 41.6 42.9 42.0 40.3 40.4 41.2 42.0 43.7 41.5 41.2 42.0 43.1 42.7 40.9 40.8 41.7 41.6 43.9 41.1 40.4 41.8 42.6 41.6 40.9 40.5 41.0 41.1 44.6 40.0 39.9 41.3 42.3 41.5 40.0 40.2 40.6 41.5 44.0 40.5 40.5 41.5 42.8 42.1 41.0 40.9 40.9 41.5 43.9 40.9 39.7 41.4 42.6 42.2 40.7 40.6 41.3 41.2 42.8 40.6 39.6 41.1 42.9 41.2 40.9 40.5 41.2 41.2 42.9 40.8 39.4 41.4 43.8 40.2 40.9 40.8 41.5 41.1 41.3 40.4 39.1 41.3 44.2 40.6 40.5 40.4 41.1 41.8 41.9 41.2 39.5 41.8 44.8 41.8 41.3 41.3 41.9 42.5 42.5 41.5 40.2 42.8 45.3 42.6 42.0 41.9 41.9 42.4 42.0 41.5 40.2 42.3 45.2 43.2 41.5 42.0 41.9 42.4 43.2 41.5 40.5 42.1 44.8 43.1 41.9 42.0 42.2 42.1 43.1 41.5 40.1 41.7 43.9 43.3 41.5 41.8 41.7 Machinery, except electrical.. . Engines and turbines_________________ 42.2 42.4 Construction and related m ach in ery ... Metal working machinery. _ _________ Special industry machinery___________ General industrial machinery_________ Office and computing machines_______ Service industry machines____________ Misc. machinery, except electrical_____ 44.1 42.4 41.8 41.9 40.6 43.1 42.2 41.8 39. 4 41. 5 44.1 42.2 41.9 41.7 40.8 43.1 42.4 42.5 40.0 41.7 44.3 42.2 42.0 42.0 41.3 43.2 41.9 41.0 39. 7 41.4 43.7 41.6 41.9 41.5 40.7 42.9 41.9 40.6 39.3 41.0 44.0 41.7 41.8 41.3 41.1 42.6 42.3 41.1 40.1 41.2 44.5 42.3 42.2 41.2 41.1 43.2 42.5 41.5 40. 6 41.5 45.0 42.4 42.5 41.4 41.2 43.2 42.8 41.6 41.0 41.7 45.5 43.0 42.4 42.0 40.5 43.2 43.1 42.5 42.1 41.9 45.7 43.1 42.7 42.1 41.2 43.3 43.0 41.9 42.3 41.8 45.9 42.9 42.2 41.8 40.6 43.6 43.5 42.2 42.1 42.1 46.3 43.8 43.6 42.5 40.3 44.4 44.0 44.4 41.6 42.7 46.5 44.8 44.1 42.9 41.6 44.6 43.7 42.8 40.6 43.0 46.2 44.1 43.8 42.5 41.7 44.7 43.8 42.8 41.9 43.2 46.3 44.0 43.9 42.5 41.7 44.3 43.1 41.7 41.4 42.7 45.4 43.4 42.9 42.4 41.4 43.6 Average hourly earnings Fabricated metal products_____________ Metal cans______________ __________ Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware___ Plumbing and heating, except electrie. Fabricated structural metal products.. Screw machine products, bolts, etc___ Metal stampings_____________________ Metal services, nec................................... Misc. fabricated wire p rod u cts............. Misc. fabricated metal products_______ $3.02 3.39 2.94 2.88 3.01 3.02 3.24 2.68 2. 78 2.95 $2.99 3. 36 2.92 2. 87 3.00 3.00 3.14 2.68 2.77 2.96 $3.00 3.40 2.94 2.84 3. 01 2.99 3.19 2.67 2. 75 2.95 $2.97 3.36 2.87 2.82 2.97 2.95 3.20 2.67 2.72 2.92 $2.96 3.38 2.83 2.80 2.95 2.92 3.22 2.67 2. 71 2.91 $2.96 3.36 2.83 2.81 2.95 2.94 3.20 2.66 2.72 2.89 $2.97 3.37 2.84 2.81 2.95 2.94 3.23 2. 66 2.71 2.90 $2.95 3.35 2.84 2.80 2.95 2.92 3.18 2. 64 2.68 2.89 $2.93 3.33 2.83 2.77 2.95 2.93 3.11 2.65 2.69 2.90 $2.94 3.32 2.84 2.77 2.94 2.94 3.13 2.64 2.68 2.89 $2.94 3.29 2.83 2. 76 2.95 2.93 3.14 2.62 2.69 2.90 $2.93 3.28 2.82 2. 77 2.94 2.94 3.14 2.60 2.69 2.89 $2.92 3.26 2.81 2.76 2.91 2.92 3.14 2.60 2.69 2.86 $2.87 3.25 2.76 2.72 2.87 2.86 3.10 2.56 2. 64 2.83 $2.76 3.19 2.69 2.62 2.74 2.75 2.98 2.42 2.51 2.73 Machinery, except electrical____________ Engines and turbines________________ Farm machinery...................................... Construction and related m achinery.. Metal working machinery____________ Special industry machinery__________ General industrial machinery________ Office and computing machines______ Service industry machines___________ Misc. machinery, except electrical____ 3.23 3. 54 3.22 3. 53 3.14 3.18 3.48 3.05 3.20 3.14 2.95 3.10 3.21 3. 50 3.16 3.19 3.46 3.04 3.17 3.16 2.95 3.07 3.17 3.46 3.15 3.16 3.44 3.00 3.16 3.13 2.89 3.04 3.18 3.43 3.15 3.16 3.45 3.00 3.16 3.15 2.90 3.03 3.17 3.41 3.15 3.15 3.45 3. 00 3.15 3.15 2.87 3.03 3.16 3.42 3.16 3.15 3.43 2.99 3.15 3.10 2.87 3.00 3.15 3.42 3.18 3.13 3.43 2.98 3.12 3.10 2.86 2.99 3.16 3. 44 3.21 3.14 3.42 2.97 3.13 3.10 2.86 2.99 3.16 3.43 3.22 3.13 3.41 2.97 3.12 3.10 2.87 3.00 3.15 3.40 3.24 3.12 3.40 2.96 3.13 3.10 2.86 3.00 3.15 3.48 3.18 3.14 3.38 2.96 3.15 3.12 2.88 2.97 3.13 3.38 3.15 3.15 3.37 2.95 3.13 3.11 2.87 2.97 3.08 3.34 3.10 3.10 3.32 2.89 3.08 3.09 2.81 2.91 2.96 3.20 2.94 2.96 3.18 2.77 j¿. 95 3.00 2.71 2.78 See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3.49 3.07 3.20 3.13 2.97 3.13 104 M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued 1967 1966 Annual average Industry N ov.2 O ct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1966 1965 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods—Continued Electrical equipment and supplies______ $116.16 $114. 49 $112. 31 $111.76 Electric test & distributing equipment— 124.09 123.26 122. 01 119.19 Electrical industrial apparatus________ 119. 54 119. 54 118. 73 117. 05 Household appliances____ ________ __ 128.85 126. 68 120.95 120. 30 Electric lighting and wiring equipment. 106.39 104. 41 104.28 104. 66 97. 02 98. 00 96. 32 95.68 Radio and T V receiving equipment___ Communication equipment . . ____ .. 130. 52 128.23 126. 38 125. 36 Electronic components and accessories.- 97.91 96.53 95.11 94. 62 120.95 119. 36 119.99 Transportation equipment______________ 153. 08 146. 43 151.37 Aircraft and parts_____________________ 152. 57 149.10 Ship and boat building and repairing. _ 134. 53 136. 61 136. 40 Railroad equipment . . . . . .. Other transportation equipment . _ 108. 58 147. 48 155.88 147.90 134. 39 130.81 105. 63 143. 52 148.16 146. 70 131. 34 133. 23 105. 06 $111.32 119.14 118. 73 121. 50 102.05 93.17 124.12 94.38 $111.88 $110.12 $108. 35 119.48 119.19 119. 36 116. 76 116. 93 117. 62 119. 39 118. 70 111.93 104. 26 104. 00 100. 74 92.20 91. 37 86. 76 126. 48 124. 03 123. 62 93.60 92.19 91.48 120.00 118.80 117.91 116.13 140. 29 144. 23 144. 67 127. 26 137. 54 102.00 141.17 145.14 144. 24 130.90 135. 32 106. 50 141. 78 144.96 145.09 133.09 138. 23 102.97 137. 30 135.76 145.18 132.93 139. 09 98. 60 $108. 93 $107.98 $109. 35 120.10 118.82 118. 43 117. 26 116. 85 118. 85 115.15 114. 76 115. 63 102. 56 100.10 103.97 89. 21 90.82 92.97 124.12 123. 82 124. 56 91.42 90. 56 91.41 116. 82 115.94 121.18 $111. 24 123. 69 119.71 116. 80 104. 70 94.80 125. 63 92.86 125. 40 136. 21 135, 63 143.06 127. 59 139.19 94.75 141. 02 143. 50 144.24 133.63 141. 66 93.07 144. 93 150.80 144.14 136. 21 141.92 94.92 145.18 151.71 145.92 130. 60 141.80 95. 01 141.86 147. 23 143. 32 130.41 137. 09 95.52 137.71 147. 63 131.88 121. 50 129. 44 93.09 136.49 133.86 145. 09 132. 60 136.00 98.89 $110. 56 $109.18 $105. 78 120. 69 117.46 113.02 118. 02 118. 72 113. 70 121.01 118.82 114. 54 104. 45 102.41 99. 55 96.88 94. 33 91.54 123.02 120.93 116.47 92.00 92.11 89. 28 127. 32 119. 89 115. 36 Average weekly hours Electrical equipment and supplies. ___ Electric test & distributing equipmentElectrical industrial apparatus. ______ Household appliances_________________ Electric lighting and wiring equipment. Radio and T V receiving equipment___ Communication equipment___________ Electronic components and accessories. Mise, electrical equipment & supplies.. 40.9 41.5 40.8 41.7 40.3 39.6 41.7 39.8 40.6 41.5 40.8 41.4 39.7 40.0 41.1 39.4 41.0 40.4 41.5 40.8 41.0 39.8 39.8 40.9 39.3 40.6 40.2 41.1 40.5 40. 1 40.1 39.7 40.7 39.1 40.4 39.9 40.8 40.8 40.5 .39.4 38.5 40.3 39.0 40.0 40.1 41.2 40.4 40.2 40.1 38.1 41.2 39.0 40.0 39.9 41.1 40.6 40.1 40.0 37.6 40.8 38.9 39.7 39.4 41.3 40.7 38.2 39.2 36.0 40.8 38.6 39.5 39.9 41.7 41.0 39.3 39.6 37.8 41.1 38.9 39.6 39.7 41.4 41.0 39.3 38.8 38.0 41.0 38.7 39.3 40.5 41.7 41.7 39.6 40.3 38.9 41.8 39.4 40.8 41.2 42.8 42.3 40.0 40.9 39.5 42.3 40.2 41.8 41.1 42.2 42.0 41.3 40.8 40.2 41.7 40.0 42.3 41.2 42.1 42.4 41.4 40.8 39.8 41.7 40.4 41.2 41.0 41.4 41.8 41.2 40.8 39.8 41.3 40.4 41.2 Transportation equipment______________ M otor vehicles and equipment______ Aircraft and parts_____________________ Ship and boat building and repairing .. Railroad equipm ent. Other transportation equipment______ 43.0 42.2 42. 4 42.6 40.9 40.0 41.6 42.5 43.3 42.5 40.6 38. 7 41.1 41.6 41.5 42.4 39.8 39.3 41.2 40.9 40.4 42.3 38.8 40.1 40.0 41.4 41.0 42.3 40.4 39.8 41.6 41.7 41.3 42.8 40.7 40.3 40.7 40.5 38.9 42.7 40.9 40. 2 39.6 40.5 38.8 42.8 40.8 40.0 39.4 40.3 39.2 42.2 39.5 40.7 37.9 41.6 41.0 42.8 41.5 41.3 38.3 42.5 42.6 42.9 42.3 40.9 38.9 42.7 43.1 43.3 41.2 41.1 39.1 42.6 42.8 43.3 41.4 40.8 39.8 42.9 44.2 42.0 40.5 40.2 40.3 $2. 70 2.84 2.85 2.92 2.58 2. 39 2.98 2.32 2.97 $2. 70 2.89 2.83 2.92 2. 56 2.40 2. 97 2. 31 3.00 $2.69 2.81 2.93 2. 56 2. 41 2.95 2. 30 3. 01 $2.65 2. 79 2. 80 2. 87 2. 51 2. 37 2.90 2.28 2.91 $2.58 2.73 2.72 2. 78 2.44 2. 30 2. 82 3.39 3. 50 3.37 3.22 3.43 2.43 3.41 3. 54 3. 36 3. 22 3. 47 2.44 3.40 3.52 3.37 3.17 3.45 2.43 3. 33 3.44 3.31 3.15 3. 36 2.40 3.21 3. 34 3.14 3. 00 3.22 2.31 43.1 40.4 Average hourly earnings Electrical equipment and supplies______ Electric test & distributing equipment— Electrical industrial apparatus________ Household appliances_________________ Electric lighting and wiring equipmentRadio and T V receiving equipment___ Communication equipment............. ....... Electronic components and accessories. Mise, electrical equipment & supplies . $2.84 2. 99 2.93 3.09 2. 64 2. 45 3.13 2. 46 Transportation equipment______________ M otor vehicles and equipment______ Aircraft and parts__________________ Ship and boat building and repairing.. Railroad equipment __________ . . Other transportation equipment______ 3. 56 See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3. 54 3. 33 $2.82 2.97 2.93 3. 06 2. 63 2. 45 3.12 2. 45 2. 95 $2.78 2.94 2.91 2.95 2. 62 2. 42 3.09 2. 42 2. 94 $2. 78 2.90 2.89 3. 00 2. 61 2. 41 3.08 2. 42 2. 97 $2. 79 2. 92 2.91 3.00 2. 59 2. 42 3.08 2. 42 3.00 $2.79 2.90 2.89 2.97 2.60 2. 42 3.07 2.40 2.97 $2.76 2.90 3. 47 3. 57 3. 50 3.34 3. 41 2.61 3. 47 3. 60 3. 48 3.31 3.38 2. 57 3. 45 3. 57 3. 46 3.30 3. 39 2. 55 3.43 3. 57 3.42 3.28 3.43 2.55 3.41 3. 54 3.41 3.24 3.40 2.56 $2.73 2.96 2.60 2.43 3.04 2.37 2.97 $2.75 2.89 2.89 2.93 2. 57 2. 41 3.03 2.37 2.94 2.93 2. 59 2. 36 3. 02 2. 35 2. 95 $2. 72 2.87 2.85 2.92 2. 58 2. 39 3. 02 2.34 2.95 3.40 3. 51 3. 39 3. 27 3.43 2.53 3. 39 3.49 3.40 3. 25 3. 46 2.49 3.37 3. 45 3. 39 3. 25 3.40 2.51 3.38 3.46 3. 39 3.23 3.42 2.50 2.88 2.88 2.86 2.86 2.21 2.80 105 C.— EAR N IN G S AN D HOURS T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued 1967 Annual average 1966 Industry N o v .2 j Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1966 1965 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods—Continued Instruments and related p roducts.......... $119. 23 $118. Engineering & scientific instruments. 137. Mechanical measuring & control de vices____________________________ . . . . 115. 71 115. Optical and ophthalmic goods________ 108.40 108. 95. Ophthalmic goods__________________ Medical instruments and supplies_____ 101. 59 100. Photographic equipment and supplies.. 141. Watches, clocks, and watchcases______ 94. $118. 53 $117.14 $116.28 $117.01 $115.90 $115. 77 $115.51 $114.11 $115. 65 $116.89 $116.20 $114.93 $108.47 137. 82 134.41 136.00 137.90 137.14 138.85 137.85 133. 65 133.30 136.97 134.23 133.18 125.33 115. 108. 95. 100. 141. 94. 112.16 110. 25 110.92 113.24 111.20 112.72 110.92 116.06 117.88 117.18 115.78 109.03 108.09 107. 04 107.94 105.82 105.67 104.86 103.68 105.22 106.59 105. 41 103. 66 99.30 95.20 94.96 94.80 94.09 94.09 93.06 92.59 93.20 94.42 94.60 92.84 89.40 99.05 98.46 98.40 98.74 98.33 97. 44 97.69 96.64 97.68 97.51 95.24 90.63 141.53 140.10 141.67 137. 48 135.98 137.49 136. 53 136.21 136.28 134.59 134.54 128.14 94.00 93. 53 93.06 90.87 91.77 91.43 90.23 92.06 92.11 91.69 91.39 87.85 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries._ 94.96 93.69 92.66 92.04 90. 79 92.20 91.57 91.57 92.20 90.17 91.87 91.20 90.45 88.80 Jewelry, silverware, and plated w a re... 111.11 110.15 108. 94 106.23 103. 22 104.26 105.30 105.18 104.52 100.47 103.38 108.03 109.23 102.26 Toys, and sporting goods_____________ 83.13 83.13 82.71 81.96 83.10 82.11 82.71 83.10 81.79 82. 53 79.17 79.60 78.80 Pens, pencils, office and art supplies___ 91. 71 90. 46 91.64 90.16 90.68 90.06 89.33 89.04 87. 58 88.31 90.17 90.45 86.65 Costume jewelry and notions_________ 85. 24 83.64 83.64 81.75 85.36 84.07 84.46 83.42 81.32 82.47 82.35 80.13 81.39 Other manufacturing industries.......... . 102.14 100.84 99.65 98.36 96. 47 97.86 96.97 96.58 97. 71 96.08 97.66 97.84 97.84 95.68 Musical instruments and parts______ 102.00 102. 51 100.84 99. 79 98.39 96.75 99.15 99.43 98.89 100.85 103.91 104. 75 100.53 85.39 95. 53 76.44 82.82 77.62 92.46 97.75 Average weekly horns Instruments and related products............ Engineering & scientific instrum ents.. . Mechanical measuring & control de vices........................... .............................. Optical and ophthalmic goods................ Ophthalmic goods__________ _______ Medical instruments and supplies_____ Photographic equipment and supplies. . Watches, clocks, and watchcases______ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. Jewelry, silverware, and plated w a re... T oys and sporting goods______________ Pens, pencils, office and art supplies___ Costume jewelry and n otion s................ Other manufacturing industries_______ Musical instruments and parts______ 41.4 41.3 42.5 41.3 42.8 41.1 42.4 40.8 42.5 41.2 43.5 41.1 43.4 41.2 43.8 41.4 43.9 40.9 42.7 41.6 43.0 42.2 43.9 42.1 43.3 42.1 43.1 41.4 41.5 40.6 40.6 40.7 40.8 39.5 40.3 42.4 40.7 40.9 40.8 39.7 40.2 42.3 40.7 40.2 41.1 40.0 40.1 42.5 40.0 39.8 40.7 39.9 39.7 42.2 39.8 39.9 41.2 40.0 40.0 42.8 39.6 40.3 40.7 39.7 40.3 42.3 39.0 40.0 40.8 39.7 40.3 42.1 39.9 40.4 40.8 39.6 40.1 42.7 40.1 39.9 40.5 39.4 40.2 42.4 39.4 41.6 41.1 40.0 40.1 42.7 40.2 42.1 41.8 40.7 40.7 43.4 40.4 42.0 41.5 40.6 40.8 43.0 41.3 42.1 41.8 40.9 40.7 43.4 40.8 41.3 41.9 41.2 40.1 43.0 40.3 39.7 41.1 39.4 39.7 39.1 39.7 40.0 39.6 40.8 39.4 39.5 38.9 39.7 40.2 39.5 40.7 39.2 39.5 38.9 39.5 39.7 38.8 39.7 38.3 39.2 38.2 38.9 39.6 39.4 40.1 39.2 39.6 39.7 39.3 39.2 39.3 40.5 39.1 39.5 39.1 39.1 38.7 39.3 40.3 39.2 39.7 39.1 39.1 39.5 39.4 40.2 39.2 39.4 38.8 39.4 39.3 38.7 39.4 38.4 39.1 38.0 38.9 39.4 39.6 40.7 39.3 39.6 38.9 39.7 40.5 40.0 42.2 39.0 40.8 39.4 40.1 41.9 40.2 42.5 40.0 41.3 38.9 40.1 41.9 40.0 41.4 39.4 40.3 39.7 40.2 41.2 39.9 41.0 39.2 40.4 39.6 40.2 40.9 40.8 39.9 41.0 39.9 Average hourly earnings Instruments and related products_______ Engineering & scientific instrum ents-,. Mechanical measuring & control de v ic e s ................... ........... ........ ' _______ Optical and ophthalmic goods______ v Ophthalmic goods................................. Medical instruments and supplies_____ Photographic equipment and supplies.. Watches, clocks, and watchcases______ $2.88 $2.87 3.24 $2.87 3. 22 $2.85 3.17 $2.85 3.20 $2.84 3.17 $2.82 3.16 $2.81 3.17 $2.79 3.14 $2.79 3.13 $2.78 3.10 $2.77 3.12 $2.76 3.10 $2.73 3.09 $2.62 3.02 2. 85 2. 67 2.83 2. 67 2.43 2.50 3.34 2.33 2.83 2.66 2.41 2.51 3.34 2.33 2.79 2.63 2.38 2.47 3.33 2.35 2. 77 2.63 2.38 2. 48 3.32 2.35 2. 78 2.62 2.37 2.46 3.31 2.35 2.81 2.60 2.37 2.45 3.25 2.33 2.78 2.59 2.37 2.44 3.23 2.30 2.79 2.57 2.35 2.43 3.22 2.28 2.78 2.56 2.35 2.43 3.22 2.29 2.79 2.56 2.33 2.41 3.19 2.29 2.80 2.55 2.32 2.40 3.14 2.28 2.79 2.54 2.33 2.39 3.13 2.22 2.75 2. 48 2.27 2.34 3.10 2.24 2.64 2.37 2.17 2.26 2.98 2.18 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries __ Jewelry, silverware, and plated w a re... T oys and sporting g o o d s ....................... Pens, pencils, office and art supplies___ Costume jewelry and notions______ . . . Other manufacturing industries............ Musical instruments and parts............ 2.38 2. 71 2.36 2.68 2.11 2.31 2.18 2. 54 2.55 2.34 2. 67 2.11 2.29 2.15 2. 51 2.55 2.33 2.61 2.11 2.32 2.15 2.49 2.54 2.34 2. 60 2.14 2.30 2.14 2.48 2.52 2.34 2.60 2.12 2.29 2.15 2.49 2.51 2.33 2.60 2.10 2.28 2.15 2.48 2.50 2.33 2.61 2.11 2.25 2.16 2.47 2.51 2.34 2.60 2.12 2.26 2.15 2.48 2.53 2.33 2.55 2.13 2.24 2.14 2.47 2.51 2.32 2.54 2.10 2.23 2.12 2.46 2.49 2.28 2.56 2.03 2.21 2.09 2.44 2.48 2.25 2. 57 1.99 2.19 2.06 2.44 2.50 2.22 2.47 2.00 2.15 2.05 2.38 2.44 2.14 2.33 1.95 2.05 1.96 2.30 2.39 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.49 2. 56 106 M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued 1967 1966 Annual average Industry N ov.2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Jan. Feb. Dec. N ov. 1966 1965 Average weekly earnings lanufacturing— C on tin u ed Nondurable goods F ood and kindred p ro d u cts______________ $108. 67 $107.98 $109. 67 M eat produ cts _________________________ 119. 70 116. 06 120.13 D airy p r o d u c ts _________________________ 115.35 114.93 115. 60 C anned, cured, and frozen fo o d s_______ 92.21 87.02 G rain m ill p r o d u c ts ____________________ 126.95 126.68 127.70 B a k ery p rod u cts________________________ 109. 47 109.48 Sugar____________________________________ 26 122.14 C on fection ery and related p ro d u cts ____ 90.74 91.20 94.48 B evera ges_______________________________ 122.89 123.11 125.87 M isc. foods and k in dred p ro d u cts . ___ 109.98 108.52 108.16 111.10 T o b a c co m anufactures____________________ Cigarettes_______________________________ C igars___________________________________ 83.46 T extile m ill p rod u cts_____________________ W eaving m ills, c o t t o n .. _______________ W eaving m ills, synthetics ____________ W eaving and finishing m ills, w o o l_____ N arrow fabric m ills . __________________ K n ittin g m ills __________________________ T extile finishing, except w o o l__________ F loor coverin g m ills _ _________________ Y a rn and thread m ills __________________ M iscellaneous textile g ood s_____________ 88.62 90. 74 93.09 93.28 85.69 79.18 99.79 83.18 101. 52 110 86.33 85.44 105.26 105.36 72.44 72.29 88.19 90. 52 92.66 93.93 84.86 77.41 99.13 96.34 82.17 99.92 86. 73 88.62 91.38 93.72 83.23 77.41 96.90 95 03 80.54 99.96 $108.50 115. 09 114.38 83.76 120.50 108.68 122.06 92.86 127.26 107.78 $107.18 113.83 111.57 84.52 120.39 107.07 124.64 91.94 123.42 106.50 $105.86 113.96 110.62 82.06 118.53 104.28 126.59 87.85 123.93 105.16 102.12 $99.87 107.27 105.08 78.99 113.40 101.40 110.33 83.53 114.09 98.79 87.75 91.44 94.41 109.69 113.24 113.98 68.82 63.89 68.81 90.30 107.48 68.08 91.33 110.25 .97 87.52 105.71 64.80 82.08 98.19 64.78 83.16 103.95 64.98 88.10 112.47 68.02 81.24 100.77 68.24 84.97 105.45 65.84 79.21 97.27 63.95 82.22 84.03 84.25 90.10 81.40 73.72 94.38 87.15 74.24 92.43 81.20 84.23 83.43 87.99 79.40 72.75 93.94 83.43 72.93 92.89 81.20 84.64 82.62 86.73 78.21 72.56 92.43 82.42 72.91 91.88 80.60 85.04 82.62 77.82 71.80 90.91 79.39 72.73 90.98 81.61 86.28 83.84 87.57 80.15 70.68 90. 27 82.01 74.37 93.44 82.40 87.29 84.84 87.78 81.34 70.88 93.31 83.82 75.48 93.66 83.42 87.29 87.11 85.68 81.16 72. 58 92.66 77.42 96.53 82.12 85.54 87.03 87.54 80. 