Full text of Monthly Labor Review : January 1965, Vol. 88, No. 1
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Monthly Labor Review KALAMAZOO f i8 -6 19S5 PUBLIC LIBRARY JANUARY 1965 VOL. 88 N O . Major Collective Bargaining Agreements SUB Plans in Major Agreements Severance Pay and Layoff Benefit Plans Election Challenges Under the LMRDA Work Experience of the Population UNITED STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W. W illard W ir t z , Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS E wa n C l a g u e , Commissioner of Labor Statistics R obe rt J. M y e r s , Deputy Commissioner of Labor Statistics H. M. D o u ty , Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications P a u l R. K e r s c h b a u m , Associate Commissioner for Administrative Management J ack Alterman, D eputy Associate Commissioner for Economic Growth Gertrude B ancroft, Special Assistant to the Commissioner A rnold E. Chase, Assistant Commissioner for Prices and Living Conditions E dward D iamond, D eputy Associate Commissioner for Administrative Management J oseph P. G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner H arold Goldstein, Assistant Commissioner for Manpower and Employment Statistics L eon Greenberg , Assistant Commissioner for Productivity and Technological Developments P eter H enle , D eputy Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications W alter G. K eim , Special Assistant to the Commissioner L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Division of Publications H yman L. L ewis, Economic Consultant to the Commissioner L eonard R. L insenmayer, Assistant Commissioner for Wages and Industrial Relations P rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards A be R othman, D eputy Associate Commissioner for Systems Analysis W illiam C. Shelton, Chief, D ivision of Foreign Labor Conditions K enneth G. Van A uken , Special Assistant to the Commissioner Regional Offices and Directors N E W E N G L A N D R E G IO N M ID D L E A T L A N T IC R E G IO N EAST C E N T R A L R E G IO N W endell D. M acD onald H erbert B ienstock 18 Oliver Street Boston, Mass. 02110 Phone: 542-2115 Connecticut New Hampshire Maine Rhode Island Massachusetts Vermont J ohn W. L ehman 341 Ninth Avenue New York, N .Y . 10001 Phone: 736-7700 Delaware New York Maryland Pennsylvania New Jersey District of Columbia 1365 Ontario Street Cleveland, Ohio 44114 Phone: 241-7900 Kentucky Ohio Michigan West Virginia N O R T H C E N T R A L R EGION A dolph O. B erger 219 S. Dearborn Street Chicago, 111. 60604 Phone: 828-7226 Illinois Missouri Indiana Nebraska Iowa North Dakota Kansas South Dakota Minnesota Wisconsin SO U T H E R N R EGION B runswick A. B agdon 1371 Peachtree Street N E . Atlanta, Ga. 30309 Phone: 876-3311 Alabama North Carolina Arkansas Oklahoma Florida South Carolina Georgia Tennessee Louisiana Texas M ississippi Virginia W E ST E R N R E G IO N M ax D. K ossoris 450 Golden Gate Avenue, Box 36017 San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Phone: 556-3178 Alaska Nevada Arizona ' New Mexico California Oregon Colorado Utah Hawaii Washington Idaho Wyoming Montana The Monthly Labor Review is for sale by the regional offices listed above and by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402. Subscription price per year—$7.50 domestic; $9.00 foreign. Price 75 cents a copy. The distribution of subscription copies is handled by the Superintendent of Documents. Communications on editorial matters should be addressed to the editor-in-chief. U se o f f u n d s fo r p r i n t i n g t h is p u b l i c a t i o n a p p r o v e d b g t h e D ir e c to r o f t h e B u r e a u o f t h e B u d g e t ( O c to b e r 31, 1962). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ¿ fir Monthly Labor Review U N IT E D ST A T ES D E P A R T M E N T OF LABOR • B U R E A U OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S L a w r e n c e R . K l e in , E d ito r -in -C M e f CONTENTS Special Articles 1 8 Union Election Challenges Under the LMRDA Special Labor Force Report: Work Experience of the Population in 1963 Summaries of Studies and Reports IT 19 27 34 40 44 48 Collective Bargaining Solutions to Technological Change Supplemental Unemployment Benefit Plans in Major Agreements Severance Pay and Layoff Benefit Plans Output Per Man-Hour, Gas and Electric Utilities Wage Rates of Communications Workers Wages in Pressed or Blown Glassware Plants, May 1964 Wage Chronology: A.T. & T. Long Lines Department—Supplement No. 1— 1953-64 Technical Note 61 Calculation of Average Retail Food Prices Departments ii iii 67 69 72 74 80 89 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis This Issue in Brief The Labor Month in Review Foreign Labor Brief Significant Decisions in Labor Cases Chronology of Recent Labor Events Developments in Industrial Relations Book Reviews and Notes Current Labor Statistics January 1965 • Vol. 88 • No. 1 This Issue in Brief. . . H ighlighting a Labor Department study, Martha F. Riche’s article Union Election Challenges Under the LMRDA (p. 1) surveys the opera tion of title IV of the Labor-Management Report ing and Disclosure Act between September 1959 and April 1963. Although it does not embrace a representative sample of all local elections, this study does proffer the most systematic data avail able to date on locals involved in challenged elec tions. Of the 211 enforceable cases investigated during the first 3y2 years of the act’s operation, violations were disclosed in two-thirds, and slightly less than half of these violations affected the election results. A record 83.2 million men and women were em ployed at some time during 1963, as reported in Samuel Saben’s study Work Experience of the Population in 1963 (p. 8). Approximately 55 percent of these workers—representing the highest proportion since 1957—were employed full time for the whole year. No appreciable change oc curred between 1962 and 1963 in the proportion of the unemployed with work experience who were jobless during the year for more than 6 months or in the number who did not work at all, but who had sought employment at some time during 1963. Two of this m o nth ’s studies were derived from the Bureau’s file of major collective bargaining agreements. In these summaries, the authors ex amine a series of related provisions aimed at anchoring worker income protection. Severance Pay and Layoff Benefit Plans (p. 27) by Leon E. Lunden and Ernestine M. Moore discloses a steady upward trend since 1944 in the percent of agreements with such plans and a particularly sig nificant increase since the 1955-56 survey. In 1963, dismissal pay and layoff benefit plans ap peared in 30 percent of the major agreements— mostly in manufacturing—and covered 40 percent of the workers. Almost half of the plans were negotiated with five unions and affected twothirds of the workers. Dorothy R. Kittner’s sum n https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis mation of Supplemental Unemployment Bene fit Plans in Major Agreements (p. 19) re veals that 14 percent of the agreements in effect during the winter of 1963-64 encompassed SUB plans—primarily in the durable goods manufac turing industries—that covered 25 percent of the workers. Most of these contracts were also negoti ated with five unions. C ommenting on the variety of programs already evolved by collective bargaining to meet the man power problems of technological change, Arnold Weber in Collective Bargaining Solutions to Tech nological Change (p. 17) advances his views of a future program that will effect the greatest prog ress and some of the major challenges that ac company the systems developed to cope with job insecurity. This article was excerpted from a paper presented to the Conference on the Man power Implications of Automation sponsored by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The February issue of the Review will publish a brief account of the conference proceedings. Following are some recent key statistics from continuing B L S series. See Current Labor Statistics, p p . 89-128. December 1964 Total civilian labor force {in thousands) ________________ 73,841 Employment___________________ 70,375 Unemployment______________ 3,466 Unemployment rate (seasonally adjusted) {percent)______ 4.9 Earnings of production workers in manufacturing {prelim inary): Average hourly earnings__________________________ 2. 58 Average weekly hours___________________________ 41.3 Average overtime hours._____ _____________________ 3. 5 1963 72,461 68,615 3,846 5.5 2.51 40.9 3.1 November Index of average hourly earnings of production workers in manufacturing (excluding overtime and interindustry shifts) { 1957- 59 = 100) _______________________________ Consumer Price Index (including single workers) { 195759 = 100) _______ 119.3 116.8 108.7 107.4 I n Output Per Man-Hour, Gas and Electric Utili- ties (p. 34), Joseph E. Dragonette and Philip W. Jaynes briefly trace the expansion of the gas and electric utilities industry between 1932 and 1962, examining the industry’s rising productivity. From 1947 to 1962, the industry experienced a 186-percent increase in output per man-hour of all employees. Total man-hours rose only 20 percent over this period. Explaining the productivity increase, the authors point to the high level of capital investment and technological advances, which are discussed in detail for both segments of the industry. The Labor Month in Review ^ Early Civil Service Retirement ^ Prices Since the Tax Cut How m a n y employees elect to retire early, and why ? How many of them find other jobs? What kinds of jobs do they find ? With about 12 million workers in private pension plans with early retire ment provisions, these are significant questions. Some of the answers are provided in a recently published report by the U.S. Civil Service Com mission, based on the experience of 3,302 former Federal civil service employees who had chosen to retire early. The survey was undertaken in 1963 at the request of the Subcommittee on Retirement of the Senate Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. Since October 1956, Federal employees have had the option of retiring at the age of 55 after 30 years’ service. Annuities are reduced 1 percent for each year below 60, the earliest age at which full benefits are payable. The Civil Service Com mission estimated, in 1963, that 8 percent of those eligible to retire on this basis actually had. While some of the motives which impel early retirement may be common to public and private employees, conditions differ at two important points—both of which stimulate early retirement by civil servants. First, civil servants face a much smaller reduction of benefits than do most employ ees in private industry who are covered by early retirement plans; at worst they will lose 5 percent of normal benefits. Typically, for most employees in private industry, benefits at age 60 are about two-thirds of those payable at 65 for equivalent service, and at age 55, they are less than one-half. Second, Federal civil servants are not covered by the Social Security Act, and many find it advan tageous to retire before 60 in order to take jobs which will qualify them for social security bene fits in addition to their annuities. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A popular view of the retired worker has him withdrawn completely from the labor force to spend his time gardening or woodworking. The subjects of the survey apparently shared this no tion. Their principal motive, they said, was to quit while they were still able to enjoy retirement. Yet more than half of them stated that they had retired with the intention of finding jobs, more than half did find jobs, and nearly half of those who found jobs worked full time. Half the respondents were former postal em ployees; 80 percent of these had been clerks or carriers, and 20 percent had done other postal work. Of the nonpostal workers, 40 percent had held nonprofessional white-collar, jobs, an equal number were skilled and unskilled workers, and 20 percent were engineers, scientists, or other pro fessional workers. Most of the respondents were men, and most had left jobs which paid $4,000 to $5,000 and offered limited opportunities. The average civil service annuity for early re tirees was $299 a month, and 60 percent received between $200 and $299 a month. A third of the group retired at 55, and a fifth retired between 59 and 60. Many had more than the mandatory 30 years of service and some had 40 years or more. gave as the one main reason for early retirement, in this order: to quit while still able to enjoy retirement, health and family problems, eco nomic motives, and dissatisfaction with the job. Former postal workers and nonpostal profession als generally gave economic reasons (better paid job, better off with annuity plus outside earnings, wanted to qualify for social security). The pro fessionals, more than others, said that they had become dissatisfied with their jobs, working con ditions, supervision, or management. Fifty-seven percent of the survey group retired with the intention of working at other jobs. Al though the Commission report, does not show how many of these actually did work, 58 percent of the entire group obtained jobs after retirement. Postal employees, especially clerk-carriers, had the highest rate of post-retirement employment. Nonpostal professionals ranked second, and nearly half of the skilled and unskilled and slightly more than two-fifths of the nonprofessional white-collar workers were employed after retirement. Retirees took jobs for preponderantly economic reasons, although a number of respondents men tioned a chance at work they really desired. FiftyA n n u it a n t s hi IV MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 nine percent of those working gave, among other reasons, the desire to qualify for social security benefits. Nearly half of those who worked at all after retirement worked full time (but the report does not state the duration of employment), one-quar ter worked part time but fairly regularly, and the remainder held full-time jobs for temporary pe riods, or worked only occasionally. Most of the employed worked shorter hours than they had for the Government—but one-tenth reported longer hours and nearly one-third spent about the same amount of time on the job. The largest group who worked obtained cleri cal jobs. More than half of the nonpostal em ployees acquired new occupations. The remain der reported employment in their earlier occupa tions: 64 percent of the clerical workers, 56 per cent of the unskilled workers, 54 percent of the professionals, 42 percent of the skilled workers, and 25 percent of the administrative and fiscal workers. The large group of employed former Post Office clerk-carriers went primarily into clerical jobs and secondarily into unskilled work. Other former postal employees went into office work and sales. * * * * * I n those industries whose wage rates are tied to the Consumer Price Index, management and labor have been watching this Government figure even more closely since last March’s reduction in Fed eral income taxes. Although business activity and retail sales have gone up and per capita income has increased, the tax cut has had little effect on over all price trends. The Consumer Price Index, which has been ris ing between 1 and iy 2 percent annually since 1959, has continued up at about the same rate this year. As in most of the post-World War I I period, the largest share of the increase in consumer prices since the tax cut was due to rising costs of services. Rent, transportation, medical care, and other con sumer services accounted for half the 0.8 percent increase in the CPI between February and Oc tober. Among commodities, retail food prices rose almost 1 percent and apparel prices also ad vanced. Durable goods prices (excluding used cars) declined slightly. This year’s stability in prices has also been evi denced at the wholesale level, where increased busi https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ness activity resulting from the tax cut might also have been expected to result in a price uptrend. Aside from seasonal influences, the Wholesale Price Index remained on the plateau reached 7 years ago. Industrial commodity prices advanced slightly, but those for farm products averaged less than in 1963, primarily because cattle values declined as slaughter continued high. Wholesale prices of processed foods were about the same as last year. The W PI for industrial products rose 0.4 per cent between February and November. The in creases were concentrated among nonferrous metals, which were subject to strong international demand and some production difficulties. A series of strikes in the United States and overseas seri ously curtailed copper output in the late summer and fall. World production of tin, zinc, and lead—falling considerably short of industrial needs—had to be supplemented by releases from the U.S. stockpile surplus. Aluminum prices also rose, as did a number of minor metals, including mercury, platinum, and antimony. In general, steel prices have been stable, although increases were posted in the fall for several small-volume items. The chief downward pressure on wholesale in dustrial products came from fuel oil and gasoline prices which dropped sharply this year, basically because of persistent overcapacity for production of refined petroleum products. Prices of electrical machinery, also pressured by idle capacity, have continued weak. As a result, average prices of machinery and equipment advanced only slightly despite this year’s high level of capital investment. In addition to the marked advance in prices of nonferrous metals, other basic industrial mate rials such as woodpulp, sulphur, and a variety of chemicals have also increased in price since Feb ruary. To some extent, these increases in raw material prices have been passed on to finished products. Copper and brass products prices have risen, as have those for printing paper and chemi cal fertilizers. Scattered increases for a number of other indus trial products also took place this fall. Most of these increases, however, have been small and lim ited in scope. The higher prices are a result of generally stronger demand, in some cases repre senting increases deferred from past periods of slack sales. At this time, there is little evidence of serious pressure on the overall price level. Union Election Challenges Under the LMRDA Martha F. R iche * experience up to April 1963 is any indication, local unions whose elections are challenged under title IV of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 are likely to be those with larger than average membership, although elec tions among smaller locals are more frequently found to have possibly been affected by violations of the law. Experience also shows that elections in which complaints are verified are likely to be characterized by low rates of member participa tion and by voting at membership meetings; the latter characteristic is also a factor in election cases where it is determined that the effects on the election were serious enough to require an elec tion rerun. Based on a study by the Department of Labor’s Labor Management Services Adminis tration, which administers the act through its Office of Labor-Management and Welfare-Pension Reports (LM W P), this article examines the oper ations of title IV, as well as some of the charac teristics of local unions and local union elections that were the subject of complaints alleging its violation. Because the number of local elections investi gated during the period covered by the study (Sept. 14, 1959, to Apr. 1, 1963), was not large compared with the total number of elections held, this analysis does not cover a representative sam ple of all local elections. Nevertheless, the mate rial does present pertinent data on locals involved in challenged elections in terms of size, method of voting, and other factors which have not been studied before in any systematic fashion. The enactment of title IV was foreshadowed by the McClellan Committee disclosures 1 of irregu If https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis larities in union officer elections. Some of the abuses reported by the Committee had stemmed from failure to require a secret ballot, with the resultant opportunity for coercion and intimida tion of voters. Others had been spawned by lax election procedures that resulted in stuffed ballot boxes, falsified ballot count results, prejudiced determinations of voter and nominee eligibility, and other failures to insure free and adequate ex pression of voter sentiment. Section 401 of title IV specifies minimum stand ards for union elections. Among other require ments, it provides that elections must be conducted in accordance with the constitution and bylaws of the labor organization concerned as long as they are consistent with the provisions of the act. Section 402 states that a union member may file a complaint with the Secretary of Labor al leging violation of section 401 after exhausting remedies available within the union or, after in voking these remedies, failing to obtain a final decision within 90 days. The Secretary, acting through the LMWP, must investigate the com plaint and, if the investigation confirms the com plaint’s validity, bring suit to have the election invalidated. However, the act directs the court to void an election only if the violation committed may have affected the outcome of the election, and for this reason, the LMWP makes this determina tion administratively before attempting to have an election rerun.2 Extent of Violations During the first 3y2 years of the act’s operation, the LMWP found violations in two-thirds of the 211 enforcible cases which it investigated;3 slightly more than half of these did not affect the ♦Of th e D iv isio n o f P u b lic a tio n s, B ureau o f L abor S ta tis tic s. 1 I n te r im R e p o r t of th e S e le c t C o m m itte e on I m p ro p e r A c t iv i tie s in th e L a b o r or M a n a g em en t F ie ld (U .S . S en ate, 8 5 th Cong., 2d sess., 1958, R eport 1 4 1 7 ). 2 A recen t s u it by a d efeated can d id ate fo r office in a T eam s te r s ’ lo c a l un ion so u g h t to force th e Secretary to tak e h is com p la in t to cou rt even th o u g h th e LM W P could find no in d ic a tio n th a t th e outcom e of th e ele ctio n had been affected. H e lo s t th e case in w h ich he argued th a t th e la w did n ot in ten d th e Secre tary to s u b stitu te h is ju d gm en t fo r th a t o f th e court. (A ltm a n v. W ir tz [n o t officially r ep o rted ], 56 LRRM 2,651, M ay 5, 1 9 6 4 .) A n oth er such case, filed in L os A n geles in D ecem ber, em ployed s u b sta n tia lly th e sam e argum ent. 3 T he LM W P received several hundred a d d itio n a l com p lain ts du rin g th is period w h ich w ere considered non en forcib le, p r i m arily because th e com p lain an t had fa iled to ex h a u st th e rem edies provided by h is union, or because th e ele ctio n w a s n ot su b ject to t it le IV req uirem ents. 1 2 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 T able 1. E lection C a ses C losed , by T y pe o f L abor O rganization and R esults o f I n v estig a tio n , O ctober 1 9 5 9 -A pril 1963 Results of investigation Type of labor organization Total cases closed No violations disclosed Violations disclosed Total Did not M ay have affect affected election election T otal___ ____ ‘211 75 136 71 65 National. _ . Intermediate______ Local___ ______ 5 i 21 2 185 2 9 64 3 12 121 2 6 63 1 6 58 1 Only 20 organizations, since 1 had 2 challenged elections. 2 Only 181 organizations, since 4 had 2 challenged elections each. outcome of the election. In the remaining third, no violations were disclosed. (See table 1.) A chronological examination of case results shows that the percentage of cases in which viola tions are found has been steadily increasing. Of the challenged elections held during the first full year after the passage of the act, violations were disclosed in less than half of the cases; but for the second and third years, violations were found in more than 70 percent of the cases, and this pro portion was increasing at the end of the period.4 To a great extent, this increase can be attributed to greater familiarity with the act on the part of union members and improved investigating pro cedures on the part of the LMWP. Nearly 90 percent of the election investigations involved local unions, 10 percent intermediate bodies, and only a few national unions. Though local unions predominated, they represented a smaller proportion of all such unions subject to the act than was the case with the other two types of labor organizations. (Except for gov ernment unions and State and local central bodies, unions are subject to the act if their members are engaged in an industry affecting interstate com merce.) Since the number of intermediate and national union election cases was too small to sup port detailed analysis, this discussion is limited to the local union election cases. three-tenths appeared in elections whose outcome may have been affected.5 (See table 2.) These 741 allegations have been classified into 28 cate gories. Half of these categories appeared in 20 or more cases each, and accounted for nearly 90 percent of all violations disclosed, and for almost as great a proportion of those violations found in cases where the outcome of the election may have been affected. However, those violations most commonly disclosed were not necessarily among those most commonly alleged. For exam ple, failure to mail election notices to each mem ber at least 15 days before the election—the most commonly disclosed violation—was only the fourth most common allegation. Whether the LMWP took action to have an election set aside depended partly on the nature of the violation: a complicated allegation (such as use of union money to promote a particular candidate) involving judgment, applicability, and interpretation on the part of both those who con duct and those who investigate elections may be more difficult to sustain than a relatively straight forward failure in procedure or mechanics (such as failing to give proper notice of the election) that is not as likely to affect the outcome of an election. The allegation that a member in good standing was denied the right to run for or to hold union office, subject to reasonable qualifications uni formly imposed, is a case in point. An allegation often requiring judgment and interpretation, it was validated in only a third of the local elec tion cases in which it was charged, though it was one of the two charges most commonly made. But, since the selection of candidates is an integral part of the election process, it is no wonder that in almost three-fourths of the cases in which this allegation was verified the LMWP determined that the outcome of the election could have been affected. On the other hand, the allegation that ballots and other election records were not preserved for 1 year was verified in four-fifths of the local elec- Types of Violations Of the 741 specific allegations of title IV viola tion that appeared in the 185 local election cases (allegations averaged 4 per case, and totaled as many as 12), nearly half were verified; nearly https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 D u rin g th e year fo llo w in g th e com p letion o f th e stu d y, v io la tio n s w ere fo u n d in m ore th a n 80 percen t of th e e le ctio n s c h a l lenged. 5 S in ce th e LM W P took in to accou n t a ll th e c ircu m stan ces su r round ing a case in d eterm in in g w h eth er th e outcom e o f an e lection could have been affected, it is n o t p ossib le to a sce r ta in th e effect o f a p a rticu la r v io la tio n on th e final d eterm in ation . 3 UNION ELECTION CHALLENGES UNDER THE LMRDA tion cases in which it was alleged. But, since it involved an after-the-fact housekeeping measure, the finding was that the violation may have af fected the election outcome in only two-fifths of the cases in which it was verified. Even in these cases, it is apparent that only its appearance with another more serious violation resulted in this determination. Failure to mail election notices in accordance with the law, also a procedural matter, has a some what more direct bearing on election results. In two-thirds of the cases in which this charge was verified, the LMWP found cause to believe that the election outcome could have been affected. The charge that a secret ballot was required but not used has an even more direct influence on an elec tion outcome. This charge was verified in over three-fourths of the local election cases in which it was charged; and the election outcome was de clared suspect in 85 percent of the instances in which this allegation was proved. Characteristics of Unions Size of Membership. Local unions involved in election complaints, in general, had more members than the average local reporting to the LMWP. The median membership of locals whose elections were challenged was 1,000; the LMWP estimates that the median membership of locals that file re T a b l e 2. A lleg a tio n s A p p e a r in g in at ports with it is well below 200. This may be at tributable to the greater competition for an office that is salaried, prestigious, and influential, as is more common with larger unions, as well as to the greater difficulty of guarding against certain kinds of unlawful activity (such as allowing in eligible members to vote) among a large number of voters. In addition, larger locals, occasionally encompassing employees of different skills and of different employers, might be expected to display the divisiveness that results in more hotly con tested elections. However, it is in the local with less than 1,000 members that complaints are more likely to be verified, and once verified, to be determined that they might have affected the outcome of the elec tion. By contrast, locals of 2,500 members and over have a much smaller percentage of allega tions confirmed, and the confirmed allegations are seldom deemed likely to have affected the election. Certain violations are easier to trace where a small number of people are involved, and it is probable that where a vote is large violations committed would not have affected enough votes to change the outcome. It is also apparent that to a certain extent, the size of the union determines the nature of the allegation. For example, the great majority of charges of illegal use of union money to pro mote a particular candidate were made in locals of 1,000 members or more. On the other hand, all L ea st 20 L ocal U n io n E lection C a s e s , O ctober 1 9 5 9 -A pr il 1963 Results of investigation Violations disclosed Type of alleged violation Total, all allegations........ - ------ ----- ------------ --------------------------------------------Total allegations appearing in at least 20 cases....................................................... Persons of questionable eligibility voted_______________________________________ Member in good standing denied right to be a candidate or to hold office------------Election not conducted according to constitution and bylaws___________________ Proper notice of election not mailed to each member---------- ------ ------ ----------------Improper safeguarding of b a llo ts...------------------------- ------- —- --------------------------Fraudulent or improper counting of ballots----------- ------ -------- ------------- ------ -----Failure to observe secrecy of ballot.................— ................ ................................................. Other inadequate safegurads or improper procedures______________________ _____ Denial of reasonable opportunity for nomination of candidates---------------------------Labor organization money contributed or applied to promote particular candidacy— Member in good standing denied right to vote__________________ ______ ________ Ballots and other election records not preserved for 1 year_______________________ Observer at counting of ballots not allowed or rendered ineffective---------------------Ballot improperly prepared---------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- Total alleged violations No violations disclosed 1 Total In election whose outcome was not affected In election whose outcome may have been affected 741 381 360 153 207 598 68 68 58 55 50 42 38 37 34 34 31 31 29 23 282 30 46 27 9 17 20 13 24 13 27 17 6 20 13 316 38 22 31 46 33 22 25 13 21 7 14 25 9 10 137 18 6 13 17 15 11 13 5 6 4 7 15 4 3 179 20 16 18 29 18 11 12 8 15 3 7 10 5 7 1 Since a case was considered a violation case when any allegation was found baseless, not all of the 381 allegations shown in this column are related to the 64 local union election cases shown in the column “no violations disclosed.” verified and a no violation case only when all of the allegations in it were https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JANUARY 1965 but 2 of the 16 charges of failure to use a secret ballot were against smaller locals. Geographical Location. The 211 election cases were distributed around the country in approxi mately the same proportion as are unions subject to the act. The only exception was the Far West, where union growth has been accelerated by the growth of industry in that area. Though this re gion had a greater proportion of election com plaints than it has union members, it had a smaller proportion of violation determinations. T able 3. L ocal U n io n E lection C a s e s , by National Affiliation. The 12 national unions that had 5 locals or more involved in challenged elec tions accounted for 60 percent of all cases in which violations were verified, though they account for less than 45 percent of all local unions filing re ports with the LMWP. (See table 3.) That these 12 nationals accounted for only 45 percent of all cases in which the outcome of the election may have been affected may be partially explained by the generally large membership of these unions, among them some of the Nation’s largest (as noted earlier, violations in the elections of larger locals N ational A ffilia tio n , O ctober 1 9 5 9 -A pril 1963 I tesults of investigatioi1 T otal_____________________________ ______ ___ _____________________ A FL-CIO —directly affiliated local union____________________ _____ __________________ United Automobile Workers__________________ _______ ______ __ _ American Bakery end Confectionery Workers . . . _______________________________ Bakery end Confectionery Workers International Union (Ind.)________________________ International Brotherhood of Boilermakers,, _______________________________________ Bricklayers’ International Union___________ ___________ _____ _______________________ Building Service Emplovees’ Internationai U n io n _____ ____ _________________________ United Brotherhood of Carpenters____ __________________________ _______________ International Chemical Workers Union__________________________ ________ Communications Workers of America___ _____ ______________________________________ Confederated Unions (In d .)3_______ ______ ______________ _ . International Union of Electrical Workers_______________________ ____ International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers______________________________________ International Union of Operating Engineers, - __________________________ _______ _____ International Brotherhood of Fireman and Oilers _____________________ International Hod Carriers Union_________________________ Hotel and Restaurant Employees International Union_______ _______________________ International Association of Iron Workers______________ ____________________________ Laborista de Puerto Rico (Ind.) ______________ ______ ______________________________ Laundry and Dry Cleaning International Union____ ___________ ____________ __ __ Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers (Ind.). __________________ . International Longshoremen’s Association _ _ __________ __ International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union (In d .)______________________ International Association of M achinists., ______ ____ ___ Brotherhood of Maintenance of W ay Employees___________________ __________ _______ Amalgamated Meat Cutters______________ _______ _ United Mine Workers (Ind.). ___________________ United Mine Workers of America District SO (Ind.)................. . . . American Federation of Musicians______ ____________ National Brotherhood of Packinghouse Workers (Ind.).................... ............................... ........... United Packinghouse, Food and Allied Workers . . . __________ Brotherhood of Painters and Paperhangers__________________ Petroleum Affiliates (Ind.)________ Operative Plasterers’ and Cement Masons’ International Association . United Association of Plumbers and Pipefitters________ ______ International Printing Pressmen’s Union ___________ _ International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite and Paper M ill Workers The Order of Railroad Telegraphers ______ Brotherhood of Railway and Steamship Clerks ____ _________ ______ Retail Clerks International Association _ _ Retail, Wholesale, and Department Store Union _______ Roofers Workers A ssociation________ . United Rubber Workers_____________________________ . Sheet M etal Workers’ International Association ____________ _. International Alliance of Stage Employes and Moving Picture Machine Operators______ United Steelworkers__________________________ . Amalgamated Association of Street, Electric Railway and Motor Coach Employes International Brotherhood of Teamsters (Ind.) Textile Workers Union _ _______ Transport Workers Union _______________ . U tility Workers Union________________ . Unaffiliated locals___________________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis No violations disclosed 186 33,738 64 1 8 1 1 2 2 2 6 1 1 1 3 5 10 1 21 7 7 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 2 3 1 1 2 4 1 2 9 2 i 1 i i i ] 1 i 4 4 12 1 14 1 35 1 « 19 414 1,189 139 143 440 768 202 2,608 300 731 21 396 1,363 280 640 919 506 307 5 46 783 324 65 1,767 1, 202 392 1,727 1, 686 505 24 309 1,087 15 448 644 679 545 86 1,600 330 226 213 373 479 824 2, 611 305 861 534 116 161 1,400 1 2 Total cases closed National union affiliation i 1 All national unions not identified as independent are affiliated w ith the A FL-C IO . 2 As of June 30, 1960. 3 Now a part of the National Federation of Independent Unions following merger with the National Independent Union Council. Number of locals reporting to the LM W P 2 V iolations disc losed Total 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 5 5 4 4 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 4 Did not affect election M ay have affected election 121 63 58 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 1 1 1 3 5 1 16 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 4 11 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 5 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 5 1 3 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 1 5 1 2 11 1 1 1 16 8 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 11 < Involved 10 locals since 2 locals had 2 challenged elections each. 3 Involved 4 locals since 1 local had 2 elections challenged. 6 Involved 18 locals since 2 elections of the Salaried Employees Union, Chicago, 111., were challenged. UNION ELECTION CHALLENGES UNDER THE LMRDA were less likely to have affected the election out come) . Only 7 of the 12 national unions with at least 5 election cases had 1 percent or more of their re porting locals involved in election complaint cases; 3 of these had over 2 percent, and 1 had over 3 percent. Of all reporting affiliated locals, only 1 in 300 was involved in an election case; the equiva lent relationship for unaffiliated locals was 1 in 75. Locals of only 1 of the 12 national unions had a greater than average determination of violations that may have affected an election, with 5 of its 6 violation cases in this category. The record of unaffiliated locals was similar: in 11 of the 16 unaffiliated local violation cases the outcome may have been affected. Unaffiliated locals also had a greater number of allegations per election case than affiliated locals did. Most of the unaffiliated locals were smaller than the average local involved in an election complaint. In addition to size, location, and the other fac tors characteristic of unions whose elections are challenged, other elements, such as the degree of education in union practices, use of violation charges as a campaign tactic, and the frequency of elections, are very likely to determine the relative frequency of election complaints within locals of various national unions. Characteristics of Elections Method of Election. Approximately two-thirds of the local elections in which violations were al leged were conducted by voting at polls,8 with the remainder divided between membership meetings and mail referendum. Allegations concerning elections conducted at membership meetings were confirmed in 5 out of 6 cases and were thought to have possibly affected the outcome of the election in 4 out of 6 cases in which violations were found. On the other hand, 2 out of 3 poll elections were found to have violations, but less than half of those marked by violations were considered to have a doubtful election outcome. Again, this finding probably stems from the locals’ size, since the larger locals, which have a lower rate of confirmed violations, are those most likely to vote at polls. 6 Since the unions whose elections were challenged had larger than average membership, this proportion Is greater than it would be if all union elections had been studied. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5 Voting at membership meetings was frequently characterized by violations of ballot secrecy, while voting at polls was more often accompanied by procedural errors. In addition, most of the charges of voting by ineligible persons were against poll elections; approximately half of these elections involved this charge. Voting by mail referendum took place almost as frequently among the election cases as voting at membership meetings, but usually in locals either geographically dispersed, or with transient mem bership (such as some of the transportation unions) where other methods of voting would be impractical. The violations alleged in mail elec tions, like those at polls, were generally of a pro cedural nature, such as failure to provide adequate election safeguards; over half of the complaints were verified, and for half of these it was deter mined that the outcome of the election could have been affected. Voting at polls attained the highest levels of membership participation, but was almost matched by voting through mail referendum. The greater participation that results from the extended time period offered by poll voting is, of course, one of the reasons for holding this kind of election in stead of voting at a membership meeting. The few large locals that voted at membership meetings had very low rates of voter participation. Kind of Supervision. More than 80 percent of the contested local elections had been conducted by members of the local unions themselves. There was a somewhat higher incidence of complaint confirmation and a greater proportion of deter minations that the election outcome could have been affected when the election was supervised by members of a local union than when it was conducted by a representative from the interna tional or an independent body. Source of Complaint. The great majority of com plaints were filed by defeated candidates who had opposed incumbent officers. Only 13 defeated in cumbents filed complaints in local elections, some of whom made the allegation, more often made by defeated opposition candidates, that the group controlling the election machinery discriminated against them. Whether the complainant was a de feated opposition candidate or a noncandidate, the 6 proportion of violation confirmation was the same. However, violations possibly affecting the outcome of the election were verified in proportionately fewer of the cases initiated by a defeated opposi tion candidate than in cases where the complainant was a noncandidate. This suggests that, in lodg ing complaints, noncandidates are not inclined to complain unless they are certain of an election irregularity. Election Participation. No relationship was noted between the extent of membership participation in the election and the type of violation charged. However, the percentage of members voting in contested elections showed that with the exception of those elections where 80 percent or more of eligible voters cast their ballots, the smaller the percentage of members voting the greater the like lihood that the charges of violation would be con firmed.7 It is possible that elections with more than 80 percent participation were characterized by such vigorous competition for office that LMRDA violations resulted. Remedial Action The LMWP encourages voluntary remedial ac tion in cases which could be litigated: if compli ance is obtained, the case is not taken to court. Of the 65 cases in which the LMWP decided that the violations uncovered could have affected the outcome of the election, only 13, or one-fifth, were eventually taken to court. The remaining 52 were settled by voluntary compliance: in 40 cases, the challenged election was voided and the election rerun, while in 12, the union took appropriate administrative action. In 5 of these 12 cases, re medial action—usually a new regular election— was taken as soon as or sooner than civil action could be instituted; and in 5 other cases the per son whose election was challenged resigned and the Vacancy was filled by a procedure consistent with the act. The LMWP observed 24 of the 51 rerun elec tions—11 rerun by court order, and 13 under vol untary arrangements (although elections rerun under conditions of voluntary compliance do not invariably require LMWP supervision). The LMWP has information on 21 of the cases rerun under its aegis: The results of the original https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JANUARY 1965 election were reversed in 4 instances, while the original results were repeated in 10 cases and par tially repeated in 7. In the 25 of 27 elections rerun without supervision for which information is available, 14 returned the same officers, 6 reversed the previous results, and 5 partly reversed and partly sustained the original outcome. Most of the second elections were conducted by the same method of voting as the first, the only significant change being that in 10 of the 15 elec tions previously held at membership meetings, a type of balloting resulting in a disproportionate number of violations, another method was chosen. Membership participation rates remained about the same for elections voluntarily rerun under LMWP observation, but increased by approxi mately 14 percent in elections rerun under court order and decreased by about 22 percent for those rerun voluntarily without LMWP supervision. (The latter decrease wTas accounted for almost com pletely by one election.) In a large majority of the elections where voting participation declined, only a partial slate of candidates were running, and sometimes only a single, perhaps minor office was at stake. Only three partial rerun elections showed an increase in membership participation. When the LMWP uncovers title IV violations that need not be remedied through court action, it attempts to rectify the situation by notifying officials of the union of the violations and request ing their cooperation in avoiding further violations. Where violations have been committed as a re sult of conflicts between title IV and the union’s constitution, the unions generally have amended their constitutions to comply with the provisions of the law. The Scope of Title IV The part that voluntary compliance plays in carrying out the directives of title IV is prominent. Not only do many violations not meet the tests for rerunning an election, but also the median time lapse between a challenged election and its rerun is 60 weeks for elections voided by court order, as compared with only 39 wTeeks for those volun7 T he m ajority of th e 135 cases fo r w h ich th is in fo rm a tio n w as ava ila b le had a t le a s t 50 percen t p ar tic ip a tio n . UNION ELECTION CHALLENGES U NDER THE LMRDA tarily rerun and supervised by the LMWP and 31 weeks for those voluntarily rerun without such supervision. Since the offenses that brought about the passage of the LMRDA had been committed by only a small minority of unions, the LMWP attempts to avoid undue interference in imion affairs by allow ing offenders an opportunity to remedy their er rors. Court action is reserved for only the more serious violations when voluntary compliance is not forthcoming. Although the LMRDA requires voiding an elec tion in which violations are found if there is cause to believe that the outcome of the election could have been affected, the LMWP does not take violation cases to court unless it has been deter mined administratively that there is evidence to that effect. Where there is not sufficient evidence, the complainant is so informed, generally with an explanation of the determination. Where viola tions are of a technical nature, such as failure to preserve ballots and other election records for 1 year, they can only be remedied through voluntary compliance unless they occur concomitantly with more serious violations. In other cases, where serious or substantial violations cannot be shown to have affected an election because of a heavy vote, and compliance is not forthcoming, the only recourse for members injured by the violations (for example, suffering reprisals for not support ing the winning candidate) is for them to file suit under title I, sometimes a lengthy and expensive procedure. Many of the election cases that reach the courts result from a basic disagreement between the union and the LMWP on the interpretation of those https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7 provisions of title IV that specify “reasonable” nominating and election procedures. Thus, the reasonableness of requiring candidates to have a record of 2 years of continuous on-time payment of dues or of attendance at 75 percent of union meetings—a requirement that all but a small per centage of union members failed to meet—has been questioned. Other requirements which the LMWP has deemed unreasonable are those limit ing the right to hold office to members working in certain of several occupations which the union en compasses, and those that require both nominators and nominees to be present at nomination meetings even though the membership is geographically scattered or working hours preclude the attendance of some. Administrative rulings that have delimited the area in which the Secretary of Labor will exercise jurisdiction may result in a decrease in complaints. For example, the Secretary ruled that elections to fill vacancies were not subject to title IV and, therefore, irregularities in such elections are no longer to be investigated by the LMWP. The Secretary also announced recently that enforce ment action would no longer be taken solely be cause of failure to hold a secret ballot election where candidates are unopposed and write-in votes are not permitted, assuming that reasonable opportunity to nominate candidates and other pro visions of title IV have been complied with, since the election outcome could not be affected. Other rulings that may have limited the scope of the act’s enforcement were those holding that certain union officials, are not officers as defined by the act, and that elections held as part of a merger agreement are not covered by the act. Special Labor Force Report Work Experience of the Population in 1963 S amuel S aben * in the American economy during 1963 was reflected in a rise of 1.2 million in the number who worked at some time during the year. New heights in production and sales were accom panied by a rise to an alltime high of 83.2 million in the number of men and women who worked during the year (table 1). The 1.1 million more men and 300,000 more women who worked all year at full-time jobs raised the total who were fully employed to 45.4 million. These achieve ments are a measure of the sustained economic ex pansion of the Nation. At the same time, however, the Nation did not use its manpower to its full potential. In 1963, 14.2 million people were unemployed for 1 week or more at least once during the year (table 2). There was no appreciable change from 1962 in the proportion (15 percent) of the unemployed with work experience who had been jobless for a total of more than 6 months during the year, and only a slight decrease in the proportion of unemployed with more than one spell of joblessness. Further more, the number of persons who sought employ ment at some time during 1963 but did not work at all, at 1.8 million, was not significantly different from 1962. The above findings and those that follow are taken from the 1963 annual survey of work ex perience of the population.1 T h e expansion Employment Women accounted for about two-thirds of the 1.2 million rise in the number of persons who worked at some time during 1963. There was little 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis change in the proportion of persons in each age group who worked during the year, with the major exception of young women 20 to 24 years old (table 3) ; 66 percent of these young women worked, equalling the proportion for 18- and 19year-old girls who historically have had the high est work rate for any group of women. Among men 65 and over, there has been a con tinuing decline in the number doing some work during the year, despite an increase in the popula tion of this age group. In 1950, 49 percent of this age group worked during the year; in 1963, only 38 percent worked. The considerable rise in re tirements during the past decade has been spurred by the increase in the number of workers covered by private and public pension plans effective on the 65th birthday as well as by declining employ ment opportunities in agriculture, where many of these older men used to work. Between 1962 and 1963, the largest increases in employment were among workers whose longest job was in manufacturing (especially durable goods manufactures), transportation and public utilities, and service and finance. Only farmers and farm managers, among occupational groups, showed a decline in the number of persons with work experience. On the other hand, employment increased among professional and technical, cleri cal, and service (except private household) work ers, and operatives. ♦Of th e D iv isio n of P o p u la tio n and L abor F orce S tu d ies, B u reau of L abor S ta tis tic s. 1 D a ta p ertain to th e w ork experien ce of p erson s 14 y e a rs and over in th e c iv ilia n n o n in s titu tio n a l p op u lation in F eb ru ary 1964. T he an n u al su rvey fo r 1 963 w as taken in F eb ru ary 1964 as a su p p lem en t to th e regu lar m on th ly su rvey o f th e labor force condu cted fo r th e B ureau o f Labor S ta tis tic s by th e B ureau of th e C ensus th rou gh its C urrent P op u la tio n Survey. E a rlier su r v e y s o f w ork exp erien ce o f th e p op u lation h ave been an alyzed in th e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , D ecem ber 1960, pp. 1 2 7 2 -1 2 8 3 , D e cem ber 1961, pp. 1 3 2 4 -1 3 3 7 , D ecem ber 1962, pp. 1 3 4 7 -1 3 5 8 , J a n uary 1964, pp. 18—27, and rep rin ted w ith a d d itio n a l tab u lar m aterial in Sp ecial L abor F orce R eports N os. 11, 19, 25, and 38. R ep rin ts of a ll a r tic le s in th e series are a v ailab le w h ile th e su p p ly la s ts upon req uest to th e B ureau or to an y o f its region al offices. WORK EXPERIENCE OF THE POPULATION IN 1963 T a b l e 1. 9 W o r k E x p e r i e n c e D u r i n g t h e Y e a r , b y E x t e n t o f E m p l o y m e n t a n d b y S e x , 1960-63 Both sexes Work experience 1963 1962 Male 1961 1960 1962 1963 Female 1961 1960 1963 1962 1961 1960 Number (thousands of persons 14 years of age and over) Total who worked during the year U_ 83, 227 82, 057 80, 287 80, 618 51,039 50, 639 49,854 50, 033 32,188 31,418 30,433 30, 585 Full tim e:2 50 to 52 weeks_________ _ ________ 27 to 49 weeks. .. ___ ________ Part time or intermittently __ ______ 1 to 26 weeks at full-time jobs________ At part-time jobs_______ 50 to 52 w eek s... ________ . . . _ ________ 27 to 49 weeks. _ _ 1 to 26 weeks______ _______ 45, 449 11, 565 26, 213 9,153 17,060 5,229 3, 353 8,478 44,079 12,102 25, 876 9.146 16, 730 5,130 3, 368 8, 232 43,006 12,042 25, 239 9,170 16, 069 5,191 3,068 7,810 43, 265 12,132 25, 221 8,756 16, 465 5,307 3,290 7,868 33, 587 6,686 10, 766 4, 021 6,745 2,098 1,274 3,373 32, 513 7,185 10,941 4,289 6,652 2,114 1,305 3, 233 31, 769 7,434 10, 651 4, 264 6,387 2.240 1,163 2,984 31, 966 7, 653 10,414 3, 857 6,557 2,247 1,267 3,043 11,862 4, 879 15, 447 5,132 10,315 3,131 2,079 5,105 11, 566 4, 917 14, 935 4, 857 10, 078 3,016 2,063 4,999 11, 237 4,608 14, 588 4, 906 9,682 2,951 1, 905 4, 826 11, 299 4,479 14, 807 4,899 9,908 3, 060 2,023 4,825 Percent distribution Total who w orked during the year i__ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Full tim e:2 50 to 52 w eek s... ____ „ 27 to 49 weeks______ _ ___ ... ... Part time or interm ittently.. ___ ___ 1 to 26 weeks at full-time jo b s.. . . . . . _______ At part-time jobs _ 50 to 52 weeks_____ . . . 27 to 49 w eek s... ______. . . ____ 1 to 26 weeks______ _ __ 54.6 13.9 31.5 11.0 20.5 6.3 4.0 10.2 53.7 14.7 31.5 11.1 20.4 6.3 4.1 10.0 53.6 15.0 31.4 11.4 20.0 6.5 3.8 9.7 53.7 15.0 31.3 10.9 20.4 6.6 4.1 9.8 65.8 13.1 21.1 7.9 13.2 4.1 2.5 64.2 14.2 21.6 8.5 13.1 4.2 2.6 6.4 63.7 14.9 21.4 8.6 12.8 4.5 2.3 6.0 63.8 15.3 20.8 7.7 13.1 4.5 2.5 6.1 36.9 15.2 48.0 15.9 32.0 9.7 6.5 15.9 36.8 15.6 47.5 15.5 32.1 9.6 36.9 15.1 47.9 16.1 31.8 9.7 6.3 15.9 36.9 14.6 48.4 16.0 32.4 10.0 6 .6 E x tent of 6 .6 15.8 N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals 1 Time worked includes paid vacations and paid sick leave. 2 U sually worked 35 hours or more per week. T able 2. 6 .6 15.9 U nem ploym ent D u r in g the Y ear, 1963 1962 S e x , 1961-63 Male Both sexes Extent of unemployment by 1961 1963 1962 Female 1961 1963 1962 1961 Number (thousands of persons 14 years of age and over) Total working or looking for work____ . . ________ Percent with unem ployment____ _____ ___ . . 85,038 16.7 83,944 18.2 81,963 18.4 51,817 17.2 51,412 18.8 50,610 19.4 33,221 15.9 32, 532 17.1 31,353 16.7 ___ . . . _____ _ _ _ _ . . . Total with unem ploym ent.. . Did not work but looked for work __________ . . With work experience...... ............................... . . Year-round workers 1 with 1 or 2 weeks of unemploym ent_____ ______ ______ _____ _ _ ... Part-year workers 2 with unemployment . . . 1 to 4 weeks of unemployment . _______ __ _ _ 5 to i 0 weeks of unemployment . . ___ ____ 11 to 14 weeks of unem ploym ent____ ________ _ . 15 to 26 weeks of unem ploym ent. . . 27 weeks or more of unemployment- . . ______ Total with 2 spells or more of unemployment . . 2 spells___ ______ ___ _ . ... 3 spells or more. . . . . . . ____ . _ 14,211 1,811 12,400 15,256 1,887 13,369 15,096 1,676 13,420 8,923 778 8,145 9,686 773 8,913 9,846 756 9,090 5,288 1,033 4, 255 5, 570 1,114 4,456 5,250 920 4, 330 1,239 11,161 2,708 2,407 1,595 2,611 1,840 4,635 2,246 2,389 1,129 12,240 2,993 2, 759 1,700 2, 768 2,020 5, 219 2,524 2,695 1,036 12,384 3,098 2,559 1,669 2,849 2,209 4,963 2,299 2,664 934 7, 211 1,521 1,609 1,122 1,802 1,157 3, 269 1,526 1,743 817 8, 096 1,668 1,891 1,194 1,960 1,383 3,805 1,788 2,017 791 8,299 1,709 1,878 1,217 2,027 1,468 3,618 1,603 2,015 305 3,950 1,187 798 473 809 683 1,366 720 646 312 4,144 1,325 868 506 808 637 1,414 736 678 245 4,085 1,389 681 452 822 741 1,345 696 649 Percent distribution Unemployed persons with work experience, total___ Year-round workers 1 with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment____ Part-year workers 2 with un em ploym ent______ _______ 1 to 4 weeks of unem ploym ent______ _________ _ _ _ __ 5 to 10 weeks of unemployment _ . . _____ . . . ____ 11 to 14 weeks of unem ploym ent. . . ___________ ______ 15 to 26 weeks of unemployment _. ______ ______ 27 weeks or more of unem ploym ent. . . Total w ith 2 spells or more of unemployment _ __________ 2 spells___ _____ . . . . ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 spells or m ore______ _ _ _ __ ___ __ __________ 1 Worked 50 weeks or more. 2 Worked less than 50 weeks. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10.0 90.0 21.8 19.4 12.9 21.1 14.8 37.4 18.1 19.3 8.4 91.6 22.4 20.6 12.7 20.7 15.1 39.0 18.9 20.2 7.7 92.3 23.1 19.1 12.4 21.2 16.5 37.0 17.1 19.8 11.5 88.5 18.7 19.8 13.8 22.1 14.2 40.1 18.7 21.4 9.2 90.8 18.7 21.2 13.4 22.0 15.5 42.7 20.1 22.6 8.7 91.3 18.8 20.7 13.4 23.3 16.1 39.8 17.6 22.2 7.2 92.8 27.9 18.8 11.1 19.0 16.1 32.1 16.9 15.2 7.0 93.0 29.7 19.5 11.4 18.1 14.3 31.7 16.5 15.2 5.7 94.3 32.1 15.7 10.4 19.0 17.1 31.1 16.1 15.0 N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal totals. 10 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JANUARY 1965 T able 3. P ercent of P opulation W ho W orked D u r in g th e Y e a r , by A ge and S e x , 1 9 58-63 Age and sex 1963 1962 1961 Both sexes, 14 years and over. 63.7 63.8 63.5 39.0 73.7 77.8 72.0 74.4 77.4 67.2 25.0 39.7 74.9 76.5 71.3 74.6 77.6 67.3 25.0 39.8 72.2 74.5 70.9 74.2 75.8 66.6 26.7 82.3 82.8 83.1 46.3 82.5 91.6 97.9 97.6 97.1 88.7 37.6 46.7 83.9 92.2 97.5 97.9 96.5 90.1 38.4 46.1 80.9 92.5 97.7 97.7 95.9 89.7 41.0 14 to 17 years_____ . . . . ... 18 and 19 years_____ _ 20 to 24 years_____ ___ ___ 25 to 34 years_______ . . . 35 to 44 years__ 45 to 54 years_____ 55 to 64 years_______ _. 65 years and over_____ . . . Male, 14 years and over_____ 14 to 17 years________ 18 and 19 years____________ 20 to 24 years____ _ _______ 25 to 34 y e a r s ... . . . . . . . 35 to 44 years_____ . . . . 45 to 54 years.. .. . .. 55 to 64 years___ _ 65 years and over. ... _ 1960 1959 1958 64.8 64.0 64.1 42.4 74.9 76.2 71.7 74.9 76.7 66.7 28.0 42.8 73.7 75.2 70.3 73.8 76.1 65.4 26.7 43.3 73.3 73.4 70.8 73.7 75.9 66.2 27.5 84.5 84.1 84.4 49.7 84.1 92.9 98.1 97.9 96.6 89.6 43.1 49.0 82.1 92.0 97.2 97.7 96.3 89.3 42.4 50.4 82.5 89.2 97.5 97.7 96.3 89.9 43.4 Female, 14 years and over___ 46.9 46.5 45.8 46.9 45.6 45.7 14 to 17 years___ _______. . . . 18 and 19 years______ . . . . 20 to 24 years__ _____ 25 to 34 years__ . . . . . . . _ . . 35 to 44 years__ . . _ 45 to 54 years__ .... 55 to 64 years__ . . ....... 65 years and over_________________ 31.6 66.3 66.1 48.5 53.1 58.9 47.4 15.1 32.5 67.2 63.3 47.5 53.2 59. 6 46.3 14.3 33.2 64.7 59.4 46.6 52.8 57.0 45.6 15.2 34.8 66.8 62.1 47. 4 53.7 58.0 45.7 15.8 36.5 66.4 61.3 45.7 51.8 56.9 43.5 13.9 36.1 65.5 60.5 46.3 51.5 56.6 44.3 14.2 7 ear-Round Full-Time Employment. Approxi mately 55 percent of those who worked in 1963 (about 45.4 million persons) worked full time for the whole year, the highest proportion since 1957. The 1.4 million rise over the year was the largest gain since 1955. The increase in the proportion of fully employed year-round workers was uneven. It was greatest among men 25 to 54 years old and higher for white than nonwhite men. The significant increase in the proportion of durable goods workers who worked steadily (undoubtedly sustained by rises in investment in producers’ durable equipment and expenditures for consumers’ durables) was con centrated in the stone, clay, and glass, primary metals, and transportation equipment industries. Occupation groups in which the proportion, of full-year full-time workers rose in 1963 were craftsmen, operatives, and laborers; the increase among craftsmen and operatives was limited to white men. Meanwhile, the proportion of private household workers engaged in full-time work all year declined. Several developments are discernible in regard to full-year full-time employment in recent years. Between 1960 and 1963, for instance, the propor tion of men who were fully employed rose by 2 percentage points to 66 percent, with most of the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis rise occurring in 1963. Among women, however, there was no change in the proportion so employed. A greater proportion of married men (77 percent) had year-round full-time jobs in 1963 than in any of the prior 3 years. For married women also the proportion was higher in 1963 than in 1960. Among single persons, both men and women, the ratios declined somewhat. Since 1950, there has been a considerable decline in the proportion of men 65 years old or older working all year at full-time jobs, from 52 percent in 1950 to 38 percent in 1963 (chart 1). In part, this is due to liberalized social security provisions. During the same period, the proportion of the older men in the work force who had part-time jobs has risen sharply. This increase in part-time work would seem to point to income from partial retirement augmenting social security payments due to less rigid limitations on earnings. A similar downward trend has been observed in the proportion of full-year full-time workers among several occupational groups, most mark edly among farmers, nonfarm laborers, and pri vate household workers (table 4). Chart 1. Work Experience of Men 65 Years and Older, 1950-63 As the percent of senior men working full time year round decreased, the proportion at part time 11 WORK EXPERIENCE OF THE POPULATION IN 1963 T a b l e 4. Y e a r -R ound F ull - T ime W o r k er s , 1 by M ajor O c cu pa tio n G r o u p of L o ngest J ob , 1955, 1960, and 1 9 6 2 -6 3 Percent of total with work experience during the year Number (thousands) Major occupation group 1962 1955 1962 2 I960 2 1955 _____ ___________ __ ______________ 45,449 44,079 43,265 42,624 54.6 53.7 53.7 56.6 Professional, technical, and kindred workers____ - ________ -- -Farmers and farm managers- _____ ____ _______ _____ Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm........ ................ Clerical and kindred w o r k e r s ...________________ -- ----- ------------Sales workers_______ ____ ______ -----------------------------Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers_____________________ _____ Operatives and kindred workers. -- ___ __________ ------Private household workers - ___ - . ___________________ ________ Service workers, except private household.. ------ --------------------Farm laborers and foremen . ... Laborers, except farm and m ine_____ _ . . . ____ ______________ 5,878 1,724 6,548 7,305 2,442 6.670 8,529 481 3,599 638 1,637 5,630 1,896 6,523 7,022 2, 531 6,319 7,918 572 3,481 664 1,521 5,557 2,121 6,281 6,875 2,528 6,327 7,434 591 3,222 806 1,523 4,452 3,243 5,536 6,068 2,497 6,355 8,214 611 2,808 992 1,847 62.4 73.0 82.7 56.2 43.2 70.3 57.6 14.4 41.3 16.0 35.9 62.3 72.8 82.3 56.8 44.9 67.5 54.6 16.6 41.4 16.1 32.8 63.7 72.0 80.9 56.8 45.9 67.5 52.8 18.5 40.6 17.5 34.8 65.8 81.9 82.7 60.2 47.3 69.6 56.0 21.2 42.6 19.4 44.2 T otal_________________ in an increase of about 300,000 in the total who worked during the year, with about 150,000 in the group working 50 to 52 weeks at full-time jobs. 1 Persons employed 50 to 52 weeks at full-time jobs. 2 Beginning with 1959, data include Alaska and Hawaii and are therefore tiot strictly comparable with previous years. For 1959, this inclusion resulted T able 5. E x tent of U nem plo ym ent in 1962 1963 1960 1963 2 N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal total. and 1963, Unemployed as percent of total working or looking for work by A ge , M arital S tatus , C olor , 1963 Total, 14 years and over________________________ 1962 Sex Percent of unemployed who worked during the year having unemployment of— 1963 1962 3 spells or more 2 spells 15 weeks or more Characteristics and 1963 1962 1963 1962 18.1 18.9 19.3 20.2 37.5 18.7 20.1 21.4 22.6 28.7 39.3 30.1 34.6 36.5 43.9 60.3 22.2 19.9 21.3 17.6 18.8 17.2 18.1 17.8 20.8 22.6 18.4 20.8 19.1 22.2 11.0 16.9 17.2 17.6 22.0 28.4 34.7 20.0 23.8 16.7 21.2 21.1 28.0 31.3 16.7 18.2 35.9 35.8 17.2 18.8 36.3 18.5 31.4 29.6 18.8 14.2 13.7 11.8 19.4 37.1 33.2 19.7 16.2 14.9 11.4 32.2 34.9 35.4 30.5 35.3 40.6 60.1 A ge and S ex Male, 14 years and over___ _ - _______ ___________ 14 to 17 years.__________________ _________ 18 and 19 years_______ . . _________ ______ _ 20 to 24 years.. . . . .. _____ _ - .. - - - - - ___ 25 to 34 years____ _ __ _______ . . . 35 to 44 years____ - _____ ______ ________ . . . 45 to 64 y ea rs.. - . .. ______ ____ . . . ... . . 65 years and over____ ______ . . . _______ _ ___ _____ 15.9 17.1 35.1 32.4 16.9 16.5 15.2 15.2 14 to 17 y e a r s ... . - . . . . . _______ ._ . ... ... 18 and 19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ ____ 20 to 24 years______ . ________ _ ._ . .- _____ 25 to 34 years__ _ . ________ ____ . . . . - __ 35 to 44 years__ . . . . . . _____ _ ______ . . . . 45 to 64 years.. . _______ ______ _ . . . ------65 years and o v er.. --------------------- _ ---------- _. 15.4 30.8 20.2 17.5 15.4 12.1 8.8 15.4 32.7 24.2 17.4 16.6 12.9 9.7 16.5 26.3 30.5 36.2 39.4 39.3 (*) 21.5 23.9 24.8 35.9 34.9 37.5 46. 