Full text of Monthly Labor Review : January 1965, Vol. 88, No. 1

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Monthly
Labor
Review

KALAMAZOO
f i8 -6 19S5

PUBLIC LIBRARY

JANUARY

1965

VOL.

88 N O .

Major Collective Bargaining Agreements

SUB Plans in Major Agreements
Severance Pay and Layoff Benefit Plans
Election Challenges Under the LMRDA
Work Experience of the Population

UNITED STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS


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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
W. W illard W ir t z , Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E wa n C l a g u e , Commissioner of Labor Statistics
R obe rt J. M y e r s , Deputy Commissioner of Labor Statistics

H. M. D o u ty , Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications
P a u l R. K e r s c h b a u m , Associate Commissioner for Administrative Management
J ack Alterman, D eputy Associate Commissioner for Economic Growth
Gertrude B ancroft, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
A rnold E. Chase, Assistant Commissioner for Prices and Living Conditions
E dward D iamond, D eputy Associate Commissioner for Administrative Management
J oseph P. G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H arold Goldstein, Assistant Commissioner for Manpower and Employment Statistics
L eon Greenberg , Assistant Commissioner for Productivity and Technological Developments
P eter H enle , D eputy Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications
W alter G. K eim , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Division of Publications
H yman L. L ewis, Economic Consultant to the Commissioner
L eonard R. L insenmayer, Assistant Commissioner for Wages and Industrial Relations
P rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
A be R othman, D eputy Associate Commissioner for Systems Analysis
W illiam C. Shelton, Chief, D ivision of Foreign Labor Conditions
K enneth G. Van A uken , Special Assistant to the Commissioner

Regional Offices and Directors
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¿ fir

Monthly Labor Review
U N IT E D ST A T ES D E P A R T M E N T OF LABOR

•

B U R E A U OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S

L a w r e n c e R . K l e in , E d ito r -in -C M e f

CONTENTS
Special Articles
1
8

Union Election Challenges Under the LMRDA
Special Labor Force Report: Work Experience of the Population in 1963

Summaries of Studies and Reports
IT
19
27
34
40
44
48

Collective Bargaining Solutions to Technological Change
Supplemental Unemployment Benefit Plans in Major Agreements
Severance Pay and Layoff Benefit Plans
Output Per Man-Hour, Gas and Electric Utilities
Wage Rates of Communications Workers
Wages in Pressed or Blown Glassware Plants, May 1964
Wage Chronology: A.T. & T. Long Lines Department—Supplement No. 1—
1953-64

Technical Note
61

Calculation of Average Retail Food Prices

Departments
ii
iii

67
69
72
74
80
89


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This Issue in Brief
The Labor Month in Review
Foreign Labor Brief
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics

January 1965 • Vol. 88 • No. 1

This Issue in Brief. . .

H ighlighting a Labor Department study, Martha
F. Riche’s article Union Election Challenges
Under the LMRDA (p. 1) surveys the opera­
tion of title IV of the Labor-Management Report­
ing and Disclosure Act between September 1959
and April 1963. Although it does not embrace a
representative sample of all local elections, this
study does proffer the most systematic data avail­
able to date on locals involved in challenged elec­
tions. Of the 211 enforceable cases investigated
during the first 3y2 years of the act’s operation,
violations were disclosed in two-thirds, and
slightly less than half of these violations affected
the election results.

A record 83.2 million men and women were em­
ployed at some time during 1963, as reported in
Samuel Saben’s study Work Experience of the
Population in 1963 (p. 8). Approximately 55
percent of these workers—representing the highest
proportion since 1957—were employed full time
for the whole year. No appreciable change oc­
curred between 1962 and 1963 in the proportion
of the unemployed with work experience who were
jobless during the year for more than 6 months
or in the number who did not work at all, but who
had sought employment at some time during 1963.
Two of this m o nth ’s studies were derived from
the Bureau’s file of major collective bargaining
agreements. In these summaries, the authors ex­
amine a series of related provisions aimed at
anchoring worker income protection. Severance
Pay and Layoff Benefit Plans (p. 27) by Leon
E. Lunden and Ernestine M. Moore discloses a
steady upward trend since 1944 in the percent of
agreements with such plans and a particularly sig­
nificant increase since the 1955-56 survey. In
1963, dismissal pay and layoff benefit plans ap­
peared in 30 percent of the major agreements—
mostly in manufacturing—and covered 40 percent
of the workers. Almost half of the plans were
negotiated with five unions and affected twothirds of the workers. Dorothy R. Kittner’s sum­
 n
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mation of Supplemental Unemployment Bene­
fit Plans in Major Agreements (p. 19) re­
veals that 14 percent of the agreements in effect
during the winter of 1963-64 encompassed SUB
plans—primarily in the durable goods manufac­
turing industries—that covered 25 percent of the
workers. Most of these contracts were also negoti­
ated with five unions.
C ommenting on the variety of programs already
evolved by collective bargaining to meet the man­
power problems of technological change, Arnold
Weber in Collective Bargaining Solutions to Tech­
nological Change (p. 17) advances his views of a
future program that will effect the greatest prog­
ress and some of the major challenges that ac­
company the systems developed to cope with job
insecurity. This article was excerpted from a
paper presented to the Conference on the Man­
power Implications of Automation sponsored by
the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development. The February issue of the Review
will publish a brief account of the conference
proceedings.

Following are some recent key statistics from continuing
B L S series. See Current Labor Statistics, p p . 89-128.
December
1964
Total civilian labor force {in thousands) ________________ 73,841
Employment___________________
70,375
Unemployment______________
3,466
Unemployment rate (seasonally adjusted) {percent)______
4.9
Earnings of production workers in manufacturing {prelim­
inary):
Average hourly earnings__________________________
2. 58
Average weekly hours___________________________
41.3
Average overtime hours._____ _____________________
3. 5

1963
72,461
68,615
3,846
5.5
2.51
40.9
3.1

November
Index of average hourly earnings of production workers in
manufacturing (excluding overtime and interindustry
shifts) { 1957- 59 = 100) _______________________________
Consumer Price Index (including single workers) { 195759 = 100) _______

119.3

116.8

108.7

107.4

I n Output Per Man-Hour, Gas and Electric Utili-

ties (p. 34), Joseph E. Dragonette and Philip W.
Jaynes briefly trace the expansion of the gas and
electric utilities industry between 1932 and 1962,
examining the industry’s rising productivity.
From 1947 to 1962, the industry experienced a
186-percent increase in output per man-hour of all
employees. Total man-hours rose only 20 percent
over this period. Explaining the productivity
increase, the authors point to the high level of
capital investment and technological advances,
which are discussed in detail for both segments
of the industry.

The Labor Month
in Review

^ Early Civil Service Retirement
^ Prices Since the Tax Cut
How m a n y employees elect to retire early, and
why ? How many of them find other jobs? What
kinds of jobs do they find ? With about 12 million
workers in private pension plans with early retire­
ment provisions, these are significant questions.
Some of the answers are provided in a recently
published report by the U.S. Civil Service Com­
mission, based on the experience of 3,302 former
Federal civil service employees who had chosen to
retire early. The survey was undertaken in 1963
at the request of the Subcommittee on Retirement
of the Senate Committee on Post Office and Civil
Service.
Since October 1956, Federal employees have
had the option of retiring at the age of 55 after
30 years’ service. Annuities are reduced 1 percent
for each year below 60, the earliest age at which
full benefits are payable. The Civil Service Com­
mission estimated, in 1963, that 8 percent of those
eligible to retire on this basis actually had.
While some of the motives which impel early
retirement may be common to public and private
employees, conditions differ at two important
points—both of which stimulate early retirement
by civil servants. First, civil servants face a much
smaller reduction of benefits than do most employ­
ees in private industry who are covered by early
retirement plans; at worst they will lose 5 percent
of normal benefits. Typically, for most employees
in private industry, benefits at age 60 are about
two-thirds of those payable at 65 for equivalent
service, and at age 55, they are less than one-half.
Second, Federal civil servants are not covered by
the Social Security Act, and many find it advan­
tageous to retire before 60 in order to take jobs
which will qualify them for social security bene­
fits in addition to their annuities.

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A popular view of the retired worker has him
withdrawn completely from the labor force to
spend his time gardening or woodworking. The
subjects of the survey apparently shared this no­
tion. Their principal motive, they said, was to
quit while they were still able to enjoy retirement.
Yet more than half of them stated that they had
retired with the intention of finding jobs, more
than half did find jobs, and nearly half of those
who found jobs worked full time.
Half the respondents were former postal em­
ployees; 80 percent of these had been clerks or
carriers, and 20 percent had done other postal
work. Of the nonpostal workers, 40 percent had
held nonprofessional white-collar, jobs, an equal
number were skilled and unskilled workers, and
20 percent were engineers, scientists, or other pro­
fessional workers. Most of the respondents were
men, and most had left jobs which paid $4,000 to
$5,000 and offered limited opportunities.
The average civil service annuity for early re­
tirees was $299 a month, and 60 percent received
between $200 and $299 a month. A third of the
group retired at 55, and a fifth retired between 59
and 60. Many had more than the mandatory 30
years of service and some had 40 years or more.
gave as the one main reason for early
retirement, in this order: to quit while still able to
enjoy retirement, health and family problems, eco­
nomic motives, and dissatisfaction with the job.
Former postal workers and nonpostal profession­
als generally gave economic reasons (better paid
job, better off with annuity plus outside earnings,
wanted to qualify for social security). The pro­
fessionals, more than others, said that they had
become dissatisfied with their jobs, working con­
ditions, supervision, or management.
Fifty-seven percent of the survey group retired
with the intention of working at other jobs. Al­
though the Commission report, does not show how
many of these actually did work, 58 percent of the
entire group obtained jobs after retirement.
Postal employees, especially clerk-carriers, had
the highest rate of post-retirement employment.
Nonpostal professionals ranked second, and nearly
half of the skilled and unskilled and slightly more
than two-fifths of the nonprofessional white-collar
workers were employed after retirement.
Retirees took jobs for preponderantly economic
reasons, although a number of respondents men­
tioned a chance at work they really desired. FiftyA n n u it a n t s

hi

IV

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

nine percent of those working gave, among other
reasons, the desire to qualify for social security
benefits.
Nearly half of those who worked at all after
retirement worked full time (but the report does
not state the duration of employment), one-quar­
ter worked part time but fairly regularly, and the
remainder held full-time jobs for temporary pe­
riods, or worked only occasionally. Most of the
employed worked shorter hours than they had for
the Government—but one-tenth reported longer
hours and nearly one-third spent about the same
amount of time on the job.
The largest group who worked obtained cleri­
cal jobs. More than half of the nonpostal em­
ployees acquired new occupations. The remain­
der reported employment in their earlier occupa­
tions: 64 percent of the clerical workers, 56 per­
cent of the unskilled workers, 54 percent of the
professionals, 42 percent of the skilled workers,
and 25 percent of the administrative and fiscal
workers.
The large group of employed former Post Office
clerk-carriers went primarily into clerical jobs and
secondarily into unskilled work. Other former
postal employees went into office work and sales.
*

*

*

*

*

I n those industries whose wage rates are tied to
the Consumer Price Index, management and labor
have been watching this Government figure even
more closely since last March’s reduction in Fed­
eral income taxes. Although business activity and
retail sales have gone up and per capita income has
increased, the tax cut has had little effect on over­
all price trends.
The Consumer Price Index, which has been ris­
ing between 1 and iy 2 percent annually since 1959,
has continued up at about the same rate this year.
As in most of the post-World War I I period, the
largest share of the increase in consumer prices
since the tax cut was due to rising costs of services.
Rent, transportation, medical care, and other con­
sumer services accounted for half the 0.8 percent
increase in the CPI between February and Oc­
tober. Among commodities, retail food prices
rose almost 1 percent and apparel prices also ad­
vanced. Durable goods prices (excluding used
cars) declined slightly.
This year’s stability in prices has also been evi­
denced at the wholesale level, where increased busi­

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ness activity resulting from the tax cut might also
have been expected to result in a price uptrend.
Aside from seasonal influences, the Wholesale
Price Index remained on the plateau reached 7
years ago.
Industrial commodity prices advanced slightly,
but those for farm products averaged less than in
1963, primarily because cattle values declined as
slaughter continued high. Wholesale prices of
processed foods were about the same as last year.
The W PI for industrial products rose 0.4 per­
cent between February and November. The in­
creases were concentrated among nonferrous
metals, which were subject to strong international
demand and some production difficulties. A series
of strikes in the United States and overseas seri­
ously curtailed copper output in the late summer
and fall. World production of tin, zinc, and
lead—falling considerably short of industrial
needs—had to be supplemented by releases from
the U.S. stockpile surplus. Aluminum prices also
rose, as did a number of minor metals, including
mercury, platinum, and antimony. In general,
steel prices have been stable, although increases
were posted in the fall for several small-volume
items.
The chief downward pressure on wholesale in­
dustrial products came from fuel oil and gasoline
prices which dropped sharply this year, basically
because of persistent overcapacity for production
of refined petroleum products. Prices of electrical
machinery, also pressured by idle capacity, have
continued weak. As a result, average prices of
machinery and equipment advanced only slightly
despite this year’s high level of capital investment.
In addition to the marked advance in prices
of nonferrous metals, other basic industrial mate­
rials such as woodpulp, sulphur, and a variety of
chemicals have also increased in price since Feb­
ruary. To some extent, these increases in raw
material prices have been passed on to finished
products. Copper and brass products prices have
risen, as have those for printing paper and chemi­
cal fertilizers.
Scattered increases for a number of other indus­
trial products also took place this fall. Most of
these increases, however, have been small and lim­
ited in scope. The higher prices are a result of
generally stronger demand, in some cases repre­
senting increases deferred from past periods of
slack sales. At this time, there is little evidence
of serious pressure on the overall price level.

Union Election
Challenges Under
the LMRDA
Martha F. R iche *

experience up to April 1963 is any indication,
local unions whose elections are challenged under
title IV of the Labor-Management Reporting and
Disclosure Act of 1959 are likely to be those with
larger than average membership, although elec­
tions among smaller locals are more frequently
found to have possibly been affected by violations
of the law. Experience also shows that elections
in which complaints are verified are likely to be
characterized by low rates of member participa­
tion and by voting at membership meetings; the
latter characteristic is also a factor in election
cases where it is determined that the effects on
the election were serious enough to require an elec­
tion rerun. Based on a study by the Department
of Labor’s Labor Management Services Adminis­
tration, which administers the act through its
Office of Labor-Management and Welfare-Pension
Reports (LM W P), this article examines the oper­
ations of title IV, as well as some of the charac­
teristics of local unions and local union elections
that were the subject of complaints alleging its
violation.
Because the number of local elections investi­
gated during the period covered by the study
(Sept. 14, 1959, to Apr. 1, 1963), was not large
compared with the total number of elections held,
this analysis does not cover a representative sam­
ple of all local elections. Nevertheless, the mate­
rial does present pertinent data on locals involved
in challenged elections in terms of size, method of
voting, and other factors which have not been
studied before in any systematic fashion.
The enactment of title IV was foreshadowed by
the McClellan Committee disclosures 1 of irregu­

If


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larities in union officer elections. Some of the
abuses reported by the Committee had stemmed
from failure to require a secret ballot, with the
resultant opportunity for coercion and intimida­
tion of voters. Others had been spawned by lax
election procedures that resulted in stuffed ballot
boxes, falsified ballot count results, prejudiced
determinations of voter and nominee eligibility,
and other failures to insure free and adequate ex­
pression of voter sentiment.
Section 401 of title IV specifies minimum stand­
ards for union elections. Among other require­
ments, it provides that elections must be conducted
in accordance with the constitution and bylaws
of the labor organization concerned as long as
they are consistent with the provisions of the act.
Section 402 states that a union member may
file a complaint with the Secretary of Labor al­
leging violation of section 401 after exhausting
remedies available within the union or, after in­
voking these remedies, failing to obtain a final
decision within 90 days. The Secretary, acting
through the LMWP, must investigate the com­
plaint and, if the investigation confirms the com­
plaint’s validity, bring suit to have the election
invalidated. However, the act directs the court
to void an election only if the violation committed
may have affected the outcome of the election, and
for this reason, the LMWP makes this determina­
tion administratively before attempting to have
an election rerun.2
Extent of Violations

During the first 3y2 years of the act’s operation,
the LMWP found violations in two-thirds of the
211 enforcible cases which it investigated;3
slightly more than half of these did not affect the
♦Of th e D iv isio n o f P u b lic a tio n s, B ureau o f L abor S ta tis tic s.
1 I n te r im R e p o r t of th e S e le c t C o m m itte e on I m p ro p e r A c t iv i­
tie s in th e L a b o r or M a n a g em en t F ie ld (U .S . S en ate, 8 5 th Cong.,
2d sess., 1958, R eport 1 4 1 7 ).
2 A recen t s u it by a d efeated can d id ate fo r office in a T eam ­
s te r s ’ lo c a l un ion so u g h t to force th e Secretary to tak e h is com ­
p la in t to cou rt even th o u g h th e LM W P could find no in d ic a tio n
th a t th e outcom e of th e ele ctio n had been affected. H e lo s t th e
case in w h ich he argued th a t th e la w did n ot in ten d th e Secre­
tary to s u b stitu te h is ju d gm en t fo r th a t o f th e court. (A ltm a n
v. W ir tz [n o t officially r ep o rted ], 56 LRRM 2,651, M ay 5, 1 9 6 4 .)
A n oth er such case, filed in L os A n geles in D ecem ber, em ployed
s u b sta n tia lly th e sam e argum ent.
3 T he LM W P received several hundred a d d itio n a l com p lain ts
du rin g th is period w h ich w ere considered non en forcib le, p r i­
m arily because th e com p lain an t had fa iled to ex h a u st th e rem edies
provided by h is union, or because th e ele ctio n w a s n ot su b ject to
t it le IV req uirem ents.

1

2

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

T able 1. E lection C a ses C losed , by T y pe o f L abor
O rganization and R esults o f I n v estig a tio n , O ctober
1 9 5 9 -A pril 1963
Results of investigation
Type of labor
organization

Total
cases
closed

No violations disclosed

Violations disclosed

Total

Did not M ay have
affect
affected
election
election

T otal___ ____

‘211

75

136

71

65

National.
_
.
Intermediate______
Local___
______

5
i 21
2 185

2
9
64

3
12
121

2
6
63

1
6
58

1 Only 20 organizations, since 1 had 2 challenged elections.
2 Only 181 organizations, since 4 had 2 challenged elections each.

outcome of the election. In the remaining third,
no violations were disclosed. (See table 1.)
A chronological examination of case results
shows that the percentage of cases in which viola­
tions are found has been steadily increasing. Of
the challenged elections held during the first full
year after the passage of the act, violations were
disclosed in less than half of the cases; but for
the second and third years, violations were found
in more than 70 percent of the cases, and this pro­
portion was increasing at the end of the period.4
To a great extent, this increase can be attributed
to greater familiarity with the act on the part of
union members and improved investigating pro­
cedures on the part of the LMWP.
Nearly 90 percent of the election investigations
involved local unions, 10 percent intermediate
bodies, and only a few national unions. Though
local unions predominated, they represented a
smaller proportion of all such unions subject to
the act than was the case with the other two
types of labor organizations. (Except for gov­
ernment unions and State and local central bodies,
unions are subject to the act if their members are
engaged in an industry affecting interstate com­
merce.) Since the number of intermediate and
national union election cases was too small to sup­
port detailed analysis, this discussion is limited
to the local union election cases.

three-tenths appeared in elections whose outcome
may have been affected.5 (See table 2.) These
741 allegations have been classified into 28 cate­
gories. Half of these categories appeared in 20
or more cases each, and accounted for nearly 90
percent of all violations disclosed, and for almost
as great a proportion of those violations found
in cases where the outcome of the election may
have been affected. However, those violations
most commonly disclosed were not necessarily
among those most commonly alleged. For exam­
ple, failure to mail election notices to each mem­
ber at least 15 days before the election—the most
commonly disclosed violation—was only the fourth
most common allegation.
Whether the LMWP took action to have an
election set aside depended partly on the nature
of the violation: a complicated allegation (such
as use of union money to promote a particular
candidate) involving judgment, applicability, and
interpretation on the part of both those who con­
duct and those who investigate elections may be
more difficult to sustain than a relatively straight­
forward failure in procedure or mechanics (such
as failing to give proper notice of the election)
that is not as likely to affect the outcome of an
election.
The allegation that a member in good standing
was denied the right to run for or to hold union
office, subject to reasonable qualifications uni­
formly imposed, is a case in point. An allegation
often requiring judgment and interpretation, it
was validated in only a third of the local elec­
tion cases in which it was charged, though it was
one of the two charges most commonly made.
But, since the selection of candidates is an integral
part of the election process, it is no wonder that
in almost three-fourths of the cases in which this
allegation was verified the LMWP determined
that the outcome of the election could have been
affected.
On the other hand, the allegation that ballots
and other election records were not preserved for
1 year was verified in four-fifths of the local elec-

Types of Violations

Of the 741 specific allegations of title IV viola­
tion that appeared in the 185 local election cases
(allegations averaged 4 per case, and totaled as
many as 12), nearly half were verified; nearly


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4 D u rin g th e year fo llo w in g th e com p letion o f th e stu d y, v io la ­
tio n s w ere fo u n d in m ore th a n 80 percen t of th e e le ctio n s c h a l­
lenged.
5 S in ce th e LM W P took in to accou n t a ll th e c ircu m stan ces su r­
round ing a case in d eterm in in g w h eth er th e outcom e o f an e lection
could have been affected, it is n o t p ossib le to a sce r ta in th e effect
o f a p a rticu la r v io la tio n on th e final d eterm in ation .

3

UNION ELECTION CHALLENGES UNDER THE LMRDA

tion cases in which it was alleged. But, since it
involved an after-the-fact housekeeping measure,
the finding was that the violation may have af­
fected the election outcome in only two-fifths of
the cases in which it was verified. Even in these
cases, it is apparent that only its appearance with
another more serious violation resulted in this
determination.
Failure to mail election notices in accordance
with the law, also a procedural matter, has a some­
what more direct bearing on election results. In
two-thirds of the cases in which this charge was
verified, the LMWP found cause to believe that the
election outcome could have been affected. The
charge that a secret ballot was required but not
used has an even more direct influence on an elec­
tion outcome. This charge was verified in over
three-fourths of the local election cases in which
it was charged; and the election outcome was de­
clared suspect in 85 percent of the instances in
which this allegation was proved.
Characteristics of Unions

Size of Membership. Local unions involved in
election complaints, in general, had more members
than the average local reporting to the LMWP.
The median membership of locals whose elections
were challenged was 1,000; the LMWP estimates
that the median membership of locals that file re­
T a b l e 2.

A lleg a tio n s A p p e a r in g

in at

ports with it is well below 200. This may be at­
tributable to the greater competition for an office
that is salaried, prestigious, and influential, as is
more common with larger unions, as well as to
the greater difficulty of guarding against certain
kinds of unlawful activity (such as allowing in­
eligible members to vote) among a large number
of voters. In addition, larger locals, occasionally
encompassing employees of different skills and of
different employers, might be expected to display
the divisiveness that results in more hotly con­
tested elections.
However, it is in the local with less than 1,000
members that complaints are more likely to be
verified, and once verified, to be determined that
they might have affected the outcome of the elec­
tion. By contrast, locals of 2,500 members and
over have a much smaller percentage of allega­
tions confirmed, and the confirmed allegations are
seldom deemed likely to have affected the election.
Certain violations are easier to trace where a small
number of people are involved, and it is probable
that where a vote is large violations committed
would not have affected enough votes to change
the outcome. It is also apparent that to a certain
extent, the size of the union determines the nature
of the allegation. For example, the great majority
of charges of illegal use of union money to pro­
mote a particular candidate were made in locals
of 1,000 members or more. On the other hand, all

L ea st 20 L ocal U n io n E lection C a s e s , O ctober 1 9 5 9 -A pr il 1963
Results of investigation
Violations disclosed

Type of alleged violation

Total, all allegations........ - ------ ----- ------------ --------------------------------------------Total allegations appearing in at least 20 cases.......................................................
Persons of questionable eligibility voted_______________________________________
Member in good standing denied right to be a candidate or to hold office------------Election not conducted according to constitution and bylaws___________________
Proper notice of election not mailed to each member---------- ------ ------ ----------------Improper safeguarding of b a llo ts...------------------------- ------- —- --------------------------Fraudulent or improper counting of ballots----------- ------ -------- ------------- ------ -----Failure to observe secrecy of ballot.................— ................ .................................................
Other inadequate safegurads or improper procedures______________________ _____
Denial of reasonable opportunity for nomination of candidates---------------------------Labor organization money contributed or applied to promote particular candidacy—
Member in good standing denied right to vote__________________ ______ ________
Ballots and other election records not preserved for 1 year_______________________
Observer at counting of ballots not allowed or rendered ineffective---------------------Ballot improperly prepared---------------------- -----------------------------------------------------

Total alleged
violations

No violations
disclosed 1

Total

In election
whose
outcome
was not
affected

In election
whose
outcome may
have been
affected

741

381

360

153

207

598
68
68
58
55
50
42
38
37
34
34
31
31
29
23

282
30
46
27
9
17
20
13
24
13
27
17
6
20
13

316
38
22
31
46
33
22
25
13
21
7
14
25
9
10

137
18
6
13
17
15
11
13
5
6
4
7
15
4
3

179
20
16
18
29
18
11
12
8
15
3
7
10
5
7

1
Since a case was considered a violation case when any allegation was found baseless, not all of the 381 allegations shown in this column are related to
the 64 local union election cases shown in the column “no violations disclosed.”
verified and a no violation case only when all of the allegations in it were


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

4

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JANUARY 1965

but 2 of the 16 charges of failure to use a secret
ballot were against smaller locals.
Geographical Location. The 211 election cases
were distributed around the country in approxi­
mately the same proportion as are unions subject
to the act. The only exception was the Far West,
where union growth has been accelerated by the
growth of industry in that area. Though this re­
gion had a greater proportion of election com­
plaints than it has union members, it had a smaller
proportion of violation determinations.
T able 3.

L ocal U n io n E lection C a s e s ,

by

National Affiliation. The 12 national unions that
had 5 locals or more involved in challenged elec­
tions accounted for 60 percent of all cases in which
violations were verified, though they account for
less than 45 percent of all local unions filing re­
ports with the LMWP. (See table 3.) That
these 12 nationals accounted for only 45 percent
of all cases in which the outcome of the election
may have been affected may be partially explained
by the generally large membership of these unions,
among them some of the Nation’s largest (as noted
earlier, violations in the elections of larger locals

N ational A ffilia tio n , O ctober 1 9 5 9 -A pril 1963
I tesults of investigatioi1

T otal_____________________________ ______ ___ _____________________
A FL-CIO —directly affiliated local union____________________ _____ __________________
United Automobile Workers__________________ _______ ______ __ _
American Bakery end Confectionery Workers . . .
_______________________________
Bakery end Confectionery Workers International Union (Ind.)________________________
International Brotherhood of Boilermakers,, _______________________________________
Bricklayers’ International Union___________ ___________ _____ _______________________
Building Service Emplovees’ Internationai U n io n _____ ____ _________________________
United Brotherhood of Carpenters____ __________________________ _______________
International Chemical Workers Union__________________________ ________
Communications Workers of America___ _____ ______________________________________
Confederated Unions (In d .)3_______ ______ ______________ _ .
International Union of Electrical Workers_______________________ ____
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers______________________________________
International Union of Operating Engineers, - __________________________ _______ _____
International Brotherhood of Fireman and Oilers _____________________
International Hod Carriers Union_________________________
Hotel and Restaurant Employees International Union_______ _______________________
International Association of Iron Workers______________ ____________________________
Laborista de Puerto Rico (Ind.) ______________ ______ ______________________________
Laundry and Dry Cleaning International Union____ ___________ ____________ __ __
Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers (Ind.). __________________ .
International Longshoremen’s Association _ _ __________ __
International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union (In d .)______________________
International Association of M achinists., ______ ____ ___
Brotherhood of Maintenance of W ay Employees___________________ __________ _______
Amalgamated Meat Cutters______________ _______ _
United Mine Workers (Ind.). ___________________
United Mine Workers of America District SO (Ind.)................. . . .
American Federation of Musicians______
____________
National Brotherhood of Packinghouse Workers (Ind.).................... ............................... ...........
United Packinghouse, Food and Allied Workers . . . __________
Brotherhood of Painters and Paperhangers__________________
Petroleum Affiliates (Ind.)________
Operative Plasterers’ and Cement Masons’ International Association .
United Association of Plumbers and Pipefitters________ ______
International Printing Pressmen’s Union ___________ _
International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite and Paper M ill Workers
The Order of Railroad Telegraphers
______
Brotherhood of Railway and Steamship Clerks ____ _________ ______
Retail Clerks International Association
_ _
Retail, Wholesale, and Department Store Union _______
Roofers Workers A ssociation________ .
United Rubber Workers_____________________________ .
Sheet M etal Workers’ International Association ____________ _.
International Alliance of Stage Employes and Moving Picture Machine Operators______
United Steelworkers__________________________ .
Amalgamated Association of Street, Electric Railway and Motor Coach Employes
International Brotherhood of Teamsters (Ind.)
Textile Workers Union _ _______
Transport Workers Union _______________ .
U tility Workers Union________________ .
Unaffiliated locals___________________


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No
violations
disclosed

186

33,738

64

1
8
1
1
2
2
2
6
1
1
1
3
5
10
1
21
7
7
1
1
2
2
1
3
1
2
2
3
1
1
2
4
1
2
9
2
i
1
i
i
i
]
1
i
4
4 12
1
14
1
35
1
« 19

414
1,189
139
143
440
768
202
2,608
300
731
21
396
1,363
280
640
919
506
307
5
46
783
324
65
1,767
1, 202
392
1,727
1, 686
505
24
309
1,087
15
448
644
679
545
86
1,600
330
226
213
373
479
824
2, 611
305
861
534
116
161
1,400

1
2

Total
cases
closed

National union affiliation i

1 All national unions not identified as independent are affiliated w ith the
A FL-C IO .
2 As of June 30, 1960.
3 Now a part of the National Federation of Independent Unions following
merger with the National Independent Union Council.

Number of
locals
reporting
to the
LM W P 2

V iolations disc losed

Total

1
1
2
1
1
2
2
5
5
4
4
1
1
2
1

1
2
1
4

Did not
affect
election

M ay have
affected
election

121

63

58

6
1
1
1
1

1
1

5

5
1
1
1
3
5
1
16
3
3
1
1
1
2

1
1
3

2
4
11
2
3

1
2
2
1
1
5
2
1

2
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
1

1
1
2

1
2
2
3

1

1
1
2

1
2
1

1
2
2
1
3
1

1
2
1
1

1

1
2
5
1
3
4
3

1
1
1
1
1

1

1

2
7

1
5

1
2

11
1
1
1
16

8

3
1
1

1
1
1

1
5

11

< Involved 10 locals since 2 locals had 2 challenged elections each.
3 Involved 4 locals since 1 local had 2 elections challenged.
6
Involved 18 locals since 2 elections of the Salaried Employees Union,
Chicago, 111., were challenged.

UNION ELECTION CHALLENGES UNDER THE LMRDA

were less likely to have affected the election out­
come) .
Only 7 of the 12 national unions with at least 5
election cases had 1 percent or more of their re­
porting locals involved in election complaint
cases; 3 of these had over 2 percent, and 1 had over
3 percent. Of all reporting affiliated locals, only 1
in 300 was involved in an election case; the equiva­
lent relationship for unaffiliated locals was 1 in 75.
Locals of only 1 of the 12 national unions had a
greater than average determination of violations
that may have affected an election, with 5 of its 6
violation cases in this category. The record of
unaffiliated locals was similar: in 11 of the 16
unaffiliated local violation cases the outcome may
have been affected. Unaffiliated locals also had a
greater number of allegations per election case
than affiliated locals did. Most of the unaffiliated
locals were smaller than the average local involved
in an election complaint.
In addition to size, location, and the other fac­
tors characteristic of unions whose elections are
challenged, other elements, such as the degree of
education in union practices, use of violation
charges as a campaign tactic, and the frequency of
elections, are very likely to determine the relative
frequency of election complaints within locals of
various national unions.
Characteristics of Elections

Method of Election. Approximately two-thirds
of the local elections in which violations were al­
leged were conducted by voting at polls,8 with the
remainder divided between membership meetings
and mail referendum. Allegations concerning
elections conducted at membership meetings were
confirmed in 5 out of 6 cases and were thought to
have possibly affected the outcome of the election
in 4 out of 6 cases in which violations were found.
On the other hand, 2 out of 3 poll elections were
found to have violations, but less than half of
those marked by violations were considered to have
a doubtful election outcome. Again, this finding
probably stems from the locals’ size, since the
larger locals, which have a lower rate of confirmed
violations, are those most likely to vote at polls.
6
Since the unions whose elections were challenged had larger
than average membership, this proportion Is greater than it
would be if all union elections had been studied.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

5
Voting at membership meetings was frequently
characterized by violations of ballot secrecy, while
voting at polls was more often accompanied by
procedural errors. In addition, most of the
charges of voting by ineligible persons were
against poll elections; approximately half of these
elections involved this charge.
Voting by mail referendum took place almost as
frequently among the election cases as voting at
membership meetings, but usually in locals either
geographically dispersed, or with transient mem­
bership (such as some of the transportation
unions) where other methods of voting would be
impractical. The violations alleged in mail elec­
tions, like those at polls, were generally of a pro­
cedural nature, such as failure to provide adequate
election safeguards; over half of the complaints
were verified, and for half of these it was deter­
mined that the outcome of the election could have
been affected.
Voting at polls attained the highest levels of
membership participation, but was almost matched
by voting through mail referendum. The greater
participation that results from the extended time
period offered by poll voting is, of course, one of
the reasons for holding this kind of election in­
stead of voting at a membership meeting. The few
large locals that voted at membership meetings
had very low rates of voter participation.
Kind of Supervision. More than 80 percent of the
contested local elections had been conducted by
members of the local unions themselves. There
was a somewhat higher incidence of complaint
confirmation and a greater proportion of deter­
minations that the election outcome could have
been affected when the election was supervised
by members of a local union than when it was
conducted by a representative from the interna­
tional or an independent body.
Source of Complaint. The great majority of com­
plaints were filed by defeated candidates who had
opposed incumbent officers. Only 13 defeated in­
cumbents filed complaints in local elections, some
of whom made the allegation, more often made by
defeated opposition candidates, that the group
controlling the election machinery discriminated
against them. Whether the complainant was a de­
feated opposition candidate or a noncandidate, the

6

proportion of violation confirmation was the same.
However, violations possibly affecting the outcome
of the election were verified in proportionately
fewer of the cases initiated by a defeated opposi­
tion candidate than in cases where the complainant
was a noncandidate. This suggests that, in lodg­
ing complaints, noncandidates are not inclined to
complain unless they are certain of an election
irregularity.
Election Participation. No relationship was noted
between the extent of membership participation in
the election and the type of violation charged.
However, the percentage of members voting in
contested elections showed that with the exception
of those elections where 80 percent or more of
eligible voters cast their ballots, the smaller the
percentage of members voting the greater the like­
lihood that the charges of violation would be con­
firmed.7 It is possible that elections with more
than 80 percent participation were characterized
by such vigorous competition for office that
LMRDA violations resulted.
Remedial Action

The LMWP encourages voluntary remedial ac­
tion in cases which could be litigated: if compli­
ance is obtained, the case is not taken to court.
Of the 65 cases in which the LMWP decided that
the violations uncovered could have affected the
outcome of the election, only 13, or one-fifth, were
eventually taken to court. The remaining 52 were
settled by voluntary compliance: in 40 cases, the
challenged election was voided and the election
rerun, while in 12, the union took appropriate
administrative action. In 5 of these 12 cases, re­
medial action—usually a new regular election—
was taken as soon as or sooner than civil action
could be instituted; and in 5 other cases the per­
son whose election was challenged resigned and
the Vacancy was filled by a procedure consistent
with the act.
The LMWP observed 24 of the 51 rerun elec­
tions—11 rerun by court order, and 13 under vol­
untary arrangements (although elections rerun
under conditions of voluntary compliance do not
invariably require LMWP supervision).
The LMWP has information on 21 of the cases
rerun under its aegis: The results of the original


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JANUARY 1965

election were reversed in 4 instances, while the
original results were repeated in 10 cases and par­
tially repeated in 7. In the 25 of 27 elections rerun
without supervision for which information is
available, 14 returned the same officers, 6 reversed
the previous results, and 5 partly reversed and
partly sustained the original outcome.
Most of the second elections were conducted by
the same method of voting as the first, the only
significant change being that in 10 of the 15 elec­
tions previously held at membership meetings, a
type of balloting resulting in a disproportionate
number of violations, another method was chosen.
Membership participation rates remained about
the same for elections voluntarily rerun under
LMWP observation, but increased by approxi­
mately 14 percent in elections rerun under court
order and decreased by about 22 percent for those
rerun voluntarily without LMWP supervision.
(The latter decrease wTas accounted for almost com­
pletely by one election.) In a large majority of
the elections where voting participation declined,
only a partial slate of candidates were running,
and sometimes only a single, perhaps minor office
was at stake. Only three partial rerun elections
showed an increase in membership participation.
When the LMWP uncovers title IV violations
that need not be remedied through court action,
it attempts to rectify the situation by notifying
officials of the union of the violations and request­
ing their cooperation in avoiding further
violations.
Where violations have been committed as a re­
sult of conflicts between title IV and the union’s
constitution, the unions generally have amended
their constitutions to comply with the provisions
of the law.
The Scope of Title IV

The part that voluntary compliance plays in
carrying out the directives of title IV is prominent.
Not only do many violations not meet the tests
for rerunning an election, but also the median time
lapse between a challenged election and its rerun
is 60 weeks for elections voided by court order,
as compared with only 39 wTeeks for those volun7
T he m ajority of th e 135 cases fo r w h ich th is in fo rm a tio n w as
ava ila b le had a t le a s t 50 percen t p ar tic ip a tio n .

UNION ELECTION CHALLENGES U NDER THE LMRDA

tarily rerun and supervised by the LMWP and
31 weeks for those voluntarily rerun without such
supervision.
Since the offenses that brought about the passage
of the LMRDA had been committed by only a
small minority of unions, the LMWP attempts to
avoid undue interference in imion affairs by allow­
ing offenders an opportunity to remedy their er­
rors. Court action is reserved for only the more
serious violations when voluntary compliance is
not forthcoming.
Although the LMRDA requires voiding an elec­
tion in which violations are found if there is
cause to believe that the outcome of the election
could have been affected, the LMWP does not take
violation cases to court unless it has been deter­
mined administratively that there is evidence to
that effect. Where there is not sufficient evidence,
the complainant is so informed, generally with an
explanation of the determination. Where viola­
tions are of a technical nature, such as failure to
preserve ballots and other election records for 1
year, they can only be remedied through voluntary
compliance unless they occur concomitantly with
more serious violations. In other cases, where
serious or substantial violations cannot be shown
to have affected an election because of a heavy
vote, and compliance is not forthcoming, the only
recourse for members injured by the violations
(for example, suffering reprisals for not support­
ing the winning candidate) is for them to file suit
under title I, sometimes a lengthy and expensive
procedure.
Many of the election cases that reach the courts
result from a basic disagreement between the union
and the LMWP on the interpretation of those


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

7
provisions of title IV that specify “reasonable”
nominating and election procedures. Thus, the
reasonableness of requiring candidates to have a
record of 2 years of continuous on-time payment
of dues or of attendance at 75 percent of union
meetings—a requirement that all but a small per­
centage of union members failed to meet—has been
questioned. Other requirements which the
LMWP has deemed unreasonable are those limit­
ing the right to hold office to members working in
certain of several occupations which the union en­
compasses, and those that require both nominators
and nominees to be present at nomination meetings
even though the membership is geographically
scattered or working hours preclude the attendance
of some.
Administrative rulings that have delimited the
area in which the Secretary of Labor will exercise
jurisdiction may result in a decrease in complaints.
For example, the Secretary ruled that elections to
fill vacancies were not subject to title IV and,
therefore, irregularities in such elections are no
longer to be investigated by the LMWP. The
Secretary also announced recently that enforce­
ment action would no longer be taken solely be­
cause of failure to hold a secret ballot election
where candidates are unopposed and write-in
votes are not permitted, assuming that reasonable
opportunity to nominate candidates and other pro­
visions of title IV have been complied with, since
the election outcome could not be affected.
Other rulings that may have limited the scope
of the act’s enforcement were those holding that
certain union officials, are not officers as defined
by the act, and that elections held as part of a
merger agreement are not covered by the act.

Special Labor Force Report

Work Experience of the
Population in 1963
S amuel S aben *

in the American economy during
1963 was reflected in a rise of 1.2 million in the
number who worked at some time during the year.
New heights in production and sales were accom­
panied by a rise to an alltime high of 83.2 million
in the number of men and women who worked
during the year (table 1). The 1.1 million more
men and 300,000 more women who worked all
year at full-time jobs raised the total who were
fully employed to 45.4 million. These achieve­
ments are a measure of the sustained economic ex­
pansion of the Nation.
At the same time, however, the Nation did not
use its manpower to its full potential. In 1963,
14.2 million people were unemployed for 1 week
or more at least once during the year (table 2).
There was no appreciable change from 1962 in the
proportion (15 percent) of the unemployed with
work experience who had been jobless for a total
of more than 6 months during the year, and only
a slight decrease in the proportion of unemployed
with more than one spell of joblessness. Further­
more, the number of persons who sought employ­
ment at some time during 1963 but did not work
at all, at 1.8 million, was not significantly different
from 1962.
The above findings and those that follow are
taken from the 1963 annual survey of work ex­
perience of the population.1
T h e expansion

Employment

Women accounted for about two-thirds of the
1.2 million rise in the number of persons who
worked at some time during 1963. There was little
8

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

change in the proportion of persons in each age
group who worked during the year, with the major
exception of young women 20 to 24 years old
(table 3) ; 66 percent of these young women
worked, equalling the proportion for 18- and 19year-old girls who historically have had the high­
est work rate for any group of women.
Among men 65 and over, there has been a con­
tinuing decline in the number doing some work
during the year, despite an increase in the popula­
tion of this age group. In 1950, 49 percent of this
age group worked during the year; in 1963, only
38 percent worked. The considerable rise in re­
tirements during the past decade has been spurred
by the increase in the number of workers covered
by private and public pension plans effective on
the 65th birthday as well as by declining employ­
ment opportunities in agriculture, where many of
these older men used to work.
Between 1962 and 1963, the largest increases in
employment were among workers whose longest
job was in manufacturing (especially durable
goods manufactures), transportation and public
utilities, and service and finance. Only farmers
and farm managers, among occupational groups,
showed a decline in the number of persons with
work experience. On the other hand, employment
increased among professional and technical, cleri­
cal, and service (except private household) work­
ers, and operatives.
♦Of th e D iv isio n of P o p u la tio n and L abor F orce S tu d ies, B u ­
reau of L abor S ta tis tic s.
1
D a ta p ertain to th e w ork experien ce of p erson s 14 y e a rs and
over in th e c iv ilia n n o n in s titu tio n a l p op u lation in F eb ru ary 1964.
T he an n u al su rvey fo r 1 963 w as taken in F eb ru ary 1964 as a
su p p lem en t to th e regu lar m on th ly su rvey o f th e labor force
condu cted fo r th e B ureau o f Labor S ta tis tic s by th e B ureau of
th e C ensus th rou gh its C urrent P op u la tio n Survey. E a rlier su r­
v e y s o f w ork exp erien ce o f th e p op u lation h ave been an alyzed in
th e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , D ecem ber 1960, pp. 1 2 7 2 -1 2 8 3 , D e­
cem ber 1961, pp. 1 3 2 4 -1 3 3 7 , D ecem ber 1962, pp. 1 3 4 7 -1 3 5 8 , J a n ­
uary 1964, pp. 18—27, and rep rin ted w ith a d d itio n a l tab u lar
m aterial in Sp ecial L abor F orce R eports N os. 11, 19, 25, and
38. R ep rin ts of a ll a r tic le s in th e series are a v ailab le w h ile th e
su p p ly la s ts upon req uest to th e B ureau or to an y o f its region al
offices.

WORK EXPERIENCE OF THE POPULATION IN 1963
T a b l e 1.

9

W o r k E x p e r i e n c e D u r i n g t h e Y e a r , b y E x t e n t o f E m p l o y m e n t a n d b y S e x , 1960-63
Both sexes

Work experience
1963

1962

Male

1961

1960

1962

1963

Female
1961

1960

1963

1962

1961

1960

Number (thousands of persons 14 years of age and over)
Total who worked during the year U_

83, 227

82, 057

80, 287

80, 618

51,039

50, 639

49,854

50, 033

32,188

31,418

30,433

30, 585

Full tim e:2
50 to 52 weeks_________ _ ________
27 to 49 weeks.
..
___ ________
Part time or intermittently __
______
1 to 26 weeks at full-time jobs________
At part-time jobs_______
50 to 52 w eek s... ________ . . . _
________
27 to 49 weeks. _ _
1 to 26 weeks______
_______

45, 449
11, 565
26, 213
9,153
17,060
5,229
3, 353
8,478

44,079
12,102
25, 876
9.146
16, 730
5,130
3, 368
8, 232

43,006
12,042
25, 239
9,170
16, 069
5,191
3,068
7,810

43, 265
12,132
25, 221
8,756
16, 465
5,307
3,290
7,868

33, 587
6,686
10, 766
4, 021
6,745
2,098
1,274
3,373

32, 513
7,185
10,941
4,289
6,652
2,114
1,305
3, 233

31, 769
7,434
10, 651
4, 264
6,387
2.240
1,163
2,984

31, 966
7, 653
10,414
3, 857
6,557
2,247
1,267
3,043

11,862
4, 879
15, 447
5,132
10,315
3,131
2,079
5,105

11, 566
4, 917
14, 935
4, 857
10, 078
3,016
2,063
4,999

11, 237
4,608
14, 588
4, 906
9,682
2,951
1, 905
4, 826

11, 299
4,479
14, 807
4,899
9,908
3, 060
2,023
4,825

Percent distribution
Total who w orked during the year i__

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Full tim e:2
50 to 52 w eek s...
____ „
27 to 49 weeks______ _ ___
... ...
Part time or interm ittently.. ___
___
1 to 26 weeks at full-time jo b s.. . . . . .
_______
At part-time jobs _
50 to 52 weeks_____ . . .
27 to 49 w eek s...
______. . .
____
1 to 26 weeks______ _ __

54.6
13.9
31.5
11.0
20.5
6.3
4.0
10.2

53.7
14.7
31.5
11.1
20.4
6.3
4.1
10.0

53.6
15.0
31.4
11.4
20.0
6.5
3.8
9.7

53.7
15.0
31.3
10.9
20.4
6.6
4.1
9.8

65.8
13.1
21.1
7.9
13.2
4.1
2.5

64.2
14.2
21.6
8.5
13.1
4.2
2.6
6.4

63.7
14.9
21.4
8.6
12.8
4.5
2.3
6.0

63.8
15.3
20.8
7.7
13.1
4.5
2.5
6.1

36.9
15.2
48.0
15.9
32.0
9.7
6.5
15.9

36.8
15.6
47.5
15.5
32.1
9.6

36.9
15.1
47.9
16.1
31.8
9.7
6.3
15.9

36.9
14.6
48.4
16.0
32.4
10.0

6 .6

E x tent

of

6 .6

15.8

N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals

1 Time worked includes paid vacations and paid sick leave.
2 U sually worked 35 hours or more per week.

T able 2.

6 .6

15.9

U nem ploym ent D u r in g

the

Y ear,

1963

1962

S e x , 1961-63

Male

Both sexes

Extent of unemployment

by

1961

1963

1962

Female
1961

1963

1962

1961

Number (thousands of persons 14 years of age and over)
Total working or looking for work____ . . ________
Percent with unem ployment____ _____ ___ . .

85,038
16.7

83,944
18.2

81,963
18.4

51,817
17.2

51,412
18.8

50,610
19.4

33,221
15.9

32, 532
17.1

31,353
16.7

___ . . . _____ _ _ _ _ . . .
Total with unem ploym ent.. .
Did not work but looked for work __________ . .
With work experience...... ............................... . .
Year-round workers 1 with 1 or 2 weeks of unemploym ent_____
______ ______ _____ _
_ ...
Part-year workers 2 with unemployment . . .
1 to 4 weeks of unemployment . _______ __ _ _
5 to i 0 weeks of unemployment .
.
___ ____
11 to 14 weeks of unem ploym ent____ ________ _ .
15 to 26 weeks of unem ploym ent. . .
27 weeks or more of unemployment- . . ______
Total with 2 spells or more of unemployment . .
2 spells___ ______
___
_ .
...
3 spells or more.
. . . . . . ____ . _

14,211
1,811
12,400

15,256
1,887
13,369

15,096
1,676
13,420

8,923
778
8,145

9,686
773
8,913

9,846
756
9,090

5,288
1,033
4, 255

5, 570
1,114
4,456

5,250
920
4, 330

1,239
11,161
2,708
2,407
1,595
2,611
1,840
4,635
2,246
2,389

1,129
12,240
2,993
2, 759
1,700
2, 768
2,020
5, 219
2,524
2,695

1,036
12,384
3,098
2,559
1,669
2,849
2,209
4,963
2,299
2,664

934
7, 211
1,521
1,609
1,122
1,802
1,157
3, 269
1,526
1,743

817
8, 096
1,668
1,891
1,194
1,960
1,383
3,805
1,788
2,017

791
8,299
1,709
1,878
1,217
2,027
1,468
3,618
1,603
2,015

305
3,950
1,187
798
473
809
683
1,366
720
646

312
4,144
1,325
868
506
808
637
1,414
736
678

245
4,085
1,389
681
452
822
741
1,345
696
649

Percent distribution
Unemployed persons with work experience, total___
Year-round workers 1 with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment____
Part-year workers 2 with un em ploym ent______
_______
1 to 4 weeks of unem ploym ent______ _________ _ _ _ __
5 to 10 weeks of unemployment _
. . _____ . . . ____
11 to 14 weeks of unem ploym ent. . . ___________ ______
15 to 26 weeks of unemployment _.
______ ______
27 weeks or more of unem ploym ent. . .
Total w ith 2 spells or more of unemployment _ __________
2 spells___
_____
. . . . ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3 spells or m ore______ _ _ _
__ ___ __ __________
1 Worked 50 weeks or more.
2 Worked less than 50 weeks.


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100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

10.0
90.0
21.8
19.4
12.9
21.1
14.8
37.4
18.1
19.3

8.4
91.6
22.4
20.6
12.7
20.7
15.1
39.0
18.9
20.2

7.7
92.3
23.1
19.1
12.4
21.2
16.5
37.0
17.1
19.8

11.5
88.5
18.7
19.8
13.8
22.1
14.2
40.1
18.7
21.4

9.2
90.8
18.7
21.2
13.4
22.0
15.5
42.7
20.1
22.6

8.7
91.3
18.8
20.7
13.4
23.3
16.1
39.8
17.6
22.2

7.2
92.8
27.9
18.8
11.1
19.0
16.1
32.1
16.9
15.2

7.0
93.0
29.7
19.5
11.4
18.1
14.3
31.7
16.5
15.2

5.7
94.3
32.1
15.7
10.4
19.0
17.1
31.1
16.1
15.0

N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal
totals.

10

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JANUARY 1965

T able 3. P ercent of P opulation W ho W orked
D u r in g th e Y e a r , by A ge and S e x , 1 9 58-63
Age and sex

1963

1962

1961

Both sexes, 14 years and over. 63.7

63.8

63.5

39.0
73.7
77.8
72.0
74.4
77.4
67.2
25.0

39.7
74.9
76.5
71.3
74.6
77.6
67.3
25.0

39.8
72.2
74.5
70.9
74.2
75.8
66.6
26.7

82.3

82.8

83.1

46.3
82.5
91.6
97.9
97.6
97.1
88.7
37.6

46.7
83.9
92.2
97.5
97.9
96.5
90.1
38.4

46.1
80.9
92.5
97.7
97.7
95.9
89.7
41.0

14 to 17 years_____ . . . . ...
18 and 19 years_____ _
20 to 24 years_____ ___ ___
25 to 34 years_______ . . .
35 to 44 years__
45 to 54 years_____
55 to 64 years_______ _.
65 years and over_____ . . .
Male, 14 years and over_____
14 to 17 years________
18 and 19 years____________
20 to 24 years____ _
_______
25 to 34 y e a r s ... . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years_____ . . . .
45 to 54 years..
.. . ..
55 to 64 years___ _
65 years and over.
...
_

1960

1959

1958

64.8

64.0

64.1

42.4
74.9
76.2
71.7
74.9
76.7
66.7
28.0

42.8
73.7
75.2
70.3
73.8
76.1
65.4
26.7

43.3
73.3
73.4
70.8
73.7
75.9
66.2
27.5

84.5

84.1

84.4

49.7
84.1
92.9
98.1
97.9
96.6
89.6
43.1

49.0
82.1
92.0
97.2
97.7
96.3
89.3
42.4

50.4
82.5
89.2
97.5
97.7
96.3
89.9
43.4

Female, 14 years and over___

46.9

46.5

45.8

46.9

45.6

45.7

14 to 17 years___
_______. . . .
18 and 19 years______ . . . .
20 to 24 years__
_____
25 to 34 years__ . . . . . . . _ . .
35 to 44 years__
.
. _
45 to 54 years__
....
55 to 64 years__
. .
.......
65 years and over_________________

31.6
66.3
66.1
48.5
53.1
58.9
47.4
15.1

32.5
67.2
63.3
47.5
53.2
59. 6
46.3
14.3

33.2
64.7
59.4
46.6
52.8
57.0
45.6
15.2

34.8
66.8
62.1
47. 4
53.7
58.0
45.7
15.8

36.5
66.4
61.3
45.7
51.8
56.9
43.5
13.9

36.1
65.5
60.5
46.3
51.5
56.6
44.3
14.2

7 ear-Round Full-Time Employment. Approxi­
mately 55 percent of those who worked in 1963
(about 45.4 million persons) worked full time for
the whole year, the highest proportion since 1957.
The 1.4 million rise over the year was the largest
gain since 1955.
The increase in the proportion of fully employed
year-round workers was uneven. It was greatest
among men 25 to 54 years old and higher for white
than nonwhite men. The significant increase in
the proportion of durable goods workers who
worked steadily (undoubtedly sustained by rises
in investment in producers’ durable equipment and
expenditures for consumers’ durables) was con­
centrated in the stone, clay, and glass, primary
metals, and transportation equipment industries.
Occupation groups in which the proportion, of
full-year full-time workers rose in 1963 were
craftsmen, operatives, and laborers; the increase
among craftsmen and operatives was limited to
white men. Meanwhile, the proportion of private
household workers engaged in full-time work all
year declined.
Several developments are discernible in regard
to full-year full-time employment in recent years.
Between 1960 and 1963, for instance, the propor­
tion of men who were fully employed rose by 2
percentage points to 66 percent, with most of the


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rise occurring in 1963. Among women, however,
there was no change in the proportion so employed.
A greater proportion of married men (77 percent)
had year-round full-time jobs in 1963 than in any
of the prior 3 years. For married women also the
proportion was higher in 1963 than in 1960.
Among single persons, both men and women, the
ratios declined somewhat.
Since 1950, there has been a considerable decline
in the proportion of men 65 years old or older
working all year at full-time jobs, from 52 percent
in 1950 to 38 percent in 1963 (chart 1). In part,
this is due to liberalized social security provisions.
During the same period, the proportion of the
older men in the work force who had part-time
jobs has risen sharply. This increase in part-time
work would seem to point to income from partial
retirement augmenting social security payments
due to less rigid limitations on earnings.
A similar downward trend has been observed in
the proportion of full-year full-time workers
among several occupational groups, most mark­
edly among farmers, nonfarm laborers, and pri­
vate household workers (table 4).
Chart 1.

Work Experience of Men 65 Years and
Older, 1950-63

As the percent of senior men working full time
year round decreased, the proportion at part time

11

WORK EXPERIENCE OF THE POPULATION IN 1963
T a b l e 4.

Y e a r -R ound F ull - T ime W o r k er s , 1 by M ajor O c cu pa tio n G r o u p

of

L o ngest J ob , 1955, 1960, and 1 9 6 2 -6 3
Percent of total with work experience
during the year

Number (thousands)
Major occupation group

1962

1955

1962 2

I960 2

1955

_____ ___________ __ ______________

45,449

44,079

43,265

42,624

54.6

53.7

53.7

56.6

Professional, technical, and kindred workers____
- ________ -- -Farmers and farm managers- _____
____ _______
_____
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm........ ................
Clerical and kindred w o r k e r s ...________________ -- ----- ------------Sales workers_______ ____ ______
-----------------------------Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers_____________________ _____
Operatives and kindred workers. -- ___
__________
------Private household workers - ___ - . ___________________ ________
Service workers, except private household.. ------ --------------------Farm laborers and foremen . ...
Laborers, except farm and m ine_____ _
. . . ____
______________

5,878
1,724
6,548
7,305
2,442
6.670
8,529
481
3,599
638
1,637

5,630
1,896
6,523
7,022
2, 531
6,319
7,918
572
3,481
664
1,521

5,557
2,121
6,281
6,875
2,528
6,327
7,434
591
3,222
806
1,523

4,452
3,243
5,536
6,068
2,497
6,355
8,214
611
2,808
992
1,847

62.4
73.0
82.7
56.2
43.2
70.3
57.6
14.4
41.3
16.0
35.9

62.3
72.8
82.3
56.8
44.9
67.5
54.6
16.6
41.4
16.1
32.8

63.7
72.0
80.9
56.8
45.9
67.5
52.8
18.5
40.6
17.5
34.8

65.8
81.9
82.7
60.2
47.3
69.6
56.0
21.2
42.6
19.4
44.2

T otal_________________

in an increase of about 300,000 in the total who worked during the year, with
about 150,000 in the group working 50 to 52 weeks at full-time jobs.

1 Persons employed 50 to 52 weeks at full-time jobs.
2 Beginning with 1959, data include Alaska and Hawaii and are therefore
tiot strictly comparable with previous years. For 1959, this inclusion resulted

T able 5.

E x tent

of

U nem plo ym ent

in

1962

1963

1960

1963 2

N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal total.

and

1963,

Unemployed as percent
of total working or
looking for work

by

A ge , M arital S tatus , C olor ,

1963
Total, 14 years and over________________________

1962

Sex

Percent of unemployed who worked during the year having
unemployment of—

1963

1962

3 spells or more

2 spells

15 weeks or more

Characteristics

and

1963

1962

1963

1962

18.1

18.9

19.3

20.2

37.5

18.7

20.1

21.4

22.6

28.7
39.3
30.1
34.6
36.5
43.9
60.3

22.2
19.9
21.3
17.6
18.8
17.2
18.1

17.8
20.8
22.6
18.4
20.8
19.1
22.2

11.0
16.9
17.2
17.6
22.0
28.4
34.7

20.0
23.8
16.7
21.2
21.1
28.0
31.3

16.7

18.2

35.9

35.8

17.2

18.8

36.3

18.5
31.4
29.6
18.8
14.2
13.7
11.8

19.4
37.1
33.2
19.7
16.2
14.9
11.4

32.2
34.9
35.4
30.5
35.3
40.6
60.1

A ge and S ex
Male, 14 years and over___ _ -

_______ ___________

14 to 17 years.__________________ _________
18 and 19 years_______ . . _________ ______ _
20 to 24 years.. . . .
..
_____ _
- ..
- - - - - ___
25 to 34 years____ _ __ _______ . . .
35 to 44 years____ - _____ ______ ________ . . .
45 to 64 y ea rs.. - .
.. ______ ____ . . .
... . .
65 years and over____ ______ . . . _______ _ ___
_____

15.9

17.1

35.1

32.4

16.9

16.5

15.2

15.2

14 to 17 y e a r s ... . - . . . . . _______ ._ .
... ...
18 and 19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
_ ____
20 to 24 years______ . ________ _ ._ . .- _____
25 to 34 years__ _
. ________ ____ . . . . - __
35 to 44 years__ . . . . . . _____ _ ______ . . . .
45 to 64 years.. . _______ ______ _ . . . ------65 years and o v er..
--------------------- _ ---------- _.

15.4
30.8
20.2
17.5
15.4
12.1
8.8

15.4
32.7
24.2
17.4
16.6
12.9
9.7

16.5
26.3
30.5
36.2
39.4
39.3
(*)

21.5
23.9
24.8
35.9
34.9
37.5
46. 6

12.8
15.8
17.1
15.0
15.9
19.0
i1)

15.0
15.5
17.1
14.7
17.5
17.0
20.4

8.5
10.9
10.0
11.9
16.6
21.6
(»)

8.0
10.2
11.4
13.9
16.3
21.1
16.5

24.5
14.5
25.6

27.5
15.6
28.8

41.2
32.3
51.3

38.8
35.1
52.4

21.3
17.9
16.5

20.6
19, 4
23.5

18.0
21.3
33.9

22.1
22.1
28.5

17.7
14.3
18.7

18.4
15.6
20.3

29.4
34.0
43.8

26.9
32.6
37.8

14.2
16.5
21.1

14.7
16.5
18.7

13.3
14.5
18.9

11.7
15.7
17.8

15.4
27.1

16.7
29.8

33.8
45.7

33.7
46.1

18.2
17.5

18.6
20.3

17.7
26.7

18.7
27.1

15.9
29.2

17.4
31.9

33.9
48.5

35.5
47.9

18.7
18.8

19.8
21.5

19.6
30.4

21.4
29.4

14.6
24.5

15.6
27.2

33.8
40.8

29.9
43.0

17.2
15.3

16.0
18.1

14.1
20.1

13.2
23.6

Female, 14 years and o v e r . . _____ ________ _

M arital Status and Sex
Male:
S in g le.. _ _______ . . __________ . _
_ _ . ._
Married, wife present__ _
.. ..
. . . ______
Other marital status___ ______
-- - - - ___
Female:
S i n g l e .. ______ -._
_____ ______ .
Married, husband p r e s e n t ._________ - - - - - - - Other marital status.. _____ _____ _ .
..................
C olor and S ex
Both sexes:
W hite__________________________________________
Nonwhite ___ ____________ _______ ________
Male:
W hite__________________________________________
N onw hite--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ___ _ _____
Female:
W h i t e . . ______________ ______ . . .
-------------- -N o n w h ite.______ _____ . . _________ _________
1 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.


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12

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JANUARY 1966

Part-Year Work. The rise in full-year full-time
employment among men was accompanied by a
drop of about 660,000 in the number who had
worked only part of the year. All of the decline
was among men in the prime age group, 25 to 64
years old. About half the men age 25 and over
mentioned unemployment as the major reason why
they had not worked all year. The number men­
tioning this reason fell by 11 percent between 1962
and 1963 although the number of part-year work­
ers declined by 8 percent. Among men under age
25, however, going to school was by far the most
important reason for part-year work; about twothirds reported this as the major reason as com­
pared with one-fourth who indicated unemploy­
ment.
The number of women who worked part of the
year increased by about 360,000, in contrast to the
decline among men. Only a small proportion of
the women, 15 percent, attributed their failure to
work all year to unemployment; half said that
taking care of their home was the major reason,
and another 18 percent said attendance at school
limited their work to only part of the year (chart
2 ).
T a b l e 6.

Unemployment

The 14.2 million persons unemployed at some
time during 1963 comprised 16.7 percent of the
persons working or looking for work during the
year. Of this total, 12.4 million had worked at
some time during the year. There was no overall
change from 1962 in the proportion of the jobless
who had been unemployed for a total of 15 weeks
or more, and only a slight decrease in the percent­
age with more than one spell of joblessness (table
5).
Unemployment by Industry and Occupation. The
proportion unemployed declined somewhat from
the 1962 level in a majority of the industries and
occupations (table 6). As usual, unemployment
was most likely among wage and salary workers
in agriculture, construction (where short-term
projects and loose employer-employee attachments
prevail), lumber products, and apparel, where
about one-third of the workers or more were job­
less at least once during the year. Nevertheless,
very long-term unemployment (a total of 27 weeks
or more) and repeated spells of joblessness de-

E x t e n t o f U n e m p l o y m e n t i n 1962 a n d 1963 A m o n g P e r s o n s W h o W o r k e d D u r i n g t h e Y e a r , b y M a j o r
O c c u p a t io n a n d I n d u s t r y G r o u p of L o n g e s t J ob
Unemployed as percent
of total who worked

Percent of unemployed who worked during the year having unemploy­
ment of—

Major occupation or industry group
1962
1963
All groups_____

...

...

_ ...

3 spells or more

2 spells

15 weeks or more
1963

14.9

16.3

35.9

5.6
1.9
5.7
11.6
10.0
19.2
24.8
12.4
»16.0
13.2
32.6

6.6
2.6
5.1
12.5
11.7
21.9
26.5
14.1
16.9
15.8
35.3

25.2
(i)
28.4
30.1
35.8
37.2
33.8
37.5
40.6
45.2
42.8

16.7
21.7
16.5
25.4
38.1
19.4
20.1
18.5
13.9
17.0
11.6
13.7
11.1
6.0

18.3
26.6
17.9
25.5
43.0
20.5
21.6
19.0
14.3
17.9
13.0
15.2
12.5
7.0

35.6
45.1
35.1
39.1
39.2
31.6
30.7
32.9
36.5
36.4
35.5
41.7
33.9
39.3

1962

1963

1962

1963

35.8

18.1

18.9

19.3

23.0
31.4
25.7
28.1
35.1
35.7
44.7
37.4
47.0
46.7

15.3
(1)
12.8
15.7
12.4
18.5
18.3
13.2
20.7
25.7
20.8

15.1
(>)
19.7
12.1
13.1
18.7
19.9
18.0
20.7
22.5
23.4

12.2
(>)
10.4
8.5
10.1
27.3
18.8
25.2
13.6
35.0
27.5

35.7
47.2
35.0
44.8
43.9
31.3
31.1
31.6
39.1
33.0
34.5
46.1
31.2
36.6

18.1
24.1
17.8
20.1
22.5
17.1
16.1
18.4
18.3
17.7
16.1
14.5
16.6
15.2

18.9
22.3
18.7
23.2
24.6
18.9
18.8
19.0
17.0
l7. 1
16.7
17.3
16.5
11.2

18.6
34.7
17.8
20.7
30.4
15.8
13.1
19.6
18.0
14.1
15.8
30.0
12.0
17.6

1962
20.2

Occupation Group
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
Farmers and farm managers . . . .
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm ...
Clerical and kindred w orkers..
Sales workers . . .
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers
Operatives and kindred workers.
Private household workers
Service workers, except private household
Farm laborers and foremen . . .
Laborers, except farm and mine

(9

13.6
(>)

14.2
9.9
11.3
26.0
18.5
26.2
13.5
33.2
32.7

I ndustry G roup
Wage and salary workers____ .
Agriculture.._ ___. . . . . ____
Nonagrieultural industries.. . . .
Forestry, fisheries, and m ining.. ______
Construction___ . .
M anufacturing...
Durable goods_____ _
Nondurable goods
. . .
Transportation and public utilities__________
Wholesale and retail trade.. . . .
Service industries__ . .
Private households____ _
Other services___
Public administration . . . . .
1 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.


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19.6
34.4
18.7
26.3
33.0
14.3
12.4
17.2
22.5
15.0
17.8
33.1
13.4
12.3

13

WORK EXPERIENCE OF THE POPULATION IN 1963
Chart 2.

M a jo r Reason for W orking Less Than a
Full Y e a r1

0

25

50

75

100

PERCENT
For two-fifths of the men who did not work the whole year,
the major reason was inability to find a job; for half of
the women, the major reason was home responsibilities.

1 As given by persons who worked 1 to 49 weeks during 1963.

dined among workers in the construction indus­
try, which was marked by a steady upward move­
ment of residential building during the year.
Occupationally, unemployment wTas most common
among nonfarm laborers and operatives. The ex­
tent of unemployment was most severe among farm
and nonfarm laborers and service workers (exclud­
ing private household), with at least 4 out of every
10 unemployed persons out of work for a total of
15 weeks or more during the year.
The Unemployed With No Work in 1963. In addi­
tion to the 12.4 million unemployed who did some
work in 1963, another 1.8 million persons looked
for jobs for 1 week or more during the year but
did not work at all (table 7). About one-third
were teenagers and another 40 percent were women
age 20 or over. As in 1962, half of the persons
who looked but found no employment in 1963 re­
ported that the main reason for not working was
inability to find a job; among teenagers, going to
school was the most important reason. The pro­
portion of men offering unemployment as a reason
declined to 54 percent from 61 percent in 1962.
Two-fifths of the men who were unsuccessful
in finding wrork in 1963 looked for more than half
the year—a proportion about twice as great as for
women. As many as 7 out of 10 of the 250,000
jobless men 25 to 64 years old who had not worked
758—054 O— 65------ 2


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during the year, almost all of whom were married,
had vainly sought employment for more than 6
months.
As in previous years, nonwhite persons were dis­
proportionately represented among those who
looked for work at some time but didn’t find any.
In both 1963 and 1962, about 25 percent of the
persons looking for jobs unsuccessfully during the
year were nonwhite. In contrast, in each of the
years, only 11 percent of all persons who did some
work were nonwhite.
Repeated Spells of Unemployment. Persons who
had more than two spells of unemployment
were concentrated to a considerable degree in two
seasonal industries, construction and agriculture,
and in private household work where job changes
are frequent. Carpenters, other construction
craftsmen, and farm laborers again had the high­
est incidence of more than two spells, with private
household workers and laborers in construction
and other nonmanufacturing activities not far
behind.
A greater proportion of men than of women con­
tinued to have more than two separate periods of
joblessness primarily because of the low incidence
of unemployment in office and sales jobs, where
women predominate, and the less firm attachment
of women to the work force.
T a b l e 7.

U n em plo yed P e r so n s W it h n o W ork E x ­
p e r ie n c e in 1963, b y E x t e n t of U n e m pl o y m e n t ,
A ge , M arita l S t a t u s , C olor , a n d S e x
Total looking
for work

Age, marital status,
color, and sex

Total, 14 years
and over_____

Percent distribution, by number
of weeks unemployed
27
1 to 4 5 to 14 15 to 26 weeks
or
weeks weeks weeks
more

N um ­
ber
(thou­
sands)

Per­
cent

Total

1,811

100.0

100.0

39.5

23.0

8.1

29.5

22.4
25.4
45.0
7.2

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

49.0
40.0
35.8
30.4

33.2
28.5
16.8
9.6

9.7
7.7
7.5
8.0

8.2
23.7
39.9
52.0

Age:
14 to 17 years_____
405
18 to 24 years_____
460
815
25 to 64 years. .
65 years and over..
131
Marital status:
S in g le .____
756
Married, spouse
present.. _ . . . _
798
Other marital
257
status_____. . .
Color:
W hite___________ 1,382
429
Nonw hite. .
Sex:
778
M a le ... _ .
.. .
1,003
Female____

41.7

100.0

41.8

28.8

8.6

20.8

44.1

100.0

41.6

19.2

7.7

31.5

14.2

100.0

26.6

17.5

7.5

48.4

76.3
23.7

100.0
100.0

41.0
34.5

22.2
25.3

8.1
7.8

28.6
32.4

43.0
57.0

100.0
100.0

30.3
46.4

22.1
23.6

8.0
8.1

39.7
21.8

N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

14

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JANUARY 1965

Although older workers are less likely than
younger ones to be unemployed during the year,
among those who do become jobless the frequency
of several spells of unemployment tends to increase
with age. About 20 percent of the unemployed
men 25 to 44 years old had more than two spells
of unemployment compared with about 30 percent
of those age 45 and over.
Among part-year workers with unemployment,
those who had worked primarily on a part-time
basis were more likely to have had more than two
spells of unemployment than were those generally
employed full time. As the following tabulation
shows, this was particularly evident for men:
P e r c e n t o f p a r t- y e a r w o r k e r s
i n 1963 a ffe c te d b y s p e c if ie d
n u m b e r o f u n e m p lo y m e n t
s p e lls
F u ll - t im e
w orkers

M en

Total spells _
__ ____
One spell
___
_ _ _ ___
Two spells__
Three spells or m ore.. _
___

P a r t-tim e
w orkers

100. 0

100. 0

57. 5
21. 5
21. 1

42. 0
19. 8
38. 2

___

100. 0

100. 0

___
___
___

67. 6
18. 6
13. 7

59. 1
17. 0
23. 9

W om en

Total spells _
One spell _
_
_____
Two spells __ _ _
Three spells or m ore.. _ __

The part-time workers were apt to be teenagers
attending school and married women who had sev­
eral short periods of unemployment as they moved
into and out of the labor force.
Not in the Labor Force

Some 45.6 million persons, over three-fourths of
them women, did not work or look for work at all
during 1963. Their main reasons for not working
were attendance at school or college, home respon­
sibilities, illness or disability, and miscellaneous
reasons, such as retirement and voluntary idleness.
Only a small number, under 100,000, reported they
did not work because they could not find work, as
shown below:

Illness

A substantial minority of the men who had not
worked at all during 1963 or had worked less
than a full year reported illness or disability as the
main reason. As shown below, one-fourth of the
men age 25 or over who worked part year or not at
all were unable to work a full year or even do some
work because of illness or disability:
P r o p o r t i o n d u e to i l l n e s s o r d i s ­
N u m ber
w o r k in g
p a rt year
or n o t
at a ll
(it h o u s a n d s )

Total, all
ages _ _
14 to 24 y ea rs.._
25 to 64 years___
65 years or over___

26,
10,
9,
6,

322
863
446
013

a b i li ty (p e r c e n t )
---------------------------------------D id n o t w o rk

---------------— —
T o ta l

15.
1.
25.
24.

B o th se x es


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45,
4,
26,
8,

588
238
163
927
85
6, 175

M a le

10, 190
2, 109
3, 884
32
4, 165

398
129
163
043
53
2, 010

2
2
6
9

8.
.
9.
19.

L ooked
fo r
w ork

0
6
5
0

0. 2
. 1

.5
.1

The first large crop of wartime babies, those
bom in 1942, are now swelling the ranks of the
young workers. A sharp rise in the number of
young people between 20 and 24 years old will con­
tinue for the remainder of the 1960’s, in sharp
contrast with a decrease in the 1950’s :
E s tim a te d p o p u la tio n ch an ges
p e r s o n s age 3 0 to 24
1 9 5 0 -6 0

Number (thousands)_______
Percent change____________

—525
—4, 5

1 9 6 0 -6 5

fo r

1 9 6 0 -7 0

+ 2, 486
+ 22. 3

+ 5 , 967
+ 53. 6

Having just passed their teens and just before
entering the prime working years of 25 to 64, per­
sons in their early twenties share to some extent
the characteristics—and problems—of both the
younger and older groups. Some are still unmar­
ried and in school or college, but others are family
breadwinners. As a group they are more perma­
nently attached to the work force than are teen­
agers, but not so settled in jobs as are their elders.
Their distribution by marital status in February
1964 is shown in the following tabulation:
P e r s o n s a g e 2 0 to 24
M en

F e m a le

35,
2,
26,
5,

7.
1.
15.
4.

5
9
5
1

D id n o t
lo o k f o r
w o rk

Workers Age 20 to 24

P e r s o n s n o t i n th e la b o r fo r c e
( th o u s a n d s )

All reasons, total
Illness
__ __ _
Household responsibilities__
Attending school
Could not find work
A llo th e r.. _
_ _

P a r tyear
w o rk ers

Total population _ _
Single
Married, spouse present. _
Other marital status

W om en

N um ber
(th o u ­
sa n d s)

P ercen t

5, 423
2, 905
2, 401
117

100.
53.
44.
2.

N u m ber
(th o u ­
sa n d s)

0 6, 402
6 1, 931
3 4, 003
1
468

P ercen t

100.
30.
62.
7.

0
2
5
3

15

WORK EXPERIENCE OF THE POPULATION IN 1963

alent) is clearly evident. The proportion of non­
white girls fully employed was a third smaller
than for white girls, and the proportion working
part time was half again as great.
The work participation rate for young men is
high regardless of marital status; as might be ex­
pected, the rate for married men, at 98 percent,
was higher than for single, by about 11 percentage
points. Among the young women, however, the
situation was reversed. About 84 percent of the
single women age 20 to 24 worked during the year,
nearly as high a proportion as among single men;
for the married women in the same age group the
rate was down to 57 percent.
Over half—54 percent—of the young workers
age 20 to 24 years were part-year workers com­
pared with 30 percent of older persons. The prev­
alence of part-year workers among youth was
primarily attributable to three reasons as the tab­
ulation below of a percent distribution of major
reasons for part-year work shows:

Employment. In 1963, 92 percent of the young
men age 20 to 24 worked during the year, and half
of the remainder gave as a reason for not working
that they were still in school. Only 66 percent of
the women worked at some time during the year;
more than four-fifths of those who did not work
had assumed marital and family responsibilities.
Inability to find work was rarely given as a reason
for not working; altogether about, 120,000 gave
this reason (11 percent of the men and 3 percent
of the women).
Although almost half the young men worked
all year at full-time jobs, this was considerably be­
low the rate of 78 percent for men 25 to 64 (table
8). Many of the young men were attending col­
lege and were unable to work a full year; also they
were more likely to be unemployed at some time
during the year than older men. On the other
hand, 37 percent of the young women were full­
time workers for the f ull year, a somewhat smaller
proportion than that for older women.
In the age group 20 to 24, white and nonwhite
men were much alike in the proportions who were
in the work force or who were working either part
time or full time all year. Among older men,
however, a much smaller proportion of the nonwhite men were fully employed all year and rela­
tively more of them held primarily part-time jobs.
Although the work experience rates of young
white and nonwhite women workers were about
the same, the less favorable position of nonwhite
women in regard to all-year full-time work (at­
tributable primarily to their concentration in less
skilled occupations where part-time work is prevT a b le 8.

W ork E x p e r ie n c e D u r in g 1963,

by

P e r c e n t o f p e r s o n s w o r k i n g p a r t t im e
M en
M a jo r re a so n

All reasons _ _ _
U nemployment___
Illness or disability. . ___
Taking care of home_______
Going to school. _
. .
Other *_

W om en

24

HO to Hit
yea rs

2 5 to 64
yea rs

2 0 to
yea rs

2 5 to 6 4
yea rs

100
41
5

100

100

100

58
19

___

___

39
15

2
21

16
4
53
19
9

18
11
61
1
9

1Includes retirement, service in the Armed Forces, summer vacations for
students, unpaid vacations, and strikes.

Among men, the effects of both the vicissitudes of
youth in looking for work as well as the importance

E xtent

of

E m ploym ent

and

Sex

for

S elec ted A ge G r o u ps

[Percent distribution]

18 and 19
years

20 to 24
years

Female

Male

Both sexes
Work experience

25 to 64
years

18 and 19
years

20 to 24
years

25 to 64
years

18 and 19
years

20 to 24
years

25 to 64
years

Total who worked during the year:
Percent of population __ _
_____
Number (thousands), _ ______________

73.7
3,719

9,198

60,694

73.1

82.5
1,911

91.6
4,965

95.8
38,121

66.3
1,808

66.1
4,233

52.3
22,573

Percent,
__ ___________________________
Full tim e____
______ ___ ,
___
50 to 52 weeks_________
__
27 to 49 weeks ______________ ___
_ _
1 to 26 weeks__________

100.0
61.0
14.1
12.7
34.1

100.0
83.8
42.4
18.6
22.8

100.0
86.9
65.0
14.6
7.3

100.0
58.6
14.8
11.8
32.0

100.0
86.3
47.3
18.5
20.5

100.0
95.9
78.2
13.7
4.0

100.0
63.4
13.3
13.7
36.4

100.0
81.0
36.7
18.7
25.5

100. 0
71.8
42.8
16.2
12.8

Part tim e____________________________
50 to 52 weeks—
_
__ _
27 to 49 weeks___
__ _
1to 26 weeks____________ ______

39.0
8.5
8.3
22.3

16.2
4.0
3.7

13.1
4.7
3.0
5.3

41.4

13.7
4.0
3.7
5.9

4.1
1.4

36.6
5.3
7.5
23.7

19.0
3.9
3.7
11.4

28.2
10.3
6.3

N ote:

77.8

8.4

Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

11.5

8.9
20.9

1.1
1.6

11.6

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

16
T a b l e 9.

E x t e n t o f U n e m p l o y m e n t D u r i n g 1963, b y S e x , f o r S e l e c t e d A g e G r o u p s
[Percent distribution]

Extent of-unemployment

Female

Male

Both sexes
18 and
19 years

20 to
24 years

25 to
64 years

18 and
19 years

20 to
24 years

25 to
64 years

18 and
19 years

20 to
24 years

T otal working or looking for work-------- --------------------- _ Percent with unem ploym ent.. . . . . .
..
------ -Total with unemployment (thousands). ---------

3,925
31.1
1,220

9,452
25.2
2,384

61,509
14.9
9,140

1,999
31.4
627

5,064
29.6
1,498

38,377
15.2
5,815

1,926
30.8
593

4,388
20.2
886

23,132
14.4
3,325

Unemployed persons with work experience, total:
Number (thousands)..
----------------------Percent___
. .
. . . . ---------------- .
----------- . . -

1,014
100.0

2,130
100.0

8,325
100.0

539
100.0

1,399
100.0

5,559
100.0

475
100.0

731
100.0

2,766
100.0

Year-round workers with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment. _
Part-year workers with unem ploym ent.. .
---- .
1 to 4 weeks of unem ploym ent.. . .
-------- --5 to 14 weeks of unem ploym ent.. . .
------15 to 26 weeks of unem ployment______ _
________
27 weeks or more of unemployment---- -----------------

3.0
97.0
33.6
32.5
17.8
13.1

8.4
91.6
27.5
30.4
19.7
14.0

11.9
88.1
18.3
33.1
22.3
14.4

3.9
96.1
29.7
31.5
19.7
15.2

9.1
90.9
23.2
32.4
22.0
13.4

13.6
86.3
15.9
34.6
22.8
13.1

1.9
98.1
38.1
33.7
15.6
10.7

7.0
92.9
35.9
26.5
15.3
15.2

8.4
91.5
23.0
30.1
21.5
16.9

32.1

34.6

38.6

36.7

38.5

40.8

26.7

27.1

34.1

Tota with 2 spells or more of unem ploym ent_________

25 to
64 years

N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

of education are evident. For the young women,
the responsibilities of marriage and motherhood
was the dominant reason.

of unemployment was less than that for the older
persons.
Outlook

Unemployment. A relatively high proportion of
young persons 20 to 24 years old were jobless at
least once during the year, but generally they were
out of work for comparatively few weeks. Many
of them were looking for their first regular job.
There was also the greater propensity of youth
to job-shop and job-hop. One-fourth of the young
adults 20 to 24 years old were jobless at least once
during 1963, a somewhat lower proportion than
for older teenagers (18 and 19 years old) but much
higher than for workers age 25 to 64 (table 9).
The percent distribution of weeks of unemploy­
ment for 20- to 24-year-old men resembled the pat­
tern for men ages 25 to 64. The pattern of dis­
tribution for young women was somewhat more
favorable than it was for women in the 25 to 64
year age group. However, the proportion of young
persons, of either sex, with more than two spells


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In the next few years, the changes now under­
way in the economy (such as the growth of service
industries, more complex technical products, and
automation) bespeak an increasing demand for
professional and technical workers, clerks, and
sales personnel. Furthermore, as a result of the
low birth rate of the 1930’s, the 35- to 44-year-old
group—the age group usually constituting a major
portion of the skilled and managerial personnel—
will decline in number. This lack of growth will
leave openings which can be filled by younger
workers—provided they are equipped for employ­
ment in an economy which is constantly requiring
greater technical and educational skills. Already
many young persons—inadequately equipped—
are finding that lack of salable skills and knowl­
edge is hampering them in their search for work.

Summaries of Studies and Reports

Collective Bargaining
Solutions to
Technological Change
T h e r e s p o n s e of collective bargaining to the chal­
lenges posed by technological change once again
demonstrates that institution’s capacity to engen­
der a variety of programs to deal with the prob­
lems at hand.1 The variety of programs, in turn,
reflects the diversity in the tempo and impact of
technological change in the American economy.
Where the pace of the change is slow and the
extent of displacement is moderate, the imagina­
tive use of normal economic and administrative
processes can do much to mitigate the impact of
new technology on employment in the bargaining
unit. When technical innovations come in large,
discrete doses and threaten the economic status of
a substantial number of employees, the parties
are likely to supplement “natural” forces with
their own defenses. Various measures may be
adopted to distribute available employment op­
portunities among the incumbents and, in some
cases, to provide economic guarantees. At the
same time, recognition of the inevitability of some
displacement creates pressures for the indemnifi­
cation of the casualties of technological change.
As a last step, the parties may extend the adjust­
ment process into the labor market by engaging
in active placement and retraining efforts.

The Main Approaches

To date, collective bargaining has given major
emphasis to the refinement and utilization of nor­
mal economic processes and programs for dis­
tributing available job opportunities. In a market
economy, where competitive pressures are often
harsh and unsentimental, the prospects for the
widspread establishment of long-term employment
and income guarantees are dim at this point. Nor


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are private efforts to facilitate the transition of
displaced workers to the labor market likely to
become prevalent on the American industrial rela­
tions scene. However, unions and employers are
increasingly aware of the importance of these
measures and doubtlessly will serve as active liai­
son agents with the appropriate governmental
units operating in these areas.
This analysis should not imply that in any par­
ticular collective bargaining relationship there is
a fixed pattern in the development of programs to
deal with technological change. To a consider­
able extent, the specific tactics adopted by the par­
ties will be determined by traditional policies and
the immediate economic circumstances. Thus, the
fact that shorter hours has been a traditional de­
vice for coping with cyclical fluctuations in the
construction industry gave impetus to the use of
this practice as a defense against technological
change as well. In the petroleum refining indus­
try, on the other hand, a history of generosity in
the area of fringe benefits made “induced” attri­
tion through early retirement an attractive
alternative.
The parties will also shift their emphasis as the
economic environment within which they operate
changes. In this respect, it is significant to note
that when aggregate job opportunities in the au­
tomobile industry contracted sharply in response
to market and technological factors, the UAW
raised vocal demands for reducing the hours of
work by controlling overtime. As employment
levels have risen with expanded sales and produc­
tion, this demand has receded in importance and
higher priority has been given to early retirement
provisions. At the same time, leaders of the
United Packinghouse Workers Union contend that
methods for distributing available employment op1
E ditor ' s N ote .— T h is is th e co n clu d in g sec tio n o f a paper
delivered to th e C onference on th e M anpow er Im p lic a tio n s o f
A u tom ation held in W ash in gton , D.C., under th e spon sorsh ip of
th e O rgan ization fo r E con om ic C ooperation and D evelopm ent,
D ec. 8 -1 0 , 1964. An accou n t o f th e p roceedings is to be pub­
lish ed in th e F ebruary 1965 issu e o f th e R ev ie w .

17

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

18

portunities have been inadequate to handle the
displacement associated with the modernization of
the meatpacking industry and have served notice
that they intend to push seriously for some form of
economic guarantee. In this case, the economic
climate has not softened the impact of far-reach­
ing technological change and plant relocation.
Choice Versus Coherence

Undoubtedly, unions and companies will con­
tinue to experiment with solutions to the problems
posed by technological change. This capacity for
experimentation has been one of the enduring vir­
tues of the American system of collective bar­
gaining. In the immediate years ahead, however,
the greatest progress can be made not by a series
of random innovations but rather by refining avail­
able measures and tying them together in a coher­
ent program. For example, almost every con­
scious effort to deal with technological displace­
ment includes some provision for the payment of
a separation allowance which may constitute a
sizable amount of money. There is some indica­
tion that the immediate attraction of this lump­
sum payment is so glittering that it may blind the
worker to the longrun benefits of other alterna­
tives, such as interplant transfer. Similarly, the
availability of economic guarantees to incumbent
workers may slow down the rate of attrition that
establishes the necessary base for any ameliorative
effort. To be sure, it is desirable to provide a wide
set of options so that different remedies can be
applied to different individual cases as appropri­
ate. Nonetheless, the set of choices should not
create incentives that may impair the process of


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adjustment. Thus, a major challenge to the par­
ties is to develop systems of administration that
will preserve elements of choice without under­
mining the effectiveness of the overall program to
deal with job insecurity in a context of technologi­
cal change.
The Achievements of Bargaining

It has been said that collective bargaining can­
not change the economic climate, it can only ration
the sunshine—or the rain—as the case might be.
To some degree, this is true. Under a decentral­
ized system of decisionmaking, the contribution
made by collective bargaining is necessarily lim­
ited to the scope of the units within the control of
the parties. It should not be concluded, however,
that collective bargaining has or will play only a
minor role in adjustments to technological and
economic change. Collective bargaining has
helped create a greater awareness of the magnitude
of the problem where casual indifference might
have prevailed. It has substituted orderly pro­
cedures for improvisation. It has sought some
acceptable basis for distributing the costs and
benefits of the new technology among those who
are directly affected. To this extent, collective
bargaining has, in some cases, actually promoted
the diffusion of new methods of production. And
it has attempted to deal with the difficult questions
of equity that frequently have been ignored in
previous periods of change.
— A rnold W eber
Graduate School of Business
University of Chicago

We want free enterprise and free collective bargaining to support each
other. They stand as the cornerstones of the labor policy of this Administra­
tion. All our experience teaches us free collective bargaining must be re­
sponsible. 'So long as it is responsible, it will remain free.
—President Lyndon B. Johnson, in his speech to the delegates to the 19th Consti­
tutional Convention of the United Automobile Workers, March 23, 1964.

19

SUPPLEMENTAL UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT PLANS

Supplemental Unemployment
Benefit Plans
in Major Agreements
S u p p l e m e n t a l u n e m p l o y m e n t benefit plans, de­
signed primarily to provide weekly supplements
to State unemployment insurance benefits, were
included in 247 of the 1,773 major collective bar­
gaining agreements in effect in the winter of 196364, according to a recent Bureau of Labor Statis­
tics survey.1 These contracts covered 1.9 million
workers, or about 25 percent of all workers under
major contracts.
The 247 agreements with supplemental unem­
ployment benefit (SUB) provisions, in effect dur­
ing the winter of 1963-64, were primarily in the
durable goods manufacturing industries, chiefly
primary and fabricated metals, nonelectrical ma­
chinery, and transportation equipment industries.
Substantial numbers of workers in two nondurable
goods manufacturing industries—the apparel in­
dustry (ladies garment segment) and the rubber
industry—were also employed under agreements
with SUB plans. In nonmanufacturing indus­
tries, only 18 agreements, chiefly in retail food
stores in California (10 agreements), included
SUB plans.
Agreements with SUB plans applied to nearly
all workers employed under large union contracts
in the primary metals industry and to more than 4
out of 5 of those in the rubber industry. In the
transportation equipment industry, the SUB con­
tracts covered workers engaged in the manufac­
ture of motor vehicles, motor vehicle equipment,
and railroad equipment; but because aerospace
and shipbuilding employees were not covered by
SUB agreements, these provided coverage to only
3 out of 5 of the workers employed under large
agreements in the entire transportation equipment
industry.2
Most of the agreements with SUB plans were
negotiated by the following international unions:
the Steelworkers (84 agreements), the Automobile
Workers (66), the Ladies’ Garment Workers (40),
the Rubber Workers (11), and the Retail Clerks
(9). While the Glass and Ceramic Workers nego­
tiated only three SUB agreements within the scope
of this study, these contracts applied to all work­


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ers under major agreements in the flat glass in­
dustry and to about 7 out of 10 of all production
workers in that industry. The National Maritime
Union’s agreement covered all its members (unli­
censed seamen) employed by Atlantic and Gulf
coast shipping companies.
Four-fifths of the contracts were negotiated
in single-employer bargaining units. With seven
exceptions, the multiemployer agreements were
confined to the following industries where multiemployer bargaining prevailed: Apparel (35
agreements), printing and publishing (1), retail
trade (11), water transportation (1), and con­
struction (3). The seven multiemployer SUB
agreements found in industries where single­
employer contracts predominated were those nego­
tiated by the Ladies’ Garment Workers in indus­
tries other than apparel (five agreements) ; by the
Detroit Tooling Association and the Automobile
Workers (one agreement) ; and by the Glass and
Ceramic Workers with four of the smaller flat
glass companies (one agreement).
Characteristics3

For this study, the scope of a SUB plan was
defined as the scope of the fund established for
the payment of benefits under that plan. Thus,
although the Ladies’ Garment Workers negotiated
38 separate multiemployer agreements and 2
single-employer agreements providing SUB bene­
fits, only one SUB plan was established because
all signatory companies contribute to a single cen­
tral SUB fund from which benefits are paid. In
a few companies, like the U.S. Steel Corp. and the
Budd Co., a single plan with a single fund is pro­
vided for by several of their collective bargaining
agreements. In contrast, four distinct SUB plans
were established under the one multiemployer
1
F u ll r esu lts o f th e stu d y w ill be p resen ted in S u p p le m e n ta l
U n e m p lo y m e n t B en efit P lan e an d W a g e-E m p lo ym e n t G u a ra n te e s,
a fo rth co m in g b u lletin . T h e stu d y is p a r t o f a new series de­
scribed in a P rogram N ote in th e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w fo r
O ctober 1964, pp. 1184—118*5. A d d itio n a l in fo rm a tio n on th e
fin an cial a sp e cts w ill be provided in th e B u reau ’s stu d y o f plan
finances, w h ich is now in progress.
M ajor c o lle ctiv e b argain in g agreem ents, a s defined by th e B u ­
reau, are agreem en ts coverin g 1,000 w orkers or more.
a M ost of th e large c o n tr a c ts in th e aerosp ace in d u stry provided
lum p-sum benefit p aym en t to w orkers on an exten d ed layoff.
W ill be presen ted in a fo rth co m in g b u lletin , M a jo r C o lle c tiv e
B a rg a in in g A g re e m e n ts : S e v era n c e P a y a n d L a y o ff B en efit P la n s.
3
T he term s used in th is a r tic le to describe c er ta in benefits or
fe a tu re s o f SU B p la n s are n o t n e c essa rily th e sam e as th ose used
in th e SU B agreem en ts or in th e d escr ip tiv e m a ter ia ls on p lan s.

20

agreement negotiated by the Glass and Ceramic
Workers: each of the four signatory companies set
up a separate fund for the payment of benefits to
its workers. Altogether, 179 plans were estab­
lished by the 247 agreements providing unemploy­
ment benefits. In three industries—apparel, pri­
mary metals, and retail trade—there was a marked
difference between the number of agreements in­
corporating provisions for plans and the number
of plans established by these agreements.
All except 5 of the 179 SUB plans were paying
benefits at the end of 1963. This article, therefore,
is concerned only with the major features of the
174 operating plans—167 single-employer plans
and 7 multiemployer plans.4
Financing

All SUB plans were financed solely by the com­
pany.5 Four types of funding arrangements were
used: Individual account, company fund, multi­
employer pooled fund, and unfunded plans.6 All
but 3 of the 174 plans were funded programs re­
quiring employer contributions into separately
maintained trust funds. The overwhelming ma­
jority (88 percent) required contributions to be
placed in a company fund; contributions of em­
ployers signatory to six multiemployer plans went
into a multiemployer pooled fund. One multiemployer and ten single-employer plans had in­
dividual account funding arrangements; under
these plans, however, the monies from each em­
ployee’s account were commingled only for invest­
ment purposes.
All benefit payments generally came from the
fund or from the worker’s individual account.
The only funded plans with a different procedure
were the Continental Can Co.’s plans negotiated
with the Steelworkers and the Machinists. Under
these two plans, benefits could be paid directly by
the company, and these payments reduced the com­
pany’s contribution liability.
To prevent excessive accumulation of money and
to encourage companies to stabilize their employ­
ment, the company fund plans always clearly de­
fined the maximum size of the fund. Company
contributions for any one period depended upon
the financial condition of the fund: when fund
finances fell below a specified amount, the em­
ployer contributed at the maximum rate of the


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

plan. About half of the plans negotiated by the
Automobile Workers and a few of those negoti­
ated by other unions also provided that when the
fund finances drop below a certain level, the em­
ployers must, in addition to the cents-per-hour
contributions, reimburse the funds for benefits
paid for scheduled short workweeks.
With few exceptions, total employer contribu­
tions to funded plans were based either on total
hours actually worked by employees (as in vir­
tually all of the plans in the primary metals in­
dustry) or on total hours for which workers were
paid (as in the transportation equipment industry
plans). Although somewhat over half the plans
(55 percent) used the hours-worked basis, plans
employing the hours-paid-for formula covered
more workers (table 1). Both methods required
a cents-per-hour contribution on behalf of each
worker. Only three plans, including two multiemployer plans, used other methods to determine
the employer’s total contribution. The Ladies’
Garment Workers’ plan used a percent of total
payroll as a basis. In contrast, the New York
City photoengraving industry plan required a
uniform contribution for each week during which
a photoengraver worked.
The maximum amount for which the companies
were liable under the funded plans requiring a
cents-per-hour employer contribution ranged—
with a few exceptions—from 2 cents to 10 cents
per hour. It was most frequently 5 cents—re­
quired by most of the plans in the flat glass, trans4 S in ce th is a r tic le deals w ith SU B p lan s in effect in th e w in ter
o f 1 9 6 3 -6 4 , th e recen t ch an ges m ade in som e of th e p lan s n ego­
tia te d by th e A utom obile W orkers are n o t described.
5 A sp ecia l B L S stu d y now in progress deals w ith th e finances
o f SU B p lan s. R ecen t fin ancial s ta tis tic s are an alyzed to d eter­
m ine th e n atu re and e x te n t of SU B plan op eration s.
6 U nder an “in d iv id u a l a c co u n t” plan, com pany co n trib u tio n s
are credited to th e a ccoq n t of each em ployee and h is benefits are
charged to th a t a c c o u n t ; an y b alan ce rem ain in g in h is accou nt
w h en h is em p loym en t te r m in a tes is paid to him a t th a t tim e.
U nder th e “com pany fu n d ” plan, th e benefits are p aid from a fu nd
to w h ich th e em ployer con trib u tes. In d iv id u a l em ployees are
credited w ith th e tim e th ey w ork and charged w ith th e tim e for
w h ich th ey draw b e n e fits ; th ese credits and ch arges are d eter­
m ined in d ep en d en tly o f com pany con trib u tio n s. T erm in ated em ­
p loyees h ave no ve sted r ig h ts to un u sed cred its or con trib u tion s.
A “m u ltiem p loyer pooled fu n d ” is one to w h ich c o n trib u tio n s are
m ade by more th a n one em ployer. An “u n fu n d ed ” plan is one
th a t does n o t require th e com pany to p u t m oney in to a sep arate
fu n d fo r th e p aym en t of benefits ; in stead , benefit p aym en ts are
m ade from th e cu rren t o p eratin g fu n d s or gen eral a s se ts o f th e
com pany. A “com pany fu n d ” is o ften referred to in th e SU B
lite r a tu r e as a “pooled fu n d .” B ecau se th is term has fr e q u en tly
been a sso c ia te d w ith m u ltiem p loyer fu n d s (e.g., v a c a tio n pooled
fu n d ), it h as been avoided in th is sum m ary.