26 71.60 91.58 83.36 77. 59 93.95 78.17 80. 28 83.90 83.69 75.99 . 29 85.85 81.51 73.70 88.83 $107.94 115. 51 114.01 85. 53 126.67 108.00 126.48 94.76 125.93 107.68 $108. 62 116.06 116.15 82.84 126.40 110.16 124.53 92.34 127.44 108.26 83.84 83.42 86.31 93.09 82.42 76.64 91.10 93.72 76.92 95.76 81.41 81.40 84.46 91.81 80.80 74.69 .94 90.09 74.64 93.07 88 82.82 83.42 83.43 91.16 81.81 74.88 94.81 88.19 75.39 94.62 66 $106.52 $105.18 112.16 110.76 110.62 84.26 83.11 119.14 104. 67 104. 67 127.30 115.53 91.66 90.45 122.91 119.20 105.59 104.17 120.01 86.11 $106.14 116. 05 110.56 81. 87 123.12 104.01 111.28 88.80 87.85 117.89 122.36 103.91 105.11 $106.08 115.64 110.46 82. 60 122.30 103.49 110.88 110.68 $104.90 114.51 110.30 80.32 122.94 104. 54 $103. 82 109. 74 109.13 83.35 118.61 104.38 114.78 87.34 121.99 119.60 105.35 110.11 88.22 86.88 68 A vera ge w e e k ly hours 40.9 41.6 42.1 39 2 45.9 40.1 39 1 40.0 40.1 41.9 41.7 42.6 42.5 40. 8 46.1 40.4 39.4 40.9 41.0 41.6 41.2 41.7 42.7 38.7 46.4 40.3 40.8 41.2 41.7 41.9 41.3 41.9 43.5 38.0 46.3 40.8 40.3 39.8 42.2 41.8 41.1 41.4 43.0 37.9 44.3 40.4 39.5 40.2 42.0 42.1 40.6 40.8 42.1 37.9 44.1 40.1 41.0 39.8 40.6 41.6 40.1 40.7 41.9 36.8 43.1 39.5 41.1 38.7 40.9 41.4 40.5 40.2 41.9 38.3 43.8 39.8 41.6 40.2 40.7 41.9 40.3 39.7 42.0 38.3 43.8 39.8 39.7 40.2 40.0 41.5 40.8 41.3 42.0 38.6 44.8 39.5 40.1 40.0 40.1 41.9 41.3 42.2 42.2 38.8 45.1 39.7 42.8 40.3 41.2 42.9 41.3 42.1 42.1 38.8 45.2 39.9 44.4 40.1 40.8 43.0 41.2 41.1 42.3 39.5 45.1 40.3 42.2 39.7 41.1 42.2 41.1 41.1 42.2 39.3 45.0 40.4 42.6 39.4 40.6 42.4 39.0 40.3 38 0 39 8 39.6 37 9 39 5 39.0 39.6 37.4 38.1 40.3 35.3 39.5 41.0 37.6 38.1 38.8 37.2 38.7 39.8 37.0 37.4 38.3 35.8 36.0 36.1 35.4 37.8 38.5 35.9 40.6 41.5 38.0 38.5 37.6 37.7 38.8 39.2 37.2 37.9 37.7 37.4 T extile m ill p rod u cts_____________________ W eaving m ills, c o tto n __________________ W eaving m ills, synthetics _____________ W eaving and finishing m ills, w o o l........ .. N arrow fabrics m ills . .......... ...................... K n ittin g m ills __________________________ T ex tile finishing, except w o o l___ F loor coverin g m ills ______ . . ___ Y a rn and thread m ills __________________ M iscellaneous textile g ood s_____________ 41.7 42.4 42.9 42.4 41.0 39.2 43.2 41.6 42.3 42.9 42.5 40.8 38.9 43.1 44.6 41.5 42.7 41.3 41.8 42.5 42.6 40.6 38.9 42.5 44. 2 41.3 42.9 41.1 41.5 42.1 43.5 40.8 39.1 41.6 44.0 40.7 42.0 40.3 40.7 41.4 42.9 40.4 38.5 40.8 42.9 39.7 41.0 40.8 41.5 41.1 42.8 40.7 38.6 42.9 42.4 40.1 41.5 40.5 41.6 41.3 42.5 40.7 38.0 42.9 41.9 39.7 40.9 40.2 41.7 41.1 41.9 40.1 37.5 42.7 40.5 39.0 41.1 40.2 41.9 40.7 41.3 39.5 37.4 42.4 40.4 39.2 41.2 40.1 42.1 40.7 41.2 39.5 37.2 41.7 49.3 39.1 40.8 40.6 42.5 41.3 41.7 41.1 37.2 41.6 40.4 40.2 41.9 41.2 43.0 42.0 42.0 41.5 37.7 43.0 41.7 40.8 42.0 41.5 43.0 42.7 40.8 41.2 38.4 42.7 42.8 41.4 42.9 41.9 43.2 43.3 42.7 41.8 38.7 43.2 42.1 42.4 42.9 41.8 42.7 43.7 42.7 41.3 38.8 42.5 42.9 42.6 42.3 F o o d and k in dred p ro d u cts______________ M eat p r o d u c ts __________________________ D a ir y p r o d u c ts _________________________ C anned, cured, and frozen f o o d s .. G rain m ill p r o d u c ts ____________________ B a k ery p rod u cts________________________ S u g a r .. _ ___ . C on fection ery and related p r o d u c ts ____ B ev era ges_______________________________ M isc. foods and k in dred p r o d u c ts ______ $2.67 2.85 2. 74 $2. 64 2.79 2. 73 . 22 2. 76 2. 73 2.82 2.28 3.07 2. 59 $2.63 2.82 2.72 2.26 2. 77 2. 71 3.10 2.31 3.07 2.60 $2.62 2.77 2.67 $2.60 2.80 2.63 2.14 2.73 . 62 2.76 $2.57 2.75 2.62 $2.54 2.72 2.62 2.07 2.72 2.62 2.48 . 20 2.99 2.45 $2.52 2.67 2.58 $2.43 2.61 2.49 3.10 2.30 3.02 2. 57 $2.63 2.77 2.67 2.18 2.73 2.70 3.09 2.32 3.02 2.59 $2.64 2.78 2.63 2. 59 2.72 2.52 2.51 2.59 2.91 2.42 2.81 2.33 T o b a c co m an ufactures____________________ Cigarettes_____ ____ _. C igars___ . . . . . 2.14 2.18 2. 78 1.83 2.25 2. 77 1.84 2.40 2.81 1.81 2.19 2.69 1.77 2.09 2.58 1.71 T extile m ill p rod u cts_____________________ W eaving m ills, c o tto n __________________ W eaving m ills, s yn th etics______________ W eaving and finishing m ills, w o o l_____ N arrow fabric m ills _____________________ K n ittin g m ills __________________________ T extile finishing, except w o o l__________ F loor coverin g m i l l s . ___________________ Y a rn and thread m ills__________________ M iscellaneous textile g ood s_____________ 2.13 2.14 2.17 F o o d and k in dred p ro d u cts ______________ M eat p r o d u c ts __________________________ D a iry p r o d u c ts _________________________ C anned, cured, and frozen foods . . . . . . G rain m ill p r o d u c ts . _________________ B a kery p rod u cts________________________ Sugar. ____ _________________ . . . . . . . . C on fection ery and related p ro d u cts ____ B ev era ges_______________________________ M isc. foods and kindred p ro d u cts______ 40.7 42.0 42.1 T o b a c co m an ufactures____________________ C igarettes_____ ____ . . . . . . Cigars ___ _______ . 45.5 40.4 39.8 39.9 42.3 41.8 43.2 A vera ge h o u rly earnings See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2. 79 2. 75 2.28 3. 08 . 60 2 2 2.12 2. 77 1.82 2.21 2.68 2.73 $2.64 2.80 2. 64 2.23 2.75 2.64 3.08 2.27 3.03 2.54 $2.63 2.79 2.64 2.72 2.69 3.09 2.31 3.03 2.56 $2.64 2.79 2.65 2.23 2.73 2.67 3.04 2.31 3.04 2.56 2.74 2.63 3. 06 2.28 3.02 2.52 $2.61 2.79 2.64 2.17 2.72 2.63 2.91 2.25 2.98 2.51 2.39 2.78 1.83 2.37 2.77 1.83 2.36 2.77 1.81 2.34 2.76 1.81 2.28 2.72 1.83 2.66 2.21 2.12 2.10 2.04 2.02 2.03 2.03 2.14 2.12 2.01 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.16 2.15 2.05 2. 04 2.04 2.03 2. 20 2.21 2.2C 2.14 2 . 14 2.13 2.12 2.09 2. 08 2. 05 2.02 2.00 2.01 2.00 2.02 1.99 1.99 1.96 1.94 1.94 1.94 2.30 2. 28 2.19 2.18 2.21 2.20 2.31 2.13 2.10 2.08 2.08 2.16 2.15 1.99 1.98 1.89 1.88 1.88 1.87 1.95 2.35 2.34 2.33 2.28 2. 27 2.28 2.26 2.20 2 2. 22 2.94 2.48 2.20 2. 70 1.81 2.11 2.73 2.62 2.60 2.18 2.97 2.45 2.17 2.71 1.79 2 2.11 2.68 1.81 2.11 2.01 2.20 2.12 2.02 2. 02 2.01 2.01 2.00 2.01 1.96 1.87 1.88 2.02 2.02 2.02 2.03 2.03 2.03 1.98 1.92 2.02 2.04 2.01 2.03 2.03 2.03 1.96 2.10 2.10 2.09 2.10 2.09 2.10 2.05 1.84 1.92 1.97 1.96 1.97 1.95 1.98 1.98 1.88 1.89 1.85 1.76 1.90 1.93 1.94 1.94 2.20 2.18 2.18 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.12 2.02 1.90 2.02 2.03 2.01 2.03 1.98 1.73 2.04 2.06 1.87 1.86 1.86 1.85 1.85 1.87 1.83 2 .10 2.19 2. 25 2.23 2.23 2.23 2.23 2.26 2.03 10T C.— EAR N IN G S AND HOURS T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued 1967 Annual average 1966 Industry N ov.2 O c t.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1966 1965 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Nondurable goods—Continued Apparel and other textile products______ $75. 50 $73.75 $74. 73 $74.05 $72.16 $72. 52 $71.80 $72.16 $71.80 $71.04 $70.40 $69.87 $70.25 $68.80 $66. 61 92.69 89.06 90.40 87.97 85.18 88.67 88. 22 87.75 87.00 85.70 88.09 87. 78 86.94 85.79 81.86 Men’s and boys’ suits and coats_______ Men’s and boys’ furnishings_________ _ 65.86 64. 77 64.40 64.18 63.49 63.66 62.78 62.97 62.80 63.15 61.42 61.34 60.64 59.15 57.90 Women’s and misses’ outerwear-. _ . . 76.73 75. 48 77.40 77.97 76.81 74.58 74. 43 75.99 75.77 74.21 72.08 71.02 71.32 71.34 68.68 Women’s and children’s undergarments. 69.38 69.00 68.82 67.52 65.88 65.88 65.70 65.51 65.70 64.98 63.89 63.70 65.98 63.10 60.19 73.60 73.54 75. 65 74.98 72. 62 68.75 69.58 71. 75 75.90 74.16 72.27 70.62 71.18 70.08 Children’s'outerwear. ___ _____ 67.26 66.85 66.88 66.36 66.74 67.49 66.01 65.08 64.40 65.14 64.62 62. 66 62.48 62.99 60. 79 82. 58 82. 66 79. 35 77.96 77.83 78.12 76.96 75. 75 75.18 74. 57 76.34 77.91 74. 70 71.18 Mise, fabricated textile products_______ 83.22 80.47 82.64 82.43 75.11 78.00 78.83 76.84 77. 25 75.85 77.29 79.15 79.54 76.02 74.11 Paper and allied products___ _ Paper and pulp m ills_________________ Paperboard mills . ... Mise, converted paper products_______ Paperboard containers and boxes........ 126. 28 142. 77 147. 80 109. 71 115.18 125.85 143. 09 147.03 108.47 114. 48 124.41 141. 44 144.38 108.32 112.41 123. 69 141.96 144.13 107.38 110.12 122.41 139. 67 141.88 106.30 110.88 120.28 137.64 136.22 104.86 108.47 119.00 136.40 137.28 103.38 107. 01 119.71 136.89 139.78 105.22 107.38 119.14 136.75 137.90 104. 55 105.41 119.84 137. 20 138.08 106.08 107. 07 120.81 138.12 138.57 105.84 109.65 121.80 139. 05 140.43 105.84 110.33 119.35 135.30 138. 62 104.16 108.63 114.22 128.16 132.14 99.42 104.23 Printing and publishing__ Newspapers . ___________ 127. 59 127.25 128.21 134.32 131. 04 132.13 141.20 143. 42 112.03 111. 72 129. 20 131.32 133.00 98.17 98. 05 98.94 129.65 128.26 127.92 126. 28 129.24 139. 47 114.21 130. 41 96.89 128.15 124.91 128. 52 138. 23 111.84 128.58 94. 75 125. 68 124.86 129.95 133.12 112.16 128.58 96.64 125. 68 124.86 129.60 130.42 115. 65 127.59 98.16 126.34 124.03 127.44 130. 02 114.26 127.47 97.78 125.18 125. 06 126. 71 130.87 115. 51 129.17 96. 75 127.71 123.33 125. 65 129.81 113.71 126. 75 93.99 128.43 123.97 124.95 129.63 115.09 127. 26 96.36 128.64 125.90 131.33 132. 20 114. 54 128.08 96.72 127.14 124.87 129. 55 133. 72 115. 08 128.16 96.33 125.32 122. 61 125.24 130. 65 114. 53 126. 56 95.16 124.94 118.12 119.85 126.23 110.68 120.96 91.57 120.90 Commercial printing Blankbooks and bookbinding______ . . Other publishing & printing ind _ _ 125.85 142. 77 148. 58 108.73 114. 48 Average weekly hours Apparel and other textile products_____ Men’s and boys’ suits and coats. . .. Men’ s and boys’ furnishings___________ Women’s and misses’ outerwear . Women’s and children’s undergarments. 36.1 37.2 36.8 33.8 37.0 35.7 35.2 36.9 38.8 36.3 36.5 37.1 34.5 37.1 36.9 35.3 36.4 38.7 35.9 36.4 36.7 34.6 36.2 36.4 35.5 35.6 37.0 35.9 37.1 36.8 33.9 36.2 35. 6 35.9 35.7 37.5 35.9 37.7 36.5 34.3 35.9 34.9 35.3 36.0 37.9 35.9 37.5 36.4 34.7 35.8 35.5 34.8 36.3 37.3 35.9 37.5 36.3 34.6 36.1 35.0 35.0 35.9 37.5 35.7 37.1 36.5 34.2 35.9 35.8 35.4 35.8 37.0 36.1 38.3 37.0 34.0 36.3 36.0 36.1 36.2 37.7 36.2 38.5 37.4 33.5 36.4 36.5 35.4 36.7 38.8 36.4 38.3 37.2 33.8 37.7 36.4 35.7 37.1 38.8 36.4 38.3 37.2 34.3 36.9 36.5 36.2 36.8 38.2 36.4 37.9 37.6 34.0 36.7 36.5 36.4 36.5 38.4 Mise, fabricated textile products_______ 38.0 35.8 36.8 36.8 33.4 36.7 35.9 35.0 36.7 38.5 Paper and allied products_______________ Paper and pulp mills _____ Paperboard mills _________________ . Mise, converted paper products_______ Paperboard containers and boxes. . . . . . 43.1 44.2 45.2 41.4 42.5 43.1 44.2 45.3 41.5 42.4 43.1 44.3 45.1 41.4 42.4 42.9 44.2 44.7 41.5 42.1 42.8 44.5 44.9 41.3 41.4 42.8 44.2 44.9 41.2 42.0 42.5 44.4 43.8 40.8 41.4 42.2 44.0 44.0 40.7 41.0 42.6 44.3 44.8 41.1 41.3 42.4 44.4 44.2 41.0 40.7 42.8 44.4 44.4 41.6 41.5 43.3 44.7 44.7 42.0 42.5 43.5 45.0 45.3 42.0 42.6 43.4 44.8 45.3 42.0 42.6 43.1 44.5 45.1 41.6 42.2 Printing and publishing_____ Newspapers . . . . . . . . . .. 38.2 36.6 38.1 35.9 40.0 38.9 39.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 36.4 40.4 39.2 39.7 38.8 38.3 38.5 36.1 40.9 40.5 39.4 38.6 38.6 38.2 36.0 40.3 39.8 39.2 37.9 38.2 38.3 36.3 39.5 40.2 39.2 38.5 38.2 38.3 36.2 38.7 41.6 38.9 38.8 38.4 38.4 36.0 39.4 41.4 39.1 38.8 38.4 38.6 36.1 39.3 41.7 39.5 38.7 38.7 38.3 35.9 39.1 41.2 39.0 37.9 38.8 38.5 35.7 39.4 41.4 39.4 38.7 39.1 39.1 37.1 39.7 41.2 39.9 39.0 39.0 38.9 36.7 40.4 41.1 39.8 39.0 38.8 38.8 36.3 40.2 41.8 39.8 39.0 38.8 38.6 36.1 40.2 41.3 39.4 38.8 39.0 $2.06 2.42 1.76 2.26 $2.07 2.43 1.75 2.29 $1.99 2.31 1.73 2.17 1.81 $1.95 2.30 $1.93 2.28 $1.9c 2.27 2.18 2.13 2.19 2.03 2.18 2.08 1.75 1.98 1.77 2.08 2.04 1.75 1.94 1.75 2.19 1.76 2.06 1.79 2. 06 2.05 2.05 $1.89 2. 24 1.59 2.08 1.71 1.95 1.74 2. 03 1.99 $1.83 2.16 1.54 2.06 1.90 2.24 2.13 $2.01 2.34 1.73 2. 22 1.82 2.06 $2. 02 2.39 1.73 2.05 1.91 2.25 2.09 $2.04 2. 41 1.73 2.26 1.82 2.05 Paper and allied products_____ _______ ___ Paper and pulp mills ______ Paperboard mills_____________________ Mise, converted paper p rod u cts.. Paperboard containers and boxes....... 2.93 3.23 3.27 2. 65 2.71 2.92 3.23 3.28 2.62 2.70 2.92 3.23 3. 26 2.62 2.70 2.90 3.20 3.23 2. 61 2.67 2.89 3.19 3. 21 2.60 2.66 Printing and publishing _ . . . . . . Newspapers___________ __________ Periodicals____ __________ ________ B ooks.. . _______ _ . . . Commercial printing________________ Blankbooks and bookbinding- . _ . Other publishing & printing in d ______ 3.34 3. 67 3.34 3.65 3. 53 3.33 2. 57 3.35 3.35 2. 56 3.34 3.33 3.63 3. 55 2.85 3.35 2. 55 3. 34 3.28 3.58 3.41 2.82 3.31 2. 51 3.32 3. 27 3.57 3.43 2.81 3.28 2. 50 3.29 Children’s outerwear. . _____ . . . _____ _ ... .. . Commercial p rin tin g .. Blankbooks and bookbin din g.. . Other publishing & printing ind 36.3 38.3 37.0 34.1 37.1 35.4 38.8 38.2 38.7 Average hourly earnings Apparel and other textile products. . . . . Men’s and boys’ suits and coats . Men’s and boys’ furnishings_________ Women’s and misses’ outerwear_______ Women’s and children’s undergarments. Children’s outerwear __I .. . . Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel __ Mise, fabricated textile products* _ ___ See fo o tn o te s at end o f table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2.08 2.42 1.78 2.25 1.87 1.90 1.88 2.88 1.86 $2.00 2.34 1.72 2.17 1.83 1.97 1.87 2.17 2.08 $2.01 2.34 1.73 2.19 1.83 1.96 1.87 $2.00 2.32 1.73 2.19 1.82 2.05 1.84 2.12 2.11 2.06 2.06 1.84 2.1C 2.05 2.83 3.10 3.11 2.57 2.62 2.82 3.10 3.12 2. 54 2. 61 2.81 3.09 3.12 2. 56 2. 60 2.81 3.08 3.12 2. 55 2.59 2.80 3.09 3.11 2.55 2.58 2.79 3.09 3.10 2. 52 2. 58 2.80 3.09 3.10 2.52 2.59 2.75 3.02 3.06 2.48 2.55 2.65 3.16 3.16 2.58 2.64 3. 26 3.58 3.37 2.79 3.28 2.51 3.29 3.26 3.58 3.37 2.78 3.28 2.53 3.29 3.23 3.54 3.30 2.76 3.26 2.52 3.26 3.24 3.51 3.33 2.77 3.27 2. 5C 3.30 3.22 3.5C 3.32 2.76 3.25 2.48 3.31 3.22 3.50 3.29 2. 78 3.23 2.49 3.29 3.22 3.54 3.33 2.78 3. 21 2.48 3. 26 3. 21 3.53 3.31 2.80 3.22 2.47 3.23 3.16 3.45 3.25 2.74 3.18 2.44 3. 22 3.06 3.32 3.14 2.20 1.82 2.04 1.88 1.88 1.88 2.86 2.12 1.66 1.64 1.63 2.12 2.12 2.11 2.10 2.02 1.64 1.92 1.67 1.95 1.93 2.88 2.93 2.39 2.47 2.68 3.07 2.36 3.10 108 M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued 1967 1966 Annual average Industry N ov .2 O c t .2 Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. 1966 1965 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Nondurable good«—Continued Chemicals and allied products__________ $132. 09 $130. 73 $130. 31 $129.17 $129. 48 $128. 65 Industrial chemicals__________________ 147. 49 146. 30 146.23 143.59 145. 74 143. 72 Plastics materials and synthetics______ 133. 65 130. 31 129.27 130.62 129.89 128. 63 Drugs________________________________ 120.25 118. 55 116. 69 115.54 114.86 114.97 Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods........ . 124.23 123. 93 124.64 123.53 125. 26 124.34 Paints and allied products____________ 121. 58 122. 78 124. 38 122.25 121.18 122. 47 Agricultural chemicals________________ 112. 04 109. 82 110.83 108.00 110.08 107.19 Other chemical products______________ 126.27 124.34 126.05 123.07 123.30 123.37 $127.10 $127. 49 142.12 142.80 126. 46 125.33 115. 26 118. 08 125.05 123.32 120. 60 117.91 105. 40 112. 70 121.13 122.43 $126.88 $125. 25 142.04 140.19 125.33 123.19 118. 24 117.96 122. 61 122.10 117. 50 115. 66 109.31 105. 40 121.84 119. 95 $126.16 $127.68 141. 20 143.65 123.07 126.78 117. 55 117.01 122. 29 120.83 116.81 118. 24 107. 75 106.32 120.30 123.77 $127.98 145.09 126.48 116.18 122. 06 118.40 104.90 122.47 $125.16 $121.09 140. 86 136. 08 125.08 120. 70 113. 02 107. 04 119.94 113.15 118. 01 113.15 105. 27 100.69 119.97 116. 48 Petroleum and coal products____________ Petroleum refining____________________ Other petroleum and coal products____ 155. 43 155.95 155. 52 153.79 156. 67 152. 72 153.58 153.15 150.94 147.97 144.90 145. 67 146. 70 144. 58 138.42 161.63 160. 74 159.18 157.88 163.07 159. 47 161. 41 161.36 159.38 156.19 151.94 152.82 154.34 151. 56 145. 05 133.20 140.14 143.35 138.87 134. 98 131. 24 126. 58 123.41 117.04 114.90 116.05 118.02 119.85 120. 22 115.90 Rubber and plastics products, nec______ Tires and inner tubes_________________ Other rubber products________________ Miscellaneous plastics products________ 120. 69 119.99 119. 71 116.89 105. 73 109.03 107. 57 110.30 110.16 109.35 112.19 113.13 113. 67 112.14 109.62 187.15 187. 31 184.94 177. 25 145. 89 164.94 162. 50 154. 45 154. 76 154.03 161. 62 165.10 165.17 163.39 158. 06 115. 37 114. 26 114. 54 112.47 104. 54 107. 3C 105.18 106. 66 106. 52 105. 73 108. 09 110. 09 110. 62 107. 74 103. 82 99.06 97.20 98.16 96.76 95. 75 96.29 94.94 94.71 94.54 93.43 94.37 94.30 94.35 94.39 92. 77 Leather and leather products____________ 82.11 80. 43 80.26 80.11 79. 75 79.28 77. 04 75.19 75. 65 76.13 77.20 76.63 76.03 74.88 Leather tanning and finishing_________ 108.14 109. 34 108. 39 105.99 103. 22 107.45 107. 57 104. 66 103. 20 101. 65 102. 66 104.19 104. 23 101.75 Footwear, except rubber______________ 79. 95 77.52 77.93 77.97 77. 42 76. 20 74.00 71.64 72.44 73.68 75.08 73.92 72.39 71.81 Other leather products________________ 78. 56 76. 96 76. 76 77.00 77.14 76.73 74. 57 73. 77 75.35 73.80 74.86 74.87 76.05 73.15 Handbags and personal leather g o o d s .. 74.82 74. 45 73.50 74. 47 72.89 70. 79 70.40 70.36 Y0.59 71.05 69.19 72.20 69.38 71.82 97.99 68.80 70.49 67.86 Average weekly hours Chemicals and allied products__________ Industrial chemicals__________________ Plastics materials and synthetics______ Drugs________________________________ Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_______ Paints and allied products____________ Agricultural chemicals________________ Other chemical products______________ 41.8 41.9 42.7 40.9 41.0 40.8 42.6 41.4 41.5 41.8 41.9 40.6 40.9 41.2 42.4 40.9 41.5 41.9 41.7 40.1 41.0 41.6 42.3 41.6 41.4 41.5 42.0 40.4 40.5 41.3 41.7 41.3 41.5 42.0 41.9 40.3 40.8 41.5 42.5 41.1 41.5 41.9 41.9 40.2 40.9 41.8 42.2 41.4 41.4 41.8 41.6 40.3 41.0 41.3 42.5 41.2 41.8 42.0 41.5 41.0 40.7 40.8 46.0 41.5 41.6 41.9 41.5 41.2 40.6 40.8 44.8 41.3 41.2 41.6 41.2 41.1 40.7 40.3 42.5 40.8 41.5 41.9 41.3 41.1 40.9 40.7 43.1 41.2 42.0 42.5 42.4 41.2 41.1 41.2 42.7 42.1 42.1 42.8 42.3 41.2 41.8 41.4 42.3 41.8 42.0 42.3 42.4 40.8 41.5 41.7 43.5 41.8 41.9 42.0 42.5 40.7 40.7 41.6 43.4 41.9 Petroleum and coal products____________ Petroleum refining____________________ Other petroleum and coal products____ 42.7 42.2 44.4 43.2 42.3 46.1 43.2 42.0 47.0 43.2 42.1 46.6 43.4 42.8 45.6 42.9 42.3 45.1 42.9 42.7 43.8 42.9 42.8 43.3 42.4 42.5 41.8 41.8 42.1 40.6 41.4 41.4 41.3 42.1 42.1 42.0 42.4 42.4 42.5 42.4 42.1 43.4 42.2 41.8 43.9 Rubber and plastics products, nec_______ Tires and inner tubes_________________ Other rubber products________________ Miscellaneous plastics products________ 42.2 47.5 41.5 40.6 42.1 47.3 41.4 40.5 42.3 47.3 41.5 40.9 42.2 46.4 41.5 41.0 40.2 40.3 39.9 40.4 41.3 44.7 40.8 40.8 40.9 44.4 40.3 40.4 40.7 42.2 40.4 40.3 40.8 42.4 40.5 40.4 40.5 42.2 40.2 40.1 41.4 43.8 41.1 40.5 41.9 44.5 41.7 41.0 42.1 44.4 41.9 41.2 42.0 44.4 41.6 41.4 42.0 44.4 41.2 41.6 Leather and leather products___________ Leather tanning and finishing_________ Footwear, except rubber______________ Other leather products________________ Handbags and personal leather goods.. 