6 12.8 15.8 17.1 15.0 15.9 19.0 i1) 15.0 15.5 17.1 14.7 17.5 17.0 20.4 8.5 10.9 10.0 11.9 16.6 21.6 (») 8.0 10.2 11.4 13.9 16.3 21.1 16.5 24.5 14.5 25.6 27.5 15.6 28.8 41.2 32.3 51.3 38.8 35.1 52.4 21.3 17.9 16.5 20.6 19, 4 23.5 18.0 21.3 33.9 22.1 22.1 28.5 17.7 14.3 18.7 18.4 15.6 20.3 29.4 34.0 43.8 26.9 32.6 37.8 14.2 16.5 21.1 14.7 16.5 18.7 13.3 14.5 18.9 11.7 15.7 17.8 15.4 27.1 16.7 29.8 33.8 45.7 33.7 46.1 18.2 17.5 18.6 20.3 17.7 26.7 18.7 27.1 15.9 29.2 17.4 31.9 33.9 48.5 35.5 47.9 18.7 18.8 19.8 21.5 19.6 30.4 21.4 29.4 14.6 24.5 15.6 27.2 33.8 40.8 29.9 43.0 17.2 15.3 16.0 18.1 14.1 20.1 13.2 23.6 Female, 14 years and o v e r . . _____ ________ _ M arital Status and Sex Male: S in g le.. _ _______ . . __________ . _ _ _ . ._ Married, wife present__ _ .. .. . . . ______ Other marital status___ ______ -- - - - ___ Female: S i n g l e .. ______ -._ _____ ______ . Married, husband p r e s e n t ._________ - - - - - - - Other marital status.. _____ _____ _ . .................. C olor and S ex Both sexes: W hite__________________________________________ Nonwhite ___ ____________ _______ ________ Male: W hite__________________________________________ N onw hite--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ___ _ _____ Female: W h i t e . . ______________ ______ . . . -------------- -N o n w h ite.______ _____ . . _________ _________ 1 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 12 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JANUARY 1966 Part-Year Work. The rise in full-year full-time employment among men was accompanied by a drop of about 660,000 in the number who had worked only part of the year. All of the decline was among men in the prime age group, 25 to 64 years old. About half the men age 25 and over mentioned unemployment as the major reason why they had not worked all year. The number men tioning this reason fell by 11 percent between 1962 and 1963 although the number of part-year work ers declined by 8 percent. Among men under age 25, however, going to school was by far the most important reason for part-year work; about twothirds reported this as the major reason as com pared with one-fourth who indicated unemploy ment. The number of women who worked part of the year increased by about 360,000, in contrast to the decline among men. Only a small proportion of the women, 15 percent, attributed their failure to work all year to unemployment; half said that taking care of their home was the major reason, and another 18 percent said attendance at school limited their work to only part of the year (chart 2 ). T a b l e 6. Unemployment The 14.2 million persons unemployed at some time during 1963 comprised 16.7 percent of the persons working or looking for work during the year. Of this total, 12.4 million had worked at some time during the year. There was no overall change from 1962 in the proportion of the jobless who had been unemployed for a total of 15 weeks or more, and only a slight decrease in the percent age with more than one spell of joblessness (table 5). Unemployment by Industry and Occupation. The proportion unemployed declined somewhat from the 1962 level in a majority of the industries and occupations (table 6). As usual, unemployment was most likely among wage and salary workers in agriculture, construction (where short-term projects and loose employer-employee attachments prevail), lumber products, and apparel, where about one-third of the workers or more were job less at least once during the year. Nevertheless, very long-term unemployment (a total of 27 weeks or more) and repeated spells of joblessness de- E x t e n t o f U n e m p l o y m e n t i n 1962 a n d 1963 A m o n g P e r s o n s W h o W o r k e d D u r i n g t h e Y e a r , b y M a j o r O c c u p a t io n a n d I n d u s t r y G r o u p of L o n g e s t J ob Unemployed as percent of total who worked Percent of unemployed who worked during the year having unemploy ment of— Major occupation or industry group 1962 1963 All groups_____ ... ... _ ... 3 spells or more 2 spells 15 weeks or more 1963 14.9 16.3 35.9 5.6 1.9 5.7 11.6 10.0 19.2 24.8 12.4 »16.0 13.2 32.6 6.6 2.6 5.1 12.5 11.7 21.9 26.5 14.1 16.9 15.8 35.3 25.2 (i) 28.4 30.1 35.8 37.2 33.8 37.5 40.6 45.2 42.8 16.7 21.7 16.5 25.4 38.1 19.4 20.1 18.5 13.9 17.0 11.6 13.7 11.1 6.0 18.3 26.6 17.9 25.5 43.0 20.5 21.6 19.0 14.3 17.9 13.0 15.2 12.5 7.0 35.6 45.1 35.1 39.1 39.2 31.6 30.7 32.9 36.5 36.4 35.5 41.7 33.9 39.3 1962 1963 1962 1963 35.8 18.1 18.9 19.3 23.0 31.4 25.7 28.1 35.1 35.7 44.7 37.4 47.0 46.7 15.3 (1) 12.8 15.7 12.4 18.5 18.3 13.2 20.7 25.7 20.8 15.1 (>) 19.7 12.1 13.1 18.7 19.9 18.0 20.7 22.5 23.4 12.2 (>) 10.4 8.5 10.1 27.3 18.8 25.2 13.6 35.0 27.5 35.7 47.2 35.0 44.8 43.9 31.3 31.1 31.6 39.1 33.0 34.5 46.1 31.2 36.6 18.1 24.1 17.8 20.1 22.5 17.1 16.1 18.4 18.3 17.7 16.1 14.5 16.6 15.2 18.9 22.3 18.7 23.2 24.6 18.9 18.8 19.0 17.0 l7. 1 16.7 17.3 16.5 11.2 18.6 34.7 17.8 20.7 30.4 15.8 13.1 19.6 18.0 14.1 15.8 30.0 12.0 17.6 1962 20.2 Occupation Group Professional, technical, and kindred workers Farmers and farm managers . . . . Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm ... Clerical and kindred w orkers.. Sales workers . . . Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers Operatives and kindred workers. Private household workers Service workers, except private household Farm laborers and foremen . . . Laborers, except farm and mine (9 13.6 (>) 14.2 9.9 11.3 26.0 18.5 26.2 13.5 33.2 32.7 I ndustry G roup Wage and salary workers____ . Agriculture.._ ___. . . . . ____ Nonagrieultural industries.. . . . Forestry, fisheries, and m ining.. ______ Construction___ . . M anufacturing... Durable goods_____ _ Nondurable goods . . . Transportation and public utilities__________ Wholesale and retail trade.. . . . Service industries__ . . Private households____ _ Other services___ Public administration . . . . . 1 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 19.6 34.4 18.7 26.3 33.0 14.3 12.4 17.2 22.5 15.0 17.8 33.1 13.4 12.3 13 WORK EXPERIENCE OF THE POPULATION IN 1963 Chart 2. M a jo r Reason for W orking Less Than a Full Y e a r1 0 25 50 75 100 PERCENT For two-fifths of the men who did not work the whole year, the major reason was inability to find a job; for half of the women, the major reason was home responsibilities. 1 As given by persons who worked 1 to 49 weeks during 1963. dined among workers in the construction indus try, which was marked by a steady upward move ment of residential building during the year. Occupationally, unemployment wTas most common among nonfarm laborers and operatives. The ex tent of unemployment was most severe among farm and nonfarm laborers and service workers (exclud ing private household), with at least 4 out of every 10 unemployed persons out of work for a total of 15 weeks or more during the year. The Unemployed With No Work in 1963. In addi tion to the 12.4 million unemployed who did some work in 1963, another 1.8 million persons looked for jobs for 1 week or more during the year but did not work at all (table 7). About one-third were teenagers and another 40 percent were women age 20 or over. As in 1962, half of the persons who looked but found no employment in 1963 re ported that the main reason for not working was inability to find a job; among teenagers, going to school was the most important reason. The pro portion of men offering unemployment as a reason declined to 54 percent from 61 percent in 1962. Two-fifths of the men who were unsuccessful in finding wrork in 1963 looked for more than half the year—a proportion about twice as great as for women. As many as 7 out of 10 of the 250,000 jobless men 25 to 64 years old who had not worked 758—054 O— 65------ 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis during the year, almost all of whom were married, had vainly sought employment for more than 6 months. As in previous years, nonwhite persons were dis proportionately represented among those who looked for work at some time but didn’t find any. In both 1963 and 1962, about 25 percent of the persons looking for jobs unsuccessfully during the year were nonwhite. In contrast, in each of the years, only 11 percent of all persons who did some work were nonwhite. Repeated Spells of Unemployment. Persons who had more than two spells of unemployment were concentrated to a considerable degree in two seasonal industries, construction and agriculture, and in private household work where job changes are frequent. Carpenters, other construction craftsmen, and farm laborers again had the high est incidence of more than two spells, with private household workers and laborers in construction and other nonmanufacturing activities not far behind. A greater proportion of men than of women con tinued to have more than two separate periods of joblessness primarily because of the low incidence of unemployment in office and sales jobs, where women predominate, and the less firm attachment of women to the work force. T a b l e 7. U n em plo yed P e r so n s W it h n o W ork E x p e r ie n c e in 1963, b y E x t e n t of U n e m pl o y m e n t , A ge , M arita l S t a t u s , C olor , a n d S e x Total looking for work Age, marital status, color, and sex Total, 14 years and over_____ Percent distribution, by number of weeks unemployed 27 1 to 4 5 to 14 15 to 26 weeks or weeks weeks weeks more N um ber (thou sands) Per cent Total 1,811 100.0 100.0 39.5 23.0 8.1 29.5 22.4 25.4 45.0 7.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 49.0 40.0 35.8 30.4 33.2 28.5 16.8 9.6 9.7 7.7 7.5 8.0 8.2 23.7 39.9 52.0 Age: 14 to 17 years_____ 405 18 to 24 years_____ 460 815 25 to 64 years. . 65 years and over.. 131 Marital status: S in g le .____ 756 Married, spouse present.. _ . . . _ 798 Other marital 257 status_____. . . Color: W hite___________ 1,382 429 Nonw hite. . Sex: 778 M a le ... _ . .. . 1,003 Female____ 41.7 100.0 41.8 28.8 8.6 20.8 44.1 100.0 41.6 19.2 7.7 31.5 14.2 100.0 26.6 17.5 7.5 48.4 76.3 23.7 100.0 100.0 41.0 34.5 22.2 25.3 8.1 7.8 28.6 32.4 43.0 57.0 100.0 100.0 30.3 46.4 22.1 23.6 8.0 8.1 39.7 21.8 N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 14 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JANUARY 1965 Although older workers are less likely than younger ones to be unemployed during the year, among those who do become jobless the frequency of several spells of unemployment tends to increase with age. About 20 percent of the unemployed men 25 to 44 years old had more than two spells of unemployment compared with about 30 percent of those age 45 and over. Among part-year workers with unemployment, those who had worked primarily on a part-time basis were more likely to have had more than two spells of unemployment than were those generally employed full time. As the following tabulation shows, this was particularly evident for men: P e r c e n t o f p a r t- y e a r w o r k e r s i n 1963 a ffe c te d b y s p e c if ie d n u m b e r o f u n e m p lo y m e n t s p e lls F u ll - t im e w orkers M en Total spells _ __ ____ One spell ___ _ _ _ ___ Two spells__ Three spells or m ore.. _ ___ P a r t-tim e w orkers 100. 0 100. 0 57. 5 21. 5 21. 1 42. 0 19. 8 38. 2 ___ 100. 0 100. 0 ___ ___ ___ 67. 6 18. 6 13. 7 59. 1 17. 0 23. 9 W om en Total spells _ One spell _ _ _____ Two spells __ _ _ Three spells or m ore.. _ __ The part-time workers were apt to be teenagers attending school and married women who had sev eral short periods of unemployment as they moved into and out of the labor force. Not in the Labor Force Some 45.6 million persons, over three-fourths of them women, did not work or look for work at all during 1963. Their main reasons for not working were attendance at school or college, home respon sibilities, illness or disability, and miscellaneous reasons, such as retirement and voluntary idleness. Only a small number, under 100,000, reported they did not work because they could not find work, as shown below: Illness A substantial minority of the men who had not worked at all during 1963 or had worked less than a full year reported illness or disability as the main reason. As shown below, one-fourth of the men age 25 or over who worked part year or not at all were unable to work a full year or even do some work because of illness or disability: P r o p o r t i o n d u e to i l l n e s s o r d i s N u m ber w o r k in g p a rt year or n o t at a ll (it h o u s a n d s ) Total, all ages _ _ 14 to 24 y ea rs.._ 25 to 64 years___ 65 years or over___ 26, 10, 9, 6, 322 863 446 013 a b i li ty (p e r c e n t ) ---------------------------------------D id n o t w o rk ---------------— — T o ta l 15. 1. 25. 24. B o th se x es https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 45, 4, 26, 8, 588 238 163 927 85 6, 175 M a le 10, 190 2, 109 3, 884 32 4, 165 398 129 163 043 53 2, 010 2 2 6 9 8. . 9. 19. L ooked fo r w ork 0 6 5 0 0. 2 . 1 .5 .1 The first large crop of wartime babies, those bom in 1942, are now swelling the ranks of the young workers. A sharp rise in the number of young people between 20 and 24 years old will con tinue for the remainder of the 1960’s, in sharp contrast with a decrease in the 1950’s : E s tim a te d p o p u la tio n ch an ges p e r s o n s age 3 0 to 24 1 9 5 0 -6 0 Number (thousands)_______ Percent change____________ —525 —4, 5 1 9 6 0 -6 5 fo r 1 9 6 0 -7 0 + 2, 486 + 22. 3 + 5 , 967 + 53. 6 Having just passed their teens and just before entering the prime working years of 25 to 64, per sons in their early twenties share to some extent the characteristics—and problems—of both the younger and older groups. Some are still unmar ried and in school or college, but others are family breadwinners. As a group they are more perma nently attached to the work force than are teen agers, but not so settled in jobs as are their elders. Their distribution by marital status in February 1964 is shown in the following tabulation: P e r s o n s a g e 2 0 to 24 M en F e m a le 35, 2, 26, 5, 7. 1. 15. 4. 5 9 5 1 D id n o t lo o k f o r w o rk Workers Age 20 to 24 P e r s o n s n o t i n th e la b o r fo r c e ( th o u s a n d s ) All reasons, total Illness __ __ _ Household responsibilities__ Attending school Could not find work A llo th e r.. _ _ _ P a r tyear w o rk ers Total population _ _ Single Married, spouse present. _ Other marital status W om en N um ber (th o u sa n d s) P ercen t 5, 423 2, 905 2, 401 117 100. 53. 44. 2. N u m ber (th o u sa n d s) 0 6, 402 6 1, 931 3 4, 003 1 468 P ercen t 100. 30. 62. 7. 0 2 5 3 15 WORK EXPERIENCE OF THE POPULATION IN 1963 alent) is clearly evident. The proportion of non white girls fully employed was a third smaller than for white girls, and the proportion working part time was half again as great. The work participation rate for young men is high regardless of marital status; as might be ex pected, the rate for married men, at 98 percent, was higher than for single, by about 11 percentage points. Among the young women, however, the situation was reversed. About 84 percent of the single women age 20 to 24 worked during the year, nearly as high a proportion as among single men; for the married women in the same age group the rate was down to 57 percent. Over half—54 percent—of the young workers age 20 to 24 years were part-year workers com pared with 30 percent of older persons. The prev alence of part-year workers among youth was primarily attributable to three reasons as the tab ulation below of a percent distribution of major reasons for part-year work shows: Employment. In 1963, 92 percent of the young men age 20 to 24 worked during the year, and half of the remainder gave as a reason for not working that they were still in school. Only 66 percent of the women worked at some time during the year; more than four-fifths of those who did not work had assumed marital and family responsibilities. Inability to find work was rarely given as a reason for not working; altogether about, 120,000 gave this reason (11 percent of the men and 3 percent of the women). Although almost half the young men worked all year at full-time jobs, this was considerably be low the rate of 78 percent for men 25 to 64 (table 8). Many of the young men were attending col lege and were unable to work a full year; also they were more likely to be unemployed at some time during the year than older men. On the other hand, 37 percent of the young women were full time workers for the f ull year, a somewhat smaller proportion than that for older women. In the age group 20 to 24, white and nonwhite men were much alike in the proportions who were in the work force or who were working either part time or full time all year. Among older men, however, a much smaller proportion of the nonwhite men were fully employed all year and rela tively more of them held primarily part-time jobs. Although the work experience rates of young white and nonwhite women workers were about the same, the less favorable position of nonwhite women in regard to all-year full-time work (at tributable primarily to their concentration in less skilled occupations where part-time work is prevT a b le 8. W ork E x p e r ie n c e D u r in g 1963, by P e r c e n t o f p e r s o n s w o r k i n g p a r t t im e M en M a jo r re a so n All reasons _ _ _ U nemployment___ Illness or disability. . ___ Taking care of home_______ Going to school. _ . . Other *_ W om en 24 HO to Hit yea rs 2 5 to 64 yea rs 2 0 to yea rs 2 5 to 6 4 yea rs 100 41 5 100 100 100 58 19 ___ ___ 39 15 2 21 16 4 53 19 9 18 11 61 1 9 1Includes retirement, service in the Armed Forces, summer vacations for students, unpaid vacations, and strikes. Among men, the effects of both the vicissitudes of youth in looking for work as well as the importance E xtent of E m ploym ent and Sex for S elec ted A ge G r o u ps [Percent distribution] 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years Female Male Both sexes Work experience 25 to 64 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 64 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 64 years Total who worked during the year: Percent of population __ _ _____ Number (thousands), _ ______________ 73.7 3,719 9,198 60,694 73.1 82.5 1,911 91.6 4,965 95.8 38,121 66.3 1,808 66.1 4,233 52.3 22,573 Percent, __ ___________________________ Full tim e____ ______ ___ , ___ 50 to 52 weeks_________ __ 27 to 49 weeks ______________ ___ _ _ 1 to 26 weeks__________ 100.0 61.0 14.1 12.7 34.1 100.0 83.8 42.4 18.6 22.8 100.0 86.9 65.0 14.6 7.3 100.0 58.6 14.8 11.8 32.0 100.0 86.3 47.3 18.5 20.5 100.0 95.9 78.2 13.7 4.0 100.0 63.4 13.3 13.7 36.4 100.0 81.0 36.7 18.7 25.5 100. 0 71.8 42.8 16.2 12.8 Part tim e____________________________ 50 to 52 weeks— _ __ _ 27 to 49 weeks___ __ _ 1to 26 weeks____________ ______ 39.0 8.5 8.3 22.3 16.2 4.0 3.7 13.1 4.7 3.0 5.3 41.4 13.7 4.0 3.7 5.9 4.1 1.4 36.6 5.3 7.5 23.7 19.0 3.9 3.7 11.4 28.2 10.3 6.3 N ote: 77.8 8.4 Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11.5 8.9 20.9 1.1 1.6 11.6 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 16 T a b l e 9. E x t e n t o f U n e m p l o y m e n t D u r i n g 1963, b y S e x , f o r S e l e c t e d A g e G r o u p s [Percent distribution] Extent of-unemployment Female Male Both sexes 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 64 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 64 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years T otal working or looking for work-------- --------------------- _ Percent with unem ploym ent.. . . . . . .. ------ -Total with unemployment (thousands). --------- 3,925 31.1 1,220 9,452 25.2 2,384 61,509 14.9 9,140 1,999 31.4 627 5,064 29.6 1,498 38,377 15.2 5,815 1,926 30.8 593 4,388 20.2 886 23,132 14.4 3,325 Unemployed persons with work experience, total: Number (thousands).. ----------------------Percent___ . . . . . . ---------------- . ----------- . . - 1,014 100.0 2,130 100.0 8,325 100.0 539 100.0 1,399 100.0 5,559 100.0 475 100.0 731 100.0 2,766 100.0 Year-round workers with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment. _ Part-year workers with unem ploym ent.. . ---- . 1 to 4 weeks of unem ploym ent.. . . -------- --5 to 14 weeks of unem ploym ent.. . . ------15 to 26 weeks of unem ployment______ _ ________ 27 weeks or more of unemployment---- ----------------- 3.0 97.0 33.6 32.5 17.8 13.1 8.4 91.6 27.5 30.4 19.7 14.0 11.9 88.1 18.3 33.1 22.3 14.4 3.9 96.1 29.7 31.5 19.7 15.2 9.1 90.9 23.2 32.4 22.0 13.4 13.6 86.3 15.9 34.6 22.8 13.1 1.9 98.1 38.1 33.7 15.6 10.7 7.0 92.9 35.9 26.5 15.3 15.2 8.4 91.5 23.0 30.1 21.5 16.9 32.1 34.6 38.6 36.7 38.5 40.8 26.7 27.1 34.1 Tota with 2 spells or more of unem ploym ent_________ 25 to 64 years N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. of education are evident. For the young women, the responsibilities of marriage and motherhood was the dominant reason. of unemployment was less than that for the older persons. Outlook Unemployment. A relatively high proportion of young persons 20 to 24 years old were jobless at least once during the year, but generally they were out of work for comparatively few weeks. Many of them were looking for their first regular job. There was also the greater propensity of youth to job-shop and job-hop. One-fourth of the young adults 20 to 24 years old were jobless at least once during 1963, a somewhat lower proportion than for older teenagers (18 and 19 years old) but much higher than for workers age 25 to 64 (table 9). The percent distribution of weeks of unemploy ment for 20- to 24-year-old men resembled the pat tern for men ages 25 to 64. The pattern of dis tribution for young women was somewhat more favorable than it was for women in the 25 to 64 year age group. However, the proportion of young persons, of either sex, with more than two spells https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In the next few years, the changes now under way in the economy (such as the growth of service industries, more complex technical products, and automation) bespeak an increasing demand for professional and technical workers, clerks, and sales personnel. Furthermore, as a result of the low birth rate of the 1930’s, the 35- to 44-year-old group—the age group usually constituting a major portion of the skilled and managerial personnel— will decline in number. This lack of growth will leave openings which can be filled by younger workers—provided they are equipped for employ ment in an economy which is constantly requiring greater technical and educational skills. Already many young persons—inadequately equipped— are finding that lack of salable skills and knowl edge is hampering them in their search for work. Summaries of Studies and Reports Collective Bargaining Solutions to Technological Change T h e r e s p o n s e of collective bargaining to the chal lenges posed by technological change once again demonstrates that institution’s capacity to engen der a variety of programs to deal with the prob lems at hand.1 The variety of programs, in turn, reflects the diversity in the tempo and impact of technological change in the American economy. Where the pace of the change is slow and the extent of displacement is moderate, the imagina tive use of normal economic and administrative processes can do much to mitigate the impact of new technology on employment in the bargaining unit. When technical innovations come in large, discrete doses and threaten the economic status of a substantial number of employees, the parties are likely to supplement “natural” forces with their own defenses. Various measures may be adopted to distribute available employment op portunities among the incumbents and, in some cases, to provide economic guarantees. At the same time, recognition of the inevitability of some displacement creates pressures for the indemnifi cation of the casualties of technological change. As a last step, the parties may extend the adjust ment process into the labor market by engaging in active placement and retraining efforts. The Main Approaches To date, collective bargaining has given major emphasis to the refinement and utilization of nor mal economic processes and programs for dis tributing available job opportunities. In a market economy, where competitive pressures are often harsh and unsentimental, the prospects for the widspread establishment of long-term employment and income guarantees are dim at this point. Nor https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis are private efforts to facilitate the transition of displaced workers to the labor market likely to become prevalent on the American industrial rela tions scene. However, unions and employers are increasingly aware of the importance of these measures and doubtlessly will serve as active liai son agents with the appropriate governmental units operating in these areas. This analysis should not imply that in any par ticular collective bargaining relationship there is a fixed pattern in the development of programs to deal with technological change. To a consider able extent, the specific tactics adopted by the par ties will be determined by traditional policies and the immediate economic circumstances. Thus, the fact that shorter hours has been a traditional de vice for coping with cyclical fluctuations in the construction industry gave impetus to the use of this practice as a defense against technological change as well. In the petroleum refining indus try, on the other hand, a history of generosity in the area of fringe benefits made “induced” attri tion through early retirement an attractive alternative. The parties will also shift their emphasis as the economic environment within which they operate changes. In this respect, it is significant to note that when aggregate job opportunities in the au tomobile industry contracted sharply in response to market and technological factors, the UAW raised vocal demands for reducing the hours of work by controlling overtime. As employment levels have risen with expanded sales and produc tion, this demand has receded in importance and higher priority has been given to early retirement provisions. At the same time, leaders of the United Packinghouse Workers Union contend that methods for distributing available employment op1 E ditor ' s N ote .— T h is is th e co n clu d in g sec tio n o f a paper delivered to th e C onference on th e M anpow er Im p lic a tio n s o f A u tom ation held in W ash in gton , D.C., under th e spon sorsh ip of th e O rgan ization fo r E con om ic C ooperation and D evelopm ent, D ec. 8 -1 0 , 1964. An accou n t o f th e p roceedings is to be pub lish ed in th e F ebruary 1965 issu e o f th e R ev ie w . 17 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 18 portunities have been inadequate to handle the displacement associated with the modernization of the meatpacking industry and have served notice that they intend to push seriously for some form of economic guarantee. In this case, the economic climate has not softened the impact of far-reach ing technological change and plant relocation. Choice Versus Coherence Undoubtedly, unions and companies will con tinue to experiment with solutions to the problems posed by technological change. This capacity for experimentation has been one of the enduring vir tues of the American system of collective bar gaining. In the immediate years ahead, however, the greatest progress can be made not by a series of random innovations but rather by refining avail able measures and tying them together in a coher ent program. For example, almost every con scious effort to deal with technological displace ment includes some provision for the payment of a separation allowance which may constitute a sizable amount of money. There is some indica tion that the immediate attraction of this lump sum payment is so glittering that it may blind the worker to the longrun benefits of other alterna tives, such as interplant transfer. Similarly, the availability of economic guarantees to incumbent workers may slow down the rate of attrition that establishes the necessary base for any ameliorative effort. To be sure, it is desirable to provide a wide set of options so that different remedies can be applied to different individual cases as appropri ate. Nonetheless, the set of choices should not create incentives that may impair the process of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis adjustment. Thus, a major challenge to the par ties is to develop systems of administration that will preserve elements of choice without under mining the effectiveness of the overall program to deal with job insecurity in a context of technologi cal change. The Achievements of Bargaining It has been said that collective bargaining can not change the economic climate, it can only ration the sunshine—or the rain—as the case might be. To some degree, this is true. Under a decentral ized system of decisionmaking, the contribution made by collective bargaining is necessarily lim ited to the scope of the units within the control of the parties. It should not be concluded, however, that collective bargaining has or will play only a minor role in adjustments to technological and economic change. Collective bargaining has helped create a greater awareness of the magnitude of the problem where casual indifference might have prevailed. It has substituted orderly pro cedures for improvisation. It has sought some acceptable basis for distributing the costs and benefits of the new technology among those who are directly affected. To this extent, collective bargaining has, in some cases, actually promoted the diffusion of new methods of production. And it has attempted to deal with the difficult questions of equity that frequently have been ignored in previous periods of change. — A rnold W eber Graduate School of Business University of Chicago We want free enterprise and free collective bargaining to support each other. They stand as the cornerstones of the labor policy of this Administra tion. All our experience teaches us free collective bargaining must be re sponsible. 'So long as it is responsible, it will remain free. —President Lyndon B. Johnson, in his speech to the delegates to the 19th Consti tutional Convention of the United Automobile Workers, March 23, 1964. 19 SUPPLEMENTAL UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT PLANS Supplemental Unemployment Benefit Plans in Major Agreements S u p p l e m e n t a l u n e m p l o y m e n t benefit plans, de signed primarily to provide weekly supplements to State unemployment insurance benefits, were included in 247 of the 1,773 major collective bar gaining agreements in effect in the winter of 196364, according to a recent Bureau of Labor Statis tics survey.1 These contracts covered 1.9 million workers, or about 25 percent of all workers under major contracts. The 247 agreements with supplemental unem ployment benefit (SUB) provisions, in effect dur ing the winter of 1963-64, were primarily in the durable goods manufacturing industries, chiefly primary and fabricated metals, nonelectrical ma chinery, and transportation equipment industries. Substantial numbers of workers in two nondurable goods manufacturing industries—the apparel in dustry (ladies garment segment) and the rubber industry—were also employed under agreements with SUB plans. In nonmanufacturing indus tries, only 18 agreements, chiefly in retail food stores in California (10 agreements), included SUB plans. Agreements with SUB plans applied to nearly all workers employed under large union contracts in the primary metals industry and to more than 4 out of 5 of those in the rubber industry. In the transportation equipment industry, the SUB con tracts covered workers engaged in the manufac ture of motor vehicles, motor vehicle equipment, and railroad equipment; but because aerospace and shipbuilding employees were not covered by SUB agreements, these provided coverage to only 3 out of 5 of the workers employed under large agreements in the entire transportation equipment industry.2 Most of the agreements with SUB plans were negotiated by the following international unions: the Steelworkers (84 agreements), the Automobile Workers (66), the Ladies’ Garment Workers (40), the Rubber Workers (11), and the Retail Clerks (9). While the Glass and Ceramic Workers nego tiated only three SUB agreements within the scope of this study, these contracts applied to all work https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ers under major agreements in the flat glass in dustry and to about 7 out of 10 of all production workers in that industry. The National Maritime Union’s agreement covered all its members (unli censed seamen) employed by Atlantic and Gulf coast shipping companies. Four-fifths of the contracts were negotiated in single-employer bargaining units. With seven exceptions, the multiemployer agreements were confined to the following industries where multiemployer bargaining prevailed: Apparel (35 agreements), printing and publishing (1), retail trade (11), water transportation (1), and con struction (3). The seven multiemployer SUB agreements found in industries where single employer contracts predominated were those nego tiated by the Ladies’ Garment Workers in indus tries other than apparel (five agreements) ; by the Detroit Tooling Association and the Automobile Workers (one agreement) ; and by the Glass and Ceramic Workers with four of the smaller flat glass companies (one agreement). Characteristics3 For this study, the scope of a SUB plan was defined as the scope of the fund established for the payment of benefits under that plan. Thus, although the Ladies’ Garment Workers negotiated 38 separate multiemployer agreements and 2 single-employer agreements providing SUB bene fits, only one SUB plan was established because all signatory companies contribute to a single cen tral SUB fund from which benefits are paid. In a few companies, like the U.S. Steel Corp. and the Budd Co., a single plan with a single fund is pro vided for by several of their collective bargaining agreements. In contrast, four distinct SUB plans were established under the one multiemployer 1 F u ll r esu lts o f th e stu d y w ill be p resen ted in S u p p le m e n ta l U n e m p lo y m e n t B en efit P lan e an d W a g e-E m p lo ym e n t G u a ra n te e s, a fo rth co m in g b u lletin . T h e stu d y is p a r t o f a new series de scribed in a P rogram N ote in th e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w fo r O ctober 1964, pp. 1184—118*5. A d d itio n a l in fo rm a tio n on th e fin an cial a sp e cts w ill be provided in th e B u reau ’s stu d y o f plan finances, w h ich is now in progress. M ajor c o lle ctiv e b argain in g agreem ents, a s defined by th e B u reau, are agreem en ts coverin g 1,000 w orkers or more. a M ost of th e large c o n tr a c ts in th e aerosp ace in d u stry provided lum p-sum benefit p aym en t to w orkers on an exten d ed layoff. W ill be presen ted in a fo rth co m in g b u lletin , M a jo r C o lle c tiv e B a rg a in in g A g re e m e n ts : S e v era n c e P a y a n d L a y o ff B en efit P la n s. 3 T he term s used in th is a r tic le to describe c er ta in benefits or fe a tu re s o f SU B p la n s are n o t n e c essa rily th e sam e as th ose used in th e SU B agreem en ts or in th e d escr ip tiv e m a ter ia ls on p lan s. 20 agreement negotiated by the Glass and Ceramic Workers: each of the four signatory companies set up a separate fund for the payment of benefits to its workers. Altogether, 179 plans were estab lished by the 247 agreements providing unemploy ment benefits. In three industries—apparel, pri mary metals, and retail trade—there was a marked difference between the number of agreements in corporating provisions for plans and the number of plans established by these agreements. All except 5 of the 179 SUB plans were paying benefits at the end of 1963. This article, therefore, is concerned only with the major features of the 174 operating plans—167 single-employer plans and 7 multiemployer plans.4 Financing All SUB plans were financed solely by the com pany.5 Four types of funding arrangements were used: Individual account, company fund, multi employer pooled fund, and unfunded plans.6 All but 3 of the 174 plans were funded programs re quiring employer contributions into separately maintained trust funds. The overwhelming ma jority (88 percent) required contributions to be placed in a company fund; contributions of em ployers signatory to six multiemployer plans went into a multiemployer pooled fund. One multiemployer and ten single-employer plans had in dividual account funding arrangements; under these plans, however, the monies from each em ployee’s account were commingled only for invest ment purposes. All benefit payments generally came from the fund or from the worker’s individual account. The only funded plans with a different procedure were the Continental Can Co.’s plans negotiated with the Steelworkers and the Machinists. Under these two plans, benefits could be paid directly by the company, and these payments reduced the com pany’s contribution liability. To prevent excessive accumulation of money and to encourage companies to stabilize their employ ment, the company fund plans always clearly de fined the maximum size of the fund. Company contributions for any one period depended upon the financial condition of the fund: when fund finances fell below a specified amount, the em ployer contributed at the maximum rate of the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 plan. About half of the plans negotiated by the Automobile Workers and a few of those negoti ated by other unions also provided that when the fund finances drop below a certain level, the em ployers must, in addition to the cents-per-hour contributions, reimburse the funds for benefits paid for scheduled short workweeks. With few exceptions, total employer contribu tions to funded plans were based either on total hours actually worked by employees (as in vir tually all of the plans in the primary metals in dustry) or on total hours for which workers were paid (as in the transportation equipment industry plans). Although somewhat over half the plans (55 percent) used the hours-worked basis, plans employing the hours-paid-for formula covered more workers (table 1). Both methods required a cents-per-hour contribution on behalf of each worker. Only three plans, including two multiemployer plans, used other methods to determine the employer’s total contribution. The Ladies’ Garment Workers’ plan used a percent of total payroll as a basis. In contrast, the New York City photoengraving industry plan required a uniform contribution for each week during which a photoengraver worked. The maximum amount for which the companies were liable under the funded plans requiring a cents-per-hour employer contribution ranged— with a few exceptions—from 2 cents to 10 cents per hour. It was most frequently 5 cents—re quired by most of the plans in the flat glass, trans4 S in ce th is a r tic le deals w ith SU B p lan s in effect in th e w in ter o f 1 9 6 3 -6 4 , th e recen t ch an ges m ade in som e of th e p lan s n ego tia te d by th e A utom obile W orkers are n o t described. 5 A sp ecia l B L S stu d y now in progress deals w ith th e finances o f SU B p lan s. R ecen t fin ancial s ta tis tic s are an alyzed to d eter m ine th e n atu re and e x te n t of SU B plan op eration s. 6 U nder an “in d iv id u a l a c co u n t” plan, com pany co n trib u tio n s are credited to th e a ccoq n t of each em ployee and h is benefits are charged to th a t a c c o u n t ; an y b alan ce rem ain in g in h is accou nt w h en h is em p loym en t te r m in a tes is paid to him a t th a t tim e. U nder th e “com pany fu n d ” plan, th e benefits are p aid from a fu nd to w h ich th e em ployer con trib u tes. In d iv id u a l em ployees are credited w ith th e tim e th ey w ork and charged w ith th e tim e for w h ich th ey draw b e n e fits ; th ese credits and ch arges are d eter m ined in d ep en d en tly o f com pany con trib u tio n s. T erm in ated em p loyees h ave no ve sted r ig h ts to un u sed cred its or con trib u tion s. A “m u ltiem p loyer pooled fu n d ” is one to w h ich c o n trib u tio n s are m ade by more th a n one em ployer. An “u n fu n d ed ” plan is one th a t does n o t require th e com pany to p u t m oney in to a sep arate fu n d fo r th e p aym en t of benefits ; in stead , benefit p aym en ts are m ade from th e cu rren t o p eratin g fu n d s or gen eral a s se ts o f th e com pany. A “com pany fu n d ” is o ften referred to in th e SU B lite r a tu r e as a “pooled fu n d .” B ecau se th is term has fr e q u en tly been a sso c ia te d w ith m u ltiem p loyer fu n d s (e.g., v a c a tio n pooled fu n d ), it h as been avoided in th is sum m ary. SUPPLEMENTAL UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT PLANS 21 portation equipment, and machinery (electrical and nonelectrical) industries—or 9y2 cents, the rate specified in virtually all of the primary metals industry plans. More significant than the differ ences in the maximum contribution rates were the basis of the contribution (hours worked or hours paid for) and the nature of the company’s financial obligation (cash liability only or cash plus contingent liability). About an equal number of funded plans called for one of the following kinds of company obligation: (1) a cash con tribution only, usually the estimated amount re quired to keep the fund at a level previously agreed upon (89 plans), or (2) a cash amount plus an amount held as contingent liability payable into the fund when ever needed for the payment of ben efits (82 plans). While the contingent liability provision was found in a majority of the plans in the primary metals (55 plans), fabricated metals (11 plans), and mining (3 plans), it was seldom included in p] ans in other industries. T a b l e 1. M a x im u m C o n t r ib u t io n R a t e Cash contribution rates of less than 5 cents per hour were usually found in plans requiring that part of the company’s maximum contribution be held as contingent liability (e.g., 5 cents of the 9y2 cents payable under many of the plans in the primary metals industry was in the form of a contingent liability). Virtually all plans with a maximum contribu tion rate of 9y2 cents per hour provided that the difference between the amount required by the plan and 4y2 cents be earmarked for the vacation and saving plan provided for by the basic collec tive bargaining agreement. This amount was, however, transferrable to the SUB fund if needed prior to being used as a vacation benefit. Under the individual account plans and the multiemployer pooled fund plans, the contribu tion rate remains the same regardless of the fund’s financial status. Even though the six individual account plans negotiated by the Glass and Ceramic Workers limited to $600 the total amount that SUB a n d C o n t r ib u t i o n B a s e i n A g r e e m e n t s , W i n t e r 196 3 -6 4 P lans in M a jo r C o l l e c t iv e B a r g a in i n g [Workers in thousands] Contribution base All plans Maximum contribution rate Hours worked Plans All plans studied___ _____ Workers Plans Workers Hours paid for Plans Workers Other Workers Plans 174 1,848. 4 96 702.0 71 818.1 7 328.3 171 89 14 3 1 13 2 59 31 2 41 «1 «1 i3 1, 844. 2 1,187. 0 42 7 3 8 30. 0 95. 2 712. 0 1. 8 15. 2 3.3 3. 0 2. 0 278. 0 96 18 2 1 1 1 8 702.0 109.2 36 6 1n 30 0 2. 9 15.3 71 68 2 2 818.1 799.7 6.1 2.8 4 3 324.1 278.1 12 51 1 2 1 1 92. 3 696. 7 1.8 15. 2 3.3 3. 0 i 1. 9 1 2 2.0 276.1 Cash contributions and contingent liability______ 82 657.2 78 592.8 1 46.0 Contingent liability $0. 025 $ .0 2 0 $ .020 $ .0 5 0 (8) 1 12 1 67 1 1.0 35.0 1. 5 573.7 46.0 1 9 1 67 1.0 16.6 1.5 573.7 31 46.0 All unfunded p h n s--- ___ __ 3 4.2 3 4.2 11 plan covering 1,700 workers did not require company to contribute during the period Mar. 4, 1961, to Aug. 31, 1964. 2 Under 1 plan, covering 7,000 workers, if finances of fund were less than current benefit liabilities, company made necessary advanced contribution. 3 Company contributed this amount when finances of fund were less than 50 percent of maximum funding. When finances of fund were at least 50 percent but less t han 66% percent of maximum funding, company contributed up to 6 cents per hour for which employees were paid, and when finances are at least 66% peicent, company contributed up to 5 cents for each hour. 4 This plan paid 20 cents per overtime hour worked. 5 Employer contributed $4 per day; $0,571 based on 7-hour day specified in collectively bargained agreement. « Company contributed $1.50 per week regardless of total hours worked by employee or paid for by company; contribution per apprentice was 75 cents per week. i Includes 1 plan covering 274,000 workers which required employers to contribute .5 percent of payroll and 1 plan covering 2,100 workers which required the company to contribute 2 percent of available net annual earnings if gross annual profit was at least $5,000, and 1 plan covering 1,900 workers which required the company to contribute 8 cents per hour for supplemental employment, sick, and insurance benefits. 8 Company contributed 5 cents per hour for which employees were paid plus $0,057 per hour worked by employee. Total contingent liability of $2 million became effective on Jan. 1,1962, and was accumulated during 1962 at the rate of $500,000 per quarter; contingent liability to be eliminated by June 29, 1964. All funded plans___ ______ _ Cash contribution only_______ $0.02_____________ $ .03_____________ $ .033___________ $ .04____________ $ .05_____________ $ .07_____________________ $ .10___________________ $ .15___________________ $ .571_________________ $1.50_______ Other_______ ____ Cash $0.02.) $ .0 3 0 $ . 05 ) $ . 045 $ . 107 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Total liability $0. 050 $ .0 5 0 ________ __ $ . 070___________ $ .0 9 5 ________ (8) 3 18.4 3 18.4 22 could accumulate in an individual worker’s ac count, the companies’ contributions were unaf fected after this level was reached. Any excess was used to increase the worker’s vacation benefits. Two of these plans required the employer to con tribute 10 cents for each hour worked by each employee, and four required 5 cents per hour worked. Three other individual account plans also called for a company contribution of 5 cents for each hour worked. Types of Benefits All SUB plans paid a weekly unemployment benefit to wholly unemployed workers (table 2). About nine-tenths of the plans, accounting for approximately eight-tenths of the covered em ployees, provided that partially employed workers were eligible for either a special or a short work week benefit.7 Separation pay and moving allow ance benefits were provided by 50 percent and 40 percent of plans, respectively; however, plans wTith nearly two-thirds of the coverage provided the former benefit while those with less than half pro vided the latter. These proportions reflected the fact that moving allowances were generally in cluded in plans negotiated by the Steelworkers and separation pay in those negotiated by the Auto mobile Workers and the Ladies’ Garment Workers. Less than 20 percent of the plans negotiated by the Automobile Workers had a moving allow ance, while the Steelworkers’ plans seldom pro vided separation pay. Over half of the SUB plans negotiated by the Automobile Workers also paid the health insurance premiums for laid-off workers. The only plans of other unions that pro vided health benefits for laid-off workers were the two General Motors plans (one negotiated by the Rubber Workers for employees of the company’s Inland Manufacturing Division and the other by the Electrical Workers (IU E )) and the Dana Corporation-USA plan, all patterned on the plans negotiated by the Automobile Workers with the same companies. Benefits for active workers were seldom pro vided under SUB plans. Thirteen plans—eight “individual account” plans, the Ideal Cement Co.Cement, Lime and Gypsum Workers’ plan, two Retail Clerks plans, the Carpenters’ plan, and the National Maritime Union’s plan—provided benefits for temporarily disabled workers.8 Eleven https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 T a b l e 2. T y p e s of b e n e f it s in SUB pla n s in major COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENTS, WlNTER 1 9 6 3 -6 4 [Workers in thousands] Type of benefits provided All plans studied______________ - _____________ Benefits for laid-off workers____________ ____________ Regular w eekly___ ... ___________________________ Special w eekly________________________________ _ Short workweek_________________________________ Other benefits: Separation pay______________________________ M oving allowance___________________________ H ealthprem ium s____________ __________ ____ Benefits for actlVe workers: Accident and sickness benefit_____________________ For all disabilities___________________________ For occupational disabilities only. ___________ Benefits for worker’s beneficiary______________________ D eath__________________ I _________________ _____ Plans Workers 174 1,848.4 174 174 160 151 1.848. 4 1.848. 4 1,542.8 1,462. 2 82 73 i 33 1,196. 4 ' 810. 8 641.4 13 2 121 1 11 11 96.9 95.1 1.8 34.3 34.3 11 plan covering 1,900 workers paid the premium for all insurance benefits, including health insurance. 2 1 plan covering 30,000 workers provided the benefit only to workers disabled while on vacation or on leave of absence. individual account plans giving workers a vested right to the company’s contribution, paid a death benefit—the balance in the workers’ account—re gardless of the worker’s employment status at the time of his death. The maximum contribution rate was not related to the number of benefits provided. By and large, plans with high contribution rates provided fewer types of benefits than did plans with low rates. For example, plans with contributions rates of 5 cents and 9y2 cents per hour provided benefits for both wholly unemployed and partially unem ployed workers. While the 5-cent-per-hour plans usually provided two other benefits—separation pay and reimbursement of health premiums for laid-off workers—the plans with the 91^-cent rate provided only one other benefit—moving allow ance. 7Although all States disqualify otherwise eligible workers for benefits for a week during which their earnings exceeded a speci fied amount, SUB plans usually pay benefits to these workers. Common contract terminology, which has been used in this study, distinguishes between the benefits payable when earnings do not disqualify workers for State unemployment insurance benefits and when they do, as follows: S p e c ia l w e e k l y u n e m p l o y m e n t b e n e f its , available to laid-off workers partially employed by their regular employers, whose earnings with the company were not sufficient to disqualify them for State unemployment insurance benefits to which they would, in most cases, be entitled; and s h o r t - w o r k w e e k b e n e f its , provided workers employed for less than a full week, including laid-off workers whose earnings from their regular employer disqualified them for State benefits for that week. These terms may not be found in all plans providing these benefits or may be used somewhat differently. The U.S. Steel-Steelworkers plan, for example, does not distinguish be tween the “special” benefit and the “short workweek” benefit. 8Under the National Maritime Union’s plan, the benefit was payable only if a seaman’s disability commenced while he was on vacation or on leave of absence. However, if a seaman becomes disabled while aboard ship, he is protected by other benefit programs. 23 SUPPLEMENTAL UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT PLANS Service Requirements. Workers had to meet cer tain service requirements to qualify for any plan benefit. Usually 1 year of service was required except for the Steelworkers’ plans which had a 2year service requirement. Only the unfunded plan established by the Minnesota Mining and Manu facturing Co. and the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers required as much as 5 years of service. Regular Unemployment Benefits To collect the regular weekly unemployment benefits under a SUB plan, workers also had to qualify for State unemployment insurance (UI) benefits. There were, however, certain exceptions. For example, all but a few plans paid benefits to workers disqualified for State benefits because they were serving the second week of a 2-week waiting period or because they had exhausted the State benefits for the current benefit year.9 In addition, all but one of the plans negotiated by the Rubber Workers, 2 out of 5 of those negotiated by the Automobile Workers, and a few others paid bene fits to workers laid off out of line of seniority during an adjustment period even though they were disqualified for State UI benefits because the week was a waiting period week. Most of the Steelworkers’ plans and the Ideal Cement Co.Cement, Lime and Gypsum Workers’ plan, to cite another exception, continued to pay unemploy ment benefits to laid-off workers whose State ben efits ceased because of a disabling accident or sickness. Benefit Determination. In general, regular weekly unemployment benefits were determined according to similar formulas. The total amount (consider ing SUB, State UI, and earnings from other em ployers) under almost 4 out of 5 plans was a per cent of before-tax wages (table 3). Only about one-tenth of the plans paid an amount which was not affected by the U I benefit. The weekly benefit amount (based on considera tion of State UI benefit and outside earnings) for wholly unemployed workers under plans using before-tax earnings as the basis was the equiva lent of 55 to 80 percent of weekly wages. Most 9 However, three plans did not pay benefits to workers ineligible for State UI benefits, irrespective of the reason for ineligibility. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Steelworkers’ plans paid 60 percent of weekly wages, and most Automobile Workers’ plans and all Rubber Workers’ plans, 62 percent. A less liberal benefit was provided by 18 plans which paid 65 percent of after-tax earnings. Nine of the eleven individual account plans allowed a worker to determine the amount of his weekly benefit within the range set by the plan. A weekly allowance for each dependent—usually in addition to the weekly unemployment benefit— was paid by all except 10 of the company fund plans. Over 4 out of 5 of the 154 plans gave work ers $1.50 for each dependent up to four. Twenty plans allowed $2 for each dependent up to four. Allowances for dependents were not included in the other types of plans. Benefit Limits, In addition to limiting the total amount of benefit payments (including State U I benefits) to workers to a certain percentage of their wages, and the amount for each dependent, every plan—including the 11 individual account plans and the 3 unfunded plans—placed a limit on T a b l e 3. R e g u l a r W e e k l y U n e m pl o y m e n t B e n e f it F o rm ula in S U B P lans in M a jo r C o l l e c t iv e B a r g a i n i n g A g r e e m e n t s , W i n t e r 1 963-64 [Workers in thousands] Formula All plans studied____ _. _____ ___________ Plans Workers ___ 174 1,848. 4 Computed weekly benefit includes State U I benefit____ Percent of before-tax earnings ______ ____ 80 percent ______ _ _ 65 percent____ _______ _ __ __ ___________ 62 percent_______ _ _ ______________ . . 60 percent.. _________ . . . 55 percent _ ____ _ Percent of after-tax earnings: 65 percent.. . . . . . . ______ 154 136 1 2 56 75 2 1,482.1 1,448.3 2.1 36.6 792.4 608. 3 8. 9 1 18 33.8 Computed weekly benefit excludes State U I benefit____ Nonuniform dollar amoimt_________ . . ______ Graduated according to earnings2___________ . Graduated according to seniority______________ Amount requested by worker________________ 20 13 3 1 9 366.3 320.4 290.2 1.0 29.2 Uniform dollar am ount... . . ______________ . . . . $50____________________ . . . $30_____________________ $25_______________________ ____ $20________________________ $17____ ______ Other _. _ 7 1 1 32 1 1 41 45.9 3.0 3.3 31.0 2.0 5. 5 1.1 1 Includes 1 plan covering 3,100 workers which paid 72 percent of after tax earnings and another plan covering 3,000 workers which provided a total regular weekly benefit of 60 percent of after-tax earnings after the first 4 full weeks of layoff. Under the latter plan, when the trust fund reached 49 per cent of maximum fund the reduced benefit (60 percent) was not payable until after the 8th week of layoff. 2 Total benefit was stated as dollar amount varying according to wage groupings. 3 Includes 1 plan covering 1,000 workers which paid $30 after exhaustion of State U I benefit and 1 plan covering 30,000 workers which paid workers in eligible for U I benefits $40. ■*This plan paid the greater of the difference between maximum State UI benefits for which the worker was eligible plus $20 and the amount he actually received and $25. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 24 the total weekly amount payable by the plan. The maximum in 89 plans was higher after the worker exhausted his U I benefits than while he was re ceiving them. Under 78 plans, accounting for 3 out of 5 employees under SUB plans, it was the same during the entire employment period (table 4).10 With one exception, benefits payable by these 78 plans ranged between $17 and $55. Almost 3 out of 4 limited payments, excluding dependent al lowances, to $40 11 and about 1 out of 7, to $30. Most of the plans with a $40 maximum were nego tiated by the Automobile Workers and the Rubber Workers. Under nine Rubber Workers’ plans, de pendent allowances increased the $40 maximum plan payment to $48 for married workers; marital status had no effect on the maximum plan pay ment for workers covered by the Automobile Workers’ plans. Almost 4 out of 5 of the 96 plans in which the maximum weekly payment was determined by whether the worker had received a U I benefit paid $37.50 while the employee collected State U I bene fits and $60 thereafter.12 Under these plans, which with few exceptions were negotiated by the Steel workers, dependent allowances were payable in addition to these amounts. Because of dependent allowances, over half the plans (55 percent) provided a higher maximum payment to a worker with dependents than to one without dependents. In 1 out of 3 of the plans T able 4. M a x im u m R e g u l a r W e e k l y P l a n P ay S i n g l e W o r k e r s , i n SUB P l a n s , i n M a j o r C o l l e c t i v e B a r g a i n i n g A g r e e m e n t s , W i n t e r 1963-64 m en t for [Workers in thousands] Maximum plan payment Maximum var es according to Maximum not receipt of Sta te UI benefit affected by receipt of State U I benefit Maximum while Maximum while receiving State not receiving UI benefit State U I benefit with dependent allowances, however, the allow ances did not affect the maximum payments. They were payable in addition to the regular benefit amounts only to the extent that the total payment by the plan did not exceed the maximum payment. There was usually a relationship between the maximum employer contribution rate (including the contingent liability) and the maximum plan payment. For example, maximum plan payments of $40 per week (including dependent allowances, where provided) were found primarily in plans requiring employers to contribute 5 cents or less per hour. Maximum payments of over $40 were common, on the other hand, in plans with a 9lu cent employer contribution rate. Duration of Benefits. The duration of regular weekly benefit payments provided by 155 plans (154 company fund plans and 1 individual account plan) was based on the number of credit units a worker had accumulated up to the time of layoff.13 Immediately upon becoming employed, workers acquired credit units at the rate of one-half unit for each week they received pay. When they had completed sufficient service to become eligible for unemployment benefits (1 or 2 years), they were credited with units previously earned. When the financial condition of a fund was at a sufficiently high level, one unit was canceled for each week of benefits. Under 1 out of 2 plans, however, when the fund fell below a certain level, the number of credit units canceled for each weekly benefit in creased thereby shortening the duration of bene fits. Because the number of units canceled when the value of the fund decreased varied according to the worker’s seniority, laid-off workers with long service were assured protection for a propor tionately longer period of time than employees with less service. Plans Workers Plans Workers Plans Workers All plans studied. 78 1,124.7 96 723.7 96 723.7 $17.00________________ $20.00________________ $25.00________________ $30.00________________ $35.00________________ $37.50________________ $40.00________________ $47.50________________ $50.00________________ $55.00________________ $60.00________________ Other________________ No benefit____________ 1 1 3 12 1 5.5 2.0 5.2 29.5 7.0 11 1 46. 8 3.3 Î 1.0 74 606.5 1 g 1 30 0 1.3 Q 1.9 76 2 7 622 7 7.1 47.1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 57 793.6 1 1 5.8 2.1 1 3.0 1 274.0 9 64.1 10See footnote 11, below. The higher benefit of most plans was also payable for certain periods during which the worker was ineligible for UI benefits for reasons other than exhaustion of benefits. 11Included in this group of plans were those negotiated by the Rubber Workers which provided $62 maximum plan payments for workers Ineligible for State UI benefits during the first 26 weeks of layoff for specified reasons other than the exhaustion of benefit rights. 13Under certain conditions, the lower maximum was payable if the worker did not receive State UI benefits. i®The discussion here excludes the individual account plan provisions. It concerns only the 154 company fund plans. 25 SUPPLEMENTAL UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT PLANS All 154 plans limited the number of units a worker could accumulate. Over 4 out of 5 per mitted accumulation of up to 52 units, so that regu lar weekly unemployment benefits were payable for a maximum of 52 weeks. The remaining plans were about equally divided between those which limited credit unit accumulation and weekly bene fit payments to 39 and 26 weeks. Under almost 7 out of 10 of the 154 plans, a worker who had less than a whole unit received a reduced benefit as a final payment. In the remaining plans, the full weekly benefit amount was provided even though only a fraction of a unit remained. Of course, when all units were canceled, benefit payments ceased. One multiemployer pooled fund and one un funded plan varied the number of weekly benefit payments according to the worker’s seniority. In seven plans—five multiemployer pooled fund plans and twm unfunded plans—the number of payments was uniform for all eligible workers; four plans offered 26 weeks, the other three provided 8,15, or 25 weeks. The duration of weekly benefit pay ments in all individual account plans, with one ex ception, was directly related to the amount of money credited to the worker, at the time of layoff and to the amount of his weekly payments. Special Weekly Benefits In addition to the regular weekly unemployment benefit, most plans (160) also paid benefits to a worker only partially employed by his regular employer and earning wages from that employer which did not disqualify him for State III benefits. To qualify for this special unemployment benefit, workers had to meet eligibility requirements other than the no-work requirement for regular unem ployment benefits. Of the 14 plans without the special unemployment benefit, 7 were individual account plans, 1 was a multiemployer pooled fund plan, and 3 were unfunded plans. Almost half of the§e plans, mostly those nego tiated by the Steelworkers, paid a partially em ployed and eligible worker the difference between his lost wages in excess of 8 hours and his full-time 14 Sixty-five percent if the partial employment was during a scheduled short week, 50 percent if it was during an unscheduled short week. A scheduled short workweek is one scheduled by management for adjustment of production due to customer demand. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T a b l e 5. S hort W o r k w eek B e n e f it F orm ula , in S U B P l a n s , in M ajor C ollective B a r g a in in g A gr e e m e n t s , W in t e r 196 3 -6 4 [Workers in thousands] Plans Workers All plans studied______ _____ ___ 174 1,848.4 All plans with a short workweek benefit. Percent of lost earnings indemnified. 100 percent___________________ 65 percent......... ......................... 58 percent...... .............................. . 50 percent.---------- ------------------- 151 54 1,462.2 789.1 5.8 755.7 8 26.2 76 74 628.1 619.0 Short workweek benefit amount Percent of lost earnings in excess of 8 hours. 100 percent------------------- -----------------70 percent--------------------------------------60 percent-----------------------------------— 1 44 1 1.4 1 2.1 1 7.0 1 1 2.9 2.9 Percent of average weekly earnings. 72 percent___________________ 65 percent__________ ________ 62 percent..------ ------ ------------60 percent.................................... . 55 percent...................................... 17 8 1 31.5 3.1 14.2 5 8.2 2 4.1 1.9 Other---------- --------- -------------------------All plans without a short workweek benefit 3 23 10.6 386.2 Percent of lost hours in excess of 4 hours. 65 percent________ _____ _____ ____ 1 pay in excess of 8 hours less UI benefits. Under these plans, no limitation was placed on the amount the plan would pay or the number of weeks of partial employment during which the worker could collect benefits. In nearly all of the remaining 84 plans, the spe cial benefit was the amount required to increase the worker’s income (including earnings from the company, earnings in excess of a specified amount—usually $10—from other sources, and State U I benefits) to a specified percent of average weekly earnings (usually 62 percent). Three out of five of these plans—chiefly the Rubber Work ers’ and Automobile Workers’ plans—guaranteed that the plan benefit, including dependent allow ances, would be at least a specified percentage of lost earnings14 less State U I benefits and earnings from outside sources in excess of $10. Special benefits under these 84 plans were affected by the dependent allowance, the maximum plan pay ments, and the maximum number of regular weekly benefits provided for. Short Workweek Benefit As noted previously, the short workweek bene fit is provided workers who did not complete a full week’s work or whose earnings from their regular employer disqualified them for State U I benefits (table 5). Nine out of ten plans immedi- 26 ately paid a benefit to employees not working a full week without their having to apply for it. The remainder called for payment of the short workweek benefit after the first week of layoff during the benefit year (the waiting period week for regular weekly unemployment benefits) ; some required an application for benefits, others did not. Higher short workweek benefits were usually paid by plans providing for the immediate pay ment of these benefits than by those with a waiting period requirement. With one exception, plans without a waiting period requirement either paid a percentage of all lost earnings (54 plans) or a percentage of lost earnings in excess of 8 hours (76 plans). The proportion of lost earnings indemni fied under the former group of plans was com monly 65 percent if the short workweek was sched uled and 50 percent if unscheduled. In contrast, under the latter group, all lost wages (100 per cent) in excess of 8 hours were indemnified by all except two plans. The short workweek benefit of the 16 plans with a waiting period requirement was the same as the benefit provided wholly unemployed workers and partially unemployed workers collecting U I bene fits. With few exceptions, the plan paid the dif ference between a specified percentage of average https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 weekly earnings and actual earnings from the company. Most of the 135 plans without a waiting period requirement for short workweek benefits did not place a limit on the maximum amount payable from the plan or the maximum number of weekly payments. In contrast, the short workweek bene fits of the 16 plans with a waiting period require ment were subject to such limitations. Administration and Appeals In general, SUB plans were administered by the employer. Only the six multiemployer pooled fund plans and the one multiemployer individual account plan required joint union-management ad ministration. In all plans, the administrator was responsible for initial determinations regarding the worker’s eligibility for benefits and the amount due him. All except eight plans (including the three unfunded programs) permitted workers to appeal unfavorable decisions, using—with one ex ception—a procedure especially designed for SUB grievances. — D orothy It. K ittner Division of Industrial and Labor Relations 27 SEVERANCE PAY AND LAYOFF B EN E FIT PLANS Severance Pay and Layoff Benefit Plans workers in the study, and two-thirds of the workers covered by plans: P e r c e n t w ith severa n ce p a y o r l a y o f f b e n e fit p l a n s U n io n To workers facing loss of job through no fault of their own, severance pay, in its traditional mean ing, was intended to help tide them over a period of unemployment and to compensate, at least in part, for the loss of seniority and other rights and privileges accruing to them by reason of their length of service. Benefits through the State un employment compensation system were also in tended to help the displaced worker through the transition period. In recent years, through col lective bargaining, the concepts of severance pay and unemployment insurance have been merged in a variety of devices, made even more diversi fied by tax and legal considerations and a certain blurring of the distinction between severance and layoff. To an increasing degree, moreover, work ers who are laid off—with or without the expecta tion that the layoff will be permanent—are also realizing in cash or in vested rights their equity in various fringe benefits.1 Types and Prevalence Severance pay and layoff benefit plans appeared in 30 percent of the major agreements studied and covered about 40 percent of workers under all agreements (table 1). Manufacturing agreements contained the bulk of dismissal pay and layoff benefit plans. Nonmanufacturing industries ac counted for only 148 plans, 97 of these in com munications and utilities. The communications, primary metal, and transportation equipment in dustries accounted for more than a third of the plans and for over half of the worker coverage. In communications, plans have been in effect since the 1930’s, and in primary metal since 1947. Five unions were parties to almost half of the plans: Steelworkers, 65; Auto Workers. 