SUPPLEMENTAL UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT PLANS

21

portation equipment, and machinery (electrical
and nonelectrical) industries—or 9y2 cents, the
rate specified in virtually all of the primary metals
industry plans. More significant than the differ­
ences in the maximum contribution rates were
the basis of the contribution (hours worked or
hours paid for) and the nature of the company’s
financial obligation (cash liability only or cash
plus contingent liability). About an equal number
of funded plans called for one of the following
kinds of company obligation: (1) a cash con­
tribution only, usually the estimated amount re­
quired to keep the fund at a level previously agreed
upon (89 plans), or (2) a cash amount plus an
amount held as contingent liability payable into
the fund when ever needed for the payment of ben­
efits (82 plans). While the contingent liability
provision was found in a majority of the plans in
the primary metals (55 plans), fabricated metals
(11 plans), and mining (3 plans), it was seldom
included in p] ans in other industries.
T a b l e 1.

M a x im u m C o n t r ib u t io n R a t e

Cash contribution rates of less than 5 cents per
hour were usually found in plans requiring that
part of the company’s maximum contribution be
held as contingent liability (e.g., 5 cents of the 9y2
cents payable under many of the plans in the
primary metals industry was in the form of a
contingent liability).
Virtually all plans with a maximum contribu­
tion rate of 9y2 cents per hour provided that the
difference between the amount required by the
plan and 4y2 cents be earmarked for the vacation
and saving plan provided for by the basic collec­
tive bargaining agreement. This amount was,
however, transferrable to the SUB fund if needed
prior to being used as a vacation benefit.
Under the individual account plans and the
multiemployer pooled fund plans, the contribu­
tion rate remains the same regardless of the fund’s
financial status. Even though the six individual
account plans negotiated by the Glass and Ceramic
Workers limited to $600 the total amount that
SUB

a n d C o n t r ib u t i o n B a s e i n
A g r e e m e n t s , W i n t e r 196 3 -6 4

P lans

in

M a jo r C o l l e c t iv e B a r g a in i n g

[Workers in thousands]
Contribution base
All plans
Maximum contribution rate

Hours worked
Plans

All plans studied___ _____

Workers

Plans

Workers

Hours paid for
Plans

Workers

Other
Workers

Plans

174

1,848. 4

96

702.0

71

818.1

7

328.3

171
89
14
3
1
13
2 59
31
2
41
«1
«1
i3

1, 844. 2
1,187. 0
42 7
3 8
30. 0
95. 2
712. 0
1. 8
15. 2
3.3
3. 0
2. 0
278. 0

96
18
2
1
1
1
8

702.0
109.2
36 6
1n
30 0
2. 9
15.3

71
68
2
2

818.1
799.7
6.1
2.8

4
3

324.1
278.1

12
51
1

2
1
1

92. 3
696. 7
1.8

15. 2
3.3
3. 0

i

1. 9

1
2

2.0
276.1

Cash contributions and contingent liability______

82

657.2

78

592.8

1

46.0

Contingent
liability
$0. 025
$ .0 2 0
$ .020
$ .0 5 0
(8)

1
12
1
67
1

1.0
35.0
1. 5
573.7
46.0

1
9
1
67

1.0
16.6
1.5
573.7

31

46.0

All unfunded p h n s--- ___ __

3

4.2

3

4.2

11 plan covering 1,700 workers did not require company to contribute
during the period Mar. 4, 1961, to Aug. 31, 1964.
2 Under 1 plan, covering 7,000 workers, if finances of fund were less than
current benefit liabilities, company made necessary advanced contribution.
3 Company contributed this amount when finances of fund were less than
50 percent of maximum funding. When finances of fund were at least 50
percent but less t han 66% percent of maximum funding, company contributed
up to 6 cents per hour for which employees were paid, and when finances are
at least 66% peicent, company contributed up to 5 cents for each hour.
4 This plan paid 20 cents per overtime hour worked.
5 Employer contributed $4 per day; $0,571 based on 7-hour day specified in
collectively bargained agreement.

« Company contributed $1.50 per week regardless of total hours worked
by employee or paid for by company; contribution per apprentice was 75
cents per week.
i Includes 1 plan covering 274,000 workers which required employers to
contribute .5 percent of payroll and 1 plan covering 2,100 workers which
required the company to contribute 2 percent of available net annual earnings
if gross annual profit was at least $5,000, and 1 plan covering 1,900 workers
which required the company to contribute 8 cents per hour for supplemental
employment, sick, and insurance benefits.
8
Company contributed 5 cents per hour for which employees were paid
plus $0,057 per hour worked by employee. Total contingent liability of
$2 million became effective on Jan. 1,1962, and was accumulated during 1962
at the rate of $500,000 per quarter; contingent liability to be eliminated by
June 29, 1964.

All funded plans___ ______ _
Cash contribution only_______
$0.02_____________
$ .03_____________
$ .033___________
$ .04____________
$ .05_____________
$ .07_____________________
$ .10___________________
$ .15___________________
$ .571_________________
$1.50_______
Other_______ ____

Cash
$0.02.)
$ .0 3 0
$ . 05 )
$ . 045
$ . 107


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Total
liability
$0. 050
$ .0 5 0 ________ __
$ . 070___________
$ .0 9 5 ________
(8)

3

18.4

3

18.4

22

could accumulate in an individual worker’s ac­
count, the companies’ contributions were unaf­
fected after this level was reached. Any excess
was used to increase the worker’s vacation benefits.
Two of these plans required the employer to con­
tribute 10 cents for each hour worked by each
employee, and four required 5 cents per hour
worked. Three other individual account plans
also called for a company contribution of 5 cents
for each hour worked.
Types of Benefits

All SUB plans paid a weekly unemployment
benefit to wholly unemployed workers (table 2).
About nine-tenths of the plans, accounting for
approximately eight-tenths of the covered em­
ployees, provided that partially employed workers
were eligible for either a special or a short work­
week benefit.7 Separation pay and moving allow­
ance benefits were provided by 50 percent and 40
percent of plans, respectively; however, plans wTith
nearly two-thirds of the coverage provided the
former benefit while those with less than half pro­
vided the latter. These proportions reflected the
fact that moving allowances were generally in­
cluded in plans negotiated by the Steelworkers and
separation pay in those negotiated by the Auto­
mobile Workers and the Ladies’ Garment Workers.
Less than 20 percent of the plans negotiated by
the Automobile Workers had a moving allow­
ance, while the Steelworkers’ plans seldom pro­
vided separation pay. Over half of the SUB
plans negotiated by the Automobile Workers also
paid the health insurance premiums for laid-off
workers. The only plans of other unions that pro­
vided health benefits for laid-off workers were the
two General Motors plans (one negotiated by the
Rubber Workers for employees of the company’s
Inland Manufacturing Division and the other by
the Electrical Workers (IU E )) and the Dana
Corporation-USA plan, all patterned on the plans
negotiated by the Automobile Workers with the
same companies.
Benefits for active workers were seldom pro­
vided under SUB plans. Thirteen plans—eight
“individual account” plans, the Ideal Cement Co.Cement, Lime and Gypsum Workers’ plan,
two Retail Clerks plans, the Carpenters’ plan, and
the National Maritime Union’s plan—provided
benefits for temporarily disabled workers.8 Eleven


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965
T a b l e 2. T y p e s of b e n e f it s in SUB pla n s in major
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENTS, WlNTER 1 9 6 3 -6 4
[Workers in thousands]
Type of benefits provided
All plans studied______________ - _____________
Benefits for laid-off workers____________ ____________
Regular w eekly___ ... ___________________________
Special w eekly________________________________ _
Short workweek_________________________________
Other benefits:
Separation pay______________________________
M oving allowance___________________________
H ealthprem ium s____________ __________ ____
Benefits for actlVe workers:
Accident and sickness benefit_____________________
For all disabilities___________________________
For occupational disabilities only. ___________
Benefits for worker’s beneficiary______________________
D eath__________________ I _________________ _____

Plans

Workers

174

1,848.4

174
174
160
151

1.848. 4
1.848. 4
1,542.8
1,462. 2

82
73
i 33

1,196. 4
' 810. 8
641.4

13
2 121
1
11
11

96.9
95.1
1.8
34.3
34.3

11 plan covering 1,900 workers paid the premium for all insurance
benefits, including health insurance.
2 1 plan covering 30,000 workers provided the benefit only to workers
disabled while on vacation or on leave of absence.

individual account plans giving workers a vested
right to the company’s contribution, paid a death
benefit—the balance in the workers’ account—re­
gardless of the worker’s employment status at the
time of his death.
The maximum contribution rate was not related
to the number of benefits provided. By and large,
plans with high contribution rates provided fewer
types of benefits than did plans with low rates.
For example, plans with contributions rates of 5
cents and 9y2 cents per hour provided benefits for
both wholly unemployed and partially unem­
ployed workers. While the 5-cent-per-hour plans
usually provided two other benefits—separation
pay and reimbursement of health premiums for
laid-off workers—the plans with the 91^-cent rate
provided only one other benefit—moving allow­
ance.
7Although all States disqualify otherwise eligible workers for
benefits for a week during which their earnings exceeded a speci­
fied amount, SUB plans usually pay benefits to these workers.
Common contract terminology, which has been used in this study,
distinguishes between the benefits payable when earnings do not
disqualify workers for State unemployment insurance benefits
and when they do, as follows: S p e c ia l w e e k l y u n e m p l o y m e n t
b e n e f its , available to laid-off workers partially employed by their
regular employers, whose earnings with the company were not
sufficient to disqualify them for State unemployment insurance
benefits to which they would, in most cases, be entitled; and
s h o r t - w o r k w e e k b e n e f its , provided workers employed for less than
a full week, including laid-off workers whose earnings from their
regular employer disqualified them for State benefits for that
week. These terms may not be found in all plans providing
these benefits or may be used somewhat differently. The U.S.
Steel-Steelworkers plan, for example, does not distinguish be­
tween the “special” benefit and the “short workweek” benefit.
8Under the National Maritime Union’s plan, the benefit was
payable only if a seaman’s disability commenced while he was on
vacation or on leave of absence. However, if a seaman becomes
disabled while aboard ship, he is protected by other benefit
programs.

23

SUPPLEMENTAL UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT PLANS

Service Requirements. Workers had to meet cer­
tain service requirements to qualify for any plan
benefit. Usually 1 year of service was required
except for the Steelworkers’ plans which had a 2year service requirement. Only the unfunded plan
established by the Minnesota Mining and Manu­
facturing Co. and the Oil, Chemical and Atomic
Workers required as much as 5 years of service.
Regular Unemployment Benefits

To collect the regular weekly unemployment
benefits under a SUB plan, workers also had to
qualify for State unemployment insurance (UI)
benefits. There were, however, certain exceptions.
For example, all but a few plans paid benefits to
workers disqualified for State benefits because they
were serving the second week of a 2-week waiting
period or because they had exhausted the State
benefits for the current benefit year.9 In addition,
all but one of the plans negotiated by the Rubber
Workers, 2 out of 5 of those negotiated by the
Automobile Workers, and a few others paid bene­
fits to workers laid off out of line of seniority
during an adjustment period even though they
were disqualified for State UI benefits because the
week was a waiting period week. Most of the
Steelworkers’ plans and the Ideal Cement Co.Cement, Lime and Gypsum Workers’ plan, to cite
another exception, continued to pay unemploy­
ment benefits to laid-off workers whose State ben­
efits ceased because of a disabling accident or
sickness.
Benefit Determination. In general, regular weekly
unemployment benefits were determined according
to similar formulas. The total amount (consider­
ing SUB, State UI, and earnings from other em­
ployers) under almost 4 out of 5 plans was a per­
cent of before-tax wages (table 3). Only about
one-tenth of the plans paid an amount which was
not affected by the U I benefit.
The weekly benefit amount (based on considera­
tion of State UI benefit and outside earnings) for
wholly unemployed workers under plans using
before-tax earnings as the basis was the equiva­
lent of 55 to 80 percent of weekly wages. Most
9 However, three plans did not pay benefits to workers ineligible
for State UI benefits, irrespective of the reason for ineligibility.


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Steelworkers’ plans paid 60 percent of weekly
wages, and most Automobile Workers’ plans and
all Rubber Workers’ plans, 62 percent. A less
liberal benefit was provided by 18 plans which
paid 65 percent of after-tax earnings. Nine of the
eleven individual account plans allowed a worker
to determine the amount of his weekly benefit
within the range set by the plan.
A weekly allowance for each dependent—usually
in addition to the weekly unemployment benefit—
was paid by all except 10 of the company fund
plans. Over 4 out of 5 of the 154 plans gave work­
ers $1.50 for each dependent up to four. Twenty
plans allowed $2 for each dependent up to four.
Allowances for dependents were not included in
the other types of plans.
Benefit Limits, In addition to limiting the total
amount of benefit payments (including State U I
benefits) to workers to a certain percentage of
their wages, and the amount for each dependent,
every plan—including the 11 individual account
plans and the 3 unfunded plans—placed a limit on
T a b l e 3.
R e g u l a r W e e k l y U n e m pl o y m e n t B e n e f it
F o rm ula in S U B
P lans
in
M a jo r
C o l l e c t iv e B a r g a i n i n g A g r e e m e n t s , W i n t e r 1 963-64

[Workers in thousands]
Formula
All plans studied____ _. _____ ___________

Plans

Workers

___

174

1,848. 4

Computed weekly benefit includes State U I benefit____
Percent of before-tax earnings ______
____
80 percent
______
_ _
65 percent____ _______ _ __ __ ___________
62 percent_______
_ _ ______________ . .
60 percent..
_________ . . .
55 percent
_ ____ _
Percent of after-tax earnings:
65 percent.. .
.
.
. . . ______

154
136
1
2
56
75
2

1,482.1
1,448.3
2.1
36.6
792.4
608. 3
8. 9

1 18

33.8

Computed weekly benefit excludes State U I benefit____
Nonuniform dollar amoimt_________ .
. ______
Graduated according to earnings2___________ .
Graduated according to seniority______________
Amount requested by worker________________

20
13
3
1
9

366.3
320.4
290.2
1.0
29.2

Uniform dollar am ount... . . ______________ . . . .
$50____________________
.
. .
$30_____________________
$25_______________________ ____
$20________________________
$17____
______
Other
_. _

7
1
1
32
1
1
41

45.9
3.0
3.3
31.0
2.0
5. 5
1.1

1 Includes 1 plan covering 3,100 workers which paid 72 percent of after­
tax earnings and another plan covering 3,000 workers which provided a total
regular weekly benefit of 60 percent of after-tax earnings after the first 4 full
weeks of layoff. Under the latter plan, when the trust fund reached 49 per­
cent of maximum fund the reduced benefit (60 percent) was not payable until
after the 8th week of layoff.
2 Total benefit was stated as dollar amount varying according to wage
groupings.
3 Includes 1 plan covering 1,000 workers which paid $30 after exhaustion of
State U I benefit and 1 plan covering 30,000 workers which paid workers in­
eligible for U I benefits $40.
■*This plan paid the greater of the difference between maximum State UI
benefits for which the worker was eligible plus $20 and the amount he actually
received and $25.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

24
the total weekly amount payable by the plan. The
maximum in 89 plans was higher after the worker
exhausted his U I benefits than while he was re­
ceiving them. Under 78 plans, accounting for 3
out of 5 employees under SUB plans, it was the
same during the entire employment period (table
4).10
With one exception, benefits payable by these 78
plans ranged between $17 and $55. Almost 3 out
of 4 limited payments, excluding dependent al­
lowances, to $40 11 and about 1 out of 7, to $30.
Most of the plans with a $40 maximum were nego­
tiated by the Automobile Workers and the Rubber
Workers. Under nine Rubber Workers’ plans, de­
pendent allowances increased the $40 maximum
plan payment to $48 for married workers; marital
status had no effect on the maximum plan pay­
ment for workers covered by the Automobile
Workers’ plans.
Almost 4 out of 5 of the 96 plans in which the
maximum weekly payment was determined by
whether the worker had received a U I benefit paid
$37.50 while the employee collected State U I bene­
fits and $60 thereafter.12 Under these plans, which
with few exceptions were negotiated by the Steel­
workers, dependent allowances were payable in
addition to these amounts.
Because of dependent allowances, over half the
plans (55 percent) provided a higher maximum
payment to a worker with dependents than to one
without dependents. In 1 out of 3 of the plans
T able

4.

M a x im u m R e g u l a r W e e k l y P l a n
P ay­
S i n g l e W o r k e r s , i n SUB P l a n s , i n M a j o r
C o l l e c t i v e B a r g a i n i n g A g r e e m e n t s , W i n t e r 1963-64

m en t for

[Workers in thousands]

Maximum plan
payment

Maximum var es according to
Maximum not
receipt of Sta te UI benefit
affected by
receipt of State
U I benefit
Maximum while Maximum while
receiving State
not receiving
UI benefit
State U I benefit

with dependent allowances, however, the allow­
ances did not affect the maximum payments. They
were payable in addition to the regular benefit
amounts only to the extent that the total payment
by the plan did not exceed the maximum payment.
There was usually a relationship between the
maximum employer contribution rate (including
the contingent liability) and the maximum plan
payment. For example, maximum plan payments
of $40 per week (including dependent allowances,
where provided) were found primarily in plans
requiring employers to contribute 5 cents or less
per hour. Maximum payments of over $40 were
common, on the other hand, in plans with a 9lu­
cent employer contribution rate.
Duration of Benefits. The duration of regular
weekly benefit payments provided by 155 plans
(154 company fund plans and 1 individual account
plan) was based on the number of credit units a
worker had accumulated up to the time of layoff.13
Immediately upon becoming employed, workers
acquired credit units at the rate of one-half unit
for each week they received pay. When they had
completed sufficient service to become eligible for
unemployment benefits (1 or 2 years), they were
credited with units previously earned. When the
financial condition of a fund was at a sufficiently
high level, one unit was canceled for each week of
benefits. Under 1 out of 2 plans, however, when
the fund fell below a certain level, the number of
credit units canceled for each weekly benefit in­
creased thereby shortening the duration of bene­
fits. Because the number of units canceled when
the value of the fund decreased varied according
to the worker’s seniority, laid-off workers with
long service were assured protection for a propor­
tionately longer period of time than employees
with less service.

Plans Workers Plans Workers Plans Workers
All plans studied.

78

1,124.7

96

723.7

96

723.7

$17.00________________
$20.00________________
$25.00________________
$30.00________________
$35.00________________
$37.50________________
$40.00________________
$47.50________________
$50.00________________
$55.00________________
$60.00________________
Other________________
No benefit____________

1
1
3
12
1

5.5
2.0
5.2
29.5
7.0

11
1

46. 8
3.3

Î

1.0

74

606.5

1
g
1

30 0
1.3 Q
1.9

76
2
7

622 7
7.1
47.1


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

57

793.6

1
1

5.8
2.1

1

3.0

1

274.0

9

64.1

10See footnote 11, below. The higher benefit of most plans
was also payable for certain periods during which the worker
was ineligible for UI benefits for reasons other than exhaustion
of benefits.
11Included in this group of plans were those negotiated by the
Rubber Workers which provided $62 maximum plan payments for
workers Ineligible for State UI benefits during the first 26 weeks
of layoff for specified reasons other than the exhaustion of benefit
rights.
13Under certain conditions, the lower maximum was payable if
the worker did not receive State UI benefits.
i®The discussion here excludes the individual account plan
provisions. It concerns only the 154 company fund plans.

25

SUPPLEMENTAL UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT PLANS

All 154 plans limited the number of units a
worker could accumulate. Over 4 out of 5 per­
mitted accumulation of up to 52 units, so that regu­
lar weekly unemployment benefits were payable
for a maximum of 52 weeks. The remaining plans
were about equally divided between those which
limited credit unit accumulation and weekly bene­
fit payments to 39 and 26 weeks. Under almost
7 out of 10 of the 154 plans, a worker who had less
than a whole unit received a reduced benefit as a
final payment. In the remaining plans, the full
weekly benefit amount was provided even though
only a fraction of a unit remained. Of course,
when all units were canceled, benefit payments
ceased.
One multiemployer pooled fund and one un­
funded plan varied the number of weekly benefit
payments according to the worker’s seniority. In
seven plans—five multiemployer pooled fund plans
and twm unfunded plans—the number of payments
was uniform for all eligible workers; four plans
offered 26 weeks, the other three provided 8,15, or
25 weeks. The duration of weekly benefit pay­
ments in all individual account plans, with one ex­
ception, was directly related to the amount of
money credited to the worker, at the time of layoff
and to the amount of his weekly payments.
Special Weekly Benefits

In addition to the regular weekly unemployment
benefit, most plans (160) also paid benefits to a
worker only partially employed by his regular
employer and earning wages from that employer
which did not disqualify him for State III benefits.
To qualify for this special unemployment benefit,
workers had to meet eligibility requirements other
than the no-work requirement for regular unem­
ployment benefits. Of the 14 plans without the
special unemployment benefit, 7 were individual
account plans, 1 was a multiemployer pooled fund
plan, and 3 were unfunded plans.
Almost half of the§e plans, mostly those nego­
tiated by the Steelworkers, paid a partially em­
ployed and eligible worker the difference between
his lost wages in excess of 8 hours and his full-time
14 Sixty-five percent if the partial employment was during a
scheduled short week, 50 percent if it was during an unscheduled
short week. A scheduled short workweek is one scheduled by
management for adjustment of production due to customer
demand.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

T a b l e 5. S hort W o r k w eek B e n e f it F orm ula , in
S U B P l a n s , in M ajor C ollective B a r g a in in g A gr e e ­
m e n t s , W in t e r 196 3 -6 4
[Workers in thousands]
Plans

Workers

All plans studied______ _____ ___

174

1,848.4

All plans with a short workweek benefit.
Percent of lost earnings indemnified.
100 percent___________________
65 percent......... .........................
58 percent...... .............................. .
50 percent.---------- -------------------

151
54

1,462.2
789.1
5.8
755.7

8

26.2

76
74

628.1
619.0

Short workweek benefit amount

Percent of lost earnings in excess of 8 hours.
100 percent------------------- -----------------70 percent--------------------------------------60 percent-----------------------------------—

1
44
1

1.4

1

2.1

1

7.0

1
1

2.9
2.9

Percent of average weekly earnings.
72 percent___________________
65 percent__________ ________
62 percent..------ ------ ------------60 percent.................................... .
55 percent......................................

17
8

1

31.5
3.1
14.2

5

8.2

2

4.1
1.9

Other---------- --------- -------------------------All plans without a short workweek benefit

3
23

10.6
386.2

Percent of lost hours in excess of 4 hours.
65 percent________ _____ _____ ____

1

pay in excess of 8 hours less UI benefits. Under
these plans, no limitation was placed on the
amount the plan would pay or the number of weeks
of partial employment during which the worker
could collect benefits.
In nearly all of the remaining 84 plans, the spe­
cial benefit was the amount required to increase
the worker’s income (including earnings from the
company, earnings in excess of a specified
amount—usually $10—from other sources, and
State U I benefits) to a specified percent of average
weekly earnings (usually 62 percent). Three out
of five of these plans—chiefly the Rubber Work­
ers’ and Automobile Workers’ plans—guaranteed
that the plan benefit, including dependent allow­
ances, would be at least a specified percentage of
lost earnings14 less State U I benefits and earnings
from outside sources in excess of $10. Special
benefits under these 84 plans were affected by the
dependent allowance, the maximum plan pay­
ments, and the maximum number of regular
weekly benefits provided for.
Short Workweek Benefit

As noted previously, the short workweek bene­
fit is provided workers who did not complete a
full week’s work or whose earnings from their
regular employer disqualified them for State U I
benefits (table 5). Nine out of ten plans immedi-

26

ately paid a benefit to employees not working a
full week without their having to apply for it.
The remainder called for payment of the short
workweek benefit after the first week of layoff
during the benefit year (the waiting period week
for regular weekly unemployment benefits) ; some
required an application for benefits, others did not.
Higher short workweek benefits were usually
paid by plans providing for the immediate pay­
ment of these benefits than by those with a waiting
period requirement. With one exception, plans
without a waiting period requirement either paid
a percentage of all lost earnings (54 plans) or a
percentage of lost earnings in excess of 8 hours (76
plans). The proportion of lost earnings indemni­
fied under the former group of plans was com­
monly 65 percent if the short workweek was sched­
uled and 50 percent if unscheduled. In contrast,
under the latter group, all lost wages (100 per­
cent) in excess of 8 hours were indemnified by all
except two plans.
The short workweek benefit of the 16 plans with
a waiting period requirement was the same as the
benefit provided wholly unemployed workers and
partially unemployed workers collecting U I bene­
fits. With few exceptions, the plan paid the dif­
ference between a specified percentage of average


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

weekly earnings and actual earnings from the
company.
Most of the 135 plans without a waiting period
requirement for short workweek benefits did not
place a limit on the maximum amount payable
from the plan or the maximum number of weekly
payments. In contrast, the short workweek bene­
fits of the 16 plans with a waiting period require­
ment were subject to such limitations.
Administration and Appeals

In general, SUB plans were administered by
the employer. Only the six multiemployer pooled
fund plans and the one multiemployer individual
account plan required joint union-management ad­
ministration. In all plans, the administrator was
responsible for initial determinations regarding
the worker’s eligibility for benefits and the amount
due him. All except eight plans (including the
three unfunded programs) permitted workers to
appeal unfavorable decisions, using—with one ex­
ception—a procedure especially designed for SUB
grievances.
— D orothy

It. K ittner

Division of Industrial and Labor Relations

27

SEVERANCE PAY AND LAYOFF B EN E FIT PLANS

Severance Pay and
Layoff Benefit Plans

workers in the study, and two-thirds of the workers
covered by plans:
P e r c e n t w ith severa n ce
p a y o r l a y o f f b e n e fit p l a n s
U n io n

To workers facing loss of job through no fault of
their own, severance pay, in its traditional mean­
ing, was intended to help tide them over a period
of unemployment and to compensate, at least in
part, for the loss of seniority and other rights and
privileges accruing to them by reason of their
length of service. Benefits through the State un­
employment compensation system were also in­
tended to help the displaced worker through the
transition period. In recent years, through col­
lective bargaining, the concepts of severance pay
and unemployment insurance have been merged
in a variety of devices, made even more diversi­
fied by tax and legal considerations and a certain
blurring of the distinction between severance and
layoff. To an increasing degree, moreover, work­
ers who are laid off—with or without the expecta­
tion that the layoff will be permanent—are also
realizing in cash or in vested rights their equity
in various fringe benefits.1
Types and Prevalence

Severance pay and layoff benefit plans appeared
in 30 percent of the major agreements studied and
covered about 40 percent of workers under all
agreements (table 1). Manufacturing agreements
contained the bulk of dismissal pay and layoff
benefit plans. Nonmanufacturing industries ac­
counted for only 148 plans, 97 of these in com­
munications and utilities. The communications,
primary metal, and transportation equipment in­
dustries accounted for more than a third of the
plans and for over half of the worker coverage.
In communications, plans have been in effect since
the 1930’s, and in primary metal since 1947.
Five unions were parties to almost half of the
plans: Steelworkers, 65; Auto Workers. 63; Com­
munications Workers, 47; Ladies’ Garment Work­
ers, 36; and Electrical Workers (IBEW ), 30.
(All IBEW plans were in the public utilities and
communications industries, none in construction
contracts.) These five unions represented 23 per­
cent of the total contracts in the study, and 46 per­
cent of those with dismissal pay or layoff benefit
plans. They accounted for 30 percent of the


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A g r e e m e n ts W ork ers

All unions______________________
29.
Steelworkers________________________
51. 6
Auto Workers_________________________
55.
Communications Workers____________ 100. 0
97.
Garment Workers(ILGWU)____________
Electrical Workers (IBEW )__________
30.9

640. 9
82. 8
887.0
100. 0
398.8
41.0

Multiemployer agreements accounted for only 86
of the 525 plans. Nearly half the multiemployer
plans (36) involved the Ladies’Garment Workers’
pooled industry funds.
Since 1944,2 there has been a steady upward
trend in the percent of agreements with such plans,
with a marked rise since the 1955-56 survey. (See
chart.) Contributing to this growth were the sep­
aration pay provisions added to SUB plans in the
automobile industry in 1958 and in rubber in 1961,
and extended layoff benefit plans negotiated in the
aerospace industry in 1960. In the latter industry,
the original union demand had been for supple1This article is based on a comprehensive study, M a jo r C o l­
l e c t i v e B a r g a in in g A g r e e m e n ts : S e v e r a n c e P a y a n d L a y o f f B e n e f it
P l a n s , to be issued shortly as one of a new series of bulletins.
For details of the new series, see M o n th ly L a b o r R e v i e w , October
1964, pp. 1184-1185.
For this study, BLS analyzed 1,773 major collective bargaining
agreements, each covering 1,000 workers or more, or virtually all
agreements of this size in the United States, exclusive of those in
the railroad and airlines industries and in Government. These
agreements applied to approximately 7.5 million workers or almost
half of the total coverage of collective bargaining agreements
outside of the excluded industries. Virtually all contracts were
in effect in 1963; for a few that had expired during the last
months of 1962, renewed agreements were not available at the
time that tabulations for this study were completed.
The Bureau tabulated traditional severance pay plans, plans
which had no explicit statement of termination (labeled for the
purpose of this analysis as “layoff benefit plans”), separation
pay provisions in supplemental unemployment benefit (SUB)
plans, the aerospace industry’s funded extended layoff benefit
plan, combination plans, and other variations providing payments
upon separation or layoff, exclusive of provisions incorporated
into pension plans. The decision to combine these plans into
one study was not intended to have any implications for legal or
tax purposes. It is also important to emphasize that this study
deals with formal plans as set forth in agreements, and thus
does not take into account the modifications in practice dictated
by special circumstances and the informal or unilateral arrange­
ments that prevail in this area.
In a separate study, the Bureau is investigating the operation
of the plans covered in this study, along with several case studies
of actual layoff situations.
2The present study constitutes the fourth conducted by the
Bureau. Earlier studies were D i s m is s a l P a y P r o v i s i o n s in U n io n
A g r e e m e n ts , D e c e m b e r 1 9 a
(BLS Bulletin 808, 1945), L a b o r M a n a g e m e n t C o n tr a c t P r o v is i o n s , 1 9 ^ 9 - 5 0 : D i s m is s a l P a y P r o ­
v is i o n s in U n io n A g r e e m e n ts , 1 9 ^ 9 (BLS Bulletin 1022, 1951),
and C o lle c ti v e B a r g a in in g C la u s e s : D i s m is s a l P a y (BLS Bulletin

1216, 1957).

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

28

straightforward declarations that the receipt of
the award terminated seniority, or ended pension,
insurance, and other rights, or both. In another
form, they defined a condition for granting pay
which meant permanent separation, such as plant
shutdown or retirement. In several textile con­
tracts, retirement was the only condition under
which severance awards would be granted. In
still a third form, workers were given an option
between layoff and severance pay, thus making it
clear that choice of the latter meant permanent
termination.
Some agreements gave no details of the plan’s
characteristics: i.e., when allowances would be
paid, benefit levels, how it would be administered,

mental unemployment benefits, but extended layoff
benefit plans emerged at the conclusion of negotia­
tions. In 1958, severance pay provisions were in­
cluded in a large number of agreements in the
ladies’ apparel industry. Excluding funded ar­
rangements, the prevalence of plans increased from
15.7 percent in 1955-56 to 21.7 percent in 1963.
Explicit Statements of Termination. Of the 525
severance or layoff benefit plans, 419 (covering 2.5
million workers) explicitly stated that termination
of the employment relationship was a requisite to,
occurred simultaneously with, or resulted from,
receiving an allowance. These were unambiguous
statements. In one form, they appeared as
T able 1.

S ev e r a n c e P ay

and

L ayoff B en e fit P la ns

M ajor C ollective B a r g a in in g A gr e e m e n t s ,
1963

in

by

I n d u st r y ,

[Workers in thousands]
W ith severance pay aiad layoff benefit piems
Total number
studied
Industry

With explicit
statement of
termination

Total

Agree­
ments

Workers

Agree­
ments

Workers

Agree­
ments

N 0explicit
statement of
termination

Workers

Agree­
ments

Combination
plans 1

No reference to
severance pay or
layoff benefit
plans

Workers

Agree­
ments

Workers

Agree­
ments

Workers

1,773

7,454.1

525

3,051.0

368

2,193.9

106

509.6

51

347.6

1,248

4,403.1

1,023

4,137.1

377

2,332.0

312

2, 010. 7

56

227.4

9

94.0

646

1,805.1

Ordnance, arid accessories
Food and kindred products
Tobacco manufactures
Textile mill products
Apparel and other finished products
Lumber and wood products, except furniture
Furniture and fixtures
Paper and allied products
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Chemicals and allied products_________
Petroleum refining and related industries,
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products
Feather and leather products
Stone, clay, and glass products
Primary metal industries____ . . . . ___
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, excent electrical_____
- ..
Electrical machinery, equipment, and
supplies_____________________________
Transportation equipment
Instruments and related products
1VTis cel lan eons manufacturing industries

19
124
H
28
52

78. 3
373.1
24.1
79. 8
427.8

U
40

49.1
129. 9

5
40

16. 5
129.9

6

32.6

H

36.2
248.4

J1
35

36. 2
248. 4

8
84
11
17
17

29.3
243.2
24.1
43.6
179.4

12
15
56
37
61
18

19 0
26 0
127. 3
73 5
I li 7
54.8

3
10
6

3
6
22
4

12

4.6
24.1
10. 9
63.7
25.0

4.6
4.1
10. 9

7

20.0

12

11
2

15.6
7.6

8.3

17.4

46
31
25
12

19.0
21.5
103.3
62.6
49.0
29.8

24
22
30
109
57
98

111. 1
76 7
114. 3

12

599.3

1.0

141 5
262.7

12
19
25
53
40
73

21.0
73.2
94.5
111.3
72.4
138.2

98
121
22
9

Nonmanufacturing____ _____ _____
Mining, crude petroleum, and natural gas
production,.. _____
Transportation 2
Communications____
_ _ ______ , , , ,
Utilities: Electric and gas_____________Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Hotels and restaurants
Services_____ ______ ________
___ _
Construction
Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing industries

All industries,-- ---

_ _ ___ ____

Manufacturing____ _ ,

35

36
6

12

56
17
25

90.2
3.6
19. 8
488.0
69.1
124.6

396.9
975. 5
45 4
17 7

37
52
10
2

222.6
697. 9
17. 4
7 5

26
38

750

3,317.0

148

719.0

20
107
81
86
15
116
38
62
221

238.8
688 4
513.7
207.2
28 4
303.9
175 4
218.5
898.1

7
12
76
21
3
9
2
16

16.7
63.6
496.5
50.3
7. 8
27.1
3. 5
50.7

4

44.9

2

2.9

3
5

1 Includes agreements with an explicit statement of termination applying
under some, but not all, conditions.


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3

3
5

39.9

90. 2
3.6
19. 8
481.8
69. 1
120.0

3

4

5.2

1

2

3.6

1

1.0

7
14
3

44.6
92.7
5.7

4

83.7

2

94.3
605.2
11.7
7. 5

61
69
12
7

174.3
277.7
28.0
10.2

56

183.2

50

282.2

42

253.6

602

2,598.0

6
9
3
13
3
8
2
12

15.7
59.7
5.7
26.9
7.8
18.6
3.5
45.4

1
3
38
3

1.0
3.9
253.8
9.4

35
5

237.1
14.0

13
95
5
65
12
107
36
46
221

222.1
624.8
17.2
156.9
20.6
276.8
171.9
167.8
898.1

2

42. 0

51
17

22
7

1

8.5

3

4.3

1

1.1

1

1.4

1

1. 5

2 Excludes railroad and airline industries.
N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

SEVERANCE PAY AND LAYOFF BENEFIT PLANS

etc. Instead, a brief mention of the existence of
such a plan was found in a seniority clause, or a
vacation provision, or clauses referring to details
in other benefit plans. The language of these
clauses, however, likewise implied permanent sep­
aration. Still other agreements adopted sever­
ance pay in principle, but left the working out of
details to some later time—usually until a situa­
tion arose in which such payments were called for.
No Explicit Statement of Termination. One hun­
dred fifty-seven plans (covering 850,000 workers)
contained no explicit declaration that termination
of the employment or job relationship was a req­
uisite to receiving benefits.3 These plans resem­
bled other severance pay arrangements in that pay­
ments were ordinarily given in lump sums and
were graduated according to length of service. In
the absence of a clear-cut statement of permanent
severance, however, compensation could conceiv­
ably be granted under conditions short of perma­
nent dismissal. On the other hand, the omission
of a statement of permanent termination and of
specifications that could clearly be interpreted as
meaning permanent termination may simply re­
flect the significance of layoff in an industry or
company which does not experience short-term
fluctuations in employment and whose manpower
needs are declining; that is, once laid off the chance
of reemployment is negligible. The bulk of the
plans without termination language were concen­
trated in the communications industry, specifically
in telephone agreements.
In the telephone industry and in other indus­
tries, plans with no explicit termination state­
ment usually provided compensation for “layoff”
or “layoff for lack of work.” Some of these ex­
cluded short-term layoffs of specified duration,
such as a “layoff of 30 days or less.” Among these
plans were “extended layoff benefit plans,” prev­
alent in the aerospace industry. These contained
statements which clearly differentiated them from
traditional severance pay provisions, although
they had adopted some of the latter’s features.
The statements declared that the benefits offered
were “. . . intended to supplement and not replace
8Included were 51 agreements covering 347,550 workers which
had explicit termination statements applicable In some circum­
stances, but not in others.
758-054 0 — 65------ 3


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29
Severance Pay and L ayo ff Benefit Plans in Union
Agreements, 1944-63

1 Agreements studied : 1944—9,500 ; 1949—2,137 ; 1955-56—
1,692; 1963—1,773.

or duplicate the State system of unemployment
insurance.”
Fifty-one contracts, mainly in the telephone in­
dustry, contained explicit statements of termina­
tion applicable only in certain circumstances.
Usually, these provided for benefits in “layoff for
lack of work” with no termination statement set
forth, and then, in the same or in a separate clause,
also provided benefits in case of retirement to
workers ineligible for pensions. The latter con­
stituted the only clear condition of permanent sep­
aration. Also included in this category was Gen­
eral Electric’s income extension aid, available in
both layoff and plant closing.
Funded Arrangements. Unfunded plans con­
tinued to prevail, but the significant growth in
funded arrangements, particularly among large
companies in the rubber, automobile, and farm
machinery industries, may foreshadow a change.
Although only a little more than a fourth of all

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JANUARY 1965

30

Separation provisions in SUB plans accounted
for most funded arrangements, weighted heavily
by Auto Workers’ agreements in transportation
equipment and machinery industries. This addi­
tion of separation pay to the SUB fund was a
logical extension to a fund which already dealt
with the allied problem of indefinite layoff.
Among industries having SUB plans, only pri­
mary metal did not integrate severance pay into
the fund, although under certain circumstances
SUB payments could be deducted from separation

plans were funded, they covered about 42 percent
of all workers under plans (table 2) .4
Of the 141 funded arrangements, 118 carried an
explicit statement of termination.
Total funded arrangements- _
Plans with explicit statement of
termination.
Pooled industry funds.
In SUB plan. .
Plans with no explicit statement of
termination x_ ... _
Combination plans 2_ _
Plans with no details given 3

A gree­
m e n ts

W o rkers

141

1, 286, 000

118
51
67

1, 149, 200
332, 350
817, 150

16
1
6

112, 400
6, 900
17, 200

4 The prevalence of funded arrangements is understated since
separation provisions in pension plans were not tabulated and
separation provisions in SUB plans were included only where
there was a reference to a SUB plan in the basic collective bar­
gaining agreement. Another study, S u p p le m e n ta l U n e m p lo y m e n t
B e n e f it P l a n s a n d W a g e - E m p l o y m e n t G u a r a n te e s , will account
for all major SUB plans and will also discuss severance pay
features in such plans.

1 All extended layoff benefit programs in the aerospace industry.
2 Separation pay is included in the pension plan, according to the agreement
provision.
3 All plans which referred to severance, but gave no additional details of
plan characteristics.

T able 2.

F unded

a nd

U n f u n d e d A r r a n g em en ts in S e v e r a n c e a n d L ayoff B e n e fit P la ns
B a r g a in in g A g r eem en ts , by I n d u st r y , 1963

in

M ajor C ollective

[Workers in thousands]
Total number
with severance
pay and layoff
benefit plans

Industries

Funded
Unfunded 1

In SUB 2

Pooled

Agree­ Workers
ments

Agree­ Workers
ments

Other or no
detail *
Agree­
ments

Workers

Agree­ Workers
ments

Agree­
ments

Workers

All industries______________________________________

525 ' 3,051.0

384

1,765.0

51

332.4

67

817.2

23

136.5

Manufacturing_______________ ______ _

_ __ _ _ . .

377

2,332.0

242

1,098. 5

47

288.6

67

817.2

21

127.8

Ordnance and accessories... _ ____ ____ _ _ . __________
Food and lrindrfid products
Tobacco manufactures
Textile mill products
Apparel and other finished products
Lumber and wood products, except furniture
Furniture and fixtures _.
Paper and allied products
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum refining and related industries
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products
Leather and leather products
Stone, clay, and glass products
Primary metal industries________ . .
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies
Transportation equipment
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous m a n u f a c t u r i n g industries

11
40

49.1
129.9

6
34

18.1
116. 7

5

31,0

6

13.3

ii

36 2
248.4

8

17.3

35

3
35

18.9
248.4

3
10
6
36
a
12
3
5
56
17
25
37
52
10
2

4.6
24 1
10 9
63 7
25 0
90 2
3 6
19 8
488.0
69.1
124.6
222.6
697.9
17 4
7. 5

i

1.4
24.1
10.9
63.7
25.0
29.9
3.6
10.0
479.7
19.5
11.6
206.2
39.9
15.3
6.0

1

2.0

1

1.2

10
6
36
6
5
3
3
52
8
9
32
13
9
1

1

4.5

2
13

3.2
92.4

1

1.5

148

4

43.8

2

8.7

2

37.0
2

8.7

2

6.8

Nonmanufacturing...
Mining, crude petroleum, and natural gas production
Transportation 4
Communications
Utilities: Electric and gas
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Hotels and restaurants
Services
Construction
Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing industries

719.0

142

666.5

7
12
76
21
3
9
2
16

16 7
63 6
496. 5
50.3
7.8
27.1
3. 5
50. 7

7
10
76
19
1
9
2
16

16 7
26.6
496. 5
41.6
1.0
27.1
3.5
50.7

2

2.9

2

2.9

1 Includes 244 traditional severance pay plans (24 of which give no details
of their characteristics), 90 layoff benefit plans, and 50 combination severance
and layoff benefit plans.
2 Includes 3 individual security accounts.
3 Includes 16 extended layoff benefit plans, 1 combination severance pay


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6

55.8

2
4
9
16
3
26
1

9.8
8.3
49.6
113.0
13.2
565.6
2.1

and layoff benefit plan, and 6 plans which give no details of their
characteristics.
i Excludes railroad and airline industries.

N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

SEVERANCE PAY AND LAYOFF BENEFIT PLANS

allowances. The primary metal severance pay
provision preceded the negotiation of SUB plans
by 9 years; in automobiles, SUB plans already ex­
isted when severance pay was adopted.
Fifty-one funded plans were pooled industry
funds, that is, funds formed by contributions from
a number of employers in an industry with the
purpose of paying out benefits to separated work­
ers of all contributing employers. These arrange­
ments usually paralleled other pooled funds pro­
viding other benefits, e.g. pensions. Among the
larger plans were the Ladies’ Garment Workers’
Supplementary Unemployment-Severance Bene­
fits Program and the National Maritime Union’s
Employment Security Plan.
Other funded arrangements were the limited
liability financing arrangements of extended layoff
benefit plans (found only in the aerospace indus­
try) and individual income security accounts in
which account balances went to workers upon
termination.
Amount of Benefits
The following analysis of plan provisions is
based upon 377 of the 525 plans.5 The 377 plans
examined in full included 220 traditional severance
pay plans (including primary metal plans), 106
layoff benefit plans (those with no explicit state­
ment of termination), and 51 combination plans.
These 377 plans accounted for 71.8 percent of all
plans tabulated and 1.8 million of the 3.1 million
worker^ coming under such arrangements.
In almost all plans, benefits increased with
length of service. Only 23 had a different basis of
payment—15 graduated payments according to an­
other factor (e.g., reason for separation, age) and
8 provided the same number of weeks of pay to all
eligible workers.
Service-graduated plans increased benefits ac­
cording to length of service by a fixed amount (for
instance, 1 week’s pay for each year of service) or,
more commonly, the unit of payment varied at
different service levels. In the latter case, the
plans favored either the low-seniority or highseniority workers.

31

Proportionately larger payments went to lowseniority workers where allowances increased at a
decreasing rate, that is, additional years of service
did not earn a proportionately higher benefit.
This type of provision was found in the primary
metals industry, for example, where maximum
benefits were attained after 10 years of service.
Significantly, in the Steelworkers’ agreements,
provisions on interplant transfer in major multi­
plant units granted wider transfer rights to work­
ers having 10 years or more of service.
When the rate of allowance increased with the
length of service, usually by grouped years of
service, there was an implied recognition that longservice employees had accrued seniority rights
whose loss called for extra compensation. Fre­
quently, this variation provided allowances at the
rate of 1 week for each year in a low-service inter­
val, as defined, 2 weeks for each year in an inter­
mediate interval, and 3 weeks for each year in the
highest grouping. These plans differed in the
service groupings (i.e., 1 to 5, or 1 to 7, or 1 to 10
years) and in providing for maximum benefits.
A significant number of plans (111) granted
allowances based on a fixed amount per unit of
service. Usually these provided 1 week’s pay for
each year of service. Some of these plans did not
have maximums.
In 15 plans, amounts varied according to factors
other than length of service or length of service
alone. In some of these, the reasons for separation
determined which of two payment schedules was
to be applicable. For example, in one case, sepa­
ration because of layoff or retirement provided a
higher benefit schedule than separation for inabil­
ity to do the job; and in a second, separation be­
cause of technological change meant a greater al­
lowance than separation because of layoff or physi­
cal disability. In a few agreements, benefits
differed according to the age of the separated
worker or his method of pay.
Eight plans provided no variations in benefits,
once minimum service requirements had been met,
other than differences determined by the wages of
individual workers.

Levels of Benefits in Graduated Plans. Normally,
the plans provided allowances computed in multi­
5 Among the 148 excluded plans were 51 pooled industry funds, ples of the weekly pay of individual workers.
67 SUB plans having separation provisions, and 30 plans which
referred to severance pay but failed to set forth any details.
Plans determining allowances in dollar amounts,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JANUARY 1965

32
as in extended layoff benefit plans, have become
more common in recent years.
Weeks of pay. Both the minimum and maxi­
mum payments provided by the plans tended to
relate to the corresponding years of service in the
ratio of 1 week’s pay for 1 year of service, but vari­
ations from this practice were frequent. In the
steel industry, for example, a minimum of 4 weeks’
pay was provided for workers with 3 years of serv­
ice, graduated up to a maximum of 8 weeks of pay
for 10 years or more. Under most plans, lowservice workers could not expect more than a week
or two of pay. The graduations upward for the
most, part rewarded longer years on a proportion­
ate basis, if not exactly on a 1-week-for-l-year
basis. Only a small portion of the plans cut off
payments at 4 weeks or less. About half of the
plans set no maximum—i.e., every year of service
carried an increment in the separation compensa­
tion to which a displaced worker was entitled.
As a general rule, allowances tended to cluster
at levels equivalent to 1 week for each year of
service for low-service workers (table 3). The
range of payments broadened progressively with
T a b l e 3.

increased service. Except for primary metal
plans, with an 8-week maximum, plans falling be­
low the ratio of 1 week for each year of service at
the higher levels were significantly fewer than
plans allowing more liberal benefits. At 15, 20,
and 25 years of service, higher than proportionate
allowances—up to 60 weeks at 15 and 20 years
and up to 80 to 105 weeks at 25 years—were pro­
vided by almost a third of the plans. A few, how­
ever, paid only nominal benefits to workers with
up to 25 years of service.
The relationship between years of service and
weeks of pay is further illustrated in the average
payments due workers at specific service points.
Including plans providing no benefits at particular
levels (an especially important factor at the 1-year
level), average payments rose from 0.6 weeks of
pay for 1 year of service to 31.8 weeks for 25 years.
The extra reward for long service became particu­
larly noticeable at the 15-year level. The marked
variations in average levels among the selected
industries demonstrate the absence of a uniform
approach to compensate workers for loss of jobs.

A m o u n t op B e n e f it s P r o v id e d at S e l e c t e d L e n g t h - op- S e r v ic e L e v e l s i n G r a d u a t e d S e v e r a n c e a n d
L a y o f f B e n e f i t P l a n s , i n M a j o r C o l l e c t i v e B a r g a i n i n g A g r e e m e n t s , 1963
Agreements providing pay after—
Amount of benefits
6 months

All graduated plans providing benefits----------------N one___
- ------------------ -Less tli iiii 1 week_______________________________
1 w eek__
----------------2 w e e k s __
. ---------------------- -3 weeks___
---------------------4 weeks
_
_
-____
5 weeks
__
_ _
___
fi weeks
_
7 weeks
ft weeks
Q
10 weeks
11 Lilt- less tihfvn If» weeks

73
296
15
43
6
1

1 year

3 years

2 years

232
137
4
154
24
4
4

334

261
108
2
35
153
13
6
5
1

35
4
17
37
151
69
1
4
4
1

4 years
339
30
2
13
35
13
207
13
1
1
4
3
1

5 years
362
7
11
29
18
14
128
90
2
3
1
6
3

Ifi But less tTliVn 20weeks

but less tlien 30 weeks

10 years

15 years

20 years

365

368

369

4

1

1
17
5
17
13
4
3
68
1
77
30
31
17
19
2

1
10
9
5
3
8
15
64
3
6
12
59
15
2
27

1

14
15
26
14

1

1

1
9
8
7
3
2
3
65
12
12
7
3
6
53
5
1
13
3
24
5
23
9
19
14

_________ ______________
______________
______________

__
__

O ther2.-- -

-

-

_______

____________

8

42

11 agreement provided no payment to workers having 25 years or more
of service.
2 Includes agreements establishing the principle of graduated payments
without specifying the amounts to be paid, provisions in which payments


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

46

46

46

57

58

368
11

__
__
_

25 years

-

59

1
61

1
9
6
8
4
2
1
66
11
21
1
2
12
2
44
2
3
19
3
4
3/i
3
3
9
21
14
62

vary by reason for separation or age, and those in which payments are not
computable to weeks of service, such as payments computed in dollars or
as percentages of earnings.

33

SEVERANCE PAY AND LAYOFF B EN E FIT PLANS

An increase in the average benefit payments in
recent years is reflected in the following compari­
son of data from this study and the Bureau’s
1955-56 study:
Weeks of pay
Years of service

1---------------------------------------------------------------------------5------------------------------------------

1963

0. 6
5. 2

1965-66

0. 8
4. 6

10 __________________________

11. 0

10. 0

15---------------------------------------20__________________________
25___________________________

17. 4
24. 7
31. 8

16. 4
24. 0
30. 7

Others. Most provisions specifying payments
in dollar amounts rather than in weeks of pay,
established a fixed sum which would be paid for
each year of service. These amounts ranged from
$25 up to $130, but clustered at $50 and $75, re­
flecting the practice in the aerospace industry.
Less frequently, benefits for long-service employ­
ees were increased by raising dollar amounts.
Dollar payments generally were available to
workers having a minimum of 1 year of service.
Twelve of the thirty-eight agreements providing
for this method of payment set a maximum at 10
years, and 13 established no maximums.
Provisions designating payments on a percentage-of-eamings basis were uncommon. In six
plans based on this method, either a flat percentage
was applied to earnings for a given time period
(such as the last period of unbroken employment)
or the percentage decreased with years of service.
Eligibility Requirements

Each of the 377 plans studied in detail stipu­
lated the conditions under which payments would
or would not be made: i.e., for voluntary or invol­
untary separation; under broadly defined, rela­
tively liberal conditions, or under narrowly de­
fined, very specific conditions; for causes related
to the job, or for causes related to the worker.
Some plans set forth policies applicable in case
of retirement or death. Virtually all set minimum
length-of-service requirements which displaced
workers had to meet before they could be consid­
ered qualified for payments.
Voluntary and Involuntary Separation. Plan
provisions were predominantly operative in situa­
tions where the separated worker had no control
over his continued employment.


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Commonly, provisions granting pay only for
involuntary separation listed the applicable condi­
tions (such as, plant closing, transfer of opera­
tions, or physical disability), but some plans
specifically declared that voluntary separation was
excluded.
Voluntary separation as a condition for compen­
sation was written into only 24 plans, covering
about 65,000 workers. The practice of paying for
voluntary quits is probably more common than a
study of formal provisions reveals, since manage­
ment might prefer to handle such situations in­
formally, at its own discretion.
Limiting the plan’s applicability to involuntary
termination often serves to hold workers on the
job when separations are imminent. F rom the em­
ployer’s point of view, this assures an orderly
shutdown of operations. Some clauses explicitly
stated that eligibility for payment depended upon
the worker’s remaining on the job. Other provi­
sions left earlier termination to the discretion of
management.
Some plans which allowed severance compensa­
tion for voluntary quits limited it to employees
with a specified length of service, to those who
resigned in the face of layoff, or to those who were
induced to reseign because of inability to perform
their work.
Conditions. Nearly all the plans established
conditions for granting benefits that related to the
employee’s work situation, while almost a third
set forth conditions of separation relating directly
to the worker himself.
ApplicabilUy

Total_____________________
Conditions inherent in—
Work situation_______________
Worker_____________________
Work situation and worker___

Aqreemerits

377

Workers

1, 794, 310

264 1, 286, 750
13 36,450
100
471, 110

Under both categories, conditions were some­
times sufficiently nonspecific to allow liberal pay­
ment policies at the time of separation.
Under broadly defined conditions, employees on
“layoff” or “laid off for lack of work”—language
typical in plans having no explicit statement of
termination—would receive payment. Since the
causes triggering the layoff were not spelled out, it
can be assumed that such payments were to be
made in all situations. Such “layoff for lack of

34

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

work” provisions were found in 114 agreements.
In 106 of these clauses, “layoff for lack of work”
constituted the only eligibility requirement con­
cerned with the work situation for which the sep­
arated worker could receive allowances.
Other agreements with broadly defined eligibil­
ity clauses specified reasons for which pay would
not be granted. This approach was noted in a
number of extended layoff benefit plans. In thus
defining applicability by exclusion, some provi­
sions also ruled out conditions beyond the com­
pany’s control, especially those likely to cause only
a temporary interruption to employment. Thus,
benefits would not be paid where the layoff was
caused by strikes, floods, acts of God, mechanical
or electrical breakdowns, riots, etc., but would be
paid in case of layoff for any other cause.
A number of plans provided allowances to any
employee who had been on layoff for an extended
period. Usually, payment was simultaneous with

the break in seniority caused by the extended lay­
off. Whatever the original causes for layoff might
have been, they were no longer the determinants
in giving compensation. Meatpacking agreements
frequently contained this provision.
To narrow the area of applicability, plans spe­
cifically defined the conditions for which compen­
sation would be paid. Plant, business, or depart­
ment closings, mergers, transfer of operations,
technological change, discharge for other than
cause, or physical disability were among the rea­
sons leading to payment of benefits.
Provisions also specifically listed conditions un­
der which employers would be exempt from mak­
ing payments. Among these were refusal to accept
an offered transfer or recall, eligibility for pension,
discharge for cause, voluntary resignation, and
conditions beyond the employer’s control.

Output Per Man-Hour,
Gas and Electric Utilities

use of gas and electricity for space heating and
air conditioning of homes and commercial build­
ings. Advances in productivity and employment,
as described below, have enabled the industry to
meet this growing demand. Contributing to the
rise in productivity have been technological de­
velopments and a high level of capital investment.1

T h e gas and electric utilities industry has
been a vital factor in the development of our
economy, supplying increasing amounts of energy
for industrial, commercial, and residential use.
Industrial demand for gas and electricity has
increased with general economic expansion and
greater use of energy per worker. Farm demand
has grown as electrical networks reached into
formerly isolated rural areas, bringing power for
the operation of farm machinery as well as for
lighting and other uses. Population expansion,
rising incomes, and the greater use of gas and
electric appliances have caused residential demand
to grow. Also important has been the greater

1 This article is based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ report,

Indexes

(April
1964), which includes a description of the methods and data sources used in
deriving the indexes. A general technical note on the techniques used in
developing industry indexes of output per man-hour appears in the M o n t h l y
L a b o r R e v ie w , November 1962, pp. 1269-1273.
2 All average annual rates of change are based on the least squares trend
of the logarithms of the index numbers.

o f O u t p u t P e r M a n - H o u r , G a s a n d E le c tr i c U t i l i t i e s I n d u s t r y , 1 9 8 2 -6 2


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

— L eon E . L itnden and E rnestine M. M oore
Division of Industrial and Labor Relations

Output Per Man-Hour Trends

Output per man-hour of all employees for gas
and electric utilities increased 186 percent from
1947 to 1962, an average rate of increase of 7.5
percent per year.2 This average includes in­
creases in every year, but they ranged between 2
percent in 1949 and more than 11 percent in 1955
(table 1). Output per man-hour closely followed
the movement of output, particularly in the most
recent years of the period (chart 1). Output
increased substantially every year; man-hours
increased until 1957 and then fluctuated mildly
to a level in 1962 almost identical with the 1956
level. Overall, output increased 243 percent
from 1947 to 1962 while total man-hours rose 20
percent.

OUTPUT PER MAN-HOUR, GAS AND ELECTRIC UTILITIES

For nonsupervisory workers 3 alone, output per
man-hour during this postwar period increased
at an average annual rate of 8.1 percent (chart 2).
The higher rate for nonsupervisory workers re­
flects an overall increase of nonsupervisory man­
hours of only 11 percent compared with an in­
crease of total man-hours of 20 percent, as non­
supervisory workers declined from 95 percent of
total employment in 1947 to 88 percent in 1962.
Output per man-hour trends differed somewhat
during the pre-World War II years, the war, and
the postwar period. From 1932 to 1941, output
per man-hour of all employees increased 85 per-

cent, or 6.1 percent a year.4 This was almost
equivalent to the increase of output for those
years, as man-hours fluctuated for a net increase
of barely 1 percent. Output per man-hour had
peak rates of advance from 1941 through 1943
(about 20 percent per year), as output continued
to grow while man-hours were sharply reduced.
Output levelled off somewhat by 1944, however,
and an uptrend in man-hours resulted in a tem­
porary setback of output per man-hour for 2
years (1945 and 1946). In 1947, output increased
substantially and output per man-hour resumed
its general upward trend. For the war and
immediate postwar years (1941-47), output per
man-hour had a total increase of 40 percent and
an average annual increase of 4.7 percent. The
long-term result of these earlier developments
and the postwar trend of output per man-hour
was an average annual rate of increase, 1932 to
1962, of 6.6 percent.

8 The term “ nonsupervisory workers” includes line and cableinen, mainte­
nance and repairmen, power dispatchers, electricians, meter readers, gasproducer men, laborers, general office clerks, office-machine operators, janitors
and watchmen, and other employees below the supervisory level whose
services are closely associated with those of the employees listed. It does
not include force-account construction workers, i.e., those engaged in major
additions or alterations to the plant who are utilized as a separate work
force.
« The first year for which adequate data are available is 1932. Separate
data for nonsupervisory worker man-hours are not available prior to 1947.

T a b l e 1.

O u t pu t , E m plo ym ent, M

35

a n - H o u r s , a n d O u t p u t P e r M a n - H o u r in t h e
I n d u s t r y , 1932-62

G as

and

E l e c t r ic U t il i t i e s

[Indexes, 1957-59 = 100J
Employment
Year

Man-hours

Output per—

Output
All em­
ployees

Nonsupervi­
sory workers1

All em­
ployee

Nonsupervi­
sory worker 1

Employee

Nonsupervi­
sory worker1

Employee
man-hour

Nonsupervi­
sory worker
man-hour1

1932______________________
1933______________________
1934______________________
1935______________________
1936______________________

13.0
13.1
14.0
15.1
17.1

68.7
65.2
67.1
68.1
72.7

(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)

73.8
66.9
63.5
65.3
71.1

(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)

18.9
20.1
20.9
22.2
23.5

(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)

17.6
19.6
22.0
23.1
24.1

W
(2)
(U
(2)
(2;

1937______________________
1938______________________
1939_____________________
1940____________________
1941___ ___ ______ ____

18.5
17.9
19.6
21.6
24.3

76.0
73.4
73.4
75.6
76.7

(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(21

74.7
71.5
71.0
73.3
74.5

(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(21

24.3
24.4
26.7
28.6
31.7

(2)
(2)
<*)
(2)
(2)

24.8
25.0
27.6
29.5
32.6

(2i
w
w
c2)
w

1942_____________________
1943______________________
1944___ ___ .
1945__________ _ __ _ _

27.1
30.5
32.0
32.3

70.0
63.2
61,4
62.3

(2)
«
(2)
(2)

68.5
64.2
64.6
66.1

(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)

38.7
48.3
52.1
51.8

(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)

39.6
47.5
49.5
48.9

ci
(2)
(2)
(2)

1946__________________
1947_____________________
1948_________________
1949_________________
1950___
_ _______

33.1
37.8
42.0
44.1
50.3

73.1
80.7
85.6
88.5
90.4

(21

85.8
90.5
93.1
94.5

74.2
82.6
87.4
89.7
92.1

(2J

87.7
92.3
94.3
96.2

45.3
46.8
49.1
49.8
55.6

(2)

44.1
46.4
47.4
53.2

44.6
45.8
48.1
49.2
54.6

w

1951_______________
1952_______________
1953. _ __
______
1954_______________
1955 ______ ____ ____ ___

57.0
61.5
66.8
71.6
80.6

91.7
93.4
95.0
95.8
96.6

95.6
97.2
97.9
97.8
98.1

94.0
95.1
96.4
96.8
97.7

98.1
98.9
99.4
98.8
99.1

62.2
65.8
70.3
74.7
83.4

59.6
63.3
68.2
73.2
82.2

60.6
64.7
69.3
74.0
82.5

58.1
62.2
67.2
72.5
81.3

1956_________________
1957_____________________
1958. _ __ _ __ _ _ __
1959_________________
1960_______________

88.7
94. 1
98.2
107.7
114.9

98.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.1

99.1
100.5
100.0
99.5
99.2

99.2
100.4
99.6
100.1
100.2

100.2
100.9
99.6
99.6
99.3

90.3
94.1
98.2
107.7
114.8

89.5
93.6
98.2
108.2
115.8

89.4
93.7
98.6
107.6
114.7

88.5
93.3
98.6
108.1
115.7

1961______________
1962___ __ _ ___ _ __

120.7
129.7

99.6
98.8

98.3
97.0

99.4
99.1

98.1
97.4

121.2
131.3

122.8
133.7

121.4
130.9

123.0
133.2

1 For definition of nonsupervisory workers, see text footnote 3, p. 35.
8 Data not available,


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43.1
45.5
46.8
52.3

Source: Output index based on data from American Gas Association, Edison
Electric Institute, Federal Power Commission, Rural Electrification A d­
ministration of U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Bureau of Labor Sta­
tistics. Employment and man-hours indexes based on BLS data.

36
Chart 1. O utput per Employee M an -H o ur, O utput,
and Employee M an-H ours in the Gas and Electric
Utilities Industry, 1932-62
INDEX (1957-59=100)

Development of the Industry

The Growth of Output. In 1962, the level of out­
put for gas and electric utilities was nearly 10
times what it had been in 1932. This repre­
sented an average annual increase of 8.4 percent
for the 30-year period. Output expanded in
every year except 1938, when there was a slight
decline. The rate of increase has been relatively
steady over the period, with the exception of the
latter part of World War II, when the growth of
output slowed because defense priorities curtailed
investment in the industry. The last few years
indicate that output expansion may have slowed
somewhat, but the evidence of a new trend is
not yet conclusive.
Changes in Production and Distribution Patterns.
Over the last 30 years, changes have taken place
in the composition of output and in the class of


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

customers being served by the industry. These
shifts are indicated for selected years in table 2.
For electric utilities, there has been a trend to- j
ward steam generation of power and away from *
hydroelectric generation, although the latter has
continued to increase in absolute terms. In
1932, hydroelectric generation accounted for 42
percent of all electric power. By 1962, this had
fallen to 10 percent, although the absolute amount
about doubled. Several factors are responsible
for the relative decline of hydroelectric generation,
such as the growing scarcity of good hydroelectric
sites, changes in the relationship between steam
fuel costs and capital costs for hydroelectric
installations, and the increasing efficiency of steam
turbines. Nuclear generation of electricity, *
accounting for 0.3 percent of total generation in
both 1961 and 1962, may in the future become
economically competitive with conventional fuels.
A shift has also occurred in the classes of
customers served by electric utilities. There has
been a gradual increase in residential sales rel- *
ative to commercial, industrial, and other types
of sales. In 1932, residential service accounted
for 17 percent of total sales; by 1962, this service
had increased to 28 percent of the total.
Another shift is the decline in the use of
manufactured and mixed gases. In general, it
has become more economical for the industry
to purchase natural gas, which has a high energy
content, and to use manufactured and mixed
gases as needed to meet peak loads. In 1932,
natural gas amounted to 78 percent of sales;
by 1962, it had reached 98 percent of the total.
As with electric utilities, shifts also took place
in the class of service. In 1932, residential
service accounted for 45 percent of total sales.
This fell to 30 percent in 1945, but residential
sales have been increasing in the years since and
in 1962 were 35 percent of the total.
Employment Changes. Employment for gas and
electric utilities increased only 44 percent from
1932 to 1962, despite the very substantial growth
of output. This is a reflection of the large pro­
ductivity gains of the industry. Most of the em­
ployment increase occurred between 1945 and
1957. From 1932 to 1944, employment actually
declined by about 11 percent, falling to a level of
356,900 which was a low for the 1932-62 period.

'

OUTPUT PER MAN-HOUR, GAS AND ELECTRIC UTILITIES

(In the war years, the Armed Forces and other
vital industries claimed first priority on manpower,
causing declines of about 40,000 employees in both
1942 and 1943.) After a slight increase in 1945,
employment began a steady though moderate up­
trend, increasing about 60 percent from 1946 to
1957.
Since 1957, employment has been stable as the
trends of output and productivity have been very
similar. This stability has been the net result of
two offsetting movements, as supervisory employ­
ment has increased but nonsupervisory employ­
ment has decreased.
Employment changes have not corresponded
closely with output changes. This is due, in large
measure, to the unusually high proportion of main­
tenance labor in the industry, performing essen­
tially the same duties regardless of the level of
productive activity. An increase in a generating
station’s output can take place without a propor­
tionate increase in overhead labor. To a lesser
degree, this may also be true of some operating
jobs. The level of demand, and therefore the
degree of capacity utilization in the industry, can
strongly influence the trend of output per man­
hour.

field of generation, substantial improvement in
thermal efficiency of steam plants occurred during
the period covered by this study, particularly in
the postwar years. This was reflected by a de­
cline in the amount of coal required to generate a
kilowatt hour of electricity. In 1932, 1.49 pounds
of coal were required per kilowatt hour, on the
average. This declined to an average of 1.31
pounds in 1947, a reduction of about 12 percent
for the 15-year period. In the next 15 years,
there was a further reduction of 34 percent, to
0.86 pound per kilowatt hour in 1962.
The increasing thermal efficiency of steam gen­
erating plants was in large part due to the develop­
ment of larger capacity turbines operating at
higher temperatures and pressures. Advances in
metallurgy, along with better design and improved
construction techniques, made such turbines fea­
sible. Improvements in cooling and higher gen­
erator speeds permitted the construction of lighter
and more compact high capacity units. Operating
speeds of 3,600 r.p.m. became more common, as
stronger generator components were developed.
Chart 2. O utput per Nonsupervisory W orker M an Hour, O utput, and Nonsupervisory W orker M an Hours in the Gas and Electric Utilities Industry,

1947-62

Influences on Output Per Man-Hour Trends

Output per man-hour trends are a function of
several interrelated factors. Two of the major
influences in the gas and electric utilities industry
have been changing technology and a high level of
capital expenditures.
Changing Technology. Both gas and electric util­
ities have experienced technological developments
which played an important part in raising pro­
ductivity. These developments include new and
better equipment capable of producing more out­
put per unit of labor. Also important in reducing
labor requirements were improvements in orga­
nization, techniques, and utilization of existing
equipment.
Electric Utilities. Technological advances took
place in the generation, transmission, and distribu­
tion of electric power. These advances were of an
evolutionary nature, representing gradual im­
provement in the technical efficiency of the indus­
try, rather than radical breakthroughs. In the


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37

INDEX (1957-59=100)

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

effective capacity of a system can be increased
without expanding generating capacity or man­
power.
As power networks became more complex, auto­
matic dispatching equipment came into increasing
use. Such equipment automatically allocates gen­
erating capacity to meet load conditions in a more
efficient manner than can be done manually. The
result is a saving not only in manpower, but also
in fuel, because of more precise calculation of load
conditions.
Computers also came into use during the latter
part of the period, for data logging, scanning,
alarming, and performance calculations. Auto­
matic data processing is also being used for billing
and accounting operations, with savings in clerical
labor.
Gas Utilities. During the 1930’s, an important
revolution was taking place in the gas industry.
Although natural gas reserves were very large,
development of the industry had been relatively
slow up to this time. The greatest barrier to in­
dustry expansion had been the distance between
sources of supply and market areas. Major re­
serves of natural gas were located in the South­
western United States, while the largest areas of
consumer demand were in the North and East.

During the 1950’s, turbines operating at pressures
greater than 3,206 pounds per square inch were
developed. At such pressures, water is converted
directly into steam without going through an inter­
mediate boiling stage. A plant put into operation
in 1960 used pressures of 5,000 pounds per square
inch, using less than 0.70 pound of coal per kilo­
watt hour generated.
Improvements have also taken place in the
transmission of electric power. Development of
better line equipment made feasible the transmis­
sion of power at increasingly higher voltages,
which is more efficient for long distances. High
voltage, long distance transmission has raised pro­
ductivity because there is less loss of power in
transmission and generating stations may be
placed in more efficient locations, rather than being
centered exclusively near market areas. Some
generating stations are being located at the mine,
with savings in coal transportation and handling
costs.
Another factor responsible for increases in pro­
ductivity has been the growth of interconnections.
These permit more efficient utilization of generat­
ing capacity because sudden demands for power
in one area may be met by borrowing power from
another area where demand is lighter. Thus, the
T a b l e 2.

S h if t s

in

P r o d u c t io n

and

D is t r i b u t i o n P a t t e r n s in t h e G a s
Y e a r s , 1932-62

and

E l e c t r ic U t il i t i e s I n d u s t r y , S e l e c t e d

[Percent Distributions]
Electric utilities
Year
Total

1932__________________________
1940__________________________
1945_________________________
1950_________________________
1955__________________________
1962_________________________

Sales by class of customer

Production by method of generation

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

Steam

Hydroelectric

Internal com­
bustion

42.4
29 5
26.8
19.8
12.1
9.5

0.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1

57.3
70.2
72.9
80.0
87.8
90.1

Nuclear

Total

0.3

Residential

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

Commercial
and industrial

Other 1

67.4
70.0
70.9
67.6
68.0
67.7

17.3
17.5
16.5
21.3
23.6
28.1

15.3
12.5
12.5
11.1
8.4
4.2

Gas utilities
Sales by class of customer

Sales by type of gas
Total

1932.
1940.
1945.
1950.
1955.
1962.

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

Natural

78.4
85.2
87.2
91.5
94.6
97.9

Manufac­
tured

Mixed

16.6
9.8
8.1
5.3
.7
.1

1 Includes public street and highway lighting, other public authorities, and
railroads and railways.
2 Less than 0.1 percent.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

5.0
5.0
4.6
3.1
4.6
2.0

Liquefied
petroleum

0.1
.2
.1
(2)

Total

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

Residential

Commercial

44.7
33.8
30.0
32.9
33.6
34.6

11.4
9.3
9.7
9.8
9.1
10.7

Industrial

Other1

43.4
55.4
56.1
54.4
53.1
49.8

Note: Because of rounding, columns do not always add to 100.0.
Source: American Gas Association and Federal Power Commission.

0.4
1.6
4.2
3.0
4.2
4.9

OUTPUT PER MAN-HOUR, GAS AND ELECTRIC UTILITIES

Pipelines to carry gas from production centers to
markets had been built on a small scale in the
1920,s and earlier, but greater expansion awaited
innovations in pipeline technology. Long-dis­
tance transport of natural gas became feasible
with the advent of new techniques for electric
welding and the development of strong, thinwalled pipes. In the early 1930’s, pipelines ca­
pable of operating at pressures of 500 pounds per
square inch became economically feasible, in
diameters up to 20 inches. Also contributing to
more efficient pipeline transmission was the use of
large reciprocating compressors of high horse­
power for boosting the gas.
The development of a long-distance pipeline
network, expanded during World War II, bad an
important effect upon gas industry productivity.
Savings in labor requirements resulted from largescale, more efficient systems, in contrast to the
smaller more localized transmission systems pre­
viously in existence.
Throughout the period of this study, advances
in pipeline technology continued. By 1960, pipe­
lines of up to 36 inches in diameter were operating
at pressures of 1,000 pounds per square inch. In
some cases, automatic welding was being used to
join pipes, and more powerful compressors bad
been developed, including centrifugal units driven
by jet engines of up to 15,000 horsepower. Pack­
aged compressor stations came into use, featuring
ease of installation and maintenance, with result­
ing reductions in labor requirements.
The development of underground storage facili­
ties was another significant advance, giving the
gas industry a much larger storage reserve. The
greater storage capacity meant that day-to-day
and season-to-season fluctuations in the growing
demand for gas could be more easily bandied.
More efficient utilization of facilities and man­
power was possible because not as much excess
capacity needed to be maintained to meet peak
demands. Depleted gas and oil fields, salt forma­
tions, underground caverns, and porous rock
formations have been used for underground stor­
age. The total capacity of underground reservoirs
has increased rapidly, from 135 billion cubic feet
in 1944 to nearly 3 trillion cubic feet in 1959.
Even this expansion of storage capacity is not
sufficient to meet seasonal variations in gas de­


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39

mand, and substantial excess capacity is available
in off-peak periods. The development of off-peak
uses for gas, for example as a fuel for electric
power generation, may affect productivity by
enabling fuller year-round utilization of capacity.
Another development has been the growth of
automatic and remote control in pipeline opera­
tions, leading to greater system integration and
reduction in manpower needs. Computers are
being used increasingly for dispatching and
accounting tasks.
Capital Expenditures. New technology becomes
embodied in an industry’s plant and equipment
through the yearly flow of capital expenditures.
The greater this flow in relation to the level of
plant and equipment, the faster can be the rate
of technical progress in the industry.
Capital expenditures in the gas and electric
utilities industry have been very large. Since
1945, a total of $70.2 billion has been invested,
an average of $3.9 billion per year. Expenditures
ranged from a low of $0.49 billion in 1945 to a
high of $6.07 billion in 1957. The 1962 figure
($5.32 billion) comprised 14 percent of the total
capital expenditures of United States business.
These amounts are relatively as well as abso­
lutely large. In 1951 and 1957, capital expendi­
tures were almost equal to one-half of total utility
revenues; the proportion bad receded to less than
a third by 1962, but this was still high compared
to other industries. Capital expenditures per
employee per year averaged over $7,800 during
the period from 1947 to 1962; this was over 15
times the average for all manufacturing industries.
Since 1957, capital expenditures per employee
have averaged close to $10,000 per year.
Both capital expenditures and capital expendi­
tures per employee increased in every year between
1947 and 1957 with the exception of 1954, then
levelled off somewhat in the last few years from
the peak reached in 1957.
A high level of capital expenditures for gas and
electric utilities is expected to continue, helping
the industry meet the future power requirements
of the economy.
— J o se p h

E.

D r a g o n e t t e a n d P h il ip W . J a y n e s
D ivision of Productivity Measurement

40

Wage Rates
of Communications Workers
of the 637,805 employees of the
Nation’s principal communications carriers aver­
aged $2.87 an hour in late 1963—an increase of 3.6
percent above the average of $2.77 recorded in
late 1962.1 Employees of class A telephone car­
riers—accounting for 95 percent of the workers
covered by the study—averaged $2.88 an hour in
December 1963, compared with $2.78 a year
earlier. Nonmessenger employees of Western
Union’s wire-telegraph operations averaged $2.71
an hour in October 1963, 3 percent above the Oc­
tober 1962 average of $2.63. Pay rates for em­
ployees of international telegraph carriers (oceancable and radio-telegraph carriers) averaged $3.22
in October 1963.2
B asic wage bates

Class A Telephone Carriers

Basic wage rates of the 604,984 employees (ex­
cluding officials and managerial assistants) of the
57 class A telephone carriers included in the study
averaged $2.88 an hour in December 1963 (table
1). Individual rates of pay were widely dispersed.
The middle half of the workers’ rates ranged from
$2 to $3.43 an hour. This dispersion was due to a
variety of factors, including the great diversity of
skills and responsibilities required in the industry,
pay differences among regions, and the widespread
practice of providing a range of rates for workers
in a given job and locality. Frequently, the top
rate was as much as 100 percent above the begin­
ning rate for workers in the same company and job,
with advancement through the various steps
based on the employee’s length of service with the
company. Thus, for linemen, the highest rate
exceeded the lowest by more than $1 in 36 of the
57 reporting carriers.
Average rates of pay among the occupational
groups studied separately ranged from $1.59 an
hour for a small number of laborers (mostly in nonBell companies) to $5.15 for professional and semiprofessional employees (except draftsmen). Wom­
en, accounting for 56 percent of the work force,
were chiefly employed as telephone operators and
as clerical workers; experienced switchboard
operators comprised 18 percent of the work force.
Average hourly rates of pay in occupations in

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JANUARY 1965

which women predominated were generally lower
than those in categories largely staffed by men
(linemen, central office repairmen, PBX and sta­
tion installers, test-board men and repeatermen,
cable splicers, and exchange repairmen).
Occupational pay relationships varied by region.
To illustrate, nonsupervisory clerical employees
averaged from 2 to 8 percent more than experi­
enced switchboard operators in all regions except
the Southeast, where the pay advantage was 14
percent. Average pay rates for central office re­
pairmen exceeded the averages for experienced
switchboard operators by 44 to 58 percent in 7
of 9 regions, and by 66 percent in the Southeast
and North Central regions.
Average pay rates for the 10 occupational cate­
gories shown in table 1 were usually highest in
the Middle Atlantic region and lowest in the South­
east or Mountain regions. The interregional
spread in average pay rates varied by occupation.
For example, experienced switchboard operators
in the Middle Atlantic region averaged about 23
percent more than their counterparts in the South­
east; the corresponding spread for test-board men
and repeatermen was 12 percent.
Compared with the overall nationwide average
($2.88), average rates of pay for class A telephone
1 Based on annual reports filed with the Federal Communications Com­
mission (FCC) by carriers engaged in interstate or foreign communications
by means of their own facilities or through connections with the facilities of
another carrier under direct or indirect common control. The reports do not
include international telegraph carriers with annual operating revenues
below $50,000 or telephone carriers with annual operating revenues below
$250,000. It is estimated that this study covered nearly nine-tenths of the
workers in the telephone communications industry in December 1963 and
over nine-tenths of the workers in the telegraph communications industry in
October 1963. A more comprehensive account of the study w ill be published
in BLS Bulletin 1426.
Prior to 1961, information included in these reports related to an October
payroll period for all carriers. In 1961, the reference date for class A telephone
carriers was changed to December. For a summary of communications
workers’ earnings in late 1962, see Monthly Labor Review, October 1963, pp.
1157-1161.
The pay data contained in this summary, which pertain to all workers ex­
cept officials and managerial assistants, were computed by dividing scheduled
weekly compensation by scheduled weekly hours. “ Scheduled weekly
compensation,” as defined by the FCC, includes the basic weekly pay rate
plus any regularly scheduled supplementary compensation, such as differen­
tials for evening and night tours and certain perquisites. It excludes pay
for overtime work and pay in excess of weekday rates for Sunday and holiday
work. Scheduled weekly compensation of Western Union Telegraph Co.
employees excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends,
holidays, and late shifts.
2Prior to 1963, data were tabulated separately for ocean-cable and radio­
telegraph carriers. The current survey combines data for the 2 interna­
tional telegraph carrier groups. Although many of the occupational categories
studied separately are common to both radio-telegraph and ocean-cable
carriers, soma ere found exclusively in one carrier group or the other. For
example, radio operators and radio-telegraph riggers were reported only by
radio-telegraph carriers; cable operators, on the other hand, were found in
ocean-cable operations only.

WAG’S RATES OF COMMUNICATIONS WORKERS

41

carrier employees ranged from $2.52 an hour in
the Southeast to $3 in the Pacific and $3.10 in
the Middle Atlantic region. Pay rates in the
Great Lakes region and new England averaged
$2.95 and $2.88 an hour, respectively; averages in
the remaining regions were below the nationwide
level. Bell System telephone companies ac­
counted for nearly nine-tenths of the employment
in the Southeast, about 95 percent in five regions,
and virtually all in the New England, Middle
Atlantic, and Mountain regions.
Bell System employees, accounting for 96 per­
cent of the class A telephone carrier employment,
averaged $2.91 an hour—68 cents above the
average recorded for non-Bell employees. Some
of the factors contributing to the differences in
pay levels between Bell System and non-Bell
System companies were size of firm and geographic
location. Bell System companies, for example,
usually covered an entire State or group of States,
T a b l e 1.

with employment amounting to more than 50,000
in four of the companies, over 25,000 in five other
companies, and less than 3,000 in only two com­
panies. In comparison, only 1 of the 33 nonBell companies employed as many as 3,000
workers, and 11 companies had fewer than 100
workers. Slightly more than half of the Bell
System employment was concentrated in the
Middle Atlantic, Great Lakes, and Pacific regions,
whereas four regions—Great Lakes, Southeast,
South Central, and Pacific—accounted for fourfifths of the employment in non-Bell companies.
Total employment of class A telephone carriers
increased by 8,657 (1.5 percent) between Decem­
ber 1962 and December 1963. Bell System com­
panies accounted for more than nine-tenths of
this increase, the first since 1957. The employ­
ment decline between 1957 and 1962 was largely
the result of the substantial decline in the number
of telephone operators, caused mainly by the in-

C lass A T e l e p h o n e C a r r ie r s : 1 A v erage H ourly R a t e s 2
by R eg io n s ,3 D ec e m b e r 1963
United States

8

N ew England

of

E m ployees

M iddle Atlantic

in

S e l ec ted O c c u pa t io n s ,

Great Lakes

Chesapeake

Occupational group4
Workers

Average
hourly Workers
rates 2

Average
hourly Workers
rates 2

All employees except officials and managerial
assistants________ ___ . ________ _

604,984

$2.88

42,207

$2.88

Cable splicers___________ ______
C able splicers’ helpers_________ .
C entrai office repairmen____________
Clerical employees, nonsupervisory______________
Exchange repairmen_____ _____
Experienced switchboard operators..
Linemen______________________
Mechanics, building and motor-vehicle service
P B X and station installers.. ___
Test-board men and repeatermen__ ._

15,100
1,955
41,517
121,077
13, 726
111,846
11,926
2,742
30,563
12,994

$3.27
2.14
3.14
2. 21
3.34
2.06
2.75
3.07
3.21
3.23

1,213
219
2,392
9,164
606
8,381
833
195
1,135
698

$3.33
2.13
3.15
2.16
3.32

Southeast
All employees except officials and managerial
assistants_____________ ___
Cable splicers_______________ ____
Cable splicers’ helpers... ___________
Central office repairmen________________
Clerical employees, nonsupervisory................ _
Exchange repairmen____ ________
Experienced switchboard operators____________
Linemen_____ _ ________
Mechanics, building and motor-vehicle service
P B X and station installers________ _____
Test-board men and repeatermen______ .

2.87
2.83
3.20
3.41

Workers

119,716

$3.10

2,904
558
8,630
26,810
3,607
22,260
2,318
893
8,644
1,466

$3.47
3.27
2.28
3.43

6,492
19,717
3,498
19,301
1, 656
679
6,466
1,629

2.20

2.22

3.05
3.14
3.38
3.56

North Central

South Central

Average
hourly
rates 2

Workers

97,817

$2.95

33,911

2,776

$3.34
2.37
3.25
2.27
3.36

202

2.10

3.02
3.10
3.29
3.35

M ountain

Average
hourly
rates 2

1,002
106

1,990
6,301
331
7,049
830
161
778
410

$2.78
$3.26
1.94
3.06

2.12
2.01

3.38

2.57
2.83
3.03
3.41

Pacific

69,988

$2.52

21,888

$2.66

52,187

$2.60

25,845

$2.63

86,305

$3.00

2,230
267
3,995
12,226
1,039
15,459
1,508
135
2,650
1,317

$3.11
1.97
3.00
2.07
3.12
1.81
2.34
2.98
2.97
3.17

673
2
1,420
4,195
217
4,451
562
42
562
216

$3.10
(6)
3.11
1.97
3.25
1.87
2.45
2.75
3.26
3.23

1,060
456
4,012
9,660
1,701
13,306
1,774

$3.11
2.13
3.14

573
3
1,515
5,647
523
4,494
766
44
925
406

$2.99
(6)
2.97

2,118
60
6,840
19,992
2,073
12,699
1,365
419
6,675
1,651

$3.33
2.36
3.17
2.34
3.34

1 Covers telephone carriers with annual operating revenues exceeding
$250,000.
2 Average hourly rates were computed by dividing total scheduled weekly
compensation by total scheduled weekly hours.
8 The regions include: N e w E n g l a n d —Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,
N ew Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; M i d d l e A t l a n t i c — Delaware,
N ew Jersey, N ew York, and Pennsylvania; G r e a t L a k e s —Illinois, Indiana,
Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; C h e s a p e a k e —District of Columbia, Mary­
land, Virginia, and West Virginia; S o u th e a s t —Alabama, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and
Tennessee; N o r t h C e n tr a l —Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, and
South Dakota; S o u t h C e n t r a l —Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.11

Average
hourly
rates 2

122

3,394
869

2.11

3.34
1.99
2.62
3.17
3.19
3.28

2.01

3.12
1.92
2.43
2.59
3.04
3.21

2.20

2.94
3.18
3.08
3.35

Texas (except El Paso County); M o u n t a i n —Arizona, Colorado, Idaho
(south of Salmon River), Montana, Nevada, N ew Mexico, Texas (El Paso
County), Utah, and Wyoming; and P a c i f i c — California, Idaho (north of
Salmon River), Oregon, and Washington.
4
Differences in occupational pay levels and employments for class A tele­
phone carriers between December 1962 and December 1963 are partly the
result of a revision in the information reporting system of Bell companies.
8 Figures include long-lines employees and class A telephone carrier em­
ployees in Hawaii and Puerto Rico. Alaska had no class A telephone car­
riers reporting to the Federal Communications Commission.
8 Insufficient data to warrant presentation of an average.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JANUARY 1965

42
stallation of new and improved equipment. It
is not possible to make precise comparisons of
occupational employments (or pay rates) for
1963 and the preceding years, in part because of
the adoption by Bell System companies in 1963
of a new system of occupational classification.
The revised system' provides an increased number
of occupational classifications and resulted in
some reclassification of workers, usually within
major occupational groups, but in some instances
from one major group to another.
Average rates of pay for all class A telephone
carrier employees increased 3.6 percent between
1962 and 1963, from $2.78 to $2.88 an hour. The
increase amounted to 4.1 percent between Decem­
ber 1961 and December 1962. The December
1963 average was 129 percent above the pay level
recorded in October 1947. Differences among
regions in overall average pay rates for class A
telephone carrier employees remained generally
similar between October 1951 and December
1963.3 For each of the three periods shown in
the following tabulation, the lowest pay level was
recorded in the Southeast, whereas the highest
3Regional pay levels were tabulated for the first time in October 1951.
4Excludes officials and managerial assistants.
5Effective June 1, 1963, all hourly rated workers (except nonmotor mes­
sengers) received an increase of 7 cents an hour, and all monthly rated em­
ployees received an increase of $11 a month. Effective Sept. 3, 1963, min­
imum rates of pay for nonmotor messengers were increased from $1.15 to
$1.25, in accordance with the amendment to the Fair Labor Standards
Act.

regional average shifted from the Pacific to the
Middle Atlantic region between 1952 and 1957,
and the relative advantage for the Middle At­
lantic region increased between 1957 and 1963.
A l l - e m p l o y e e <a v e ra g e s a s a p e r ­
c e n ta g e o f n a t io n a l a v e ra g e s i n —
R e g io n

New England.
Middle Atlantic _ _
Great Lakes-Chesapeake.
Southeast_____ _ _
North Central
South Central__ _
Mountain _ _
Pacific __

O c t. 195%

O ct. 1957

D e c . 196S

101
104
103
99
87
90
90
87
107

98
106
103
99
87
94
92
91
105

100
108
102
97
87
92
90
91
104

____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____

i Excludes officials and managerial assistants.

Western Union Telegraph Co.

Straight-time rates of pay (exclusive of pre­
mium pay for overtime and work on weekends,
holidays, and late shifts) for the 23,259 non­
messenger employees 4 of Western Union’s wiretelegraph operations averaged $2.71 an hour in
October 1963 (table 2), an increase of 8 cents
(3 percent) above the average recorded a year
earlier. The 4,447 messengers averaged $1.53
an hour, an increase of 8 cents (5.5 percent) since
October 1962. These increases were largely the
result of general wage increases effective during
the period.5

T a ble 2. W est e r n U nio n T eleg r a ph C o .: P er ce n t a g e D ist r ib u t io n of W ir e -T e l e g r a ph E m plo y ees ,1
S tr aig h t -T ime A v erage H ourly R a t e s , 2 in S e l ec ted O c c u pa t io n s , O cto ber 1963

Average hourly rates of pay

2

All
Clerical
employees, employees,
nonsuperexcept
messengers 3 visory

Experienc ed telegraph op erators
(except Itforse)
Laborers
Commer­
cial de­
partment

Traffic
depart­
ment

Linemen Morse
and
operators
cablemen

Messen­
Tele­
Subscribers’
gers, foot
phone
equipment
and
m aintained operators
bicycle

95.6
4.4

$1 2fi a n d tupr^p.r 36
<jU HO jynfì iiruipr $1 /SO
if\1 fin jvnd iiTiiipr $1

70

$1 70 and under $1 Qn
in
an
30 $nd lindpr ij\9, fiO
cimi n litici
---------------------io 70
flufl
$2 QO -------—-----lU dll
il ìmrìpr
LUIilei ipci.tfU.
*Pa, uUdii ti untivi ipo.iu---------------------$3 10 and under $3 30
^3 30and under $3 fiO
iQ fio onci
ipo.du
diiti nnripr
limaci ipu.70
iu --------------------$3.70 and over___ __ _
--------

$1 90 and under
$210and under

0.4
3 7
a i
io a
20 2
13 4
8 1

fi fi

110
3 1
14

8.2

0.1
4 8
9 5
19 0
31. 8
14 fi
7 2
4 fi
4 4

Ifi 1
27. fi
22.3
34.7
3
1

3.9
8.7
6.1
78.4
2.9

21.8

18
T7
L8

4.0
15.8

2.0
4 0
19. 8
28. 7
4.0

2.8

6.6
67.1
26.3

10.4
25. 7
17. 4
18. 8
23.1
1.7

0.6
1.1
13.0
7.0
12.7
62.0
3.6

8.0
7.0
14.3
70.7

by

M essen­
gers,
motor

9.0
1.0
18.7
56.6
14.0
.7

Total_________________

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Number of workers______
Average hourly rates 2______ -

23,259
$2.71

5,133
$2.45

2,058
$2.14

1,779
$2.29

101
$2.59

642
$2.83

213
$2.44

1,405
$3.07

1,381
$2.26

3,016
$1.26

1,431
$2.00

1Includes employees working in the 48 States and the District of Columbia;
the company does not operate in Alaska or Hawaii.
2Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3Excludes officials and managerial assistants.
N o t e ; Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.

WAGE RATES OF COMMUNICATIONS WORKERS
T a b u s 3.

43

I n ter n a t io n a l T eleg r a ph C a r r ie r s : 1 P er c en ta g e D ist r ib u t io n of E m pl o y e e s ,
R a t e s ,2 in S elec ted O c c u pa t io n s , O ctober 1963

Average hourly rates of pay

2

$1.25 arid under $1.30... _______
$1.30 and under $1.50__________
$1.50 and under $ 1 .7 0 .._______
$1.70 arid under $1.90.. _______
$1.90 arid under $2.10.. _______
$2.10 and under $2.30__________
$2.30 and under $2.50__________
$2.50 and under $2.70__________
$2.70 and under $2.90__________
$2.90 and under $3.10__________
$3.10 and under $ 3 .3 0 .._______
$3.30 and under $3.50________ _
$3.50 and under $3.70____ _____
$3.70 and over________________
Total___________________
Number of workers___________
Average hourly rates 2 . ---------

All employees,
except officials
and managerial
assistants 3

Cable
operators

7.0

2.0
1.5
2.8
2.8

4.7
4.1
6.7
6.5
8.5
9.9
5.8
11.4
26.4

Clerical
employees,
nonsuper­
visory

Marine
coastal
station
operators

Mechanics
and main­
tenance
technicians

0.6
1.0

24 7
19.0
19. 0

8.0
12.6
16.7

8.4
7.7
9.3
7.9

0.2
2.1
5.8
6.6
8.1

15.5
9.1
3.5
6.7

1.3
3.8
2.5
13.4
21.7
14.6
28.0
14.6

9.5
5.2
9. 5
53.0

100.0

100.0

157
$3.40

483
$3. 55

10.1
9.6
10.6

100.0

100.0

100.0

5,115
$3. 22

174
$3.03

1,410
$2.79

Messengers,
foot and
bicycle

67.9
17.9
10.9
3.1

.2

by

Radio
operating
technicians

0.5
.5
.5
.5
4.7
8.9
5.7
8.9

6.8

A verage H ourly

Radio
operators

0.7

2.2
1.5
2.2
2.2

Teletypemultiplex
operators

0.4
.4
2.3
16.0
6.5
13.1

11.0

13.3
9.6
4.6
22.9

15.1
47.9

3.7
70.1
17.2

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

524
$1.39

192
$3. 56

134
$3. 60

520
$2.88

1Covers international telegraph carriers with annual operating revenues
exceeding $50,000.
3See footnote 2, table 1.

3Excludes employees of international telegraph carriers outside the 48
States and the District of Columbia.

Among the nonmessenger employees, men and
women (12,938 and 10,321, respectively) tended
to be concentrated in different occupational
groups. Average straight-time hourly rates of
pay in October 1963 for numerically important
occupational categories in which women predomi­
nated were $2.45 for nonsupervisory clerical em­
ployees, $2.29 for experienced telegraph operators
(except Morse operators) in the traffic depart­
ment and $2.14 for those in the commercial de­
partment, and $2.26 for telephone operators.
Among the jobs predominantly held by men,
average straight-time hourly rates of pay were
$3.11 for traffic testing and regulating employees,
$3.07 for subscribers’ equipment maintainers, and
$2.83 for linemen and cablemen.
Rates of pay of individual workers varied greatly
in many of the specific job categories studied.
In many of the nonmessenger jobs, the hourly
rates of the highest paid workers exceeded those
of the lowest paid by more than $1 an hour. In
some jobs, however, individual rates were closely
grouped. For example, for two-thirds or more of
the Morse operators, telephone operators, and
experienced telegraph operators (except Morse
operators) in the traffic department, the hourly
rates were between $2.30 and $2.50.
Wage rates for employees of Western Union are
determined by labor-management agreements with
the Commercial Telegraphers’ Union (AFL-CIO)
in all cities except the New York metropolitan
area, where contractual agreements are with the

American Communications Association (Ind.).
Wage provisions in agreements with both the
CTU and ACA include established rate ranges for
all occupations, with differences between the
starting and maximum rates amounting to more
than 60 cents an hour for some classifications.
Advancement from the starting rate through the
various steps to the maximum rate is automatic
after specified periods of service for employees
meeting the requirements of the job.
Messengers, all but a few of whom were males,
comprised about 16 percent of the company’s
wire-telegraph work force. Seven-tenths were
full-time employees who averaged $1.58 an hour
in October 1963, compared with $1.28 for the parttime employees. Foot and bicycle messengers
(both full-vime and part-time employees) aver­
aged $1.26 an hour at the time of the study—8
cents an hour more than a year earlier. Straighttime rates of pay for all but a very few of these
employees were $1.25. Motor messengers aver­
aged $2 an hour in October 1963, compared with
$1.93 in October 1962. Rates of pay for more
than half of these workers were between $1.90 and


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.