39.1 40.5 39.0 38.7 38.3 40.8 38.0 38.1 37.6 38.4 40.9 38.2 38.0 37.6 38.7 40.3 38.6 38.5 37.5 38.9 39.7 39.1 38.0 37.8 38.3 40.7 38.1 37.8 37.0 37.4 40.9 37.0 37.1 36.3 36.5 40.1 36.0 36.7 36.1 36.9 40.0 36.4 37.3 35.9 37.5 39.4 37.4 36.9 36.2 38.6 40.1 38.7 38.0 37.2 38.7 40.7 38.7 38.2 37.0 38.4 40.4 37.9 39.0 38.0 38.6 40.7 38.4 38.3 37.5 38.2 41.0 37.8 38.1 37.7 Average hourly earnings Chemicals and allied products__________ Industrial chemicals__________________ Plastics materials and synthetics______ Drugs________________________________ Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_______ Paints and allied products____________ Agricultural chemicals________________ Other chemical products______________ $3.16 3. 52 3.13 2. 94 3.03 2. 98 2. 63 3.05 $3.15 3. 50 3.11 2.92 3. 03 2.98 2. 59 3.04 $3.14 3.49 3.10 2.91 3. 04 2.99 2.62 3.03 $3.12 3.46 3.11 2.86 3.05 2.96 2.59 2.98 $3.12 3.47 3.10 2.85 3.07 2.92 2.59 3.00 $3.10 3.43 3.07 2.86 3.04 2.93 2.54 2.98 $3.07 3. 40 3. 04 2.86 3.05 2.92 2.48 2.94 $3.05 3.40 3.02 2.88 3.03 2.89 2. 45 2.95 $3.05 3.39 3.02 2.87 3.02 2.88 2. 44 2.95 $3.04 3.37 2.99 2.87 3.00 2.87 2.48 2.94 $3.04 3.37 2.98 2.86 2.99 2.87 2. 50 2.92 $3.04 3.38 2.99 2.84 2.94 2.87 2.49 2.94 $3.04 3.39 2.99 2.82 2. 92 2.86 2.48 2.93 $2.98 3.33 2.95 2. 77 2.89 2.83 2.42 2.87 $2.89 3.24 2.84 2.63 2.78 2.72 2.32 2.78 Petroleum and coal products____________ Petroleum refining____________________ Other petroleum and coal products____ 3.64 3.83 3.00 3. 61 3. 80 3. 04 3.60 3.79 3. 05 3.56 3.75 2.98 3.61 3.81 2.96 3.56 3. 77 2.91 3.58 3.78 2.89 3.57 3. 77 2.85 3.56 3. 75 2.80 3.54 3. 71 2.83 3. 50 3. 67 2.81 3.46 3.63 2.81 3. 46 3. 64 2.82 3.41 3.60 2.77 3.28 3. 47 2. 64 Rubber and plastics products, nec______ Tires and inner tubes_________________ Other rubber products________________ Miscellaneous plastics products________ 2.86 3. 94 2.78 2.44 2.85 3.96 2. 76 2.40 2.83 3. 91 2. 76 2.40 2.77 3.82 2.71 2.36 2.63 3.62 2.62 2.37 2. 64 3.69 2.63 2.36 2.63 3.66 2.61 2.35 2.71 3.66 2.64 2.35 2. 70 3. 65 2.63 2.34 2. 70 3. 65 2.63 2.33 2. 71 3.69 2.63 2.33 2. 70 3. 71 2. 64 2.30 2.70 3.72 2.64 2.29 2. 67 3.68 2.59 2.28 2.61 3.56 2. 52 2.23 Leather and leather products____________ Leather tanning and finishing_________ Footwear, except rubber______________ Other leather products________________ Handbags and personal leather goods.. 2.10 2.67 2.05 2.03 2.10 2.68 2.04 2.02 1.99 2.09 2.65 2.04 2.02 1.98 2.07 2.63 2.02 2.00 1.96 2.05 2. 60 1.98 2.03 1.97 2.07 2. 64 2.00 2. 03 1.97 2.06 2.63 2.00 2.01 1.95 2.06 2. 61 1.99 2.01 1.95 2.05 2. 58 1.99 2.02 1.96 2.03 2.58 1.97 2.00 1.95 2.00 2.56 1.94 1.97 1.91 1.98 2. 56 1.91 1.96 1.87 1.98 2.58 1.91 1.95 1.90 1.94 2. 50 1.87 1.91 1.85 1.88 2.39 1.82 1.85 1.80 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 109 C.— EAR N IN G S AND HOURS T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued 1966 1967 Annual average Industry N ov.2 Oct .2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Eeb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1966 1965 Average weekly earnings Transportation and public utilities: Railroad transportation: Class I railroads3- - - ------------------------Local and suburban transportation....... Intercity highway transportation-------Trucking and warehousing____________ Public warehousing_________________ Pipe line transportation_______________ C ommunication______________________ Telephone com m unication__________ Telegraph communication 4_________ Radio and television broadcasting— Electric, gas, and sanitary services-----Electric companies and systems_____ Gas companies and systems_________ Combination companies and systems Water, steam, & sanitary systems----- $121.12 $117. 32 $120. 40 $119.13 $117.32 146. 01 150. 42 157.18 153.72 150.34 142. 97 144. 75 142.52 141. 53 141.34 102. 06 103. 86 102.62 102.62 101. 66 161.56 162.15 156.11 160.19 155. 77 120. 69 121.39 118.29 120.20 119. 59 114.84 115.13 111.93 114.05 113.87 135. 84 135. 33 135. 02 135.96 135.14 157. 60 160. 00 155. 99 157.20 154. 81 146. 50 144.42 141. 25 142.35 142.00 147. 85 146. 62 144. 84 146.72 145. 95 Ï36.95 135.11 129.65 130.97 128. 88 159. 22 155. 50 153.04 152.99 153. 77 116. 00 115.14 113. 24 114.62 113. 52 $140. 68 $135.34 $138. 53 $143. 77 $137.49 $137. 22 $137. 90 $135. 65 $130. 80 117. 73 114.11 113. 70 112. 88 112. 74 112. 71 114.33 112.36 108. 20 146.03 144. 57 136.12 142.43 145. 29 143. 22 145. 53 144.95 133. 72 136. 27 121.86 135.11 134. 60 132.80 137.82 136.85 135.15 130. 48 99.15 101. 81 97.71 98. 40 97. 61 99.12 98.18 96. 80 93.50 159.08 166. 53 155. 80 157. 38 161. 66 154. 34 152. 31 151. 29 145.85 117. 69 117. 90 117. 00 120.10 118. 01 120.40 122. 54 118. 55 114. 62 112.03 112. 22 111.36 114. 62 112.97 115. 31 117. 03 113. 27 109. 08 133.90 128. 23 128.35 131. 07 128.35 128. 53 127. 62 128. 01 122.55 154.45 154.01 153. 65 154. 42 152. 05 154.41 158. 36 151. 24 147. 63 140.49 140. 83 139. 59 141.86 139.18 140.11 140. 53 136.95 131. 24 144. 07 143. 59 143. 24 143. 87 141. 52 142. 20 142. 96 139. 70 133.31 129. 43 129. 20 128.02 128. 52 129. 78 128.33 129.90 125. 77 120. 83 151.89 152. 94 151. 37 156.14 150. 75 154. 28 152. 52 149. 70 143. 79 113.12 113. 27 111.91 113. 42 112. 06 111.79 112.89 110. 42 105.16 Average weekly hours Transportation and public utilities: Railroad transportation: Class I railroads 3_......... _.......... Local and suburban transportation____ Intercity highway transportation-------Trucking and warehousing................ Public warehousing_________________ Pipeline transportation............................ C ommunication______________________ Telephone communication__________ Telegraph communication 4_________ Radio and television broadcasting— Electric, gas, and sanitary services------Electric companies and systems_____ Gas companies and systems_________ Combination companies and systems Water, steam, & sanitary systems----- 42.8 42.2 42.3 40.5 40.9 39.7 39.6 43.4 39.4 41. 5 41.3 41.5 41.9 40.7 41.9 43.1 42.7 40.1 41.9 39.8 39.7 43.1 39.9 41.5 41.3 41.7 41.8 40.4 43.0 44.4 42.8 40.4 41.3 39.3 39.0 43.0 40.1 41.3 41.5 40.9 41.7 40.3 42.7 43.3 42.5 40.4 41.5 39.8 39.6 43.3 40.0 41.5 41.8 40.8 41.8 40.5 42.2 43.2 42.7 40.5 41.1 39.6 39.4 42.9 39.9 41.4 41.7 40.4 41.9 40.4 44.1 42.5 42.7 41.8 39.5 41.0 39.1 38.9 43.9 39.5 41.2 41.4 40.7 41.5 40.4 41.9 41.8 42,9 38.2 40.4 42.7 39.3 39.1 42.6 39.9 41.3 41.5 40.5 41.9 40.6 43.7 41.8 41.0 41.7 39.4 41.0 39.0 38.8 42.5 39.6 41.3 41.4 40.9 41.7 40.4 44.1 41.5 42.9 41.8 40.0 41.2 39.9 39.8 43.4 39.8 41.6 41.7 40.8 42.2 40.8 43.1 41.6 43.5 41.5 40.5 42.1 39.6 39.5 42.5 39.7 41.3 41.5 41.2 41.3 40.6 43.7 41.9 43.4 42.8 41.3 41.6 40.0 39.9 42.7 39.9 41.7 41.7 41.0 42.5 40.8 44.2 42.5 44.1 42.5 41.6 41.5 41.4 41.5 42.4 40.5 41.7 41.8 41.5 41.9 41.2 43.9 42.4 44.6 42.5 40.5 41.0 40.6 40.6 43.1 39.8 41.5 41.7 41.1 41.7 41.2 43.6 42.1 43.7 42.5 40.3 41.2 40.5 40.4 43.0 39.9 41.4 41.4 41.1 41.8 41.4 $3. 26 2.72 3. 32 3. 22 2. 46 3. 82 3. 01 2.88 3. 02 3.88 3. 41 3.45 3.15 3. 70 2. 78 $3.19 2.71 3.34 3.20 2. 41 3.84 2.98 2.86 3. 02 3.83 3.37 3. 41 3.15 3. 65 2.76 $3.14 2.69 3.30 3. 22 2. 40 3.71 3. 01 2. 89 3.01 3.87 3.36 3.41 3.13 3.63 2.74 $3.12 2. 69 3.30 3. 22 2.36 3. 67 2.96 2.82 3. 01 3.91 3.37 3. 42 3.13 3.64 2.74 $3.09 2.65 3. 25 3.18 2. 39 3.69 2.92 2.79 2.97 3.80 3. 30 3.35 3.06 3. 59 2.68 $3.00 2. 57 3. 06 3.07 2.32 3. 54 2.83 2. 70 2.85 3.70 3.17 3. 22 2. 94 3.44 2.54 Average hourly earnings Transportation and public utilities: Railroad transportation: Class I railroads 3____________________ Local and suburban transportation-----Intercity highway transportation--------Trucking and warehousing!................ . Public warehousing__________ _____ _ Pipeline transportation_______________ Communication_______________ _______ Telephone communication__________ Telegraph communication 4_________ Radio and television broadcasting— Electric, gas, and sanitary services------Electric companies and systems_____ Gas companies and systems_________ Combination companies and systems. Water, steam, & sanitary systems___ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2. 83 3.46 3. 38 2. 52 3. 95 3.04 2.90 3.13 4.00 3. 53 3. 58 3.30 3.80 2. 85 $2.80 3.49 3. 39 2. 59 3. 87 3. 05 2.90 3.14 4. 01 3. 48 3. 55 3.24 3. 72 2. 85 $2.80 3. 54 3.33 2. 54 3. 78 3. 01 2. 87 3.14 3. 89 3. 42 3. 49 3.17 3.67 2.81 $2.79 3.55 3.33 2.54 3.86 3.02 2.88 3.14 3.93 3.43 3.51 3.21 3. 66 2.83 $2.78 3. 48 3.31 2. 51 3.79 3.02 2. 89 3.15 3.88 3. 43 3. 50 3.19 3.67 2.81 $3.19 2.77 3. 42 3. 26 2. 51 3.88 3. 01 2.88 3. 05 3.91 3. 41 3.48 3.18 3. 66 2.80 $3.23 2.73 3.37 3.19 2. 52 3. 90 3.00 2.87 3. 01 3.86 3.41 3.46 3.19 3.65 2. 79 $3.17 2. 72 3.32 3.24 2. 48 3.80 3.00 2. 87 3. 02 3.88 3.38 3. 46 3.13 3.63 2.77 110 M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968 Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued 1967 1966 Annual average Industry N ov.2 O c t .2 Sept. Aug. j July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1966 1965 Average weekly earnings Wholesale and retail trade_________________ $83.26 $82.90 $83. 45 $84.15 $84.15 $82.80 $81.09 $80. 73 Wholesale trade_________________________ 118. 78 118.08 118. 08 116.64 117. 62 116. 64 115.66 115. 26 Motor vehicles & automotive equip ment _______________________________ 107.64 106.30 108.00 107.23 107.38 106.97 107. 23 Drugs, chemicals, and allied products.. 122. 58 121.79 120.40 120.99 117.90 117.51 118.59 Dry goods and apparel________________ 116.21 115. 06 114.13 114.90 112. 48 112. 05 112.48 Groceries and related products________ 109.08 111. 38 110.27 111.76 108. 79 106. 92 106. 25 Electrical goods_______________________ 126.07 129.86 129.63 129.20 129. 20 Hardware, plumbing & heating equip 129.90 130.10 ment_______________________________ 114. 21 114. 33 110.70 111.78 111. 10 110. 02 109.34 Machinery, equipment, and supplies... 132.19 131.87 129.34 129.02 129.51 128.30 127.80 Miscellaneous wholesalers_____________ 116. 03 116. 22 114.91 115.89 114.80 113. 43 113.83 Retail trade____________________________ 71.34 71.55 71. 66 72.96 72.96 71.56 69.80 69.80 Retail general merchandise___________ 64.68 65.01 66.05 65. 86 64.35 62.99 62.34 Department stores__________________ 68.69 68. 76 69.47 69.89 68.31 66. 65 65.81 Mail order houses___________________ 74.76 77.54 77.47 77.17 76.38 75. 26 74.48 Variety stores_______________________ 49.83 50.18 51.68 51. 51 49. 57 48.00 48.16 Food stores___________________________ 74.91 75.60 77.48 77.70 75. 70 73.14 72.37 Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.. 75.80 76.84 78.98 79. 20 76.83 73.80 73.25 Apparel and accessory stores__________ 62.08 62.53 63.17 63.65 62. 59 60. 80 60. 86 Men’s & boys’ clothing & furnishings. 74. 46 73. 96 75.40 76.46 76. 47 73. 01 73. 22 Women’s ready-to-wear stores_______ 56.56 56. 82 57.25 58.10 56. 72 56.00 55.53 Family clothing stores______________ 60.54 61.43 61.57 61.90 60.78 60.35 •60. 40 Shoe stores__________ ______________ 63.65 64. 27 64.70 64. 35 62.51 59.69 58.98 ___ ___ $80. 59 $80. 22 $80.30 $79.57 $79.86 $79. 02 $76.53 114. 74 114.05 114.09 113. 27 112.74 111.38 106.49 105.32 117.51 111.81 105. 73 132.98 104. 65 118.50 110. 58 105. 59 130.85 105. 41 117.89 109. 53 105. 26 132.98 105. 66 115. 60 109.15 104.04 126. 65 105. 41 115. 49 110.78 103.48 128.87 104. 08 114.17 107.26 102.09 126.98 100.14 109.08 103.19 97.00 122.84 108. 27 108.14 108.68 108. 00 108.95 107.30 101.91 126. 27 125.05 124.24 125. 46 124. 53 121.66 115. 23 113. 60 112.92 113.08 112. 40 111.60 110.95 107.20 69.30 69.10 69.15 68.64 68.87 68.57 66.61 61.88 61.18 61.05 60. 26 61.01 60.94 59.15 65.04 64. 52 64.92 63.36 65.27 64. 55 62.98 75.39 72.24 69.42 73.08 70.04 71.51 71.00 48.34 47. 70 46.35 46. 97 46. 66 46.19 44.10 72.49 72. 27 72. 27 72.59 71.81 72.21 70.66 73.47 73. 47 73.15 73.81 72.81 73. 22 71.69 60.03 60. 03 60.35 58.24 58.97 58. 89 57.46 71.99 72.91 75.15 72.12 72.03 71.96 69.84 55. 21 55. 01 55.38 52.95 53.13 52.97 51.46 59. 52 58.06 57. 22 57.14 58. 50 58.21 56.28 57.83 58.53 59.03 56.36 58.02 58.40 56.64 Average weekly hours Wholesale and retail trade_________________ Wholesale trade__________ __________ ___ Motor vehicles & automotive equip ment _______________________________ Drugs, chemicals, and allied products.. D ry goods and apparel__________ _____ Groceries and related products________ Electrical goods_______________________ Hardware, plumbing & heating equip ment _______________________________ Machinery, equipment, and supplies.. . Miscellaneous wholesalers_____________ Retail trade________ _____ _____ _______ Retail general merchandise___________ Department stores________ _________ Mail order houses___________________ Variety stores_______________________ Food stores___________________________ Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.. Apparel and accessory stores__________ Men’s & boys’ clothing & furnishings. Women’s ready-to-wear stores_______ Family clothing stores______________ Shoe stores__________ ____ _________ 36.2 40.4 34.8 36.2 40.3 36.6 40.3 37.4 40.5 37.4 40.7 36.8 40.5 36.2 40.3 36.2 40.3 36.3 40.4 36.3 40.3 36.5 40.6 37.0 40.9 36.8 40.7 37.1 40.8 37.7 40.8 41.4 39.8 38.1 40.7 41.5 41.2 39.8 38.1 41.1 41.7 41.7 40.0 38.3 41.3 41.2 41.4 39.8 38.3 41.7 42.3 41.3 39.3 38.0 40.9 42.5 41.3 39.3 37.6 40.5 42.5 41.4 39.4 38.0 40.4 42.5 41.3 39.7 37.9 40.2 43.6 41.2 39.9 38.0 40.3 42.9 41.5 40.1 37.9 40.8 43.6 41.8 40.3 38.3 41.1 44.9 41.5 40.1 38.2 40.9 43.1 41.8 40.2 37.9 41.0 42.9 41.9 40.4 37.8 41.1 42.8 40.5 40.8 39.6 34.9 32.5 32.4 35.1 30.2 33.0 33.1 32.0 34.0 31.6 32.2 30.9 40.4 40.7 39.8 35.3 33.0 32.9 35.9 30.6 33.6 33.7 32.4 34.4 32.1 32.5 31.2 40.4 40.8 39.9 36.3 33.7 33.4 35.7 31.9 34.9 35.1 33.6 35.4 32.9 33.1 33.7 40.5 40.7 40.1 36.3 33.6 33.6 35.4 31.6 35.0 35.2 33.5 35.4 33.2 33.1 33.0 40.4 40.6 40.0 35.6 33.0 33.0 35.2 30.6 34.1 34.3 32.6 34.6 32.6 32.5 31.1 40.3 40.6 39.8 34.9 32.3 32.2 35.5 30.0 32.8 32.8 32.0 33.8 32.0 32.1 30.3 40.2 40.7 39.8 34.9 32.3 32.1 35.3 30.1 32.6 32.7 32.2 33.9 32.1 32.3 30.4 40.1 40.6 40.0 35.0 32.4 32.2 35.9 30.4 32.8 32.8 32.1 33.8 32.1 32.0 30.6 40.2 40.6 39.9 34.9 32.2 32.1 34.4 30.0 32.7 32.8 32.1 33.6 31.8 31.9 31.3 40.4 40.6 40.1 35.1 32.3 32.3 33.7 30.1 33.0 33.1 32.1 33.7 32.2 31.1 31.4 40.6 40.9 40.3 35.9 34.2 33.7 41.5 32.3 33.4 33.4 33.6 35.3 33.6 33.2 32.1 40.5 41.1 40.0 35.5 32.8 32.8 34.5 30.7 33.4 33.4 32.4 34.3 32.2 32.5 30.7 40.8 41.1 40.2 35.9 33.3 33.1 35.4 31.0 33.9 33.9 32.9 35.1 32.7 32.7 31.4 40.6 41.3 40.3 36.6 33.8 33.5 36.6 31.5 34.3 34.3 33.6 36.0 33.2 33.3 32.0 Average hourly earnings Wholesale and retail trade_________________ Wholesale trade_________________________ Motor vehicles & automotive equip ment _______________________________ Drugs, chemicals, and allied products.. D ry goods and apparel________________ Groceries and related products________ Electrical goods_________________ ____ _ Hardware, plumbing & heating equip ment . . . ____________________________ Machinery, equipment, and supplies... Miscellaneous wholesalers_____________ Retail trade____________________________ Retail general merchandise___________ Department stores__________________ Mail order houses___________________ Variety stores_______________________ Food stores___________________________ Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.. Apparel and accessory stores__________ Men’s & boys’ clothing & furnishings . Women’s ready-to-wear stores_______ Family clothing stores______________ Shoe stores_________________________ See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2.29 2. 93 $2.28 2.93 $2.25 2.88 $2.25 2. 89 $2.25 2.88 $2.24 2.87 $2.23 2.86 $2.22 2.84 $2. 21 2.83 $2.20 2.81 $2.16 2,80 $2.18 2.79 $2.13 2.73 $2.03 2.61 2.60 3.08 3.05 2.68 3.13 2.58 3.06 3. 02 2.71 3.12 2.59 3.01 2.98 2.67 3.06 2.59 3.04 3.00 2.68 3.07 2.60 3.00 2.96 2. 66 3. 05 2. 59 2.99 2.98 2. 64 3.04 2. 59 3. 01 2.96 2.63 3. 04 2. 55 2.96 2.95 2.63 3.05 2. 54 2.97 2. 91 2. 62 3. 05 2. 54 2.94 2.89 2.58 3.05 2. 54 2.91 2.85 2.54 3. 05 2. 54 2.89 2.88 2. 55 2.98 2.49 2.84 2.83 2.49 2. 96 2.39 2. 70 2.73 2.36 2.87 2.82 3.24 2.93 2.05 1.99 2.12 2.13 1.65 2.27 2.29 1.94 2.19 1.79 1.88 2.06 2.83 3.24 2. 92 2.03 1.97 2.09 2.16 1.64 2. 25 2.28 1.93 2.15 1.77 1. 89 2.06 2.74 3.17 2.88 2.01 1.96 2.08 2.17 1.62 2.22 2.25 1.88 2.13 1.74 1.86 1.92 2.76 3.17 2. 89 2.01 1.96 2.08 2.18 1.63 2.22 2.25 1.90 2.16 1.75 1.87 1.95 2.75 3.19 2.87 2. 01 1.95 2.07 2.17 1.62 2.22 2.24 1.92 2. 21 1.74 1.87 2.01 2.73 3.16 2.85 2.00 1.95 2.07 2.12 1.60 2.23 2.25 1.90 2.16 1.75 1.88 1.97 2. 72 3.14 2.86 2.00 1.93 2.05 2.11 1.60 2. 22 2.24 1.89 2.16 1.73 1.87 1.94 2. 70 3.11 2.84 1.98 1.91 2. 02 2.10 1.59 2. 21 2.24 1.87 2.13 1.72 1.86 1.89 2.69 3.08 2.83 1.98 1.90 2.01 2.10 1.59 2.21 2.24 1.87 2.17 1.73 1.82 1.87 2.69 3.06 2.82 1.97 1.89 2.01 2.06 1.54 2.19 2. 21 1.88 2.23 1.72 1.84 1.88 2.68 3.08 2.83 1.94 1.82 1.92 2.02 1.51 2.16 2.18 1.82 2.10 1.66 1.79 1.87 2.66 3.06 2.81 1.95 1.86 1.98 2.03 1.52 2.18 2. 21 1.82 2.14 1.66 1.78 1.86 2.63 2.96 2. 76 1.91 1.83 1.95 2.02 1.49 2.13 2.16 1.79 2.05 1.62 1.78 1.86 2.51 2. 79 2.66 1.82 1.75 1.88 1.94 1.40 2. 06 2.09 1.71 1.94 1.55 1.69 1.77 111 C — EAR NIN G S A N D HOURS Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued 1967 1966 Annual average Industry N ov.2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1966 1965 Average weekly earnings Wholesale and retail trade—Continued Retail trade—Continued Furniture and home furnishings stores.. Furniture and home furnishings____ Eating and drinking places 5__________ Other retail trade_____________________ Building materials and farm equip ment________ ______ ______ _____ Motor vehicle dealers_______________ Other automotive & accessory dealers. Drug stores and proprietary stores.-. Fuel and ice dealers_________________ $94.33 $95.20 $94. 53 $95.16 $93. 27 $91. 30 $90.92 $90.68 $89. 54 $91. 33 $95.28 $91. 65 $90.46 $88.18 94. 57 95. 31 93.36 93.60 92.58 90.48 90.09 89. 01 89. 24 89.63 93.60 90. 55 89. 27 86.58 50.16 50.28 51.70 51.21 50.06 49. 32 48.84 48.80 48.33 48.62 48. 72 48.10 47.60 45. 76 88. 