63; Com munications Workers, 47; Ladies’ Garment Work ers, 36; and Electrical Workers (IBEW ), 30. (All IBEW plans were in the public utilities and communications industries, none in construction contracts.) These five unions represented 23 per cent of the total contracts in the study, and 46 per cent of those with dismissal pay or layoff benefit plans. They accounted for 30 percent of the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A g r e e m e n ts W ork ers All unions______________________ 29. Steelworkers________________________ 51. 6 Auto Workers_________________________ 55. Communications Workers____________ 100. 0 97. Garment Workers(ILGWU)____________ Electrical Workers (IBEW )__________ 30.9 640. 9 82. 8 887.0 100. 0 398.8 41.0 Multiemployer agreements accounted for only 86 of the 525 plans. Nearly half the multiemployer plans (36) involved the Ladies’Garment Workers’ pooled industry funds. Since 1944,2 there has been a steady upward trend in the percent of agreements with such plans, with a marked rise since the 1955-56 survey. (See chart.) Contributing to this growth were the sep aration pay provisions added to SUB plans in the automobile industry in 1958 and in rubber in 1961, and extended layoff benefit plans negotiated in the aerospace industry in 1960. In the latter industry, the original union demand had been for supple1This article is based on a comprehensive study, M a jo r C o l l e c t i v e B a r g a in in g A g r e e m e n ts : S e v e r a n c e P a y a n d L a y o f f B e n e f it P l a n s , to be issued shortly as one of a new series of bulletins. For details of the new series, see M o n th ly L a b o r R e v i e w , October 1964, pp. 1184-1185. For this study, BLS analyzed 1,773 major collective bargaining agreements, each covering 1,000 workers or more, or virtually all agreements of this size in the United States, exclusive of those in the railroad and airlines industries and in Government. These agreements applied to approximately 7.5 million workers or almost half of the total coverage of collective bargaining agreements outside of the excluded industries. Virtually all contracts were in effect in 1963; for a few that had expired during the last months of 1962, renewed agreements were not available at the time that tabulations for this study were completed. The Bureau tabulated traditional severance pay plans, plans which had no explicit statement of termination (labeled for the purpose of this analysis as “layoff benefit plans”), separation pay provisions in supplemental unemployment benefit (SUB) plans, the aerospace industry’s funded extended layoff benefit plan, combination plans, and other variations providing payments upon separation or layoff, exclusive of provisions incorporated into pension plans. The decision to combine these plans into one study was not intended to have any implications for legal or tax purposes. It is also important to emphasize that this study deals with formal plans as set forth in agreements, and thus does not take into account the modifications in practice dictated by special circumstances and the informal or unilateral arrange ments that prevail in this area. In a separate study, the Bureau is investigating the operation of the plans covered in this study, along with several case studies of actual layoff situations. 2The present study constitutes the fourth conducted by the Bureau. Earlier studies were D i s m is s a l P a y P r o v i s i o n s in U n io n A g r e e m e n ts , D e c e m b e r 1 9 a (BLS Bulletin 808, 1945), L a b o r M a n a g e m e n t C o n tr a c t P r o v is i o n s , 1 9 ^ 9 - 5 0 : D i s m is s a l P a y P r o v is i o n s in U n io n A g r e e m e n ts , 1 9 ^ 9 (BLS Bulletin 1022, 1951), and C o lle c ti v e B a r g a in in g C la u s e s : D i s m is s a l P a y (BLS Bulletin 1216, 1957). MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 28 straightforward declarations that the receipt of the award terminated seniority, or ended pension, insurance, and other rights, or both. In another form, they defined a condition for granting pay which meant permanent separation, such as plant shutdown or retirement. In several textile con tracts, retirement was the only condition under which severance awards would be granted. In still a third form, workers were given an option between layoff and severance pay, thus making it clear that choice of the latter meant permanent termination. Some agreements gave no details of the plan’s characteristics: i.e., when allowances would be paid, benefit levels, how it would be administered, mental unemployment benefits, but extended layoff benefit plans emerged at the conclusion of negotia tions. In 1958, severance pay provisions were in cluded in a large number of agreements in the ladies’ apparel industry. Excluding funded ar rangements, the prevalence of plans increased from 15.7 percent in 1955-56 to 21.7 percent in 1963. Explicit Statements of Termination. Of the 525 severance or layoff benefit plans, 419 (covering 2.5 million workers) explicitly stated that termination of the employment relationship was a requisite to, occurred simultaneously with, or resulted from, receiving an allowance. These were unambiguous statements. In one form, they appeared as T able 1. S ev e r a n c e P ay and L ayoff B en e fit P la ns M ajor C ollective B a r g a in in g A gr e e m e n t s , 1963 in by I n d u st r y , [Workers in thousands] W ith severance pay aiad layoff benefit piems Total number studied Industry With explicit statement of termination Total Agree ments Workers Agree ments Workers Agree ments N 0explicit statement of termination Workers Agree ments Combination plans 1 No reference to severance pay or layoff benefit plans Workers Agree ments Workers Agree ments Workers 1,773 7,454.1 525 3,051.0 368 2,193.9 106 509.6 51 347.6 1,248 4,403.1 1,023 4,137.1 377 2,332.0 312 2, 010. 7 56 227.4 9 94.0 646 1,805.1 Ordnance, arid accessories Food and kindred products Tobacco manufactures Textile mill products Apparel and other finished products Lumber and wood products, except furniture Furniture and fixtures Paper and allied products Printing, publishing, and allied industries Chemicals and allied products_________ Petroleum refining and related industries, Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Feather and leather products Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries____ . . . . ___ Fabricated metal products Machinery, excent electrical_____ - .. Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies_____________________________ Transportation equipment Instruments and related products 1VTis cel lan eons manufacturing industries 19 124 H 28 52 78. 3 373.1 24.1 79. 8 427.8 U 40 49.1 129. 9 5 40 16. 5 129.9 6 32.6 H 36.2 248.4 J1 35 36. 2 248. 4 8 84 11 17 17 29.3 243.2 24.1 43.6 179.4 12 15 56 37 61 18 19 0 26 0 127. 3 73 5 I li 7 54.8 3 10 6 3 6 22 4 12 4.6 24.1 10. 9 63.7 25.0 4.6 4.1 10. 9 7 20.0 12 11 2 15.6 7.6 8.3 17.4 46 31 25 12 19.0 21.5 103.3 62.6 49.0 29.8 24 22 30 109 57 98 111. 1 76 7 114. 3 12 599.3 1.0 141 5 262.7 12 19 25 53 40 73 21.0 73.2 94.5 111.3 72.4 138.2 98 121 22 9 Nonmanufacturing____ _____ _____ Mining, crude petroleum, and natural gas production,.. _____ Transportation 2 Communications____ _ _ ______ , , , , Utilities: Electric and gas_____________Wholesale trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Services_____ ______ ________ ___ _ Construction Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing industries All industries,-- --- _ _ ___ ____ Manufacturing____ _ , 35 36 6 12 56 17 25 90.2 3.6 19. 8 488.0 69.1 124.6 396.9 975. 5 45 4 17 7 37 52 10 2 222.6 697. 9 17. 4 7 5 26 38 750 3,317.0 148 719.0 20 107 81 86 15 116 38 62 221 238.8 688 4 513.7 207.2 28 4 303.9 175 4 218.5 898.1 7 12 76 21 3 9 2 16 16.7 63.6 496.5 50.3 7. 8 27.1 3. 5 50.7 4 44.9 2 2.9 3 5 1 Includes agreements with an explicit statement of termination applying under some, but not all, conditions. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 3 5 39.9 90. 2 3.6 19. 8 481.8 69. 1 120.0 3 4 5.2 1 2 3.6 1 1.0 7 14 3 44.6 92.7 5.7 4 83.7 2 94.3 605.2 11.7 7. 5 61 69 12 7 174.3 277.7 28.0 10.2 56 183.2 50 282.2 42 253.6 602 2,598.0 6 9 3 13 3 8 2 12 15.7 59.7 5.7 26.9 7.8 18.6 3.5 45.4 1 3 38 3 1.0 3.9 253.8 9.4 35 5 237.1 14.0 13 95 5 65 12 107 36 46 221 222.1 624.8 17.2 156.9 20.6 276.8 171.9 167.8 898.1 2 42. 0 51 17 22 7 1 8.5 3 4.3 1 1.1 1 1.4 1 1. 5 2 Excludes railroad and airline industries. N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. SEVERANCE PAY AND LAYOFF BENEFIT PLANS etc. Instead, a brief mention of the existence of such a plan was found in a seniority clause, or a vacation provision, or clauses referring to details in other benefit plans. The language of these clauses, however, likewise implied permanent sep aration. Still other agreements adopted sever ance pay in principle, but left the working out of details to some later time—usually until a situa tion arose in which such payments were called for. No Explicit Statement of Termination. One hun dred fifty-seven plans (covering 850,000 workers) contained no explicit declaration that termination of the employment or job relationship was a req uisite to receiving benefits.3 These plans resem bled other severance pay arrangements in that pay ments were ordinarily given in lump sums and were graduated according to length of service. In the absence of a clear-cut statement of permanent severance, however, compensation could conceiv ably be granted under conditions short of perma nent dismissal. On the other hand, the omission of a statement of permanent termination and of specifications that could clearly be interpreted as meaning permanent termination may simply re flect the significance of layoff in an industry or company which does not experience short-term fluctuations in employment and whose manpower needs are declining; that is, once laid off the chance of reemployment is negligible. The bulk of the plans without termination language were concen trated in the communications industry, specifically in telephone agreements. In the telephone industry and in other indus tries, plans with no explicit termination state ment usually provided compensation for “layoff” or “layoff for lack of work.” Some of these ex cluded short-term layoffs of specified duration, such as a “layoff of 30 days or less.” Among these plans were “extended layoff benefit plans,” prev alent in the aerospace industry. These contained statements which clearly differentiated them from traditional severance pay provisions, although they had adopted some of the latter’s features. The statements declared that the benefits offered were “. . . intended to supplement and not replace 8Included were 51 agreements covering 347,550 workers which had explicit termination statements applicable In some circum stances, but not in others. 758-054 0 — 65------ 3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 29 Severance Pay and L ayo ff Benefit Plans in Union Agreements, 1944-63 1 Agreements studied : 1944—9,500 ; 1949—2,137 ; 1955-56— 1,692; 1963—1,773. or duplicate the State system of unemployment insurance.” Fifty-one contracts, mainly in the telephone in dustry, contained explicit statements of termina tion applicable only in certain circumstances. Usually, these provided for benefits in “layoff for lack of work” with no termination statement set forth, and then, in the same or in a separate clause, also provided benefits in case of retirement to workers ineligible for pensions. The latter con stituted the only clear condition of permanent sep aration. Also included in this category was Gen eral Electric’s income extension aid, available in both layoff and plant closing. Funded Arrangements. Unfunded plans con tinued to prevail, but the significant growth in funded arrangements, particularly among large companies in the rubber, automobile, and farm machinery industries, may foreshadow a change. Although only a little more than a fourth of all MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JANUARY 1965 30 Separation provisions in SUB plans accounted for most funded arrangements, weighted heavily by Auto Workers’ agreements in transportation equipment and machinery industries. This addi tion of separation pay to the SUB fund was a logical extension to a fund which already dealt with the allied problem of indefinite layoff. Among industries having SUB plans, only pri mary metal did not integrate severance pay into the fund, although under certain circumstances SUB payments could be deducted from separation plans were funded, they covered about 42 percent of all workers under plans (table 2) .4 Of the 141 funded arrangements, 118 carried an explicit statement of termination. Total funded arrangements- _ Plans with explicit statement of termination. Pooled industry funds. In SUB plan. . Plans with no explicit statement of termination x_ ... _ Combination plans 2_ _ Plans with no details given 3 A gree m e n ts W o rkers 141 1, 286, 000 118 51 67 1, 149, 200 332, 350 817, 150 16 1 6 112, 400 6, 900 17, 200 4 The prevalence of funded arrangements is understated since separation provisions in pension plans were not tabulated and separation provisions in SUB plans were included only where there was a reference to a SUB plan in the basic collective bar gaining agreement. Another study, S u p p le m e n ta l U n e m p lo y m e n t B e n e f it P l a n s a n d W a g e - E m p l o y m e n t G u a r a n te e s , will account for all major SUB plans and will also discuss severance pay features in such plans. 1 All extended layoff benefit programs in the aerospace industry. 2 Separation pay is included in the pension plan, according to the agreement provision. 3 All plans which referred to severance, but gave no additional details of plan characteristics. T able 2. F unded a nd U n f u n d e d A r r a n g em en ts in S e v e r a n c e a n d L ayoff B e n e fit P la ns B a r g a in in g A g r eem en ts , by I n d u st r y , 1963 in M ajor C ollective [Workers in thousands] Total number with severance pay and layoff benefit plans Industries Funded Unfunded 1 In SUB 2 Pooled Agree Workers ments Agree Workers ments Other or no detail * Agree ments Workers Agree Workers ments Agree ments Workers All industries______________________________________ 525 ' 3,051.0 384 1,765.0 51 332.4 67 817.2 23 136.5 Manufacturing_______________ ______ _ _ __ _ _ . . 377 2,332.0 242 1,098. 5 47 288.6 67 817.2 21 127.8 Ordnance and accessories... _ ____ ____ _ _ . __________ Food and lrindrfid products Tobacco manufactures Textile mill products Apparel and other finished products Lumber and wood products, except furniture Furniture and fixtures _. Paper and allied products Printing, publishing, and allied industries Chemicals and allied products Petroleum refining and related industries Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries________ . . Fabricated metal products Machinery, except electrical Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies Transportation equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous m a n u f a c t u r i n g industries 11 40 49.1 129.9 6 34 18.1 116. 7 5 31,0 6 13.3 ii 36 2 248.4 8 17.3 35 3 35 18.9 248.4 3 10 6 36 a 12 3 5 56 17 25 37 52 10 2 4.6 24 1 10 9 63 7 25 0 90 2 3 6 19 8 488.0 69.1 124.6 222.6 697.9 17 4 7. 5 i 1.4 24.1 10.9 63.7 25.0 29.9 3.6 10.0 479.7 19.5 11.6 206.2 39.9 15.3 6.0 1 2.0 1 1.2 10 6 36 6 5 3 3 52 8 9 32 13 9 1 1 4.5 2 13 3.2 92.4 1 1.5 148 4 43.8 2 8.7 2 37.0 2 8.7 2 6.8 Nonmanufacturing... Mining, crude petroleum, and natural gas production Transportation 4 Communications Utilities: Electric and gas Wholesale trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Services Construction Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing industries 719.0 142 666.5 7 12 76 21 3 9 2 16 16 7 63 6 496. 5 50.3 7.8 27.1 3. 5 50. 7 7 10 76 19 1 9 2 16 16 7 26.6 496. 5 41.6 1.0 27.1 3.5 50.7 2 2.9 2 2.9 1 Includes 244 traditional severance pay plans (24 of which give no details of their characteristics), 90 layoff benefit plans, and 50 combination severance and layoff benefit plans. 2 Includes 3 individual security accounts. 3 Includes 16 extended layoff benefit plans, 1 combination severance pay https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6 55.8 2 4 9 16 3 26 1 9.8 8.3 49.6 113.0 13.2 565.6 2.1 and layoff benefit plan, and 6 plans which give no details of their characteristics. i Excludes railroad and airline industries. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. SEVERANCE PAY AND LAYOFF BENEFIT PLANS allowances. The primary metal severance pay provision preceded the negotiation of SUB plans by 9 years; in automobiles, SUB plans already ex isted when severance pay was adopted. Fifty-one funded plans were pooled industry funds, that is, funds formed by contributions from a number of employers in an industry with the purpose of paying out benefits to separated work ers of all contributing employers. These arrange ments usually paralleled other pooled funds pro viding other benefits, e.g. pensions. Among the larger plans were the Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Supplementary Unemployment-Severance Bene fits Program and the National Maritime Union’s Employment Security Plan. Other funded arrangements were the limited liability financing arrangements of extended layoff benefit plans (found only in the aerospace indus try) and individual income security accounts in which account balances went to workers upon termination. Amount of Benefits The following analysis of plan provisions is based upon 377 of the 525 plans.5 The 377 plans examined in full included 220 traditional severance pay plans (including primary metal plans), 106 layoff benefit plans (those with no explicit state ment of termination), and 51 combination plans. These 377 plans accounted for 71.8 percent of all plans tabulated and 1.8 million of the 3.1 million worker^ coming under such arrangements. In almost all plans, benefits increased with length of service. Only 23 had a different basis of payment—15 graduated payments according to an other factor (e.g., reason for separation, age) and 8 provided the same number of weeks of pay to all eligible workers. Service-graduated plans increased benefits ac cording to length of service by a fixed amount (for instance, 1 week’s pay for each year of service) or, more commonly, the unit of payment varied at different service levels. In the latter case, the plans favored either the low-seniority or highseniority workers. 31 Proportionately larger payments went to lowseniority workers where allowances increased at a decreasing rate, that is, additional years of service did not earn a proportionately higher benefit. This type of provision was found in the primary metals industry, for example, where maximum benefits were attained after 10 years of service. Significantly, in the Steelworkers’ agreements, provisions on interplant transfer in major multi plant units granted wider transfer rights to work ers having 10 years or more of service. When the rate of allowance increased with the length of service, usually by grouped years of service, there was an implied recognition that longservice employees had accrued seniority rights whose loss called for extra compensation. Fre quently, this variation provided allowances at the rate of 1 week for each year in a low-service inter val, as defined, 2 weeks for each year in an inter mediate interval, and 3 weeks for each year in the highest grouping. These plans differed in the service groupings (i.e., 1 to 5, or 1 to 7, or 1 to 10 years) and in providing for maximum benefits. A significant number of plans (111) granted allowances based on a fixed amount per unit of service. Usually these provided 1 week’s pay for each year of service. Some of these plans did not have maximums. In 15 plans, amounts varied according to factors other than length of service or length of service alone. In some of these, the reasons for separation determined which of two payment schedules was to be applicable. For example, in one case, sepa ration because of layoff or retirement provided a higher benefit schedule than separation for inabil ity to do the job; and in a second, separation be cause of technological change meant a greater al lowance than separation because of layoff or physi cal disability. In a few agreements, benefits differed according to the age of the separated worker or his method of pay. Eight plans provided no variations in benefits, once minimum service requirements had been met, other than differences determined by the wages of individual workers. Levels of Benefits in Graduated Plans. Normally, the plans provided allowances computed in multi 5 Among the 148 excluded plans were 51 pooled industry funds, ples of the weekly pay of individual workers. 67 SUB plans having separation provisions, and 30 plans which referred to severance pay but failed to set forth any details. Plans determining allowances in dollar amounts, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JANUARY 1965 32 as in extended layoff benefit plans, have become more common in recent years. Weeks of pay. Both the minimum and maxi mum payments provided by the plans tended to relate to the corresponding years of service in the ratio of 1 week’s pay for 1 year of service, but vari ations from this practice were frequent. In the steel industry, for example, a minimum of 4 weeks’ pay was provided for workers with 3 years of serv ice, graduated up to a maximum of 8 weeks of pay for 10 years or more. Under most plans, lowservice workers could not expect more than a week or two of pay. The graduations upward for the most, part rewarded longer years on a proportion ate basis, if not exactly on a 1-week-for-l-year basis. Only a small portion of the plans cut off payments at 4 weeks or less. About half of the plans set no maximum—i.e., every year of service carried an increment in the separation compensa tion to which a displaced worker was entitled. As a general rule, allowances tended to cluster at levels equivalent to 1 week for each year of service for low-service workers (table 3). The range of payments broadened progressively with T a b l e 3. increased service. Except for primary metal plans, with an 8-week maximum, plans falling be low the ratio of 1 week for each year of service at the higher levels were significantly fewer than plans allowing more liberal benefits. At 15, 20, and 25 years of service, higher than proportionate allowances—up to 60 weeks at 15 and 20 years and up to 80 to 105 weeks at 25 years—were pro vided by almost a third of the plans. A few, how ever, paid only nominal benefits to workers with up to 25 years of service. The relationship between years of service and weeks of pay is further illustrated in the average payments due workers at specific service points. Including plans providing no benefits at particular levels (an especially important factor at the 1-year level), average payments rose from 0.6 weeks of pay for 1 year of service to 31.8 weeks for 25 years. The extra reward for long service became particu larly noticeable at the 15-year level. The marked variations in average levels among the selected industries demonstrate the absence of a uniform approach to compensate workers for loss of jobs. A m o u n t op B e n e f it s P r o v id e d at S e l e c t e d L e n g t h - op- S e r v ic e L e v e l s i n G r a d u a t e d S e v e r a n c e a n d L a y o f f B e n e f i t P l a n s , i n M a j o r C o l l e c t i v e B a r g a i n i n g A g r e e m e n t s , 1963 Agreements providing pay after— Amount of benefits 6 months All graduated plans providing benefits----------------N one___ - ------------------ -Less tli iiii 1 week_______________________________ 1 w eek__ ----------------2 w e e k s __ . ---------------------- -3 weeks___ ---------------------4 weeks _ _ -____ 5 weeks __ _ _ ___ fi weeks _ 7 weeks ft weeks Q 10 weeks 11 Lilt- less tihfvn If» weeks 73 296 15 43 6 1 1 year 3 years 2 years 232 137 4 154 24 4 4 334 261 108 2 35 153 13 6 5 1 35 4 17 37 151 69 1 4 4 1 4 years 339 30 2 13 35 13 207 13 1 1 4 3 1 5 years 362 7 11 29 18 14 128 90 2 3 1 6 3 Ifi But less tTliVn 20weeks but less tlien 30 weeks 10 years 15 years 20 years 365 368 369 4 1 1 17 5 17 13 4 3 68 1 77 30 31 17 19 2 1 10 9 5 3 8 15 64 3 6 12 59 15 2 27 1 14 15 26 14 1 1 1 9 8 7 3 2 3 65 12 12 7 3 6 53 5 1 13 3 24 5 23 9 19 14 _________ ______________ ______________ ______________ __ __ O ther2.-- - - - _______ ____________ 8 42 11 agreement provided no payment to workers having 25 years or more of service. 2 Includes agreements establishing the principle of graduated payments without specifying the amounts to be paid, provisions in which payments https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 46 46 46 57 58 368 11 __ __ _ 25 years - 59 1 61 1 9 6 8 4 2 1 66 11 21 1 2 12 2 44 2 3 19 3 4 3/i 3 3 9 21 14 62 vary by reason for separation or age, and those in which payments are not computable to weeks of service, such as payments computed in dollars or as percentages of earnings. 33 SEVERANCE PAY AND LAYOFF B EN E FIT PLANS An increase in the average benefit payments in recent years is reflected in the following compari son of data from this study and the Bureau’s 1955-56 study: Weeks of pay Years of service 1---------------------------------------------------------------------------5------------------------------------------ 1963 0. 6 5. 2 1965-66 0. 8 4. 6 10 __________________________ 11. 0 10. 0 15---------------------------------------20__________________________ 25___________________________ 17. 4 24. 7 31. 8 16. 4 24. 0 30. 7 Others. Most provisions specifying payments in dollar amounts rather than in weeks of pay, established a fixed sum which would be paid for each year of service. These amounts ranged from $25 up to $130, but clustered at $50 and $75, re flecting the practice in the aerospace industry. Less frequently, benefits for long-service employ ees were increased by raising dollar amounts. Dollar payments generally were available to workers having a minimum of 1 year of service. Twelve of the thirty-eight agreements providing for this method of payment set a maximum at 10 years, and 13 established no maximums. Provisions designating payments on a percentage-of-eamings basis were uncommon. In six plans based on this method, either a flat percentage was applied to earnings for a given time period (such as the last period of unbroken employment) or the percentage decreased with years of service. Eligibility Requirements Each of the 377 plans studied in detail stipu lated the conditions under which payments would or would not be made: i.e., for voluntary or invol untary separation; under broadly defined, rela tively liberal conditions, or under narrowly de fined, very specific conditions; for causes related to the job, or for causes related to the worker. Some plans set forth policies applicable in case of retirement or death. Virtually all set minimum length-of-service requirements which displaced workers had to meet before they could be consid ered qualified for payments. Voluntary and Involuntary Separation. Plan provisions were predominantly operative in situa tions where the separated worker had no control over his continued employment. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Commonly, provisions granting pay only for involuntary separation listed the applicable condi tions (such as, plant closing, transfer of opera tions, or physical disability), but some plans specifically declared that voluntary separation was excluded. Voluntary separation as a condition for compen sation was written into only 24 plans, covering about 65,000 workers. The practice of paying for voluntary quits is probably more common than a study of formal provisions reveals, since manage ment might prefer to handle such situations in formally, at its own discretion. Limiting the plan’s applicability to involuntary termination often serves to hold workers on the job when separations are imminent. F rom the em ployer’s point of view, this assures an orderly shutdown of operations. Some clauses explicitly stated that eligibility for payment depended upon the worker’s remaining on the job. Other provi sions left earlier termination to the discretion of management. Some plans which allowed severance compensa tion for voluntary quits limited it to employees with a specified length of service, to those who resigned in the face of layoff, or to those who were induced to reseign because of inability to perform their work. Conditions. Nearly all the plans established conditions for granting benefits that related to the employee’s work situation, while almost a third set forth conditions of separation relating directly to the worker himself. ApplicabilUy Total_____________________ Conditions inherent in— Work situation_______________ Worker_____________________ Work situation and worker___ Aqreemerits 377 Workers 1, 794, 310 264 1, 286, 750 13 36,450 100 471, 110 Under both categories, conditions were some times sufficiently nonspecific to allow liberal pay ment policies at the time of separation. Under broadly defined conditions, employees on “layoff” or “laid off for lack of work”—language typical in plans having no explicit statement of termination—would receive payment. Since the causes triggering the layoff were not spelled out, it can be assumed that such payments were to be made in all situations. Such “layoff for lack of 34 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 work” provisions were found in 114 agreements. In 106 of these clauses, “layoff for lack of work” constituted the only eligibility requirement con cerned with the work situation for which the sep arated worker could receive allowances. Other agreements with broadly defined eligibil ity clauses specified reasons for which pay would not be granted. This approach was noted in a number of extended layoff benefit plans. In thus defining applicability by exclusion, some provi sions also ruled out conditions beyond the com pany’s control, especially those likely to cause only a temporary interruption to employment. Thus, benefits would not be paid where the layoff was caused by strikes, floods, acts of God, mechanical or electrical breakdowns, riots, etc., but would be paid in case of layoff for any other cause. A number of plans provided allowances to any employee who had been on layoff for an extended period. Usually, payment was simultaneous with the break in seniority caused by the extended lay off. Whatever the original causes for layoff might have been, they were no longer the determinants in giving compensation. Meatpacking agreements frequently contained this provision. To narrow the area of applicability, plans spe cifically defined the conditions for which compen sation would be paid. Plant, business, or depart ment closings, mergers, transfer of operations, technological change, discharge for other than cause, or physical disability were among the rea sons leading to payment of benefits. Provisions also specifically listed conditions un der which employers would be exempt from mak ing payments. Among these were refusal to accept an offered transfer or recall, eligibility for pension, discharge for cause, voluntary resignation, and conditions beyond the employer’s control. Output Per Man-Hour, Gas and Electric Utilities use of gas and electricity for space heating and air conditioning of homes and commercial build ings. Advances in productivity and employment, as described below, have enabled the industry to meet this growing demand. Contributing to the rise in productivity have been technological de velopments and a high level of capital investment.1 T h e gas and electric utilities industry has been a vital factor in the development of our economy, supplying increasing amounts of energy for industrial, commercial, and residential use. Industrial demand for gas and electricity has increased with general economic expansion and greater use of energy per worker. Farm demand has grown as electrical networks reached into formerly isolated rural areas, bringing power for the operation of farm machinery as well as for lighting and other uses. Population expansion, rising incomes, and the greater use of gas and electric appliances have caused residential demand to grow. Also important has been the greater 1 This article is based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ report, Indexes (April 1964), which includes a description of the methods and data sources used in deriving the indexes. A general technical note on the techniques used in developing industry indexes of output per man-hour appears in the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w , November 1962, pp. 1269-1273. 2 All average annual rates of change are based on the least squares trend of the logarithms of the index numbers. o f O u t p u t P e r M a n - H o u r , G a s a n d E le c tr i c U t i l i t i e s I n d u s t r y , 1 9 8 2 -6 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis — L eon E . L itnden and E rnestine M. M oore Division of Industrial and Labor Relations Output Per Man-Hour Trends Output per man-hour of all employees for gas and electric utilities increased 186 percent from 1947 to 1962, an average rate of increase of 7.5 percent per year.2 This average includes in creases in every year, but they ranged between 2 percent in 1949 and more than 11 percent in 1955 (table 1). Output per man-hour closely followed the movement of output, particularly in the most recent years of the period (chart 1). Output increased substantially every year; man-hours increased until 1957 and then fluctuated mildly to a level in 1962 almost identical with the 1956 level. Overall, output increased 243 percent from 1947 to 1962 while total man-hours rose 20 percent. OUTPUT PER MAN-HOUR, GAS AND ELECTRIC UTILITIES For nonsupervisory workers 3 alone, output per man-hour during this postwar period increased at an average annual rate of 8.1 percent (chart 2). The higher rate for nonsupervisory workers re flects an overall increase of nonsupervisory man hours of only 11 percent compared with an in crease of total man-hours of 20 percent, as non supervisory workers declined from 95 percent of total employment in 1947 to 88 percent in 1962. Output per man-hour trends differed somewhat during the pre-World War II years, the war, and the postwar period. From 1932 to 1941, output per man-hour of all employees increased 85 per- cent, or 6.1 percent a year.4 This was almost equivalent to the increase of output for those years, as man-hours fluctuated for a net increase of barely 1 percent. Output per man-hour had peak rates of advance from 1941 through 1943 (about 20 percent per year), as output continued to grow while man-hours were sharply reduced. Output levelled off somewhat by 1944, however, and an uptrend in man-hours resulted in a tem porary setback of output per man-hour for 2 years (1945 and 1946). In 1947, output increased substantially and output per man-hour resumed its general upward trend. For the war and immediate postwar years (1941-47), output per man-hour had a total increase of 40 percent and an average annual increase of 4.7 percent. The long-term result of these earlier developments and the postwar trend of output per man-hour was an average annual rate of increase, 1932 to 1962, of 6.6 percent. 8 The term “ nonsupervisory workers” includes line and cableinen, mainte nance and repairmen, power dispatchers, electricians, meter readers, gasproducer men, laborers, general office clerks, office-machine operators, janitors and watchmen, and other employees below the supervisory level whose services are closely associated with those of the employees listed. It does not include force-account construction workers, i.e., those engaged in major additions or alterations to the plant who are utilized as a separate work force. « The first year for which adequate data are available is 1932. Separate data for nonsupervisory worker man-hours are not available prior to 1947. T a b l e 1. O u t pu t , E m plo ym ent, M 35 a n - H o u r s , a n d O u t p u t P e r M a n - H o u r in t h e I n d u s t r y , 1932-62 G as and E l e c t r ic U t il i t i e s [Indexes, 1957-59 = 100J Employment Year Man-hours Output per— Output All em ployees Nonsupervi sory workers1 All em ployee Nonsupervi sory worker 1 Employee Nonsupervi sory worker1 Employee man-hour Nonsupervi sory worker man-hour1 1932______________________ 1933______________________ 1934______________________ 1935______________________ 1936______________________ 13.0 13.1 14.0 15.1 17.1 68.7 65.2 67.1 68.1 72.7 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 73.8 66.9 63.5 65.3 71.1 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 18.9 20.1 20.9 22.2 23.5 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 17.6 19.6 22.0 23.1 24.1 W (2) (U (2) (2; 1937______________________ 1938______________________ 1939_____________________ 1940____________________ 1941___ ___ ______ ____ 18.5 17.9 19.6 21.6 24.3 76.0 73.4 73.4 75.6 76.7 (2) (2) (2) (2) (21 74.7 71.5 71.0 73.3 74.5 (2) (2) (2) (2) (21 24.3 24.4 26.7 28.6 31.7 (2) (2) <*) (2) (2) 24.8 25.0 27.6 29.5 32.6 (2i w w c2) w 1942_____________________ 1943______________________ 1944___ ___ . 1945__________ _ __ _ _ 27.1 30.5 32.0 32.3 70.0 63.2 61,4 62.3 (2) « (2) (2) 68.5 64.2 64.6 66.1 (2) (2) (2) (2) 38.7 48.3 52.1 51.8 (2) (2) (2) (2) 39.6 47.5 49.5 48.9 ci (2) (2) (2) 1946__________________ 1947_____________________ 1948_________________ 1949_________________ 1950___ _ _______ 33.1 37.8 42.0 44.1 50.3 73.1 80.7 85.6 88.5 90.4 (21 85.8 90.5 93.1 94.5 74.2 82.6 87.4 89.7 92.1 (2J 87.7 92.3 94.3 96.2 45.3 46.8 49.1 49.8 55.6 (2) 44.1 46.4 47.4 53.2 44.6 45.8 48.1 49.2 54.6 w 1951_______________ 1952_______________ 1953. _ __ ______ 1954_______________ 1955 ______ ____ ____ ___ 57.0 61.5 66.8 71.6 80.6 91.7 93.4 95.0 95.8 96.6 95.6 97.2 97.9 97.8 98.1 94.0 95.1 96.4 96.8 97.7 98.1 98.9 99.4 98.8 99.1 62.2 65.8 70.3 74.7 83.4 59.6 63.3 68.2 73.2 82.2 60.6 64.7 69.3 74.0 82.5 58.1 62.2 67.2 72.5 81.3 1956_________________ 1957_____________________ 1958. _ __ _ __ _ _ __ 1959_________________ 1960_______________ 88.7 94. 1 98.2 107.7 114.9 98.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1 99.1 100.5 100.0 99.5 99.2 99.2 100.4 99.6 100.1 100.2 100.2 100.9 99.6 99.6 99.3 90.3 94.1 98.2 107.7 114.8 89.5 93.6 98.2 108.2 115.8 89.4 93.7 98.6 107.6 114.7 88.5 93.3 98.6 108.1 115.7 1961______________ 1962___ __ _ ___ _ __ 120.7 129.7 99.6 98.8 98.3 97.0 99.4 99.1 98.1 97.4 121.2 131.3 122.8 133.7 121.4 130.9 123.0 133.2 1 For definition of nonsupervisory workers, see text footnote 3, p. 35. 8 Data not available, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 43.1 45.5 46.8 52.3 Source: Output index based on data from American Gas Association, Edison Electric Institute, Federal Power Commission, Rural Electrification A d ministration of U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Bureau of Labor Sta tistics. Employment and man-hours indexes based on BLS data. 36 Chart 1. O utput per Employee M an -H o ur, O utput, and Employee M an-H ours in the Gas and Electric Utilities Industry, 1932-62 INDEX (1957-59=100) Development of the Industry The Growth of Output. In 1962, the level of out put for gas and electric utilities was nearly 10 times what it had been in 1932. This repre sented an average annual increase of 8.4 percent for the 30-year period. Output expanded in every year except 1938, when there was a slight decline. The rate of increase has been relatively steady over the period, with the exception of the latter part of World War II, when the growth of output slowed because defense priorities curtailed investment in the industry. The last few years indicate that output expansion may have slowed somewhat, but the evidence of a new trend is not yet conclusive. Changes in Production and Distribution Patterns. Over the last 30 years, changes have taken place in the composition of output and in the class of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 customers being served by the industry. These shifts are indicated for selected years in table 2. For electric utilities, there has been a trend to- j ward steam generation of power and away from * hydroelectric generation, although the latter has continued to increase in absolute terms. In 1932, hydroelectric generation accounted for 42 percent of all electric power. By 1962, this had fallen to 10 percent, although the absolute amount about doubled. Several factors are responsible for the relative decline of hydroelectric generation, such as the growing scarcity of good hydroelectric sites, changes in the relationship between steam fuel costs and capital costs for hydroelectric installations, and the increasing efficiency of steam turbines. Nuclear generation of electricity, * accounting for 0.3 percent of total generation in both 1961 and 1962, may in the future become economically competitive with conventional fuels. A shift has also occurred in the classes of customers served by electric utilities. There has been a gradual increase in residential sales rel- * ative to commercial, industrial, and other types of sales. In 1932, residential service accounted for 17 percent of total sales; by 1962, this service had increased to 28 percent of the total. Another shift is the decline in the use of manufactured and mixed gases. In general, it has become more economical for the industry to purchase natural gas, which has a high energy content, and to use manufactured and mixed gases as needed to meet peak loads. In 1932, natural gas amounted to 78 percent of sales; by 1962, it had reached 98 percent of the total. As with electric utilities, shifts also took place in the class of service. In 1932, residential service accounted for 45 percent of total sales. This fell to 30 percent in 1945, but residential sales have been increasing in the years since and in 1962 were 35 percent of the total. Employment Changes. Employment for gas and electric utilities increased only 44 percent from 1932 to 1962, despite the very substantial growth of output. This is a reflection of the large pro ductivity gains of the industry. Most of the em ployment increase occurred between 1945 and 1957. From 1932 to 1944, employment actually declined by about 11 percent, falling to a level of 356,900 which was a low for the 1932-62 period. ' OUTPUT PER MAN-HOUR, GAS AND ELECTRIC UTILITIES (In the war years, the Armed Forces and other vital industries claimed first priority on manpower, causing declines of about 40,000 employees in both 1942 and 1943.) After a slight increase in 1945, employment began a steady though moderate up trend, increasing about 60 percent from 1946 to 1957. Since 1957, employment has been stable as the trends of output and productivity have been very similar. This stability has been the net result of two offsetting movements, as supervisory employ ment has increased but nonsupervisory employ ment has decreased. Employment changes have not corresponded closely with output changes. This is due, in large measure, to the unusually high proportion of main tenance labor in the industry, performing essen tially the same duties regardless of the level of productive activity. An increase in a generating station’s output can take place without a propor tionate increase in overhead labor. To a lesser degree, this may also be true of some operating jobs. The level of demand, and therefore the degree of capacity utilization in the industry, can strongly influence the trend of output per man hour. field of generation, substantial improvement in thermal efficiency of steam plants occurred during the period covered by this study, particularly in the postwar years. This was reflected by a de cline in the amount of coal required to generate a kilowatt hour of electricity. In 1932, 1.49 pounds of coal were required per kilowatt hour, on the average. This declined to an average of 1.31 pounds in 1947, a reduction of about 12 percent for the 15-year period. In the next 15 years, there was a further reduction of 34 percent, to 0.86 pound per kilowatt hour in 1962. The increasing thermal efficiency of steam gen erating plants was in large part due to the develop ment of larger capacity turbines operating at higher temperatures and pressures. Advances in metallurgy, along with better design and improved construction techniques, made such turbines fea sible. Improvements in cooling and higher gen erator speeds permitted the construction of lighter and more compact high capacity units. Operating speeds of 3,600 r.p.m. became more common, as stronger generator components were developed. Chart 2. O utput per Nonsupervisory W orker M an Hour, O utput, and Nonsupervisory W orker M an Hours in the Gas and Electric Utilities Industry, 1947-62 Influences on Output Per Man-Hour Trends Output per man-hour trends are a function of several interrelated factors. Two of the major influences in the gas and electric utilities industry have been changing technology and a high level of capital expenditures. Changing Technology. Both gas and electric util ities have experienced technological developments which played an important part in raising pro ductivity. These developments include new and better equipment capable of producing more out put per unit of labor. Also important in reducing labor requirements were improvements in orga nization, techniques, and utilization of existing equipment. Electric Utilities. Technological advances took place in the generation, transmission, and distribu tion of electric power. These advances were of an evolutionary nature, representing gradual im provement in the technical efficiency of the indus try, rather than radical breakthroughs. In the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 37 INDEX (1957-59=100) MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 effective capacity of a system can be increased without expanding generating capacity or man power. As power networks became more complex, auto matic dispatching equipment came into increasing use. Such equipment automatically allocates gen erating capacity to meet load conditions in a more efficient manner than can be done manually. The result is a saving not only in manpower, but also in fuel, because of more precise calculation of load conditions. Computers also came into use during the latter part of the period, for data logging, scanning, alarming, and performance calculations. Auto matic data processing is also being used for billing and accounting operations, with savings in clerical labor. Gas Utilities. During the 1930’s, an important revolution was taking place in the gas industry. Although natural gas reserves were very large, development of the industry had been relatively slow up to this time. The greatest barrier to in dustry expansion had been the distance between sources of supply and market areas. Major re serves of natural gas were located in the South western United States, while the largest areas of consumer demand were in the North and East. During the 1950’s, turbines operating at pressures greater than 3,206 pounds per square inch were developed. At such pressures, water is converted directly into steam without going through an inter mediate boiling stage. A plant put into operation in 1960 used pressures of 5,000 pounds per square inch, using less than 0.70 pound of coal per kilo watt hour generated. Improvements have also taken place in the transmission of electric power. Development of better line equipment made feasible the transmis sion of power at increasingly higher voltages, which is more efficient for long distances. High voltage, long distance transmission has raised pro ductivity because there is less loss of power in transmission and generating stations may be placed in more efficient locations, rather than being centered exclusively near market areas. Some generating stations are being located at the mine, with savings in coal transportation and handling costs. Another factor responsible for increases in pro ductivity has been the growth of interconnections. These permit more efficient utilization of generat ing capacity because sudden demands for power in one area may be met by borrowing power from another area where demand is lighter. Thus, the T a b l e 2. S h if t s in P r o d u c t io n and D is t r i b u t i o n P a t t e r n s in t h e G a s Y e a r s , 1932-62 and E l e c t r ic U t il i t i e s I n d u s t r y , S e l e c t e d [Percent Distributions] Electric utilities Year Total 1932__________________________ 1940__________________________ 1945_________________________ 1950_________________________ 1955__________________________ 1962_________________________ Sales by class of customer Production by method of generation 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Steam Hydroelectric Internal com bustion 42.4 29 5 26.8 19.8 12.1 9.5 0.3 .3 .2 .2 .1 .1 57.3 70.2 72.9 80.0 87.8 90.1 Nuclear Total 0.3 Residential 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Commercial and industrial Other 1 67.4 70.0 70.9 67.6 68.0 67.7 17.3 17.5 16.5 21.3 23.6 28.1 15.3 12.5 12.5 11.1 8.4 4.2 Gas utilities Sales by class of customer Sales by type of gas Total 1932. 1940. 1945. 1950. 1955. 1962. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Natural 78.4 85.2 87.2 91.5 94.6 97.9 Manufac tured Mixed 16.6 9.8 8.1 5.3 .7 .1 1 Includes public street and highway lighting, other public authorities, and railroads and railways. 2 Less than 0.1 percent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5.0 5.0 4.6 3.1 4.6 2.0 Liquefied petroleum 0.1 .2 .1 (2) Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Residential Commercial 44.7 33.8 30.0 32.9 33.6 34.6 11.4 9.3 9.7 9.8 9.1 10.7 Industrial Other1 43.4 55.4 56.1 54.4 53.1 49.8 Note: Because of rounding, columns do not always add to 100.0. Source: American Gas Association and Federal Power Commission. 0.4 1.6 4.2 3.0 4.2 4.9 OUTPUT PER MAN-HOUR, GAS AND ELECTRIC UTILITIES Pipelines to carry gas from production centers to markets had been built on a small scale in the 1920,s and earlier, but greater expansion awaited innovations in pipeline technology. Long-dis tance transport of natural gas became feasible with the advent of new techniques for electric welding and the development of strong, thinwalled pipes. In the early 1930’s, pipelines ca pable of operating at pressures of 500 pounds per square inch became economically feasible, in diameters up to 20 inches. Also contributing to more efficient pipeline transmission was the use of large reciprocating compressors of high horse power for boosting the gas. The development of a long-distance pipeline network, expanded during World War II, bad an important effect upon gas industry productivity. Savings in labor requirements resulted from largescale, more efficient systems, in contrast to the smaller more localized transmission systems pre viously in existence. Throughout the period of this study, advances in pipeline technology continued. By 1960, pipe lines of up to 36 inches in diameter were operating at pressures of 1,000 pounds per square inch. In some cases, automatic welding was being used to join pipes, and more powerful compressors bad been developed, including centrifugal units driven by jet engines of up to 15,000 horsepower. Pack aged compressor stations came into use, featuring ease of installation and maintenance, with result ing reductions in labor requirements. The development of underground storage facili ties was another significant advance, giving the gas industry a much larger storage reserve. The greater storage capacity meant that day-to-day and season-to-season fluctuations in the growing demand for gas could be more easily bandied. More efficient utilization of facilities and man power was possible because not as much excess capacity needed to be maintained to meet peak demands. Depleted gas and oil fields, salt forma tions, underground caverns, and porous rock formations have been used for underground stor age. The total capacity of underground reservoirs has increased rapidly, from 135 billion cubic feet in 1944 to nearly 3 trillion cubic feet in 1959. Even this expansion of storage capacity is not sufficient to meet seasonal variations in gas de https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 39 mand, and substantial excess capacity is available in off-peak periods. The development of off-peak uses for gas, for example as a fuel for electric power generation, may affect productivity by enabling fuller year-round utilization of capacity. Another development has been the growth of automatic and remote control in pipeline opera tions, leading to greater system integration and reduction in manpower needs. Computers are being used increasingly for dispatching and accounting tasks. Capital Expenditures. New technology becomes embodied in an industry’s plant and equipment through the yearly flow of capital expenditures. The greater this flow in relation to the level of plant and equipment, the faster can be the rate of technical progress in the industry. Capital expenditures in the gas and electric utilities industry have been very large. Since 1945, a total of $70.2 billion has been invested, an average of $3.9 billion per year. Expenditures ranged from a low of $0.49 billion in 1945 to a high of $6.07 billion in 1957. The 1962 figure ($5.32 billion) comprised 14 percent of the total capital expenditures of United States business. These amounts are relatively as well as abso lutely large. In 1951 and 1957, capital expendi tures were almost equal to one-half of total utility revenues; the proportion bad receded to less than a third by 1962, but this was still high compared to other industries. Capital expenditures per employee per year averaged over $7,800 during the period from 1947 to 1962; this was over 15 times the average for all manufacturing industries. Since 1957, capital expenditures per employee have averaged close to $10,000 per year. Both capital expenditures and capital expendi tures per employee increased in every year between 1947 and 1957 with the exception of 1954, then levelled off somewhat in the last few years from the peak reached in 1957. A high level of capital expenditures for gas and electric utilities is expected to continue, helping the industry meet the future power requirements of the economy. — J o se p h E. D r a g o n e t t e a n d P h il ip W . J a y n e s D ivision of Productivity Measurement 40 Wage Rates of Communications Workers of the 637,805 employees of the Nation’s principal communications carriers aver aged $2.87 an hour in late 1963—an increase of 3.6 percent above the average of $2.77 recorded in late 1962.1 Employees of class A telephone car riers—accounting for 95 percent of the workers covered by the study—averaged $2.88 an hour in December 1963, compared with $2.78 a year earlier. Nonmessenger employees of Western Union’s wire-telegraph operations averaged $2.71 an hour in October 1963, 3 percent above the Oc tober 1962 average of $2.63. Pay rates for em ployees of international telegraph carriers (oceancable and radio-telegraph carriers) averaged $3.22 in October 1963.2 B asic wage bates Class A Telephone Carriers Basic wage rates of the 604,984 employees (ex cluding officials and managerial assistants) of the 57 class A telephone carriers included in the study averaged $2.88 an hour in December 1963 (table 1). Individual rates of pay were widely dispersed. The middle half of the workers’ rates ranged from $2 to $3.43 an hour. This dispersion was due to a variety of factors, including the great diversity of skills and responsibilities required in the industry, pay differences among regions, and the widespread practice of providing a range of rates for workers in a given job and locality. Frequently, the top rate was as much as 100 percent above the begin ning rate for workers in the same company and job, with advancement through the various steps based on the employee’s length of service with the company. Thus, for linemen, the highest rate exceeded the lowest by more than $1 in 36 of the 57 reporting carriers. Average rates of pay among the occupational groups studied separately ranged from $1.59 an hour for a small number of laborers (mostly in nonBell companies) to $5.15 for professional and semiprofessional employees (except draftsmen). Wom en, accounting for 56 percent of the work force, were chiefly employed as telephone operators and as clerical workers; experienced switchboard operators comprised 18 percent of the work force. Average hourly rates of pay in occupations in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JANUARY 1965 which women predominated were generally lower than those in categories largely staffed by men (linemen, central office repairmen, PBX and sta tion installers, test-board men and repeatermen, cable splicers, and exchange repairmen). Occupational pay relationships varied by region. To illustrate, nonsupervisory clerical employees averaged from 2 to 8 percent more than experi enced switchboard operators in all regions except the Southeast, where the pay advantage was 14 percent. Average pay rates for central office re pairmen exceeded the averages for experienced switchboard operators by 44 to 58 percent in 7 of 9 regions, and by 66 percent in the Southeast and North Central regions. Average pay rates for the 10 occupational cate gories shown in table 1 were usually highest in the Middle Atlantic region and lowest in the South east or Mountain regions. The interregional spread in average pay rates varied by occupation. For example, experienced switchboard operators in the Middle Atlantic region averaged about 23 percent more than their counterparts in the South east; the corresponding spread for test-board men and repeatermen was 12 percent. Compared with the overall nationwide average ($2.88), average rates of pay for class A telephone 1 Based on annual reports filed with the Federal Communications Com mission (FCC) by carriers engaged in interstate or foreign communications by means of their own facilities or through connections with the facilities of another carrier under direct or indirect common control. The reports do not include international telegraph carriers with annual operating revenues below $50,000 or telephone carriers with annual operating revenues below $250,000. It is estimated that this study covered nearly nine-tenths of the workers in the telephone communications industry in December 1963 and over nine-tenths of the workers in the telegraph communications industry in October 1963. A more comprehensive account of the study w ill be published in BLS Bulletin 1426. Prior to 1961, information included in these reports related to an October payroll period for all carriers. In 1961, the reference date for class A telephone carriers was changed to December. For a summary of communications workers’ earnings in late 1962, see Monthly Labor Review, October 1963, pp. 1157-1161. The pay data contained in this summary, which pertain to all workers ex cept officials and managerial assistants, were computed by dividing scheduled weekly compensation by scheduled weekly hours. “ Scheduled weekly compensation,” as defined by the FCC, includes the basic weekly pay rate plus any regularly scheduled supplementary compensation, such as differen tials for evening and night tours and certain perquisites. It excludes pay for overtime work and pay in excess of weekday rates for Sunday and holiday work. Scheduled weekly compensation of Western Union Telegraph Co. employees excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2Prior to 1963, data were tabulated separately for ocean-cable and radio telegraph carriers. The current survey combines data for the 2 interna tional telegraph carrier groups. Although many of the occupational categories studied separately are common to both radio-telegraph and ocean-cable carriers, soma ere found exclusively in one carrier group or the other. For example, radio operators and radio-telegraph riggers were reported only by radio-telegraph carriers; cable operators, on the other hand, were found in ocean-cable operations only. WAG’S RATES OF COMMUNICATIONS WORKERS 41 carrier employees ranged from $2.52 an hour in the Southeast to $3 in the Pacific and $3.10 in the Middle Atlantic region. Pay rates in the Great Lakes region and new England averaged $2.95 and $2.88 an hour, respectively; averages in the remaining regions were below the nationwide level. Bell System telephone companies ac counted for nearly nine-tenths of the employment in the Southeast, about 95 percent in five regions, and virtually all in the New England, Middle Atlantic, and Mountain regions. Bell System employees, accounting for 96 per cent of the class A telephone carrier employment, averaged $2.91 an hour—68 cents above the average recorded for non-Bell employees. Some of the factors contributing to the differences in pay levels between Bell System and non-Bell System companies were size of firm and geographic location. Bell System companies, for example, usually covered an entire State or group of States, T a b l e 1. with employment amounting to more than 50,000 in four of the companies, over 25,000 in five other companies, and less than 3,000 in only two com panies. In comparison, only 1 of the 33 nonBell companies employed as many as 3,000 workers, and 11 companies had fewer than 100 workers. Slightly more than half of the Bell System employment was concentrated in the Middle Atlantic, Great Lakes, and Pacific regions, whereas four regions—Great Lakes, Southeast, South Central, and Pacific—accounted for fourfifths of the employment in non-Bell companies. Total employment of class A telephone carriers increased by 8,657 (1.5 percent) between Decem ber 1962 and December 1963. Bell System com panies accounted for more than nine-tenths of this increase, the first since 1957. The employ ment decline between 1957 and 1962 was largely the result of the substantial decline in the number of telephone operators, caused mainly by the in- C lass A T e l e p h o n e C a r r ie r s : 1 A v erage H ourly R a t e s 2 by R eg io n s ,3 D ec e m b e r 1963 United States 8 N ew England of E m ployees M iddle Atlantic in S e l ec ted O c c u pa t io n s , Great Lakes Chesapeake Occupational group4 Workers Average hourly Workers rates 2 Average hourly Workers rates 2 All employees except officials and managerial assistants________ ___ . ________ _ 604,984 $2.88 42,207 $2.88 Cable splicers___________ ______ C able splicers’ helpers_________ . C entrai office repairmen____________ Clerical employees, nonsupervisory______________ Exchange repairmen_____ _____ Experienced switchboard operators.. Linemen______________________ Mechanics, building and motor-vehicle service P B X and station installers.. ___ Test-board men and repeatermen__ ._ 15,100 1,955 41,517 121,077 13, 726 111,846 11,926 2,742 30,563 12,994 $3.27 2.14 3.14 2. 21 3.34 2.06 2.75 3.07 3.21 3.23 1,213 219 2,392 9,164 606 8,381 833 195 1,135 698 $3.33 2.13 3.15 2.16 3.32 Southeast All employees except officials and managerial assistants_____________ ___ Cable splicers_______________ ____ Cable splicers’ helpers... ___________ Central office repairmen________________ Clerical employees, nonsupervisory................ _ Exchange repairmen____ ________ Experienced switchboard operators____________ Linemen_____ _ ________ Mechanics, building and motor-vehicle service P B X and station installers________ _____ Test-board men and repeatermen______ . 2.87 2.83 3.20 3.41 Workers 119,716 $3.10 2,904 558 8,630 26,810 3,607 22,260 2,318 893 8,644 1,466 $3.47 3.27 2.28 3.43 6,492 19,717 3,498 19,301 1, 656 679 6,466 1,629 2.20 2.22 3.05 3.14 3.38 3.56 North Central South Central Average hourly rates 2 Workers 97,817 $2.95 33,911 2,776 $3.34 2.37 3.25 2.27 3.36 202 2.10 3.02 3.10 3.29 3.35 M ountain Average hourly rates 2 1,002 106 1,990 6,301 331 7,049 830 161 778 410 $2.78 $3.26 1.94 3.06 2.12 2.01 3.38 2.57 2.83 3.03 3.41 Pacific 69,988 $2.52 21,888 $2.66 52,187 $2.60 25,845 $2.63 86,305 $3.00 2,230 267 3,995 12,226 1,039 15,459 1,508 135 2,650 1,317 $3.11 1.97 3.00 2.07 3.12 1.81 2.34 2.98 2.97 3.17 673 2 1,420 4,195 217 4,451 562 42 562 216 $3.10 (6) 3.11 1.97 3.25 1.87 2.45 2.75 3.26 3.23 1,060 456 4,012 9,660 1,701 13,306 1,774 $3.11 2.13 3.14 573 3 1,515 5,647 523 4,494 766 44 925 406 $2.99 (6) 2.97 2,118 60 6,840 19,992 2,073 12,699 1,365 419 6,675 1,651 $3.33 2.36 3.17 2.34 3.34 1 Covers telephone carriers with annual operating revenues exceeding $250,000. 2 Average hourly rates were computed by dividing total scheduled weekly compensation by total scheduled weekly hours. 8 The regions include: N e w E n g l a n d —Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; M i d d l e A t l a n t i c — Delaware, N ew Jersey, N ew York, and Pennsylvania; G r e a t L a k e s —Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; C h e s a p e a k e —District of Columbia, Mary land, Virginia, and West Virginia; S o u th e a s t —Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; N o r t h C e n tr a l —Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; S o u t h C e n t r a l —Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.11 Average hourly rates 2 122 3,394 869 2.11 3.34 1.99 2.62 3.17 3.19 3.28 2.01 3.12 1.92 2.43 2.59 3.04 3.21 2.20 2.94 3.18 3.08 3.35 Texas (except El Paso County); M o u n t a i n —Arizona, Colorado, Idaho (south of Salmon River), Montana, Nevada, N ew Mexico, Texas (El Paso County), Utah, and Wyoming; and P a c i f i c — California, Idaho (north of Salmon River), Oregon, and Washington. 4 Differences in occupational pay levels and employments for class A tele phone carriers between December 1962 and December 1963 are partly the result of a revision in the information reporting system of Bell companies. 8 Figures include long-lines employees and class A telephone carrier em ployees in Hawaii and Puerto Rico. Alaska had no class A telephone car riers reporting to the Federal Communications Commission. 8 Insufficient data to warrant presentation of an average. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JANUARY 1965 42 stallation of new and improved equipment. It is not possible to make precise comparisons of occupational employments (or pay rates) for 1963 and the preceding years, in part because of the adoption by Bell System companies in 1963 of a new system of occupational classification. The revised system' provides an increased number of occupational classifications and resulted in some reclassification of workers, usually within major occupational groups, but in some instances from one major group to another. Average rates of pay for all class A telephone carrier employees increased 3.6 percent between 1962 and 1963, from $2.78 to $2.88 an hour. The increase amounted to 4.1 percent between Decem ber 1961 and December 1962. The December 1963 average was 129 percent above the pay level recorded in October 1947. Differences among regions in overall average pay rates for class A telephone carrier employees remained generally similar between October 1951 and December 1963.3 For each of the three periods shown in the following tabulation, the lowest pay level was recorded in the Southeast, whereas the highest 3Regional pay levels were tabulated for the first time in October 1951. 4Excludes officials and managerial assistants. 5Effective June 1, 1963, all hourly rated workers (except nonmotor mes sengers) received an increase of 7 cents an hour, and all monthly rated em ployees received an increase of $11 a month. Effective Sept. 3, 1963, min imum rates of pay for nonmotor messengers were increased from $1.15 to $1.25, in accordance with the amendment to the Fair Labor Standards Act. regional average shifted from the Pacific to the Middle Atlantic region between 1952 and 1957, and the relative advantage for the Middle At lantic region increased between 1957 and 1963. A l l - e m p l o y e e <a v e ra g e s a s a p e r c e n ta g e o f n a t io n a l a v e ra g e s i n — R e g io n New England. Middle Atlantic _ _ Great Lakes-Chesapeake. Southeast_____ _ _ North Central South Central__ _ Mountain _ _ Pacific __ O c t. 195% O ct. 1957 D e c . 