$ 2 . 10 .

Total employment of Western Union’s wiretelegraph operations in October 1963 was nearly
7 percent below October 1962, and about one-half
of the employment level of October 1947 (the date
of the Bureau’s initial study). The occupational
composition of the work force has changed con­
siderably in the last 16 years. For example, the

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

44
proportion of workers classified as telegraph opera­
tors declined from 34 percent in 1947 to 25 percent
in 1963; the proportion of the work force classified
as foot and bicycle messengers declined from 18
to 11 percent. On the other hand, the proportions
of construction, installation, and maintenance
workers and nonsupervisory clerical employees
have increased during this period. These changes
in the occupational composition of the nonmes­
senger work force accounted for 18 cents of the
$1.66 increase in average hourly rates of pay
between 1947 and 1963.6
International Telegraph Carriers

Rates of pay of the 5,115 employees of inter­
national telegraph carriers (three ocean-cable and
five radio-telegraph carriers) averaged $3.22 an
horn- in October 1963 (table 3). The hourly
average for the 4,581 nonmessenger employees was
$3.38; the 534 messengers, nearly all foot and
bicycle messengers, averaged $1.41. Men, ac­
counting for nearly seven-eighths of the total work
force (including messengers), were predominant in
nearly all of the occupational categories studied
separately.
Average hourly rates of pay for numerically
important occupational categories were $3.56 for
radio operating technicians, $3.55 for mechanics
and maintenance technicians, $2.88 for teletypemultiplex operators, $2.79 for nonsupervisory
clerical workers, and $1.39 for foot and bicycle
messengers.
Reflecting a wide diversity of occupational duties
and responsibilities, rates of pay for international
telegraph carrier employees were widely dispersed.
Nearly a tenth of the workers (mostly foot and
bicycle messengers) had rates of less than $1.50
an hour and fully a fourth had rates of $3.70 or
more. For some of the occupational groups, how­
ever, individual rates of pay were concentrated
within comparatively narrow limits. For example,
seven-tenths of the radio operators had rates
between $3.50 and $3.70 an hour, and two-thirds
of the foot and bicycle messengers had rates
between $1.25 and $1.30.
— J oseph C. B ush
Division of Occupational Pay

6 Weighting current occupational averages by occupational employment
for October 1947 results in an average of $2.53 instead of $2.71 for non­
messenger employees.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Wages in Pressed or Blown
Glassware Plants, May 1964
S traight -time earning s of production and related
workers in the pressed or blown glass and glassware
industries in May 1964 averaged $2.31 an hour—a
figure almost identical with those for the Middle
Atlantic and Great Lakes regions, where about
two-thirds of the workers covered by a Bureau of
Labor Statistics survey 1 were employed. Aver­
age earnings in the glass containers industry were
5 cents below the hourly average of $2.34 in other
pressed or blown glass and glassware.2
Supplementary wage benefits, including paid
holidays, paid vacations, and various types of
health, insurance, and pension benefits were
tabulated separately for glass containers and for
other pressed or blown glass and glassware.

Average Hourly Earnings

Men, comprising about two-thirds of the 81,748
production and related workers covered by the
study, averaged $2.46 an hour, compared with
$1.99 for women. In the glass containers indus­
try (51,848 workers), the corresponding hourly
averages were $2.45 and $1.98 and in the other
glass and glassware industry (29,900 workers),
$2.48 and $2.02, respectively. (See tables.)
Among the regions, men’s average hourly earnings
also were higher, by amounts ranging from 31
to 61 cents.
Differences in average pay levels for men and
women may be due to several factors, including
variations in the distribution of the sexes among
1 A more comprehensive account of the study is presented in BLS Bulletin
1423.
The survey included establishments with 20 workers or more, primarily
engaged in manufacturing (1) glass containers for commercial packing and
bottling and for home canning, and (2) other glass and glassware, pressed,
blown, or shaped from glass produced in the same establishment. (The
industries involved are 3221 and 3229, except textile glass fibers, as defined
in the 1957 edition of the Standard, Industrial Classification Manual prepared
by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget.)
The straight-time average hourly earnings presented in this article differ
in concept from the Bureau’s monthly hours and earnings series in that they
exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and
late shifts; they were calculated by summing individual hourly earnings
and dividing by the number of individuals. In the monthly series, the sum
of the man-hour totals reported by the establishments in the industry was
divided into the reported payroll totals.
For definition of the regions, see footnote 2, table 1.
2At the time of the Bureau’s previous study in M ay 1960, average hourly
earnings in these industries were $2.11 and $2.12, respectively. (See Monthly
Tabor Review, February 1961, pp. 156-162.)

WAGES IN PRESSED OR BLOWN GLASSWARE PLANTS

jobs and among establishments with different pay
levels.
Two percent of all production workers within
the scope of the survey received less than $1.50
and a slightly larger proportion earned $3.50 or
more, The distribution of workers by earnings
classes differed among regions, as indicated below:
P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c ti o n w o r k e r s w i th s p e c if ie d
s tr a ig h t- tim e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 i n —
U n it e d
S t a te s 2

Total___ _______
Under $1.50____________
$1.50 and under $2.00___
$2.00 and under $2.50___
$2.50 and under $3.00___
$3.00 and under $3.50___
$3.50 and over_________
Number of workers..
Average straight-time
hourly earnings

100.0
2.1

M id d le
A tla n tic

100.0
0.8

B order
S t a te s

100.0
7.6
29.1
35.3
16.6
9.3

G reat
L akes

100.0

P a c ific

0.4
28.2
42.4
17.0

100. 0

27.1
42.3
16.8
9.2
2.5
81,748

23.8
49.0
16.2
8.7
1.7
27,375

12,268

1.9
26,390

3.4
50.8
23. 5
12.5
9.6
7,318

$2.31

$2.31

$2.25

$2.32

$2.62

2.2

10.1

1Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. The
bulletin also provides separate data for the Southeast and Southwest regions
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100

Earnings of individual workers in both the glass
containers and other pressed or blown glass and
glassware industries ranged from less than $1.30
to $3.50 or more. The range of hourly earnings
of the middle half of the workers varied among
the regions, as indicated below:
R a n g e o f e a r n in g s o f th e m id d le h a l f o f
p r o d u c ti o n w o r k e r s i n —

R e g io n

United States___________
M iddle A tlantic.______________
Border States___ _____________
Great Lakes__________________
Pacific____________ _________

G la s s c o n ta in e r s

$1.92-$2.58
1.96- 2.47
1.95- 2. 72
1.89- 2.52
2.22- 2.90

O th e r p r e s s e d o r b lo w n
g la s s a n d g la s s w a r e

$2.01-$2.59
2.09- 2.63
1.82- 2.41
2.07- 2.70
________

Factors contributing to this fairly wide dispersion
of individual earnings include the use of incentive
wage systems (approximately three-eighths of the
production workers in each industry were paid on
an incentive basis), the variety of skills required,
and differences in pay levels among etablishments.
Men’s earnings were more widely dispersed than
women’s. For example, in the glass containers
industry, the middle half of the men’s earnings
ranged from $2.04 to $2.81, compared with $1.83
to $2.15 for women. This is due, at least in part,
to the greater concentration of women in similar
jobs (e.g., in glass containers plants, seven-tenths
8Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, as defined by the U.S. Bureau
of the Budget in 1961.
7 5 8 -0 5 4 O —6 8 * — 4


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45

of the women were employed as selectors, whereas
the five occupations studied in which the greatest
number of men were employed accounted for only
one-third of all men plant workers).
Metropolitan area3 workers in the glass con­
tainers industry averaged 5 cents an hour more
than workers in this industry in nonmetropolitan
areas; in the other industry, the difference was
3 cents an hour. In the Great Lakes region,
workers in glass containers plants in nonmetropol­
itan areas averaged 4 cents an hour more than
workers in metropolitan areas ($2.25 compared
with $2.21); in the other industry, however,
metropolitan area workers averaged 12 cents an
hour more than workers in nonmetropolitan areas
($2.50 and $2.38).
Data could not be presented separately for union
and nonunion establishments. Labor-manage­
ment contracts covering a majority of production
workers were reported in all glass containers plants
included in the Bureau’s sample and in plants
employing more than nine-tenths of the workers
in the other pressed or blown glass and glassware
industry.
Production workers in establishments with 500
employees or more averaged 14 cents an hour more
than workers in smaller establishments in the glass
containers industry ($2.33 compared with $2.19)
and 18 cents higher in the other glassware industry
($2.40 and $2.22). Regional data could be
presented for both establishment size groups only
for the latter industry in the Great Lakes region,
where workers in the smaller establishment group
averaged $2.47 an hour, 4 cents more than those in
larger plants.
It is not possible in a study such as this to isolate
the influence on wage levels of any one of the
characteristics already discussed. To illustrate
their interrelationship, in the pressed or blown
glass and glassware, except containers, industry in
the Great Lakes region, slightly more than seventenths of the workers in the smaller establishment
size group (20-499 employees) were in metropol­
itan areas, compared with approximately fourtenths of the workers in larger establishments. In
the glass containers industry in this region, the
corresponding proportions were about one-tenth
and nearly five-tenths.
Data were also tabulated separately for repre­
sentative occupations, nine of which are shown in

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

46
each of the accompanying tables.4 Selectors, the
numerically most important occupation studied,
averaged $2 an hour in the glass containers indus­
try and $2.01 in the other glassware industry.
Forming-machine upkeep men and metal mold
makers were the highest paid occupations studied
in the former industry, each averaging $3.18 an
hour. In the other glassware industry, blowers
($3.35) and hand glassware pressers ($3.42) had
the highest average hourly earnings. Average
earnings below $2 an hour were recorded for
guards, janitors, and watchmen in the glass con­
tainers industry and for silk screen decorators,
watchmen, and wrappers in the other glassware
industry.
Establishment Practices 5

A cyclical work schedule of three 40-hour weeks
followed by one 48-hour week was reported in glass
containers plants with a total of almost four-fifths
of the industry’s production workers in May 1964.
This cyclical work schedule was also in effect in

establishments employing approximately one-fifth
of the production workers in the other glassware
industry ; nearly three-fifths of the workers in that
industry were in establishments reporting a regular
40-hour weekly schedule. One-half of the workers
in the containers industry and about one-third in
the other industry were employed on late shifts
and nearly all received extra pay above day-shift
rates.
Paid holidays—-typically 7 days a year—were
provided in all glass containers plants in the
Bureau’s sample. In the other glassware indus­
try, almost all workers were in establishments pro­
viding paid holidays, usually 7 days a year; onesixth of the production workers were in plants
providing more than 7 holidays.
Paid vacations were provided in virtually all
establishments studied. In both industries, most
4These and the additional occupations for which data are presented in the
bulletin accounted for three-fifths of the production workers within the scope
of the survey.
s Establishment practices for production and related workers are briefly
summarized in this article. The bulletin provides additional details for these
workers and information for office workers.

T a ble 1. N u m ber a n d A v erage S tr aig h t -T ime H ourly E a r n i n g s 1 of P roduction W orkers in G lass C o n t a in e r s
M a n u f a c t u r in g , by S elec ted C h a r ac te r ist ic s , U n it e d S t a t e s a n d S e l ec ted R e g io n s ,2 M ay 1964
United States 3 M iddle Atlantic
Characteristic

N um ­
ber

Earn­
ings 1

Southeast

Southwest

3,280

$2.11

15,382

$2.24

7,158

$2. 61

1,972
1,308

$2.25
1.89

9,497
5,885

$2.43
1.92

4,595
2,563

$2.83
2.22

5,907
9,475

$2.21
2.25

6,578

$2. 61

12,328

2.27

1,024
73
1,014
346
362
532
430
4,311
519

1.96
2.29
2.91
3.17
2.23
2.06
3.12
1.94
2.21

434
52
500
172
193
184
262
2,148
283

2.29
2.52
3.20

4,050

$2.08

2,951
1,099

$2.16
1.85

51,848

$2.29

16,689

$2.25

5,110

$2.37

33,608
- 18,240

$2.45
1.98

11,440
5,249

$2.39
1.96

3,022
2,088

$2.62
2.02

26, 611
25,237

$2.31
2.26

5,585
11,104

$2.26
2. 25

3,238

$2.26

3,201

$2.12

36,054

2.33

13,098

2.29

4,032

2.40

3,287
435
3,682
1,312
1,608
2,035
1,696
14,934
1,593

2.02
2.16
2.89
3.18

1,130
126
1,251
457
515
705
694
4,830
461

2.04
2.17
2.83
3.13
2.19
2.06
3.10
1.98
2.26

187
53
366
137
195
192
169
1,726
116

2.11
2.34
2.96
3.23
2.39
2.17
3.11
1.98
2.24

Pacific

N um ­
ber

N um ­
ber

N um ­
ber

Great Lakes

Earn­
ings 1

Earn­
in g s1

N um ­
ber

Earn­
ings 1

N um ­
ber

Earn­
in g s1

Border States

Earn­
ings 1

N um ­
ber

Earn­
ings 1

A ll P roduction W orkers
Total_____

_ _______

_____

M en____ - _ _ ____ _
W omen____ ________ - - ___ _

C ommunity Size
Metropolitan areas 4

E stablishment

size s

500 workers nr mnrp.

Selected Occupations3
Assemblers, carton___
________
Batcn m ixers.. . . . . .
...
Forming-machine operators__ ___
Forming-machine upkeep m en_____
Inspectors, final____ . .
-- ---- Laborers, material handling________
Mold makers, m etal.-- --- . . . - .
Selectors____ _____ _ -- . . . . . .
Truckers, power (forklift).
. ___

2. 22

2.05
3.18
2.00
2. 27

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2The regions for which separate data are shown include: Middle Atlantic—
N ew Jersey, N ew York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—Delaware, D is­
trict of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia;
Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Tennessee; Southwest—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and
Texas; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and
Wisconsin; and Pacific—California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington.
3Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Alaska
and Hawaii were not included in the study.


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265
56
299
98
212
221
77
917
109

1.85
1.87
2.64
2.82
1.92
1.80
3.04
1.91
2.03

235
73
233
92
125
195
59
1,002
97

$1.85
1.88
2.79
3.14
1.91
1.85
3.18
1.88
1.98

3. 55
2.62
2.35
3.55
2.25
2.62

* Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, as defined by the U .S. Bureau
of the Budget in 1961.
6 The 15,794 workers in establishments with 20-499 workers averaged $2.19
an hour. Regional data did not meet publication criteria.
6Carton assembers and selectors were predominantly women; the other
occupations shown were all or predominantly men. Data in the bulletin
are also presented separately for men and women in selected occupations.

N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or date that do not meet publi­
cation criteria.

WAGES IN PRESSED OR BLOWN GLASSWARE PLANTS.

47

T a b l e 2 . N u m b e r a n d A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s 1 o p P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s i n P r e s s e d or
B l o w n G l a s s a n d G l a s s w a r e ( E x c e p t C o n t a in e r s ) M a n u f a c t u r i n g , b y S e l e c t e d C h a r a c t e r is t ic s , U n i t e d
S t a t e s a n d S e l e c t e d R e g io n s ,2 M a y 1964
United States 3

Characteristic

Number

Middle Atlantic

Earnings 1

Number

Earnings 1

Border States
Number

Great Lakes

Earnings 1

Number

Earnings 1

A ll P roduction W orkers
T o ta l4____ __

___________________ ______

29,900

$2.34

10,686

$2.40

7,158

$2.17

11,008

$2.44

Men__________________________________ ____ _ _____
Women________ ______________________ _______ ____

21,021
8,879

$2.48
2.02

8,096
2,590

$2. 50
2.07

4,756
2,402

$2.33
1.85

7,354
3,654

$2.60
2.13

12,390
17, 510

$2.36
2.33

5,848

$2.12

R 481
5,527

$2 fiO
2.38

10,092
19; 808

2.22
2.40

3,481

2.05

2 88f>
81,123

2 47
2.43

6 456

2.16

8,046

2.45

4 ,0 3 9

2 .1 3
7,131

2 .4 7

39
108
470
104
44
82
86
2,048
117

3 .4 2
2 .0 6
3 .2 5
3 .2 8
2 . 97
2 .1 1
3 .3 5
2 .1 0
2 .5 7

Community Size
Metropolitan areas 5-------------------------------------------------Nonmetropolitan areas_____ ___________ ________ ___

E stablishment Size
20-499 workers______ _____ - __________ - _______
-- ________
500 workers or more— ________

T ype

of

P roduct

and

M ethod

of

M anufacture

Tableware, artware, and industrial, and illuminating
glassware. _
__ _____ . . .
_____
____
Hand_____________________________________________
Maclaine_______ ____ - ___________________________

23,923
6; 749

2.32
2.22

17,174

2 .3 6

434
714
855
252
527
435
255
4,008
342

3 .3 5
2 .0 4
3 .0 3
3.0 4
2 .7 7
2.0 1
3 .4 2
2.01
2 .3 4

Selected Occupations 3
Blowers____________________________________________
Carry-in boys_______________________________________
Forming-machine operators---------------------------------------Forming-machine upkeep men________________________
----------------------------------Gatherers, blowpipe------------------------Grinders, glassware..
. . . . . . ----------Pressers, glassware, h a n d ... ____ _____________
Selectors______ _____________________ ____ __________
T a n k m e n ...______________ ______________________

1 See footnote 1, table 1.
2 See footnote 2, table 1.
3 See footnote 3, table 1.
4 Includes workers in establishments producing other types of products
in addition to those shown separately.
« See footnote 4, table 1.

production workers were in plants providing at
leash 1 week after 1 year, 2 weeks or more after
5 years, and 3 weeks or more after 10 years of
service. Two-fifths of the production workers in
the pressed or blown glassware (except containers)
industry and a small proportion in the containers
industry were in establishments providing 4 weeks
or more after 25 years of service.
Life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance, for
which employers paid at least part of the cost,
were available to nearly all production workers in
the glass containers industry and to nine-tenths


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107
244
165
72
205
152
106
648
93

$ 3 .2 3

2 .3 7
3 .0 4
3.1 4
2 .5 3
2.2 1
3 . 57
2.0 4
2 .4 7

254
355
150
43
256
196
63
935
107

3 .2 6
1.81
2 .7 2
2 . 55
2 .8 2
1.82
3 .2 8
1.96
2 .1 2

6
Glassware grinders and selectors were predominantly women; the other
occupations shown were all or predominantly men. The bulletin also con­
tains separate data for men and women in selected occupations.

N ote : Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet pub­
lication criteria.

or more in the other glassware industry. Sickness
and accident insurance and medical insurance were
also commonly provided.
Retirement pension benefits (other than those
available under Federal old-age, survivors, and
disability insurance) were provided by establish­
ments employing approximately nine-tenths of the
production workers in both the glass containers
and other pressed or blown glass and glassware
industries.
— F e e d W. M ohk
Division of Occupational Pay

48

Wage Chronology:
A.T. & T. Long Lines Department
Supplement No. 1—1953-641
N egotiations between American Telephone &
Telegraph Co.’s Long Lines Department and the
Communications Workers of America over the
12 years, 1953 through 1964, resulted in gradually
lengthening contract periods, substantial wage in­
creases, and improvements in and additions to the
fringe benefits provided employees.2 Since the
agreement effective in July 1952 and summarized
in this Long Lines wage chronology, 10 additional
agreements have governed relations between the
parties. Those negotiated between 1953 and 1956
each ran for a 1-year term; the 1958 agreement
remained in effect for 17 months and the 1959
agreement for 16 months. In 1960, the company
and the union signed a contract which ran for 3
years, with two wage reopenings, and in 1963 a
minimum 38-month agreement, also with two wage
reopenings.
During each negotiation, the union proposed a
general wage increase and reclassification of some
towns into higher rated zones. Frequently, it also
proposed reductions in the time required to pro­
gress from the minimum to the maximum job rate
and the elimination of area differentials. It also
asked for various changes in supplementary bene­
fits. Liberalized vacations, for example, were an
issue in 1953, 1956, 1958, and 1960. Deductions in
the workweek, in some cases to 35 hours, were also
proposed a number of times. A company-paid
health and welfare plan was demanded in each
negotiation from 1953 until a plan was established
by the 1963 contract.
Of the 10 settlements, 2 were wage reopeners
and therefore covered only wage items, and 8
changed both wages and supplementary benefits.
In addition to wage increases, most of the settle­
ments classified some towns into higher rated zones
and two reduced the length of time required for
employees in specified classifications to progress
from the minimum to the maximum rate for their
job.
Over the period from 1952 through the 1963
settlement, the basic maximum rates of pay for
long distance operators increased an average of
45 percent or about $26 a week.

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

In 1953, negotiations were opened in May, about
2 months before the scheduled termination date of
the existing agreement. The 1-year settlement
reached on September 2, 1953, increased wages by
amounts ranging up to $8 a week, including in­
creases resulting from shortening all 6y2-year
progression schedules to 6 years. The waiting
period for payment for absence because of illness
was reduced.
In 1954, bargaining began in mid-August and
on October 9, following 9 weeks of negotiations,
the parties announced agreement on a contract to
remain in effect for 1 year from October 24. It
provided wage advances effective October 9 (in­
cluding those resulting from reclassification of
several towns) of up to $5.50 a week for employees
with at least 1 year of service. Wage rates of em­
ployees with shorter service were not changed.
The 1955 negotiations started on September 22
and continued after termination of the contract on
October 28, with agreement being consummated
on November 14 and effective on November 28.
Weekly wage rates, including increases resulting
from the reclassification of some towns, were in­
creased $1 to $10, effective November 14. The
agreement added Veterans Day as a paid holiday
in nine States where it had not previously been
recognized.
In 1956, the union opened negotiations on Octo­
ber 15 and, when the existing contract expired on
November 28, the parties agreed to continue nego­
tiations. The contract agreed to on December 5
raised pay $1 to $11.50 a week, effective immedi­
ately. The plant night-shift differential was in­
creased for some employees, health benefits were
liberalized, and sickness and disability benefits
were extended to workers with 1 but less than 3
years of service. The contract was to run from
December 19, 1956, through January 3, 1958.
Contract renewal talks were again opened on
November 15, 1957, and were concluded on Jan­
uary 11,1958, with a 16-month agreement effective
February 10. Wage increases of $1 to $9.50 were
effective January 11, including increases resulting
from reclassification of seven towns. Although
the union membership authorized a strike, no date
1Far basic chronology, see M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , August 1953,
pp. 851-862.
2Each of the contracts was for a specified minimum period, and
could be terminated at the end of the period by either party on
60 days’ prior written notice.

49

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: A.T. & T. LONG LINES DEPARTM ENT

was set for a walkout. Maximum carfare allow­
ances for operators on double tours of duty were
increased, and negotiations were continued on
group life insurance and amendments to the pen­
sion plan. On May 12, the company agreed to a
contributory life insurance plan for regular em­
ployees with 6 months or more of service. Benefits
were to approximate annual basic wages with a
minimum of $2,000. Accord on an amended pen­
sion plan was reached in January 1959.
Negotiations for revisions in the 1958 contract
began on May 1,1959, and were concluded on June
10, with agreement on weekly wage advances
ranging up to $12 including increases resulting
from reclassification of 20 towns. A fourth week
of vacation was added for employees with at least
30 years’ service, the differential paid to employees
assigned “in-charge” responsibilities was increased,
and carfare allowances were raised.
Negotiations that began early in September 1960
resulted in agreement on a 3-year contract, after
extended negotiations and a vote authorizing the
leadership to call a strike. The economic changes
agreed to in the contract of November 9 provided
wage advances of $1 to $10 including increases
resulting from the upgrading of 15 towns, in addi­
tion to liberalized provisions for vacations, life in­
surance, and pensions, and establishment of a com­

pany-financed major medical (Extraordinary
Medical Expense) plan. The agreement provided
for two annual reopenings.
Under the first wage reopening, weekly wages
were increased $1 to $9, including the effects of up­
grading 15 towns. In addition, the progression
schedule for operators was reduced from 6 to 5:1A
years, effective November 9, 1961. A year later,
under the second wage reopening, company and
union negotiators agreed to wage increases of $1.50
to $10.50 a week, including increases resulting from
the upgrading of 56 towns. The agreement cov­
ered 23,000 workers in 42 States and the District
of Columbia.
The 1963 negotiations started on September 20
and were concluded with a 38-month agreement on
November 11, 1963. Weekly wage rates, including
increases resulting from the reclassification of 42
towns, were raised from $1 to $12. Pension and
other welfare benefits were also improved. A sep­
arate agreement was reached on a basic contribu­
tory hospital-surgical-medical plan. The agree­
ment, which covered 22,600 employees in 42 States
and the District of Columbia, also provided for
wage reopeners in 1965 and 1966.
The following tables summarize the details of
agreements negotiated by the Long Lines Depart­
ment with the CWA during the years 1953-63.

A—General Wage Changes
Increases effective 2
Occupational group
Sept. 2,
1953

Oct. 9,
1954
(Oct. 24)

N ov. 14,
1955
(Nov. 28)

11_______ 10_______

Jan. 11,
1958
(Feb. 10)

Dec. 5,
1956
(Dec. 19)

June 10,
1959
(July 10)

20

Oct. 10,
1960
(Nov. 9)

Number of towns reclassified. _ 29_______
Number of years’ service required to reach maximum
rates:
Central office craftsmen. . 6«_______
Traffic operators_________ 62_______

6________ 6________ 6 ___________ 6________ 6________ 6_______
6________ 6_______ 6_____
6
6
6

Plant central office craftsmen:
Minimum rate_____

$0 to $4__

$0to $2. . . .

Maximum rate______

0to 5Vi__

1 to 5Vi__

$2 to $5V I3Vi to 9V i-

Traffic operators:
Minimum ra te.. . ______ 1 to 3____ 0to 2____ 2to 2
Maximum rate. . .
1!^ to 2V i- 1Vi to 2V i- 2 to 3.

y2

Plant construction forces:
Minimum rate____ . ___
Maximum rate_____ . . .

1 to 2____ 0________
lVi to 3 .... 1 to 2

Outside maintenance forces:
Minimum rate. . . . . . .
Maximum rate.. ________

0 to 5____
1 to 8____

See footnote at end of table.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

17.

.

. 7

$2to $5V i-

15

15

N ov. 9,
1962

56

N ov. 10,
1963

49

6________ 6________ 6________
5V£
5V£
514

$1 to $5__

$1to $5V i- $1to $8V i- $1Vi to

to 9V i- 2Vi to 6. —

$5Vi
314 to 10. . . 3 to 9

4 to 10V i — 3Vi to

2 to 4
1 to 3
2Vi to 3Vi~ 3 to 4

1Vi to 7
214 to 3 .—

2 to 3Vi
2Vii to 4V i- 2Vi to 4

U4
2
2Vi to 3Vi.. 3 to 4

3
2Vi
4VÏ to 6— . 2 to 3

0to 5V2
1 to 4
214 to 9V i. 3 to 12___

3 to 10___

2 to 4
2Vi to 3 „ „

2vi_______ 2Vi_____
3 to 4
3 to 4

0 to 2
2 to 5Vi
1 to 534-— 3 to 10___

.

N ov. 9,
1961

2 to llVé
3 to 1114 . . .

2to 11

1 to 5V£

iy2to 3

2*

$lVi to $8-

$U4

to

$8Vi
11

»

2
2
2 to 4V i — 2 to 5

1 V£ to 5 V<2
114 to 9
1}4 to 7
2Vi to 8-— 3VÌ to lOVi 3Vi to 12

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

50

A—General Wage Changes1—Continued
Increases effective 3
Occupational group
Sept. 2,
1953

Clerical forces:
Minimum r a t e __- Maximum rate _______

N ov. 14,
1955
(Nov. 28)

Oct. 9,1954
1954
(Oct. 24)

Vi to 3V£__
1 to
0 to 4

1 to 3
1 to 6

Dec. 5,
1956
(Dec. 19)

Jan. 11,
1958
(Feb. 10)

June 10,
1959
(July 10)

1 to 5 ____ 1Vi to 4__ 0 to 4V2—
.
- _ U i to 5 .... m to s i c - 0 to 8____

Oct. 10,
1960
(Nov. 9)

N ov. 9,
1961

1 to 7____ 1 to 5)4—
m to 7*4- 1 to 6....... -

N ov. 9,
1962

N ov. 10,
1963

1 to 5____ 1 to 5)4
PA to 6 ) 4 - 1)4 to 6 »

3 Reduced from 6)4 years.
* Effective M ay 6,1952, rates were increased $1.
« Effective Feb. 9,1964, maximum rates for traffic operators were increased
$1 and those for clerical forces, 50 cents.

1 A range is shown since individual increases were governed by location,
position on the salary schedule, and job.
2 When they differ, the date of the contract is shown in parenthesis below
the effective date of the general wage increase. The 1961 and 1962 increases
were the result of wage reopenings provided in the 1960 agreement.

B—Related Wage Practices
I— T r a f f ic
Effective date

and

P l a nt E m plo yees
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Provision

Night Premium Pay
Sept. 2, 1953 (agreement
of same date).
Dec. 5, 1956 (agreement
dated Dec. 19, 1956).
Oct. 10, 1960 (agreement
dated N ov. 9,1960).

Added: Plant central office craftsmen: Differential of
$10 a week paid eligible employees with basic weekly
rates of $100 or more.
Added: Plant central office craftsmen: Differential of
$11 a week paid employees with basic weekly rates of
$115 or more.
Added: Plant central office craftsmen: Differential of
$12 a week paid employees with basic weekly rate of
$130 or more.

Changed: Traffic—Group A , Cleveland and Detroit—night tour reduced from
8 to 7 hours without change in differential.

Added: Traffic—Group A , Boston—$3.50 for 7-hour night tour; N ew York
and White Plains—$4 for 7-hour night tour; Chicago—$4.50 for 8-hour night
tour; Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Wayne—$5 for 8-hour night tour.

Holiday Pay
Added: Veterans Day, N ov. 11, as holiday in Alabama, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and
Tennessee.
Added: Inauguration Day, Jan. 20, inauguration year in Arlington, Va.,
and Silver Spring and Greenbelt, Md.
Memorial Day, M ay 30, and Alaska D ay, March 30, in Alaska.

N ov. 28,1955 (agreement
of same date).
Nov. 10,1963 (agreement
of same datè).

Vacation Pay
Jan. 1, 1954 (agreement
dated Sept. 2,1953).
1959 (agreement dated
July 10, 1959).

Jan. 1, 1961 (agreement
dated Nov. 9, 1960).
Jan. 1, 1964 (agreement
dated N ov. 10, 1963).

Changed to: 1 week after 6 months’ service, if hired be­
fore April 1 of current year; 2 weeks after 1 year, if
hired before October of preceding calendar year.
Added: 4 weeks, paid vacation after 30 years’ service.

Changed: 4 weeks’ paid vacation after 25 years.
Changed: 3 weeks’ paid vacation after 10 years.

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Continued: Pay for unused vacation to laid-off employees, temporary
employees whose work was completed, and employees resigning or dis­
missed.
Changed: Paid days in vacation week to be number in established work
week during the first 17 of 20 (was 18) weeks preceding vacation in office
to which employee was assigned.
Traffic—Groups A and B —Vacation pay to include average of night
differentials for tours scheduled during first 4 of 7 (was 5) weeks preceding
vacation.
Continued: Plant Groups A —Inclusion in vacation pay of night differential
received in weeks preceding vacation.
Traffic and Plant Groups—Provision of additional vacation days if employee
worked in excess of scheduled workweek, as follows: (1) If employee
worked 6 but less than 12 additional normal tours during contract period­
ic day per week of vacation; if 12 or more normal tours—1 day per week
of vacation.

Changed: Paid days in vacation week; for full-time employee, to 5 days;
for part-time employee, to average weekdays in scheduled workweek
during first 10 of 13 weeks preceding vacation.

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: A.T. & T. LONG LINES DEPARTMENT

51

B—Related Wage Practices—Continued
I — T r a f f ic a n d P l a n t E m p l o y e e s—
Provision

Effective date

Continued

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

In-Charge Pay
July 10, 1959 (agreement
of same date).

Increased: Traffic Group A and Plant Central Office
Group A —to $1.50 for any day assigned duties of
absent supervisor or in-charge responsibility for 4
hours or more.

Health and Welfare Benefits (Revised)1
1940

Jan. 1, 1946

M ay 9, 1947.

In effect:
Accident 6ewe/ifa.-Employees physically disabled by
reason of accidental occupational injury to receive
for (1) total disability—full pay for 13 weeks, half
pay for the remainder of the disability, but not more
than $20 a week after 6 years; (2) partial d isa b ility 100 percent of loss in earning capacity for 13 weeks,
60 percent for remainder of disability up to 6 years.
Employees with 15 years’ service or more to receive
full pay for periods specified under sickness benefits
for this length of service.

Noncontributory accident, sickness and death benefits plan was established
in 1913. N ot covered by union agreement. Benefits to begin on first
day on which a full day’s wage was not paid.
Amount of payment could be changed if disability changed from total to
partial or from partial to total. No payments for partial disability to be
made after 6 years of disability payments.
In case of accidental injury resulting in permanent loss of a body member
or its use, special benefits not exceeding amount payable for accidental
death could be awarded in lieu of all other benefits.
Committee administering plan could also approve necessary expenses for
first aid treatment or surgery.
Benefits to begin on 8th calendar day of absence or, if employee had b een
receiving benefits and was again absent within 2 weeks, on 1st day.
All benefit payments to be reduced by the amount of related benefits re­
quired by State or Federal Law.
Payments to employees with less than 2 years’ service to be governed by
company practice.

Sickness benefits: Employees disabled because of sick­
ness, including injuries not arising in the course of
employment, to receive:
Full pay
Half pay
Years of service
for
for
2 and under 5..................... ....... 4 w eek s.. 9 weeks.
5 and under 10______________ 13w eek s.. 13 weeks.
10 and under 15....................
13weeks.
39 weeks.
15 and under 20_____________ 26weeks. 26 weeks.
20 and under 25_____________ 39weeks. 13 weeks.
25 or more_________________ 52 weeks. _________
Death benefits: In event of death from (1) work-con­
nected accident—benefits to equal 3 years’ wages,
but not more than $5,000; (2) nonoccupational sick­
ness—4 months’ pay for employees with 2 but less
than 3 years’ service and an additional month’s pay
for each added year of service up to 10 (maximum 12
months); minimum benefit $250.
Benefits in case of death of pensioner: N ot to exceed Payments made at discretion of company.
payments under sickness-deatn benefits.
In addition to death benefit.
Funeral benefits: Up to $250 for necessary expenses.
Increase:
Accident Benefits: For total occupational disability,
half pay to continue for duration of disability.
Death Benefits: Maximum to $10,000 for death result­
ing from occupational injury.
Changed to:
Benefits in case of death of pensioner: Mandatory pay­
ments to qualified beneficiaries (1) if death occurred
within 1 year after retirement—maximum sicknessdeath benefit payable as if pensioner had died on
last day of active service; (2) if death occurred more
than 1 year after retirement—not less than maximum
sickness-death benefits reduced by 10 percent for
each full year since retirement, or amount of annual
pension, whichever was greater. Could be supple­
mented at company discretion with amount not to
exceed payments under (1) if no qualified benefi­
ciaries; payments at company discretion to extent
necessary for $250 burial expense plus cost of last
illness.
Agreement that company would not reduce or dimmish benefits or privi­
leges without consent of the union.

See footnote at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JANUARY 1965

52

B—Related Wage Practices—Continued
I— T r a f f ic
Provision

Effective date

and

P l a n t E m plo y ees—

Continued

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Health and Welfare Benefits (Revised)1— Continued
Dec. 19, 1956 (agree­
ment of same date).

April 1, 1957.

Mar. 1, 1958

M ay 18, 1958 (by agree­
ment dated M ay 12,
1958).

Dec. 1, 1960 (agreement
dated Oct. 10, 1960).
Dec. 15,1960 (agreement
dated Nov. 9,1960).

Added:
Increased:
Death benefits—In the event of death from (1) accident- Agreement that company would not change benefits without 60 days’ notice
to union.
maximum to $30,000, (2) sickness—minimum to $500.
Funeral benefits—$500.
Increased:
Sickness benefits—Employees with 1 but less than 2
years’ service, to half pay for 9 weeks.
Changed to:
Death benefits—Sickness—4 months’ pay for employees
with 6 months but under 2 years’ service, and an
additional 2 months’ pay for each added year of ser­
vice up to 5 (maximum 12 months). No change in
minimum benefits.
Employees to contribute $0.50 monthly for each $1,000 above first $1,000 of
Established:
life insurance until retirement. Company to pay any additional amount
Contributory life insurance plan for regular employees
required.
with 6 months or more of service, providing benefits
Retired
employee, continuously insured while eligible after age 45, to be
equal to employee’s annual basic pay adjusted to the
covered without cost by life insurance in amount in effect at retirement
next higher $1,000, with $2,000 minimum, plus equal
reduced by 10 percent after 1 year and by the same dollar amount on each
amount for accidental death or dismemberment.2
of 4 succeeding retirement anniversary dates, with a minimum of $1,500.
Accidental death and dismemberment insurance discontinued on retire­
ment.
For employee totally disabled and not eligible for pension or disability
benefits, insurance to be continued with cost to employee during term
of disability. After expiration of disability benefits, insurance continued
without cost to employee as follows: 1 year for employees with less than
5 years’ credited service; 2 years for 5 but less than 10 years’ service; and
3 years for 10 but less than 15 years’ service. Employees with 15 or more
years’ service to receive same benefit as retired employee. Accidental
death and dismemberment insurance discontinued on expiration of
disability benefits.
Employees could continue insurance during layoff up to 6 months on pay­
ment of contribution.
Increased: Life insurance—Minimum face amount to Changed: Employee to contribute $0.50 monthly for each $1,000 above
$3,000.3
first $2,000 life insurance.
Established:
Noncontributory major medical benefits plan for regu­
lar employees with 6 or more months’ service, re­
tirees, and their dependents.
Benefits: 80 percent of the amount by which medical Benefits limited to 50 percent for mental care outside hospital or mental
institution, except for regular employees absent from work because of
expenses exceeded sum of (1) amount payable by
disability.
specified local plans4 providing basic benefits,
whether or not employee was covered by such plan, Maximum benefit could be restored on submission of evidence of insur­
ability, at any time after receipt of $1,000 in benefits.
plus (2) 4 percent of annual basic pay of regular em­
ployee with minimum of $100 and maximum of $500. 4-percent deductible could be applied 3 times in any 12 months, but only
once for an accident injuring 2 or more beneficiaries.
Lifetime maximum for regular employees and their
dependents under 65 years of age—$15,000; for retired Benefits available in or outside hospital.
employees and their dependents, and regular em­
ployee’s dependents over 65—$2,500.
Covered expenses: Hospital room plus related hospital N ot applicable to services of registered nurse ordinarily residing with or a
member of beneficiary’s immediate family; care in nursing or convales­
services, and services of doctors and registered
cent homes or places for the aged; expenses covered under laws or regu­
nurses; professional ambulance services to first hos­
lations of any government; occupational disability; treatment, services,
pital; physiotherapy prescribed by attending physi­
or supplies not certified by doctor; charges in excess of either the regular
cian, when performed by qualified physiotherapist;
and customary charges for or the fair and reasonable value of the service;
drugs and medicines; diagnostic X-ray and labora­
expenses paid under any other plan to which employer contributed or
tory examinations; X-ray, radium and radioactive
made payroll deductions, to the extent such expense exceeds the “de­
isotope therapy; anesthesia and oxygen and the
ductible” ; dental work or treatment and cosmetic surgery or treatment,
administration thereof; blood and blood plasma to
except in case of accident; medical observation or diagnostic study when
the extent not donated or otherwise replaced; rental
no disease or injury was revealed, except under certain conditions; per­
of iron lung and other durable medical or surgical
sonal services; pregnancy or childbirth, except severe complications; eye­
equipment; artificial limbs and eyes, except replace­
ments.
glasses and hearing aids, or examinations for the prescription or fitting
thereof.

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

WAGE CHRONOLOGY : A.T. & T. LONG LINES DEPARTMENT

53

B—Related Wage Practices—Continued
I — T r a f f ic
Effective date

and

P l a n t E m p l o y e e s — Continued

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Health and Welfare Benefits (Revised)1— Continued
N ov. 1, 1963 (agreement
dated Oct. 25, 1963).

Dec. 1, 1963 (agreement
dated N ov. 10, 1963).

Jan. 1, 1964 (agreement
dated Nov. 10, 1963).

C h a n g e d to :

Mandatory pay­
ments to qualified beneficiaries if retirement oc­
curred on or after Oct. 31, 1963—maximum sickness
death benefits payable as if pensioner had died on
last day of active service. Could be supplemented
at company discretion with amount not to exceed
maximum sickness death benefits if no qualified
beneficiaries.
C h a n g e d to M a j o r M e d i c a l B e n e f it s : Lifetime maximum
for regular employees and their dependents under 65
years of age—$20,000; for retired employees and their
dependents, and regular employees’ dependents
over 65—$5,000.
E s ta b lis h e d : Contributory hospital-surgical-medical
plan for regular employees, retirees, and their de­
pendents.
B e n e f i t s i n c a s e o f d e a th o f P e n s i o n e r :

N ew York—(Blue Cross and Blue Sh ield)«_________
(room and board)—In member hos­
pital, full coverage for semiprivate room or ward up
to 120 days per admission.
In nonmember hospital, 80 percent of charges for semi­
private room or ward up to 120 days per admission.
H o s p i t a l b e n e fits

(other than for room and
board): Full coverage up to 120 days for meals and
special diets; general nursing care; use of operating
and other surgical treatment rooms; anesthesia and
the administration thereof; all laboratory tests; phys­
ical therapy treatments; oxygen and oxygen therapy;
all recognized drugs and medicines for use in hos­
pital; dressings, ordinary splints, and plaster casts,
X-ray examinations, X-ray therapy, radiation ther­
apy and treatment; electrocardiograms, electroen­
cephalograms, and basal metabolism tests; and
administration of blood and blood plasma.
O u t p a t i e n t b e n e fits : Full coverage provided for care
rendered in hospital within 48 hours after accidental
injury, for serious illness, or when minor surgery
was required.
M a t e r n i t y b e n e fits : All services provided for regular
hospitalization up to 120 days, plus use of delivery
room, infant feeding, and other routine care of the
newborn child.
P r e m a t u r e I n f a n t s b e n e fits : Same as Hospital Benefits,
S p e c i a l h o s p i ta l e x p e n s e s

S u r g i c a l- m e d i c a l b e n e fits :

1. Plan to pay full amount of scheduled fee for single
employes earning $4,000 or less and married employ­
ees earning $6,000 or less annually for:
S u r g i c a l s e r v ic e s —all accepted operative and cut­
ting procedures for diagnosis and treatment of dis­
eases, injuries, fractures, and dislocations, and
postoperative care paid in accordance with a
schedule.
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

B y resolution of the Benefit Committee, the company also provided man­
datory payments to qualified beneficiaries if retirement occurred prior
to Oct. 31, 1963—not less than maximum sickness death benefits reduced
by 10 percent for each full year since retirement and up to Oct. 31, 1963,
or amount of annual pension, whichever amount was greater. Could
be supplemented at company discretion with amount not to exceed
maximum sickness death benefits if no qualified beneficiaries.

Employee to contribute $0.40 monthly for each $1,000 above first
$2,000 life insurance.«

C h anged:

Company to contribute H of initial cost of plan. Dollar contribution to
be doubled in 1966. Dependents defined as wife or husband and un­
married children (including stepchildren and adopted children residing
with employee) under age 19.
In N ew York, company contributed $1.70 a month for single employees,
$4.79 for a 2-person family, and $4.95 for larger families.
Employee using private room to pay difference between that charge and
cost of semiprivate accommodations.
Benefits reinstated 90 days after last day of hospitalization.
Benefits not available for institutions for convalescence, nursing, or rest
care; for service of physicians, surgeons, and technicians not employed
by hospital; for dental care, except in case of accident or removal of im ­
pacted teeth; hospitalization primarily for diagnostic study, physical
therapy, X-ray and laboratory examinations, basal metabolism tests,
electrocardiograms, and electroencephalograms; for care under the laws
of the United States, or any State or Government (except covered serv­
ices for which employee paid); for care for occupational disabilities pro­
vided in accordance with law; for care provided by any other employerfinanced or contributory plan.
Benefits limited to 30 days for each confinement for tuberculosis, nervous
and mental conditions, alcoholism, or drug addiction.
Benefits reinstated 180 days after last day of hospitalization.
Excludes ambulance service and services or supplies not certified by doctor

Available after 270 consecutive days in plan.

Applicable only to infants weighing less than 514 pounds.
Participating doctors agreed to accept plan schedule as payment in full.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

54

B—Related Wage Practices—Continued
I— T r a f f ic

and

P l a n t E m p l o y e e s — Continued
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Provision

Effective date

Health and Welfare Benefits (Revised)1— Continued
Jan. 1 1964 (agreement
dated Nov. 10, 1963)—
Continued

M e d i c a l c a r e — up to 120 days’ care in hospital when
surgery was not required; doctors’ fees limited to
$571 for routine care, $637 for intensive carej Up to
30 days’ care for tuberculosis, nervous and mental
conditions, drug addiction, or alcoholism; doctors’
fees limited to $171.8

Full benefits reinstated 3 months after release from hospital; after 6 months
for tuberculosis, nervous and mental conditions, drug addiction, or
alcoholism.

Applicable only to infants weighing 5 pounds or less.
Up to $100 provided for in-hospital medical care.
A n e s t h e s ia — 20 percent of surgical and maternity
care allowance; minimum $20.
Includes X-ray, radium, and other forms of radiation therapy used in the
R a d i a t i o n T h e r a p y — U p to $250 for each contract
treatment of proved cases of malignancy only.
year for proven malignancy and $200 for benign
conditions.
2. Plan to pay scheduled fee for:
O b s te tr ic a l b e n e fits — Up to $75 for normal delivery,
$75 to $175 for other procedures.
D i a g n o s t ic X - r a y a n d la b o r a to r y e x a m i n a t io n s — up to
$75 per person per contract year for any one acci­
dent or illness in doctor’s office or hospital out­
patient department.
Benefits not available for maternity services.
C o n s u lt a ti o n s e r v ic e s —up to $20 for one in-hospital
specialist consultation per continuous period of
hospitalization.
E le c tr o -s h o c k t h e r a p y — up to $15 for each treatment,
in or out of hospital, to maximum of $150 per con­
tract year.

P r e m a t u r e i n f a n t s b e n e fits:

Pension Plan (Revised) 4
1940 (plan established
Jan. 1, 1913}.

Noncontributory plan providing the following benefits:

N ot covered by union agreements. Retirement automatic at age 65; how­
ever, company could delay retirement if continuation of employment was
in its best interest.

N o r m a l b e n e fits :

(1) men at age 60 or older and women at 55
or older, with at least 20 years’ service, (2) men at
age 55 or older and women at age 50 or older, with
25 or more years of service, or (3) any employee
with 30 or more years of service.
M o n t h l y a n n u it ie s : V i 2o f 1 percent of average annual
pay during 10 years preceding retirement, or—at
company’s discretion—the 10 consecutive years during
which employee received highest wages, times
years of service.
Benefits to be reduced by one-half of social security
benefits.
M i n i m u m m o n th ly p e n s io n : $30, except for disabled
employees with less than 20 years’ service or part-time
employees.
D i s a b i l i t y b e n e fits : Pension of employee with 15 or more
years’ service, totally disabled as a result of a nonoccupational sickness or injury, to be computed like
normal benefits.
In creased:
M i n i m u m p e n s io n s , to $50.
E l ig i b i li ty :

Jan. 1, 1946.
M ay 9, 1947..
N ov. 16, 1949

C h anged:
p e n s i o n s , to include one-half primary
social security benefits.

M in im u m

See footnotes at end of the table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Continuity of service not to be broken for leaves of absence of less than 6
months or periods of disability or temporary layoff.

Deduction to be increased as social security benefits were raised by legisla­
tion.

Company not to reduce benefits or privileges without union’s consent.
In creased:
M i n i m u m p e n s i o n s , including total primary social
security benefits, to $100 a month at age 65 or over
and $75 a month below that age.

Sept. 1, 1952.

Retirement (except for men at age 60 and over and women at age 55 and over,
with 20 years’ service) to be at the discretion of the committee admin­
istering the plan.

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: A.T. & T. LONG LINES DEPARTMENT

55

B—Related Wage Practices—Continued
I— T r a f f ic a n d P l a n t E m p l o y e e s—
Effective date

Provision

Continued

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Pension Plan (Revised)— Continued
Dec. 31, 1952___________

C h anged:

Feb. 28, 1959___________

In crea sed :

Service pension to be reduced by one-half
Federal social security benefits (1) for employees
retired before Sept. 1,1952—by benefits provided by
act as amended 1950; (2) for employees retired after
Aug. 31, 1952—by benefits in effect on date of retire­
ment.

M inim um pensions, to $115 a month at age 65 and
over and $85 a month below that age.
C h anged:

Pensions to be based on greater of 1 percent of the
average annual pay during the last or highest 5 years.
Jan. 1, 1961____________

C h anged:

for employees age 65 and over,
to (1) $115 a month for 20 but less than 30 years of
service, (2) $120 for 30 but less than 40 years, and
(3) $125 for 40 years or more.
M in im u m p e n s io n s ,

N ov. 1, 1963 (agreement
dated Oct. 25, 1963).

A dded:
E l i g i b i l i t y : A ny employee age 65 with 15 or more
years’ service.
A dded:
M i n i m u m p e n s io n s : For employees age 65 with
less than 20 years’ service—to be reduced propor­
tionately.
C h anged:

Benefits to be
reduced by one-third of social security benefits.
S e r v ic e

and

D is a b ility

p e n s io n s :

A dded:
S u r v i v o r s ’ O p tio n :

Disability pension to be reduced by one-third disability insurance benefits
(1) for employees retired before Nov. 2, 1963—by benefits provided by
act in effect on Nov. 1, 1963; (2) for employees retired after N ov. 1,
1963—by benefits in effect on date of retirement.
Widow of employee eligible for Class A pension who died before retirement
to receive annuitant’s pension at age 55.

Employee eligible for Class A pension9 could elect
actuarially reduced pension and benefit to spouse or
parent, at age 55, of one-third of reduced pension
after employee’s death.

Sick leave
Oct. 5, 1953 (agreement
dated Sept. 2, 1953).

C h a n g e d to :

C h a n g e d to:

Pay for scheduled sessions io during first 7 calendar
days of absence because of illness or quarantine.

G r o u p A : Employees with (1) 2 but less than 5 years’ service—pay for all
except 1st 4 scheduled sessions, (2) 5 but less than 10 years’ service—pay
for all except 1st 2 scheduled sessions.
E lim in a te d :

Exceptions in Cleveland.
1 Formerly reported as Accident, Sickness, and Death Benefits.
2 Benefits provided as follows:
A n n u a l bask p a y

A t le a s t

B u t le s s
th a n

$ 2,000
$2,000

3,000

A m o u n t o f in su ra n c e
A c c id e n ta l
d e a th or
L ife
d i s a b i li t y
T o ta l

3.000
4.000

$1,000 steps

$2,000

$ 2,000

3.000
3.000
4.000
4.000
and so forth, by—
$1,000 steps

3 Benefits provided as follows:

$4,000
6,000
8,000

hold for at least 6 consecutive months, and had incomes of less than $1,20
from any source other than participant.
5 Benefits provided as follows:
A n n u a l b a s ic p a y

E m p lo y e e
c o n tr ib u tio n

$0.50
1.00
1.60

$2,000
steps

$0.50
steps

T o ta l

E m p lo y e e
c o n tr ib u tio n

A n n u a l b a s ic p a y

A t le a s t

B u t le s s
th a n

$3,000
4,000

$3,000
4.000
5.000

$1,000 steps

L ife

A c c i d e n ta l
d e a th or
d is a b ility

$3,000
$3,000
4.000
4.000
5.000
5.000
and so forth, by—
$1,000 steps

$6,000
8,000
10,000

$0.50
1.00

1.50

$0.50
steps
steps
4 Under the terms of this plan, dependents were separated into 2 classes:
Class 1 included the spouse of a regular or retired employee and children
under 19 or, if attending school full time, under 23; Class 2 included unmarried
children over 19 (or over 23 if at school) and grandchildren, brothers, sisters,
parents, grandparents, and parents and grandparents of spouse who were
dependent upon participant for support, had resided in participant’s house-


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$ 2,000

A t le a s t

B u t le s s
th a n

$3, 000
4,000

$3,000
4,000
5,000

A m o u n t o f in s u r a n c e
A c c id e n ta l
d e a th or
T o ta l
d i s a b i li t y
L ife

$3,000
$3,000
4,000
4.000
5,000
5,000
and so forth, by—
$1,000 steps

$6,000
8,000
10,000

E m p lo y e e
c o n t r i b u t io n

$0.40
.80
1.20

$2,000
$0.40
$1,000 steps
steps
steps
8 Blue Shield benefits vary according to States, but for the most part are
similar to benefits provided in the N ew York Plan.
2 Fee per day of routine care:
1st through 7th day—$7
15th through 70th day—$5
8th through 14th day—$6
71st through 120th day—$4
Fee per day of intensive care (provided in lieu of routine care allowance if
serious illness occurred):
1st and 2d day—$20
22d through 70th day—$5
3d through 21st day—$8
71st through 120th day—$4
8 Fee per day for treatment of tuberculosis, nervous and mental conditions,
1st through 7th day—$7
15th through 30th day—$5
8th through 14th day—$6
9 Class A pension applied to employees age 60 or more (females 55 or more)
with 20 years or more of service.
10 Two sessions constitute a tour (or day) of duty.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

56

C—Weekly Salary Rates for Plant Central Office Craftsmen, Selected Cities,1 1952-63
July 1952
City

M ini­
mum

M axi­
mum 2

September 1953
M ini­
mum

M axi­
mum 2

October 1954
M ini­
mum

M axi­
mum 2

November 1955
M ini­
mum

M axi­
mum 2

December 1956
M ini­
mum

Maxi­
mum 2

January 1958
M ini­
mum

Maxi­
mum 2

Atlanta- - __- __________ -Baltimore............... ....
Birmingham..
___ _ _
Boston.................. _ . . .
Buffalo
Charleston, W . V a . . __ . . C h a r lo tte .-.____ . . _____
Chattanooga___
- .
Chicago___
- - - - Cincinnati___ ___ __ ____
Cleveland_____
D allas____ _
- -_- . -.
Denver _________ . .
Des M o in e s ....................
Detroit ___________ _____ _

$40.00
42.00
40.00
42.00
44.00
43.00
40.00
40.00
43.50
44.00
45.00
44.00
41.50
43.00
44.00

$89.50
97.50
89.50
99.50
96.00
93.00
89.50
89.50
100.00
93.00
96.00
95.00
87.50
91.00
99.00

$42.00
45.00
42.00
43.00
45.00
44.50
42.00
42.00
45.00
46.00
47.00
46.00
44.00
45.50
46.00

$92. 50
100.00
92.50
102.00
98.50
96.00
92.50
92.50
103.00
97.50
98.50
98.00
91.00
94.50
101. 50

$42.00
45.00
42.00
45.00
45.00
45.00
42.00
42.00
46.00
46.00
47.00
46.00
44.00
45.50
46.00

$95.00
102.50
95.00
106.00
100.50
98.50
95.00
95.00
105. 50
100.50
100. 50
100. 50
93.50
97.00
103. 50

$44.00
47.50
44.00
47.00
47.00
47.50
44.00
44.00
48.00
48.50
49.50
50.00
46.50
48.00
48.50

$99.00
107.00
99.00
110.00
105.00
103.50
99.00
99.00
110.50
105.50
105.50
105. 50
98.00
101. 50
108.50

$46.00
53.00
46.00
50.00
51.00
53.00
46.00
46.00
51.00
52.50
53.50
55.00
50.00
51.50
51.50

$103. 50
112.00
103.50
115.00
110.00
109.00
103.50
103.50
115. 50
110.50
110. 50
110. 50
103.00
106. 50
113.50

$48.00
55. 50
48.00
51.00
53.00
55. 50
48.00
48.00
54.00
55.00
56. 50
58.00
53.00
54. 50
55. 50

$107. 50
117.00
107.50
118.00
113. 50
114.00
107. 50
107. 50
119. 50
115. 50
115. 50
115. 50
108. 50
111. 50
118.50

El Paso____________ -.
Harrisburg
Hartford.
. . .
Indianapolis. _
___
Kansas City . _____________
Knoxville______
Little Rock_
Louisville_____ ______
M em phis. _ ______ ____ .
M iami.
_ . . _____________
M ilwaukee____
Minneapolis________________
Montgomery______ _ . .
N ashville.
______. . . .
N ew Orleans... _______ ____
N ew Y ork..
N ew ark... _____ _______
Omaha__ _ . ___ _ .
. .
Philadelphia..
Pittsburgh____ . .
Reading . . . ______ _______
Richmond . . .
Salt Lake C ity__
_ ______
Scranton__________ ___ _
St. Louis____
___ _ ____
Washington, D .C ... .

41.50
39 50
40.00
45.00
44. 00
40.00
43.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
43.50
43.00
38.50
40.00
40.00
44.00
44.00
43.00
41.00
41.00
39.50
40. 00
41.50
39.50
44.00
45.50

86.50
94. 50
99.50
92.00
95.00
89.50
86. 50
89.50
89.50
89.50
92.50
93.50
87.50
89.50
89.50
104.00
102.00
91.00
98.50
98.50
94.50
92.00
87.50
94.50
95.00
100.00

43.50
42.00
41.00
47.50
46.00
42.00
45.00
42.00
42.00
42.00
45.50
45.50
40.50
42.00
42.00
45.00
46.00
45.50
43.00
43.00
42.00
42.00
43.50
42.00
46.00
47.00

89.00
97.00
102.00
95.00
98.00
92.50
89. 50
92.50
92.50
92.50
96.50
96.50
90.50
92.50
92.50
106. 50
104.00
94.50
101.00
101.00
97.00
94.50
90.00
97.00
98.00
102.50

43.50
42.00
41.00
47.50
46.00
42.00
45.00
42.00
42.00
42.00
45.50
45. 50
40.50
42.00
42.00
45.00
46.00
45.50
43.00
43.00
42.00
42.00
43.50
42.00
46.00
47.00

91.50
99.50
104.50
97.50
100. 50
95.00
92.00
95.00
95.00
95.00
99.50
99.00
93.00
95.00
95.00
109.00
105.50
97.00
103. 50
103. 50
99.50
97.00
92.50
99.50
100.50
105.00

46.00
45.00
43.00
50.50
50.00
44.00
49.00
44. 00
44.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
42.50
44.00
44.00
47.00
48.00
48.00
46.00
46.00
45.00
44.50
46.00
45.00
50.00
49.50

95.50
106. 50
109.00
102. 50
105. 50
99.00
96.50
99.00
99.00
99.00
104.50
103.50
97.00
99.00
99.00
114.00
110.00
101. 50
109.50
109.50
106. 50
101.50
97.00
106.50
105. 50
109. 50

45.00

106. 50

45.00

109.00

47.00

114.00

50.00
48.00
46.00
53.50
55.00
46.00
53.00
46.00
46.00
46.00
51.00
51.50
44.50
46.00
46.00
52.00
52.00
51.50
50.00
50.00
48.00
49.50
50.00
48.00
55.00
55.00
50.00
52.00

100.00
111.00
112.50
107.50
110.50
103. 50
101. 50
103.50
103. 50
103.50
109. 50
108. 50
101.50
1U3. 50
103. 50
119.00
114. 50
106. 50
114. 50
114. 50
111.00
106. 50
102.00
111.00
110.50
114. 50
114. 50
119.00

53.00
51.00
47.00
56.00
58.00
48.00
56.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
54. 50
46. 50
48.00
48.00
54.00
54.00
54. 50
52.00
52.00
51.00
53.00
53.00
51.00
58.00
57. 50
52.00
54.00

105.00
114. 50
117. 50
112.00
115. 50
107. 50
106.50
107.50
107.50
107.50
114.50
113. 50
105.00
107. 50
107. 50
123.00
118.50
111. 50
118. 50
118. 50
114.50
111.50
107.00
114. 50
115. 50
119. 50
118.50
123.00
.

W hite Plains, N.Y.»

June 1959
City

M ini­
mum

$51.00
A tlanta___ _ ________ . . . _________
57.50
Baltimore _ _ . . .
. . . ________ _
Birmingham . . .
. . . . _____
51.00
Boston______ . _
_. . .
_____.
52.50
_____
54.50
Buffalo_____
Charleston, W . V a ________ ____ ____
57. 50
Charlotte ___ ____. . . _______ _____________
51.00
51.00
C hattanooga... . .
C hicago.. . . 58.00
C in cin n a ti... ______
___________________ .
56.50
Cleveland.
. . . .
...
. . ___
57. 50
Dallas__ . .
60.00
Denver___ ____
___
55.00
Des Moines . .
_________ _
_
_______
56.00
D etroit________
58.50
Duluth 3. . ___
_ ...
....
56.00
E l P a so ..
_____
. . .
____ _____
54. 50
Harrisburg_____ _ __ ____ ______ . . . . . . . __
53.00
Hartford..........
48. 50
Indianapolis___
_____
57.50
Kansas C ity
....
60.00
Knoxville ___ .
. . . . . . . . ____
51.00
Little Rock _.
_ . . . . .
58.00
51.00
L ouisville.. . . _____
-_
. .
M em phis.. . . .
_____ . . .
....
51.00
M iam i_____
_____ . .
_______
51.00
Milwaukee......... ___
56.00
Minneapolis__
________
56.00
Montgomery.
. . . . _____ _____ ____
49.50
51.00
Nashville I _______
N ew Orleans____
51.00
...............
N ew York______ _______ . . .
55.50
N e w a r k ____
____.
55.50
O m aha... ___
56.00
Philadelphia_______
____________ ____ _ _ .. 1
54.00
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M axi­
mum 2
$112. 50
122.00
112. 50
124.00
118. 50
119.00
112. 50
112. 50
125. 50
120. 50
120. 50
120. 50
113. 50
116.00
123. 50
116.00
109.00
119. 50
122. 50
117.00
120. 50
112. 50
110. 50
112. 50
112. 50
112.50
119. 50
118. 50
110.00
112. 50
112. 50
128.00
123.50
116.00
123.00

October 1960
M ini­
mum
$53.00
59.50
53.00
54.50
59.00
60.00
53.00
53.00
62.50
58.00
59.50
61.50
57.50
59.50
60. 50
59.50
57.00
56.00
50.00
60.00
61.50
53.00
61.50
53.00
53.00
53.00
61.00
59.50
51.50
53.00
53.00
60.50
58.00
59.50
57.00

M axi­
mum 2
$117.00
126. 50
117.00
128. 50
123.00
123. 50
117.00
117.00
131.00
125.00
125.00
125.00
118.00
120.00
128.00
120.00
113.00
124.00
127. 50
122.00
125.00
117.00
120.50
117.00
117.00
117.00
124.00
143.00
114.00
117.00
117.00
132. 50
129.00
120.00
127.50

November 1961
M ini­
mum
$57.00
62.00
57.00
56. 50
63.00
63.00
57.00
57.00
65.50
61.00
61.50
63. 50
61.00
62.00
63. 00
62.00
60.00
59.00
55.50
62.00
63. 50
57.00
63.50
57.00
57.00
57.00
63.00
63.00
55.50
57.00
57.00
64.00
60.00
62.00
60.00

M axi­
mum 2
$120.00
129. 50
120.00
131. 50
127.00
126. 50
120.00
120.00
135.00
128.00
128.00
128.00
121.00
123.00
131.00
123.00
116.00
127.00
130. 50
125.00
128.00
120.00
123. 50
120.00
120.00
120.00
127.00
126. 00
117.00
120.00
120.00
135. 50
132.00
123.00
130.50

November 1962
M ini­
mum
$59.00
64.00
59.00
58. 50
66.00
65.00
59.00
59.00
68.00
64.00
63.50
66.50
64.00
64.50
65.00
64. 50
62.50
63.00
57.00
64.00
66.50
59.00
65. 50
59.00
59.00
59.00
65.00
66.50
57.50
59.00
59.00
66.00
65.00
64.50
65.00

M axi­
mum 2
$124. 50
134.00
124. 50
136. 50
132.00
131. 50
124. 50
124. 50
140.00
133.00
133.00
133.00
126.00
127. 50
136.00
127.50
120. 50
131. 50
135. 50
130.00
133.00
124. 50
128.00
124. 50
124. 50
124. 50
132.00
131.00
121. 50
124.50
124.50
140. 50
137.00
127.50
135. 50

November 1963
M ini­
mum
$61.00
66. 50
61.00
60. 50
68.00
72.00
61.00
61.00
70. 50
66.00
66.00
68.50
67.00
68.00
67.50
68.00
65. 50
67.00
58. 50
66.00
08. 50
61.00
67.50
61.00
61.00
61.00
67.00
70.00
59. 50
61.00
61.00
68.00
67.50
68.00
70.00

M axi­
mum 2
$129.00
138. 50
129.00
141. 50
139.00
136. 50
129.00
129.00
145.00
138.00
138.00
138.00
131.00
132.00
141.00
132.00
125.00
136.50
140. 50
134. 50
138.00
129.00
132.50
129.00
129.00
129.00
137.00
136.00
125. 50
129.00
129.00
147. 50
142.00
132.00
140. 50

WAGE CHRONOLOGY : A.T. & T. LONG LINES DEPARTMENT

57

C—Weekly Salary Kates for Plant Central Office Craftsmen, Selected Cities,1 1953-63—Continued
June 1959

October 1960

November 1961

November 1962

M ini­
mum

M ini­
mum

November 1963

City
M ini­
mum
Pittsburgh___________ _____________
Reading____ -- ________
. _____
____
R ich m on d .._ _ . . . ____ _ . . . . __ _____
Salt Lake C i t y . ______ _________ _ _ _ _________
Scranton. ___. . .
. _
...................... ..........
. ___
St. Louis.
. . . ___
Washington, D.C ______ _
Wayne, Pa.*_____ . . . _ ________ __ _. . . . . _
White Plains, N .Y .6_______________
________

$54.00
53.00
55.00
54.50
53.00
60. 00
59.50
54.00
55.50

Maxi­
mum 2

M ini­
mum

$123.00
119. 50
116. 50
111.50
119. 50
120. 50
124. 50
123.00
128.00

Maxi­
mum 2

$57.00
65.00
57.00
57.00
56. 00
61.50
61.50
57.00
60.50

1 Cities with populations of 200,000 or more with plant central office crafts­
men.
2Time required to reach maximum rate for plant central office craftsmen
reduced from 6 ^ years to 6 years effective Sept. 2,1953.
3 Plant central office craftsmen were first employed in Duluth in 1958.

$127. 50
124.00
121.00
115. 50
124.00
125.00
129.00
127. 50
132. 50

$60.00
59.00
60.00
60. 50
59.00
63.50
64.50
60. 00
64.00

M axi­
mum 2
$130. 50
127.00
124.00
118. 50
127.00
128.00
132.00
130. 50
135.50

$65.00
63.00
62.00
63.00
63.00
66. 50
66. 50
65.00
66.00

M axi­
mum 2

M ini­
mum

$135. 50
131. 50
128. 50
123.00
131. 50
133.00
137.00
135. 50
140.50

$70.00
67.00
65.00
66.00
67.00
6 68. 50
72.00
70.00
68.00

M axi­
mum 2
$140. 50
136. 50
133.00
127. 50
136. 50
? 138.00
142.00
140. 50
147. 50

* Plant central office craftsmen were first employed in Wayne, Pa., in 1956.
6 Plant central office craftsmen were first employed in White Plains, N .Y .,
in 1953.
6 Rate increased an additional $1 effective Feb. 9,1964.
7 Rate increased an additional $3 effective Feb. 9,1964.

D—Weekly Salary Rates for Traffic Central Office Employees, Selected Cities, 1952-63
Operator
City

July 1952
M ini­
mum

Boston__________
..
Buffalo____
Chicago____________________
Cincinnati______ _ ____
Cleveland ___
___
_____
Detroit.
Hillsboro, M o.3________ .
Kansas C ity___ _ __ ___
Louisville____
_
M em phis. _ _ ____ _______
M inneapolis.
Monrovia, Calif.3_____
_ _
N ew Y o r k . . . ____
Philadelphia______
_ _ __
Pittsburgh___
Rockdale, Ga.3____
____
St. Louis___ ____ _______
Wayne, Pa.6.
White Plains, N .Y .8- . .

Sept. 1953

Maxi­
mum 1

M ini­
mum

Oct. 1954

Maxi­
m um 1

M ini­
mum

N ov. 1955

Maxi­
mum 1

M ini­
mum

Dec. 1956

Maxi­
m um 1

M ini­
mum

Maxi­
m um 1

Jan. 1958
M ini­
mum

Maxi­
m um 1

$37.50
41.00
42.00
39.00
43.00
44.00

$57. 50
58.50
60.00
58.00
58.50
61. 50

$39.00
42. 00
44.00
42.00
45.00
46.00

$59. 00
60. 00
62.00
60.50
60.50
63.00

$39.00
42.00
46.00
42.00
45.00
46.00

$61. 50
61. 50
64.00
62.50
62.00
64.50

$41.00
44. 00
48.00
44.50
47.00
48.50

$64. 00
63 50
66.50
65.00
64.50
67.50

$44.00
(2)
51.50
48.50
51.50
51.50

$66. 50

$46. 00

$69.00

69.50
68.00
67.50
70.50

54.00
51.00
54. 50
55.50

72.50
71.00
70.50
73.50

40.00
36. 50
36.50
39.00

56.50
55.00
55. 00
56.50

42.00
38. 00
38.00
41.00

58.50
57.00
57.00
58.50

42.00
38.00
38.00
41.00

60.00
58.50
58.50
60.00

44.50
40.00
40.00
43.00

63.00
61.00
61.00
62.50

47.50
43.00
43.00
46.00

66.00
63.50
63.50
65.50

50.50
45.00
45.00
49.00

69.00
66.00
66.00
68.50

42.00
40. 00
40. 00

60.50
57.00
57.00

43.00
42.00
42.00

62.50
59.00
59.00

43.00
42.00
42.00

64.00
60.50
60.50

45.00
44.00
44. 00

66. 50
63.00
63. 00

48.00
46.00
46. 00

69.50
66.00
66.00

51.00
50.00
50. 00

72. 00
68.50
68.50

40.00

56.50

47.50
4fi no
48.00

66.50

50.50

69.50

69Ì 50

5L00

72! 00

42.00

59. 00

42. 00

60.50

44. 50

63. 50

43.00

62.50

43.00

64.00

45.00

66.50

Operator—Continued
June 1959
M ini­
mum
Boston.
Buffalo.
Chicago__
Cincinnati.
Cleveland.
Detroit___
Hillsboro, M o.3____
Kansas C ity_______
Louisville_________
M em phis_________
Minneapolis_______
Monrovia, Calif.3__
N ew York________
Philadelphia______
Pittsburgh________
Rockdale, Ga.3____
St. Louis__________
Wayne, Pa.6______
White Plains, N .Y .9.
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Oct. 1960

Maxi­
m um 1

M ini­
mum

Nov. 1961

Maxi­
m um 1

M ini­
mum

N ov. 1962

Maxi­
m um 1

M ini­
mum

N ov. 1963

Maximum 1

M ini­
mum

Maxi­
m um 1

$49. 00

$72. 50

$51.00

$75.00

$54.00

$77. 00

$56.00

$80.00

$58. 00

$83.00

55.50
52.50
55.50
58.50

76.50
74.00
73.50
76.50

57.00
54.00
57.50
60.50

79.00
76.50
76.00
79.00

59.50
57.00
60.50
63.00

81.00
78.50
78.00
81.00

52.50
46. 50
46.50
50.00

72.00
70.00
70.00
71.50

54.00
48.50
48.50
52.00

74.50
72.50
72.50
74.00

55.50
51. 00
51. 00
54.50

76.50
74. 50
74.50
76.00

87.00
84.50
84.50
87.00
79.00
82.50
79.50
79.50

75.00
71. 50
71. 50

57.00
59.00
59.00

78.00
74.50
74.50

60.00
61.00
61.00

4 80.00
4 76. 50
4 76. 50

52.50
52.00
52.00

72.50
71.50
75.00

54.00
59.00
57.00

75.00
74.50
78.00

55.50
61.00
60.00

77.00
4 76.50
4 80.00

84.00
81.50
81.00
84.00
75.00
79.50
77.00
77.00
79.00
70.00
84.00
80.50
80.50
73.50
80.00

64.00
61.00
65.00
67.50
59.50
59.50
55. 00
55.00

52.00
52.00
52.00

61.50
59.00
62.50
65.00
56.00
57.50
53.00
53.00
56.50
53.50
63.00
63.00
63.00
51.00
57.50

55.50
65.00
65.00
65. 00
53.00
3 59. 50

63.00

84.00

65.00

(7)

¡7)

72.50

88.00

83.50
83.50
76.00
» 83. 00
88.00

58

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

D—Weekly Salary Rates for Traffic Central Office Employees, Selected Cities, 1952-63—Continued
Junior service assistant
City

July 1952

Sept. 1953

Oct. 1954

Nov. 1955 Dec. 1956

Jan. 1958

June 1959

Oct. 1960

N ov. 1961 N ov. 1962 N ov. 1963

Maximum
Boston_____________ ______
Buffalo.
. .
Chicago
. . . . _______ .
Cincinnati_________ ______
Cleveland_____
______
D etroit.. .
. . . . _______
Hillsboro, M o.3
Kansas C ity______________
Louisville . __ . . .
M emphis_____ __ _______
Minneapolis___
_____
Monrovia. Calif.3
N ew Y ork.. . . .
____ _
Philadelphia________ ______
Pittsburgh __ . . . . . . __
Rockdale, Ga.3
St. Louis^______ .
Wavne, Pa.6. .
W hite Plains, N.Y.«_____ ..

$59. 50
60.50
62.00
60.00
60.50
63.50

$61.00
62.00
64.00
62.50
62.50
65.00

$63. 50
63. 50
66.00
64.50
64.00
66.50

$66.00
65.50
68.50
67.00
66.50
69.50

$68.50

$71.00

$74.50

$77.00

$79.00

$82.00

$85.00

71. 50
70.00
69.50
72.50

74.50
73.00
72.50
75.50

78. 50
76.00
75.50
78.50

81.00
78.50
78.00
81.00

83.00
80.50
80.00
83.00

86.00
83.50
83.00
86.00

89.00
86.50
86.50
89.00

58.50
57.00
57.00
58.50

60.50
59.00
59.00
60.50

62.00
60.50
60.50
62.00

65.00
63.00
63.00
64.50

68.00
65.50
65.50
67.50

71.00
68.00
68.00
70.50

74.00
72.00
72.00
73.50

76.50
74.50
74.50
76.00

78.50
76.50
76.50
78.00

81.50
79.00
79.00
81.00

84.50
81.50
81.50

62. 50
59.00
59.00

64.50
61.00
61.00

66.00
62.50
62.50

68. 50
65.00
65.00

71.50
68.00
68.00

74. ÖÖ
70.50
70.-50

77.00
73.50
73.50

80.00
76.50
76.50

4 82.00
4 78.50
4 78. 50

86.00
82.50
82.50

90.00
85.50
85.50

61.00

62.50

65.50
68.50

71.50
70.50
74.00

74.50
73.50
77.00

77.00
76.50
80.00

79.00
4 78.50
<82.00

85.00

66.00

68.50
68.00
71.50

82.00

64.50

86.00

90.00

June 1959

Oct. 1960

58.50

Service assistant
July 1952

Sept. 1953

Oct. 1954

N ov. 1955

Dec. 1956

Jan. 1958

N ov. 1961 N ov. 1962 N ov. 1963

Maximum
Boston____ _ __________. . .
Buffalo___
Chicago_______ . . . . . . . . . .
Cincinnati___ ________
Cleveland__ ______ _
D e tr o it... ___ _
______
Hillsboro, M o.3
Kansas C ity__________
L ouisville.. . .
______ _ _
M emphis_________ _
Minneapolis
Monrovia, Calif.3
N ew York___. . .
Philadelphia__ _ ___ . . .
Pittsburgh
. . . . ___ _
Rockdale, Ga.3
St. L ouis' ________
___
Wayne, Pa.6. . .
W hite Plains, N.Y.«___. . . .

$66.50
67. 50
69.00
67.00
67.50
70.50

$68.00
69.00
71.00
69.50
69.50
72.00

$70.50
71. 50
73.00
71.50
71.00
73.50

$73.00
73. 50
75.50
74.00
73.50
76.50

$75.50

$78.00

$81.50

$84.50

$86.50

$90.00

$93.00

78.50
77.00
76. 50
79.50

81. 50
80.00
79.50
82.50

85.50
83.00
82.50
85.50

89.00
86.50
85.00
89.00

91.00
88.50
88.00
91.00

94.00
91.50
91.00
94.00

97.00
94.50
94.50
97.00

65.50
64.00
64.00
65.50

67.50
66.00
66.00
67.50

69.00
67. .50
67. 50
69.00

72.00
70.00
70.00
71.50

75.00
72.50
72.50
74.50

78.00
75.00
75.00
77.50

81.00
79.00
79.00
80.50

83.50
81.50
81.50
83.00

86.50
83.50
83.50
85.50

89.50
86.50
86.50
89.00

92.50
89.00
89.00

69. 50
66.00
66.00

71.50
68.00
68.00

74.00
70.50
70.50

76.50
73.00
73.00

79.50
76.00
76.00

82.00
78.50
78.50

85.00
81.50
81.50

88. ÖÖ
84.50
84.50

4 90.00
<86.50
<86.50

94.00
90.50
90.50

98.00
93.50
93.50

65.50

68.00

69.50

72.50
76.50

78.50
78.50
82.00

81.50
81.50
85.00

84.00
84.50
88.00

87.00
<86.50
<90.00

93.00

74.00

75.50
76.00
79.50

90.00

71.50

94.00

98.00

June 1959

Oct. 1960

Service observer
City

July 1952

Sept. 1953

Oct. 1954

N ov. 1955

Dec. 1956

Jan. 1958

N ov. 1961 N ov. 1962 Nov. 1963

Maximum
B o sto n .. ________
Buffalo. . _______________
Chicago_____
._ _
Cincinnati____ ___ _
Cleveland - - - - - D etroit.. ________ _____
Hillsboro, Mo.3.
Kansas C ity____ _____
Louisville . I ___ _____
Memphis_____ . . . .
Minneapolis.
___
Monrovia, Calif.3____
___
N ew Y o r k .. . . . . . . . _
Philadelphia. . . . . .
...
Pittsburgh
____ ______
Rockdale, G a .3_____________
St. Louis______________
Wayne, Pa.6____ ________
White Plains, N.Y.«________

$65.50
67.50
69.00
66.00
66. 50
69.50

$68.00
69.00
71.00
69.50
69. 50
72.00

$70.50
71.50
73.00
71. 50
71 00
73.50

$73.00
73.50
75. 50
74 00
73.50
76.50

$75.50

$78.00

$81.50

$84.50

$86.50

$90.00

$93.00

78.50
77 00
76 50
79.50

81.50
80.00
79 50
82.50

85. 50
83.00
82 50
85.50

88.00
85.50
85.00
88.00

91.00
87.50
88.00
91.00

94.00
91.50
91.00
94.00

97.00
94.50
94.50
97.00

64. 50
64.00
64.00
64.50

67.50
66.00
66 00
67.50

69.00
67. 50
67 50
69.00

72.00
70.00
70 00
71.50

75.00
72. 50
72. 50
74.50

78.00
75.00
75 00
77.50

81.00
79.00
79.00
80.50

83.50
81.50
81. 50
83.00

86.50
83.50
83.50
85.00

89.50
86.50
86.50
89.00

92.50
89.00
89.00

69.50
65.00
65.00

71.50
68.00
68.00

74.00
69. 50
69.50

76. 50
72.00
72.00

79. 50
75.00
75.00

82.00
77. 50
77.50

85.00
80. 50
80.50

88.00
83.50
83.50

4 90.00
<85.50
4 85.50

94.00
89.50
89.50

98.00
92.50
92.50

64.50

68.00

69.50

72.50

75.50

78.50

81.50

84.00

90.00

9 93.00

94.00

98.00

71.50

74.00

76.50

1 Tim e required to reach maximum rates for operators reduced from 6 A
years to 6 years effective Sept. 2,1953, and to 5 A years effective Nov. 9,1961.
2 Traffic employees were not employed in Buffalo by the Long Lines
Department after M ay 6, 1956.
3 Traffic employees were first employed in Hillsboro, Monrovia, and Rock­
dale in 1961.
4 Maximum rate increased an additional $1 effective M ay 6, 1962.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

79.50

82.00

85.00

88.00

87. ÖÖ
4 90.00

5 Traffic employees, except service observers, were employed in W ayne
only for the period 1956-62. Service observers were not employed in Wayne.
3 Traffic employees were first employed in W hite Plains in 1953..
? Traffic employees were not employed in Minneapolis by the Long Lines
Department after Mar. 2, 1963.
5 Rate increased an additional 50 cents effective Feb. 9, 1964.
9 Rate increased an additional $2 effective Feb. 9,1964.

WAGE CHRONOLOGY : A.T. & T. LONG LINES DEPARTMENT

59

E—Weekly Salary Rates for Clerical Employees, Selected Groups and Cities,1 1952-63
July 1952
City
Minimum

September 1953

Maximum
Group 3 2 Group 4 2

Atlanta....... ......
Baltimore_____
Birmingham___
Boston.,............
Buffalo_______
Charleston_____
Charlotte______
Chattanooga.......
Chicago_______
Cincinnati_____
Cleveland_____
Dallas________
Denver_______
Des Moines........
Detroit_______
Duluth....... .......
El Paso_______
Harrisburg_____
Hartford_______
Houston.... ...... .
Indianapolis____
Kansas City____
Knoxville............
Little Rock.........
Los Angeles____
Louisville-...........
Memphis______
Miami______
Milwaukee_____
Minneapolis____
Montgomery____
Nashville...........
New Orleans____
New York_____
Newark.......... .
Omaha_______
Philadelphia.......
Pittsburgh_____
Reading..............
Richmond_____
Salt Lake City__
San Francisco___
Scranton.............
Seattle________
St. Louis______
Washington, D.C..
Wayne, Pa_____
White Plains, N.Y_

$39.00
39.00
39.00
37.50
41.00
38. 50
39.00
39.00
43.00
39.00
43.00
40.00
40.00
39.00
44.00
40.00
38.00
38.00

$57.00
57.00
54.00
55.00
57.00
61.50
53.50
57.00
53.00
56.50
60.00
54. 50

Maximum
M inimum

$60.00
64.00
60.00
60.50
60.50
60.50
60.00
60.00
67.00
60.00
61.50
60.50
59.50
60.00
67.00

$40.50
40.50
40.50
39.00
42.00
39.00
40,50
40.50
45.00
42.00
45.00
42.00
42,00
42.00
46.00

59.50
61.50
60.50

41.50
40.00
39.00


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$59.00
59.00
55.50
56.50
59.00
63.50
55.50
59.00
55.00
59.00
61.50
56.50

Group3 2 Group 4 2

$62.00
66.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.50
62.00
62.00
69.00
62.50
63.50
62. 50
62.00
62.00
68.50

$40.50
40.50
40.50
39.00
42.00
39.00
40.50
40.50
46.00
42.00
45.00
42.00
42.00
42.00
46.00

61.50
63.50
62.00
61.50
62.50
62.00
59.00
70.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
59.00
63.00
59.00
62.00
62.00
67.50
66.50
62.00
64.50
64.50
63.50
63.50
61.50
70.00
63.50

41.50
40.00
39.00
42. 00
42.00
42.00
40. 50
41.00
47 00
40.50
40.50
40. 50
40. 50
42.00
39.50
40.50
40. 50
43.00
45.00
42.00
42.00
42.00
40.00
40.00
41.50
47.00
40.00

$60.50
80.50
57.00
58.00
60.50
65.50
58.00
80.50
56.50
60.50
62.50
57.50

Group 3 2 Group 4 2

$63.50
67.00
63.50
63.50
63.50
64.00
63.50
63.50
71.00
65.50
65.00
64.00
63. 50
63. 50
69.50

$42. 50
43.00
42.50
41.00
44.00
41 00
42. 50
42 50
48. 00
44.50
47. 50
44. 50
44.00
44 00
48.50

63.00
64.50
63. 50
64 00
63! 00
64.00
63. 50
60.50
71 50
63.50
63.50
63. 50
60. 50

43 50
42.00
41.00
44 50
44! 50
44.50
42 50
43 50
50 no
42! 50
42.50
42 50
43 00

60. 50
63.50
63 50
69.00
67.00
63.50
66.00
66.00
64 50
65.00
63 00
71.50
64 50

41 50
42.50
42 50

42 00
42.00
43 50
50.00
42 00

$62.50

$66.00
09 fiO
6a 00
65.50
65 50
00 00
66.00
00 00
73.50
68.00
67.50
67.00
66.00
00 00
72.50

62.50
59.00
60.00
62.50
67.50
60.50
63.00
59.50
63.00
65.00

00 00
67.00
00 00

59.50

60.50
60.50
60.00
57.00

39.00
39.00
39.00
39.00
39.00
38.00
39.00
39.00
42.00
44. 00
39.00
40.00
40.00
38.00
38.50
40.00
43.50
38.00

57.00
57.00

60.00
60.00
60.00
57.00
61.00
57.00
60.00
60.00
65.50
65.00
60.00
62.50
62.50
61.50
62.00
59.50
68.00
61.50

42.00
42.00
40.50
41.00
47.00
40. 50
40.50
40.50
40.50
42.00
39.50
40.50
40. 50
43.00
45.00
42.00
42.00
42.00
40.00
40.00
41.50
47.00
40.00

60.50
66.00

42.00
45.00

55.00
61.50

62.50
67.50

42.00
45.00

56.50
63.00

64! 00
69.00

44.50
47.50

59.50
65.50

67.00
71.50

43.00

60.00

67.50

43.00

61.50

69.00

45.00

64.00

71.50

40.00
43. 50

56.50
57.00
68.00
59.50
54.50
56.00
56.00
55.00
62.50
53.00
60.00

$45.50
47.00
45.50
44.00
46.00
45.00
45.50
45. 50
51.00
48.50
51. 50
47.50
48.50
47.00
51.50

Maximum

45. 50
44.00
44.00
47. 50
48. 50
47.50
45. 50
46.00
55.00
45.50
45.50
45. 50

$65.00
65.00
61. 50
62.00
65.00
70.50
63. 50
66.0 0

62.50
66.00
68.0 0

62.00
62.50
62.50

65. 00
65. 00

57.50
55.00

59.00
59.00
58.50
59.00
60.00
61.00
56.50
58.00
58.00
56.50
64.50

January 1958

Group 3 2 Group 4 2

See footnotes at end of table.

Maximum
M inimum

56.50
53.00

Minimum

Louisville__

Maximum

40.50
40.00
39.00
39.00

City

M em phis___
M iam i_____

November 1955

Minimum
Group 3 2 Group 4

December 1956

Atlai ita____
Balt: more__
Birn ingham.
B oston..........
Buffalo_____
Charleston...
Charlotte___
Chat tanooga.
Chicago____
C incinnati...
Cleveland__
D allas_____
Denver_____
Des Moines..
D etroit_____
D ulu th_____
El Paso____
Harrisburg...
Hartford___
Houston____
Indianapolis.
Kansas C ity.
Knoxville___
Little R ock..
Los Angeles..

October 1954

Minimum

$47.50
49. 50
47.50
46. 00
48.00
47.50
47.50
47. 50
53. 50
51.00
54.50
50.50
49.00
50.00
55.50

68. 00

48.00
46.00
47. 00
50.50
51. 50
50. 50
47.50
48.50
57.50
47.50
47. 50
47.50

69.50
68.50
70.00
67. 50
70.00
68. 50
66.50
77. 00
68. 50
68.50
68.50

Maximum

$67. 50
67.50
66.00
64.00
67. 50
73.50
66.50
69.00
65. 50
69.00
71.00
63.50
64.50
65.50

67,50
67.50

60.50
60.50
60.00
60.50
61.50
61.50
58.00
59.50
59.50
58.00
66.00

66.00

44.00

$71.00
74. 50
71.00
72. 50
70.00
73.00
71.00
71. 00
79.50
74. 00
73.50
73.00
72.00
72.00
78. 50
71. 00
71.50
71. 50
73.00
70.00
73.00
71. 00
69.50
80.00
71.00
71.00
71.00

Minimum

71.00
69. 00
71.00
76.50
69.50
71.00
72.00
74. ÖÖ
66.50
67.00
68.50

71.00
71.00

66.00
66.00

62.50
62.50

00 00
03 00
68.50
02 50

62.50

66.00

00 00
71.50
69.50
66.60
68.50
68.50
07 00
67! 00
65 50

64.00
64.00
60.50
62.00
62.00
60.00

74.00

07 00

October 1960

Maximum

$71.00

65.00
67.00
00 00
03 00
74 00

68.50

Minimum

Group 3 2 Group 4 2
$48.50
50.50
48.50
49.00
49. 50
50.00
48.50
48. 50
54.50
52.50
55. 50
52.50
50.50
50. 00
58.50
50 00
49. 50
49.00
48. 50
52. 50
53. 00
52.50
48. 50
50. 50
59. 50
48.50
48.50
48.50

60.50
59.50

62.50

45.00
47.00
44.00
44.00
44.00

June 1959

Group 3 2 Group 4 2

$68.50
72. 00
68.50
68.00
67. 50
70.00
68.50
68.50
76. 50
71.00
70. 50
70.00
69.00
69.00
75.50

58.50
56.50

$74.50
77 00
74.50
75.50
72.00
76. 00
74. 50
74. 50
83.00
77.00
75.50
76.00
75.00
76. 00
81.50
76 00

74 00

74.50
74. 50
76. 00
73.
76.00
74. 50
72. 00
82. 50
74. 50
74.50
74. 50

00

Maximum
Group 3 2 Group 4 2

$50.00
53 00
50.00
51.00
53.50
51. 50
50.00
50. 00
56.00
54. 00
57.50
54.00
52.00
52. 00
60. 50

$73. 50
73. 50
71. 50

78. 50
73. 50
73.00
74. 50

52 no

51. 00
51.00
50. 00

69.00

54.00

54. 50
54.00
50. 00
54. 00
64.00
50.00
50.00
50.00

71.50

$77.00
79 00

77.00

78.00
75.00
78. 00

77.00
77.00
86.00

80.00
77.50
79. 00
77.50
78. 50
84.00
78 50
76. 50
77.50
77. 50
79.00
75. 50
79.00
77. 00
77. 50
85.50
77.00
77.00
77. 00

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

60

E—Weekly Salary Rates for Clerical Employees, Selected Groups and Cities,1 1952-63—Continued

Salt. Rake City
San Fran p.1sen
Scranton

Seattle
St. L o u is_________
_____
W ashington, D . C __________
W ayn e , Pa_ ______ ___ . . .
W h ite Plains, N . Y _________

$47.00
47.00
44.00
45.50
45.50
48.00
49. 50
47.00
46.00
46.00
44.00
46.00
45. 50
55. 00
44.00
53.00
47. 50
51.50
46.00
48.00

$66. 50
71.50
64.50
. 50
68.50
74.50
72.50
69.00
71.50
71. 50
69.50
70.00
. 50
77.00
69.50
76.50
70.00
74.50
71.50
74.50

$65. 50

68

65.00
67.00
67.00
63.50
65.00
65.00
63.00

68

70.00

62.50
68.50
65.00
67.00

$50.00
50.00
46.00
47.50
47.50
51.00
51.50
50.00
48.00
48.00
46. 00
48.50
48.50
57.50
46. 00
55.50
50.50
54.00
48.00
51.00

67.50
69.00
69. 50
66.50
67.50
67.50

66.00
72.50

65.50
71.00
67.50
69.00

Atlanta _________________
Baltimore.
Birm ingham ... ____ ______
Boston....... .
......
Buffalo
Charleston
Charlotte
Chattanooga
Chicago. __________ ______
Cincinnati
______________
Cleveland___ ______ ______
Dallas
Denver_____
Des Moines
Detroit
Duluth
El Paso
Harrisburg_____ _
______
Hartford
__ _
Houston. .... ............
Indianapolis.
Kansas C ity_____________ __
Knoxville.........
Little Rock _
Los Angeles______ .
Louisville
M emphis _ ________
Miami
M ilwaukee___
Minneapolis. __ . _____
Montgomery_____ _ .
Nashville.
_____ _ .
N ew Orleans........... . . . .
N ew York________ _______
Newark___
Omaha.......... .......
Philadelphia_______________
Pittsburgh_________________
Reading__
Richmond_______ _________
Salt Lake City . _____
San Francisco.
.. .
Scranton. ___
Seattle ..................
St. Louis_____________ _ .
Washington, D .C _______ . . .
W ayne____________________
White Plains___________ . . .

1
2

$51. 50
54.00
51.50
53.00
55.00
53.00
51. 50
51.50
57.50
56.00
59.00
55. 50
55.00
53. 50
63.00
53. 50
54.00
53.00
55.50
55.50
56.00
55.50
51.50
55. 50
68.00
51.50
51.50
51.50
57.00
54. 50
50.50
51.50
51.50
56.50
55.00
53.50
55.00
55.00
53.00
53.50
55.00
68.00
53.00
62. 50
55. 50
58. 50
55.00
56. 50

$75.00
75.00
73.00

80.00
75.00
74. 50
76.00

72.00

73.00

76.00
74.50
74.50
70. 50

73.00
78.00
74. 50
76.00

70.50
71.50
70.00
70.00
67.50

68.50
73.50
70.00
70. 50

$73.00
77.50
70.00
74.50
74. 50
79.00
77.00
76.00
77.00
77.00
74.50
76.00
74. 50
82.50
74.50
82.00
76.00
79.50
77.00
79.00

Group 3 2

Group 4 2
$78. 50
80.50
78.50
79. 50
78.00
79.50
78.50
78.50
88.00
81. 50
79.00
81.00
79.50
81.50
85.50
81.50
78.50
79. 50
79. 50
81.00
77.00
81.00
78. 50
79.50
87.50
78.50
78.50
78.50
77.00
82.50
74.00
78.50
78.50
84.00
81.00
81.50
83.00
83.00
79.50
80.00
79.00
87.50
79.50
86.00
81.00
83.00
83.00
84.00

$77.00

$53.50
55. 50
53. 50
55.00
57.00
55.00
53.50
53.50
59.50
59.00
61.00
57. 50
57.00
55.50
65.00
55. 50
56.00
55.00
57.00
57. 50
58.00
57. 50
53. 50
57.50
71.50
53.50
53. 50
53.50
59.00
56.50
52.50
53.50
53.50
58.50
57. 00
55.50
57.00
57.00
55.00
55.00
57.00
71.50
55.00
64.50
57. 50
60. 50
57.00
58.50

77.00
76.00

83.00
77. 50
77.50
79.00

75.50

76.00

79.00
78.50
78. 50
72. 50

76.00
81.50
78.50
79.00

$54.50
52.00
49.00
50.00
50.00
55.00
53. 50
52.00
53.00
53.00
51.00
52.00
52.00
64.00
51.00
59.00
54.00
57.00
53.00
55.00

$75. 50
80.0C
72.50
77. OC
77. OC
82.00
79. 5C
78. 5C
81.00
81.00
77. 5(
78.50
77. 0(
85.50
77.50
84. 5(
79.00
81.50
81.00
82.00

$74.00

72.00
72.00
69.00

71.50
76.00
72.00
74.00

November 1963
Maximum
Minimum

M inimum

C ities w ith populations of 200,000 or m ore w ith clerical em ployees.
E a ch clerical group is composed of a num ber of occupations requiring
app ro xim ately the sam e skill or degree of responsibility. G roup 3 has 4
occupations, am ong w h ich are file clerks and ty p ists. G rou p 4 had 20 occu­
pations u p to F e b . 10, 1958; 19 u p to J u ly 10, 1959; 18 u p to N o v . 9, 1960; 16


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$71.00

Maximum

Maximum
M inimum
Group 3 2

$51. 50
50.00
47.00
48. 50
48.50
52.00
52.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
49.00
50. 50
50. 50
59.50
49.00
57.00
52.50
55. 50
50.00
52.00

November 1962

November 1961
City

$69. 50
74.50
67.00
71.00
71.00
77.00
75. CO
72.00
74.00
74.00
71.50
73.00
71.50
80.00
71.50
79.50
73.00
77.00
74.00
77.00

$68.50

G rou p 3 2 G ro u p 4 2

G rou p 3 2 G rou p 4 2

G ro u p 3 2 G ro u p 4 2

G rou p 3 2 G rou p 4 2

M ilw a u k ee
M inneapolis
M ontgom ery
N a sh ville
N e w Orleans
N e w Y o r k . . _____________
N ew a rk
_ ________
O m ah a
P h ilad elp h ia _____________
P ittsb u rg h ______
________
H eading
R ich m o n d ________________

M in i­
m um

M in i­
m um

M in i­
m um

M in i­
m um

M a x im u m

M a x im u m

M a x im u m

M a x im u m

C it y

O ctober 1960

June 1959

J an u ary 1958

D ecem ber 1956

Group 3 2

Group 4 2
$80.50
83.00
80.50
82. 50
81.00
82. 50
80. 50
80.50
91.00
84.50
83. 00
84.00
82. 50
84.50
88.50
84. 50
81.00
82.00
82.00
84.00
80.00
84.00
80. 50
82.50
90.50
80.50
80.50
80.50
80.00
86.00
76.00
80.50
80.50
87.00
84.00
84. 50
86.00
86.00
82.00
82.00
81.50
90.50
82. 00
89.00
84.00
85. 50
86.00
87.00

$55. 50
57.50
55. 50
57.00
59.00
57.00
55.50
55. 50
62.00
61.00
63. 50
59.50
59.50
57. 50
67.50
57. 50
58.50
57.00
58.50
59.50
59. 50
59.50
55. 50
59.50
74.50
55. 50
55. 50
55.50
61.00
59.00
54. 50
55.50
55.50
60.50
59.00
57.50
59.00
59.00
57.00
57.00
59. 50
74.50
57.00
66.50
2 59. 50
66.00
59.00
60.50

$79.00
79.00
79.00

86.00
82.00
82.50
82.00

78.50

79.00

82.00
81.50
81. 50
74.00

* 79.00
83. 50
81.50
82.00

Group 4 2
$83.00
85.00
83.00
85.50
85.00
85.00
83.00
83.00
94.00
87.50
87.00
87.00
85.50
87.00
91.50
87.00
83.50
85.00
85.50
87.00
83.00
87.00
83. 00
85.00
95.50
83.00
83.00
83.00
83.00
89.00
78.00
83.00
83.00
90.00
87.00
87.00
89.00
89.00
85. 00
84.00
84.00
95. 50
85.00
91.50
< 87.00
87.50
89.00
90.00

thereafter, am ong w h ich are junior draftsm en, p ayroll clerks, stenographers,
and traffic clerks.
K a te increased an additional $0.50 effective F e b . 9, 1964.
* R a te increased an additional $2 effective F eb . 9, 1964.