76 88.65 89.65 90.27 88.93 87. 02 87. 25 86. 07 85.67 86.33 86.62 86.37 85.63 83.23 97.29 98. 05 97.48 97.06 96.41 94.39 93. 56 92. 51 92. 03 92.10 92. 99 91.91 91.54 88.41 112. 44 111. 45 113.10 115.48 114. 48 111. 57 110.99 108. 45 107. 02 108.12 110. 59 110.76 108.97 105. 75 96.10 95. 67 95.91 95.04 94. 61 92.44 92. 66 92.44 91.37 90.48 90. 05 90.29 89.38 85. 70 65. 33 65.96 67.94 67. 55 65. 43 63.22 63.22 62. 75 62.89 62. 79 63.83 63. 02 63.14 61.60 106. 45 104. 55 100.85 103.22 102. 50 101. 71 105.32 104. 49 111.71 107. 43 106.07 105.15 101.28 96.05 Finance, insurance, and real estate_________ Banking____________ ___________________ Credit agencies other than banks_______ Savings and loan associations_________ Security, com m odity brokers & services.. Insurance carriers_______________________ Life insurance_________________ ___ Accident and health insurance________ Fire, marine, and casualty insurance... 98.32 87. 56 91.37 91.63 152.31 103. 79 104.96 88.32 106.22 97. 31 86.35 90.51 90.28 149.97 103. 04 103.94 89.17 105. 46 96.83 86. 44 90. 24 89. 78 149.65 10?. 67 103.94 88.70 104. 60 97.20 86.30 90.62 92.12 154.22 103.04 104.03 89.92 104.71 96.20 85. 47 88.40 88. 56 152. 76 102. 77 103. 66 88.45 104.43 96.20 85. 47 88.64 89.28 149. 71 102.49 103. 66 89.30 103.88 95.83 85.93 89. 25 90.38 148.58 102. 58 103. 09 89.67 104. 63 95. 35 84.82 88.50 88. 30 143.64 102.12 103.49 90.65 103.60 94.98 85.19 88.60 89. 89 138.76 102. 67 103.49 90.27 104. 71 94. 61 85. 04 89. 44 91.96 137. 63 100. 74 100.08 90. 27 103. 57 93.62 84.15 87.00 87.08 132.47 101.08 101.02 90.13 103.47 93.00 92.50 88. 91 83.10 82. 21 79. 24 86.02 85.96 84.29 86.85 87.05 84.67 131. 73 138.38 127. 43 100. 81 99. 32 95. 86 100. 56 99.19 95. 27 90.27 89.41 85.38 103.19 101.68 97.92 Average weekly hours Furniture and home furnishings stores________ Furniture and home furnishings____ _______ Eating and drinking places 5______ _____ _____ Other retail trade__________ ______ ___ _______ Building materials and farm equip m e n t.......................................................... ....... Motor vehicle dealers.______ _______________ Other automotive & accessory dealers________ Drug stores and proprietary stores__________ Fuel and ice dealers_______________________ _ Finance, insurance, and real estate_______ Banking......... ......................................... . Credit agencies other than banks............. Savings and loan associations........... Security, com m odity brokers & services. Insurance carriers______________________ Life insurance__________ ______ _____ Accident and health insurance_______ Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.. 37.1 38.5 38.6 33.0 39.1 38.7 38.9 33.3 39.4 38.9 38.9 34.7 40.2 39.0 39.0 34.6 40.3 38.7 38.9 33.6 39.7 38.2 38.5 33.1 39.2 38.2 38.5 33.0 39.3 38.1 38.2 33.2 39.3 38.1 38.3 33.1 39.3 38.7 38.8 33.3 39.6 39.7 40.0 33.6 40.1 39.0 39.2 33.4 39.8 39.5 39.5 34.0 40.2 39.9 39.9 35.2 40.8 41.4 41.8 42.9 33.5 41.1 41.9 41.9 42.9 34.0 41.0 42.2 42.2 43.4 35.2 40.5 42.2 42.3 43.2 35.0 40.8 42.1 42.4 43.2 33.9 41.0 41.4 42.1 42.6 33.1 40.2 41.4 42.2 42.9 33.1 41.3 41.3 42.2 43.4 33.2 41.3 40.9 42.3 43.1 33.1 43.3 41.3 42.4 43.5 33.4 42.8 41.7 42.7 43.5 34.5 42.6 41.4 42.6 43.2 33.7 42.4 41.8 42.9 43.6 34.5 42.2 42.1 43.7 43.5 35.4 42.5 37.1 37.1 37.6 37.4 37.7 37.2 36.7 36.8 37.8 37.0 36.9 37.4 37.0 37.4 37.2 36.6 37.0 37.8 37.1 37.1 37.6 37.1 37.6 37.2 36.6 36.5 37.9 37.1 37.2 37.6 37.6 37.8 37.2 36.5 36.7 37.8 37.0 37.0 37.3 36.9 38.0 37.1 36.5 36.7 37.7 37.0 37.0 37.4 37.2 37.9 37.0 36.5 36.9 37.5 37.0 37.2 37.5 37.5 38.0 36.9 36.3 36.9 37.5 37.1 37.2 37.5 37.1 37.8 37.0 36.7 37.0 37.4 37.1 37.2 37.7 37.3 37.3 37.2 36.7 37.3 37.8 37.1 37.3 37.9 38.0 36.8 36.9 36.0 37.3 37.8 37.3 37.4 37.5 36.9 36.9 37.3 36.6 37.4 37.9 37.2 37.1 37.4 36.8 36.9 37.2 36.7 37.3 37.8 37.3 37.2 37.7 37.2 37.3 37.2 36.6 37.1 37.8 37.2 37.2 37.8 37.3 37.7 37.3 36.5 36.8 38.1 Average hourly earnings Furniture and home furnishings stores.. Furniture and home furnishings......... Eating and drinking places 5_____ ____ Other retail trade__________ __________ Building materials and farm equip m e n t .......... ............................... ........ Motor vehicle dealers.......... .................. Other automotive & accessory dealers. Drug stores and proprietary stores... Fuel and ice dealers............................... Finance, insurance, and real estate_______ Banking.................. ..................................... Credit agencies other than banks______ Savings and loan associations........... Security, com m odity brokers & services. Insurance carriers..................... ................ Life insurance.................... .................... Accident and health insurance_______ Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.. See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table. 282-907 0 - 6 8 - 9 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2.66 $2. 45 2.45 1.52 2.27 $2.46 2.45 1.51 2. 25 $2.43 2.40 1.49 2.23 2.35 2.69 2.24 1.95 2.59 2.34 2.66 2.23 1.94 2. 55 2.31 2.68 2.21 1.93 2.49 2. 65 2. 36 2. 43 2.45 4. 04 2.79 2.86 2.40 2.81 2.63 2.34 2.42 2.44 4. 01 2. 77 2.84 2. 41 2.79 2. 61 2.33 2.40 2.42 3.98 2. 76 2.84 2.43 2.76 $2.44 $2. 41 2.40 1 2.38 1.49 1.48 2. 24 2.24 $2.39 2. 35 1.49 2. 22 $2.38 2.34 1.48 2.22 $2.38 2.33 1.47 2.19 $2.35 2.33 1.46 2.18 $2. 36 2. 31 1.46 2.18 $2.40 2.34 1. 45 2.16 $2.35 2.31 1.44 2.17 $2.29 2.26 1.40 2.13 $ 2.21 2.30 2.73 2.20 1.93 2.53 2.29 2.70 2.19 1.93 2. 50 2.28 2.65 2.17 1.91 2. 53 2.26 2.63 2.16 1.91 2.55 2.24 2.57 2.13 1.89 2.53 2.25 2. 53 2.12 1.90 2.58 2.23 2. 55 2.08 1.88 2.51 2.23 2. 59 2.07 1.85 2.49 2.22 2.60 2.09 1.87 2.48 2.19 2.54 2.05 1.83 2.40 2.10 2.42 1.97 1.74 2.26 2.62 2.32 2.41 2. 45 4.08 2.77 2.85 2. 45 2.77 2.60 2. 31 2. 37 2.40 4.02 2. 77 2.84 2.41 2. 77 2.60 2. 31 2.37 2.40 3.95 2. 77 2.84 2.42 2. 77 2.59 2. 31 2.38 2. 41 3.91 2.78 2. 84 2. 43 2.79 2.57 2.28 2.36 2.38 3.80 2.76 2.82 2.45 2. 77 2. 56 2.29 2. 35 2.41 3. 72 2. 76 2.82 2.42 2.77 2. 55 2.28 2. 36 2.42 3. 74 2.73 2. 78 2.42 2. 74 2. 51 2. 25 2. 32 2. 36 3. 59 2.71 2.76 2.41 2.73 2.50 2. 24 2. 30 2. 36 3.57 2.71 2.74 2. 42 2.73 2.48 2.21 2.28 2.34 3.71 2.67 2.71 2.41 2.69 2.39 2.13 2.23 2.27 3.38 2.57 2. 61 2.32 2.57 2.17 1. 30 2.04 112 M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN UAR Y 1968 Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry— Continued 1967 1966 Annual average Industry N ov.2 O c t.2 Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. 1966 1965 Average weekly earnings Services: Hotels and other lodging places: Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 6____ Personal services: Laundries and drycleaning plants_____ Motion pictures: Motion picture filming & distributing... — — — $56. 88 $56. 68 $57.22 $56.92 $56.36 $56.42 $55.85 $56.15 $56.00 $55.05 $55.72 $54.83 $53.34 $51.54 66. 20 65. 63 65.25 65.42 65.77 64.53 64.13 63.24 62.02 62.79 62.87 61.99 61.12 58.98 161.13 159. 56 163.18 163.96 162.38 155.16 154.77 150.91 160.24 162.89 166.96 159.83 157.77 148.08 Average weekly hours Services: Hotels and other lodging places: Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 6 Personal services: Laundries and drycleaning plants____ Motion pictures: Motion picture filming & distributing. — 36.0 36.1 37.4 37.2 36.6 36.4 36.5 36.7 36.6 36.7 36.9 36.8 37.3 37.4 37.5 37.5 37.6 37.8 37.3 37.5 37.2 36.7 37.6 38.1 37.8 38.2 37.9 38.8 41.0 40.6 41.0 41.3 40.8 40.3 40.2 39.3 41.3 42.2 42.7 41.3 41.3 39.7 $1.53 $1.53 $1.50 $1.51 $1.49 $1.43 $1.36 1.70 1.69 1.67 1.65 1.64 1.60 1.52 3.84 3.88 3.86 3.91 3.87 3.82 3.73 Average hourly earnings Services: Hotels and other lodging places: Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 6____ Personal services: $1. 58 1.77 $1.57 1.75 $1.53 1.74 $1.53 1.74 $1.54 1.74 $1.55 1.73 $1.53 1.71 Motion pictures: 3. 93 3. 93 3.98 1For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October 1967 see footnote 1, table A-9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-10. 2Preliminary. 3Based upon m onthly data summarized in the M-300 report b y the Inter state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received pay during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC Group I). Beginning January 1965, data relate to railroads with operating revenues of $5,000,000 or more. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3.97 3.98 3.85 3.85 4Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers. 5Money payments only, tips not included. 6Data for nonoffice salesmen excluded from all series in this division. Source : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all series except that for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.) 113 C.— EAR N IN G S AN D HOURS T able C-2. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls in current and 1957-59 dollars 1 1966 1967 Annual average Item Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Mar. Apr. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. 1966 1965 Total private Gross average weekly earnings: Current dollars - . . ____________________ $103. 63 $104.06 $103.45 $103.18 $101.88 $100.06 $99.41 $99. 56 $99.30 $99. 70 $99.97 $99.84 $100. 62 $98.69 $95.06 88.20 88.86 88.49 88. 57 87. 83 86. 56 86.22 86. 57 86.50 86. 92 87.16 87.12 87.88 87. 26 86. 50 1957-59 dollars__________________________ Spendable average weekly earnings: Worker with no dependents: 84.74 85.07 84.61 84.40 83.42 82.04 81.54 81.66 81.46 81.76 82.17 82. 07 82.66 81.19 78.99 Current dollars_______________________ 72.12 72. 65 72.38 72.45 71.91 70.97 70.72 71.01 70.96 71.28 71.64 71.61 72.19 71.79 71.87 1957-59 dollars . . . ________________ Worker with 3 dependents: 92.29 92.63 92.15 91.93 90.90 89.45 88.93 89. 05 88. 84 89.16 89.58 89.47 90.09 88. 55 86.30 Current dollars_______________________ 78.54 79.10 78.83 78.91 78.36 77. 38 77.13 77.43 77.39 77. 73 78.10 78.07 78.68 78.29 78. 53 1957-59 dollars. _ _____________________ Manufacturing Gross average weekly earnings: Current dollars___________ . . . _______ 1957-59 dollars__________________________ Spendable average weekly earnings: Worker with no dependents: Current dollars_______________________ 1957-59 dollars________________________ W orker with 3 dependents: Current dollars_______________________ 1957-59 dollars________________________ 116.00 116. 57 114.77 113. 65 114.49 113.52 112. 56 112.44 111.88 113.42 114.40 113.99 113.85 112.34 107. 53 98. 72 99. 55 98.18 97. 55 98.70 98.20 97.62 97. 77 97.46 98.88 99.74 99.47 99.43 99.33 97.84 92.24 79. 79 91.51 79.37 91.42 79. 50 91.00 79.27 92.72 80.98 91. 57 80.96 89.08 81.06 102.15 102.61 101.16 100.27 100.93 100.16 86.94 87.63 86.54 86.07 87.01 86.64 99.40 86.21 99.30 86.35 98. 86 100.08 101. 09 100. 76 100. 65 86.11 87.25 88.13 87.92 87.90 99.45 87.93 96. 78 88. 06 94.12 80.10 94.55 80.74 93.19 79. 72 92.34 79.26 92.97 80.15 1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October 1967, see footnote 1, table A -9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-10. Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly earnings as published in table C -l less the estimated amount of the workers’ Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax liability depends on the number of dependents supported b y the worker as well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com- Table C-3. 92.16 80.35 93.13 81.19 92.82 80.99 puted for 2 types of income receivers: (1) A worker with no dependents and (2) a married worker with 3 dependents. T he earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have heen adjusted for changes in purchasing power as measured b y the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index. 2 Preliminary. N ote : These series are described in “ The Calculation and Uses of Spend able Earnings Series,” Monthly Labor Review, A pril 1966, pp. 406-410. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries 1 1966 1967 In d u stry division and group N o v .2 O ct. Sept. A u g. Ju ly June M ay A p r. Mar. F eb . Jan. D e c. N ov. 42.7 43.1 42.3 42.8 42.8 43.2 42.2 42.0 42.7 42.4 42.2 42.6 42.5 39.4 37.1 38.3 37.5 37.5 37.4 36.4 37.4 37.4 37.6 38.2 38.1 37.4 M a n u fa ctu rin g _______________ _ _________ ______ __________ 40.9 40.6 40.8 40.7 40.4 40.3 40.3 40.5 40.4 40.3 41.0 41.0 41.3 D u rable g o o d s _______ __________ ________________________ O rdnance and accessories........ —. _ ____________ L u m b e r and w o o d p r o d u c t s .,- . _ __________ _ F u rn iture and fixtu res____ _________ ______ __ Stone, cla y, and glass p ro d u cts _______________ __ _ P rim a ry m etal in d u s trie s .-. ........... __ ____ _ _ . F a bricated m etal p rod u cts____ . _________________ M achinery, except electrical__________ _ _ _ _____ .. E lectrical equ ip m en t and s u p p lie s .-. T ran sp ortation eq u ip m en t____ _______ . . Instrum ents and related p r o d u c ts . _ . . . __ . . . . . . M iscellaneous m anufacturin g industries ........... . 41.6 42.5 41.2 40.3 42.0 41.3 41.6 42.2 40.7 42.2 41.2 39.6 41.3 41.7 40.6 40.4 41.8 41.2 41.4 42.3 40.5 41.5 41.1 39.3 41.6 42.4 40.5 40.7 42.0 41.0 41.8 42.7 40.2 42.7 41.2 39.5 41.3 41.9 39.7 40.2 41.6 41.0 41.5 42.2 40.4 42.5 41.2 39.4 41.0 41.8 39.9 40.2 41.3 40.9 41.3 42.1 40.3 41.4 41.0 39.2 40.9 41.2 40.1 40.3 41.3 40.6 41.2 42.0 40.0 41.2 41.0 39.4 41.0 42.0 40.1 40.1 41.1 40.6 41.3 42.3 39.9 41.7 41.1 39.5 41.0 41.6 40.6 40.3 41.3 40.2 41.5 42.8 39.6 40.9 41.5 39.7 41.1 41.9 40.7 40.2 41.5 40.8 41.5 42.9 40.0 40.7 41.5 39.2 41.0 41.7 40.3 40.2 41.5 40.9 41.4 43.0 49.7 40.7 40.9 38.7 41.7 42.0 40.4 40.7 41.9 41.8 42.2 43.5 40.7 41.6 41.8 40.0 41.7 42.0 40.3 40.6 41.7 41.7 42.1 43.6 40.6 41.6 41.9 39.7 42.1 42.4 40.5 41.0 41.7 42.3 42.3 43.8 40.9 41.9 41.9 39.9 N on d u ra b le g ood s ___ _ ______ _______ F o o d and k in d red p rod u cts_________ T o b a c co m anufactures_____ __ ... T extile m ill p r o d u c ts .- . . A p p a rel and other textile p ro d u cts______ _ P aper and allied p rod u cts______ _ _ _ ____________ P rin tin g and p u b lish in g____ . . . . ___ C h em icals and allied p rod u cts___________ ___________ P etroleu m and coal p ro d u c ts . ________ R u b b e r and plastics produ cts, n e c ___ L eath er and leather p rod u cts____ __ 40.0 40.5 39.0 41.4 36.4 42.9 38.3 41.8 42.8 42.0 39.3 39.7 40.7 38.9 41.3 35.8 42.8 38.0 41.5 43.2 41.9 38.7 39.9 41.0 38.0 41.4 36.3 42.8 38.3 41.5 42.4 41.9 38.9 39.7 40.8 38.9 41.0 35.8 42.6 38.3 41.5 43.1 42.0 38.3 39.6 40.6 38.4 40.6 35.9 42.7 38.3 41.5 42.8 40.6 38.4 39.5 41.0 39.0 40.4 35.7 42.6 38.3 41.3 42.6 41.2 37.9 39.5 40.6 38.3 40.5 35.9 42.5 38.3 41.2 42.6 40.9 37.7 39.8 40.8 39.4 40.8 36.2 42.5 38.6 41.5 42.6 41.1 37.7 39.5 41.1 38.2 40.2 35.5 42.8 38.5 41.6 43.0 41.0 37.0 39.5 41.0 38,2 40.2 35.6 42.8 38.6 41.4 42.6 40.9 37.1 40.0 41.1 38.7 40.9 36.6 43.2 38.8 41.8 42.0 41.5 38.3 39.9 41.0 39.0 40.9 36.4 43.1 38.6 41.9 42.4 41.4 38.0 40.2 41.1 ¿8.6 41.2 36.5 43.3 39.0 42.1 42.5 41.9 38.6 36.6 40.4 35.2 36.3 40.3 35.1 36.7 40.3 35.4 36.7 40.5 35.5 36.7 40.5 35.4 36.7 40.5 35.4 36.3 40.3 35.2 36.4 •40.4 35.1 36.6 40.5 35.3 36.6 40.5 35.3 36.8 40.7 35.5 36.7 40. 6 35. 6 36.9 40.6 35.6 M i n i n g - - ___ __ ____ _ _ ___ ____ _______________ C on tract con stru ction ______________ _____ _________ W holesale and retail tra d e. W holesale trade__________ R etail tra d e. __ ____ __________ For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-10. Preliminary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis _ _ _ _ _ N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in appendix A. B L S Handbook o f Methods for Surveys and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458,1966). 114 M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 T able C-4. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by major industry group 1 1967 1966 Annual average Major industry group Manufacturing____________________________ N ov.2 Oct .2 Sept.2 Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1966 $2.73 $2.71 $2.71 $2. 71 $2. 70 $2.70 $2.69 $2.68 $2.67 $2.65 $2.64 $2.59 $2.51 2.88 3.09 2.29 2.23 2.68 3.20 2.83 3.02 2.71 3.27 2. 74 2.27 2.87 3.07 2.25 2.24 2.68 3.19 2.84 3.01 2.69 3.27 2.73 2.26 2.86 3.08 2.24 2.22 2.67 3.18 2.83 3.00 2.67 3.26 2.71 2.26 2.85 3.08 2.21 2.21 2. 66 3.18 2.81 2.99 2.65 3.26 2.69 2.27 2.84 3.08 2.21 2.19 2.66 3.16 2.81 2.98 2.64 3.25 2.69 2.26 2.84 3.08 2.18 2.18 2.65 3.16 2.80 2.98 2.61 3.26 2.67 2.25 2.82 3.08 2.18 2.16 2.64 3.15 2.79 2.96 2.60 3.25 2.66 2.21 2.80 3.06 2.19 2.15 2.64 3.16 2.77 2.95 2.58 3.22 2. 64 2.17 2. 76 3.05 2.15 2.11 2.59 3.13 2.73 2.90 2. 54 3.15 2.61 2.14 2.67 3.03 2.07 2.03 2. 49 3.04 2. 64 2.81 2.49 3.04 2.53 2.07 2. 46 2.51 2.32 1.94 1.98 2.70 2. 46 2.52 2.32 1.94 1.97 2.68 2.46 2.53 2.31 1.94 1.97 2. 67 2.45 2. 51 2.30 1.94 1.97 2.66 2.44 2.50 2.25 1.93 1.96 2. 66 2.42 2.48 2.17 1.93 1.91 2. 65 2. 40 2. 45 2.12 1.91 1.90 2. 64 2.39 2.42 2.08 1.91 1.89 2.63 2.35 2.40 2.15 1.87 1.85 2.59 2.27 2.33 2.06 1.78 1.80 2.50 $2. 77 $2.74 Durable goods__________________________ 2.94 Ordnance and accessories_____ ______ Lumber and wood products. _ ______ Furniture and fixtures________________ Stone, clay, and glass products________ Primary metal industries_____________ Fabricated metal products____________ Machinery, except electrical___________ Electrical equipment and supplies____ Transportation equipment____________ Instruments and related products_____ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. — 2.90 3.13 2. 33 2.28 2. 73 3. 25 2.86 3. 06 2. 73 3.31 2. 77 2.28 2.89 3.11 2.32 2.28 2. 71 3.25 2. 86 3.05 2.69 3. 29 2. 76 2. 26 2.88 3.10 2.30 2.24 2. 70 3.25 2. 84 3. 03 2. 70 3.28 2. 75 2. 26 2.88 3.10 2.30 2.23 2.69 3.22 2.84 3. 03 2.71 3.28 2.75 2.28 Nondurable goods______________________ Food and kindred products___ Tobacco manufactures. _____________ Textile mill products_____________ Apparel and other textile products.. Paper and allied products*.... Printing and publishing______________ Chemicals and allied products.. . . . Petroleum and coal products______ Rubber and plastics*products, nee. Leather and leather products.__ 2. 50 2.51 2.07 2.02 2.02 2. 75 2.50 2.50 2.12 2. 00 2.03 2. 75 2.47 2.49 2.20 1.95 2. 00 2.74 2.47 2.50 2. 33 1.94 1.98 2.73 2.52 ( 2) 3.04 3. 44 2. 70 2.04 (2) 3.03 3. 43 2. 68 2.04 ( 3) 3.01 3.41 2. 63 2. 02 1For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October 1967, see footnote 1, table A -9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-10. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived b y assuming that overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 3) 3.01 3. 