196S 101 104 103 99 87 90 90 87 107 98 106 103 99 87 94 92 91 105 100 108 102 97 87 92 90 91 104 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ i Excludes officials and managerial assistants. Western Union Telegraph Co. Straight-time rates of pay (exclusive of pre mium pay for overtime and work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts) for the 23,259 non messenger employees 4 of Western Union’s wiretelegraph operations averaged $2.71 an hour in October 1963 (table 2), an increase of 8 cents (3 percent) above the average recorded a year earlier. The 4,447 messengers averaged $1.53 an hour, an increase of 8 cents (5.5 percent) since October 1962. These increases were largely the result of general wage increases effective during the period.5 T a ble 2. W est e r n U nio n T eleg r a ph C o .: P er ce n t a g e D ist r ib u t io n of W ir e -T e l e g r a ph E m plo y ees ,1 S tr aig h t -T ime A v erage H ourly R a t e s , 2 in S e l ec ted O c c u pa t io n s , O cto ber 1963 Average hourly rates of pay 2 All Clerical employees, employees, nonsuperexcept messengers 3 visory Experienc ed telegraph op erators (except Itforse) Laborers Commer cial de partment Traffic depart ment Linemen Morse and operators cablemen Messen Tele Subscribers’ gers, foot phone equipment and m aintained operators bicycle 95.6 4.4 $1 2fi a n d tupr^p.r 36 <jU HO jynfì iiruipr $1 /SO if\1 fin jvnd iiTiiipr $1 70 $1 70 and under $1 Qn in an 30 $nd lindpr ij\9, fiO cimi n litici ---------------------io 70 flufl $2 QO -------—-----lU dll il ìmrìpr LUIilei ipci.tfU. *Pa, uUdii ti untivi ipo.iu---------------------$3 10 and under $3 30 ^3 30and under $3 fiO iQ fio onci ipo.du diiti nnripr limaci ipu.70 iu --------------------$3.70 and over___ __ _ -------- $1 90 and under $210and under 0.4 3 7 a i io a 20 2 13 4 8 1 fi fi 110 3 1 14 8.2 0.1 4 8 9 5 19 0 31. 8 14 fi 7 2 4 fi 4 4 Ifi 1 27. fi 22.3 34.7 3 1 3.9 8.7 6.1 78.4 2.9 21.8 18 T7 L8 4.0 15.8 2.0 4 0 19. 8 28. 7 4.0 2.8 6.6 67.1 26.3 10.4 25. 7 17. 4 18. 8 23.1 1.7 0.6 1.1 13.0 7.0 12.7 62.0 3.6 8.0 7.0 14.3 70.7 by M essen gers, motor 9.0 1.0 18.7 56.6 14.0 .7 Total_________________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Number of workers______ Average hourly rates 2______ - 23,259 $2.71 5,133 $2.45 2,058 $2.14 1,779 $2.29 101 $2.59 642 $2.83 213 $2.44 1,405 $3.07 1,381 $2.26 3,016 $1.26 1,431 $2.00 1Includes employees working in the 48 States and the District of Columbia; the company does not operate in Alaska or Hawaii. 2Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3Excludes officials and managerial assistants. N o t e ; Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. WAGE RATES OF COMMUNICATIONS WORKERS T a b u s 3. 43 I n ter n a t io n a l T eleg r a ph C a r r ie r s : 1 P er c en ta g e D ist r ib u t io n of E m pl o y e e s , R a t e s ,2 in S elec ted O c c u pa t io n s , O ctober 1963 Average hourly rates of pay 2 $1.25 arid under $1.30... _______ $1.30 and under $1.50__________ $1.50 and under $ 1 .7 0 .._______ $1.70 arid under $1.90.. _______ $1.90 arid under $2.10.. _______ $2.10 and under $2.30__________ $2.30 and under $2.50__________ $2.50 and under $2.70__________ $2.70 and under $2.90__________ $2.90 and under $3.10__________ $3.10 and under $ 3 .3 0 .._______ $3.30 and under $3.50________ _ $3.50 and under $3.70____ _____ $3.70 and over________________ Total___________________ Number of workers___________ Average hourly rates 2 . --------- All employees, except officials and managerial assistants 3 Cable operators 7.0 2.0 1.5 2.8 2.8 4.7 4.1 6.7 6.5 8.5 9.9 5.8 11.4 26.4 Clerical employees, nonsuper visory Marine coastal station operators Mechanics and main tenance technicians 0.6 1.0 24 7 19.0 19. 0 8.0 12.6 16.7 8.4 7.7 9.3 7.9 0.2 2.1 5.8 6.6 8.1 15.5 9.1 3.5 6.7 1.3 3.8 2.5 13.4 21.7 14.6 28.0 14.6 9.5 5.2 9. 5 53.0 100.0 100.0 157 $3.40 483 $3. 55 10.1 9.6 10.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 5,115 $3. 22 174 $3.03 1,410 $2.79 Messengers, foot and bicycle 67.9 17.9 10.9 3.1 .2 by Radio operating technicians 0.5 .5 .5 .5 4.7 8.9 5.7 8.9 6.8 A verage H ourly Radio operators 0.7 2.2 1.5 2.2 2.2 Teletypemultiplex operators 0.4 .4 2.3 16.0 6.5 13.1 11.0 13.3 9.6 4.6 22.9 15.1 47.9 3.7 70.1 17.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 524 $1.39 192 $3. 56 134 $3. 60 520 $2.88 1Covers international telegraph carriers with annual operating revenues exceeding $50,000. 3See footnote 2, table 1. 3Excludes employees of international telegraph carriers outside the 48 States and the District of Columbia. Among the nonmessenger employees, men and women (12,938 and 10,321, respectively) tended to be concentrated in different occupational groups. Average straight-time hourly rates of pay in October 1963 for numerically important occupational categories in which women predomi nated were $2.45 for nonsupervisory clerical em ployees, $2.29 for experienced telegraph operators (except Morse operators) in the traffic depart ment and $2.14 for those in the commercial de partment, and $2.26 for telephone operators. Among the jobs predominantly held by men, average straight-time hourly rates of pay were $3.11 for traffic testing and regulating employees, $3.07 for subscribers’ equipment maintainers, and $2.83 for linemen and cablemen. Rates of pay of individual workers varied greatly in many of the specific job categories studied. In many of the nonmessenger jobs, the hourly rates of the highest paid workers exceeded those of the lowest paid by more than $1 an hour. In some jobs, however, individual rates were closely grouped. For example, for two-thirds or more of the Morse operators, telephone operators, and experienced telegraph operators (except Morse operators) in the traffic department, the hourly rates were between $2.30 and $2.50. Wage rates for employees of Western Union are determined by labor-management agreements with the Commercial Telegraphers’ Union (AFL-CIO) in all cities except the New York metropolitan area, where contractual agreements are with the American Communications Association (Ind.). Wage provisions in agreements with both the CTU and ACA include established rate ranges for all occupations, with differences between the starting and maximum rates amounting to more than 60 cents an hour for some classifications. Advancement from the starting rate through the various steps to the maximum rate is automatic after specified periods of service for employees meeting the requirements of the job. Messengers, all but a few of whom were males, comprised about 16 percent of the company’s wire-telegraph work force. Seven-tenths were full-time employees who averaged $1.58 an hour in October 1963, compared with $1.28 for the parttime employees. Foot and bicycle messengers (both full-vime and part-time employees) aver aged $1.26 an hour at the time of the study—8 cents an hour more than a year earlier. Straighttime rates of pay for all but a very few of these employees were $1.25. Motor messengers aver aged $2 an hour in October 1963, compared with $1.93 in October 1962. Rates of pay for more than half of these workers were between $1.90 and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. $ 2 . 10 . Total employment of Western Union’s wiretelegraph operations in October 1963 was nearly 7 percent below October 1962, and about one-half of the employment level of October 1947 (the date of the Bureau’s initial study). The occupational composition of the work force has changed con siderably in the last 16 years. For example, the MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 44 proportion of workers classified as telegraph opera tors declined from 34 percent in 1947 to 25 percent in 1963; the proportion of the work force classified as foot and bicycle messengers declined from 18 to 11 percent. On the other hand, the proportions of construction, installation, and maintenance workers and nonsupervisory clerical employees have increased during this period. These changes in the occupational composition of the nonmes senger work force accounted for 18 cents of the $1.66 increase in average hourly rates of pay between 1947 and 1963.6 International Telegraph Carriers Rates of pay of the 5,115 employees of inter national telegraph carriers (three ocean-cable and five radio-telegraph carriers) averaged $3.22 an horn- in October 1963 (table 3). The hourly average for the 4,581 nonmessenger employees was $3.38; the 534 messengers, nearly all foot and bicycle messengers, averaged $1.41. Men, ac counting for nearly seven-eighths of the total work force (including messengers), were predominant in nearly all of the occupational categories studied separately. Average hourly rates of pay for numerically important occupational categories were $3.56 for radio operating technicians, $3.55 for mechanics and maintenance technicians, $2.88 for teletypemultiplex operators, $2.79 for nonsupervisory clerical workers, and $1.39 for foot and bicycle messengers. Reflecting a wide diversity of occupational duties and responsibilities, rates of pay for international telegraph carrier employees were widely dispersed. Nearly a tenth of the workers (mostly foot and bicycle messengers) had rates of less than $1.50 an hour and fully a fourth had rates of $3.70 or more. For some of the occupational groups, how ever, individual rates of pay were concentrated within comparatively narrow limits. For example, seven-tenths of the radio operators had rates between $3.50 and $3.70 an hour, and two-thirds of the foot and bicycle messengers had rates between $1.25 and $1.30. — J oseph C. B ush Division of Occupational Pay 6 Weighting current occupational averages by occupational employment for October 1947 results in an average of $2.53 instead of $2.71 for non messenger employees. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Wages in Pressed or Blown Glassware Plants, May 1964 S traight -time earning s of production and related workers in the pressed or blown glass and glassware industries in May 1964 averaged $2.31 an hour—a figure almost identical with those for the Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes regions, where about two-thirds of the workers covered by a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey 1 were employed. Aver age earnings in the glass containers industry were 5 cents below the hourly average of $2.34 in other pressed or blown glass and glassware.2 Supplementary wage benefits, including paid holidays, paid vacations, and various types of health, insurance, and pension benefits were tabulated separately for glass containers and for other pressed or blown glass and glassware. Average Hourly Earnings Men, comprising about two-thirds of the 81,748 production and related workers covered by the study, averaged $2.46 an hour, compared with $1.99 for women. In the glass containers indus try (51,848 workers), the corresponding hourly averages were $2.45 and $1.98 and in the other glass and glassware industry (29,900 workers), $2.48 and $2.02, respectively. (See tables.) Among the regions, men’s average hourly earnings also were higher, by amounts ranging from 31 to 61 cents. Differences in average pay levels for men and women may be due to several factors, including variations in the distribution of the sexes among 1 A more comprehensive account of the study is presented in BLS Bulletin 1423. The survey included establishments with 20 workers or more, primarily engaged in manufacturing (1) glass containers for commercial packing and bottling and for home canning, and (2) other glass and glassware, pressed, blown, or shaped from glass produced in the same establishment. (The industries involved are 3221 and 3229, except textile glass fibers, as defined in the 1957 edition of the Standard, Industrial Classification Manual prepared by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget.) The straight-time average hourly earnings presented in this article differ in concept from the Bureau’s monthly hours and earnings series in that they exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts; they were calculated by summing individual hourly earnings and dividing by the number of individuals. In the monthly series, the sum of the man-hour totals reported by the establishments in the industry was divided into the reported payroll totals. For definition of the regions, see footnote 2, table 1. 2At the time of the Bureau’s previous study in M ay 1960, average hourly earnings in these industries were $2.11 and $2.12, respectively. (See Monthly Tabor Review, February 1961, pp. 156-162.) WAGES IN PRESSED OR BLOWN GLASSWARE PLANTS jobs and among establishments with different pay levels. Two percent of all production workers within the scope of the survey received less than $1.50 and a slightly larger proportion earned $3.50 or more, The distribution of workers by earnings classes differed among regions, as indicated below: P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c ti o n w o r k e r s w i th s p e c if ie d s tr a ig h t- tim e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 i n — U n it e d S t a te s 2 Total___ _______ Under $1.50____________ $1.50 and under $2.00___ $2.00 and under $2.50___ $2.50 and under $3.00___ $3.00 and under $3.50___ $3.50 and over_________ Number of workers.. Average straight-time hourly earnings 100.0 2.1 M id d le A tla n tic 100.0 0.8 B order S t a te s 100.0 7.6 29.1 35.3 16.6 9.3 G reat L akes 100.0 P a c ific 0.4 28.2 42.4 17.0 100. 0 27.1 42.3 16.8 9.2 2.5 81,748 23.8 49.0 16.2 8.7 1.7 27,375 12,268 1.9 26,390 3.4 50.8 23. 5 12.5 9.6 7,318 $2.31 $2.31 $2.25 $2.32 $2.62 2.2 10.1 1Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. The bulletin also provides separate data for the Southeast and Southwest regions N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100 Earnings of individual workers in both the glass containers and other pressed or blown glass and glassware industries ranged from less than $1.30 to $3.50 or more. The range of hourly earnings of the middle half of the workers varied among the regions, as indicated below: R a n g e o f e a r n in g s o f th e m id d le h a l f o f p r o d u c ti o n w o r k e r s i n — R e g io n United States___________ M iddle A tlantic.______________ Border States___ _____________ Great Lakes__________________ Pacific____________ _________ G la s s c o n ta in e r s $1.92-$2.58 1.96- 2.47 1.95- 2. 72 1.89- 2.52 2.22- 2.90 O th e r p r e s s e d o r b lo w n g la s s a n d g la s s w a r e $2.01-$2.59 2.09- 2.63 1.82- 2.41 2.07- 2.70 ________ Factors contributing to this fairly wide dispersion of individual earnings include the use of incentive wage systems (approximately three-eighths of the production workers in each industry were paid on an incentive basis), the variety of skills required, and differences in pay levels among etablishments. Men’s earnings were more widely dispersed than women’s. For example, in the glass containers industry, the middle half of the men’s earnings ranged from $2.04 to $2.81, compared with $1.83 to $2.15 for women. This is due, at least in part, to the greater concentration of women in similar jobs (e.g., in glass containers plants, seven-tenths 8Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, as defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget in 1961. 7 5 8 -0 5 4 O —6 8 * — 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 45 of the women were employed as selectors, whereas the five occupations studied in which the greatest number of men were employed accounted for only one-third of all men plant workers). Metropolitan area3 workers in the glass con tainers industry averaged 5 cents an hour more than workers in this industry in nonmetropolitan areas; in the other industry, the difference was 3 cents an hour. In the Great Lakes region, workers in glass containers plants in nonmetropol itan areas averaged 4 cents an hour more than workers in metropolitan areas ($2.25 compared with $2.21); in the other industry, however, metropolitan area workers averaged 12 cents an hour more than workers in nonmetropolitan areas ($2.50 and $2.38). Data could not be presented separately for union and nonunion establishments. Labor-manage ment contracts covering a majority of production workers were reported in all glass containers plants included in the Bureau’s sample and in plants employing more than nine-tenths of the workers in the other pressed or blown glass and glassware industry. Production workers in establishments with 500 employees or more averaged 14 cents an hour more than workers in smaller establishments in the glass containers industry ($2.33 compared with $2.19) and 18 cents higher in the other glassware industry ($2.40 and $2.22). Regional data could be presented for both establishment size groups only for the latter industry in the Great Lakes region, where workers in the smaller establishment group averaged $2.47 an hour, 4 cents more than those in larger plants. It is not possible in a study such as this to isolate the influence on wage levels of any one of the characteristics already discussed. To illustrate their interrelationship, in the pressed or blown glass and glassware, except containers, industry in the Great Lakes region, slightly more than seventenths of the workers in the smaller establishment size group (20-499 employees) were in metropol itan areas, compared with approximately fourtenths of the workers in larger establishments. In the glass containers industry in this region, the corresponding proportions were about one-tenth and nearly five-tenths. Data were also tabulated separately for repre sentative occupations, nine of which are shown in MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 46 each of the accompanying tables.4 Selectors, the numerically most important occupation studied, averaged $2 an hour in the glass containers indus try and $2.01 in the other glassware industry. Forming-machine upkeep men and metal mold makers were the highest paid occupations studied in the former industry, each averaging $3.18 an hour. In the other glassware industry, blowers ($3.35) and hand glassware pressers ($3.42) had the highest average hourly earnings. Average earnings below $2 an hour were recorded for guards, janitors, and watchmen in the glass con tainers industry and for silk screen decorators, watchmen, and wrappers in the other glassware industry. Establishment Practices 5 A cyclical work schedule of three 40-hour weeks followed by one 48-hour week was reported in glass containers plants with a total of almost four-fifths of the industry’s production workers in May 1964. This cyclical work schedule was also in effect in establishments employing approximately one-fifth of the production workers in the other glassware industry ; nearly three-fifths of the workers in that industry were in establishments reporting a regular 40-hour weekly schedule. One-half of the workers in the containers industry and about one-third in the other industry were employed on late shifts and nearly all received extra pay above day-shift rates. Paid holidays—-typically 7 days a year—were provided in all glass containers plants in the Bureau’s sample. In the other glassware indus try, almost all workers were in establishments pro viding paid holidays, usually 7 days a year; onesixth of the production workers were in plants providing more than 7 holidays. Paid vacations were provided in virtually all establishments studied. In both industries, most 4These and the additional occupations for which data are presented in the bulletin accounted for three-fifths of the production workers within the scope of the survey. s Establishment practices for production and related workers are briefly summarized in this article. The bulletin provides additional details for these workers and information for office workers. T a ble 1. N u m ber a n d A v erage S tr aig h t -T ime H ourly E a r n i n g s 1 of P roduction W orkers in G lass C o n t a in e r s M a n u f a c t u r in g , by S elec ted C h a r ac te r ist ic s , U n it e d S t a t e s a n d S e l ec ted R e g io n s ,2 M ay 1964 United States 3 M iddle Atlantic Characteristic N um ber Earn ings 1 Southeast Southwest 3,280 $2.11 15,382 $2.24 7,158 $2. 61 1,972 1,308 $2.25 1.89 9,497 5,885 $2.43 1.92 4,595 2,563 $2.83 2.22 5,907 9,475 $2.21 2.25 6,578 $2. 61 12,328 2.27 1,024 73 1,014 346 362 532 430 4,311 519 1.96 2.29 2.91 3.17 2.23 2.06 3.12 1.94 2.21 434 52 500 172 193 184 262 2,148 283 2.29 2.52 3.20 4,050 $2.08 2,951 1,099 $2.16 1.85 51,848 $2.29 16,689 $2.25 5,110 $2.37 33,608 - 18,240 $2.45 1.98 11,440 5,249 $2.39 1.96 3,022 2,088 $2.62 2.02 26, 611 25,237 $2.31 2.26 5,585 11,104 $2.26 2. 25 3,238 $2.26 3,201 $2.12 36,054 2.33 13,098 2.29 4,032 2.40 3,287 435 3,682 1,312 1,608 2,035 1,696 14,934 1,593 2.02 2.16 2.89 3.18 1,130 126 1,251 457 515 705 694 4,830 461 2.04 2.17 2.83 3.13 2.19 2.06 3.10 1.98 2.26 187 53 366 137 195 192 169 1,726 116 2.11 2.34 2.96 3.23 2.39 2.17 3.11 1.98 2.24 Pacific N um ber N um ber N um ber Great Lakes Earn ings 1 Earn in g s1 N um ber Earn ings 1 N um ber Earn in g s1 Border States Earn ings 1 N um ber Earn ings 1 A ll P roduction W orkers Total_____ _ _______ _____ M en____ - _ _ ____ _ W omen____ ________ - - ___ _ C ommunity Size Metropolitan areas 4 E stablishment size s 500 workers nr mnrp. Selected Occupations3 Assemblers, carton___ ________ Batcn m ixers.. . . . . . ... Forming-machine operators__ ___ Forming-machine upkeep m en_____ Inspectors, final____ . . -- ---- Laborers, material handling________ Mold makers, m etal.-- --- . . . - . Selectors____ _____ _ -- . . . . . . Truckers, power (forklift). . ___ 2. 22 2.05 3.18 2.00 2. 27 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2The regions for which separate data are shown include: Middle Atlantic— N ew Jersey, N ew York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—Delaware, D is trict of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia; Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; Southwest—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; and Pacific—California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. 3Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the study. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 265 56 299 98 212 221 77 917 109 1.85 1.87 2.64 2.82 1.92 1.80 3.04 1.91 2.03 235 73 233 92 125 195 59 1,002 97 $1.85 1.88 2.79 3.14 1.91 1.85 3.18 1.88 1.98 3. 55 2.62 2.35 3.55 2.25 2.62 * Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, as defined by the U .S. Bureau of the Budget in 1961. 6 The 15,794 workers in establishments with 20-499 workers averaged $2.19 an hour. Regional data did not meet publication criteria. 6Carton assembers and selectors were predominantly women; the other occupations shown were all or predominantly men. Data in the bulletin are also presented separately for men and women in selected occupations. N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or date that do not meet publi cation criteria. WAGES IN PRESSED OR BLOWN GLASSWARE PLANTS. 47 T a b l e 2 . N u m b e r a n d A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s 1 o p P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s i n P r e s s e d or B l o w n G l a s s a n d G l a s s w a r e ( E x c e p t C o n t a in e r s ) M a n u f a c t u r i n g , b y S e l e c t e d C h a r a c t e r is t ic s , U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d S e l e c t e d R e g io n s ,2 M a y 1964 United States 3 Characteristic Number Middle Atlantic Earnings 1 Number Earnings 1 Border States Number Great Lakes Earnings 1 Number Earnings 1 A ll P roduction W orkers T o ta l4____ __ ___________________ ______ 29,900 $2.34 10,686 $2.40 7,158 $2.17 11,008 $2.44 Men__________________________________ ____ _ _____ Women________ ______________________ _______ ____ 21,021 8,879 $2.48 2.02 8,096 2,590 $2. 50 2.07 4,756 2,402 $2.33 1.85 7,354 3,654 $2.60 2.13 12,390 17, 510 $2.36 2.33 5,848 $2.12 R 481 5,527 $2 fiO 2.38 10,092 19; 808 2.22 2.40 3,481 2.05 2 88f> 81,123 2 47 2.43 6 456 2.16 8,046 2.45 4 ,0 3 9 2 .1 3 7,131 2 .4 7 39 108 470 104 44 82 86 2,048 117 3 .4 2 2 .0 6 3 .2 5 3 .2 8 2 . 97 2 .1 1 3 .3 5 2 .1 0 2 .5 7 Community Size Metropolitan areas 5-------------------------------------------------Nonmetropolitan areas_____ ___________ ________ ___ E stablishment Size 20-499 workers______ _____ - __________ - _______ -- ________ 500 workers or more— ________ T ype of P roduct and M ethod of M anufacture Tableware, artware, and industrial, and illuminating glassware. _ __ _____ . . . _____ ____ Hand_____________________________________________ Maclaine_______ ____ - ___________________________ 23,923 6; 749 2.32 2.22 17,174 2 .3 6 434 714 855 252 527 435 255 4,008 342 3 .3 5 2 .0 4 3 .0 3 3.0 4 2 .7 7 2.0 1 3 .4 2 2.01 2 .3 4 Selected Occupations 3 Blowers____________________________________________ Carry-in boys_______________________________________ Forming-machine operators---------------------------------------Forming-machine upkeep men________________________ ----------------------------------Gatherers, blowpipe------------------------Grinders, glassware.. . . . . . . ----------Pressers, glassware, h a n d ... ____ _____________ Selectors______ _____________________ ____ __________ T a n k m e n ...______________ ______________________ 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 See footnote 2, table 1. 3 See footnote 3, table 1. 4 Includes workers in establishments producing other types of products in addition to those shown separately. « See footnote 4, table 1. production workers were in plants providing at leash 1 week after 1 year, 2 weeks or more after 5 years, and 3 weeks or more after 10 years of service. Two-fifths of the production workers in the pressed or blown glassware (except containers) industry and a small proportion in the containers industry were in establishments providing 4 weeks or more after 25 years of service. Life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance, for which employers paid at least part of the cost, were available to nearly all production workers in the glass containers industry and to nine-tenths https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 107 244 165 72 205 152 106 648 93 $ 3 .2 3 2 .3 7 3 .0 4 3.1 4 2 .5 3 2.2 1 3 . 57 2.0 4 2 .4 7 254 355 150 43 256 196 63 935 107 3 .2 6 1.81 2 .7 2 2 . 55 2 .8 2 1.82 3 .2 8 1.96 2 .1 2 6 Glassware grinders and selectors were predominantly women; the other occupations shown were all or predominantly men. The bulletin also con tains separate data for men and women in selected occupations. N ote : Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet pub lication criteria. or more in the other glassware industry. Sickness and accident insurance and medical insurance were also commonly provided. Retirement pension benefits (other than those available under Federal old-age, survivors, and disability insurance) were provided by establish ments employing approximately nine-tenths of the production workers in both the glass containers and other pressed or blown glass and glassware industries. — F e e d W. M ohk Division of Occupational Pay 48 Wage Chronology: A.T. & T. Long Lines Department Supplement No. 1—1953-641 N egotiations between American Telephone & Telegraph Co.’s Long Lines Department and the Communications Workers of America over the 12 years, 1953 through 1964, resulted in gradually lengthening contract periods, substantial wage in creases, and improvements in and additions to the fringe benefits provided employees.2 Since the agreement effective in July 1952 and summarized in this Long Lines wage chronology, 10 additional agreements have governed relations between the parties. Those negotiated between 1953 and 1956 each ran for a 1-year term; the 1958 agreement remained in effect for 17 months and the 1959 agreement for 16 months. In 1960, the company and the union signed a contract which ran for 3 years, with two wage reopenings, and in 1963 a minimum 38-month agreement, also with two wage reopenings. During each negotiation, the union proposed a general wage increase and reclassification of some towns into higher rated zones. Frequently, it also proposed reductions in the time required to pro gress from the minimum to the maximum job rate and the elimination of area differentials. It also asked for various changes in supplementary bene fits. Liberalized vacations, for example, were an issue in 1953, 1956, 1958, and 1960. Deductions in the workweek, in some cases to 35 hours, were also proposed a number of times. A company-paid health and welfare plan was demanded in each negotiation from 1953 until a plan was established by the 1963 contract. Of the 10 settlements, 2 were wage reopeners and therefore covered only wage items, and 8 changed both wages and supplementary benefits. In addition to wage increases, most of the settle ments classified some towns into higher rated zones and two reduced the length of time required for employees in specified classifications to progress from the minimum to the maximum rate for their job. Over the period from 1952 through the 1963 settlement, the basic maximum rates of pay for long distance operators increased an average of 45 percent or about $26 a week. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 In 1953, negotiations were opened in May, about 2 months before the scheduled termination date of the existing agreement. The 1-year settlement reached on September 2, 1953, increased wages by amounts ranging up to $8 a week, including in creases resulting from shortening all 6y2-year progression schedules to 6 years. The waiting period for payment for absence because of illness was reduced. In 1954, bargaining began in mid-August and on October 9, following 9 weeks of negotiations, the parties announced agreement on a contract to remain in effect for 1 year from October 24. It provided wage advances effective October 9 (in cluding those resulting from reclassification of several towns) of up to $5.50 a week for employees with at least 1 year of service. Wage rates of em ployees with shorter service were not changed. The 1955 negotiations started on September 22 and continued after termination of the contract on October 28, with agreement being consummated on November 14 and effective on November 28. Weekly wage rates, including increases resulting from the reclassification of some towns, were in creased $1 to $10, effective November 14. The agreement added Veterans Day as a paid holiday in nine States where it had not previously been recognized. In 1956, the union opened negotiations on Octo ber 15 and, when the existing contract expired on November 28, the parties agreed to continue nego tiations. The contract agreed to on December 5 raised pay $1 to $11.50 a week, effective immedi ately. The plant night-shift differential was in creased for some employees, health benefits were liberalized, and sickness and disability benefits were extended to workers with 1 but less than 3 years of service. The contract was to run from December 19, 1956, through January 3, 1958. Contract renewal talks were again opened on November 15, 1957, and were concluded on Jan uary 11,1958, with a 16-month agreement effective February 10. Wage increases of $1 to $9.50 were effective January 11, including increases resulting from reclassification of seven towns. Although the union membership authorized a strike, no date 1Far basic chronology, see M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , August 1953, pp. 851-862. 2Each of the contracts was for a specified minimum period, and could be terminated at the end of the period by either party on 60 days’ prior written notice. 49 WAGE CHRONOLOGY: A.T. & T. LONG LINES DEPARTM ENT was set for a walkout. Maximum carfare allow ances for operators on double tours of duty were increased, and negotiations were continued on group life insurance and amendments to the pen sion plan. On May 12, the company agreed to a contributory life insurance plan for regular em ployees with 6 months or more of service. Benefits were to approximate annual basic wages with a minimum of $2,000. Accord on an amended pen sion plan was reached in January 1959. Negotiations for revisions in the 1958 contract began on May 1,1959, and were concluded on June 10, with agreement on weekly wage advances ranging up to $12 including increases resulting from reclassification of 20 towns. A fourth week of vacation was added for employees with at least 30 years’ service, the differential paid to employees assigned “in-charge” responsibilities was increased, and carfare allowances were raised. Negotiations that began early in September 1960 resulted in agreement on a 3-year contract, after extended negotiations and a vote authorizing the leadership to call a strike. The economic changes agreed to in the contract of November 9 provided wage advances of $1 to $10 including increases resulting from the upgrading of 15 towns, in addi tion to liberalized provisions for vacations, life in surance, and pensions, and establishment of a com pany-financed major medical (Extraordinary Medical Expense) plan. The agreement provided for two annual reopenings. Under the first wage reopening, weekly wages were increased $1 to $9, including the effects of up grading 15 towns. In addition, the progression schedule for operators was reduced from 6 to 5:1A years, effective November 9, 1961. A year later, under the second wage reopening, company and union negotiators agreed to wage increases of $1.50 to $10.50 a week, including increases resulting from the upgrading of 56 towns. The agreement cov ered 23,000 workers in 42 States and the District of Columbia. The 1963 negotiations started on September 20 and were concluded with a 38-month agreement on November 11, 1963. Weekly wage rates, including increases resulting from the reclassification of 42 towns, were raised from $1 to $12. Pension and other welfare benefits were also improved. A sep arate agreement was reached on a basic contribu tory hospital-surgical-medical plan. The agree ment, which covered 22,600 employees in 42 States and the District of Columbia, also provided for wage reopeners in 1965 and 1966. The following tables summarize the details of agreements negotiated by the Long Lines Depart ment with the CWA during the years 1953-63. A—General Wage Changes Increases effective 2 Occupational group Sept. 2, 1953 Oct. 9, 1954 (Oct. 24) N ov. 14, 1955 (Nov. 28) 11_______ 10_______ Jan. 11, 1958 (Feb. 10) Dec. 5, 1956 (Dec. 19) June 10, 1959 (July 10) 20 Oct. 10, 1960 (Nov. 9) Number of towns reclassified. _ 29_______ Number of years’ service required to reach maximum rates: Central office craftsmen. . 6«_______ Traffic operators_________ 62_______ 6________ 6________ 6 ___________ 6________ 6________ 6_______ 6________ 6_______ 6_____ 6 6 6 Plant central office craftsmen: Minimum rate_____ $0 to $4__ $0to $2. . . . Maximum rate______ 0to 5Vi__ 1 to 5Vi__ $2 to $5V I3Vi to 9V i- Traffic operators: Minimum ra te.. . ______ 1 to 3____ 0to 2____ 2to 2 Maximum rate. . . 1!^ to 2V i- 1Vi to 2V i- 2 to 3. y2 Plant construction forces: Minimum rate____ . ___ Maximum rate_____ . . . 1 to 2____ 0________ lVi to 3 .... 1 to 2 Outside maintenance forces: Minimum rate. . . . . . . Maximum rate.. ________ 0 to 5____ 1 to 8____ See footnote at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 17. . . 7 $2to $5V i- 15 15 N ov. 9, 1962 56 N ov. 10, 1963 49 6________ 6________ 6________ 5V£ 5V£ 514 $1 to $5__ $1to $5V i- $1to $8V i- $1Vi to to 9V i- 2Vi to 6. — $5Vi 314 to 10. . . 3 to 9 4 to 10V i — 3Vi to 2 to 4 1 to 3 2Vi to 3Vi~ 3 to 4 1Vi to 7 214 to 3 .— 2 to 3Vi 2Vii to 4V i- 2Vi to 4 U4 2 2Vi to 3Vi.. 3 to 4 3 2Vi 4VÏ to 6— . 2 to 3 0to 5V2 1 to 4 214 to 9V i. 3 to 12___ 3 to 10___ 2 to 4 2Vi to 3 „ „ 2vi_______ 2Vi_____ 3 to 4 3 to 4 0 to 2 2 to 5Vi 1 to 534-— 3 to 10___ . N ov. 9, 1961 2 to llVé 3 to 1114 . . . 2to 11 1 to 5V£ iy2to 3 2* $lVi to $8- $U4 to $8Vi 11 » 2 2 2 to 4V i — 2 to 5 1 V£ to 5 V<2 114 to 9 1}4 to 7 2Vi to 8-— 3VÌ to lOVi 3Vi to 12 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 50 A—General Wage Changes1—Continued Increases effective 3 Occupational group Sept. 2, 1953 Clerical forces: Minimum r a t e __- Maximum rate _______ N ov. 14, 1955 (Nov. 28) Oct. 9,1954 1954 (Oct. 24) Vi to 3V£__ 1 to 0 to 4 1 to 3 1 to 6 Dec. 5, 1956 (Dec. 19) Jan. 11, 1958 (Feb. 10) June 10, 1959 (July 10) 1 to 5 ____ 1Vi to 4__ 0 to 4V2— . - _ U i to 5 .... m to s i c - 0 to 8____ Oct. 10, 1960 (Nov. 9) N ov. 9, 1961 1 to 7____ 1 to 5)4— m to 7*4- 1 to 6....... - N ov. 9, 1962 N ov. 10, 1963 1 to 5____ 1 to 5)4 PA to 6 ) 4 - 1)4 to 6 » 3 Reduced from 6)4 years. * Effective M ay 6,1952, rates were increased $1. « Effective Feb. 9,1964, maximum rates for traffic operators were increased $1 and those for clerical forces, 50 cents. 1 A range is shown since individual increases were governed by location, position on the salary schedule, and job. 2 When they differ, the date of the contract is shown in parenthesis below the effective date of the general wage increase. The 1961 and 1962 increases were the result of wage reopenings provided in the 1960 agreement. B—Related Wage Practices I— T r a f f ic Effective date and P l a nt E m plo yees Applications, exceptions, and other related matters Provision Night Premium Pay Sept. 2, 1953 (agreement of same date). Dec. 5, 1956 (agreement dated Dec. 19, 1956). Oct. 10, 1960 (agreement dated N ov. 9,1960). Added: Plant central office craftsmen: Differential of $10 a week paid eligible employees with basic weekly rates of $100 or more. Added: Plant central office craftsmen: Differential of $11 a week paid employees with basic weekly rates of $115 or more. Added: Plant central office craftsmen: Differential of $12 a week paid employees with basic weekly rate of $130 or more. Changed: Traffic—Group A , Cleveland and Detroit—night tour reduced from 8 to 7 hours without change in differential. Added: Traffic—Group A , Boston—$3.50 for 7-hour night tour; N ew York and White Plains—$4 for 7-hour night tour; Chicago—$4.50 for 8-hour night tour; Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Wayne—$5 for 8-hour night tour. Holiday Pay Added: Veterans Day, N ov. 11, as holiday in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. Added: Inauguration Day, Jan. 20, inauguration year in Arlington, Va., and Silver Spring and Greenbelt, Md. Memorial Day, M ay 30, and Alaska D ay, March 30, in Alaska. N ov. 28,1955 (agreement of same date). Nov. 10,1963 (agreement of same datè). Vacation Pay Jan. 1, 1954 (agreement dated Sept. 2,1953). 1959 (agreement dated July 10, 1959). Jan. 1, 1961 (agreement dated Nov. 9, 1960). Jan. 1, 1964 (agreement dated N ov. 10, 1963). Changed to: 1 week after 6 months’ service, if hired be fore April 1 of current year; 2 weeks after 1 year, if hired before October of preceding calendar year. Added: 4 weeks, paid vacation after 30 years’ service. Changed: 4 weeks’ paid vacation after 25 years. Changed: 3 weeks’ paid vacation after 10 years. See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Continued: Pay for unused vacation to laid-off employees, temporary employees whose work was completed, and employees resigning or dis missed. Changed: Paid days in vacation week to be number in established work week during the first 17 of 20 (was 18) weeks preceding vacation in office to which employee was assigned. Traffic—Groups A and B —Vacation pay to include average of night differentials for tours scheduled during first 4 of 7 (was 5) weeks preceding vacation. Continued: Plant Groups A —Inclusion in vacation pay of night differential received in weeks preceding vacation. Traffic and Plant Groups—Provision of additional vacation days if employee worked in excess of scheduled workweek, as follows: (1) If employee worked 6 but less than 12 additional normal tours during contract period ic day per week of vacation; if 12 or more normal tours—1 day per week of vacation. Changed: Paid days in vacation week; for full-time employee, to 5 days; for part-time employee, to average weekdays in scheduled workweek during first 10 of 13 weeks preceding vacation. WAGE CHRONOLOGY: A.T. & T. LONG LINES DEPARTMENT 51 B—Related Wage Practices—Continued I — T r a f f ic a n d P l a n t E m p l o y e e s— Provision Effective date Continued Applications, exceptions, and other related matters In-Charge Pay July 10, 1959 (agreement of same date). Increased: Traffic Group A and Plant Central Office Group A —to $1.50 for any day assigned duties of absent supervisor or in-charge responsibility for 4 hours or more. Health and Welfare Benefits (Revised)1 1940 Jan. 1, 1946 M ay 9, 1947. In effect: Accident 6ewe/ifa.-Employees physically disabled by reason of accidental occupational injury to receive for (1) total disability—full pay for 13 weeks, half pay for the remainder of the disability, but not more than $20 a week after 6 years; (2) partial d isa b ility 100 percent of loss in earning capacity for 13 weeks, 60 percent for remainder of disability up to 6 years. Employees with 15 years’ service or more to receive full pay for periods specified under sickness benefits for this length of service. Noncontributory accident, sickness and death benefits plan was established in 1913. N ot covered by union agreement. Benefits to begin on first day on which a full day’s wage was not paid. Amount of payment could be changed if disability changed from total to partial or from partial to total. No payments for partial disability to be made after 6 years of disability payments. In case of accidental injury resulting in permanent loss of a body member or its use, special benefits not exceeding amount payable for accidental death could be awarded in lieu of all other benefits. Committee administering plan could also approve necessary expenses for first aid treatment or surgery. Benefits to begin on 8th calendar day of absence or, if employee had b een receiving benefits and was again absent within 2 weeks, on 1st day. All benefit payments to be reduced by the amount of related benefits re quired by State or Federal Law. Payments to employees with less than 2 years’ service to be governed by company practice. Sickness benefits: Employees disabled because of sick ness, including injuries not arising in the course of employment, to receive: Full pay Half pay Years of service for for 2 and under 5..................... ....... 4 w eek s.. 9 weeks. 5 and under 10______________ 13w eek s.. 13 weeks. 10 and under 15.................... 13weeks. 39 weeks. 15 and under 20_____________ 26weeks. 26 weeks. 20 and under 25_____________ 39weeks. 13 weeks. 25 or more_________________ 52 weeks. _________ Death benefits: In event of death from (1) work-con nected accident—benefits to equal 3 years’ wages, but not more than $5,000; (2) nonoccupational sick ness—4 months’ pay for employees with 2 but less than 3 years’ service and an additional month’s pay for each added year of service up to 10 (maximum 12 months); minimum benefit $250. Benefits in case of death of pensioner: N ot to exceed Payments made at discretion of company. payments under sickness-deatn benefits. In addition to death benefit. Funeral benefits: Up to $250 for necessary expenses. Increase: Accident Benefits: For total occupational disability, half pay to continue for duration of disability. Death Benefits: Maximum to $10,000 for death result ing from occupational injury. Changed to: Benefits in case of death of pensioner: Mandatory pay ments to qualified beneficiaries (1) if death occurred within 1 year after retirement—maximum sicknessdeath benefit payable as if pensioner had died on last day of active service; (2) if death occurred more than 1 year after retirement—not less than maximum sickness-death benefits reduced by 10 percent for each full year since retirement, or amount of annual pension, whichever was greater. Could be supple mented at company discretion with amount not to exceed payments under (1) if no qualified benefi ciaries; payments at company discretion to extent necessary for $250 burial expense plus cost of last illness. Agreement that company would not reduce or dimmish benefits or privi leges without consent of the union. See footnote at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JANUARY 1965 52 B—Related Wage Practices—Continued I— T r a f f ic Provision Effective date and P l a n t E m plo y ees— Continued Applications, exceptions, and other related matters Health and Welfare Benefits (Revised)1— Continued Dec. 19, 1956 (agree ment of same date). April 1, 1957. Mar. 1, 1958 M ay 18, 1958 (by agree ment dated M ay 12, 1958). Dec. 1, 1960 (agreement dated Oct. 10, 1960). Dec. 15,1960 (agreement dated Nov. 9,1960). Added: Increased: Death benefits—In the event of death from (1) accident- Agreement that company would not change benefits without 60 days’ notice to union. maximum to $30,000, (2) sickness—minimum to $500. Funeral benefits—$500. Increased: Sickness benefits—Employees with 1 but less than 2 years’ service, to half pay for 9 weeks. Changed to: Death benefits—Sickness—4 months’ pay for employees with 6 months but under 2 years’ service, and an additional 2 months’ pay for each added year of ser vice up to 5 (maximum 12 months). No change in minimum benefits. Employees to contribute $0.50 monthly for each $1,000 above first $1,000 of Established: life insurance until retirement. Company to pay any additional amount Contributory life insurance plan for regular employees required. with 6 months or more of service, providing benefits Retired employee, continuously insured while eligible after age 45, to be equal to employee’s annual basic pay adjusted to the covered without cost by life insurance in amount in effect at retirement next higher $1,000, with $2,000 minimum, plus equal reduced by 10 percent after 1 year and by the same dollar amount on each amount for accidental death or dismemberment.2 of 4 succeeding retirement anniversary dates, with a minimum of $1,500. Accidental death and dismemberment insurance discontinued on retire ment. For employee totally disabled and not eligible for pension or disability benefits, insurance to be continued with cost to employee during term of disability. After expiration of disability benefits, insurance continued without cost to employee as follows: 1 year for employees with less than 5 years’ credited service; 2 years for 5 but less than 10 years’ service; and 3 years for 10 but less than 15 years’ service. Employees with 15 or more years’ service to receive same benefit as retired employee. Accidental death and dismemberment insurance discontinued on expiration of disability benefits. Employees could continue insurance during layoff up to 6 months on pay ment of contribution. Increased: Life insurance—Minimum face amount to Changed: Employee to contribute $0.50 monthly for each $1,000 above $3,000.3 first $2,000 life insurance. Established: Noncontributory major medical benefits plan for regu lar employees with 6 or more months’ service, re tirees, and their dependents. Benefits: 80 percent of the amount by which medical Benefits limited to 50 percent for mental care outside hospital or mental institution, except for regular employees absent from work because of expenses exceeded sum of (1) amount payable by disability. specified local plans4 providing basic benefits, whether or not employee was covered by such plan, Maximum benefit could be restored on submission of evidence of insur ability, at any time after receipt of $1,000 in benefits. plus (2) 4 percent of annual basic pay of regular em ployee with minimum of $100 and maximum of $500. 4-percent deductible could be applied 3 times in any 12 months, but only once for an accident injuring 2 or more beneficiaries. Lifetime maximum for regular employees and their dependents under 65 years of age—$15,000; for retired Benefits available in or outside hospital. employees and their dependents, and regular em ployee’s dependents over 65—$2,500. Covered expenses: Hospital room plus related hospital N ot applicable to services of registered nurse ordinarily residing with or a member of beneficiary’s immediate family; care in nursing or convales services, and services of doctors and registered cent homes or places for the aged; expenses covered under laws or regu nurses; professional ambulance services to first hos lations of any government; occupational disability; treatment, services, pital; physiotherapy prescribed by attending physi or supplies not certified by doctor; charges in excess of either the regular cian, when performed by qualified physiotherapist; and customary charges for or the fair and reasonable value of the service; drugs and medicines; diagnostic X-ray and labora expenses paid under any other plan to which employer contributed or tory examinations; X-ray, radium and radioactive made payroll deductions, to the extent such expense exceeds the “de isotope therapy; anesthesia and oxygen and the ductible” ; dental work or treatment and cosmetic surgery or treatment, administration thereof; blood and blood plasma to except in case of accident; medical observation or diagnostic study when the extent not donated or otherwise replaced; rental no disease or injury was revealed, except under certain conditions; per of iron lung and other durable medical or surgical sonal services; pregnancy or childbirth, except severe complications; eye equipment; artificial limbs and eyes, except replace ments. glasses and hearing aids, or examinations for the prescription or fitting thereof. See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis WAGE CHRONOLOGY : A.T. & T. LONG LINES DEPARTMENT 53 B—Related Wage Practices—Continued I — T r a f f ic Effective date and P l a n t E m p l o y e e s — Continued Provision Applications, exceptions, and other related matters Health and Welfare Benefits (Revised)1— Continued N ov. 1, 1963 (agreement dated Oct. 25, 1963). Dec. 1, 1963 (agreement dated N ov. 10, 1963). Jan. 1, 1964 (agreement dated Nov. 10, 1963). C h a n g e d to : Mandatory pay ments to qualified beneficiaries if retirement oc curred on or after Oct. 31, 1963—maximum sickness death benefits payable as if pensioner had died on last day of active service. Could be supplemented at company discretion with amount not to exceed maximum sickness death benefits if no qualified beneficiaries. C h a n g e d to M a j o r M e d i c a l B e n e f it s : Lifetime maximum for regular employees and their dependents under 65 years of age—$20,000; for retired employees and their dependents, and regular employees’ dependents over 65—$5,000. E s ta b lis h e d : Contributory hospital-surgical-medical plan for regular employees, retirees, and their de pendents. B e n e f i t s i n c a s e o f d e a th o f P e n s i o n e r : N ew York—(Blue Cross and Blue Sh ield)«_________ (room and board)—In member hos pital, full coverage for semiprivate room or ward up to 120 days per admission. In nonmember hospital, 80 percent of charges for semi private room or ward up to 120 days per admission. H o s p i t a l b e n e fits (other than for room and board): Full coverage up to 120 days for meals and special diets; general nursing care; use of operating and other surgical treatment rooms; anesthesia and the administration thereof; all laboratory tests; phys ical therapy treatments; oxygen and oxygen therapy; all recognized drugs and medicines for use in hos pital; dressings, ordinary splints, and plaster casts, X-ray examinations, X-ray therapy, radiation ther apy and treatment; electrocardiograms, electroen cephalograms, and basal metabolism tests; and administration of blood and blood plasma. O u t p a t i e n t b e n e fits : Full coverage provided for care rendered in hospital within 48 hours after accidental injury, for serious illness, or when minor surgery was required. M a t e r n i t y b e n e fits : All services provided for regular hospitalization up to 120 days, plus use of delivery room, infant feeding, and other routine care of the newborn child. P r e m a t u r e I n f a n t s b e n e fits : Same as Hospital Benefits, S p e c i a l h o s p i ta l e x p e n s e s S u r g i c a l- m e d i c a l b e n e fits : 1. Plan to pay full amount of scheduled fee for single employes earning $4,000 or less and married employ ees earning $6,000 or less annually for: S u r g i c a l s e r v ic e s —all accepted operative and cut ting procedures for diagnosis and treatment of dis eases, injuries, fractures, and dislocations, and postoperative care paid in accordance with a schedule. See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis B y resolution of the Benefit Committee, the company also provided man datory payments to qualified beneficiaries if retirement occurred prior to Oct. 31, 1963—not less than maximum sickness death benefits reduced by 10 percent for each full year since retirement and up to Oct. 31, 1963, or amount of annual pension, whichever amount was greater. Could be supplemented at company discretion with amount not to exceed maximum sickness death benefits if no qualified beneficiaries. Employee to contribute $0.40 monthly for each $1,000 above first $2,000 life insurance.« C h anged: Company to contribute H of initial cost of plan. Dollar contribution to be doubled in 1966. Dependents defined as wife or husband and un married children (including stepchildren and adopted children residing with employee) under age 19. In N ew York, company contributed $1.70 a month for single employees, $4.79 for a 2-person family, and $4.95 for larger families. Employee using private room to pay difference between that charge and cost of semiprivate accommodations. Benefits reinstated 90 days after last day of hospitalization. Benefits not available for institutions for convalescence, nursing, or rest care; for service of physicians, surgeons, and technicians not employed by hospital; for dental care, except in case of accident or removal of im pacted teeth; hospitalization primarily for diagnostic study, physical therapy, X-ray and laboratory examinations, basal metabolism tests, electrocardiograms, and electroencephalograms; for care under the laws of the United States, or any State or Government (except covered serv ices for which employee paid); for care for occupational disabilities pro vided in accordance with law; for care provided by any other employerfinanced or contributory plan. Benefits limited to 30 days for each confinement for tuberculosis, nervous and mental conditions, alcoholism, or drug addiction. Benefits reinstated 180 days after last day of hospitalization. Excludes ambulance service and services or supplies not certified by doctor Available after 270 consecutive days in plan. Applicable only to infants weighing less than 514 pounds. Participating doctors agreed to accept plan schedule as payment in full. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 54 B—Related Wage Practices—Continued I— T r a f f ic and P l a n t E m p l o y e e s — Continued Applications, exceptions, and other related matters Provision Effective date Health and Welfare Benefits (Revised)1— Continued Jan. 1 1964 (agreement dated Nov. 10, 1963)— Continued M e d i c a l c a r e — up to 120 days’ care in hospital when surgery was not required; doctors’ fees limited to $571 for routine care, $637 for intensive carej Up to 30 days’ care for tuberculosis, nervous and mental conditions, drug addiction, or alcoholism; doctors’ fees limited to $171.8 Full benefits reinstated 3 months after release from hospital; after 6 months for tuberculosis, nervous and mental conditions, drug addiction, or alcoholism. Applicable only to infants weighing 5 pounds or less. Up to $100 provided for in-hospital medical care. A n e s t h e s ia — 20 percent of surgical and maternity care allowance; minimum $20. Includes X-ray, radium, and other forms of radiation therapy used in the R a d i a t i o n T h e r a p y — U p to $250 for each contract treatment of proved cases of malignancy only. year for proven malignancy and $200 for benign conditions. 2. Plan to pay scheduled fee for: O b s te tr ic a l b e n e fits — Up to $75 for normal delivery, $75 to $175 for other procedures. D i a g n o s t ic X - r a y a n d la b o r a to r y e x a m i n a t io n s — up to $75 per person per contract year for any one acci dent or illness in doctor’s office or hospital out patient department. Benefits not available for maternity services. C o n s u lt a ti o n s e r v ic e s —up to $20 for one in-hospital specialist consultation per continuous period of hospitalization. E le c tr o -s h o c k t h e r a p y — up to $15 for each treatment, in or out of hospital, to maximum of $150 per con tract year. P r e m a t u r e i n f a n t s b e n e fits: Pension Plan (Revised) 4 1940 (plan established Jan. 1, 1913}. Noncontributory plan providing the following benefits: N ot covered by union agreements. Retirement automatic at age 65; how ever, company could delay retirement if continuation of employment was in its best interest. N o r m a l b e n e fits : (1) men at age 60 or older and women at 55 or older, with at least 20 years’ service, (2) men at age 55 or older and women at age 50 or older, with 25 or more years of service, or (3) any employee with 30 or more years of service. M o n t h l y a n n u it ie s : V i 2o f 1 percent of average annual pay during 10 years preceding retirement, or—at company’s discretion—the 10 consecutive years during which employee received highest wages, times years of service. Benefits to be reduced by one-half of social security benefits. M i n i m u m m o n th ly p e n s io n : $30, except for disabled employees with less than 20 years’ service or part-time employees. D i s a b i l i t y b e n e fits : Pension of employee with 15 or more years’ service, totally disabled as a result of a nonoccupational sickness or injury, to be computed like normal benefits. In creased: M i n i m u m p e n s io n s , to $50. E l ig i b i li ty : Jan. 1, 1946. M ay 9, 1947.. N ov. 16, 1949 C h anged: p e n s i o n s , to include one-half primary social security benefits. M in im u m See footnotes at end of the table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Continuity of service not to be broken for leaves of absence of less than 6 months or periods of disability or temporary layoff. Deduction to be increased as social security benefits were raised by legisla tion. Company not to reduce benefits or privileges without union’s consent. In creased: M i n i m u m p e n s i o n s , including total primary social security benefits, to $100 a month at age 65 or over and $75 a month below that age. Sept. 1, 1952. Retirement (except for men at age 60 and over and women at age 55 and over, with 20 years’ service) to be at the discretion of the committee admin istering the plan. WAGE CHRONOLOGY: A.T. & T. LONG LINES DEPARTMENT 55 B—Related Wage Practices—Continued I— T r a f f ic a n d P l a n t E m p l o y e e s— Effective date Provision Continued Applications, exceptions, and other related matters Pension Plan (Revised)— Continued Dec. 31, 1952___________ C h anged: Feb. 28, 1959___________ In crea sed : Service pension to be reduced by one-half Federal social security benefits (1) for employees retired before Sept. 1,1952—by benefits provided by act as amended 1950; (2) for employees retired after Aug. 31, 1952—by benefits in effect on date of retire ment. M inim um pensions, to $115 a month at age 65 and over and $85 a month below that age. C h anged: Pensions to be based on greater of 1 percent of the average annual pay during the last or highest 5 years. Jan. 1, 1961____________ C h anged: for employees age 65 and over, to (1) $115 a month for 20 but less than 30 years of service, (2) $120 for 30 but less than 40 years, and (3) $125 for 40 years or more. M in im u m p e n s io n s , N ov. 1, 1963 (agreement dated Oct. 25, 1963). A dded: E l i g i b i l i t y : A ny employee age 65 with 15 or more years’ service. A dded: M i n i m u m p e n s io n s : For employees age 65 with less than 20 years’ service—to be reduced propor tionately. C h anged: Benefits to be reduced by one-third of social security benefits. S e r v ic e and D is a b ility p e n s io n s : A dded: S u r v i v o r s ’ O p tio n : Disability pension to be reduced by one-third disability insurance benefits (1) for employees retired before Nov. 2, 1963—by benefits provided by act in effect on Nov. 1, 1963; (2) for employees retired after N ov. 1, 1963—by benefits in effect on date of retirement. Widow of employee eligible for Class A pension who died before retirement to receive annuitant’s pension at age 55. Employee eligible for Class A pension9 could elect actuarially reduced pension and benefit to spouse or parent, at age 55, of one-third of reduced pension after employee’s death. Sick leave Oct. 5, 1953 (agreement dated Sept. 2, 1953). C h a n g e d to : C h a n g e d to: Pay for scheduled sessions io during first 7 calendar days of absence because of illness or quarantine. G r o u p A : Employees with (1) 2 but less than 5 years’ service—pay for all except 1st 4 scheduled sessions, (2) 5 but less than 10 years’ service—pay for all except 1st 2 scheduled sessions. E lim in a te d : Exceptions in Cleveland. 1 Formerly reported as Accident, Sickness, and Death Benefits. 2 Benefits provided as follows: A n n u a l bask p a y A t le a s t B u t le s s th a n $ 2,000 $2,000 3,000 A m o u n t o f in su ra n c e A c c id e n ta l d e a th or L ife d i s a b i li t y T o ta l 3.000 4.000 $1,000 steps $2,000 $ 2,000 3.000 3.000 4.000 4.000 and so forth, by— $1,000 steps 3 Benefits provided as follows: $4,000 6,000 8,000 hold for at least 6 consecutive months, and had incomes of less than $1,20 from any source other than participant. 5 Benefits provided as follows: A n n u a l b a s ic p a y E m p lo y e e c o n tr ib u tio n $0.50 1.00 1.60 $2,000 steps $0.50 steps T o ta l E m p lo y e e c o n tr ib u tio n A n n u a l b a s ic p a y A t le a s t B u t le s s th a n $3,000 4,000 $3,000 4.000 5.000 $1,000 steps L ife A c c i d e n ta l d e a th or d is a b ility $3,000 $3,000 4.000 4.000 5.000 5.000 and so forth, by— $1,000 steps $6,000 8,000 10,000 $0.50 1.00 1.50 $0.50 steps steps 4 Under the terms of this plan, dependents were separated into 2 classes: Class 1 included the spouse of a regular or retired employee and children under 19 or, if attending school full time, under 23; Class 2 included unmarried children over 19 (or over 23 if at school) and grandchildren, brothers, sisters, parents, grandparents, and parents and grandparents of spouse who were dependent upon participant for support, had resided in participant’s house- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $ 2,000 A t le a s t B u t le s s th a n $3, 000 4,000 $3,000 4,000 5,000 A m o u n t o f in s u r a n c e A c c id e n ta l d e a th or T o ta l d i s a b i li t y L ife $3,000 $3,000 4,000 4.000 5,000 5,000 and so forth, by— $1,000 steps $6,000 8,000 10,000 E m p lo y e e c o n t r i b u t io n $0.40 .80 1.20 $2,000 $0.40 $1,000 steps steps steps 8 Blue Shield benefits vary according to States, but for the most part are similar to benefits provided in the N ew York Plan. 2 Fee per day of routine care: 1st through 7th day—$7 15th through 70th day—$5 8th through 14th day—$6 71st through 120th day—$4 Fee per day of intensive care (provided in lieu of routine care allowance if serious illness occurred): 1st and 2d day—$20 22d through 70th day—$5 3d through 21st day—$8 71st through 120th day—$4 8 Fee per day for treatment of tuberculosis, nervous and mental conditions, 1st through 7th day—$7 15th through 30th day—$5 8th through 14th day—$6 9 Class A pension applied to employees age 60 or more (females 55 or more) with 20 years or more of service. 10 Two sessions constitute a tour (or day) of duty. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 56 C—Weekly Salary Rates for Plant Central Office Craftsmen, Selected Cities,1 1952-63 July 1952 City M ini mum M axi mum 2 September 1953 M ini mum M axi mum 2 October 1954 M ini mum M axi mum 2 November 1955 M ini mum M axi mum 2 December 1956 M ini mum Maxi mum 2 January 1958 M ini mum Maxi mum 2 Atlanta- - __- __________ -Baltimore............... .... Birmingham.. ___ _ _ Boston.................. _ . . . Buffalo Charleston, W . V a . . __ . . C h a r lo tte .-.____ . . _____ Chattanooga___ - . Chicago___ - - - - Cincinnati___ ___ __ ____ Cleveland_____ D allas____ _ - -_- . -. Denver _________ . . Des M o in e s .................... Detroit ___________ _____ _ $40.00 42.00 40.00 42.00 44.00 43.00 40.00 40.00 43.50 44.00 45.00 44.00 41.50 43.00 44.00 $89.50 97.50 89.50 99.50 96.00 93.00 89.50 89.50 100.00 93.00 96.00 95.00 87.50 91.00 99.00 $42.00 45.00 42.00 43.00 45.00 44.50 42.00 42.00 45.00 46.00 47.00 46.00 44.00 45.50 46.00 $92. 50 100.00 92.50 102.00 98.50 96.00 92.50 92.50 103.00 97.50 98.50 98.00 91.00 94.50 101. 50 $42.00 45.00 42.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 42.00 42.00 46.00 46.00 47.00 46.00 44.00 45.50 46.00 $95.00 102.50 95.00 106.00 100.50 98.50 95.00 95.00 105. 50 100.50 100. 50 100. 50 93.50 97.00 103. 50 $44.00 47.50 44.00 47.00 47.00 47.50 44.00 44.00 48.00 48.50 49.50 50.00 46.50 48.00 48.50 $99.00 107.00 99.00 110.00 105.00 103.50 99.00 99.00 110.50 105.50 105.50 105. 50 98.00 101. 50 108.50 $46.00 53.00 46.00 50.00 51.00 53.00 46.00 46.00 51.00 52.50 53.50 55.00 50.00 51.50 51.50 $103. 50 112.00 103.50 115.00 110.00 109.00 103.50 103.50 115. 50 110.50 110. 50 110. 50 103.00 106. 50 113.50 $48.00 55. 50 48.00 51.00 53.00 55. 50 48.00 48.00 54.00 55.00 56. 50 58.00 53.00 54. 50 55. 50 $107. 50 117.00 107.50 118.00 113. 50 114.00 107. 50 107. 50 119. 50 115. 50 115. 50 115. 50 108. 50 111. 50 118.50 El Paso____________ -. Harrisburg Hartford. . . . Indianapolis. _ ___ Kansas City . _____________ Knoxville______ Little Rock_ Louisville_____ ______ M em phis. _ ______ ____ . M iami. _ . . _____________ M ilwaukee____ Minneapolis________________ Montgomery______ _ . . N ashville. ______. . . . N ew Orleans... _______ ____ N ew Y ork.. N ew ark... _____ _______ Omaha__ _ . ___ _ . . . Philadelphia.. Pittsburgh____ . . Reading . . . ______ _______ Richmond . . . Salt Lake C ity__ _ ______ Scranton__________ ___ _ St. Louis____ ___ _ ____ Washington, D .C ... . 41.50 39 50 40.00 45.00 44. 00 40.00 43.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 43.50 43.00 38.50 40.00 40.00 44.00 44.00 43.00 41.00 41.00 39.50 40. 00 41.50 39.50 44.00 45.50 86.50 94. 50 99.50 92.00 95.00 89.50 86. 50 89.50 89.50 89.50 92.50 93.50 87.50 89.50 89.50 104.00 102.00 91.00 98.50 98.50 94.50 92.00 87.50 94.50 95.00 100.00 43.50 42.00 41.00 47.50 46.00 42.00 45.00 42.00 42.00 42.00 45.50 45.50 40.50 42.00 42.00 45.00 46.00 45.50 43.00 43.00 42.00 42.00 43.50 42.00 46.00 47.00 89.00 97.00 102.00 95.00 98.00 92.50 89. 50 92.50 92.50 92.50 96.50 96.50 90.50 92.50 92.50 106. 50 104.00 94.50 101.00 101.00 97.00 94.50 90.00 97.00 98.00 102.50 43.50 42.00 41.00 47.50 46.00 42.00 45.00 42.00 42.00 42.00 45.50 45. 50 40.50 42.00 42.00 45.00 46.00 45.50 43.00 43.00 42.00 42.00 43.50 42.00 46.00 47.00 91.50 99.50 104.50 97.50 100. 50 95.00 92.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 99.50 99.00 93.00 95.00 95.00 109.00 105.50 97.00 103. 50 103. 50 99.50 97.00 92.50 99.50 100.50 105.00 46.00 45.00 43.00 50.50 50.00 44.00 49.00 44. 00 44.00 44.00 48.00 48.00 42.50 44.00 44.00 47.00 48.00 48.00 46.00 46.00 45.00 44.50 46.00 45.00 50.00 49.50 95.50 106. 50 109.00 102. 50 105. 50 99.00 96.50 99.00 99.00 99.00 104.50 103.50 97.00 99.00 99.00 114.00 110.00 101. 50 109.50 109.50 106. 50 101.50 97.00 106.50 105. 50 109. 50 45.00 106. 50 45.00 109.00 47.00 114.00 50.00 48.00 46.00 53.50 55.00 46.00 53.00 46.00 46.00 46.00 51.00 51.50 44.50 46.00 46.00 52.00 52.00 51.50 50.00 50.00 48.00 49.50 50.00 48.00 55.00 55.00 50.00 52.00 100.00 111.00 112.50 107.50 110.50 103. 50 101. 50 103.50 103. 50 103.50 109. 50 108. 50 101.50 1U3. 50 103. 50 119.00 114. 50 106. 50 114. 50 114. 50 111.00 106. 50 102.00 111.00 110.50 114. 50 114. 50 119.00 53.00 51.00 47.00 56.00 58.00 48.00 56.00 48.00 48.00 48.00 54.00 54. 50 46. 50 48.00 48.00 54.00 54.00 54. 50 52.00 52.00 51.00 53.00 53.00 51.00 58.00 57. 50 52.00 54.00 105.00 114. 50 117. 50 112.00 115. 50 107. 50 106.50 107.50 107.50 107.50 114.50 113. 50 105.00 107. 50 107. 50 123.00 118.50 111. 50 118. 50 118. 50 114.50 111.50 107.00 114. 50 115. 50 119. 50 118.50 123.00 . W hite Plains, N.Y.» June 1959 City M ini mum $51.00 A tlanta___ _ ________ . . . _________ 57.50 Baltimore _ _ . . . . . . ________ _ Birmingham . . . . . . . _____ 51.00 Boston______ . _ _. . . _____. 52.50 _____ 54.50 Buffalo_____ Charleston, W . V a ________ ____ ____ 57. 50 Charlotte ___ ____. . . _______ _____________ 51.00 51.00 C hattanooga... . . C hicago.. . . 58.00 C in cin n a ti... ______ ___________________ . 56.50 Cleveland. . . . . ... . . ___ 57. 50 Dallas__ . . 60.00 Denver___ ____ ___ 55.00 Des Moines . . _________ _ _ _______ 56.00 D etroit________ 58.50 Duluth 3. . ___ _ ... .... 56.00 E l P a so .. _____ . . . ____ _____ 54. 50 Harrisburg_____ _ __ ____ ______ . . . . . . . __ 53.00 Hartford.......... 48. 50 Indianapolis___ _____ 57.50 Kansas C ity .... 60.00 Knoxville ___ . . . . . . . . . ____ 51.00 Little Rock _. _ . . . . . 58.00 51.00 L ouisville.. . . _____ -_ . . M em phis.. . . . _____ . . . .... 