3

N ote: Dashes indicate no employees in group.

Technical Note

Calculation of Average
Retail Food Prices
D oris P. R othwell *

of foods are collected by
the Bureau of Labor Statistics primarily for use in
measuring month-to-month changes in food prices
as a component of the Consumer Price Index.
Selection of the specific foods for which prices are
obtained and the scope and sources of information
have been governed largely by this basic use of the
data,
Despite the Bureau’s oft-repeated statements
that the data are not entirely suitable for making
comparisons of food prices between cities, BLS
data on food prices are used widely for this pur­
pose and even for comparing the cost of living
between cities. The U.S. average prices are used
for calculating comparative worktime required to
buy foods in different countries and for other in­
ternational comparisons. They are also basic to
the Department of Agriculture’s regional food
cost plans and to the series on cost of the farm food
market basket and farm-retail spread published
monthly.
There are many reasons why price data that are
valid for compiling the Consumer Price Index do
not yield representative and comparable dollars
and cents prices. Variations in food habits and in
the brands selected among cities cause differences
from city to city in computed average prices that
do not represent real price differentials for the
same quality. Nor are prices collected for the same
brand in all outlets. The single price reported to
BLS for each store is for the brand selling in larg­
est volume at that particular store; moreover, a
provision for shifting from time to time to differ­
ent volume selling brands is part of the regular
index data collection procedure. In addition, dif­
ferent-sizes may be priced in different stores. The
resulting variations in the proportions of different
D ata on retail prices

1758-054 O—65------5

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

brands, sizes, and qualities included, of course af­
fect the reported average prices. Since prices are
obtained for the same brand in 2 consecutive
months in any one store, it is possible to base the
measurement of price change for the index from
one month to the next on paired observations of
comparable prices for each outlet.
The revision of the Consumer Price Index com­
pleted in January 1964 introduced new complica­
tions for food prices—especially for individual
cities—that have further reduced the suitability
of the Bureau’s price data for use in computing
representative average prices.
In response to insistent requests from many
users who protested the BLS initial plan to sus­
pend publication of the 20-city food prices, the
Bureau has developed procedures to make possible
the regular publication of estimated prices (ex­
cluding sales tax) both for the United States and
the 12 largest metropolitan areas, for which the
sample sizes are considerably larger than in the
other cities. The first report of the new series
prices was issued for July 1964 and prices from
December 1963 through June 1964 were published
in a supplemental issue of Retail Food Prices by
Cities in January 1965.
An explanation of the sampling design and in­
dex procedures is necessary for an understanding
of the new method of calculation of prices for
publication since the calculation makes use of
regular steps in the index process.1
Outlet Sample
For the new index, part of the difference in
prices among cities for particular items and in
U.S. prices for different items is due to the outlet
*O f

th e

O ffice

of

P r ic e s

and

L iv in g

C o n d i t io n s ,

B ureau

of

L a b o r S ta tis tic s .

1T h e

b a s i c f o r m u l a a n d p r in c i p le s u n d e r l y in g

o f th e C o n su m e r P r ic e
as th e
v e lo p e d

s c h e m e o f r e p li c a t e d
in

d e s c r ib e d in
th e

In d ex

o rder
“The

to

and

th e

fo o d

or m a tch e d

e s tim a te

th e

t h e c a lc u la t io n

c o m p o n e n t,

as

w e ll

s a m p le s w h i c h w a s d e ­

p r e c is io n

of

th e

in d e x ,

are

S t a t i s t i c a l S t r u c t u r e o f t h e R e v is e d C P I , ” in

M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , A u g u s t 1 9 6 4 , p p . 9 1 6 - 9 2 4 .

61

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

62

both store samples. Since only one sample of
items is priced in 22 cities (i.e., item sample 1 is
priced in 11 cities and item sample 2 in the other
11 cities), U.S. prices for those food items which
appear in only one item sample are generally based
on a subsample of 39 of the 50 index cities.

sample design. Two independent item samples
have been set up for pricing in different cities and
in different outlet samples. The food items in­
cluded in the two subsamples are indicated in
table 1. A listing of cities, together with the dia­
gram of item and outlet samples for food, is shown
in table 2. (This diagram is not the same for non­
food items, which are priced in many fewer out­
lets.) The most important items (“certainty
items”) are included in both item samples and are
priced in every city; but the less important foods,
which were selected by a probability procedure,
are priced in only part of the cities. In the 12
largest cities, both food samples are priced in two
subsamples of stores. In other large cities, both
item samples are priced but in different subsam­
ples of stores; and in the remaining cities, only 1
of the 2 samples of items is priced. Chain stores
are treated as certainty outlets and included in
T a b l e 1.

Price Collection

Personal visits of BLS agents are made monthly
to collect food prices from a sample of chain and
independent food stores totaling 1,525 for the 50
cities. These stores were selected by probability
methods. Reporting by stores is on a voluntary
basis. Collection occurs on Tuesday, Wednesday,
and Thursday of a specified week, usually preced­
ing the 15th of the month. Prices are those pre­
vailing on the day of the agent’s visit. They are
recorded after inspection of items on the shelf and

E s t im a t e d U n it e d S t a t e s A v e r a g e R e t a i l P r ic e s

of

F ood, 1 D

ecem ber

1963 T h r o u g h N o v e m b e r 1964

[Prices in cents]
1964
G rou p and u n it

C it y
sam ple

1963
Dec.
Jan.

Cereals and b ak ery products:
F lo u r __ — _ ______ ___
5 lb
Cracker m e a l.. . . .
.
C orn flakes 2 __ _— ___ ____
-- - -12 oz
R ice, short grain 3___
. .
_
lb
R ic e ’ long grain *___________ . _______
lb .
B read , w h ite __________
____ _________ lb_.
B read , w hole w h ea t __
„
. ___
.
lb ..
C ookies, cream filled_________ .
lb
M e a ts, p ou ltry, and fish:
B eef and veal:
S teak , ro u n d ___ _____ ___ _________ lb
S teak , sirloin
__ ____ _
lb
Steak, porterhouse- ..
lb
R u m p roast, boneless 2_____ _________ lb_.
R ib r o a s t 6
______ _ _____
,
lb .
C h uck ro a st6
- - - - .
lb
H a m b u r g e r 7. . - . . . ____ _________ l b . .
B e e f liver
_
- lb
V e a l cu tlets 8_- - - - - - lb .
Pork:
C h o p s . _____________
_________ lb_.
L oin roast____ ______ ____ _________lb .
Pork sausage 9____________
lb
H a m , w h o le--- - ___ _ . - _____
. lb .
Picnics 10______ ______
lb
B a co n __ ______ ______
_________ l b —
O ther .meats:
L a m b chops 11__ ____ _____
lb
Fran kfu rters_____ .
lb
H a m , canned 12____
lb
B ologna sausage 11_____ . _________ 8 oz
Salam i sausage 13_ ________ ________8 oz _
P o u ltry:
F r y in g ch icken ____________ _________ l b C h ick en breasts 10 _________ _________ lb —
T u r k e y 10 - - - - ____ _
lb
F ish :
Shrim p, fro zen 1V _ ___ ____
oz
Ocean perch fillet, frozen m ____________ lb__
H a d d o ck fillet, frozen 13__
lb
T u n a fish, canned 6 _______ . _6H-oz. can _
Sardines, canned 9_________ 4-oz. flat c a n ..
D a ir y products:
M ilk , fresh, grocery
------------ lA gal__
M ilk , fresh, delivered . . . . ------------ A gal_.
M ilk , fresh, sk im ______ . . . __
__ _ qt.
M ilk , evap o rated_________
Ice crea m ,.
____ .
Cheese, A m erican process _ _ _ _ _ . . 8~oz
B u tte r
_____
________ _________ l b —

10

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

June

J u ly

A u g.

Sept.

Oct.

55. 8
18. 7
28.1
18. 7
2 1.7

55. 8
18. 7
28.1
18.8
2 1.7

56.1
18. 7
28. 2
18. 7

56.8
18.8
28.8
18.8
2 1.7

56.6
18.8
28.9
18.8
2 1.7

26.1
51.2

26. 2
50.9

26.2
50.7

57.4
19.5
28.9
18.9
2 1.7
20.9
26.5
50.9

5 7.7
19.8
29.0
18.8

26.1
51.2

57.0
18.8
29.0
18.7
2 1.7
20.7
26.3
50.8

57.6
19.0
29.0
18.8
2 1.7

26.1
5 1.1

56.2
18.8
28.6
18.7
21. 7
20.5
26.2
5 1.1

103.3
106.4
122. 7
105.8
83.1
57.4
49.7
56. 4
143.4

104.4
.6
102.5
81.2
56.4
49.0
55. 9
143.6

81.0
55.9
48.9
55.0
143.3

80.2
54.6
48.4
55. 3
142. 5

80.2
53.4
47.9
55. 7
142.2

103.8
106.9
124.2
104.6
82.2
54.6
49.0
55.6
141.4

103.8
107.1
124.9
103.9
82.4
56.0
49.1
55.7
141.6

107.9
109.9
12 7.1
107.2
85.1
59.7
50.5
55.7
140.9

105.3
107.5
124.4
105.7
84.6
58.5
50.5
55.5
140.3

52.8
61.2
42.5
69.6

93.1
64.9
53.7
61.8
41.6
68.5

88.4
62.1
53.1
61.0
41.2
67.2

Feb .

N ov.

B
B
A
A
A
.
A and B . _
A
B

26.1
51.3

A and B _.
B
A
A and B .
B
A
A and B . .
B
A

104.1
105. 8
123.7
107.2
82. 7
58. 9
50.7
56. 9
143.1

105.1
82. 5
57.2
50.3
56.7
142.3

A and B . .
A
.
B
B
A
A and B _

86.7
60.3
52.1
61.2
42.3
65. 5

85.5
59.4
5 1.7
61.6
42.0
65.1

84.9
59.1
51.8
61.3
41. 5

82.7
58.1
52.0
60.8
41.4
65.8

83.1
57.6
52 0
60.0
40. 6
65.8

82.7
57.1
51. 5
59.6
40.3
65.7

84.6
58. 2
51.0
59.6
40.3
65.7

91.9
62.7
51.5
60.6
40. 7
66.4

93.8
64.1
52.3
61.4
41.1
67.2

A
A
B
B _______
A _______

129.0
62.6
93.6
40.5
50.1

127. 5
62.3
94.7
40.6
49.6

127.1
62.2
94.1
40.9
49.9

128.1
62.4
93.6
40.7
49.8

128.4
61.9
93.1
41.0
50.3

128.7
61.9
92.9
41.0
50.8

131.1
61.9
92. 5
41.2
50.5

133.7
62.0
92.4
40.6
50.5

134.6
62.0
92.9
40.9
50.3

137.3
61.4
9 1.1
40.5
51.0

137.0
62.5
93.1
40.7
50.1

134.3
62.6
93.1
40.8
49.9

A and B . .
A _______
B

38.5
67.2
47.3

37.6
66.4
47.5

37.6

66.2

37.0
64.3
46.7

36.9
65.0
46.8

37.9
65.3
46.9

38.7

37.9
65.8
46.7

38.1
65.7
45.9

38.3

66.0

46.8

37.2
65.8
47.0

46.5

38.1
65. 4
47.0

B

71.8
52.7
59.4
31.3
13.3

69.7
53.0
59. 4
31.7
13.3

69.6
53.1
60.4
31.8
13.3

68.4
53.1
60.4
31.7
13.0

67.3
52.7
60. 5
31.9
13.0

66.7
53.0
60.3
31.8
13.0

67.3
52.5
60. 5
32.3
13.2

67.8
52.8
60.4
32.5
13.4

A and B ._
A and B _
A _______

48.1
53.0

48.0
53.0

47.9
53.0

47.6
52.8

47.3
52.5

B ________

14.9
82.1
36.2
73.8

14.9
82.0
36.4
73.7

14.9
80.8
36.6
73.8

14.9
81.3
36.7
73.9

14.8
8 1.1
36.6
73.9

47.2
52.3
21.9
14.9
80.9
36.6
73.8

47.2
52.3
21.9
14.9
8 1.1
36.6
73.8

48.1
52.8
22.3
14.8
79.2
37.0
75.6

48.0
52. 8
22.3
15.0
79.0
37.4
75.7

.

A ________
A
A _______
B _______

A

B _______
A

and B _.

55. 4
18. 7
28.1
18.9
2 1.7

20.6

55. 9
18. 7
28.1
18.8

21.6

20.7
26.0
51.2

103.2
104. 5

121.8

21.6
20.6 20.6 20.6

66.2

20.6 20.6

101.8 102.2 101.7 100.4
103.4
103.4
103.2
120 121.2 120.2 120.1
1
02.0
103.7
103.5

68.0
53.0
60. 5
31.8
13 .1

22.1 22.2 22.1 22.0 22.0

66.6
47.1

66.0 66.2

20.8

26.5
50.9

108.6
111.4
127.8
107.5

86.6

59.8
50.6
56.2
143.0
99.7

68.6

66.6

52.7
60.3
32.1
13.0

52.5
60.6
32.1
12.9

52.6
60.5
32.1
12.9

47.5
52.9

47.5
53.1

47.7
53.0

14.8
80.7
36.4
73.7

14.8
80.0
36.5
73.9

14.8
79.1
36.5
74.4

22.0 22.1 22.2

21.8

20.9
26.7
51.2

63

CALCULATION OF AVERAGE RETAIL FOOD PRICES
T a b l e 1.

E st im a t e d U n it e d S t a t e s A v e r a g e R e ta il P r ic e s

of

F ood, 1 D

ecem ber

1963 T h r o u g h N o v e m b e r 1964—Con.

[Prices in cents]
1964
G roup and u nit

C it y
sam ple

F r u its a n d vegetables:
Fresh fru its and vegetables:
A p p le s 7------------------------------------ ________ lb__
B a n a n a s----------------------------------- _________lb . .
Oranges, size 200___
___ - . . d o z —
___
Orange juice, fresh 13___ .
G rapefruit, size 80_____ _____ ______ e a ch ..
_______ _________ lb._
G rapes, se e d le ss7—
Straw berries____ . . .
---------------- p t ..
W aterm elon. ____________ _________ lb ..
P o ta to e s ..-------------------------------- ______ 101 b ________ lb_.
O n i o n s . ___ _ ________
A s p a r a g u s ________________ ________ lb —
____ - ________ l b C a b b a g e _____
C arrots 2___
- - _________ ________ l b . .
________l b . .
C e le r y 2. .
..
.
________
_________ l b C u cu m bers
L e ttu c e , size 24___________ _
. h e a d ..
Peppers, green
..................... ___ . . lb
S p inach n.__________
________ l b . .
T o m a to e s______ ___ _____ ________ l b . .
Processed fruits and vegetables:
F r u it c o c k t a i l__
.
_ _ — .#303 can
Pears
_ _
Pineapple-grapefruit juice drink 2_46-oz. c a n ..
Orange ju ice concentrate ... . __ 6-0z. can
L em onad e concentrate, frozen. ___ 6-oz. c a n ..
B e e ts.................. ... ............ . -_ . .#303 can .
Peas, green
.
_ _ .
. #303 can _
#303 ca n .
T o m a t o e s 11. .
-.
D ried b e a n s 2
.- ________ l b . .
____ ______ 10 oz.
B roccoli, frozen___
O ther foods at hom e:
E g gs, grade A , large _________
____ doz_.
F a ts and oils:
M argarine 7______ ________ ________ l b . .
S alad dressing, Ita lian 2........... _______8 oz
S alad or cooking o i l . .
.. _. . _ ____ __pt_
S u ga r a n d sw eets:
Sugar .
_ __
_______ 5 l b . .
G rap e j e l l y 2 ______
—12 oz
. . .
1 oz
C h oco late b a r __
S yru p , chocolate flavored
..
. _ 16 oz
N o nalcoho lic beverages:
C offee___ _ _ _____________ __ 1 -lb. c a n ..
C o ff e e 18. . ............................ ...
_ . . l-lb . bag .
6 oz .
Coffee, in sta n t
T e a b a g s ___
— p k g . of 48
C o la drin k
__
_ ___ carton 72-07. _
C arb o n a ted drinks 19_. . . . . _ ..carton 72-oz._
Prepared and p a rtia lly prepared foods:
-llM -o z . can _
B ean soup 9__ . . . .
...
C h ick en so u p . .
.
. . . .
1014-oz. can .
S p ag h etti .
.
.
.
___ 15 ^ -o z. can
__ 7 oz .
M a sh ed potatoes, in s ta n t. .
Potatoes, french fried, frozen
. . . . .9 oz _
B a b y foods
.. .
4 Yi oz
. .
Ì 2 oz
Sw eet p ickle relish 6.
____
P r e tz e ls 9. . . ______________ . _____ 8 o z ..

A and B . . .
A and B . . .
A and B.__

A ________
A _______
A and B ...

B ________

1963
D ec.
Jan.

Feb .

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

June

J u ly

A u g.

Sept.

O ct.

15.4
15.4
78.7
50.4

16.3
16.2
78.3
50.9
13.5

17.5
16.7
83.5
50.7
13.9

18.9
17.9
83.5
50.4
15 .7

2 1.5
16.8
83.4
50.6
17.2

22.8

12.8

16.0
16.2
77.8
50.8
13.2

18.4
16.3
97.9
50.8
17.9
25.4

14.7
1 7 .1
104.2
50.6
19.4
27.4

38.5

36.4

(16)

31.8
7.8

(16)

21.9
16.7
93.8
51.0
17.4
32.5

59.8
11.4

61.0
11.4

6 1.7

72.8

88.2

100.1

11.3
29.0

11.5
30.9
10.4
15.6
17.3

77.6
10 7

72.6

11.1

4.8
89.6
11.5

15.1
15.2
82.6
50.4
12.5

(16)
(16)

(16)
(16)
(16)

B _______
A and B —
B _______
A _______
B _______
A _______
B
___
A
____
A and B ...
B
___
A _______
A and B . . .

8.4
14.9
13.6
18.3
25.7
25.7
26.8
4 1.5

10.4
15 .5
15.5
24.3
28.7
35. 5
28.2
37.4

_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______

26.5
47.0
34.3
32.3
14.7
16.9

26.9
47.4
34.6
32.3
14.8
17.0

B ________

22.6

22.6

A _______
A _______
B

16.0
16.7
27.7

15.9
16 .7
27.8

B
A
B
B
A
A

(16)
59.8
11.4

(16)

(16)

(16)
(16)
(16)

(16)

(16)
(16)
(16)

11.6
39.7

11.0

10.2

14.6
15 .7
30.4
28.4
37.4
27.0
34.8

14.0
18.2
37.4
27.4
38.1
27.1
35.5

27.2
48.5
34.3
32.5
14.9
16.9
22.7
15.9
16.7
2 7.7

27.5
49.2
34.4
32.4
14.8
16 .7
22.7
15.8
16.6
27.6

(16)

(16)
66.8

(16)

(16)

11.5
34.4
9.9
13 .7
16.5
27.0
2 1.7
40.2
27.2
38.3

10.1

11.1

13 .7
14.3
19.5
20.7
38.9
26.9
36.8

15.0
14.8

2 7.7
49.6
34.5
32.4
14.8
16.7

27.9
50.1
34.5
31.4
14.3
16.7

22.8

22.8

15.9
16.6
27.5

15.9
16 .7
2 7.1

30.8

17.0

88.1
50.8
17.7
44.4
5 .7

(!6)

(16)

41.9
27.5
32.8

2 1.5
35.4
29.7
35.5

9.7
15.6
15.0
17.5
22.9
29. 7
28.5
28.2

28.1
50.5
34.7
30.6
13.6
16.8
22.7
16.0
16 .7
27.2

28.1
50.9
34.5
30.5
13.3
16.7
22.7
16.1
16.7
27.0

27.4
50.8
34.3
30.3
13.1
16.5
22.7
16.1
16 .7
26.9

22.8
22.8

20.0

(16)
(16)

(16)

(16)
(16)

10.8

(16)

N ov.

14.2
15.5
99.5
50. 7
14.9
32.5

(16)
(16)

77.7
10. 8

(16)

10.0

10.2

15 .5
15.0
17.4
23.9
25.2
29.3

15 .1
15.3
19 .7
24.8
25.2
29. 7
25.1

9.8
15 .1
15.6
29. 0
23.6
36. 2
27.9
28.2

27.1
49.8
34.4
30.3
12.9
16.5
22.7
16.1
16 .7
26.6

26.8
48.6
34.1
30.1
13.2
16.5

26.5
48.1
34.1
29.8
13.3
16.6

22.6

22.6

16.0
16.6
26.5

16.0
16.7
26.6

22.8

A and B . . .

56.5

60.2

57.6

53.0

51.5

48.4

47.3

49.9

53.2

59.5

56.9

55.9

A and B ._
A _______
B _______

26.1
37.1
32.4

26.1
37.2
32.5

26.0
37.2
32.5

25.9
37.3
32.0

26.1
37.2
31.8

26.1
37.4
31.8

26.0
37.5
31.8

26.1
37.1
3 1.7

25.9
37.2
31.6

25.8
36.7
31.7

26.0
36.7
31.8

26.1
36.5
32.0

A _______
B _______
A.
____
B _______

70.8
30.5
5.0
23.1

71.3
30.8
5.0
23.2

72.8
30.8
5.0
23.2

70.2
30.8
5 .1
23.1

67.5
30.9
5 .1
23.2

66.1
31.0
5 .1
23.2

63.8
31.0
5.1
23.2

6 1.1
31.2
5 .1
23.0

60.3
31.4
5 .1
22.9

59.6
31.4
5 .1
23.0

58.9
31.4
5 .1
23.1

58.6
31.4
5 .1
23.0

A and B . .
A and B . . .

69.5
56.6
91.6
62.6
53.9
52.8

7 1.1
58.1
94.4
62.9
54.0
52.7

74.1
60.6
99.1
62.2
54.1
52.7

78.3
65.1
104.3
61.6
54.0
52.7

80.9
70.0
107.9
61.8
54.0
52.8

82.4
72.2
109.9
62.3
53.8
53.0

83.9
72.7
110.7
62.5
54.3
53.3

84.4
72.9
110.3
62.8
54.3
53.8

84.9
73.3
62.5
54.5
53.9

84.9
72.2
109.9
62.2
54.0
53.9

84.6
72.9
108.1
61.9
54.3
53.7

84.9
72.2
107.9
61.8
54.4
53.8

14.9
18.3
15.0
35.4
17 .1

14.8
18.3
15 .1
35.2
17.0

14.9
18.3
15.0
35.0
17.0

14.8
18.2
15.0
34.9
16.9

14.8
18.3
15.0
34.6
16.9

14 .7
18.2
15 .1
34.6
16.7

14.8
18.2
15.2
34.7
16.5

14.7
18.2
15 .1
34.7
16.5

14.8
18.2
15.1
34.6
16.2

14.8
18.2
15 .1
34.8
16.2

10.6

10.6

10.6

10.6

10.6

31.2
3 1.1

31.2
31.3

31.3
31.3

31.3
31.3

31.3
31.5

14.8
18.2
15.0
34.6
16.8
10.7
31.4
31.5

14.7
18.2
15.2
34.7
16.2
10.5
31.4
31.7

B _______
A _______
B _______
A _______

A _______
B _______

A _______
A _______
A _______
B ________
B ________
B _______

110.2

10.6

10.6

10.6

10.6

10.6

31.3
31.5

31.2
31.5

31.3
31.5

31.3
31.5

31.3
31.5

1 Computed from April 1964 benchmark prices from the new series samples.
Old series prices from December 1963 through June 1964 were published in
monthly issues of R e t a i l Food P r i c e s b y C i ti e s .
2 Average of prices in 38 cities.
3 Average of prices in 15 cities.
4 Average of prices in 23 cities.
5 36 cities through August; 37 cities September through November.
9 Average of prices in 37 cities.
7 Average of prices in 49 cities.
8 Average of prices in 29 cities.
6 Average of prices in 36 cities.
10 Average of prices in 35 cities.

n Average of prices in 28 cities.
72 Average of prices in 30 cities.
13 Average of prices in 34 cities.
14 31 cities December through August; 32 cities September through
November.
is Average of prices in 27 cities.
18 Priced only in season.
17Average of prices in 19 cities.
18 Priced only in chain stores in 46 cities.
19 37 cities December through August; 39 cities September through
November.

the price markings. Many chains and supermar­
kets post lower weekend prices beginning Thurs­
day. First-of-the-week prices are obtained for
stores priced on Tuesday and Wednesday, before
weekend specials are offered. If the lower week­
end prices apply to the particular quality and
brand previously selected for pricing, they are in-

eluded for stores priced on Thursday—about 47
percent of the total weight, or 73 percent of the
chain store weight. The city averages, therefore,
reflect prices for the week as a whole.
In selecting the item to be priced, the agent re­
lies on a manual of specifications or descriptions
defining the quality or grade and size range for

'758-054 0 — 65—

6


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

64
each food.2 Many of these specifications permit
the pricing of deviations from specified quality, if
necessary. During the initial visit, prices are ob­
tained for each store, if possible, for the brand
and size within the preferred specification which
has been selling in greatest volume in the outlet
during recent months. At subsequent visits, the
agent prices the identical item if it is still sold in
volume. If it is unavailable, another item is sub­
stituted. Also, if another item meeting specifica­
tion outsells the one originally selected by as much
as 2 to 1 over an extended period of time, the agent
substitutes the new item. The prices of this sub­
stitute item are compared directly with those of
the previous item.
If an item of the preferred quality and exact
container size specified is not available, the agent
may substitute the price of a deviating item or the
nearest available size. This flexibility in specifica­
tion pricing was introduced in the 1964 revision
to make possible the use of prices for the particu2 Copies o f th e sp ecifica tio n s are a v a ila b le on request.
3 A lth o u g h th e techniq ues used are c a st in a probability fram e­
work, p ra ctica l problem s m ake s tr ic t probab ility sam p lin g
im p ossible.
4 T h is d iscu ssio n is lim ite d to a d escrip tio n o f th e procedure
relev a n t to th e ca lc u la tio n o f th e a c tu a l pu blished food prices.
T a b l e 2.

lar item sold in a store in preference to shifting to
another store. This flexibility is a desirable ad­
junct of probability sampling of outlets,3 but it
has increased the spread in prices. Special com­
putation and linking techniques insure that price
differences traceable to quality differences do not
affect either indexes or published prices.
Calculation of the Food Index

Processing of food prices for the index4involves
editing and adjustment of prices for comparabil­
ity from one period to the next for each store, and
calculation of price relatives for each subsample
of outlets. Calculation of price relatives is a sim­
ple computation of the ratio of average prices of
a subsample of stores in the current period to that
of a previous period

for the 12 largest cities, the relative is based on
average prices for all reporting stores; for other
cities, it is based on average prices for identical
stores in the two periods. Sales taxes are not
added to the prices of individual items. Sales tax
changes are reflected as price change in the index
but they are handled as a separate operation.

C it ie s a n d P r ic in g D ia g r a m 1 f o r F oo d f o r t h e R e v is e d C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x

City and size stratum, based on 1960 population

A. Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas of 1,250,000 or
more:
Baltimore___________________
Boston_______ _____ _________
Chicago-Northwestern Indiana.
Cleveland___________________

Item and outlet
samples priced

1A, IB, 2A, 2B
Do.
Do.
Do.

D etroit_______ ___________________
Los Angeles-Long Beach___________
New York-Northeastern New Jersey.
Philadelphia............................ ................

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Pittsburgh___________
St. Louis_____________
San Francisco-Oakland
Washington__________

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

B. Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas of 250,000 to
1,250,000:
Atlanta__________________________________________
Buffalo________ _______________ _____________ _____
Dallas______________________________ * . . . _________
D ayton_________ ____ ____________________________

IA, 2B
Do.
Do.
Do.

D enver____
Hartford___
Honolulu.
Indianapolis.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Nashville.
Seattle.—
W ichita..

Do.
Do.
Do.

City and size stratum, based on 1960 population

C. Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas of 50,000 to
250,000:
Austin, Tex---------------------- ----------------------------------Bakersfield, Calif_________________________________
Baton Rouge, La_________________________________
Cedar Rapids, Iowa________________________ ______
Champaign-Urbana, 111___________________________
Durham, N .C __
Green Bay, Wis.
Lancaster, P a—
Orlando, F la___
Portland, Maine.
D . Urban Places of 2,500 to 50,000 in 1960:
Anchorage, A la sk a ..------- ------------- Crookston, M inn__________________
Devils Lake, N .D ak _______________
Findlay, Ohio_____________________
Florence, A la______________________
Kingston, N .Y _____________________
Klamath Falls, Oreg_______________
Logansport, Ind___________________
Mangum, Okla____________________
Martinsville, V a___________________
McAllen, Tex____
Millville, N .J____
Niles, M ich------- ...
Orem, U tah______
Southbridge, Mass.

Item and outlet
samples priced

1

2
2

IA, 2B
Do.

1
1

Do.

IA, 2B

2
1, 2

1
1
1
2
1

2

2
1
2

2
2
1
2
1

Union, S.C______________________________________ - 1
Vicksburg, M i s s . .. -------------- ------ --------- ------ --------- 2

Item samples are identified as samples “ 1” and “2”. Outlet samples are identified as samples “A ” and “B ”.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

times 100. At present,

65

CALCULATION OF AVERAGE RETAIL FOOD PRICES

Editing. Each quotation is reviewed in compari­
son with the price reported in the same outlet for
the previous period and quantitative adjustment
of prices is made to achieve comparability of
quality. In all cities, prices of foods within the
accepted range of sizes are converted to a common
unit. In a few cases, such as the various grades of
beef, and citrus fruits from different growing
areas, factors derived from usual market differen­
tials are employed to adjust to a standard quality.
Prices seriously out of line are excluded from the
calculation and followup inquiries are made to the
field agent for the next pricing.
Editing of prices outside the preferred quality
or size range differs between the 12 largest cities
and the remaining cities. Since the latter are
based on matching samples of outlets, the process­
ing routine permits deviating items to be used in
the calculations for the index, provided prices for
the same (deviating) quality and size are available
in the 2 successive months being compared, but
the differential in price between qualities is not
reflected as price change for the index. On the
other hand, because of the larger size of reporter
samples, enough prices meeting specification can
be obtained in the largest cities to make use
of deviating items unnecessary. In addition,
matched samples, though desirable, are not essen­
tial in these cities. For this group, therefore,
prices outside the preferred quality and size range
are edited out of the price and index calculations.
As soon as necessary programming can be com­
pleted, food prices for all cities will be processed
by machine, using matched samples and includ­
ing deviations for all cities on a comparable basis
from month to month.
Computing Techniques. After editing, weighted
average prices are computed for index purposes
for each subsample of stores, using the edited
quotations for all stores in the 12 largest cities, but
only quotations from the same outlets in 2 suc­
cessive months in all other cities. Where neces­
sary to achieve matching samples, average prices
for the previous month are recomputed. Prices
5
T hese ca teg o ries in clu d e m eat and produce m arkets, both
c h ain and ind ep en dent, as w ell as ind ep en dent groceries.
9
A d iscu ssio n o f th ese co n sid era tio n s and th e possible effect
of a lte r n a tiv e m eth ods o f h a n d lin g o u tle t w e ig h t changes is
con tain ed in “Food D istr ib u tio n C hanges and th e C P I” in th e
Jan u ary 1 964 M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , pp. 5 8 -6 4 .


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are weighted averages of separate prices for three
strata of stores—chain grocery stores, and other
stores (largely independent groceries)5 divided
into large and small stores. The same chain stores
are included in each of the two subsamples, and in
each subsample, the chain store average price is
combined with prices for large and small inde­
pendent stores. Chain grocery quotations are
the total sales of all stores of each chain organizathe total sales of all stores of each chain organiza­
tion in a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Average prices for large and for small independ­
ent stores are each unweighted means. For the
new index, differential percentage weights have
been introduced for meats, produce, and dry gro­
ceries, representing estimated sales for these
groups in the three outlet strata. These weights
were derived from 1958 sales data from the
Census of Retail Trade and reports from all out­
lets in the BLS sample giving a rough breakdown
of total sales for the three commodity categories.
Use of differential weights rather than the single
set of weights based on total sales volume formerly
used has affected the level of published prices,
since it has tended to raise the chain weight for
dry groceries and reduce it for meats and produce.
The stratum sales weights are revised about
every 5 years or whenever a new Census becomes
available, and the internal store weights about
every 2 years. Revised outlet weights are linked
into the index so that changing proportions of
sales in different types of stores are not reflected
directly in price changes for the index. Use of the
linking procedure has been adopted in recognition
of the varying degree of services provided by dif­
ferent stores, because of considerations relating
to limitations of the data for weight adjustment,
and problems of the store sample.6 Prices based
on both the old and new weights are published for
the “link” month (the last month for which old
weights were used and the month in which revised
weights were used for comparison with subsequent
months).
Food Price Calculation

The food prices computed for the index are not
suitable for publication as price averages, since
they are not restricted to a single specified quality
and size. Therefore, special editing not needed for

66

measurement of price change is needed to develop
prices for narrowly defined specifications.
Benchmarks. Procedures have been devised to
calculate city and U.S. prices for publication that
use index values and price relatives extensively.
These procedures employ benchmark prices for
defined specifications for each of the 50 cities, ad­
justed month by month by the price changes re­
flected in the index. Benchmark prices are com­
puted in an independent operation, using prices
for all outlets and not as an average of the two
subsamples.7 All deviations are excluded. The
same outlet weighting factors as used in the index
are used. To prevent published prices from de­
viating widely from an average of collected prices,
benchmark prices are to be recomputed annually.
The first benchmark calculation was for April
1964. Using this set of benchmarks, prices were
estimated back to December 1963 on the basis of
the changes in the indexes for individual items.
Similarly, prices will be estimated forward to
December 1964. The next benchmark calculation,
which will involve a new review of the price data
for comparability of specification, is planned for
January 1965.
Combining City Prices. Population weights for
combining city prices to U.S. averages are based
on the 1960 population of the SMSA’s—or cities
in which prices are collected, and cities of like
characteristics represented by the sample cities.
A procedure for simple calculation of weighted
average U.S. prices has been devised which makes
maximum use of data already compiled for the
index.
Relative population weights adding to 1 are
built into the index values, so that aggregation
of city cost-population values to U.S. totals is itself
a weighting operation. In the index calculation,
price relatives are applied to index values (includ­


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

ing population weights) for the previous period
(qptx-xw) by city for each item for each subsample
of outlets to derive current period values (qp^w).8
These values and the U.S. item totals that are com­
puted each month become basic tools for calcula­
tion of prices for publication. At the benchmark
date, city quantity weighting factors including
relative population weights,9 qiCs are derived for
each city by dividing the “cost-population weight”
for the item (the sum of the two outlet samples)
by the city benchmark average price (qpw + p).
The U.S. quantity is a simple summation of the
city factors in which the iCs total 1. Weighted
average U.S. prices are derived both for the bench­
mark month and for subsequent months simply
by dividing the U.S. total value (cost-population
weight) for the item by the U.S. quantity weight.
In periods other than the benchmark month,
estimated prices are calculated for each of the 12
large cities by dividing the current index value
(qpw) by the city quantity weighting factor,
which generally remains fixed between benchmark
calculations. The estimated prices are in effect
benchmark prices for a defined specifications up­
dated by index price changes. Thus they are not
an average of collected prices. This treatment
eliminates the need for any special editing in sub­
sequent months except for index purposes. In the
12 cities for which prices are published, between
benchmarks it is merely necessary to sum costpopulation weights for the two subsamples and
divide by the city-weighting factor.
7 In th e regu lar in d ex w ork, sep arate prices for th e tw o sub­
sam ples o f o u tlets need n ot be com bined in c ity averages. B e­
cause o f u se o f m a tch in g sam ples, in m ost c itie s th ere m ay be
tw o average prices fo r each of th e tw o subsam ples fo r any given
m on th— one com parable w ith th e previous, th e oth er w ith th e
fo llo w in g m onth.
8 W here q = p h y sic a l q u a n tity w eig h t, p = price o f an in d iv id u a l
item , and w = c ity ’s p op u lation w eigh t.
9 S in ce cost-p op u lation w e ig h ts in clu d e sa les ta x w h ile bench­
m ark prices exclude sa les tax, q u a n tity w e ig h ts d erived in th is
w ay also c o n ta in th e effect o f sa les tax. T h ey are ad justed
w h en ever a change in ta x is reflected in th e in d ex c o st w eig h ts.

Foreign Labor Brief

European Limitations
on Employee Dismissal
A re E uropean employers more inhibited by cus­
tom and law than their American counterparts
in exercising their right to discharge or lay off
workers? Observations and conversations with
European trade unionists and employer represen­
tatives indicate that, in the European countries
where shortages of qualified labor and many un­
filled job vacancies exist, employers do tend to
carry surplus workers on their payrolls longer
than American employers. Conditions now pre­
vailing in many areas encourage labor hoarding,
either to maintain qualified personnel during slack
periods against the day when business revives or
to protect against resort to the employment of
foreign workers. Some German trade unionists,
for example, have estimated that labor hoarding
in the metals industry at times may run as high
as 10 percent.
Although this cause of employer reluctance to
separate workers permanently or temporarily may
be regarded as transitory, discharges and layoffs
for economic reasons have also been curbed by
more permanent factors in the Federal Republic
of Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and
other countries. These factors have included es­
tablished custom, management practices, and reg­
ulations designed to protect workers against dis­
missals that, although valid under general civil
law, appear unwarranted for social reasons.

Federal Republic of Germany

In West Germany, for example, the manage­
ment of enterprises with more than 20 regular
employees must clear decisions involving dis­
charges with the works council, which is entitled
to participate in managerial decisionmaking re­
garding “social matters,” i.e., decisions affecting
the welfare of the personnel. Moreover, under


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the Law on Protection Against Discharge of
August 10, 1951, a legally valid discharge may be
declared ineffective by the Labor Court if it is
“socially unjustified,” that is, if it cannot be based
on the characteristics or conduct of the employee
or on important needs of the enterprise. Even
if important business needs warrant the discharge,
it is nevertheless “socially unjustified” if the em­
ployer selected the employee for discharge with­
out giving sufficient attention to the social factors
involved. In the event that the Labor Court holds
the separation notice ineffective for social reasons,
the employer may be ordered to pay a severance
allowance, instead of actually continuing the em­
ployment relationship. In addition to the provi­
sions of the Law on Protection Against Discharge,
the West German employer is bound by a statutory
duty to report intended separations of more than
a certain percentage of his work force to enable
the public employment service to initiate steps
to forestall possible serious effects of mass
dismissals.
Italy

A different procedure serving the same purpose
as the German law concerning discharge is pro­
vided by the Italian labor law. A national man­
agement-labor agreement, which was given the
force of law in 1960, established a Council of Con­
ciliation and Arbitration to which cases of indi­
vidual dismissals are submitted when the workers
concerned so request. The Council is composed of
an employer representative, a workers’ representa­
tive, and a president who is selected from a list of
candidates agreed upon by the provincial organi­
zations of trade unions and employers.
Within 3 days of the dismissal notice, a worker
who considers his separation unwarranted may ask
his union to meet with the employer’s representa­
tive in an attempt at conciliation, which must be
concluded within the following 4 days. If this
initial attempt at conciliation fails, the worker,
again through his union, may request the inter­
vention of the Council of Conciliation and Arbi­
tration. Should the Council deem the motives for
dismissal invalid, the employer is requested to re­
instate the worker with full seniority rights. If
the employer refuses, he must pay a penalty in
addition to the regular severance allowance.
67

68

Under the provisions of another national agree­
ment, likewise given the force of law in 1960, an
industrial firm planning a work force reduction
must inform the local employers’ association, giv­
ing reasons for the anticipated layoff, the date, and
the number of workers affected. The employers’
association then must give this information to the
local trade union organizations, which may, within
5 days, request a meeting with management to ex­
amine the reasons for the dismissals and to explore
ways of avoiding them or to reach a compromise
solution. Once the conciliatory procedure is ini­
tiated, the dismissals are suspended for 15 days, or
until the conciliation procedure is closed.
Regardless of whether a mutual agreement is
reached, the firm planning a collective layoff must
consider the following factors when selecting
workers for dismissal: technical and production
requirements, seniority and length of service, and
the family responsibilities and financial condition
of the employees considered for discharge.
Netherlands

In the Netherlands, an employee who feels that
his dismissal is unreasonable may ask a special
court to consider his case. The court may deem a
discharge unreasonable if the employer gives a
false reason or no reason for his action, if the con­
sequences of the dismissal are more serious for the
employee than would be his continued employment
for the employer, and if seniority provisions of a
collective contract are violated, except in cases
where the reasons for the dismissal are more
weighty.
France

The French Ministry of Labor can require an
employer to postpone separations for economic
reasons to allow the Ministry time to ascertain that
every precaution has been taken to minimize the
hardship on workers. The employer is expected
to make a strong effort at his own expense to find
other employment for workers to be separated. In
the case of a layoff, which suspends rather than
terminates an employment relationship, the Min­
istry is not legally authorized to intervene directly,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

but it can use informal means to persuade an em­
ployer to modify his contemplated action. It can
usually expect trade union and public support.
Individual Employer Attitudes

These statutory and administrative dismissal
regulations are at the same time both the cause
and result of widespread social attitudes that, long
observable in European employer behavior, have
recently been confirmed by observations and con­
versations with trade unionists and employer rep­
resentatives.
For example, reports confirm
that the German employer’s attitude still tends to
be somewhat patriarchal, resulting in a feeling
of heavy responsibility for the job security of those
dependent upon him for employment. In addi­
tion, he may also be somewhat afraid of loss of
prestige among his fellow employers, because em­
ployee layoffs might be interpreted as proof of
his failure as a businessman. Similarly, surviv­
ing paternalistic trends in small Italian enter­
prises may still make employers reluctant to lay
off or dismiss. However, management’s approach
in large, modern enterprises probably differs very
little from that of its American counterpart,
Even prior to the introduction of-strict legal reg­
ulations, employers in the Netherlands have fre­
quently appeared to be reluctant to separate em­
ployees during short slack periods. In France,
where trade unions take the position, as does also
a large part of the general public, that the em­
ployer is under a moral obligation to make great
efforts to protect his workers from the hardships
of temporary or final job loss, mass dismissals or
layoffs are likely to cause retaliatory action. Pre­
vailing French public opinion is inclined to re­
gard the separated worker as a person being de­
prived of a vested interest in his employment,
This feeling is so strong that legislation has been
enacted requiring an employer to consult with his
works committee before deciding upon a layoff.
Because of widespread avoidance, the Government
has indicated recently that it will seek to tighten
this legislation to assure better protection of
workers.
— K urt B r a u n
Division of Foreign Labor Conditions

Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*

Labor Relations

Breach of No-Strike Clause. A United States
court of appeals ruled1 that a suit in a State court
to enjoin—under a State law—a union from vio­
lating a no-strike clause should not have been re­
moved to a Federal court because its result did
not depend upon determination of a controversy
over the “validity, construction, or effect” of the
Constitution or any law of the United States.
The employer’s claim could not be defeated by the
removal and by the Federal court’s inability, under
the Norris-LaGuardia Act, to grant the injunction
sought, the court held.
The Federal district court would not remand
the case to the State court in which it originated.
It assumed jurisdiction on the ground that the
employer’s claim alleged a violation of a collective
bargaining agreement for which suit may be
brought in a Federal court under section 301(a)
of the Labor Management Relations Act. The
court held, however, that the Norris-LaGuardia
Act’s ban on injunctions in labor disputes 2 pre­
vented it from granting the injunctive relief
sought.
In reversing the lower court’s decision and
directing that the case be sent back to the State
court, the appellate court, after voluminous cita­
tions from judicial history, pointed out that Fed­
eral law does not displace State law except where
it is the basis of the suit. The court said that sec­
tion 301(a) of the LMRA, permitting suits for
violation of labor contracts, does not prevent the
application of a similar State law where, as here,
the complaint is cast solely on the State-created
right and seeks a remedy available only under
State law. Furthermore, the court held that since
the district court was powerless—because of the
Federal anti-injunction statute—to decide the case


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on its merits and render a binding decision, that
court had no power to take the case from the
State.
The majority opinion rejected as without judi­
cial support a dissenting judge’s reasoning that
the Federal law displaces State law in suits of this
nature; that the Norris-LaGuardia Act’s antiinjunction provision extends to State laws and
renders their injunctive provisions illegal; and
that for these reasons the State court was without
power to adjudicate the case and to grant the re­
lief sought.
Refusal To Bargain. Last spring, the National
Labor Relations Board discarded the rule that a
labor organization waived its right to pursue the
refusal-to-bargain remedy of the LMRA when it
permitted a representation election to be held de­
spite its knowledge that the employer had com­
mitted unfair labor practices.3 The Board re­
cently clarified its new approach by declaring4
that a union pursuing an unfair labor practice
remedy after losing an election can obtain such
relief only after having the election set aside on
meritorious objections filed in the representation
proceeding, even though the employer’s election
interference could separately be established in the
unfair labor practice case.
After a period of organizing activities at the
employer’s plant, the union asked that it be given
recognition and that bargaining talks begin. Fail­
ing to receive a satisfactory response it filed a pe­
tition for an election, which it lost. The union
then asked that the election be set aside, basing
its charges on alleged employer interference; it
filed unfair labor practice charges as well.
♦P repared in th e U .S. D ep artm en t of Labor, Office of th e S o lici­
tor. T he ca ses covered in th is a r tic le rep resen t a selectio n o f th e
sign ifican t d ecision s b elieved to be of sp ecial in ter e st. No attem p t
h as been m ade to reflect a ll recent ju d ic ia l and a d m in istr a tiv e
d evelopm ents in th e field of labor la w or to in d ica te th e effect of
p a rticu la r decision s in ju risd ic tio n s in w hich contrary resu lts
m ay be reached based upon local s ta tu to r y p rovision s, th e e x is t­
ence of local p recedents, or a different app roach by th e cou rts to
th e issu e presented.
1A m e r ic a n D r e d g in g C o. v. L o c a l 2 5 , M a r in e D iv is i o n , I n t e r ­
n a ti o n a l U n io n o f O p e r a tin g E n g in e e r s (C.A. 3, Oct. 30, 1 9 6 4 ).
2 S in c l a ir R e fin in g Co. v. A tk in s o n , 370 U.S., 195 (1 9 6 2 ).
3B e r n e l F o a m P r o d u c ts C o ., I n c . and T e x t i l e W o r k e r s U n io n ,
146 N L R B No. 161 (M ay 4, 1 9 6 4 ) ; see M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w ,
J u ly 1964, p. 808.
* I r v i n g A i r C h u te C o m p a n y , I n c . and T e x t i l e W o r k e r s U n io n ,
149 N L R B No. 59 (N ov. 12, 1 9 6 4 ).

69

70

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

The Board set the election aside after finding
that the employer had threatened some employees
with discharge if they actively supported the
union, and had called upon them to form an in­
ternal representation group and to reject the union.
These actions also constituted unfair labor prac­
tices—interference with the employees’ protected
rights, including their freedom of choice in the
election, and domination of or interference with
the formation of a union—violations of sections
8(a) (1) and (2), respectively, the Board said.
These flagrant violations, the Board held, indi­
cated that it was not a good-faith doubt of the
union’s majority status that made the employer
ignore its request for recognition and bargaining;
rather, the employer used the preelection period to
undermine the union’s majority. In the absence of
such good-faith doubt, the employer’s refusal to
bargain could not have been brought about by the
union’s petition for election; it was, therefore,
unlawful under section 8(a)(5) of the act, the
Board held.
In clarifying its new position regarding actions
by unions seeking bargaining relief where the em­
ployer’s preelection conduct was unlawful, the
Board made the following reservation:
We will not grant such relief . . . unless the elec­
tion be set aside upon meritorious objections filed in
the representation case. Were the election not set
aside on the basis of objections in the present . . .
case, we would not now direct a bargaining order
even though the unfair labor practice phase of this
proceeding itself established the employer’s interfer­
ence with the election.

Member Leedom dissented in part, stating that
he would retain the rule of waiver which the Board
had earlier rejected and, therefore, would not have
opened the refusal-to-bargain route. In his view,
the Board should have ordered a new election, thus
leaving the union to the election procedure it chose
to follow in the beginning.
Protected Activity. An employer’s honest but
mistaken belief that two employees who were so­
liciting union membership had threatened to dyna­
mite the company’s property if the union did not
acquire the authorizations did not justify their
discharge, the U.S. Supreme Court held.5
The employer discharged the two workers, re­
lying upon information furnished by an employee
who had been solicited. Subsequent investigation


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by the NLRB revealed the charges to be untrue.
The Board held that the employer’s honest belief
that the information was true did not shield him
from a finding of interference with protected union
activity in violation of section 8(a)(1) of the
LMRA, and discrimination with regard to tenure
of employment to discourage union membership—
a violation of section 8(a) (8) of the act.
The court of appeals refused to enforce the
Board’s reinstatement order because, in its opinion,
the employer’s belief that the discharged employ­
ees had engaged in activities—threats of vio­
lence—which are outside the protection of the act
was a valid defense to the charges.
The Supreme Court reversed the court below
but chose not to deal with the question of whether
the section 8(a) (3) ban on discrimination to dis­
courage union activity had been violated—a ques­
tion which would have required an examination
of the employer’s motive. Instead, the Court held
that the employer had interfered with the pro­
tected right to organize, a violation of section
8(a)(1), and that under this section the good faith
of the employer in making the discharges was
immaterial. The Court laid down the following
test for a violation of that section: A showing
“that the discharged employee was at the time
engaged in protected activity; that the employer
knew it was such, that the basis of the discharge
was an alleged act of misconduct in the course of
that activity, and that the employee was not, in
fact, guilty of that misconduct.”
The Court stressed that the immunity given
protected activity such as soliciting union mem­
bership would acquire a precarious status if inno­
cent employees could be discharged while engaged
in it, “even though the employer acts in good
faith.”
Justice Harlan dissented in part. He agreed
with the majority that an employee should not
bear the entire brunt of his honest, but mistaken
discharge. However, he took the position that a
rule fair to both sides would be one requiring
reinstatement of a wrongfully discharged em­
ployee and back pay only as of the time the
employer learned, or should have learned of his
mistake, unless there is a valid business reason
for refusing reinstatement.
5 N L R B v. B u m u p an d S im s, Inc. (U .S . Sup. Ct., N ov. 9, 1 9 6 4 ).

DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES

Fair Employment Practices

Discrimination in Hire. The Illinois Fair Em­
ployment Practices Commission directed an
electronics company to cease denying equal em­
ployment opportunity to any qualified applicants
and to pay a monetary award to a Negro applicant
who had passed the company’s tests but had been
discriminated against when he sought employ­
ment.6 The Commission, however, did not feel it
necessary, as the hearing examiner did, to require
the employer to stop using a general ability pre­
employment test which might have been inher­
ently discriminatory.
The complainant alleged that the employer had
violated the Illinois Fair Employment Practices
Act by discriminatorily denying him a position as
an “analyzer and phaser” after he had passed the
preemployment tests and asserted other qualifica­
tions for employment. When the employer refused
to participate in a conciliation conference to
attempt an amicable settlement, a hearing exam­
iner was appointed to investigate the complaint.
The hearing examiner not only found that the
employer had discriminated but also ordered the
employer to discontinue using the preemployment
test given the applicant, since he found it to be
discriminatory against culturally disadvantaged
groups. The hearing examiner required, in addi­
tion, that if the employer chose to replace the test
“that it adopt a test which shall reflect and equate
inequalities and environmental factors among the
disadvantaged and culturally deprived groups.”
The examiner further required the company to


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

71
offer the complainant the job for which he had
applied at the current rate of wages paid those
who were in training.
On appeal, the Commission chose not to deal
with the question of whether the preemployment
test was discriminatory since the complainant had
passed the test and did not claim it to have been
discriminatory. It emphasized, however, that in
a future case, with an appropriate factual situa­
tion, the use of such a test might be held in viola­
tion of the State fair employment practices statute
since it forbids the use of any device to discrimi­
nate. In supporting the hearing examiner’s find­
ing that the complainant had been discriminated
against, the Commission based its conclusion on
the evidence that the company discriminated at
the first step of its hiring process and thereby
precluded the complainant from demonstrating
his qualifications for the job sought. Since the
complainant was discriminated against before he
had a chance to show his merit and the record did
not enable the Commission to judge that merit
and qualification for the job, the Commission did
not require the company to hire him or to give
him further consideration for employment. In­
stead, the Commission directed the employer to
pay the complainant $1,000 for the expense, em­
barrassment, and possible loss of employment at
the company; it also enjoined the company from
further discrimination in hiring on the basis of
race, color, religion, national origin, or ancestry.
8
In re M y a r t and M o to ro la , In c. (111. F a ir E m ploym en t P ra c­
tices C om m ission No. 6 3 c -1 2 7 , N ov. 18, 1 9 6 4 ).

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

tive January 1, 1965, while engineers received minimum
increases of $1.75 a day in basic rates retroactive to June 1,
1964. A fourth week of vacation after 20 years of service
was also provided. On the same day, the Locomotive
Engineers negotiated a fourth week of vacation after 20
years’ service for its 35,000 workers. On November 20
and 21, eight nonoperating unions, representing 367,000
workers, settled on similar wage and fringe benefit agree­
ments. ( See also p. 74 of this issue.)

November 18
November 1, 1964
in the Railway Labor Executives’ Association. The
Brotherhood had previously withdrawn from railway
labor’s Political League.

T h e I llinois Fair Employment Practices Commission,
finding that a Negro applicant denied employment at
Motorola, Inc., had been discriminated against, ruled that
the company pay him $1,000 damages and end future
unfair employment practices.

November 3

November 19

F ull crew law s specifying train crew sizes were repealed
in referendums held in California, Arizona, and North
Dakota.

T h e S ecretary

T h e L ocomotive E ngineers withdrew from participation

November 9

of D e fen se announced that 95 military
installations would be closed or consolidated over periods
ranging from 6 months to 10 years, eliminating 28,500
civilian jobs. Displaced workers were to be retrained and
relocated at government expense.

R eversing a U.S. Court of Appeals, the U.S. Supreme

November 21

Court held that an employer, erroneously informed that
employee organizers were going to dynamite his plants,
violated right-to-organize provisions of the Taft-Hartley
Act when he discharged the organizers. The case was
NLRB v. Burnup and Sims, Inc. (See p. 70 of this
issue.)

November 16
R ailroad T r ain m en and the Nation’s railroads
agreed to a 2-year contract for 96,000 workers. It pro­
vided wage increases of $1.75 a day for conductors and car
retarder operators, $1.44 for yard helpers and road brakemen, and 21.875 cents an hour for dining car stewards and
yard masters, all retroactive to July 12,1964, and a fourth
week of vacation after 20 years’ service. Five days later,
the Railway Conductors and Brakemen, representing over
16,000 workers, reached a similar agreement. (See also
p. 74 of this issue.)
T he

A 1 9 - d a y strike b y 1 1 ,0 0 0 workers ended when Allis Chal­
mers Manufacturing Co. and the Auto Workers settled on
a 3-year contract patterned after other recent farm imple­
ment agreements. ( See also p. 75 of this issue.)

November 17
A n agreement based upon recommendations made by
Presidential Emergency Board 164 on November 5 was
reached between the Nation’s railroads and the Loco­
motive Firemen and Enginemen, representing 28,000 work­
ers. Firemen’s wages were to be increased 9 cents an hour
retroactive to January 15, 1964, and another 9 cents effec72


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

T h e D etroit P u b l ish e r s A ssociation , representing the

Free Press and Detroit News, and the Printing Pressmen’s
Union, on strike since July 13, settled on a new agreement.
The parties resolved the major issue of crew sizes on
eight-unit presses by agreeing to the present 16-man crew
for 1 year. Thereafter, crew sizes may either be reduced
to 15 men or the union may submit the issue to arbitration.
The Paper and Plate Handlers Union, which had also been
on strike, had reached agreement 10 days earlier. (See
also pp. 77-78 of this issue.)

November 23
T h e last of n in e Ford Motor Co. plants which struck on
November 6 over local working conditions ratified an
agreement. The strike by 25,500 workers resulted in the
layoff of some 80,000 nonstrikers as parts shortages closed
other units. (See also p. 75 of this issue.)

A strike begun November 9 was ended when the Detroit
Tooling Association, representing 59 tool and die firms in
Detroit, reached agreement with the Auto Workers on a
3-year contract providing 5,000 workers wage increases
ranging from 26 to 35 cents an hour over the contract
term. (See also p. 75 of this issue.)

November 24
T h e AFL-CIO E xecutive Council adjourned a 1-day
meeting in Washington, D.C., after formulating its 1965
legislative goals. Among them were: Repeal of TaftHartley provisions permitting States to outlaw union shop

CHRONOLOGY OF RECENT LABOR EVENTS

73

agreements; hospital insurance for the aged based on so­
cial security principles; a Federal system of reinsurance
for private pension plans; increased unemployment and
social security benefits; and a $2 minimum wage, 35-hour
workweek, with double time for overtime.

November 26

a i 2-day strik e , the Pacific Coast Association of
Pulp and Paper Manufacturers and the Western Pulp and
Paper Workers agreed on terms of a contract covering
21,000 workers at 48 plants. The contract provided a
modified union shop, wage and fringe benefit increases
totaling 19 cents an hour retroactive to June 1, 1964, a

T h e Canadian Board of Maritime Trustees announced
Leonard J. McLaughlin was elected president of the
Canadian branch of the Seafarers Union. He had been
executive vice president under Hal C. Banks who was re­
moved from office by the Board. (See Chron. item for
Mar. 18, MLR, May 1964 and p. 79 of this issue.) -

A fter


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

10-cent wage increase on June 1,1965, and a wage reopener
1 year before the agreement’s March 15, 1967, expiration
date. ( See also p. 77 of this issue.)

Developments in
Industrial Relations*

Wages and Collective Bargaining

Transportation and Communications. About
550.000 railroad employees received either wage
increases or liberalized fringe benefits under agree­
ments reached during November, while negotia­
tions affecting another 49,000 shop craft workers
continued into December.
The Locomotive Engineers, representing 35,000
members, on November 17 signed an agreement
providing a fourth week of vacation after 20 years’
service.1
On the same day, the Locomotive Firemen and
Enginemen signed an agreement providing most
of its 28,000 members a 72-cent-a-day wage increase
retroactive to January 15,1964, with an additional
72 cents scheduled for January 1,1965. Engineers
on trains without firemen received additional in­
creases, while other engineers received $1.75 a day
retroactive to June 1, 1964. A fourth week of
vacation after 20 years’ service was also established.
On November 16, the Railroad Trainmen agreed
to a contract for its 96,000 members, providing a
$1.75-a-day wage increase for conductors and car
retarder operators, $1.44 for yard helpers and road
brakemen, and an increase in the basic monthly
rates for dining car stewards and yardmasters by
an amount equal to 21.875 cents an hour. All
increases were retroactive to July 12, 1964. A
fourth week of vacation was also established for
employees with 20 years’ service. On November 20,
the Railway Conductors and Brakemen, represent­
ing 16,000 members, signed a contract providing
the same wage increases and vacation benefits.
Later in the month, the Switchmen, representing
8.000 workers, accepted a similar offer from the
railroads.
On November 20 and 21, 8 2 of the 11 nonoperat­
ing unions, representing 367,000 members, signed
3-year contracts providing wage increases of 9
cents an hour on January 1 of 1964,1965, and 1966.
74

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

The Railway Signalmen were not covered by the
provision for wage increases since they had signed
a wage agreement on May 1,1964.3
Other terms of the agreement, which followed
the recommendations made in October by three
Presidential Emergency Boards,4 were a fourth
week of vacation after 20 years’ service, an eighth
paid holiday (the employee’s birthday), $2,000 life
insurance coverage for retired employees, and rail­
road payment of $25.22 a month (instead of
$21.82) beginning January 1, 1966, to maintain
current health and welfare benefits. Negotiations
on job security provisions affecting five nonoperat­
ing unions were continuing.5
A 3-year contract negotiated by the Teamsters
in mid-November for 5,000 tank truck drivers in
13 midwestern States provided general increases
of 8 cents an hour effective each November 15
of 1964, 1965, and 1966, with additional increases
to eliminate area differentials. The hourly rate
of all drivers will be $3.44 an hour at the termina­
tion of the contract. A guaranteed 48-hour week
was continued with 8 hours at time and one-half
providing $178.88 a week guaranteed pay at the
end of the contract period. The companies agreed
to increase their payment to the health and wel­
fare funds to $7.30 a week (from $3.50) and to
the pension fund to $8 (from $6). The cost-ofliving clause was revised, and a 4-week vacation
was provided after 16 instead of 18 years’ service.
Trans World Airlines, Inc., and the Air Line
Pilots Association agreed on a 2-year contract
gradually cutting the maximum flying time for
1,800 pilots to 75 hours a month by December 1,
1966, from the existing 85, with no loss in monthly
pay. The agreement also increased retirement
and disability payments.
Several telephone companies reached agreement
under wage reopenings with the Communications
Workers (CWA) or other unions during late Sep*Prepared in th e D iv isio n of W age E con om ics, B ureau of Labor
S ta tis tic s, on th e b asis o f pu blished m aterial ava ila b le in early
D ecem ber.
1 A $1.75-a-day w age in crea se had been n e g o tia ted in J u ly 1964.
See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , Septem ber 1964, p. 1068.
2 R ailw ay Clerks, M ain ten an ce o f W ay E m ployees, R ailroad
T elegraph ers, H o te l and R e sta u ra n t E m ployees, B oilerm akers,
R a ilw ay C arm en, F irem en and O ilers, and R ailroad S ign alm en.
3 See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , J u ly 1964, p. 813.
* See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , D ecem ber 1964, p. 2.
6
S ix shop cra ft un ion s sign ed a job secu rity agreem en t on Sept.
25, 1964. See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , N ovem ber 1964, pp. 1 3 0 8 1309.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

tember, October, or November, with weekly salary
increases ranging from $2 to $6 a week, and in
some cases, additional increases resulting from up­
grading of towns. Among the agreements were:
Northwestern Bell and the CWA—$2 to $5 a week
for about 17,000 employees, effective September 27,
with upgrading of some towns.
Bell Telephone Co. of Pa. and the Telephone Work­
ers of Pa. (Ind.)—$2 to $6 for about 9,500 plant and
service department employees, effective in October.
Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Co. and the
CWA—$2.50 to $5 for about 18,000 plant and traffic
employees in northern California and Nevada, effec­
tive October 18.
New England Telephone and Telegraph Co. and the
Brotherhood of Telephone Workers (Ind.)—$2 to $5
for about 12,500 employees effective in October.
Southern Bell Telephone Co. and the CWA—$2 to
$5 for about 57,000 employees in all departments in
nine southeastern States effective in mid-November,
plus reclassification of several towns.
Illinois Bell Telephone Co. and the Electrical Work­
ers (IBEW )—increases ranging from $2.50 to $5
and averaging $4.86 a week for 11,000 plant employees
in Illinois and Lake and Porter Counties, In d.; max­
imum wage increases of $5 a week for 34 job classifi­
cations including all switchmen, PBX repairmen,
installers, and general repairmen and linemen, and
increases in all starting rates in amounts ranging
from $3 to $4.50 a w eek; contracts retroactive to No­
vember 22 if agreement was ratified by December 10.

Services. Members of the Hotel and Restaurant
Employees Union, on October 28, ratified an agree­
ment with the Golden Gate Restaurant Association
providing 5-percent wage increases in each of the
3 contract years for about 7,000 cooks, waiters,
waitresses, bartenders, and other culinary workers.
It was expected the contract would be extended to
8,000 workers in other restaurants and bars in the
San Francisco area. In the final year of the con­
tract, minimum rates for a 7^-hour day will range
from $14.50 for waiters and cashiers to $31.80 a
day for chefs.
Metalworking. In the automobile industry, a mas­
ter contract was signed by Ford Motor Co. and
the Auto Workers (UAW), and full production
was resumed after the last of nine units that had
struck over local issues ratified its supplemental
agreement in late November. The strike at the
plant in Sterling Township, Mich., and the eight
others that began November 6 had resulted in the
layoff of 80,000 men as parts shortages closed other
units.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

75

On November 16, the Allis-Chalmers Manufac­
turing Co. reached agreement with the UAW on
a 3-year contract covering some 11,000 employees,
ending a strike that began November 7. Settle­
ment terms were generally similar to the Big Three
auto and farm implement agreements.6 Wages
were to be increased 2y2 percent (minimum 6
cents) effective November 1,1965, and 2.8 percent
(minimum 7 cents) effective November 1, 1966.
Other provisions included two additional holidays,
bringing the total to 9; 4 weeks’ vacation after 20
years (instead of 25), and 3 weeks after 10 years
(instead of 15) ; and improvements in regular and
early retirement pensions, SUB benefits, insurance,
and other benefits.
On November 23, the Detroit Tooling Associa­
tion, representing 59 firms in the Detroit area,
reached agreement with the Auto Workers on a
3-year contract covering some 5,000 workers. The
agreement provided wage increases ranging from
26 to 35 cents an hour over 3 years and improve­
ments in fringe benefits. The settlement was pre­
ceded by a strike that began on November 9.
A 3-year contract agreed to in mid-October be­
tween the Allied Industrial Workers, representing
some 1,600 workers, and the Fort Wayne Division
of the Dana Corp. deferred a 6-cent-an-hour addi­
tion to incentive base rates and a 7-cent increase
in rates of hourly workers until October 1965,
and scheduled a similar wage increase for 1966.
The company assumed the full cost of life and hos­
pitalization insurance for current employees and
retirees. Other terms included a ninth paid holi­
day, improved pension benefits, and establishment
of a SUB plan.
After a 20-week strike, the Barber-Colman Co.
reached agreement with the Sheet Metal Workers
on a 30-month agreement covering some 2,500
workers in Rockford and Loves Park, 111., and
Milton Junction, Wis. The settlement, ratified on
October 21, provided a 2.3-percent wage increase
(averaging 6 cents an hour) the first year, and 9
cents an hour effective both May 2, 1965, and May
3, 1966. Wage classifications were consolidated
from several hundred to 19, providing additional
raises averaging 4 cents an hour effective the first
year. Other provisions included assumption by
the company of the full cost instead of about 70
percent of the cost of life and accident and health
benefits, a major medical plan for retirees, and
« See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , N ovem ber, 1964, pp. 1 3 0 6 -1 3 0 8 ,
and D ecem ber 1964, p. 1435.

76

improved recall and seniority provisions. Strikers
accused of picket line violence were to be reinstated
pending arbitration of their status.
Negotiating jointly for some 1,800 workers,
Pratt and Whitney Co. and Chandler Evans Corp.
of Hartford, Conn., both divisions of Fairbanks
Whitney Corp., settled with the UAW on Octo­
ber 5 on a 3-year contract providing immediate 5to 16-cent-an-hour wage increases and similar
increases 18 months later. Other provisions in­
cluded increased night-shift differentials, the day
after Thanksgiving as a ninth paid holiday, a
fourth week of vacation after 25 years, improved
funeral leave, and increased insurance benefits.
Pension benefits were to be raised immediately to
$2.75 a month (from $2.50) for each year of serv­
ice up to 35, to $3 on January 1, 1968, and to $3.25
for each year beyond January 1, 1968. Seniority
provisions were broadened to permit transfer
within broad job classes, and wage rates for skilled
work were to be open to renegotiation whenever
operations are automated.
In early October, the Bridgeport Brass Co. of
Bridgeport, Conn., agreed with the Brass Workers
(Federal Labor Union No. 24411) on a 3-year con­
tract covering 1,600 workers. The pact deferred
a 7-cent-an-hour wage increase until October 1,
1965, but inequity adjustments ranging from 2 to
5 cents an hour for specified job classifications
were to be provided in the first and third years.
Other provisions increased premium pay for holi­
day work, improved vacations, and raised life in­
surance, weekly sickness and accident, and hospital
benefits. The pension plan was funded and im­
proved to include deferred vesting rights at age 65
for employees age 40 with 15 years’ credited serv­
ice. Severance pay providing from $200 after 10
years’ service up to $600 after 30 years’ service was
established.
The Waterbury, Conn., Division of the Ana­
conda American Brass Co. reached agreement
with the.UAW on a 3-year contract covering some
1,600 workers. The pact, ratified on October 19
following a 4-day strike, provided a 6-cent-a.nhour general increase in base rates effective Oc­
tober 15, 1964, with an additional 6 cents an hour
in October of 1965 and 1966. In addition, skilled
employees were to receive 5-cent increases in the
first and third years. One-half cent an hour was
to be deducted from the second year increase to
defray the cost of including total company serv­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

ice in computing paid vacations for employees of
the Torrington Division who had been transferred
to the Waterbury Division.
Other provisions included 4 weeks’ vacation
after 25 years (instead of the previous maximum
of 3 weeks after 15 years), and effective the second
year, an additional day’s paid vacation for each
2 years worked beyond 15 years. Daily hospital
benefits were to be increased, and effective Octo­
ber 15, 1965, company contributions to the secu­
rity benefit plan were to be increased 5 cents an
hour and the maximum weekly payment from in­
dividual accounts was to be increased to $40.
In early November, the Collins Radio Co. signed
a 3-year contract with the Electrical Workers
(IBEW) covering some 4,200 workers in Cedar
Rapids and Anamosa, Iowa. Retroactive to Octo­
ber 10, it provided a 6- to 9-cent wage increase the
first year, 6 to 8 cents effective October 9,1965, and
5 to 8 cents on October 15, 1966. The night-shift
differential was raised to 20 cents (from 15 cents)
and a 15-cent premium for regularly scheduled
weekend work was established. Total paid holi­
days were brought to 9 by establishing New Year’s
Eve as a full instead of a half holiday and by add­
ing the day after Thanksgiving, and a fourth week
of vacation was made effective after 20 instead of
25 years. Life insurance coverage was also in­
creased and termination pay was established for
workers retiring at age 55 with 10 years’ or more
service.
Wagner Electric Co., of St. Louis, Mo., and the
Electrical Workers (IU E ), representing 3,500
workers, agreed to a two-part contract on Octo­
ber 6. The wage agreement—effective for 30
months—provided increases of 11 cents an hour,
payable in 3 steps; continuation of cost-of-living
escalation, with a 3-cent-an-hour annual limita­
tion ; and an inequity wage adjustment fund valued
at 1 cent an hour. The other contract provisions—
in effect for 54 months—provided an additional
paid holiday and 4 weeks’ vacation after 15 rather
than 20 years, with a fifth week after 25 years’
service. Pension plan improvements included
vesting after 10 years’ service instead of 15 years
and benefits of $2.75 a month for each year of
credited past service and $3 a month for each year
of future service, instead of the former $2.25 a
month.
The IUE, representing 5,500 production em­
ployees of the Whirlpool Corp. at Evansville, Ind.,

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

ratified a 3-year contract on October 21, after re­
jecting a previous proposal and striking 4 days.
The agreement provided a 7-cent-an-hour increase
effective immediately and an additional 6 cents
18 months later. Escalation was continued sub­
ject to a maximum increase in the cost-of-living
allowance of 3 cents over the life of the agreement.
Pension benefits were increased to $2.80 a month
for each year’s credited service instead of $2.50,
and vesting provisions were improved.
The steel industry’s Human Relations Commit­
tee, composed of representatives of the Steel­
workers and 11 major companies, undertook a
series of “concentrated meetings” in November to
evaluate a number of studies relating to the round
of industry bargaining begun in mid-December.7
In contrast to recent negotiations, bargaining was
expected to focus initially on issues peculiar to
each company, with negotiations on the basic con­
tracts to begin later. The union’s leadership de­
cided on this procedure after some members
complained that local issues had been neglected in
recent settlements.
Bargaining goals were announced by the
union’s wage policy committee on December 3.
They included a “substantial” wage increase (the
latest increase was in October 1961, resulting from
the 1960 settlement); additional craft and
inequity wage adjustments; resumption of costof-living escalation (discontinued by the 1962
settlement) ; pension improvements, particularly
increased incentives for early retirement; im­
proved medical insurance; and additional paid
holidays.
The announcement emphasized the “total job
security” concept approved at the union’s recent
convention.8 Included would be maintenance of
income for “longer service employees” during lay­
offs, sickness, or disability regardless of duration.
It also called for contract provisions, such as the
right to strike locally, that could be used to force
faster settlement of grievances.
A factor that could affect negotiations is the
February 9 election in which incumbent David
McDonald, whose term as president expires on
7Major steel contracts provide for the reopening of negotia­
tions any time on or after Jan. 1, 1965, with the earliest strike
date 120 days thereafter.
8See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , November 1964, pp. 1254-1255.
9Ibid., p. 1312.


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77
June 1, 1965, is being challenged for the presi­
dency by Secretary-Treasurer I. W. Abel.
Paper and Printing. A 12-day strike ended when
the Pacific Coast Association of Pulp and Paper
Manufacturers reached contract terms on Novem­
ber 24 with the newly formed Independent Asso­
ciation of Western Pulp and Paper Workers.
Provided was a 4-percent general wage increase
plus an additional 5 cents to women retroactive
to June 1, 1964, with a 10-cent general raise
scheduled for June 1, 1965. An eighth paid
holiday and insurance improvements were also
provided the 21,000 workers covered by the agree­
ment.
Expiring March 15,1967, the contract was made
subject to reopening in March 1966, and provided
for a full union shop under specified conditions:
All workers hired after June 1, 1964, must join
the union and those who were members before
that time must remain members. In individual
plants, a full union shop was to apply where 80
percent of the workers joined within 120 days or
where 70 percent of all the plant workers choose
the union after the 120-day period.
In May, the employers’ association (represent­
ing 18 companies with about 48 mills) had nego­
tiated a 1-year agreement providing a total 16%cent package (including a 4-percent wage increase)
with 2 unions that represented the workers at
that time—the Pulp and Sulphite Workers
and the United Papermakers and Paperworkers.
Subsequent rejection of the contract by rank-andfile members reportedly resulted from dissension
within the unions rather than from dissatisfaction
with the contract provisions. As a result of a Sep­
tember NLRB election requested by the workers,
the newly formed independent union replaced the
former unions as bargaining agent.9
The Detroit newspaper strike ended on No­
vember 21 when Pressmen’s Local 13 ratified a
45-month contract with the Detroit Newspaper
Publishers Association, enabling the Free Press
and the Detroit News to resume publication on
November 25, 132 days after the strike began.
The walkout by the Pressmen and by Local 10 of
the same union representing paper and plate
handlers had begun on July 13. The plate han­
dlers ratified a 2-year contract on November 11 but
did not return to work because the Pressmen

78

could not agree with the Association on the man­
ning requirements for new eight-unit presses at
the Detroit News. The union asserted that 16
men were necessary while the Association held
that only 15 were needed. Under a compromise
suggested by UAW President Walter Reuther,
16 men will be used during the first contract year.
Beginning the second year, 15 men will be used
or the issue will be arbitrated, whichever the union
elects.
Other Manufacturing. Two major shoe manufac­
turers reached agreement with the United Shoe
Workers and the Boot and Shoe Workers on
2-year contracts for 21,600 workers in 68 factories
in six States.
The Brown Shoe Co. set the pattern on October
20 by agreeing to 2-percent wage increases on Jan ­
uary 4, 1965, and again on January 3, 1966. In
addition, rates of workers in lower paid jobs were
to be raised by 0.8 to 10 percent (averaging 2 per­
cent) in January 1965. The settlement also in­
cluded an increase in pension benefits to $1.50 per
credit year (from $1.25) for persons retiring on or
after November 1, 1964, and to $1.75 for persons
retiring after November 2, 1965; an eighth paid
holiday; a 7-cent instead of a 5-cent an hour third
shift differential; and increased hospital and sur­
gical benefits.
The settlement at International Shoe Co.,
reached on October 22, provided the same 2-per­
cent general wage increases on January 4, 1965,
and January 3, 1966, and raised the lowest group
of piecework wages an additional 2 percent.
About 13,000 workers were affected by the settle­
ment. Other terms were generally similar to the
Brown agreement.
Under a wage reopener, about 2,600 employees
of the Armstrong Cork Co., in Lancaster, Pa.,
represented by the Rubber Workers and the
Machinists, received hourly wage increases, effec­
tive October 11, ranging from 6 to 13.3 cents and
averaging about 7 cents or 2% percent.
Announcement was made on October 29 of 3year agreements to replace contracts scheduled to
expire on December 31, 1964, between the Amer­
ican Tobacco Co. and the Tobacco Workers, repre­
senting 1,800 workers in Richmond, Va., 4,800 in
Reidsville and Durham, N.C., and 1,200 in Louis­
ville, Ky. Wages were increased 2 percent, and


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

classification adjustments ranging from 5 to 15
cents an hour for some 50 jobs became effective
November 2. A reduction in the workweek to
37^ hours from 40, with no loss in weekly pay,
was to become effective when the company is able
to make the adjustment. Other provisions to
become effective in January 1965 included full re­
tirement at age 62, instead of 65, a $5-a-week in­
crease in sick benefits (to a maximum of $40 for
24 weeks), and 2 days paid funeral leave.
Phillip Morris, Inc., and the Tobacco Workers
agreed to similar 3-year contracts covering some
3,000 employees in Richmond, Va., and Louisville,
Ky. Included were additional classification ad­
justments ranging up to 12 cents an hour to some
40 percent of the employees, and a provision for
time and one-half for all work over 7y2 hours a
day, beginning May 1, 1967. The workweek re­
duction was not to apply to seasonal employees.
Approximately 3,700 employees at Liggett and
Myers plants in Richmond, Va., and Durham, N.C.,
received an 814-percent wage increase, resulting
from a clause in the Tobacco Workers’ contract
tying wages to those at other cigarette and tobacco
factories and stemmeries.
Government. The Milwaukee County Board, on
November 10, voted a 3-percent general pay raise
for the county’s 7,000 salaried employees to become
effective on January 1, 1965. In addition, pay­
ment of $6 of the $16 a month premium for family
Blue Cross and Blue Shield benefits was approved;
the county had previously paid the entire cost of
insurance for employees only. The general salary
increase was substituted for an automatic cost-ofliving adjustment which would have raised earn­
ings by less than 1 percent in 1965.
Other Developments

After 14 years of unsuccessful efforts, the Steel­
workers gained bargaining rights for 2,000 em­
ployees at the Torrance, Calif., plant of Harvey
Aluminum, Inc.—the Nation’s fifth largest pro­
ducer of basic aluminum. In the NLRB election,
the vote was 1,019 for the union, 473 for “no
union,” 3 ballots were void, and 428 votes were
challenged by the union and not counted. The
company’s other plants at The Dalles, Oreg., and
Adrian, Mich., were not covered by the election,

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

although the Steelworkers and other unions had
unsuccessfully tried to organize them in the past.
The Railway Clerks, the Air Line Employees
(an affiliate of the Air Line Pilots), and the Air
Line Dispatchers, announced they would work to­
gether to keep “undesirable” elements from gaining
bargaining rights in the industry, to organize the
unorganized, and to counteract the airlines’ mutual
aid pact.10 Shortly before the announcement, the
Air Line Employees had defeated the Teamsters
in a representation election to retain bargaining
rights for 2,000 workers at National Airlines.
10See M o n th ly
11See M o n th ly

L a b o r R e v ie w ,
L a b o r R e v ie w ,

758-054


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March 1959, p. 304.
June 1964, p. 696.

79
Leonard J. McLaughlin was elected president of
the Canadian branch of the Seafarers, the Cana­
dian Board of Maritime Trustees announced on
November 26. McLaughlin defeated his nearest
rival, René Turcotte, by 1,000 votes. Hal C.
Banks, former president of the union, was dis­
missed by the board in March after an investiga­
tion of maritime labor difficulties on the Great
Lakes.11 At that time, McLaughlin, then executive
vice president of the union, was named adminis­
trative director by the trustees. In September,
Mr. Banks resigned his $20,000 a year post as vice
president and international representative of the
parent Seafarers’ Union of North America.

Book Reviews
and Notes

scriptive nature of his work when he states, “This
is an essay in social history, with wages the central
focus.”
Origins of Modem Wage Theories can be recom­
mended as reference reading for elementary un­
dergraduate courses in economics, and it should
be interesting and informative reading for indi­
viduals who have not had much formal education
in economics.
— J oseph Z aremra

Wages and Social History

Origins of Modem Wage Theories. By N. Arnold
Tolies. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall,
Inc., 1964. 241 pp. $7.95.
The main point of this book is that the marginal
productivity theory of wages, which was devel­
oped by the 19th-century economists mainly to
answer the wage-share question, is inadequate for
explanation of 20th-century wage issues. The au­
thor believes that an adequate wage theory should
be able to explain wage levels in particular indus­
tries and economic groups, and also industrial
wage differentials.
The author examines several developments of
the past century that he believes have influenced
wage levels but have not been incorporated into
orthodox theory. These developments are mass
immigration into the United States from 1870 to
1914, the growth of labor unions, scientific man­
agement, welfare capitalism, national minimum
wage laws, government spending and tax policies,
social security, and the control of wages. Many of
these factors are influencing the course and devel­
opment of a new wage theory that the author be­
lieves should explain the total wage level; the
relationship between wage levels and the propor­
tion of the labor force that is unemployed; the
relationship between money wages and the prices
of all commodities; and, especially, the wage
structure.
However, serious students who might be looking
for guidance in constructing a more adequate wage
theory will be disappointed in this book. The
topics receive very superficial treatment; excessive
space is devoted to a descriptive and historical
development of subjects such as labor unions, gov­
ernment taxation and spending, and immigration,
and little attention is given to an analysis of wage
theory. The author seems to recognize the de80


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Associate Professor of Economics
Fordham University

Case Hardened

Problems in Labor Relations. By Benjamin M.
Selekman and others. New York, McGrawHill Book Co., 1964. 754 pp. 3d. ed. $10.50.
The authors offer this book as one “that can be
used as the text for a variety of undergraduate
and graduate courses in such fields as collective
bargaining, industrial relations, labor economics,
labor-management relations, and personnel rela­
tions.” I t was intended “primarily for students
majoring in business, economics, personnel, or
labor relations.” With such a diverse target the
most recent edition of this well-known work of­
fers, of necessity, a great variety of cases for study.
These cases are presented in six groupings, some
carried forward from the earlier edition, some
new. The groupings are: Framework for Study
of Cases in Labor Relations (carried forw ard);
The Organizing Stage (new) ; Internal Relations:
Problems in the Shop (carried forward) ; Institu­
tional Relations: Problems at the Bargaining Ta­
ble (carried forward) ; Labor Relations and Pub­
lic Policy (new) ; and A Look at Labor Relations
Overseas (new). The summaries or excerpts
which make up the cases suggest well the great
variety of problems, personalities, traditions, eco­
nomic situations, and institutional factors that
make labor relations so complex and challenging.
In so doing a useful presentation is offered.
In my opinion there remains a significant weak­
ness in the volume. Each case testifies to the com­
plexity of labor relations and the absence of facile
solutions. Yet the presentation makes of labor
relations a more disoriented study than necessary.
The authors fail to introduce a series of cases in
such a way as to draw the attention of the reader

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

to the types of problems likely to arise in certain
types of situations. The student reads without
certain reference points that might make his study
more meaningful—unless the instructor sets such
guideposts.
Similarly, at the close of a group of cases in one
section of the book the authors fail to draw to­
gether in some sort of summary any suggestions
as to possible generalizations or conclusions that
may seem warranted. Here again an instructor,
or the discussion questions at the close of the cases,
may help the student derive such conclusions. But
not every instructor is experienced and knowledge­
able, and many persons may read the book with­
out, subsequent class discussion. A book such as
this, intended as a text, demands highly compe­
tent students and professors—else the student may
emerge with only a series of interesting but nonintegrated lists of information.
The above is not to be read as a plea for the
highly structured text filled with lists of princi­
ples to be committed to unthinking memory.
If we must choose between such a presentation
and that of Selekman et al., the latter probably is
the better choice. But there should be a middle
ground that offers stimulating and realistic pres­
entations of issues that arise in the discipline be­
ing studied and also suggests approaches or solu­
tions that seem to have merit. The failure of the
authors of this book to utilize introductory state­
ments and concluding remarks detracts from the
value of the work.
— G l e n n W . M iller
Director of Graduate Study in Economics
Ohio State University

Updating Theory

Explorations in Social Change. Edited by George
K. Zollschan and Walter Hirsch. New York,
Houghton Mifflin Co., 1964. 832 pp. $10.95.
In his introduction to this symposium of the
problems of social and cultural change, Don Martindale (University of Minnesota) points out that
while sociology has experienced tremendous
growth and impetus in the period since World
War II, out of all the recent dramatic transfor­
mations has come the admission that sociology’s
“theory of social change is the weakest branch of


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81

sociological theory.” In a very real sense, this
publication has for its purpose bridging this gap
through an intensive analysis of the many-faceted
problems of social change.
The book brings together some 30-odd sociolog­
ical studies or essays by outstanding spokesmen
in the field. For the layman, the document con­
tains much meaty material (e.g., ch. 8, “Func­
tional Analysis As a Source of a Theoretical Rep­
ertory and Research Tasks in the Study of Social
Change”) and is not susceptible of light perusal.
For the serious student, however, it represents a
well-rounded summary of contemporary thinking
on social change, with a considered balance be­
tween the general and the specific.
Two chapters will be of special interest to those
concerned with labor and industrial relations and
the institutional aspects of trade unions. In chap­
ter 27, Fred Cottrell discusses “Technology and
Social Change on American Railroads.” The
sociologist will be principally interested in Pro­
fessor Cottrell’s use of the experiences of Amer­
ican railroads and unions to develop and update
the cultural lag theory of social change. But the
essay also offers an interesting insight into the
problems encountered by railroad management and
labor in meeting the thrust of technological change
and into the steps taken by each side to cope with
the effects of change. No less interesting is Philip
M. Marcus’ essay on “Organizational Change:
The Case of American Trade Unions.” Marcus
applies a sociological analysis to trade unions to
indicate “how changes in the industry, technology,
or legal system affect such internal variables as
size and composition of membership, relationships
between local and national organizations, as well
as the total bureaucratic structure.” His theme is
both interesting and perceptive.
Explorations in Social Change is not an easy
book to digest. Its editors, however, have skill­
fully arranged its many parts into logical divi­
sions and prefaced each major topical section with
a comprehensive introduction. The total effort
represents not only a symposium on the problems
of social and cultural change but also an up-todate exposition of contemporary sociological
theory.
— J o hn N. G entry
Office of the Assistant Secretary for
Labor-Management Relations

82
Problems of Growth and Vice Versa

Essays in Southern Economic Development. Ed­
ited by Melvin L. Greenhut and W. Tate Whit­
man. Chapel Hill, N.C., University of North
Carolina Press, 1964. 498 pp. $7.50.
The 14 studies included in this volume, which
was supported by the Inter-University Committee
for Economic Research on the South, range widely
in subject matter. Clarence H. Danhop traces
“Four Decades of Thought on the South’s Eco­
nomic Problems,” and is concerned primarily with
the region’s slow pace of industrial development.
C. Addison Hickman, after examining the tradi­
tional concept of the entrepreneurial function,
compares entrepreneurship in the South with that
of the Nation as a whole. His article “The Entre­
preneurial Function: The South as a case Study”
is followed by “Negro Entrepreneurship in South­
ern Economic Development” by Harding B. Young
and James M. Hund, who raise the basic question
of whether the southern Negro entrepreneur is
prepared to move into the mainstream of the re­
gion’s economy. George Macesish’s “Liquidity
Preference—A Southern Banking Tradition?”
concludes that the southern banker is less conserva­
tive in his financial outlook and more active in
promoting economic development than is true of
bankers elsewhere.
The South accounted for 60 percent of the Na­
tion’s rural outmigration in the decade of the
fifties; its total population grew slowly, but its
urban population boomed and its nonagricultural
employment grew faster than that of the Nation.
Particular areas of John M. Henderson’s “Some
General Aspects of Recent Regional Develop­
ment,” which describes these patterns of popula­
tion growth and employment, are studied in more
detail by John L. Fulner in a paper on “Trends
in Population and Employment in the South Since
1930 and their Economic Significance.” The
growth of cities in the South, Mr. Fulner con­
cludes, promises to make employment grow faster
than population, thereby lowering the population
pressure to the national ratio. Frank Hanna’s
analysis of “Income in the South since 1929” ex­
amines the changes in total and per capita income,
in income components, and in income sources. He
points out that the reduction since 1939 in the


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JANUARY 1065

shares of income going to the upper income groups
in the Nation as a whole, revealed in Kuznets’
studies, have been paralleled by a similar reduc­
tion in the South; hence, a growth in the middleincome groups is evident for both the region and
the Nation. Bernard Olsen and Gerald Garh em­
ploy factor analysis to explain the growth rate in
the South as compared with growth in 10 highincome States from the rest of the Nation. Fol­
lowing their article, “A Factor Analysis of Char­
acteristics of the South,” Werner Hoohwald
studies “Interregional Income Flows and the
South.” The South, taken as a model of economic
development in an open economy, has a “favor­
able” balance of trade and thus receives a net in­
flow of income from other regions.
Marshall Colberg’s “Area Redevelopment and
Related Federal Programs: Effects on the South”
indicates the author’s preference for market forces
over government controls in the determination of
industrial location. He believes that ARA may
impede the movement of plants from north to
south. Plant location is not exclusively pricedetermined, according to Melvin L. Greenhut and
Charles T. Stewart, Jr. (“Economic Theory, Re­
gional Industrial Development, and the Paint In­
dustry”) ; the paint industry illustrates a locational
pattern strongly influenced by the geography of
demand. C. E. Ferguson’s study, “The Elasticity
of Substitution and Regional Estimates of Capital
and Capital Ratios in American Manufacturing
Industry, 1954-58,” finds that the three southern
regions encompassed were second only to the Pa­
cific West in the rate of growth of capital stock;
technological growth was greater in the South
than in the Nation. “The Postwar Corps of En­
gineers Program in Ten Southern States,” by Rob­
ert Haveman, argues that while many projects
could not be justified on the basis of economic ef­
ficiency, these projects have nevertheless aided
the region’s development. James Rinehart con­
tributes the final essay with “Rates of Return on
Municipal Subsidies to Industry,” in which he
concludes that industrial subsidy investments are
extremely profitable.
— J uanita

M.

K eeps

Professor of Economics
Duke University

83

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

The Unified Concept

The Management Profession. By Louis A. Allen.
New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1964.
375 pp., bibliography. $8.50.
“ . . . When a manager is called up to perform
both management work and operating work dur­
ing the same time period, he will tend to give first
priority to operating work. This tendency leads
to . . . substantial waste and inefficiency.” With
statements such as this, Louis A. Allen provides
his reader with a text that reviews in a very prac­
tical way the traditional approach to a study of
the management process. His new book is or­
ganized in a logical manner which holds the
reader’s attention as the author develops his man­
agement theme.
Mr. Allen proceeds from the thesis of Henri
Fayol and other traditional writers to produce his
“Unified Concept of Management.” This concept
consists of five characteristics: (1) Management
is a special kind of work; (2) management work
can be classified; (3) management must be
learned; (4) management work is measurable;
and (5) management skills are transferable. The
work of a manager is defined as consisting of
four key functions : planning, organizing, leading,
and controlling. Within each of these functions
the author develops, defines, and illustrates the
various activities in which every manager is
engaged.
Woven throughout the pattern of his theme, Mr.
Allen provides a thread of “Allen Principles of
Management.” Approximately three dozen prin­
ciples are developed to assist managers to act and
to decide in a predictable manner in the perform­
ance of day-to-day management activities. The
author presents a theory of management, and at
the same time offers many practical techniques to
apply this theory as he has seen them work in
many companies during his professional career
as a management consultant.
The author has succeeded in combining a dis­
tillation of his own years of experience with the
generally recognized findings in past and current
literature. His familiarity with traditional man­
agement theory is well displayed.
The title of the book would suggest that there
is today a profession of management. However,
in his text Mr. Allen indicates that although it


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has not yet arrived, at this stage, management
should rapidly become a profession. Management
has long been recognized and practiced as an art,
but the author believes that it has not yet devel­
oped as a science.
Although Mr. Allen has not developed a new
theory of management, he has presented the sub­
ject in an easy-to-read and logical manner. His
suggested bibliography by subject is helpful, his
brief chapter summaries provide a fine review,
and his Common Vocabulary of Professional
Management assists the reader in overcoming the
problem of semantics, so often considered the key
problem in communicating a theory of manage­
ment. The author’s reasoning and experienced
opinions should make the book popular among
businessmen. In addition, the book is well de­
signed as a text for courses in Principles of
Management.
— J o seph C. S chabacker
Professor and Chairman, Department of Management
Arizona State University

Thought Without Pedantry

Economic Rationality and Soviet Politics or Was
Stalin Really Necessaryf By Alec Nove.
New York, Frederick A. Praeger, Publisher,
1 964.

316 p p .

$ 8 .5 0 .

Students of Soviet affairs will not wish to miss
this latest volume by Professor Nove of the Uni­
versity of Glasgow, a distinguished interpreter
of Soviet economic developments. The book con­
sists of reprints of his earlier work—articles,
essays, conference papers—brought together from
sources that are widely scattered and, at least for
the American reader, not easily accessible. Most
of the 17 pieces are fairly recent (1962-64), 3 date
roughly from 1958, while 1 article is about 10 years
old. They make an interesting collection.
Any anthology is a mixed bag, and readers
will naturally differ in their opinions of what is
most useful, but one general impression emerges
clearly. In rereading some of Nove’s earlier
articles, one realizes how severely a collection of
a single author’s contributions tests reputation.
Nove’s is secure—in fact, enhanced. In addition,
readers who enjoy discovering that it is possible to
convey important thoughts gracefully and with­
out pedantry will welcome this volume, in which

84
they will also probably find more of the new than
of the familiar.
The book has a number of specific attractions.
It is a great convenience to find some useful refer­
ence articles in one volume: the 1958 “Economica”
article on success indicators and the 1960 “Prob­
lems of Communism” on social welfare are
two good examples. Then, too, the book contains
enough variety to suit many tastes. Some selec­
tions remind one that when he wants to, Nove can
be very much the musician’s musician (as in
“A Study of Soviet Wages,” a review article based
on the interesting book by the Soviet economist
Figurnov); but one also realizes that, when the
occasion calls for it—as in the paper on Soviet eco­
nomic prospects delivered at the December 1962
American Economic Association meeting—Nove
brings to bear enviable talents for solid analysis
and balanced synthesis. On another plane, “The
Uses and Abuses of Kremlinology” is a true gem.
In addition to reprints, the book contains three
articles which have evidently not been published
before. One unidentified piece, a fascinating
essay entitled “The Peasants in Soviet Literature
Since Stalin,” is a graphic reminder of Gerschenkron’s classic advice on the application of belletristic evidence to nonliterary uses, as well as an
original contribution to the study of the postStalin literary scene. In another unpublished
conference paper, on Soviet planning problems,
Nove has some eminently sensible things to say
about the necessary distinction between the ad­
vantages that Soviet planning might obtain from
computers and linear programming techniques,
and the irrelevancy of much work in mathemati­
cal economics or computer technology to the
problems of centralized resource allocation or the
choice of a rational set of operating prices. The
same article also serves to update Nove’s 1962
Soviet Studies article on results of the 1957 indus­
trial reorganization (“Soviet Planning: Reforms
in Prospect,” included in the volume under
review). The piece also provides an excellent ac­
count of the range of problems involved in the
discussions initiated by Professor Liberman and
others. The third new piece, “Economic Irra ­
tionality and Irrational Statistics,” investigates
the “coexistence of misallocation of resources and
high rates of growth,” in a lucid and interesting
manner.