45 2.52 2.00 ( 3) 2.99 3.42 2.52 2.02 ( 3) 2.97 3.44 2.52 2.02 ( 3) 2.94 3.43 2.61 2.02 ( 3) 2.94 3.43 2. 60 2.01 ( 3) 2.94 3.41 2.59 1.98 ( 3) 2.94 3.38 2.59 1.95 (3) 2.93 3.34 2.57 1.93 ( 3) 2.92 3.33 2.56 1.93 ( 3) 2.87 3.29 2.54 1.89 1965 ( 3) 2.79 3.18 2. 49 1.84 2Preliminary. 3N ot available because average overtime rates are significantly above time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods total has little effect. C.— EAR N IN G S AN D HOURS Table C-5. 115 Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1 1967 1966 Annual average Industry O V .2 Manufacturing__________ _______ _________ Durable goods_________________ ____ Nondurable goods__________________ 3.5 3.7 3.2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1966 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.7 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.2 2.9 3.2 3.4 3.0 3.2 3.4 2.9 3.4 3.7 3.0 3.7 4.1 3.3 3.9 4.3 3.4 3.9 4.3 3.4 3.6 3.9 3.2 4.0 4.0 3.3 4.1 3.9 4.1 3.6 3.0 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.5 3.2 4 5 3.9 4.4 2.6 3.7 2.5 6.8 4.4 4.2 3.4 4.9 4.0 4.2 4.1 3.4 3.7 3.6 3. 4 4.2 4.3 3.6 4.9 4.0 4.3 2.5 3.9 2.4 7.8 3.8 3.6 3.7 4.2 3.8 4.1 4.0 3.0 3.6 3.1 2.9 3.0 4.6 3.8 4.6 2.3 4.2 2.4 3.6 2.2 7.5 3.5 3.4 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.5 2.6 2.2 4.1 3.3 3.5 4.5 2.8 4.5 2.6 3.6 1.9 7.1 3.2 2.9 3.5 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.6 2.9 2.5 3.2 4.0 3.7 4.3 3.1 4.3 2.4 3.6 2.0 6.8 3.4 3.1 3.9 4.2 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.5 3.8 2.4 2.1 3.1 3.3 3.4 4.1 2.8 4.4 2.2 3.3 2.1 6.2 3.2 2.7 4.9 4.1 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.5 2.5 2.2 3.4 2.9 3.2 3.9 3.2 3.7 2.5 3.3 2.3 5.7 3.4 3.2 4.3 3.7 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.4 2.6 2.4 3.3 2.9 3.3 3.7 3.2 4.0 2.2 3.0 2.2 5.1 3.6 3.4 4.6 3.7 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.3 2.7 2.4 4.2 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.1 3.7 2.0 2.6 2.2 4.9 4.0 3.3 4.5 5.4 3.3 3.3 3.0 3.7 3.5 2.8 2.6 4.4 2.7 3.3 3.5 3.8 3.6 2.3 2.6 2.3 4.6 4.3 3.4 3.0 6.3 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.9 3.5 3.8 3.6 5.1 3.6 4.3 3.9 3.7 4.1 2.3 2.8 2.6 4.9 4.2 3.4 3.9 6.3 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.7 4.9 3.5 4.3 4.3 5.9 4.2 3.0 3.4 3.1 5.3 3.9 3.2 3.4 5.4 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.6 4.7 4.2 4.2 4.5 4.3 4.2 2.8 3.6 2.5 6.3 3.0 3.1 1.6 2.9 3.8 3.7 4.0 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 4.2 4.1 4.0 2.2 3.6 2.2 6.2 3.5 3.1 2.1 4.2 4.5 4.2 3.4 3.5 3.9 4.3 3.6 3.2 3.8 5.0 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.2 4.2 4.1 2.4 3.3 5.8 3.9 3.8 3.0 3.1 5.4 2.7 3.8 3.3 2.3 4.4 4.6 4.2 3.5 4.0 4.2 4.9 3.8 3.2 4.1 5.3 5.0 4.0 3.6 3.6 4. 2 4.7 2.5 3.5 5.9 4.0 3.9 2.9 3.5 5.3 2.7 3.6 3.0 1.9 4.2 4.6 3.7 3.4 4.3 3.8 4.7 3.3 2.6 3.9 4.8 4.2 4.0 3.3 3.2 4.0 4.0 2.3 3.4 5.7 3.6 3.9 3.1 2.6 5.4 2.4 3.4 3.0 2.2 3.8 3.7 4.0 2.9 4.1 3.6 5.3 2.4 2.3 3.5 4.5 4.3 3.6 3.2 3.0 4.0 3.6 2.1 3.3 6.0 3.7 3.7 2.6 3.2 5.2 2.2 3.4 3.1 1.9 4.6 4.1 4.2 3.4 4.5 3.8 4.7 2.7 2.7 3.7 5.0 4.5 3.9 3.4 3.2 4.2 3.7 2.6 3.1 6.4 4.2 4.1 2.3 3.1 5.5 2.4 3.3 2.8 1.8 3.7 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.8 3.7 5.0 2.8 2.1 3.6 4.9 4.5 3.8 3.2 3.3 4.3 4.1 3.1 3.2 6.'5 4.3 4.2 2.3 3.1 5.3 2.2 3.3 2.8 1.8 3.8 3.9 4.1 3.0 4:2 3.5 4.9 2.8 2.0 3.4 5.0 3.8 3.8 3.2 3.1 4.5 4.0 3.4 3.2 7.0 4.8 4.2 2.8 2.5 5.3 2.1 3.2 3.3 2.3 4.0 3.9 4.7 3.2 5.2 3.7 4.1 3.1 2.2 3.5 5.9 3.4 4.2 3.6 3.6 4.8 5.1 4.1 3.4 7.3 5.0 4.5 3.2 3.0 5.5 2.4 3.0 3.4 2.2 4.4 3.8 5.2 3.6 5.3 3.7 3.5 3.1 2.0 3.6 6.5 3.5 4.0 3.6 3.6 5.0 4.7 4.5 3.6 7.6 5.2 4.6 3.2 2.9 6.0 2.5 3.1 3.7 2.4 4.9 4.1 5.3 4.3 5.4 3.9 3.2 3.2 2.1 3.8 6.7 3.9 4.4 3.9 3.7 5.2 4.5 4.2 3.6 7.7 5.4 5.1 3.6 2.5 6.4 2.8 3.7 3.8 2.1 5.4 4.0 5.8 4.7 5.6 4.3 3.1 3.4 2.6 4.5 7.1 4.3 4.9 4.0 3,9 5.6 6.7 3.6 4.2 7.9 6.0 5.6 3.9 3.4 6.4 3.3 3.9 4.0 2.4 5.4 4.2 6.1 4.9 6.5 4.5 3.7 3.5 2.6 4.4 7.2 5.3 4.7 4.5 4.1 5.4 4.9 3.1 4.7 7.6 5.8 5.5 3.8 3.6 6.5 3.3 4.1 4.0 2.7 5.3 3.9 6.0 4.7 5.9 4.5 4.4 3.5 2.7 4.1 6.9 5.3 4.9 4.3 4.2 5.5 5.4 3.8 4.9 7.8 5.6 5.5 4.0 3.4 6.3 3.3 3.5 3.8 2.8 5.5 3.5 5.1 3.9 5.2 4.0 4.5 3.4 2.3 3.6 5.4 5.3 4.3 3.8 3.5 4.6 4.1 2.9 4.2 6.7 4.8 4.4 3.4 2.9 5.4 2.8 3.3 2.7 3.3 2.3 2.7 3.0 2.2 2.9 4.3 4. 6 4.3 3.5 1.9 3.9 3.0 4.1 3.4 3.0 3.1 2.3 2.7 2.9 2.0 2.8 4.7 5.3 4.8 3.2 1.8 3.9 3.1 4.0 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.5 1.7 2.6 4.2 4.4 4.7 3.0 1.9 3.9 2.7 3.6 3.0 2.7 2.9 1.8 1.6 2.3 1.8 2.2 3.9 3.7 4.4 3.4 2.0 3.2 2.9 4.1 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.1 1.6 2.7 1.9 2.3 3.5 3.4 3.8 3.4 2.2 3.7 3.0 4.7 2.9 2.8 2.2 2.1 1.0 2.6 1.7 1.9 3.6 3.2 4.2 3.5 2.3 3.2 3.0 4.5 3.1 3.1 1.7 2.1 .5 2.5 1.7 1.8 3.1 2.2 4.2 3.6 2.1 2.8 3.0 4.9 3.6 3.3 1.8 2.2 1.3 2.9 1.9 2.2 2.9 1.7 4.4 3.6 2.3 2.3 3.2 4.9 3.4 3.5 1.8 2.3 1.2 3.1 2.3 2.0 3.1 2.2 4.4 3.2 3.6 1.8 3.1 4.3 3.5 3.7 1.9 2.7 1.7 3.2 2.6 3.0 3.5 2.9 4.4 3.9 3.7 1.6 3.3 4.1 4.2 4.0 2.5 2.9 2.7 3.7 2.9 3.8 4.1 4.1 4.5 4.2 3.7 1.9 3.8 4.7 3.9 4.0 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.3 2.7 4.1 4.8 5.0 5.1 3.9 3.4 2.1 3.8 4.3 3.8 4.4 3.4 3.0 2.8 3.3 3.0 3.3 4.7 4.9 5.0 4.0 3.3 2.7 3.7 4.3 3.0 3.5 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.7 2.4 3.2 4.8 6.2 3.3 3.4 2.6 2.9 3.0 3.4 2.9 2.6 1.8 2.2 3.6 2.4 2.9 4.1 2.9 2.0 2.7 2.7 2.3 3.1 2.8 2.1 2.4 3.6 2.3 2.8 4.2 3.0 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.7 1.9 2.2 3.3 1.8 2.6 3.4 2.8 1.8 2.5 2.3 1.5 2.5 2.6 2.0 2.5 3.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.6 1.9 1.4 2.4 2.9 2.1 2.4 3.5 1.8 2.4 3.2 2.5 1.7 2.6 2.3 1.7 2.7 2.6 1.9 2.4 3.4 1.6 2.4 3.6 2.3 2.0 2.4 2.2 1.7 2.3 2.8 2.1 2.3 3.7 1.6 2.4 3.6 2.4 1.9 2.4 2.1 1.6 2.9 2.9 2.1 2.2 4.0 2.3 2.6 3.7 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.5 2.4 2.6 3.0 2.3 2.3 4.1 2.2 2.5 3.1 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.2 3.4 3.0 2.2 2.2 4.0 2.5 2.5 3.4 2.3 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.3 4.1 3.1 2,4 2.6 4.4 2.8 2.9 4.8 2.4 3.1 2.7 2.6 3.5 4.1 3.1 2.7 2.8 4.5 2.8 3.1 4.9 2.8 3.2 2.9 2.9 3.9 4.1 3.2 2.7 2.7 4.6 2.6 3.0 4.3 2.7 2.5 2.9 2.9 3.2 2.9 2.8 2.4 2.1 4.1 2.4 2.7 3.6 2.6 2.3 2.5 2.7 3.0 1965 Durable goods Ordnance and accessories_______________ Ammunition, except for small arms___ Sighting and fire control equipment— Other ordnance and accessories________ Lumber and wood products____________ Sawmills and planing m ills___________ Millwork, plywood, & related products. Wooden con tainers___________________ Miscellaneous w ood products__________ Furniture and fixtures__________________ Household furniture_____ ____________ Office furniture_______________________ Partitions and fixtures______ ______ _ Other furniture and fixtures__________ Stone, clay, and glass products__________ Flat glass_____________________________ Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n .. Cement, hydraulic_______________ ____ Structural clay products______________ Pottery and related products_________ Concrete, gypsum , and plaster products. Other stone & nonmetallic mineral products___________________________ Primary metal industries_______________ Blast furnace and basic steel products.. Iron and steel fou n dries...____ _______ Nonferrous metals_____ ______ _______ Nonferrous rolling and drawing_______ Nonferrous foundries__________________ Miscellaneous primary metal products. Fabricated metal products______________ Metal cans____________________________ Cutlery, handtools, and hardware_____ Plumbing and heating, except electric.. Fabricated structural metal products. . Screw machine products, bolts, etc____ Metal stampings______________________ Metal services, nec____________________ Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.. Miscellaneous fabricated metal products. Machinery, except electrical_____________ Engines and turbines_________________ Farm machinery______________________ Construction and related m achinery._. Metal working machinery_____________ Special industry machinery___________ General industrial machinery_________ Office and computing m a ch in es...____ Service industry machines____________ Miscellaneous machinery, except electrical Electrical equipment and supplies______ Electrical test & distributing equip m ent________________ ______________ Electrical industrial apparatus________ Household amffiances_________________ Electric lighting and wiring equipment, Radio and T V receiving equipment___ Communication equipment___________ Electronic components and accessories. . Misc. electrical equipment & supplies.. Transportation equipment______________ Motor vehicles and equipment________ Aircraft and p a rts.______ ____________ Ship and boat building and repairing. _ R ailro ad equipm ent. . . . ______ _____ Other transportation equipment______ Instruments and related p roducts_______ Engineering & scientific instrum ents... Mechanical measuring & control de vices________________________________ Optical and ophthalmic goods_________ Ophthalmic goods__________ ____ _ Medical instruments and supplies_____ Photographic equipment and supplies.. Watches, clocks, and w a tchcases_____ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. Jewelry, silverware, and plated w a re... T oys and sporting goods______________ Pens, pencils, office and art supplies__ Costume Jewelry and n otion s............... Other manufacturing industries........... Musical instruments and parts______ See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis _____ _____ _____ — M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 116 T able C-5. Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1— Continued Annual average 1966 1967 Industry N ov. Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1966 1965 4.2 4.6 4.2 3.4 7.9 3.6 3.8 3.4 3.9 4.5 1.7 4.3 4.7 4.7 3.2 7.6 3.9 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.7 3.2 3.9 4.2 4.0 3.0 3.6 3.7 3.7 2.7 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.8 4.2 3.6 2.9 3.8 4.1 3.6 4.4 1.3 4.0 5.1 3.7 2.9 6.7 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.5 4.7 1.9 4.0 4.3 3.7 3.1 3.8 3.5 2.7 3.7 4.5 1.7 3.8 4.8 3.4 2.9 7.0 2.9 3.0 4.0 5.1 3.5 2.9 3.8 3.6 3.6 4.0 3.9 2.3 5.7 3.0 3.6 3.3 3.7 3.2 3.6 4.9 3.5 3.9 2.7 3.8 4.4 1.4 1.7 3.3 4.0 2.4 3.3 4.3 Nondurable goods Canned, cured, and frozen foods. _ ----- Confectionery and related products___ Mise, foods and kindred products-------- 4.1 4.7 3.8 3.2 7.7 3.6 3.9 2.9 3.2 4.6 2.1 1.2 2.1 4.2 4.5 4.9 4.7 3.7 2.7 5.5 6.1 4.2 4.7 1.4 1. 6 Women’s and children’s undergarments. Children’s outerwear. . ___ 1.2 1.1 1.5 .9 1.1 1.8 2.5 5.3 Paperboard mills . . . . . _ _ _____ Mise, converted paper products_______ Printing and publishing __________ . Newspapers________ _ _ . _ . Periodicals____________________________ B o ok s.. _________ ______ _ ________ Commercial printing _______________ Other publishing & printing in d . ____ Chemicals and allied products. ___ _ . ________ Industrial chemicals. Plastics materials and synthetics. . . Drugs________________________________ Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods ______ Paints and allied products. __________ Agricultural chemicals________________ Other chemicals products_____________ Petroleum and coal products____________ Petroleum refining____________________ Other petroleum and coal products____ Rubber and plastics products, nec______ Tires and inner tubes_____ ____ ____ Other rubber products________________ Miscellaneous plastics products. _____ Leather and leather products____ Leather tanning and finishing_________ Footwear, except rubber...................... . Other leather products............................. Handbags and personal leather goods. 6.0 7.7 3.8 5.0 3.2 2.7 4.6 2.2 3.7 2.5 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.8 2.4 3.1 3.2 3.7 3.0 4.3 3.2 8.2 4.7 8.9 3.9 3.5 2.0 1.8 2.0 3.9 1.9 4.7 5.5 4.1 4.3 7.7 3.9 4.3 3.7 3.5 4.8 2.3 1.5 2.5 4.1 4.3 4.8 4.7 3.0 2. 7 5.3 5.9 4.1 5.0 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.1 1.2 1.7 2.9 5.5 6.5 7.4 3.9 5.1 3.4 2.9 5.2 2.4 4.1 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 2.7 2.4 3.3 3.6 4.0 3.3 4.3 3.0 8.7 4.9 8.9 4.1 3.9 2.0 3.9 1.7 2.1 2.2 1.8 1.0 3.9 4.2 4.3 5.0 3.1 2.7 4.3 6.0 3.6 4.2 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.4 2.5 5.0 6.0 7.2 3.5 4.5 3.1 2.5 4.4 3.5 3.5 2.6 3.1 2.9 3.1 2.9 2.1 3.1 3.1 3.4 2.9 3.8 2.5 8.1 4.5 7.6 3.9 3.7 2.1 2.0 2.0 3.3 1.9 1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October 1967, see footnote 1, table A -9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-10. These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related workers during the pay period which includes the 12th of the month. Over time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.8 6.1 2.8 4.4 4.5 2.4 3.9 4.9 4.8 3.3 3.5 3.6 4.9 2.7 3.5 3.9 3.2 4.5 3.0 2.3 5.5 4.9 3.4 3.7 .6 2.2 3.8 5.0 2.9 3.4 1.2 .8 .9 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.6 5.1 6.5 7.0 3.7 4.2 3.0 2.4 4.2 3.2 3.3 2.0 2.9 3.0 3.3 2.8 2.3 3.1 2.9 3.7 3.0 4.0 3.0 7.3 3.2 4.6 2.8 1.8 3.0 1.6 1.9 1.8 3.2 2.2 3.3 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.7 4.9 5.9 7.1 3.5 4.2 3.0 2.9 3.3 3.0 3.2 2.1 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.8 2.1 2.7 3.2 3.6 3.4 3.7 2.8 6.8 3.9 6.7 3.3 3.7 1.8 3.8 1.5 1.9 1.6 6.0 2.2 1.1 3.5 4.1 3.6 4.4 3.1 2.1 5.2 4.3 3.3 3.6 1.2 1.6 .9 1.2 1.0 .8 1.1 1.1 1.8 4.6 5.8 6.1 2.2 1.8 2.5 .9 3.4 4.4 3.4 3.9 2.8 1.9 5.0 3.3 3.0 3.6 1.2 1.4 .9 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.5 4.6 5.8 6.6 6.0 3.1 3.7 2.8 1.8 .9 3.3 4.4 3.2 3.5 2.8 1.9 4.7 3.3 2.8 3.5 1.3 1.5 .9 1.4 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.9 2.5 6.6 2.6 3.3 1.6 3.8 1.3 1.5 1.4 2.8 3.0 1.4 3.5 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.8 4.4 3.5 3.3 4.2 1.3 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.1 3.7 3.8 3.0 6.0 2.4 2.7 3.1 4.8 3.2 3.5 3.0 5.5 3.2 4.3 2.8 1.2 1.5 1.0 3.6 3.5 4.6 3.5 4.0 3.5 1.5 5.0 3.8 4.9 3.8 2.5 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.4 2.8 1.8 4.6 2.9 1.1 1.1 .6 1.5 4.8 3.5 4.6 3.4 2.5 2.9 3.1 3.0 2.3 3.5 2.9 5.4 3.5 .7 3.3 4.6 3.2 3.6 2.9 3.0 4.2 1.7 4.8 6.9 3.6 3.8 3.4 8.2 1.0 2.6 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 3.2 3.7 3.2 2.6 5.8 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.1 4.3 .9 1.3 L-2 1.4 1.3 3.3 3.8 3.1 3.0 3.0 4.4 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.8 2.6 2.6 6.6 3.0 3.1 2.8 4.2 3.4 4.2 3.0 3.4 1.7 3.1 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.0 6.1 6.8 2.1 3.4 4.3 3.4 2.3 1.0 6.0 7.0 3.9 4.0 3.1 2.0 3.7 4.5 3.5 2.8 3.3 3.3 2.9 2.9 2.3 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.2 2.3 3.2 2.7 4.8 3.0 3.0 4.6 2.1 2.8 3.6 3.4 4.2 3.0 3.3 1.8 3.2 1.7 1.6 1.7 2.1 2.8 2.7 2.5 3.7 3.9 6.1 2.2 1.0 3.8 5.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 1.9 5.1 4.3 3.5 4.2 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.6 2.2 5.2 6.1 7.0 3.9 4. 6 3.7 3.4 3.4 4.4 4.0 2.7 3.5 3.1 3.3 2.9 3.1 2.8 2.4 4.2 3.3 3.0 2.6 4.4 4.2 6.6 6.6 1.2 1.2 1.2 4.2 5.3 4.5 3.9 4.1 2.3 5.2 5.1 4.0 5.0 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.9 1.3 1.3 1.8 2.5 5.5 6.3 7.5 4.3 5. 0 3.6 3.2 4.5 4.1 3.9 2.7 3.5 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.5 2.1 5.5 6.3 7.5 4.1 4.9 3.5 2.8 4.2 4.9 3.9 2.9 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.1 6.0 5.1 7.0 3.5 4.5 3.1 2.4 3.8 4.2 3.4 2.5 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.7 2.9 3.4 3.2 3.6 2.7 3.9 3.4 3.3 2.9 4.8 4.5 6.4 4.1 4.0 3.3 3.0 5.2 3.3 3.2 2.5 5.4 4.4 3.8 4.1 3.3 4.0 3.5 1.9 2.3 2.2 3.3 2.8 3.0 3.7 1.9 3.5 1.7 2.9 2.1 4.4 5.3 5.0 4.7 4.1 2.5 5.3 4.5 4.8 4.9 1.5 1.1 .8 1.3 4.2 4.8 5.3 4.4 3.6 2.5 4.6 5.1 4.7 4.3 1.4 1.5 3.3 3.6 3.6 2.1 1.1 6.6 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.6 6.8 2.1 1.6 2.8 2.8 6.2 2.1 2.6 2.5 2.7 4.9 3.0 2.8 2.1 5.5 6.1 1.8 1.6 2.0 1.9 either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums were paid are excluded. 2 Preliminary. 117 C.— EAR N IN G S AND HOURS T able C-6. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities 1 [1957-59=100] 1967 1966 Annual average A ctivity N ov.2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1966 1965 Man-hours T o ta l.. . . . . ______ ____ _ ____ _ . Mining___________________________________ Contract construction__________ . . . . ___ Manufacturing . . ____ _ _ ______________ Durable g o o d s .. ___ . _______ __ Ordnance and accessories____________ Lumber and wood products____ _____ Furniture and fixtures. ___ __________ Stone, clay, and glass p r o d u c t s ...___ Primary metal industries. Fabricated metal products__________ _ Machinery, except electrical___________ Electrical equipment and supplies . . Transportation equipment. . _______ Instruments and related products. Misc. manufacturing industries________ 116.1 77.4 118.3 117.7 122.6 186.7 94.0 124.5 110. 0 104.7 123.8 134.8 143.7 122.3 130.4 116.5 115.3 77.9 122.6 115.9 119.1 184.2 94.9 125.6 108.8 102,4 121.7 131.1 141.3 111.2 128.6 116.9 116.8 79.1 127.1 116.8 120.0 184.8 95.2 124.3 110.1 104.6 123.1 135.9 138.3 111.6 128.8 115.4 116.5 81.1 130.1 115.7 118.9 179.5 95.7 123.0 111.2 106.3 123.2 134.9 138.7 105.4 128.5 112.7 113.8 84.3 127.8 112.7 117.3 174.1 95.0 116.3 109.7 107.3 120.0 134.9 133.8 106.5 126.4 104.6 114.8 83.0 120.2 115.4 121.0 171.5 97.1 120.5 109.6 110.2 124.8 138.2 134.6 115.0 129.1 110.4 111.7 80.0 110.4 113.5 119.9 171.6 91.6 117.3 106.0 109.1 122.3 138.5 136.1 115.3 128.0 108.6 110.5 79.2 104.7 113.2 119.1 169.5 90.8 117.7 104.5 108.7 121.3 140.4 136.4 111.0 129.4 107.5 110.2 77.1 97.1 114.3 120.6 170.4 90.1 120.1 102.5 111.3 122.0 142.2 141.4 112.1 130.6 106.0 109.4 76.7 92.5 114.1 120.5 168.6 88.4 121.1 100.1 112.5 122.5 141.6 143.2 112.1 128.7 103.7 112.3 79.1 99.1 116.4 123.4 168.1 89.4 123.1 103.0 116.0 125.6 143.5 147.3 116.0 131.0 105.2 116.2 81.4 107.4 119.6 126.6 164.8 90.7 130.6 106.9 115.4 129.4 144.6 151.3 122.3 133.1 112.1 117.6 81.1 111.9 120.5 127.3 161.9 93.3 131.3 110.1 116.5 129.7 141.1 152.1 123.0 131.7 121.9 115.9 82.2 114.7 117.8 124.2 144.9 97.4 127.7 111.2 116.9 126.1 139.0 145.8 116.7 127.7 113.4 109.3 83.0 110.5 110.4 114.3 113.3 97.0 119.5 108.3 113.3 117.2 123.6 125.7 107.1 112.7 109.4 Nondurable g o o d s .. _ _ _________ __ F ood and kindred products___________ Tobacco manufactures _______________ Textile mill products_________ _____ Apparel and other textile products . . . Paper and allied products_____________ Printing and publishing.. ._ __ _ _. Chemicals and allied products. . Petroleum and coal products . R ubber and plastics products, nec____ Leather and leather products________ 111.3 98.9 102.2 105.4 118.1 117.7 118.5 118.7 85.0 154.4 97.9 111.6 103.2 107.0 104.7 116.5 117.2 117.9 117.7 86.8 152.8 94.8 112.7 108.2 101.0 103.7 117.1 117.5 118.8 117.4 87.3 152.4 94.8 111.6 103.4 92.8 102.8 118.5 118.4 118.9 117.6 87.1 148.7 97.0 106.8 99.6 75.7 98.4 111.3 116.6 117.9 117.3 87.4 125.0 94.0 108.0 96.2 77.1 102.2 116.2 118.0 118.6 117.4 85.7 130.9 95.2 105.2 91.0 73.0 100.0 115.3 113.1 118.0 116.7 83.1 126.3 91.3 105.4 88.6 74.6 99.5 114.7 112.7 118.5 118.7 82.3 143.1 89.4 106.1 89.5 74.2 99.9 116.6 114.0 119.3 116.6 79.5 144.1 92.0 105.7 88.8 76.2 99.4 117.1 112.9 117.4 115.2 78.6 144.5 95.0 107.3 91.4 87.8 101.3 116.9 114.1 117.2 115.5 77.5 149.4 98.2 110.4 96.6 98.9 103.9 118.6 116.9 119.9 117.1 80.1 153.2 100.2 111.7 99.9 93.3 105.4 120.5 117.8 118.6 117.5 81.7 153.4 99.8 109.5 96.2 84.6 106.0 118.7 115.0 115.8 115.9 81.0 146.8 100.6 105.3 94.4 86.4 102.0 115.1 109.6 110.0 110.2 78.7 135.2 96.9 97.7 137.2 151.1 97.1 131.3 150.4 100.4 141.0 153.1 102.6 151.7 156.9 101.6 157.0 157.4 100.8 157.6 151.4 97.1 144.6 136.6 Payrolls M in in g .. Contract construction Manufacturing. . . 