51.00 M iam i_____ _____ . . _______ 51.00 Milwaukee......... ___ 56.00 Minneapolis__ ________ 56.00 Montgomery. . . . . _____ _____ ____ 49.50 51.00 Nashville I _______ N ew Orleans____ 51.00 ............... N ew York______ _______ . . . 55.50 N e w a r k ____ ____. 55.50 O m aha... ___ 56.00 Philadelphia_______ ____________ ____ _ _ .. 1 54.00 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M axi mum 2 $112. 50 122.00 112. 50 124.00 118. 50 119.00 112. 50 112. 50 125. 50 120. 50 120. 50 120. 50 113. 50 116.00 123. 50 116.00 109.00 119. 50 122. 50 117.00 120. 50 112. 50 110. 50 112. 50 112. 50 112.50 119. 50 118. 50 110.00 112. 50 112. 50 128.00 123.50 116.00 123.00 October 1960 M ini mum $53.00 59.50 53.00 54.50 59.00 60.00 53.00 53.00 62.50 58.00 59.50 61.50 57.50 59.50 60. 50 59.50 57.00 56.00 50.00 60.00 61.50 53.00 61.50 53.00 53.00 53.00 61.00 59.50 51.50 53.00 53.00 60.50 58.00 59.50 57.00 M axi mum 2 $117.00 126. 50 117.00 128. 50 123.00 123. 50 117.00 117.00 131.00 125.00 125.00 125.00 118.00 120.00 128.00 120.00 113.00 124.00 127. 50 122.00 125.00 117.00 120.50 117.00 117.00 117.00 124.00 143.00 114.00 117.00 117.00 132. 50 129.00 120.00 127.50 November 1961 M ini mum $57.00 62.00 57.00 56. 50 63.00 63.00 57.00 57.00 65.50 61.00 61.50 63. 50 61.00 62.00 63. 00 62.00 60.00 59.00 55.50 62.00 63. 50 57.00 63.50 57.00 57.00 57.00 63.00 63.00 55.50 57.00 57.00 64.00 60.00 62.00 60.00 M axi mum 2 $120.00 129. 50 120.00 131. 50 127.00 126. 50 120.00 120.00 135.00 128.00 128.00 128.00 121.00 123.00 131.00 123.00 116.00 127.00 130. 50 125.00 128.00 120.00 123. 50 120.00 120.00 120.00 127.00 126. 00 117.00 120.00 120.00 135. 50 132.00 123.00 130.50 November 1962 M ini mum $59.00 64.00 59.00 58. 50 66.00 65.00 59.00 59.00 68.00 64.00 63.50 66.50 64.00 64.50 65.00 64. 50 62.50 63.00 57.00 64.00 66.50 59.00 65. 50 59.00 59.00 59.00 65.00 66.50 57.50 59.00 59.00 66.00 65.00 64.50 65.00 M axi mum 2 $124. 50 134.00 124. 50 136. 50 132.00 131. 50 124. 50 124. 50 140.00 133.00 133.00 133.00 126.00 127. 50 136.00 127.50 120. 50 131. 50 135. 50 130.00 133.00 124. 50 128.00 124. 50 124. 50 124. 50 132.00 131.00 121. 50 124.50 124.50 140. 50 137.00 127.50 135. 50 November 1963 M ini mum $61.00 66. 50 61.00 60. 50 68.00 72.00 61.00 61.00 70. 50 66.00 66.00 68.50 67.00 68.00 67.50 68.00 65. 50 67.00 58. 50 66.00 08. 50 61.00 67.50 61.00 61.00 61.00 67.00 70.00 59. 50 61.00 61.00 68.00 67.50 68.00 70.00 M axi mum 2 $129.00 138. 50 129.00 141. 50 139.00 136. 50 129.00 129.00 145.00 138.00 138.00 138.00 131.00 132.00 141.00 132.00 125.00 136.50 140. 50 134. 50 138.00 129.00 132.50 129.00 129.00 129.00 137.00 136.00 125. 50 129.00 129.00 147. 50 142.00 132.00 140. 50 WAGE CHRONOLOGY : A.T. & T. LONG LINES DEPARTMENT 57 C—Weekly Salary Kates for Plant Central Office Craftsmen, Selected Cities,1 1953-63—Continued June 1959 October 1960 November 1961 November 1962 M ini mum M ini mum November 1963 City M ini mum Pittsburgh___________ _____________ Reading____ -- ________ . _____ ____ R ich m on d .._ _ . . . ____ _ . . . . __ _____ Salt Lake C i t y . ______ _________ _ _ _ _________ Scranton. ___. . . . _ ...................... .......... . ___ St. Louis. . . . ___ Washington, D.C ______ _ Wayne, Pa.*_____ . . . _ ________ __ _. . . . . _ White Plains, N .Y .6_______________ ________ $54.00 53.00 55.00 54.50 53.00 60. 00 59.50 54.00 55.50 Maxi mum 2 M ini mum $123.00 119. 50 116. 50 111.50 119. 50 120. 50 124. 50 123.00 128.00 Maxi mum 2 $57.00 65.00 57.00 57.00 56. 00 61.50 61.50 57.00 60.50 1 Cities with populations of 200,000 or more with plant central office crafts men. 2Time required to reach maximum rate for plant central office craftsmen reduced from 6 ^ years to 6 years effective Sept. 2,1953. 3 Plant central office craftsmen were first employed in Duluth in 1958. $127. 50 124.00 121.00 115. 50 124.00 125.00 129.00 127. 50 132. 50 $60.00 59.00 60.00 60. 50 59.00 63.50 64.50 60. 00 64.00 M axi mum 2 $130. 50 127.00 124.00 118. 50 127.00 128.00 132.00 130. 50 135.50 $65.00 63.00 62.00 63.00 63.00 66. 50 66. 50 65.00 66.00 M axi mum 2 M ini mum $135. 50 131. 50 128. 50 123.00 131. 50 133.00 137.00 135. 50 140.50 $70.00 67.00 65.00 66.00 67.00 6 68. 50 72.00 70.00 68.00 M axi mum 2 $140. 50 136. 50 133.00 127. 50 136. 50 ? 138.00 142.00 140. 50 147. 50 * Plant central office craftsmen were first employed in Wayne, Pa., in 1956. 6 Plant central office craftsmen were first employed in White Plains, N .Y ., in 1953. 6 Rate increased an additional $1 effective Feb. 9,1964. 7 Rate increased an additional $3 effective Feb. 9,1964. D—Weekly Salary Rates for Traffic Central Office Employees, Selected Cities, 1952-63 Operator City July 1952 M ini mum Boston__________ .. Buffalo____ Chicago____________________ Cincinnati______ _ ____ Cleveland ___ ___ _____ Detroit. Hillsboro, M o.3________ . Kansas C ity___ _ __ ___ Louisville____ _ M em phis. _ _ ____ _______ M inneapolis. Monrovia, Calif.3_____ _ _ N ew Y o r k . . . ____ Philadelphia______ _ _ __ Pittsburgh___ Rockdale, Ga.3____ ____ St. Louis___ ____ _______ Wayne, Pa.6. White Plains, N .Y .8- . . Sept. 1953 Maxi mum 1 M ini mum Oct. 1954 Maxi m um 1 M ini mum N ov. 1955 Maxi mum 1 M ini mum Dec. 1956 Maxi m um 1 M ini mum Maxi m um 1 Jan. 1958 M ini mum Maxi m um 1 $37.50 41.00 42.00 39.00 43.00 44.00 $57. 50 58.50 60.00 58.00 58.50 61. 50 $39.00 42. 00 44.00 42.00 45.00 46.00 $59. 00 60. 00 62.00 60.50 60.50 63.00 $39.00 42.00 46.00 42.00 45.00 46.00 $61. 50 61. 50 64.00 62.50 62.00 64.50 $41.00 44. 00 48.00 44.50 47.00 48.50 $64. 00 63 50 66.50 65.00 64.50 67.50 $44.00 (2) 51.50 48.50 51.50 51.50 $66. 50 $46. 00 $69.00 69.50 68.00 67.50 70.50 54.00 51.00 54. 50 55.50 72.50 71.00 70.50 73.50 40.00 36. 50 36.50 39.00 56.50 55.00 55. 00 56.50 42.00 38. 00 38.00 41.00 58.50 57.00 57.00 58.50 42.00 38.00 38.00 41.00 60.00 58.50 58.50 60.00 44.50 40.00 40.00 43.00 63.00 61.00 61.00 62.50 47.50 43.00 43.00 46.00 66.00 63.50 63.50 65.50 50.50 45.00 45.00 49.00 69.00 66.00 66.00 68.50 42.00 40. 00 40. 00 60.50 57.00 57.00 43.00 42.00 42.00 62.50 59.00 59.00 43.00 42.00 42.00 64.00 60.50 60.50 45.00 44.00 44. 00 66. 50 63.00 63. 00 48.00 46.00 46. 00 69.50 66.00 66.00 51.00 50.00 50. 00 72. 00 68.50 68.50 40.00 56.50 47.50 4fi no 48.00 66.50 50.50 69.50 69Ì 50 5L00 72! 00 42.00 59. 00 42. 00 60.50 44. 50 63. 50 43.00 62.50 43.00 64.00 45.00 66.50 Operator—Continued June 1959 M ini mum Boston. Buffalo. Chicago__ Cincinnati. Cleveland. Detroit___ Hillsboro, M o.3____ Kansas C ity_______ Louisville_________ M em phis_________ Minneapolis_______ Monrovia, Calif.3__ N ew York________ Philadelphia______ Pittsburgh________ Rockdale, Ga.3____ St. Louis__________ Wayne, Pa.6______ White Plains, N .Y .9. See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Oct. 1960 Maxi m um 1 M ini mum Nov. 1961 Maxi m um 1 M ini mum N ov. 1962 Maxi m um 1 M ini mum N ov. 1963 Maximum 1 M ini mum Maxi m um 1 $49. 00 $72. 50 $51.00 $75.00 $54.00 $77. 00 $56.00 $80.00 $58. 00 $83.00 55.50 52.50 55.50 58.50 76.50 74.00 73.50 76.50 57.00 54.00 57.50 60.50 79.00 76.50 76.00 79.00 59.50 57.00 60.50 63.00 81.00 78.50 78.00 81.00 52.50 46. 50 46.50 50.00 72.00 70.00 70.00 71.50 54.00 48.50 48.50 52.00 74.50 72.50 72.50 74.00 55.50 51. 00 51. 00 54.50 76.50 74. 50 74.50 76.00 87.00 84.50 84.50 87.00 79.00 82.50 79.50 79.50 75.00 71. 50 71. 50 57.00 59.00 59.00 78.00 74.50 74.50 60.00 61.00 61.00 4 80.00 4 76. 50 4 76. 50 52.50 52.00 52.00 72.50 71.50 75.00 54.00 59.00 57.00 75.00 74.50 78.00 55.50 61.00 60.00 77.00 4 76.50 4 80.00 84.00 81.50 81.00 84.00 75.00 79.50 77.00 77.00 79.00 70.00 84.00 80.50 80.50 73.50 80.00 64.00 61.00 65.00 67.50 59.50 59.50 55. 00 55.00 52.00 52.00 52.00 61.50 59.00 62.50 65.00 56.00 57.50 53.00 53.00 56.50 53.50 63.00 63.00 63.00 51.00 57.50 55.50 65.00 65.00 65. 00 53.00 3 59. 50 63.00 84.00 65.00 (7) ¡7) 72.50 88.00 83.50 83.50 76.00 » 83. 00 88.00 58 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 D—Weekly Salary Rates for Traffic Central Office Employees, Selected Cities, 1952-63—Continued Junior service assistant City July 1952 Sept. 1953 Oct. 1954 Nov. 1955 Dec. 1956 Jan. 1958 June 1959 Oct. 1960 N ov. 1961 N ov. 1962 N ov. 1963 Maximum Boston_____________ ______ Buffalo. . . Chicago . . . . _______ . Cincinnati_________ ______ Cleveland_____ ______ D etroit.. . . . . . _______ Hillsboro, M o.3 Kansas C ity______________ Louisville . __ . . . M emphis_____ __ _______ Minneapolis___ _____ Monrovia. Calif.3 N ew Y ork.. . . . ____ _ Philadelphia________ ______ Pittsburgh __ . . . . . . __ Rockdale, Ga.3 St. Louis^______ . Wavne, Pa.6. . W hite Plains, N.Y.«_____ .. $59. 50 60.50 62.00 60.00 60.50 63.50 $61.00 62.00 64.00 62.50 62.50 65.00 $63. 50 63. 50 66.00 64.50 64.00 66.50 $66.00 65.50 68.50 67.00 66.50 69.50 $68.50 $71.00 $74.50 $77.00 $79.00 $82.00 $85.00 71. 50 70.00 69.50 72.50 74.50 73.00 72.50 75.50 78. 50 76.00 75.50 78.50 81.00 78.50 78.00 81.00 83.00 80.50 80.00 83.00 86.00 83.50 83.00 86.00 89.00 86.50 86.50 89.00 58.50 57.00 57.00 58.50 60.50 59.00 59.00 60.50 62.00 60.50 60.50 62.00 65.00 63.00 63.00 64.50 68.00 65.50 65.50 67.50 71.00 68.00 68.00 70.50 74.00 72.00 72.00 73.50 76.50 74.50 74.50 76.00 78.50 76.50 76.50 78.00 81.50 79.00 79.00 81.00 84.50 81.50 81.50 62. 50 59.00 59.00 64.50 61.00 61.00 66.00 62.50 62.50 68. 50 65.00 65.00 71.50 68.00 68.00 74. ÖÖ 70.50 70.-50 77.00 73.50 73.50 80.00 76.50 76.50 4 82.00 4 78.50 4 78. 50 86.00 82.50 82.50 90.00 85.50 85.50 61.00 62.50 65.50 68.50 71.50 70.50 74.00 74.50 73.50 77.00 77.00 76.50 80.00 79.00 4 78.50 <82.00 85.00 66.00 68.50 68.00 71.50 82.00 64.50 86.00 90.00 June 1959 Oct. 1960 58.50 Service assistant July 1952 Sept. 1953 Oct. 1954 N ov. 1955 Dec. 1956 Jan. 1958 N ov. 1961 N ov. 1962 N ov. 1963 Maximum Boston____ _ __________. . . Buffalo___ Chicago_______ . . . . . . . . . . Cincinnati___ ________ Cleveland__ ______ _ D e tr o it... ___ _ ______ Hillsboro, M o.3 Kansas C ity__________ L ouisville.. . . ______ _ _ M emphis_________ _ Minneapolis Monrovia, Calif.3 N ew York___. . . Philadelphia__ _ ___ . . . Pittsburgh . . . . ___ _ Rockdale, Ga.3 St. L ouis' ________ ___ Wayne, Pa.6. . . W hite Plains, N.Y.«___. . . . $66.50 67. 50 69.00 67.00 67.50 70.50 $68.00 69.00 71.00 69.50 69.50 72.00 $70.50 71. 50 73.00 71.50 71.00 73.50 $73.00 73. 50 75.50 74.00 73.50 76.50 $75.50 $78.00 $81.50 $84.50 $86.50 $90.00 $93.00 78.50 77.00 76. 50 79.50 81. 50 80.00 79.50 82.50 85.50 83.00 82.50 85.50 89.00 86.50 85.00 89.00 91.00 88.50 88.00 91.00 94.00 91.50 91.00 94.00 97.00 94.50 94.50 97.00 65.50 64.00 64.00 65.50 67.50 66.00 66.00 67.50 69.00 67. .50 67. 50 69.00 72.00 70.00 70.00 71.50 75.00 72.50 72.50 74.50 78.00 75.00 75.00 77.50 81.00 79.00 79.00 80.50 83.50 81.50 81.50 83.00 86.50 83.50 83.50 85.50 89.50 86.50 86.50 89.00 92.50 89.00 89.00 69. 50 66.00 66.00 71.50 68.00 68.00 74.00 70.50 70.50 76.50 73.00 73.00 79.50 76.00 76.00 82.00 78.50 78.50 85.00 81.50 81.50 88. ÖÖ 84.50 84.50 4 90.00 <86.50 <86.50 94.00 90.50 90.50 98.00 93.50 93.50 65.50 68.00 69.50 72.50 76.50 78.50 78.50 82.00 81.50 81.50 85.00 84.00 84.50 88.00 87.00 <86.50 <90.00 93.00 74.00 75.50 76.00 79.50 90.00 71.50 94.00 98.00 June 1959 Oct. 1960 Service observer City July 1952 Sept. 1953 Oct. 1954 N ov. 1955 Dec. 1956 Jan. 1958 N ov. 1961 N ov. 1962 Nov. 1963 Maximum B o sto n .. ________ Buffalo. . _______________ Chicago_____ ._ _ Cincinnati____ ___ _ Cleveland - - - - - D etroit.. ________ _____ Hillsboro, Mo.3. Kansas C ity____ _____ Louisville . I ___ _____ Memphis_____ . . . . Minneapolis. ___ Monrovia, Calif.3____ ___ N ew Y o r k .. . . . . . . . _ Philadelphia. . . . . . ... Pittsburgh ____ ______ Rockdale, G a .3_____________ St. Louis______________ Wayne, Pa.6____ ________ White Plains, N.Y.«________ $65.50 67.50 69.00 66.00 66. 50 69.50 $68.00 69.00 71.00 69.50 69. 50 72.00 $70.50 71.50 73.00 71. 50 71 00 73.50 $73.00 73.50 75. 50 74 00 73.50 76.50 $75.50 $78.00 $81.50 $84.50 $86.50 $90.00 $93.00 78.50 77 00 76 50 79.50 81.50 80.00 79 50 82.50 85. 50 83.00 82 50 85.50 88.00 85.50 85.00 88.00 91.00 87.50 88.00 91.00 94.00 91.50 91.00 94.00 97.00 94.50 94.50 97.00 64. 50 64.00 64.00 64.50 67.50 66.00 66 00 67.50 69.00 67. 50 67 50 69.00 72.00 70.00 70 00 71.50 75.00 72. 50 72. 50 74.50 78.00 75.00 75 00 77.50 81.00 79.00 79.00 80.50 83.50 81.50 81. 50 83.00 86.50 83.50 83.50 85.00 89.50 86.50 86.50 89.00 92.50 89.00 89.00 69.50 65.00 65.00 71.50 68.00 68.00 74.00 69. 50 69.50 76. 50 72.00 72.00 79. 50 75.00 75.00 82.00 77. 50 77.50 85.00 80. 50 80.50 88.00 83.50 83.50 4 90.00 <85.50 4 85.50 94.00 89.50 89.50 98.00 92.50 92.50 64.50 68.00 69.50 72.50 75.50 78.50 81.50 84.00 90.00 9 93.00 94.00 98.00 71.50 74.00 76.50 1 Tim e required to reach maximum rates for operators reduced from 6 A years to 6 years effective Sept. 2,1953, and to 5 A years effective Nov. 9,1961. 2 Traffic employees were not employed in Buffalo by the Long Lines Department after M ay 6, 1956. 3 Traffic employees were first employed in Hillsboro, Monrovia, and Rock dale in 1961. 4 Maximum rate increased an additional $1 effective M ay 6, 1962. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 79.50 82.00 85.00 88.00 87. ÖÖ 4 90.00 5 Traffic employees, except service observers, were employed in W ayne only for the period 1956-62. Service observers were not employed in Wayne. 3 Traffic employees were first employed in W hite Plains in 1953.. ? Traffic employees were not employed in Minneapolis by the Long Lines Department after Mar. 2, 1963. 5 Rate increased an additional 50 cents effective Feb. 9, 1964. 9 Rate increased an additional $2 effective Feb. 9,1964. WAGE CHRONOLOGY : A.T. & T. LONG LINES DEPARTMENT 59 E—Weekly Salary Rates for Clerical Employees, Selected Groups and Cities,1 1952-63 July 1952 City Minimum September 1953 Maximum Group 3 2 Group 4 2 Atlanta....... ...... Baltimore_____ Birmingham___ Boston.,............ Buffalo_______ Charleston_____ Charlotte______ Chattanooga....... Chicago_______ Cincinnati_____ Cleveland_____ Dallas________ Denver_______ Des Moines........ Detroit_______ Duluth....... ....... El Paso_______ Harrisburg_____ Hartford_______ Houston.... ...... . Indianapolis____ Kansas City____ Knoxville............ Little Rock......... Los Angeles____ Louisville-........... Memphis______ Miami______ Milwaukee_____ Minneapolis____ Montgomery____ Nashville........... New Orleans____ New York_____ Newark.......... . Omaha_______ Philadelphia....... Pittsburgh_____ Reading.............. Richmond_____ Salt Lake City__ San Francisco___ Scranton............. Seattle________ St. Louis______ Washington, D.C.. Wayne, Pa_____ White Plains, N.Y_ $39.00 39.00 39.00 37.50 41.00 38. 50 39.00 39.00 43.00 39.00 43.00 40.00 40.00 39.00 44.00 40.00 38.00 38.00 $57.00 57.00 54.00 55.00 57.00 61.50 53.50 57.00 53.00 56.50 60.00 54. 50 Maximum M inimum $60.00 64.00 60.00 60.50 60.50 60.50 60.00 60.00 67.00 60.00 61.50 60.50 59.50 60.00 67.00 $40.50 40.50 40.50 39.00 42.00 39.00 40,50 40.50 45.00 42.00 45.00 42.00 42,00 42.00 46.00 59.50 61.50 60.50 41.50 40.00 39.00 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $59.00 59.00 55.50 56.50 59.00 63.50 55.50 59.00 55.00 59.00 61.50 56.50 Group3 2 Group 4 2 $62.00 66.00 62.00 62.00 62.00 62.50 62.00 62.00 69.00 62.50 63.50 62. 50 62.00 62.00 68.50 $40.50 40.50 40.50 39.00 42.00 39.00 40.50 40.50 46.00 42.00 45.00 42.00 42.00 42.00 46.00 61.50 63.50 62.00 61.50 62.50 62.00 59.00 70.00 62.00 62.00 62.00 59.00 63.00 59.00 62.00 62.00 67.50 66.50 62.00 64.50 64.50 63.50 63.50 61.50 70.00 63.50 41.50 40.00 39.00 42. 00 42.00 42.00 40. 50 41.00 47 00 40.50 40.50 40. 50 40. 50 42.00 39.50 40.50 40. 50 43.00 45.00 42.00 42.00 42.00 40.00 40.00 41.50 47.00 40.00 $60.50 80.50 57.00 58.00 60.50 65.50 58.00 80.50 56.50 60.50 62.50 57.50 Group 3 2 Group 4 2 $63.50 67.00 63.50 63.50 63.50 64.00 63.50 63.50 71.00 65.50 65.00 64.00 63. 50 63. 50 69.50 $42. 50 43.00 42.50 41.00 44.00 41 00 42. 50 42 50 48. 00 44.50 47. 50 44. 50 44.00 44 00 48.50 63.00 64.50 63. 50 64 00 63! 00 64.00 63. 50 60.50 71 50 63.50 63.50 63. 50 60. 50 43 50 42.00 41.00 44 50 44! 50 44.50 42 50 43 50 50 no 42! 50 42.50 42 50 43 00 60. 50 63.50 63 50 69.00 67.00 63.50 66.00 66.00 64 50 65.00 63 00 71.50 64 50 41 50 42.50 42 50 42 00 42.00 43 50 50.00 42 00 $62.50 $66.00 09 fiO 6a 00 65.50 65 50 00 00 66.00 00 00 73.50 68.00 67.50 67.00 66.00 00 00 72.50 62.50 59.00 60.00 62.50 67.50 60.50 63.00 59.50 63.00 65.00 00 00 67.00 00 00 59.50 60.50 60.50 60.00 57.00 39.00 39.00 39.00 39.00 39.00 38.00 39.00 39.00 42.00 44. 00 39.00 40.00 40.00 38.00 38.50 40.00 43.50 38.00 57.00 57.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 57.00 61.00 57.00 60.00 60.00 65.50 65.00 60.00 62.50 62.50 61.50 62.00 59.50 68.00 61.50 42.00 42.00 40.50 41.00 47.00 40. 50 40.50 40.50 40.50 42.00 39.50 40.50 40. 50 43.00 45.00 42.00 42.00 42.00 40.00 40.00 41.50 47.00 40.00 60.50 66.00 42.00 45.00 55.00 61.50 62.50 67.50 42.00 45.00 56.50 63.00 64! 00 69.00 44.50 47.50 59.50 65.50 67.00 71.50 43.00 60.00 67.50 43.00 61.50 69.00 45.00 64.00 71.50 40.00 43. 50 56.50 57.00 68.00 59.50 54.50 56.00 56.00 55.00 62.50 53.00 60.00 $45.50 47.00 45.50 44.00 46.00 45.00 45.50 45. 50 51.00 48.50 51. 50 47.50 48.50 47.00 51.50 Maximum 45. 50 44.00 44.00 47. 50 48. 50 47.50 45. 50 46.00 55.00 45.50 45.50 45. 50 $65.00 65.00 61. 50 62.00 65.00 70.50 63. 50 66.0 0 62.50 66.00 68.0 0 62.00 62.50 62.50 65. 00 65. 00 57.50 55.00 59.00 59.00 58.50 59.00 60.00 61.00 56.50 58.00 58.00 56.50 64.50 January 1958 Group 3 2 Group 4 2 See footnotes at end of table. Maximum M inimum 56.50 53.00 Minimum Louisville__ Maximum 40.50 40.00 39.00 39.00 City M em phis___ M iam i_____ November 1955 Minimum Group 3 2 Group 4 December 1956 Atlai ita____ Balt: more__ Birn ingham. B oston.......... Buffalo_____ Charleston... Charlotte___ Chat tanooga. Chicago____ C incinnati... Cleveland__ D allas_____ Denver_____ Des Moines.. D etroit_____ D ulu th_____ El Paso____ Harrisburg... Hartford___ Houston____ Indianapolis. Kansas C ity. Knoxville___ Little R ock.. Los Angeles.. October 1954 Minimum $47.50 49. 50 47.50 46. 00 48.00 47.50 47.50 47. 50 53. 50 51.00 54.50 50.50 49.00 50.00 55.50 68. 00 48.00 46.00 47. 00 50.50 51. 50 50. 50 47.50 48.50 57.50 47.50 47. 50 47.50 69.50 68.50 70.00 67. 50 70.00 68. 50 66.50 77. 00 68. 50 68.50 68.50 Maximum $67. 50 67.50 66.00 64.00 67. 50 73.50 66.50 69.00 65. 50 69.00 71.00 63.50 64.50 65.50 67,50 67.50 60.50 60.50 60.00 60.50 61.50 61.50 58.00 59.50 59.50 58.00 66.00 66.00 44.00 $71.00 74. 50 71.00 72. 50 70.00 73.00 71.00 71. 00 79.50 74. 00 73.50 73.00 72.00 72.00 78. 50 71. 00 71.50 71. 50 73.00 70.00 73.00 71. 00 69.50 80.00 71.00 71.00 71.00 Minimum 71.00 69. 00 71.00 76.50 69.50 71.00 72.00 74. ÖÖ 66.50 67.00 68.50 71.00 71.00 66.00 66.00 62.50 62.50 00 00 03 00 68.50 02 50 62.50 66.00 00 00 71.50 69.50 66.60 68.50 68.50 07 00 67! 00 65 50 64.00 64.00 60.50 62.00 62.00 60.00 74.00 07 00 October 1960 Maximum $71.00 65.00 67.00 00 00 03 00 74 00 68.50 Minimum Group 3 2 Group 4 2 $48.50 50.50 48.50 49.00 49. 50 50.00 48.50 48. 50 54.50 52.50 55. 50 52.50 50.50 50. 00 58.50 50 00 49. 50 49.00 48. 50 52. 50 53. 00 52.50 48. 50 50. 50 59. 50 48.50 48.50 48.50 60.50 59.50 62.50 45.00 47.00 44.00 44.00 44.00 June 1959 Group 3 2 Group 4 2 $68.50 72. 00 68.50 68.00 67. 50 70.00 68.50 68.50 76. 50 71.00 70. 50 70.00 69.00 69.00 75.50 58.50 56.50 $74.50 77 00 74.50 75.50 72.00 76. 00 74. 50 74. 50 83.00 77.00 75.50 76.00 75.00 76. 00 81.50 76 00 74 00 74.50 74. 50 76. 00 73. 76.00 74. 50 72. 00 82. 50 74. 50 74.50 74. 50 00 Maximum Group 3 2 Group 4 2 $50.00 53 00 50.00 51.00 53.50 51. 50 50.00 50. 00 56.00 54. 00 57.50 54.00 52.00 52. 00 60. 50 $73. 50 73. 50 71. 50 78. 50 73. 50 73.00 74. 50 52 no 51. 00 51.00 50. 00 69.00 54.00 54. 50 54.00 50. 00 54. 00 64.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 71.50 $77.00 79 00 77.00 78.00 75.00 78. 00 77.00 77.00 86.00 80.00 77.50 79. 00 77.50 78. 50 84.00 78 50 76. 50 77.50 77. 50 79.00 75. 50 79.00 77. 00 77. 50 85.50 77.00 77.00 77. 00 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 60 E—Weekly Salary Rates for Clerical Employees, Selected Groups and Cities,1 1952-63—Continued Salt. Rake City San Fran p.1sen Scranton Seattle St. L o u is_________ _____ W ashington, D . C __________ W ayn e , Pa_ ______ ___ . . . W h ite Plains, N . Y _________ $47.00 47.00 44.00 45.50 45.50 48.00 49. 50 47.00 46.00 46.00 44.00 46.00 45. 50 55. 00 44.00 53.00 47. 50 51.50 46.00 48.00 $66. 50 71.50 64.50 . 50 68.50 74.50 72.50 69.00 71.50 71. 50 69.50 70.00 . 50 77.00 69.50 76.50 70.00 74.50 71.50 74.50 $65. 50 68 65.00 67.00 67.00 63.50 65.00 65.00 63.00 68 70.00 62.50 68.50 65.00 67.00 $50.00 50.00 46.00 47.50 47.50 51.00 51.50 50.00 48.00 48.00 46. 00 48.50 48.50 57.50 46. 00 55.50 50.50 54.00 48.00 51.00 67.50 69.00 69. 50 66.50 67.50 67.50 66.00 72.50 65.50 71.00 67.50 69.00 Atlanta _________________ Baltimore. Birm ingham ... ____ ______ Boston....... . ...... Buffalo Charleston Charlotte Chattanooga Chicago. __________ ______ Cincinnati ______________ Cleveland___ ______ ______ Dallas Denver_____ Des Moines Detroit Duluth El Paso Harrisburg_____ _ ______ Hartford __ _ Houston. .... ............ Indianapolis. Kansas C ity_____________ __ Knoxville......... Little Rock _ Los Angeles______ . Louisville M emphis _ ________ Miami M ilwaukee___ Minneapolis. __ . _____ Montgomery_____ _ . Nashville. _____ _ . N ew Orleans........... . . . . N ew York________ _______ Newark___ Omaha.......... ....... Philadelphia_______________ Pittsburgh_________________ Reading__ Richmond_______ _________ Salt Lake City . _____ San Francisco. .. . Scranton. ___ Seattle .................. St. Louis_____________ _ . Washington, D .C _______ . . . W ayne____________________ White Plains___________ . . . 1 2 $51. 50 54.00 51.50 53.00 55.00 53.00 51. 50 51.50 57.50 56.00 59.00 55. 50 55.00 53. 50 63.00 53. 50 54.00 53.00 55.50 55.50 56.00 55.50 51.50 55. 50 68.00 51.50 51.50 51.50 57.00 54. 50 50.50 51.50 51.50 56.50 55.00 53.50 55.00 55.00 53.00 53.50 55.00 68.00 53.00 62. 50 55. 50 58. 50 55.00 56. 50 $75.00 75.00 73.00 80.00 75.00 74. 50 76.00 72.00 73.00 76.00 74.50 74.50 70. 50 73.00 78.00 74. 50 76.00 70.50 71.50 70.00 70.00 67.50 68.50 73.50 70.00 70. 50 $73.00 77.50 70.00 74.50 74. 50 79.00 77.00 76.00 77.00 77.00 74.50 76.00 74. 50 82.50 74.50 82.00 76.00 79.50 77.00 79.00 Group 3 2 Group 4 2 $78. 50 80.50 78.50 79. 50 78.00 79.50 78.50 78.50 88.00 81. 50 79.00 81.00 79.50 81.50 85.50 81.50 78.50 79. 50 79. 50 81.00 77.00 81.00 78. 50 79.50 87.50 78.50 78.50 78.50 77.00 82.50 74.00 78.50 78.50 84.00 81.00 81.50 83.00 83.00 79.50 80.00 79.00 87.50 79.50 86.00 81.00 83.00 83.00 84.00 $77.00 $53.50 55. 50 53. 50 55.00 57.00 55.00 53.50 53.50 59.50 59.00 61.00 57. 50 57.00 55.50 65.00 55. 50 56.00 55.00 57.00 57. 50 58.00 57. 50 53. 50 57.50 71.50 53.50 53. 50 53.50 59.00 56.50 52.50 53.50 53.50 58.50 57. 00 55.50 57.00 57.00 55.00 55.00 57.00 71.50 55.00 64.50 57. 50 60. 50 57.00 58.50 77.00 76.00 83.00 77. 50 77.50 79.00 75.50 76.00 79.00 78.50 78. 50 72. 50 76.00 81.50 78.50 79.00 $54.50 52.00 49.00 50.00 50.00 55.00 53. 50 52.00 53.00 53.00 51.00 52.00 52.00 64.00 51.00 59.00 54.00 57.00 53.00 55.00 $75. 50 80.0C 72.50 77. OC 77. OC 82.00 79. 5C 78. 5C 81.00 81.00 77. 5( 78.50 77. 0( 85.50 77.50 84. 5( 79.00 81.50 81.00 82.00 $74.00 72.00 72.00 69.00 71.50 76.00 72.00 74.00 November 1963 Maximum Minimum M inimum C ities w ith populations of 200,000 or m ore w ith clerical em ployees. E a ch clerical group is composed of a num ber of occupations requiring app ro xim ately the sam e skill or degree of responsibility. G roup 3 has 4 occupations, am ong w h ich are file clerks and ty p ists. G rou p 4 had 20 occu pations u p to F e b . 10, 1958; 19 u p to J u ly 10, 1959; 18 u p to N o v . 9, 1960; 16 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $71.00 Maximum Maximum M inimum Group 3 2 $51. 50 50.00 47.00 48. 50 48.50 52.00 52.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 49.00 50. 50 50. 50 59.50 49.00 57.00 52.50 55. 50 50.00 52.00 November 1962 November 1961 City $69. 50 74.50 67.00 71.00 71.00 77.00 75. CO 72.00 74.00 74.00 71.50 73.00 71.50 80.00 71.50 79.50 73.00 77.00 74.00 77.00 $68.50 G rou p 3 2 G ro u p 4 2 G rou p 3 2 G rou p 4 2 G ro u p 3 2 G ro u p 4 2 G rou p 3 2 G rou p 4 2 M ilw a u k ee M inneapolis M ontgom ery N a sh ville N e w Orleans N e w Y o r k . . _____________ N ew a rk _ ________ O m ah a P h ilad elp h ia _____________ P ittsb u rg h ______ ________ H eading R ich m o n d ________________ M in i m um M in i m um M in i m um M in i m um M a x im u m M a x im u m M a x im u m M a x im u m C it y O ctober 1960 June 1959 J an u ary 1958 D ecem ber 1956 Group 3 2 Group 4 2 $80.50 83.00 80.50 82. 50 81.00 82. 50 80. 50 80.50 91.00 84.50 83. 00 84.00 82. 50 84.50 88.50 84. 50 81.00 82.00 82.00 84.00 80.00 84.00 80. 50 82.50 90.50 80.50 80.50 80.50 80.00 86.00 76.00 80.50 80.50 87.00 84.00 84. 50 86.00 86.00 82.00 82.00 81.50 90.50 82. 00 89.00 84.00 85. 50 86.00 87.00 $55. 50 57.50 55. 50 57.00 59.00 57.00 55.50 55. 50 62.00 61.00 63. 50 59.50 59.50 57. 50 67.50 57. 50 58.50 57.00 58.50 59.50 59. 50 59.50 55. 50 59.50 74.50 55. 50 55. 50 55.50 61.00 59.00 54. 50 55.50 55.50 60.50 59.00 57.50 59.00 59.00 57.00 57.00 59. 50 74.50 57.00 66.50 2 59. 50 66.00 59.00 60.50 $79.00 79.00 79.00 86.00 82.00 82.50 82.00 78.50 79.00 82.00 81.50 81. 50 74.00 * 79.00 83. 50 81.50 82.00 Group 4 2 $83.00 85.00 83.00 85.50 85.00 85.00 83.00 83.00 94.00 87.50 87.00 87.00 85.50 87.00 91.50 87.00 83.50 85.00 85.50 87.00 83.00 87.00 83. 00 85.00 95.50 83.00 83.00 83.00 83.00 89.00 78.00 83.00 83.00 90.00 87.00 87.00 89.00 89.00 85. 00 84.00 84.00 95. 50 85.00 91.50 < 87.00 87.50 89.00 90.00 thereafter, am ong w h ich are junior draftsm en, p ayroll clerks, stenographers, and traffic clerks. K a te increased an additional $0.50 effective F e b . 9, 1964. * R a te increased an additional $2 effective F eb . 9, 1964. 3 N ote: Dashes indicate no employees in group. Technical Note Calculation of Average Retail Food Prices D oris P. R othwell * of foods are collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics primarily for use in measuring month-to-month changes in food prices as a component of the Consumer Price Index. Selection of the specific foods for which prices are obtained and the scope and sources of information have been governed largely by this basic use of the data, Despite the Bureau’s oft-repeated statements that the data are not entirely suitable for making comparisons of food prices between cities, BLS data on food prices are used widely for this pur pose and even for comparing the cost of living between cities. The U.S. average prices are used for calculating comparative worktime required to buy foods in different countries and for other in ternational comparisons. They are also basic to the Department of Agriculture’s regional food cost plans and to the series on cost of the farm food market basket and farm-retail spread published monthly. There are many reasons why price data that are valid for compiling the Consumer Price Index do not yield representative and comparable dollars and cents prices. Variations in food habits and in the brands selected among cities cause differences from city to city in computed average prices that do not represent real price differentials for the same quality. Nor are prices collected for the same brand in all outlets. The single price reported to BLS for each store is for the brand selling in larg est volume at that particular store; moreover, a provision for shifting from time to time to differ ent volume selling brands is part of the regular index data collection procedure. In addition, dif ferent-sizes may be priced in different stores. The resulting variations in the proportions of different D ata on retail prices 1758-054 O—65------5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis brands, sizes, and qualities included, of course af fect the reported average prices. Since prices are obtained for the same brand in 2 consecutive months in any one store, it is possible to base the measurement of price change for the index from one month to the next on paired observations of comparable prices for each outlet. The revision of the Consumer Price Index com pleted in January 1964 introduced new complica tions for food prices—especially for individual cities—that have further reduced the suitability of the Bureau’s price data for use in computing representative average prices. In response to insistent requests from many users who protested the BLS initial plan to sus pend publication of the 20-city food prices, the Bureau has developed procedures to make possible the regular publication of estimated prices (ex cluding sales tax) both for the United States and the 12 largest metropolitan areas, for which the sample sizes are considerably larger than in the other cities. The first report of the new series prices was issued for July 1964 and prices from December 1963 through June 1964 were published in a supplemental issue of Retail Food Prices by Cities in January 1965. An explanation of the sampling design and in dex procedures is necessary for an understanding of the new method of calculation of prices for publication since the calculation makes use of regular steps in the index process.1 Outlet Sample For the new index, part of the difference in prices among cities for particular items and in U.S. prices for different items is due to the outlet *O f th e O ffice of P r ic e s and L iv in g C o n d i t io n s , B ureau of L a b o r S ta tis tic s . 1T h e b a s i c f o r m u l a a n d p r in c i p le s u n d e r l y in g o f th e C o n su m e r P r ic e as th e v e lo p e d s c h e m e o f r e p li c a t e d in d e s c r ib e d in th e In d ex o rder “The to and th e fo o d or m a tch e d e s tim a te th e t h e c a lc u la t io n c o m p o n e n t, as w e ll s a m p le s w h i c h w a s d e p r e c is io n of th e in d e x , are S t a t i s t i c a l S t r u c t u r e o f t h e R e v is e d C P I , ” in M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , A u g u s t 1 9 6 4 , p p . 9 1 6 - 9 2 4 . 61 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 62 both store samples. Since only one sample of items is priced in 22 cities (i.e., item sample 1 is priced in 11 cities and item sample 2 in the other 11 cities), U.S. prices for those food items which appear in only one item sample are generally based on a subsample of 39 of the 50 index cities. sample design. Two independent item samples have been set up for pricing in different cities and in different outlet samples. The food items in cluded in the two subsamples are indicated in table 1. A listing of cities, together with the dia gram of item and outlet samples for food, is shown in table 2. (This diagram is not the same for non food items, which are priced in many fewer out lets.) The most important items (“certainty items”) are included in both item samples and are priced in every city; but the less important foods, which were selected by a probability procedure, are priced in only part of the cities. In the 12 largest cities, both food samples are priced in two subsamples of stores. In other large cities, both item samples are priced but in different subsam ples of stores; and in the remaining cities, only 1 of the 2 samples of items is priced. Chain stores are treated as certainty outlets and included in T a b l e 1. Price Collection Personal visits of BLS agents are made monthly to collect food prices from a sample of chain and independent food stores totaling 1,525 for the 50 cities. These stores were selected by probability methods. Reporting by stores is on a voluntary basis. Collection occurs on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday of a specified week, usually preced ing the 15th of the month. Prices are those pre vailing on the day of the agent’s visit. They are recorded after inspection of items on the shelf and E s t im a t e d U n it e d S t a t e s A v e r a g e R e t a i l P r ic e s of F ood, 1 D ecem ber 1963 T h r o u g h N o v e m b e r 1964 [Prices in cents] 1964 G rou p and u n it C it y sam ple 1963 Dec. Jan. Cereals and b ak ery products: F lo u r __ — _ ______ ___ 5 lb Cracker m e a l.. . . . . C orn flakes 2 __ _— ___ ____ -- - -12 oz R ice, short grain 3___ . . _ lb R ic e ’ long grain *___________ . _______ lb . B read , w h ite __________ ____ _________ lb_. B read , w hole w h ea t __ „ . ___ . lb .. C ookies, cream filled_________ . lb M e a ts, p ou ltry, and fish: B eef and veal: S teak , ro u n d ___ _____ ___ _________ lb S teak , sirloin __ ____ _ lb Steak, porterhouse- .. lb R u m p roast, boneless 2_____ _________ lb_. R ib r o a s t 6 ______ _ _____ , lb . C h uck ro a st6 - - - - . lb H a m b u r g e r 7. . - . . . ____ _________ l b . . B e e f liver _ - lb V e a l cu tlets 8_- - - - - - lb . Pork: C h o p s . _____________ _________ lb_. L oin roast____ ______ ____ _________lb . Pork sausage 9____________ lb H a m , w h o le--- - ___ _ . - _____ . lb . Picnics 10______ ______ lb B a co n __ ______ ______ _________ l b — O ther .meats: L a m b chops 11__ ____ _____ lb Fran kfu rters_____ . lb H a m , canned 12____ lb B ologna sausage 11_____ . _________ 8 oz Salam i sausage 13_ ________ ________8 oz _ P o u ltry: F r y in g ch icken ____________ _________ l b C h ick en breasts 10 _________ _________ lb — T u r k e y 10 - - - - ____ _ lb F ish : Shrim p, fro zen 1V _ ___ ____ oz Ocean perch fillet, frozen m ____________ lb__ H a d d o ck fillet, frozen 13__ lb T u n a fish, canned 6 _______ . _6H-oz. can _ Sardines, canned 9_________ 4-oz. flat c a n .. D a ir y products: M ilk , fresh, grocery ------------ lA gal__ M ilk , fresh, delivered . . . . ------------ A gal_. M ilk , fresh, sk im ______ . . . __ __ _ qt. M ilk , evap o rated_________ Ice crea m ,. ____ . Cheese, A m erican process _ _ _ _ _ . . 8~oz B u tte r _____ ________ _________ l b — 10 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A u g. Sept. Oct. 55. 8 18. 7 28.1 18. 7 2 1.7 55. 8 18. 7 28.1 18.8 2 1.7 56.1 18. 7 28. 2 18. 7 56.8 18.8 28.8 18.8 2 1.7 56.6 18.8 28.9 18.8 2 1.7 26.1 51.2 26. 2 50.9 26.2 50.7 57.4 19.5 28.9 18.9 2 1.7 20.9 26.5 50.9 5 7.7 19.8 29.0 18.8 26.1 51.2 57.0 18.8 29.0 18.7 2 1.7 20.7 26.3 50.8 57.6 19.0 29.0 18.8 2 1.7 26.1 5 1.1 56.2 18.8 28.6 18.7 21. 7 20.5 26.2 5 1.1 103.3 106.4 122. 7 105.8 83.1 57.4 49.7 56. 4 143.4 104.4 .6 102.5 81.2 56.4 49.0 55. 9 143.6 81.0 55.9 48.9 55.0 143.3 80.2 54.6 48.4 55. 3 142. 5 80.2 53.4 47.9 55. 7 142.2 103.8 106.9 124.2 104.6 82.2 54.6 49.0 55.6 141.4 103.8 107.1 124.9 103.9 82.4 56.0 49.1 55.7 141.6 107.9 109.9 12 7.1 107.2 85.1 59.7 50.5 55.7 140.9 105.3 107.5 124.4 105.7 84.6 58.5 50.5 55.5 140.3 52.8 61.2 42.5 69.6 93.1 64.9 53.7 61.8 41.6 68.5 88.4 62.1 53.1 61.0 41.2 67.2 Feb . N ov. B B A A A . A and B . _ A B 26.1 51.3 A and B _. B A A and B . B A A and B . . B A 104.1 105. 8 123.7 107.2 82. 7 58. 9 50.7 56. 9 143.1 105.1 82. 5 57.2 50.3 56.7 142.3 A and B . . A . B B A A and B _ 86.7 60.3 52.1 61.2 42.3 65. 5 85.5 59.4 5 1.7 61.6 42.0 65.1 84.9 59.1 51.8 61.3 41. 5 82.7 58.1 52.0 60.8 41.4 65.8 83.1 57.6 52 0 60.0 40. 6 65.8 82.7 57.1 51. 5 59.6 40.3 65.7 84.6 58. 2 51.0 59.6 40.3 65.7 91.9 62.7 51.5 60.6 40. 7 66.4 93.8 64.1 52.3 61.4 41.1 67.2 A A B B _______ A _______ 129.0 62.6 93.6 40.5 50.1 127. 5 62.3 94.7 40.6 49.6 127.1 62.2 94.1 40.9 49.9 128.1 62.4 93.6 40.7 49.8 128.4 61.9 93.1 41.0 50.3 128.7 61.9 92.9 41.0 50.8 131.1 61.9 92. 5 41.2 50.5 133.7 62.0 92.4 40.6 50.5 134.6 62.0 92.9 40.9 50.3 137.3 61.4 9 1.1 40.5 51.0 137.0 62.5 93.1 40.7 50.1 134.3 62.6 93.1 40.8 49.9 A and B . . A _______ B 38.5 67.2 47.3 37.6 66.4 47.5 37.6 66.2 37.0 64.3 46.7 36.9 65.0 46.8 37.9 65.3 46.9 38.7 37.9 65.8 46.7 38.1 65.7 45.9 38.3 66.0 46.8 37.2 65.8 47.0 46.5 38.1 65. 4 47.0 B 71.8 52.7 59.4 31.3 13.3 69.7 53.0 59. 4 31.7 13.3 69.6 53.1 60.4 31.8 13.3 68.4 53.1 60.4 31.7 13.0 67.3 52.7 60. 5 31.9 13.0 66.7 53.0 60.3 31.8 13.0 67.3 52.5 60. 5 32.3 13.2 67.8 52.8 60.4 32.5 13.4 A and B ._ A and B _ A _______ 48.1 53.0 48.0 53.0 47.9 53.0 47.6 52.8 47.3 52.5 B ________ 14.9 82.1 36.2 73.8 14.9 82.0 36.4 73.7 14.9 80.8 36.6 73.8 14.9 81.3 36.7 73.9 14.8 8 1.1 36.6 73.9 47.2 52.3 21.9 14.9 80.9 36.6 73.8 47.2 52.3 21.9 14.9 8 1.1 36.6 73.8 48.1 52.8 22.3 14.8 79.2 37.0 75.6 48.0 52. 8 22.3 15.0 79.0 37.4 75.7 . A ________ A A _______ B _______ A B _______ A and B _. 55. 4 18. 7 28.1 18.9 2 1.7 20.6 55. 9 18. 7 28.1 18.8 21.6 20.7 26.0 51.2 103.2 104. 5 121.8 21.6 20.6 20.6 20.6 66.2 20.6 20.6 101.8 102.2 101.7 100.4 103.4 103.4 103.2 120 121.2 120.2 120.1 1 02.0 103.7 103.5 68.0 53.0 60. 5 31.8 13 .1 22.1 22.2 22.1 22.0 22.0 66.6 47.1 66.0 66.2 20.8 26.5 50.9 108.6 111.4 127.8 107.5 86.6 59.8 50.6 56.2 143.0 99.7 68.6 66.6 52.7 60.3 32.1 13.0 52.5 60.6 32.1 12.9 52.6 60.5 32.1 12.9 47.5 52.9 47.5 53.1 47.7 53.0 14.8 80.7 36.4 73.7 14.8 80.0 36.5 73.9 14.8 79.1 36.5 74.4 22.0 22.1 22.2 21.8 20.9 26.7 51.2 63 CALCULATION OF AVERAGE RETAIL FOOD PRICES T a b l e 1. E st im a t e d U n it e d S t a t e s A v e r a g e R e ta il P r ic e s of F ood, 1 D ecem ber 1963 T h r o u g h N o v e m b e r 1964—Con. [Prices in cents] 1964 G roup and u nit C it y sam ple F r u its a n d vegetables: Fresh fru its and vegetables: A p p le s 7------------------------------------ ________ lb__ B a n a n a s----------------------------------- _________lb . . Oranges, size 200___ ___ - . . d o z — ___ Orange juice, fresh 13___ . G rapefruit, size 80_____ _____ ______ e a ch .. _______ _________ lb._ G rapes, se e d le ss7— Straw berries____ . . . ---------------- p t .. W aterm elon. ____________ _________ lb .. P o ta to e s ..-------------------------------- ______ 101 b ________ lb_. O n i o n s . ___ _ ________ A s p a r a g u s ________________ ________ lb — ____ - ________ l b C a b b a g e _____ C arrots 2___ - - _________ ________ l b . . ________l b . . C e le r y 2. . .. . ________ _________ l b C u cu m bers L e ttu c e , size 24___________ _ . h e a d .. Peppers, green ..................... ___ . . lb S p inach n.__________ ________ l b . . T o m a to e s______ ___ _____ ________ l b . . Processed fruits and vegetables: F r u it c o c k t a i l__ . _ _ — .#303 can Pears _ _ Pineapple-grapefruit juice drink 2_46-oz. c a n .. Orange ju ice concentrate ... . __ 6-0z. can L em onad e concentrate, frozen. ___ 6-oz. c a n .. B e e ts.................. ... ............ . -_ . .#303 can . Peas, green . _ _ . . #303 can _ #303 ca n . T o m a t o e s 11. . -. D ried b e a n s 2 .- ________ l b . . ____ ______ 10 oz. B roccoli, frozen___ O ther foods at hom e: E g gs, grade A , large _________ ____ doz_. F a ts and oils: M argarine 7______ ________ ________ l b . . S alad dressing, Ita lian 2........... _______8 oz S alad or cooking o i l . . .. _. . _ ____ __pt_ S u ga r a n d sw eets: Sugar . _ __ _______ 5 l b . . G rap e j e l l y 2 ______ —12 oz . . . 1 oz C h oco late b a r __ S yru p , chocolate flavored .. . _ 16 oz N o nalcoho lic beverages: C offee___ _ _ _____________ __ 1 -lb. c a n .. C o ff e e 18. . ............................ ... _ . . l-lb . bag . 6 oz . Coffee, in sta n t T e a b a g s ___ — p k g . of 48 C o la drin k __ _ ___ carton 72-07. _ C arb o n a ted drinks 19_. . . . . _ ..carton 72-oz._ Prepared and p a rtia lly prepared foods: -llM -o z . can _ B ean soup 9__ . . . . ... C h ick en so u p . . . . . . . 1014-oz. can . S p ag h etti . . . . ___ 15 ^ -o z. can __ 7 oz . M a sh ed potatoes, in s ta n t. . Potatoes, french fried, frozen . . . . .9 oz _ B a b y foods .. . 4 Yi oz . . Ì 2 oz Sw eet p ickle relish 6. ____ P r e tz e ls 9. . . ______________ . _____ 8 o z .. A and B . . . A and B . . . A and B.__ A ________ A _______ A and B ... B ________ 1963 D ec. Jan. Feb . M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A u g. Sept. O ct. 15.4 15.4 78.7 50.4 16.3 16.2 78.3 50.9 13.5 17.5 16.7 83.5 50.7 13.9 18.9 17.9 83.5 50.4 15 .7 2 1.5 16.8 83.4 50.6 17.2 22.8 12.8 16.0 16.2 77.8 50.8 13.2 18.4 16.3 97.9 50.8 17.9 25.4 14.7 1 7 .1 104.2 50.6 19.4 27.4 38.5 36.4 (16) 31.8 7.8 (16) 21.9 16.7 93.8 51.0 17.4 32.5 59.8 11.4 61.0 11.4 6 1.7 72.8 88.2 100.1 11.3 29.0 11.5 30.9 10.4 15.6 17.3 77.6 10 7 72.6 11.1 4.8 89.6 11.5 15.1 15.2 82.6 50.4 12.5 (16) (16) (16) (16) (16) B _______ A and B — B _______ A _______ B _______ A _______ B ___ A ____ A and B ... B ___ A _______ A and B . . . 8.4 14.9 13.6 18.3 25.7 25.7 26.8 4 1.5 10.4 15 .5 15.5 24.3 28.7 35. 5 28.2 37.4 _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ 26.5 47.0 34.3 32.3 14.7 16.9 26.9 47.4 34.6 32.3 14.8 17.0 B ________ 22.6 22.6 A _______ A _______ B 16.0 16.7 27.7 15.9 16 .7 27.8 B A B B A A (16) 59.8 11.4 (16) (16) (16) (16) (16) (16) (16) (16) (16) 11.6 39.7 11.0 10.2 14.6 15 .7 30.4 28.4 37.4 27.0 34.8 14.0 18.2 37.4 27.4 38.1 27.1 35.5 27.2 48.5 34.3 32.5 14.9 16.9 22.7 15.9 16.7 2 7.7 27.5 49.2 34.4 32.4 14.8 16 .7 22.7 15.8 16.6 27.6 (16) (16) 66.8 (16) (16) 11.5 34.4 9.9 13 .7 16.5 27.0 2 1.7 40.2 27.2 38.3 10.1 11.1 13 .7 14.3 19.5 20.7 38.9 26.9 36.8 15.0 14.8 2 7.7 49.6 34.5 32.4 14.8 16.7 27.9 50.1 34.5 31.4 14.3 16.7 22.8 22.8 15.9 16.6 27.5 15.9 16 .7 2 7.1 30.8 17.0 88.1 50.8 17.7 44.4 5 .7 (!6) (16) 41.9 27.5 32.8 2 1.5 35.4 29.7 35.5 9.7 15.6 15.0 17.5 22.9 29. 7 28.5 28.2 28.1 50.5 34.7 30.6 13.6 16.8 22.7 16.0 16 .7 27.2 28.1 50.9 34.5 30.5 13.3 16.7 22.7 16.1 16.7 27.0 27.4 50.8 34.3 30.3 13.1 16.5 22.7 16.1 16 .7 26.9 22.8 22.8 20.0 (16) (16) (16) (16) (16) 10.8 (16) N ov. 14.2 15.5 99.5 50. 7 14.9 32.5 (16) (16) 77.7 10. 8 (16) 10.0 10.2 15 .5 15.0 17.4 23.9 25.2 29.3 15 .1 15.3 19 .7 24.8 25.2 29. 7 25.1 9.8 15 .1 15.6 29. 0 23.6 36. 2 27.9 28.2 27.1 49.8 34.4 30.3 12.9 16.5 22.7 16.1 16 .7 26.6 26.8 48.6 34.1 30.1 13.2 16.5 26.5 48.1 34.1 29.8 13.3 16.6 22.6 22.6 16.0 16.6 26.5 16.0 16.7 26.6 22.8 A and B . . . 56.5 60.2 57.6 53.0 51.5 48.4 47.3 49.9 53.2 59.5 56.9 55.9 A and B ._ A _______ B _______ 26.1 37.1 32.4 26.1 37.2 32.5 26.0 37.2 32.5 25.9 37.3 32.0 26.1 37.2 31.8 26.1 37.4 31.8 26.0 37.5 31.8 26.1 37.1 3 1.7 25.9 37.2 31.6 25.8 36.7 31.7 26.0 36.7 31.8 26.1 36.5 32.0 A _______ B _______ A. ____ B _______ 70.8 30.5 5.0 23.1 71.3 30.8 5.0 23.2 72.8 30.8 5.0 23.2 70.2 30.8 5 .1 23.1 67.5 30.9 5 .1 23.2 66.1 31.0 5 .1 23.2 63.8 31.0 5.1 23.2 6 1.1 31.2 5 .1 23.0 60.3 31.4 5 .1 22.9 59.6 31.4 5 .1 23.0 58.9 31.4 5 .1 23.1 58.6 31.4 5 .1 23.0 A and B . . A and B . . . 69.5 56.6 91.6 62.6 53.9 52.8 7 1.1 58.1 94.4 62.9 54.0 52.7 74.1 60.6 99.1 62.2 54.1 52.7 78.3 65.1 104.3 61.6 54.0 52.7 80.9 70.0 107.9 61.8 54.0 52.8 82.4 72.2 109.9 62.3 53.8 53.0 83.9 72.7 110.7 62.5 54.3 53.3 84.4 72.9 110.3 62.8 54.3 53.8 84.9 73.3 62.5 54.5 53.9 84.9 72.2 109.9 62.2 54.0 53.9 84.6 72.9 108.1 61.9 54.3 53.7 84.9 72.2 107.9 61.8 54.4 53.8 14.9 18.3 15.0 35.4 17 .1 14.8 18.3 15 .1 35.2 17.0 14.9 18.3 15.0 35.0 17.0 14.8 18.2 15.0 34.9 16.9 14.8 18.3 15.0 34.6 16.9 14 .7 18.2 15 .1 34.6 16.7 14.8 18.2 15.2 34.7 16.5 14.7 18.2 15 .1 34.7 16.5 14.8 18.2 15.1 34.6 16.2 14.8 18.2 15 .1 34.8 16.2 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 31.2 3 1.1 31.2 31.3 31.3 31.3 31.3 31.3 31.3 31.5 14.8 18.2 15.0 34.6 16.8 10.7 31.4 31.5 14.7 18.2 15.2 34.7 16.2 10.5 31.4 31.7 B _______ A _______ B _______ A _______ A _______ B _______ A _______ A _______ A _______ B ________ B ________ B _______ 110.2 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 31.3 31.5 31.2 31.5 31.3 31.5 31.3 31.5 31.3 31.5 1 Computed from April 1964 benchmark prices from the new series samples. Old series prices from December 1963 through June 1964 were published in monthly issues of R e t a i l Food P r i c e s b y C i ti e s . 2 Average of prices in 38 cities. 3 Average of prices in 15 cities. 4 Average of prices in 23 cities. 5 36 cities through August; 37 cities September through November. 9 Average of prices in 37 cities. 7 Average of prices in 49 cities. 8 Average of prices in 29 cities. 6 Average of prices in 36 cities. 10 Average of prices in 35 cities. n Average of prices in 28 cities. 72 Average of prices in 30 cities. 13 Average of prices in 34 cities. 14 31 cities December through August; 32 cities September through November. is Average of prices in 27 cities. 18 Priced only in season. 17Average of prices in 19 cities. 18 Priced only in chain stores in 46 cities. 19 37 cities December through August; 39 cities September through November. the price markings. Many chains and supermar kets post lower weekend prices beginning Thurs day. First-of-the-week prices are obtained for stores priced on Tuesday and Wednesday, before weekend specials are offered. If the lower week end prices apply to the particular quality and brand previously selected for pricing, they are in- eluded for stores priced on Thursday—about 47 percent of the total weight, or 73 percent of the chain store weight. The city averages, therefore, reflect prices for the week as a whole. In selecting the item to be priced, the agent re lies on a manual of specifications or descriptions defining the quality or grade and size range for '758-054 0 — 65— 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 64 each food.2 Many of these specifications permit the pricing of deviations from specified quality, if necessary. During the initial visit, prices are ob tained for each store, if possible, for the brand and size within the preferred specification which has been selling in greatest volume in the outlet during recent months. At subsequent visits, the agent prices the identical item if it is still sold in volume. If it is unavailable, another item is sub stituted. Also, if another item meeting specifica tion outsells the one originally selected by as much as 2 to 1 over an extended period of time, the agent substitutes the new item. The prices of this sub stitute item are compared directly with those of the previous item. If an item of the preferred quality and exact container size specified is not available, the agent may substitute the price of a deviating item or the nearest available size. This flexibility in specifica tion pricing was introduced in the 1964 revision to make possible the use of prices for the particu2 Copies o f th e sp ecifica tio n s are a v a ila b le on request. 3 A lth o u g h th e techniq ues used are c a st in a probability fram e work, p ra ctica l problem s m ake s tr ic t probab ility sam p lin g im p ossible. 4 T h is d iscu ssio n is lim ite d to a d escrip tio n o f th e procedure relev a n t to th e ca lc u la tio n o f th e a c tu a l pu blished food prices. T a b l e 2. lar item sold in a store in preference to shifting to another store. This flexibility is a desirable ad junct of probability sampling of outlets,3 but it has increased the spread in prices. Special com putation and linking techniques insure that price differences traceable to quality differences do not affect either indexes or published prices. Calculation of the Food Index Processing of food prices for the index4involves editing and adjustment of prices for comparabil ity from one period to the next for each store, and calculation of price relatives for each subsample of outlets. Calculation of price relatives is a sim ple computation of the ratio of average prices of a subsample of stores in the current period to that of a previous period for the 12 largest cities, the relative is based on average prices for all reporting stores; for other cities, it is based on average prices for identical stores in the two periods. Sales taxes are not added to the prices of individual items. Sales tax changes are reflected as price change in the index but they are handled as a separate operation. C it ie s a n d P r ic in g D ia g r a m 1 f o r F oo d f o r t h e R e v is e d C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x City and size stratum, based on 1960 population A. Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas of 1,250,000 or more: Baltimore___________________ Boston_______ _____ _________ Chicago-Northwestern Indiana. Cleveland___________________ Item and outlet samples priced 1A, IB, 2A, 2B Do. Do. Do. D etroit_______ ___________________ Los Angeles-Long Beach___________ New York-Northeastern New Jersey. Philadelphia............................ ................ Do. Do. Do. Do. Pittsburgh___________ St. Louis_____________ San Francisco-Oakland Washington__________ Do. Do. Do. Do. B. Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas of 250,000 to 1,250,000: Atlanta__________________________________________ Buffalo________ _______________ _____________ _____ Dallas______________________________ * . . . _________ D ayton_________ ____ ____________________________ IA, 2B Do. Do. Do. D enver____ Hartford___ Honolulu. Indianapolis. Do. Do. Do. Do. Nashville. Seattle.— W ichita.. Do. Do. Do. City and size stratum, based on 1960 population C. Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas of 50,000 to 250,000: Austin, Tex---------------------- ----------------------------------Bakersfield, Calif_________________________________ Baton Rouge, La_________________________________ Cedar Rapids, Iowa________________________ ______ Champaign-Urbana, 111___________________________ Durham, N .C __ Green Bay, Wis. Lancaster, P a— Orlando, F la___ Portland, Maine. D . Urban Places of 2,500 to 50,000 in 1960: Anchorage, A la sk a ..------- ------------- Crookston, M inn__________________ Devils Lake, N .D ak _______________ Findlay, Ohio_____________________ Florence, A la______________________ Kingston, N .Y _____________________ Klamath Falls, Oreg_______________ Logansport, Ind___________________ Mangum, Okla____________________ Martinsville, V a___________________ McAllen, Tex____ Millville, N .J____ Niles, M ich------- ... Orem, U tah______ Southbridge, Mass. Item and outlet samples priced 1 2 2 IA, 2B Do. 1 1 Do. IA, 2B 2 1, 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 Union, S.C______________________________________ - 1 Vicksburg, M i s s . .. -------------- ------ --------- ------ --------- 2 Item samples are identified as samples “ 1” and “2”. Outlet samples are identified as samples “A ” and “B ”. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis times 100. At present, 65 CALCULATION OF AVERAGE RETAIL FOOD PRICES Editing. Each quotation is reviewed in compari son with the price reported in the same outlet for the previous period and quantitative adjustment of prices is made to achieve comparability of quality. In all cities, prices of foods within the accepted range of sizes are converted to a common unit. In a few cases, such as the various grades of beef, and citrus fruits from different growing areas, factors derived from usual market differen tials are employed to adjust to a standard quality. Prices seriously out of line are excluded from the calculation and followup inquiries are made to the field agent for the next pricing. Editing of prices outside the preferred quality or size range differs between the 12 largest cities and the remaining cities. Since the latter are based on matching samples of outlets, the process ing routine permits deviating items to be used in the calculations for the index, provided prices for the same (deviating) quality and size are available in the 2 successive months being compared, but the differential in price between qualities is not reflected as price change for the index. On the other hand, because of the larger size of reporter samples, enough prices meeting specification can be obtained in the largest cities to make use of deviating items unnecessary. In addition, matched samples, though desirable, are not essen tial in these cities. For this group, therefore, prices outside the preferred quality and size range are edited out of the price and index calculations. As soon as necessary programming can be com pleted, food prices for all cities will be processed by machine, using matched samples and includ ing deviations for all cities on a comparable basis from month to month. Computing Techniques. After editing, weighted average prices are computed for index purposes for each subsample of stores, using the edited quotations for all stores in the 12 largest cities, but only quotations from the same outlets in 2 suc cessive months in all other cities. Where neces sary to achieve matching samples, average prices for the previous month are recomputed. Prices 5 T hese ca teg o ries in clu d e m eat and produce m arkets, both c h ain and ind ep en dent, as w ell as ind ep en dent groceries. 9 A d iscu ssio n o f th ese co n sid era tio n s and th e possible effect of a lte r n a tiv e m eth ods o f h a n d lin g o u tle t w e ig h t changes is con tain ed in “Food D istr ib u tio n C hanges and th e C P I” in th e Jan u ary 1 964 M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , pp. 5 8 -6 4 . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis are weighted averages of separate prices for three strata of stores—chain grocery stores, and other stores (largely independent groceries)5 divided into large and small stores. The same chain stores are included in each of the two subsamples, and in each subsample, the chain store average price is combined with prices for large and small inde pendent stores. Chain grocery quotations are the total sales of all stores of each chain organizathe total sales of all stores of each chain organiza tion in a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. Average prices for large and for small independ ent stores are each unweighted means. For the new index, differential percentage weights have been introduced for meats, produce, and dry gro ceries, representing estimated sales for these groups in the three outlet strata. These weights were derived from 1958 sales data from the Census of Retail Trade and reports from all out lets in the BLS sample giving a rough breakdown of total sales for the three commodity categories. Use of differential weights rather than the single set of weights based on total sales volume formerly used has affected the level of published prices, since it has tended to raise the chain weight for dry groceries and reduce it for meats and produce. The stratum sales weights are revised about every 5 years or whenever a new Census becomes available, and the internal store weights about every 2 years. Revised outlet weights are linked into the index so that changing proportions of sales in different types of stores are not reflected directly in price changes for the index. Use of the linking procedure has been adopted in recognition of the varying degree of services provided by dif ferent stores, because of considerations relating to limitations of the data for weight adjustment, and problems of the store sample.6 Prices based on both the old and new weights are published for the “link” month (the last month for which old weights were used and the month in which revised weights were used for comparison with subsequent months). Food Price Calculation The food prices computed for the index are not suitable for publication as price averages, since they are not restricted to a single specified quality and size. Therefore, special editing not needed for 66 measurement of price change is needed to develop prices for narrowly defined specifications. Benchmarks. Procedures have been devised to calculate city and U.S. prices for publication that use index values and price relatives extensively. These procedures employ benchmark prices for defined specifications for each of the 50 cities, ad justed month by month by the price changes re flected in the index. Benchmark prices are com puted in an independent operation, using prices for all outlets and not as an average of the two subsamples.7 All deviations are excluded. The same outlet weighting factors as used in the index are used. To prevent published prices from de viating widely from an average of collected prices, benchmark prices are to be recomputed annually. The first benchmark calculation was for April 1964. Using this set of benchmarks, prices were estimated back to December 1963 on the basis of the changes in the indexes for individual items. Similarly, prices will be estimated forward to December 1964. The next benchmark calculation, which will involve a new review of the price data for comparability of specification, is planned for January 1965. Combining City Prices. Population weights for combining city prices to U.S. averages are based on the 1960 population of the SMSA’s—or cities in which prices are collected, and cities of like characteristics represented by the sample cities. A procedure for simple calculation of weighted average U.S. prices has been devised which makes maximum use of data already compiled for the index. Relative population weights adding to 1 are built into the index values, so that aggregation of city cost-population values to U.S. totals is itself a weighting operation. In the index calculation, price relatives are applied to index values (includ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 ing population weights) for the previous period (qptx-xw) by city for each item for each subsample of outlets to derive current period values (qp^w).8 These values and the U.S. item totals that are com puted each month become basic tools for calcula tion of prices for publication. At the benchmark date, city quantity weighting factors including relative population weights,9 qiCs are derived for each city by dividing the “cost-population weight” for the item (the sum of the two outlet samples) by the city benchmark average price (qpw + p). The U.S. quantity is a simple summation of the city factors in which the iCs total 1. Weighted average U.S. prices are derived both for the bench mark month and for subsequent months simply by dividing the U.S. total value (cost-population weight) for the item by the U.S. quantity weight. In periods other than the benchmark month, estimated prices are calculated for each of the 12 large cities by dividing the current index value (qpw) by the city quantity weighting factor, which generally remains fixed between benchmark calculations. The estimated prices are in effect benchmark prices for a defined specifications up dated by index price changes. Thus they are not an average of collected prices. This treatment eliminates the need for any special editing in sub sequent months except for index purposes. In the 12 cities for which prices are published, between benchmarks it is merely necessary to sum costpopulation weights for the two subsamples and divide by the city-weighting factor. 7 In th e regu lar in d ex w ork, sep arate prices for th e tw o sub sam ples o f o u tlets need n ot be com bined in c ity averages. B e cause o f u se o f m a tch in g sam ples, in m ost c itie s th ere m ay be tw o average prices fo r each of th e tw o subsam ples fo r any given m on th— one com parable w ith th e previous, th e oth er w ith th e fo llo w in g m onth. 8 W here q = p h y sic a l q u a n tity w eig h t, p = price o f an in d iv id u a l item , and w = c ity ’s p op u lation w eigh t. 9 S in ce cost-p op u lation w e ig h ts in clu d e sa les ta x w h ile bench m ark prices exclude sa les tax, q u a n tity w e ig h ts d erived in th is w ay also c o n ta in th e effect o f sa les tax. T h ey are ad justed w h en ever a change in ta x is reflected in th e in d ex c o st w eig h ts. Foreign Labor Brief European Limitations on Employee Dismissal A re E uropean employers more inhibited by cus tom and law than their American counterparts in exercising their right to discharge or lay off workers? Observations and conversations with European trade unionists and employer represen tatives indicate that, in the European countries where shortages of qualified labor and many un filled job vacancies exist, employers do tend to carry surplus workers on their payrolls longer than American employers. Conditions now pre vailing in many areas encourage labor hoarding, either to maintain qualified personnel during slack periods against the day when business revives or to protect against resort to the employment of foreign workers. Some German trade unionists, for example, have estimated that labor hoarding in the metals industry at times may run as high as 10 percent. Although this cause of employer reluctance to separate workers permanently or temporarily may be regarded as transitory, discharges and layoffs for economic reasons have also been curbed by more permanent factors in the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and other countries. These factors have included es tablished custom, management practices, and reg ulations designed to protect workers against dis missals that, although valid under general civil law, appear unwarranted for social reasons. Federal Republic of Germany In West Germany, for example, the manage ment of enterprises with more than 20 regular employees must clear decisions involving dis charges with the works council, which is entitled to participate in managerial decisionmaking re garding “social matters,” i.e., decisions affecting the welfare of the personnel. Moreover, under https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the Law on Protection Against Discharge of August 10, 1951, a legally valid discharge may be declared ineffective by the Labor Court if it is “socially unjustified,” that is, if it cannot be based on the characteristics or conduct of the employee or on important needs of the enterprise. Even if important business needs warrant the discharge, it is nevertheless “socially unjustified” if the em ployer selected the employee for discharge with out giving sufficient attention to the social factors involved. In the event that the Labor Court holds the separation notice ineffective for social reasons, the employer may be ordered to pay a severance allowance, instead of actually continuing the em ployment relationship. In addition to the provi sions of the Law on Protection Against Discharge, the West German employer is bound by a statutory duty to report intended separations of more than a certain percentage of his work force to enable the public employment service to initiate steps to forestall possible serious effects of mass dismissals. Italy A different procedure serving the same purpose as the German law concerning discharge is pro vided by the Italian labor law. A national man agement-labor agreement, which was given the force of law in 1960, established a Council of Con ciliation and Arbitration to which cases of indi vidual dismissals are submitted when the workers concerned so request. The Council is composed of an employer representative, a workers’ representa tive, and a president who is selected from a list of candidates agreed upon by the provincial organi zations of trade unions and employers. Within 3 days of the dismissal notice, a worker who considers his separation unwarranted may ask his union to meet with the employer’s representa tive in an attempt at conciliation, which must be concluded within the following 4 days. If this initial attempt at conciliation fails, the worker, again through his union, may request the inter vention of the Council of Conciliation and Arbi tration. Should the Council deem the motives for dismissal invalid, the employer is requested to re instate the worker with full seniority rights. If the employer refuses, he must pay a penalty in addition to the regular severance allowance. 67 68 Under the provisions of another national agree ment, likewise given the force of law in 1960, an industrial firm planning a work force reduction must inform the local employers’ association, giv ing reasons for the anticipated layoff, the date, and the number of workers affected. The employers’ association then must give this information to the local trade union organizations, which may, within 5 days, request a meeting with management to ex amine the reasons for the dismissals and to explore ways of avoiding them or to reach a compromise solution. Once the conciliatory procedure is ini tiated, the dismissals are suspended for 15 days, or until the conciliation procedure is closed. Regardless of whether a mutual agreement is reached, the firm planning a collective layoff must consider the following factors when selecting workers for dismissal: technical and production requirements, seniority and length of service, and the family responsibilities and financial condition of the employees considered for discharge. Netherlands In the Netherlands, an employee who feels that his dismissal is unreasonable may ask a special court to consider his case. The court may deem a discharge unreasonable if the employer gives a false reason or no reason for his action, if the con sequences of the dismissal are more serious for the employee than would be his continued employment for the employer, and if seniority provisions of a collective contract are violated, except in cases where the reasons for the dismissal are more weighty. France The French Ministry of Labor can require an employer to postpone separations for economic reasons to allow the Ministry time to ascertain that every precaution has been taken to minimize the hardship on workers. The employer is expected to make a strong effort at his own expense to find other employment for workers to be separated. In the case of a layoff, which suspends rather than terminates an employment relationship, the Min istry is not legally authorized to intervene directly, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 but it can use informal means to persuade an em ployer to modify his contemplated action. It can usually expect trade union and public support. Individual Employer Attitudes These statutory and administrative dismissal regulations are at the same time both the cause and result of widespread social attitudes that, long observable in European employer behavior, have recently been confirmed by observations and con versations with trade unionists and employer rep resentatives. For example, reports confirm that the German employer’s attitude still tends to be somewhat patriarchal, resulting in a feeling of heavy responsibility for the job security of those dependent upon him for employment. In addi tion, he may also be somewhat afraid of loss of prestige among his fellow employers, because em ployee layoffs might be interpreted as proof of his failure as a businessman. Similarly, surviv ing paternalistic trends in small Italian enter prises may still make employers reluctant to lay off or dismiss. However, management’s approach in large, modern enterprises probably differs very little from that of its American counterpart, Even prior to the introduction of-strict legal reg ulations, employers in the Netherlands have fre quently appeared to be reluctant to separate em ployees during short slack periods. In France, where trade unions take the position, as does also a large part of the general public, that the em ployer is under a moral obligation to make great efforts to protect his workers from the hardships of temporary or final job loss, mass dismissals or layoffs are likely to cause retaliatory action. Pre vailing French public opinion is inclined to re gard the separated worker as a person being de prived of a vested interest in his employment, This feeling is so strong that legislation has been enacted requiring an employer to consult with his works committee before deciding upon a layoff. Because of widespread avoidance, the Government has indicated recently that it will seek to tighten this legislation to assure better protection of workers. — K urt B r a u n Division of Foreign Labor Conditions Significant Decisions in Labor Cases* Labor Relations Breach of No-Strike Clause. A United States court of appeals ruled1 that a suit in a State court to enjoin—under a State law—a union from vio lating a no-strike clause should not have been re moved to a Federal court because its result did not depend upon determination of a controversy over the “validity, construction, or effect” of the Constitution or any law of the United States. The employer’s claim could not be defeated by the removal and by the Federal court’s inability, under the Norris-LaGuardia Act, to grant the injunction sought, the court held. The Federal district court would not remand the case to the State court in which it originated. It assumed jurisdiction on the ground that the employer’s claim alleged a violation of a collective bargaining agreement for which suit may be brought in a Federal court under section 301(a) of the Labor Management Relations Act. The court held, however, that the Norris-LaGuardia Act’s ban on injunctions in labor disputes 2 pre vented it from granting the injunctive relief sought. In reversing the lower court’s decision and directing that the case be sent back to the State court, the appellate court, after voluminous cita tions from judicial history, pointed out that Fed eral law does not displace State law except where it is the basis of the suit. The court said that sec tion 301(a) of the LMRA, permitting suits for violation of labor contracts, does not prevent the application of a similar State law where, as here, the complaint is cast solely on the State-created right and seeks a remedy available only under State law. Furthermore, the court held that since the district court was powerless—because of the Federal anti-injunction statute—to decide the case https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis on its merits and render a binding decision, that court had no power to take the case from the State. The majority opinion rejected as without judi cial support a dissenting judge’s reasoning that the Federal law displaces State law in suits of this nature; that the Norris-LaGuardia Act’s antiinjunction provision extends to State laws and renders their injunctive provisions illegal; and that for these reasons the State court was without power to adjudicate the case and to grant the re lief sought. Refusal To Bargain. Last spring, the National Labor Relations Board discarded the rule that a labor organization waived its right to pursue the refusal-to-bargain remedy of the LMRA when it permitted a representation election to be held de spite its knowledge that the employer had com mitted unfair labor practices.3 The Board re cently clarified its new approach by declaring4 that a union pursuing an unfair labor practice remedy after losing an election can obtain such relief only after having the election set aside on meritorious objections filed in the representation proceeding, even though the employer’s election interference could separately be established in the unfair labor practice case. After a period of organizing activities at the employer’s plant, the union asked that it be given recognition and that bargaining talks begin. Fail ing to receive a satisfactory response it filed a pe tition for an election, which it lost. The union then asked that the election be set aside, basing its charges on alleged employer interference; it filed unfair labor practice charges as well. ♦P repared in th e U .S. D ep artm en t of Labor, Office of th e S o lici tor. T he ca ses covered in th is a r tic le rep resen t a selectio n o f th e sign ifican t d ecision s b elieved to be of sp ecial in ter e st. No attem p t h as been m ade to reflect a ll recent ju d ic ia l and a d m in istr a tiv e d evelopm ents in th e field of labor la w or to in d ica te th e effect of p a rticu la r decision s in ju risd ic tio n s in w hich contrary resu lts m ay be reached based upon local s ta tu to r y p rovision s, th e e x is t ence of local p recedents, or a different app roach by th e cou rts to th e issu e presented. 