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

Honesty compels mention of a relatively minor
irritant: in his choice of title, Nove has possibly
been overly impressed with the advantages of the
latest merchandising techniques. His book would
still be welcome if it were called something less
flambuoyant and more accurate. One notes,
finally, that Nove’s Gilbertian subtitle comes from
the piece heading the collection, a reprint from
Encounter (April 1962). Nove’s reply, properly
qualified, is that Stalin teas necessary. One re­
members the article with pleasure, though it is
hardly the chief attraction in this valuable
volume.
— P a u l G ek k e r
Division of International Finance
Federal Reserve Board

Quotations From Recent Books
Economics of the Kennedy Years and a Look
Ahead. By Seymour E. Harris. New York,
Harper & Row, Publishers, 1964. 273 pp.
I believe that the unemployment problem will be
a weakness in the economy throughout the 1960’s.
But there will be serious attempts to treat this
economic disease. A continued level of 5.5 to 6
percent of unemployment or sporadic rises to 6 to
8 percent will put pressure on the Government to
act. A more expansionist monetary policy, espe­
cially if the balance of payments problem is solved,
will clearly help. Further education on modern
fiscal policy should help put across more audacious
fiscal policies. This country’s economic education
has advanced in recent years. Not long ago, many
believed that budgets must be balanced every year.
Now, not only is it widely recognized that a bal­
ancing of the Federal budget over the business
cycle is still responsible fiscal policy, but also, in
the views of increasing numbers, that when the
cyclical peak is accompanied by much unemploy­
ment continued deficits are still consistent with
respectable fiscal behavior. Perhaps by the end
of the 1960’s, after the strain of high and longsustained unemployment, the country will be ready
to accept adequate fiscal policies.
Labor Economics and Labor Relations. By Lloyd
G. Reynolds. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Pren­
tice-Hall, Inc., 1964. 568 pp. 4th ed. $11.95.
Prophecy is hazardous. Scarcely anyone in the
nineteen twenties foresaw the unionization of mass

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

production manufacturing in the ’thirties and
’forties. One cannot deny the possibility of a simi­
lar expansion of white-collar unionism at some
time in the future. It seems likely, however, that
expansion will be quite gradual, perhaps no more
than sufficient to offset the decline of union mem­
bership in other areas. So total union member­
ship is unlikely to change much in the foreseeable
future, and the percentage of the labor force in
unions will probably continue to fall.
Research, Development, and Technological Inno­
vation—A n Introduction. By James It.
Bright. Homewood, 111., Richard D. Irwin,
Inc., 1964. 783 pp., bibliography. $13.35.
While nonmilitary fundamental invention re­
mains a colossal neglected opportunity, it brings us
one small benefit: It makes almost easy the pre­
diction of what inventions civilization will be
adopting a generation or two hence. For instance,
the automobile age, with its universal mobility, its
suburban living, the decline of the railways, and
the need for great boulevards for automobiles and
trucking, was pretty well foreseen by H. G. Wells
in 1901. . . . We have spoken of some anticipa­
tions of television which go back for centuries in
the stage of mere expressed desire, and for 73 years
of practical work. . . .
Case Studies in Labor Ideology: The Nordic Coun­
tries—Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway,
and Sweden. By David J. Saposs. Honolulu,
University of Hawaii, Industrial Relations
Center, 1964. 82 pp. (Monograph 1.)
. . . On the whole, the moderate Socialists have
profited handsomely from their ideological trans­
formations. As is to be expected, they have made
better gains in some countries than in others. Per­
haps the question should be reversed. Would the
Socialist movements have been able to avoid heavy
losses instead of continuing making historical gains
both in the unions and political parties if they had
not pursued a policy of moderation by emphasis
upon immediate demands. Considering that the
ultra revolutionary elements have either fallen by
the wayside or have been reduced to insignificant
marginal nuisance groups, it is clear that the prag­
matic policy was the most successful. . . .


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85
Britain and the Labor Trade in the Southwest
Pacific. By O. W. Pamaby. Durham, N.C.,
Duke University Press, 1964. 234 pp., bibli­
ography. $6.25.
. . . From his negotiations, Thornton gained
the impression that the United States, having just
abolished slavery, was inclined to think that no
other country had ever done anything in that
respect. Because, in official circles in Britain,
there was sympathy for the Southern States during
the Civil War, many Americans may have doubted
the sincerity of Britain’s traditional opposition to
slavery and the slave trade, and the settlement fol­
lowing the Treaty of Washington may not have
restored confidence. In any case, the United States
refused to cooperate in controlling the labor trade
in the Pacific. . . .
How to Manage People: The Applied Psychology
of Handling Human Problems in Business.
By William B. Given, Jr. Englewood Cliffs,
N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964. 224 pp. $5.95.
. . . Articles and news stories indicate that mil­
lions of dollars and untold executive time and ef­
fort are spent every year on company picnics,
weekend meetings at retreats in the mountains,
executive luncheons, hobby clubs, golf outings,
theatre parties, informal dinners, and the rest.
The assumption somehow seems to be that these
occasions will produce harmony.
Will they ? . . . The origins of conflict and dis­
agreement are too deep in business for that to
happen. . . .
Studies in Organizational Behavior and Manage­
ment. By Donald E. Porter and Philip B.
Applewhite. Scranton, Pa., International
Textbook Co., 1964. 741 pp. $7.75.
By 1952, the union was well organized and had
developed a militant antidiscrimination pro­
gram. Still, there were no Negroes employed in
the Sliced Bacon Department because visitors were
always conducted through it to see its gleaming
machinery; it was assumed that ‘the public dis­
likes having Negro women handle the food, and if
such is the practice, does not wish to be cognizant
of the fact.’ However, pressure from the union
finally overcame this assumption.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

86

Other Recent Publications
Education and Training
The Revolution in the Schools. Edited by Ronald Gross
and Judith Murphy. New York, Harcourt, Brace and
World, Inc., 1964. 250 pp. $2.95.
Nurse Training Act of 1964. (In Health, Education, and
Welfare Indicators, U.S. Department of Health, Edu­
cation, and Welfare, Washington, October 1964, pp.
v-xxv. 45 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.)
Occupational Information—The Dynamics of Its Nature
and use. By Max F. Baer and Edward C. Roeber.
Chicago, Science Research Associates, Inc., 1964.
494 pp. (Professional Guidance Series.)
Scientist. By Robert S. Morison, M.D.
millan Co., 1964. 207 pp. $3.95.

New York, Mac­

So You Want To Be A Chemist. By Alan E. Nourse, M.D.
New York, Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1964. 164
pp. $3.50.

Employee Benefits
Employer Expenditures for Selected Supplementary Re­
muneration Practices: Finance, Insurance, and Real
Estate Industries, 1961. Washington, U.S. Depart­
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 72
pp. (Bulletin 1419.) 45 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
Report on an Inquiry Into the Incidence of Incapacity for
Work: P art I, Scope and Characteristics of Employers'
Sick Pay Schemes. London, Ministry of Pensions and
National Insurance, 1964. xlviii, 87 pp. $2.30, Brit­
ish Information Services, Sales Section, New York.

Health and Safety
Occupational Diseases—A Guide to Their Recognition.
Edited by W. M. Gafafer. Washington, U.S. Depart­
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public
Health Service, 1964. 375 pp. (PHS Publication
1097.) $2.25, Superintendent of Documents, Wash­
ington.
The Future of Industrial Medicine in Great Britain. By
John Rogan. (In British Journal of Industrial Medi­
cine, London, October 1964, pp. 251-258. 18s. 6d.)

Industrial Relations
Collective Bargaining by City Employees. By Robert L.
Stutz. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, November
1964, pp. 696-701. $1.25.)
Collective Action by Public School Teachers. By Wesley
A. Wildman. Chicago, University of Chicago, Indus­


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trial Relations Center, 1964. 19 pp. (Reprint Series,
119; from Industrial and Labor Relations Review,
October 1964.)
The Strike, the Non-Strike, and Compulsory Arbitration—
A Discussion: Declining U tility of the Strike, by
James L. Stern; Non-Stoppage Strikes—A New Ap­
proach, by Stephen Sosnick; Compulsory Arbitra­
tion—Some Perspectives, by Orme W. Phelps. (In
Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Ithaca, N.Y.,
October 1964, pp. 60-91. $1.75.)
Unemployment Compensation Law in Labor Disputes—
Michigan Compared With Seven Selected States,
1936-1964. By Willard A. Lewis. Kalamazoo, Mich.,
W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research,
1964. 63 pp. Single copies free.
The Grievance Procedure and Its Application in the
United States Postal Service. By Harry R. Blaine,
Eugene C. Hagburg, Frederick A. Zeller. (In Labor
Law Journal, Chicago, November 1964, pp. 725-735.
$1.25.)
Positive Approaches to Labor Peace. By William E.
Simkin. (In Industrial Relations: A Journal of
Economy & Society, University of California, Institute
of Industrial Relations, Berkeley, October 1964, pp.
37-44. $1.50.)
Protection of Employees Affected by Railroad Consolida­
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Journal, Chicago, November 1964, pp. 736-744.
$1.25.)
The Regulation of Campaign Tactics in Representation
Elections Under the National Labor Relations Act.
By Derek C. Bok. (In Harvard Law Review, Cam­
bridge, Mass., November 1964, pp. 38-141. $1.50.)

Labor Force
Entering the Labor Force. By Bernard Goldstein and
Harry Stark. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Win­
ston, Inc., 1964. 96 pp., bibliography. (American
Problems Series.)
The Geographical Redistribution of Employment: An Ex­
amination of the Elements of Change. By Lowell D.
Ashby. (In Survey of Current Business, U.S. De­
partment of Commerce, Office of Business Economics,
Washington, October 1964, pp. 13-20. 30 cents, Su­
perintendent of Documents, Washington.)
Employment Problems of Young Workers. Princeton,
N.J., Princeton University, Industrial Relations Sec­
tion, November 1964. 4 pp. (Selected References
120.) 40 cents.
The New Problem of Large-Scale Unemployability. By
Arnold M. Rose. (In American Journal of Economics
and Sociology, New York, October 1964, pp. 337350. $1.)

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A Note of Underemployment. By Sanford Cohen. (In
International Development Review, Society for In­
ternational Development, Washington, September
1964, pp. 19-21. $2.50; $1 to Society members.)

Problems of Applying Productivity Guidelines. By Robert
W. Rosen. (In Personnel, American Management
Association, New York, November-December 1964,
pp. 22-26. $1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.)

Manpower Studies No. 1—The Pattern of the Future [in
United Kingdom]. London, Ministry of Labor, Man­
power Research Unit, 1964. 52 pp. 90 cents, British
Information Services, Sales Section, New York.

Productivity Trends in the Goods and Service Sectors,
1929-61—A Preliminary Survey. By Victor R. Fuchs.
New York, National Bureau of Economic Research,
1964. 48 pp. (Occasional Paper 89.) $1.75, Colum­
bia University Press, New York.

Projecting Manpower Demand [in India]—A Review of
Methodology. By R. K. Srivastava. New Delhi,
Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, 1964.
53 pp.
Conducting a Lahor Force Survey in Developing Countries.
By Matilda R. Sugg. Washington, U.S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (for Agency
for International Development), 1964. 177 pp., bibli­
ography. (BLS Report 263.)

Automation and the Evaluation of Training. By S. D. M.
King. (In International Labor Review, Geneva,
September 1964, pp. 209-225. 75 cents. Distributed
in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
A Challenge to Enterprise: How to Put Automation to
Work Making Jobs. By Merton C. Bernstein. (In
Challenge, New York University, New York, October
1964, pp. 23-27. 40 cents.)

Lahor Separations in an Underdeveloped Area: A Case
Study of Worker Adjustment to Change. By Norman
G. Pauling. (In American Journal of Economics and
Sociology, New York, October 1964, pp. 419-434. $1.)

Automation and Social Change. (Report of a conference
held in Toronto, September 17-19, 1963.) Toronto,
Government of Ontario, 1964. 244 pp.

Long-Run Goals of a ‘Lahoristic’ Economy. By Stanley
Young. (In American Journal of Economics and So­
ciology, New York, October 1964, pp. 397-406. $1.)

Preserving the Individual in an Age of Automation. By
Carey P. McCord, M.D. (In Journal of Occupational
Medicine, New York, October 1964, pp. 396-404. $1.)

Labor Organizations

Automation and the Dropout: The School's Responsibility.
By Virgil M. Rogers. (In Social Education, National
Council for the Social Studies, Washington, November
1964, pp. 391-394. 75 cents.)

Labor's Giant Step: Twenty Years of the CIO. By Art
Preis. New York, Pioneer Publishers, 1964. xvi,
538 pp.
Lahor Organizations in Canada, 1964- Ottawa, Canadian
Department of Labor, Economics and Research
Branch, 1964. xviii, 100 pp. 50 cents, Queen’s
Printer, Ottawa.

Personnel Management
Office Incentive Systems. By C. Edward Anderson.
Waterford, Conn., National Foremen’s Institute,
Bureau of Business Practice, 1964. 138 pp. (Com­
plete Management Library, Vol. XXIV.)
Merit System Trends and Problems: Some Underlying
Cultural Values. By Erwin W. Fellows. (In Public
Personnel Review, Chicago, October 1964, pp. 228232. $2.)
Sick Leave Usage by Selected Employee Classifications:
A Comparative Analysis. By J. E. Kinney, Jr. and
D. Robert Papera. (In Public Personnel Review,
Chicago, October 1964, pp. 245-248. $2.)

Productivity and Technological Change
Indexes of Output Per Man-Hour for Selected Industries,
1939 and 1947-62. Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 43 pp.

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Social Security
Social Security Programs of Foreign Countries. (In
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Education, and Welfare, Social Security Administra­
tion, Washington, September 1964, pp. 16-26. 25
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
State UI Legislation in 196Jj. By Leo H. Fisk. (In Unem­
ployment Insurance Review, U.S. Department of
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ment Insurance Service, Washington, August-September 1964, pp. 7-10. 30 cents, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.)
Delayed Filing for D isability Benefits Under the Social
Security Act. By Barbara Levenson and Aaron
Krute. (In Social Security Bulletin, U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security
Administration, Washington, October 1964, pp. 15-24.
25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
Social Welfare Expenditures, 1963-64. By Ida C. Merriam. (In Social Security Bulletin, U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security
Administration, Washington, October 1964, pp. 3-14.
25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. )

88

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Social Security Farm Statistics, 1955-1961. (Farmers and
farm workers under Old-Age, Survivors, and Disa­
bility Insurance.) Washington, U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security Ad­
ministration, 1964. 34 pp.

Employees Earnings in Nonmetropolitan Areas of the
South and North Central Regions, June 1962.
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1964. 61 pp. (Bulletin 1416.) 40
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

A Study of Manpower Requirements for Technical Infor­
mation Support Personnel. Prepared by Auerbach
Corp. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Office
of Manpower, Automation and Training, 1964. 75
pp., bibliography. (Final Report 1150-TR-l.)

Wage Chronology: Massachusetts Shoe Manufacturing,
1945-64. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 15 pp. (BLS
Report 209, rev.) 20 cents, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.

Fidelity Bonding Under the Welfare and Pension Plans
Disclosure Act. Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Office of Labor-Management and WelfarePension Reports, 1964. 43 pp.

Wage Chronology: Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (Formerly
Northern Cotton Textile Association), 1943-64.
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1964. 12 pp. (BLS Report 281.)
20 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

A Study of [Texas] Unemployment Insurance Financing.
Austin, Texas Employment Commission, 1964. 75 pp.
The Long-Term Unemployed, 1961-1962: A Study of Per­
sons Filing Claims in New York State Under the
Federal Temporary Extended Unemployment Com­
pensation Program. New York, State Department of
Labor, Division of Employment, 1964. 176 pp.
State Workmen’s Compensation Laws. By Norene M.
Diamond. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Standards, 1964. 83 pp. (Bulletin
161, revised September 1964.) 35 cents, Superintend­
ent of Documents, Washington.

Wages and Hours
National Survey of Professional, Adm inistrative, Tech­
nical and Clerical Pay, Fehruary-March 1964.
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1964. 61 pp. (Bulletin 1422.) 40
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Incomes Policy in Germany: A Trade Union View. By
Heinz Markmann. [In British Journal of Industrial
Relations, London School of Economics and Political
Science, London, November 1964, pp. 322-339. $2.50.)
Family Income and Related Characteristics Among LowIncome Counties and States. By Alexander L.
Radomski and Anita U. Mills. Washington, U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Wel­
fare Administration, 1964. 85 pp. (Welfare Re­
search Report 1.) 55 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
Industry Wage Survey: Pressed or Blown Glass and Glass­
ware, May 196\. By Fred W. Mohr. Washington,
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1964. 39 pp. (Bulletin 1423.) 30 cents, Superin­
tendent of Documents, Washington.
Loner, 1961: Del II, Lantarhetare, Industriarbetare, m. ft.
Stockholm, Statistiska Centralbyran, 1964. xvi, 84
pp. (Table of contents and summary in English.)
Kr. 4.

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Miscellaneous
Managerial and Engineering Economy: Economic Deci­
sion-Making. By George A. Taylor. Princeton, N.J.,
D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1964. 487 pp. $12.
Dynamics of Development: An International Development
Reader. Edited by Gove Hambridge. New York,
Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., 1964. 401 pp., bibliogra­
phy. $7.50.
The Economics of Equality. By Tom Kahn. New York,
League for Industrial Democracy, 1964. 70 pp. 75
cents.
The Role of Capital-Labor Substitution in the Economic
Adjustment of an Industry Across Regions. By Fred­
erick W. Bell. (In Southern Economic Journal,
Chapel Hill, N.C., October 1964, pp. 123-131. $1.50.)
The War on Poverty: A Civilian Perspective. By Edgar
S. and Jean C. Cahn. (In Yale Law Journal, New
Haven, Conn., July 1964, pp. 1317-1352. $2.50.)
Trickling Down: The Relationship Between Economic
Growth and the Extent of Poverty Among American
Families. By W. H. Locke Anderson. (In Quarterly
Journal of Economics, Cambridge, Mass., November
1964, pp. 511-524. $1.75.)
The Interindustry Structure of the United States: A Re­
port on the 1958 Input-Output Study. By Morris R
Goldman, Martin L. Marimont, Beatrice N. Vaccara.
(In Survey of Current Business, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Office of Business Economics, Washington,
November 1964, pp. 10-29. 45 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.)
D etroit High School Leaver Project—Final Report. De­
troit, Michigan Employment Security Commission (in
cooperation with U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau
of Employment Security), 1964. vi, 142 pp.

Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
A.—Employment
90 A -l.
91 A-2.
95 A-3.
99 A-4.
99

A-5.

100

A-6.

Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted
Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted
Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations

B .-]
101

B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group

c . - ]Earnings and Hours
104 C -l.
116 C-2.
116 C-3.
117
119

C-4.
C-5.

119

C-6.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries
Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing,
by major industry group
Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing

D . - Consumer and Wholesale Prices
120

D -l.

121

D-2.

122
124
125

D-3.
D-4.
D-5.

Consumer Price Index—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers
(including single workers) all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
Consumer Price Index—U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical
workers (including single workers)
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product

E .126

E—1.

F .127
1

F -l.

This table Is Included In the January, A p ril, July, and October Issues of the

R e v ie w .

N ote: W ith the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are described in
c a l S e r ie s ,

T e c h n iq u e s o f P r e p a r i n g M a j o r B L S S t a t i s t i ­

BLS B u lle tin 1168, 1954, and cover the U nited States w ithout Alaska and Hawaii.


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$9

90

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

A.—Employment
T able

A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over •

Employment status

1964
Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

June

July

Annual
average

1963
May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1961

1960

Total, both sexes
Total labor force........................... ....... 76,897 77,112 76,865 78, 509 78,958 79,389 77,490 76,544 75,553 75, 259 74,514 75,201 76,000 76,086 74,175

73,126

Civilian labor force______________
Unemployment________________
Unemployment rate seasonally
adjusted 2_________________
Unemployed 4 weeks or less___
Unemployed 5-10 weeks______
Unemployed 11-14 weeks_____
Unemployed 15-26 weeks_____
Unemployed over 26 weeks___
Employm ent__________________
Nonagricultural______________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours_________
With a job but not at work3.
Agricultural_________________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours_________
With a job but not at work3.

74,166 84,375 74,122 75, 758 76,218 76,645 74, 742 73, 799 72,810 72,527 71,793 72,461 73,261 73,344 71,603
3,373 3, 252 3,317 3,654 3,813 4,692 3,640 3,921 4,293 4,524 4, 565 3,846 3,936 3,453 4,806

70,612
3,931

5.0
5.2
5.2
5.1
4.9
5.3
5.1
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.9
5.5
1,658 1, 623 1,701 1,691 1,670 2, 781 1,671 1,660 1,620 1,669 2, 069 1,734 1,955 1,623
610
707
537
862 1,070
674
632
705
807 1,236
988
859
662
767
248
238
315
312
216
231
252
321
544
455
402
324
251
349
372
390
353
296
322
485
556
693
742
654
605
492
401
443
390
387
410
494
535
522
529
543
510
501
581
436
463
476
70, 793 71,123 70,805 72,104 72, 405 71,953 71,101 69, 877 68,517 68, 002 67,228 68,615 69,325 69,891
66,248 65,997 65,575 66, 704 66, 586 66,100 66,094 65, 448 64, 500 64,071 63,234 64,576 64,548 64, 541
47,115 49,349 33, 986 49,212 48,645 50, 777 51,505 51,452 50, 556 48,953 47,179 50,817 46,129 50,960
12,826 9,824 24,268 7,115 7,211 7,602 7,817 7,676 7,717 8,694 9,637 7,679 12,456 7,402
4,084 4,033 3,887 3,169 3,264 3,718 4,466 4,206 4,191 4,321 4,164 4,092 3,935 3,893
2,221 2,791 3,432 7, 205 7,464 4,004 2,304 2,115 2,038 2,103 2,255 1,985 2,029 2,288
4, 545 5,126 5,230 5, 400 5,819 5, 853 5,007 4,429 4,017 3,931 3,993 4,039 4,777 5,350
3,011 3,366 3,577 3,716 3,980 4,154 3,448 2,903 2,391 2,108 2,108 2,179 2,994 3,716
1,044 1,231 1,181 1,085 1,218 1,195 1,089 1,029 1,029 1,077 1,042 1,100 1,196 1,094
361
399
346
440
411
428
387
374
386
524
549
476
442
378
129
133
128
160
193
284
119
92
124
211
223
98'
294
176

6.7
1,897
964
411
728
804
66, 796
61,333
47,257
7,522
3,610
2,946
5,463
3,540
1,245
477
200

5.6
1,799
823
353
502
454
66,681
60,958
46,388
8, 249
3,279
3,042
5,723
3,811
1,279
444
190

Total labor force_________________ 50,709 50, 918 51,083 52,584 53,057 52,813 51,294 50,665 50,123 49,956 49,731 49,924 50,285 50,368 49,918

49,507

Civilian labor force______________
Unemployment________________
Employm ent__________________
Nonagricultural________ . . . .
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours_________
With a job but not at work3.
Agricultural_________________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours_________
With a job but not at work3.

47,025
2, 541
44,485
39,807
32, 511
4,100
1,360
1,836
4, 678
3,365
792
348
172

Males

48,008
1,856
46,152
42, 487
32,895
6,554
1,680
1,357
3,666
2,597
673
273
122

48, 211
1, 762
46,448
42,423
34,338
4,658
1,680
1,747
4,026
2,912
727
274
113

48,370
1,813
46, 557
42,476
25,120
13,729
1,599
2,028
4,081
3,035
708
232
106

49,864
2, 074
47, 791
43,443
34,831
3, 391
1,429
3, 790
4,348
3,243
657
314
135

50,347
2,183
48,164
43,571
34,699
3,345
1,450
4, 078
4,593
3,439
704
292
158

50,100
2,630
47, 470
42, 860
35,845
3,403
1,538
2,077
4,610
3, 552
667
290
99

48, 577
2,067
46, 510
42,496
35, 748
3,403
1,969
1,376
4,014
3, 019
627
295
73

47,951
2,345
45, 607
41,891
35,537
3,332
1,759
1,265
3, 716
2,622
678
306
107

47,411
2,681
44, 730
41,299
34,797
3,461
1,743
1,297
3,432
2,190
741
325
176

47,255
2,826
44,429
41,029
33,782
4,187
1,795
1,265
3,400
1,918
803
475
203

47,041
2,881
44,160
40,686
32,879
4,580
1,777
1,452
3,474
1,908
795
497
274

47,215
2,477
44, 739
41,294
34, 799
3,466
1,718
1,311
3,445
1,951
820
409
263

47, 577
2,253
45,324
41,488
32,166
6,442
1,586
1,292
3,836
2,622
754
307
154

47,6571,874
45, 784
41,644
35,387
3,238
1,610
1,410
4,139
3,121
626
309
84

47,378
3,060
44,318
39,811
32,984
3,587
1,511
1,729
4,508
3,132
827
370
179

Females
Total labor force_____________ ___ 26,188 26,194 25,782 25,925 25,901 26,576 26,196 25,878 25,430 25,302 24, 783 25,277 25, 715 25, 718 24,257

23,619

Civilian labor force______________
Unemployment________________
Employm ent_____________ ____
Nonagricultural.........................
Worked 35 hours or more____
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours_________
With a job but not at work3.
Agricultural_________________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 h o u rs..______
Worked 1-14 hours_________
With a job but not at work3.

23,587
1,390
22,196
21,151
13,877
4,149
1,919
1,206
1,045
445
486
96
17

26,158
1,517
24,641
23,762
14,221
6,272
2,407
863
879
414
371
88
7

26,164
1,489
24,674
23, 574
15, 011
5,166
2,353
1,044
1,100
454
502
123
20

25,752
1,503
24,248
23,099
8,867
10,539
2,290
1,404
1,149
541
473
112
22

25,894
1,581
24,313
23,261
14,382
3,723
1,740
3,415
1,052
471
428
126
25

25,871
1,630
24,241
23,015
13,947
3,867
1,816
3,386
1,226
542
514
137
35

26,545
2,062
24,483
23,240
14,932
4,199
2,180
1,928
1,243
599
528
96
20

1 Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the J5th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
2 Unemployment as a percent of labor force.
3 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

26,165
1,574
24,591
23, 598
15,758
4, 414
2,497
928
993
429
461
83
19

25,847
1,577
24,271
23,557
15,912
4,343
2,450
849
713
279
350
66
16

25,399
1,613
23, 786
23,201
15,758
4,256
2,448
740
585
201
288
61
35

25,271
1,698
23,573
23,042
15,170
4, 507
2, 526
838
531
190
273
49
20

24,752
1,684
23,068
22,548
14,301
5,057
2,387
803
520
199
247
53
20

25,246
1,369
23,877
23,282
16,020
4,213
2,377
674
594
224
280
69
21

25,684
1,682
24,001
23,061
13,962
6,014
2,349
736
940
372
443
104
22

25,687
1,580
24,107
22,897
15,572
4,164
2,282
879
1,210
597
467
134
15

24,225
1,747
22,478
21, 523
14,273
3,934
2,098
1,217
955
408
419
107
22

new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. M ost of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem­
ployed.
N o t e : For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (in Employ­
ment and Earnings, Ú.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
current issues).
Figures for periods prior to April 1962 are not strictly comparable with
current data because of the introduction of 1960 Census data into the esti­
mation procedure. The change primarily affected the labor force and em­
ployment totals, which were reduced by about 200,000. The unemployment
totals were virtually unchanged.

A.—EMPLOYMENT

T able

91

A-2.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
Revised series; see box, p. 98.

[ in th o u sa n d s]
1964

1963

In d u stry

N ov .2 Oct.2

Sept.

Total employees............................................... . 59,349
59,34< 59,15'

59, 25i

M in in g ................................................
Metal m in in g ............................... .
Iron ores________ _______ ______
Copper ores......................................

64Î

C o a l m in in g ..
B itu m in o u s.

Crude petroleum and natural g a s..
Crude petroleum and natural gas i
Oil and gas field services________
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining.
Contract construction...... ....................
General building contractors______
H eavy construction______________
Highway and street construction.
Other heavy construction_______
Special trade contractors__________
M anufacturing........
D u ra b le goods___
N o n d u ra b le goods.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Annual
average
1963

1962

58,68C 58,418 58,596 57,874 57,32S 56, 782 56, 446 56, 328 58,012 57, 647 56, 643 55, 515
64'
64(
651
634
627
615
614
618
634
639
635
650
77.'
77.
85.2
84. C 82.8
80. S
80.
79.8
80.4
81.2
80. 5
82 3
27.7
28.
27. S
27.6
25.1
26.6
24.9
24.5
25.0
25.8
24.7
25 2
21.
21. €
29.6
28.
28.6
28.5
28.3
28.0
27.9
27.7
27.7
28.5
145.
144.0 142.8 142. S 143.3 141.7 143.5 143.6 147.3 148.5 150.6 150.7 148 1 151 9
134. C 132.8 131.5 131.6 132.1 130.7 132.7 132.3 135.9 137.3 139.3 139.3 136.9 140.0
287.6 291.8 297.3 297.3 295.2 284.9 283.2 282.4 281.5 285.1 289.4 286.4 289 1 298 0
159. t 162.4 165.0 165.1 164.6 160.4 160.5 160.6 161.5 161.4 162.3 162.1 164 3 167 6
128.3 129.4 132.3 132.2 130.6 124.5 122.7 121.8 120.0 123.7 127.1 124.3
124.8 130.4
127.0 129.1 129.1 128.3 126.8 123.4 117.6 107.9 104.8 104.7 113.9 120.5 117.7 118.1
644
84.
28. (
28.

64£
79.
28.2
23. £

3,260

3,372 3,391 3,482 3,424 3,308 3,130 2,921 2,707 2,631 2,579 2,872 3,121 2 989 2 902
1,055. 7 1,058.3 1,095.3 1,073. 4 1,034. 8 975.2 910.4 843.5 820.3 8Ó6.4 891.4 973.1
921 9 882 1
697.3 712.8 736.8 725.5 699.2 643.3 553.6 469.3 450.2 434.1 528.6 627.1 600
5931
380. 7 394.0 411.0 405.2 385.9 346.6 278.5 217.5 201.3 190.7 256.7 332.9 315 01 299
5
316.6 318.8 325.8 320.3 313.3 296.7 275.1 251. 8 248.9 243.4 271.9 294.2 285 1 293 6
1, 619. 4 1, 619.4 1, 649. 5 1, 624. 9 1, 574. 3 1,511.8 1,456.8 1,394.3 1,360.0 1,338.0 1,451.9 1, 520. 4 1,461.3
1, 426.6
17,603 17,421 17,792 17,498 17,299 17,350 17,135 17,058 17,005 16,937 16,893 17,096
17 005 16 859
10,041 9, 794 10,105 9,836 9, 855 9,903 9, 798 9, 756 9, 692 9,634 9,626 9, 723 9,17,193
752 9 625 9 481
7, 562 7,627 7,687 7,662 7,444 7,447 7,337 7,302 7, 313 7,303 7,267 7,373 L 441
7,380 7,372

Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories______________
Ammunition, except for small arms__
Sighting and fire control equipment__
Other ordnance and accessories....... ......

246.4
186. 7
•47. 6

246.5
186. 7
12. 2
47.6

248.2
187.8
12.4
48.0

249. 2
189.2
12.5
47.5

254.2
193.7
12.5
48.0

257.9
196.6
12.7
48.6

262.4
200.1
13.0
49.3

266.5
202.4
13.4
50.7

269.0
203.6
14.5
50.9

270.8
205.0
14.9
50.9

275.8
207.9
15.6
52.3

277.6
208.9
16.1
52.6

275.9
206.4
16.5
53.0

274 1
202.3
19 2
52.5

268 8
186. 7
29 1

53.0

Lumber and wood products, except
furniture...................................................
Logging camps and logging contractors
Sawmills and planing m ills.____ _____
Millwork, plywood, and related
products___________ ____ _________
Wooden containers____ ___ ____ _____
Miscellaneous wood products.............. .

597.2
86. 4
254. 6

606.5
92.0
257.9

618.0
94.9
262.1

625.0
97.4
265.6

623.3
96.5
266.9

620.1
94.0
266.1

597.3
86.3
256.3

582.7
78.5
251.5

570.8
73.5
248.1

568.1
77.0
245.7

565.5
77.7
242.2

585.1
83.8
251.1

599.1
89.3
257.4

586.6
83.2
254.3

589 3
83 6
255.9

153.5
36. 6
66.1

154.0
36. 2
66.4

157.5
36.9
66.6

158.5
36.8
66.7

157.0
37.5
65.4

156.5
38.3
65.2

153.2
37.1
64.4

152.1
36.2
64.4

150.1
35.4
63.7

148.5
34.6
62.3

149.2
34.6
61.8

151.3
35.7
63.2

153.0
35.6
63.8

149.9
36.1
63.0

151 5
36 6
61.8

Furniture and fixtures.............................
Household furniture.................................

414.0
303.4

415.7
303. 7
27. 7
39.0
45. 3

413.1
300.9
27.8
39.1
45. 3

408.5
298.0
27.2
39.1
44.2

400.8
292.2
26.5
37.8
44.3

401.4
292.4
26.6
37.5
44.9

391.9
287.1
25.3
36.6
42.9

394.1
288.1
26.4
36.5
43.1

392.4
287.6
26.5
35.9
42.4

389.6
285.4
26.2
35.9
42.1

388.5
283.0
26.9
35.7
42.9

393.6
286.2
27.3
36.5
43.6

396.3
287.0
27.6
38.1
43.6

388.9
279.8
27.5
39 2
42.4

385 1
275.2
28.0
40 6
41.3

631.0
34.4
116.3
39. 5
68.6
42.4
180.0
129. 5

640.0
33.8
117.4
40. 5
69.8
43.8
183.4
130.0

640.3
32. 5
117.3
40.6
70.6
43.6
185.7
128.8

635.7
32.1
115.2
40.6
70.2
42.7
185.3
128.7

634.2
32.0
116.7
40.3
70.3
43.1
182.3
128.8

618.6
31.4
114.9
39.1
68.5
43.2
174.8
126.2

606.6
30.9
113.1
37.9
67.6
43.5
167.9
125.5

591.7
31.3
111.5
36.8
66.0
43.5
158.3
124.1

582.7
32.0
109.8
35.8
64.0
42.8
155.4
123.1

577.6
32.2
106.1
36.0
64.5
43.2
154.1
122.2

597.0
32.6
109.2
37.3
67.8
43.7
163.7
123.2

612.9
32.8
110.7
39.1
69.1
44. 5
173.0
123.7

601.6
31 0
110.7
38 9
68. 7
43 1
168 4
121.6

592.3
30 4
108.9
39 8
68. 5
43 5
163 4
119.4

Office furniture__________________

Partitions; office and store fixtures____
Other furniture and fixtures_________
Stone, clay, and glass products.________
Flat glass__________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.
Cement, hydraulic__________________
Structural clay products_____________
Pottery and related products_________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone and mineral products____
P rim a ry m etal in d u stries_____________

—

44. 8
626.2
115.4
39.2
68. 5

175.4
129.4

1, 253.3 1, 244.8 1, 258. 8 1,241.2 1, 234. 6 1, 234.0 1, 220. 7 1,209.1
4 1,188.0 1,173.8 1,170.1 1,158.2 1,171.7 1,165. 6
Blast furnace and basic steel products.. 645. 3 t)42. 5 649.0 641.3 636.8 630.6 620.3 610.7 1,196.
599.6 592.5 582.0 ' 579. 7 571.9 ’ 589.4 592.8
Iron and steel foundries______________ 213. 9 208. 7 216. 7 213.1 211.9 214.3 211.3 209.3 207.8
206.9 204.3 202.8 201.1 198.1 193.6
N onferrous sm elting and refining...........
71. 7
71.6
68.9
69.6
69.6
71.1
70.7
70.0
70.1
70.0
70.0
69.7
70.0
68.8
68.1
Nonferrous, rolling, drawing, and
extruding_________________________
187.3 186.9 188.2 184.5 184.4 183.8 185.7 186.2 186.4 186.3 186.0 186.4
184.8
182.0
184.8
N onferrous foundries_______________
74. 5
74. 7
75. 7
74.0
73.2
74.7
73.6
73.5
73.4
73.2
72.7
72.4
71.7
71 8
70 0
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.
60. 6
60.4
60.3
58.7
58.7
59.5
59.1
59.4
59.1
59.1
58.8
59.1
58.7
58.9
59.2
Fabricated metal products_______ _____ 1,222.4 1,195. 7 1, 239. 2 l, 209. 2 1,187. 2 1,202.6 1,186.3 1,180.9 1,171.4 1,164. 5
1,162.6 1,175.3 1,178. 7 1,152.6 1,127. 7
M etal cans_________________________
59.0
64. 5
60.1
65. 2
63.7
63.1
62.1
61.4
60.4
59.6
58.2
58.6
59.4
60.4
60.8
C u tle r y , handtools, and general hard­
w are___________________________
151.2 136.6 150.7 144.6 138.5 143.2 144.0 143.6 143.8 143.7 144.5 144.9 143. 5
138.8
135.6
Heating equipment and plumbing
80.1
81.1
80. 6
79.5
80.6
80.5
78.7
79.5
78.2
78.2
78.2
78.7
78.8
76.7
74.8
fixtures___________________________
Fabricated structural metal products.. 362.6 366.4 368.5 365.9 362.5 358.1 346.9 342.2 336.9 334.4 333.6 340.0
345.
5
339.3
332.0
Screw machine products, bolts, etc____
92. 5
92. 3
91. 9
90.9
89.8
91.3
90.3
90.7
90.8
90.3
90.0
90.4
89. 7
89 3
88 1
Metal stampings____________________
206. 6 191.8 212.6 199.9 191.6 202.5 201.9 202.9 202.0 201.7 202.8 204.4 204.5
195. 5 190. 2
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
77. 8
¡1.4
77. 7
75.7
73.9
74.5
74.6
73.5
73.2
71.4
71.9
73.3
67.4
73.8
70.8
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
61.0
60.0
59.8
58.7
56.7
58.7
57.8
57.9
57.0
56.6
56.5
56.8
56.2
55.2
55.9
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod­
ucts___ _________________
131.6 130.0 132.9 128.81 129.9 130.7 130.0 129.2 129.1 128.6 126.9 128.2 127.31 126.5 122.9
See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

92
T able

A—
2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1 Continued
Revised series 5 see box, p. 98 ^

[In thousands]

Annual
average

1963

1964
IndustryN o v .2

O ct.2

Sept.

A u g.

J u ly

June

M ay

A p t.

M a r.

Feb.

Jan

D e c.

Nov

1963

1962

M anufacturing— Continued
Durable goods— C o n tin u ed
M a ch in e ry ------ -------------- --------- — ..............
E n g in es and tu rb in es_______________
F a rm m achinery and eq u ip m e n t---------C onstru ction and related m a c h in e r y .. .
M e ta lw o rk in g m achinery and e q u ip ­
m e n t--------- ---------------------- --------- --------Special in d u stry m ach in ery-----------------G eneral ind ustrial m ach in ery--------------Office, com pu ting, and accounting
m achines____________________ ___
Service in d u stry m achines-------------------M iscellaneous m ach in ery............ ............

1,531.3 1,493.2
1,631.2 1,629.3 1,636.4 1,617.3 1,618.0 1,622.5 1,607.9 1,603.0 1.593.0 1,566.5 1,567.7 1,561.5 1,542.9
83.9
84.9
85.3
85.5
84.8
84.9
85.1
85.4
85.9
86.2
86.6
86.1
87.3
84.6
84.3
118.9 112.3
116.4
119.5
122.5
125.8
127.1
127.2
125.9
125.1
122.5
122.7 123.2 122.2
211.4
216.9
236.1 234.8 237.3 235.0 234.9 234.3 231.2 229.4 227.4 209.8 224.2 222.0 219.9
259.3
291.4 289.6 291.0 286.0 287.9 290.7 288 9 287.4 285.6 281.8 278.3 277.6 272.1 268.6
171.0
176.5 175.6 176.2 174.7 175.6 176.8 174.4 174.4 173.1 172.3 171.2 170.9 170.5 169.8 229.0
254.4 253.6 253.7 252.0 250.9 251.3 248.3 247.2 245.7 244.4 241.3 240.4 236.9 235.7
170.4
106.4
193.9

169.9
105.1
193.4

168.2
105.6
193.9

167.3
103.6
189.9

166.7
105.5
187.9

164.8
106.1
187.2

162.9
105.4
185.0

163.4
104.1
184.5

163.2
103.3
182.5

164.1
102.6

180.8

164.0
101.9
179.5

164.5
101.5
179.6

162.5
101.4
177.9

161.3
101.7
173.5

158.6
101.2

166.6

E lectrica l eq u ip m en t and su p plies---------E lectric distribution eq u ip m e n t---------E lectrical industrial app aratu s______
H ousehold appliances_____________
E lectric ligh tin g and w iring eq u ip m en t
R ad io and T V receiving sets--------------C om m u n icatio n eq u ip m e n t---------------E lectronic com ponents and accessories.
M iscellaneous electrical eq u ip m ent
and supplies------------- -------------------------

1,556.6 1,568.3
1,590.5 1.581.2 1,576.8 1,544.7 1,531.0 1,529.2 1,516.3 1,518.8 1.523.1 1.528.4 1,541.6 1,554.2 1.558.8
167.7
176.8 176.0 174.3 173.7 172.9 172.0 170.3 168.9 169.1 169.4 169.3 169.2 168.9 168.1
182.6
190.9 188.9 188.4 185.9 185.0 185.3 182.3 180.8 181.0 179.8 179.4 179.1 178.8 178.5
150.3
154.8
161.8
160.2
157.5
157.1
157.8
157.4
156.1
160.6 159.7 159.6 155.9 154.4 157.5
148.7 143.2
158.9 159.4 157.9 154.7 153.2 153.0 151.7 151.8 152.2 152.0 151.1 151.8 153.1
110.5
111.4
117.6
114.7
109.9
106.3
104.4
104.6
103.0
109.3
125.8 127.7 125.4 120.8 116.1
433.5 444.9
408.4 404.9 403.5 400.7 400.5 400.2 400.7 404.3 407.6 409.6 416.2 419.0 417.7
266.1
262.4
261.4
260.1
259.7
257.7
258.3
257.8
258.6
259.2
277.4 273.1 269.5 263.8 257.1
99.1 103.2
99.5
98.5 100.1
93.4
95.8
93.2
93.6
92.7
91.8
89.2
98.2
91.5
91.7

T ransportation eq u ip m e n t--------------------M o to r vehicles and eq u ip m e n t-----------A ircraft and p arts-------------------------------S hip and boat buildin g and repairing.
R ailroad eq u ip m e n t---------------------------O ther transportation e q u ip m e n t-........

1,659.9 1.441.2 1,677.0 1,517.9
597.5 823.1 677.0
595.6 594.9 599.7 592
151.2 148.7 147.3 143.3
53.8
54.8
48.3
51.3
52.1
51.8

609.2 1,629.9 1,639.7 1,642.8 1,637.6 1.634.5 1,640.5 1,656.7 1.651.8 1,609.3 1,542.6
769.5 781.6 788.6 788.6 784.3 776.8 783.9 790.6 785.0 745.2 691.7
595.9 600.5 603.7 611.0 616.8 622.6 629.2 637.8 636.5 635.1 634.1
139.6 142.8 144.3 142.4 137.7 138. 5 135.9 136.1 138.3 141.9 140.7
40.8
45.0
48.2
48.8
49.1
51.4
52.4
52.4
52.9
54.0
54.4
35.4
42.1
43.8
43.4
42.4
46.4
45.2
48.4
51.0
50.2
49.8
358.7
364.7
369.0
368.5
368.2 368.9 364.9 365.7 366.3 365.3 366.4
73.8
72.9
71.8
71.6
71.4
70.0
69.4
68.6
67.9
67.6
67.5

Instrum ents and related p roducts----------E n gineering and scientific instrum ents.
M ech an ical, m easuring, and control
devices----------------------------------------------O p tical and o phthalm ic goods-------------Surgical, m edical, and dental eq u ip ­
m en t__________________________
Photograp hic eq u ip m en t and supplies.
W atches and clocks------------------------------

371.7

370.6
66.7

372.2
67.0

370.8
67.1

95.7
46.1

95.2
46.0

97.1
45.2

96.7
44.9

96.1
44.7

96.2
45.5

95.0
44.9

95.4
44.8

95.5
44.4

95.3
44.3

95.3
43.2

95.4
43.3

93.7
43.3

94.4
42.1

94.2
40.8

55.2

54.8
78.0
29.9

55.3
78.2
29.4

55.3
78.9
27.9

54.6
77.1
28.2

54.9
76.2
28.5

54.4
74.6
28.1

54.2
74.6
28.1

53.9
74.9
28.2

53.3
74.1
28.3

53.2
74.6
28.7

53.3
75.2
29.7

53.5
75.8
30.9

52.7
73.3
29.3

50.0
71.6
28.2

M iscellaneous m anu facturing in d u stries..
Jew elry, silverware, and p lated w are—
T o y s , am usem ent and sporting g o o d s...
Pens, pencils, office and art m a teria ls...
C o stu m e jew elry, buttons, and notions.
O ther m anufacturing industries-----------

428.6
47.4

431.1
46.9
129.3
33.1
55.4
166.4

424.8
46.6
125.2
32.9
55.1
165.0

411.9
45.3
116.3
32.1
55.3
162.9

393.1
43.2
109.0
31.5
52.0
157.4

402.3
44.6
111.3
31.2
55.3
159.9

392.0
44.5
104.5
30.8
53.8
158.4

386.1
44.3
99.8
30
53.2
158.0

379.9
43.7
93.8
30.8
54.0
157.6

375.8
42.9
90.
31.1
53.9
157.1

366.0
42.8
85.7
31.2
51.4
154.9

383.8
43.2
97.0
32.7
53.3
157.6

407.9
43.6
114.5
32.9
54.8
162.1

387.4
41.8
102.7
31.5
54.5
157.0

389.6
42.2

166.2

102.1

30.9
57.0
157.4

Nondurable goods
F o od and kindred prod ucts----------------M e a t p roducts___________________
D a ir y prod ucts___________________
C a n n ed and preserved foods, except
m eats_________________________
G rain m ill p roducts_______________
B a k e r y products---------------------------------Su gar---------------------------------------------------C onfectionery and related p roducts-----B everages--------------------------------------------M iscellaneous food and kindred prod­
u cts________________ ____ ______
T o b acco m anufactures.
C ig arettes_________
C ig a rs____________
T e x tile m ill p roducts________________
C o tto n broad w o ven fabrics-----------------Silk and syn th etic broad w o ven fabrics.
W e a v in g and finishing broad w oolens...
N arrow fabrics and sm all wares-----------K n ittin g _________________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering____________________
Y a m and thread----------------------------------M iscellaneous textile goods-----------------See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1,749.6 1,813.5 1,861.9 1,858.7 1,765.6 1,717.8 1,668.
323.6 316.5 318.1 318.5 315.3 313.2 307.
280.6 283.5 290.1 297.2 298.3 296.6 289.
202 .

82.1
217.1

302.6
128.6
288.8
48.6
80.1
220.5

356.6
129.9
289.8
34.4
78.1
222.3

347.4
130.0
291.3
33.2
74.1
226.5

264.3
128.1
292.2
32.0
69.0
226.6

223.2
129.6
291.5
31.4
71.3
221.0

127.
286.
31.
70.
213.

143.2

144.3

142.6

140.5

139.8

140.0

138.7

125.8
287.8

96.5

911.3
231.5
88.0

45.4
30.2
223.4
77.2
107.4
69.4

106.0
37.8
25.7

102.6

906.5
231.2
87.5
45.3
29.5
224.1
76.8
38.1
107.0
67.0

906.9
230.0
87.0
46.8
29.2
224.3
77.1
37.9
107.0
67.

38.3
25.4

1,652.0 1,642 1,649.6 1,666.3 1,716.3 1,758.7 1,743.7 1,762.1
302.3 302.1 303.1 308.6 317.7 319.9 313.8 315.0
285. 5 283.4 281.7 281.9 285.6 287.1 293.9 302.5
187.8 188.1 193.2 208.8 235.0 247.3 255.8
200.6
130.5
124.8 125.5 125.8 127.4 127.9 128.3 130.0 292.5
284.5 285.3 284.7 284.1 288.3 289.6 288.9
35.7
37.0
52.2
48.8
45.5
41.8
34.7
32.5
75.3
76.3
84.1
82.0
75.1
75.3
73.1
70.7
212.0
213.6
215.9
213.7
209.1
209.9 208.1
212.1
139.0

140.7

93.6
38.3
25.0

76.2
37.7
24.6

76.7
37.2
25.3

76.3
37.0
24.8

76.7
37.1
24.6

80.3
37.2
24.3

903.6
229.4
87.1
46.3
29.0
224.1
77.3
37.0
107.3

888.5
228.
86.4
46.7
28.4
218.4
76.2
35.6
102.5
65.7

902.0
229.2
87.3
48.9
28.9
220.7
76.9
36.5
106.8

894.3
227.

892.2
228.0

890.2
228.9

86 .

86.8

48.8
28.4
218.1
76.5
36.7
104.9
66.5

48.1
28.5
215.2
76.5
37.1
104.9
67.1

66.1

66.8

86

47.9
28.4
213.3
76.4
37.5
104.6
66.4

141.0

141.4

143.5

146.6

143.0

142.8

84.3
37.2
23.8

86.9
37.8

93.6
38.3

22.2

22.8

97.5
38.1
23.3

87.9
38.0
22.7

90.5
37.5
23.8

879.7
228.7
86.7
47.8
28.1
205.1
75.9
37.0
103.7
66.7

887.3
229.7
87.0
47.3
28.3
209.5
76.4
37.7
104.0
67.4

894.1
229.2
86.7
47.2
28.3
217.7
76.2
37.8
103.2
67.8

888.8

229.1
86.9
48.3
28.2
209.7
76.0
37.3
104.5
66.9

229.1
84.8
50.4
27.8
216.0
75.2
37.4
101.4

902.3
238.9
82.2
52.2
27.8
219.8
74.9
37.3
102.4

66.8

66.6

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

93

A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box,

[inthousands]
1964

1963

Industry
N ov.s

Oct. 2 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

p.

98.

Annual
average
1963

1962

Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable ¿rood»—Continued
Apparel and related products__________ 1, 339.0 1,340. 7 1,342. 2 1,341.4 1,277.9 1,308. 3 1, 285. 8 1, 280. 6 1,305.8 1,303.6 1, 264. 2 1, 280.8 1, 293.3 1, 284. 5 1,263. 7
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats______
114.6 113.8 114.1 114.3 105.6 114.3 112.7 109.8 112.8 113.0 112.6 113.4 111.4 114.5 116.6
M en’s and boys’ furnishings_________
345.1 343.7 342.9 343.8 333.9 340.0 333.3 330.2 328.8 325.6 320.0 323.9 326.9 326.4 318.0
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outer
wear_____________________________
399.3 402.9 405.2 408.9 386.6 392.0 387.1 391.4 407.8 408.3 388.4 389.4 390.1 392.3 382.5
Women’s and children’s undergar­
ments____________________________
124.8 125.2 124.0 122.2 115.3 117.7 116.6 116.5 117.4 116.9 115.4 119.2 123.2 116.7 115.9
Hats, caps, and millinery____________ . .
32.6
32.6
34.2
31.2
29.7
28.7
29.2
35.2
36.0
32.9
31.7
30.7
33.0
32.9
Girls’ and children’s outerwear______
76.0
77.3
77.8
79.1
79.5
78.5
81.6
75.3
75.8
79.3
76.4
74.7
75.2
76.7
77.6
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel... . .
79.9
78.6
76.7
72.0
73.4
75.9
73.2
72.8
72.0
72.0
67.8
76.2
73.3
74.0
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod­
ucts______________________________
168.4 164.8 167.5 162.2 153.8 157.1 155.5 155.4 154.8 152.5 150.7 156.5 159.6 151.6 146.1
Paper and allied products_____________
637.7 638.4 639.7 638.2 631.1 635.6 625.8 624.4 620.6 618.7 619.6 625.2 625.7 620.3 614.4
Paper and pulp_____________________
217.1 218.3 218.1 221.6 220.6 221.1 217.0 217.0 215.8 215.4 216.1 218.2 218.0 217.9 218.1
Paperboard________________________
67.4
66.7
64.6
66.4
65.7
66.6
65.8
65.7
65.8
65.7
65.7
65.8
65.7
65.3
65.1
Converted paper and paperboard
products_________________________
155.7 154.7 156.5 155.1 153.0 153.5 151.7 150.7 149.2 148.4 148.5 149.7 149.0 147.3 144.3
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
200.3 198.7 197.7 195.1 191.8 194.4 191.3 191.0 189.8 189.2 189.2 191.6 193.0 189.7 186.9
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries______________________________ 962.6 961.9 958.6 952.7 950.0 952.2 947.8 945.0 943.5 940.4 938.8 948.9 943.8 931.1 926.4
Newspaper publishing and printing___ 339.8 339.5 337.1 338.2 338.6 339.7 337.9 336.6 336.2 334.8 334.5 338.4 335.8 329.6 327.6
Periodical publishing and printing____
69.0
68.3
67.2
66.4
66.4
66.7
67.3
67.4
68.7
68.3
68.5
68.3
68.0
69.7
Books______________________________
74.5
74.7
74.2
74.5
75.1
74.7
75.1
75.1
73.5
74.8
73.9
72.4
72.1
71.8
Commercial printing________________
310.1 310.3 309.6 304.6 303.7 304.9 303.3 302.6 302.4 300.0 301.5 303.4 302.6 297.7 295.7
Bookbinding and related industries___
51.4
51.3
51.5
52.0
51.7
51.4
50.4
50.8
49.7
49.3
48.0
50.3
50.0
50.6
49.2
Other publishing and printing indus­
tries____ ___ _____ ________________
117.2 117.3 117.4 116.5 115.1 115.1 114.0 113.0 112.7 112.8 112.6 114.8 114.7 113.0 112.4
Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial chemicals_____ ____ _______
Plastics and synthetics, except glass___
Drugs______________________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_______
Paints, varnishes, and allied products..
Agricultural chem icals..____ _____ . . . .
Other chemical products........ ..................

876.4
282.9
189.3
111.4
99.2
64.5
47.9
81.2

876.6
282.4
188.9
111.6
99.9
64.8
48.6
80.4

884.3
287.0
190.2
111.6
99.8
65.9
48.8
81.0

886.4
288.7
189.3
113.0
99.9
66.9
47.8
80.8

883.8
288.6
187.9
113.1
97.9
67.0
48.0
81.3

882.1
287.5
185.8
112.6
98.4
66.3
50.9
80.6

879.3
284.3
183.0
111.6
95.8
65.0
60.1
79.5

878.7
284.1
182.2
111.6
95.6
64.5
61.8
78.9

872.5
283.4
180.9
112.0
95.4
63.7
57.6
79.5

864.2
283.0
180.1
111.3
95.0
63.2
52.7
78.9

862.3
283.1
180.1
112.6
93.9
62.7
50.7
79.2

864.1
283.0
180.0
112.8
96.2
63.0
49.0
80.1

864.8
283.4
179.4
112.8
96.9
63.3
48.1
80.9

865.2
283.6
176.2
112.4
97.0
63.2
51.0
81.7

848.5
282.9
165.4
110.4
96.4
62.6
48.6
82.2

Petroleum refining and related industries.
Other petroleum and coal products___

185.1
150.6
34.5

186.5
150.7
35.8

188.4
151.8
36.6

189.6
152.9
36.7

189.7
153.1
36.6

189.8
153.4
36.4

187.2
152.2
35.0

186.1
152.8
33.3

185.5
152.7
32.8

185.7
153.0
32.7

185.8
153.9
31.9

186.6
153.5
33.1

188.9
153.9
35.0

189.8
154.7
35.1

195.3
160.5
34.7

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod­
ucts______________________________
Tires and inner tubes___________ ____
Other rubber products______________
Miscellaneous plastic products_______

442.5
99.4
168.6
174.5

440.6
96.7
168.8
175.1

443.9
100.4
169.3
174.2

435.3
99.3
164.2
171.8

425.1
98.9
162.1
164.1

426.9
98.4
163.9
164.6

425.7
97.8
163.3
164.6

421.8
97.3
162.9
161.6

422.1
97.8
163.6
160.7

420.1
97.9
163.8
158.4

418.2
97.3
163.4
157.5

420.0
97.1
164.5
158.4

422.9
96.2
165.4
161.3

417.7
97.3
163.5
157.0

408.4
99.4
161.3
147.7

Leather and leather products__
Leather tanning and finishing.
Footwear, except rubber_____
Other leather products______

361.0
32.5
238.0
90.5

356.5
32.2
233.9
90.4

358.0
32.3
236.2
89.5

362.6
32.3
241.0
89.3

356.1
31.9
238.5
85.7

355.6
32.4
238.0
85.2

346.1
31.8
233.0
81.3

344.4
31.4
230.3
82.7

349.5
31.3
234.3
83.9

349.9
31.4
235.8
82.7

345.5
30.2
234.6
80.7

350.2
31.7
233.8
84.7

350.8
31.6
231.2
88.0

350.8
31.3
233.2
86.3

360.7
31.9
240.6
88.1

4,015

4,027
754.7
661.1
278.1
86.7
107.9
42.8
983.4
217.2
196.7
19.9
312.1
851.1
707.6
31.3
107.3
610.7
248.1
151.1
173.9
37.6

4,045
761.4
667.5
276.6
86.6
105.9
44.9
991.3
216.7
196.5
20.4
306.9
854.8
711.8
31.5
106.6
616.9
250.5
152.6
176.0
37.8

4,043
770.2
677.1
260.2
85.9
106.0
45.4
977.2
215.7
195.6
20.8
313.6
860.3
716.5
31.9
107.0
624.9
253.5
154.9
177.6
38.91

4,031
771.0
678.6
261.5
86.0
106.7
45.4
971.0
214.7
194.8
20.7
308.2
858.1
714.7
32.4
106.1
625.3
253.6
155.1
177.6
39.0

4,005
767.0
675.7
269.0
87.2
107.4
43.5
963.4
211.8
192.0
20.6
309.9
847.2
705.1
32.5
104.7
616.2
251.3
151.2
175.2
38.5

3,952
760.8
670.3
278.1
87.5
109.1
42.5
928.4
209.2
189.8
20.1
307.4
838.5
697.4
32.7
103.5
609.5
246.7
152.1
172.8
37.9

3,924 3,885
758.3 751.2
667.6 660.3
277.2 272.4
86.8
81.1
111.2 112.9
41.0
40.3
914.0 903.0
207.4 206.0
187.7 186.4
20.1
20.1
303.1 299.2
835.9 826.8
695.2 687.1
32.5
32.3
103.3 102.5
607.6 606.3
245.8 245.2
151.9 152.0
172.7 172.5
37.21 36.6

3,880
749.2
659.0
281.5
88.4
115.2
40.5
902.3
204.9
185.6
20.2
291.7
824.4
684.8
32.5
102.2
605.3
245.0
151.9
172.2
36.2

3,877
751.4
662.2
282.7
88.5
115.2
41.9
899.5
205.4
185.3
20.1
291.1
821.0
681.5
32.4
102.2
606.1
245.4
151.7
172.6
36.4

3,935
771.2
672.1
280.3
88.8
114.8
41.3
927.9
204.5
184.3
20.3
302.1
821.0
681.8
32.7
101.6
607.2
245.5
152.5
173.1
36.11

3,948
768.0
675.4
278.0
89.1
112.4
41.0
939.4
203.7
183.3
20.3
310.0
820.0
681.1
32.5
101.5
608.4
245.6
152.8
173.6
36.4

3,914
771.9
679.3
272.0
88.9
112.0
41.4
912.1
201.4
180.7
20.8
302.9
823.4
685.1
33.7
99.7
609.9
246.1
153.3
174.2
36.3

3,906
796.4
700.2
270.7
90.9
112.5
41.3
884.6
196.9
175.9
21.6
301.6
824.1
687.5
36.8
95.3
610.4
246.5
154.6
173.1
36.1

Petroleum refining______________ ....

Transportation and public utilities________
Railroad transportation_______________
Class I railroads_____________________
Local and interurban passenger transit___
Local and suburban transportation___
Taxicabs___________________________
Intercity and rural buslines__________
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Air transportation____________________
Air transportation, common carriers___
Pipeline transportation________________
Other transportation__________________
Communication______________________
Telephone communication___________
Telegraph communication___________
Radio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and sanitary services______
Electric companies and systems______
Gas companies and systems__________
Combined utility systems____________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems___
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

94
T able

A—2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1 Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 98.

[In thousands]

Annual
average

1963

1964
In d u stry
N o v .2

Wholesale and retail trade_________ ___

12,497
3,262
W holesale trad e
___
___
—
M o to r vehicles a n d a u to m o tive e q u ip ­
m ent
D ru gs, p.hßmieals, a n d allied p ro d u cts..
_____
___
D r y goods and apparel
Groceries and related p rod u cts. . __
E lectrica l goods
__
..
__
Hardware,“ p lu m b in g , and heating
goods
.
M a ch in e ry, eq u ip m en t, and supplies
9,235
R e ta il trade
__ -.
___
G eneral m erchandise stores__________
D e p a rtm en t stores__
__ _
____
L im ite d price v arie ty stores
Food stores
_ ___
.
__ . _ .
G rocery, m eat, and vegetab le stores
A p p a rel and accessories stores
M e n ’s and b o y s’ apparel stores
W om en ’s ready-to-w ear stores.
F a m ily clothing stores____
____
Shoe stores.
Fu rnitu re and appliance stores
E a tin g and drinking places
O ther retail trade . . . .
______
M o tor vehicle d e a le rs..
__
__
O ther vehicle and accessory dealers___
D r u g s to r e s __
.
_.
__
.
Finance, insurance, and real estate______
2,957
B a n k in g .
..
. . . .
. . . ___ .
C red it agencies other th an b an k s....... . .
S avings and loan associations___ _____
Personal credit in stitu tio n s___ . . .
..
S ecu rity dealers and exchanges_______ .
_________
Insurance c a r r ie r s .._____
L ife insurance__
___
. __ .
A ccid en t and health insurance_______
Fire, m arine, and ca su a lty insurance..
Insurance agents, brokers, and serv ic es...
Heal estate__
______'..
____. . .
O p erative b u i l d e r s . ___
. ...
..
Other finance, insurance, and real estate .
Services and miscellaneous........................ . 8,613
H otels and lodging p la c e s .. .
____
Hotels, tourist courts, and m otels____
Personal services:
L aundries, cleaning and dyein g p la n ts..
M iscellaneous business services: *
A d v e r tis in g ...
__ ______ _ _ _ _
M o tio n pictu res____ ______
. . .
M o tio n picture film ing and distrib ­
u tin g _____________________ ____
M o tio n picture theaters and services .
M e d ica l services:
H o sp ita ls_________________________
Government. _ ...
____
9,759
Federal G o v e r n m e n t3__ . .
2,336
E x e c u tiv e ___
. . . . . . . . _______
D epartm en t of D efense________
Po st Office D e p a rtm en t____
Other a gen cies._____ _
___ _ _
L egisla tiv e ________ _______ . . . .
J u d ic ia l...............
_ _
__________
S tate and local governm ent *.. ___. . .
7,423
S tate gov ern m en t.. . . . .
State e d u ca tio n ..
___ _
..
_ .
O ther State govern m en t__
Local govern m en t___ . . . . . . ___. . .
Local e d u ca tio n ...
Other local governm ent . . . .

1

O ct.2

Sept.

A u g.

12,201

12,340 12,243
3, 266
3, 269
3,258
244.1
192.7
137.2
520.9
237.9

245.8
192.6
137.2
522.0
239.2

147.3
566.2
9,071
1, 805. 5
1,108. 0
306.9
1,433. 5
1, 264. 8
639.6
103.3
240.9
99.9
118 .1
401.9
1,83 1.1
2,959.0
703. 5
168.4
392.3
2,962
763.6
322.9
95.6
1 7 1.1
126.4
470.4
55.3
315. 8
226.8
556.0
44.5
79.1
8,678
623.2
572.2

147.6
566.1
, 985
1, 741. 2
1,060.9
301.5
1,414.3
1, 249. 6
630.1
100. 5
235.8
98.4
123.1
395.8
1,842. 9
2,960.3
703.1
168.8
392.2
2,972
765. 7
321.2
95.3
169.8
127.1
889.8
471.9
55.6
316.9
227.2
562.3
44.6
79.1
8,661
647.0
584.2

542.2

540.6

886.8

8

J u ly

A p r.

M ar.

Jan.

F eb .

D ec.

N ov.

12,110

12,173 12,180 12,031 11,919 11,862 11,772 11,855 12,725
3,183
3, 210
3,156
3,172
3,156
3,161
3,245
3,170
3,211
238.0
189.7
134.0
498.3
235.1

237.5
189.3
133.4
498.0
234.2

144.8
144.8
550.5
554.1
, 706
, 758
1,656.8 1, 656.7
1,014. i l l , 010. 5
299.0
294.7
1,410. 6 1,408.4
1, 242.0 1, 238.3
609.3
623.6
98.4
98.2
230.5
232.6
93.9
96.3
120.3
115.6
393.9
393.6
1, 788.8 1, 754.4
2,899.3 2,868. 7
689.5
691.1
158. 8
162.8
379.4
381.5
2,901
2,919
754.4
752.8
311.3
313.3
93.2
93.6
163.9
162.7
125.1
126.2
880.1
880.8
468.7
467.6
54.9
54.8
313.1
312.8
222.3
222.9
531.4
543.1
42.4
42.6
77.9
77.9
8,326
8,453
602.9
579.6
533.4
552.3

144.5
550.2
8,616
1,614.8
981,5
289.3
1, 409.0
1,236. 4
588.0
98.9
220.7
93.1
107.6
393.7
1, 742.4
2, 867. 7

239.2
190.2
133.8
497.7
235.4

244.9
191.5
137.3
524.7
240.7

243.8
193.1
136.0
512.9
239.0

240.7
190.0
134.6
499.7
235.8

149.1
149.4
565.1
566.6
, 935
8,928
1,697.9 1,693. 7
1, 035. 2 1,035.0
291.5
291.0
1, 407. 8 1,4 12 .1
1, 245.0 1, 248.6
603.9
605.3
99.5
99.6
228.5
224.8
93.7
95.8
114 .7
115.5
394.7
396.3
1,8 5 7.1 1,853.0
2,970.3 2,970. 7
704.5
704.1
1 7 1 .7
172 .1
389.0
390.4
2,998
2,998
774.5
773.8
321.9
321.9
96.7
96.2
168.7
169.2
129.1
129.1
893.2
895.8
472.2
474.8
55.8
55.8
318.8
319.1
228.6
229.0
5 71.7
568.0
46.2
45.3
79.4
79.3
8,698
8,676
733.2
735.4
618.9
618.6

147.1
560.5
8,969
1,699.0
1,040. 8
295.6
1,4 13.5
1, 245. 6
625. 2
102.3
232.9
96.8
118.7
396.2
1, 862. 9
2,972.0
700.2
171.3
390.5
2,964
765.1
317. 6
95.0
166.6
127.1
885. 3
468.8
55.3
315.5
225.6
565.0
45.1
78.7
8,654
662.6
597.5

145.1
555.3
8,861
1,681.4
1,027.0
299.1
1, 408.0
1, 239. 5
623.5
99.8
234.1
95.5

545.2

539.4

531.2

109.4
173.9

109.3
170.9

40.0
133.9

38.9
132.0

1,359. 4 1,346. 2
9,513
9,484
2, 344
2, 332
2, 313. 5 2, 302. 3
935.0
936.9
585.1
583.7
782.2
792.9
24.1
25.0
5 .7
5.8
7,140
7,181
1,835. 2 1, 844.0
622.1
584.7
1, 250. 5 1, 221. 9
5, 305. 2 5,336. 5
2, 832. 8 2, 934.9
2,472. 4 2,401. 6

1,346. 2
9,508
2, 334
2,304. 2
937.1
586.8
780.3
24.3
5 .7
7,174
1, 836.4
617.4
1, 219. 0
5,337.1
2,944. 2
2,392.9

246.2
19 1.1
138.1
520.4
241.7

8

542.1

546.8

110.2 110.0 110.6 110.2 110.2
180.3
178.1

181.1

188.5

186.1

46.1
132.0

44.3
136.8

46.1
142.4

44.1
142.0

1,3 7 1.9
9,710
2, 329
2, 298. 8
927. 5
591.8
779.5
24.6
5.8
7, 381
1,898.1
656.9
1, 241. 2
5,483. 2
3.052.1
2.431.1

1, 367.1
9,509
2,320
2, 289.9
929.6
582.9
777.4
24.7
5.8
7,189
1,830.1
562.9
1, 267. 2
5. 358. 6
2,894.5
2. 464. 1

1,367.0
9,135
2,356
2,325.5
938.5
591.6
795.4
25.0
5 .7
6,779
1, 790.1
507.2
1,282. 9
4. 988.4
2,466.8
2. 521.6

1,370. 7
9,149
2,355
2, 324. 7
938.4
586.5
799.8
24.9
5.8
, 794
1, 792.9
521. 5
1,2 7 1.4
5,001. 3
2, 476. 5
2, 524.8

6

B eginning w ith the Janu ary 1965 issue, figures differ from those p revio u sly
published. T h e in d u stry series have been adju sted to M a rch 1963 bench­
m arks (com prehensive counts of em p lo ym en t). For com parable b ack data,
see E m ploym en t and E arnings Statistics for the United States, 1909-64 ( B L S
B u lletin 1312-2). S tatistics from A p ril 1963 forward are subject to further
revision w hen new b enchm arks becom e available.
T h e se series are based upon establishm ent reports w hich cover all fulland part-tim e em ployees in nonagricultural establishm ents w ho w orked
during, or received p a y for, a n y part of the p a y period w hich includes the 12th
of the m onth. Therefore, persons w h o w orked in more th an 1 establishm ent
during the reporting period are counted more th an once. Proprietors, selfem p lo yed persons, u npaid fa m ily workers, and dom estic servants are
excluded.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M ay

June

42.1
138.2

121.1

393.8
1,819.5
2, 935.1
693.2
166.0
385.1
2,931
755.7
314.8
93.9
164.8
126.5
881.3
467.9
54.8
313.8
222.9
551.6
43.1
78.3
8,548
626.3
570.8

8

8

237.9
190.4
132.0
501.9
235.1

238.9
190. 7
133.8
507.9
234.7

145.1
144.3
144.8
545.0
546. 5
547.2
9, 515
8,927
8,683
1,670.2 2,217.8 1.836.9
1,026.8 1,38 7.1 1.123.9
291.4
394.0
326. 7
1,409.3 1,434.0 1,405.4
1, 242. 5 1, 253.3 1, 234. 7
635. 8
607.7
740.3
101. 5
105.9
129.9
238.5
226.0
272.4
125.4
99.7
131.4
108.2
398.5
407.1
394.8
1, 726. 6 1,743. 4 1, 749.2
2,874.8 2,971.9 2,900.8
680.2
687.6
683.6
165.0
170.8
158.1
396.2
383.8
380.5
2,884
2,887
2,882
748.3
746.8
748.6
308.4
306.8
310.2
91. 5
92.0
94.0
160.4
161.5
161.4
124.0
124.1
123.6
875.9
874.8
874.1
465.9
467.4
466.2
53.7
53.7
54.2
311.0
309.5
310.6
219.9
534.1
531.5
526.6
45. 6
43.4
41.9
78.0
78.2
77.3
8,327
8,299
8,233
5
71.7
563.2
561. 6
523.7
516.0
516.2

1962

11,803 11,566
3,119
3,056
235.5
188. 5
132.2
493.6
232.6

238.7
190. 5
134.4
504.6
233.4

228.3
186.3
131.0
487.0
219.7

142.2
144.2
530.4
508. 8
, 685
, 511
1, 684.9 1, 632.1
1,021. 5
971.4
310.6
320.6
1,383.4 1,363. 6
,2 11.6 1,195.4
616.7
617.4
99.7
99.8
229.9
228.9
95.7
96.8
119.9
390.3
388.5
1, 747.9 1, 720. 5
2,861.0 2, 789.0
672.3
641.2
15 1.1
159.4
378.1
373.8
2,873
2,800
740.4
714.7
300.6
281.9
81.4
151.9
158. 7
123.9
131.8
870.2
852.4
463.4
454.2
51. 5
53.3
309.9
305.6
218.6
211.9
530,1
540. 7
46.3
46.1
78.4
77. 6
8,230
7,947
605. 4
594.6
543.1
535.8

8

8

1

100.1
120.6 120.8

688.8

157.5
379.7
2,891
750.9
310.6
93.2
162.2
124.6
877.4
467.2
54.5
311.2
221.5
528.5
4 1.7
77.4
8,277
575.0
529.5

1963

221.1 220.2

88.8

525.3

525.2

524.3

527.5

524.0

519.7

163.8

109.6
161.6

109.1
162.3

109.9
168.9

110.9
170.0

109.2
175. 4

108.3
178.3

40.3
123.5

40.2
121.4

121.2

4 1.1

42.8
126.1

41.9
128.1

4 1.1
134.3

41.5
136.9

1, 342. 5 1,338.0 1,332.3 1, 327.8 1,329.2 1,309.6
9,199
9,564
9,425
9,391
9,443
9,480
2,482
2,343
2, 358
2,323
2, 321
2,323
2,312.
8
2,
328.1
2,
451.
8
2,293.1 2, 290.9 2, 293.0
949.2
939.7
940.1
937.2
938.1
936.8
598.4
593.3
738.0
588.2
585.9
585.6
780.5
779.4
774.1
766.7
770.4
768.1
24.1
24.1
24.2
24.1
24.1
24.3
5 .7
5 .7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5 .7
6,841
7,082
7,082
7,122
7,068
7,15 7
1, 827. 8 1,814 .7 1,799. 8 1, 797. 6 1, 798. 6 1, 743. 4
611.4
555.0
601.9
603.9
614.2
618.1
1, 209.7 1, 200. 5 1,195. 9 1,195. 7 1,18 7 .2 1,188. 5
5,097.3
5,
283.7
5, 328. 9 5,307. 5 5, 268. 2 5,284.7
2, 953. 3 2,937. 3 2,902. 9 2,918. 7 2,916.9 2, 731. 5
2, 375. 6 2,370. 2 2,365. 3 2,366.0 2,366. 8 2,365. 8

1,247. 7
8,890
2, 340
2,310, 6
963.3
597.2
750.2
23.7
5.5
, 550
, 668.4
510.5
1,15 7.8
4,881,2
2,581.2
2, 300.0

526.1

110.0

6
1

* r ie iu m iim y.
.
D a t a relate to civ ilia n em ployees w ho w orked on, or received p a y for,
the last d a y of the m onth.
.
* S tate and local governm ent data exclude, as nom inal em ployees, elected
officials of sm all local u n its and paid volunteer firemen.

3

Source: U .S . D e p a rtm en t of L abor, B ureau of L ab o r S tatistics for all
series except those for th e Fed eral G overn m en t, w h ich is prepared b y the
U .S . C iv il Service Com m ission, and th a t for C la ss I railroads, w hich is
prepared b y th e U .S . Interstate Com m erce Com m ission.

95

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
Revised series; see box, p. 98.

[inthousands]
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
N o v .2 Oct.2 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1963

1962

Mfttal mining
Tron ores
Copper ores

_ ______
_________________
__________

507
69.7
23.9
22.4

507
65.7
24.0
18.4

508
64.2
23.6
16.9

508
64.1
24.0
17.0

512
71.2
24.0
24.3

497
70.2
23.7
23.8

490
69.0
22.8
23.5

478
67. 1
21.2
23.4

477
66.7
21.0
23.3

481
66.3
20.7
23.1

497
66.7
21.1
22.9

502
67.6
22.0
22.7

499
66.6
21.0
22.7

512
67.5
21. 0
23.4

Gnal mining
Thtnrninnns

__________
__ ______

127.8
118.0

126.5
116.7

125.6
115.6

126.0
115.9

126.2
116.2

124.5
114.9

126.2
116.8

126.2
116.2

129.7
119.6

130.8
120.9

132.9
122.8

132.8
122.7

130.5
120.6

133.6
123.1

Cmfle petroleum and natural gas
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field services _ _ __ _

203.0
91.2
111.8

206.2
93.1
113.1

210.4
94.5
115.9

210.6
94.8
115.8

208.4
94.5
113.9

199.6
91.3
108.3

198.0
91.2
106.8

197.3
91.6
105.7

196.7
92.4
104.3

200.0
92.7
107.3

204.0
93.1
110.9

202.0
93.7
108.3

204.4
96.2
108.1

212.8
99.8
113.1

106.4

108.2

108.0

107.2

105.9

102.6

97.1

87.5

84.3

84.1

93.2

99.8

97.1

98.1

Quarrying and nonmetallic m inine___ .

2,909 2,927 3,015 2,960 2,853 2,670 2,467 2,260 2,186 2,134 2,426 2,674 2,539 2,462
916. 0 919.1 956.9 937.1 9Ó0.8 839.4 776. 4 710.8 687.7 673.5 758.6 840.2 791.6 755.8
616.0 630.1 653.0 642.9 617.2 560.1 472.8 389.6 372.1 355.9 450.7 549.0 523.1 514.8
345.9 358.4 375.7 370.7 351.5 311.6 244.3 183.8 168.2 157.7 223.1 298.8 282.3 269. 0
270.1 271.7 277.3 272.2 265.7 248.5 228.5 205.8 203.9 198.2 227.6 250. 2 240. 7 245 7
1,376.6 1,377.3 1,405. 2 1,380. 3 1,334. 6 1,270. 6 1,217.9 1,159. 3 1,126.3 1,104. 5 1,216.3 1,285.1 1,224. 5 1,191. 8

General building contractors _________
H eavy construction _ _
_ ___
Highway and street c o n str u c tio n ...__
Other heavy construction __
Special trade contractors___
_______

Manufacturing--------- --------------------------- 13,096 12,916 13,280 12,966 12,768 12,847 12,666 12,592 12,543 12,482 12,435 12,631 12,722 12,558 12,488
Durable goods____________ _______ 7,423 7,184 7,490 7,211 7,227 7, 292 7, 201 7,160 7, 095 7,041 7,029 7,121 7,147 7,030 6,936
Nondurable goods----------------------------- 5,673 5,732 5, 790 5, 755 5, 541 5,555 5,465 5,432 5,448 5,441 5,406 5, 510 5, 575 5,528 5,552
D u r a b l e g oods

31.8

102.8
65.8
5.1
31.9

104.3
66.8
5.2
32.3

102.6
65.7
5.2
31.7

103.7
66.5
5.2
32.0

105.5
67.7
5.3
32.5

107.5
69.1
5.3
33.1

109.8
69.8
5.6
34.4

110.7
70.4
6.0
34.3

111.8
71.1
6.3
34.4

115.9
73.9
6.6
35.4

116.7
74.2
6. 7
35.8

116.8
73.8
6.7
36.3

115.8
71.9
8.0
35.9

118.2
69.4
12.3
36.5

534.5
81.9
232.5

543.2
86.8
236.0

555.4
90.3
240.0

560.8
92.6
243.5

560.1
91.3
244.6

555.8
89.0
242.6

533.8
80.8
233.9

518.7
72.3
228.9

507.0
67.1
225.9

506.0
71.4
224.0

503.5
72.6
220.2

522.4
78.2
229.2

535.8
83.5
234.9

524.6
78.0
232.3

526.7
78.7
233.1

129.8
32.9
57.4

130.2
32.5
57.7

133.8
33.3
58.0

134.5
33.2
57.0

133.4
34.1
56.7

133.0
34.7
56.5

129.9
33.5
55.7

128.8
32.7
56.0

126.9
31.9
55.2

125.5
31.2
53.9

126.0
31.2
53.5

128.1
32.2
54.7

129.9
32.2
55.3

127.1
32.7
54.6

128.2
33.2
53.5

Furniture and fixtures------ ------------------Household furniture------ ------ ----------Office furniture---------- -- ---------------Partitions; office and store fixtures____
Other furniture and fixtures__________

344.7
260.3

346.5
260.8
21.8
28. 8
35.1

344.5
258.4
22.0
29.3
34.8

340.8
256.4
21.3
29. 2
33.9

333.3
250.6
20.5
28. 0
34.2

334.2
250.9
20.6
27.8
34.9

325.3
246.0
19.3
26.9
33.1

327.7
247.0
20.5
26. 9
33.3

325.9
246.2
20. 7
26. 2
32.8

323.4
244.1
20.5
26.4
32.4

322.2
241.7
21.1
26. 3
33.1

327.6
245.2
21.6
27. 0
33.8

330.4
246.1
21.9
28. 5
33.9

323.3
239.3
21.8
29. 4
32.7

319.6
235.0
22. 4
30 5
31.8

Stone, clay, and glass products______ . .
. . . ------- .
Flat glass___________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n..
Cement, hydraulic__________________
Structural clay produ cts...
. . ..
Pottery and related products..
_ _.
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products_____ ________ ____ _______
Other stone and mineral products____

506.2
100. 8
30.7
58.1

511.3
27. 8
100.7
31.0
58.2
35.9

519.4
27. 5
102.8
31.9
59.3
37.1

519. C 513.5
25. 7
26.0
102.7 100.5
32.1
32.1
60.2
59.7
35. 9
36.8

513.3
25.8
102.2
31.8
59.9
36.3

499.4
25. 2
100.4
30.7
58.2
36.7

487.4
24.7
98.3
29.7
57.3
36 8

473.9
25.1
96.9
28.7
55.7
37.0

465.1
25.8
95.1
27.7
53.7
36 3

460.9
26.1
91.8
27.9
54.1
36.7

480.3
26 5
95.3
29.2
57.4
37.2

495.1
26. 7
96.0
30.9
58.8
38.0

484.5
25.1
95.4
30.9
58.4
36. 6

477.7
25. 3
92.6
31.9
58.5
37.0

138.0
97.4

142.9
97.5

145.6
97.8

147.2
96.8

143.9
96.5

137.3
94.2

130.3
93.8

121.4
92.6

118.5
91.9

117.5
91.0

126.8
91.9

135.9
92.4

131.9
90.4

128.1
89.2

Primary metal industries_____ . . . . . . 1,023. 5 1,014.2 1,027. 4 1,009.1 1, 003. 0 1,005.4
Blast furnace and basic steel products.. 531.1 527.8 533.7 526.3 522.5 518.3
Iron and steel foundries_____. . .
.
183.1 178.2 186.2 182.1 181.0 184.0
Nonferrous smelting and refining___ _
55.7
55.4
52.9
53.0
54.6
53.3
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extruding____ _________ _ .... _ . . .
142.9 142.4 143.4 139.4 139.2 139.0
Nonferrous foundries_____ _
61.9
62.1
63.0
62.0
61.6
60.7
Miscellaneous primary metal industries______ . . . _
._ ________
48.8
48.2
48.3
46.4
46.6
47.5

994.1
508.6
181.3
54.6

983.5
499.8
179.4
53.8

971.6
489.1
178.0
54.4

963.7
482.8
177.1
54.1

949.8
472.3
174.8
53.9

945.7
469.1
173.4
53.8

933.1
461.4
171.1
54.0

946.9
478.7
168.2
53.2

937.3
476.3
163.7
52.6

141.5
61.1

142.2
61.0

142.3
60.9

142.0
60.7

141.9
60.3

142.4
60.1

140.8
59.4

140.8
59.6

139.6
58.2

Fabricated metal products_______ ___
M etal cans_____ . _
_____
Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware___ _ _ ___ _____
Heating equipment and plumbing fixtin es___ . . . _______ . . . . . .
Fabricated structural metal products..
Screw machine products, bolts, etc____
Metal stampings_____ ____
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.

Ordnance and accessories--------------Ammunition, except for small arms----Sighting and fire control equipment___
Other ordnance and accessories....... .......
Lumber and wood products, except furnlture__ _______________ Logging camps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing m ills__________
Millwork, plywood, and related products----- ---------------------------------------Wooden containers__________________
Miscellaneous wood products-------------

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

103.1
66.1

34.4

146.8
95.7

47.0

47.3

46.9

47.0

46.6

46.9

46.4

46.5

46.9

943.3
49.5

917.2
50.5

960.6
54.8

930.9
55.4

909.2
53.9

927.0
53.4

910.8
52.4

906.8
51.6

898.5
50.7

892.4
49.9

891.2
48.5

903.9
48.9

907.7
49.8

883.7
50.5

863.7
50.8

119.7

105.2

119.2

113.2

107.4

112.1

113.0

112.9

113.5

113.4

114.4

114.7

113.8

109.1

106.8

60.3
259.9
72.9
167.8
65.9
49.2
98.1

61.3
263.9
72.5
153.0
65.4
48.4
97.0

60.9
265.8
72.2
174.0
65.8
48.2
99.7

59.5
263.0
71.3
161.6
63.8
47.1
96.0

60.4
260.2
70.1
153.3
62.1
45.3
96.5

60.9
257.3
71.5
164.3
62.8
47.1
97.6

59.3
245.9
70.6
164.1
62.7
46.2
96.6

60.4
242.0
70.9
165.1
61.8
46.5
95.6

59.1
237.1
71.2
164.1
61.4
45.9
95.5

59.1
234.7
70.8
163.9
59.9
45.5
95.2

58.9
234.2
70.4
164.9
60.2
45.3
94.4

59.4
240.7
70.8
167.1
61.5
45.5
95.3

59.6
245.9
70.3
167.1
62.1
44.9
94.2

57.7
240.8
70.3
158.4
58.9
44.0
94.1

55.6
235.0
69.5
153.6
56.2
44.4
91.8

96

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965
T able

A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 98.

[In thousands]
1964

Annual
average

1963

Industry
N o v .2 Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1963

1962

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Machinery___
___________ . . . ___ 1,134.2 1,135.4 1,141.8 1,117.8 1,120.0 1,130.0 1,121.3 1,118.0 1,110.4 1,086.8 1,089.1 1,082.8 1,064.8 1,058.7 1,037.8
57.4
57.1
Engines and turbines_ . . . - . _______
57.7
59.5
58.0
57.4
57.5
57.5
56.8
56.5
56.2
56.9
56.1
56.6
55.6
Farm machinery and equipment___94.0
94.3
90.1
88.5
88.9
87.2
88.2
90.9
92.5
92.8
86.6
86.1
80.4
83.6
Construction and related m achin ery... 162.0 161.1 162.9 160.5 160.4 160.4 158.1 156.2 154.4 137.3 151.4 149.4 147.1 144.8 139.9
Metalworking machinery and equipm e n t ___
.
...
216.5 217.1 218.8 213.0 215.0 218.5 217.3 216.7 215.3 212.2 209.4 209.1 203.4 200.6 193.8
Special industry machinery. ________
120.8 120.7 121.4 119.3 119.8 121.5 119.8 119.7 118.8 118.1 117.5 117.1 116.4 116.2 118.0
General industrial machinery________
171.1 170.2 170.5 167.7 166.4 167.9 165.8 164.8 163.8 163.9 160.2 159.4 156.2 156.8 154.8
Office, computing and accounting machines____ ______________ _______
95.1
94.4
94.9
95.4
95.4
95.3
98.7
98.2
97.9
94.9
95.3
94.8
94.3
95.1
96.8
Service industry machines__________
71.0
69.1
73.3
70.4
73.3
71.7
70.3
69.7
69.2
69.3
72.3
72.6
72.7
72.8
68.8
Miscellaneous machinery______ ______
150.8 150.2 150.4 146.6 145.2 144.7 143.1 142.9 141.2 140.3 139.2 139.9 138.4 133.9 127.3
Electrical equipment and supplies______ 1,079.4 1,074.9 1,068.3 1,037.2 1,021.8 1,021.7 1,010.5 1,012.0 1,013.1 1,017.1 1,027.6 1,039.7 1,043.0 1,036.6 1,051.5
119.3 118.8 116.9 116.2 114.8 114.7 113.6 112.3 112.0 112.0 111.9 111.8 111.9 111.1 111.2
Electric distribution equipment___ .
Electrical industrial apparatus.
. . 132.5 130.9 130.5 128.1 127.1 127.9 125.6 124.0 124.2 123.0 122.8 122.7 122.5 122.1 124.8
Household appliances..
..................... 125.0 124.1 124.1 120.2 118.4 121.5 120.1 121.3 121.1 121.1 119.9 123.7 125.0 118.7 114.8
Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent------------ --------- ---------------- . 123.8 124.8 123.7 120.3 119. 0 119.3 118.1 118.2 118.7 118.3 117.7 118.7 119.8 115.9 111.5
78.5
84.0
82.5
Radio and TV receiving sets.. . ___
99.1
90.2
78.1
79.9
83.9
88.3
91.5
99.1 101.2
94.8
83.7
78.0
205.4 204.1 201.6 198.6 197.8 196.5 196.3 199.4 201.0 202.7 207.1 207.7 205.8 217.7 229.5
Communication equipment__________
Electronic components and accessories. 205.4 202.4 197.4 192.9 185.7 188.7 188.5 188.2 187.8 187.5 190.0 190.7 191.1 192.1 198.2
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
70.1
78.9
74.3
76.1
75.4
75.0
66.1
69.4
70.3
70.2
72.6
and supplies______________________
68.9
68.6
75.0
68.8
Transportation equipment- ....................... 1,171.1
Motor vehicles and equipment
334.4
Aircraft and parts___ .
...
.
Ship and boat building and repairing. _ 126.3
.. _
Railroad e q u ip m e n t___ . . .
Other transportation equipment

954.1 1,186.5 1,026.6 1,116.8 1,142.9 1,155.0 1,157.2 1,150.3 1,145.1 1,149. 0 1,161.0 1,155.6 1,112.8 1,061.1
417.2 641.8 495.1 589.4 606.3 613.4 613.5 609.6 603.3 611.0 618.4 613.5 576.7 534.0
333.6 336.0 327.5 328.3 333.7 337.8 343.1 346.3 349.5 352.7 356.6 353.9 348.4 350.2
124.2 122.8 119.8 115.9 118.5 121.1 119.7 115.4 115.5 113.3 113.3 115.6 119.3 118.2
30.1
40.8
36.9
34.0
42.0
41.0
40.8
39.9
37.7
37.5
36.2
42.6
41.5
42.2
28.6
40.1
34.4
41.0
42.4
38.2
36.9
34.3
35.2
35.7
42.9
43.3
42.7
41.7

Instruments and related products______
235.9
Engineering and scientific instruments. _____
Mechanical measuring and control devices.. . . ____ . .
___ _
62.1
32.9
Optical and ophthalmic goods______ .
Surgical, medical, and dental equipment.
37.9
Photographic equipment and supplies.
Watches and clocks__. . . .

234.7
34.2

236.8
34.7

234.9
34.3

231.7
34.6

232.9
34.8

230.3
35.0

231.1
35.5

232.0
36.1

231.2
36.3

231.4
37.2

234.2
37.5

235.0
37.9

232.2
38.5

229.1
39.2

61.8
33.0
37.5
44.2
24.0

63.8
32.1
38.1
44.4
23.7

63.5
32.0
38.3
44.7
22.1

62.8
31.8
37.6
42.7
22.2

63.0
32.4
37.8
42.5
22.4

61.9
32.2
37.5
41.6
22.1

62.2
32.1
37.3
41.7
22.3

62.3
31.9
37.3
41.9
22.5

62.1
31.8
36.9
41.4
22.7

61.9
30.6
36.8
41.9
23.0

62.1
30.9
37.0
42.6
24.1

60.7
31.2
37.2
42.7
25.3

61.4
30.2
36.8
41.5
23.8

61.6
29.7
34.7
41.1
22.7

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods.
Pens, pencils, office and art materials
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries______

349.3
37.2
110.2
24.7
46.1
131.1

344.6
37.0
106.9
24.5
46.0
130.2

331.3
35.7
97.6
23. 8
46.0
128.2

313.6
33.9
90.5
23.2
42.8
123.2

323.1
34.9
93.2
23.1
45.6
126.3

313.4
34.7
86.5
22.8
44.5
124.9

307.8
34.5
81.7
22.8
44.2
124.6

301.8
34.0
76.0
22.7
44.7
124.4

298.7
33.4
73.3
22.9
44.5
124.6

288.8
33.1
67.5
23.2
42.2
122.8

306.7
33.6
79.2
24.5
44.1
125.3

330.1
33.7
97.0
24.7
45.4
129.3

311.0
32.2
85.6
23.7
45.1
124.3

313.2
32.8
85.2
23.1
47.3
124.9

347.1
37.6

130.9

Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products____________ 1,169.0 1,225.8 1,271.5 1,262.4 1,171.1 1,125.9 1,084.9 1,069.7 1,061.8 1,069.4 1,087.5 1,135.0 1,175.2 1,160.8 1,177.8
259.5 253.2 255.6 255.6 252.6 250.7 245.6 240.1 240.2 241.2 247.5 256.4 258.2 252.4 253.2
Meat products. . . __________ _
Dairy products______
______
132.7 134.3 139.0 144.4 145.9 145.7 140.3 137.3 135.4 134.6 135.0 137.8 139.2 144.5 151.6
Canned and preserved food, except
meats
262.8 315 9 306 2 224 6 184 2 165 2 162.9 150 2 150 2 155.4 170.5 196.2 207.8 216.5
91.3
91.0
85.9
88.5
88.3
88.9
87.2
89.0
87.0
86.9
Grain mill products._________ _______
90.8
92.0
89.9
91.1
91.7
Bakery products. . ____________
166.0 166.9 168.2 168.4 168.9 168.0 164.1 162.0 162.7 162.2 161.8 166.6 167.4 166.9 167.8
30.4
29.8
Sugar
45.1
40 9
24 1
25.2
27.4
38.2
42.0
27 2
26 1
24 9
24.3
34.4
60.0
Confectionery and related products___
67.9
60.9
67.4
56.3
60.4
65.5
65.4
63.5
56.1
58.7
60.6
54.7
56.8
59.8
Beverages...
______
.
_____
113.0 115.6 116.1 118.6 118.9 114.4 109.8 108.9 107.5 105.9 106.9 112.2 113.5 112.0 111.6
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod96.0
95.0
ucts___ _________ ______
_____
95.2
90.5
91.1
93.4
93.8
95.7
98.8
95.9
94.0
90.9
92.7
91.6
90.7
Tobacco manufactures. . .
Cigarettes
__
Cigars___

...

...

Textile mill products__________________
Cotton broad woven fabrics.
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens __
Narrow fabrics and small war es__
___
. . .
Knitting
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering .
Yarn and thread.
_______ _ .
Miscellaneous textile goods......................
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

84.8

93.8
31.4
24.1

90.9
32.0
23.9

82.1
31 9
23.6

64.9
31.3
23 2

65.4
30.9
23.8

65.2
30.8
23.3

65.7
31.0
23.1

69.0
31.1
22.8

814.9
213.1
79.3
39.6
26.6
200.5
66.2

811.0
212.8
78.9
39.5
26.2
201.2
66.0
31.5
99.1
55.8

811.4
211.7
78.5
41.0
25.8
201.5
66.1
31.4
99.0
56.4

808.1
211.1
78.4
40.6
25.6
201.4
66.4
30.4
99.4
54.8

792.8
210.2
77.6
41.0
25.0
195.7
65.4
29.2
94.3
54.4

807.2
211.1
78.7
43.0
25.5
198.1
66.1
30.2
98.9
55.6

800.3
209.7
78.3
42.8
25.1
195.9
65.7
30.3
97.0
55.5

798.0
210.2
78.5
42.2
25.2
192.9
65.6
30.7
96.8
55.9

797.1
211.2
78.5
41.9
25.2
191.4
65.7
31.2
96.6
55.4

99.4
57.8

75.1
31.7
20.5

81.6
32.0
21.2

85.4
31.8
21.7

76.0
31.6
21.1

78.7
31.4
22.0

794.2 787.3
211.5 211.5
78.5
78.7
42.4
41.9
25. C 24.8
187. 8 183.2
65.3
65.3
30.9
30.6
96.5
95.7
56.1
55.8

794.2
212.5
78.8
41.5
24.9
187.3
65.6
31.3
95.9
56.4

801.0
212.0
78.3
41.3
25.0
195.5
65.3
31.5
95.2
56.9

796.4
212.1
76. 5
44.4
24.4
194.4
64.2
31.1
93.3
56.1

812.1
222.1
74.4
46.3
24.4
198.6
64.3
31.2
94.7
56.2

72.8
31.2
22.1

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

97

A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
R e v is e d s e r ie s ; s e e b o x , p. 98.

[inthousands]
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Nov.»

Oct.»