100.2 176.1 160.6 101.2 182.7 156.4 102.8 188.3 157.6 104.1 188.9 154.5 108.9 184.7 150.5 1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October 1967, see footnote 1, table A-9. For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 106.2 171.1 153.8 101.8 157.3 150.9 101.0 147.9 149.9 workers and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined in footnote 1, table A-10. 2Preliminary. 118 M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 D.— Consumer and Wholesale Prices T able D - l . Consumer Price Index 1—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers, all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items [1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified] 1967 1966 Annual average Group N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay A pr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1966 1965 All items . . . -----------------------------------------All items (1947-49 = 100)___________________ 117.8 144.5 117.5 144.2 117.1 143.7 116.9 143.4 116.5 142.9 116.0 142.3 115. 6 141.8, 115.3 141.5 115.0 141.1 114.8 140.9 114.7 140.7 114.7 140.7 114.6 140.6 113.1 138.8 109.9 134.8 F ood ---------------- -------------------------------------Food at hom e.. _______ . . ____ Cereals and bakery products________ Meats, poultry, arid fish_____ ____ . Dairy products____________ _ _____ Fruits and vegetables _ _ _ ___ _ Other foods at home 2_____ _________ . Food away from hom e. ____ __________ 115.6 112.3 118.4 111.4 117.8 116.7 101.5 132.0 115.7 112.6 118.2 112.3 117.9 115.3 102.3 131.4 115.9 112.9 118.4 113.4 117.3 115.6 102.4 130.8 116.6 113.9 118.4 113.1 116.6 122.7 102.6 130.3 116. 0 113.3 118.2 112.3 116.4 124.4 100.2 129.7 115.1 112.3 118.3 111.6 116.3 119.9 100.0 129.1 113.9 110.9 118.8 108.5 115.9 116.4 100.7 128.7 113.7 110.8 118.5 109.0 115.7 114.2 101.4 128.3 114.2 111.5 118.6 110.0 115.7 115.2 102.3 127.7 114.2 111.7 118.5 110.7 116.1 114.2 102.5 127.4 114.7 112.3 118.8 110.3 116.4 115.3 104.9 127.0 114.8 112.6 118.8 110.9 116.5 114.3 105.7 126.3 114.8 112.8 118.6 111.8 116.7 114.9 104.8 125.7 114.2 112.6 115.8 114.1 111.8 117.6 103.9 123.2 108.8 107.2 111.2 105.1 105.0 115.2 101.8 117.8 H ousing.. ______________________________ . . . . . ----------------Shelter 3__ _ R ent------ ---------------- -------------------- . Homeownership 4__ . Fuel and utilities 5. _____________ . . Fuel oil and coal........ . . . _____ Gas and electricity... . . . ____ . Household furnishings and operation 6___ 115.5 119.4 113.2 121. 9 109.3 112.7 109.0 109.3 115.3 119.0 113.0 121.5 109.4 112.5 108.9 109.1 115.0 118.7 112.8 121.1 109.4 112.3 108.9 108.8 114.7 118.4 112.6 120.8 109.1 111.7 108.5 108.3 114.3 117.9 112.4 120.2 108.9 111.4 108.3 108.2 114.1 117.7 112.2 119.9 108.6 110.5 108.2 108.1 113.9 117.5 112.1 119.7 108.7 110.8 108.3 107.9 113.6 116.9 111.9 119.0 108.8 111.0 108.4 107.7 113.3 116.6 111.8 118.6 108.7 111.1 108.3 107.3 113.3 116.8 111.7 118.9 108.7 111.1 108.3 107.0 113.1 116.5 111.4 118.7 108.6 110.5 108.3 106.7 113.0 116.4 111.3 118. 6 108.4 110.2 107.9 106.7 112.6 115.8 111.2 117.8 108.3 108.9 108.1 106.5 111.1 114.1 110.4 115.7 107.7 108.3 108.1 105.0 108.5 110.6 108.9 111.4 107.2 105.6 107.8 103.1 Apparel and upkeep 7____ . . . . . . ______ M en’s and boys’ ___________ ______ ____ W om en’s and girls’ ____ Footwear_________________ . . . _______ . 116.6 116.6 113.5 127.6 116.0 116.1 112.7 127.1 115.1 115.5 111.1 126.4 113.8 114.5 108.8 126.0 113.7 113.9 109.2 125.4 113.9 114.1 109.7 125.4 113.8 114.0 109.6 125.2 113.0 113.5 108.4 124.9 112.6 112.7 108.2 124.2 111.9 111.8 107.3 123.4 111.3 111.6 106.4 122.9 112.3 112.6 108,1 122.9 112.0 112.4 107.8 122.8 109.6 110. 3 105.1 119.6 106.8 107.4 103.1 112.9 Transportation Private__ _ . Public________ 118.3 116.2 134.6 117.7 115.7 133.0 116.8 114.8 133.0 116.4 114.4 132.8 116.2 114.1 132.7 115.7 113.7 132.2 115.5 113.6 130.9 115.1 113.2 130.6 114.2 112.2 13C.5 113.8 111.8 130.0 113.4 111.4 129.8 113.8 111.7 129.8 114.5 112.6 129.6 112.7 111.0 125.8 111.1 109.7 121.4 . ______ _ . 126.2 139.7 116.9 122.0 121.0 125.5 139.0 116.5 121.4 120.3 124.9 138.5 116.4 120.5 119.7 124.2 137.5 116.1 120.0 118.8 123.6 136.9 115.5 119.8 117.8 123.2 136.3 115.3 119.7 116.9 122.8 135.7 115.0 119.6 116.7 122.6 135.1 114.9 119.4 116.6 122.2 134.6 114.4 118.9 116.4 121.8 133.6 114.1 118.6 116.3 121.4 132.9 113.8 118.5 116.2 121.0 131.9 113.7 118.4 115.9 120.8 131.3 113.4 118.3 116.0 119.0 127.7 112.2 117. 1 114.9 115.6 122.3 109.9 115.2 111.4 Special groups: All items less shelter______ ____________ . . . ._ ___ A ll items less food . ----A ll items less medical care . _ . ______ 117. 5 118.7 116.5 117.1 118.2 116.2 116.7 117.7 115.8 116.5 117.1 115.6 116.1 116.8 115.2 115.6 116.5 114.8 115.1 116.3 114.4 114.8 115.9 114.1 114. 6 115.4 113.8 114.3 115.2 113.7 114.2 114.8 113.6 114.3 114.9 113.7 114.4 114.8 113.6 112.9 113.0 112.3 109.6 110.4 109.1 Comm odities___ _____ . . . _ . . . . . . _ _. Non durables2____ _ . . . . . ............. Durables i°__ _______ . . . ____ _______ Services u 12 ____ ___________ ____ _______ 112.6 115. 3 106.0 129.6 112.4 115.1 105.7 129.1 112.0 114.9 104.8 128.7 111.9 114.8 104.7 128.2 111.5 114.3 104.4 127.7 111.0 113.8 104.1 127.4 110.5 113.2 103.9 127.0 110.2 113.0 103.4 126.6 110.0 112.9 102.9 126.3 109.9 112.7 102.8 125.9 109.9 112.7 102.7 125.5 110.1 113.0 103.1 125.2 110.2 112.9 103.5 124.7 109.2 111.8 102.7 122.3 106.4 107.9 102.6 117.8 Commodities less food _ -------Nondurables less fo o d . . . . ------Apparel com m odities___ __ . _______ Apparel commodities less footwear . Nondurables less food and apparel____ New ca rs .. . . . . . . ... __ ___ Used cars . . . . ___ _ . . . . . . _ Household durables 1 3 ____ ___ ________ Housefurnishings_______ ______________ 111. 1 115.2 115.7 113.4 114.8 101.4 125.6 98.8 101.8 110.6 114.5 115.1 112.7 114.2 101.1 126.0 98.7 101.5 110.0 114.1 114.1 111.7 114.1 96.1 126.2 98.4 101.2 109.4 113.2 112.7 110.0 113.4 96.9 125.2 98.2 100.8 109.1 112.8 112.6 110.0 113.0 97.0 124.8 98.1 100.8 108.9 112.7 112.8 110.3 112.7 96.8 122.4 98.0 100.7 108.7 112.7 112.7 110.2 112.6 96.9 121.4 98.1 100.6 108.4 112.4 111.9 109.4 112.7 97.0 118.8 98.0 100.6 107.8 111.8 111.5 109.0 112.0 97.2 115.9 97.8 100.3 107.6 111.5 110.7 108.2 111.9 97.3 114.0 97.7 100.0 107.3 111.0 110.1 107.6 111.6 97.6 113.0 97.6 99.7 107.7 111.4 111.2 108.8 111.6 98.6 114.2 97.7 100.0 107.8 111.3 110.9 108.6 111.5 99.3 119.3 97.6 99.9 106.5 109.7 108.5 106.3 110.3 97.2 117.8 96.8 98.8 105.1 107.2 105.8 104.4 108.0 99.0 120.8 96.9 97.9 Services less re n t11____ ............ Household services less rent __ Transportation services___ . __ ... . . . . . _____ Medical care services_____ Other services 14________________________ 133.2 128.6 130.0 149.6 133.9 132.7 128.4 129.2 148.7 133.1 132.3 128.1 128.9 148.0 132.4 131.7 127. 5 128.8 146.7 131.9 131.2 127.0 128.3 146.0 131.6 130.8 126.7 128.1 145.2 131.3 130.4 126.5 127.7 144.4 130.8 130.0 126.0 127.6 143.6 130.3 129.5 125.6 127.4 142.9 129.7 129.2 125.5 127.2 141.6 129.4 128.8 125.1 126.9 140.6 129.1 128.3 124.9 126.5 139.4 128.9 127.7 124.2 126.1 138.6 128.5 125.0 121.5 124.3 133.9 126.5 120.0 117.0 119.3 127.1 121.8 __ _____ . . . . . -------------------------- --- Health and recreation.. . _ _____ ____ Medical care. . . . _____ _ . . . Personal care. - - - - - - - . . . . ._ Other goods and services 8 ... ._ 1 The C P I measures the average change in prices of goods and services purchased b y urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families. Beginning January 1964, the index structure was revised to reflect buying patterns of wage earners and clerical workers in the 1960’s. The indexes shown here are based on expenditures of all urban wage-earner and clerical-worker consumers, including single workers living alone, as well as families of two or more persons. 2 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, nonalcoholic beverages, and prepared and partially prepared foods. 3 Also includes hotel and motel room rates not shown separately. 4 Includes home purchase, mortgage interest, taxes, insurance, and main tenance and repairs. 5 Also includes telephone, water, and sewerage service not shown separately. 6 Includes housefurnishings and housekeeping supplies and services. 7 Includes dry cleaning and laundry of apparel, infants’ wear, sewing materials, jewelry, and miscellaneous apparel, not shown separately. 8 Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and funeral, legal, and bank service charges. » Includes foods, paint, furnace filters, shrubbery, fuel oil, coal, household textiles, housekeeping supplies, apparel, gasoline and motor oil, drugs and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis pharmaceuticals, toilet goods, nondurable recreational goods, newspapers, magazines, books, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages. 10Includes home purchase, which was classified under services prior to 1964, building materials, furniture and bedding, floor coverings, household appliances, dinnerware, tableware, cleaning equipment, power tools, lamps, Venetian blinds, hardware, automobiles, tires, radios, television sets, tape recorders, durable toys, and sports equipment. 11 Excludes home purchase costs which were classified under this heading prior to 1964. is Includes rent, mortgage interest, taxes and insurance on real property, home maintenance and repair services, gas, electricity, telephone, water, sewerage service, household help, postage, laundry and dry cleaning, furni ture and apparel repair and upkeep, moving, auto repairs, auto insurance, registration and license fees, parking and garage rent, local transit, taxicab, airplane, train, and bus fares, professional medical services, hospital services, health insurance, barber and beauty shop services,_movies, fees for sports, television repairs, and funeral, bank, and legal services. is Does not include auto parts,durable toys, and sports equipment. 14 Includes the services components of apparel, personal care, reading and recreation, and other goods and services. D.— CONSUMER AN D W H O L E SA L E PRICES T able 119 D -2. Consumer Price Index 1— U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers, selected groups, subgroups, and special groups of items, seasonally adjusted 2 [1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified] 1967 Group 1966 N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. F ood_____ ______ ____ ____________ _________________ Food at h o m e ... __ ____ __ __ _____ Meats, poultry, and fish___ _ _ __ ___ _ ________ Dairy products_______ ____ ___________ ______ ____ Fruits and vegetables___________ __ __________ ___ Other foods at h om e........... ___ _ _ ___ _ ____ 116.1 112.9 111.3 117.0 121.1 100.9 115.8 112.7 111.2 117.3 120.5 101.1 115.6 112.5 111.1 117.1 119.7 101.3 115.8 112.9 112.1 116.6 120.6 102.5 115.0 112.0 112.2 117. 0 116.0 101.1 115.3 112.6 113.1 117.4 115.1 101.6 114.5 111. 5 110.3 116.6 113.5 101.7 113.9 110.9 110.0 116.3 112.1 101.9 114.3 111.6 110.4 115.6 114.7 102.8 114. 0 111.4 110.4 115.9 114.4 102.3 114.9 112.5 110.4 115.8 118.5 104.4 115.3 113.1 111.3 115.9 117.6 104.9 115.3 113.4 111.5 116.1 119.6 104.1 Fuel and utilities 3___________ _ ____ _____ . . . ______ _ ________ ______ ____ Fuel oil and c o a l4_ ___ _ 109.1 112.1 109.4 112.8 109.5 113.8 109. 5 113.9 109.3 113.7 108.8 112.4 108.8 112.4 108.7 110.3 108.4 109.4 108.7 108.9 108.2 108.3 108.0 108.3 108.1 108.3 Apparel and upkeep 5_________________________________ __ M en’s and boys’ ___ _ _____ _ _ ______ ______ _ W om en’s and girls’_______ _ ______ __ _ ____ _ _ _ Footwear____ _____________________________________ _ . 115.9 115.7 112.3 127.2 115.4 115.6 111.5 126.8 114.9 115.3 110.7 126.5 114.3 115.0 109.6 126.3 114.2 114.4 109.7 125.8 113.9 114.2 109.8 125.3 113.7 114.0 109.6 125.2 113.1 113.6 108.7 124.8 112.9 113.2 108.6 124.3 112.3 112.2 107.9 123.5 111.9 111.9 107.5 123.0 111.7 111.9 107.1 122.5 111.3 111.7 107.5 122.3 __________ _________ _____________ Transportation___ __ Private____ _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . . _ ___ 117.8 115.6 117.3 115.4 117.0 115.1 116.3 114.3 116.0 113.9 115.9 113.8 115.6 113.7 115.3 113.4 114.5 • 114.3 112.7 112.2 113.2 111.3 113.3 111.4 114.0 112.0 Special groups: __________ __ ____ C om m odities6____ Nondurables___ _ _ _ ____ _ ___ _ __ _____ _ Durables67___ __________ _____ _ ______________ 112.5 115.4 105.6 112.3 115.0 105.5 112.0 114.7 105.1 111.8 114.6 104.9 111.3 113.7 104.4 111.1 113.9 104.1 110.6 113.4 103.9 110.3 113.1 103.4 110.1 113.0 103.0 110.0 112.7 103.0 110.1 112.9 102.7 110.1 113.1 102.9 110.1 112.9 103.1 Commodities less food 6___ _ _________________________ Nondurables less fo o d ... _ _ _ ____ _ _. _____ _ _. . Apparel commodities___ A’pparel commodities less footwear.______ _ ______ ______ New cars_______ ___ _ Used cars______ _____ _ __ Housefurnishings............... ... _ ___ 110.7 114.7 114.8 112.4 99.8 124.7 101.7 110.4 114.2 114.3 111.9 100.4 124.8 101.5 110.1 114.0 113.9 111.4 97.9 125.1 101.2 109.6 113.4 113.2 110.6 98.2 123.3 101.1 109.2 113.0 113.2 110.6 98.0 123.1 100.9 108.9 112.8 112.9 110.4 97.2 120.9 100.6 108.8 112.8 112. 6 110.2 97.1 121.9 100.5 108.4 112.5 112.1 109.6 96.8 119.4 100.4 108.0 112.0 111.9 109.4 97.1 117.9 100.2 107.9 111.8 111.3 108.9 96.9 117.2 100.2 107.4 111.1 110.8 108.4 96.9 115.1 100.0 107.4 111.1 110.5 108.0 97.5 114.0 100.0 107.4 111.0 110.0 107.6 97.7 118.0 99.8 1See footnote 1, table D -l. 2Beginning January 1966, seasonally adjusted national indexes were com puted for selected groups, subgroups, and special groups where there is a significant seasonal pattern of price change. Previously published indexes for the year 1965 have been adjusted. N o seasonally adjusted indexes will be shown for any of the individual metropolitan areas for which separate indexes are published. Previously, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has made available only seasonal factors, rather than seasonally adjusted indexes (e.g., Department of Labor Bulletin 1366, Seasonal Factors, Consumer Price Index: Selected Series'). The factors currently used were derived b y the BLS https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Seasonal Factor Method using data for 1956-66. These factors will be up dated at the end of each calendar year. A detailed description of the BLS Seasonal Factor Method is provided in appendix A , B L S Handbook of Meth ods for Surveys and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458, 1966). 3See footnote 5, table D -l. 4See footnote 6, table D -l. 5See footnote 8, table D -l. 6See footnote 10, table D -l. 7See footnote 12, table D -l. 120 T able M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 D -3. Consumer Price Index— U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical workers 1 [1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified] 1967 1966 A rea 2 N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Fob. Jan. Dec. N ov. Annual average 1966 1965 194749=100 N o v.' 1967 All items ___ 117.8 117.5 117.1 116.9 116.5 116.0 115.6 115.3 115.0 114.8 114.7 114.7 114.6 113.1 109.9 144.5 Atlanta, Ga. . . ____ . . . . Baltimore, M d . .. . . _________ , Boston, M ass______ _____ . . . . . . Buffalo, N .Y . (N ov. 1963=100)........ Chicago, 111.-Northwestern Ind ____ Cincinnati, Ohio-K entucky_______ (9 (9 (9 111.2 115.5 (9 (9 (9 120.8 (9 115.1 (9 115.6 117.6 (9 (9 115.0 114.7 (9 (9 (9 110.4 114.5 (9 (9 (9 119.9 (9 113.7 (9 114.8 115.7 (9 (9 112.9 113.1 (9 (9 (9 109.5 112.6 (9 (9 (9 118.8 (9 112.2 (9 114.0 114.8 (9 (9 112.3 111.6 (9 (9 (9 108.5 112.2 (9 (9 (9 118.6 (9 111.8 (9 113.3 114.5 (9 (9 112.2 111.2 (9 (9 (9 108.0 111.9 (9 111.5 113.4 117.0 107.0 110.7 110.3 108.1 109.6 113.2 103.5 107.6 107.2 (9 (9 (9 Cleveland, Ohio___________ ______ 114.7 Dallas, Tex. (N ov. 1963=100)____ - 109.1 Detroit, M ich .. _ ___ _ 116.0 Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963 = 100). (9 Houston, Tex_____________ ______ (9 Kansas City, ,Mo.-Kansas__ . (9 (9 (9 115.5 (9 115.6 (9 (9 (9 115.3 108.7 (9 120.1 113.2 108.9 115.3 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 115.0 (9 114.3 (9 (9 (9 114.7 107.9 (9 117.4 111.8 107.5 114.5 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 114.6 (9 113.6 (9 (9 (9 114.3 106.7 (9 117.9 111.5 107.0 113.5 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 113.3 (9 113.0 (9 (9 (9 113.3 106.6 (9 117.3 110.9 106. 5 112.7 (9 (9 (9 109.7 105.0 111.1 105.1 111.5 116.3 106.9 101 4 106.4 102.1 108.5 113.3 142.5 Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif____ Milwaukee, Wis_____ .. __ Minneapolis-St. Paul, M inn___ _ N ew Y ork,N .Y .-N ortheastern N .J. Philadelphia, P a .-N .J ___ _________ Pittsburgh, P a ____________ ______ Portland, Oreg.-W ash------------------- 120.0 114. 5 (9 120.3 118.6 (9 (9 118.9 (9 118.4 120.2 118.3 115.5 119.4 119.1 (9 (9 119.7 117.9 (9 (9 118.3 113.6 (9 119.4 117.4 (9 (9 117.5 (9 115.6 119.1 116.7 115.0 118.2 117.3 (9 (9 118.7 116.6 (9 (9 116.9 112.2 (9 118.4 116. 0 (9 (9 116.3 (9 114.2 118.2 115.8 114.2 117.4 115.4 (9 (9 118.2 115.5 (9 (9 115.7 111.4 (9 118.0 115.3 (9 (9 115.8 (9 113.4 117.5 115.0 114.0 116.3 111. 6 (9 117. 7 115.0 (9 (9 114.7 110.6 112.2 116.0 113.7 113.0 112.5 108.2 109.5 112.2 110.6 110.2 117.1 116.3 (9 (9 117.6 115.3 (9 (9 115.S 111.8 149.6 144.4 (9 145.0 145.6 (9 (9 St. Louis, M o .-Ill______ ____ _____ San Diego, Calif. (Feb. 1965=100)... San Francisco-Oakland, Calif. Scranton, Pa_____ . . . ____ ______ Seattle, W ash______ ______________ Washington, D .C .-M d .-V a ______ (9 106.5 (9 119.6 119.2 117.8 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 117.7 (9 120.4 (9 (9 105.9 (9 118.7 118.2 117.3 (9 (9 (9 (9 116. 