1A m e r ic a n D r e d g in g C o. v. L o c a l 2 5 , M a r in e D iv is i o n , I n t e r n a ti o n a l U n io n o f O p e r a tin g E n g in e e r s (C.A. 3, Oct. 30, 1 9 6 4 ). 2 S in c l a ir R e fin in g Co. v. A tk in s o n , 370 U.S., 195 (1 9 6 2 ). 3B e r n e l F o a m P r o d u c ts C o ., I n c . and T e x t i l e W o r k e r s U n io n , 146 N L R B No. 161 (M ay 4, 1 9 6 4 ) ; see M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , J u ly 1964, p. 808. * I r v i n g A i r C h u te C o m p a n y , I n c . and T e x t i l e W o r k e r s U n io n , 149 N L R B No. 59 (N ov. 12, 1 9 6 4 ). 69 70 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 The Board set the election aside after finding that the employer had threatened some employees with discharge if they actively supported the union, and had called upon them to form an in ternal representation group and to reject the union. These actions also constituted unfair labor prac tices—interference with the employees’ protected rights, including their freedom of choice in the election, and domination of or interference with the formation of a union—violations of sections 8(a) (1) and (2), respectively, the Board said. These flagrant violations, the Board held, indi cated that it was not a good-faith doubt of the union’s majority status that made the employer ignore its request for recognition and bargaining; rather, the employer used the preelection period to undermine the union’s majority. In the absence of such good-faith doubt, the employer’s refusal to bargain could not have been brought about by the union’s petition for election; it was, therefore, unlawful under section 8(a)(5) of the act, the Board held. In clarifying its new position regarding actions by unions seeking bargaining relief where the em ployer’s preelection conduct was unlawful, the Board made the following reservation: We will not grant such relief . . . unless the elec tion be set aside upon meritorious objections filed in the representation case. Were the election not set aside on the basis of objections in the present . . . case, we would not now direct a bargaining order even though the unfair labor practice phase of this proceeding itself established the employer’s interfer ence with the election. Member Leedom dissented in part, stating that he would retain the rule of waiver which the Board had earlier rejected and, therefore, would not have opened the refusal-to-bargain route. In his view, the Board should have ordered a new election, thus leaving the union to the election procedure it chose to follow in the beginning. Protected Activity. An employer’s honest but mistaken belief that two employees who were so liciting union membership had threatened to dyna mite the company’s property if the union did not acquire the authorizations did not justify their discharge, the U.S. Supreme Court held.5 The employer discharged the two workers, re lying upon information furnished by an employee who had been solicited. Subsequent investigation https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis by the NLRB revealed the charges to be untrue. The Board held that the employer’s honest belief that the information was true did not shield him from a finding of interference with protected union activity in violation of section 8(a)(1) of the LMRA, and discrimination with regard to tenure of employment to discourage union membership— a violation of section 8(a) (8) of the act. The court of appeals refused to enforce the Board’s reinstatement order because, in its opinion, the employer’s belief that the discharged employ ees had engaged in activities—threats of vio lence—which are outside the protection of the act was a valid defense to the charges. The Supreme Court reversed the court below but chose not to deal with the question of whether the section 8(a) (3) ban on discrimination to dis courage union activity had been violated—a ques tion which would have required an examination of the employer’s motive. Instead, the Court held that the employer had interfered with the pro tected right to organize, a violation of section 8(a)(1), and that under this section the good faith of the employer in making the discharges was immaterial. The Court laid down the following test for a violation of that section: A showing “that the discharged employee was at the time engaged in protected activity; that the employer knew it was such, that the basis of the discharge was an alleged act of misconduct in the course of that activity, and that the employee was not, in fact, guilty of that misconduct.” The Court stressed that the immunity given protected activity such as soliciting union mem bership would acquire a precarious status if inno cent employees could be discharged while engaged in it, “even though the employer acts in good faith.” Justice Harlan dissented in part. He agreed with the majority that an employee should not bear the entire brunt of his honest, but mistaken discharge. However, he took the position that a rule fair to both sides would be one requiring reinstatement of a wrongfully discharged em ployee and back pay only as of the time the employer learned, or should have learned of his mistake, unless there is a valid business reason for refusing reinstatement. 5 N L R B v. B u m u p an d S im s, Inc. (U .S . Sup. Ct., N ov. 9, 1 9 6 4 ). DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES Fair Employment Practices Discrimination in Hire. The Illinois Fair Em ployment Practices Commission directed an electronics company to cease denying equal em ployment opportunity to any qualified applicants and to pay a monetary award to a Negro applicant who had passed the company’s tests but had been discriminated against when he sought employ ment.6 The Commission, however, did not feel it necessary, as the hearing examiner did, to require the employer to stop using a general ability pre employment test which might have been inher ently discriminatory. The complainant alleged that the employer had violated the Illinois Fair Employment Practices Act by discriminatorily denying him a position as an “analyzer and phaser” after he had passed the preemployment tests and asserted other qualifica tions for employment. When the employer refused to participate in a conciliation conference to attempt an amicable settlement, a hearing exam iner was appointed to investigate the complaint. The hearing examiner not only found that the employer had discriminated but also ordered the employer to discontinue using the preemployment test given the applicant, since he found it to be discriminatory against culturally disadvantaged groups. The hearing examiner required, in addi tion, that if the employer chose to replace the test “that it adopt a test which shall reflect and equate inequalities and environmental factors among the disadvantaged and culturally deprived groups.” The examiner further required the company to https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 71 offer the complainant the job for which he had applied at the current rate of wages paid those who were in training. On appeal, the Commission chose not to deal with the question of whether the preemployment test was discriminatory since the complainant had passed the test and did not claim it to have been discriminatory. It emphasized, however, that in a future case, with an appropriate factual situa tion, the use of such a test might be held in viola tion of the State fair employment practices statute since it forbids the use of any device to discrimi nate. In supporting the hearing examiner’s find ing that the complainant had been discriminated against, the Commission based its conclusion on the evidence that the company discriminated at the first step of its hiring process and thereby precluded the complainant from demonstrating his qualifications for the job sought. Since the complainant was discriminated against before he had a chance to show his merit and the record did not enable the Commission to judge that merit and qualification for the job, the Commission did not require the company to hire him or to give him further consideration for employment. In stead, the Commission directed the employer to pay the complainant $1,000 for the expense, em barrassment, and possible loss of employment at the company; it also enjoined the company from further discrimination in hiring on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or ancestry. 8 In re M y a r t and M o to ro la , In c. (111. F a ir E m ploym en t P ra c tices C om m ission No. 6 3 c -1 2 7 , N ov. 18, 1 9 6 4 ). Chronology of Recent Labor Events tive January 1, 1965, while engineers received minimum increases of $1.75 a day in basic rates retroactive to June 1, 1964. A fourth week of vacation after 20 years of service was also provided. On the same day, the Locomotive Engineers negotiated a fourth week of vacation after 20 years’ service for its 35,000 workers. On November 20 and 21, eight nonoperating unions, representing 367,000 workers, settled on similar wage and fringe benefit agree ments. ( See also p. 74 of this issue.) November 18 November 1, 1964 in the Railway Labor Executives’ Association. The Brotherhood had previously withdrawn from railway labor’s Political League. T h e I llinois Fair Employment Practices Commission, finding that a Negro applicant denied employment at Motorola, Inc., had been discriminated against, ruled that the company pay him $1,000 damages and end future unfair employment practices. November 3 November 19 F ull crew law s specifying train crew sizes were repealed in referendums held in California, Arizona, and North Dakota. T h e S ecretary T h e L ocomotive E ngineers withdrew from participation November 9 of D e fen se announced that 95 military installations would be closed or consolidated over periods ranging from 6 months to 10 years, eliminating 28,500 civilian jobs. Displaced workers were to be retrained and relocated at government expense. R eversing a U.S. Court of Appeals, the U.S. Supreme November 21 Court held that an employer, erroneously informed that employee organizers were going to dynamite his plants, violated right-to-organize provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act when he discharged the organizers. The case was NLRB v. Burnup and Sims, Inc. (See p. 70 of this issue.) November 16 R ailroad T r ain m en and the Nation’s railroads agreed to a 2-year contract for 96,000 workers. It pro vided wage increases of $1.75 a day for conductors and car retarder operators, $1.44 for yard helpers and road brakemen, and 21.875 cents an hour for dining car stewards and yard masters, all retroactive to July 12,1964, and a fourth week of vacation after 20 years’ service. Five days later, the Railway Conductors and Brakemen, representing over 16,000 workers, reached a similar agreement. (See also p. 74 of this issue.) T he A 1 9 - d a y strike b y 1 1 ,0 0 0 workers ended when Allis Chal mers Manufacturing Co. and the Auto Workers settled on a 3-year contract patterned after other recent farm imple ment agreements. ( See also p. 75 of this issue.) November 17 A n agreement based upon recommendations made by Presidential Emergency Board 164 on November 5 was reached between the Nation’s railroads and the Loco motive Firemen and Enginemen, representing 28,000 work ers. Firemen’s wages were to be increased 9 cents an hour retroactive to January 15, 1964, and another 9 cents effec72 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T h e D etroit P u b l ish e r s A ssociation , representing the Free Press and Detroit News, and the Printing Pressmen’s Union, on strike since July 13, settled on a new agreement. The parties resolved the major issue of crew sizes on eight-unit presses by agreeing to the present 16-man crew for 1 year. Thereafter, crew sizes may either be reduced to 15 men or the union may submit the issue to arbitration. The Paper and Plate Handlers Union, which had also been on strike, had reached agreement 10 days earlier. (See also pp. 77-78 of this issue.) November 23 T h e last of n in e Ford Motor Co. plants which struck on November 6 over local working conditions ratified an agreement. The strike by 25,500 workers resulted in the layoff of some 80,000 nonstrikers as parts shortages closed other units. (See also p. 75 of this issue.) A strike begun November 9 was ended when the Detroit Tooling Association, representing 59 tool and die firms in Detroit, reached agreement with the Auto Workers on a 3-year contract providing 5,000 workers wage increases ranging from 26 to 35 cents an hour over the contract term. (See also p. 75 of this issue.) November 24 T h e AFL-CIO E xecutive Council adjourned a 1-day meeting in Washington, D.C., after formulating its 1965 legislative goals. Among them were: Repeal of TaftHartley provisions permitting States to outlaw union shop CHRONOLOGY OF RECENT LABOR EVENTS 73 agreements; hospital insurance for the aged based on so cial security principles; a Federal system of reinsurance for private pension plans; increased unemployment and social security benefits; and a $2 minimum wage, 35-hour workweek, with double time for overtime. November 26 a i 2-day strik e , the Pacific Coast Association of Pulp and Paper Manufacturers and the Western Pulp and Paper Workers agreed on terms of a contract covering 21,000 workers at 48 plants. The contract provided a modified union shop, wage and fringe benefit increases totaling 19 cents an hour retroactive to June 1, 1964, a T h e Canadian Board of Maritime Trustees announced Leonard J. McLaughlin was elected president of the Canadian branch of the Seafarers Union. He had been executive vice president under Hal C. Banks who was re moved from office by the Board. (See Chron. item for Mar. 18, MLR, May 1964 and p. 79 of this issue.) - A fter https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 10-cent wage increase on June 1,1965, and a wage reopener 1 year before the agreement’s March 15, 1967, expiration date. ( See also p. 77 of this issue.) Developments in Industrial Relations* Wages and Collective Bargaining Transportation and Communications. About 550.000 railroad employees received either wage increases or liberalized fringe benefits under agree ments reached during November, while negotia tions affecting another 49,000 shop craft workers continued into December. The Locomotive Engineers, representing 35,000 members, on November 17 signed an agreement providing a fourth week of vacation after 20 years’ service.1 On the same day, the Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen signed an agreement providing most of its 28,000 members a 72-cent-a-day wage increase retroactive to January 15,1964, with an additional 72 cents scheduled for January 1,1965. Engineers on trains without firemen received additional in creases, while other engineers received $1.75 a day retroactive to June 1, 1964. A fourth week of vacation after 20 years’ service was also established. On November 16, the Railroad Trainmen agreed to a contract for its 96,000 members, providing a $1.75-a-day wage increase for conductors and car retarder operators, $1.44 for yard helpers and road brakemen, and an increase in the basic monthly rates for dining car stewards and yardmasters by an amount equal to 21.875 cents an hour. All increases were retroactive to July 12, 1964. A fourth week of vacation was also established for employees with 20 years’ service. On November 20, the Railway Conductors and Brakemen, represent ing 16,000 members, signed a contract providing the same wage increases and vacation benefits. Later in the month, the Switchmen, representing 8.000 workers, accepted a similar offer from the railroads. On November 20 and 21, 8 2 of the 11 nonoperat ing unions, representing 367,000 members, signed 3-year contracts providing wage increases of 9 cents an hour on January 1 of 1964,1965, and 1966. 74 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The Railway Signalmen were not covered by the provision for wage increases since they had signed a wage agreement on May 1,1964.3 Other terms of the agreement, which followed the recommendations made in October by three Presidential Emergency Boards,4 were a fourth week of vacation after 20 years’ service, an eighth paid holiday (the employee’s birthday), $2,000 life insurance coverage for retired employees, and rail road payment of $25.22 a month (instead of $21.82) beginning January 1, 1966, to maintain current health and welfare benefits. Negotiations on job security provisions affecting five nonoperat ing unions were continuing.5 A 3-year contract negotiated by the Teamsters in mid-November for 5,000 tank truck drivers in 13 midwestern States provided general increases of 8 cents an hour effective each November 15 of 1964, 1965, and 1966, with additional increases to eliminate area differentials. The hourly rate of all drivers will be $3.44 an hour at the termina tion of the contract. A guaranteed 48-hour week was continued with 8 hours at time and one-half providing $178.88 a week guaranteed pay at the end of the contract period. The companies agreed to increase their payment to the health and wel fare funds to $7.30 a week (from $3.50) and to the pension fund to $8 (from $6). The cost-ofliving clause was revised, and a 4-week vacation was provided after 16 instead of 18 years’ service. Trans World Airlines, Inc., and the Air Line Pilots Association agreed on a 2-year contract gradually cutting the maximum flying time for 1,800 pilots to 75 hours a month by December 1, 1966, from the existing 85, with no loss in monthly pay. The agreement also increased retirement and disability payments. Several telephone companies reached agreement under wage reopenings with the Communications Workers (CWA) or other unions during late Sep*Prepared in th e D iv isio n of W age E con om ics, B ureau of Labor S ta tis tic s, on th e b asis o f pu blished m aterial ava ila b le in early D ecem ber. 1 A $1.75-a-day w age in crea se had been n e g o tia ted in J u ly 1964. See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , Septem ber 1964, p. 1068. 2 R ailw ay Clerks, M ain ten an ce o f W ay E m ployees, R ailroad T elegraph ers, H o te l and R e sta u ra n t E m ployees, B oilerm akers, R a ilw ay C arm en, F irem en and O ilers, and R ailroad S ign alm en. 3 See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , J u ly 1964, p. 813. * See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , D ecem ber 1964, p. 2. 6 S ix shop cra ft un ion s sign ed a job secu rity agreem en t on Sept. 25, 1964. See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , N ovem ber 1964, pp. 1 3 0 8 1309. DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS tember, October, or November, with weekly salary increases ranging from $2 to $6 a week, and in some cases, additional increases resulting from up grading of towns. Among the agreements were: Northwestern Bell and the CWA—$2 to $5 a week for about 17,000 employees, effective September 27, with upgrading of some towns. Bell Telephone Co. of Pa. and the Telephone Work ers of Pa. (Ind.)—$2 to $6 for about 9,500 plant and service department employees, effective in October. Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Co. and the CWA—$2.50 to $5 for about 18,000 plant and traffic employees in northern California and Nevada, effec tive October 18. New England Telephone and Telegraph Co. and the Brotherhood of Telephone Workers (Ind.)—$2 to $5 for about 12,500 employees effective in October. Southern Bell Telephone Co. and the CWA—$2 to $5 for about 57,000 employees in all departments in nine southeastern States effective in mid-November, plus reclassification of several towns. Illinois Bell Telephone Co. and the Electrical Work ers (IBEW )—increases ranging from $2.50 to $5 and averaging $4.86 a week for 11,000 plant employees in Illinois and Lake and Porter Counties, In d.; max imum wage increases of $5 a week for 34 job classifi cations including all switchmen, PBX repairmen, installers, and general repairmen and linemen, and increases in all starting rates in amounts ranging from $3 to $4.50 a w eek; contracts retroactive to No vember 22 if agreement was ratified by December 10. Services. Members of the Hotel and Restaurant Employees Union, on October 28, ratified an agree ment with the Golden Gate Restaurant Association providing 5-percent wage increases in each of the 3 contract years for about 7,000 cooks, waiters, waitresses, bartenders, and other culinary workers. It was expected the contract would be extended to 8,000 workers in other restaurants and bars in the San Francisco area. In the final year of the con tract, minimum rates for a 7^-hour day will range from $14.50 for waiters and cashiers to $31.80 a day for chefs. Metalworking. In the automobile industry, a mas ter contract was signed by Ford Motor Co. and the Auto Workers (UAW), and full production was resumed after the last of nine units that had struck over local issues ratified its supplemental agreement in late November. The strike at the plant in Sterling Township, Mich., and the eight others that began November 6 had resulted in the layoff of 80,000 men as parts shortages closed other units. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 75 On November 16, the Allis-Chalmers Manufac turing Co. reached agreement with the UAW on a 3-year contract covering some 11,000 employees, ending a strike that began November 7. Settle ment terms were generally similar to the Big Three auto and farm implement agreements.6 Wages were to be increased 2y2 percent (minimum 6 cents) effective November 1,1965, and 2.8 percent (minimum 7 cents) effective November 1, 1966. Other provisions included two additional holidays, bringing the total to 9; 4 weeks’ vacation after 20 years (instead of 25), and 3 weeks after 10 years (instead of 15) ; and improvements in regular and early retirement pensions, SUB benefits, insurance, and other benefits. On November 23, the Detroit Tooling Associa tion, representing 59 firms in the Detroit area, reached agreement with the Auto Workers on a 3-year contract covering some 5,000 workers. The agreement provided wage increases ranging from 26 to 35 cents an hour over 3 years and improve ments in fringe benefits. The settlement was pre ceded by a strike that began on November 9. A 3-year contract agreed to in mid-October be tween the Allied Industrial Workers, representing some 1,600 workers, and the Fort Wayne Division of the Dana Corp. deferred a 6-cent-an-hour addi tion to incentive base rates and a 7-cent increase in rates of hourly workers until October 1965, and scheduled a similar wage increase for 1966. The company assumed the full cost of life and hos pitalization insurance for current employees and retirees. Other terms included a ninth paid holi day, improved pension benefits, and establishment of a SUB plan. After a 20-week strike, the Barber-Colman Co. reached agreement with the Sheet Metal Workers on a 30-month agreement covering some 2,500 workers in Rockford and Loves Park, 111., and Milton Junction, Wis. The settlement, ratified on October 21, provided a 2.3-percent wage increase (averaging 6 cents an hour) the first year, and 9 cents an hour effective both May 2, 1965, and May 3, 1966. Wage classifications were consolidated from several hundred to 19, providing additional raises averaging 4 cents an hour effective the first year. Other provisions included assumption by the company of the full cost instead of about 70 percent of the cost of life and accident and health benefits, a major medical plan for retirees, and « See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , N ovem ber, 1964, pp. 1 3 0 6 -1 3 0 8 , and D ecem ber 1964, p. 1435. 76 improved recall and seniority provisions. Strikers accused of picket line violence were to be reinstated pending arbitration of their status. Negotiating jointly for some 1,800 workers, Pratt and Whitney Co. and Chandler Evans Corp. of Hartford, Conn., both divisions of Fairbanks Whitney Corp., settled with the UAW on Octo ber 5 on a 3-year contract providing immediate 5to 16-cent-an-hour wage increases and similar increases 18 months later. Other provisions in cluded increased night-shift differentials, the day after Thanksgiving as a ninth paid holiday, a fourth week of vacation after 25 years, improved funeral leave, and increased insurance benefits. Pension benefits were to be raised immediately to $2.75 a month (from $2.50) for each year of serv ice up to 35, to $3 on January 1, 1968, and to $3.25 for each year beyond January 1, 1968. Seniority provisions were broadened to permit transfer within broad job classes, and wage rates for skilled work were to be open to renegotiation whenever operations are automated. In early October, the Bridgeport Brass Co. of Bridgeport, Conn., agreed with the Brass Workers (Federal Labor Union No. 24411) on a 3-year con tract covering 1,600 workers. The pact deferred a 7-cent-an-hour wage increase until October 1, 1965, but inequity adjustments ranging from 2 to 5 cents an hour for specified job classifications were to be provided in the first and third years. Other provisions increased premium pay for holi day work, improved vacations, and raised life in surance, weekly sickness and accident, and hospital benefits. The pension plan was funded and im proved to include deferred vesting rights at age 65 for employees age 40 with 15 years’ credited serv ice. Severance pay providing from $200 after 10 years’ service up to $600 after 30 years’ service was established. The Waterbury, Conn., Division of the Ana conda American Brass Co. reached agreement with the.UAW on a 3-year contract covering some 1,600 workers. The pact, ratified on October 19 following a 4-day strike, provided a 6-cent-a.nhour general increase in base rates effective Oc tober 15, 1964, with an additional 6 cents an hour in October of 1965 and 1966. In addition, skilled employees were to receive 5-cent increases in the first and third years. One-half cent an hour was to be deducted from the second year increase to defray the cost of including total company serv https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 ice in computing paid vacations for employees of the Torrington Division who had been transferred to the Waterbury Division. Other provisions included 4 weeks’ vacation after 25 years (instead of the previous maximum of 3 weeks after 15 years), and effective the second year, an additional day’s paid vacation for each 2 years worked beyond 15 years. Daily hospital benefits were to be increased, and effective Octo ber 15, 1965, company contributions to the secu rity benefit plan were to be increased 5 cents an hour and the maximum weekly payment from in dividual accounts was to be increased to $40. In early November, the Collins Radio Co. signed a 3-year contract with the Electrical Workers (IBEW) covering some 4,200 workers in Cedar Rapids and Anamosa, Iowa. Retroactive to Octo ber 10, it provided a 6- to 9-cent wage increase the first year, 6 to 8 cents effective October 9,1965, and 5 to 8 cents on October 15, 1966. The night-shift differential was raised to 20 cents (from 15 cents) and a 15-cent premium for regularly scheduled weekend work was established. Total paid holi days were brought to 9 by establishing New Year’s Eve as a full instead of a half holiday and by add ing the day after Thanksgiving, and a fourth week of vacation was made effective after 20 instead of 25 years. Life insurance coverage was also in creased and termination pay was established for workers retiring at age 55 with 10 years’ or more service. Wagner Electric Co., of St. Louis, Mo., and the Electrical Workers (IU E ), representing 3,500 workers, agreed to a two-part contract on Octo ber 6. The wage agreement—effective for 30 months—provided increases of 11 cents an hour, payable in 3 steps; continuation of cost-of-living escalation, with a 3-cent-an-hour annual limita tion ; and an inequity wage adjustment fund valued at 1 cent an hour. The other contract provisions— in effect for 54 months—provided an additional paid holiday and 4 weeks’ vacation after 15 rather than 20 years, with a fifth week after 25 years’ service. Pension plan improvements included vesting after 10 years’ service instead of 15 years and benefits of $2.75 a month for each year of credited past service and $3 a month for each year of future service, instead of the former $2.25 a month. The IUE, representing 5,500 production em ployees of the Whirlpool Corp. at Evansville, Ind., DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ratified a 3-year contract on October 21, after re jecting a previous proposal and striking 4 days. The agreement provided a 7-cent-an-hour increase effective immediately and an additional 6 cents 18 months later. Escalation was continued sub ject to a maximum increase in the cost-of-living allowance of 3 cents over the life of the agreement. Pension benefits were increased to $2.80 a month for each year’s credited service instead of $2.50, and vesting provisions were improved. The steel industry’s Human Relations Commit tee, composed of representatives of the Steel workers and 11 major companies, undertook a series of “concentrated meetings” in November to evaluate a number of studies relating to the round of industry bargaining begun in mid-December.7 In contrast to recent negotiations, bargaining was expected to focus initially on issues peculiar to each company, with negotiations on the basic con tracts to begin later. The union’s leadership de cided on this procedure after some members complained that local issues had been neglected in recent settlements. Bargaining goals were announced by the union’s wage policy committee on December 3. They included a “substantial” wage increase (the latest increase was in October 1961, resulting from the 1960 settlement); additional craft and inequity wage adjustments; resumption of costof-living escalation (discontinued by the 1962 settlement) ; pension improvements, particularly increased incentives for early retirement; im proved medical insurance; and additional paid holidays. The announcement emphasized the “total job security” concept approved at the union’s recent convention.8 Included would be maintenance of income for “longer service employees” during lay offs, sickness, or disability regardless of duration. It also called for contract provisions, such as the right to strike locally, that could be used to force faster settlement of grievances. A factor that could affect negotiations is the February 9 election in which incumbent David McDonald, whose term as president expires on 7Major steel contracts provide for the reopening of negotia tions any time on or after Jan. 1, 1965, with the earliest strike date 120 days thereafter. 8See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , November 1964, pp. 1254-1255. 9Ibid., p. 1312. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 77 June 1, 1965, is being challenged for the presi dency by Secretary-Treasurer I. W. Abel. Paper and Printing. A 12-day strike ended when the Pacific Coast Association of Pulp and Paper Manufacturers reached contract terms on Novem ber 24 with the newly formed Independent Asso ciation of Western Pulp and Paper Workers. Provided was a 4-percent general wage increase plus an additional 5 cents to women retroactive to June 1, 1964, with a 10-cent general raise scheduled for June 1, 1965. An eighth paid holiday and insurance improvements were also provided the 21,000 workers covered by the agree ment. Expiring March 15,1967, the contract was made subject to reopening in March 1966, and provided for a full union shop under specified conditions: All workers hired after June 1, 1964, must join the union and those who were members before that time must remain members. In individual plants, a full union shop was to apply where 80 percent of the workers joined within 120 days or where 70 percent of all the plant workers choose the union after the 120-day period. In May, the employers’ association (represent ing 18 companies with about 48 mills) had nego tiated a 1-year agreement providing a total 16%cent package (including a 4-percent wage increase) with 2 unions that represented the workers at that time—the Pulp and Sulphite Workers and the United Papermakers and Paperworkers. Subsequent rejection of the contract by rank-andfile members reportedly resulted from dissension within the unions rather than from dissatisfaction with the contract provisions. As a result of a Sep tember NLRB election requested by the workers, the newly formed independent union replaced the former unions as bargaining agent.9 The Detroit newspaper strike ended on No vember 21 when Pressmen’s Local 13 ratified a 45-month contract with the Detroit Newspaper Publishers Association, enabling the Free Press and the Detroit News to resume publication on November 25, 132 days after the strike began. The walkout by the Pressmen and by Local 10 of the same union representing paper and plate handlers had begun on July 13. The plate han dlers ratified a 2-year contract on November 11 but did not return to work because the Pressmen 78 could not agree with the Association on the man ning requirements for new eight-unit presses at the Detroit News. The union asserted that 16 men were necessary while the Association held that only 15 were needed. Under a compromise suggested by UAW President Walter Reuther, 16 men will be used during the first contract year. Beginning the second year, 15 men will be used or the issue will be arbitrated, whichever the union elects. Other Manufacturing. Two major shoe manufac turers reached agreement with the United Shoe Workers and the Boot and Shoe Workers on 2-year contracts for 21,600 workers in 68 factories in six States. The Brown Shoe Co. set the pattern on October 20 by agreeing to 2-percent wage increases on Jan uary 4, 1965, and again on January 3, 1966. In addition, rates of workers in lower paid jobs were to be raised by 0.8 to 10 percent (averaging 2 per cent) in January 1965. The settlement also in cluded an increase in pension benefits to $1.50 per credit year (from $1.25) for persons retiring on or after November 1, 1964, and to $1.75 for persons retiring after November 2, 1965; an eighth paid holiday; a 7-cent instead of a 5-cent an hour third shift differential; and increased hospital and sur gical benefits. The settlement at International Shoe Co., reached on October 22, provided the same 2-per cent general wage increases on January 4, 1965, and January 3, 1966, and raised the lowest group of piecework wages an additional 2 percent. About 13,000 workers were affected by the settle ment. Other terms were generally similar to the Brown agreement. Under a wage reopener, about 2,600 employees of the Armstrong Cork Co., in Lancaster, Pa., represented by the Rubber Workers and the Machinists, received hourly wage increases, effec tive October 11, ranging from 6 to 13.3 cents and averaging about 7 cents or 2% percent. Announcement was made on October 29 of 3year agreements to replace contracts scheduled to expire on December 31, 1964, between the Amer ican Tobacco Co. and the Tobacco Workers, repre senting 1,800 workers in Richmond, Va., 4,800 in Reidsville and Durham, N.C., and 1,200 in Louis ville, Ky. Wages were increased 2 percent, and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 classification adjustments ranging from 5 to 15 cents an hour for some 50 jobs became effective November 2. A reduction in the workweek to 37^ hours from 40, with no loss in weekly pay, was to become effective when the company is able to make the adjustment. Other provisions to become effective in January 1965 included full re tirement at age 62, instead of 65, a $5-a-week in crease in sick benefits (to a maximum of $40 for 24 weeks), and 2 days paid funeral leave. Phillip Morris, Inc., and the Tobacco Workers agreed to similar 3-year contracts covering some 3,000 employees in Richmond, Va., and Louisville, Ky. Included were additional classification ad justments ranging up to 12 cents an hour to some 40 percent of the employees, and a provision for time and one-half for all work over 7y2 hours a day, beginning May 1, 1967. The workweek re duction was not to apply to seasonal employees. Approximately 3,700 employees at Liggett and Myers plants in Richmond, Va., and Durham, N.C., received an 814-percent wage increase, resulting from a clause in the Tobacco Workers’ contract tying wages to those at other cigarette and tobacco factories and stemmeries. Government. The Milwaukee County Board, on November 10, voted a 3-percent general pay raise for the county’s 7,000 salaried employees to become effective on January 1, 1965. In addition, pay ment of $6 of the $16 a month premium for family Blue Cross and Blue Shield benefits was approved; the county had previously paid the entire cost of insurance for employees only. The general salary increase was substituted for an automatic cost-ofliving adjustment which would have raised earn ings by less than 1 percent in 1965. Other Developments After 14 years of unsuccessful efforts, the Steel workers gained bargaining rights for 2,000 em ployees at the Torrance, Calif., plant of Harvey Aluminum, Inc.—the Nation’s fifth largest pro ducer of basic aluminum. In the NLRB election, the vote was 1,019 for the union, 473 for “no union,” 3 ballots were void, and 428 votes were challenged by the union and not counted. The company’s other plants at The Dalles, Oreg., and Adrian, Mich., were not covered by the election, DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS although the Steelworkers and other unions had unsuccessfully tried to organize them in the past. The Railway Clerks, the Air Line Employees (an affiliate of the Air Line Pilots), and the Air Line Dispatchers, announced they would work to gether to keep “undesirable” elements from gaining bargaining rights in the industry, to organize the unorganized, and to counteract the airlines’ mutual aid pact.10 Shortly before the announcement, the Air Line Employees had defeated the Teamsters in a representation election to retain bargaining rights for 2,000 workers at National Airlines. 10See M o n th ly 11See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , L a b o r R e v ie w , 758-054 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis March 1959, p. 304. June 1964, p. 696. 79 Leonard J. McLaughlin was elected president of the Canadian branch of the Seafarers, the Cana dian Board of Maritime Trustees announced on November 26. McLaughlin defeated his nearest rival, René Turcotte, by 1,000 votes. Hal C. Banks, former president of the union, was dis missed by the board in March after an investiga tion of maritime labor difficulties on the Great Lakes.11 At that time, McLaughlin, then executive vice president of the union, was named adminis trative director by the trustees. In September, Mr. Banks resigned his $20,000 a year post as vice president and international representative of the parent Seafarers’ Union of North America. Book Reviews and Notes scriptive nature of his work when he states, “This is an essay in social history, with wages the central focus.” Origins of Modem Wage Theories can be recom mended as reference reading for elementary un dergraduate courses in economics, and it should be interesting and informative reading for indi viduals who have not had much formal education in economics. — J oseph Z aremra Wages and Social History Origins of Modem Wage Theories. By N. Arnold Tolies. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964. 241 pp. $7.95. The main point of this book is that the marginal productivity theory of wages, which was devel oped by the 19th-century economists mainly to answer the wage-share question, is inadequate for explanation of 20th-century wage issues. The au thor believes that an adequate wage theory should be able to explain wage levels in particular indus tries and economic groups, and also industrial wage differentials. The author examines several developments of the past century that he believes have influenced wage levels but have not been incorporated into orthodox theory. These developments are mass immigration into the United States from 1870 to 1914, the growth of labor unions, scientific man agement, welfare capitalism, national minimum wage laws, government spending and tax policies, social security, and the control of wages. Many of these factors are influencing the course and devel opment of a new wage theory that the author be lieves should explain the total wage level; the relationship between wage levels and the propor tion of the labor force that is unemployed; the relationship between money wages and the prices of all commodities; and, especially, the wage structure. However, serious students who might be looking for guidance in constructing a more adequate wage theory will be disappointed in this book. The topics receive very superficial treatment; excessive space is devoted to a descriptive and historical development of subjects such as labor unions, gov ernment taxation and spending, and immigration, and little attention is given to an analysis of wage theory. The author seems to recognize the de80 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Associate Professor of Economics Fordham University Case Hardened Problems in Labor Relations. By Benjamin M. Selekman and others. New York, McGrawHill Book Co., 1964. 754 pp. 3d. ed. $10.50. The authors offer this book as one “that can be used as the text for a variety of undergraduate and graduate courses in such fields as collective bargaining, industrial relations, labor economics, labor-management relations, and personnel rela tions.” I t was intended “primarily for students majoring in business, economics, personnel, or labor relations.” With such a diverse target the most recent edition of this well-known work of fers, of necessity, a great variety of cases for study. These cases are presented in six groupings, some carried forward from the earlier edition, some new. The groupings are: Framework for Study of Cases in Labor Relations (carried forw ard); The Organizing Stage (new) ; Internal Relations: Problems in the Shop (carried forward) ; Institu tional Relations: Problems at the Bargaining Ta ble (carried forward) ; Labor Relations and Pub lic Policy (new) ; and A Look at Labor Relations Overseas (new). The summaries or excerpts which make up the cases suggest well the great variety of problems, personalities, traditions, eco nomic situations, and institutional factors that make labor relations so complex and challenging. In so doing a useful presentation is offered. In my opinion there remains a significant weak ness in the volume. Each case testifies to the com plexity of labor relations and the absence of facile solutions. Yet the presentation makes of labor relations a more disoriented study than necessary. The authors fail to introduce a series of cases in such a way as to draw the attention of the reader BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES to the types of problems likely to arise in certain types of situations. The student reads without certain reference points that might make his study more meaningful—unless the instructor sets such guideposts. Similarly, at the close of a group of cases in one section of the book the authors fail to draw to gether in some sort of summary any suggestions as to possible generalizations or conclusions that may seem warranted. Here again an instructor, or the discussion questions at the close of the cases, may help the student derive such conclusions. But not every instructor is experienced and knowledge able, and many persons may read the book with out, subsequent class discussion. A book such as this, intended as a text, demands highly compe tent students and professors—else the student may emerge with only a series of interesting but nonintegrated lists of information. The above is not to be read as a plea for the highly structured text filled with lists of princi ples to be committed to unthinking memory. If we must choose between such a presentation and that of Selekman et al., the latter probably is the better choice. But there should be a middle ground that offers stimulating and realistic pres entations of issues that arise in the discipline be ing studied and also suggests approaches or solu tions that seem to have merit. The failure of the authors of this book to utilize introductory state ments and concluding remarks detracts from the value of the work. — G l e n n W . M iller Director of Graduate Study in Economics Ohio State University Updating Theory Explorations in Social Change. Edited by George K. Zollschan and Walter Hirsch. New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1964. 832 pp. $10.95. In his introduction to this symposium of the problems of social and cultural change, Don Martindale (University of Minnesota) points out that while sociology has experienced tremendous growth and impetus in the period since World War II, out of all the recent dramatic transfor mations has come the admission that sociology’s “theory of social change is the weakest branch of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 81 sociological theory.” In a very real sense, this publication has for its purpose bridging this gap through an intensive analysis of the many-faceted problems of social change. The book brings together some 30-odd sociolog ical studies or essays by outstanding spokesmen in the field. For the layman, the document con tains much meaty material (e.g., ch. 8, “Func tional Analysis As a Source of a Theoretical Rep ertory and Research Tasks in the Study of Social Change”) and is not susceptible of light perusal. For the serious student, however, it represents a well-rounded summary of contemporary thinking on social change, with a considered balance be tween the general and the specific. Two chapters will be of special interest to those concerned with labor and industrial relations and the institutional aspects of trade unions. In chap ter 27, Fred Cottrell discusses “Technology and Social Change on American Railroads.” The sociologist will be principally interested in Pro fessor Cottrell’s use of the experiences of Amer ican railroads and unions to develop and update the cultural lag theory of social change. But the essay also offers an interesting insight into the problems encountered by railroad management and labor in meeting the thrust of technological change and into the steps taken by each side to cope with the effects of change. No less interesting is Philip M. Marcus’ essay on “Organizational Change: The Case of American Trade Unions.” Marcus applies a sociological analysis to trade unions to indicate “how changes in the industry, technology, or legal system affect such internal variables as size and composition of membership, relationships between local and national organizations, as well as the total bureaucratic structure.” His theme is both interesting and perceptive. Explorations in Social Change is not an easy book to digest. Its editors, however, have skill fully arranged its many parts into logical divi sions and prefaced each major topical section with a comprehensive introduction. The total effort represents not only a symposium on the problems of social and cultural change but also an up-todate exposition of contemporary sociological theory. — J o hn N. G entry Office of the Assistant Secretary for Labor-Management Relations 82 Problems of Growth and Vice Versa Essays in Southern Economic Development. Ed ited by Melvin L. Greenhut and W. Tate Whit man. Chapel Hill, N.C., University of North Carolina Press, 1964. 498 pp. $7.50. The 14 studies included in this volume, which was supported by the Inter-University Committee for Economic Research on the South, range widely in subject matter. Clarence H. Danhop traces “Four Decades of Thought on the South’s Eco nomic Problems,” and is concerned primarily with the region’s slow pace of industrial development. C. Addison Hickman, after examining the tradi tional concept of the entrepreneurial function, compares entrepreneurship in the South with that of the Nation as a whole. His article “The Entre preneurial Function: The South as a case Study” is followed by “Negro Entrepreneurship in South ern Economic Development” by Harding B. Young and James M. Hund, who raise the basic question of whether the southern Negro entrepreneur is prepared to move into the mainstream of the re gion’s economy. George Macesish’s “Liquidity Preference—A Southern Banking Tradition?” concludes that the southern banker is less conserva tive in his financial outlook and more active in promoting economic development than is true of bankers elsewhere. The South accounted for 60 percent of the Na tion’s rural outmigration in the decade of the fifties; its total population grew slowly, but its urban population boomed and its nonagricultural employment grew faster than that of the Nation. Particular areas of John M. Henderson’s “Some General Aspects of Recent Regional Develop ment,” which describes these patterns of popula tion growth and employment, are studied in more detail by John L. Fulner in a paper on “Trends in Population and Employment in the South Since 1930 and their Economic Significance.” The growth of cities in the South, Mr. Fulner con cludes, promises to make employment grow faster than population, thereby lowering the population pressure to the national ratio. Frank Hanna’s analysis of “Income in the South since 1929” ex amines the changes in total and per capita income, in income components, and in income sources. He points out that the reduction since 1939 in the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , JANUARY 1065 shares of income going to the upper income groups in the Nation as a whole, revealed in Kuznets’ studies, have been paralleled by a similar reduc tion in the South; hence, a growth in the middleincome groups is evident for both the region and the Nation. Bernard Olsen and Gerald Garh em ploy factor analysis to explain the growth rate in the South as compared with growth in 10 highincome States from the rest of the Nation. Fol lowing their article, “A Factor Analysis of Char acteristics of the South,” Werner Hoohwald studies “Interregional Income Flows and the South.” The South, taken as a model of economic development in an open economy, has a “favor able” balance of trade and thus receives a net in flow of income from other regions. Marshall Colberg’s “Area Redevelopment and Related Federal Programs: Effects on the South” indicates the author’s preference for market forces over government controls in the determination of industrial location. He believes that ARA may impede the movement of plants from north to south. Plant location is not exclusively pricedetermined, according to Melvin L. Greenhut and Charles T. Stewart, Jr. (“Economic Theory, Re gional Industrial Development, and the Paint In dustry”) ; the paint industry illustrates a locational pattern strongly influenced by the geography of demand. C. E. Ferguson’s study, “The Elasticity of Substitution and Regional Estimates of Capital and Capital Ratios in American Manufacturing Industry, 1954-58,” finds that the three southern regions encompassed were second only to the Pa cific West in the rate of growth of capital stock; technological growth was greater in the South than in the Nation. “The Postwar Corps of En gineers Program in Ten Southern States,” by Rob ert Haveman, argues that while many projects could not be justified on the basis of economic ef ficiency, these projects have nevertheless aided the region’s development. James Rinehart con tributes the final essay with “Rates of Return on Municipal Subsidies to Industry,” in which he concludes that industrial subsidy investments are extremely profitable. — J uanita M. K eeps Professor of Economics Duke University 83 BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES The Unified Concept The Management Profession. By Louis A. Allen. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1964. 375 pp., bibliography. $8.50. “ . . . When a manager is called up to perform both management work and operating work dur ing the same time period, he will tend to give first priority to operating work. This tendency leads to . . . substantial waste and inefficiency.” With statements such as this, Louis A. Allen provides his reader with a text that reviews in a very prac tical way the traditional approach to a study of the management process. His new book is or ganized in a logical manner which holds the reader’s attention as the author develops his man agement theme. Mr. Allen proceeds from the thesis of Henri Fayol and other traditional writers to produce his “Unified Concept of Management.” This concept consists of five characteristics: (1) Management is a special kind of work; (2) management work can be classified; (3) management must be learned; (4) management work is measurable; and (5) management skills are transferable. The work of a manager is defined as consisting of four key functions : planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Within each of these functions the author develops, defines, and illustrates the various activities in which every manager is engaged. Woven throughout the pattern of his theme, Mr. Allen provides a thread of “Allen Principles of Management.” Approximately three dozen prin ciples are developed to assist managers to act and to decide in a predictable manner in the perform ance of day-to-day management activities. The author presents a theory of management, and at the same time offers many practical techniques to apply this theory as he has seen them work in many companies during his professional career as a management consultant. The author has succeeded in combining a dis tillation of his own years of experience with the generally recognized findings in past and current literature. His familiarity with traditional man agement theory is well displayed. The title of the book would suggest that there is today a profession of management. However, in his text Mr. Allen indicates that although it https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis has not yet arrived, at this stage, management should rapidly become a profession. Management has long been recognized and practiced as an art, but the author believes that it has not yet devel oped as a science. Although Mr. Allen has not developed a new theory of management, he has presented the sub ject in an easy-to-read and logical manner. His suggested bibliography by subject is helpful, his brief chapter summaries provide a fine review, and his Common Vocabulary of Professional Management assists the reader in overcoming the problem of semantics, so often considered the key problem in communicating a theory of manage ment. The author’s reasoning and experienced opinions should make the book popular among businessmen. In addition, the book is well de signed as a text for courses in Principles of Management. — J o seph C. S chabacker Professor and Chairman, Department of Management Arizona State University Thought Without Pedantry Economic Rationality and Soviet Politics or Was Stalin Really Necessaryf By Alec Nove. New York, Frederick A. Praeger, Publisher, 1 964. 316 p p . $ 8 .5 0 . Students of Soviet affairs will not wish to miss this latest volume by Professor Nove of the Uni versity of Glasgow, a distinguished interpreter of Soviet economic developments. The book con sists of reprints of his earlier work—articles, essays, conference papers—brought together from sources that are widely scattered and, at least for the American reader, not easily accessible. Most of the 17 pieces are fairly recent (1962-64), 3 date roughly from 1958, while 1 article is about 10 years old. They make an interesting collection. Any anthology is a mixed bag, and readers will naturally differ in their opinions of what is most useful, but one general impression emerges clearly. In rereading some of Nove’s earlier articles, one realizes how severely a collection of a single author’s contributions tests reputation. Nove’s is secure—in fact, enhanced. In addition, readers who enjoy discovering that it is possible to convey important thoughts gracefully and with out pedantry will welcome this volume, in which 84 they will also probably find more of the new than of the familiar. The book has a number of specific attractions. It is a great convenience to find some useful refer ence articles in one volume: the 1958 “Economica” article on success indicators and the 1960 “Prob lems of Communism” on social welfare are two good examples. Then, too, the book contains enough variety to suit many tastes. Some selec tions remind one that when he wants to, Nove can be very much the musician’s musician (as in “A Study of Soviet Wages,” a review article based on the interesting book by the Soviet economist Figurnov); but one also realizes that, when the occasion calls for it—as in the paper on Soviet eco nomic prospects delivered at the December 1962 American Economic Association meeting—Nove brings to bear enviable talents for solid analysis and balanced synthesis. On another plane, “The Uses and Abuses of Kremlinology” is a true gem. In addition to reprints, the book contains three articles which have evidently not been published before. One unidentified piece, a fascinating essay entitled “The Peasants in Soviet Literature Since Stalin,” is a graphic reminder of Gerschenkron’s classic advice on the application of belletristic evidence to nonliterary uses, as well as an original contribution to the study of the postStalin literary scene. In another unpublished conference paper, on Soviet planning problems, Nove has some eminently sensible things to say about the necessary distinction between the ad vantages that Soviet planning might obtain from computers and linear programming techniques, and the irrelevancy of much work in mathemati cal economics or computer technology to the problems of centralized resource allocation or the choice of a rational set of operating prices. The same article also serves to update Nove’s 1962 Soviet Studies article on results of the 1957 indus trial reorganization (“Soviet Planning: Reforms in Prospect,” included in the volume under review). The piece also provides an excellent ac count of the range of problems involved in the discussions initiated by Professor Liberman and others. The third new piece, “Economic Irra tionality and Irrational Statistics,” investigates the “coexistence of misallocation of resources and high rates of growth,” in a lucid and interesting manner. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 Honesty compels mention of a relatively minor irritant: in his choice of title, Nove has possibly been overly impressed with the advantages of the latest merchandising techniques. His book would still be welcome if it were called something less flambuoyant and more accurate. One notes, finally, that Nove’s Gilbertian subtitle comes from the piece heading the collection, a reprint from Encounter (April 1962). Nove’s reply, properly qualified, is that Stalin teas necessary. One re members the article with pleasure, though it is hardly the chief attraction in this valuable volume. — P a u l G ek k e r Division of International Finance Federal Reserve Board Quotations From Recent Books Economics of the Kennedy Years and a Look Ahead. By Seymour E. Harris. New York, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1964. 273 pp. I believe that the unemployment problem will be a weakness in the economy throughout the 1960’s. But there will be serious attempts to treat this economic disease. A continued level of 5.5 to 6 percent of unemployment or sporadic rises to 6 to 8 percent will put pressure on the Government to act. A more expansionist monetary policy, espe cially if the balance of payments problem is solved, will clearly help. Further education on modern fiscal policy should help put across more audacious fiscal policies. This country’s economic education has advanced in recent years. Not long ago, many believed that budgets must be balanced every year. Now, not only is it widely recognized that a bal ancing of the Federal budget over the business cycle is still responsible fiscal policy, but also, in the views of increasing numbers, that when the cyclical peak is accompanied by much unemploy ment continued deficits are still consistent with respectable fiscal behavior. Perhaps by the end of the 1960’s, after the strain of high and longsustained unemployment, the country will be ready to accept adequate fiscal policies. Labor Economics and Labor Relations. By Lloyd G. Reynolds. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Pren tice-Hall, Inc., 1964. 568 pp. 4th ed. $11.95. Prophecy is hazardous. Scarcely anyone in the nineteen twenties foresaw the unionization of mass BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES production manufacturing in the ’thirties and ’forties. One cannot deny the possibility of a simi lar expansion of white-collar unionism at some time in the future. It seems likely, however, that expansion will be quite gradual, perhaps no more than sufficient to offset the decline of union mem bership in other areas. So total union member ship is unlikely to change much in the foreseeable future, and the percentage of the labor force in unions will probably continue to fall. Research, Development, and Technological Inno vation—A n Introduction. By James It. Bright. Homewood, 111., Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1964. 783 pp., bibliography. $13.35. While nonmilitary fundamental invention re mains a colossal neglected opportunity, it brings us one small benefit: It makes almost easy the pre diction of what inventions civilization will be adopting a generation or two hence. For instance, the automobile age, with its universal mobility, its suburban living, the decline of the railways, and the need for great boulevards for automobiles and trucking, was pretty well foreseen by H. G. Wells in 1901. . . . We have spoken of some anticipa tions of television which go back for centuries in the stage of mere expressed desire, and for 73 years of practical work. . . . Case Studies in Labor Ideology: The Nordic Coun tries—Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. By David J. Saposs. Honolulu, University of Hawaii, Industrial Relations Center, 1964. 82 pp. (Monograph 1.) . . . On the whole, the moderate Socialists have profited handsomely from their ideological trans formations. As is to be expected, they have made better gains in some countries than in others. Per haps the question should be reversed. Would the Socialist movements have been able to avoid heavy losses instead of continuing making historical gains both in the unions and political parties if they had not pursued a policy of moderation by emphasis upon immediate demands. Considering that the ultra revolutionary elements have either fallen by the wayside or have been reduced to insignificant marginal nuisance groups, it is clear that the prag matic policy was the most successful. . . . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 85 Britain and the Labor Trade in the Southwest Pacific. By O. W. Pamaby. Durham, N.C., Duke University Press, 1964. 234 pp., bibli ography. $6.25. . . . From his negotiations, Thornton gained the impression that the United States, having just abolished slavery, was inclined to think that no other country had ever done anything in that respect. Because, in official circles in Britain, there was sympathy for the Southern States during the Civil War, many Americans may have doubted the sincerity of Britain’s traditional opposition to slavery and the slave trade, and the settlement fol lowing the Treaty of Washington may not have restored confidence. In any case, the United States refused to cooperate in controlling the labor trade in the Pacific. . . . How to Manage People: The Applied Psychology of Handling Human Problems in Business. By William B. Given, Jr. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964. 224 pp. $5.95. . . . Articles and news stories indicate that mil lions of dollars and untold executive time and ef fort are spent every year on company picnics, weekend meetings at retreats in the mountains, executive luncheons, hobby clubs, golf outings, theatre parties, informal dinners, and the rest. The assumption somehow seems to be that these occasions will produce harmony. Will they ? . . . The origins of conflict and dis agreement are too deep in business for that to happen. . . . Studies in Organizational Behavior and Manage ment. By Donald E. Porter and Philip B. Applewhite. Scranton, Pa., International Textbook Co., 1964. 741 pp. $7.75. By 1952, the union was well organized and had developed a militant antidiscrimination pro gram. Still, there were no Negroes employed in the Sliced Bacon Department because visitors were always conducted through it to see its gleaming machinery; it was assumed that ‘the public dis likes having Negro women handle the food, and if such is the practice, does not wish to be cognizant of the fact.’ However, pressure from the union finally overcame this assumption. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 86 Other Recent Publications Education and Training The Revolution in the Schools. Edited by Ronald Gross and Judith Murphy. New York, Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., 1964. 250 pp. $2.95. Nurse Training Act of 1964. (In Health, Education, and Welfare Indicators, U.S. Department of Health, Edu cation, and Welfare, Washington, October 1964, pp. v-xxv. 45 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.) Occupational Information—The Dynamics of Its Nature and use. By Max F. Baer and Edward C. Roeber. Chicago, Science Research Associates, Inc., 1964. 494 pp. (Professional Guidance Series.) Scientist. By Robert S. Morison, M.D. millan Co., 1964. 207 pp. $3.95. New York, Mac So You Want To Be A Chemist. By Alan E. Nourse, M.D. New York, Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1964. 164 pp. $3.50. Employee Benefits Employer Expenditures for Selected Supplementary Re muneration Practices: Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate Industries, 1961. Washington, U.S. Depart ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 72 pp. (Bulletin 1419.) 45 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Report on an Inquiry Into the Incidence of Incapacity for Work: P art I, Scope and Characteristics of Employers' Sick Pay Schemes. London, Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance, 1964. xlviii, 87 pp. $2.30, Brit ish Information Services, Sales Section, New York. Health and Safety Occupational Diseases—A Guide to Their Recognition. Edited by W. M. Gafafer. Washington, U.S. Depart ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1964. 375 pp. (PHS Publication 1097.) $2.25, Superintendent of Documents, Wash ington. The Future of Industrial Medicine in Great Britain. By John Rogan. (In British Journal of Industrial Medi cine, London, October 1964, pp. 251-258. 18s. 6d.) Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining by City Employees. By Robert L. Stutz. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, November 1964, pp. 696-701. $1.25.) Collective Action by Public School Teachers. By Wesley A. Wildman. Chicago, University of Chicago, Indus https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis trial Relations Center, 1964. 