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1963

1962

Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and related products. ________ 1,192.1 1,192.9 1,195. 6 1,193.8 1,132.9 1,161.1 1,141.2 1,137. 4 1,159. 7 1,158. 5 1,120. 6 1,135.0 1,146. 5 1 139 4 1 122 9
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats______
102.1 101.9 102.1 102.2
94.1 102.3 101.0
98.0 100.8 101.2 100.9 101. 4
99.3 102 3 ’ 104 8
M en’s and boys’ furnishings____
312.7 311.6 311.6 312.2 301.9 308.6 302.9 300.0 298.3 295.4 289.7 293.3 296.2 296 5 288 8
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear_________________ __________
358.5 361.7 363.7 366.7 345.5 349.4 344.9 349.7 365.0 365.4 346.1 346.1 346. 5 849 7 842 8
Women’s and children’s undergarm ents________________ _____ ___
110.9 111. 1 109.9 108.2 101.8 104.3 103.3 103.4 104.0 103.6 101.9 105.8 109.8 103 4 102 5
Hats, caps, and millinery. _ ...............
28.9
28.9
26 1
25 0
25 8
30.4
27. 7
81 4
29. Ô 29.3
Girls’ and children’s outerwear.......... .
69.6
69.0
67.9
70.8
71.2
73.1
7o ! 2
67.1
67! 7
68.4
71.4
66. 7
66. 9
08 0
09 0
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
70.0
68 .8
67.0
66
.2
62.5
63.9
63.7
63.7
62.3
58.3
62.3
66.2
63.4
64! 0
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products______________________________
142.7 138.1 141.6 136.3 128.2 131.1 130.0 129.7 128.8 127.2 125.8 131.5 134.8 126.6 121.6
Paper and allied products_____________
Paper and pulp. _________________ .
Paperboard_______ ________________
Converted paper and paperboard products_________ . . _____________ . . .
Paperboard containers and boxes_____

498.6
173.0
51.0

499.7
174.1
53.2

501.4
174.0
54.2

498.8
176.7
53.0

492.0
176.0
52.1

498.0
176.8
53.2

489.6
173.5
52.4

487.7
172.9
52.4

485.1
172.4
52.2

482.8
171.8
51.9

484.2
172.8
51.9

490.5
175.0
52.2

491.3
174.8
52. 4

487. 7
175.2
02 1

486 0
175.9
02 8

114.9
159.7

113.9
158.5

115. 6
157.6

114.2
154.9

112.3
151.6

113.5
154.5

112.0
151.7

111. 1
151.3

109.9
150.6

109.1
150.0

109.4
150.1

111.0
152.3

110.5
153.6

109 7
150.7

108 3
149.5

611.6
173.1

609.5
170.9
26.0
45.8
242.6
41.7

602.5
170.3
25.1
45.1
237.8
42.2

599.2
170.0
24. 6
45. 4
236.9
41.7

602.9
171.2
24. 8
46 1
238.0
41.6

600.7
171.2
25 4
46 6
236.7
40.9

598.7
170.6
26 2
46 4
236.1
40.4

597.9
170.0
26 8
46 6
23614
39.6

594.6
169.0

592.6
168.3

602.7
172.2
26 *

598.3
170.0

590. 7
165. 7

594 5
168.1

242.9
41.6

610.9
172. 1
26.3
45.9
243.0
41.5

234! 4
39.5

235.8
38.2

238! 2
40.4

237.3
40.0

233.5
40.7

233.6

82.0

82.1

82.5

82.0

80.6

81.2

79.9

79.0

79.0

79.1

79.0

80.8

80.9

80.2

81.1

Chemicals and allied products_____ _ .
Industrial chem icals.. .
____
Plastics and synthetics, except glass.. .
Drugs______________________ . . . . . .
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods______
Paints, varnishes, and allied products..
Agricultural chemicals_______________
Other chemical products____________

525.4
160.6
127.4
58.8
61.1
36.0
30.6
50.9

526.0
160.4
127. 1
58.8
62.0
36.4
31.3
50.0

532.3
164.7
128.3
58.7
61.7
37.3
31.4
50.2

532.0
164.9
126.8
59.6
61.5
38.3
30.4
50.5

530.1
165.2
125.7
59.8
59.7
38.3
30.2
51.2

533.0
165.6
124.8
60.2
60.1
38.1
33.3
50.9

533.6
163.4
123.1
59.5
58.1
37.0
42.6
49.9

533.2
163.1

521.3
162.3

519.5
162.5

120.6

120.8

59.4
57.9
35.6
35.9
49.6

60.5
56.5
35.4
34.0
49.8

522.2
162.6
120.9
60.8
58.8
35.6
32.4
51.1

522.7
162.9
120.3
60.9
59.5
35.8
31.6
51.7

525.4
164.1
118.2
60.6
59.2
36.0
34.4
52.9

519.3
164.9

59.5
58.2
36.5
44.3
49.4

529.0
162.4
121.4
60.2
58.1
36.1
40.4
50.4

Petroleum refining and related industries__ ____ _____ _______ _____
Petroleum refin in g_______ _ _____ .
Other petroleum and coal products___

114.1
90.0
24.1

115.5
90.2
25.3

117.5
91.4
26.1

118.5
92.3
26.2

118.5
92.5
26.0

119.0
93.1
25.9

116.8
92.3
24.5

115.4
92.5
22.9

115.5
93.3
22.2

115.6
93.6

115.2
93.7
21.5

117.0
94.3
22.7

119.2
94.5
24.7

120.5
95.8
24.8

125.5

2 2 .0

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_______ _____ _ _ ___________
Tires and inner tubes________________
Other rubber products_______________
Miscellaneous plastic products___

344.3
71.4
133.2
139.7

342.7
69.6
133.1
140.0

344.9
72.5
133.2
139.2

336.7
71.0
128.4
137.3

326.2
70.6
126.2
129.4

329.1
70.2
128.3
130.6

328.1
69.8
127.5
130.8

324.3
69.6
127.0
127.7

325.0
70.1
127.7
127.2

323.3
70.2
128.0
125.1

320.6
69.2
127.7
123.7

323.2
69.3
129.2
124.7

326.1
130.1
127.8

322.1
69.8
128.3
124.1

316. 5
72.2
127.3
117.0

Leather and leather products_____
Leather tanning and finishing________
Footwear, except rubber. _ _ ______
Other leather products___________ _

318.1
28.3
211.5
78.3

313.7
28.2
207.6
77.9

314.9
28.2
209.7
77.0

319.8
28.2
214.5
77.1

313.4
27.9
211.9
73.6

313.2
28.3
211.7
73.2

304.3
27.8
207.1
69.4

302.3
27.5
204.2
70.6

307.4
27.4
208.1
71.9

308.2
27.5
209.6
71.1

303.8
26.3
208.6
68.9

308.3
27.8
208.1
72.4

309.1
27.8
205.5
75.8

309.2
27.4
207.7
74.1

318.9
28.1
215.1
75.7

82.2
39. 5
895.4
16. 7

82.3
41 7
902.6
17.2

81 6
42 1
888.3
17.5

81 7
42 3
881.8
17.5

82 8
40 4
873.8
17.4

88 2

82 6
87 9
825.9
17.0

76.8
87 2
815.7
17.1

84 1

89 2
839.7
16.9

853.1
17.3

84 7
38 4
828.2
17.8

808.1
18.5

566. 4

569 9
22.4
87.2
539. 7
213.1
136 0
157. 7
32.9

575 9
22. 5
87.1
547 7
216 0
138 4
159 4
33.9

574 9

565 4
22 7
85 6
587 0
214 2
182 8
156 7
33.8

559 4
22 7
84 6
580 6
209 7
188 8
154 1
33. Ó

557 8

550 4 548 0
22 6
22 7
22l4
889 83, 4 84 8
527 5 526 8
208 4
208 7
188 6
158 6
31.9
316
316

Printing, publishing, and allied industries___________ ____ ____ ______
Newspaper publishing and printing___
Periodical publishing and printing.. . .
Books____
Commercial printing________________
Bookbinding and related industries___
Other publishing and printing industries______________________________

Transportation and public utilities:
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation. ._
Intercity and rural buslines. .
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Pipeline transportation__________ . . .
Communication:
Telephone communication________ __
Telegraph communication 3__________
Radio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and sanitary services____ _
Electric companies and systems___
Gas companies and s y s t e m s ..___ . . .
Combined utility systems____
___
Water, steam, and sanitary system s.. .
See footnotes at end of table.

758-054 0 — 65— — 8


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

22.1

87.2
533.1
210.9
134.1
155. 6
32.5

2 2 .8

86. 5

546 1
216 3
136 6
159 4
33.8

122.2

22 6

84.6
528 4
208 8
188 4
158 7
32! 5

814! 7
17.1

813! 1
17.1

38 1
842! 0
17.2

MO 4
22 9

888
028 7
20Q 0
134 2
104 1
314

68 .2

39.6

112.8

59.5
58.3
35.9
33.1
54.8

101.0

24.5

552 9 55Q 3
23 n 24 9 208
79 0
82 9
81 9
530 1 532 7 5800
909 2 210 1 211 4
184 0 135 3 137 ]
155 5 1000
318
3l! 8 31! 5

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

98
T a ble

A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box below.

[inthousands]

Annual
average

1963

1964
Industry
N o v .2 O ct.2
Whnlremle and retail trade
___
Wholesale trade
____ _ _ _ ____
Motor vehicles and automotive equipTnent.
_ _ - ___Drugs, chemicals, and allied products— —
D ry goods and apparel
Groceries and related products
Electrical goods
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods
IVfachinery equipment, and supplies
Retail trade *
_ _ ___
General merchandise stores
Department stores
_____
Tlimited price variety stores _ _ _ __
Food stores
_ _ __
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.
Apparel and accessories stores
_ _ _
TVfp.n’s and boys’ apparel stores __
Women’s ready-to-wear stores____
Family clothing stores __ _ _ _ _ _ _
Shoe stores . .
__ _ _ ____
Furniture and appliance stores
Other retail trade. _ __- . _ ___
Motor vehicle dealers.. . .
Other vehicle and accessory dealers . .
Drug stores .
..
Finance, insurance, and real estate;
B anking.. .
. . . ___ ______
Security dealers and exchanges 1________
Insurance carriers 5_____ " ...
Life insurance 5. .
................
Accident and health insurance 8____ .
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance *.
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels_____
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants®.
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distribution.

Sept.

Aug.

July

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1963

1962

9,321 9,218 9,172 9,153 9,151 9,053 8,974 8,958 8,887 8,986 9,844 9,233 8,953 8,794
2. 788 2,779 2,788 2, 769 2, 737 2, 700 2,691 2,689 2,693 2, 709 2, 750 2,725 2, 670 2,625
205.1
160.1
113.0
460.3
197.7

206.6
159.8
112.9
460.9
199.4

207.2
158.6
114.1
459.4
201.9

206.3
158.3
113.4
464.4
201.5

205.0
160.0
112.6
453.6
201.0

202.6
156.8
111.1
440.7
199.4

201.5
157.1
110.0
438.6
197.8

200.4
157.2
110.5
439.6
198.0

200.4
156.8
110.3
439.5
199.0

200.5
157.5
108.9
443.7
198.9

201.7
159.1
110.5
449.5
199.9

201.5
158.3
111.0
446.0
199.3

199.6
156.5
109.3
435.7
200.9

193.0
155.8
109.1
431.0
192.3

125.9 126.2 127.9 127.8 126.0 124.3 124.3 124.4 124.3 124.3 125.2 124.8 124.8 123.2
480.0 480.7 481.7 480.3 475.8 470.8 470.4 466.4 466.8 464.8 464.5 463.6 451.0 433.8
6, 533 6,439 6,384 6,384 6,414 6,353 6,283 6,269 6,194 6,277 7,094 6.508 6,283 6,168
1,651.3 1, 589.8 1,548. 0 1,546. 0 1,549. 5 1, 532. 6 1,508. 4 1, 507.9 1,466. 9 1, 523. 9 2,070. 0 1,691.9 1,545.3 1, 501. 5
1,016. 8 970.7 945.6 946.7 951.7 938.9 926.3 922.4 894.2 938.3 1,296.8 1,036. 0 936.9 892.3
283.2 278.6 268.5 268.3 272.5 275.7 270.9 274.7 265.0 269.2 371.8 304.5 288.3 299.7
1,334.1 1,314.3 1,310.0 1,314.8 1,316.4 1,311.2 1,313.0 1,311.5 1,311.6 1,310.9 1,336.8 1,310.2 1,289.6 1,273.0
1,174.4 1,159. 2 1,155. 4 1,159. 5 1,157.3 1,151.2 1,153. 0 1,149. 9 1,147. 8 1,152. 6 1,164.0 1,147. 7 1,126.3 1,113.5
577.1 568.7 544.6 543.3 564.3 563.4 548.6 563.3 529.6 547.6 680.0 577.0 559.3 560.0
92.1
90.5
90.7
95.9
89. 4
89.6
92.3
89.9
91.0
89.9
93.2
219.1 214.3 206.8 203.6 211.7 213.3 209.6 211.4 200.0 204.9 251.1 217.5 209.3 208.7
93.2
88.7
89.6
117.9
92.8
88.5
89.3
86.7
89.7
86.9
91.2
87.3
92.8
93.7 117.0 106.4 106.9 106.7
93.2
99.7 103.8 106.4 100.9 105.8
103.0 108.0 100.5
346.9
346.3
354.1
362.7
349.4
350.7
349.0
349.4
350.0
349.0
348.5
350.5
351.
5
356.0
2,614. 5 2, 615. 6 2,629.6 2,630.8 2,633.3 2, 596. 4 2, 564.1 2,537. 6 2, 536. 5 2, 543. 4 2,644. 2 2,574. 8 2, 541. 5 2,487. 3
608.5 608.4 609.9 609.6 606.5 600.6 599.1 597.3 597.1 595.9 594.0 590.3 585.0 559.1
145.2 145.6 149.3 148.6 148.3 143.0 140.1 136.0 134.6 135.2 147.6 142.0 136.1 128.2
359. 7 357.6 358.2 357.5 358.8 353.7 351.0 349.4 349.8 350.9 368.2 355.6 350.3 347.5

120.1

88.1 88.1

88.8

631.4
109.8
628.6
279.1
46.0
265.8

632.5
113.7
783.1
421.2
48.0
276.0

631.9
113.7
782.4
420. 5
47.9
276.1

627.0
113.8
779.7
418.5
47.6
276.3

607.3
122.3
768.9
413.0
46.2
273.8

642.6
112.0
633 4
277 4
47.1
270.4

645. 3
112. 7
636. 8
279. 0
47. 3
271.8

654.3
114.6
642. 7
281. 9
47.6
274.0

653.7
114.8
641. 7
280.8
47.6
273.8

645.3
113.0
635.9
278.9
47.1
271.0

636.3
112.3
632. 7
278.4
46.5
269.7

635.7
112.1
632.7
279.5
46.6
268.9

633.9
110.9
632.6
279.6
46.6
268.8

632.9
110.6
630.8
279.4
46.3
267.0

536. 5

547.3

581. 5

579.5

558.8

534.1

516.0

499.1

495.5

482.1

484.4

492. r

511.3

505.4

383.8

386.7

384.2

380.3

27.7

26.7

25.7

25. 7

483.6

482.8

483.3

488.0

486.6

480.6

472.2

467.0

465.7

462.8

28.4

27.8

29.5

28.1

27.7

25.4

25.0

26.1

25.1

25.7

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A 2.
For mining and manufacturing data, refer to production and related
workers; for contract construction, to construction workers; and for all other
industries, to nonsupervisory workers.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper­
visory workers (including leadman and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, and watchmen
services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use
(e.g., powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated
with the above production operations.
Construction workers include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics,
apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

June

repair, and maintenance, etc., at the site of construction or working in shop
or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed
by members of the construction trades.
Nonsupervisory workers include employees (not above the working super­
visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons,
operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors,
watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whose
services are closely associated with those of the employees listed.
2 Preliminary.
3 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
4 Excludes eating and drinking places.
5 Beginning January 1964, nonoffice salesmen excluded from nonsuper­
visory count.
« Beginning January 1964, data relate to nonsupervisory workers and are
not comparable with the production worker levels of prior years.

Caution
The revised series on employment, hours, and earnings, and labor turnover in non­
agricultural establishments should not be compared with those published in issues prior
to January 1965. (See footnote 1, table A-2, and “BLS Establishment Employment
Estimates Revised to March 1963 Benchmark Levels” appearing in the December 1964
issue of E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s. Moreover, when the figures are again adjusted
to new benchmarks, the data presented in this issue should not be compared with those
in later issues which reflect the adjustments.
Comparable data for earlier periods are published in E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s
S t a t i s t i c s fo r th e U n ite d S ta te s , 1909-64 (BLS Bulletin 1312-2), which is available at
depository libraries or which may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents
for $3.50 a copy. For an individual industry, earlier data may be obtained upon request
to the Bureau.

A.--- EMPLOYMENT
T a ble

99
A-4. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups
seasonally adjusted 1
’
Revised series; see box, p. 98.

[intUousands]
1964

1963

Industry division and group
N ov.2 Oct.2 Sept.

Total___ _ _________________ __________
M ining____________________________________________
Contract construction________________________
Manufacturing_____________________________________
Durable goods. . . . ______ _ _ ______
____ .
Ordnance and accessories..__________
___
Lumber and wood products, except furniture
Furniture and fixtu res... _ ____________
Stone, clay, and glass products____________
Primary metal industries_______ ________
Fabricated metal products . . . . . . .
Machinery____ _ . . .
___
Electrical equipment and supplies
Transportation equipm ent_______
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
N ondurable goods_____ . .
Food and kindred products
Tobacco manufactures . . . .
Textile mill products______
Apparel and related products
Paper and allied produ cts...
Printing, publishing, and allied industries___
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum refining and related industries
Rubber and miscellaneous Dlastic products
Leather and leather products
Transportation and public utilities___
Wholesale and retail trade...
Wholesale trade.. ' ___
Retail trade.. _ _______
Finance, insurance, and real estate

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar. Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
58,790 58,372 58, 458 58,301 58, 256 58,104 57, 931 57,827 57, 754 57, 684 57,334 57, 291
641
634
638
634
639
639
631
633
633
633
632
636
3,150 3,102 3,080 3,103 3,107 3,106 3,093 3,081 3,122 3,132 2,941 3,052
17,472 17,164 17, 449 17,339 17,344 17, 285 17, 225 17, 224 17,208 17,171 17,131 17,115
9,962 9, 691 9,986 9,886 9,890 9,826 9,780 9,798 9, 784 9,740 9, 725 9, 717
245
247
248
250
255
260
265
267
269
271
274
275
595
592
593
595
599
593
596
600
603
602
597
600
408
407
405
403
405
402
398
398
397
394
392
392
620
620
617
617
618
616
613
613
616
613
609
610
1,266 1,254 1,258 1,242 1,246 1,222 1,199 1,196 1,190 1,189 1,183 1,178
1,209 1,178 1,223 1,208 1,196 1,192 1,185 1,190 1,187 1,183 1,174 1,173
1,646 1,645 1,643 1,625 1,620 1,608 1,597 1,589 1, 584 1, 565 1, 572 1,568
1,569 1, 559 1,558 1, 546 1,550 1,537 1,533 1,536 1,535 1,535 1,540 1,540
1,624 1,417 1,667 1,632 1,632 1,628 1,633 1,646 1,641 1,626 1,626 1,623
369
369
369
369
371
369
367
368
368
368
367
367
411
406
402
399
398
399
394
395
394
394
391
391
7,510 7,473 7,463 7, 453 7,454 7,459 7,445 7, 426 7,424 7,431 7,406 7,398
1,734 1, 719 1,716 1,726 1,719 1,720 1,731 1,730 1,738 1,746 1,743 1, 742
92
88
82
83
89
89
89
88
88
88
87
90
906
899
899
895
894
895
895
895
897
896
891
890
1,326 1,322 1,317 1,311 1,309 1,323 1,305 1,298 1,290 1,296 1,291 1,286
635
634
632
631
632
631
630
629
627
627
625
624
956
955
956
954
955
Q44
953
952
948
946
880
879
881
879
879
880
874
«72
871
874
186
187
185
185
187
187
187
18Q
187
188
437
433
439
435
433
427
429
427
41Q
417
426
424
358
354
357
356
357
354
353
353
350
349
347 348
3,999 3,995 4,005 3,999 3,983 3,965 3,968 3,964 3,940 3,943 3,936 3,931
12, 290 12, 277 12,229 12, 231 12, 223 12,187 12,135 12,096 12,077 12,083 12,021 11, 950
3,236 3,233 3, 226 3,224 3,232 3, 227 3, 212 3,206 3,198 3j 191 3j 188 3,172
9,054 9,044 9,003 9,007 8,991 8, 960 8,923 8, 890 8,879 8i 892 8,833 8,778
2,969 2,965 2,960 2, 951 2,948 2,943 2,934 2,931 2,924 2,917 2,911 2,904

Nov.
57,101
635
3,015
17,059
9,670
274
597
390
607
1,170
1,166
1,557
1,537
1,616
366
390
7,389
1,743
92
889
1,281
623

348
3,932
11 910
3 158
8| 752
2,896

Service and m iscellaneous...

8,639

8,635

8, 592

8,573

8,561

8,509

8,489

8, 461

8,455

8,437

8,401

8,366

8,352

Government _.
Federal _ .
. . .
State and l o c a l . . _______

9,630
2,338
7,292

9,596
2,331
7,265

9,509
2,320
7,189

9,471
2,328
7,143

9,451
2,322
7,129

9,470
2,323
7,147

9, 456
2,339
7,117

9,437
2,341
7,096

9,395
2,337
7,058

9,368
2,337
L 031

9,361
2,342
7,019

9,337
2,346
6,991

9,302
2, 345

2 T>rIiiwSoage ° f tllc senes’ see footnote 1, table A-2.

N o t e : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New Seasonaj Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.

rrenmmary.

T a ble

6,957

A-5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted 1
Revised series; see box, p. 98.

[inthousands]
1964

1963

Major industry group
M anufacturing... _ . . .

N ov.2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July
June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
12,963 12, 663 12, 956 12,847 12,839 12, 794 12,736 12,732 12, 731 12,692 12,659 12,647

Nov.
12,592

Durable good s.. ___
Ordnance and accessories____
Lumber and wood products, except furniture
Furniture and fixtures. ______
Stone, clay, and glass products____
Primary metal in d u stries____ ....
Fabricated metal products.
Machinery . .
Electrical equipment and supplies.
Transportation equipment.
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries

7,345
102
533
339
500
1,036
930
1,148
1,058
1,136
233
330

7,082
102
528
339
498
1,023
900
1,149
1,053
933
233
324

7,377
103
530
338
500
1,026
945
1,149
1,049
1,180
234
323

7, 279
104
531
335
498
1, 012
932
1,129
1,040
1,145
234
319

7, 271
105
536
338
497
1,017
918
1,125
1,041
1,141
236
317

7,219
107
528
336
496
995
916
1,118
1,029
1,141
233
320

7,174
109
532
331
493
972
910
1,109
1,024
1,146
232
316

7,188
110
536
331
493
967
916
1,103
1,027
1,156
233
316

7,181
111
539
330
498
966
914
1,099
1,025
1.150
233
316

7,139
112
539
329
493
965
911
1,082
1,023
1,136
233
316

7,124
115
535
326
490
958
903
1,091
1,026
1,134
232
314

7,115
115
537
327
492
954
901
1,088
1,026
1,128
233
314

7,071
115
534
325
490
944
895
1,078
1,023
1,121
232
314

Nondurable goods . . .
Food and kindred products.
Tobacco manufactures ..
Textile mill products
Apparel and related products.
Paper and allied p rod u cts.._
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum refining and related industries
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products _
Leather and leather products

5,618
1,152
80
810
1,178
496
605
528
115
338
316

5,581
1,134
77
803
1,177
495
604
527
116
335
313

5,579
1,133
71
803
1,173
494
606
530
116
340
313

5,568
1,142
72
799
1,165
493
604
530
115
337
311

5,568
1,134
78
798
1,164
494
604
531
117
334
314

5, 575
1,134
78
800
1,176
494
604
531
117
329
312

5, 562
1,144
77
800
1,160
493
604
527
116
330
311

5,544
1,143
76
800
1,152
492
601
525
116
329
310

5,550
1.150
77
803
1,145
491
600
529
118
329
308

5, 553
1,157
76
803
1,150
491
598
527
118
326
307

5,535
1,157
75
799
1,146
489
597
526
118
322
306

5, 532
1,158
78
797
1,140
489
598
526
119
321
306

5, 521
1,158
81
796
1,133
488
592
526
120
320
307

2 P rclim im rv

Pro<^uc*'lon workers, see footnote 1, table A-3.

y'


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N o t e : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

100

T able A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations 1
[All items except average benefit amounts are in thousands]
1963

1964
Item
Sept.

Oct.
Employment service:2
N ew applications for work-------------------Nonfarm placements......................................

846
579

854
639

June

July

Aug.

816
554

896
549

1,160
572

Mar.

Apr.

May

857
572

873
541

Jan.

Feb.

874
478

916
414

1,037
443

Oct.

N ov.

Dec.

793
432

827
493

953
662

State unemployment insurance programs:
1,157
1,200
1,865
1,848
1,136
1,181
1,086
908
976
937
1,238
858
966
Initial claims 34_______________________
Insured unem ploym ent3 (average weekly
1,333
1,542
1,972
2,243
2,395
2, 050
1,755
1,447
1,297
1,261
1,343
1,125
1,138
v o lu m e)6-------- -------------------------- -----3.1
3.6
4.7
5.3
5.7
4.9
3.4
4.2
3.1
2.9
3.1
2.5
2.6
Rate of insured unem ploym ent7-----------4,923
4, 733
9,186
6,705
8,060
8,303
7,381
5,658
5,023
4,556
5,098
4,149
3,996
Weeks of unemployment compensated. . .
Average weekly benefit amount for total
unem ployment......................- .........- ......... $35.92 $35.40 $35.60 $35.35 $35. 27 $35.50 $36. 02 $36.26 $36.24 $36.07 $35.78 $35.37 $35.15
Total benefits paid...... ................................... $143,165 $148,423 $164,510 $180,519 $183,132 $201,498 $258,046 $292,618 $283,809 $319,302 $232,954 $164,977 $171,957
Unemployment compensation for ex-servicem e n :8 9
Initial claims 39----------------------------------Insured unem ploym ent 9(average weekly
volum e).....................- -------- -----------------Weeks of unemployment compensated —
Total benefits paid-------------- -------------Unemployment compensation for Federal
civilian em ployees:910
Initial claims 3____________ _______ ____
Insured unem ploym ent9 (average weekly
volum e)---- ------------- ---------------- -------Weeks of unemployment com pensated...
Total benefits p a id .........................................

25
35
136
$5,043

25
36
159
$5,888

26
43
173
$6, 285

32
44
173
$6,172

25

20

27

28

42
184
$6,626

46
200
$7,029

57
281
$9,654

67
261
$8,893

39

39

29

31

73
72
284
307
$9,586 $10,241

60
231
$7,622

48
164
$5,396

43
174
$5,857

29

12

10

10

15

12

9

11

11

13

20

15

13

14

25
100
$3,986

24
103
$4,178

25
104
$4,212

26
102
$3,993

25
110
$4,661

27
115
$4, 558

32
157
$5,829

38
154
$5,596

40
157
$5, 768

39
165
$6,109

34
143
$5,369

32
111
$4, 297

29
120
$4,723

11

12

12

38

16

5

13

5

7

13

12

11

12

Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications 11............ ....................................
Insured unemployment (average weekly
volum e)..........................................................
Number of payments 12--------- -------------Average amount of benefit p aym en t13—
Total benefits paid 14......................................

33
74
$77.27
$5,602

32
69
$79.31
$5,259

29
67
$79.65
$5,169

31
66
$76.53
$4,928

27
67
$74.41
$4, 851

32
76
$70.46
$5,208

42
101
$73.17
$7,411

45
109
$80. 06
$8,466

51
111
$80.33
$8,784

53
125
$80.49
$9,930

47
110
$79.04
$8,590

45
86
$78. 60
$6,672

41
98
$77.05
$7,475

All programs: m
Insured unem ploym ent9. .............................

1,264

1,256

1,396

1,491

1,448

1,605

1,918

2,201

2,410

2,563

2,122

1,686

1,476

1 Includes data for Puerto Rico beginning January 1961 when the Common­
wealth’s program became part of the Federal-State UI system.
2 Includes Guam and the Virgin Islands.
» Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting
periods of unemployment. Excludes transitional claims.
4 Includes interstate claims for the Virgin Islands.
5 Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem­
ployment.
• Initial claims and State insured unemployment include data under the
program for Puerto Rican sugarcane workers.
7
The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered employment in a 12-month period.
« Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.
• Includes the Virgin Islands.
12 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

h An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is re­
quired for subsequent periods in the same year,
u Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods.
13 The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not ad­
justed for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments,
ii Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments,
is Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, Ex-servicemen and U C FE programs and the Railroad Unemployment
Insurance Act.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for
all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.

B.—LABOR TURNOVER

101

B.—Labor Turnover
T able

>-l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1
Revised series; see box, p. 98 .

[Per 100employees]
1964

1963

Annual
average

Major industry group
O ct.2 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1
M ay J Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1963

1962

Accessions: Total

Manufacturing:
Actual........ ..................................
Seasonally adjusted......................................

Durable goods..................................
Ordnance and accessories..................
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture.....................................
Furniture and fixtures......................
Stone, clay, and glass products...........
Primary metal industries_________
Fabricated metal products................
Machinery...... ................... ..........
Electrical equipment and supplies___
Transportation equipment................
Instruments and related products.......
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries...........................................
Nondurable goods..............................
Food and kindred products...............
Tobacco manufactures......................
Textile mill products.__ ________
Apparel and related products.............
Paper and allied products________
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries........................ ..................
Chemicals and allied products...........
Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries...........................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products.... ................................
Leather and leather products______
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining............. ......................
Coal mining......................................

3.9
8.9

4.8
3.8

5.1
4.0

10

11

5.1

8.8

3.9

3.8
3.9

3.7
4.0

3.4
4.0

3.6
3.8

2.5
4.0

2.9
3.7

3.9
3.9

3.9

4.1

3.4
1.7

4.3
2.3

4.8
2.0

3.8
2.1

4.6
2.2

3.6
1.6

3.7
2.1

3.7
2.2

3.3
2.0

3.5
1.8

2.4
1.7

2.7
2.0

3.6
2.7

3.6
2.4

3.8
2.9

4.4
5. 0
2.8
2.3
3.8
2.8
3.7
3.6
2.7

5.8
6.2
3.6
3.3
5.0
3.3
4.0
5.0
3.3

5.5
6.6
3.6
3.0
5.4
3.1
4.0
8.0
3.6

5.7
5.8
4.0
2.9
4.8
3.0
3.1
3.8
2.9

7.7
5.3
5.2
3.8
5.4
4.1
4.0
4.3
3.9

7.1
4.7
4.5
3.1
4.1
2.7
3.1
3.3
2.4

6.6
4.6
4.8
3.1
4.1
3.1
3.0
3.4
2.5

5.6
4.8
4.7
3.1
4.0
3.0
3.1
3.7
2.7

4.8
4.2
3.6
3.2
3.6
2.9
2.6
3.4
2.3

4.4
4.2
3.6
3.5
3.9
3.0
2.9
3.4
2.6

2.8
2.7
2.0
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.5
1.8

3.5
3.3
2.5
2.5
3.0
2.6
2.5
2.9
2.0

4.9
4.8
3.1
2.6
4.0
2.9
3.2
4.0
2.7

5.6
4.4
3.8
3.0
4.0
2.9
3.1
4.0
2.7

5.5
4.5
3.8
2.8
4.1
3.0
3.6
4,7
2.7

4.4

6.6

7.6

7.5

6.8

6.0

5.6

5.7

5.5

5.3

5.7

2.4

3.7

5.6

5.4

5.6

4.5
7.3
6.1
3.7
5. 4
2.6

5.4
8.7
14.8
4. 5
5.9
3.2

5.4
8.7
18.1
4. 5
6.2
3.0

5.2
8.0
7.9
4.4
7.3
2.9

5.7
8.9
4.5
4.2
6.2
4.6

4.3
6.0
2.6
4.0
6.0
2.8

3.9
4.9
2.9
3.9
5.2
2.7

3.7
4.4
3.3
3.6
4.9
2.7

3.5
4.0
3.9
3.6
5.2
2.1

3.8
4.0
5.0
3.4
6.0
2.4

2.5
3.0
6.8
2.2
3.3
1.8

3.1
3.9
4.3
3.0
4.5
2.0

4.3
6.5
5.8
4.0
5.0
2.6

4.2
5.9
6.6
3.6
5.3
2.6

4.3
6.4
6.4
3.6
5.5
2.6

3.-1
1.8

3.8
2.4

3.4
2.0

3.1
2.1

4.2
3.5

2.7
2.1

2.8
2.2

2.9
2.5

2.8
1.9

3.0
1.8

2.1
1.3

2.5
1.3

3.0
1.8

2.9
2.1

3.0
2.1

1.2

1.7

1.5

1.7

3.4

1.9

1.7

1.3

1.3

1.4

.7

.9

1.2

1.5

1.4

3.5
5.0

4.8
4.9

4.9
5.5

4.9
6.1

4.8
6.1

3.7
5.7

3.7
4.7

3.5
4.3

3.1
4.6

3.5
5.7

2.3
3.5

2.6
4.1

3.8
4.8

3.6
5.0

3.8
5.0

2.6
1.9

2.9
2.0

3.2
2.2

2.7
1.3

4.7
1.5

3.0
1.6

5.2
1.8

3.0
1.5

2.7
1.4

3.0
2.6

1.8
1.3

2.5
1.6

2.8
1.8

3.1
2.0

2.9
1.7

Accessions: N ew hires
Manufacturing:
A ctual........ ...................................................
Seasonally adjusted______________ ____
Durable goods...................................... ..........
Ordnance and accessories.........................
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture................................................
Furniture and fixtures.......... ...............
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries.........................
Fabricated metal products.......................
M achinery_______ __________________
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment___________
Instruments and related products_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries.......................................................
Nondurable goods.......................................
Food and kindred products__________
Tobacco manufactures__________ ____
Textile mill products......... ................. .
Apparel and related products..................
Paper and allied products____________
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries___ _____ _____________ _______
Chemicals and’ allied products________
Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries...................................... ......................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products_______ _______ ____ ______
Leather and leather products____ ____
N onmanufacturing:
M etal m in ing.................... .............................
Coal m ining....................................................
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.7
3.6

3.5
8.7

2.6

3.4

2.9
2.5

2.6

3.6

2.6
2.5

2.6

2.4

2.6

2.6

2.0

2.0
2.4

2.6

1.4

1.8
2.3

2.4

2.6

2.4

2.5

2.5
.8

3.3
1.1

3.1

2.5
1.1

3.3
1.3

2.4
.9

2.3
1.1

2.2
1.2

1.9
1.2

1.9
1.0

1.3
1.0

1.7
1.3

2.4
1.9

2.1
1.6

2.3
2.0

3.6
4.3
2.0
1.5
3.1
2.1
2.6
2.1
1.9

5.1
5.4
2.7
2.5
3.9
2.5
2.8
3.4
2.3

4.7
5.7
2.6
2.1
4.0
2.3
2.6
3.1
2.1

4.7
4.9
2.9
1.7
3.0
2.1
1.9
1.9
2.2

6.2
4.3
3.9
2.7
3.8
3.2
2.6
2.6
2.9

5.3
3.8
2.9
2.0
2.8
2.0
1.8
1.8
1.7

4.6
3.6
2.8
1.8
2.6
2.2
1.8
1.9
1.7

4.0
3.5
2.4
1.6
2.3
2.3
1.7
1.9
1.8

3.3
3.1
1.7
1.5
2.1
2.2
1.5
1.6
1.5

3.0
3.1
1.6
1.3
2.2
2.2
1.6
1.7
1.6

2.0
1.8
1.1
.8
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.2

2.9
2.7
1.5
.8
2.0
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.4

4.2
4.0
2.0

4.3
3.5
2.3
1.2
2.5
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9

3.9
3.5
2.2

1.1

2.2

1.1

2.9
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.0

1. 1

2.4
2.0
2.4
2.1
2.0

4.5

6.1

5.7

4.4

4.0

3.4

3.4

3.1

2.9

2.9

1.5

2.7

4.4

3.4

3.8

3.1
4. 6
3.6
2.8
3.6
2.1

3.8
5.8
9.2
3.4
3.9
2.7

3.8
5.7
12.4
3.4
4.1
2.4

3.4
5.5
2.3
3.0
3.9
2.2

4.0
6.0
2.2
3.2
3.8
3.6

2.8
3.7
1.6
2.9
3.3
2.1

2.5
2.8
1.9
2.7
3.2
1.9

2.3
2.3
2.0
2.4
3.1
1.7

2.1
2.1
2.0
2.2
3.2
1.4

2.1
2.1
1.7
2.1
3.1
1.4

1.4
1.6
4.0
1.4
1.6
1.1

1.9
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.4
1.3

2.9
4.1
3.8
2.9
3.3
2.1

2.7
3.6
3.8
2.5
3.3
1.8

2.8
3.8
3.1
2.5
3.5
1.8

2.5
1.4

3.0
1.7

2.7
1.5

2.4
1.5

3.3
2.8

2.1
1.6

2.2
1.6

2.1
1.7

2.1
1.3

2.1
1.2

1.5
.8

1.8
.9

2.4
1.3

2.2
1.4

2.3
1.5

.9

1.3

1.2

1.3

2.7

1.3

1.1

.8

.7

.6

.5

.7

.8

1. 1

1.0

2.6
3.5

3.8
3.6

3.6
4.2

2.8
4.2

3.3
4.4

2.4
3.5

2.3
2.9

2.2
2.5

1.9
2.7

1.9
3.2

1.3
2.3

1.7
2.6

2.8
3.5

2.3
3.2

2.4
3. 1

2.0
.9

2.2
1.1

2.0
.9

2.0
.8

3.6
.8

1.9
.8

2.0
.9

2.0
.8

1.7
.7

1.7
1.1

1.0

1.3
.7

1.7
1.1

1.7
.8

1.5
.5

.6

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

102
T able

B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group ^C ontinued
Revised series; see box, p. 98.

[Per 1 0 0 employees]

1963

1964

Annual
average

Major industry group
Oct. 2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1963

3.9

4.1

1962

Separations: Total

Manufacturing:
Actual..........................................

S e a s o n a lly a d j u s te d .................................

Durable goods...................................
Ordnance and accessories------------Lumber and wood products, except
furniture.....................................
Furniture and fixtures................... .
Stone, clay, and glass products..........
Primary metal industries....... ..........
Fabricated metal products...............
Machinery..... ....... ....... ...............
Electrical equipment and supplies---Transportation equipment................
Instruments and related products......
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries..........................................
Nondurable goods.............................
Food and kindred products..............
Tobacco manufactures...................
Textile mill products.......................
Apparel and related products...........
Paper and allied products.................
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries. ............... ..........................
Chemicals and allied products...........
Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries_________ -....... -............
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod­
ucts____ ___-..................... .
Leather and leather products.............
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining__________ _____
Coal mining...................................

4.0
.«? 7

5.1

4.3

4.4

3.5

3.6

3.5

3.5

3.3

4.0

3.7

3.9

4.1

Jf 1

S 8

4. 2

5 .9

3 .9

3 .8

3 .9

3 .9

3 .9

3 .8

3 .9

3 .8

3.5
3.5

4.4
3.0

4.0
3.2

3.3
4.6

3.4
3.9

3.2
3.1

3.2
3.4

3.1
3.1

3.8
3.8

3.4
2.0

3.5
2.3

3.7
2.5

3.6
2.7

3.8
2.7

5.1
4.7
3.6
2.3
4.6
2.7
2.7
3.7
3.2

7.4
5.9
4.8
3.5
5.3
3.5
3.8
4.1
3.6

6.2
5.4
3.9
2.7
4.3
3.0
3.1
5.3
3.0

4.9
4.4
3.0
2.3
3.9
2.6
2.8
3.8
2.3

5.0
4.7
3.1
2.1
3.8
2.5
3.2
4.1
2.6

5.1
4.2
3.2
2.2
3.4
2.6
3.1
3.4
2.6

5.4
4.2
3.0
2.1
3.4
2.5
3.3
3.5
2.7

4.7
4.0
3.3
2.0
3.5
2.2
3.5
3.4
2.6

6.1
4.7
4.7
2.5
4.2
2.6
3.7
4.2
3.3

4.9
3.8
4.9
2.2
3.7
1.9
3.0
3.6
2.3

5.8
4.0
4.0
2.7
4.0
2.3
3.5
3.1
2.4

5.6
4.9
3.9
3.4
4.2
2.7
3.4
3.5
2.7

5.5
4.4
3.8
2.8
4.0
2.7
3.4
4.1
2.7

5.6
4.6
4.1
3.3
4.2
2.8
3.3
4.6
2.6

4.4

4.6

4.4

4.5

3.9

5.9

10.4

7.1

5.3

5.5

6.0

3.7
4.6
3.0
3.3
5.2
2.4

3.9
4.6
2.5
3.7
5.7
2.4

3.9
4.6
6.7
3.7
6.0
2.4

3.8
4.9
6.6
3.5
5.5
2.3

3.5
5.0
8.9
3.2
4.3
2.4

4.1
5.5
7.1
3.8
5.3
2.8

4.1
5.5
10.9
3.3
5.7
2.6

4.3
6.7
11.8
3.6
5.3
2.7

4.7
7.6
8.5
4.0
5.5
2.8

4.2
6.0
6.2
3.8
5.5
2.7

4.4
6.3
6. 6
3.7
5.8
2.8

3.0
2.2

2.8
2.5

2.6
1.9

2.6
1.6

2.6
1.6

3.2
1.9

2.5
1.7

2.7
1.8

3.1
2.0

2.9
2.0

2.9
2.1

5.2

5.9

4.9

4.7
7.3
5.5
3.9
5.8
2.7

5.9
9.7
4.6
4.7
6.2
4.5

4.6
6.4
7.2
4.3
5.5
3.3

3.0
2.1

4.2
3.3

3.4
2.3

2.0

3.0

2.2

4.2
5.4

4.8
6.0

4.0
5.4

4.3
3.6
5.2
4.9
3.5
2.4
4.7
3.2
3.2
7.6
2.7
5.8
4.4
5.5
3.6
4.4
7.4
2.6
2.7
1.9
1.6
4.3
4.9

2.7
1.4

4.3
2.0

3.3
1.3

3.4
1.7

1.7

1.5

1.3

1.3

1.4

1.5

2.3

1.8

1.8

2.0

1.8

3.1
3.9

3.6
5.0

3.6
5.2

3.6
5.1

3.1
4.2

3.9
5.3

3.9
5.4

3.7
4.2

3.7
4.8

3.7
5.0

3.6
5.2

2.4
1.5

2.5
2.0

2.5
2.2

2.3
1.8

2.2
1.8

2.4
2.7

3.1
2.1

3.3
1.5

3.1
1.4

3.1
2.1

3.5
2.8

1.4

1.4

Separations: Quits
Manufacturing:
Actual_____________________________
Seasonally adjusted--------------------- -----Durable goods-----------------------------------Ordnance and accessories-----------------Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_________________________
Furniture and fixtures---------------------Stone, clay, and glass products----------Primary metal industries-----------------Fabricated metal products----------------Machinery---- --------- -----------------------Electrical equipment and supplies-----Transportation equipment----------------Instruments and related products------Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries_____________________ _____
Nondurable goods------------------------------Food and kindred products--------------Tobacco manufactures---------------------Textile mill products________________
Apparel and related products........ ........
Paper and allied products___________
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries------------------------------ -------------Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries_____________________________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products_____________________ ____
Leather and leather products.................
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining----------- ----------------------Coal mining................ ................................

See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.6

2.7

2.1

1 .5

1 .5

1 .6

1.4
.9

2.5
1.4

1.9
1.2

2.7
2.6
1.4
.8
1.7
1.1
1.3
1.0
1.7

5.1
3.9
2.6
2.2
2.6
2.0
2.1
1.8
2.0

3.8
3.5
2.0
1.3
2.2
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.5

2.4

3.6

2.7

1.5
1.5
1.3
1.0
3.1
2.7
1.4

1.4

1.5

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.2

0.8

1.1

1.5

1 .4

1 .5

I.4

1 .4

1 .5

1 .6

1 .3

I.4

1 .4

1.3
1.1

1.3
.9

1.2
.8

1.1
.9

.9
.8

1.0
1.0

.7
.6

1.0
.8

1.3
1.0

1.2
1.0

1.2
1.2

.8
1.5
1.0
1.2
.9
1.1

3.0
2.3
1.3
.7
1.4
1.0
1.2
.9
1.0

3.0
2.6
1.3
.7
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.1

2.8
2.4
1.2
.7
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0

2.4
2.1
1.0
.6
1.1
1.0
1.0
.9
.9

1.9
1.7
.8
.5
1.0
.9
1.0
.7
.8

2.0
1.9
.9
.6
1.1
.9
1.1
.8
1.1

1.5
1.2
.6
.4
.8
.6
.9
.6
.7

2.1
1.7
.9
.5
1.0
.8
1.1
.7
.9

2.9
2.3
1.2
.6
1.4
1.0
1.4
.9
1.1

2.7
2.1
1.2
.6
1.3
1.0
1.3
.9
1.2

2.4
2.1
1. 2
.6
1. 3
1.0
1.4
1.0
1.2

2.1

1.8

2.0

1.9

1.6

1.3

1.5

1.1

1.6

2.3

1.8

2.0

1 .0

1.3
1.5
.8
1.6
1.8
.9

1.8
2.2
2.2
2.3
1.2

1.6
1.8
.9
1.9
2.2
1.1

1.7
1.9
.9
1. 9
2.3
1.1

1.3
1.3
.9
1.6
1.8
.8

1.4
1.4

1.0

1.4
1.4
1.1
1.8
2.0
.9

1.6
1.9
.9

1.0
.7
1.1
1.3
.7

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.4

1 .0

1.1

1.4

1.4

1.5

.8
.6

.7
.4

.6
.4

.6
.4

.6
.4

.4
.3

.5
.4

.7
.6

.8
.7

.8
.7

1.4
2.3

1.5
2.4

1.4
2.1

1.2
2.0

1.1
1.9

1.1
2.0

.9
1.5

1.1
1.9

1.6
2.5

1.4
2.3

1.5
2.3

1.4
.3

1.6
.4

1.4
.3

1.3
.4

1 .0

1.1
.4

.7
.3

.8
.4

1.2
.5

1.3
.4

1.3
.4

3.1
4.2
2.3
3.1
3.1
2.9

2.4
2.9
1.8
2.8
2.9
2.0

1.8
2.0
1.1
2.3
2.6
1.2

1.6
1.8
1.2
2.0
2.1
1.1

1.7
1.8
1.1
2.2
2.3
1.1

1.5
1.5
1.2
2.1
2.1

1.5

2.5

2.0

1.4

1.5

.8
.6

2.0
1.5

1.2
1 .0

.7
.6

.7
.6

1.7
2.8

2.8
3.6

2.2
3.2

1.4
2.6

1.1
.6

3.2
.7

2.1
.6

1.5
.5

1.9
2.4
1.8
2.1
2.5
1.3

.4

1 .0

1.0

103

B.—LABOR TURNOVER
T

a b l e

B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per

loo em ployees]

Revised series; see box, p. 98.

1964

1963

Annual
average

Major industry group
Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

1963

1962

Separations: Layoffs
Manufacturing:
Actual------- ------- ------------------------Durable goods________________________
Ordnance and accessories----- ----------Lumber and wood products, except
furniture___ _ --------------------- -----Furniture and fixtures______
______
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries---------- ----Fabricated metal products___________
--------------Machinery__
Electrical equipment and supplies—
Transportation equipment,
Instruments and related products------Miscellaneous manufacturing indus_________________
tries_____
Nondurable goods_____________________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures--------------Textile mill products-----------------Apparel and related products.. ------Paper and allied products____________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries-------- -------------- ---------------Chemicals and allied products________
Petroleum refining and related industries_____________
___ ______
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products_____ __________________
Leather and leather products................
N onmanfacturing:
M etal m ining.. ____________ ______
Coal mining________________________

1.6
1.5

1.5
1.5

1.4
n

2.1
2.0

1.3
1.6

1.4
1.7

1.4
1.7

1.6
1.8

1.6
1.8

2.0
1.7

2.3
1.7

2.1
1.8

1.9
1.8

1.8

2.0

1.3
1.9

1.1
1.1

1.3
1.5

2.2
2.1

1.3
2.9

1.4
■2.4

1.2
1.8

1.4
1.9

1.5
1.9

2.0
2.3

2.1
1.0

1.8
1.1

1.6
.9

1.7
1.2

1.9
.9

1.6
1.2
1.5
.7
2.0
.9
.7
1.9
.9

1.4
1.0
1.4
.6
1.6
.7
.9
1.5
.7

1.4
.9
1.2
.6
1.2
.9
.8
3.0
.9

1.2
1.4
1.3
.9
2.3
1.4
1.4
5.8
1.0

1.0
1.4
.9
.8
1.7
.8
.9
2.0
.6

1.0
1.3
1.1
.7
1.6
.8
1.4
2.3
.9

1.3
1.0
1.2
.8
1.3
.7
1.4
1.6
.9

2.1
1.2
1.4
.7
1.6
.8
1.6
1.9
1.1

2.1
1.5
1.9
.7
1.8
.7
1.7
1.8
1.0

3.3
2.1
3.1
1.1
2.3
.8
1.8
2.4
1.5

2.8
2.0
3.7
1.3
2.3
.7
1.5
2.3
1.1

3.0
1.6
2.4
1.6
2.3
.9
1.6
1.7
.9

1.8
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.1
1.1
1.2
1.6
.9

2.0
1.6
1.9
1.5
2.0
1.1
1.4
2.4
.9

2.4
1.8
2.2
2.1
2.2
1.2
1.1
2.8
.7

2.0

1.3

1.4

2.9

1.7

1.8

1.8

2.1

1.9

3.6

8.6

4.7

2.1

2.9

3.1

2.1
4.2
3.2
1.0
2.6
.8

2.1
4.6
1.8
.9
2.3
.8

1.5
2.8
4.7
.8
1.8
.7

2.0
2.8
1.8
1.4
3.9
.8

1.4
2.1
1.2
.7
2.2
.7

1.6
2.2
.7
.9
2.5
.6

1.8
2.5
5.0
1.0
3.1
.7

1.8
3.0
5.0
1.1
2.8
.8

1.6
3.1
7.3
1.1
1.7
1.0

2.1
3.4
5.3
1.5
2.6
1.3

2.6
3.9
9.8
1.7
3.8
1.4

2.5
4.6
10.5
1.5
2.9
1.2

2.3
4.7
7.0
1.2
2.4
.9

2.0
3.5
4.9
1.2
2.6
1.0

2.1
3.7
5.3
1.2
2.7
1.0

.9
.9

1.1
.7

.9
.6

.8
.7

.9

.8
.7

.9
.6

.9
.6

1.2
.7

1.2
.9

1.1
.9

1.2
.7

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0
1.2

.8

.8

1.0

.9

.6

.5

.5

.4

.4

.4

.6

.6

1.5

1.0

.8

.7

.6

1.7
1.7

1.1
1.6

1.0
1.2

2.1
1.5

1.0

.9

1.4
1.9

1.4
2.3

1.6
2.3

1.2
1.6

2.1
2.5

2.4
3.3

2.0
1.5

1.3
1.7

1.6
2.0

1.5
2.1

1.1
.5

.4
.9

.5
.4

1.2
.8

.3
.8

.3
1.1

.5
1.3

.3
.9

.4
1.0

.6
1.4

1.9
1.4

1.9
.7

1.2
.5

1.1
1.2

1.5
1.9

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
1965, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and
nonmanufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not
comparable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series
for the following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

during the calendar month, while the employment series measures changes
from midmonth to midmonth and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel
changes caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the influence
of such stoppages
2Preliminary.

104

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

C.—Earnings and Hours
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
Revised series; see box, p. 98.
1964

Annual
average

1963

Industry
N o v .» Oct.»

Sept.

July

Aug.

June

Apr.

M ay

Mar.

Jan.

Feb.

Dec.

N ov.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
M in in g ____________ _________________
M e ta l m in in g__________ ______ ___
Iron o r e s ..___ ________ ________
C op p er ores___________________

$

122. 69
124.98
124. 71
135.41

$

118. 53
125.40
130.92
132.01

$

119. 56
121. 95
129. 37
124. 44

$

117.18
121.06
129.34
124.03

$

118. 58
122.72
125.29
131.02

$

117.74
122.60
125.11
129.68

$

115. 64
121.01
119. 74
129.13

$

113. 70
121.64
124.09
129. 33

$ 115.

36
121. 35
123.16
128.74

$

115.49
121.93
125.02
127.28

$

116.62
120.93
123.91
126. 69

$ 114.12 $

114. 54 $ 110.43
119. 02 118. 66 117.45
116.80 120. 04 122.19
128.17 124. 56 120.70

C oal m in in g ____ __________________
B itu m in o u s.................... ............... .

134. 39 124.50 131.01 121.32 131.86 126. 49 121.82 115.97 121.09 125.29 126.56 118.31 119. 98 113.06
136. 61 126. 67 133.27 122.84 134.53 129.03 123.33 117. 76 123.52 127.12 128.40 119.45 121. 43 114.46

C ru d e petroleum and n atural g a s____
C ru d e petroleum and n a tu ra l gas
fields_______________________
O il
and gas field services... ..........

120.95 123.37 120.66 121.60 117.97 119.14 119.14 120.54 121.25 122.43 121.54 120.54 120. 42 115. 46
112. 41 105.50 105.25 106. 46 104. 73 106. 46 105.41 106.14 106.09 104. 66 107.32 106. 46 105. 35 103.63

116.33 113. 57 112.32 113.63 110.62

118.68 116.36 119.25 117.81

Q u a rryin g and nonm etallic m in in g___
C o n tract construction_________________
G eneral buildin g contractors________
H e a v y construction ________________
H ig h w a y and street construction...
O ther h e a v y construction ___ ____
Special trade co n tractors................... .

Manufacturing__________
Durable goods___
Nondurable goods.

138. 62
128.04
142. 52
141. 38
143. 79
143.62
$

131.03
121. 79
130.87
128.15
133.96
137.14

136. 64
125. 46
140. S3
139.80
142.04
142.13

134.49
122. 67
137.92
136.16
139. 78
140.61

112.14 111. 57 112.78 113.36 112.71 113.94 112.83 112. 41 109.20

116. 79 114.86 111.00 106.46 105.53 102.34 105.33 108.24 109. 03 105. 43
133.32
122.61
134.83
132.44
138.44
139.50

132.65
122. 64
133.46
130.97
136.78
138. 75

130.24
122.04
127. 66
122.31
133. 32
137.23

128.12
120.27
121.60
113. 59
128.18
135.00

126.37
117.60
122. 54
114. 55
129. 42
133.08

121.74
110.85
118.22
110.52
124.32
129.24

124.61
115.25
117.81
108.72
126. 54
133.48

124. 51
115. 50
123.60
120.09
127. 98
131.01

127. 19
117. 36
128. 03
125. 16
131. 14
133. 59

122. 47
112.50
122.31
118.37
126. 48
128. 50

104. 70 102.97 104.60 103.07 102.97 103.48 102.97 102.47 101.40 101.15 100.30 102.66 100.85 99 . 63 96. 56
113.98 111.78 114.13 112.47 111.92 113.01 112.47 111.51 110.29 110.29 109.21 111.90 110.00 108. 50 104. 70
92.17 91.77 91.87 91.83 91.14 91.37 90.91 89.83 89 . 67 89.44 88.24 90.57 89.10 87. 91 85.93

Average weekly hours
Mining........... ......................................................
Metal mining....................................... ......
Iron o r e s.................................. ..........
Copper o r e s .......................................

42.6
41.8
40.1
43.4

41.3
41.8
41.3
43.0

42.1
41.2
41.2
40.8

Coal mining.................................................
Bitum inous...........................................

40.6
40.9

37.5
37.7

39.7
39.9

Crude petroleum and natural gas_____
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields...................................................
Oil and gas field services.................

42.3

41.6

41.6

41.0
43.4

41.4
41.7

40.9
42.1

Quarrying and nonmetalic mining.........

46.0

45.1

46.4

46.2

Contract construction...................................
General building contractors................
H eavy construction...... ..........................
Highway and street construction.
Other heavy construction.............
Special trade contractors.......................
Manufacturing.................................................
Durable goods...................................
Nondurable goods............................

40.9
41.6
39.9

42.2
41.6
39.9
43.1

41.9
41.7
40.1
42.8

41.3
41.3
38.5
42.9

40.9
41.8
39.9
43.4

41.2
41.7
39.6
43.2

41.1
41.9
40.2
43.0

41.5
41.7
40.1
42.8

41.2
40.9
37.8
43.3

41.5
41.2
39.1
43.1

40.9
41.5
39.8
42.8

40.2
40.4

38.8
39.1

37.6
37.6

36.7
36.8

38.2
38.6

39.4
39.6

39.8
40.0

37.8
37.8

38.8
38.9

36.9
37.0

42.4

41.9

42.0

42.1

42.4

42.3

41.9

42.2

42.1

42.1

42.0

41.5
43.1

40.4
43.1

40.8
43.1

40.8
43.2

41.0
43.5

41.1
43.3

41.5
42.2

41.2
43.1

41.0
43.1

41.1
43.0

40.8
43.0

45.8

45.4

44.4

43.1

42.9

41.1

42.3

44.0

44.5

44.3

37.3
36.0
41.3
42.0
40.6
36.5

37.0
35.6
40.5
41.1
39.9
36.3

41.7
40.9
40.8
40.8

38.4
36.9
42.8
43.5
41.8
37.4

36.6
35.3
39.9
40.3
39.4
35.9

38.6
36.9
43.2
44. .1
41.9
37.6

38.1
36.4
42.7
43.5
41.6
37.1

38.2
36.6
42.4
43.0
41.7
37.3

37.9
36.5
42.1
42.8
41.2
37.1

37.0
36.0
40.4
40.5
40.4
36.4

36.5
35.9
39.1
38.9
39.2
36.0

35.8
35.0
38.9
38.7
39.1
35.3

34.1
32.7
36.6
36.0
37.0
34.1

35.3
34.3
36.7
35.3
38.0
35.5

36.3
35.0
40.0
40.3
39.5
35.6

40.7
41.4
39.9

40.7
41.5
39.6

40.9
41.5
40.1

40.7
41.3
39.8

40.9
41.7
39.9

40.7
41.5
39.7

40.5
41.3
39.4

40.4
41.0
39.5

40.3
41.0
39.4

39.8
40.6
38.7

40.9
41.6
39.9

40.5
41.2
39.6

40.5
41.1
39.6

40.4
40.9
39.6

Average hourly earnings
Mining.......................................... ......................
M etal mining............................................. .
Iron ores.............................................. .
Copper o r e s....................................... .

$ 2.88

$ 2.87

$ 2.84

$ 2.81

$ 2.81

$ 2.81

$ 2.80

$ 2.78

$ 2.80

$ 2.81

$ 2.81

$ 2.77

$ 2.76

$ 2.70

2.99
3.11
3.12

3.00
3.17
3.07

2.96
3.14
3.05

2.96
3.17
3.04

2.95
3.14
3.04

2.94
3.12
3.03

2.93
3.11
3.01

2.91
3.11
2.98

2.91
3.11
2.98

2.91
3.11
2.96

2.90
3.09
2.96

2.91
3.09
2.96

2.88
3.07
2.89

2.83
3.07
2.82

Coal mining.................................................
Bituminous__________ ___________

3.31
3.34

3.32
3.36

3.30
3.34

3.28
3.33

3 . 26
3.30

3.24
3.28

3.16
3.20

3.17
3.20

3.18
3.21

3.18
3.21

3.13
3.16

3.12
3.15

3.09
3.12

Crude petroleum and natural gas_____
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields........ .........................................
Oil and gas field services................. .

2 . 75

2.73

2.70

2.68

2.64

2.67

2.65

2.66

2.68

2.69

2.70

2.68

2.67

2.60

2.95
2.59

2.98
2.53

2.95
2.50

2.93
2.47

2.92
2 . 43

2.92
2.47

2.92
2.44

2.94
2.44

2.95
2 . 45

2.95
2.48

2.95
2.49

2.94
2.47

2.93
2.45

2.83
2.41

Quarrying and nonmetallic mining.
Contract construction..... ................ .............
General building contractor...............
H eavy construction________ _______
Highway and street construction.
Other heavy construction______
Special trade contractors................ .
Manufacturing......... ....... ............................. .
Durable goods_________________
Nondurable goods_____________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$ 2.56

2.74
2.31

2.58

2.58

2.57

2 . 55

2.55

2.53

2.50

2.47

2.46

2.49

2.49

2.46

2.45

2.38

3 . 61
3.47
3.33
3.25
3.33
3.84

3.58
3 . 45
3.28
3.18
3.40
3.82

3.54
3.40
3.26
3 . 17
3.39
3.78

3.53
3.37
3.23
3.13
3 . 36
3.79

3.49
3.35
3.18
3.08
3.32
3 . 74

3.50
3.36
3.17
3.06
3.32
3 . 74

3.52
3.39
3.16
3.02
3.30
3.77

3 . 51
3.35
3.11
2.92
3.27
3.75

3.53
3.36
3.15
2.96
3.31
3 . 77

3 . 57
3.39
3.23
3.07
3 . 36
3.79

3.53
3.36
3.21
3.08
3 . 33
3.76

3.43
3.30
3.09
2.98
3.24
3.68

3 . 41
3.26
3.10
2.98
3.23
3.66

3.31
3.16
3.02
2.88
3.17
3.54

2.53
2.70
2.30

2.57
2.75
2.32

2.52
2.71
2.29

2.53
2 . 71
2.29

2.53
2.71
2.29

2.53
2.71
2.29

2.53
2.70
2.28

2 . 51
2.69
2.27

2 . 51
2.69
2.27

2.52
2.69
2.28

2.51
2.69
2.27

2.49
2.67
2.25

2.46
2.64
2.22

2.39
2.56
2.17

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

105

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 98.
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
N ov.2 Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories____
. . . . $ 125.46 $ 124.14 $ 121.60
Ammunition, except for small arms. 128. 74 127. 48 122.93
Sighting and fire control equip129. 27 128. 74
ment
Other ordnance and accessories___ 117. 79 116.40 116.85
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture______ ______________ _ .
Sawmills and planing m ills_______
M illwork, plywood, and related
_____ ______
products--------Wooden containers______________
Miscellaneous wood products____
Furniture and fixtures.
______ ____
Household furniture_______ _____
Office furniture.. __________ ____
Partitions, office and store fixtures.
Other furniture and fixtures______

$ 121.10 $ 119.
123.38 122.
130. 51 128.

70 $ 121. 91 $ 119. 90 $ 120.09 $ 119.39 $ 119. 29 $ 121. 47 $ 123. 26 $ 120. 47 $ 119.31 $ 116.31
2S 122. 71 120.69 121. 71 119. 70 120.60 124.12 125.63 122. 51 120.25 116. 69
93 131.65 129. 43 129. 51 132.84 131.05 128.15 129.78 128. 75 125.36 126.18

115.14 113. 08 117.96 116.97 115.14 116. 52 115. 02 114. 62 117.29 114. 77 115. 77 111. 92

86.62
78.60

88. 07
81.00

88.00
80.40

89.98
81.80

87. 89
80. 59

87.72
80.56

86.67
79.37

84.19
77. 79

81.97
77.20

82.37
76. 24

80.29
74.10

83.20
76.43

82.97
76.42

81.80
75. 20

79.20
72.10

94. 21
70.12
77.93

93. 94
70.88
78.14

93. 02
67. 79
78.17

94.66
70.30
79.49

93. 34
71.17
76.17

94.47
70.76
77.49

93.83
69.89
77.49

92. 55
68. 85
76.52

92. 32
67. 94
75.92

91.88
66.18
75. 92

89. 02
64. 84
74.24

91.72
68.17
76.14

90.83
67. 49
75.74

89.40
67. 87
74.30

87. 53
66.40
72.54

86.94
83. 75
88.81

86.94 85. 49 85. 48 83.23 83.43 81.81 83.03 82.42 82. 62 79.59 85.06 83.43 81.80 79.37
83.33 80. 95 81.51 78. 55 79.32 77. 95 79.15 78.74 78. 94 75.25 81.87 79. 87 77.30 75.07
98. 71 101.10 100 91 qh /a
109.45 108. 92 108. 21 108.39 105! 18 lO l ! 91 105. 85 103. 62 10a 36 100.62 102. 26 101.89 103.42 103. 57
89.44 88.81 89.03 86.93 86.93 86.67 86.24 86.46 85.41 83.92 87.56 86.51 84.04 81.41

Average weekly hours
Ordnance and accessories___ ________
Ammunition, except for small arms.
Sighting and fire control equipm ent______________ ____ . . .
Other ordnance and accessories.......
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_________ . . . ____ ______
Sawmills and planing mills....... .......
Millwork, plywood, and related
products______ _______________
Wooden containers___ ___ _ _____
Miscellaneous wood products_____
Furniture and fixtures_______________
Household furniture..........................
Office furniture__________________
Partitions, office and store fixtures.
Other furniture and fixtures______

41.0
41.0

40.7
40.6

40.0
39.4

40.1
39.8

39.9
39.7

41. 3
40.7

41. 0
41.0

41 2

40.9

40.4

40.1
39.9

40.4
40.5

40.0
40.0

41.5
40.3
40.8

41.2
40.5
40. 7

42.0
42.3

42.0
42.3
41.3
41.3
41.6

41.5

40.5
40.1

40.1
39.7

40 8

41 4

40 7

40.1

41.1

40.9
40.9

40.5
40.7

40.8
38.3
40. 5

41.7
40.4
41.4

41.3
41.3
42. 3
41.1
41.5

41.9
41.8
42. 4
41.3
42.6

40.3
40.3

40.2
39.9

40.3
40.2

40.9
41.1

41.5
41.6 0

40.7
40.7

41.0
40.9

41.1
40.8

4o! 9

4o ! 4

4o ! 6

40.5

40.5

41.3

40.7

41.2

41.3

40.8
41.1

40.5
40.7

39.9
40.1

39.6
40.0

39.6
39.3

38.6
38.0

40.0
39.6

39.7
39.8

40.1
40.0

39.8
39.4

41.3
40.9
40.3

41.8
40.9
41.0

41.7
40.4
41.0

41.5
39.8
40.7

41.4
39.5
40.6

41.2
38.7
40.6

40.1
37.7
39.7

41.5
40.1
40.5

41.1
39.7
40.5

41.2
40.4
40.6

40.9
40.0
40.3

40.8
40.7
41. 4
40.9
41.2

41.1
41.1
40 9
40.3
41.2

41 /S

40.5
40.6

40.7
40.8
40 7
40.4
40.3

40.6
40.8

40.7
40.9

39.4
39.4

41.9
42.2

41.3
41.6

40.9
40.9

40.7
40.8

39! 7
40.4

38! 9
40.1

39! Ò

40.1
41.3

39! 8
41.0

4o! 4

4 l!l

40.6

40.3

39.5

40.5

39.4

Average hourly earnings
Ordnance and accessories____________
Ammunition, except for small arms.
Sighting and fire control equipm ent_________ ______ _ . . . .
Other ordnance and accessories___
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_________________________
Sawmills and planing mills____ .
Millwork, plywood, and related
products_______ ______________
Wooden containers............ ... ........
Miscellaneous wood products_____
Furniture and fixtures______________
Household furniture.___ _____ . .
Office furniture______ . .
Partitions, office and store fixtures.
Other furniture and fixtures....... .

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$ 3.06

05
3.14

$ 3.04

$ 3.02

3.14

$ 3.00

3.12

3.10

3.08

2.88

3.13
2.86

3.14
2.85

3.16
2.85

2.16
1.97

2.18
2.00

2.20
2.01

2.27
1.74
1. 91

2.28
1. 75
1.92

2.07
1. 98

2. 07
1.97
2.39
2.65
2.15

2.14

$ 3.

$ 3.

01
3.06

$ 2.99

$ 2.98

$ 2.97

$ 2.96

$ 2.97

3.00

3.00

3.02

$ 2.96
3 . 01

$ 2.83

3.02

97
3.02

$ 2.91

3.04

2.94

2.86

3.16
2.82

3 18

3 18

2.87

2.86

¿85

¿87

¿84

¿83

¿84

2.82

2.81

¿71

2.20
2.00

2.17
1.98

2.15
1.96

2.14
1.95

2.11
1.94

2.07
1.93

2.08
1.94

2.08
1. 95

2.08
1.93

2.09
1.92

2.04
1.88

1.99
1.83

2.28
1. 77
1.93

2.27
1.74
1.92

2.26
1.74
1.89

2.26
1.73
1.89

2.25
1.73
1. 89

2.23
1.73
1.88

2.23
1. 72
1.87

2.23
1.71
1. 87

2.22
1.72
1.87

2 . 21
1.70
1.88

2 . 21
1.70
1.87

2.17
1.68
1.83

2.14
1.66
1.80

2.07
1.96
2. 39
2.65
2.14

2.04
1.95
2 . 38
2.62
2.09

2.04
1.93
2.38
2.65
2.11

2.03
1.93

2.02
1.92

2.04
1.94

2.03
1.93

2.03
1.93

2.02
1.91

2.03
1.94

2.02
1.92

2.00
1.89

1.95

2. 61
2.11

2.58
2.14

2.62
2.14

2 . 61

2.58
2.13

¿58
2.13

2.55

2.56

2 . 52

2.12

2.11

2.56
2.07

2 3F>

2.14

•

$ 2.

1.84

2.02

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

106
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 98.
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
N ov.2 Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

M ay

June

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable good*—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products_______ $107. 69 $108. 36 $107. 33
144. 28 151. 98
Flat glass -_ -- _________
Glass" and glassware, pressed or
blown_____ _________________ 103. 57 102.11 101. 49
Cement, hydraulic...
-------------- 124. 27 122.13 127. 26
Structural clay products_________
93.83 94. 08 92.74
92.69 90.25
Pottery and related products___ .
Concrete, gypsum,' and plaster
products--------------- ----------------- 108.12 113. 78 110. 08
Other stone and mineral products.. 108. 26 107. 84 108. 62
Primary metal industries____________
Blast furnace and basic steel products__ . . _________________
Iron and steel foundries... . . . .
Nonferrous smelting and refining
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding______ ...
------- -----Nonferrous foundries____ . ____
Miscellaneous primary metal industries_______________________

$107. 78 $107. 36 $107.36 $106. 93 $104.83 $102. 25 $101. 75 $99.50 $101. 50 $103. 75 $102.42 $98. 57
144. 06 141. 86 146.86 145. 25 136. 68 139. 47 140. 56 137. 90 135. 74 143. 45 135. 20 126.01
102. 36 103. 22 102. 47 103.07 103. 22 101.15 100. 65 100.00 98. 39 100.50 99. 75 98.33
123.14 124. 91 122.30 122. 06 118.12 117. 26 116.00 116. 81 117. 26 120.30 116. 60 112. 75
92.35 91.74 92. 40 91.05 91.32 88. 51 87. 70 84. 67 88.29 90.03 88.99 86. 28
91. 18 92.83 93.93 94. 07 93. 67 92.04 92.40 90.02 91.71 91.83 89.54 86. 85
114.62 112. 78 111. 57 110.88 106. 75 100.94 99.96 96.19 100. 86 106. 21 105. 90 100.96
108. 20 106.34 108. 03 108. 29 107.36 105.92 104. 49 102.82 104.33 103. 75 102.18 98.33

129. 90 129. 48 136. 21 130.00 128. 96 130.20 129. 58 128.54 127.10 126.18 125. 77 126. 38 123.73 124.64 119.80
139. 33 139. 67 148. 86 138. 77 137.61 138.02 138.10 136. 94 135.20 133. 46 133.06 131. 41 128.58 133. 06 127.40
115. 51 114. 40 120. 13 119. 26 118.15 121. 24 119. 26 119. 26 119. 26 118. 71 117.87 120. 81 116.20 113.01 106. 52
121. 76 122. 06 127. 54 120. 18 119. 48 119. 52 119. 23 . 117. 67 118.12 118.98 120. 25 119. 97 118. 98 118.14 114.95
120. 96 120. 25 124. 84 121. 82 121. 69 124. 56 122. 84 120. 84 120.13 119. 43 120.98 123.12 120.56 118. 72 116.05
109. 06 109. 45 111. 10 110.12 109. 59 110. 81 110. 27 109. 86 109. 86 108. 24 108. 50 110. 35 108. 62 107.12 104. 55
139. 75 138. 02 135. 88 133. 56 130.00 133.46 133. 46 134.83 133. 25 131. 57 130.41 134. 62 130. 73 128. 96 124.50
Average weekly hours

Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Flat glass__ . __________ _____
Glass' and glassware, pressed or
blown________________________
Cement, hydraulic_______________
Structural clay products_________
Pottery and related products___ .
Concrete, gypsum,' and plaster
products___________ ____ _ _
Other stone and mineral products..
Primary metal industries_________ .
Blast furnace and basic steel products______ ___________ _______
Iron and steel foundries.
______
Nonferrous smelting and refining. _
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding______________
. ..
Nonferrous foundries____ . ____
Miscellaneous primary metal industries_______________________

41.7

42.0
41. 7

41.6
43.3

42.1
42.0

42.1
41.6

42.1
42.2

42.1
42.1

41.6
40.2

40.9
40.9

40.7
41.1

39.8
40.8

40.6
40.4

41.5
41.7

41.3
40.0

40.9
38.3

40.3
41.7
41.7

40.2
41.4
42.0
40.3

39.8
42.0
41.4
38.9

40.3
41.6
41.6
39.3

40.8
42.2
41.7
39.5

40.5
41.6
42.0
39.8

40.9
41.8
41.2
40.2

40.8
41.3
41.7
40.2

40.3
41.0
40.6
39.5

40.1
40.7
40.6
40.0

40.0
40.7
39.2
38.8

39.2
41.0
40.5
39.7

40.2
41.2
41.3
40.1

39.9
41.2
41.2
39.1

40.3
41.0
40.7
39.3

42.4
41.8

44.1
41.8

43.0
42.1

44.6
42.1

44.4
41.7

44.1
42.2

44.0
42.3

42.7
42.1

41.2
41.7

40.8
41.3

39.1
40.8

41.0
41.4

43.0
41.5

43.4
41.2

42.6
40.8

41.5

41.5

42.7

41.8

41.6

42.0

41.8

41.6

41.4

41.1

41.1

41.3

40.7

41.0

40.2

41.1
42.9
41.4

41.0
42.9
41.0

40.6
42.9
41.3

40.2
42.7
41.6

40.2
42.4
41.9

39.7
43.3
41.8

39.2
42.1
41.6

40.2
41.7
41.6

39.2
40.5
41.2

41.1
41.7
41.7

41.2
41.6
41.8

42.9
42.6
42.8

41.3
42.9
41.3

41.2
42.5
41.2

41.2
43.3
41.5

42.0
41.0

41.9
41.3

42.9
41.3

42.3
41.4

42.4
41.2

43.4
41.5

42.8
41.3

42.4
41.3

42.3
41.3

42.2
41.0

42.6
41.1

43.2
41.8

42.6
41.3

42.4
41.2

42.2
41.0

43.0

42.6

42.2

42.0

41.4

42.1

42.1

42.4

42.3

41.9

41.4

42.6

41.9

41.6

41.5

Average hourly earnings
Stone, clay, and glass products____
Flat glass.. __________ __ _ . . . .
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown__ ____________________
Cement, hydraulic_______________
Structural clay products_________
Pottery and related products.. . . .
Concrete, gypsum ,' and plaster
products___ _ _. _____________
Other stone and mineral products..

$2. 58

$2.58
3. 46

$2.58
3. 51

$2.56
3. 43

$2.55
3.41

$2. 55
3. 48

$2.54
3.45

$2. 52
3.40

$2. 50
3.41

$2.50
3. 42

$2.50
3.38

$2.50
3. 36

$2.50
3. 44

$2.48
3.38

$2.41
3.29

2.57
2.98
2. 25

2.54
2. 95
2.24
2.30

2. 55
3.03
2.24
2.32

2.54
2. 96
2.22
2.32

2.53
2.96
2.20
2.35

2.53
2.94
2.20
2. 36

2.52
2.92
2.21
2. 34

2.53
2.86
2.19
2.33

2. 51
2.86
2.18
2.33

2. 51
2.85
2.16
2.31

2.50
2. 87
2.16
2.32

2.51
2. 86
2.18
2.31

2. 50
2. 92
2.18
2.29

2.50
2.83
2.16
2.29

2.44
2.75
2.12
2.21

2. 55
2.59

2.58
2.58

2. 56
2.58

2. 57
2. 57

2.54
2. 55

2.53
2. 56

2. 52
2.56

2.50
2. 55

2.45
2.54

2. 45
2.53

2.46
2.52

2. 46
2.52

2.47
2.50

2. 44
2.48

2.37
2.41

Primary metal industries____________
Blast furnace and basic steel products_______ _________________
Iron and steel foundries____ . . .
Nonferrous smelting and refining..
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding___________ _ . . . . .
Nonferrous foundries_____________
Miscellaneous primary metal industries_______________________

3.13

3.12

3.19

3.11

3.10

3.10

3.10

3.09

3.07

3. 07

3.06

3.06

3.04

3.04

2.98

3.39
2. 77
2.92

3.39
2. 75
2. 92

3.47
2. 82
2.98

3. 36
2.78
2.91

3.34
2.78
2. 90

3.35
2. 80
2.88

3.36
2. 78
2. 88

3. 34
2. 78
2.87

3.33
2.78
2. 86

3.32
2.78
2.86

3.31
2. 78
2.87

3.31
2.79
2. 87

3.28
2. 76
2. 86

3.31
2. 71
2. 84

3.25
2.63
2. 79

2.88
2.66

2. 87
2.65

2. 91
2.69

2.88
2.66

2. 87
2.66

2. 87
2. 67

2. 87
2. 67

2.85
2.66

2. 84
2. 66

2.83
2.64

2. 84
2.64

2.85
2.64

2.83
2.63

2.80
2.60

2.75
2. 55

3.25

3.24

3.22

3.18

3.14

3.17

3.17

3.18

3.15

3.14

3.15

3.16

3.12

3.10

3.00

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

107

0-1. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 98.
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Nov.»

Oct.»

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing— C on tin u ed
D u r a b l e g o o d s — C on tin u ed
F abricated m etal p rod ucts.......................
M e ta l cans............................................
C u tle ry , handtools, and general
hardw are............................................
H ea tin g eq u ip m en t and p lu m b in g
fixtures............ ................ .................
Fabricated structural metal products Screw m achine products, bolts, e tc .
M e ta l stam p in gs_______________
Coating, engraving, and allied services
M iscellaneous
fabricated
wire
p r o d u c t s ...____ ______ ____ _
M iscellaneous
fabricated m etal
p r o d u c t s ...........................................
M a ch in e ry............... ...................................
E n gin es and tu rb in es_______ ____
Farm m achin ery and e q u ip m e n t...
Construction and related m achinery..
M e ta lw o rk in g
m achin ery
and
eq u ip m e n t_______ ____ _______
Special in d u s try m achin ery______
G eneral in d u strial m ach in ery____
Office, co m p u ting and accounting
m achines..........................................
Service in d u stry m achines.............. .
M iscellaneous m ach in ery................ .

$112.98 $110.24 $112.86 $112.98 $111.07 $112.29 $112.02 $111.22 $109.18 $109.18 $108.39 $111.04 $109.56 $108.05 $104.81
128.29 128.83 132.18 139.46 136.53 133.80 132.44 131.21 128.59 128.83 131.63 129.44 129.44 128.17 126.30
110.30 100.04 109.52 109.36 105.37 106.97 107.90 108.58 104.96 105.73 105.11 109.04 108.00 103.32
106.30
110.68
115.34
125.42
98.71

105.63
110.95
115.61
114.93
99.60

102.03
110.00
112.25
127.90
99.39

104.60
111.61
112.36
123.70
99.95

103.68
110.51
111.67
121.98
97.44

104.34
110.92
113.52
123.69
99.95

103.83
110.12
112.04
124.56
97.75

101.63
109.33
112.30
123.55
97.75

101.75
108.65
112. 56
119.56
95.51

103.81 101.02

99.87

99.46

97.03

99.77

99.53

98.16

97.51

103.20 99.94 102.87 102.62
107.45 105.86 109.03 108.36
112.56 110.56 110.24 107.68
119.71 121.13 123.26 119.71
96.70 95.27 97.34 96.64
97.68

96.96

99. 01

97.17

99.14

101.56 98.55
107.27 104.60
108.03 106.00
116.47 111.76
94.94 93.11
97.17

96.64

110.81 110.68 109.88 109.59 108.39 109.45 108.39 107.04 105.44 105.44 104.00 106.75 104.90 105.67 103.53
123.11 122.54 120.67
127.70 127.70 122.85
119.65 118.78
121.96 121.09 121.09

121.11
129.47
119.52
120.54

121.82
130.41
118.66
120.83

123.26
129.48
119.52
123.69

122.69
128.86
115.46
123.26

121.98
126.07
118.28
122.98

121.26
124.53
118.43
121.69

120. 56
124.84
119.56
117.31

118.43
123.51
117.29
118.14

120.42
129.79
116.31
119.56

117.88
127.20
112.16
117.18

116.20
123.73
111.93
115.79

113.01
119.88
107.59
112.34

136.31 135.39 131.89 132.68 136.89 139.36 141.34 140.12 139.19 138.60 133.90 135.28 130.03 129.33 125.57
117.78 116.53 115.60 114.33 113.63 114.70 114.44 113.05 113.58 112.63 110.62 114.48 110.99 109.72 106.77
123.25 122.25 120.38 120.96 120.54 121.82 120.83 119.70 118.71 118.56 116.60 120.13 117.03 114.12 110.83
123.37 122.36 122.13 120.42 120.36 120.36 117.49 116.51 116.11 116.87 113.87 115.42 119.19 116.81 113.15
108.26 107.86 107. 71 107.94 108.21 107.90 106.19 106.75 106.08 106.23 104.12 106.45 103.57 103.12 100.12
115.99 116.53 114.09 115.29 115.02 117.18 116.80 115.29 114.70 113.74 113.21 114.28 111.99 111.51 109.13
Average weekly hours

Fabricated metal products.......................
M etal cans.............................................
Cutlery, handtools, and general
hardware............................................
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures____ ____ _____ _________
Fabricated structural metal products..
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Metal stampings.................................
Coating, engraving, and allied services
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products______________ _____ _
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
p rod u cts........... ............................
M achinery....................................................
Engines and turbines.........................
Farm machinery and equipm ent...
Construction and related machinery..
Metalworking machinery and
equip m ent.......................................
Special industry machinery..............
General industrial machinery..........
Office, computing and accounting
machines............................................
Service industry machines________
Miscellaneous m achinery............. .

42.0
42.2

41.6
42.1

41.8
42.5

42.0
44.7

42.1

40.5

41.8

41.9

41.2
41.3
43.2
43.1
41.3

41.1
41.4
43.3
42.1
41.5

39.7
41.2
42.2
43.8
40.9

40.7
41.8
42.4
43.1
41.3

41.6
43.9

41.9
43.3

41.8
43.0

41.0

41.3

40.5
41.7
42.3
42.5
40.6

40.6
41.7
43. C
42.8
41.3

41.5
42.6

41.2
42.3

41.2
42.1

41.5

41.6

41.0

40.4
41.4
42.6
43.1
40.9

39.7
41.1
42.7
42. S
40.9

39.9
41.0
42.8
42.1
40.3

40.9
42.6

41.9
42.3

41.5
42.3

41.3

40.9

42.1

41.7

41.0

40.8

40.0
40.7
42.8
42.3
40.8

39.5
40.1
42.2
42.5
40.2

40.5
41.3
42.4
43.4
41.6

40.4
41.2
41.9
42.6
41.3

40.3
41.1
42.2
42.2
41.1

39.9
40.7
42.4
41.7
41.2

41.4
42.3

41.1
42.1

42.2

41.4

41.1

41.1

40.6

41.4

41.3

40.9

40.8

40.7

40.4

41.6

41.0

41.0

41.3

41.5
42.6
40.8

41.0
41.9
39.5
41.1
41.9

41.2
42.2
41.1
41.5
42.0

40.9
42.3
41.4
41.2
42.1

41.3
42.8
41.5
41.5
42.8

40.9
42.6
41.3
40 8
42.8

40.7
42.5
40.8
41 5
42.7

40.4
42.4
40.3

40.4
42.3
40.4

40.0
41.7
40.1

40.9
42.4
41.6

40.5
41.8
40.9

40.8
41.8
40.7

40.6
41.7
40.5

42.2

41.3
42.4
40.8
41.4
41.9

42.4

41.6

4L 6

42.1

41.7

41.5

41.3

44.4
43.3
42.5

44.1
43.0
42.3

43.1
42.5
41.8

43.5
42.5
42.0

44.3
42.4
42.0

45.1
42.8
42.3

45.3
42.7
42.1

45.2
42.5
42.0

44.9
42.7
41.8

45.0
42.5
41.6

43.9
41.9
41.2

44.5
43.2
42.3

43.2
42.2
41.5

43.4
42.2
41.2

43.3
42.2
41.2

41.4
40.7
42.8

41.2
40.7
43.0

41.4
40.8
42.1

41.1
41.2
42.7

40.8
41.3
42.6

40.8
41.5
43.4

40.1
41.0
43.1

39.9
40.9
42.7

39.9
40.8
42.8

40.3
40.7
42.6

39.4
40.2
42.4

39.8
41.1
42.8

41.1
40.3
42.1

40.7
40.6
42.4

40.7
40.7
42.3

$2.69
3.04

$2.65
3.06

$2.70
3.11

$2.69
3.12

$2.67
3.11

$2.68
3.09

$2.65
3.06

$2.65
3.09

$2.65
3.06

$2.64
3.06

$2.61
3.03

$2.55
3.00

Average hourly earnings
Fabricated metal products.......................
M etal cans...... .................... ..........
Cutlery, handtools, and general
hardware..............................
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures...............................................
Fabricated structural metal products.
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
M etal stampings........ .........................
Coating, engraving, and allied services
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products_____________ _____ ___

Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products................................

$2.68
3.08

$2.68
3.08

$2.65
3.04

2.62

2.47

2.62

2.61

2.57

2.59

2.60

2.61

2.56

2.56

2.57

2.59

2.59

2.52

2.43

2.58
2.68
2.67
2.91
2.39

2.57
2.68
2.67
2.73
2.40

2.57
2.67
2.66
2.92
2.43

2.57
2.67
2.65
2.87
2.42

2.56
2.65
2.64
2.87
2.40

2.57
2.66
2.64
2.89
2.42

2.57
2.66
2.63
2.89
2.39

2.56
2.66
2.63
2.88
2.39

2.55
2.65
2.63
2.84
2.37

2.58
2.64
2.63
2.83
2.37

2.53
2.64
2.62
2.85
2.37

2.54
2.64
2.60
2.84
2.34

2.54
2.63
2.57
2.81
2.34

2.52
2.61
2.56
2.76
2.31

2.47
2.57
2.50
2.68
2.26

2.46

2.44

2.43

2.42

2.39

2.41

2.41

2.40

2.39

2.40

2.40

2.38

2.37

2.37

2.34

2.67
2.89
3.13

2.68
2.88
3.11
2.89
2.89

2.66
2.87
3.15
2.88
2.87

2.65
2.88
3.15
2 88
2.87

2.65
2.88
3.12

2.63
2.87
3.09

2.61
2.86
3.09

2.61
2.85
3.09

2.60
2.84
3.08

2.61
2.84
3.12

2.59
2.82
3.11

2.59
2.78
3.04

2.55
2.71
2.96

M ach inery..................................................
Engines and turbines____________
Farm machinery and equipm ent...
Construction and related machinery .
Metalworking machinery and
equip m ent.......... .........................
Special industry m achinery.............
General industrial machinery_____

2.89

2.68
2.89
3.13
2.89
2.89

2.89

2.65
2.88
3.12
2 83
2.88

2 .88

2.87

2.82

2.84

2.84

2l 81

2.79

2.72

3.07
2.72
2.90

3.07
2.71
2.89

3.06
2.72
2.88

3.05
2.69
2.88

3.09
2.68
2.87

3.09
2.68
2.88

3.12
2.68
2.87

3.10
2.66
2.85

3.10
2.66
2.84

3.08
2.65
2.85

3.05
2.64
2.83

3.04
2.65
2.84

3.01
2.63
2.82

2.98
2.60
2.77

2.90
2.53
2.69

machines...........................................
Service industry machines________
Miscellaneous machinery_________

2.98
2.66
2.71

2.97
2.65
2.71

2.95
2.64
2.71

2.93
2.62
2.70

2.95
2.62
2.70

2.95
2.60
2.70

2.93
2.59
2.71

2.92
2.61
2.70

2.91
2.60
2.68

2.90
2.61
2.67

2.89
2.59
2.67

2.90
2.59
2.67

2.90
2.57
2.66

2.87
2.54
2.63

2.78
2.46
2.58

Office, computing and accounting

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

108
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 98.
1963

1964

Annual
average

Industry
N ov.2

Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

Apr.

M ay

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1963

1962

$99.14
107.04
104. 70
107. 71

$97.4
102.8
102.0
104.2

Average weekly earnings
M anufactur ing—C ontinued
Durable goods—Continued
Electrical equipment and supplies-----Electric distribution equipment—
Electrical industrial apparatus __
Household appliances______
Electric lighting and wiring equipm e n t.. . . . . . . ---- -----------Radio and TV receiving sets--------Communication equipment______
Electronic components and accèssories--------- --------------------Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies___________________

$101.15
109. 48
109. 03
107. 60

$100. 90
109. 08
108. 62
107. 07

96. 80 95. 27 96. 24 97. 92 95. 20 96.15 96. 32 95. 04
89.33 89. 24 87.64 87.96 88.36 84. 64 85. 09 86.30
114.12 115. 92 113. 71 112. 20 109. 60 112. 48 111.38 110. 70

no. 30

84.99

84. 77

$103.48 $103. 48 $102. 72 $102. 31
113.82 113.55 112.19 113. 55
111.61 111. 19 109. 67 109. 82
109. 88 110.02 109. 21 108.14

86.83

86. 83

86.40

85. 57

$101.96
112. 47
110. 92
108. 41

84. 93

$102. 06 $101. 56
112.32 110.16
109.30 109. 30
108. 00 107.33

85. 39

85.39

$100.90 $100. 00 $102. 41 $100. 60
110. 02 107.33 113.97 109. 61
106. 75 106. 49 107. 79 104. 90
106. 40 104.80 109.88 106.53

94.16
86.08

94. 40 93.14 96. 70 94.87 93.26 90.8
86. 46 87.86 87. 25 87.02 85.85 85.7
109. 76 109.35 110. 56 109. 08 107.33 106.9
84.96

83.67

84.38

84.19

82. 76

82.0

111.37 107.18 110. 43 103.49 107.87 109. 21 108. 68 108.27 106. 27 108. 40 111. 90 113.25 110. 81 107. 01 106.2

Transportation equipment____
134.83 124. 75 133. 67
Motor vehicles and equipment .
127. 51 143. 99
127. 20 126. 59 125. 56
Aircraft and parts___ _____ . .
Ship and boat building and repairing__ _ . ------------ . . ------ 119. 20 122. 01 119. 08
119.74 122. 98
Railroad equipment
____
97.16 93.79
Other transportation eq u ip m en t...

129. 38 128. 54 132. 06 129. 67 129.36 126. 68 126.99 127.82 133.61 132. 68 126. 72 122.2
137. 70 135.26 140. 92 137.17 135. 99 131.25 132.93 134. 20 144. 26 142.65 132. 68 127.6
125.15 125. 05 124. 84 123.93 123.82 123.11 123. 41 123. 30 124.92 124. 20 122. 43 119.9
121. 60 120. 80 121.99 122. 07 120. 69 122. 96 120.39 118. 40 120. 39 123.60 121.06 115.2
125. 02 126. 79 127. 70 126. 77 128.33 125. 55 126. 38 123.82 124.34 124. 53 121. 71 118.1
95. 04 91.76 96. 41 95. 37 93. 34 92.03 91.13 87. 64 92. 62 89.33 91.84 86.2
Average weekly hours

Electrical equipment and supplies____
Electric distribution equipm ent__
Electrical industrial apparatus-----Household appliances___________
Electric lighting and wiring equipm e n t.. ._ _ _ . ______ ______
Radio and TV receiving s e ts ...
Communication equipm ent...
Electronic components and accèssories __ __
_______
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies___ _ . ---------------Transportation equipment___________
Motor vehicles and equipment____
Aircraft and parts_______________
Ship and boat building and repairing____ _______ . . . . . .
Railroad equipm ent___ __________
Other transportation eq u ip m en t...

40.9
42.0
41.8
41.0

40.9
41.9
41.8
40.9

40.6
41.4
41.7
40.6

40.6
41.9
41.6
40.5

40.3
41.5
41.7
40.3

40.5
41.6
41.4
40.3

40.3
40.8
41.4
39.9

40.3
40.7
41.3
40.3

40.2
40.7
41.3
40.1

40.2
40.9
40.9
40.0

40.0
40.2
40.8
39.4

40.8
41.9
41.3
41.0

40.4
40.9
40.5
40.2

40.3
40.7
40.9
40.8

40.
40.
40.
40.

40.5
39.7
41.2

40.2
40.2
41.4

40.1
39.3
41.2

40.8
39.8
40.8

40.0
39.8
40.0

40.4
38.3
40.9

40.3
38.5
40.8

40.1
38.7
40.7

39.9
38.6
40.7

40.0
38.6
40.5

39.3
39.4
40.5

40.8
39.3
41.1

40.2
39.2
40.7

40.2
39.2
40.5

40.
39.
41.

40.2

40.2

40.0

39.8

39.5

39.9

39.9

39.9

39.8

39.7

39.1

39.8

39.9

39.6

40.

41. 5

41.0

41.

41.4

40.6

40.9

39.5

40.1

40.6

40.4

40.4

39.8

40.6

41.6

42.1

42.4

40.9
41.0
41.1

42.3
43.9
40.9

41.6
42.5
40.9

41.6
42.4
41.0

42.6
43.9
41.2

42.1
43. C
40.9

42.0
42.9
41.0

41.4
41.8
40.9

41.5
42.2
41.0

41.5
42.2
41.1

43.1
44.8
41.5

42.8
44.3
41.4

42.1
42.8
41.5

42.
42.
41.

40.4
38.5
41.7

39.3
39.8
40.6

40.4
40.2
41.5

40.4
40.9
40.6

40.8
40.8
42.1

41.1
40.5
42.2

40.5
41. C
41.3

41.4
40.5
40.9

40.4
40. {
40.5

40.0
40.2
39.3

40.4
40.5
40.8

41.2
40.3
39.7

40.9
40.3
41.0

40.
39.
40.

41.3
39.6

Average hourly earnings
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Electric distribution equipment__
Electrical industrial apparatus____
Household appliances.....................
Electric lighting and wiring equip­
m ent_________________ ______ _
Radio and TV receiving sets........ .
Communication equipment______
Electronic components and acces­
sories__________________ ____
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies_____ _____________

$2.53
2. 71
2.67
2.68

$2.53
2. 71
2.66
2.69

$2.53
2. 71
2.63
2.69

$2.52
2. 71
2.64
2.67

$2.53
2. 71
2. 66
2.69

$2. 52
2. 70
2.64
2.68

$2. 52
2. 70
2.64
2.69

$2. 51
2.69
2. 64
2.67

$2. 51
2.68
2.63
2.67

$2. 51
2.69
2. 61
2.66

$2. 50
2. 67
2. 61
2.66

$2. 51
2. 72
2. 61
2.68

$2.49
2.68
2. 59
2. 65

$2.46
2.63
2. 56
2.64

$2. 4(
2.54
2. 5(
2. 5f

2.39
2. 25
2. 77

2.37
2.22
2.80

2.40
2.23
2. 76

2.40
2.21
2. 75

2. 38
2.22
2.74

2.38
2. 21
2. 75

2.39
2.21
2. 73

2.37
2.23
2. 72

2. 36
2.23
2. 71

2. 36
2.24
2. 71

2. 37
2.23
2.70

2.37
2.22
2. 69

2. 36
2.22
2.68

2.32
2.19
2.65

2.2<
2. If
2.5!

2.16

2.16

2.16

2.15

2.15

2.14

2.14

2.13

2.13

2.14

2.14

2.12

2.11

2.09

2.0.

2.69

2.64

2.70

2.62

2.69

2.69

2.69

2.68

2. 67

2. 67

2.69

2. 69

2.67

2. 61

2.5

Transportation equipment__________
Motor vehicles and equipment___
Aircraft and parts______________
Ship and boat building and re­
pairing_________ ______ _______
Railroad equipment____________
Other transportation equipm ent..

3.18

3.05
3.11
3.08

3.16
3.28
3.07

3.11
3.24
3.06

3.09
3.19
3.05

3.10
3. 21
3.03

3.08
3.19
3.03

3.08
3.17
3.02

3.06
3.14
3.01

3.06
3.15
3. 01

3.08
3.18
3.00

3.10
3.22
3. 01

3.10
3.22
3.00

3. 01
3.10
2. 95

2.9
2.9
2.8

3. 02
3.11
2.33

3.03
3.09
2. 31

3. 01
3.11
2.29

2.99
3.1C
2.26

2.99
3.13
2.29

2.97
3.13
2.26

2.98
3.13
2.26

2.97
3.1C
2. 25

2.98
3.09
2.25

2.96
3.08
2.23

2.98
3. 07
2. 27

3.00
3.09
2.25

2.96
3. 02
2.24

2.8
2.9
2.1

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.08
3. 01

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T

a b l e

109

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 98.
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing—C ont inue d
Durable pood*—Continued
Instruments and related products____ $105. 47 $104. 81
Engineering and scientific instru­
m ents__________ _____ ________
120. 47
Mechanical measuring and control
105. 78 104. 34
devices________________ ______
95. 17 95. 82
Optical and ophthalmic goods____
Surgical, medical, and dental
89.24 88.44
equipm ent_________ __________
Photographic equipment and sup­
plies__________________________
124. 39
87.05
Watches and clocks...................... .
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries______________ ____ __________
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
w a r e.._______ ________________
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods________________________
Pens, pencils, office and art
materials_____________________
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions_______________________
Other manufacturing industries___

$104.81 $103. 98 $103. 63 $103.98 $102. 56 $102. 06 $101.81 $101.66 $100.15 $103. 57 $102. 91 $101. 59 $99. 80
121.60 120.93 119.07 120. 77 117.91 118.03 117. 22 117. 22 115. 31 120.06 119. 36 118. 24 115.64
104. 45 103. 79 104.19 105.37 103. 53 103.53 103.53 102.87 100. 30 103. 89 104. 65 102.16
95.87 94.53 92.43 94. 66 93. 98 92. 51 92.51 92.96 92. 21 95.15 94.05 93.86
89.28

88.48

87.56

87.23

87. 45

86.83

86. 76

86.80

84. 41

87.02

87.02

85.63

98.98
89. 62
84.45

121. 25 120.56 122.09 120.10 119.65 118. 49 116. 69 117. 96 116. 57 119. 55 118.14 115. 77 114.68
86. 55 84.53 84. 32 85. 97 83. 71 82.18 81. 37 81.24 80.98 83.16 81.93 83.13 83. 37

83.62

83.41

81. 35

82.80

81. 74

82.58

81.95

82.76

82.97

82. 56

80.26

82.99

81.59

80.39

78.61

97.06

95. 53

89.02

89. 65

88.18

90.09

90. 27

90.09

89.65

87. 96

84. 97

94.73

92.29

88.70

84.82
71.37

90.50

75.03

73.53

75.22

73.53

73. 72

72.96

74.11

74.50

73.73

71.80

72. 39

73.14

72. 76

80.40

79. 99

80.40

75.00

79.80

78.40

78.20

78.01

78.80

75.24

78.39

78.00

78.00

74. 82

76. 81
89.82

74.69
88.70

75.46
89. 24

75.64
88. 75

76.80
89.20

77.20
87.91

77. 41
89.20

77.16
89.65

77.18
88.58

73.15
86.85

76.57
89.24

75.01
87.82

73.84
86.58

71.68
84.82

40.9

Average weekly hours
Instruments and related products____
Engineering and scientific instru­
ments________________________
Mechanical measuring and control
devices_______________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods____
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment_________ ____ ______

41.2

41.0
41.2
40.2

41.1

41.1

40.8

41.1

40.7

40.5

40.4

40.5

39.9

41.1

41.0

40.8

41.4

41.5

41.7

41.2

41.5

40.8

40.7

40.7

40.7

39.9

41.4

41.3

41.2

41.3

40.6
41.3

40.8
41.5

40.7
41.1

40.7
40.9

41.0
41.7

40.6
41.4

40.6
41.3

40.6
41.3

40.5
41.5

39.8
40.8

40.9
42.1

41.2
41.8

40.7
41.9

40.4
41.3

40.2

40.4

40.4

39.8

40.2

40.3

40.2

39.8

40.0

38.9

40.1

40.1

40.2

40.6

42. 6
40.3

42.1
39.7

42.3
39.5

42.1
39.4

41.7
39.8

41.4
39.3

41.0
38.4

40.8
38.2

41.1
38.5

40.9
38.2

41.8
39.6

41.6
39.2

41.2
39.4

41.7
39.7

40.2

40 1

39.3

40.0

39.3

39.7

39.4

39.6

39.7

39.5

38.4

39.9

39.8

39.6

39.7

42.2

41.9

40.1

40.2

39.9

40.4

40.3

40.4

40.2

39.8

38.8

42.1

41.2

40.5

40.2

39.7

38.7

39.8

38.7

38.8

38.4

38.6

38.6

38.2

37.2

38.1

38.7

38.7

39.0

P ho to grap hic eq u ip m en t a n d su p ­
p lies________________________

Watches and clocks............................
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries_____________________________
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware__________________________
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods____________ ____ _______
Pens, pencils, office and art
materials_________ ______ ______
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions_______________________
Other manufacturing industries___

41.1

40.4

40.2

39.6

40.2

37.5

39.7

39.2

39.1

39.4

39.6

38.0

40.2

40.0

40.0

39.8

39.8
40.1

38.9
39.6

39.3
40.2

39.6
39.8

40.0
40.0

40.0
39.6

39.9
40.0

40.4
40.2

40.2
39.9

38.1
39.3

40.3
40.2

39.9
40.1

39.7
39.9

39.6
40.2

$2.44

Average hourly earnings
Instruments and related products____
Engineering and scientific instru­
ments........... ......................................
Mechanical measuring and control
devices..............................................
Optical and ophthalmic goods____
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment_____ _______ _______
Photographic equipment and supplies........ ...........................................
atches and clocks............................