5 (9 118.4 (9 (9 (9 104.1 (9 117.1 116.8 115.7 (9 (9 (9 (9 115.5 (9 117.1 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 114.9 (9 117.2 (9 (9 103.5 (9 113.5 102.1 115 6 (9 (9 (9 103.7 (9 116.3 115.9 115.1 (9 (9 116.2 111 9 115.6 114.6 114.1 113.3 109.9 100.1 112.7 111.0 111.0 109.6 (9 142.7 149.8 141.8 U.S. city average 3___ _____ (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 145.6 (9 143.0 (9 (9 (9 Food 115.6 115.7 115.9 116.6 116.0 115.1 113.9 113.7 114.2 114.2 114.7 114.8 114.8 114.2 108.8 114.1 116.7 119. 7 109.9 116.4 112.0 115.0 117.6 120.5 109.9 116.7 112.2 115.1 118.1 121.3 110.4 116.6 112.4 115.4 118.3 121.1 111.3 117.7 114.4 114.4 117.6 120.1 111.1 116.4 115.2 114.3 115.5 119.0 110.6 114.5 113.7 113.6 114.9 118.3 108.9 113.9 111.9 112.9 114.8 117.7 108.9 113.1 111.3 113.6 114.9 118.4 109.4 114.1 111.4 113.5 115.2 118.2 109.3 114.7 111.2 114.1 115.3 119.0 109.7 114.1 111.5 113.8 116.0 118.8 109.3 114.7 111.7 114.0 115.9 118. 5 109.7 114.7 112.4 112.9 115.9 117.0 108.8 114.6 111.8 107.4 109.3 112.5 104.1 108.8 106.2 112.5 110.0 114.7 111.1 Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963=100). 115.9 118.9 112.1 110.2 114.7 111. 1 116.1 118.6 112.4 110.0 114.5 110.3 116.2 118.5 113.0 110.8 116.3 110.1 116.1 119.1 112.2 110.2 115.1 109.9 115.9 118.4 111.5 109.4 113.5 109.5 115.0 117.8 109.9 108.4 113.0 108.4 114.2 116.1 109.6 107.9 112. 6 108.0 115. 5 116.0 110.3 108.9 113.2 108.3 115.7 116.6 110.0 109,8 112.7 107.7 116 0 117.2 110.9 110.5 113.0 108.1 116.6 118.0 111.5 110.9 113.1 108. 0 116.9 117.8 111.8 111.0 113.1 108.7 116.6 117. 5 110 9 110.0 112.2 107.0 115.4 117.2 104.8 103.9 105.0 103.5 109.2 111.3 115.7 114. 7 113. 5 116.0 115.1 111. 7 115.2 115.2 113.4 116.1 115.3 111.8 115.2 115.1 114.9 113.1 116.2 116.5 112.0 114.6 116.5 114.3 117.2 115.9 113.1 114.3 113.6 112.5 114. 0 112.2 114.4 113.0 109.5 114.1 112.5 114.9 113.1 109.7 112.8 112.8 112.5 115.0 113.6 110.2 113.7 112.3 115.5 114.5 111.6 112.4 113. 5 111.8 114.3 113.3 109.1 112.4 113.1 116.5 114.7 112.9 115.9 113.0 115.5 113.7 111.3 112.9 115.3 114.0 111.2 113. 7 114.3 112.6 115. 7 113.5 111.4 113.3 114.0 112.4 115.1 113.1 111.8 110.7 107.7 107.1 109.8 107.2 107.5 116.0 115.7 115.6 116.0 1117 109.5 119.2 108 9 115.1 114. 7 115.8 116.0 119.7 108. 5 115.4 119.0 108.6 115. 7 119.9 118.8 118.1 119.2 114.4 113.0 113.2 118.5 105.9 113.3 119.3 116.1 114.4 114.4 118.6 106.6 115.1 117.8 106.5 114.2 111.5 102. 7 110.2 112.1 112.6 113.1 113.2 112.8 107.7 115.2 117.8 115.4 116.3 114.4 115.7 117.4 106.2 112.8 112. 0 113.6 114.4 117.2 115.2 116.8 120.0 109.1 116.4 116.0 115.2 118.0 113.1 114.8 113.3 115.3 113.5 114.7 114.0 114.7 114.3 114.7 114.7 113.5 114.1 114.0 110.3 108.4 U.S. city average 3_______ . . . ___ Baltimore, M d ___________ . . . . . Buffalo, N .Y . (N ov. 1963=100) Chicago, Ul.-Northwestern I n d ___ Dallas, Tex. (N ov. 1963=100) Minneapolis-St. Paul, M inn____ . New York, N .Y.-N ortheastern N .J. Philadelphia, P a .- N .J - . ____ _____ Pittsburgh, P a. ........................ St. Louis, M o .-Ill__________ . . . Seattle, W a sh .. ................. Washington, D .C .-M d .-V a _______ 1 See footnote 1, table D -l . Indexes measure time-to-time changes in prices. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one area than in another. 2 The areas listed include not only the central city but the entire urban portion of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined for the 1960 Census of Population; except that the Standard Consolidated Area is used for N ew York and Chicago. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 Average of 56 “ cities” (metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan urban places) beginning January 1966. 4 All items indexes are computed m onthly for 5 areas and once every 3 months on a rotating cycle for other areas. 121 D.— CONSUMER AN D W H O L E SA L E PRICES T able D^4. Indexes of wholesale prices/ by group and subgroup of commodities [1957-59=100, unless otherwise sp e c ifie d ]2 1967 1966 C om m odity group N ov. 106.2 103.4 96.4 102.9 81.3 96.2 65.6 74.9 123.6 80.7 Eggs_____ ____ ____ _____________________________ 109.9 100.9 Processed foods and feeds__ _ __________ __________ . 110.9 117.0 102.2 123.0 112.0 113.9 107.4 70.8 82.7 Refined vegetable oils_______________________________ 87.5 101.5 113.1 118.8 107.3 107.1 103.0 101.2 102.2 88.1 183.9 108.0 Textile housefurnishings-- _ ___________ _ _____ _ 107.3 114. 5 Hides, skins, leather, and related products_______________ 115.4 Hides and skins _ _ . . _ ________ . _ _ ____ ____ 90.4 106. 5 123.7 Other leather and related products............................... . 111.9 Fuels and related products, and power________ ________ 102.8 Coal......... r * . _ _ 104.8 C o k e ____ .................... . . . . . . . . . . 112.0 Gas fuels (Jan. 1958=100)__ _________ ____________ 132.8 Electric power (Jan. 1958=100)............................. . . . 100. 9 99.0 100.4 98.2 98.3 Prepared paint............ ... .................. .............. 109.9 Paint materials____ . .......... 91.4 93.7 Fats and oils, inedible . . . . . _____ _________ 77.9 Agricultural chemicals and chemical products............. 101.7 86.3 Other chemicals and allied products_________________ 108.6 Rubber and rubber p r o d u c ts ___ 99.1 Crude rubber. ______________ . . . . . ____ 83.8 Tires and tubes________ ______ ___________ _____ . . . 98. 7 Miscellaneous rubber p rod u cts.. _ . 105.6 Lumber and wood p rod u cts ............. 106.7 L um ber_____ _______ __________ 110.9 Millwork................... 113. 5 Plyw ood___________________ . .......................... 87.8 Other wood products (Dec. 1966=100)_______________ 101.5 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Annual average Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1966 1965 106.1 104.1 97.1 91.6 86.6 101.8 73.8 72.4 123.5 76.8 108.5 97.4 111.7 116.8 104.7 123.0 109.3 113.9 107.3 76.3 83.3 88.1 101.8 112.6 120.6 107. 2 106.8 102.2 99.1 102.8 86.9 179.5 107.5 107.4 115.9 114.8 86.8 104.7 123. 6 111.9 103.0 103 8 112.0 132.7 100.8 99.0 101.0 98.2 98.3 109.9 91.0 93. 6 78. 5 101. 6 86.1 108.8 98.8 84.2 98.7 104.8 107.3 111.2 113.4 90.2 101.5 106.5 107.3 102. 8 107.9 92.6 107.4 91.9 70.9 121.3 86.0 117.1 99. 7 113.1 116.9 109.9 122.0 107 0 113.7 106. 4 77.4 86.8 88.3 101. 3 113 1 123.2 106.8 106 0 101.5 98.9 103. 3 85. 5 168 4 107.1 105.3 117.1 115.2 93. 4 109 5 121 4 112.9 103.9 103 0 112 0 131.8 100. 6 98.4 103.3 98. 3 97. 2 108.8 90.9 94.1 77.1 103. 5 90. 0 108.7 95.8 85.7 94.0 101. 6 105.3 108.3 112. 1 89. 4 102.0 105.8 105.0 100.7 104.4 98. 0 102. 6 85. 6 69.9 120.9 74. 5 117.8 99. 9 110.7 117. 4 103. 8 120.8 105 1 112. 0 106. 0 89.8 93. 9 96. 6 101. 6 112. 4 118. 7 106 4 106 0 101. 6 100.3 103.1 86.3 167.0 106. 3 105. 5 118 5 115.2 87.2 110 9 121. 4 114.3 104. 4 102.6 112 0 135 0 100 6 98. 3 103 7 98. 8 97 5 108 8 91.0 94 1 82. 9 105 2 90. 7 108.7 95. 8 85. 9 94. 0 101 5 104 2 107.0 111. 7 87.5 102. 0 105.3 103.4 97.6 99.6 98.3 94.0 89.0 69.9 119.1 77.0 118.4 99.2 110.0 117.2 100.6 120.1 104.3 111.8 105.9 91.5 93.8 96.8 101.6 112.9 122.9 106.2 106.0 101.8 100.8 102.9 86.8 164.5 106.2 105.2 119.4 115.7 88.3 112.9 121.5 114.5 103.3 102. 7 112.0 134.8 100.6 98.3 101.7 98.8 97.6 108.8 91.2 94.0 85.3 105.2 90.4 108.6 95.9 86.5 94.0 101.5 104.1 106.6 111.6 87.9 102.0 105.7 104.6 99.6 98.4 99.9 97.4 90.8 70.3 119.0 90.8 120.5 99.5 110.6 117.5 101.7 120.7 104.2 112.5 105.6 89.6 94.2 96.9 101.8 112.0 124.8 106.3 106.0 101.8 101.3 104.0 86.9 164.1 106.0 105.1 120.8 116.9 98.9 114.6 121.7 114.4 103.7 102.2 112.0 134.6 100.6 98.3 102.4 98.5 97.0 108.8 90.8 94.4 81.5 105.9 90.3 107.8 95.9 86.5 94.9 100.9 103.6 106.0 111.2 87.7 102.0 106.0 105.7 101.0 104.5 95.8 99.5 97.1 70.2 122.9 84.0 120.3 100.5 111.7 117.3 104.7 121.2 104.3 112.6 105.9 92.0 94.1 96.7 103.5 111.5 125.9 106. 5 106.0 102.0 101.8 104.7 87.1 164.1 105.9 105.3 121.0 118.0 107.8 116.3 121.6 114.6 103.4 102.3 112.0 134.5 100.6 98.2 101.9 98.5 96.9 108.7 90.8 94.2 89.1 105.4 90.5 107.6 95.8 87.1 94.9 100.4 103.6 105.4 111. 1 89.2 102.0 106.2 107.0 102.6 101.8 100.7 101.4 88.1 70.8 123.4 100.0 123.5 99.6 112.8 117.6 105.4 121.8 105.9 113.0 105.8 94.9 94.1 93.0 106.3 112.6 132.1 106.5 105.8 102.0 102.5 104.7 87.1 166.1 105.7 105.3 120.5 117.9 110.1 116.9 120.9 114.5 102.6 102.3 112.0 134.6 100.6 98.2 100.3 98.4 96.6 108.7 90.6 94.7 92.3 104.2 90.3 107.4 95.6 87.6 94.9 99.7 102.6 104.5 110.3 87.3 102.0 105.9 106.7 101.8 101.3 101.5 97.9 77.2 71.0 124.0 109.0 124.5 100.5 112.8 118.0 104.4 122.3 105.8 112.6 105.8 97.5 98.1 101.2 106.3 113.7 132.0 106.3 105.5 101.8 102.7 104.8 86.9 163.2 105.4 105.3 119.7 117.3 109.2 116.2 120.3 114.2 102.4 102.4 112.0 132.0 100.8 98.1 100.2 98.2 96.4 108.5 90.6 94.7 95.1 103.1 90.2 107.0 95.0 87.6 93.9 99.3 102.5 104.5 110.3 87.4 100.0 105.9 107.1 102.5 104.2 98.0 98.4 85.1 70.9 124.4 121.8 122.9 98.7 112.6 118.7 104.2 122.6 105.9 112.1 105.6 105.6 99.2 102.2 106.8 114.6 128.4 106.3 105.5 102.1 103.0 105.1 87.7 161.1 105.5 105.3 119.1 117.5 114.3 114.1 120.1 115.1 102.7 101.9 112.0 130.6 100.3 98.1 101.3 98.0 96.0 107.8 90.4 95.0 91.6 103.3 90.2 106.9 95.0 87.9 93.9 99.2 103.0 105.6 110.3 86.9 105.9 108.9 105.6 102. 5 97.3 110.0 91.4 82.3 117.6 107.9 122.9 101.5 113.0 115.4 110.2 118.5 104.8 110. 5 105.8 113.1 107.2 108.7 104.6 114.0 126.6 105.8 104.7 102.1 102.5 106.0 89.5 153.6 105.0 104.4 122.6 119.7 140.8 121.1 118.2 114.4 101.3 98.6 109.8 129.3 100.3 97.5 99.5 97.8 95.7 106.8 90.1 94.5 102.8 102.8 89.0 106.6 94.8 89.2 93.3 98.8 105.6 108.5 110.0 92.8 102. 5 102.1 98.4 101.8 89. 6 100. 5 87.2 91.1 103.5 93.5 112.9 97.6 106.7 109.0 101.0 108.5 102.1 109.0 105.7 113.4 100.9 97.0 101.2 113.6 116.3 102.9 102.5 101.8 100.2 104.3 95.0 134.3 103.7 103.1 123.0 109.2 111.2 108.1 110.7 106.1 98.9 96.5 107.3 124.1 100.8 96.8 95.9 97.4 95.0 105.4 89.8 94.4 112.7 101.8 88.4 105.3 92.9 90.0 90.0 97.1 101.1 101.9 107.7 92.3 106.2 105.3 98.4 92.2 85.6 103.5 72.9 72.4 123.7 93.1 109.0 97.7 112.7 116.6 108.6 122.8 107.9 113.8 106.7 79.6 87.9 91.3 102.0 112.5 121.5 107.1 106.5 102.0 99.2 102.7 86.3 175.7 107.4 106.8 115.6 114.4 93.2 105.3 121.8 111.8 104.5 104.1 112.0 132.6 100. 7 99.0 103.9 97.9 97.1 109.9 90.6 93.5 77.1 101.2 87.7 108.7 98.2 83.9 98.7 103.7 108.7 112.0 113.1 95.7 101.3 106.1 105.2 99.2 96.6 86.1 106.3 77.3 71.4 120.9 82.1 111.6 99.3 112.1 116.8 107.4 122.1 107.1 113.8 106.6 83.0 89.8 91.9 101 0 112.1 119.6 106.8 106.3 101.7 98.8 102.9 85.9 172.6 107.3 105.3 116.0 114.4 86.8 109.2 121.2 112.5 104.7 103.0 112.0 132.0 100.5 99.0 104. 6 98.0 97.1 108.8 90.7 93.6 77.2 101.8 89.5 108.7 97.8 84.8 98.7 102.3 106.1 109.0 112.6 90.9 101.6 106.3 106.8 102.4 114.3 96.1 104.9 85.7 70.9 121.3 76.0 116.6 100.2 112.6 117.2 108.3 122.2 106.5 112.7 106.3 82.4 91.7 93.5 101.6 112.6 122.4 106.7 106.0 101.6 99.7 103.2 85.8 167.0 106.7 105.3 118.0 115.6 95.8 110.2 121.5 113.3 104.0 102.4 112.0 134.3 100. 5 98.3 103.1 98.5 97.2 108.8 91.0 94.1 79.5 105.1 90.3 108.5 95.8 86.2 94.0 101.5 104.7 108.0 111.7 87.6 102.0 122 M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 T able D -4. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities— Continued [1957-59=100, unless otherw ise s p e c ifie d ]2 1967 1966 Com m odity group N ov. Industrial Commodities—Continued Pulp, paper, and allied prod u cts.-- ----Pulp, paper, and products, excluding building paper - - , - - - - - - arid board_____ W oodpulp_____ -- - -- --- ----- -------W astepaper... _- . . ---- --. - -- -----------Paper______ _ __ _ -------------------------- Paperboard---Converted paper and paperboard products__________ Building paper and board-.. __ ----- --- _ ---------Metals and metal products _ _ - - - - -------- - Iron and steel.. ----------- . . ------------------------- ------- - - . Steel mill products. _________ - ____________________ Nonferrous metals------- --.. -----------Metal containers--_ - .------------------------- _ __ H ardw are... _ . Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings-----_ ----- --Heating equipment. - ___ ____________ ____ Fabricated structural metal products________________ Miscellaneous metal products________________________ Machinery and equipm en t., _ _ -----Agricultural machinery and equipment______________ Construction machinery and equipm en t.. -------- __ _ Metalworking machinery and equipment____ ____ General purpose machinery and equipment__________ Special industry machinery and equipment (Jan. 1961=100)_________________________________________ Electrical machinery and equipment_________________ Miscellaneous machinery____ _ Furniture and household durables_______________________ Household furniture____ - . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Commercial furniture. _ _ _ -----Floor coverings-. . _ ______ Household appliances. _____ _____ . _ .. Home electronic equipment. _ ___________ _ Other household durable goods______________________ Nonmetallic mineral products . _ F la tg la s s... ________ ____ ____________________ _ Concrete ingredients . . Concrete products____ - - - - Structural clay products excluding refractories_____ Refractories____ .. .. _ Asphalt roofing_______ . . ____ _ __ . . _______ _ _ _ Gypsum products___ __ Glass containers___ _________________ - - - - - Other nonmetallic minerals___ . .............................. Transportation equipm ent3______ _____ _ . Motor vehicles and equipment_______________________ Railroad equipment (Jan. 1961=100)_________________ Miscellaneous products___ _ __ Toys, sporting goods, small arms, am m unition.. . . Tobacco products___ _ _ ___________ _________ N otions____ _ -_ _____ __ . _______ ____ _ Photographic equipment and supplies_______________ Other miscellaneous products_______ ________________ 1 Oct. Sept. Aug. June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1966 104.6 104.3 104.1 104.0 104.1 103.9 103.9 103.9 103.6 103.3 103.1 103.0 103.0 102.6 1965 99.9 105.1 98.0 76.5 111.2 97.3 105.5 92.0 110.5 104.3 106.8 122.7 112.9 115.7 110.2 93.3 105.9 114.1 112.6 123.9 125.3 125.4 114.7 104.8 98.0 76.6 111.2 97.3 104.9 92.1 109.8 103.9 106.5 120.7 111.7 115.4 110.2 92.9 105.7 114.1 112.2 122.3 124.3 124.6 114.4 104.6 98.0 75.4 110.9 97.3 104.8 91.4 109.6 104.0 106.3 119.4 111.7 115.3 110.2 92.7 105.6 114.1 111.9 122.2 122.4 124.4 114.0 104.5 98.0 74.6 110.9 97.3 104.6 91.3 109.2 103.5 105.7 118.9 111.7 115.2 110.1 92.5 105.5 114.2 111.8 122.0 122.4 124.4 113.6 104.6 98.0 76.2 110.9 97.3 104.7 91.5 109.0 103.4 105.7 118.6 111.7 113.8 110.0 92.6 105.1 113.8 111.6 121.9 122.1 123.9 113. 2 104.3 98.0 76.7 109.6 97.3 104.9 91.5 108.9 103.3 105.7 118.7 111.7 113.0 110.8 92.5 104p9 113.7 111.6 121.8 121.9 123.6 113.1 104.3 98.0 77.5 109.5 97.3 104.9 91.7 108.9 103.2 105.7 118.9 111.7 112.9 110.7 92.0 105.1 113.7 111. 6 121.8 121.9 123.6 113.2 104.3 98.0 79.1 109.3 97.3 104.9 92.2 109.1 103.2 105.6 120.0 111.5 112.8 110.5 92.0 104.9 113.6 111.6 121.8 121.8 122.9 113.0 104.0 98.0 79.7 108.5 97.3 104.7 92.3 109.4 103.3 105.6 121.1 111.5 112.4 110.5 92.2 104.8 113.7 111.5 121.9 121.5 122.6 113.0 103.7 98.0 83.2 108. 5 97.3 104.0 92.4 109.6 103.2 105. 6 122.3 111.5 112.0 110.5 92.3 104.8 113.6 111.2 121.7 121.4 122.2 113.0 103.5 98.0 83.9 108.5 97.3 103.7 92.4 109.4 103.0 105.4 121.8 111.5 111.9 110.5 92.6 104.8 113.6 111.1 121.5 121.3 121.9 112.8 103.4 98.0 90.5 108.5 97.2 103.2 92.7 109.0 102.9 105.3 120.5 110.2 111.9 110.5 93.4 104.9 113.2 110.7 120.8 121.0 121.8 112.4 103.4 98.0 92.7 108.5 97.2 103.1 93.1 109.0 102.8 105.2 121.0 110.2 111.5 110.5 93.4 104.8 113.1 110.2 120.4 120.6 121.5 112.2 103.0 98.0 105.0 107.3 97.1 102.3 92.6 108.3 102.3 104.7 120.9 110.0 109.6 108.4 92.5 103.9 111.6 108.2 118.5 118.9 118.8 109.7 100.2 98.1 99.4 104.1 96.4 99.3 92.7 105.7 101.4 103.3 115.2 107.6 106.0 103.1 91.7 101.2 109.4 105.0 115.1 115.3 113.6 105.1 118. 3 101.6 110.4 102. 0 114.3 112.3 94.9 90.8 82.2 118.9 105.1 107.0 106.4 105.6 111.1 106.0 99.4 103.9 101.1 102.0 118.2 101.5 109. 9 101.7 113.4 112.0 94.8 90.5 82.1 118.9 104.9 107.0 106.3 105.9 110.7 104.9 95.1 103.9 101.1 101.9 116.7 101.5 109.7 101.2 113.0 112.0 93.4 90.3 81.6 118.2 104.7 106.9 106.1 105.9 110.7 104.9 95.1 100.7 101.1 101.7 116.7 101.6 109.4 101.0 112.8 111.9 92.6 90.1 81.8 117.9 104.5 106.9 106.0 105.8 110.4 104.9 91.8 100.7 101.1 101.8 116.3 101.7 109.1 100.9 112.6 111.9 92.9 90.1 81.8 116.6 104.2 104. 5 106. 0 105. 8 109.9 104.9 91.6 100.7 101.1 102.2 116.1 101.8 109.1 100.8 112.4 111.9 93.1 90.0 82.0 115.9 103.9 103.3 105.9 105.7 109.7 104.9 88.3 100.9 101.0 102.2 116.1 101.9 108.9 100.8 112.4 111.9 93.1 89.7 82.9 115.8 103.8 103.3 105.9 105.2 109.7 104.9 88.3 102.3 101.0 102.1 115.8 102.3 108.8 100.6 112.4 109.3 93.1 89.8 83.3 115.7 103.9 103.3 106.0 104.6 109.4 104.9 94.8 102.3 101.0 102.0 115.4 102.2 108.8 100.6 112.4 109.3 93.8 89.8 83.3 115.2 103.8 103.3 105.8 104.5 109.3 104.9 94.8 102.3 101.0 101.8 115.1 101.8 108.7 100.4 112.0 109.3 93.9 89.7 83.5 114.8 103.7 103.3 105.6 104.4 109.3 104.8 94.8 103.5 101.0 101.1 114.8 101.9 108.5 100.4 111.9 108.7 94.1 89.6 83.6 114.8 103.6 103.3 105.8 103.9 109.3 104.8 95.7 103.5 101.0 101.1 114.3 101. 5 108.1 100.4 111.8 108.7 96.2 89.2 83.8 114.0 103.3 103.3 104.3 103.9 109.1 104.2 95.7 103.5 101.1 101.3 114.1 100.7 107.8 100.3 111.5 108.0 96.6 89.2 83.8 113.8 103.3 103.3 104.2 103.5 109.3 104.2 97.6 103.5 101.1 101.3 111.8 99.0 106.5 99.1 109.1 105.7 97.0 89.1 83.6 111.6 102.6 100.7 103.9 103.0 108. 4 103.7 96.0 102.4 99.9 101.7 108.0 96.8 105.2 98.0 106.2 103.7 97.7 89.2 85.2 108.9 101.7 100.9 103.2 101.5 106.6 103.0 92.8 104.0 98.1 101.3 104.0 104.8 110.6 106.3 114.8 102.1 113.6 108.9 103.7 104.5 110.5 106.3 114.8 100.8 113.6 108.7 101.5 102.9 110.2 106.1 114.8 100.8 111.6 108.7 101. 3 102.9 110.0 105.8 114.8 100.8 111.3 108.5 101.3 102.9 109.7 105.6 114.8 100.8 -110.1 108.3 101.4 102.9 109.6 105.3 114.8 100.8 110.1 108.0 101.6 102.9 108.0 105.3 110.3 100.8 110.1 107.4 101.6 102.7 108.0 105.2 110.3 100.8 110.2 107.4 101.6 102.7 107.7 104.0 110.3 100.8 110.1 107.3 101.6 102.7 108.0 105.3 110.3 100.8 110.3 107.2 101.6 102.7 107.9 105.2 110.3 100.8 110.1 107.2 101.7 102.7 107.5 104.8 110.3 100.8 109.9 106.1 101.7 101.0 107.4 104.8 110.2 100.8 109.8 106.0 100.8 101.2 106.8 104.1 109.6 100.5 108.9 105.3 100.7 100.9 104.8 102.7 106.2 99.1 109.2 103.8 A s of January 1967, the indexes incorp orated a revised w eighting structure reflecting 1963 values of shipm ents. C hanges also w ere m ade in the classi fication structure, and titles and com position of som e indexes were changed. T itles and indexes in this table conform w ith the revised classification struc ture, and m a y differ from data p reviou sly pu b lish ed. See Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, January 1967 (final) and F eb ru ary 1967 (final) for a descrip tion of the changes. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis July Annual average 2 A s o f January 1962, the indexes w ere con verted from the form er base of 1947-49=100 to the n e w base of 1957-59 = 100. T e ch n ica l details an d earlier data on the 1957-59 base furnished u p o n request to the Bureau. N o t available. 3 N ote : For a description o f the general m e th o d o f co m p u tin g the m o n th ly W holesale Price Index, see B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies (B L S B u lletin 1458, O ctober 1966), Ch apter 11. 123 D.— CONSUMER AND W H O L E SA L E PRICES T able D -5. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1 [1957-59=100, unless otherw ise s p e c ifie d ]2 1966 1967 A n n u al average C o m m o d ity group N ov. A ll com m od ities—less farm p ro d u cts ----------------------------------A ll food s--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Processed food s______________________________________________ Textile products, exclu din g hard and bast fiber p rod u cts. H osiery ---------------------------- .---------------------------------------- -----------U nderw ear and n igh tw ea r---------------------------------------------------R efined petroleu m p r o d u c t s .. . -------------------------------------E ast C oast, refined _____________________________________ M id -C on tin en t, refined_________________________________ G u lf Coast, refined_____________________________________ P a cific Coast, refin ed ----------------------------------------------------M id w est, refined (Jan. 1961=100)----------------------------------Pharm aceu tical preparations_______________________________ L u m b er and w ood products excluding m illw ork and other w ood p rod u cts 3. ------- --------------------------------------------------------Special m etals and m etal p r o d u c ts 4________________________ M achinery and m otive p rod u cts____ _______________________ M achinery and eq u ip m en t, except electrical_____ *l -----------A g ricultu ral m ach in ery, in clu d in g tractors------------------------M etalw orking m a c h in e r y ...------- --------- -------------------------------T o ta l tractors______________________________ _____ ___________ Industrial va lves...................................... ......... ................... ........... Industrial fittings___________________________________________ A b ra sive grinding w heels___________________________________ C on stru ction m aterials_____ ______ ___________________ ______ 107.3 108.0 109.6 97.6 91.8 109.9 100.4 104.3 .9 100 100.8 91.3 95.0 95.7 105.6 109.4 Oct. 107.2 107.1 107.5 109.3 110.4 96.4 96.1 91.6 91.6 109.9 109.9 103.9 104.3 104.3 97.9 103.0 102.3 107.0 91.3 91.3 96.3 98.8 95.6 95.5 101.0 108.6 107.8 108.6 118.3 124.1 131.5 123.7 119.6 126.1 133.2 126.7 103.0 94.6 106.2 103.0 101.5 94.6 94.6 106.2 106.3 122.8 122.8 122.8 1See footn ote 1, table D -4 . 2See footn ote 2, table D -4 . 3F orm erly titled “ L u m b er and w o o d products, excluding m illw o rk .” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June M ay A p r. Mar. F eb . Jan. D e c. N ov. 106.8 108.8 106.8 110.7 106.2 106.4 108.2 96.7 91.6 108.4 101.7 106.3 107.3 108.8 97.0 91.6 107.7 102.4 106.5 108.5 109.9 97.3 91.6 107.5 101.9 106.3 109.8 95.5 91.3 109.7 103.3 104.3 103.0 107.0 92.2 95.2 96.1 106.4 107.8 109.6 96.3 91.7 108.7 103.7 106.5 109.5 95.6 91.6 109.7 104.6 104.3 103.0 108.6 92.2 98.8 95.6 106.7 110.3 111.4 95.9 91.3 109.7 103.1 97.5 91.4 107.1 103.0 103.0 102.5 104.1 95.6 95.6 94.7 94.0 96.4 95.9 100.9 104.1 95.6 93.4 96.3 97.5 91.4 107.5 100.3 99.9 98.7 102.5 94.8 92.7 96.9 106.3 105.8 110.7 110.7 111.5 98.0 98.5 91.4 92.0 107.1 106.8 101.3 99.5 98.1 97.5 99.5 98.6 105.1 94.4 90.7 92.7 92.7 97.5 96.8 105.1 107.5 108.5 118.2 123.9 131.5 123.7 121.9 101.5 94.6 105.3 104.1 107.4 108.4 117.8 123.9 130.6 123.4 103.4 107.3 108.4 117.6 123.8 130.4 123.3 121.5 94.6 104.9 94.6 94.7 104.6 104.4 111.6 111.1 112.0 106.5 108.8 109.7 119.0 124.3 131.7 125.4 110.1 July S e p t . A u g. 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 103.0 103.0 107.0 107.2 92.1 95.6 95.2 95.2 96.1 96.2 102.6 107.5 108.5 117.6 123.7 130.5 123.3 122.7 121.8 102.6 102.6 102.6 102.5 101.9 107.6 107.7 108.5 108.4 117.3 117.2 123.7 123.8 129.5 129.2 123.0 123.1 122.7 122.7 101.7 101.7 94.7 94.7 104.7 104.5 102.0 110.6 110.6 100.7 107.9 107.8 108.3 108.2 117.0 116.8 123.7 123. 4 128.4 128.1 123.1 123.0 122.7 122.4 101.7 101.7 94.7 94.7 104.4 104.1 100.2 99.9 97.9 102.5 94.8 92.7 97.1 110.6 100.8 101.6 107.5 107.5 108.0 107.7 116.4 116.1 122.7 122.4 128.2 127.8 122.7 122.3 121.9 99.1 99.1 94.7 94.7 104.0 104.0 122.1 1966 102.2 1965 102.9 104.5 105.1 99.1 93.5 104.6 95.9 95.3 97.6 95.1 90.6 91.7 96.5 105.1 99.8 106.7 104.7 106.0 103.7 114.0 120.3 116.6 124.1 117.4 116.8 116.3 105.7 95.9 90.8 94.2 93.9 103.9 110.1 120.2 100.8 4 M etals and m etal p roducts, agricultural m a ch in ery and eq u ip m en t, and m otor vehicles and equipm ent. 124 M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , JAN U AR Y 1968 T able D-6. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product [1957-59 = 100)2 1967 1966 A n n u a l average C o m m o d ity group N ov. O ct. Sept. A u g. July June ----------------- . - -- 106.2 106.1 106.2 106.1 106.5 C rude m aterials for further processing_________________ C rud e foodstuffs and feedstuffs. --------------------------C ru d e n on food m aterials except f u e l ------ _ . C rud e n on food m aterials, except fuel, for m anufacturin g----- --- .. C rud e n on food m aterials, except fuel, for _____________ ___ con stru ction . C rud e fu el---------------------------------------------------------- - - C rude fuel for m an u factu rin g__________________ C rud e fuel for n on m an u fa ctu rin g______________ 96.5 96.1 95.9 97.9 99 1 94.2 98.5 99.9 94.3 99.5 101.4 94.5 101. 7 101.4 104. 7 104.2 94. 6 95.1 93.1 A ll co m m o d itie s ----------- ------------ 106.3 M a r. F eb . Jan. D ec. N ov. 105.3 105.7 106.0 106.2 105.9 105.9 98.0 99.2 94.6 99.7 101.3 95.7 M ay A p r. 105.8 1966 1965 105.9 102.5 105.3 107.2 101.9 98.9 98.3 99.8 S ta g e o f p r o c e s s in g interm ediate m aterials, supplies, and co m p o n e n ts ____ Interm ediate m aterials and com p on en ts for m a n u facturing____ - - - - - - ------- _ Interm ediate m aterials for food m anufacturin g. Interm ediate m aterials for non d u rable m a n u facturing______________________________________ Interm ediate m aterials for d urable m an u factu ring____ - - _ -------------- . C om pon en ts for m an u factu rin g_______________ M aterials and com pon en ts for co n stru ctio n _______ Processed fuels and lubrican ts ___________ Processed fuels and lubrican ts for m anufac turin g ______ ______________ __ _ _ ___ __ Processed fuels and lubrican ts for n o n m a n u factu ring_________ ---------- _ --------- ------C on ta in ers. _ _ _ _____ _______ S u p p lie s ... _ - . - ________ _______ Supplies for m an u factu rin g____________________ Supplies for n on m an ufacturing________________ M anufactured anim al fe e d s___ ___________ O ther su p p lies. _______ _ __ __ _______ _ Finished goods (goods to users, in clu d in g raw foods and fu els)_____________________________________________ C on sum er finished good s__________________________ Con sum er foods___ ___ - ----- .. C onsum er crude food s___________________ . C on sum er processed fo o d s . . . . ___ __ C onsum er other n on d u rable g o o d s .. C onsum er durable goods____ ________________ P rodu cer finished goods_____ . . . _ _________ _ P rodu cer finished goods for m an ufacturin g___ P rodu cer finished goods for nonm an ufacturing- 95.0 100.6 103.1 94.7 96.3 96.8 97.0 101.8 99.5 104.3 109.7 109.6 109.9 104.3 108.9 108.9 109.1 103.9 106.4 106.3 106.6 103.2 103.3 103.2 103.5 105.5 105.5 105.5 105.6 105.4 105.3 104.8 104.6 108.1 104.6 108.7 104.8 109.0 104.7 110.1 104.5 110.9 104.4 111.2 104.0 111.3 102.2 102.0 99.1 99.1 99.3 99.3 99.2 99.2 99.5 98. 7 102 107.4 107.5 104.9 102.7 107.4 107.7 107.6 107.9 104.8 104.9 103.2 102.5 107.7 107.9 104.8 102.7 107.9 107.6 104.7 102.5 107.6 107.1 107.5 107.1 104.4 104.3 102.3 101.9 107.0 106.6 104.3 102.5 106.6 104.9 104.1 101.4 104.6 .3 101.4 99.5 102.9 103.5 103.7 103.6 103.7 103.7 103.6 103.2 103.4 102.5 101.0 100.3 105.9 112.9 109.5 113.6 124.9 104.5 99.8 105.3 110.7 110.1 110.2 109.9 110.6 105.4 105.4 105.4 105.3 110.0 104.5 109.9 104.4 104.4 104.4 109.1 98.4 98.4 98.4 98.6 98.9 101.1 108.4 108.1 106.2 101.3 108.2 108.0 106.3 102.2 107.7 107.9 105.5 102.4 107.5 107. 5 105.2 .1 103.1 103.0 103.0 102.8 98.5 106.6 111.3 110.9 110.3 110.7 111.5 113.2 106.1 105.9 100.9 106.6 101.5 106.4 111.9 105.9 105.7 105.7 105.2 108.0 104.8 108.6 104.7 99.3 98.8 108.8 108.6 106.3 98.0 107.3 111.1 111.1 110.0 110.8 110.2 110.2 110.2 100.8 101.5 106.4 106.5 111. 5 111.3 .6 . 1 110.9 115.9 115.2 105.3 105.3 102.3 106.6 110.4 110.4 109.7 111.2 110.8 110.8 110.7 110 110.6 110.6 110.0 111 114.2 112.2 111.6 105.3 105.4 102.5 97.6 104.7 109.4 109.3 109.7 93.6 105.6 93. 7 105.9 111.0 100.8 101.1 101.9 104.2 102.3 97.4 97.0 95.8 93.7 105.7 110.3 93.5 106.0 110.3 111.0 102.7 96.5 105.0 104.7 109.4 109.3 109.3 109.2 109.6 109.6 94.2 105.7 109.8 109.9 109.5 110. 7 110.3 93.3 106.6 106.1 110.9 110.7 110.7 111.3 111.5 106.8 111.3 100.8 94.9 100.6 101.1 100.6 106.6 106.4 106.0 111.4 111.8 111.6 110.4 110.1 109.7 111.1 111.7 111.7 115-9 117.8 105.2 105.2 105.3 118.8 104.8 107.6 106.5 109.3 103.1 110.4 106.3 101.3 108.9 107.5 109.1 102.7 110.3 107.9 103.0 113.0 117.1 109.0 108.6 107.2 108.8 96.3 108.7 107.6 110.5 100.3 112.4 108.0 101.4 108.3 107.2 109.6 98.3 111.7 108.0 108.7 107.7 111.5 104.6 112.7 107.4 .1 116.7 108.6 115.9 107.5 115.8 107.2 115.4 107.2 108.4 107.6 107.0 107.2 107.4 106.4 105.7 106.0 110.9 108. 5 106.9 107.9 104.4 99.9 97.8 100.5 108-6 109.2 107.2 106.9 106.4 106.4 101.3 101.3 101.3 110.7 115.3 115.2 114.7 114.5 107.1 107.2 107-0 107.0 109.1 104.0 107.2 109.3 105.2 100.9 103.6 100.7 108.7 104.2 107.1 109.0 105.3 108.2 104.8 107.1 108.4 105.8 101.9 100.5 100.7 107.9 104.8 106.8 108.1 105.6 102.3 100.3 102.4 107.6 105. 6 106.8 107.9 105.8 104.5 99. 4 104.8 107.5 107.5 107.6 107.6 105.4 104.6 103.7 104.2 106.6 106.3 106.2 106.3 107.7 107.7 107-8 107.7 105.6 105.0 104.6 104.8 104.4 103.1 102.5 99.6 99.9 99.2 104.7 103.3 102.4 111.0 112.1 110.0 107.8 101.2 101 101.0 102.8 112.6 111.6 111.4 111.2 111.2 111.1 110.8 100.8 105.2 112.6 111.6 109.2 109.5 113.3 111.8 124.8 121.2 99.4 104.9 110.7 108.9 110.7 119.5 103.4 106.6 101 97.1 102.1 106.0 106.1 105.4 109.7 100.9 104.2 104.0 107.8 107.0 111.3 112.7 106.9 106.4 103.6 114.3 106.9 107.7 107.6 106.6 106.6 110.3 110.5 106.0 108.0 110.9 105.8 105.5 101.3 101.3 110.5 114.0 113.7 106.8 '106 6 109.8 113.4 106.1 108.0 111.3 104.6 105.4 108.0 102.9 107.6 104.7 106.4 107.7 105.1 103.6 103.4 103.6 107.4 105.2 106.4 107.5 105.3 104.7 104.1 104.7 107.1 106.9 104.9 105.1 106.2 106.2 107.2 107.0 105.2 105.3 104.0 104.7 103.9 106.3 104.1 104.6 106.0 105.6 105.7 106.0 105.3 106.5 109.0 106.4 103.7 101.5 110.6 111.0 110.2 102.8 111.2 104.5 106.5 100.2 111.0 112.0 105.2 105.7 104.8 102.8 101.2 100.2 99.6 D u ra b ility o f p ro d u ct T ota l durable goods____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ........... T otal nondurable g o o d s ... ............................ T otal m anufactures ............. D urable m anufactures_____________________________ N on durable m anufactures _ ____________ _______ T otal raw or slightly processed goods ________________ D urable raw or slightly processed good s____ . N ondurable raw or slightly processed g o o d s .__ 1See footn ote 1, table D-4. 2See footn ote 2, table D -4 . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 101.2 101.2 102.0 101.0 102.0 101.1 102.8 103.7 101.9 100.7 104.7 ICO. 5 N ote : F o r description o f the series b y stage o f processing, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, January 1967 (final) and F eb ru ary 1967 (final); and b y d u ra b ility o f p rod u ct and data beginning w ith 1947, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957 (B L S B u lletin 1235,1958). E.— W O R K STOPPAGES 125 E.— Work Stoppages T able E -l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1 N u m ber o f stoppages W orkers in v o lv e d in stoppages M an -days idle during m onth or year M o flth and year B eginn ing in m on th or year In effect dur ing m onth B eg in n in g in m o n th or year In effect dur ing m on th N u m ber Percent of estim ated w ork ing tim e ___ ______ _________ ___ ______________ _________________________________________ ____ _____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ____ . . . . _ ____________________________________ _ _ _______________________________________ ____ _____________________________ _____ ____________________ . ___ . . . ____________________________________ _____ . . _______ ___ _____ _____________ ______________ . ____________________________________________________ ... . _______________ ________________________ _______- - - - _____________________________________ . . . . _____________________________________ ___ __ . . ______ ______________________ ______ . . __________________________________________________ ______________________________________ ___________ _________________________________________________________ . __________________________________________________ __________ _______ ____________________________________ ______________________________________________________ . _____ _____________________________________________ 4,750 4,985 3,693 3,419 3,606 4,843 4,737 5,117 5,091 3,468 4,320 3,825 3,673 Z, 694 3,708 3^333 Z, 367 3^ 614 3 ’ 362 3i 655 3,963 4,405 1965: Jan uary______________ - ------------------------- ----------------F eb ru a ry _________________________ __________________ --------------------------. ... . M arch -----------A p r il_______ _____ _________________________ _________ M a y _____ . . ----------------------------- -------------- . . . . Ju n e____________ _____. . . . . ------------------------------J u ly ___________________________________________________ A u g u st--------- -------------------------------- --------------------------Septem ber. . --------- . . . ----- ----------- __ _ __ . . . . ------- -------------------------------O ctob er__________ . N o v e m b e r .. _ ---------------------------------------------------------. ----------------------- ----------- . . . D ecem b er................. 244 208 329 390 450 425 416 388 345 321 289 158 404 393 511 603 669 677 702 685 631 570 505 371 98,800 45,100 180, 000 141,000 127, 000 268, 000 156,000 109,000 155,000 101, 000 140, 000 24,300 183,000 149,000 274,000 194,000 201. 000 354,000 334,000 229,000 250,000 209,000 192,000 75,800 1,740,000 1, 440,000 1,770,000 1,840, 000 1,850,000 2, 590,000 3, 670. 000 2, 230,000 2,110,000 1, 770,000 1,380,000 907,000 .18 .15 .16 .17 .19 .23 .34 .20 .20 .16 .13 .08 1966: J a n u a ry ___________________________ ___________ ________ F e b ru a ry ______________________________________________ M arch __________________________________________________ Ap r i l . . . ___. . . _ _ __________________ ____ ________ _ M ay.. ______________________________________________ J u n e ___________________________________________________ J u ly ___________________________________________________ A u g u s t________________________________________________ S ep tem b er_____________________________________________ O cto b e r________________________________________________ N o v e m b e r _____ _____________________________________ D e ce m b e r _____________________________________________ 238 252 336 403 494 499 448 442 422 410 288 173 389 421 536 614 720 759 704 718 676 651 533 389 113,000 101,000 217,000 227,000 240,000 161,000 286,000 117,000 132,000 191,000 126.000 49,000 140,000 138,000 265,000 392,000 340,000 265,000 347,000 310,000 226,000 255,000 234,000 158,000 1,090,000 928,000 1,410,000 2,600,000 2,870,000 2,220,000 3,100,000 3,370,000 1,780,000 2,190,000 2,150,000 1,670,000 .10 .09 .12 .24 .26 .19 .29 .27 .16 .19 .19 .15 _ _ _ ____ __________ __ 1967: Jan uary 2___ . . . _ ____ F e b r u a r y 2_________ . . ___ __ _______ ._ . . . M arch 2_________ ________________________ ___________ _ A p r i l 2__________ . . . . ______ M ay 2 _________________________________________________ J u n e 2. . ---------------------- --------------- . . . . . ___ _____ J u ly 2__________________________________________________ A u g u s t 2_______________________________________________ S e p te m b e r 2_________________________ _______ __________ O ctober 2______________ ______ ______________ ____ _____ N o v e m b e r 2. _. ____ . _ . . . ____________ _______ _ 275 325 430 440 535 440 465 575 600 695 670 630 655 670 645 530 98,000 106; 000 141,000 409,000 255,000 177,000 804,000 86,000 375,000 158,000 197, 000 190,000 151,000 202,000 443,000 402,000 350, 000 1,010,000 231,000 484,000 440,000 388,000 1,270,000 1,280,000 1,490,000 2,170,000 3,900,000 4,360,000 4,710,000 2,840.000 6,320,000 6,510,000 3,060,000 .11 .12 .12 .20 .33 .36 .43 .22 .57 .54 .26 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 430 375 385 405 405 300 1The data include all known strikes or lockouts involving 6 workers or more and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab lishments directly involved in a stoppage. T hey do not measure the indirect https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3,470,000 4,600,000 2 , 170,000 1,960.000 3,030,000 2,410,000 2,220,000 3| 540,000 2,400,000 530, 000 2 , 650, 000 1,900, 000 l| 390. 000 2 , 060,000 880,000 L 320,000 l ' 450,000 2 Z 0 , 000 ' 941,000 1,640,000 1,550,000 960,000 38 non non i in ’ non’ non 34 non non 3 4 ’ m o' onn 50 500000 38 800*000 22 900*000 59,100* 000 28 300 000 22’ 600’ 000 28 200 000 33*lOo’ 000 16 500*000 23* 900* 000 69*000 ' 000 19 ’ 100 000 16 300 000 18*600000 16 ion’ 000 , pod’ nnn 23 300 000 25*400’ 000 22 or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages. 2Preliminary. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1 968-0-282-907 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis U n it e d S t a t e s G o v e r n m e n t P r in t in g O f f ic e DIVISIO N O F P U B LIC D O C U M E N T S W a s h in g to n , D.C. 20402 O F F IC IA L B U S IN E S S https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis P O S T A G E A N D F E E S PAID U.S. G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G O F F I C E