$2.56

$2.55

$2.55

$2.53

$2.54

$2.53

$2.52

$2.52

$2.52

$2. 51

$2.51

$2.52

$2. 51

$2.49

2. 91

2.93

2.90

2.89

2.91

2.89

2.90

2.88

2.88

2.89

2.90

2.89

2.87

2.80

2.58
2.31

2. 57
2.32

2.56
2. 31

2. 55
2. 30

2.56
2.26

2. 57
2. 27

2. 55
2. 27

2. 55
2. 24

2. 55
2. 24

2.54
2.24

2.52
2.26

2.54
2. 26

2.54
2.25

2. 51
2.24

2. 45
2.17

2. 22

2.20

2.21

2.19

2.20

2.17

2.17

2.16

2.18

2.17

2.17

2.17

2.17

2.13

2.08

2.92
2.16

2.88
2.18

2.85
2.14

2. 90
2.14

2.88
2.16

2.89
2.13

2.89
2.14

2. 86
2.13

2. 87
2.11

2. 85
2.12

2.86
2.10

2.84
2.09

2. 81
2.11

2. 75
2.10

2. 08

2.08

2.07

2.07

2.08

2. 08

2.08

2.09

2.09

2.09

2.09

2.08

2. 05

2.03

1. 98

2.30

2.28

2.22

2. 23

2. 21

2.23

2. 24

2.23

2. 23

2.21

2.19

2. 25

2. 24

2.19

2.11

W

Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries............................................................
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware....................................................
Toys, amusement, and sporting
go o d s................................................
Pens, pencils, office and art
materials_____ ________________
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
n otio n s.............................................
Other manufacturing industries___
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.24

1.89

1.90

1.89

1.90

1.90

1.90

1.92

1.93

1.93

1.93

1.90

1.89

1.88

1.83

2.00

2.02

2.00

2. 00

2. 01

2.00

2.00

1. 98

1.99

1.98

1.95

1. 95

1.95

1.88

1 93
2.24

1. 92
2.24

1.92
2.22

1.91
2.23

1.92
2.23

1.93
2.22

1.94
2.23

1.91
2.23

1.92
2. 22

1.92
2.21

1.90
2.22

1.88
2.19

1.86
2.17

1.81
2.11

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

110
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 98.
1964

In d u stry

N o v .2

O c t.2

Sept.

A u g.

J u ly

Annual
average

1963
M ay

June

A p r.

M a r.

Feb .

Jan.

D ec.

$ 96.

N o v.

1963

1962

$ 94.

A verag e w e e k ly earnings
M a n u factu rin g— C on tin u ed

N ondurable goods
F o od and kindred p rod ucts____
M e a t products
_____
D a ir y p rod ucts_____
___
C a n n e d and preserved food, except
m eats. ____ ______ ___
__ _
G rain m ill products
...
___
B a k e ry products ______
. _.
Sugar
...
__
. ..
C onfectionery and related prod ucts.
B everages__
__. . . .
. .
M iscellaneous food and kindred
p roducts____________ . ____

$ 9 8 .4 0

$ 9 7 .6 4

23
1 0 5 .2 5
1 0 3 .4 6

$ 9 8 .0 6

40
1 0 5 .3 2
1 0 2 . 55

$96.

56
1 0 3 .2 8
100 . 74

$ 9 6 .0 8

$ 9 5 .6 8

$ 9 5 .9 1

1 0 1 .2 4
1 0 1 .4 6

1 0 5 .1 1
1 0 0 .9 1

1 0 7 .9 5
9 9 .6 6

48
1 0 1 .6 8
9 8 .7 5

$ 9 1 .8 4

1 0 3 .0 6
1 0 0 .9 8

59
1 0 8 .2 0
1 0 0 .3 2

$ 9 5 .9 4

1 0 4 .0 4
1 0 4 .2 5

23
1 0 7 .3 6
1 0 3 .0 3

$98.

1 0 8 .1 2
103 . 66

53
1 0 5 .0 0
107 . 75

$ 97.

1 1 1 .1 9
104 . 58

8 2 .1 9
1 0 9 .4 5

7 8 .7 8
110 . 53
9 8 .0 9
100 . 67
8 1 .6 0
108 . 53

8 1 .1 6
1 1 2 . 24
1 0 0 . 61
113 . 71
8 1 .5 9
1 1 1 .9 3

7 9 .1 8
1 0 8 .9 6
9 8 .2 5
1 1 2 .0 2
8 1 .8 0
1 1 1 .6 5

7 7 .6 0
1 0 6 .9 1
9 8 .3 3
1 1 2 .0 6
8 0 . 55
114 . 51

7 4 .2 6
1 1 1 .8 0
9 8 . 57
1 1 1 .6 4
7 9 .7 6
1 0 9 .7 4

7 8 .1 1
1 0 7 .0 4
9 6 .8 0
1 1 1 .0 7
8 0 .1 7
1 0 8 .9 5

7 6 .8 4
1 0 4 . 54
9 5 .4 4
1 0 7 .3 3
7 9 .7 6
1 0 8 .9 4

7 5 .0 3
1 0 4 .0 6
9 4 .8 0
1 0 5 . 52
7 8 .1 9
107 . 73

7 5 .1 1
1 0 5 .0 3
9 5 .0 4
9 8 .4 9
7 8 .9 9
1 0 6 .9 2

7 4 .5 4
1 0 8 .0 9
9 3 .6 2
101 . 58
7 6 .5 8
1 0 4 .0 1

7 3 .8 3
106 . 72
9 5 .3 4
100 . 58
7 7 .8 1
1 0 6 .1 3

7 1 .5 9
108 . 38
9 5 .0 4
9 8 .1 2
7 7 .8 1
1 0 7 .2 0

7 5 .6 5
1 0 5 .0 2
9 3 .9 0
1 0 4 .4 3
7 8 .4 1
1 0 7 .1 8

7 3 .7 2
1 0 1 .9 2
9 1 .7 1
1 0 1 . 67
7 6 .6 1
1 0 3 .3 1

1 0 9 . 76
9 7 .3 6

$ 98.

$ 98.

9 8 .6 6
9 6 .0 5

9 6 .4 8

9 7 .4 1

9 7 .5 8

9 5 . 76

9 6 .1 8

9 5 .5 3

9 6 .6 4

9 4 .4 7

9 4 .9 2

9 6 .5 0

9 4 .9 5

9 6 .3 4

9 6 . 56

9 3 .7 0

9 1 .3 8

T o b acco m anu factures. .
_
.....
C igarettes
______ ___
C igars
_______ _____

7 5 .0 8

7 3 .3 5
9 2 . 67
6 3 .4 1

7 3 .1 0
9 2 .1 2
6 0 . 76

7 5 .4 7
9 7 . 58
6 3 .9 6

8 0 .1 3
9 6 .0 8
6 2 .5 4

8 1 .7 8
9 8 .2 9
6 4 .4 1

8 0 .1 7
9 3 .8 5
6 6 . 57

8 0 .7 8
9 4 . 56
6 7 .4 0

7 5 .6 0
8 7 . 66
6 5 . 67

6 9 .1 9
7 5 .3 7
6 6 .5 0

7 2 .6 9
9 1 .2 6
5 7 . 73

7 4 .8 6
9 3 .6 7
6 3 .2 4

7 3 .7 1
9 6 .8 2
6 3 .1 8

7 4 .1 1
9 2 .2 0
6 0 . 48

7 1 .4 1
8 9 .5 4
5 7 .8 2

T e x tile m ill prod ucts______
.. _
C o tto n broad w o ven fabrics
S ilk and syn th e tic broad w o ven
.. . . . . . . . .
fabrics__
W e a v in g
and
finishing
broad
w o olen s.. . . . __ .
N arrow fabrics and sm allw ares___
K n ittin g . . . .
_ _ __
Fin ish in g textiles, except wool, k n it.
Floor covering.
Y a r n and th re a d ..
. ...
M iscellaneous textile goods_______

7 6 .6 8
7 9 .6 7

7 5 .8 9
7 8 .1 4

7 1 .8 2
7 2 .9 0

7 3 .1 0
7 3 .6 8

7 2 .2 2
7 2 .8 0

7 3 .1 0
7 3 .6 8

7 2 . 75
7 3 .9 2

7 1 .6 3
7 2 .3 8

7 1 .6 3
7 2 .2 1

7 1 .9 8
7 3 .0 8

7 0 .4 0
7 2 .3 1

7 2 .6 9
7 3 . 78

7 2 .2 8
7 3 .3 5

6 9 .4 3
6 8 .3 0

6 6 . 75

8 2 .5 3

8 2 .5 3

7 9 .1 0

7 9 .1 0

7 7 .2 2

7 8 .3 7

7 8 .1 9

7 8 .0 1

7 7 .2 2

7 7 . 58

7 6 .6 8

7 9 .2 0

7 8 .8 4

7 4 .6 5

7 3 .4 4

7 7 . 56
7 3 .5 1
6 4 .8 5
8 2 .4 5
7 3 .7 1
6 6 .1 7
8 3 .4 2

7 6 .4 1
7 3 .1 6
6 4 .5 6
8 0 .4 8
7 4 .3 9
6 5 .0 4
8 1 .6 0

7 4 .1 9
7 1 .9 1
6 4 .5 1
8 2 .6 4
7 4 .8 8
6 4 .8 8
8 1 .3 9

7 5 .2 6
7 2 .5 7
6 4 .3 4
8 3 .6 6
7 4 .6 4
6 5 . 37
8 0 .9 9

7 5 .3 0
6 9 . 74
6 0 .6 2
7 8 .7 4
7 2 .1 8
6 4 .4 0
8 0 . 79

7 5 .8 1
7 3 .4 6
6 2 .5 8
8 4 .4 4
7 7 .6 5
6 6 .3 3
8 3 .3 8

7 1 .9 4
7 2 .5 1
6 4 .3 0
8 3 . 76
7 8 . 74
6 6 .0 8
8 2 .7 8

7 5 .4 0
7 1 .3 4
6 2 .6 5
7 9 .7 6
7 5 .1 8
6 3 .5 9
8 0 .9 5

7 7 .1 7
7 0 .9 3
6 1 .4 4
7 8 .0 7
7 3 .0 4
6 2 .2 2
7 8 .9 1

68.21

7 0 .9 0
8 4 .8 7

7 8 .8 5
7 3 .8 9
6 7 .6 0
8 3 .7 8
8 0 .1 5
6 9 . 81
8 5 .2 8

7 4 .8 6
7 2 .6 2
6 3 .9 2
7 7 .6 1
7 7 .4 1
6 6 . 00
8 5 .0 8

7 7 .2 3
7 3 .6 2
6 6 .4 2
7 9 .1 0
7 6 .8 0
6 7 .3 9
8 4 .4 6

78 . 73
7 2 .9 8
6 4 .8 5
7 7 .7 4
7 4 .6 2
6 6 .9 1
8 3 .4 3

7 8 .9 1
7 3 .5 1
6 5 .0 2
8 3 .4 2
7 4 . 26
6 7 .0 7
8 6 .2 8

Food and kindred products__________
Meat products__________________
Dairy products______ _
______
Canned and preserved food, except
meats
Grain mill products_______ . _
Bakery products________________
Sugar.
__________ _____ ___
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages____ ______ _ _____ . . .
Miscellaneous food, kindred products.
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Cigarettes________ ____________
Cigars__
___________________
Textile mill products___ _ _________
Cotton broad woven fabrics______
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics_____________________ .
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens_______ . . ____ _ _ _
Narrow fabrics and smallwares... .
K nitting_______________ _______
Finishing textiles, except wool, knit
Floor covering _. . . . ___________
Yarn and thread________________
Miscellaneous textile goods......... .

41.0
42.6
42.0

41.2
42.4
41.8

41.4
41.5
43.1

41.2
41.6
42.4

41.2
40.8
42.9

41.1
42.1
42.4

41.0
41.3
42.2

40.4
40.5
41.8

40.2
40.1
41.9

40.2
39.7
42.1

40.3
40.9
41.7

41.1
42.6
41.8

41.0
42.5
41.7

40.9
41.0
42.2

41.0
40. 6
42.5

41.9
43.3

39.0
45.3
40.2
41.6
40.0
39.9
43.1
40.3
39.1
38.2
41.7
42.7

39.4
46.0
40.9
41.5
39.8
41.0
42.8
39.3
39.2
36.6
39.9
40.5

39.2
45.4
40.6
41.8
39.9
41.2
42.0
38.9
41.0
38.3
41.3
42.1

38.8
45.3
40.8
41.2
39.1
42.1
42.0
38.9
40.2
37.9
40.8
41.6

36.4
46.2
40.9
41.5
39.1
41.1
41.9
39.7
41.3
38.8
41.3
42.1

38.1
44.6
40.5
41.6
39.3
40.5
42.2
39.3
39.6
40.1
41.1
42.0

37.3
43.2
40.1
40.2
39.1
40.2
41.8
39.6
39.9
40.6
40.7
41.6

36.6
43.0
40.0
40.9
38.9
39.9
42.0
37.8
37.3
39.8
40.7
41.5

37.0
43.4
40.1
40.2
39.3
39.6
42.7
35.3
31.8
40.3
40.9
42.0

36.9
44.3
39.5
42.5
38.1
39.1
42.2
36.9
39.0
35.2
40.0
41.8

37.1
44.1
40.4
44.7
39.7
39.6
43.2
39.4
40.2
38.8
41.3
42.4

36.9
44.6
40.1
44.4
39.7
40.0
43.3
39.0
41.2
39.0
41.3
42.4

38.4
44.5
40.3
42.8
39.8
40.6
42.4
38.6
39.4
37.8
40.6
40.9

38.8
44.7
40.4
42.9
39.9
40.2
42.7
38.6
39.1
37.3
40.6
40.7

43.9

43.9

42.3

43.7

42.9

43.3

43.2

43.1

42.9

43.1

42.6

44.0

43.8

42.9

42.7

40.1
40.4
38.4
42.6
41.6
40.3
40.9

40.9
41.0
38.3
42.9
41.7
40.6
40.7

40.7
39.4
36.3
40.8
40.1
40.0
40.6

41.2
41.5
37.7
43.3
42.9
41.2
41.9

39.1
41.2
38.5
43.4
43. 5
41.3
41.6

41.2
41.0
38.2
42.2
42.0
40.5
41.3

42.4
41.0
38.4
42.2
41. 5
40. 4
41. 1

Food and kindred products__________
Meat products...................................
Dairy products__________________
Canned and preserved food, except
meats___________ _____ ________
Grain mill products______________
Bakery products________________
Sugar___, _____ _________________
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages_______________________
Miscellaneous food, kindred products.
Tobacco manufactures..............................
Cigarettes......... ...................................
Cigars....................... ............ ................
Textile mill products....... .........................
Cotton broad woven fabrics______
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics________________________
Weaving and finishing broad woolens.
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___
Knitting__________________ _____
Finishing textiles, except wool, knit
Floor covering......................................
Yam and thread___________ _____
Miscellaneous textile goods............

$ 2 .3 9
2 . 57

$ 2 .3 8
2 . 55

$ 2 .3 8
2 . 57

$ 2 .3 5

$ 2 .3 4

$ 2.3 1

$ 2.24

2.4 1

2.4 1

2.4 2

2.5 4
2 .4 0

2.54
2 .3 9

2 .4 8
2 .3 4

2 . 43
2 .2 6

7 7 .9 3
7 5 .4 0
6 7 .7 7
8 5 .4 0

A verag e w e e k ly hours

44.8
39.9
39.9
39.8
42.5
38.5

42.2
41.4

41.5
40.6
39.3
42.1
43.8
41.8
41.6

39.4
39.9
37.6
39.8
42.3
40.0
41.3

41.3
40.9
39.3
41.2
42.2
41.6
41.4

42.1
41.0
38.6
40.7
41.0
41.3
41.3

42.2
41.3
38.7
43.0
40.8
41.4
42.5

$ 2 .4 0

$ 2 .3 7

$ 2 .3 8

$ 2 .3 6

$ 2 .3 8

2 . 61
2 .4 9

2 . 55
2 .4 8

2.5 3
2 .5 0

2.5 3
2 .4 4

2 . 55
2 .4 3

$ 2 .3 9
2 . 55

2.0 2
2 .4 4
2 .4 4
2 .4 2
2 .0 4
2 .7 2
2 . 26

2 .0 6
2.4 4
2 .4 6
2 .7 4
2 .0 5
2 .7 3
2 .2 8

2 .0 2
2.4 0
2 .4 2
2 .6 8
2.0 5
2.71
2.2 8

1.95

1.82
2 .3 7
1.66

1.8 6
2 .3 5
1.6 6

1.83
1.84

1.82
1.83

1.88
1.91
1.83
1.72
2 .0 0

1.8 8
1.9 0
1.82
1.72
1.99
1.83
1.67
2 .0 5

40.8
41.2
39.4
42.7

41.7
41.3
38.6
42.5
40.5
41.1
41.5

41.3
41.1
38.2
41.7
41.1
40.4
40.8

A verage ho urly earnings

See footnotes at end of tab le


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 . 45
2 . 44
2 .0 6
2 .7 5
2 . 27

1.68
2 .0 5

$ 2 .3 9

2 .4 3

$ 2 .4 0
2 . 55
2 . 43

2 .0 0
2 .3 6
2.4 1
2 .7 2
2 .0 6
2 .7 2
2 .2 9

2.0 4
2 .4 2
2.41
2 .6 9
2 .0 4
2 .6 7
2 .2 8

2 .0 5
2 .4 0
2 .3 9
2.6 7
2 .0 4
2 .6 9
2 .2 9

2 .0 6
2 .4 2
2.3 8
2 .6 7
2 .0 4
2.7 1
2 . 26

2 .0 5
2 .4 2
2.3 7
2 .5 8
2.01
2 . 70
2 .2 6

2 .0 3
2.4 2
2 .3 7
2 .4 5
2.0 1
2 .7 0
2 .2 6

2 .0 2
2.4 4
2.3 7
2 .3 9
2.01
2 .6 6
2 . 25

1.9 9
2 .4 2
2 .3 6
2 . 25
1.9 6
2 .6 8
2 .2 3

1.9 4
2 .4 3
2 .3 7
2 . 21
1.9 6
2 .6 8
2 .2 3

1.97
2 .3 6
2 .3 3
2 .4 4
1.97
2 .6 4
2 .2 1

1.90
2.2 8
2 . 27
2.37
1.92
2.57
2.14

1.94
2 .3 8
1.67

2 .0 6
2 .3 9
1.65

2 .0 6
2 . 38
1.6 6

2.0 4
2 .3 7
1.6 6

2.0 4
2.3 7
1.6 6

2 .0 0
2 . 35
1.65

1.96
2 . 37
1.65

1.97
2.3 4
1.64

1.9 0
2 .3 3
1.6 3

1.8 9
2 .3 5
1.62

1.92
2 .3 4
1 .6 0

1.85
2.29
1.55

1.8 0
1.8 0

1.77
1.75

1.77
1.7 5

1.77
1.75

1.77
1.7 6

1.7 6
1.74

1.76
1.74

1.7 6
1.74

1.76
1.73

1 .7 6
1.7 4

1.75
1.73

1.71
1.67

1.68
1.64

1.87
1.9 0
1.82
1.7 0
1.95
1.83
1 . 65
2 .0 6

1.81
1.87
1.80
1.69
1.92
1.82
1.62
2 . 04

1.80
1.87
1.78
1.68
1.91
1.82
1.62
2 .0 2

1.81
1.87
1.78
1.68
1.94
1.82
1.6 2
2 .0 3

1.81
1.8 6
1.78
1.68
1.94
1.82
1.61
2 . 01

1.81
1.85
1.78
1.6 9
1.93
1.81
1.61
2 .0 0

1.80
1.85
1.78
1.68
1.94
1.8 0
1.61
1.99

1.8 0
1.84
1.77
1.68
1.95
1.79
1.61
1.99

1.80
1.85
1.77
1.67
1.93
1.80
1.61
1.99

1.8 0
1.84
1.77
1.66
1.95
1.81
1.61
1.99

1.80
1.84
1.7 6
1.67
1.93
1.81
1.60
1.99

1.74
1.83
1.74
1 . 64
1.8 9
1.7 9
1.57
1.9 6

1.72
1.82
1 . /3
1.60
1.85
1.76
1.54
1.92

2 . 55
2.4 1

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

111

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 98.
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
N ov.2 Oct.2 Sept.
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and related products________
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats__
M en’s and boys’ furnishings______
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerwear__________ _________
Women’s and children’s undergarm ents_______ _____ - _ ______
Hats, caps, and m illin ery .-______
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel_._
_ _ _____
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products.._ _ _ _____ .__ ______
Paper and allied products____ _______
Paper and pulp___________ ____ _
Paperboard. ___________
____
Converted paper and paperboard
products.. _ _ _____ _________
Paperboard containers and boxes...
Printing, publishing, and allied industries---------- . _______________
Newspaper publishing and printing.
Periodical publishing and printing.
Books_____ _ __________ . . .
Commercial printing _______ __
Bookbinding and related industries.
Other publishing and printing industries_______________________

Apparel and related products________
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats___
M en’s and boys’ furnishings______
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerwear_____________________
Women’s and children’s undergarm ents_____ ____________ _ . . .
Hats, caps, and m illinery. __ . .
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel___ ____ ______
Miscellaenous fabricated textile
products________ ________ _
Paper and allied products........__ _ . . .
Paper and pulp____ _ ___ _____
Paperboard. . . . _____
_ __ __
Converted paper and paperboard
products_____. . . __________
Paperboard containers and b o x es..
Printing, publishing, and allied industries____
__ _ .
.
Newspaper publishing and printing.
Periodical publishing and printing.
Books__ . ..
Commercial printing____________
Bookbinding and related industries.
Other publishing and printing in_ _
dustries_____

Apparel and related products._ . . . ___
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats _ _
M en’s and boys’ furnishings______
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerwear___________ _ ______
Women’s and children’s undergarm ents___ _._ _ ... .........................
Hats, caps, and millinery___ _ ___
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel_______ _____
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products. ______ _ ______ _ _
Paper and allied products_________ __
Paper and pulp_____ __________
Paperboard. _________ _
Converted paper and paperboard
products________ _
Paperboard containers and boxes. _
Printing, publishing, and allied industries _____
Newspaper publishing and printing.
Periodical publishing and printing.
Books. _ ______
Commercial printing______
Bookbinding and related industries.
Other publishing and printing industries___________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
$65.16 $64.80 $63.00 $66.06 $64. 25 $64.07 $63.54 $64. 08 $64.79 $64. 61 $60.34 $63.37 $63. 01 $62. 45 $61.18
76. 02 75. 47 74. 55 77.28 74.62 76. 08 76. 65 75.60 75.87 76.08 73. 78 77.70 76.59 74. 87 72.54
58. 21 57.13 55.9C 57. 46 56.63 57.00 55.94 55.94 56.54 56.24 53.00 55.72 54.96 54. 31 53.53
66.47

67. 54

64.52

69. 95

68.46

65.43

66.15

67.86

69. 34

68. 75

61.82

65.13

64. 08

65.66

64.79

62.21

61.66
68. 76
59.07

59.17
66.43
55.10

59.89
71.99
58.84

58. 77
70.86
60. 47

57.96
67. 71
60.15

58. 84
66.98
58.44

58.68
67.32
56.80

59.50
73.13
57. 72

58.00
74. 84
59.73

53. 77
66. 01
53.27

58. 24
65. 68
55.69

60.00
63 72
56. 25

57.04
66 33
55.%

55.48

71.05

66.40

67.16

65.15

67.16

65. 88

63.72

66. 07

64. 44

62.61

67.12

69. 73

64.80

64.98

57.89

5A 72

70. 84 68.11 72.00 72.15 68. 61 70.46 70.10 70.67 68.78 68.42 68.08 71. 37 70. 59 67.61 64.64
110.17 111.89 112. 06 111. 71 110. 51 109.65 108. 46 107.53 106. 85 107.10 106.09 108.36 107. 43 105.90 102.00
121. 39 123. 36 125. 65 123.60 124. 43 121. 28 120.01 120.01 119.14 119. 41 118.43 119. 24 119. 41 117. 75 112. 92
120. 98 126. 66 128. 86 126. 78 127. 92 123. 32 121. 44 121. 55 122. 27 122. 27 121.44 122.54 120.12 118.90 114. 48
97.58 97.63 97.58 97. 44
103. 33 103. 82 102. 55 102. 85
114.82 116. 10
117. 98 118.63
127. 72
107. 60
116.13 118. 70
90.56 90.79

116.10
120.01
128. 24
109. 33
118. 50
88.70

114. 55
117.12
124.94
109. 41
117. Ü
88.46

96. 05 97.16
99. 84 101.34
113. 37
116. 84
121.60
105. 86
115.24
88.62

113.66
117.21
123. 32
108. 36
114. 85
88.69

95. 87
99.48

95.17
98.36

94. 71
96.59

94. 99
96.59

94.71
95.58

98.18
98.47

95. 49
98. 05

114. 35
118.22
117.71
106 49
116. 03
89.24

113. 96
116.16
121.20
107.38
115.64
89.86

113. 58
115. 02
119. 80
105 78
116. 03
90.09

112.01
113. 44
117. 71
104 QO
114.07
88. 32

110. 75
111. 74
114. 66
103 97
113.10
88.31

113.98
118. 67
116. 61
105 01
114. 65
90.02

111. 16
114. 98
116.11
101 9,7
112. 81
88. 46

93.79
96. 51

%. 64
94.24

110. 69 108.01
112.58 110.35
115.02 111.67
112. 61 11Ò! 15
88. 01 85. 91

115.80 115.58 115. 58 116. 52 115. 53 115.12 116.19 117.26 118.34 117.18 115.50 117.81 113.28 113.96 110. 88
Average weekly hours
36.2
36.2
37.8

36.0
35.6
37.1

35.0
35.5
36.3

33.4

33.6

37.7

37.6
36.0
35.8

35.3

36.7
36.8
37.8

36.3
36.4
37. 5

36.2
36.4
37.5

32.1

34.8

34.4

33.9

36.3
34.6
33.6

37.2
37.3
36.1

36.5
37.1
37.1

36.0
36. 6
36.9

35.9
36.5
36.8

36.0
36.0
36.8

36.4
36.3
37.2

36.3
36.4
37.0

34.1

34.8

35.2

36.1
36.4
36.3

36.0
36.0
35.5

36.5
37. 5
36.3

33.9
35.3
35.1

35.8
37.0
36.9

35.8
36.3
36.4

36.1
36.7
37.2

36.2
37.2
37.7

34.9

31.7

33.4

33.2

34.2

34.1

35.8
37. 8
37.1

33.4
34. 2
33.5

36.4
35 5
35.7

37.5
35.4
35.6

36.8
35. 7
36.1

36.5
36. 2
36.0

37.2

35.7

36.9

35.6

36.3

36.2

35.6

36.3

36.2

34.4

35.7

36. 7

36.0

36.1

38.5
42.7
43.2
42.9

38.7
43.2
43.9
44.6

38.3
43.1
44.4
44.9

39.0
43.3
44.3
44.8

37.7
43.0
44. 6
45.2

38.5
43.0
44.1
44.2

38.1
42.7
43.8
44.0

38.2
42.5
43.8
44.2

38.0
42.4
43.8
44.3

37.8
42.5
43.9
44.3

36.6
42.1
43.7
44.0

39.0
43.0
44.0
44.4

39.0
42.8
43.9
44.0

38.2
42.7
44.1
44.2

37.8
42. 5
43.6
44.2

41.7
42.7

41.9
42.9

41.7
42.2

42.0
42.5

41.4
41.6

41.7
42.4

41.5
41.8

41.2
41.5

41.0
41.1

41.3
41.1

41.0
40.5

42.5
41.9

41.7
41.9

41.5
41.6

41.2
41.7

38.4
36.3
39.1
38.7

38.7
36.5
41.2
40.3
39.7
38.8

38.7
36.7
41.5
41.1
39.5
38.4

38.7
36.6
41.1
41.6
39.3
38.8

38.3
36.4
40.4
40.1
38.8
38.7

38.4
36.4
40.7
41. 2
38.8
38.9

38.5
36.6
39. 5
40. 8
39.2
38.8

38.5
36.3
40. 4
41.3
39.2
38.9

38.5
36.4
39.8
41. 0
39.2
39.0

38.1
35.9
39. 5
40. 5
38.8
38.4

37.8
35.7
39.0
40. 3
38.6
37.9

38.9
37.2
39. 8
40. 7
39.4
38.8

38.2
36.5
39.9
39.1
38.9
38.8

38.3
36.2
39.8
40.5
39.1
38.6

38.3
36.3
39. 6
40. 1
39.2
38.7

38.6

38.4

38.4

39.1

38.9

38.5
38.6
38.7
38.8
Average hourly earnings

38.8

38.5

39.4

38.4

38.5

38.5

$1.80
2.10
1.54

$1.80
2.12
1.54

$1.80
2.10
1.54

$1.80
2.10
1.52

$1.77
2.05
1. 51

$1.77
2.09
1.52

$1.77
2.10
1.52

$1.78
2.10
1.52

$1. 78
2.09
1.52

$1.78
2.09
1.52

$1.78
2.09
1.51

$1.77
2.10
1.51

$1.76
2.11
1. 51

$1. 73
2.04
1.46

$1.69
1.95
1. 42

1.99

2. 01

2. 01

2.01

1.99

1. 93

1.94

1.95

1. 97

1.97

1.95

1.95

1. 93

1.92

1.90

1.65
1.64

1.64
1.91
1.65

1.63
1.92
1.64

1.61
1.93
1.63

1. 61
1.91
1.63

1.61
1.85
1.63

1.63
1.84
1.61

1.63
1.87
1.60

1.63
1.95
1.59

1.62
1.98
1.61

1.61
1.93
1.59

1.60
1.85
1.56

1.60
1.80
1.58

1.55
1.83
1. 55

1.52
1.81
1.52

1.91

1.86

1.82

1.83

1. 85

1.82

1. 79

1. 82

1.78

1.82

1.88

1.90

1.80

1.80

1.84
2. 58
2. 81
2.82

1. 76
2.59
2.81
2.84

1.88
2.60
2.83
2. 87

1.85
2. 58
2.79
2.83

1.82
2. 57
2. 79
2.83

1.83
2. 55
2. 75
2. 79

1.84
2.54
2.74
2. 76

1. 85
2. 53
2.74
2. 75

1. 81
2.52
2.72
2. 76

1. 81
2.52
2.72
2. 76

1.86
2.52
2.71
2. 76

1.83
2.52
2. 71
2. 76

1.81
2. 51
2.72
2. 73

1. 77
2.48
2.67
2.69

1.71
2. 40
2.59
2.59

2. 34
2.42

2. 33
2.42

2.34
2.43

2.32
2.42

2.32
2.40

2.33
2.39

2. 31
2. 38

2. 31
2.37

2. 31
2. 35

2.30
2.35

2. 31
2.36

2.31
2. 35

2.29
2.34

2.26
2. 32

2.20
2.26

2. 99
3. 25

3.00
3.25
3.1C
2. 67
2.99
2.34

3.00
3. 27
3. 09
2. 66
3.00
2. 31

2.96
3.20
3. 01
2.63
2.98
2.28

2. 96
3.21
3. 01
2. 64
2.97
2.29

2. 96
3.22
3.03
2. 63
2.96
2.28

2.97
3.23
2.98
2.61
2.96
2.30

2. 96
3.20
3.00
2. 60
2.95
2.31

2.95
3.16
3. 01
2. 58
2.96
2. 31

2.94
3.16
2. 98
2. 59
2. 94
2.30

2.93
3.13
2. 94
2. 58
2.93
2. 33

2.93
3.19
2.93
2.58
2.91
2.32

2.91
3.15
2. 91
2.59
2.90
2.28

2.89
3.11
2.89
2. 58
2.88
2.28

2.82
3.04
2.82
2.49
2.81
2.22

3. 01

2.98

2.97

2.99

3. 01

3.03

3.05

3.02

3.00

2.99

2. 95

2.96

2.88

2.97
2.31

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

112
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 98.
Annual
average

1963

1964
In d u stry
N o v .8

O ct.8

Sept.

A ug.

J u ly

M ay

June

A p r.

M a r.

F eb .

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

1963

1962

A verag e w e e k ly earnings

M a n u factu rin g— C on tin u ed

N ondurable goods— C o n tin u ed
C h em icals a n d allied p ro d u cts-------------- $118. 01 $117.45 $120.41 $116. 47 $116.20 $116.34 $116.20 $114. 40 $114. 40 $113.99 $113.85 $115. 51 $114.13 $112.88 $110.24
133.02 132.07 136.95 130.73 130.00 130.94 130.31 129.17 128. 75 128.75 128.75 130.00 129.27 128.02 124.27
In d u strial c h e m ic a ls ...
--------P lastics a n d syn th etics, excep t
119.13 117.74 121. 95 117. 74 118.43 117. 73 115. 78 115.08 115. 08 113.84 113. 30 115. 08 113.57 113. 01 109. 93
__ __
g la s s ..
..
101. 40 101. 75 100.60 100.53
98.40
101.81 101.15
104.49 104.23 103.83 101.63 100. 58
D ru g s__
. ...
.
. ..
—
107.06 108.14 110.03 108.00 107. 47 109. 61 107.60 107.06 106.39 106.39 106. 27 107.83 106.86 106.08 103.89
Soap, cleaners, and toilet g oo d s. _.
P ain ts, varnishes, and allied prod109.25
. 62 110.77 108.47 107.01 104. 78 106. 45 105. 67 105.22 101. 59
108. 65 109.06 110. 54 108. 50
u cts . . . . .
94. 79
93.53
94.92
93.48
93.26
88.39
94.66
93.91 100.76
97.61
95. 05
95. 64
94. 95
95. 57
96.60
A gricu ltu ra l chem icals------- -----------108.00 103. 75
117.12 114. 09 115.06 112. 44 111.72 111.19 112.14 110.92 109. 71 110.39 111.6 1 111.83
O ther chem ical p ro d u cts. _ --------

102.21 102.11

102.11

110

110.88

110.88

Petroleu m refining and related ind ustries______ ______ ______ . . . .
Petroleum refin in g .. . __________
O ther petroleum and coal p rod ucts.

134.05
139. 47
113.97

133.44
138. 58
115.80

140. 51
146. 63
118.88

133.88
138. 77
116.10

134.09
138. 69
117. 39

133. 46
138.02
116.87

133.14
137. 94
114.62

130.92
136.20
108. 71

131.24
137. 20
107.02

131. 65
137. 94
105.34

132.16
138. 69
102.82

132. 89
139.86
103.48

132.39
139. 44
105. 66

131. 77
137. 45
108.28

126.88
131. 43
107. 75

R u b b er and m iscellaneous pla stic produ c ts____________________ - ------T ires and inner tu b e s ______ ___
O ther rubber p rod u cts______
...
M iscellaneous p la stic p rod ucts___

106.91
149. 02
101.18
90.91

106. 50
151. 55
99. 96
89.86

108. 26
154. 50
101. 93
90.49

107.26
152.60

101.11
89. 66

103.22
139. 06
98.82
88.15

105. 25
145. 61
100. 45
. 61

104. 74
141.88
99.31
89.66

102.25
132. 99
97.77
89. 44

101. 59
130.80
97.77
88.81

101.09
127. 79
98.25
88.38

101.25
130.54
98.82
87. 53

104. 67
141.19
100. 36
89. 45

102.50
137. 53
98.49
88.17

100. 78
131. 30
97. 27
87. 56

100. 04
130. 47
95. 53
85.90

69.92
95.41
. 75
. 74

68.82
94.83
64. 97
69. 09

68.45
95. 76
65.87
64.94

70. 46
95. 30
68.17
67.58

70.25
93.73
68.50
65.80

70.46
95.58

68. 43 66. 43 68.24 68.76 66.95
91.60
90.35
95.12
93. 79
90.97
68.00 66. 02 63.54 66.02 66.50 65.25
66. 33 66. 47 63. 53
64. 77
67.23
65.10

69.63
94.16
67.12
66.64

.77
92.57
63.51
66.29

91.13
63. 44
64.30

64. 67
87.42
62. 66
62.58

41.7
41.7

41.5
41.4

42.1
42.4

41.3
41.5

41.5
41.4

4 1.7
41.7

41.8
41.5

41.6
41.4

41.6
41.4

41.3
41.4

4 1.1
41.4

4 1.7
41.8

41.5
4 1.7

41.5
41.7

41.6
4 1.7

42.7
40.5
39.8

42.2
40.4
40.5

43.4
40.4
40.6

42.2
39.7
40.3

42.6
39.6
40.1

42.5
40.4
40.9

42.1
40.2
40.3

42.0
40.4
40.4

42.0
40.3
40.3

41.7
40.2
40.3

41.5
40.4
39.8

42.0
40.7
41.0

41.6
40.4
41.1

41.7
40.7
40.8

41.8
41.0
40.9

41.0
42.2
42.9

41.0
42.1
42.1

41.4
42.0
42.3

41.1
41.7
41.8

42.0
42.0
42.0

41.7
42.3
41.8

41.9
45.8
42.0

41.8
44.9
4 1.7

41.4
45.4
41.4

41.0
43.4
41.5

40.3
42.3
41.8

4 1.1
42.7
42.2

40.8
42.2
42.0

4 1.1
43.5
41.7

40.8
42.7
41.5

Petroleum refining and related industries_____________________ ____
Petroleum refining . . . ________ .
O ther petroleum and coal prod ucts.

41.5
40.9
43.5

4 1.7
41.0
44.2

43.1
42.5
45.2

42.1
41.3
45.0

42.3
41.4
45.5

42.1
41.2
45.3

42.0
41.3
44.6

41.3
40.9
42.8

41.4
41.2
42.3

41.4
41.3
41.8

41.3
41.4
40.8

41.4
41.5
40.9

41.5
41.5
41.6

4 1.7
41.4
42.8

41.6
41.2
43.1

R u b b er and m iscellaneous p la stic prod------u c ts ------ ------- --------- ---------T ires and inner tu b e s ________ . . .
O ther rubber p ro d u c ts.. ___ ____
M iscellaneous p la stic p rod u cts___

41.6
42.7
40.8
41.7

41.6
43.3
40.8
41.6

41.8
43.4
4 1.1
4 1.7

41.9
43.6
4 1.1
41.7

40.8
40.9
40.5
41.0

41.6
42.7
41.0
41.6

41.4
42.1
4C.7
4 1.7

40.9
40.3
40.4
41.6

40.8
40.0
40.4
41.5

40.6
39.2
40.6
41.3

40.5
39.8
40.5
40.9

41.7
42.4
41.3
41.8

41.0
41.3
40.7
41.2

40.8
40.4
40.7
41.3

41.0
40.9
41.0
4 1.1

Leather and leather p rod ucts________
Leather tan n in g and finishing____
Footw ear, except ru b b er___ _____
O ther leather p ro d u cts.. ____ . . .

38.0
40.6
37.5
38.4

37.4
40.7
36.5
38.6

37.2
4 1.1
36.8
36.9

38.5
40.9
38.3
38.4

38.6
40.4
38.7
37.6

38.5
41.2
38.2
38.2

37.6
41.0
37.3
37.2

36.5
40.6
35.9
36.8

37.7
40.0
37.3
37.9

38.2
39.9
38.0
38.2

37.4
39.8
37.5
36.3

38.9
41.3
38.8
38.3

37.3
40.6
36.5
38.1

37.5
40.5
37.1
37.6

37.6
40.1
37.3
37.7

C hem icals and allied p roducts_______
Indu strial chem icals.......... .
........
P lastics and synthetics, except
glass______________ ________
D ru g s_____
___ _ . ______. . .
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___
P a in ts, varnishes, and allied produ cts____ ______ _________ .
A gricu ltu ra l chem icals__________
O ther chem ical products_________

$2.83
3.19

$2.83
3.19

$2.86
3.23

$2.82
3.15

$2.80
3.14

$2.79
3.14

$2.78
3.14

$2.75
3.12

$2.75
3.11

$2.76
3.11

$2.77
3 .11

$2.77
3.11

$2.75
3.10

$2.72
3.07

$2.65
2.98

2.79
2.58
2.69

2.79
2.58
2.67

2.81
2.57
2.71

2.79
2.56

2.78
2. 54

2. 77
2.53

2.75
2.54
2.67

2.74
2.52
2.65

2.74
2. 51
2.64

2.73
2. 54
2.64

2.73
2.51
2.67

2.74
2.50
2.63

2.73
2.49
2.60

2 .71
2.47
2.60

2.63
2.40
2.54

2.67
2.30
2.72

2.64
2.27
2.69

2.64
2.26

2.62

2.64

2.65

2.62
2.15
2.65

2.61
2.19

2.60

2.59

2.59

2.27
2.71

2.66

2.67

2.65

2.64

2.56
2 .15
2.59

2.49
2.07
2.50

L eather and leather p r o d u c t s ... -------L eather tan n in g and finishing
...
Footw ear, except ru b b er_________
O ther leather p roducts _ _

66
68

88

66

66.00

A verag e w e e k ly hours
C hem icals and allied p rod u cts_______
In du strial chem icals____________
P lastics and syn th etics, except
glass____ . . . _
-------------------D ru g s____ _____ . . . ------- ---------Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___
P ain ts, varnishes, and allied produ cts. ______________________
A gricu ltu ral chem icals.
..
...
O ther chem ical p rod ucts_________

A v erag e h o u rly earnings

Petroleum refining and related industries_______ _ _____
Petroleum refining______ _. _ _
O ther petroleum and coal p roducts.

2.65
2.25
2.73

2.66

2.68 2.68 2.68

2.22 2.20 2.13
2.66 2.66 2.67 2.66

2.21 2.22 2.21

3.20

3.26

3.18

3 .17

3. 41
2.62

3.38
2.62

3. 45
2.63

3.36
2.58

3.35
2.58

3.17
3.35
2.58

3.17
3.34
2.57

3.17
3.33
2.54

3.17
3.33
2.53

3.18
3.34
2.52

3.20
3. 35
2.52

3.21
3.37
2. 53

3.19
3.36
2.54

3.16
3.32
2.53

3.05
3.19
2.50

R u b b er and m iscellaneous plastic produ cts___ __ . _
_____
T ires and inner tu b e s_____ _
O ther rubber p roducts________
M iscellaneous plastic products____

2.57
3.49
2.48
2.18

2.56
3. 5C
2.45
2.16

2.59
3. 56
2.48
2.17

2.56
3. 50
2. 46
2.15

2.53
3.40
2.44
2.15

2.53
3.41
2.45
2.13

2.53
3. 37
2.44
2.15

2.5C
3.3C
2.42
2.15

2.49
3.27
2.42
2.14

2.49
3.26
2.42
2.14

2.50
3.28
2.44
2.14

2. 51
3.33
2.43
2.14

2.50
3.33
2.42
2.14

2.47
3.25
2.39
2.12

2.44
3.19
2.33
2.09

L eather and leather p r o d u c t s .___
L eather tan n in g and finishing__ _
Footw ear, except r u b b e r .. ______
O ther leather p ro d u cts.. . .

1.84
2.35
1.78
1.79

1.84
2.33
1.78
1.79

1.84
2.33
1. 79
1.76

1.83
2.33
1.78
1.76

1.82
2.32
1.77
1.75

1.83
2.32
1.78
1.76

1.82
2.32
1.77
1.75

1.82
2.31
1.77
1.76

1.81

1.80
2.28
1.75
1.74

1.79
2.27
1.74
1.75

1.79
2.28
1.73
1.74

1.79
2.28
1.74
1.74

1.76
2.25
1.71
1.71

1.72
2.18

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.23

2.29

1.77
1.75

1.68
1.66

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

113

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 98.
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
N ov.3

Oct.3

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3..............- ...........—
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation .
Intercity and rural buslines---------Motor freight transportation and stor­
age..............................- ...............................
Pipeline transportation.............................
Communication:
Telephone communication...... .........
Telegraph communication 4______
Radio and television broadcasting..
Electric, gas, and sanitary services........
Electric companies and systems___
Gas companies and sy ste m s...........
Combined utility systems________
Water, steam, and sanitary sys­
tem s...................................................

$122.71 $122.71 $117.87 $119.78 $118.13 $120.68 $120.06 $119.54 $118. 71 $118.40 $115.87
$105.42 $104.92 $105. 50 106. 75 106.64 105.65 103. 49 98.98 101.43 103.49 102.66 102.83 101.88 100.11
128.27 134. 55 135.00 141.17 130. 52 125.67 125.97 121.64 123.65 131. 42 120. 51 123.81 126.29 118.40
124.66 124 07 124. 79 123.09 122.93 122. 47 120. 77 119.19 118.49 115.95 120.67 117.29 117.31 113.30
144.14 143. 44 143.03 141. 59 137. 42 141. 36 141. 25 141.92 141. 75 142.88 141.51 139.47 138.38 132. 76
104.40
118.30
139.12
123. 82
127. 51
114. 52
132.68

104. 28
116.30
138. 48
124.12
126.68
114. 21
134. 72

101.79
112.32
138.41
123. 41
125. 25
113.68
133. 25

102.70
113. 28
136.89
123.41
125. 66
114.37
132.84

102. 56
113.13
136.42
123.41
124.94
114. 77
133. 25

101.02 102.17 100.67 102.30 100.36

99.63

99.22

98.98

98.98

108. 24
118.02
143.68
127.93
129.27
121.35
137.69

109.10
121.72
144.40
126.90
129.90
118.08
136. 53

104.52
118.30
141.37
125. 05
128.03
116. 40
133.17

104. 52
117.59
143.20
125. 75
128.33
115.90
135. 71

102.18
111.51
135.68
124.50
125. 25
116.48
135.66

103. 36
112. 59
137.86
124.92
125. 55
117.16
136.18

106.08
111.90
134.85
123. 79
123.41
117.16
135.34

102.40
110.92
133.96
121. 54
122.36
113. 57
131. 65

98.95
107. 78
127.20
116.85
118. 24
108. 53
126. 59

99.05 100.43 100.26

98.29

95.06

Average weekly hours
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3...............................
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines______
Motor freight transportation and stor­
age....................... ......................................
Pipeline transportation..............................
Communication:
Telephone communication.............
Telegraph communication 4______
Radio and television broadcasting..
Electric, gas, and sanitary services____
Electric companies and systems___
Gas companies and systems______
Combined utility systems________
Water, steam, and sanitary sys­
tem s...................................................

44.3

44.3

42.4

43.4

42.8

43.1

43.5

43.0

42.7

42.9

42.

42.0
42.9

41.8
44.7

42.2
45.0

42.7
46.9

43.0
43.8

42.6
42.6

41.9
42.7

40.9
41.8

41.4
42.2

41.9
44.4

41.9
41.7

41.8
42.4

42.1
43.7

42. Í
42. £

42.4
41.3

42.2
41.1

42.3
41.1

42.3
41.4

42.1
40.3

41.8
41.7

41.5
41.3

41.1
40.9

41.0
40.5

40.4
41.9

41.9
40.9

41.3
40.9

41.6
40.7

41.
40.

41.0
42.3
39.8
41.4
41.3
41.7
41.1

41.8
44.1
40.0
41.2
41.5
41.0
41.0

40.2
42.4
39.6
41.0
41.3
40.7
40.6

40.2
42.3
40.0
41.5
41.8
41.1
41.5

40.0
42.4
39.3
41.0
41.4
40.9
40.7

39.8
42.6
38.9
41.1
41.4
40.5
41.2

39.3
41.6
39.1
41.0
41.2
40.6
41.0

39.5
41.8
39.0
41.0
41.2
40.7
41.0

39.6
41.9
39.2
41.0
41.1
40.7
41.0

39.3
41.3
39.1
41.5
41.2
41.6
42.0

39.6
41.7
39.5
41.5
41.3
41.4
41.9

40.8
41.6
39.2
41.4
41.0
41.4
41.9

40.0
41.7
39.4
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.4

39. £
42.:
38.'
41.i
41.:
40.!
41.1

41.4

41.7

41.6

42.1

41.3

41.0

41.0

40.9

40.9

41.1

41.5

41.6

41.3

40. £

$2. 78 '$2.78

Average hourly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3________________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation .
Intercity and rural buslines______
Motor freight transportation and stor­
age....... ................................................ .
Pipeline transportation______ ________
Communication :
Telephone communication...............
Telegraph communication 4______
Radio and television broadcasting..
Electric, gas, and sanitary services____
Electric companies and systems___
Gas companies and system s______
Combined utility system s............ .
Water, steam, and sanitary sys­
tem s.....................................................
See footnotes at end of table.

(758—054 0 — 65------ 0


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2. 77

$2.77

$2.78

$2.76

$2. 76

$2.80

$2.76

$2. 76

$2.7

$2. 51
2.99

$2. 51
3. 01

$2.50
3.00

2.50
3.01

2.48
2.98

2.48
2.95

2.47
2.95

2.42
2.91

2. 45
2.93

2. 47
2.96

2. 45
2.89

2.46
2.92

2.42
2.89

2.3
2.7

2.94
3.49

2.94
3.49

2.95
3.48

2.91
3. 42

2.92
3.41

2.93
3.39

2.91
3.42

2.90
3. 47

2.89
3.50

2.87
3. 41

2.88
3.46

2.84
3.41

2.82
3.40

2.7
3.2

2.64
2. 79
3.61
3.09
3.13
2.91
3.35

2.61
2.76
3.61
3.08
3.13
2.88
3.33

2.60
2. 79
3. 57
3. 05
3.10
2.86
3.28

2.60
2. 78
3.58
3. 03
3. 07
2.82
3.27

2.61
2. 79
3.54
3.02
3.08
2.80
3.26

2.62
2. 73
3.56
3. 02
3.06
2.82
3.27

2.59
2. 70
3.54
3.01
3.04
2.80
3.25

2.60
2. 71
3. 51
3. 01
3. 05
2.81
3.24

2. 59
2. 70
3.48
3.01
3.04
2.82
3. 25

2.60
2.70
3.47
3.00
3.04
2.80
3.23

2.61
2.70
3.49
3. 01
3.04
2.83
3.25

2.60
2.69
3.44
2.99
3. 01
2. 83
3.23

2.56
2.66
3.40
2.95
2.97
2. 77
3.18

2.4
2.5
3.2
2.8
2.8
2.6
3.0

2.44

2.45

2.42

2.43

2.43

2.43

2.42

2.42

2.42

2.41

2.42

2.41

2.38

2.3

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

114
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 98.
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
N ov.2 Oct.2 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade 8--------------------Wholesale trade-------------------------------Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment------------------------------Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod­
ucts___________________ ______ D ry goods and apparel----------------Groceries and related products-----Electrical goods--------------------------Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods_________________________
Machinery, equipment, and sup­
plies_____________ ____ ________
Retail trade 6__________________ ____ General merchandise stores_______
Department stores.......... .............
Limited price variety stores---Food stores--------- ------ ---------------Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores_____________________
Apparel and accessories stores------M en’s and boys’ apparel storesWomen’s ready-to-wear stores-Family clothing stores________
Shoe stores__________________

$80.22 $80.43 $81.12 $81.33 $80. 50 $79.66 $79.07 $78.49 $78.49 $78.11 $77.60 $77.55 $77. 59 $75.08
102.97 103.12 102.82 103.07 102.82 102.97 101.91 101.25 100. 75 99.70 101.43 100.69 99.47 96.22
97.86

97.44

96.83

96.83

96.60

96.56

95.72

95.91

94.85

95.26

96.79

96.14

94.66

92.82

106.78 106.23 106.75 105.30 104.78 104.12 104.00 102.94 102.94 103.06 103.31 102.66 101.05 97.84
96.49 97.54 97.02 95.51 94.12 93.87 95.26 95.63 93.74 91.39 92.86 93.00 91.99 92.86
97.06 98.59 97.76 98.75 97.39 96.70 96.05 95.17 94.53 94.53 95.34 94.62 93.38 89.86
113.70 111.50 111.11 111.11 110.70 111.65 111.10 109.33 107.33 106.80 109.74 106.52 103.83 101.59
99.06

98.74

99.06

97.77

98.90

98.49

97.44

97.03

96.15

96.22

97.34

97.03

95.41

92.97

112.89 112.34 111.79 111.92 110.29 111.66 109.34 109. 08 108.54 106.92 109.74 109.34 108.24 104.14
70.12 70.50 71.43 71.62 70.50 69.75 69.19 68.64 68.82 68.26 68.40 68.26 68.04 65.95
56.95 57.63 58.10 57.75 57.27 56.44 55.60 55.42 55.60 55.09 56.68 54.06 54.48 52.59
61.12 62.35 63.14 62.45 61.72 61.18 60.14 59.63 60.30 59.10 59.84 57.94 58.65 57.10
42.34 42.08 42.51 42.51 41.21 40.30 40.25 40.06 39.99 39.42 40.66 39.88 39.98 38.91
68.06 69.60 69.97 70.17 68.80 67.18 66.84 66.50 66.69 66.54 66.62 66.59 66.15 64.78
69.08
55.61
68.06
50.13
54.28
54.50

70.85
55.94
67.71
49.62
54.62
57.10

71.60
56.54
69.54
49.88
55.27
56.78

71.80
56.70
69.55
50.22
55.73
56.61

70.40
55.75
67.89
49.83
53.74
56.05

68.40
54.94
67.53
49.62
54.10
53.90

68.20
54.43
66.42
49.10
53.44
53.52

67.86
53.12
64.80
48.47
52.96
51.27

67.72
54.58
66.97
48.29
54.08
54.94

67.77
54.61
66.40
49.47
53.46
53.44

67.82
56.32
67.66
50.75
54.95
56.24

67.82
54.42
66.61
48.29
54.19
54.21

67.74
54.70
66.59
48.62
53.94
55.58

66.22
53.63
65. 65
47.46
52.65
55.61

Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade s______________
Wholesale trade_________ _______ ____
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipm ent.................... - ..................
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod­
ucts— ........ ............................. ...........
Dry goods and apparel__________ Groceries and related products____
Electrical goods_________________
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods_________________ ________
Machinery, equipment, and sup­
plies__________________________
Retail trade 5_______________________
General merchandise stores..............
Department stores___________
Limited price variety stores___
Food stores_____________________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores_____________________
Apparel and accessories stores____
M en’s and boys’ apparel stores.
W omen’s ready-to-wear stores..
Fam ily clothing stores..............
Shoe stores__________________

38.2
40.7

38.3
40.6

39.0
40.8

39.1
40.9

38.7
40.8

38.3
40.7

38.2
40.6

38.1
40.5

38.1
40.3

38.1
40.2

38.8
40.9

38.2
40.6

38.6
40.6

38.
40.

42.0

42.0

42.1

42.1

42.0

41.8

41.8

41.7

41.6

41.6

41.9

41.8

41.7

42.

40.6
37.4
41.3
40.9

40.7
38.1
41.6
40.4

40.9
37.9
41.6
40.7

40.5
37.9
42.2
41.0

40.3
37.8
41.8
41.0

40.2
37.7
41.5
41.2

40.0
37.8
41.4
41.3

39.9
37.8
41.2
41.1

39.9
37.8
41.1
40.2

40.1
37.0
41.1
40.3

40.2
37.9
42.0
41.1

40.1
37.5
41.5
40.5

40.1
37.7
41.5
40.4

40.
37.
41.
40.

40.6

40.3

40.6

40.4

40.7

40.7

40.6

40.6

40.4

40.6

40.9

40.6

40.6

40.

41.2
37.1
33.9
33.4
31.6
34.2

41.0
37.3
34.1
33.7
31.4
34.8

41.1
38.2
35.0
34.5
32.7
35.7

41.3
38.3
35.0
34.5
32.7
35.8

41.0
37.7
34.5
34.1
31.7
35.1

40.9
37.3
34.0
33.8
31.0
34.1

40.8
37.2
33.9
33.6
31.2
34.1

40.7
37.1
34.0
33.5
31.3
34.1

40.5
37.2
33.9
33.5
31.0
34.2

40.5
37.1
33.8
33.2
30.8
34.3

41.1
38.0
36.1
35.2
33.6
34.7

40.8
37.3
34.0
33.3
31.9
34.5

41.0
37.8
34.7
34.1
32.5
35.0

41.
37.
34.
34.
32.
35.

34.2
33.5
36.2
33.2
33.1
31.5

34.9
33.7
36.8
33.3
33.1
31.9

35.8
34.9
38.0
34.4
33.7
34.0

35.9
35.0
37.8
34.4
34.4
34.1

35.2
34.2
37.1
33.9
33.8
32.4

34.2
33.5
36.7
33.3
33.6
30.8

34.1
33.6
36.1
33.4
33.4
31.3

34.1
33.2
36.0
33.2
33.1
30.7

34.2
33.9
36.2
33.3
33.8
32.7

34.4
33.5
35.7
33,2
33.0
32.0

34.6
35.2
37.8
35.0
35.0
32.7

34.6
33.8
36.6
33.3
34.3
31.7

35.1
34.4
37.2
34.0
34.8
32.5

35.
34.
37.
33.
35.
33.

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade 8______________
Wholesale trade_____________________
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment____________________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod­
ucts__________________________
Dry goods and apparel___________
Groceries and related products____
Electrical goods_________________
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods_________________________
Machinery, equipment, and sup­
plies__________________________
Retail trade 8_______________________
General merchandise stores______
Department stores___________
Limited price variety stores___
Food stores_____________________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores_____________________
Apparel and accessories stores____
M en’s and boys’ apparel stores.
Women’s ready-to-wear stores..
Fam ily clothing stores________
Shoe stores_____________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.10
2.53

$2.10
2.54

$2. 08
2.52

$2.08
2.52

$2.08
2.52

$2.08
2.53

$2.07
2.51

$2.06
2.50

$2.06
2.50

$2.05
2.48

$2.00
2.48

$2.03
2.48

$2.01
2.45

$1.94
2.37

2.33

2.32

2.30

2.30

2.30

2.31

2.29

2.30

2.28

2.29

2.31

2.30

2.27

2.21

2.56
2.48
2.28
2.63

2.52
2.44
2.25
2.57

2.44
2.45
2.16
2.49

2.63
2.58
2.35
2.78

2.61
2.56
2.37
2.76

2.61
2.56
2.35
2.73

2.60
2.52
2.34
2.71

2.60
2.49
2.33
2.70

2.59
2.49
2.33
2.71

2.60
2.52
2.32
2.69

2.58
2.53
2.31
2.66

2.58
2.48
2.30
2.67

2.57
2.47
2.30
2.65

2.57
2.45
2.27
2.67

2.44

2.45

2.44

2.42

2.43

2.42

2.40

2.39

2.38

2.37

2.38

2.39

2.35

2.29

2.74
1.89
1.68
1.83
1.34
1.99

2.74
1.89
1.69
1.85
1.34
2.00

2.72
1.87
1.66
1.83
1.30
1.96

2.71
1.87
1.65
1.81
1.30
1.96

2.69
1.87
1.66
1.81
1.30
1.96

2.73
1.87
1.66
1.81
1.30
1.97

2.68
1.86
1.64
1.79
1.29
1.96

2.68
1.85
1.63
1.78
1.28
1.95

2.68
1.85
1.64
1.80
1.29
1.95

2.64
1.84
1.63
1.78
1.28
1.94

2.67
1.80
1.57
1.70
1.21
1.92

2.68
1.83
1.59
1.74
1.25
1.93

2.64
1.80
1.57
1.72
1.23
1.89

2.54
1.74
1.52

2.02
1.66
1.88
1.51
1.64
1.73

2.03
1.66
1.84
1.49
1.65
1.79

2.00
1.62
1.83
1.45
1.64
1.67

2.00
1.62
1.84
1.46
1.62
1.66

2.00
1.63
1.83
1.47
1.59
1.73

2.00
1.64
1.84
1.49
1.61
1.75

2.00
1.62
1.84
1.47
1.60
1.71

1.99
1.60
1.80
1.46
1.60
1.67

1.98
1.61
1.85
1.45
1.60
1.68

1.97
1.63
1.86
1.49
1.62
1.67

1.96
1.60
1.79
1.45
1.57
1.72

1.96
1.61
1.82
1.45
1.58
1.71

1.93
1.59
1.79
1.43
1.55
1.71

1.86

1.66

1.19
1.83
1.55
1.76
1.40
1.50
1.67

O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

115

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 98*
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
N ov.2 Oct.2 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade »—Continued
Retail trade «—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores___
_____ ___
Other retail trade, _
Motor vehicle d e a le r s ..___ _
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers_________________
Drug stores.. .
_ __________
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking______ . . . ___ ______ _
Security dealers and exchanges 6___ .
___ _____
Insurance carriers 6___
Life insurance«___ _
....
Accident and health insurance____
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance« _ ________ ______
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels tourist courts, and motels 7_.
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants 8____ . ________ _____
M otion picture :
M otion pietrre filming and distributing___ _______ __ ____

$86. 22 $86.00 $86.46 $85.86 $84.63 $84.42 $83.81 $83.62 $83.42 $83.81 $87.15 $84.66 $82.62 $80.75
80 97 80.36 81.32 81.51 80.73 80.34 79.73 79.13 78.31 78.12 79.27 78.91 78.25 75.76
99.65 98.10 100.97 102.31 102.75 101.87 99.88 98.11 95.92 95.27 97.01 98.97 97.01 93.08
85.05
59.95

84 97
61.35

86.83
61.75

88.80
61.59

86.88
60.06

85.22
59.79

84.10
59.26

83.47
59.62

83.03
59.95

84.78
59.95

84. 55
60.02

82.16
59.37

82.53
58.93

80.08
57.41

77. OC 76.43 76.50 76.88 75.89 76.26 76.30 76.47 77.46 76.70 76.13 75. 72 74.97 72.17
121. 27 116.72 119. 04 118.64 118.30 122. 50 122.94 121. 23 123.41 121.82 127.42 128.13 121. 53 117.08
92. 52 92.15 92.15 91.94 91.92 91.97 91.55 91.49 92.06 91.29 97.60 96.79 96.21 93.45
92.76 92.61 92.68 92.64 92.70 93.10 92.08 92.15 92. 66 92. 54 103.38 102.14 101. 59 99.08
81.61 80.63 81.03 80.40 80.23 81.03 81.01 81.59 80. 71 81.39 83. 52 82.84 82.24 78. 37
94.81

94.23

94.15

93.99

93. 87

93.27

93.49

93.17

94.40

92.67

92.85

92.63

91.92

88.60

49.66

48.26

47.67

48.34

48.00

49.02

48.89

48.36

48.09

48.11

47.86

48.11

47.58

46.14

57.48

56. 21

55.73

55. 73

56.16

56.59

55.48

54.81

54.00

53. 58

52.13

51.99

51.87

50. 57

140.88 130. 79 142.85 136.80 138.45 132.76 132.92 130.88 131.20 131.60 135.13 134.16 131.55 123.03
Average weekly hours

Wholesale and retail trade 8—Continued
Retail trade »—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores____
Other retail tr a d e ___________ . . .
Motor vehicle dealers.
_ ..
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers__________ . _______
Drug stores.._ ____ ________
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking______ ________________ .
Security dealers and exchanges____ .
Insurance carriers______ . . . . . . . . . . . .
Life insurance___
___________
Accident and health insurance____
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 7.
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants 8_______________________
Motion pictures:
M otion picture filming and distrib­
u tin g ._____ _______ _______

40.1
41.1
43.9

40.0
41.0
43.6

40.4
41.7
43.9

40. 5
41.8
44.1

40.3
41 4
44.1

40. 2
41. 2
44.1

40.1
41.1
44.0

40.2
41.0
43.8

40.3
41.0
43.6

40.1
40.9
43.7

41.5
41.5
43.7

40.7
41.1
43.6

40.7
41.4
43.7

41.2
41.4
43.7

43.6
35.9

43.8
36.3

44.3
37.2

44.4
37.1

44 1
36.4

43.7
35.8

43.8
35.7

43.7
35.7

43.7
35.9

43.7
35.9

44.5
36.6

43.7
36.2

43.9
36.6

44.0
36.8

37.2

37.1

37.5

37.5

37.2

37.2

37.4

37.3

37.6

37.6

37.5

37.3

37.3

37.2

38.2

38.0

39.4

39.3

38.4

38.6

38.8

39.0

39.1

38.8

38.6

38.8

39.0

39.1

39.1

38.5

38.7

38.7

39.0

39.3

38.8

38.6

38.3

38.0

38.9

38.8

39.0

38.9

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade »—Continued
Retail trade 8—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores... .
Other retail trade__________
Motor vehicle dealers_____ . .
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers. . . . . . . .
____
D rugstores___ . . . _____ _
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
B anking..
___
_ _
Security dealers and exchanges...
Insurance carriers___ ______ . .
Life insurance_________ . _______
Accident and health insurance.
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance_____________ __________
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and m otels7..
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants 8___ ____
.. ...
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distributine______ __ _____________

$2.15
1.97
2.27

$2.15
1.96
2.25

$2.14
1.95
2.30

$2.12
1.95
2.32

$2.10
1.95
2.33

$2.10
1.95
2.31

$2.09
1.94
2.27

$2.08
1.93
2.24

$2.07
1.91
2.20

$2.09
1.91
2.18

$2.10
1.91
2. 22

$2.08
1.92
2.27

$2.03
1.89
2.22

$1.96
1.83
2.13

1 95
1.67

1 94
1.69

1.96
1.66

2.00
1.66

1.97
1.65

1.95
1.67

1.92
1.66

1.91
1.67

1.90
1.67

1.94
1.67

1.90
1.64

1.88
1.64

1.88
1.61

1.82
1.56

2.07

2.06

2.04

2.05

2.04

2. 05

2.04

2.05

2.06

2.04

2.03

2.03

2.01

1.94

1.30

1.27

1.21

1.23

1.25

1.27

1.26

1.24

1.23

1.24

1.24

1.24

1.22

1.18

1.47

1.46

1.44

1.44

1.44

1.44

1.43

1.42

1.41

1.41

1.34

1.34

1.33

1.30

1
For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
1965, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3.
2Preliminary.
8
Based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter­
state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC
Group I).
4 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
8 Excludes eating and drinking places.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

6 Beginning January 1964, data exclude earnings of nonoffice salesmen and
are not necessarily comparable with series for prior years.
7 Money payments only, additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not included.
8 Beginning January 1964, data relate to nonsupervisory workers and are
not comparable with the production worker levels of prior years.

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class 1 railroads. (See footnote 3.)

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

116
T able C -2.

Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries 1
Revised series; see box, p. 98.
1963

1964
Industry division and group
N ov.2

Oct.2 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

M ining................................................................................... .

42.3

42.1

41.0

41.6

41.8

41.5

41.7

41.5

41.6

41.6

41.5

41.8

41.4

Contract construction--------------- ---------------------------

37.7

37.1

35.6

37.0

36.8

37.3

37.3

37.2

37.4

37.6

35.2

37.4

37.1

Manufacturing........................................................ - ...........

40.9

40.5

40.5

40.8

40.6

40.6

40.6

40.7

40.6

40.7

40.2

40.7

40.5

Durable goods..................................... ...........................Ordnance and accessories--------------------------------Lumber and wood products, except furniture___
Furniture and fixtures-----------------------------------Stone, clay, and glass products-................. - ...........
Primary metal industries.....................
Fabricated metal products.......................................
M a ch in ery -------- ------------------- ---------------------Electrical equipment and supplies............. ............
Transportation equipment........................................
Instruments and related products--------- ------- --Miscellaneous manufacturing industries-----------

41.6
40.8
40.5
41.7
41.6
41.9
42.0
42.9
40.8
41.6
40.9
39.9

41.3
40.7
39.8
41.2
41.4
41.9
41.4
42.6
40.7
40.5
40.9
39.7

41.4
40.0
39.4
40.5
41.1
42.8
41.3
42.0
40.3
42.3
40.9
39.1

41.5
40.4
40.4
41.2
41.3
42.2
41.7
42.5
40.6
42.6
41.0
40.0

41.3
40.4
40.3
41.0
41.5
41.5
41.6
42.4
40.6
41.7
41.0
39.8

41.4
40.6
39.9
41.1
41.4
41.5
41.4
42.4
40.3
42.6
40.9
39.5

41.3
40.2
40.2
41.2
41.6
41.5
41.7
42.3
40.4
41.9
40.8
39.5

41.4
40.3
40.2
41.2
41.7
41.2
41.8
42.2
40.5
42.1
40.7
39.8

41.2
40.3
40.3
41.2
41.6
41.4
41.6
42.4
40.4
41.8
40.7
39.7

41.3
40.3
40.2
41.3
41.7
41.2
41.8
42.4
40.4
42.0
40.8
39.6

41.1
40.7
39.1
40.1
40.8
41.2
41.5
41.8
40.2
41.9
40.1
38.7

41.3
40.9
40.6
41.2
41.5
41.1
41.7
42.2
40.4
42.0
40.8
39.6

41.2
40.5
40.1
41.0
41.4
41.1
41.5
42.1
40.3
42.0
40.7
39.5

Nondurable goods_____________________________
Food and kindred products............................. .........
Tobacco manufactures..........................
Textile m ill products.............................. ...................
Apparel and related products...... .............................
Paper and allied products-----------------Printing, publishing, and allied industries...........
Chemicals and allied products------------------------Petroleum refining and related industries........... .
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products------Leather and leather products--------------------------

40.0
40.9
38.7
41.5
36.3
42.7
38.4
41.7
41.5
41. 6
38.4

39.8
40.9
38.9
41.5
36.1
42.9
38.6
41.6
41.6
41.6
38.4

39.4
40.7
37.0
40.0
34.9
42.7
38.5
42.1
42.5
41.3
37.7

39.7
40.8
38.4
41.2
35.9
43.0
38.6
41.3
42.1
41.8
37.9

39.5
40.6
39.6
40.8
36.0
42.9
38.4
41.4
41.6
40.7
37.9

39.6
40.9
39.0
40.9
36.0
42.7
38.4
41.4
41.6
41.2
37.9

39.7
41.0
39.7
41.0
36.0
42.9
38.5
41.6
41.9
41.4
38.1

39.8
41.1
39.9
41.0
36.2
42.8
38.7
41.6
41.6
41.2
37.8

39.7
40.8
39.4
40.9
36.1
42.7
38.4
41.6
42.1
41.2
37.8

39.8
40.9
37.3
41.2
36.4
42.9
38.3
41.5
42.3
41.1
37.9

39.1
40.8
37.8
40.7
34.7
42.6
38.1
41.3
41.3
40.9
36.6

39.7
41.0
38.5
41.1
36.1
42.7
38.5
41.5
41.7
41.2
38.1

39.7
40.9
39.2
40.9
35.9
42.8
38.2
41.5
41.5
41.0
37.7

38.4
40.6
37.4

38.2
40.5
37.3

38.5
40.7
37.5

38.6
40.7
37.7

38.4
40.7
37.5

38.4
40.7
37.5

38.4
40.7
37.4

38.4
40.7
37.4

38.4
40. 6
37. 5

38.4
40. 4
37.3

38.6
40.7
37.7

38.5
40.6
37.7

Wholesale and retail trade 3. . . .....................................
Wholesale trade............................ - .................................
Retail trade 3........................ ........................... - ..............

N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New
Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly
Labor Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.

1 For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3.
2 Preliminary.
3 Excludes eating and drinking places.

T able C -3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by
major industry group 1
Annual
average

1963
Major industry group

Manufacturing_________________________

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1963

$2.46

$2.43

$2.44

$2.44

$2.44

$2.44

$2.43

$2.43

$2.43

$2.42

$2.40

$2.37

$2.31

2.60
2.91

2.60
2.90

2.59

2.57

2.88

2.88

2.54
2.82

2. 48
2. 75

2.00
1.96
2.41
2.96
2. 56
2.73
2.44
2.95
2.45
2.03

2.00

2.01
1.94
2.39
2.95
2.54
2.71
2.42
2.95
2.43
1.99

1.96
1.93
2.37
2.95
2.51

1.91
1.89
2.31
2.90
2. 46
2. 61
2.34
2.80
2.37
1.92

2. 21
2.29
1.95
1.69
1.75
2.40

2.19
2.26
1.87
1.69
1.74
2.39

2.18
2.24

2.15

$2.46

Durable goods----------------------------------- Ordnance and accessories------------------Lumber and wood products, except
furniture----------------------- -------------Furniture and fixtures_______________
Stone, clay, and glass products----------Primary metal industries____________
Fabricated metal products...... ................
Machinery_________________________
Electrical equipment and supplies-----Transportation equipment___________
Instruments and related products------Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries---------------------------------------------

2.63

Nondurable goods------------------------------Food and kindred products--------------Tobacco manufactures_______________
Textile mill products________________
Apparel and related products------------Paper and allied products-----------------Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries_____________________________
Chemicals and allied products----------Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries------------ ------ ------------------------Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products_________________________
Leather and leather products_______

2. 23

( 3)

52.43
2.59
2.98

2.63
2.96

2.60
2.96

2. 61
2.95

2. 61
2.94

2.61
2.93

2.61
2.91

2.60
2.92

2.09
1.98
2.45
3.01
2.54
2. 76
2.45
2.93
2.47

2.11

2.08
1.97
2.43
2.99
2.57
2.75
2.46
2.97
2.47

2.06
1.96
2.43
2.99
2. 58
2.75
2.46
2.96
2. 46

2.05
1.95
2.42
2.99
2.58
2.75
2.46
2.96
2. 46

2.01

2.02

2.02

2.02

2.03
1.97
2.42
2.99
2.'58
2. 74
2.45
2.95
2.45
2.03

1.99
1.96
2.41
2.97
2.56
2.74
2.45
2.95
2.45
2.03

2.00

2.01

2.09
1.96
2.44
2.99
2.57
2.74
2. 44
2.97
2.46
2.00

2. 22

2.23
2.26
1.82
1.72
1.77
2.45

2.20

2 . 21

2.21

2 . 21

2 . 21

2.20

2.20

2. 25
1.89
1.70
1.76
2.43

2. 27

2.29

2.30

2.00

2.00

2.00

1.70
1.75
2.44

1.70
1.74
2.42

1.70
1.74
2.41

2.30
1.99
1.70
1.74
2.41

2.30
1.97
1.69
1.75
2.40

2.29
1.92
1.69
1.75
2.40

2.27
1.79
1.74
1.76
2.44
( 3)

1.98
2.46
3.04
2.59
2. 76
2.45
2.99
2. 47

( 3)

2. 73

2. 75

3.11

3.14

2.44
1.79

2.47
1.80

( 8)

2. 73

2.44
1.78

i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
1965, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by assuming
that overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1962

N ov .2 Oct.2 Sept.

( 3)

( 3)

( 3)

( 3)

( 3)

1.96
2.41
2.97
2.56
2.73
2.45
2.95
2.45
2.03

( 3)

( 3)

1.95
2.40
2.96
2.55
2. 72
2. 44
2.95
2.44
2.02

( 3)

1.86
1.68

1.73
2.38
( 3)

2.68

2.40
2.89
2.42
1.98

2.22

1.89
1.65
1.70
2.36
(3)

2.09
2.15
1.83
1.62
1.66
2.29
( 3)

2.57

2. 72

2.71

2.68

2.66

2.66

2.68

2.69

2.69

2.67

2.64

3.06

3.07

3.08

3.09

3.10

3.11

3.12

3.13

3.10

3.07

2.97

2.44
1.77

2.43
1.79

2.42
1.79

2.41
1.79

2. 41
1.78

2.41
1.76

2.42
1.75

2.42
1.75

2.41
1.76

2.38
1.73

2.35
1.69

3 N ot'available because average overtime rates are significantly above
me and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods
,fnl Vini' li ttl n nffnot

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

117

T able C -4. Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1
Revised series; see box, p. 98.

Manufacturing......... ................ ........................
Durable goods______________________
Nondurable goods.......................................
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories______ __________
Ammunition, except for small arms.___
Sighting and fire control equipm ent___
Other ordnance and accessories_______
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture____________________ - .........
Sawmills and planing mills__________
M illwork, plywood, and related prod­
ucts____________________ __________
Wooden containers....................................
Miscellaneous wood products________
Furniture and fixtures_____ ___________
Household furniture.. . ..........- .................
Office furniture_________________ ____
Partitions; office and store fixtures____
Other furniture and fixtures__________
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
Flat glass___________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n..
Cement, hydraulic__________________
Structural clay products_____________
Pottery and related products_________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod­
ucts____________ ____ _____________
Other stone and mineral products____
Primary metal industries.............................
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries______________
Nonferrous smelting and refining_____
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and ex­
truding__________ ____ ___________
Nonferrous foundries...______________
Miscellaneous primary metal indus­
tries____ _____________ ________ ___
Fabricated metal products...........................
M etal cans____ _____ _______ ________
Cutlery, handtools, and general hardw a r e ...______________________ ____
Heating equipment and plumbing fix­
tures_____ ______ ____________ ____
Fabricated structural metal products...
Screw machine products, bolts, etc........
M etal stampings____________________
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod­
ucts......................................... ....................
Machinery............. .........................................
Engines and turbines................................
Farm machinery and equipment_____
Construction and related m achin ery...
Metalworking machinery and equip­
m ent_____________________________
Special industry machinery__________
General industrial machinery________
Office, computing, and accounting ma­
chines___ ___________ _____ _______
Service industry machines.......................
Miscellaneous machinery____________
Electrical equipment and supplies............
Electric distribution equipment______
Electical industrial apparatus...............
Household appliances________ _______
Electric lighting and wiring equipment.
Radio and TV receiving s e ts ..................
Communication equipment__________
Electronic components and accessories.
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies.............................................
Transportation equipment...........................
Motor vehicles and equipment...............
Aircraft and parts......................................
Ship and boat building and repairing..
Railroad equipment_________________
Other transportation equipment............
Instruments and related products........ .
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control de­
vices_____________ _______ _________
Optical and ophthalmic goods.................
Surgical, medical, and dental equip­
m ent__________ _______ _______ ____
Photographic equipment and supplies.
Watches and clocks...................................
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Annual
average

1963

1964

Industry
Nov.2

Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1963

1962

3.3
3.5
3.0

3.2
3.3
3.1

3.5
3.7
3.2

3.3
3.5
3.1

3.0
3.1
2.9

3.2
3.4
2.9

3.0
3.2
2.8

2.9
3.1
2.7

2.8
2.9
2.6

2.7
2.8
2.6

2.7
2.9
2.5

3.1
3.3
2.8

3.0
3.2
2.8

2.8
2.9
2.7

2.8
2.8
2.7

1.9
1.9
1.2
2.0

2.0
1.7
1.2
2.6

1.8
1.6
1.7
2.1

1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6

1.9
1.7
2.2
2.4

1.7
1.5
.9
2.2

1.7
1.7
.9
1.9 ■

1.5
1.4
1.1
1.7

1.6
1.6
1.3
1.7

1.9
2.2
1.1
1.5

2.6
2.8
1.7
2.3

2.3
2.6
1.2
1.8

2.4
2.5
1.6
2.3

2.2
1.9
2.9
2.5

3 fi
3.6

34
3.3

4 0
3.8

3 4
3.5

3 fi
3.5

3 fi
3.4

3 2
3.1

3 2
3.1

3.1
3.0

2.9
2.7

3. 2
3.2

3 3
3.3

3.4
3.4

3. 2
3.1

3.4
3.0
3.2
3.8
3.9
2.8
3.6
3.6
4.3
4.0
4.0
2.1
3.7
2.5

3.5
2.4
3.3
3.5
3.5
3.2
3.0
4.0
4.1
5.2
4.0
2.4
3.7
1.9

4.0
3.3
3.8
3.6
3.6
3.3
3.2
4.2
4.3
3.4
3.9
2.4
3.5
2.0

3.3
3.3
3.2
3.0
3.0
2.5
3.0
3.1
4.1
2.9
3.8
2.3
3.6
2.1

3.9
3.2
3.4
3.2
3.3
2.4
2.8
3.0
4.0
3.2
3.2
2.3
3.6
2.1

3.9
3.0
3.2
2.8
2.9
2.1
1.4
2.9
4.0
3.4
3.5
2.1
3.5
2.2

3.6
2.8
3.1
2.9
3.1
1.7
1.9
2.5
3.6
2.5
3.4
1.9
3.5
2.0

3.8
2.4
2.8
2.9
3.1
1.9
2.0
2.5
3.3
2.7
3.5
2.0
3.0
1.8

3.7
2.1
2.7
2.8
3.0
2.0
1.5
2.3
3.2
3.4
3.4
1.7
2.7
1.7

3.1
2.1
2.6
2.5
2.8
1.7
1.3
2.1
3.0
3.4
3.4
1.9
2.4
1.7

3.6
2.6
2.8
3.6
4.0
2.5
1.8
3.0
3.3
3.4
3.0
1.8
2.8
2.3

3.6
2.5
3.0
3.4
3.6
2.0
2.2
3.2
3.8
4.5
3.1
1.8
3.5
2.2

3.5
3.0
2.9
3.0
3.2
2.2
2.2
2.8
3.6
2.4
3.3
2.0
3.2
2.0

3.3
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.0
2.1
3.0
2.6
3.4
1.7
3.5
1.8
2.9
1.8

6.5
3.4
3.2
2.5
4.2
3.5

5.5
3.6
4.3
4.1
4.9
4.0

6.7
3.7
3.3
2.5
4.7
3.2

6.4
3.2
3.0
2.3
4.4
3.0

6.4
3.4
3.2
2.2
5.1
3.1

6.2
3.6
3.0
2.0
4.7
2.9

5.4
3.2
2.8
1.8
4.7
2.5

4.4
3.0
2.8
1.7
4.6
2.9

4.1
2.9
2.6
1.6
4.5
2.8

3.5
2.8
2.9
1.7
4.7
3.2

4.3
3.0
2.8
1.4
4.7
2.9

5.6
3.1
2.5
1.2
4.2
2.7

5.6
3.0
2.7
1.9
3.7
3.0

5.4
2.7
2.3
1.4
2.9
2.7

3.5
3.3

4.5
3.4

4.1
3.2

3.7
3.0

4.2
3.2

3.9
3.1

3.6
3.2

3.6
3.0

3.5
3.0

4.0
3.1

4.2
3.4

3.9
3.1

3.7
3.0

3.6
2.9

4.5
3.5
3.2

4.1
3.8
4.1

4.0
3.8
5.2

3.4
3.4
4.8

4.1
3.5
4.2

3.8
3.2
3.6

4.0
3.1
3.5

3.7
2.9
3.0

3.4
2.8
3.3

3.6
2.9
4.1

3.8
3.3
3.0

3.5
3.2
3.4

3.3
3.0
3.4

3.2
2.9
3.5

2.8

3.7

3.7

2.9

3.0

3.2

3.2

2.5

2.7

3.0

3.4

3.5

2.7

2.5

2.2
2.7
3.9
4.4
3.4
3.0

1.8
2.6
4.0
4.2
3.1
2.8

1.8
2.5
4.1
3.5
3.5
2.9

1.7
2.3
4.1
3.6
3.1
2.7

1.9
2.2
3.9
3.9
3.5
2.6

2.1
3.0
3.6
4.4
3.6
3.1

2.2
2.9
3.4
4.1
3.8
3.3

2.1
2.8
3.6
3.7
3.4
3.0

1.9
2.5
4.0
3.5
3.3
3.0

—

................

2.8
J.3
4.7
4.1
4.1
3.5

2.3
3.5
4.0
5.5
3.8
3.1

2.7
3.5
4.2
4.9
3.9
3.4

2.5
3.3
3.9
4.1
3.3
3.0

2.4
3.2
4.2
4.4
3.7
3.1

2.9
3.9
3.1
2.5
3.6

2.9
3.8
3.1
2.5
3.5

2.9
3.8
3.2
2.5
3.5

2.5
3.8
3.8
2.3
3.4

2.7
4.1
3.5
2.7
3.9

2.6
3.9
3.3
2.4
3.7

2.5
3.9
2.6
2.6
4.0

2.3
3.8
2.4
3.0
3.6

2.3
3.7
2.7
3.2
3.1

2.3
3.5
2.4
2.8
3.2

2.7
3.7
3.2
2.5
3.1

2.5
3.4
2.7
1.8
3.0

2.6
3.2
2.5
2.2
2.7

2.6
3.1
2.2
2.1
2.6

5.6
4.4
3.6

5.1
4.1
3.7

5.3
4.0
3.8

5.7
3.9
3.3

6.3
4.1
3.6

6.4
3.9
3.4

6.4
3.7
3.3

6.4
3.8
3.1

6.2
3.6
3.1

5.6
3.5
2.9

5.6
4.2
3.4

5.0
3.6
3.1

4.8
3.5
2.7

4.7
3.5
2.8

2.5
2.4
4.6
2.6
3.2
3.2
2.6
2.1
2.2
2.8
2.3

2.4
2.6
4.4
2.6
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.7
2.3

1.9
2.5
4.9
2.5
3.0
3.0
2.1
2.6
2.1
2.3
2.4

1.9
2.6
4.6
2.1
2.9
3.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.6
1.8

1.8
2.7
5.0
2.2
2.9
2.9
2.0
2.0
1.2
2.3
2.0

1.4
2.3
4.8
2.0
2.1
2.9
1.9
1.9
1.3
1.8
1.8

1.3
2.2
4.7
2.0
1.9
2.7
2.0
1.8
1.2
1.8
2.0

1.3
2.1
4.5
1.9
1.7
2.8
1.8
1.7
1.2
1.7
1.8

1.4
2.0
4.3
1.8
2.0
2.4
1.4
1.9
1.3
1.6
1.8

1.2
1.9
4.4
2.0
1.9
2.7
1.4
2.0
1.5
1.8
2.0

1.9
2.1
4.7
2.3
2.9
2.7
2.3
2.4
1.7
2.1
1.7

2.2
1.8
4.3
2.1
2.4
2.4
2.1
2.1
1.6
1.9
2.1

1.7
2.1
4.1
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.1
2.0
1.7
1.9
1.8

1.5
2.0
4.1
2.2
2.0
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.5
2.0

2.4
3.3
4.0
2.6
2.9
2.0
3.7
2.8
2.9

3.3
4.8
6.4
2.6
2.9
2.5
3.5
2.7
3.1

2.2
4.1
5.5
2.5
3.0
2.3
3.5
2.6
3.2

1.9
3.6
4.4
2.4
2.9
2.6
2.8
2.2
2.2

2.2
4.1
5.4
2.3
3.0
2.9
3.8
2.4
2.6

2.3
3.6
4.6
2.1
3.1
2.8
3.8
2.3
2.1

2.3
3.6
4.5
2.3
3.2
3.0
3.2
2.3
2.1

2.0
3.0
3.4
2.2
3.6
2.4
2.9
2.1
2.0

2.6
3.2
3.9
2.4
3.0
2.4
2.4
2.1
2.0

3.2
3.6
4.6
2.5
2.7
1.9
2.3
2.1
2.6

3.5
4.6
6.3
2.7
2.9
2.1
3.0
2.5
3.1

2.8
4.6
6.1
2.7
3.5
2.0
2.5
2.5
2.9

2.6
3.6
4.4
2.6
3.1
2.1
3.1
2.4
2.5

3.2
3.5
4.2
2.9
2.8
2.0
2.5
2.4
2.6

2.7
2.7

2.5
2.6

2.5
2.2

2.2
1.9

2.4
2.5

2.3
2.5

2.3
2.3

2.3
2.2

2.3
2.2

2.1
2.0

2.3
2.7

2.7
2.5

2.3
2.4

2.2
2.2

1.9
4.0
2.3

2.3
3.4
2.5

2.1
3.3
1.6

1.8
3.2
1.2

2.0
3.0
1.4

1.9
3.1
1.5

2.0
3.2
1.0

1.7
2.6
1.2

1.8
2.7
1.1

1.6
2.6
1.5

2.1
2.8
2.2

2.1
2.9
1.7

2.1
2.8
1.9

2.3
2.9
1.9

118

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965
T able

C-4. Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by
industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 98.

1964

Industry

Nov.2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb.
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware ..
Toys, amusement and sporting goods..
Pens, pencils, office and art materials .
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries____

2.9
4.7
2.7
2.1
2.7
2.7

2.4
2.6
2.4
2.1
2.1
2.6

2.5
3.0
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.6

Annual
average

1963
Jan.

Dec. Nov.

1963

1962

2.0
2.3
1.5
1.6
1.9
2.4

2.3
3.1
1.8
1.7
2.5
2.4

2.2
3.0
1.9
1.5
2.5
2.2

2.4
3.1
1.8
1.6
2.6
2.7

2.3
2.9
1.8
1.3
2.7
2.4

2.2
2.7
1.7
1.6
2.8
2.2

1.9
2.1
1.3
1.5
2.1
2.2

2.4
4.4
1.3
2.6
2.6
2.4

2.5
4. 0
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.6

2.2
3.0
1.8
21
2.3
2.3

2.3
3n
10
20
2.2
2.5

Food and kindred products.. _ ___
3.8 4.2 3.8 3.8
5.1 4.4 4.4 3.8
Meat products________________
3.2 4.0 3.5 3.9
Dairy products_______________
Canned and preserved food, except
2.8 3.7 3.0 3.0
meats. _ . ______________
6.9 7.7 7.1 6.9
Grain mill products____________
3.0 3.7 3.3 3.4
Bakery products__ ___________
4.0 4.7 3.5 3.5
Sugar _ ____ _______ .. ..
Confectionery and related products__
2.6 2.7 2.3 1.8
2.8 3.6 3.5 4.3
Beverages_
_ ___- ____
4.0 3.7
4.5 4.3
Miscellaneous foodand kindred products.
1.5 1.7 1.9 2.3
Tobacco manufactures____________
1.7 1.2 2.5 3.3
Cigarettes_____________ ___
1.5 1.8 2.3
1.6
Cigars_____________________
4.0 3.9 3.7 3.3
Textile mill products... __ _____
4.6 5.1 4.1 3.6
Cotton broad woven fabrics__ _ ..
5.3 6.0 5.1 4.4
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
3.5 3.3 3.5 4.0
Weaving and finishing broad woolens.
3.7 2.7 3.4 2.8
Narrow fabrics and smallwares_____
Knitting. __ ________ ____
2.7 2.0 2.5 2.2
4.2 3.9 3.8 3.7
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
5.6 5.3 4.3 4.0
Floor covering.. _____ . ____
4.1 3.9 3.7 3.4
Yarn and thread___ i__________
3.7 3.5 3.9 3.8
Miscellaneous textile goods________
1.3
1.5
1.2
Apparel and related products..._____
1.2
1.1
1.2
.9
"Men’s and boys’ suits and coats____
.5
1.1
1.3
1.0
Men’s and boys’ furnishings_______
1.1
1.4
1.1
.9
Women’s, misses’, juniors’ outerwear._
1.3
Women’s" and children’s undergar1.9
1.7
1.9
1.3
ments__ _ _______________
1.6
1.1
1.3
Hats, caps, and millinery___ _____
1.5
1.4
1.1
.8
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___ _.
1.6
1.1
1.0
1.8
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel..
.8
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod2.2
2.3
2.1
ucts______________________
1.7
5.0
5.3
Paper and allied products________ _.
5.2
4.9
6.3
5.8
Paper and pulp_____ ______ ...
5.8
6.0
7.4
6.8
Paperboard. . ___ __________
6.3
6.9
Converted paper and paperboard
3.6
3.6
products_________ _______
3.4
3.7
4.6
4.8
Paperboard containers and boxes..... .
5.1
4.0
Printing, publishing, and allied industries____ _________ _____
3.0
3.2
3.2
2.7
2.4
Newspaper publishing and printing__
2.5
2.7
2.3
4.8
Periodical publishing and printing___
5.3
5.3
3.7
4.6
4.3
Books_____ __ _ ... _ ___ __
3.5
3.8
Commercial printing__ _ _. ___
3.2
3.6
3.5
2.8
2.5
Bookbinding and related industries__
2.4
2.3
2.7
Other publishing and printing indus2.8
tries___________ ________
2.8
2.4
2.6
2.7
Chemicals and allied products. _____
3.2
2.8
2.6
2.7
Industrial chemicals... _ ____ _ .
3.3
2.7
2.6
2.8
Plastics and synthetics, except glass__
3.4
3.0
2.7
1.9
Drugs__ _____ ____ _______
2.1
2.3
1.6
2.7
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_____
3.2
2.7
2.2
2.8
Paints, varnishes, and allied products
2.9
2.3
3.1
3.2
Agricultural chemicals___ _____
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.2
Other chemical products_________
3.6
3.1
2.9
Petroleum refining and related industries__ ___ ___________ .
3.3
2.7
2.5
2.9
Petroleumrefining. _ ___ _ _ ___
2.4
1.7
1.6
1.9
Other petroleumand coal products.
6.4
6.0
6.4
5.7
Rubber, miscellaneous plastic products.
4.2
4.2
3.1
4.0
Tires and inner tubes. ___ ___
6.1
5.9
5.8
3.7
Other rubber products. _ ____
3.3
3.3
3.0
2.5
Miscellaneous plastic products_____ ___
4.1
4.1
4.0
3.5
Leather and leather products........
2.0
1.7
1.9
1.7
Leather tanning and finishing
3.1
3.1
2.9
2.9
Footwear, except rubber______ _
1.5
1.3
1.8
1.9
Other leather products
2.0
2.3
1.8
1.5
1For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
W63, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related
workers during the pay period which includes the 12th of the month. Over­
time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded

3.8
4.5
3.7
2.5
7.4
3.5
2.9
1.7
3.8
3.7
2.2
2.4
2.5
3.7
4.2
4.7
4.0
2.9
2.2
4.6
3.5
3.7

3.6
4.0
3.7
2.4
6.4
3.2
2.8
1.8
3.4
3.9
1.7
1.4
2.7
3.5
4.3
4.8
3.6
2.9
2.0
4.1
3.1
3.5

3.2
3.7
3.3
2.0
5.3
2.9
2.4
1.8
3.1
3.7
2.1
1.8
3.1
3.3
3.8
4.5
3.2
3.0
2.0
4.2
3.5
3.1

3.1
3.5
3.3
2.0
5.0
2.8
3.1
1.8
3.0
3.7
1.3
.5
2.6
3.3
3.7
4.6
2.6
2.9
2.0
4.5
4.4
3.1

3.2
3.0
3.3
2.3
5.3
3.1
3.3
2.3
2.8
4.3
1.2
.7
2.1
3.3
4.0
4.6
2.8
2.9
1.8
4.4
3.8
3.1

33
3.9
2.9
2.1
6.2
2.8
4.3
2.0
2.3
4.2
.8
.5
1.1
3.2
4.0
4.6
3.1
2.8
1.4
3.6
3.6
3.0

3.4
4.9
2.8
2.0
5.5
2.9
2.9
2.6
2.6
3.9
1.3
1.2
1.5
3.5
4.0
4.9
3.1
3.2
1.7
4.6
5.0
3.2

35
4.9
2.6
1.8
6.2
2.9
3.3
2.7
2.9
4.2
1.4
1.6
1.7
3.7
4.3
5.2
2.4
3.4
2.2
4.7
5.0
3.6

34
3.8
3.1
2.4
6.3
3.0
3.6
2.5
3.1
3.9
1.1
1.2
1.1
3.2
3.4
4.3
3.4
3.1
2.0
4.1
4.4
3.1

34
36
3.4
2.6
63
31
3.7
2. 5
28
3.9
1.0
.9
.9
3.2
3.2
4.3
4.2
3.3
2.2
4.2
4.1
3.2

N ondurable goods


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4.3
1.3

1.0

1.2
1.2

3.7
1.2

1.0
1.0

3.1
1.3

1.0

1.2

1.2
1.4

1.2
.9
1.6
.9

1.2

1.2
1.2

1.2
.8

1.9
4.7
5.6
6.1

3.1
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.6

3.0
1.2
1.1
.9
1.5

3.3
1.0
1.0

3.9
1.2
.9

.7
1.1

1.0
1.0

1.4
1.1
.9
1.2

1.8

l.l

2.2
4.5
5.3
5.9

2.1
4.6
5.5
5.9

1.8
4.5
5.4
5.9

1.7
4.4
5.2
5.9

3.2
3.2

3.6
3.7

3.3
3.9

3.2
3.8

3.1
3.9

2.5
2.0
3.5
3.2
2.8
2.2

2.5
1.8
3.2
3.4
2.8
2.3

3.2
3.2
3.2
3.6
3.3
2.5

2.7
2.4
3.6
2.7
2.9
2.5

2.7
2.3
3.2
3.5
3.0
2.2

2.8
2.5
3.1
3.4
3.0
2.4

2.5
2.7
2.4
2.4
2.0
2.2
2.4
7.1
2.7

2.5
2.4
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.2
4.3
2.6

2.5
2.4
2.4
2.1
1.9
2.2
1.7
3.9
2.9

3.0
2.4
2.4
2.2
1.9
2.6
1.9
3.7
2.8

2.4
2.4
2.4
2.1
2.0
2.5
1.9
3.5
2.8

2.5
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.5
2.3
4.7
2.7

2.6
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.7
2.1
4.1
2.6

2.0
1.6
3.6
2.7
3.0
2.2
3.1
1.5
2.4
1.4
1.6

2.0
1.6
3.6
2.6
2.0
2.4
3.1
1.8
2.7
1.6
1.9

1.9
1.7
2.9
2.8
2.2
2.7
3.2
1.6
2.6
1.6
1.3

2.1
1.8
3.4
3.2
3.6
2.8
3.4
1.8
3.2
1.6
1.9

2.3
1.9
3.7
3.2
3.7
2.8

2.3
1.8
4.6
3.0
3.0
2.6

1.5
2.9

1.4
2.8
1.2
1.6

2.3
1.6
4.8
3.1
3.3
2.9
3.2
1.4
2.6

.8

1.0

1.0

1.9
4.4
5.4
5.9

1.8
4.3
5.5
5.5

1.5
4.3
5.4
5.9

1.3
4.3
5.5
5.8

1.6
4.3
5.5
5.9

3.3
4.2

3.1
3.9

3.0
3.6

2.9
3.4

3.0
3.4

2.8
2.5
3.5
4.2
2.7
2.5

2.9
2.7
3.0
4.1
3.0
2.5

2.9
2.4
3.9
4.3
3.0
2.5

2.8
2.2
3.8
3.7
3.1
2.6

2.7
2.6
2.6
2.9
1.6
2.6
2.7
3.4
3.0

2.6
2.8
2.5
2.5
1.8
2.1
2.7
7.6
2.9

2.7
2.8
2.4
2.5
2.2
2.0
2.8
6.9
2.8

2.8
1.8
6.3
3.6
4.8
2.8
3.7
1.7

2.5
1.7
5.6
3.6
4.6
2.6
4.0
1.4
3.1
1.2
1.3

2. 0
1.5
4.2
2.9
2.7
2.3
3.6
1.2
2.8
1.0

1.3

1.1
1.3

1.2
1.5

1.0

.9
1.1
1.2
.7

1.5
1.7

1.0

3.5
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.4

1.3
1.5
1.2
1.2

1.2
2.2
1.5

3.3

3.5
1.3

1.4
1.4
1.2

1.3
2.1
1.3

1.0

3.8
1.2
.9
.9
1.1

1.0

3.3
1.1
1.9

3.3

1.1

1.8

either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week­
ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which
only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums
were paid are excluded.
2Preliminary.

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

119

T able C-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities 1
[1957 - 5 9 = 100 ]

R e v is e d s e r ie s ; s e e b o x p. 9 8 .

1964

1963

A ctivity
N ov.2 Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Annual
average

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1963

1962

Man-hours
T otal____ _
_________________ _______
M ining_____ _____ ______ _____________
Contract construction...___________
Manufacturing_________ . . _________
Durable goods___ ______ _____________
Ordnance and accessories____ ________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture____________ . _________
Furniture and fixtures_______________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries_____ . . . __
Fabricated metal products. . _______
Machinery__ . _ __ ______ ___ _ _.
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment_______ . . .
Instruments and related products_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries______________________________
Nondurable goods. . _ _________ . .
Food and kindred products.. . . _.
Tobacco manufactures . . . .
_ ._
Textile mill products_________ . . .
Apparel and related products.. _ . _
Paper and allied products __________
Piinting, publishing, and allied ind us tries______________ ___________
Chemicals and allied products____ . .
Petroleum refining arid related industries_____ ___ _
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products______ __ _______
Leather and leather products. . .

106.8
85.1
112.5
106.9

106.7
85.7
121.5
105.0

108.1
83.2
116.5
107.8

108.1
84.9
126.6
105.9

105.7
84.1
122.8
103.7

106.2
85.8
118.6
105.0

103.2
82.6
110.3
103.0

100.6
80.4
99.4
101.8

98.5
77.7
89.8
101.1

97.3
78.1
85.3
100.5

95.0
78.5
79.1
98.8

100.7
81.9
93.2
103.0

102.5
82.1
105.8
103.0

100.9
82.1
103.2
101.4

99.7
83.3
99. 1
100.6

109.1
128.9

104.9
127.5

109.8
127.2

105.7
125.4

105.4
126.1

107.4
130.3

105.4
131.6

104.4
135.1

102.8
135.7

101.9
137.5

100.7
144.5

104.5
147.7

104.0
145.1

102.0
145.0

100.2
148.3

95.5
116.4
107.9
107.5
112.2
113.9
118.8
99.5
106.4

97.9
117.2
109.8
106.5
108.1
113.6
118.3
78.2
105.7

99.2
114.5
110.6
111.2
113.6
112.9
116.8
100.5
106.6

102.4
114.8
111.8
106.8
110.9
111.3
113.4
85.6
105.7

101.1
109.4
110.6
105.8
107.2
111.9
110.8
93.1
103.6

101.2
110.4
110.6
106.9
109.9
114.2
111.3
97.5
104.8

96.4
106.1
107.5
105.2
107.7
112.8
109.6
97.3
102.8

92.2
107.3
103.8
103.7
106.7
112.1
109.7
97.3
102.6

89.6
106.6
99.1
102.0
104.9
111.1
109.5
95.4
102.7

89.4
105.8
96.7
100.5
104.2
108.4
110.0
95.3
102.6

86.7
102.2
93.9
99.0
103.3
107.2
110.4
95.5
101.1

93.1
110.5
99.7
98.9
107.2
108.4
114.2
100.2
105.4

94.8
109.7
105.1
96.1
106.7
105.0
113.2
99.1
105.6

93.8
106.3
102.3
98.4
103.5
104.4
112.5
93.7
103.9

93.5
1C4.7
100.0
95.5
100.6
102.1
114.8
89.2
102.6

114.0

114.5

110.5

108.1

100.6

104.7

100.8

99.6

98.0

96.3

90.7

99.8

107.3

100.7

101.6

104.0
94.8
99.5
100.8
113.1
108.6

105.2
100.0
115.2
99.8
112.8
110.2

105.3
104.2
108.8
95.6
109.6
110.4

106.1
102.9
97.3
98.6
114.9
110.2

101.5
95.5
76.9
95.6
107.8
108.0

101.9
91.6
79.2
98 6
110.2
109.3

99.8
88.0
78.2
97.1
107.5
106.6

98.5
85.5
79.2
95.9
107.5
105.8

98.9
84.4
79.5
95.8
110.8
104.9

98.6
85.2
78.3
96.0
110.2
104.7

96.3
86.9
84.5
93.1
99.7
104.1

101.1
92.5
98.1
96.8
106.7
107.7

101.6
95.5
101.4
97.7
107.6
107.3

100.7
94.1
89.5
95.5
108.0
106.3

101.2
95.5
92.7
97.4
106.6
105.5

107.9
105.5

108.6
105.1

108.4
107.9

107.2
106.0

105.5
106.0

106.3
107.1

106.3
107.4

105.9
107.0

105.8
106.0

104.2
103.8

103.1
102.9

107.6
104.8

105.0
104.4

104.0
105.1

104.7
104.0

78.1

79.5

83.6

82.4

82.8

82.7

81.0

78.7

79. 0

79.0

78.5

80.0

81.8

82.9

86.2

125.8
98.9

125.5
96.0

126.9
95.9

124.1
100.9

117.0
99.0

120.3
98.6

119.3
93.7

116.6
90.4

116.5
94.8

115.4
96.3

114.3
93.0

118.6
98.1

117.6
94.2

115.7
94.9

114.2
98.2

86 6
111 6

87 6
106 7
119.2

88 6
100 0
117.5

116 6

OI Q on o
128 7 124 6
121.3 117.9

Payrolls
M in in g ... __________
Contract construction....... .
Manufacturing____ ___

. ..
129.3

QQ n
155 4
125.5

QH fi
147 8
130.9

Qfi 7
158 R
126.4

Q4 8
153 3
124.1

J or comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
1965, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related

Q0 g
Ufi 5
125! 8

93 1
90 1
136 6 124 1
123! 3 121.7

120.2

122.3

on 0
116 1
113.8

workers and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined
in footnote 1, table A-3.
2 preliminary

T able C-6. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing 1
R e v is e d s e r ie s ; s e e b o x p. 9 8 .

[in current and 1957-59 dollars]1
1964

Annual
average

1963

Item
Oct.2 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

1963

1962

Manufacturing
Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars____ _____
1957-59 dollars_________
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars_________
1957-59 dollars______ . . .
Worker w ith 3 dependents:
Current dollars_______
1957-59 dollars _________

$102.97 $104. 60 $103. 07 $102.97 $103.48 $102.97 $102.47 $101. 40 $101.15 $100. 30 $102. 66 $100. 85 $100. 78 $99.63 $96.56
94.90 96. 49 95. 26 95.08 95. 81 95.52 95.06 94.15 94.01 93.13 95.41 93.90 94.01 93.37 91.61
84.40
77.79

85.69
79. 05

84. 48
78.08

84.40
77.93

84.80
78. 52

84.40
78.29

84.10
77.93

83.16
77. 21

82.97
77.11

82. 30
76. 42

82.14
76.34

80. 75
75.19

80. 70
75.28

79.82
74.81

77.86
73.87

92.18
84.96

93.53
86.28

92. 26
85.27

92.18
85.12

92.60
85. 74

92.18
85. 51

91. 77
85.13

90. 89
84.39

90.68
84.28

89.98
83.55

90.06
83.70

88.58
82. 48

88.52
82.57

87.58
82.08

85.53
81.15

* For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
1965, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3.
Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly
earnings as published in table C -l less the estimated amount of the workers’
Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax
liability depends on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com­


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puted for 2 types of income receivers: (1) A worker with no dependents,
and (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes
in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index.
2 Preliminary.
N o t e : These series are described in “ The Calculation and Uses of the
Spendable Earnings Series,” Monthly Labor Review, January 1959, pp. 50-54.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

120

D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able

D -l. Consumer Price Index1—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers
(including single workers) all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1963

1964: N ew series 2

Annual
average

Group
N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1963

1962

108.7
All item s___
________ __ ___ - - All items (1947-49=100)__________________ 133.4

108.5
133.1

108.4
133.0

108.3
132.8

108.3
132.9

108.0
132.5

107.8
132.3

107.8
132.3

107.7
132.1

107,6
132.0

107.7
132.1

107.6
132.0

107.4
131.8

106.7
131.0

105.4
129.3

Food ________ .
_______ - ______
Food at home___ ________ __________
Cereals and bakery products. _______
M eats, poultry, and fish__ . . . __ _ _
Dairy products_____________________
Fruits "and vegetables________________
Other foods at home 3_________ _ . .
Food away from hom e. _______________

106.8
105.1
110.7
99.5
105.3
113.0
102.3
115.9

106.9
105.3
110.4
100.6
105.3
111.7
102.7
115.7

107.2
105.6
109.9
101.4
104.6
112.2
103.5
115.5

106.9
105.3
109.6
99.2
104.4
117.3
101.9
115.3

107.2
105.7
109.2
98.9
104.3
122.3
101.0
115.2

106.2
104.4
109.2
96.8
104.0
120.2
100.3
115.1

105.5
103.7
108.9
96.6
103.9
115.7
100.5
115.0

105.7
103.9
108.8
97.0
104.1
115.7
101.1
114.9

105.7
104.0
108.8
97.2
104.5
115.1
100.9
114.7

106.0
104.4
109.0
98.3
104.8
113.9
101.7
114.4

105.8
104.2
109.1
98.3
105.0
112.4
101.8
114.3

105.4
103.7
109.0
99.2
105.0
109.8
100.2
114.3

105.1
103.4
109.1
99.7
104.8
108.2
99.5
114.0

105.1
103.5
109.1
100.2
103.8
111.0
97.8
113.2

103.6
102.2
107.6
101.7
104.1
105.0
96.1
110.7

Housing_____ ______ ____________ ___ _
Shelter 4 ___ ___________________ ___
R en t.. __- - _______ _____ _______
Homeownership A . . .
______. . . _______
Fuel and utilities 8
Fuel oil and c o a l7___ _______________
Gas and electricity_________________
Household furnishings and operation s . . .
Apparel and upkeep 9___________________
M en’s and boys’. __________ _______
Women’s and girls’____________________
Footwear____ I -----------------------------------

107.7
109.3
108.3
109.8
107.5
103.7
108.1
102.9
106.4
107.0
103.2
111.6

107.6
109.2
108.2
109.6
107.4
102.9
108.2
102.8
106.2
106.7
102.9
111.4

107.4
109.0
107.9
109.5
107.2
101.5
108.2
102.8
105.9
106.6
102.4
110.9

107.2
108.8
107.9
109.2
107.1
100.9
108.2
102.6
105.3
106.0
101.3
110.8

107.1
108.6
107.8
108.9
107.0
100.9
107.9
102.8
105.5
106.0
101.9
110.8

107.1
108.4
107.8
108.7
107.1
101.4
108.1
102.9
105.7
106.3
102.2
111.0

106.9
108.2
107.7
108.4
107.2
102.1
108.0
102.9
105.7
106.2
102.3
111.0

107.0
108.2
107.7
108.6
107.4
103.3
108.0
102.9
105.6
105.9
102.2
110.9

107.1
108.4
107.5
108.9
107.3
106.1
107.1
102.8
105.3
105.2
102.1
110.7.

106.9
108.3
107.5
108.8
106.8
106.6
106.2
102.7
105.1
105.0
101.8
110.7

106.9
108.1
107.3
108.5
107.7
106.6
108.1
102.7
105.0
105.2
101.4
110.9

106.9
108.0
107.3
108.4
107.6
105.8
108.1
102.9
106.1
106.2
103.3
111.2

106.6
107.7
107.2
108.0
107.5
105.4
108.0
102.7
106.1
106.1
103.5
111.1

106.0
106.9
106.8
107.0
107.0
104.0
107.9
102.4
104.8
104.7
101.7
110.5

104.8
105.6
105.7
105.6
106.1
102.1
107.9
101.5
103. 6
103.3
100.9
109.3

Transportation________________ _ _____ 110.0
Private____ _____ ______ _______ ___ 108.6
Public_______________________________ 119.5

109.4
108.0
119.3

108.9
107.4
119.3

109.3
107.9
119.1

109.4
107.9
119.0

109.2
107.8
118.9

109.1
107.7
118.6

109.0
107.6
118.4

108.9
107.4
118.3

108.6
107.2
118.4

109.4
108.0
118.3

108.9
107.5
118.3

109.1
107.8
117.6

107.8
106.4
116.9

107.2
105. 9
115. 4

114.2
120.2
109.7
114.9
109.1

114.0
119.9
109.7
114.5
109.1

113.9
119.7
109. 5
114.3
109.0

113.8
119.8
109.4
114.2
108.9

113.7
119.5
109.3
114.1
108.9

113.5
119.3
109.1
114.0
108.7

113.5
119.1
108.9
114.1
108.7

113.4
119.0
108.7
114.0
108.6

113.1
118.7
108.7
113.6
108.5

112.9
118.5
108.4
113.3
108.4

112.7
118.2
108.5
113.1
108.3

112.7
117.9
108.8
113.1
108.3

112.4
117.9
108.4
112.8
108.3

111.4
117.0
107.9
111. 5
107.1

109.4
114. 2
106. 5
109. 6
105. 3

Special groups:
All items less shelter____ ______________ 108.5
All items less food_____________________ 109.5

108.3
109.2

108.2
109.0

108.1
108.9

108.2
108.8

107.9
108.8

107.7
108.7

107.7
108.6

107.5
108.6

107.5
108.4

107.6
108.4

107.5
108.5

107.4
108.4

106.7
107.4

105.4
106.1

C om m odities11. ___ _ . . _____ ______
Nondurables 12___ ___ _____ _ _______
D urables1113. . . ___________ _______
Services 111415___________________ ______

105.6
106.4
103.5
116.0

105.5
106.4
103.1
115.7

105.4
106.4
102.8
115.5

105.2
106.1
102.8
115.4

105.3
106.3
102.9
115.3

105.0
105.8
102.9
115.1

104.8
105.5
102.8
114.9

104.9
105.6
102.9
114.8

104.8
105.6
102.9
114.5

104.8
105.6
102.9
114.3

104.9
105.7
102.9
114.2

104.9
105.6
103.0
114.1

104.7
105.4
103.1
113.9

104.1
104.9
102.1
113.0

103.2
103. 6
101.8
110.9

Commodities less food 11_________________
Nondurables less food_________ ____ _
Apparel commodities_____________ ._
Apparel less footwear----------------- .
Nondurables less food and apparel. _. __
New cars_____
_______ . . . .
Used cars.. ._
______ _ ____ ._ ..
Household durables 18_____ . . . ______
Housefurnishings____________________ .

104.8
106.1
105.7
104.5
106.3
102.5
122.9
98.0
98.3

104.6
106.0
105.4
104.2
106.3
101.3
121.9
98.0
98.2

104.3
105.8
105.1
103.9
106.2
98.7
121.9
98.2
98.3

104.2
105.6
104.4
103.1
106.3
99.9
122.2
98.1
98.1

104.3
105.6
104.7
103.4
106.1
100.6
122.7
98.3
98.4

104.3
105.6
104.9
103.7
106.0
100.8
122.7
98.5
98.6

104.3
105.7
104.9
103.7
106.1
101.2
121.6
98.7
98.7

104.3
105.6
104.7
103.5
106.1
101.6
120.9
98.7
98.7

104.3
105.6
104.5
103.2
106.2
101.8
119.6
98.7
98.6

104.1
105.3
104.2
102.9
106.0
102.2
119.0
98.6
98.4

104.3
105.6
104.2
102.8
106.5
102.3
119.6
98.7
98.5

104.5
105.9
105.4
104.2
106.2
102.1
120.3
98.9
98.8

104.5
105.8
105.4
104.3
106.0
103.2
121.0
98.8
98.8

103.5
104. 8
104.0
102.8
105. 3
101. 5
116.6
98. 5
98. 5

102.8
103.8
103. 0
101.8
104.2
102.1
115.2
98.8
98.9

Services less r e n t1114____ . . . ______ _____
Household services less r e n t11____ . . . .
Transportation services________________
Medical care services___ _ __________
Other services 1117................ ..........................

117.9
115.5
116.2
124. 4
119.6

117.6
115.4
115.3
124.0
119.3

117.4
115.3
115.1
123.7
119.0

117.2
115.0
115.0
123.7
118.8

117.0
114.8
114.9
123.4
118.6

116.8
114.7
114.7
123.1
118.4

116.6
114.4
114.6
122.9
118.3

116.5
114.4
114.4
122.7
118.2

116.3
114.3
114.1
122.3
117.7

116.0
113.9
114.2
122.1
117.4

116.0
114.1
114.1
121.7
117.1

115.8
114.0
113.7
121.3
117.1

115.5
113.8
113.3
121.3
116.6

114.5
113.0
112. 4
120.3
115.3

112.1
110.6
111. 2
116. 8
112. 6

Health and recreation___________________
Medical care.
________ _______ .
Personal ca re.. . . . __________________
Reading and recreation_______________
Other goods and services 10_____________

1 The C PI measures the average change in prices of goods and services
purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families.
2 Beginning January 1964, the Consumer Price Index structure has been
revised to reflect buying patterns of wage earners and clerical workers in the
1960’s. The “new series” indexes shown here are based on expenditures of all
urban wage-earner and clerical-worker consumers, including single workers
living alone, as well as families of two or more persons. Separate indexes for
families only (excluding single persons) for the U.S. city average are available
on request. The “old series” indexes were discontinued after June 1964.
3 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, nonalcoholic beverages, and
prepared and partially prepared foods.
4 Also includes hotel and motel room rates not shown separately.
5 Includes home purchase, mortgage interest, taxes, insurance, and main­
tenance and repairs.
3 Also includes telephone, water, and sewerage service not shown separately7 Called “ Solid and petroleum fuels” prior to 1964.
9 Includes housefurnishings and housekeeping supplies and services.
9 Includes dry cleaning and laundry of apparel, infants’ wear, sewing
materials, jewelry, and miscellaneous apparel, not shown separately.
10 Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and funeral, legal, and bank
service charges.
11 Recalculated group—indexes prior to January 1964 have been recomputed.


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is Includes foods, paint, furnace filters, shrubbery, fuel oil, coal, household
textiles, housekeeping supplies, apparel, gasoline and motor oil, drugs an
pharmaceuticals, toilet goods, nondurable recreational goods, newspapers,
magazines, books, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages.
13 Includes home purchase, which was classified under services prior to
1964, building materials, furniture and bedding, floor coverings, household
appliances, dinnerware, tableware, cleaning equipment, power tools, lamps,
Venetian blinds, hardware, automobiles, tires, radios, television sets, tape
recorders, durable toys, and sports equipment.
14 Excludes home purchase costs which were classified under this heading
prior to 1964.
15 Includes rent, mortgage interest, taxes and insurance on real property,
home maintenance and repair services, gas, electricity, telephone, water,
sewerage service, household help, postage, laundry and dry cleaning, furni­
ture and apparel repair and upkeep, moving, auto repairs, auto insurance,
registration and license fees, parking and garage rent, local transit, taxicab,
airplane, train, and bus fares, professional medical services, hospital services,
health insurance, barber and beauty shop services, movies, fees for sports,
television repairs, and funeral, bank, and legal services.
i« Called “ Durables less cars” prior to 1964. Does not include auto parts,
durable toys, and sports equipment.
17 Includes the services components of apparel, personal care, reading and
recreation, and other goods and services. N ot comparable with series pub­
lished prior to 1964.

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-2.

121

Consumer Price Index—U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical
workers (including single workers)1
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1964: New series 8 (except as noted)

Nov.

Area 2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

1963

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Annual
average

Dec.

N ov.

1963

1962

194749=100
N ov.
1964

All items
108.7

108.5

108.4

108.2

108.3

108.0

107.8

107.8

107.7

107.6

107.7

107.6

107.4

106.7

105.4

133.4

Atlanta, Ga__ __________ ________
(')
Baltimore, M d__________________
(8)
Boston, M ass____________ _ ____
(»)
Buffalo, N .Y . (Nov. 1963=100)____ 102.1
Chicago, Ill.-Northwestern Ind___ 106.6
Cincinnati, Ohio.-Kentucky 6_____
(5)

(8)
(•)
111.6
(8)
106.4
(8)

107. 2
107.9
(8)
(8)
106.3
107.0

(8)
(8)
(8)
101.3
106.3
(8)

(8)
(8)
111.2
(8)
106.6
(8)

106.3
108.0
(8)
(8)
106.2
106.1

(8)
(»)
(8)
100.7
105.9
(8)

(8)
(8)
110.6
(8)
105.7
(8)

106.6
107.5
(8)
(8)
105.7
105.6

(8)
(8)
(»)
100.1
105.7
(8)

(8)
(8)
110.1
(8)
105.8
(8)

105.8
107.5
(8)

(8)
(8)
(8)

105.1
106.8
109.5

104.1
105.2
107.4

(8)
(8)
(8)

106.1
105.1

105.8
(8)

105.3
104.7

104.6
103.6

134.4
(8)

Cleveland, Ohio_______ __ _______ 105.9
Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963 = 100)......... - 100.7
Detroit, M ich__ _________________ 104.6
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963=100).
(8)
107.3
Houston, Tex.8____ __________. . .
Kansas C ity, M o.-K ansas6. _____
(8)

(8)
(8)
104.9
(8)
(8)

105.2
99.9
104.3
(8)
107.8
(8)

(*)
(8)
104.2
(8)
(8)
109.5

(8)
(8)
103.6
99.9
(8)
(8)

104.5
100.3
103.2
(8)
106.9
(8)

(8)
(8)
103.8
(8)
(8)
109.0

(8)
(8)
103.6
100.5
(8)
(8)

105.2
99.7
103.1
(8)
107.2
(8)

(8)
(8)
103.7
(8)
(8)
108.6

(8)

105.0

104.7

103.5

131.5

103.6

103.7

103.2

102.2

129.0

110.1

(8)
(8)
104.6
100.5
(»)
(8)

(8)
(8)

106.7
(8)

105.7
107.2

104.6
106.1

182. 2
(8)

111.3
106.8
(8)
111.0
109.5
(•)
(»)

111.0
(8)
108.6
110.9
109.3
108.9
109.5

110.0
(8)
(8)
110.9
109.0
(8)
(8)

110.2
106.8
(8)
110.5
108.6
(8)
(8)

109.9
(8)
108.1
110.5
108.8
108.8
109.1

110.0
(8)
(8)
110.2
108.5
(»)
(8)

109.9
105.6
<8)
110.2
108.4
(8)
(8)

109.9
(8)
107.8
110.1
108.4
108.1
108.6

109.7
(8)
(8)
110.0
108.4
(8)
(8)

109.0
105.2
(8)
110.1
108.7
(8)
(8)

109.6
(8)
107.5
109.7
108.6
107.7
107.6

108.7
(8)
(8)
109.9
108.5
(8)
(8)

109.3
105.2
(8)
109.7
108.3
(8)
(8)

108.2
104.9
107.0
108.7
107.2
107.1
106.6

106.6
103.9
105.5
106.4
105.2
105.9
104.6

138.8
I34.7
(8)
133.8
134.5
(8)
(8)

(8)
(8)
(8)
(•)
(8)

108.7
111.0
(8)
(8)
(8)

110.0

(8)
(8)

<*)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)

107.7
110.6
(8)
(8)
(8)

(8)
(8)
108.7
109.1
107.5

(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)

107.5
109.9
(8)
(8)
(8)

(8)
(8)
108.8
109.4
107.3

(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)

107.3
109.9
(8)
(8)
(8)

(8)
(8)
107.9
109.3
107.1

106.2
108.9
107.3
108.2
106.4

105.1
107.4
105.9
106.5
104.6

(8)
(8)
131.1
138.4
131.1

U.S. city average 4 ________

—

Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif___
Milwaukee, Wis.7________________
M inneapolis-St. Paul, M inn.8____
NewYork,N.Y.-Northeastern N .J.
Philadelphia, P a.-N .J___ _ _____
Pittsburgh, P a ______ ____ _______
Portland, Oreg.-Wash,8. ________

St. Louis, M o .-Ill________ ______
(')
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif____
(8)
Scranton, Pa.8_____ _____________ 109.9
Seattle, W a sh ... . . . . . _______ 110.1
Washington, D .C .-M d .-V a ............. 108.9

110.3
108.7

Food
U.S. city average4-----------------------

106.8

106.9

107.2

106.9

107.2

106.2

105.5

105.7

105.7

106.0

105.8

105.4

105.1

105.1

103.6

Atlanta, Oa...... _ .............................
Baltimore, M d. . . .
_____
Boston, M a ss .. ___
__________
Buffalo, N .Y . (Nov. 1963=100). ___
Chicago, Ill.-Northwestern In d ___
Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky 8_____

105.6
106.8
111.0
101.7
106.9
1016

105.7
107.0
110.8
101.8
106.9
106. i

106.1
107.1
110.8
102.4
107.0
106.2

105.4
106.6
111. 1
102.2
106.3
105.6

104.9
107.1
111.0
102.6
106.8
106.7

103.9
(«)
109. 2
101.9
105.7
105.1

103.9
(•)
109. 1
100.9
104.8
108.9

103. 9
106. 1
108. 5

104.0
106. 2
108. 8

104.0
106. 3
108. 5

104.4
105. 9
108. 5

103.8
105. 7
108. 4

103. 7
104. 4
108.0

103. 8
104. 7
107.4

103.0
103 3
104.6

105.1 105.1 105.7
108. 8 108. 4 108.2

105.8
102.9

106.1
102. 7

105.8
102.5

105.7
102. 9

104.6
101. 9

Cleveland, Ohio_____ _________ _
Dallas, Tex. (N ov. 1963=100)_____
Detroit, M ic h ... . . .
.
____
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963 = 100).
Houston, Tex.8__________________
Kansas C ity, M o.-Kansas 8_____ _

102.2
101.3
102.2
101.3
106.1
108.0

102.4
101.1
102.5
101.1
106.8
108 2

103.0
101.0
102. 4
100.8
105.8
108.2

102.5
100.9
102.4
101.1
105.8
108. 4

102.3
100.5
103.0
100.8
105.8
108.2

101.3
100.0
101.8
100.7
104-9
106.6

101.0 101. 5
99.5 100.1
101.0 101.4
100.6 100.8
IO4.6 105. 2
106.3 106.5

101. 5

101.9

101.6

101.8

101.0

100.8

100.9

101.5

101.1

105. 5
105.3

105.0
105.2

103. 8
104.3

102. 9
103.3

Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif.._ _
Milwaukee, Wis.7 _
___________
M inneapolis-St. Paul. M inn.8____
N ew York, N .Y.-Northeastern N .J.
Philadelphia, P a.-N .J____________
Pittsburgh, Pa_ .
_______ _
Portland, Oreg.-Wash.18_-_.................

108.8
104.9
105.0
109.0
105.5
104.9
107.5

109.6

108.3

107.6

105.7
109.6
105.9
106.2
108.1

108.1
105.6
1016
108.9
105.4
105.5
107.7

108.3

105.2
109.2
105.7
105.1
107.5

105.7
109.2
105.8
105.9
108.1

1017
108.0
104.9
104. 3
106.9

107. 4
104.9

1012

St. Louis, M o .-lll. _ _ ________
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif_____
Scranton, Pa.8. __ _
___ _ _
Seattle, W ash.. ___ ____________
Washington, D .C .-M d .-V a ______

108.5
107.8
105.6
108.7
106.3

108.9
107.8
105.8
108.7
106.7

109.1
107.6
106.8
109.3
108.0

108. 7
107.3
106.8
109.1
107.5

108. 5
108.3
107. i
109. 2
107.5

107.6
107.2
106 2
108. 5
105.3

1 See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes in
prices. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one area than in
another.
2 The areas listed include, for the new series, not only the central city but
the entire urban portion of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as
defined for the 1960 Census of Population; except that the Standard Con­
solidated Area is used for N ew York and Chicago. For the old series “area”
refers to the “urbanized area.”
8 See footnote 2, table D -l.
4 Average of 50 “cities” (metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan urban
places).


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101.1 101.1 100.8 100.4
99.7
101.1
100.5

102.1
100.1
101. 4
100.3
106. 6
106.0

102 3
100.0
101.4
99.8
105.6
106.9

107.9

107.3

107. 8

107.5
104. 5
103. 5
106.4

108.8
107.5
104. 3
104. 8
106.0

108.0
IO4.8
108.8
108.1
105. 5
104.3
106.5

108.1

108.7
107.5
104. 5
104.1
106. 8

IO4.O
108.1
105. 2
103. 8
106.2

108.4
107.8
104.3
103. 3
105. 6

107.6
104. 8
103.0
107.4
103.9
102. 9
105. 4

107.1
104.9
102. 5
107.1
104.2
103. 6
105. 2

105. 5
104. 2
101.8
104.9
103.1
102. 4
103. 6

106. 6
107.0
IO4 7
107. 9
104.9

106. 7
107. 7
IO4 5
108. 7
105.2

106.1
108.0
IO4.7
108.4
105.0

106.1
108.0
106 0
108. 7
104.9

106.1
107. 3
IO4 9
108. 2
104.6

105. 9
106. 5
104. 7
107. 9
103.9

105.1
107.0
103. 8
107. 4
104.0

104. 9
106. 8
104.1
107.3
104.2

103.0
105. 4
103.1
105. 7
102.0

105.1
106.7

5 All items indexes are computed monthly for 5 areas and once every 3
months on a rotating cycle for other areas.
6 Old series. Indexes for Cincinnati, Houston, Kansas City, and M inne­
apolis w ill be published on the old series basis through 1964 and the first part
of 1965, and will be added to the new series national index in 1966.
7 Old series. The present index for Milwaukee, calculated by special
arrangement with the City of Milwaukee, is now published on the old series
basis, and w ill also be added to the new series national index in 1966.
8 Old series. Contrary to original plans, indexes for Portland and Scranton
w ill be published on the old series basis temporarily.
8 Insufficient data due to work stoppage in food stores.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

122

T able D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]3
1964

1963

Annual
average

Commodity group

All commodities________________________
Farm products and processed foods----------Farm produ cts__Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables^
Grains ___ - _____ ------- -----Livestock and live poultry---------------Plant and animal fibers---- -Fluid m ilk ____
- ___ - -------- -Eggs-----------------------------------------------Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds----- ------------ -Other farm products----Processed foods__ __- — --------------Cereal and bakery products--------------M eats, poultry, and fish___
__ .
Dairy products and ice cream:.......... --Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables __ -- - _______ - - —
-------Sugar and confectionery
Packaged beverage m a ter ia ls.---Animal fats and oils. . -------------Crude vegetable oils________
___ _
Refined vegetable oils
--------Vegetable oil end products--------- . . . .
Miscellaneous processed foods— . . .
All commodities except farm products. . . .
A.11 commodities except farm and foods-----Textile products and apparel. . ------- .
Cotton products. .
__
__ _
Wool products .
..
____
Manmade fiber textile products..
Silk products___
_______
__
Apparel------------------------------------------Miscellaneous textile products ______
Hides, skins, leather, and leather prod___ ______ - ___ ___
ucts
____
Hides and skins . . .
Leather _ _ _________ _________
F o o tw ea r ______
- ________ __
Other leather products----- ---------------Fuel and related' products, and power . .
Coal ______ __ ________
__
Coke
- - _______ Gas fuels s.
. ______
. _______
.
_____
Electric power !______
Petroleum products, refined__
Chemicals and allied products___
Industrial chemicals . ________ _
Prepared paint________ _ . ------------Paint materials___ . .
. . ---------Drugs and pharmaceuticals.. ..
Fats and oils in e d ib le ______
Mixed fertilizer
.. . .. .
Fertilizer m a te r ia ls .........
...............
Other chemicals and allied products__
Rubber and rubber products... . . . -----Crude rubber. . _______
Tires and tubes.
. . . . -----.
Miscellaneous rubber produ cts------. .
Lumber and wood products---- ------------Lumber_______ . . . _______. . . .
M illw ork..
. . . _________ . . . .
Plywood______ . . . -----------------------Pulp, paper, and allied products______
W oodpulp______ . . . . .
_______
Wastepaper______________ . . —
Paper___ . . . ____________________
Paperboard_______ . .
---------------Converted paper and paperboard prod­
ucts______________ ________ _____
Building paper and board_____ _____
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N ov.3

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1963

1962

100.7

100.8

100.7

100.3

100.4

100.0

100.1

100.3

100.4

100.5

101.0

100.3

100.7

100.3

100.6

97.8

98.2

96.8

97.8

98.2

98.1

99.7

97.2

99.7

98.7

99.6

94.0
108.0
88.0
83.6
93.9
105.5
91.6
115.6
98.4
100.9
108.3
89.8
109.5

93.8
4 98.2
88.9
85.8
93.8
4104.5
97.7
111.0
99.3
101.7
108.2
4 93. 2
108.9

95.2
104.9
99.1
83.8
102.1
101.2
90.5
110.7
100.7
100.5
106.8
88.7
107.3

94.5
97.9
102.0
82.8
101.7
102.3
89.7
113.9
96.4
100.9
107.4
88.9
107.5

96.3
95.9
103.9
84.7
101.5
102.8
106.3
115.5
99.0
102.5
107.0
91.8
108.0

93.3
94.8
101.8
79.9
101.4
103.4
99.8
114.6
90.6
100.4
106.9
87.7
108.1

96.2
96.1
100.3
87.9
99.8
103.2
102.4
117.5
90.7
102.5
107.3
91.7
107.9

95.7
96.1
101.9
88.8
100.6
100.6
94.0
113.0
89.3
101.1
107.3
93.3
107.5

97.7
97.7
98.8
96.2
98.4
101.2
95.2
105.4
91.8
101.2
107.6
99,1
106.9

99.3

97.7

98.1

97.1

93.6
97.9
85.7
88.4
96.0
101.8
98.6
105.8
98.5
101.0
108.3
93.3
107.3

94.1
108.9
85.7
87.7
99.4
100.5
87.3
105.6
98.3
101.2
108.6
93.3
107.0

93.2
113.1
89.8
82.3
101.2
98.8
88.7
105.1
98.7
100.2
107.9
90.2
107.1

93.7
107.4
103.2
81.2
101.3
98.4
76.9
104.9
99.4
99.4
107.5
86.9
106.6

94.4
105.9
103.3
82.4
102.1
99.6
79.5
107.4
99.5
100.4
107.8
88.3
107.1

102.2 102.9
104.7 105.8
98.2
98.2
107.3 4109.8
106.2 496.1
91.2
99.0
94.4 4 90. 4
110.3 109.1
101.5 101.6
101.6 101.5
101.4 101.4
99.0
99.1
103.3 103.1
96.5
96.1
117.8 116.6
103.2 103.3
118.3 4120. 7

102.2 102.3
105.1 106.4
98.2
98.2
93.5
97.7
82.3
87.7
79.4
84.0
488. 6 4 87. 9
109.3 108.9
101.3 101.1
101.1 101.1
101.2 101.2
98.9
98.6
102.9 103.0
95.7
95.8
117.0 117.0
103.3 103.3
120.7 119.8

105.3
106.6
98.4
90.8
80.4
79.2
4 87.9
108.8
101.1
101.1
101.1
98.3
102.6
96.2
117.0
103.3
117.2

106.1
108.0
98.3
90.7
78.5
76.5
4 87. 6
108.4
100.9
100.9
101.0
98.7
102.8
96.2
117.0
102.8
117.3

106.3
111.9
98.3
89.2
79.0
77.0
4 87. 6
108.9
100.8
101.1
101.2
99.6
102.8
96.0
116.4
102.7
116.2

107.3
115.5
98.1
90.0
75.1
77.1
4 87. 7
110.0
101.0
101.1
101.1
100.5
103.2
95.5
116.4
102.3
115.8

107.5
117.3
98.1
89.3
75.1
75.9
4 87.9
107.7
101.0
101.1
101.2
101.1
103.3
95.5
116.6
102.3
115.8

107.4
122.9
94.6
91.0
73.7
74.8
4 88.3
106.6
101.2
101.2
101.2
101.2
103.3
95.1
116.8
102.3
116.7

107.2
130.3
90.6
88.2
74.4
74.8
4 88.2
107.4
101.5
101.3
101.2
101.3
103.2
94.7
121.6
102.3
117.6

106.8
124.9
85.7
88.4
76.7
77.4
4 88. 2
107.4
101.1
101.2
101.2
101.5
102.8
94.6
126.3
102.3
115.3

106.4
131.2
84.1
y3.5
84.0
84.1
4 87. 7
107.8
101.2
100.9
101.1
101.3
101.6
94.4
130.5
102.3
118.3

103.9
118.4
81.2
83.9
82.0
84.2
4 88. 2
104.3
100.8
100.7
100.5
100.3
100.9
93.9
139.9
101.9
117.1

98.0
102.2
81.7
88.4
84.5
93.1
97.3
101.8
100.9
100.8
100.6
101.7
99.1
93.9
125.9
101.5
122.4

105.3
90.4
103.8
109.0
103.6
97.5
98.0
107.3
121.9
101.4
93.3
97.1
94.1
104.9
91.3
94.7
112.6
104.4
101.0
99.6
92.2
92.1
88.0
96.5
99.6
99.2
109.0
90.7
98.9
96.8
92.5
104.0
96.4

4106.0
95.4
104.8
4109.1
4103. 6
4 96.7
97.7
107.3
4120.4
101.5
91.9
96.9
94.3
104.8
90.5
94.6
107.7
104.3
99.6
99.8
92.1
91.3
88.0
96.5
100.3
100.4
109.0
91.2
99.1
97.5
92.2
104. 0
96.4

105.4
95.5
104.0
108.4
103.3
95.2
97.3
107.3
118.4
101.5
89.5
96.6
93.9
104.8
89.9
94.6
106.2
104.4
99.1
99.6
91.9
90.4
88.0
96.4
100.6
100.7
109.1
91.8
98.7
95.5
92.2
103.7
96.4

105.6
96.0
104.5
108.3
103.7
96.4
96.6
107.3
121.2
101.4
91.4
96. 5
93.9
104.8
89.8
94.7
101.3
103.4
100. 2
99.6
91.8
89.9
88.0
96.4
100.9
101.1
109.1
91.8
98.7
95. 5
93.3
103.7
96.4

105.4
92.6
104.7
108.3
103.9
96.7
96.1
107.3
120. 2
100.6
92.5
96.6
94.3
104.1
90. 7
94.8
95.9
103. 5
101.1
99.6
91.8
90.0
88.0
96.4
101. 2
101.5
109. 1
92.3
98.7
95.5
93.4
103.7
96.5

104.8
90.3
103.3
108.3
103.2
96.3
95.3
107.3
116.0
100.9
92.3
96.5
94.3
103.9
90.8
94.6
93. 2
103.6
100. 2
99.5
91.6
90.6
88.0
95.7
101.4
101.8
109.0
92.6
98.7
95. 5
93. 5
103. 7
96.5

104.7
85.7
104.5
108.3
103.4
96.4
95.1
107.3
116.6
101.3
92.2
96.7
94. 5
104.8
91.8
95. 5
88.6
103.6
100.2
99.4
92.6
90.7
88.0
97.9
101.8
102.2
108.9
94. 2
98.7
95.5
90.8
103.7
96.5

104.5
88.1
102.0
108.3
103.8
96.1
95.0
106.1
120.4
101.3
91.1
96.6
94.4
104.8
91.6
95.4
87.3
103.9
100.2
99.3
93.1
91.3
89.2
97.8
101.8
102.0
108.8
94.9
99.1
96.2
90. 2
103.6
96.5

102.5
75.7
99.6
108.2
101.4
97.0
97.1
103.6
123.2
99.4
92.9
96.5
94.4
104.8
91.8
95.2
85.8
103.8
100. 2
99.1
93.9
91. 2
91.3
97.7
101.0
101.4
107.4
94.6
99.3
96.1
91.9
103.5
96.5

102.5
74.0
99.7
108.2
101.9
99.0
98.1
103.6
126.8
101.3
95.3
96.4
94.2
104.6
91.5
95.3
83. 2
103.8
100.2
99.1
93.6
89.5
91.3
97.6
99.9
100.3
106.9
92.2
99.9
96.1
91.1
103.1
96.5

102.7
76.1
99.5
108.3
101.9
99.5
98.3
103.6
124.8
101.3
96.6
96.3
94.3
105.1
91. 2
95.4
83.1
103. 6
99.4
99.2
93.7
89.4
91.3
97.9
99.0
99.2
106.7
91.1
99.8
96.1
91.1
103.1
96.5

103.0
76.3
99.5
108.2
103.3
99.3
98.3
103.6
124.8
101.3
96.1
96.2
94.3
105.1
91.0
95.0
85.0
103. 5
98.4
99.1
93.8
89.9
91.4
97.9
99.1
99.2
106.3
92.4
99.4
94.4
90.8
102 9
96.5

103.5
82.7
99.7
108.2
103.2
97.9
98.3
103.6
122.3
101.3
938
96.3
94. 2
104.9
91.1
95.0
90.2
103.7
98.4
99.0
94. 2
91.6
91.7
97.9
99.2
99.3
106.2
92.5
99.4
94.4
91.0
102.9
96.6

104.2
84.0
101.9
108.3
104.0
99.8
96.9
103.6
122.8
102.0
97. 2
96.3
94.8
103.8
91. 1
95.1
80.3
103.6
99.9
99.0
93.8
91. 9
90.1
98.3
98.6
98.9
104.0
93.5
99.2
91.7
92.2
102.4
94. 7

107.4
106.2
108.5
108.6
104.3
100.2
96.8
103.6
119. 2
102.8
98.2
97. 5
96. 3
103.8
95. 6
96.0
76.3
103.8
101.9
99.4
93.3
93. 6
87.1
99.4
96. 5
96. 5
101.8
92.4
100.0
93. 2
97. 5
102.6
93.1

97.9
93.9

98.1
4 94. 3

97.6
4 94. 5

97.6
<94.1

97.5
494. 4

97.6
94.4

97.6
94.4

98.6
93.5

989
93.7

100.1
95.0

100.0
95.2

99.5
95.2

99.4
95.1

99.7
96.2

101.0
97.2

95.7
101.5
90.2
90.9
94.4
103.6
96.9
108.8
96.8
102.2
108.1
96.1
108.7

123

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able D -3 . Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise sp ecifie d ]2

1964

1963

Annual
average

Commodity group
N ov.3
All commodities except farm and foods—
Continued
M etals and metal products..........—
.
Iron and s te e l. . . ---------- --------Nonferrous metals________ _______
M etal containers---- ----------Hardware---- --------- -------- ----------Plumbing fixtures and brass fittin g s...
Heating equipment--------------------------Fabricated structural metal products..
Fabricated nonstructural metal prod­
ucts___ . . - . . ------- -- ---------Machinery and motive produ cts... ------Agricultural machinery and equipment.
Construction machinery and equip­
m ent____________ _______
_____
Metalworking machinery and equip­
ment . . .
..
. . ..
General purpose machinery and equip­
ment ___ . -------------------- ---------Miscellaneous machinery----------------Special industry machinery and equip­
ment 8_ .
_______
— ..
Electrical machinery and equipm ent..
M otor vehicles-------. . . . .
—
Transportation6 equipment railroad
rolling stock
___ .
------- -----Furniture and other household durables.
Household furniture____________ . . .
Commercial furniture.. -----------------Floor coverings--------------- --------Household appliances.. -------------------Television, radio receivers, and phono­
graphs__ . . _
___
________
Other household durable goods----------N o n m eta llic m ineral p ro d u cts----------------F la t glass------------- ----------------C oncrete ingredients. -------------------------C oncrete p rod ucts---- ----------------------------S tructu ral c la y p ro d u cts----------------------G y p su m prod ucts_______________ _
Prepared asphalt roofing.
.
---------O ther nonm etallic m inerals____
_ _
T o b acco products and b o ttled b eve ra g es..
To b acco p rod ucts----------------------------A lco holic b everages------------------------------N onalcoholic beverages----------------M iscellaneou s p rod u cts--------- ----------T o y s , sporting goods, sm all arms, am ­
m u n ition _
___ .
-----------------M a n u factu red anim al feeds________ .
N o tion s and accessories.. . -----------------Jew elry, w atches, and photographic
eq u ip m e n t____ _________________
O ther m iscellaneous p rod ucts________

Oct.

104.3 103.8
100.9 4100.7
112.0 110.4
105.6 105.6
104.5 *104.8
104.0 103.9
91.8
91.8
99.6
99.7

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1963

1962

103.0
100.5
107.0
105.6
104.9
103.0
91.7
99.6

103.0
101.2
105.8
105.6
104.9
102.9
91.7
99.4

102.5
100.7
104.4
105.6
104.9
101.3
91.9
99.3

102.3
100.4
104.0
105.6
104.8
100.5
92.4
99.2

102.1
100.3
103.9
105.6
104.8
100.5
92.0
98.7

102.2
100.2
104.0
105.6
104.8
100.3
92.1
98.9

102.0
100.2
102.8
105.6
104.8
100.3
92.1
98.7

101.8
100.2
101.7
105.6
104.6
100.4
91.8
99.1

101.7
100.2
101.4
104.6
104.6
100.5
92.0
99.0

101.3
100.0
101.0
104.6
104.3
100.6
92.7
98.8

101.0
99.9
100.2
104.6
104.4
100.6
92.8
98.8

100.1
99.1
99.1
104.7
104.1
100.5
92.9
98.2

100.0
99.3
99.2
103.7
104.0
100.1
93.2
98.2

108.0
103.1
112.9

108.4
103.0
112.7

108.2
103.3
112.7

108.9
102.9
112.7

109.0
102.7
112.6

109.4
102.5
112.5

109.3
102.5
112.1

108.2
102.6
111.9

107.1
102.5
111.4

105.1
102.2
111.1

103.9
102.3
109.5

108.2
103.2
113.6

108.2
103.0
112.9

108.2
102.9
113.0

108.0
102.9
113.1

113.2

112.4

112.4

112.3

112.3

112.3

112.3

112.2

112.0

111.8

111.8

111.2

110.9

109.6

107.8

114.0 4114.0

113.6

113.3

113.3

112.4

111.8

111.4

111.2

111.0

110.8

110.8

110.5

109.8

109.3

105.0 104.8 103.8
105.1 4105.1 4104.9

103.7
104.7

104.4
104.7

104.5
104.5

104.8
104.4

104.7
104.4

104.8
104.4

104.6
104.3

104.6
104.1

104.6
103.7

104.4
103.7

103.8
103.5

103.3
103.2

106.0
4 96. 5
100.7

106.0
96.6
100.7

106.0
96.5
100.9

105.9
96.5
100.9

105.8
97.7
101.2

105.8
97.7
99.9

105.8
97.0
99.9

105.2
96.9
99.8

105.2
96.9
99.8

105.0
97.7
99.9

104.7
97.5
99.9

104.0
97.4
100.0

101.9
98.4
100.8

100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.1
98.4 4 98. 5
98.5
98.6
98.6
98.6
105.6 4105.5 4105.3 4105. 3 4105.2 4105.1
103.2 103.2 103.2 103.2 103.2 103.2
99.0
99.0
99.0
98.6
99.0
99.0
91.2
90.8 4 91. 2
91.3
91.2
91.3

100.1
98.6
105.3
103.1
99.8
91.6

100.1
98.6
105.2
103.1
100.1
91.6

100.5
98.5
105.0
103.1
100.1
91.7

100.5
98.5
105.0
103.1
100.1
91.8

100.5
98.4
105.0
103.1
100.1
91.5

100.5
98.0
104.7
103.1
98.0
91.1

100.5
98.1
104.8
103.1
97.9
91.2

100.5
98.1
104.6
102.7
96.6
91.8

100.5
98.8
103.8
102.3
97.0
94.0

87.3
87.2
104.3 104.3
101.8 101.8
103.1 103.1
102.8 102.8
101.1 101.1
104.9 104.8
108.6 108.6
91.2
91.2
101.5 101.5
107. 5 107.6
106.1 106.1
100.5 100.8
128.1 128.1
108.5 4110.1

87.3
104.4
101.8
103.1
102.8
101.1
104.6
108.6
91.2
101.5
107.5
106.1
100.8
127.3
109.2

87.3
104.4
101.7
103.1
102.8
100.8
104.5
108.6
91.2
101.8
107.5
106.0
100.8
127.4
107.3

87.3
104.4
101.5
102.4
102.7
100.9
104.4
108.6
88.9
101.8
107.3
106.0
100.3
127.4
107.5

87.3
104.4
101.4
102.4
102.8
100.8
104.5
108.6
86.4
101.7
107.4
106.0
100.3
127.4
106.7

87.3
104.3
101.3
102.4
102.7
100.6
104.5
108.6
86.4
101.3
107.3
106.0
100.5
126.6
107.2

87.3
104.1
101.3
102.8
102.8
100.6
104.5
108.6
86.4
101.3
107.1
106.0
100.7
125.3
109.5

87.2
103.7
101.1
101.7
102.7
100.7
103.9
108.6
86.4
101.3
107.1
106.0
100.7
125.3
109.8

87.2
103.7
101.2
101.0
102.7
101.0
103.8
108.6
87.4
101.3
107.1
105.9
101.0
125.3
110.9

87.2
103.8
101.1
101.0
102. 7
101.2
103.5
106.1
87.4
101.3
107.6
105.9
101.0
127.7
112.6

87.3
103.3
101.3
101.0
103.1
101.4
103.5
106.1
87.4
101.4
107.5
105.9
101.0
127.7
112.2

87.8
103.4
101.2
101.0
102.9
101.4
103.5
106.1
87.4
101.4
107.5
105.9
100.9
127.7
110.9

88.6
103.2
101.3
98.3
103.0
101.7
103.6
105.4
90.0
101.4
106.1
104.5
101.0
122.6
110.4

91.1
103.1
101.8
97.0
103.2
102. 6
103.5
105.0
94.8
102.2
104.1
102.1
101.0
116.9
107.3

100.9
112. 4
99.1

101.1
115.3
99.1

101.2
113.7
99.1

101.0
110.2
99.1

101.0
110.7
99.1

100.9
109.6
99.1

100.8
110.5
99.1

100.8
114.8
99.1

101.1
115.3
99.1

100.9
117.4
99.1

100.9
120.4
99.1

101.1
119.799.1

101.0
117.2
99.1

101.0
116.4
98.8

100.8
110.7
98.7

103.9 4103.9
103.4 103.1

103.6
103.1

103.9
102.5

103.9
102.5

102.9
102.4

103.2
102.4

103.2
102.4

103.2
102.4

103.3
101.7

103.6
101.7

103.6
101.4

103.6
101.4

103.7
101.4

104.2
101.3

106.3
96.6
100.7

106.0
96.6
100.5

1 A s of Janu ary 1961, new w e ig hts reflecting 1958 values were introduced
in to the index. See “ W e ig h t R evisions in the W holesale Price Index 18901960,” M onthly Labor Review, F eb ru ary 1962, pp. 175-182.
2 A s of J an u ary 1962, the indexes were converted from th e former base of
1947-49 = 100 to the new base of 1957-59=100. T e ch n ica l details and earlier


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

data on the 1957-59 base furnished upon request to th e Bureau.
2 Prelim inary.
4 R evised .
5 Janu ary 1958=100.
« J an u ary 1961=100.

124

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965
T able

D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified] *

1964

1963

Commodity group
N o v .3 Oct. Sept. Aug.
All foods .
- ---- --------------------------------------------All fish__________________________________________
All commodities except farm products---------------------Textile products, excluding hard fiber products--------Bituminous coal—domestic sizes-----------------------------Refined petroleum products------------------ ----------East Coast markets___________________________
M idcontinent markets_________________________
Gulf Coast markets____________________________
Pacific Coast markets_________________________
M idwest markets 6_____ - - ---- - - - - - Soaps.. ______ _____ _____ - - ---------------------- Synthetic detergents ----------------------------------------Pharmaceutical preparations------------------------ ------Ethical p r e p a r a t i o n s _________ - -_ _ ------Anti-infectives 5----------- ------------------ -----Anti-arthritics 5------------- --------- --------------Sedatives and hypnotics 8_________ ___ -.
Ataractics 5__________________ _______ ____
Anti-spasmodics and anti-cholinergics 5______
Cardiovasculars and anti-hypertensives 5____
D iabetics5.. -- ________ - - - ---------Hormones 5____ ______ __________ ________
Diuretics 5------- ---------------- ----------------------Dermatologicals 5_________ ___________ . . .
H em atinics5— ------------- ---------- --- . _
A nalgesics5. _ ___ - __________
Anti-obesity preparations 5_____ ________ .
Cough and cold preparations 5______________
Vitamins 5____ ____ - --- __________ _____
Proprietary preparations 8______________________
Vitamins 5____ ______________ - . ________
Cough and cold preparations 8______________
Laxatives and elimination aids 5__________ . .
Internal analgesics 8_____________________ . .
Tonics and alteratives 5____________________
External analgesics 5___________________
Antiseptics 8------ ---------------- --------------------Antacids 5............
-_- ---------- - ----------Lumber and wood products (excluding millwork)____
Softwood lumber__________________ _____________
Pulp, paper, and allied products (excluding building
paper and board)_________ ___________________
Special metals and metal products 6________________
Steel mill products____________________________
Machinery and equipment___ _____ ____________
Agricultural machinery (including tractors)________
Metalworking machinery______________________ .
All tractors______
________________ ________ . .
Industrial valves_________________________________
Industrial fittings. . __________ . . . ........................
Antifriction bearings and components_______________
Abrasive grinding wheels__________________________
Construction materials____________________________

1

See footnote 1, tab le D -3 .

1 See footnote 2, tab le D -3 .
* Prelim inary.
R evised .

4


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

July June May

Apr. Mar. Feb.

Jan.

Dec. N ov.

99.2
105.4
100.8
98.9
92.0
92.2
92.3
90.2
94.3
84.1
86.4
106.5
99.4
97.7
96.2
88.2
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.2
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
104.0
87.7
103.4
100.3
101.5
105.0
102.1
100.2
102.8
110.6
103.0
100.4
101.1

100.1
103.1
101.0
99.2
92.1
91.1
93.4
84.5
94.9
84.1
84.5
106.0
99.4
97.5
96.2
88.2
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.2
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
104.0
87.7
102.7
100.3
100.5
105.0
102.1
100.2
102.8
106.8
103.0
100.4
100.9

100.5
104.1
101.0
99.5
97.9
92.9
95.1
88.5
95.4
84.1
88.3
105.4
99.4
97.4
96.2
88.2
100.6
113.4
100.0
100.2
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
104.0
87.7
102.2
100.3
100.5
104.7
102.1
100.2
102.8
103.5
103.0
99.8
100.4

100.3
109.0
101.2
99.4
100.6
95.3
97.8
89.7
96.5
87.7
93.7
105.4
99.4
97.5
96.2
88.2
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.2
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
104.0
87.7
102.7
100.3
100.5
104.7
102.1
100.2
102.8
106.8
103.0
98.5
99.2

102.1
109.8
101.5
99.4
101.1
96.6
97.8
94.5
96.7
87.7
95.5
105.4
99.4
97.5
96.2
88.2
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.2
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
104.0
87.7
102.6
100.3
99.9
104.7
102.1
100.2
102.8
106.8
103.0
97.4
97.7

99.9
107.5
101.1
99.4
101.0
96.1
97.8
93.0
96.1
89.2
94.6
105.4
99.4
97.1
95.8
88.2
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.2
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
96.8
87.7
102.1
100.3
99.2
104.4
101.9
100.0
102.3
104.9
103.0
97.6
97.8

101.9
106.1
101.2
99.1
100.9
93.8
95.1
85.4
96.1
89.2
90.8
105.4
99.4
96.9
95.8
88.2
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.2
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
96.8
87.7
101.6
100.3
99.2
103.8
101.9
100.0
102.3
104.9
98.9
97.8
97.9

100.4
112.0
100.8
98.3
98.4
97.2
96.7
96.6
97.6
89.7
94.2
104.3
99.5
96.8
95.7
88.4
100.6
113.0
100.0
100.1
99.9
103.8
100.1
100.0
103.3
108.8
101.8
100.0
99.3
87.9
101.5
100.3
99.6
103.5
101.8
100.0
102.3
103.5
99.7
97.7
98.0

100.6
119.2
100.9
98.8
98.3
98.2
99.4
98.2
98.6
90.9
94.2
102.6
99.7
97.3
96.9
93.1
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.5
104.0
99.6
100.0
100.7
108.5
101.8
100.0
100.0
88.1
100.5
100.1
100.0
101.1
101.2
100.0
100.8
100.4
99.6
95.6
95.9

98.8
102.3
103.1
104.1
114.1
111.9
114.0
107.9
94.8
91.8
96.2
99.7

99.4
102.0
103.1
104.1
114.0
111.4
114.0
107.9
94.8
91.3
96.2
99.7

99.6
101.9
103.2
103.8
113.9
111.4
114.0
107.9
94.8
91.3
96.8
99.4

100.1
101.7
103.2
103.6
113.8
111.1
113.9
107.9
94.8
90.8
96.8
99.1

100.0
101.6
103.1
103.5
113.4
110.8
113.9
107.6
96.5
90.8
96.5
98.8

99.6
101.4
103.1
103.7
113.2
110.8
113.2
107.8
96.5
90.8
96.5
98.8

99.6
101.1
103.1
103.5
112.6
110.4
112.6
107.8
96.5
90.8
96.3
98.8

99.3
100.5
102.0
103.1
112.2
109.4
111.3
107.5
93.7
90.8
96.7
98.5

100.1
100.5
101.4
102.9
110. 5
108.8
109.4
107.4
93.0
90.8
98.5
98.3

101.1
108.9
101.5
98.9
99.0
93.3
92.9
96.2
91.8
89.2
88.9
109.7
99.8
96.9
94.8
83.4
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.2
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
104.3
87.7
103.7
100.3
101.5
106.6
102.3
100.2
103.3
110.6
103.0
97.4
97.2

101.3
111.6
101.6
98.7
4 98.3
91.9
91.8
91.0
91.8
88.2
87.7
4109.4
99.8
96.7
94.7
83.4
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.2
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.6
87.7
103.5
100.3
101.5
105.4
102.3
100.2
103.3
110.6
103.0
98.4
98.7

101.9
109. 7
101.3
98.4
97.7
89.5
91.8
81.7
91.3
88.2
84.6
107.6
99.8
96.7
94. 7
83.4
100.6
113. 2
100.0
100. 2
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0 ,
100.6
87. 7
103.4
100.3
100.9
105.4
102.3
100. 2
103.3
110.6
103.0
98.7
99.1

104.0
87.7
103.4
100.3
100.9
105.4
102.1
100.2
103.3
110.6
103.0
99.1
99.7

101.3 100.8
106.6 105.6
101.1 100.9
98.3 98.5
93.9 92.4
92.5 92.3
91.8 91.8
90.2 88.8
94.3 94.3
88.2 88.2
85.8 85.8
106.8 106.5
99.8 99.8
96.8 96.6
94.8 94.8
83.4 83.4
100.6 100.6
113.2 113.2
100.0 100.0
100.2 100.2
97.6 97.6
103.8 103.8
100.6 100.6
100.0 100.0
108.7 ,108.7
108.8 108.8
101.8 101.8
100.0 100.0
104.0 104.0
87.7 87.7
103.5 102.7
100.3 100.3
101.5 101.5
105.4 105.4
102.1 102.1
100.2 100.2
102.8 102.8
110.6 105.2
103.0 103.0
99.4 99.8
100.1 100.6

99.2
103.7
102.4
104.2
115.1
113.8
115.5
106.6
93.0
89.8
95.5
99.7

99.3
103.4
102.4
103.9
114.3
4113. 9
114.3
106.0
93.0
89.5
95.5
99.8

98.9
102.8
102.3
103.8
114.5
113.5
114.3
106.0
93.0
86.8
95.5
99.7

98.9
102.8
102.9
103.8
114.5
113.1
114.3
106.0
93.0
86.7
96.2
99.7

98.9
102.5
102.9
103.8
114.3
113.1
114.1
107.9
93.5
89.2
96.2
99.7

100.7
105.4
101.1
98.3
95.4
91.4
91.8
83.1
94.3
89.7
85.8
106.8
99.8
96.8
94.8
83.4
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.2
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8

100.0

Annual average

98.9
102.4
103.0
103.7
114.1
112.5
114.1
107.9
92.4
90.6
96.2
99.7

1963

1962

5 N e w series. Jan u ary 1961=100.
8 M e ta ls and m etal products, agricultural m ach in ery and eq u ip m e n t, and
m otor vehicles.

125

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-5. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1957-59=100] »
1964

1963

Annual average

Commodity group
N ov.3 Oct. S e p t. Aug.
A l l co m m od ities......................................................................

July

June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb.

Jan.

Dec. Nov.

100.7 100.8 100.7 100.3 100.4 100.0 100.1 100.3 100.4 100.5 101.0 100.3 100.7

1963

1962

100.3

100.6

95.0
94.0
96.2

97.1
96.8
97.4

S ta g e o f p r o c e s s i n g
C ru d e m aterials for further processing— ..................... C ru d e foodstuffs and feedstu ffs-----------------------------C ru d e nonfood m aterials except fu el---------------------C ru d e nonfood m aterials, except fuel, for
m anu facturing........ .................. - ....................—
C ru d e nonfood m aterials, except fuel, for
co n struction ___________________________
C ru d e fu el................................................................... —
C ru d e fu el for m a n u fa c tu r in g ............................
C ru d e fuel for n o n m an ufactu rin g........................
Interm ed iate m aterials, supplies, and com p onents-----Interm ed iate m aterials and com ponents for m an u ­
facturing................. — ......................... ............ .............
Interm ed iate m aterials for food m anufacturing.
Interm ed iate m aterials for nondurable m a n u ­
facturing______ _____ ___ ____ __________
Interm ed iate m aterials for durable m an u ­
facturing........................ ................ .......................
C o m po n en ts for m an u fa ctu rin g.......... .............. .
M ateria ls and com ponents for construction----------Processed fuels and lu b rica n ts---------- -------------------Processed fuels and lu b ricants for m anu fac­
tu r in g --------------------------- --------------------------------Processed fuels and lu b ricants for n o n m a n u ­
facturing_______ _____ ____ _______ _____
C ontainers, n o n r e tu r n a b le ........................................
S u p p lies........ ................................ ........................— -----Su pplies for m an u fa ctu rin g................................ .
Su pplies for nonm anufactu ring............................
M anu factu red anim al feeds...........................
O th er su p plies...... ............................................
Fin ish ed goods (goods to users, in clu d in g raw foods
and fuels).............................................................. - ...........C onsum er finished goods_____________________
C onsu m er foods____________ _______ _____
C onsu m er crude foods------------------------------C onsu m er processed foods------------------------C onsum er other nondu rab le goods-----------------C onsu m er durable goods__________________
Producer finished goods______________________
Producer finished goods for m an u facturin g----Producer finished goods for nonm anufactu ring.

94.3
91.8
98.5

92.4
89.6
97.5

93.5
91.3
97.3

97.1

97.1

96,9

97.6

96.6

96.1

96.1

95.7

95.5

95.6

96.9

102.8 102.8 102.8
101.7 99.8 99.9
101.6 99.8 99.8
101.9 100.0 100.0

102.8
101.0
101.0
101.3

102.7
103.2
103.1
103.6

102.7
105.1
104.9
105.5

102.7
104.5
104.4
104.9

103.1
104.6
104.4
104.9

103.0
103.7
103.6
104.1

103.0
103. 0
103.0
103.3

103.2
101.8
101.8
102.0

101.1 101.1 100.6 100.4 100.5 100.3 100.6 100.9 100.9 101.2 101.3 101.1 101.0

100.5

100.2

101.0 100.8 100.2 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.2 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.6 100.2 100.4
105.4 ‘ 104.8 103.8 103.1 103.1 102.7 103.6 105.3 105.5 107.2 110.2 107.1 110.6

99.4
105.5

99.2
100.5

95.7
94.4
97.7

94.1
91.7
97.9

98.8

98.2

97.2

97.5

102.8
103.4
103.3
103.7

102.8
‘ 102. 7
*102. 7
‘ 103.0

102.8
101.9
101.8
102.1

102.8
102.3
102.2
102.6

98.2
103.3
100.3
100.7
98.6

94.2
92.1
97.9

94.3
92.5
97.1

94.0
92.2
96.6

93.8
91.5
97.5

94.0
91.1
99.1

95.1
94.0
96.6

92.6
90.1
96.3

95.1
94.2
96.1

97.4

97.1

98.0

103.2 102.5 102.5 102.4 102.3 102.3 102.4 102.3 101.9 101.8 101.6 101.4
100.0 99.4 99.3 99.3 99.4 99.9 99.9 99.7 99.6 99.5 99.6 99.4
100.7 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.7 100.7 100.4 100.3 100.1 100.1 100.0
‘ 97.9 96.6 97.8 98.0 97.8 97.8 97.1 97.4 99.3 99.8 99.7 98.3

100.5
98.8
99.6
100.3

100.4
98.8
99.3
101.2

99.1 100.9 101.2 101.1 100.0

98.0

97.6

97.5

97.6

97.6

97.8

97.8

97.8

97.6

97.6

97.5

100.3 ‘ 99.7

98.6

99.6

99.6

99.4

99.5

99.1

101.7

102.3

95.8
98.8
104.4
105.6
103.3
106.0
99.9

94.9
99.0
105.2
105.7
104.4
108.7
100.0

93.1
98.7
104.6
105.6
103.7
107.2
99.7

94.7
98.7
103.6
105.7
102.2
103.9
99.4

95.3
98.4
103.8
105.8
102.4
104.3
99.4

95.1
98.3
103.4
105.0
102.2
103.3
99.7

95.1
98.3
104.2
105.6
103.0
104.1
100.5

93.9
99.0
105.6
105.7
105.0
108.2
101.1

94.6
99.1
105.6
105.2
105.1
108.6
101.1

96.7
99.9
106.6
105.4
106.5
110.8
102.0

97.3
99.6
107.4
105.3
107.7
113.6
102.1

97.3
100.4
107.0
105.3
107.1
112.9
101.6

95.5
100.6
106.3
105.4
106.0
110.6
101.4

98.1
101.0
106.1
105.4
105.8
109.7
101.4

99.4
102.2
104.5
105.7
103.5
104.1
101.3

102.1
101.1
100.9
103.1
100.5
101.8
99.9
104.5
106.7
102.4

102.1
101.2
101.4
‘ 100.2
‘ 101.5
101.6
100.0
104.3
106.6
102.1

102.1
101.3
102.2
101.1
102.4
101.0
99.9
104.2
106.3
102.0

101.9
100.9
100.9
99.1
101.2
101.4
99.9
104.3
106.4
102.2

102.1
101.2
101.4
101.3
101.4
101.5
100.1
104.3
106.4
102.2

101.7
100.8
100.7
102.8
100.3
101.2
100.0
104.1
106.2
102.1

101.3
100.2
98.9
96.9
99.2
101.3
100.1
104.3
106. 2
102.3

101.3
100.3
99.7
97.1
100.1
101.1
99.7
103.9
106.0
101.8

101.5
100.7
100.2
100.1
100.2
101.5
99.6
103.8
105.9
101.6

101.6
100.8
99.9
97.5
100.2
102.1
99.6
103.7
105. 7
101.7

102.1
101.5
101.4
100.9
101.5
102.4
99.5
103.5
105.6
101.5

101.4
100.6
99.4
98.8
99.4
102.2
99.5
103.6
105.6
101.5

101.8
101.1
101.0
100.2
101.2
101.7
99.6
103.4
105.5
101.3

101.4
100.7
100.1
97.0
100.6
101.9
99.5
103.1
105.0
101.2

101.7
101.2
101.3
98.6
101.7
101.6
100.0
102.9
104.4
101.4

102.9
99.1
101.4
102.9
99.8
97.6
104.2
97.2

102.8
99.2
101.4
102.8
‘ 100.0
‘ 97.5
102.6
97.2

102.4
99.4
101.2
102.5
99.8
98.4
100.7
98.3

102.5 102.4 102.3 102.4 102.2 102.0 101.8 101.7 101.6 101.5
98.7 98.9 98.4 98.4 98.9 99.2 99.5 100.3 99.2 100.0
101.0 101.1 100.8 100.8 100.9 100.9 101.1 101.3 100.9 100.9
102.5 102.5 102.4 102.6 102.4 102.2 102.1 101.9 101.9 101.8
99.5 99.7 99.1 99.0 99.4 99.6 100.0 100.5 99.9 100.1
97.1 97.0 96.4 96.6 97.5 97.9 97.8 99.4 97.1 99.2
101.1 96.8 95.6 95.1 96.2 93.1 92.1 92.1 91.2 90.5
96.9 97.0 96.4 96.7 97.6 98.2 98.2 99.8 97.4 99.7

101.0
99.6
100.6
101.3
99.8
98.5
89.6
99.1

D u r a b ility o f p r o d u c t
T o t a l durable goods-------------- ------------------------- ---------T o ta l nondurable goods_________________________
T o t a l m anufactures__________ _______ ________ _
D u ra b le m a n u fa ctu res.------- ----------------------------------N on d ura ble m anufactures-------------------------------------T o ta l ra w or slig h tly processed goods--------------------------D u ra ble ra w or slig h tly processed goods---------N o n d u ra b le ra w or slig h tly processed g o o d s ...

1 See footnote l, table D -3.
2 See footnote 2, table D -3.
3 Preliminary.
‘ Revised.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

101.0
100. 1

100.8
101.3
100.1
99.5
89.2
100.1

N o t e : For description of the series by stage of processing, see “N ew BLS
Economic Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices,” Monthly Labor Review,
December 1955, pp. 1448-1453; and by durability of product and data begin­
ning with 1947, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957, BLS Bulletin
1235 (1958).

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

126

E.—Work Stoppages
T able E -l.

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Number of stoppages

M onth and year

Beginning in
month or year

Workers involved in stoppages

In effect dur­
ing month

Beginning in
month or year

__ _______________________________
_ __________ ______ __________ _____
_ _______ _____ ________________
_ ________________________ _____ _
_______ ____ _____ __________________
_________________________________
____
_ _ _ _ _______ ___________
_____________________________________
_____ ____ __
________ _
- - ______- ___________________ -_ _______________ __________ ____ ___ _

2,862
3,673
4,750
4,985
3,693
3,419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3,468
4^320
3,825
3| 673
3,694
3,708
3,333
3,367
3,614
3,362

1963: November________________________________ _____

223

467

132

336

79,900
27,300

370
375
360
450
570
585
660
595
515
580
510

60,000
80,000
65, 000
, 000
176,000
134,000
133,000
83,000
342,000
199,000
137,000

1935-39 (average)
iq45

'

194fi
1947
1Q4H
1949
1950
1951

1952
1953
1954

1955
1956
1957
195«
1959
I960
1961
1962
1963 _

1964;

° 7

- - _______________________

_____ ________________
_ _ ______ _________________
_ ........ ...................................... .............
_ _ __________ ___________ ____ __
_ ______________ _________
_ _____________________________
_ ______ ____________ ____
___

December.------------------ --------------------January 2____________________________
February 2___________________________
March2______________ _____ . -----April2______________________________
May 2_______________ _____________
June 2______________________________
July 2_________________ ____________
August2____________________________
September 2______________________
October 2____________________________
November2__________________________


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1,130,000
2,380,000
3,470,000
4,600,000
2,170,000
1,960,000
3,030,000
2,410,000
2, 220,000
3,540,000
2,400,000
1,530,000
2,650,000
1,900,000
1,390,000
2, 060,000
1,880,000
1,320,000
1,450,000
1,230, 000
941, 000

210
225
220

300
410
360
420
340
275
340
275

i The data include all known strikes or lockouts involving 6 workers or
more and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved
and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab­
lishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect

In effect dur­
ing month

122

Man-days idle during month
or year

Number

Percent of
estimated
working time

16,900,000
39,700,000
38,000,000
116,000,000
34,600,000
34,100,000
50,500,000
38,800,000
22,900,000
59,100,000
28,300,000
22,600,000
28,200,000
33,100,000
16,500,000
23,900,000
69,000,000
19,100,000
16,300,000
18,600,000
16,100,000

0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26

152,000
82,400

1,410,000
977,000

.15

100,000
125,000
100, 000

1,010,000

163,000
218,000
227, 000
194,000
147,000
409,000
524.000
228,000

1,130, 000
800.000
,100,000
2,180, 000
1,930, 000
1,710,000
1,350,000
2,320,000
, 540,000
1,750,000

1

6

.21

.26
.29
.14

.22

.61
.17
.14
. 16
.13

.10
.10
.12
.08
.10
.21
.18
.15
.13

.22
.60
.18

or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
Preliminary.

2

F.— WORK INJURIES

127

F.—Work Injuries
T able F - l .

Injury-frequency rates1 for selected manufacturing industries
Revised industry classifications.2
1964 3

1963 3

Third quarter

Industry
July

Aug.

4th
2d
1st
3d
2d
1st Annual
quar- quar- quar- quar- quar- quar- average
Sept. Quar- ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter

M a n u factu rin g ........................................................ .

13.5

13.5

12.7

13.2

12.6

11.9

11.9

O rdnance and accessories.........................................
A m m u n itio n , except for sm all arm s..............................
S ighting and fire control e q u ip m e n t.............................
S m all arm s........................................................ ..................
Sm all arms am m u n itio n ..................................................
Food and kindred p rod ucts...... .............. ...............
M e a t p ro d u cts....................................................................
D a ir y p ro d u cts.................................................................
C an n ed and preserved foods, except m eats.................
G rain m ill p r o d u c t s ....................... ................................
B a k e ry prod ucts.................................................................
Sugar............... .............. .................................... .................
C onfectionery and related p r o d u c t s ...................... .
B everages..................................................................... .......
M iscellaneous food and kindred p rod u cts_________
T e x tile m ill p rod ucts.................................................
C o tto n broad w o v en fa b rics..........................................
S ilk and syn th e tic broad w o v en fabrics.......................
W eav in g , d yein g, and finishing broad w oolens..........
N arrow fabrics and sm allw ares......................................
K n ittin g m ill s . . ..................................................................
D y e in g and finishing textiles, except w ool and k n it.
Y a r n and thread m ills ......................................................
M iscellaneous textile goods........................ ............... .
A p p a rel and related p roducts..................................
M e n ’s and b o y s’ suits and coats......................................
M e n ’s and b o y s ’ furnishings............................................
W o m en ’s, m isses’ , and juniors’ outerw ear....................
W o m en ’s and children’s undergarm ents_____ _____
G irls’ and children’s outerw ear........ .............................
M iscellaneous apparel and accessories____________
M iscellaneous fabricated textile p rod ucts.....................
L u m b e r and wood products, except fu r n itu r e ...
L og gin g cam ps and logging contractors........................
Saw m ills and planing m ills.............................................
M illw o rk , p lyw oo d , and related p ro d u cts....................
W ooden containers........................ ................ ....................
M iscellaneous wood p rod u cts.........................................
Fu rnitu re and fixtures..............................................
H ousehold fu rnitu re.......... ............................... ................
Office furniture........................................................ ...........
P u b lic b u ild in g and related furniture........ ..................
Partitions; office and store fixtures_____ _________
Paper and allied p rod ucts......... .............. ................
P u lp m ills..................... .....................................................
Paper m ills, except b u ild in g pap er.............................. .
Paperboard m ills...... ............................... ..................... .
C on v erted paper and paperboard p r o d u c ts ...............
P aperboard containers and b oxes_________ ______
B u ild in g paper and b u ild in g board m ills....... .............
P rin tin g, p ublishing, and allied in d u stries.........
N ew spapers: p ub lish in g and p rin tin g............... ...........
Periodicals: pub lishing and p r in t in g . . . ...................
B o o k s.......... ...................................................... ..................
M iscellaneous p u b lish in g .............................................
C om m ercial p r in tin g .......................... ..........................
M a n ifold business forms................ ................................. .
G reeting cards_____ __________________________
C hem icals and allied p rod ucts................... ............
In du strial chem icals______ ________ ___________
P lastics and syn th etic m aterials______________
.
D ru g s...................................
Soap, cleaners, and toilet g o o d s.............I . . ! . .
P ain ts, varnishes, and allied p r o d u c ts ................. .
A gricu ltu ra l chem icals....................... ...............................
M iscellaneou s chem ical prod ucts________________
Petro leu m refining and related industries_____
P a v in g and roofing m aterials....... ...................................
R u b b er and m iscellaneous plastics p rod u cts___
T ires and inner tu b es____ _____________ ______
R u b b er footw ear_________ ___ ____ ___ _________
F a b ricated rubber products, not elsewhere classified.
M iscellaneou s plastics p rod ucts........ ..............................

2.6
1.9

1.6
1.7

1.6
1.6

1.9
1.7
19
6.6

1.9
1.7
2 4
8.5

2.5
2.3
3 fi

2.2
1.9
2.1

24.5
40.4
26.9
24.6
16.3
15.7
20.8
13.2
24.5
21.2
9.9
6.2
7.1
13.3
15.2
8.7
14.3
14.5
17.2
8.2
8.3
8.7
5.5
4.5

26.0
38.8
24.3
29.4
17.1
13.9
28.1
12.2
29.4
26.0
9.2
7.1
4.9
12.8
13.9
10.9
11.9
10.0
12.6
6.8
6.6
6.0
4.5
8.5

24.9
36.6
28.3
27.4
18.9
14.6
27.2
17.1
20.6
29.9
8.4
5.1
7.7
19.6
7.5
7.5
15.7
9.2
14.6
7.3
7.0
7.4
3.7
3.1

23.5
36.9
26.6
20.7
16.6
18.2
27.2
10.9
21.8
21.7
8.5
5.8
6.9
11.9
10.6
8.1
11.9
10.9
12.0
7.3
7.7
7.9
4.6
5.8

10.6
40.9
58.6
43.5
28.7
34.6
41.9
21.4
21.3
15.0

10.5
37.7
40.3
38.8
29.5
48.9
32.8
19.8
18.4
11.9

13.1
35.7
49.4
36.7
26.7
35.5
33.4
21.1
20.9
23.5

21.8
11.9

29.3
12.8

17.5
11.9

25.1
38.6
26.5
27.3
17.4
14.7
25.3
14.2
24.9
25.8
9.1
6.1
6.5
15.2
11.9
9.0
14.0
11.1
14.8
7.4
7.2
7.3
4.6
5.5
8 1
11. 6
11.5
38.1
49.7
39.7
28.3
39.5
35.9
20.8
20.1
17.1
24 9
22.7
12.2

8.4
10.6
13.5
14.7
16.4
9.6
6.5
5.1
12.3

10.0
13.3
13.5
13.1
11.1
7.9
6.3
4.2
8.6

8.9
8.8
18.8
13.3
9.2
9.0
7.8
5.1
6.1

11.9

9.5

11.0

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

11.9

11.6

12.1

11 fi
8.7
35.3
50.9
39.0
23.9
36.7
31.8
18.6
19.6
14.7
17 3
22.0
13.1

2.2
2.3
2.0
2.3
1.9
2. 0
fi fi fi fi fi 9 fi fi
2 fi
3 fi
1 fi
.3 1
22.6 21.1 24.6 21.2
37.3 31.6 36.1 30.8
23.5 23.1 27.9 26.6
19.8 20.9 27.0 20.3
14.9 15.3 17.3 16.7
14.1 13.9 15.2 14.3
25. 5 24.4 26.3 17.7
14.0 14.0 14.7 12.3
20.4 20.1 26.2 22.9
23.9 22.1 22.9 19.9
8.6
9.9
8.3
8.6
5.2
6.6
5.5
5.6
6.4
9.3
8.8
7.8
12.4 11.8 13.1 12.7
12.0 13.4 11.8 11.4
5.4
8.8
6.8
7.8
9.7 15.1 17.8 13.2
8.9 12.3 12.7
9.5
16.6 16.0 19.4 16.3
7.2
7.9
7.4
6.5
7.3
5.7
8.3
6.3
7.4
8.8
7.7
7.1
4.1
4.9
5.0
3.9
6.8
5.3
6.4
7.8
6.7
8.5
49
4 0
6.1 13.1
9 9
7. 4
8.5 10.6 11.1
6.8
32.5 37.0 37.8 35.7
47.5 60.5 53.0 49.4
35.2 41.3 42.5 41.4
24.0 25.6 26.9 25.7
30.2 31.4 37.2 31.0
29.5 29.0 25.8 29.3
19.3 19.5 21.9 17.8
20.0 19.1 20.3 17.7
15.3 18.1 24.3 17.4
16. 8 20.5 27.6 12.7
20.4 21.7 23.9 22.1
12.9 12.3 12.9 12.4

2.8
2.8
2 5
10 2
17
21.1
29.7
25.3
19.8
14.6
16.0
15.4
11.6
21.9
24.2
8.4
4.8
7.6
11.4
11.9
8.3
12.9
9.4
18.3
6.1
7.4
6.8
3.3
2.9
8. 6
7.3
7.0
34.2
49.7
37.5
27.0
27.4
25.6
17.8
18.7
12.0
17.0
19.7
12.6

9.1
10.8
15.4
13.7
12.2
8.8
6.8
4.8
8.9

9.2
11.1
15.9
15.9
17.5
9.2
8.9
4.9
13.2

9.3
12.9
14.8
14.7
15.1
10.4
10.2
9.3
8.9

9.2
13.2
12.4
13.4
11.4
8.9
9.4
6.2
7.6

9.5
12.7
13.9
15.1
11.3
10.0
7.4
7.2
8.1

9.3
11.4
14.7
13.4
11.8
9.6
9.3
5.6
7.5

9.5
11.9
14.0
14.7
10.5
11.3
11.7
9.4
8.5

9.3
12 7
7.9
4.5
4.8
6.3
11.4
14.6
24 7
10.4

11.6
10 2
8 3
7.1
4.5
4.6
5.1
14.0
11.7
12 4
10.8

9.9
8. 9
11 4
7.6
4.6
4.4
5.9
14.7
10.3
13. 2
13.4

13.2
11 9
14 8
8.2
5.2
4.9
7.6
13.8
13.2
10 2
10.5

11.6
8 4
11 0
8. 2
4.8
6.1
6.5
13.4
13.7
17 8
9.2

13.4
9.8
18 9
8.4
5.5
4.8
5.9
15.1
13.7
12.7
12.6

2.3
2.2
22
7 fi
2 fi
22.1
32.0
25.7
22.7
16.0
14.9
21.3
13.2
22.8
22.3
8.9
5.5
7.8
12.2
12.1
7.6
14.7
11.0
17.4
6.9
6.7
7.5
4.0
5.4
7.2
8. 5
8.9
36.2
53.4
40.7
26.3
31.8
27.5
19.2
19.0
17.8
19.6
21.8
12.6
15.1
9.4
12.2
13.8
14.2
11.3
10.0
9.4
7.1
7.9
7.2
12.0
9.8
12 7
8.0
5.0
5.1
6.5
14.3
12.7
13.8
11.4

11.0
5.7
4 8
11.2
17.6

9.7
5.8
2 3
10.3
13.2

10.3
5.1

11.9
7.3

10.3
16.8

10.9
16.6

9.9
5.4
8 1
9.7
16.3

9.6
5.1
fi 2
9.5
14.7

15.3
10.3
5.7
4.2
10.0
16.2

7.7
4.0
4.3
7.1
14.7
11.1

8.5
5.3
5.3
5.6
11.7
15.7

6.9
4.6
3.8
4.4
11.4
12.5

14.7

19.1

14.1

10.9
11 3
11 4
7.7
4.6
4.4
5.7
12.5
13.0
21 0
16.0

12.8
9.1

13.3
6.4

10.2
5.2

12.1
6.8

13.6
14.7

15.9
17.0

10.0
16.6

13.1
16.2

2 fi

fi fi

Q 2

13.0

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965

128
T able

F -l. Injury-frequency rates1 for selected manufacturing industries—Continued
R e v is e d in d u s tr y c l a s s i f ic a t i o n s .2
1964«

1963»

Third quarter
Industry

Leather and leather products
Leather tanriing and finishing

_

_ _______ ______________ - ----------_ ___
________ -_____

Footwear except rnhher
_______________ -------— --- Stone clay and glass products
______
__
---- ---------------______ _______ —
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____
___
Flat glass
Glass and. glassware pressed or blown
________ _
______ ____ —
Glass product* made, of purchased glass____
- ___ ______ ____ _____ _____ —
Structural clay products
_____
-- - ------Pottery an d related products
- __ - - __ __________
Concrete gypsum and plaster products
_ _
_______ ___
- ___
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products----------------------------------------------------Primary me-ta] industries
-- -- ______ - ____ - - __________
Blastfurnaces steelw orks hasie steel products -- ___________________ - Iron and steel foundries
__- _________ ____ -- — -- - —
___ __ __ _ --------- -Non ferrous rolling drawing and extruding___ ___
Nonferrous foundries
Misecellaneous primary metal Industries _
___
__ ____ Fabricated metal products _____ ______
- —
-----__ - M etal cans
_______ __
___
------ ------ -__
Cutlery handtools and general hardware
_ _
_
Heating apparatus and plumbing fixtures
___ ____ _
____
__
Fabricated structural metal products _ _____
___ __ —
— _ — ----Screw machine product* bolts, etc
___
___ ___ _ —
M etal stamping«;
_ _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Coating engraving and allied services
_ _ _______ __
___ —
__
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products
______
__
___
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products
____________ ____ — - -- -----Machinery except electrical
_______ ________
____ _______
Engines and turbines
______ __________ - — - - -—
Farm machinery and equipment
__ - -- -- ___
-- - — ------ Construction mining mate^ials-handUng machinery
_ ______
Metalworing machinery and equipment
_________ ___ _
-- - -- — — Special industry machinery
_ _______ ___
— - -------------- General industrial machinery and equipment _____ __ _ ____ _____ ______ _
Office computing and accounting machines _ ______ __ ---- — -___
Service industry machines
_ _ _____ ___
- —
—
—
Miscellaneous machinery except electrical
___ _
____ _
__
___
Electrical machinery equipment, and supplies. _
_
__
___
Electric transmission and distribution equipment _ _____ ___ ____ _ ------- —
Electrical industrial apparatus
___ _________ __ -- — ----—
Household appliances
___ ___ ____ -- - - - - - — —
_______ —
Electric lighting and wiring equipment,
_ _ __ ______
Radios and television receiving sets __________
___ _ ------------ -- - - - -Communication equipment
___________ ________________ _____ _
Electronic components and accessories _ _ ______
_ _____ _______
Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies
__ _________
__ __ __
Transportation equipment
___
____
_ _ ---- —
____
_______ ___ _____ ____
— - ------- —
Motor vehicles and equipment
Aircraft and parts
_ __ ______
_ --- -------------------- -- - Ship and bnat building and repairing
__ __________ ____
Railroad equipment
__ _____________ __________ — -- — -- Instruments and related products
_________
_ _ _ ____ — _ -----Engineering and scientific instruments
___ ________ _
_____
Mechanical measuring and control devices
____
___ ___
Surgical medical and dental equipment,
__ ______ __ -----Ophthalmic gnods
--___
Photographic equipment, and supplies _ _____ _________
____
- ______
W atches and clocks
- ____ - ___ - - -"Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
____
____
___
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w a r e ,________ ___ - ________ -- ------------------Musical instruments and parts
______ ___ ____
Toys amusement, and sporting goods
__
____
_ _____
Pens pencils office and art- materials
___ _ - ___ - Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions
.. _______ __
Other miscellaneous manufacturing industries
_ __
_ __ _

1

The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling work in­
juries for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is
any injury occurring in the course of and arising out of employment, which
(a) results in death or permanent physical impairment, or (b) makes the
injured worker unable to perform the duties of any regularly established job
which is open and available to him throughout the hours corresponding to
his regular shift on any 1 or more days after the day of injury (including
Sundays, days off, or plant shutdowns). The term “injury” includes occu­
pational diseases.
Beginning with the first quarter of 1963, the revised injury data reflect
both changes in industry definitions and reclassification of individual reports
on the basis of improved classification information. A detailed explanation

2


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July

Aug.

15.8
31.1

12.7
30.1

2

16.4
30.0

14.8
30.4

13.9 14.6
32.4 32.2

12.8 11.7 10.0 11.4
18.3 14.6
17.4 17.5
12.2 9.3 11.6 5.8
6.3
6.6 8.1 8.6 7.8 7.1 4.1
8.2 10.7 7.4 8.8 4.0 25.1

12.9
16.5
7.9

9.3
18.8
7-8

24.4
19.8
31.3

28.1
19.5
35.7
14.5
11.9
4.3
29.1
14.9
25.0
20.4
20.4

11.1

12.3
4.6
29.6
13.7
27.7
24.5
19.1

2

1

13.3
31.2

13.0
29.7

13.3
30.8

9.6
19.4
9.1

9.0
16.2
8.9
6.9
6.9
26.2
15.5
26.9
11.3

10.0

1

d
st Annual
st
4th
3d
d
quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ average
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
Sept. Quar­ ter
ter

30.3
20.4
26.4

10.2
11.6

3.8
30.1
12.4
24.1

27.5
19.9
31.2
11.9
11.9
4.3
29.6
13.6
25.5
21.5
19.3
7.6
14.8

31.6
23.3 18.4
29.9 29.4

11.4
25.3

8.6
8.8

16.8

8.5
6.9
29.0
17.8
27.7

11.6 10.2 10.6
12.0 11.2 11.0

4.5 4.0
28.9 24.1
13.2
23.6 24.4
19.7
17.1 16.1
7.9
14.5 13.4
16.9 16.2
24.6
16.0 14.6
9.1
14.9 19.6
19.7 23.5
15.2 13.7
11.7
6.3 6.3
10.5
14.7 14.6

4.2
25.9

8.1
6.8
32.4
21.6

36.3
12.9
11.5
4.3
27.4

15.7
7.2
8.5
7.1
23.2
17.3
29.4
11.3

10.6 10.6

4.0
26.2
11.7
19.2
20.3
16.0

4.3
23.7

10.2
12.2 12.0 12.2
19.6
17.8 21.1
20.9
17.9 20.0
20.1
20.1
14.9
16.1 17.7
18.6
6.6 6.6 6.0 6.1 5.4
6.6 8.1 8.0
13.4 13.4 12.2 10.9
14.9 13.9 15.4
19.9 18.3 17.2 14.3
20.5 22.4 21.7 21.6
22.8 21.2 23.3 22.7 20.4
28.8 29.5 27.2 28.4
12.2 16.6 11.3 13.4
14.0 18.0 13.5 15.2
8.8 10.3 11.2 10.1 9.7
9.8 10.5
10.5 11.4
17.7
18.4
12.9

18.9
22.5

7.3
17.5
12.7
16.4
11.3
3.6
13.4
19.9
5.8
5.4

9.4
15.3

12.6
6.2 8.1

6.8

5.3
15.6
2.5

2.8

6.4
10.9

8.1

20.5
16.8
12.4
4.8
9.7
16.1

11.6 11.0
13.2
13.7
3.4

11.6
18.5
5.3
5.6
5.1
8.3
14.5
3.5
2.3
5.9
8.9
8.4
4.4
3.6
29.6
12.4
5.9

14.2
14.1
3.8
11.9
21.3
5.2
5.4
5.1
7.1
10.3
5.8

1.8
8.6

8.3

10.1
5.1

9.4
6.4

7.2
4.0
3.2
27.5
10.4
5.6
3.7
9.1
4.1

5.5

4.8

5.1

13.3
7.2

12.9

13.1
9.3

14.6

Í5.0

17.1

17.1
7.5

Í8.0
9.6

8.7
5.1

3.9
3.5
31.2
15.0
6.3
5.0

2.6

1.8

1

36.2
19.1
19.1

12.6 12.1

6.3
8.9
16.3
11.7
14.6
13.1
3.6
12.3
19.9
5.4
5.6
5.7
6.9
13.3
4.1
2.3
6.9
9.4
7.9
4.1
3.5
29.4
12.5
5.9
3.7
9.6
5.2

2.8

5.1
4.5
13.1

6.1
10.6
15.7
13.5
14.6
7.4

23.4
17.1
14.9
11.4
6.7
10.9
13.0

31.3
21.4
15.7
11.5
6.5

20.4
19.0
15.5

17.0
18.5
14.8

6.7
12.3
13.8
9.6
14.2
10.3

5.5
11.3
13.4
9.7
12.4
9.4
3.3

11.2 10.6

11.1
10.2
13.8
10.2 10.6 9.9
11.8 14.7
14.7 15.3
15.3
2.1
11.1 12.3 10.9 12.5
2.6
2.6
3.5 3.0
11.6 10.6 13.6 13.9 13.9 11.8
19.2
18.5 17.1
5.6 5.2
7.8 5.9
5.8 5.9
7.7
8.5 9.5
4.8 3.8
2.3
6.5
9.9 9.2
7.9 7.1
3.9 3.7
3.5 3.6
34.4 27.9
13.6
5.3 5.4
3.3 4.2
9.1 8.9
4.1 6.3
4.3 3.4
3.8 3.3
4.7 3.6
13.2 12.9
7.5 10.5
14.2
14.0 16.5
19.9 10.7
12.5
.‘

8.1

18.9
5.3
4.5
5.8
7.2
8.4
4.1
2.5
5.6

16.6
5.7
4.8
5.5

7.2
4.0
3.8
24.7
13.0
5.4
4.0
7.6
6.3
3.0
4.3
6.7
13.8
7.7
13.0
16.8
19.2

7.6
4.6
3.4
26.4
10.9
5.4
5.3
7.8
5.7
4.4
3.7
5.1
15.8
8.7

16.7
5.2
5.6
5.3

5.2

6.0
6.3

8.8 8.6 7.8
8.1
8.9
2.6 2.7
2.8
2.7
2.2
5.6
5.7
6.1
7.4
12.0 10.8 7.6 7.4

12.2

8.2

11.2
11.8
10 8.6 7.8

10.3
5.2
2.7
6.3

10.1

17.9
21.5
15.1
11.5

7.9
4.4
3.4
28.0
11.4
6.3
6.7
7.9
7.6

4.2
3.2
27.1
9.0
.4
7.7

6
8.6

2.0

6.3
5.9
3.2

4.9
3.5
13.4

6.1
10.6

12.9
15.0
13.5
12.4
10.3

8.8
10.2

8.8

9.7
12.9
10.5

8.7

12.7
29.2
23.4
9.3
16.9
8.5

8.0

6.9
27.7
18.0
30.2
11.5
10.9
4.2
25.8
11.5
19.4
19.8
16.1

6.0

12.4
17.5

22.0

13.3
10.3
22.9
19.0
15.2

11.2

6.3
11.4
13.4

10.0

14.1
10.7
2.7
13.3
17.8
5. 3
5.3
5.8

8.1

8.9
3.7
2.7
5. 7
9. 5
7. 5
4.3
3.4
26.6

11.2
5. 9
5.9
7.9
.5
3.8
4. 0
5.4
13.4
8.7

6

12.1
15.2
15.8

12.1
9.6

of the changes in industry definitions is available upon request. Compari­
sons to the series prior to 1963 should he made with caution. Industries
classified according to the Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1957
Edition, Bureau of the Budget. Industry group totals include data for
industries not shown separately.
.
,
,
. , .
Rates are preliminary and subject to revision when final annual data
become available.
a.
N otes: These data were compiled according to the American Stanaara
Method of Recording and Measuring Work-Injury Experience, approved by
the American Standards Association, 1954.
Dashes indicate data not available or insufficient to warrant presentation
of average.

3

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BLS Bulletin 1416: Employee Earnings in Nonmetropolitan Areas of the South and
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32 pp.
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