19 pp. (Reprint Series, 119; from Industrial and Labor Relations Review, October 1964.) The Strike, the Non-Strike, and Compulsory Arbitration— A Discussion: Declining U tility of the Strike, by James L. Stern; Non-Stoppage Strikes—A New Ap proach, by Stephen Sosnick; Compulsory Arbitra tion—Some Perspectives, by Orme W. Phelps. (In Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Ithaca, N.Y., October 1964, pp. 60-91. $1.75.) Unemployment Compensation Law in Labor Disputes— Michigan Compared With Seven Selected States, 1936-1964. By Willard A. Lewis. Kalamazoo, Mich., W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1964. 63 pp. Single copies free. The Grievance Procedure and Its Application in the United States Postal Service. By Harry R. Blaine, Eugene C. Hagburg, Frederick A. Zeller. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, November 1964, pp. 725-735. $1.25.) Positive Approaches to Labor Peace. By William E. Simkin. (In Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy & Society, University of California, Institute of Industrial Relations, Berkeley, October 1964, pp. 37-44. $1.50.) Protection of Employees Affected by Railroad Consolida tions. By Edward W. Hummers, Jr. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, November 1964, pp. 736-744. $1.25.) The Regulation of Campaign Tactics in Representation Elections Under the National Labor Relations Act. By Derek C. Bok. (In Harvard Law Review, Cam bridge, Mass., November 1964, pp. 38-141. $1.50.) Labor Force Entering the Labor Force. By Bernard Goldstein and Harry Stark. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Win ston, Inc., 1964. 96 pp., bibliography. (American Problems Series.) The Geographical Redistribution of Employment: An Ex amination of the Elements of Change. By Lowell D. Ashby. (In Survey of Current Business, U.S. De partment of Commerce, Office of Business Economics, Washington, October 1964, pp. 13-20. 30 cents, Su perintendent of Documents, Washington.) Employment Problems of Young Workers. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University, Industrial Relations Sec tion, November 1964. 4 pp. (Selected References 120.) 40 cents. The New Problem of Large-Scale Unemployability. By Arnold M. Rose. (In American Journal of Economics and Sociology, New York, October 1964, pp. 337350. $1.) BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES 87 A Note of Underemployment. By Sanford Cohen. (In International Development Review, Society for In ternational Development, Washington, September 1964, pp. 19-21. $2.50; $1 to Society members.) Problems of Applying Productivity Guidelines. By Robert W. Rosen. (In Personnel, American Management Association, New York, November-December 1964, pp. 22-26. $1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.) Manpower Studies No. 1—The Pattern of the Future [in United Kingdom]. London, Ministry of Labor, Man power Research Unit, 1964. 52 pp. 90 cents, British Information Services, Sales Section, New York. Productivity Trends in the Goods and Service Sectors, 1929-61—A Preliminary Survey. By Victor R. Fuchs. New York, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1964. 48 pp. (Occasional Paper 89.) $1.75, Colum bia University Press, New York. Projecting Manpower Demand [in India]—A Review of Methodology. By R. K. Srivastava. New Delhi, Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, 1964. 53 pp. Conducting a Lahor Force Survey in Developing Countries. By Matilda R. Sugg. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (for Agency for International Development), 1964. 177 pp., bibli ography. (BLS Report 263.) Automation and the Evaluation of Training. By S. D. M. King. (In International Labor Review, Geneva, September 1964, pp. 209-225. 75 cents. Distributed in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.) A Challenge to Enterprise: How to Put Automation to Work Making Jobs. By Merton C. Bernstein. (In Challenge, New York University, New York, October 1964, pp. 23-27. 40 cents.) Lahor Separations in an Underdeveloped Area: A Case Study of Worker Adjustment to Change. By Norman G. Pauling. (In American Journal of Economics and Sociology, New York, October 1964, pp. 419-434. $1.) Automation and Social Change. (Report of a conference held in Toronto, September 17-19, 1963.) Toronto, Government of Ontario, 1964. 244 pp. Long-Run Goals of a ‘Lahoristic’ Economy. By Stanley Young. (In American Journal of Economics and So ciology, New York, October 1964, pp. 397-406. $1.) Preserving the Individual in an Age of Automation. By Carey P. McCord, M.D. (In Journal of Occupational Medicine, New York, October 1964, pp. 396-404. $1.) Labor Organizations Automation and the Dropout: The School's Responsibility. By Virgil M. Rogers. (In Social Education, National Council for the Social Studies, Washington, November 1964, pp. 391-394. 75 cents.) Labor's Giant Step: Twenty Years of the CIO. By Art Preis. New York, Pioneer Publishers, 1964. xvi, 538 pp. Lahor Organizations in Canada, 1964- Ottawa, Canadian Department of Labor, Economics and Research Branch, 1964. xviii, 100 pp. 50 cents, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa. Personnel Management Office Incentive Systems. By C. Edward Anderson. Waterford, Conn., National Foremen’s Institute, Bureau of Business Practice, 1964. 138 pp. (Com plete Management Library, Vol. XXIV.) Merit System Trends and Problems: Some Underlying Cultural Values. By Erwin W. Fellows. (In Public Personnel Review, Chicago, October 1964, pp. 228232. $2.) Sick Leave Usage by Selected Employee Classifications: A Comparative Analysis. By J. E. Kinney, Jr. and D. Robert Papera. (In Public Personnel Review, Chicago, October 1964, pp. 245-248. $2.) Productivity and Technological Change Indexes of Output Per Man-Hour for Selected Industries, 1939 and 1947-62. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 43 pp. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Social Security Social Security Programs of Foreign Countries. (In Social Security Bulletin, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security Administra tion, Washington, September 1964, pp. 16-26. 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.) State UI Legislation in 196Jj. By Leo H. Fisk. (In Unem ployment Insurance Review, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, Unemploy ment Insurance Service, Washington, August-September 1964, pp. 7-10. 30 cents, Superintendent of Docu ments, Washington.) Delayed Filing for D isability Benefits Under the Social Security Act. By Barbara Levenson and Aaron Krute. (In Social Security Bulletin, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security Administration, Washington, October 1964, pp. 15-24. 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.) Social Welfare Expenditures, 1963-64. By Ida C. Merriam. (In Social Security Bulletin, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security Administration, Washington, October 1964, pp. 3-14. 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. ) 88 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 Social Security Farm Statistics, 1955-1961. (Farmers and farm workers under Old-Age, Survivors, and Disa bility Insurance.) Washington, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security Ad ministration, 1964. 34 pp. Employees Earnings in Nonmetropolitan Areas of the South and North Central Regions, June 1962. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 61 pp. (Bulletin 1416.) 40 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. A Study of Manpower Requirements for Technical Infor mation Support Personnel. Prepared by Auerbach Corp. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Manpower, Automation and Training, 1964. 75 pp., bibliography. (Final Report 1150-TR-l.) Wage Chronology: Massachusetts Shoe Manufacturing, 1945-64. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 15 pp. (BLS Report 209, rev.) 20 cents, Superintendent of Docu ments, Washington. Fidelity Bonding Under the Welfare and Pension Plans Disclosure Act. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Labor-Management and WelfarePension Reports, 1964. 43 pp. Wage Chronology: Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (Formerly Northern Cotton Textile Association), 1943-64. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 12 pp. (BLS Report 281.) 20 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. A Study of [Texas] Unemployment Insurance Financing. Austin, Texas Employment Commission, 1964. 75 pp. The Long-Term Unemployed, 1961-1962: A Study of Per sons Filing Claims in New York State Under the Federal Temporary Extended Unemployment Com pensation Program. New York, State Department of Labor, Division of Employment, 1964. 176 pp. State Workmen’s Compensation Laws. By Norene M. Diamond. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, 1964. 83 pp. (Bulletin 161, revised September 1964.) 35 cents, Superintend ent of Documents, Washington. Wages and Hours National Survey of Professional, Adm inistrative, Tech nical and Clerical Pay, Fehruary-March 1964. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 61 pp. (Bulletin 1422.) 40 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Incomes Policy in Germany: A Trade Union View. By Heinz Markmann. [In British Journal of Industrial Relations, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, November 1964, pp. 322-339. $2.50.) Family Income and Related Characteristics Among LowIncome Counties and States. By Alexander L. Radomski and Anita U. Mills. Washington, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Wel fare Administration, 1964. 85 pp. (Welfare Re search Report 1.) 55 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Industry Wage Survey: Pressed or Blown Glass and Glass ware, May 196\. By Fred W. Mohr. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 39 pp. (Bulletin 1423.) 30 cents, Superin tendent of Documents, Washington. Loner, 1961: Del II, Lantarhetare, Industriarbetare, m. ft. Stockholm, Statistiska Centralbyran, 1964. xvi, 84 pp. (Table of contents and summary in English.) Kr. 4. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Miscellaneous Managerial and Engineering Economy: Economic Deci sion-Making. By George A. Taylor. Princeton, N.J., D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1964. 487 pp. $12. Dynamics of Development: An International Development Reader. Edited by Gove Hambridge. New York, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., 1964. 401 pp., bibliogra phy. $7.50. The Economics of Equality. By Tom Kahn. New York, League for Industrial Democracy, 1964. 70 pp. 75 cents. The Role of Capital-Labor Substitution in the Economic Adjustment of an Industry Across Regions. By Fred erick W. Bell. (In Southern Economic Journal, Chapel Hill, N.C., October 1964, pp. 123-131. $1.50.) The War on Poverty: A Civilian Perspective. By Edgar S. and Jean C. Cahn. (In Yale Law Journal, New Haven, Conn., July 1964, pp. 1317-1352. $2.50.) Trickling Down: The Relationship Between Economic Growth and the Extent of Poverty Among American Families. By W. H. Locke Anderson. (In Quarterly Journal of Economics, Cambridge, Mass., November 1964, pp. 511-524. $1.75.) The Interindustry Structure of the United States: A Re port on the 1958 Input-Output Study. By Morris R Goldman, Martin L. Marimont, Beatrice N. Vaccara. (In Survey of Current Business, U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Business Economics, Washington, November 1964, pp. 10-29. 45 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.) D etroit High School Leaver Project—Final Report. De troit, Michigan Employment Security Commission (in cooperation with U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security), 1964. vi, 142 pp. Current Labor Statistics TABLES A.—Employment 90 A -l. 91 A-2. 95 A-3. 99 A-4. 99 A-5. 100 A-6. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups, seasonally adjusted Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally adjusted Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations B .-] 101 B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group c . - ]Earnings and Hours 104 C -l. 116 C-2. 116 C-3. 117 119 C-4. C-5. 119 C-6. Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by major industry group Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing D . - Consumer and Wholesale Prices 120 D -l. 121 D-2. 122 124 125 D-3. D-4. D-5. Consumer Price Index—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers (including single workers) all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items Consumer Price Index—U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical workers (including single workers) Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product E .126 E—1. F .127 1 F -l. This table Is Included In the January, A p ril, July, and October Issues of the R e v ie w . N ote: W ith the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are described in c a l S e r ie s , T e c h n iq u e s o f P r e p a r i n g M a j o r B L S S t a t i s t i BLS B u lle tin 1168, 1954, and cover the U nited States w ithout Alaska and Hawaii. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $9 90 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 A.—Employment T able A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex [In thousands] Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over • Employment status 1964 Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. June July Annual average 1963 May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1961 1960 Total, both sexes Total labor force........................... ....... 76,897 77,112 76,865 78, 509 78,958 79,389 77,490 76,544 75,553 75, 259 74,514 75,201 76,000 76,086 74,175 73,126 Civilian labor force______________ Unemployment________________ Unemployment rate seasonally adjusted 2_________________ Unemployed 4 weeks or less___ Unemployed 5-10 weeks______ Unemployed 11-14 weeks_____ Unemployed 15-26 weeks_____ Unemployed over 26 weeks___ Employm ent__________________ Nonagricultural______________ Worked 35 hours or more___ Worked 15-34 hours________ Worked 1-14 hours_________ With a job but not at work3. Agricultural_________________ Worked 35 hours or more___ Worked 15-34 hours________ Worked 1-14 hours_________ With a job but not at work3. 74,166 84,375 74,122 75, 758 76,218 76,645 74, 742 73, 799 72,810 72,527 71,793 72,461 73,261 73,344 71,603 3,373 3, 252 3,317 3,654 3,813 4,692 3,640 3,921 4,293 4,524 4, 565 3,846 3,936 3,453 4,806 70,612 3,931 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.1 4.9 5.3 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.9 5.5 1,658 1, 623 1,701 1,691 1,670 2, 781 1,671 1,660 1,620 1,669 2, 069 1,734 1,955 1,623 610 707 537 862 1,070 674 632 705 807 1,236 988 859 662 767 248 238 315 312 216 231 252 321 544 455 402 324 251 349 372 390 353 296 322 485 556 693 742 654 605 492 401 443 390 387 410 494 535 522 529 543 510 501 581 436 463 476 70, 793 71,123 70,805 72,104 72, 405 71,953 71,101 69, 877 68,517 68, 002 67,228 68,615 69,325 69,891 66,248 65,997 65,575 66, 704 66, 586 66,100 66,094 65, 448 64, 500 64,071 63,234 64,576 64,548 64, 541 47,115 49,349 33, 986 49,212 48,645 50, 777 51,505 51,452 50, 556 48,953 47,179 50,817 46,129 50,960 12,826 9,824 24,268 7,115 7,211 7,602 7,817 7,676 7,717 8,694 9,637 7,679 12,456 7,402 4,084 4,033 3,887 3,169 3,264 3,718 4,466 4,206 4,191 4,321 4,164 4,092 3,935 3,893 2,221 2,791 3,432 7, 205 7,464 4,004 2,304 2,115 2,038 2,103 2,255 1,985 2,029 2,288 4, 545 5,126 5,230 5, 400 5,819 5, 853 5,007 4,429 4,017 3,931 3,993 4,039 4,777 5,350 3,011 3,366 3,577 3,716 3,980 4,154 3,448 2,903 2,391 2,108 2,108 2,179 2,994 3,716 1,044 1,231 1,181 1,085 1,218 1,195 1,089 1,029 1,029 1,077 1,042 1,100 1,196 1,094 361 399 346 440 411 428 387 374 386 524 549 476 442 378 129 133 128 160 193 284 119 92 124 211 223 98' 294 176 6.7 1,897 964 411 728 804 66, 796 61,333 47,257 7,522 3,610 2,946 5,463 3,540 1,245 477 200 5.6 1,799 823 353 502 454 66,681 60,958 46,388 8, 249 3,279 3,042 5,723 3,811 1,279 444 190 Total labor force_________________ 50,709 50, 918 51,083 52,584 53,057 52,813 51,294 50,665 50,123 49,956 49,731 49,924 50,285 50,368 49,918 49,507 Civilian labor force______________ Unemployment________________ Employm ent__________________ Nonagricultural________ . . . . Worked 35 hours or more___ Worked 15-34 hours________ Worked 1-14 hours_________ With a job but not at work3. Agricultural_________________ Worked 35 hours or more___ Worked 15-34 hours________ Worked 1-14 hours_________ With a job but not at work3. 47,025 2, 541 44,485 39,807 32, 511 4,100 1,360 1,836 4, 678 3,365 792 348 172 Males 48,008 1,856 46,152 42, 487 32,895 6,554 1,680 1,357 3,666 2,597 673 273 122 48, 211 1, 762 46,448 42,423 34,338 4,658 1,680 1,747 4,026 2,912 727 274 113 48,370 1,813 46, 557 42,476 25,120 13,729 1,599 2,028 4,081 3,035 708 232 106 49,864 2, 074 47, 791 43,443 34,831 3, 391 1,429 3, 790 4,348 3,243 657 314 135 50,347 2,183 48,164 43,571 34,699 3,345 1,450 4, 078 4,593 3,439 704 292 158 50,100 2,630 47, 470 42, 860 35,845 3,403 1,538 2,077 4,610 3, 552 667 290 99 48, 577 2,067 46, 510 42,496 35, 748 3,403 1,969 1,376 4,014 3, 019 627 295 73 47,951 2,345 45, 607 41,891 35,537 3,332 1,759 1,265 3, 716 2,622 678 306 107 47,411 2,681 44, 730 41,299 34,797 3,461 1,743 1,297 3,432 2,190 741 325 176 47,255 2,826 44,429 41,029 33,782 4,187 1,795 1,265 3,400 1,918 803 475 203 47,041 2,881 44,160 40,686 32,879 4,580 1,777 1,452 3,474 1,908 795 497 274 47,215 2,477 44, 739 41,294 34, 799 3,466 1,718 1,311 3,445 1,951 820 409 263 47, 577 2,253 45,324 41,488 32,166 6,442 1,586 1,292 3,836 2,622 754 307 154 47,6571,874 45, 784 41,644 35,387 3,238 1,610 1,410 4,139 3,121 626 309 84 47,378 3,060 44,318 39,811 32,984 3,587 1,511 1,729 4,508 3,132 827 370 179 Females Total labor force_____________ ___ 26,188 26,194 25,782 25,925 25,901 26,576 26,196 25,878 25,430 25,302 24, 783 25,277 25, 715 25, 718 24,257 23,619 Civilian labor force______________ Unemployment________________ Employm ent_____________ ____ Nonagricultural......................... Worked 35 hours or more____ Worked 15-34 hours________ Worked 1-14 hours_________ With a job but not at work3. Agricultural_________________ Worked 35 hours or more___ Worked 15-34 h o u rs..______ Worked 1-14 hours_________ With a job but not at work3. 23,587 1,390 22,196 21,151 13,877 4,149 1,919 1,206 1,045 445 486 96 17 26,158 1,517 24,641 23,762 14,221 6,272 2,407 863 879 414 371 88 7 26,164 1,489 24,674 23, 574 15, 011 5,166 2,353 1,044 1,100 454 502 123 20 25,752 1,503 24,248 23,099 8,867 10,539 2,290 1,404 1,149 541 473 112 22 25,894 1,581 24,313 23,261 14,382 3,723 1,740 3,415 1,052 471 428 126 25 25,871 1,630 24,241 23,015 13,947 3,867 1,816 3,386 1,226 542 514 137 35 26,545 2,062 24,483 23,240 14,932 4,199 2,180 1,928 1,243 599 528 96 20 1 Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week ending nearest the J5th day of the month. The employed total includes all wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included. Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal totals. 2 Unemployment as a percent of labor force. 3 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute. Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 26,165 1,574 24,591 23, 598 15,758 4, 414 2,497 928 993 429 461 83 19 25,847 1,577 24,271 23,557 15,912 4,343 2,450 849 713 279 350 66 16 25,399 1,613 23, 786 23,201 15,758 4,256 2,448 740 585 201 288 61 35 25,271 1,698 23,573 23,042 15,170 4, 507 2, 526 838 531 190 273 49 20 24,752 1,684 23,068 22,548 14,301 5,057 2,387 803 520 199 247 53 20 25,246 1,369 23,877 23,282 16,020 4,213 2,377 674 594 224 280 69 21 25,684 1,682 24,001 23,061 13,962 6,014 2,349 736 940 372 443 104 22 25,687 1,580 24,107 22,897 15,572 4,164 2,282 879 1,210 597 467 134 15 24,225 1,747 22,478 21, 523 14,273 3,934 2,098 1,217 955 408 419 107 22 new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. M ost of the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem ployed. N o t e : For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (in Employ ment and Earnings, Ú.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, current issues). Figures for periods prior to April 1962 are not strictly comparable with current data because of the introduction of 1960 Census data into the esti mation procedure. The change primarily affected the labor force and em ployment totals, which were reduced by about 200,000. The unemployment totals were virtually unchanged. A.—EMPLOYMENT T able 91 A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1 Revised series; see box, p. 98. [ in th o u sa n d s] 1964 1963 In d u stry N ov .2 Oct.2 Sept. Total employees............................................... . 59,349 59,34< 59,15' 59, 25i M in in g ................................................ Metal m in in g ............................... . Iron ores________ _______ ______ Copper ores...................................... 64Î C o a l m in in g .. B itu m in o u s. Crude petroleum and natural g a s.. Crude petroleum and natural gas i Oil and gas field services________ Quarrying and nonmetallic mining. Contract construction...... .................... General building contractors______ H eavy construction______________ Highway and street construction. Other heavy construction_______ Special trade contractors__________ M anufacturing........ D u ra b le goods___ N o n d u ra b le goods. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Annual average 1963 1962 58,68C 58,418 58,596 57,874 57,32S 56, 782 56, 446 56, 328 58,012 57, 647 56, 643 55, 515 64' 64( 651 634 627 615 614 618 634 639 635 650 77.' 77. 85.2 84. C 82.8 80. S 80. 79.8 80.4 81.2 80. 5 82 3 27.7 28. 27. S 27.6 25.1 26.6 24.9 24.5 25.0 25.8 24.7 25 2 21. 21. € 29.6 28. 28.6 28.5 28.3 28.0 27.9 27.7 27.7 28.5 145. 144.0 142.8 142. S 143.3 141.7 143.5 143.6 147.3 148.5 150.6 150.7 148 1 151 9 134. C 132.8 131.5 131.6 132.1 130.7 132.7 132.3 135.9 137.3 139.3 139.3 136.9 140.0 287.6 291.8 297.3 297.3 295.2 284.9 283.2 282.4 281.5 285.1 289.4 286.4 289 1 298 0 159. t 162.4 165.0 165.1 164.6 160.4 160.5 160.6 161.5 161.4 162.3 162.1 164 3 167 6 128.3 129.4 132.3 132.2 130.6 124.5 122.7 121.8 120.0 123.7 127.1 124.3 124.8 130.4 127.0 129.1 129.1 128.3 126.8 123.4 117.6 107.9 104.8 104.7 113.9 120.5 117.7 118.1 644 84. 28. ( 28. 64£ 79. 28.2 23. £ 3,260 3,372 3,391 3,482 3,424 3,308 3,130 2,921 2,707 2,631 2,579 2,872 3,121 2 989 2 902 1,055. 7 1,058.3 1,095.3 1,073. 4 1,034. 8 975.2 910.4 843.5 820.3 8Ó6.4 891.4 973.1 921 9 882 1 697.3 712.8 736.8 725.5 699.2 643.3 553.6 469.3 450.2 434.1 528.6 627.1 600 5931 380. 7 394.0 411.0 405.2 385.9 346.6 278.5 217.5 201.3 190.7 256.7 332.9 315 01 299 5 316.6 318.8 325.8 320.3 313.3 296.7 275.1 251. 8 248.9 243.4 271.9 294.2 285 1 293 6 1, 619. 4 1, 619.4 1, 649. 5 1, 624. 9 1, 574. 3 1,511.8 1,456.8 1,394.3 1,360.0 1,338.0 1,451.9 1, 520. 4 1,461.3 1, 426.6 17,603 17,421 17,792 17,498 17,299 17,350 17,135 17,058 17,005 16,937 16,893 17,096 17 005 16 859 10,041 9, 794 10,105 9,836 9, 855 9,903 9, 798 9, 756 9, 692 9,634 9,626 9, 723 9,17,193 752 9 625 9 481 7, 562 7,627 7,687 7,662 7,444 7,447 7,337 7,302 7, 313 7,303 7,267 7,373 L 441 7,380 7,372 Durable goods Ordnance and accessories______________ Ammunition, except for small arms__ Sighting and fire control equipment__ Other ordnance and accessories....... ...... 246.4 186. 7 •47. 6 246.5 186. 7 12. 2 47.6 248.2 187.8 12.4 48.0 249. 2 189.2 12.5 47.5 254.2 193.7 12.5 48.0 257.9 196.6 12.7 48.6 262.4 200.1 13.0 49.3 266.5 202.4 13.4 50.7 269.0 203.6 14.5 50.9 270.8 205.0 14.9 50.9 275.8 207.9 15.6 52.3 277.6 208.9 16.1 52.6 275.9 206.4 16.5 53.0 274 1 202.3 19 2 52.5 268 8 186. 7 29 1 53.0 Lumber and wood products, except furniture................................................... Logging camps and logging contractors Sawmills and planing m ills.____ _____ Millwork, plywood, and related products___________ ____ _________ Wooden containers____ ___ ____ _____ Miscellaneous wood products.............. . 597.2 86. 4 254. 6 606.5 92.0 257.9 618.0 94.9 262.1 625.0 97.4 265.6 623.3 96.5 266.9 620.1 94.0 266.1 597.3 86.3 256.3 582.7 78.5 251.5 570.8 73.5 248.1 568.1 77.0 245.7 565.5 77.7 242.2 585.1 83.8 251.1 599.1 89.3 257.4 586.6 83.2 254.3 589 3 83 6 255.9 153.5 36. 6 66.1 154.0 36. 2 66.4 157.5 36.9 66.6 158.5 36.8 66.7 157.0 37.5 65.4 156.5 38.3 65.2 153.2 37.1 64.4 152.1 36.2 64.4 150.1 35.4 63.7 148.5 34.6 62.3 149.2 34.6 61.8 151.3 35.7 63.2 153.0 35.6 63.8 149.9 36.1 63.0 151 5 36 6 61.8 Furniture and fixtures............................. Household furniture................................. 414.0 303.4 415.7 303. 7 27. 7 39.0 45. 3 413.1 300.9 27.8 39.1 45. 3 408.5 298.0 27.2 39.1 44.2 400.8 292.2 26.5 37.8 44.3 401.4 292.4 26.6 37.5 44.9 391.9 287.1 25.3 36.6 42.9 394.1 288.1 26.4 36.5 43.1 392.4 287.6 26.5 35.9 42.4 389.6 285.4 26.2 35.9 42.1 388.5 283.0 26.9 35.7 42.9 393.6 286.2 27.3 36.5 43.6 396.3 287.0 27.6 38.1 43.6 388.9 279.8 27.5 39 2 42.4 385 1 275.2 28.0 40 6 41.3 631.0 34.4 116.3 39. 5 68.6 42.4 180.0 129. 5 640.0 33.8 117.4 40. 5 69.8 43.8 183.4 130.0 640.3 32. 5 117.3 40.6 70.6 43.6 185.7 128.8 635.7 32.1 115.2 40.6 70.2 42.7 185.3 128.7 634.2 32.0 116.7 40.3 70.3 43.1 182.3 128.8 618.6 31.4 114.9 39.1 68.5 43.2 174.8 126.2 606.6 30.9 113.1 37.9 67.6 43.5 167.9 125.5 591.7 31.3 111.5 36.8 66.0 43.5 158.3 124.1 582.7 32.0 109.8 35.8 64.0 42.8 155.4 123.1 577.6 32.2 106.1 36.0 64.5 43.2 154.1 122.2 597.0 32.6 109.2 37.3 67.8 43.7 163.7 123.2 612.9 32.8 110.7 39.1 69.1 44. 5 173.0 123.7 601.6 31 0 110.7 38 9 68. 7 43 1 168 4 121.6 592.3 30 4 108.9 39 8 68. 5 43 5 163 4 119.4 Office furniture__________________ Partitions; office and store fixtures____ Other furniture and fixtures_________ Stone, clay, and glass products.________ Flat glass__________________________ Glass and glassware, pressed or blown. Cement, hydraulic__________________ Structural clay products_____________ Pottery and related products_________ Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products. Other stone and mineral products____ P rim a ry m etal in d u stries_____________ — 44. 8 626.2 115.4 39.2 68. 5 175.4 129.4 1, 253.3 1, 244.8 1, 258. 8 1,241.2 1, 234. 6 1, 234.0 1, 220. 7 1,209.1 4 1,188.0 1,173.8 1,170.1 1,158.2 1,171.7 1,165. 6 Blast furnace and basic steel products.. 645. 3 t)42. 5 649.0 641.3 636.8 630.6 620.3 610.7 1,196. 599.6 592.5 582.0 ' 579. 7 571.9 ’ 589.4 592.8 Iron and steel foundries______________ 213. 9 208. 7 216. 7 213.1 211.9 214.3 211.3 209.3 207.8 206.9 204.3 202.8 201.1 198.1 193.6 N onferrous sm elting and refining........... 71. 7 71.6 68.9 69.6 69.6 71.1 70.7 70.0 70.1 70.0 70.0 69.7 70.0 68.8 68.1 Nonferrous, rolling, drawing, and extruding_________________________ 187.3 186.9 188.2 184.5 184.4 183.8 185.7 186.2 186.4 186.3 186.0 186.4 184.8 182.0 184.8 N onferrous foundries_______________ 74. 5 74. 7 75. 7 74.0 73.2 74.7 73.6 73.5 73.4 73.2 72.7 72.4 71.7 71 8 70 0 Miscellaneous primary metal industries. 60. 6 60.4 60.3 58.7 58.7 59.5 59.1 59.4 59.1 59.1 58.8 59.1 58.7 58.9 59.2 Fabricated metal products_______ _____ 1,222.4 1,195. 7 1, 239. 2 l, 209. 2 1,187. 2 1,202.6 1,186.3 1,180.9 1,171.4 1,164. 5 1,162.6 1,175.3 1,178. 7 1,152.6 1,127. 7 M etal cans_________________________ 59.0 64. 5 60.1 65. 2 63.7 63.1 62.1 61.4 60.4 59.6 58.2 58.6 59.4 60.4 60.8 C u tle r y , handtools, and general hard w are___________________________ 151.2 136.6 150.7 144.6 138.5 143.2 144.0 143.6 143.8 143.7 144.5 144.9 143. 5 138.8 135.6 Heating equipment and plumbing 80.1 81.1 80. 6 79.5 80.6 80.5 78.7 79.5 78.2 78.2 78.2 78.7 78.8 76.7 74.8 fixtures___________________________ Fabricated structural metal products.. 362.6 366.4 368.5 365.9 362.5 358.1 346.9 342.2 336.9 334.4 333.6 340.0 345. 5 339.3 332.0 Screw machine products, bolts, etc____ 92. 5 92. 3 91. 9 90.9 89.8 91.3 90.3 90.7 90.8 90.3 90.0 90.4 89. 7 89 3 88 1 Metal stampings____________________ 206. 6 191.8 212.6 199.9 191.6 202.5 201.9 202.9 202.0 201.7 202.8 204.4 204.5 195. 5 190. 2 Coating, engraving, and allied services. 77. 8 ¡1.4 77. 7 75.7 73.9 74.5 74.6 73.5 73.2 71.4 71.9 73.3 67.4 73.8 70.8 Miscellaneous fabricated wire products. 61.0 60.0 59.8 58.7 56.7 58.7 57.8 57.9 57.0 56.6 56.5 56.8 56.2 55.2 55.9 Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod ucts___ _________________ 131.6 130.0 132.9 128.81 129.9 130.7 130.0 129.2 129.1 128.6 126.9 128.2 127.31 126.5 122.9 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 92 T able A— 2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1 Continued Revised series 5 see box, p. 98 ^ [In thousands] Annual average 1963 1964 IndustryN o v .2 O ct.2 Sept. A u g. J u ly June M ay A p t. M a r. Feb. Jan D e c. Nov 1963 1962 M anufacturing— Continued Durable goods— C o n tin u ed M a ch in e ry ------ -------------- --------- — .............. E n g in es and tu rb in es_______________ F a rm m achinery and eq u ip m e n t---------C onstru ction and related m a c h in e r y .. . M e ta lw o rk in g m achinery and e q u ip m e n t--------- ---------------------- --------- --------Special in d u stry m ach in ery-----------------G eneral ind ustrial m ach in ery--------------Office, com pu ting, and accounting m achines____________________ ___ Service in d u stry m achines-------------------M iscellaneous m ach in ery............ ............ 1,531.3 1,493.2 1,631.2 1,629.3 1,636.4 1,617.3 1,618.0 1,622.5 1,607.9 1,603.0 1.593.0 1,566.5 1,567.7 1,561.5 1,542.9 83.9 84.9 85.3 85.5 84.8 84.9 85.1 85.4 85.9 86.2 86.6 86.1 87.3 84.6 84.3 118.9 112.3 116.4 119.5 122.5 125.8 127.1 127.2 125.9 125.1 122.5 122.7 123.2 122.2 211.4 216.9 236.1 234.8 237.3 235.0 234.9 234.3 231.2 229.4 227.4 209.8 224.2 222.0 219.9 259.3 291.4 289.6 291.0 286.0 287.9 290.7 288 9 287.4 285.6 281.8 278.3 277.6 272.1 268.6 171.0 176.5 175.6 176.2 174.7 175.6 176.8 174.4 174.4 173.1 172.3 171.2 170.9 170.5 169.8 229.0 254.4 253.6 253.7 252.0 250.9 251.3 248.3 247.2 245.7 244.4 241.3 240.4 236.9 235.7 170.4 106.4 193.9 169.9 105.1 193.4 168.2 105.6 193.9 167.3 103.6 189.9 166.7 105.5 187.9 164.8 106.1 187.2 162.9 105.4 185.0 163.4 104.1 184.5 163.2 103.3 182.5 164.1 102.6 180.8 164.0 101.9 179.5 164.5 101.5 179.6 162.5 101.4 177.9 161.3 101.7 173.5 158.6 101.2 166.6 E lectrica l eq u ip m en t and su p plies---------E lectric distribution eq u ip m e n t---------E lectrical industrial app aratu s______ H ousehold appliances_____________ E lectric ligh tin g and w iring eq u ip m en t R ad io and T V receiving sets--------------C om m u n icatio n eq u ip m e n t---------------E lectronic com ponents and accessories. M iscellaneous electrical eq u ip m ent and supplies------------- ------------------------- 1,556.6 1,568.3 1,590.5 1.581.2 1,576.8 1,544.7 1,531.0 1,529.2 1,516.3 1,518.8 1.523.1 1.528.4 1,541.6 1,554.2 1.558.8 167.7 176.8 176.0 174.3 173.7 172.9 172.0 170.3 168.9 169.1 169.4 169.3 169.2 168.9 168.1 182.6 190.9 188.9 188.4 185.9 185.0 185.3 182.3 180.8 181.0 179.8 179.4 179.1 178.8 178.5 150.3 154.8 161.8 160.2 157.5 157.1 157.8 157.4 156.1 160.6 159.7 159.6 155.9 154.4 157.5 148.7 143.2 158.9 159.4 157.9 154.7 153.2 153.0 151.7 151.8 152.2 152.0 151.1 151.8 153.1 110.5 111.4 117.6 114.7 109.9 106.3 104.4 104.6 103.0 109.3 125.8 127.7 125.4 120.8 116.1 433.5 444.9 408.4 404.9 403.5 400.7 400.5 400.2 400.7 404.3 407.6 409.6 416.2 419.0 417.7 266.1 262.4 261.4 260.1 259.7 257.7 258.3 257.8 258.6 259.2 277.4 273.1 269.5 263.8 257.1 99.1 103.2 99.5 98.5 100.1 93.4 95.8 93.2 93.6 92.7 91.8 89.2 98.2 91.5 91.7 T ransportation eq u ip m e n t--------------------M o to r vehicles and eq u ip m e n t-----------A ircraft and p arts-------------------------------S hip and boat buildin g and repairing. R ailroad eq u ip m e n t---------------------------O ther transportation e q u ip m e n t-........ 1,659.9 1.441.2 1,677.0 1,517.9 597.5 823.1 677.0 595.6 594.9 599.7 592 151.2 148.7 147.3 143.3 53.8 54.8 48.3 51.3 52.1 51.8 609.2 1,629.9 1,639.7 1,642.8 1,637.6 1.634.5 1,640.5 1,656.7 1.651.8 1,609.3 1,542.6 769.5 781.6 788.6 788.6 784.3 776.8 783.9 790.6 785.0 745.2 691.7 595.9 600.5 603.7 611.0 616.8 622.6 629.2 637.8 636.5 635.1 634.1 139.6 142.8 144.3 142.4 137.7 138. 5 135.9 136.1 138.3 141.9 140.7 40.8 45.0 48.2 48.8 49.1 51.4 52.4 52.4 52.9 54.0 54.4 35.4 42.1 43.8 43.4 42.4 46.4 45.2 48.4 51.0 50.2 49.8 358.7 364.7 369.0 368.5 368.2 368.9 364.9 365.7 366.3 365.3 366.4 73.8 72.9 71.8 71.6 71.4 70.0 69.4 68.6 67.9 67.6 67.5 Instrum ents and related p roducts----------E n gineering and scientific instrum ents. M ech an ical, m easuring, and control devices----------------------------------------------O p tical and o phthalm ic goods-------------Surgical, m edical, and dental eq u ip m en t__________________________ Photograp hic eq u ip m en t and supplies. W atches and clocks------------------------------ 371.7 370.6 66.7 372.2 67.0 370.8 67.1 95.7 46.1 95.2 46.0 97.1 45.2 96.7 44.9 96.1 44.7 96.2 45.5 95.0 44.9 95.4 44.8 95.5 44.4 95.3 44.3 95.3 43.2 95.4 43.3 93.7 43.3 94.4 42.1 94.2 40.8 55.2 54.8 78.0 29.9 55.3 78.2 29.4 55.3 78.9 27.9 54.6 77.1 28.2 54.9 76.2 28.5 54.4 74.6 28.1 54.2 74.6 28.1 53.9 74.9 28.2 53.3 74.1 28.3 53.2 74.6 28.7 53.3 75.2 29.7 53.5 75.8 30.9 52.7 73.3 29.3 50.0 71.6 28.2 M iscellaneous m anu facturing in d u stries.. Jew elry, silverware, and p lated w are— T o y s , am usem ent and sporting g o o d s... Pens, pencils, office and art m a teria ls... C o stu m e jew elry, buttons, and notions. O ther m anufacturing industries----------- 428.6 47.4 431.1 46.9 129.3 33.1 55.4 166.4 424.8 46.6 125.2 32.9 55.1 165.0 411.9 45.3 116.3 32.1 55.3 162.9 393.1 43.2 109.0 31.5 52.0 157.4 402.3 44.6 111.3 31.2 55.3 159.9 392.0 44.5 104.5 30.8 53.8 158.4 386.1 44.3 99.8 30 53.2 158.0 379.9 43.7 93.8 30.8 54.0 157.6 375.8 42.9 90. 31.1 53.9 157.1 366.0 42.8 85.7 31.2 51.4 154.9 383.8 43.2 97.0 32.7 53.3 157.6 407.9 43.6 114.5 32.9 54.8 162.1 387.4 41.8 102.7 31.5 54.5 157.0 389.6 42.2 166.2 102.1 30.9 57.0 157.4 Nondurable goods F o od and kindred prod ucts----------------M e a t p roducts___________________ D a ir y prod ucts___________________ C a n n ed and preserved foods, except m eats_________________________ G rain m ill p roducts_______________ B a k e r y products---------------------------------Su gar---------------------------------------------------C onfectionery and related p roducts-----B everages--------------------------------------------M iscellaneous food and kindred prod u cts________________ ____ ______ T o b acco m anufactures. C ig arettes_________ C ig a rs____________ T e x tile m ill p roducts________________ C o tto n broad w o ven fabrics-----------------Silk and syn th etic broad w o ven fabrics. W e a v in g and finishing broad w oolens... N arrow fabrics and sm all wares-----------K n ittin g _________________________ Finishing textiles, except wool and knit. Floor covering____________________ Y a m and thread----------------------------------M iscellaneous textile goods-----------------See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1,749.6 1,813.5 1,861.9 1,858.7 1,765.6 1,717.8 1,668. 323.6 316.5 318.1 318.5 315.3 313.2 307. 280.6 283.5 290.1 297.2 298.3 296.6 289. 202 . 82.1 217.1 302.6 128.6 288.8 48.6 80.1 220.5 356.6 129.9 289.8 34.4 78.1 222.3 347.4 130.0 291.3 33.2 74.1 226.5 264.3 128.1 292.2 32.0 69.0 226.6 223.2 129.6 291.5 31.4 71.3 221.0 127. 286. 31. 70. 213. 143.2 144.3 142.6 140.5 139.8 140.0 138.7 125.8 287.8 96.5 911.3 231.5 88.0 45.4 30.2 223.4 77.2 107.4 69.4 106.0 37.8 25.7 102.6 906.5 231.2 87.5 45.3 29.5 224.1 76.8 38.1 107.0 67.0 906.9 230.0 87.0 46.8 29.2 224.3 77.1 37.9 107.0 67. 38.3 25.4 1,652.0 1,642 1,649.6 1,666.3 1,716.3 1,758.7 1,743.7 1,762.1 302.3 302.1 303.1 308.6 317.7 319.9 313.8 315.0 285. 5 283.4 281.7 281.9 285.6 287.1 293.9 302.5 187.8 188.1 193.2 208.8 235.0 247.3 255.8 200.6 130.5 124.8 125.5 125.8 127.4 127.9 128.3 130.0 292.5 284.5 285.3 284.7 284.1 288.3 289.6 288.9 35.7 37.0 52.2 48.8 45.5 41.8 34.7 32.5 75.3 76.3 84.1 82.0 75.1 75.3 73.1 70.7 212.0 213.6 215.9 213.7 209.1 209.9 208.1 212.1 139.0 140.7 93.6 38.3 25.0 76.2 37.7 24.6 76.7 37.2 25.3 76.3 37.0 24.8 76.7 37.1 24.6 80.3 37.2 24.3 903.6 229.4 87.1 46.3 29.0 224.1 77.3 37.0 107.3 888.5 228. 86.4 46.7 28.4 218.4 76.2 35.6 102.5 65.7 902.0 229.2 87.3 48.9 28.9 220.7 76.9 36.5 106.8 894.3 227. 892.2 228.0 890.2 228.9 86 . 86.8 48.8 28.4 218.1 76.5 36.7 104.9 66.5 48.1 28.5 215.2 76.5 37.1 104.9 67.1 66.1 66.8 86 47.9 28.4 213.3 76.4 37.5 104.6 66.4 141.0 141.4 143.5 146.6 143.0 142.8 84.3 37.2 23.8 86.9 37.8 93.6 38.3 22.2 22.8 97.5 38.1 23.3 87.9 38.0 22.7 90.5 37.5 23.8 879.7 228.7 86.7 47.8 28.1 205.1 75.9 37.0 103.7 66.7 887.3 229.7 87.0 47.3 28.3 209.5 76.4 37.7 104.0 67.4 894.1 229.2 86.7 47.2 28.3 217.7 76.2 37.8 103.2 67.8 888.8 229.1 86.9 48.3 28.2 209.7 76.0 37.3 104.5 66.9 229.1 84.8 50.4 27.8 216.0 75.2 37.4 101.4 902.3 238.9 82.2 52.2 27.8 219.8 74.9 37.3 102.4 66.8 66.6 A.—EMPLOYMENT T able 93 A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued Revised series; see box, [inthousands] 1964 1963 Industry N ov.s Oct. 2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. p. 98. Annual average 1963 1962 Manufacturing—Continued Nondurable ¿rood»—Continued Apparel and related products__________ 1, 339.0 1,340. 7 1,342. 2 1,341.4 1,277.9 1,308. 3 1, 285. 8 1, 280. 6 1,305.8 1,303.6 1, 264. 2 1, 280.8 1, 293.3 1, 284. 5 1,263. 7 M en’s and boys’ suits and coats______ 114.6 113.8 114.1 114.3 105.6 114.3 112.7 109.8 112.8 113.0 112.6 113.4 111.4 114.5 116.6 M en’s and boys’ furnishings_________ 345.1 343.7 342.9 343.8 333.9 340.0 333.3 330.2 328.8 325.6 320.0 323.9 326.9 326.4 318.0 Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outer wear_____________________________ 399.3 402.9 405.2 408.9 386.6 392.0 387.1 391.4 407.8 408.3 388.4 389.4 390.1 392.3 382.5 Women’s and children’s undergar ments____________________________ 124.8 125.2 124.0 122.2 115.3 117.7 116.6 116.5 117.4 116.9 115.4 119.2 123.2 116.7 115.9 Hats, caps, and millinery____________ . . 32.6 32.6 34.2 31.2 29.7 28.7 29.2 35.2 36.0 32.9 31.7 30.7 33.0 32.9 Girls’ and children’s outerwear______ 76.0 77.3 77.8 79.1 79.5 78.5 81.6 75.3 75.8 79.3 76.4 74.7 75.2 76.7 77.6 Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel... . . 79.9 78.6 76.7 72.0 73.4 75.9 73.2 72.8 72.0 72.0 67.8 76.2 73.3 74.0 Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod ucts______________________________ 168.4 164.8 167.5 162.2 153.8 157.1 155.5 155.4 154.8 152.5 150.7 156.5 159.6 151.6 146.1 Paper and allied products_____________ 637.7 638.4 639.7 638.2 631.1 635.6 625.8 624.4 620.6 618.7 619.6 625.2 625.7 620.3 614.4 Paper and pulp_____________________ 217.1 218.3 218.1 221.6 220.6 221.1 217.0 217.0 215.8 215.4 216.1 218.2 218.0 217.9 218.1 Paperboard________________________ 67.4 66.7 64.6 66.4 65.7 66.6 65.8 65.7 65.8 65.7 65.7 65.8 65.7 65.3 65.1 Converted paper and paperboard products_________________________ 155.7 154.7 156.5 155.1 153.0 153.5 151.7 150.7 149.2 148.4 148.5 149.7 149.0 147.3 144.3 Paperboard containers and boxes_____ 200.3 198.7 197.7 195.1 191.8 194.4 191.3 191.0 189.8 189.2 189.2 191.6 193.0 189.7 186.9 Printing, publishing, and allied indus tries______________________________ 962.6 961.9 958.6 952.7 950.0 952.2 947.8 945.0 943.5 940.4 938.8 948.9 943.8 931.1 926.4 Newspaper publishing and printing___ 339.8 339.5 337.1 338.2 338.6 339.7 337.9 336.6 336.2 334.8 334.5 338.4 335.8 329.6 327.6 Periodical publishing and printing____ 69.0 68.3 67.2 66.4 66.4 66.7 67.3 67.4 68.7 68.3 68.5 68.3 68.0 69.7 Books______________________________ 74.5 74.7 74.2 74.5 75.1 74.7 75.1 75.1 73.5 74.8 73.9 72.4 72.1 71.8 Commercial printing________________ 310.1 310.3 309.6 304.6 303.7 304.9 303.3 302.6 302.4 300.0 301.5 303.4 302.6 297.7 295.7 Bookbinding and related industries___ 51.4 51.3 51.5 52.0 51.7 51.4 50.4 50.8 49.7 49.3 48.0 50.3 50.0 50.6 49.2 Other publishing and printing indus tries____ ___ _____ ________________ 117.2 117.3 117.4 116.5 115.1 115.1 114.0 113.0 112.7 112.8 112.6 114.8 114.7 113.0 112.4 Chemicals and allied products_________ Industrial chemicals_____ ____ _______ Plastics and synthetics, except glass___ Drugs______________________________ Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_______ Paints, varnishes, and allied products.. Agricultural chem icals..____ _____ . . . . Other chemical products........ .................. 876.4 282.9 189.3 111.4 99.2 64.5 47.9 81.2 876.6 282.4 188.9 111.6 99.9 64.8 48.6 80.4 884.3 287.0 190.2 111.6 99.8 65.9 48.8 81.0 886.4 288.7 189.3 113.0 99.9 66.9 47.8 80.8 883.8 288.6 187.9 113.1 97.9 67.0 48.0 81.3 882.1 287.5 185.8 112.6 98.4 66.3 50.9 80.6 879.3 284.3 183.0 111.6 95.8 65.0 60.1 79.5 878.7 284.1 182.2 111.6 95.6 64.5 61.8 78.9 872.5 283.4 180.9 112.0 95.4 63.7 57.6 79.5 864.2 283.0 180.1 111.3 95.0 63.2 52.7 78.9 862.3 283.1 180.1 112.6 93.9 62.7 50.7 79.2 864.1 283.0 180.0 112.8 96.2 63.0 49.0 80.1 864.8 283.4 179.4 112.8 96.9 63.3 48.1 80.9 865.2 283.6 176.2 112.4 97.0 63.2 51.0 81.7 848.5 282.9 165.4 110.4 96.4 62.6 48.6 82.2 Petroleum refining and related industries. Other petroleum and coal products___ 185.1 150.6 34.5 186.5 150.7 35.8 188.4 151.8 36.6 189.6 152.9 36.7 189.7 153.1 36.6 189.8 153.4 36.4 187.2 152.2 35.0 186.1 152.8 33.3 185.5 152.7 32.8 185.7 153.0 32.7 185.8 153.9 31.9 186.6 153.5 33.1 188.9 153.9 35.0 189.8 154.7 35.1 195.3 160.5 34.7 Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod ucts______________________________ Tires and inner tubes___________ ____ Other rubber products______________ Miscellaneous plastic products_______ 442.5 99.4 168.6 174.5 440.6 96.7 168.8 175.1 443.9 100.4 169.3 174.2 435.3 99.3 164.2 171.8 425.1 98.9 162.1 164.1 426.9 98.4 163.9 164.6 425.7 97.8 163.3 164.6 421.8 97.3 162.9 161.6 422.1 97.8 163.6 160.7 420.1 97.9 163.8 158.4 418.2 97.3 163.4 157.5 420.0 97.1 164.5 158.4 422.9 96.2 165.4 161.3 417.7 97.3 163.5 157.0 408.4 99.4 161.3 147.7 Leather and leather products__ Leather tanning and finishing. Footwear, except rubber_____ Other leather products______ 361.0 32.5 238.0 90.5 356.5 32.2 233.9 90.4 358.0 32.3 236.2 89.5 362.6 32.3 241.0 89.3 356.1 31.9 238.5 85.7 355.6 32.4 238.0 85.2 346.1 31.8 233.0 81.3 344.4 31.4 230.3 82.7 349.5 31.3 234.3 83.9 349.9 31.4 235.8 82.7 345.5 30.2 234.6 80.7 350.2 31.7 233.8 84.7 350.8 31.6 231.2 88.0 350.8 31.3 233.2 86.3 360.7 31.9 240.6 88.1 4,015 4,027 754.7 661.1 278.1 86.7 107.9 42.8 983.4 217.2 196.7 19.9 312.1 851.1 707.6 31.3 107.3 610.7 248.1 151.1 173.9 37.6 4,045 761.4 667.5 276.6 86.6 105.9 44.9 991.3 216.7 196.5 20.4 306.9 854.8 711.8 31.5 106.6 616.9 250.5 152.6 176.0 37.8 4,043 770.2 677.1 260.2 85.9 106.0 45.4 977.2 215.7 195.6 20.8 313.6 860.3 716.5 31.9 107.0 624.9 253.5 154.9 177.6 38.91 4,031 771.0 678.6 261.5 86.0 106.7 45.4 971.0 214.7 194.8 20.7 308.2 858.1 714.7 32.4 106.1 625.3 253.6 155.1 177.6 39.0 4,005 767.0 675.7 269.0 87.2 107.4 43.5 963.4 211.8 192.0 20.6 309.9 847.2 705.1 32.5 104.7 616.2 251.3 151.2 175.2 38.5 3,952 760.8 670.3 278.1 87.5 109.1 42.5 928.4 209.2 189.8 20.1 307.4 838.5 697.4 32.7 103.5 609.5 246.7 152.1 172.8 37.9 3,924 3,885 758.3 751.2 667.6 660.3 277.2 272.4 86.8 81.1 111.2 112.9 41.0 40.3 914.0 903.0 207.4 206.0 187.7 186.4 20.1 20.1 303.1 299.2 835.9 826.8 695.2 687.1 32.5 32.3 103.3 102.5 607.6 606.3 245.8 245.2 151.9 152.0 172.7 172.5 37.21 36.6 3,880 749.2 659.0 281.5 88.4 115.2 40.5 902.3 204.9 185.6 20.2 291.7 824.4 684.8 32.5 102.2 605.3 245.0 151.9 172.2 36.2 3,877 751.4 662.2 282.7 88.5 115.2 41.9 899.5 205.4 185.3 20.1 291.1 821.0 681.5 32.4 102.2 606.1 245.4 151.7 172.6 36.4 3,935 771.2 672.1 280.3 88.8 114.8 41.3 927.9 204.5 184.3 20.3 302.1 821.0 681.8 32.7 101.6 607.2 245.5 152.5 173.1 36.11 3,948 768.0 675.4 278.0 89.1 112.4 41.0 939.4 203.7 183.3 20.3 310.0 820.0 681.1 32.5 101.5 608.4 245.6 152.8 173.6 36.4 3,914 771.9 679.3 272.0 88.9 112.0 41.4 912.1 201.4 180.7 20.8 302.9 823.4 685.1 33.7 99.7 609.9 246.1 153.3 174.2 36.3 3,906 796.4 700.2 270.7 90.9 112.5 41.3 884.6 196.9 175.9 21.6 301.6 824.1 687.5 36.8 95.3 610.4 246.5 154.6 173.1 36.1 Petroleum refining______________ .... Transportation and public utilities________ Railroad transportation_______________ Class I railroads_____________________ Local and interurban passenger transit___ Local and suburban transportation___ Taxicabs___________________________ Intercity and rural buslines__________ Motor freight transportation and storage. Air transportation____________________ Air transportation, common carriers___ Pipeline transportation________________ Other transportation__________________ Communication______________________ Telephone communication___________ Telegraph communication___________ Radio and television broadcasting____ Electric, gas, and sanitary services______ Electric companies and systems______ Gas companies and systems__________ Combined utility systems____________ Water, steam, and sanitary systems___ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 94 T able A—2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1 Continued Revised series; see box, p. 98. [In thousands] Annual average 1963 1964 In d u stry N o v .2 Wholesale and retail trade_________ ___ 12,497 3,262 W holesale trad e ___ ___ — M o to r vehicles a n d a u to m o tive e q u ip m ent D ru gs, p.hßmieals, a n d allied p ro d u cts.. _____ ___ D r y goods and apparel Groceries and related p rod u cts. . __ E lectrica l goods __ .. __ Hardware,“ p lu m b in g , and heating goods . M a ch in e ry, eq u ip m en t, and supplies 9,235 R e ta il trade __ -. ___ G eneral m erchandise stores__________ D e p a rtm en t stores__ __ _ ____ L im ite d price v arie ty stores Food stores _ ___ . __ . _ . G rocery, m eat, and vegetab le stores A p p a rel and accessories stores M e n ’s and b o y s’ apparel stores W om en ’s ready-to-w ear stores. F a m ily clothing stores____ ____ Shoe stores. Fu rnitu re and appliance stores E a tin g and drinking places O ther retail trade . . . . ______ M o tor vehicle d e a le rs.. __ __ O ther vehicle and accessory dealers___ D r u g s to r e s __ . _. __ . Finance, insurance, and real estate______ 2,957 B a n k in g . .. . . . . . . . ___ . C red it agencies other th an b an k s....... . . S avings and loan associations___ _____ Personal credit in stitu tio n s___ . . . .. S ecu rity dealers and exchanges_______ . _________ Insurance c a r r ie r s .._____ L ife insurance__ ___ . __ . A ccid en t and health insurance_______ Fire, m arine, and ca su a lty insurance.. Insurance agents, brokers, and serv ic es... Heal estate__ ______'.. ____. . . O p erative b u i l d e r s . ___ . ... .. Other finance, insurance, and real estate . Services and miscellaneous........................ . 8,613 H otels and lodging p la c e s .. . ____ Hotels, tourist courts, and m otels____ Personal services: L aundries, cleaning and dyein g p la n ts.. M iscellaneous business services: * A d v e r tis in g ... __ ______ _ _ _ _ M o tio n pictu res____ ______ . . . M o tio n picture film ing and distrib u tin g _____________________ ____ M o tio n picture theaters and services . M e d ica l services: H o sp ita ls_________________________ Government. _ ... ____ 9,759 Federal G o v e r n m e n t3__ . . 2,336 E x e c u tiv e ___ . . . . . . . . _______ D epartm en t of D efense________ Po st Office D e p a rtm en t____ Other a gen cies._____ _ ___ _ _ L egisla tiv e ________ _______ . . . . J u d ic ia l............... _ _ __________ S tate and local governm ent *.. ___. . . 7,423 S tate gov ern m en t.. . . . . State e d u ca tio n .. ___ _ .. _ . O ther State govern m en t__ Local govern m en t___ . . . . . . ___. . . Local e d u ca tio n ... Other local governm ent . . . . 1 O ct.2 Sept. A u g. 12,201 12,340 12,243 3, 266 3, 269 3,258 244.1 192.7 137.2 520.9 237.9 245.8 192.6 137.2 522.0 239.2 147.3 566.2 9,071 1, 805. 5 1,108. 0 306.9 1,433. 5 1, 264. 8 639.6 103.3 240.9 99.9 118 .1 401.9 1,83 1.1 2,959.0 703. 5 168.4 392.3 2,962 763.6 322.9 95.6 1 7 1.1 126.4 470.4 55.3 315. 8 226.8 556.0 44.5 79.1 8,678 623.2 572.2 147.6 566.1 , 985 1, 741. 2 1,060.9 301.5 1,414.3 1, 249. 6 630.1 100. 5 235.8 98.4 123.1 395.8 1,842. 9 2,960.3 703.1 168.8 392.2 2,972 765. 7 321.2 95.3 169.8 127.1 889.8 471.9 55.6 316.9 227.2 562.3 44.6 79.1 8,661 647.0 584.2 542.2 540.6 886.8 8 J u ly A p r. M ar. Jan. F eb . D ec. N ov. 12,110 12,173 12,180 12,031 11,919 11,862 11,772 11,855 12,725 3,183 3, 210 3,156 3,172 3,156 3,161 3,245 3,170 3,211 238.0 189.7 134.0 498.3 235.1 237.5 189.3 133.4 498.0 234.2 144.8 144.8 550.5 554.1 , 706 , 758 1,656.8 1, 656.7 1,014. i l l , 010. 5 299.0 294.7 1,410. 6 1,408.4 1, 242.0 1, 238.3 609.3 623.6 98.4 98.2 230.5 232.6 93.9 96.3 120.3 115.6 393.9 393.6 1, 788.8 1, 754.4 2,899.3 2,868. 7 689.5 691.1 158. 8 162.8 379.4 381.5 2,901 2,919 754.4 752.8 311.3 313.3 93.2 93.6 163.9 162.7 125.1 126.2 880.1 880.8 468.7 467.6 54.9 54.8 313.1 312.8 222.3 222.9 531.4 543.1 42.4 42.6 77.9 77.9 8,326 8,453 602.9 579.6 533.4 552.3 144.5 550.2 8,616 1,614.8 981,5 289.3 1, 409.0 1,236. 4 588.0 98.9 220.7 93.1 107.6 393.7 1, 742.4 2, 867. 7 239.2 190.2 133.8 497.7 235.4 244.9 191.5 137.3 524.7 240.7 243.8 193.1 136.0 512.9 239.0 240.7 190.0 134.6 499.7 235.8 149.1 149.4 565.1 566.6 , 935 8,928 1,697.9 1,693. 7 1, 035. 2 1,035.0 291.5 291.0 1, 407. 8 1,4 12 .1 1, 245.0 1, 248.6 603.9 605.3 99.5 99.6 228.5 224.8 93.7 95.8 114 .7 115.5 394.7 396.3 1,8 5 7.1 1,853.0 2,970.3 2,970. 7 704.5 704.1 1 7 1 .7 172 .1 389.0 390.4 2,998 2,998 774.5 773.8 321.9 321.9 96.7 96.2 168.7 169.2 129.1 129.1 893.2 895.8 472.2 474.8 55.8 55.8 318.8 319.1 228.6 229.0 5 71.7 568.0 46.2 45.3 79.4 79.3 8,698 8,676 733.2 735.4 618.9 618.6 147.1 560.5 8,969 1,699.0 1,040. 8 295.6 1,4 13.5 1, 245. 6 625. 2 102.3 232.9 96.8 118.7 396.2 1, 862. 9 2,972.0 700.2 171.3 390.5 2,964 765.1 317. 6 95.0 166.6 127.1 885. 3 468.8 55.3 315.5 225.6 565.0 45.1 78.7 8,654 662.6 597.5 145.1 555.3 8,861 1,681.4 1,027.0 299.1 1, 408.0 1, 239. 5 623.5 99.8 234.1 95.5 545.2 539.4 531.2 109.4 173.9 109.3 170.9 40.0 133.9 38.9 132.0 1,359. 4 1,346. 2 9,513 9,484 2, 344 2, 332 2, 313. 5 2, 302. 3 935.0 936.9 585.1 583.7 782.2 792.9 24.1 25.0 5 .7 5.8 7,140 7,181 1,835. 2 1, 844.0 622.1 584.7 1, 250. 5 1, 221. 9 5, 305. 2 5,336. 5 2, 832. 8 2, 934.9 2,472. 4 2,401. 6 1,346. 2 9,508 2, 334 2,304. 2 937.1 586.8 780.3 24.3 5 .7 7,174 1, 836.4 617.4 1, 219. 0 5,337.1 2,944. 2 2,392.9 246.2 19 1.1 138.1 520.4 241.7 8 542.1 546.8 110.2 110.0 110.6 110.2 110.2 180.3 178.1 181.1 188.5 186.1 46.1 132.0 44.3 136.8 46.1 142.4 44.1 142.0 1,3 7 1.9 9,710 2, 329 2, 298. 8 927. 5 591.8 779.5 24.6 5.8 7, 381 1,898.1 656.9 1, 241. 2 5,483. 2 3.052.1 2.431.1 1, 367.1 9,509 2,320 2, 289.9 929.6 582.9 777.4 24.7 5.8 7,189 1,830.1 562.9 1, 267. 2 5. 358. 6 2,894.5 2. 464. 1 1,367.0 9,135 2,356 2,325.5 938.5 591.6 795.4 25.0 5 .7 6,779 1, 790.1 507.2 1,282. 9 4. 988.4 2,466.8 2. 521.6 1,370. 7 9,149 2,355 2, 324. 7 938.4 586.5 799.8 24.9 5.8 , 794 1, 792.9 521. 5 1,2 7 1.4 5,001. 3 2, 476. 5 2, 524.8 6 B eginning w ith the Janu ary 1965 issue, figures differ from those p revio u sly published. T h e in d u stry series have been adju sted to M a rch 1963 bench m arks (com prehensive counts of em p lo ym en t). For com parable b ack data, see E m ploym en t and E arnings Statistics for the United States, 1909-64 ( B L S B u lletin 1312-2). S tatistics from A p ril 1963 forward are subject to further revision w hen new b enchm arks becom e available. T h e se series are based upon establishm ent reports w hich cover all fulland part-tim e em ployees in nonagricultural establishm ents w ho w orked during, or received p a y for, a n y part of the p a y period w hich includes the 12th of the m onth. Therefore, persons w h o w orked in more th an 1 establishm ent during the reporting period are counted more th an once. Proprietors, selfem p lo yed persons, u npaid fa m ily workers, and dom estic servants are excluded. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M ay June 42.1 138.2 121.1 393.8 1,819.5 2, 935.1 693.2 166.0 385.1 2,931 755.7 314.8 93.9 164.8 126.5 881.3 467.9 54.8 313.8 222.9 551.6 43.1 78.3 8,548 626.3 570.8 8 8 237.9 190.4 132.0 501.9 235.1 238.9 190. 7 133.8 507.9 234.7 145.1 144.3 144.8 545.0 546. 5 547.2 9, 515 8,927 8,683 1,670.2 2,217.8 1.836.9 1,026.8 1,38 7.1 1.123.9 291.4 394.0 326. 7 1,409.3 1,434.0 1,405.4 1, 242. 5 1, 253.3 1, 234. 7 635. 8 607.7 740.3 101. 5 105.9 129.9 238.5 226.0 272.4 125.4 99.7 131.4 108.2 398.5 407.1 394.8 1, 726. 6 1,743. 4 1, 749.2 2,874.8 2,971.9 2,900.8 680.2 687.6 683.6 165.0 170.8 158.1 396.2 383.8 380.5 2,884 2,887 2,882 748.3 746.8 748.6 308.4 306.8 310.2 91. 5 92.0 94.0 160.4 161.5 161.4 124.0 124.1 123.6 875.9 874.8 874.1 465.9 467.4 466.2 53.7 53.7 54.2 311.0 309.5 310.6 219.9 534.1 531.5 526.6 45. 6 43.4 41.9 78.0 78.2 77.3 8,327 8,299 8,233 5 71.7 563.2 561. 6 523.7 516.0 516.2 1962 11,803 11,566 3,119 3,056 235.5 188. 5 132.2 493.6 232.6 238.7 190. 5 134.4 504.6 233.4 228.3 186.3 131.0 487.0 219.7 142.2 144.2 530.4 508. 8 , 685 , 511 1, 684.9 1, 632.1 1,021. 5 971.4 310.6 320.6 1,383.4 1,363. 6 ,2 11.6 1,195.4 616.7 617.4 99.7 99.8 229.9 228.9 95.7 96.8 119.9 390.3 388.5 1, 747.9 1, 720. 5 2,861.0 2, 789.0 672.3 641.2 15 1.1 159.4 378.1 373.8 2,873 2,800 740.4 714.7 300.6 281.9 81.4 151.9 158. 7 123.9 131.8 870.2 852.4 463.4 454.2 51. 5 53.3 309.9 305.6 218.6 211.9 530,1 540. 7 46.3 46.1 78.4 77. 6 8,230 7,947 605. 4 594.6 543.1 535.8 8 8 1 100.1 120.6 120.8 688.8 157.5 379.7 2,891 750.9 310.6 93.2 162.2 124.6 877.4 467.2 54.5 311.2 221.5 528.5 4 1.7 77.4 8,277 575.0 529.5 1963 221.1 220.2 88.8 525.3 525.2 524.3 527.5 524.0 519.7 163.8 109.6 161.6 109.1 162.3 109.9 168.9 110.9 170.0 109.2 175. 4 108.3 178.3 40.3 123.5 40.2 121.4 121.2 4 1.1 42.8 126.1 41.9 128.1 4 1.1 134.3 41.5 136.9 1, 342. 5 1,338.0 1,332.3 1, 327.8 1,329.2 1,309.6 9,199 9,564 9,425 9,391 9,443 9,480 2,482 2,343 2, 358 2,323 2, 321 2,323 2,312. 8 2, 328.1 2, 451. 8 2,293.1 2, 290.9 2, 293.0 949.2 939.7 940.1 937.2 938.1 936.8 598.4 593.3 738.0 588.2 585.9 585.6 780.5 779.4 774.1 766.7 770.4 768.1 24.1 24.1 24.2 24.1 24.1 24.3 5 .7 5 .7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5 .7 6,841 7,082 7,082 7,122 7,068 7,15 7 1, 827. 8 1,814 .7 1,799. 8 1, 797. 6 1, 798. 6 1, 743. 4 611.4 555.0 601.9 603.9 614.2 618.1 1, 209.7 1, 200. 5 1,195. 9 1,195. 7 1,18 7 .2 1,188. 5 5,097.3 5, 283.7 5, 328. 9 5,307. 5 5, 268. 2 5,284.7 2, 953. 3 2,937. 3 2,902. 9 2,918. 7 2,916.9 2, 731. 5 2, 375. 6 2,370. 2 2,365. 3 2,366.0 2,366. 8 2,365. 8 1,247. 7 8,890 2, 340 2,310, 6 963.3 597.2 750.2 23.7 5.5 , 550 , 668.4 510.5 1,15 7.8 4,881,2 2,581.2 2, 300.0 526.1 110.0 6 1 * r ie iu m iim y. . D a t a relate to civ ilia n em ployees w ho w orked on, or received p a y for, the last d a y of the m onth. . * S tate and local governm ent data exclude, as nom inal em ployees, elected officials of sm all local u n its and paid volunteer firemen. 3 Source: U .S . D e p a rtm en t of L abor, B ureau of L ab o r S tatistics for all series except those for th e Fed eral G overn m en t, w h ich is prepared b y the U .S . C iv il Service Com m ission, and th a t for C la ss I railroads, w hich is prepared b y th e U .S . Interstate Com m erce Com m ission. 95 A.—EMPLOYMENT T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1 Revised series; see box, p. 98. [inthousands] 1964 1963 Annual average Industry N o v .2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1963 1962 Mfttal mining Tron ores Copper ores _ ______ _________________ __________ 507 69.7 23.9 22.4 507 65.7 24.0 18.4 508 64.2 23.6 16.9 508 64.1 24.0 17.0 512 71.2 24.0 24.3 497 70.2 23.7 23.8 490 69.0 22.8 23.5 478 67. 1 21.2 23.4 477 66.7 21.0 23.3 481 66.3 20.7 23.1 497 66.7 21.1 22.9 502 67.6 22.0 22.7 499 66.6 21.0 22.7 512 67.5 21. 0 23.4 Gnal mining Thtnrninnns __________ __ ______ 127.8 118.0 126.5 116.7 125.6 115.6 126.0 115.9 126.2 116.2 124.5 114.9 126.2 116.8 126.2 116.2 129.7 119.6 130.8 120.9 132.9 122.8 132.8 122.7 130.5 120.6 133.6 123.1 Cmfle petroleum and natural gas Crude petroleum and natural gas fields. Oil and gas field services _ _ __ _ 203.0 91.2 111.8 206.2 93.1 113.1 210.4 94.5 115.9 210.6 94.8 115.8 208.4 94.5 113.9 199.6 91.3 108.3 198.0 91.2 106.8 197.3 91.6 105.7 196.7 92.4 104.3 200.0 92.7 107.3 204.0 93.1 110.9 202.0 93.7 108.3 204.4 96.2 108.1 212.8 99.8 113.1 106.4 108.2 108.0 107.2 105.9 102.6 97.1 87.5 84.3 84.1 93.2 99.8 97.1 98.1 Quarrying and nonmetallic m inine___ . 2,909 2,927 3,015 2,960 2,853 2,670 2,467 2,260 2,186 2,134 2,426 2,674 2,539 2,462 916. 0 919.1 956.9 937.1 9Ó0.8 839.4 776. 4 710.8 687.7 673.5 758.6 840.2 791.6 755.8 616.0 630.1 653.0 642.9 617.2 560.1 472.8 389.6 372.1 355.9 450.7 549.0 523.1 514.8 345.9 358.4 375.7 370.7 351.5 311.6 244.3 183.8 168.2 157.7 223.1 298.8 282.3 269. 0 270.1 271.7 277.3 272.2 265.7 248.5 228.5 205.8 203.9 198.2 227.6 250. 2 240. 7 245 7 1,376.6 1,377.3 1,405. 2 1,380. 3 1,334. 6 1,270. 6 1,217.9 1,159. 3 1,126.3 1,104. 5 1,216.3 1,285.1 1,224. 5 1,191. 8 General building contractors _________ H eavy construction _ _ _ ___ Highway and street c o n str u c tio n ...__ Other heavy construction __ Special trade contractors___ _______ Manufacturing--------- --------------------------- 13,096 12,916 13,280 12,966 12,768 12,847 12,666 12,592 12,543 12,482 12,435 12,631 12,722 12,558 12,488 Durable goods____________ _______ 7,423 7,184 7,490 7,211 7,227 7, 292 7, 201 7,160 7, 095 7,041 7,029 7,121 7,147 7,030 6,936 Nondurable goods----------------------------- 5,673 5,732 5, 790 5, 755 5, 541 5,555 5,465 5,432 5,448 5,441 5,406 5, 510 5, 575 5,528 5,552 D u r a b l e g oods 31.8 102.8 65.8 5.1 31.9 104.3 66.8 5.2 32.3 102.6 65.7 5.2 31.7 103.7 66.5 5.2 32.0 105.5 67.7 5.3 32.5 107.5 69.1 5.3 33.1 109.8 69.8 5.6 34.4 110.7 70.4 6.0 34.3 111.8 71.1 6.3 34.4 115.9 73.9 6.6 35.4 116.7 74.2 6. 7 35.8 116.8 73.8 6.7 36.3 115.8 71.9 8.0 35.9 118.2 69.4 12.3 36.5 534.5 81.9 232.5 543.2 86.8 236.0 555.4 90.3 240.0 560.8 92.6 243.5 560.1 91.3 244.6 555.8 89.0 242.6 533.8 80.8 233.9 518.7 72.3 228.9 507.0 67.1 225.9 506.0 71.4 224.0 503.5 72.6 220.2 522.4 78.2 229.2 535.8 83.5 234.9 524.6 78.0 232.3 526.7 78.7 233.1 129.8 32.9 57.4 130.2 32.5 57.7 133.8 33.3 58.0 134.5 33.2 57.0 133.4 34.1 56.7 133.0 34.7 56.5 129.9 33.5 55.7 128.8 32.7 56.0 126.9 31.9 55.2 125.5 31.2 53.9 126.0 31.2 53.5 128.1 32.2 54.7 129.9 32.2 55.3 127.1 32.7 54.6 128.2 33.2 53.5 Furniture and fixtures------ ------------------Household furniture------ ------ ----------Office furniture---------- -- ---------------Partitions; office and store fixtures____ Other furniture and fixtures__________ 344.7 260.3 346.5 260.8 21.8 28. 8 35.1 344.5 258.4 22.0 29.3 34.8 340.8 256.4 21.3 29. 2 33.9 333.3 250.6 20.5 28. 0 34.2 334.2 250.9 20.6 27.8 34.9 325.3 246.0 19.3 26.9 33.1 327.7 247.0 20.5 26. 9 33.3 325.9 246.2 20. 7 26. 2 32.8 323.4 244.1 20.5 26.4 32.4 322.2 241.7 21.1 26. 3 33.1 327.6 245.2 21.6 27. 0 33.8 330.4 246.1 21.9 28. 5 33.9 323.3 239.3 21.8 29. 4 32.7 319.6 235.0 22. 4 30 5 31.8 Stone, clay, and glass products______ . . . . . ------- . Flat glass___________ Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n.. Cement, hydraulic__________________ Structural clay produ cts... . . .. Pottery and related products.. _ _. Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products_____ ________ ____ _______ Other stone and mineral products____ 506.2 100. 8 30.7 58.1 511.3 27. 8 100.7 31.0 58.2 35.9 519.4 27. 5 102.8 31.9 59.3 37.1 519. C 513.5 25. 7 26.0 102.7 100.5 32.1 32.1 60.2 59.7 35. 9 36.8 513.3 25.8 102.2 31.8 59.9 36.3 499.4 25. 2 100.4 30.7 58.2 36.7 487.4 24.7 98.3 29.7 57.3 36 8 473.9 25.1 96.9 28.7 55.7 37.0 465.1 25.8 95.1 27.7 53.7 36 3 460.9 26.1 91.8 27.9 54.1 36.7 480.3 26 5 95.3 29.2 57.4 37.2 495.1 26. 7 96.0 30.9 58.8 38.0 484.5 25.1 95.4 30.9 58.4 36. 6 477.7 25. 3 92.6 31.9 58.5 37.0 138.0 97.4 142.9 97.5 145.6 97.8 147.2 96.8 143.9 96.5 137.3 94.2 130.3 93.8 121.4 92.6 118.5 91.9 117.5 91.0 126.8 91.9 135.9 92.4 131.9 90.4 128.1 89.2 Primary metal industries_____ . . . . . . 1,023. 5 1,014.2 1,027. 4 1,009.1 1, 003. 0 1,005.4 Blast furnace and basic steel products.. 531.1 527.8 533.7 526.3 522.5 518.3 Iron and steel foundries_____. . . . 183.1 178.2 186.2 182.1 181.0 184.0 Nonferrous smelting and refining___ _ 55.7 55.4 52.9 53.0 54.6 53.3 Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extruding____ _________ _ .... _ . . . 142.9 142.4 143.4 139.4 139.2 139.0 Nonferrous foundries_____ _ 61.9 62.1 63.0 62.0 61.6 60.7 Miscellaneous primary metal industries______ . . . _ ._ ________ 48.8 48.2 48.3 46.4 46.6 47.5 994.1 508.6 181.3 54.6 983.5 499.8 179.4 53.8 971.6 489.1 178.0 54.4 963.7 482.8 177.1 54.1 949.8 472.3 174.8 53.9 945.7 469.1 173.4 53.8 933.1 461.4 171.1 54.0 946.9 478.7 168.2 53.2 937.3 476.3 163.7 52.6 141.5 61.1 142.2 61.0 142.3 60.9 142.0 60.7 141.9 60.3 142.4 60.1 140.8 59.4 140.8 59.6 139.6 58.2 Fabricated metal products_______ ___ M etal cans_____ . _ _____ Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware___ _ _ ___ _____ Heating equipment and plumbing fixtin es___ . . . _______ . . . . . . Fabricated structural metal products.. Screw machine products, bolts, etc____ Metal stampings_____ ____ Coating, engraving, and allied services. Miscellaneous fabricated wire products. Miscellaneous fabricated metal products. Ordnance and accessories--------------Ammunition, except for small arms----Sighting and fire control equipment___ Other ordnance and accessories....... ....... Lumber and wood products, except furnlture__ _______________ Logging camps and logging contractors. Sawmills and planing m ills__________ Millwork, plywood, and related products----- ---------------------------------------Wooden containers__________________ Miscellaneous wood products------------- See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 103.1 66.1 34.4 146.8 95.7 47.0 47.3 46.9 47.0 46.6 46.9 46.4 46.5 46.9 943.3 49.5 917.2 50.5 960.6 54.8 930.9 55.4 909.2 53.9 927.0 53.4 910.8 52.4 906.8 51.6 898.5 50.7 892.4 49.9 891.2 48.5 903.9 48.9 907.7 49.8 883.7 50.5 863.7 50.8 119.7 105.2 119.2 113.2 107.4 112.1 113.0 112.9 113.5 113.4 114.4 114.7 113.8 109.1 106.8 60.3 259.9 72.9 167.8 65.9 49.2 98.1 61.3 263.9 72.5 153.0 65.4 48.4 97.0 60.9 265.8 72.2 174.0 65.8 48.2 99.7 59.5 263.0 71.3 161.6 63.8 47.1 96.0 60.4 260.2 70.1 153.3 62.1 45.3 96.5 60.9 257.3 71.5 164.3 62.8 47.1 97.6 59.3 245.9 70.6 164.1 62.7 46.2 96.6 60.4 242.0 70.9 165.1 61.8 46.5 95.6 59.1 237.1 71.2 164.1 61.4 45.9 95.5 59.1 234.7 70.8 163.9 59.9 45.5 95.2 58.9 234.2 70.4 164.9 60.2 45.3 94.4 59.4 240.7 70.8 167.1 61.5 45.5 95.3 59.6 245.9 70.3 167.1 62.1 44.9 94.2 57.7 240.8 70.3 158.4 58.9 44.0 94.1 55.6 235.0 69.5 153.6 56.2 44.4 91.8 96 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 98. [In thousands] 1964 Annual average 1963 Industry N o v .2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1963 1962 Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods—Continued Machinery___ ___________ . . . ___ 1,134.2 1,135.4 1,141.8 1,117.8 1,120.0 1,130.0 1,121.3 1,118.0 1,110.4 1,086.8 1,089.1 1,082.8 1,064.8 1,058.7 1,037.8 57.4 57.1 Engines and turbines_ . . . - . _______ 57.7 59.5 58.0 57.4 57.5 57.5 56.8 56.5 56.2 56.9 56.1 56.6 55.6 Farm machinery and equipment___94.0 94.3 90.1 88.5 88.9 87.2 88.2 90.9 92.5 92.8 86.6 86.1 80.4 83.6 Construction and related m achin ery... 162.0 161.1 162.9 160.5 160.4 160.4 158.1 156.2 154.4 137.3 151.4 149.4 147.1 144.8 139.9 Metalworking machinery and equipm e n t ___ . ... 216.5 217.1 218.8 213.0 215.0 218.5 217.3 216.7 215.3 212.2 209.4 209.1 203.4 200.6 193.8 Special industry machinery. ________ 120.8 120.7 121.4 119.3 119.8 121.5 119.8 119.7 118.8 118.1 117.5 117.1 116.4 116.2 118.0 General industrial machinery________ 171.1 170.2 170.5 167.7 166.4 167.9 165.8 164.8 163.8 163.9 160.2 159.4 156.2 156.8 154.8 Office, computing and accounting machines____ ______________ _______ 95.1 94.4 94.9 95.4 95.4 95.3 98.7 98.2 97.9 94.9 95.3 94.8 94.3 95.1 96.8 Service industry machines__________ 71.0 69.1 73.3 70.4 73.3 71.7 70.3 69.7 69.2 69.3 72.3 72.6 72.7 72.8 68.8 Miscellaneous machinery______ ______ 150.8 150.2 150.4 146.6 145.2 144.7 143.1 142.9 141.2 140.3 139.2 139.9 138.4 133.9 127.3 Electrical equipment and supplies______ 1,079.4 1,074.9 1,068.3 1,037.2 1,021.8 1,021.7 1,010.5 1,012.0 1,013.1 1,017.1 1,027.6 1,039.7 1,043.0 1,036.6 1,051.5 119.3 118.8 116.9 116.2 114.8 114.7 113.6 112.3 112.0 112.0 111.9 111.8 111.9 111.1 111.2 Electric distribution equipment___ . Electrical industrial apparatus. . . 132.5 130.9 130.5 128.1 127.1 127.9 125.6 124.0 124.2 123.0 122.8 122.7 122.5 122.1 124.8 Household appliances.. ..................... 125.0 124.1 124.1 120.2 118.4 121.5 120.1 121.3 121.1 121.1 119.9 123.7 125.0 118.7 114.8 Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent------------ --------- ---------------- . 123.8 124.8 123.7 120.3 119. 0 119.3 118.1 118.2 118.7 118.3 117.7 118.7 119.8 115.9 111.5 78.5 84.0 82.5 Radio and TV receiving sets.. . ___ 99.1 90.2 78.1 79.9 83.9 88.3 91.5 99.1 101.2 94.8 83.7 78.0 205.4 204.1 201.6 198.6 197.8 196.5 196.3 199.4 201.0 202.7 207.1 207.7 205.8 217.7 229.5 Communication equipment__________ Electronic components and accessories. 205.4 202.4 197.4 192.9 185.7 188.7 188.5 188.2 187.8 187.5 190.0 190.7 191.1 192.1 198.2 Miscellaneous electrical equipment 70.1 78.9 74.3 76.1 75.4 75.0 66.1 69.4 70.3 70.2 72.6 and supplies______________________ 68.9 68.6 75.0 68.8 Transportation equipment- ....................... 1,171.1 Motor vehicles and equipment 334.4 Aircraft and parts___ . ... . Ship and boat building and repairing. _ 126.3 .. _ Railroad e q u ip m e n t___ . . . Other transportation equipment 954.1 1,186.5 1,026.6 1,116.8 1,142.9 1,155.0 1,157.2 1,150.3 1,145.1 1,149. 0 1,161.0 1,155.6 1,112.8 1,061.1 417.2 641.8 495.1 589.4 606.3 613.4 613.5 609.6 603.3 611.0 618.4 613.5 576.7 534.0 333.6 336.0 327.5 328.3 333.7 337.8 343.1 346.3 349.5 352.7 356.6 353.9 348.4 350.2 124.2 122.8 119.8 115.9 118.5 121.1 119.7 115.4 115.5 113.3 113.3 115.6 119.3 118.2 30.1 40.8 36.9 34.0 42.0 41.0 40.8 39.9 37.7 37.5 36.2 42.6 41.5 42.2 28.6 40.1 34.4 41.0 42.4 38.2 36.9 34.3 35.2 35.7 42.9 43.3 42.7 41.7 Instruments and related products______ 235.9 Engineering and scientific instruments. _____ Mechanical measuring and control devices.. . . ____ . . ___ _ 62.1 32.9 Optical and ophthalmic goods______ . Surgical, medical, and dental equipment. 37.9 Photographic equipment and supplies. Watches and clocks__. . . . 234.7 34.2 236.8 34.7 234.9 34.3 231.7 34.6 232.9 34.8 230.3 35.0 231.1 35.5 232.0 36.1 231.2 36.3 231.4 37.2 234.2 37.5 235.0 37.9 232.2 38.5 229.1 39.2 61.8 33.0 37.5 44.2 24.0 63.8 32.1 38.1 44.4 23.7 63.5 32.0 38.3 44.7 22.1 62.8 31.8 37.6 42.7 22.2 63.0 32.4 37.8 42.5 22.4 61.9 32.2 37.5 41.6 22.1 62.2 32.1 37.3 41.7 22.3 62.3 31.9 37.3 41.9 22.5 62.1 31.8 36.9 41.4 22.7 61.9 30.6 36.8 41.9 23.0 62.1 30.9 37.0 42.6 24.1 60.7 31.2 37.2 42.7 25.3 61.4 30.2 36.8 41.5 23.8 61.6 29.7 34.7 41.1 22.7 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are... Toys, amusement, and sporting goods. Pens, pencils, office and art materials Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions. Other manufacturing industries______ 349.3 37.2 110.2 24.7 46.1 131.1 344.6 37.0 106.9 24.5 46.0 130.2 331.3 35.7 97.6 23. 8 46.0 128.2 313.6 33.9 90.5 23.2 42.8 123.2 323.1 34.9 93.2 23.1 45.6 126.3 313.4 34.7 86.5 22.8 44.5 124.9 307.8 34.5 81.7 22.8 44.2 124.6 301.8 34.0 76.0 22.7 44.7 124.4 298.7 33.4 73.3 22.9 44.5 124.6 288.8 33.1 67.5 23.2 42.2 122.8 306.7 33.6 79.2 24.5 44.1 125.3 330.1 33.7 97.0 24.7 45.4 129.3 311.0 32.2 85.6 23.7 45.1 124.3 313.2 32.8 85.2 23.1 47.3 124.9 347.1 37.6 130.9 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products____________ 1,169.0 1,225.8 1,271.5 1,262.4 1,171.1 1,125.9 1,084.9 1,069.7 1,061.8 1,069.4 1,087.5 1,135.0 1,175.2 1,160.8 1,177.8 259.5 253.2 255.6 255.6 252.6 250.7 245.6 240.1 240.2 241.2 247.5 256.4 258.2 252.4 253.2 Meat products. . . __________ _ Dairy products______ ______ 132.7 134.3 139.0 144.4 145.9 145.7 140.3 137.3 135.4 134.6 135.0 137.8 139.2 144.5 151.6 Canned and preserved food, except meats 262.8 315 9 306 2 224 6 184 2 165 2 162.9 150 2 150 2 155.4 170.5 196.2 207.8 216.5 91.3 91.0 85.9 88.5 88.3 88.9 87.2 89.0 87.0 86.9 Grain mill products._________ _______ 90.8 92.0 89.9 91.1 91.7 Bakery products. . ____________ 166.0 166.9 168.2 168.4 168.9 168.0 164.1 162.0 162.7 162.2 161.8 166.6 167.4 166.9 167.8 30.4 29.8 Sugar 45.1 40 9 24 1 25.2 27.4 38.2 42.0 27 2 26 1 24 9 24.3 34.4 60.0 Confectionery and related products___ 67.9 60.9 67.4 56.3 60.4 65.5 65.4 63.5 56.1 58.7 60.6 54.7 56.8 59.8 Beverages... ______ . _____ 113.0 115.6 116.1 118.6 118.9 114.4 109.8 108.9 107.5 105.9 106.9 112.2 113.5 112.0 111.6 Miscellaneous food and kindred prod96.0 95.0 ucts___ _________ ______ _____ 95.2 90.5 91.1 93.4 93.8 95.7 98.8 95.9 94.0 90.9 92.7 91.6 90.7 Tobacco manufactures. . . Cigarettes __ Cigars___ ... ... Textile mill products__________________ Cotton broad woven fabrics. Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics. Weaving and finishing broad woolens __ Narrow fabrics and small war es__ ___ . . . Knitting Finishing textiles, except wool and knit. Floor covering . Yarn and thread. _______ _ . Miscellaneous textile goods...................... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 84.8 93.8 31.4 24.1 90.9 32.0 23.9 82.1 31 9 23.6 64.9 31.3 23 2 65.4 30.9 23.8 65.2 30.8 23.3 65.7 31.0 23.1 69.0 31.1 22.8 814.9 213.1 79.3 39.6 26.6 200.5 66.2 811.0 212.8 78.9 39.5 26.2 201.2 66.0 31.5 99.1 55.8 811.4 211.7 78.5 41.0 25.8 201.5 66.1 31.4 99.0 56.4 808.1 211.1 78.4 40.6 25.6 201.4 66.4 30.4 99.4 54.8 792.8 210.2 77.6 41.0 25.0 195.7 65.4 29.2 94.3 54.4 807.2 211.1 78.7 43.0 25.5 198.1 66.1 30.2 98.9 55.6 800.3 209.7 78.3 42.8 25.1 195.9 65.7 30.3 97.0 55.5 798.0 210.2 78.5 42.2 25.2 192.9 65.6 30.7 96.8 55.9 797.1 211.2 78.5 41.9 25.2 191.4 65.7 31.2 96.6 55.4 99.4 57.8 75.1 31.7 20.5 81.6 32.0 21.2 85.4 31.8 21.7 76.0 31.6 21.1 78.7 31.4 22.0 794.2 787.3 211.5 211.5 78.5 78.7 42.4 41.9 25. C 24.8 187. 8 183.2 65.3 65.3 30.9 30.6 96.5 95.7 56.1 55.8 794.2 212.5 78.8 41.5 24.9 187.3 65.6 31.3 95.9 56.4 801.0 212.0 78.3 41.3 25.0 195.5 65.3 31.5 95.2 56.9 796.4 212.1 76. 5 44.4 24.4 194.4 64.2 31.1 93.3 56.1 812.1 222.1 74.4 46.3 24.4 198.6 64.3 31.2 94.7 56.2 72.8 31.2 22.1 A.—EMPLOYMENT T able 97 A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued R e v is e d s e r ie s ; s e e b o x , p. 98. [inthousands] 1964 1963 Annual average Industry Nov.» Oct.» Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. 1963 1962 Manufacturing—Continued Nondurable goods—Continued Apparel and related products. ________ 1,192.1 1,192.9 1,195. 6 1,193.8 1,132.9 1,161.1 1,141.2 1,137. 4 1,159. 7 1,158. 5 1,120. 6 1,135.0 1,146. 5 1 139 4 1 122 9 M en’s and boys’ suits and coats______ 102.1 101.9 102.1 102.2 94.1 102.3 101.0 98.0 100.8 101.2 100.9 101. 4 99.3 102 3 ’ 104 8 M en’s and boys’ furnishings____ 312.7 311.6 311.6 312.2 301.9 308.6 302.9 300.0 298.3 295.4 289.7 293.3 296.2 296 5 288 8 Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear_________________ __________ 358.5 361.7 363.7 366.7 345.5 349.4 344.9 349.7 365.0 365.4 346.1 346.1 346. 5 849 7 842 8 Women’s and children’s undergarm ents________________ _____ ___ 110.9 111. 1 109.9 108.2 101.8 104.3 103.3 103.4 104.0 103.6 101.9 105.8 109.8 103 4 102 5 Hats, caps, and millinery. _ ............... 28.9 28.9 26 1 25 0 25 8 30.4 27. 7 81 4 29. Ô 29.3 Girls’ and children’s outerwear.......... . 69.6 69.0 67.9 70.8 71.2 73.1 7o ! 2 67.1 67! 7 68.4 71.4 66. 7 66. 9 08 0 09 0 Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel... 70.0 68 .8 67.0 66 .2 62.5 63.9 63.7 63.7 62.3 58.3 62.3 66.2 63.4 64! 0 Miscellaneous fabricated textile products______________________________ 142.7 138.1 141.6 136.3 128.2 131.1 130.0 129.7 128.8 127.2 125.8 131.5 134.8 126.6 121.6 Paper and allied products_____________ Paper and pulp. _________________ . Paperboard_______ ________________ Converted paper and paperboard products_________ . . _____________ . . . Paperboard containers and boxes_____ 498.6 173.0 51.0 499.7 174.1 53.2 501.4 174.0 54.2 498.8 176.7 53.0 492.0 176.0 52.1 498.0 176.8 53.2 489.6 173.5 52.4 487.7 172.9 52.4 485.1 172.4 52.2 482.8 171.8 51.9 484.2 172.8 51.9 490.5 175.0 52.2 491.3 174.8 52. 4 487. 7 175.2 02 1 486 0 175.9 02 8 114.9 159.7 113.9 158.5 115. 6 157.6 114.2 154.9 112.3 151.6 113.5 154.5 112.0 151.7 111. 1 151.3 109.9 150.6 109.1 150.0 109.4 150.1 111.0 152.3 110.5 153.6 109 7 150.7 108 3 149.5 611.6 173.1 609.5 170.9 26.0 45.8 242.6 41.7 602.5 170.3 25.1 45.1 237.8 42.2 599.2 170.0 24. 6 45. 4 236.9 41.7 602.9 171.2 24. 8 46 1 238.0 41.6 600.7 171.2 25 4 46 6 236.7 40.9 598.7 170.6 26 2 46 4 236.1 40.4 597.9 170.0 26 8 46 6 23614 39.6 594.6 169.0 592.6 168.3 602.7 172.2 26 * 598.3 170.0 590. 7 165. 7 594 5 168.1 242.9 41.6 610.9 172. 1 26.3 45.9 243.0 41.5 234! 4 39.5 235.8 38.2 238! 2 40.4 237.3 40.0 233.5 40.7 233.6 82.0 82.1 82.5 82.0 80.6 81.2 79.9 79.0 79.0 79.1 79.0 80.8 80.9 80.2 81.1 Chemicals and allied products_____ _ . Industrial chem icals.. . ____ Plastics and synthetics, except glass.. . Drugs______________________ . . . . . . Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods______ Paints, varnishes, and allied products.. Agricultural chemicals_______________ Other chemical products____________ 525.4 160.6 127.4 58.8 61.1 36.0 30.6 50.9 526.0 160.4 127. 1 58.8 62.0 36.4 31.3 50.0 532.3 164.7 128.3 58.7 61.7 37.3 31.4 50.2 532.0 164.9 126.8 59.6 61.5 38.3 30.4 50.5 530.1 165.2 125.7 59.8 59.7 38.3 30.2 51.2 533.0 165.6 124.8 60.2 60.1 38.1 33.3 50.9 533.6 163.4 123.1 59.5 58.1 37.0 42.6 49.9 533.2 163.1 521.3 162.3 519.5 162.5 120.6 120.8 59.4 57.9 35.6 35.9 49.6 60.5 56.5 35.4 34.0 49.8 522.2 162.6 120.9 60.8 58.8 35.6 32.4 51.1 522.7 162.9 120.3 60.9 59.5 35.8 31.6 51.7 525.4 164.1 118.2 60.6 59.2 36.0 34.4 52.9 519.3 164.9 59.5 58.2 36.5 44.3 49.4 529.0 162.4 121.4 60.2 58.1 36.1 40.4 50.4 Petroleum refining and related industries__ ____ _____ _______ _____ Petroleum refin in g_______ _ _____ . Other petroleum and coal products___ 114.1 90.0 24.1 115.5 90.2 25.3 117.5 91.4 26.1 118.5 92.3 26.2 118.5 92.5 26.0 119.0 93.1 25.9 116.8 92.3 24.5 115.4 92.5 22.9 115.5 93.3 22.2 115.6 93.6 115.2 93.7 21.5 117.0 94.3 22.7 119.2 94.5 24.7 120.5 95.8 24.8 125.5 2 2 .0 Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_______ _____ _ _ ___________ Tires and inner tubes________________ Other rubber products_______________ Miscellaneous plastic products___ 344.3 71.4 133.2 139.7 342.7 69.6 133.1 140.0 344.9 72.5 133.2 139.2 336.7 71.0 128.4 137.3 326.2 70.6 126.2 129.4 329.1 70.2 128.3 130.6 328.1 69.8 127.5 130.8 324.3 69.6 127.0 127.7 325.0 70.1 127.7 127.2 323.3 70.2 128.0 125.1 320.6 69.2 127.7 123.7 323.2 69.3 129.2 124.7 326.1 130.1 127.8 322.1 69.8 128.3 124.1 316. 5 72.2 127.3 117.0 Leather and leather products_____ Leather tanning and finishing________ Footwear, except rubber. _ _ ______ Other leather products___________ _ 318.1 28.3 211.5 78.3 313.7 28.2 207.6 77.9 314.9 28.2 209.7 77.0 319.8 28.2 214.5 77.1 313.4 27.9 211.9 73.6 313.2 28.3 211.7 73.2 304.3 27.8 207.1 69.4 302.3 27.5 204.2 70.6 307.4 27.4 208.1 71.9 308.2 27.5 209.6 71.1 303.8 26.3 208.6 68.9 308.3 27.8 208.1 72.4 309.1 27.8 205.5 75.8 309.2 27.4 207.7 74.1 318.9 28.1 215.1 75.7 82.2 39. 5 895.4 16. 7 82.3 41 7 902.6 17.2 81 6 42 1 888.3 17.5 81 7 42 3 881.8 17.5 82 8 40 4 873.8 17.4 88 2 82 6 87 9 825.9 17.0 76.8 87 2 815.7 17.1 84 1 89 2 839.7 16.9 853.1 17.3 84 7 38 4 828.2 17.8 808.1 18.5 566. 4 569 9 22.4 87.2 539. 7 213.1 136 0 157. 7 32.9 575 9 22. 5 87.1 547 7 216 0 138 4 159 4 33.9 574 9 565 4 22 7 85 6 587 0 214 2 182 8 156 7 33.8 559 4 22 7 84 6 580 6 209 7 188 8 154 1 33. Ó 557 8 550 4 548 0 22 6 22 7 22l4 889 83, 4 84 8 527 5 526 8 208 4 208 7 188 6 158 6 31.9 316 316 Printing, publishing, and allied industries___________ ____ ____ ______ Newspaper publishing and printing___ Periodical publishing and printing.. . . Books____ Commercial printing________________ Bookbinding and related industries___ Other publishing and printing industries______________________________ Transportation and public utilities: Local and interurban passenger transit: Local and suburban transportation. ._ Intercity and rural buslines. . Motor freight transportation and storage. Pipeline transportation__________ . . . Communication: Telephone communication________ __ Telegraph communication 3__________ Radio and television broadcasting____ Electric, gas, and sanitary services____ _ Electric companies and systems___ Gas companies and s y s t e m s ..___ . . . Combined utility systems____ ___ Water, steam, and sanitary system s.. . See footnotes at end of table. 758-054 0 — 65— — 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 22.1 87.2 533.1 210.9 134.1 155. 6 32.5 2 2 .8 86. 5 546 1 216 3 136 6 159 4 33.8 122.2 22 6 84.6 528 4 208 8 188 4 158 7 32! 5 814! 7 17.1 813! 1 17.1 38 1 842! 0 17.2 MO 4 22 9 888 028 7 20Q 0 134 2 104 1 314 68 .2 39.6 112.8 59.5 58.3 35.9 33.1 54.8 101.0 24.5 552 9 55Q 3 23 n 24 9 208 79 0 82 9 81 9 530 1 532 7 5800 909 2 210 1 211 4 184 0 135 3 137 ] 155 5 1000 318 3l! 8 31! 5 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 98 T a ble A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued Revised series; see box below. [inthousands] Annual average 1963 1964 Industry N o v .2 O ct.2 Whnlremle and retail trade ___ Wholesale trade ____ _ _ _ ____ Motor vehicles and automotive equipTnent. _ _ - ___Drugs, chemicals, and allied products— — D ry goods and apparel Groceries and related products Electrical goods Hardware, plumbing, and heating goods IVfachinery equipment, and supplies Retail trade * _ _ ___ General merchandise stores Department stores _____ Tlimited price variety stores _ _ _ __ Food stores _ _ __ Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores. Apparel and accessories stores _ _ _ TVfp.n’s and boys’ apparel stores __ Women’s ready-to-wear stores____ Family clothing stores __ _ _ _ _ _ _ Shoe stores . . __ _ _ ____ Furniture and appliance stores Other retail trade. _ __- . _ ___ Motor vehicle dealers.. . . Other vehicle and accessory dealers . . Drug stores . .. Finance, insurance, and real estate; B anking.. . . . . ___ ______ Security dealers and exchanges 1________ Insurance carriers 5_____ " ... Life insurance 5. . ................ Accident and health insurance 8____ . Fire, marine, and casualty insurance *. Services and miscellaneous: Hotels and lodging places: Hotels, tourist courts, and motels_____ Personal services: Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants®. Motion pictures: Motion picture filming and distribution. Sept. Aug. July M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1963 1962 9,321 9,218 9,172 9,153 9,151 9,053 8,974 8,958 8,887 8,986 9,844 9,233 8,953 8,794 2. 788 2,779 2,788 2, 769 2, 737 2, 700 2,691 2,689 2,693 2, 709 2, 750 2,725 2, 670 2,625 205.1 160.1 113.0 460.3 197.7 206.6 159.8 112.9 460.9 199.4 207.2 158.6 114.1 459.4 201.9 206.3 158.3 113.4 464.4 201.5 205.0 160.0 112.6 453.6 201.0 202.6 156.8 111.1 440.7 199.4 201.5 157.1 110.0 438.6 197.8 200.4 157.2 110.5 439.6 198.0 200.4 156.8 110.3 439.5 199.0 200.5 157.5 108.9 443.7 198.9 201.7 159.1 110.5 449.5 199.9 201.5 158.3 111.0 446.0 199.3 199.6 156.5 109.3 435.7 200.9 193.0 155.8 109.1 431.0 192.3 125.9 126.2 127.9 127.8 126.0 124.3 124.3 124.4 124.3 124.3 125.2 124.8 124.8 123.2 480.0 480.7 481.7 480.3 475.8 470.8 470.4 466.4 466.8 464.8 464.5 463.6 451.0 433.8 6, 533 6,439 6,384 6,384 6,414 6,353 6,283 6,269 6,194 6,277 7,094 6.508 6,283 6,168 1,651.3 1, 589.8 1,548. 0 1,546. 0 1,549. 5 1, 532. 6 1,508. 4 1, 507.9 1,466. 9 1, 523. 9 2,070. 0 1,691.9 1,545.3 1, 501. 5 1,016. 8 970.7 945.6 946.7 951.7 938.9 926.3 922.4 894.2 938.3 1,296.8 1,036. 0 936.9 892.3 283.2 278.6 268.5 268.3 272.5 275.7 270.9 274.7 265.0 269.2 371.8 304.5 288.3 299.7 1,334.1 1,314.3 1,310.0 1,314.8 1,316.4 1,311.2 1,313.0 1,311.5 1,311.6 1,310.9 1,336.8 1,310.2 1,289.6 1,273.0 1,174.4 1,159. 2 1,155. 4 1,159. 5 1,157.3 1,151.2 1,153. 0 1,149. 9 1,147. 8 1,152. 6 1,164.0 1,147. 7 1,126.3 1,113.5 577.1 568.7 544.6 543.3 564.3 563.4 548.6 563.3 529.6 547.6 680.0 577.0 559.3 560.0 92.1 90.5 90.7 95.9 89. 4 89.6 92.3 89.9 91.0 89.9 93.2 219.1 214.3 206.8 203.6 211.7 213.3 209.6 211.4 200.0 204.9 251.1 217.5 209.3 208.7 93.2 88.7 89.6 117.9 92.8 88.5 89.3 86.7 89.7 86.9 91.2 87.3 92.8 93.7 117.0 106.4 106.9 106.7 93.2 99.7 103.8 106.4 100.9 105.8 103.0 108.0 100.5 346.9 346.3 354.1 362.7 349.4 350.7 349.0 349.4 350.0 349.0 348.5 350.5 351. 5 356.0 2,614. 5 2, 615. 6 2,629.6 2,630.8 2,633.3 2, 596. 4 2, 564.1 2,537. 6 2, 536. 5 2, 543. 4 2,644. 2 2,574. 8 2, 541. 5 2,487. 3 608.5 608.4 609.9 609.6 606.5 600.6 599.1 597.3 597.1 595.9 594.0 590.3 585.0 559.1 145.2 145.6 149.3 148.6 148.3 143.0 140.1 136.0 134.6 135.2 147.6 142.0 136.1 128.2 359. 7 357.6 358.2 357.5 358.8 353.7 351.0 349.4 349.8 350.9 368.2 355.6 350.3 347.5 120.1 88.1 88.1 88.8 631.4 109.8 628.6 279.1 46.0 265.8 632.5 113.7 783.1 421.2 48.0 276.0 631.9 113.7 782.4 420. 5 47.9 276.1 627.0 113.8 779.7 418.5 47.6 276.3 607.3 122.3 768.9 413.0 46.2 273.8 642.6 112.0 633 4 277 4 47.1 270.4 645. 3 112. 7 636. 8 279. 0 47. 3 271.8 654.3 114.6 642. 7 281. 9 47.6 274.0 653.7 114.8 641. 7 280.8 47.6 273.8 645.3 113.0 635.9 278.9 47.1 271.0 636.3 112.3 632. 7 278.4 46.5 269.7 635.7 112.1 632.7 279.5 46.6 268.9 633.9 110.9 632.6 279.6 46.6 268.8 632.9 110.6 630.8 279.4 46.3 267.0 536. 5 547.3 581. 5 579.5 558.8 534.1 516.0 499.1 495.5 482.1 484.4 492. r 511.3 505.4 383.8 386.7 384.2 380.3 27.7 26.7 25.7 25. 7 483.6 482.8 483.3 488.0 486.6 480.6 472.2 467.0 465.7 462.8 28.4 27.8 29.5 28.1 27.7 25.4 25.0 26.1 25.1 25.7 1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October 1963, and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A 2. For mining and manufacturing data, refer to production and related workers; for contract construction, to construction workers; and for all other industries, to nonsupervisory workers. Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper visory workers (including leadman and trainees) engaged in fabricating, processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing, warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, and watchmen services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (e.g., powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated with the above production operations. Construction workers include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics, apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June repair, and maintenance, etc., at the site of construction or working in shop or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed by members of the construction trades. Nonsupervisory workers include employees (not above the working super visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons, operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors, watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whose services are closely associated with those of the employees listed. 2 Preliminary. 3 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers. 4 Excludes eating and drinking places. 5 Beginning January 1964, nonoffice salesmen excluded from nonsuper visory count. « Beginning January 1964, data relate to nonsupervisory workers and are not comparable with the production worker levels of prior years. Caution The revised series on employment, hours, and earnings, and labor turnover in non agricultural establishments should not be compared with those published in issues prior to January 1965. (See footnote 1, table A-2, and “BLS Establishment Employment Estimates Revised to March 1963 Benchmark Levels” appearing in the December 1964 issue of E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s. Moreover, when the figures are again adjusted to new benchmarks, the data presented in this issue should not be compared with those in later issues which reflect the adjustments. Comparable data for earlier periods are published in E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s S t a t i s t i c s fo r th e U n ite d S ta te s , 1909-64 (BLS Bulletin 1312-2), which is available at depository libraries or which may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents for $3.50 a copy. For an individual industry, earlier data may be obtained upon request to the Bureau. A.--- EMPLOYMENT T a ble 99 A-4. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups seasonally adjusted 1 ’ Revised series; see box, p. 98. [intUousands] 1964 1963 Industry division and group N ov.2 Oct.2 Sept. Total___ _ _________________ __________ M ining____________________________________________ Contract construction________________________ Manufacturing_____________________________________ Durable goods. . . . ______ _ _ ______ ____ . Ordnance and accessories..__________ ___ Lumber and wood products, except furniture Furniture and fixtu res... _ ____________ Stone, clay, and glass products____________ Primary metal industries_______ ________ Fabricated metal products . . . . . . . Machinery____ _ . . . ___ Electrical equipment and supplies Transportation equipm ent_______ Instruments and related products.. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries N ondurable goods_____ . . Food and kindred products Tobacco manufactures . . . . Textile mill products______ Apparel and related products Paper and allied produ cts... Printing, publishing, and allied industries___ Chemicals and allied products Petroleum refining and related industries Rubber and miscellaneous Dlastic products Leather and leather products Transportation and public utilities___ Wholesale and retail trade... Wholesale trade.. ' ___ Retail trade.. _ _______ Finance, insurance, and real estate Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. 58,790 58,372 58, 458 58,301 58, 256 58,104 57, 931 57,827 57, 754 57, 684 57,334 57, 291 641 634 638 634 639 639 631 633 633 633 632 636 3,150 3,102 3,080 3,103 3,107 3,106 3,093 3,081 3,122 3,132 2,941 3,052 17,472 17,164 17, 449 17,339 17,344 17, 285 17, 225 17, 224 17,208 17,171 17,131 17,115 9,962 9, 691 9,986 9,886 9,890 9,826 9,780 9,798 9, 784 9,740 9, 725 9, 717 245 247 248 250 255 260 265 267 269 271 274 275 595 592 593 595 599 593 596 600 603 602 597 600 408 407 405 403 405 402 398 398 397 394 392 392 620 620 617 617 618 616 613 613 616 613 609 610 1,266 1,254 1,258 1,242 1,246 1,222 1,199 1,196 1,190 1,189 1,183 1,178 1,209 1,178 1,223 1,208 1,196 1,192 1,185 1,190 1,187 1,183 1,174 1,173 1,646 1,645 1,643 1,625 1,620 1,608 1,597 1,589 1, 584 1, 565 1, 572 1,568 1,569 1, 559 1,558 1, 546 1,550 1,537 1,533 1,536 1,535 1,535 1,540 1,540 1,624 1,417 1,667 1,632 1,632 1,628 1,633 1,646 1,641 1,626 1,626 1,623 369 369 369 369 371 369 367 368 368 368 367 367 411 406 402 399 398 399 394 395 394 394 391 391 7,510 7,473 7,463 7, 453 7,454 7,459 7,445 7, 426 7,424 7,431 7,406 7,398 1,734 1, 719 1,716 1,726 1,719 1,720 1,731 1,730 1,738 1,746 1,743 1, 742 92 88 82 83 89 89 89 88 88 88 87 90 906 899 899 895 894 895 895 895 897 896 891 890 1,326 1,322 1,317 1,311 1,309 1,323 1,305 1,298 1,290 1,296 1,291 1,286 635 634 632 631 632 631 630 629 627 627 625 624 956 955 956 954 955 Q44 953 952 948 946 880 879 881 879 879 880 874 «72 871 874 186 187 185 185 187 187 187 18Q 187 188 437 433 439 435 433 427 429 427 41Q 417 426 424 358 354 357 356 357 354 353 353 350 349 347 348 3,999 3,995 4,005 3,999 3,983 3,965 3,968 3,964 3,940 3,943 3,936 3,931 12, 290 12, 277 12,229 12, 231 12, 223 12,187 12,135 12,096 12,077 12,083 12,021 11, 950 3,236 3,233 3, 226 3,224 3,232 3, 227 3, 212 3,206 3,198 3j 191 3j 188 3,172 9,054 9,044 9,003 9,007 8,991 8, 960 8,923 8, 890 8,879 8i 892 8,833 8,778 2,969 2,965 2,960 2, 951 2,948 2,943 2,934 2,931 2,924 2,917 2,911 2,904 Nov. 57,101 635 3,015 17,059 9,670 274 597 390 607 1,170 1,166 1,557 1,537 1,616 366 390 7,389 1,743 92 889 1,281 623 348 3,932 11 910 3 158 8| 752 2,896 Service and m iscellaneous... 8,639 8,635 8, 592 8,573 8,561 8,509 8,489 8, 461 8,455 8,437 8,401 8,366 8,352 Government _. Federal _ . . . . State and l o c a l . . _______ 9,630 2,338 7,292 9,596 2,331 7,265 9,509 2,320 7,189 9,471 2,328 7,143 9,451 2,322 7,129 9,470 2,323 7,147 9, 456 2,339 7,117 9,437 2,341 7,096 9,395 2,337 7,058 9,368 2,337 L 031 9,361 2,342 7,019 9,337 2,346 6,991 9,302 2, 345 2 T>rIiiwSoage ° f tllc senes’ see footnote 1, table A-2. N o t e : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New Seasonaj Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827. rrenmmary. T a ble 6,957 A-5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally adjusted 1 Revised series; see box, p. 98. [inthousands] 1964 1963 Major industry group M anufacturing... _ . . . N ov.2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. 12,963 12, 663 12, 956 12,847 12,839 12, 794 12,736 12,732 12, 731 12,692 12,659 12,647 Nov. 12,592 Durable good s.. ___ Ordnance and accessories____ Lumber and wood products, except furniture Furniture and fixtures. ______ Stone, clay, and glass products____ Primary metal in d u stries____ .... Fabricated metal products. Machinery . . Electrical equipment and supplies. Transportation equipment. Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing industries 7,345 102 533 339 500 1,036 930 1,148 1,058 1,136 233 330 7,082 102 528 339 498 1,023 900 1,149 1,053 933 233 324 7,377 103 530 338 500 1,026 945 1,149 1,049 1,180 234 323 7, 279 104 531 335 498 1, 012 932 1,129 1,040 1,145 234 319 7, 271 105 536 338 497 1,017 918 1,125 1,041 1,141 236 317 7,219 107 528 336 496 995 916 1,118 1,029 1,141 233 320 7,174 109 532 331 493 972 910 1,109 1,024 1,146 232 316 7,188 110 536 331 493 967 916 1,103 1,027 1,156 233 316 7,181 111 539 330 498 966 914 1,099 1,025 1.150 233 316 7,139 112 539 329 493 965 911 1,082 1,023 1,136 233 316 7,124 115 535 326 490 958 903 1,091 1,026 1,134 232 314 7,115 115 537 327 492 954 901 1,088 1,026 1,128 233 314 7,071 115 534 325 490 944 895 1,078 1,023 1,121 232 314 Nondurable goods . . . Food and kindred products. Tobacco manufactures .. Textile mill products Apparel and related products. Paper and allied p rod u cts.._ Printing, publishing, and allied industries Chemicals and allied products Petroleum refining and related industries Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products _ Leather and leather products 5,618 1,152 80 810 1,178 496 605 528 115 338 316 5,581 1,134 77 803 1,177 495 604 527 116 335 313 5,579 1,133 71 803 1,173 494 606 530 116 340 313 5,568 1,142 72 799 1,165 493 604 530 115 337 311 5,568 1,134 78 798 1,164 494 604 531 117 334 314 5, 575 1,134 78 800 1,176 494 604 531 117 329 312 5, 562 1,144 77 800 1,160 493 604 527 116 330 311 5,544 1,143 76 800 1,152 492 601 525 116 329 310 5,550 1.150 77 803 1,145 491 600 529 118 329 308 5, 553 1,157 76 803 1,150 491 598 527 118 326 307 5,535 1,157 75 799 1,146 489 597 526 118 322 306 5, 532 1,158 78 797 1,140 489 598 526 119 321 306 5, 521 1,158 81 796 1,133 488 592 526 120 320 307 2 P rclim im rv Pro<^uc*'lon workers, see footnote 1, table A-3. y' https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N o t e : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 100 T able A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations 1 [All items except average benefit amounts are in thousands] 1963 1964 Item Sept. Oct. Employment service:2 N ew applications for work-------------------Nonfarm placements...................................... 846 579 854 639 June July Aug. 816 554 896 549 1,160 572 Mar. Apr. May 857 572 873 541 Jan. Feb. 874 478 916 414 1,037 443 Oct. N ov. Dec. 793 432 827 493 953 662 State unemployment insurance programs: 1,157 1,200 1,865 1,848 1,136 1,181 1,086 908 976 937 1,238 858 966 Initial claims 34_______________________ Insured unem ploym ent3 (average weekly 1,333 1,542 1,972 2,243 2,395 2, 050 1,755 1,447 1,297 1,261 1,343 1,125 1,138 v o lu m e)6-------- -------------------------- -----3.1 3.6 4.7 5.3 5.7 4.9 3.4 4.2 3.1 2.9 3.1 2.5 2.6 Rate of insured unem ploym ent7-----------4,923 4, 733 9,186 6,705 8,060 8,303 7,381 5,658 5,023 4,556 5,098 4,149 3,996 Weeks of unemployment compensated. . . Average weekly benefit amount for total unem ployment......................- .........- ......... $35.92 $35.40 $35.60 $35.35 $35. 27 $35.50 $36. 02 $36.26 $36.24 $36.07 $35.78 $35.37 $35.15 Total benefits paid...... ................................... $143,165 $148,423 $164,510 $180,519 $183,132 $201,498 $258,046 $292,618 $283,809 $319,302 $232,954 $164,977 $171,957 Unemployment compensation for ex-servicem e n :8 9 Initial claims 39----------------------------------Insured unem ploym ent 9(average weekly volum e).....................- -------- -----------------Weeks of unemployment compensated — Total benefits paid-------------- -------------Unemployment compensation for Federal civilian em ployees:910 Initial claims 3____________ _______ ____ Insured unem ploym ent9 (average weekly volum e)---- ------------- ---------------- -------Weeks of unemployment com pensated... Total benefits p a id ......................................... 25 35 136 $5,043 25 36 159 $5,888 26 43 173 $6, 285 32 44 173 $6,172 25 20 27 28 42 184 $6,626 46 200 $7,029 57 281 $9,654 67 261 $8,893 39 39 29 31 73 72 284 307 $9,586 $10,241 60 231 $7,622 48 164 $5,396 43 174 $5,857 29 12 10 10 15 12 9 11 11 13 20 15 13 14 25 100 $3,986 24 103 $4,178 25 104 $4,212 26 102 $3,993 25 110 $4,661 27 115 $4, 558 32 157 $5,829 38 154 $5,596 40 157 $5, 768 39 165 $6,109 34 143 $5,369 32 111 $4, 297 29 120 $4,723 11 12 12 38 16 5 13 5 7 13 12 11 12 Railroad unemployment insurance: Applications 11............ .................................... Insured unemployment (average weekly volum e).......................................................... Number of payments 12--------- -------------Average amount of benefit p aym en t13— Total benefits paid 14...................................... 33 74 $77.27 $5,602 32 69 $79.31 $5,259 29 67 $79.65 $5,169 31 66 $76.53 $4,928 27 67 $74.41 $4, 851 32 76 $70.46 $5,208 42 101 $73.17 $7,411 45 109 $80. 06 $8,466 51 111 $80.33 $8,784 53 125 $80.49 $9,930 47 110 $79.04 $8,590 45 86 $78. 60 $6,672 41 98 $77.05 $7,475 All programs: m Insured unem ploym ent9. ............................. 1,264 1,256 1,396 1,491 1,448 1,605 1,918 2,201 2,410 2,563 2,122 1,686 1,476 1 Includes data for Puerto Rico beginning January 1961 when the Common wealth’s program became part of the Federal-State UI system. 2 Includes Guam and the Virgin Islands. » Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting periods of unemployment. Excludes transitional claims. 4 Includes interstate claims for the Virgin Islands. 5 Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem ployment. • Initial claims and State insured unemployment include data under the program for Puerto Rican sugarcane workers. 7 The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of the average covered employment in a 12-month period. « Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs. • Includes the Virgin Islands. 12 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis h An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is re quired for subsequent periods in the same year, u Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods. 13 The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not ad justed for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments, ii Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments, is Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the State, Ex-servicemen and U C FE programs and the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which is prepared by the U.S. Railroad Retirement Board. B.—LABOR TURNOVER 101 B.—Labor Turnover T able >-l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1 Revised series; see box, p. 98 . [Per 100employees] 1964 1963 Annual average Major industry group O ct.2 Sept. Aug. July June 1 M ay J Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1963 1962 Accessions: Total Manufacturing: Actual........ .................................. Seasonally adjusted...................................... Durable goods.................................. Ordnance and accessories.................. Lumber and wood products, except furniture..................................... Furniture and fixtures...................... Stone, clay, and glass products........... Primary metal industries_________ Fabricated metal products................ Machinery...... ................... .......... Electrical equipment and supplies___ Transportation equipment................ Instruments and related products....... Miscellaneous manufacturing indus tries........................................... Nondurable goods.............................. Food and kindred products............... Tobacco manufactures...................... Textile mill products.__ ________ Apparel and related products............. Paper and allied products________ Printing, publishing, and allied indus tries........................ .................. Chemicals and allied products........... Petroleum refining and related indus tries........................................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products.... ................................ Leather and leather products______ Nonmanufacturing: Metal mining............. ...................... Coal mining...................................... 3.9 8.9 4.8 3.8 5.1 4.0 10 11 5.1 8.8 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.7 4.0 3.4 4.0 3.6 3.8 2.5 4.0 2.9 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.1 3.4 1.7 4.3 2.3 4.8 2.0 3.8 2.1 4.6 2.2 3.6 1.6 3.7 2.1 3.7 2.2 3.3 2.0 3.5 1.8 2.4 1.7 2.7 2.0 3.6 2.7 3.6 2.4 3.8 2.9 4.4 5. 0 2.8 2.3 3.8 2.8 3.7 3.6 2.7 5.8 6.2 3.6 3.3 5.0 3.3 4.0 5.0 3.3 5.5 6.6 3.6 3.0 5.4 3.1 4.0 8.0 3.6 5.7 5.8 4.0 2.9 4.8 3.0 3.1 3.8 2.9 7.7 5.3 5.2 3.8 5.4 4.1 4.0 4.3 3.9 7.1 4.7 4.5 3.1 4.1 2.7 3.1 3.3 2.4 6.6 4.6 4.8 3.1 4.1 3.1 3.0 3.4 2.5 5.6 4.8 4.7 3.1 4.0 3.0 3.1 3.7 2.7 4.8 4.2 3.6 3.2 3.6 2.9 2.6 3.4 2.3 4.4 4.2 3.6 3.5 3.9 3.0 2.9 3.4 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.0 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.5 1.8 3.5 3.3 2.5 2.5 3.0 2.6 2.5 2.9 2.0 4.9 4.8 3.1 2.6 4.0 2.9 3.2 4.0 2.7 5.6 4.4 3.8 3.0 4.0 2.9 3.1 4.0 2.7 5.5 4.5 3.8 2.8 4.1 3.0 3.6 4,7 2.7 4.4 6.6 7.6 7.5 6.8 6.0 5.6 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.7 2.4 3.7 5.6 5.4 5.6 4.5 7.3 6.1 3.7 5. 4 2.6 5.4 8.7 14.8 4. 5 5.9 3.2 5.4 8.7 18.1 4. 5 6.2 3.0 5.2 8.0 7.9 4.4 7.3 2.9 5.7 8.9 4.5 4.2 6.2 4.6 4.3 6.0 2.6 4.0 6.0 2.8 3.9 4.9 2.9 3.9 5.2 2.7 3.7 4.4 3.3 3.6 4.9 2.7 3.5 4.0 3.9 3.6 5.2 2.1 3.8 4.0 5.0 3.4 6.0 2.4 2.5 3.0 6.8 2.2 3.3 1.8 3.1 3.9 4.3 3.0 4.5 2.0 4.3 6.5 5.8 4.0 5.0 2.6 4.2 5.9 6.6 3.6 5.3 2.6 4.3 6.4 6.4 3.6 5.5 2.6 3.-1 1.8 3.8 2.4 3.4 2.0 3.1 2.1 4.2 3.5 2.7 2.1 2.8 2.2 2.9 2.5 2.8 1.9 3.0 1.8 2.1 1.3 2.5 1.3 3.0 1.8 2.9 2.1 3.0 2.1 1.2 1.7 1.5 1.7 3.4 1.9 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.4 .7 .9 1.2 1.5 1.4 3.5 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.9 5.5 4.9 6.1 4.8 6.1 3.7 5.7 3.7 4.7 3.5 4.3 3.1 4.6 3.5 5.7 2.3 3.5 2.6 4.1 3.8 4.8 3.6 5.0 3.8 5.0 2.6 1.9 2.9 2.0 3.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 4.7 1.5 3.0 1.6 5.2 1.8 3.0 1.5 2.7 1.4 3.0 2.6 1.8 1.3 2.5 1.6 2.8 1.8 3.1 2.0 2.9 1.7 Accessions: N ew hires Manufacturing: A ctual........ ................................................... Seasonally adjusted______________ ____ Durable goods...................................... .......... Ordnance and accessories......................... Lumber and wood products, except furniture................................................ Furniture and fixtures.......... ............... Stone, clay, and glass products_______ Primary metal industries......................... Fabricated metal products....................... M achinery_______ __________________ Electrical equipment and supplies____ Transportation equipment___________ Instruments and related products_____ Miscellaneous manufacturing indus tries....................................................... Nondurable goods....................................... Food and kindred products__________ Tobacco manufactures__________ ____ Textile mill products......... ................. . Apparel and related products.................. Paper and allied products____________ Printing, publishing, and allied indus tries___ _____ _____________ _______ Chemicals and’ allied products________ Petroleum refining and related indus tries...................................... ...................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_______ _______ ____ ______ Leather and leather products____ ____ N onmanufacturing: M etal m in ing.................... ............................. Coal m ining.................................................... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.7 3.6 3.5 8.7 2.6 3.4 2.9 2.5 2.6 3.6 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.0 2.0 2.4 2.6 1.4 1.8 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.5 .8 3.3 1.1 3.1 2.5 1.1 3.3 1.3 2.4 .9 2.3 1.1 2.2 1.2 1.9 1.2 1.9 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.7 1.3 2.4 1.9 2.1 1.6 2.3 2.0 3.6 4.3 2.0 1.5 3.1 2.1 2.6 2.1 1.9 5.1 5.4 2.7 2.5 3.9 2.5 2.8 3.4 2.3 4.7 5.7 2.6 2.1 4.0 2.3 2.6 3.1 2.1 4.7 4.9 2.9 1.7 3.0 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.2 6.2 4.3 3.9 2.7 3.8 3.2 2.6 2.6 2.9 5.3 3.8 2.9 2.0 2.8 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.7 4.6 3.6 2.8 1.8 2.6 2.2 1.8 1.9 1.7 4.0 3.5 2.4 1.6 2.3 2.3 1.7 1.9 1.8 3.3 3.1 1.7 1.5 2.1 2.2 1.5 1.6 1.5 3.0 3.1 1.6 1.3 2.2 2.2 1.6 1.7 1.6 2.0 1.8 1.1 .8 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.2 2.9 2.7 1.5 .8 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.4 4.2 4.0 2.0 4.3 3.5 2.3 1.2 2.5 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 3.9 3.5 2.2 1.1 2.2 1.1 2.9 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.0 1. 1 2.4 2.0 2.4 2.1 2.0 4.5 6.1 5.7 4.4 4.0 3.4 3.4 3.1 2.9 2.9 1.5 2.7 4.4 3.4 3.8 3.1 4. 6 3.6 2.8 3.6 2.1 3.8 5.8 9.2 3.4 3.9 2.7 3.8 5.7 12.4 3.4 4.1 2.4 3.4 5.5 2.3 3.0 3.9 2.2 4.0 6.0 2.2 3.2 3.8 3.6 2.8 3.7 1.6 2.9 3.3 2.1 2.5 2.8 1.9 2.7 3.2 1.9 2.3 2.3 2.0 2.4 3.1 1.7 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.2 3.2 1.4 2.1 2.1 1.7 2.1 3.1 1.4 1.4 1.6 4.0 1.4 1.6 1.1 1.9 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.4 1.3 2.9 4.1 3.8 2.9 3.3 2.1 2.7 3.6 3.8 2.5 3.3 1.8 2.8 3.8 3.1 2.5 3.5 1.8 2.5 1.4 3.0 1.7 2.7 1.5 2.4 1.5 3.3 2.8 2.1 1.6 2.2 1.6 2.1 1.7 2.1 1.3 2.1 1.2 1.5 .8 1.8 .9 2.4 1.3 2.2 1.4 2.3 1.5 .9 1.3 1.2 1.3 2.7 1.3 1.1 .8 .7 .6 .5 .7 .8 1. 1 1.0 2.6 3.5 3.8 3.6 3.6 4.2 2.8 4.2 3.3 4.4 2.4 3.5 2.3 2.9 2.2 2.5 1.9 2.7 1.9 3.2 1.3 2.3 1.7 2.6 2.8 3.5 2.3 3.2 2.4 3. 1 2.0 .9 2.2 1.1 2.0 .9 2.0 .8 3.6 .8 1.9 .8 2.0 .9 2.0 .8 1.7 .7 1.7 1.1 1.0 1.3 .7 1.7 1.1 1.7 .8 1.5 .5 .6 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 102 T able B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group ^C ontinued Revised series; see box, p. 98. [Per 1 0 0 employees] 1963 1964 Annual average Major industry group Oct. 2 Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1963 3.9 4.1 1962 Separations: Total Manufacturing: Actual.......................................... S e a s o n a lly a d j u s te d ................................. Durable goods................................... Ordnance and accessories------------Lumber and wood products, except furniture..................................... Furniture and fixtures................... . Stone, clay, and glass products.......... Primary metal industries....... .......... Fabricated metal products............... Machinery..... ....... ....... ............... Electrical equipment and supplies---Transportation equipment................ Instruments and related products...... Miscellaneous manufacturing indus tries.......................................... Nondurable goods............................. Food and kindred products.............. Tobacco manufactures................... Textile mill products....................... Apparel and related products........... Paper and allied products................. Printing, publishing, and allied indus tries. ............... .......................... Chemicals and allied products........... Petroleum refining and related indus tries_________ -....... -............ Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod ucts____ ___-..................... . Leather and leather products............. Nonmanufacturing: Metal mining__________ _____ Coal mining................................... 4.0 .«? 7 5.1 4.3 4.4 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.3 4.0 3.7 3.9 4.1 Jf 1 S 8 4. 2 5 .9 3 .9 3 .8 3 .9 3 .9 3 .9 3 .8 3 .9 3 .8 3.5 3.5 4.4 3.0 4.0 3.2 3.3 4.6 3.4 3.9 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.8 3.8 3.4 2.0 3.5 2.3 3.7 2.5 3.6 2.7 3.8 2.7 5.1 4.7 3.6 2.3 4.6 2.7 2.7 3.7 3.2 7.4 5.9 4.8 3.5 5.3 3.5 3.8 4.1 3.6 6.2 5.4 3.9 2.7 4.3 3.0 3.1 5.3 3.0 4.9 4.4 3.0 2.3 3.9 2.6 2.8 3.8 2.3 5.0 4.7 3.1 2.1 3.8 2.5 3.2 4.1 2.6 5.1 4.2 3.2 2.2 3.4 2.6 3.1 3.4 2.6 5.4 4.2 3.0 2.1 3.4 2.5 3.3 3.5 2.7 4.7 4.0 3.3 2.0 3.5 2.2 3.5 3.4 2.6 6.1 4.7 4.7 2.5 4.2 2.6 3.7 4.2 3.3 4.9 3.8 4.9 2.2 3.7 1.9 3.0 3.6 2.3 5.8 4.0 4.0 2.7 4.0 2.3 3.5 3.1 2.4 5.6 4.9 3.9 3.4 4.2 2.7 3.4 3.5 2.7 5.5 4.4 3.8 2.8 4.0 2.7 3.4 4.1 2.7 5.6 4.6 4.1 3.3 4.2 2.8 3.3 4.6 2.6 4.4 4.6 4.4 4.5 3.9 5.9 10.4 7.1 5.3 5.5 6.0 3.7 4.6 3.0 3.3 5.2 2.4 3.9 4.6 2.5 3.7 5.7 2.4 3.9 4.6 6.7 3.7 6.0 2.4 3.8 4.9 6.6 3.5 5.5 2.3 3.5 5.0 8.9 3.2 4.3 2.4 4.1 5.5 7.1 3.8 5.3 2.8 4.1 5.5 10.9 3.3 5.7 2.6 4.3 6.7 11.8 3.6 5.3 2.7 4.7 7.6 8.5 4.0 5.5 2.8 4.2 6.0 6.2 3.8 5.5 2.7 4.4 6.3 6. 6 3.7 5.8 2.8 3.0 2.2 2.8 2.5 2.6 1.9 2.6 1.6 2.6 1.6 3.2 1.9 2.5 1.7 2.7 1.8 3.1 2.0 2.9 2.0 2.9 2.1 5.2 5.9 4.9 4.7 7.3 5.5 3.9 5.8 2.7 5.9 9.7 4.6 4.7 6.2 4.5 4.6 6.4 7.2 4.3 5.5 3.3 3.0 2.1 4.2 3.3 3.4 2.3 2.0 3.0 2.2 4.2 5.4 4.8 6.0 4.0 5.4 4.3 3.6 5.2 4.9 3.5 2.4 4.7 3.2 3.2 7.6 2.7 5.8 4.4 5.5 3.6 4.4 7.4 2.6 2.7 1.9 1.6 4.3 4.9 2.7 1.4 4.3 2.0 3.3 1.3 3.4 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.3 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.8 3.1 3.9 3.6 5.0 3.6 5.2 3.6 5.1 3.1 4.2 3.9 5.3 3.9 5.4 3.7 4.2 3.7 4.8 3.7 5.0 3.6 5.2 2.4 1.5 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.2 2.3 1.8 2.2 1.8 2.4 2.7 3.1 2.1 3.3 1.5 3.1 1.4 3.1 2.1 3.5 2.8 1.4 1.4 Separations: Quits Manufacturing: Actual_____________________________ Seasonally adjusted--------------------- -----Durable goods-----------------------------------Ordnance and accessories-----------------Lumber and wood products, except furniture_________________________ Furniture and fixtures---------------------Stone, clay, and glass products----------Primary metal industries-----------------Fabricated metal products----------------Machinery---- --------- -----------------------Electrical equipment and supplies-----Transportation equipment----------------Instruments and related products------Miscellaneous manufacturing indus tries_____________________ _____ Nondurable goods------------------------------Food and kindred products--------------Tobacco manufactures---------------------Textile mill products________________ Apparel and related products........ ........ Paper and allied products___________ Printing, publishing, and allied indus tries------------------------------ -------------Chemicals and allied products_______ Petroleum refining and related indus tries_____________________________ Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_____________________ ____ Leather and leather products................. Nonmanufacturing: Metal mining----------- ----------------------Coal mining................ ................................ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1.6 2.7 2.1 1 .5 1 .5 1 .6 1.4 .9 2.5 1.4 1.9 1.2 2.7 2.6 1.4 .8 1.7 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.7 5.1 3.9 2.6 2.2 2.6 2.0 2.1 1.8 2.0 3.8 3.5 2.0 1.3 2.2 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.5 2.4 3.6 2.7 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.0 3.1 2.7 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.1 1.5 1 .4 1 .5 I.4 1 .4 1 .5 1 .6 1 .3 I.4 1 .4 1.3 1.1 1.3 .9 1.2 .8 1.1 .9 .9 .8 1.0 1.0 .7 .6 1.0 .8 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.2 .8 1.5 1.0 1.2 .9 1.1 3.0 2.3 1.3 .7 1.4 1.0 1.2 .9 1.0 3.0 2.6 1.3 .7 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 2.8 2.4 1.2 .7 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 2.4 2.1 1.0 .6 1.1 1.0 1.0 .9 .9 1.9 1.7 .8 .5 1.0 .9 1.0 .7 .8 2.0 1.9 .9 .6 1.1 .9 1.1 .8 1.1 1.5 1.2 .6 .4 .8 .6 .9 .6 .7 2.1 1.7 .9 .5 1.0 .8 1.1 .7 .9 2.9 2.3 1.2 .6 1.4 1.0 1.4 .9 1.1 2.7 2.1 1.2 .6 1.3 1.0 1.3 .9 1.2 2.4 2.1 1. 2 .6 1. 3 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.2 2.1 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.6 2.3 1.8 2.0 1 .0 1.3 1.5 .8 1.6 1.8 .9 1.8 2.2 2.2 2.3 1.2 1.6 1.8 .9 1.9 2.2 1.1 1.7 1.9 .9 1. 9 2.3 1.1 1.3 1.3 .9 1.6 1.8 .8 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.8 2.0 .9 1.6 1.9 .9 1.0 .7 1.1 1.3 .7 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.4 1 .0 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.5 .8 .6 .7 .4 .6 .4 .6 .4 .6 .4 .4 .3 .5 .4 .7 .6 .8 .7 .8 .7 1.4 2.3 1.5 2.4 1.4 2.1 1.2 2.0 1.1 1.9 1.1 2.0 .9 1.5 1.1 1.9 1.6 2.5 1.4 2.3 1.5 2.3 1.4 .3 1.6 .4 1.4 .3 1.3 .4 1 .0 1.1 .4 .7 .3 .8 .4 1.2 .5 1.3 .4 1.3 .4 3.1 4.2 2.3 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.4 2.9 1.8 2.8 2.9 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.1 2.3 2.6 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.2 2.0 2.1 1.1 1.7 1.8 1.1 2.2 2.3 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.2 2.1 2.1 1.5 2.5 2.0 1.4 1.5 .8 .6 2.0 1.5 1.2 1 .0 .7 .6 .7 .6 1.7 2.8 2.8 3.6 2.2 3.2 1.4 2.6 1.1 .6 3.2 .7 2.1 .6 1.5 .5 1.9 2.4 1.8 2.1 2.5 1.3 .4 1 .0 1.0 103 B.—LABOR TURNOVER T a b l e B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued [Per loo em ployees] Revised series; see box, p. 98. 1964 1963 Annual average Major industry group Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. 1963 1962 Separations: Layoffs Manufacturing: Actual------- ------- ------------------------Durable goods________________________ Ordnance and accessories----- ----------Lumber and wood products, except furniture___ _ --------------------- -----Furniture and fixtures______ ______ Stone, clay, and glass products_______ Primary metal industries---------- ----Fabricated metal products___________ --------------Machinery__ Electrical equipment and supplies— Transportation equipment, Instruments and related products------Miscellaneous manufacturing indus_________________ tries_____ Nondurable goods_____________________ Food and kindred products_________ Tobacco manufactures--------------Textile mill products-----------------Apparel and related products.. ------Paper and allied products____________ Printing, publishing, and allied industries-------- -------------- ---------------Chemicals and allied products________ Petroleum refining and related industries_____________ ___ ______ Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_____ __________________ Leather and leather products................ N onmanfacturing: M etal m ining.. ____________ ______ Coal mining________________________ 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 n 2.1 2.0 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.8 2.0 1.7 2.3 1.7 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.3 1.9 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.5 2.2 2.1 1.3 2.9 1.4 ■2.4 1.2 1.8 1.4 1.9 1.5 1.9 2.0 2.3 2.1 1.0 1.8 1.1 1.6 .9 1.7 1.2 1.9 .9 1.6 1.2 1.5 .7 2.0 .9 .7 1.9 .9 1.4 1.0 1.4 .6 1.6 .7 .9 1.5 .7 1.4 .9 1.2 .6 1.2 .9 .8 3.0 .9 1.2 1.4 1.3 .9 2.3 1.4 1.4 5.8 1.0 1.0 1.4 .9 .8 1.7 .8 .9 2.0 .6 1.0 1.3 1.1 .7 1.6 .8 1.4 2.3 .9 1.3 1.0 1.2 .8 1.3 .7 1.4 1.6 .9 2.1 1.2 1.4 .7 1.6 .8 1.6 1.9 1.1 2.1 1.5 1.9 .7 1.8 .7 1.7 1.8 1.0 3.3 2.1 3.1 1.1 2.3 .8 1.8 2.4 1.5 2.8 2.0 3.7 1.3 2.3 .7 1.5 2.3 1.1 3.0 1.6 2.4 1.6 2.3 .9 1.6 1.7 .9 1.8 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.1 1.1 1.2 1.6 .9 2.0 1.6 1.9 1.5 2.0 1.1 1.4 2.4 .9 2.4 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.2 1.2 1.1 2.8 .7 2.0 1.3 1.4 2.9 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.1 1.9 3.6 8.6 4.7 2.1 2.9 3.1 2.1 4.2 3.2 1.0 2.6 .8 2.1 4.6 1.8 .9 2.3 .8 1.5 2.8 4.7 .8 1.8 .7 2.0 2.8 1.8 1.4 3.9 .8 1.4 2.1 1.2 .7 2.2 .7 1.6 2.2 .7 .9 2.5 .6 1.8 2.5 5.0 1.0 3.1 .7 1.8 3.0 5.0 1.1 2.8 .8 1.6 3.1 7.3 1.1 1.7 1.0 2.1 3.4 5.3 1.5 2.6 1.3 2.6 3.9 9.8 1.7 3.8 1.4 2.5 4.6 10.5 1.5 2.9 1.2 2.3 4.7 7.0 1.2 2.4 .9 2.0 3.5 4.9 1.2 2.6 1.0 2.1 3.7 5.3 1.2 2.7 1.0 .9 .9 1.1 .7 .9 .6 .8 .7 .9 .8 .7 .9 .6 .9 .6 1.2 .7 1.2 .9 1.1 .9 1.2 .7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 .8 .8 1.0 .9 .6 .5 .5 .4 .4 .4 .6 .6 1.5 1.0 .8 .7 .6 1.7 1.7 1.1 1.6 1.0 1.2 2.1 1.5 1.0 .9 1.4 1.9 1.4 2.3 1.6 2.3 1.2 1.6 2.1 2.5 2.4 3.3 2.0 1.5 1.3 1.7 1.6 2.0 1.5 2.1 1.1 .5 .4 .9 .5 .4 1.2 .8 .3 .8 .3 1.1 .5 1.3 .3 .9 .4 1.0 .6 1.4 1.9 1.4 1.9 .7 1.2 .5 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.9 1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January 1965, see footnote 1, table A-2. Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not comparable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series for the following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis during the calendar month, while the employment series measures changes from midmonth to midmonth and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel changes caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the influence of such stoppages 2Preliminary. 104 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 C.—Earnings and Hours T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry Revised series; see box, p. 98. 1964 Annual average 1963 Industry N o v .» Oct.» Sept. July Aug. June Apr. M ay Mar. Jan. Feb. Dec. N ov. 1963 1962 Average weekly earnings M in in g ____________ _________________ M e ta l m in in g__________ ______ ___ Iron o r e s ..___ ________ ________ C op p er ores___________________ $ 122. 69 124.98 124. 71 135.41 $ 118. 53 125.40 130.92 132.01 $ 119. 56 121. 95 129. 37 124. 44 $ 117.18 121.06 129.34 124.03 $ 118. 58 122.72 125.29 131.02 $ 117.74 122.60 125.11 129.68 $ 115. 64 121.01 119. 74 129.13 $ 113. 70 121.64 124.09 129. 33 $ 115. 36 121. 35 123.16 128.74 $ 115.49 121.93 125.02 127.28 $ 116.62 120.93 123.91 126. 69 $ 114.12 $ 114. 54 $ 110.43 119. 02 118. 66 117.45 116.80 120. 04 122.19 128.17 124. 56 120.70 C oal m in in g ____ __________________ B itu m in o u s.................... ............... . 134. 39 124.50 131.01 121.32 131.86 126. 49 121.82 115.97 121.09 125.29 126.56 118.31 119. 98 113.06 136. 61 126. 67 133.27 122.84 134.53 129.03 123.33 117. 76 123.52 127.12 128.40 119.45 121. 43 114.46 C ru d e petroleum and n atural g a s____ C ru d e petroleum and n a tu ra l gas fields_______________________ O il and gas field services... .......... 120.95 123.37 120.66 121.60 117.97 119.14 119.14 120.54 121.25 122.43 121.54 120.54 120. 42 115. 46 112. 41 105.50 105.25 106. 46 104. 73 106. 46 105.41 106.14 106.09 104. 66 107.32 106. 46 105. 35 103.63 116.33 113. 57 112.32 113.63 110.62 118.68 116.36 119.25 117.81 Q u a rryin g and nonm etallic m in in g___ C o n tract construction_________________ G eneral buildin g contractors________ H e a v y construction ________________ H ig h w a y and street construction... O ther h e a v y construction ___ ____ Special trade co n tractors................... . Manufacturing__________ Durable goods___ Nondurable goods. 138. 62 128.04 142. 52 141. 38 143. 79 143.62 $ 131.03 121. 79 130.87 128.15 133.96 137.14 136. 64 125. 46 140. S3 139.80 142.04 142.13 134.49 122. 67 137.92 136.16 139. 78 140.61 112.14 111. 57 112.78 113.36 112.71 113.94 112.83 112. 41 109.20 116. 79 114.86 111.00 106.46 105.53 102.34 105.33 108.24 109. 03 105. 43 133.32 122.61 134.83 132.44 138.44 139.50 132.65 122. 64 133.46 130.97 136.78 138. 75 130.24 122.04 127. 66 122.31 133. 32 137.23 128.12 120.27 121.60 113. 59 128.18 135.00 126.37 117.60 122. 54 114. 55 129. 42 133.08 121.74 110.85 118.22 110.52 124.32 129.24 124.61 115.25 117.81 108.72 126. 54 133.48 124. 51 115. 50 123.60 120.09 127. 98 131.01 127. 19 117. 36 128. 03 125. 16 131. 14 133. 59 122. 47 112.50 122.31 118.37 126. 48 128. 50 104. 70 102.97 104.60 103.07 102.97 103.48 102.97 102.47 101.40 101.15 100.30 102.66 100.85 99 . 63 96. 56 113.98 111.78 114.13 112.47 111.92 113.01 112.47 111.51 110.29 110.29 109.21 111.90 110.00 108. 50 104. 70 92.17 91.77 91.87 91.83 91.14 91.37 90.91 89.83 89 . 67 89.44 88.24 90.57 89.10 87. 91 85.93 Average weekly hours Mining........... ...................................................... Metal mining....................................... ...... Iron o r e s.................................. .......... Copper o r e s ....................................... 42.6 41.8 40.1 43.4 41.3 41.8 41.3 43.0 42.1 41.2 41.2 40.8 Coal mining................................................. Bitum inous........................................... 40.6 40.9 37.5 37.7 39.7 39.9 Crude petroleum and natural gas_____ Crude petroleum and natural gas fields................................................... Oil and gas field services................. 42.3 41.6 41.6 41.0 43.4 41.4 41.7 40.9 42.1 Quarrying and nonmetalic mining......... 46.0 45.1 46.4 46.2 Contract construction................................... General building contractors................ H eavy construction...... .......................... Highway and street construction. Other heavy construction............. Special trade contractors....................... Manufacturing................................................. Durable goods................................... Nondurable goods............................ 40.9 41.6 39.9 42.2 41.6 39.9 43.1 41.9 41.7 40.1 42.8 41.3 41.3 38.5 42.9 40.9 41.8 39.9 43.4 41.2 41.7 39.6 43.2 41.1 41.9 40.2 43.0 41.5 41.7 40.1 42.8 41.2 40.9 37.8 43.3 41.5 41.2 39.1 43.1 40.9 41.5 39.8 42.8 40.2 40.4 38.8 39.1 37.6 37.6 36.7 36.8 38.2 38.6 39.4 39.6 39.8 40.0 37.8 37.8 38.8 38.9 36.9 37.0 42.4 41.9 42.0 42.1 42.4 42.3 41.9 42.2 42.1 42.1 42.0 41.5 43.1 40.4 43.1 40.8 43.1 40.8 43.2 41.0 43.5 41.1 43.3 41.5 42.2 41.2 43.1 41.0 43.1 41.1 43.0 40.8 43.0 45.8 45.4 44.4 43.1 42.9 41.1 42.3 44.0 44.5 44.3 37.3 36.0 41.3 42.0 40.6 36.5 37.0 35.6 40.5 41.1 39.9 36.3 41.7 40.9 40.8 40.8 38.4 36.9 42.8 43.5 41.8 37.4 36.6 35.3 39.9 40.3 39.4 35.9 38.6 36.9 43.2 44. .1 41.9 37.6 38.1 36.4 42.7 43.5 41.6 37.1 38.2 36.6 42.4 43.0 41.7 37.3 37.9 36.5 42.1 42.8 41.2 37.1 37.0 36.0 40.4 40.5 40.4 36.4 36.5 35.9 39.1 38.9 39.2 36.0 35.8 35.0 38.9 38.7 39.1 35.3 34.1 32.7 36.6 36.0 37.0 34.1 35.3 34.3 36.7 35.3 38.0 35.5 36.3 35.0 40.0 40.3 39.5 35.6 40.7 41.4 39.9 40.7 41.5 39.6 40.9 41.5 40.1 40.7 41.3 39.8 40.9 41.7 39.9 40.7 41.5 39.7 40.5 41.3 39.4 40.4 41.0 39.5 40.3 41.0 39.4 39.8 40.6 38.7 40.9 41.6 39.9 40.5 41.2 39.6 40.5 41.1 39.6 40.4 40.9 39.6 Average hourly earnings Mining.......................................... ...................... M etal mining............................................. . Iron ores.............................................. . Copper o r e s....................................... . $ 2.88 $ 2.87 $ 2.84 $ 2.81 $ 2.81 $ 2.81 $ 2.80 $ 2.78 $ 2.80 $ 2.81 $ 2.81 $ 2.77 $ 2.76 $ 2.70 2.99 3.11 3.12 3.00 3.17 3.07 2.96 3.14 3.05 2.96 3.17 3.04 2.95 3.14 3.04 2.94 3.12 3.03 2.93 3.11 3.01 2.91 3.11 2.98 2.91 3.11 2.98 2.91 3.11 2.96 2.90 3.09 2.96 2.91 3.09 2.96 2.88 3.07 2.89 2.83 3.07 2.82 Coal mining................................................. Bituminous__________ ___________ 3.31 3.34 3.32 3.36 3.30 3.34 3.28 3.33 3 . 26 3.30 3.24 3.28 3.16 3.20 3.17 3.20 3.18 3.21 3.18 3.21 3.13 3.16 3.12 3.15 3.09 3.12 Crude petroleum and natural gas_____ Crude petroleum and natural gas fields........ ......................................... Oil and gas field services................. . 2 . 75 2.73 2.70 2.68 2.64 2.67 2.65 2.66 2.68 2.69 2.70 2.68 2.67 2.60 2.95 2.59 2.98 2.53 2.95 2.50 2.93 2.47 2.92 2 . 43 2.92 2.47 2.92 2.44 2.94 2.44 2.95 2 . 45 2.95 2.48 2.95 2.49 2.94 2.47 2.93 2.45 2.83 2.41 Quarrying and nonmetallic mining. Contract construction..... ................ ............. General building contractor............... H eavy construction________ _______ Highway and street construction. Other heavy construction______ Special trade contractors................ . Manufacturing......... ....... ............................. . Durable goods_________________ Nondurable goods_____________ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $ 2.56 2.74 2.31 2.58 2.58 2.57 2 . 55 2.55 2.53 2.50 2.47 2.46 2.49 2.49 2.46 2.45 2.38 3 . 61 3.47 3.33 3.25 3.33 3.84 3.58 3 . 45 3.28 3.18 3.40 3.82 3.54 3.40 3.26 3 . 17 3.39 3.78 3.53 3.37 3.23 3.13 3 . 36 3.79 3.49 3.35 3.18 3.08 3.32 3 . 74 3.50 3.36 3.17 3.06 3.32 3 . 74 3.52 3.39 3.16 3.02 3.30 3.77 3 . 51 3.35 3.11 2.92 3.27 3.75 3.53 3.36 3.15 2.96 3.31 3 . 77 3 . 57 3.39 3.23 3.07 3 . 36 3.79 3.53 3.36 3.21 3.08 3 . 33 3.76 3.43 3.30 3.09 2.98 3.24 3.68 3 . 41 3.26 3.10 2.98 3.23 3.66 3.31 3.16 3.02 2.88 3.17 3.54 2.53 2.70 2.30 2.57 2.75 2.32 2.52 2.71 2.29 2.53 2 . 71 2.29 2.53 2.71 2.29 2.53 2.71 2.29 2.53 2.70 2.28 2 . 51 2.69 2.27 2 . 51 2.69 2.27 2.52 2.69 2.28 2.51 2.69 2.27 2.49 2.67 2.25 2.46 2.64 2.22 2.39 2.56 2.17 C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T able 105 C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 98. 1964 1963 Annual average Industry N ov.2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. 1963 1962 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods Ordnance and accessories____ . . . . $ 125.46 $ 124.14 $ 121.60 Ammunition, except for small arms. 128. 74 127. 48 122.93 Sighting and fire control equip129. 27 128. 74 ment Other ordnance and accessories___ 117. 79 116.40 116.85 Lumber and wood products, except furniture______ ______________ _ . Sawmills and planing m ills_______ M illwork, plywood, and related _____ ______ products--------Wooden containers______________ Miscellaneous wood products____ Furniture and fixtures. ______ ____ Household furniture_______ _____ Office furniture.. __________ ____ Partitions, office and store fixtures. Other furniture and fixtures______ $ 121.10 $ 119. 123.38 122. 130. 51 128. 70 $ 121. 91 $ 119. 90 $ 120.09 $ 119.39 $ 119. 29 $ 121. 47 $ 123. 26 $ 120. 47 $ 119.31 $ 116.31 2S 122. 71 120.69 121. 71 119. 70 120.60 124.12 125.63 122. 51 120.25 116. 69 93 131.65 129. 43 129. 51 132.84 131.05 128.15 129.78 128. 75 125.36 126.18 115.14 113. 08 117.96 116.97 115.14 116. 52 115. 02 114. 62 117.29 114. 77 115. 77 111. 92 86.62 78.60 88. 07 81.00 88.00 80.40 89.98 81.80 87. 89 80. 59 87.72 80.56 86.67 79.37 84.19 77. 79 81.97 77.20 82.37 76. 24 80.29 74.10 83.20 76.43 82.97 76.42 81.80 75. 20 79.20 72.10 94. 21 70.12 77.93 93. 94 70.88 78.14 93. 02 67. 79 78.17 94.66 70.30 79.49 93. 34 71.17 76.17 94.47 70.76 77.49 93.83 69.89 77.49 92. 55 68. 85 76.52 92. 32 67. 94 75.92 91.88 66.18 75. 92 89. 02 64. 84 74.24 91.72 68.17 76.14 90.83 67. 49 75.74 89.40 67. 87 74.30 87. 53 66.40 72.54 86.94 83. 75 88.81 86.94 85. 49 85. 48 83.23 83.43 81.81 83.03 82.42 82. 62 79.59 85.06 83.43 81.80 79.37 83.33 80. 95 81.51 78. 55 79.32 77. 95 79.15 78.74 78. 94 75.25 81.87 79. 87 77.30 75.07 98. 71 101.10 100 91 qh /a 109.45 108. 92 108. 21 108.39 105! 18 lO l ! 91 105. 85 103. 62 10a 36 100.62 102. 26 101.89 103.42 103. 57 89.44 88.81 89.03 86.93 86.93 86.67 86.24 86.46 85.41 83.92 87.56 86.51 84.04 81.41 Average weekly hours Ordnance and accessories___ ________ Ammunition, except for small arms. Sighting and fire control equipm ent______________ ____ . . . Other ordnance and accessories....... Lumber and wood products, except furniture_________ . . . ____ ______ Sawmills and planing mills....... ....... Millwork, plywood, and related products______ _______________ Wooden containers___ ___ _ _____ Miscellaneous wood products_____ Furniture and fixtures_______________ Household furniture.......................... Office furniture__________________ Partitions, office and store fixtures. Other furniture and fixtures______ 41.0 41.0 40.7 40.6 40.0 39.4 40.1 39.8 39.9 39.7 41. 3 40.7 41. 0 41.0 41 2 40.9 40.4 40.1 39.9 40.4 40.5 40.0 40.0 41.5 40.3 40.8 41.2 40.5 40. 7 42.0 42.3 42.0 42.3 41.3 41.3 41.6 41.5 40.5 40.1 40.1 39.7 40 8 41 4 40 7 40.1 41.1 40.9 40.9 40.5 40.7 40.8 38.3 40. 5 41.7 40.4 41.4 41.3 41.3 42. 3 41.1 41.5 41.9 41.8 42. 4 41.3 42.6 40.3 40.3 40.2 39.9 40.3 40.2 40.9 41.1 41.5 41.6 0 40.7 40.7 41.0 40.9 41.1 40.8 4o! 9 4o ! 4 4o ! 6 40.5 40.5 41.3 40.7 41.2 41.3 40.8 41.1 40.5 40.7 39.9 40.1 39.6 40.0 39.6 39.3 38.6 38.0 40.0 39.6 39.7 39.8 40.1 40.0 39.8 39.4 41.3 40.9 40.3 41.8 40.9 41.0 41.7 40.4 41.0 41.5 39.8 40.7 41.4 39.5 40.6 41.2 38.7 40.6 40.1 37.7 39.7 41.5 40.1 40.5 41.1 39.7 40.5 41.2 40.4 40.6 40.9 40.0 40.3 40.8 40.7 41. 4 40.9 41.2 41.1 41.1 40 9 40.3 41.2 41 /S 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.8 40 7 40.4 40.3 40.6 40.8 40.7 40.9 39.4 39.4 41.9 42.2 41.3 41.6 40.9 40.9 40.7 40.8 39! 7 40.4 38! 9 40.1 39! Ò 40.1 41.3 39! 8 41.0 4o! 4 4 l!l 40.6 40.3 39.5 40.5 39.4 Average hourly earnings Ordnance and accessories____________ Ammunition, except for small arms. Sighting and fire control equipm ent_________ ______ _ . . . . Other ordnance and accessories___ Lumber and wood products, except furniture_________________________ Sawmills and planing mills____ . Millwork, plywood, and related products_______ ______________ Wooden containers............ ... ........ Miscellaneous wood products_____ Furniture and fixtures______________ Household furniture.___ _____ . . Office furniture______ . . Partitions, office and store fixtures. Other furniture and fixtures....... . See footnotes a t end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $ 3.06 05 3.14 $ 3.04 $ 3.02 3.14 $ 3.00 3.12 3.10 3.08 2.88 3.13 2.86 3.14 2.85 3.16 2.85 2.16 1.97 2.18 2.00 2.20 2.01 2.27 1.74 1. 91 2.28 1. 75 1.92 2.07 1. 98 2. 07 1.97 2.39 2.65 2.15 2.14 $ 3. $ 3. 01 3.06 $ 2.99 $ 2.98 $ 2.97 $ 2.96 $ 2.97 3.00 3.00 3.02 $ 2.96 3 . 01 $ 2.83 3.02 97 3.02 $ 2.91 3.04 2.94 2.86 3.16 2.82 3 18 3 18 2.87 2.86 ¿85 ¿87 ¿84 ¿83 ¿84 2.82 2.81 ¿71 2.20 2.00 2.17 1.98 2.15 1.96 2.14 1.95 2.11 1.94 2.07 1.93 2.08 1.94 2.08 1. 95 2.08 1.93 2.09 1.92 2.04 1.88 1.99 1.83 2.28 1. 77 1.93 2.27 1.74 1.92 2.26 1.74 1.89 2.26 1.73 1.89 2.25 1.73 1. 89 2.23 1.73 1.88 2.23 1. 72 1.87 2.23 1.71 1. 87 2.22 1.72 1.87 2 . 21 1.70 1.88 2 . 21 1.70 1.87 2.17 1.68 1.83 2.14 1.66 1.80 2.07 1.96 2. 39 2.65 2.14 2.04 1.95 2 . 38 2.62 2.09 2.04 1.93 2.38 2.65 2.11 2.03 1.93 2.02 1.92 2.04 1.94 2.03 1.93 2.03 1.93 2.02 1.91 2.03 1.94 2.02 1.92 2.00 1.89 1.95 2. 61 2.11 2.58 2.14 2.62 2.14 2 . 61 2.58 2.13 ¿58 2.13 2.55 2.56 2 . 52 2.12 2.11 2.56 2.07 2 3F> 2.14 • $ 2. 1.84 2.02 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 106 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 98. 1964 1963 Annual average Industry N ov.2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July M ay June Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1963 1962 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Durable good*—Continued Stone, clay, and glass products_______ $107. 69 $108. 36 $107. 33 144. 28 151. 98 Flat glass -_ -- _________ Glass" and glassware, pressed or blown_____ _________________ 103. 57 102.11 101. 49 Cement, hydraulic... -------------- 124. 27 122.13 127. 26 Structural clay products_________ 93.83 94. 08 92.74 92.69 90.25 Pottery and related products___ . Concrete, gypsum,' and plaster products--------------- ----------------- 108.12 113. 78 110. 08 Other stone and mineral products.. 108. 26 107. 84 108. 62 Primary metal industries____________ Blast furnace and basic steel products__ . . _________________ Iron and steel foundries... . . . . Nonferrous smelting and refining Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extruding______ ... ------- -----Nonferrous foundries____ . ____ Miscellaneous primary metal industries_______________________ $107. 78 $107. 36 $107.36 $106. 93 $104.83 $102. 25 $101. 75 $99.50 $101. 50 $103. 75 $102.42 $98. 57 144. 06 141. 86 146.86 145. 25 136. 68 139. 47 140. 56 137. 90 135. 74 143. 45 135. 20 126.01 102. 36 103. 22 102. 47 103.07 103. 22 101.15 100. 65 100.00 98. 39 100.50 99. 75 98.33 123.14 124. 91 122.30 122. 06 118.12 117. 26 116.00 116. 81 117. 26 120.30 116. 60 112. 75 92.35 91.74 92. 40 91.05 91.32 88. 51 87. 70 84. 67 88.29 90.03 88.99 86. 28 91. 18 92.83 93.93 94. 07 93. 67 92.04 92.40 90.02 91.71 91.83 89.54 86. 85 114.62 112. 78 111. 57 110.88 106. 75 100.94 99.96 96.19 100. 86 106. 21 105. 90 100.96 108. 20 106.34 108. 03 108. 29 107.36 105.92 104. 49 102.82 104.33 103. 75 102.18 98.33 129. 90 129. 48 136. 21 130.00 128. 96 130.20 129. 58 128.54 127.10 126.18 125. 77 126. 38 123.73 124.64 119.80 139. 33 139. 67 148. 86 138. 77 137.61 138.02 138.10 136. 94 135.20 133. 46 133.06 131. 41 128.58 133. 06 127.40 115. 51 114. 40 120. 13 119. 26 118.15 121. 24 119. 26 119. 26 119. 26 118. 71 117.87 120. 81 116.20 113.01 106. 52 121. 76 122. 06 127. 54 120. 18 119. 48 119. 52 119. 23 . 117. 67 118.12 118.98 120. 25 119. 97 118. 98 118.14 114.95 120. 96 120. 25 124. 84 121. 82 121. 69 124. 56 122. 84 120. 84 120.13 119. 43 120.98 123.12 120.56 118. 72 116.05 109. 06 109. 45 111. 10 110.12 109. 59 110. 81 110. 27 109. 86 109. 86 108. 24 108. 50 110. 35 108. 62 107.12 104. 55 139. 75 138. 02 135. 88 133. 56 130.00 133.46 133. 46 134.83 133. 25 131. 57 130.41 134. 62 130. 73 128. 96 124.50 Average weekly hours Stone, clay, and glass products_______ Flat glass__ . __________ _____ Glass' and glassware, pressed or blown________________________ Cement, hydraulic_______________ Structural clay products_________ Pottery and related products___ . Concrete, gypsum,' and plaster products___________ ____ _ _ Other stone and mineral products.. Primary metal industries_________ . Blast furnace and basic steel products______ ___________ _______ Iron and steel foundries. ______ Nonferrous smelting and refining. _ Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extruding______________ . .. Nonferrous foundries____ . ____ Miscellaneous primary metal industries_______________________ 41.7 42.0 41. 7 41.6 43.3 42.1 42.0 42.1 41.6 42.1 42.2 42.1 42.1 41.6 40.2 40.9 40.9 40.7 41.1 39.8 40.8 40.6 40.4 41.5 41.7 41.3 40.0 40.9 38.3 40.3 41.7 41.7 40.2 41.4 42.0 40.3 39.8 42.0 41.4 38.9 40.3 41.6 41.6 39.3 40.8 42.2 41.7 39.5 40.5 41.6 42.0 39.8 40.9 41.8 41.2 40.2 40.8 41.3 41.7 40.2 40.3 41.0 40.6 39.5 40.1 40.7 40.6 40.0 40.0 40.7 39.2 38.8 39.2 41.0 40.5 39.7 40.2 41.2 41.3 40.1 39.9 41.2 41.2 39.1 40.3 41.0 40.7 39.3 42.4 41.8 44.1 41.8 43.0 42.1 44.6 42.1 44.4 41.7 44.1 42.2 44.0 42.3 42.7 42.1 41.2 41.7 40.8 41.3 39.1 40.8 41.0 41.4 43.0 41.5 43.4 41.2 42.6 40.8 41.5 41.5 42.7 41.8 41.6 42.0 41.8 41.6 41.4 41.1 41.1 41.3 40.7 41.0 40.2 41.1 42.9 41.4 41.0 42.9 41.0 40.6 42.9 41.3 40.2 42.7 41.6 40.2 42.4 41.9 39.7 43.3 41.8 39.2 42.1 41.6 40.2 41.7 41.6 39.2 40.5 41.2 41.1 41.7 41.7 41.2 41.6 41.8 42.9 42.6 42.8 41.3 42.9 41.3 41.2 42.5 41.2 41.2 43.3 41.5 42.0 41.0 41.9 41.3 42.9 41.3 42.3 41.4 42.4 41.2 43.4 41.5 42.8 41.3 42.4 41.3 42.3 41.3 42.2 41.0 42.6 41.1 43.2 41.8 42.6 41.3 42.4 41.2 42.2 41.0 43.0 42.6 42.2 42.0 41.4 42.1 42.1 42.4 42.3 41.9 41.4 42.6 41.9 41.6 41.5 Average hourly earnings Stone, clay, and glass products____ Flat glass.. __________ __ _ . . . . Glass and glassware, pressed or blown__ ____________________ Cement, hydraulic_______________ Structural clay products_________ Pottery and related products.. . . . Concrete, gypsum ,' and plaster products___ _ _. _____________ Other stone and mineral products.. $2. 58 $2.58 3. 46 $2.58 3. 51 $2.56 3. 43 $2.55 3.41 $2. 55 3. 48 $2.54 3.45 $2. 52 3.40 $2. 50 3.41 $2.50 3. 42 $2.50 3.38 $2.50 3. 36 $2.50 3. 44 $2.48 3.38 $2.41 3.29 2.57 2.98 2. 25 2.54 2. 95 2.24 2.30 2. 55 3.03 2.24 2.32 2.54 2. 96 2.22 2.32 2.53 2.96 2.20 2.35 2.53 2.94 2.20 2. 36 2.52 2.92 2.21 2. 34 2.53 2.86 2.19 2.33 2. 51 2.86 2.18 2.33 2. 51 2.85 2.16 2.31 2.50 2. 87 2.16 2.32 2.51 2. 86 2.18 2.31 2. 50 2. 92 2.18 2.29 2.50 2.83 2.16 2.29 2.44 2.75 2.12 2.21 2. 55 2.59 2.58 2.58 2. 56 2.58 2. 57 2. 57 2.54 2. 55 2.53 2. 56 2. 52 2.56 2.50 2. 55 2.45 2.54 2. 45 2.53 2.46 2.52 2. 46 2.52 2.47 2.50 2. 44 2.48 2.37 2.41 Primary metal industries____________ Blast furnace and basic steel products_______ _________________ Iron and steel foundries____ . . . Nonferrous smelting and refining.. Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extruding___________ _ . . . . . Nonferrous foundries_____________ Miscellaneous primary metal industries_______________________ 3.13 3.12 3.19 3.11 3.10 3.10 3.10 3.09 3.07 3. 07 3.06 3.06 3.04 3.04 2.98 3.39 2. 77 2.92 3.39 2. 75 2. 92 3.47 2. 82 2.98 3. 36 2.78 2.91 3.34 2.78 2. 90 3.35 2. 80 2.88 3.36 2. 78 2. 88 3. 34 2. 78 2.87 3.33 2.78 2. 86 3.32 2.78 2.86 3.31 2. 78 2.87 3.31 2.79 2. 87 3.28 2. 76 2. 86 3.31 2. 71 2. 84 3.25 2.63 2. 79 2.88 2.66 2. 87 2.65 2. 91 2.69 2.88 2.66 2. 87 2.66 2. 87 2. 67 2. 87 2. 67 2.85 2.66 2. 84 2. 66 2.83 2.64 2. 84 2.64 2.85 2.64 2.83 2.63 2.80 2.60 2.75 2. 55 3.25 3.24 3.22 3.18 3.14 3.17 3.17 3.18 3.15 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.12 3.10 3.00 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T able 107 0-1. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 98. 1964 1963 Annual average Industry Nov.» Oct.» Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1963 1962 Average weekly earnings M anufacturing— C on tin u ed D u r a b l e g o o d s — C on tin u ed F abricated m etal p rod ucts....................... M e ta l cans............................................ C u tle ry , handtools, and general hardw are............................................ H ea tin g eq u ip m en t and p lu m b in g fixtures............ ................ ................. Fabricated structural metal products Screw m achine products, bolts, e tc . M e ta l stam p in gs_______________ Coating, engraving, and allied services M iscellaneous fabricated wire p r o d u c t s ...____ ______ ____ _ M iscellaneous fabricated m etal p r o d u c t s ........................................... M a ch in e ry............... ................................... E n gin es and tu rb in es_______ ____ Farm m achin ery and e q u ip m e n t... Construction and related m achinery.. M e ta lw o rk in g m achin ery and eq u ip m e n t_______ ____ _______ Special in d u s try m achin ery______ G eneral in d u strial m ach in ery____ Office, co m p u ting and accounting m achines.......................................... Service in d u stry m achines.............. . M iscellaneous m ach in ery................ . $112.98 $110.24 $112.86 $112.98 $111.07 $112.29 $112.02 $111.22 $109.18 $109.18 $108.39 $111.04 $109.56 $108.05 $104.81 128.29 128.83 132.18 139.46 136.53 133.80 132.44 131.21 128.59 128.83 131.63 129.44 129.44 128.17 126.30 110.30 100.04 109.52 109.36 105.37 106.97 107.90 108.58 104.96 105.73 105.11 109.04 108.00 103.32 106.30 110.68 115.34 125.42 98.71 105.63 110.95 115.61 114.93 99.60 102.03 110.00 112.25 127.90 99.39 104.60 111.61 112.36 123.70 99.95 103.68 110.51 111.67 121.98 97.44 104.34 110.92 113.52 123.69 99.95 103.83 110.12 112.04 124.56 97.75 101.63 109.33 112.30 123.55 97.75 101.75 108.65 112. 56 119.56 95.51 103.81 101.02 99.87 99.46 97.03 99.77 99.53 98.16 97.51 103.20 99.94 102.87 102.62 107.45 105.86 109.03 108.36 112.56 110.56 110.24 107.68 119.71 121.13 123.26 119.71 96.70 95.27 97.34 96.64 97.68 96.96 99. 01 97.17 99.14 101.56 98.55 107.27 104.60 108.03 106.00 116.47 111.76 94.94 93.11 97.17 96.64 110.81 110.68 109.88 109.59 108.39 109.45 108.39 107.04 105.44 105.44 104.00 106.75 104.90 105.67 103.53 123.11 122.54 120.67 127.70 127.70 122.85 119.65 118.78 121.96 121.09 121.09 121.11 129.47 119.52 120.54 121.82 130.41 118.66 120.83 123.26 129.48 119.52 123.69 122.69 128.86 115.46 123.26 121.98 126.07 118.28 122.98 121.26 124.53 118.43 121.69 120. 56 124.84 119.56 117.31 118.43 123.51 117.29 118.14 120.42 129.79 116.31 119.56 117.88 127.20 112.16 117.18 116.20 123.73 111.93 115.79 113.01 119.88 107.59 112.34 136.31 135.39 131.89 132.68 136.89 139.36 141.34 140.12 139.19 138.60 133.90 135.28 130.03 129.33 125.57 117.78 116.53 115.60 114.33 113.63 114.70 114.44 113.05 113.58 112.63 110.62 114.48 110.99 109.72 106.77 123.25 122.25 120.38 120.96 120.54 121.82 120.83 119.70 118.71 118.56 116.60 120.13 117.03 114.12 110.83 123.37 122.36 122.13 120.42 120.36 120.36 117.49 116.51 116.11 116.87 113.87 115.42 119.19 116.81 113.15 108.26 107.86 107. 71 107.94 108.21 107.90 106.19 106.75 106.08 106.23 104.12 106.45 103.57 103.12 100.12 115.99 116.53 114.09 115.29 115.02 117.18 116.80 115.29 114.70 113.74 113.21 114.28 111.99 111.51 109.13 Average weekly hours Fabricated metal products....................... M etal cans............................................. Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware............................................ Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures____ ____ _____ _________ Fabricated structural metal products.. Screw machine products, bolts, etc. Metal stampings................................. Coating, engraving, and allied services Miscellaneous fabricated wire products______________ _____ _ Miscellaneous fabricated metal p rod u cts........... ............................ M achinery.................................................... Engines and turbines......................... Farm machinery and equipm ent... Construction and related machinery.. Metalworking machinery and equip m ent....................................... Special industry machinery.............. General industrial machinery.......... Office, computing and accounting machines............................................ Service industry machines________ Miscellaneous m achinery............. . 42.0 42.2 41.6 42.1 41.8 42.5 42.0 44.7 42.1 40.5 41.8 41.9 41.2 41.3 43.2 43.1 41.3 41.1 41.4 43.3 42.1 41.5 39.7 41.2 42.2 43.8 40.9 40.7 41.8 42.4 43.1 41.3 41.6 43.9 41.9 43.3 41.8 43.0 41.0 41.3 40.5 41.7 42.3 42.5 40.6 40.6 41.7 43. C 42.8 41.3 41.5 42.6 41.2 42.3 41.2 42.1 41.5 41.6 41.0 40.4 41.4 42.6 43.1 40.9 39.7 41.1 42.7 42. S 40.9 39.9 41.0 42.8 42.1 40.3 40.9 42.6 41.9 42.3 41.5 42.3 41.3 40.9 42.1 41.7 41.0 40.8 40.0 40.7 42.8 42.3 40.8 39.5 40.1 42.2 42.5 40.2 40.5 41.3 42.4 43.4 41.6 40.4 41.2 41.9 42.6 41.3 40.3 41.1 42.2 42.2 41.1 39.9 40.7 42.4 41.7 41.2 41.4 42.3 41.1 42.1 42.2 41.4 41.1 41.1 40.6 41.4 41.3 40.9 40.8 40.7 40.4 41.6 41.0 41.0 41.3 41.5 42.6 40.8 41.0 41.9 39.5 41.1 41.9 41.2 42.2 41.1 41.5 42.0 40.9 42.3 41.4 41.2 42.1 41.3 42.8 41.5 41.5 42.8 40.9 42.6 41.3 40 8 42.8 40.7 42.5 40.8 41 5 42.7 40.4 42.4 40.3 40.4 42.3 40.4 40.0 41.7 40.1 40.9 42.4 41.6 40.5 41.8 40.9 40.8 41.8 40.7 40.6 41.7 40.5 42.2 41.3 42.4 40.8 41.4 41.9 42.4 41.6 4L 6 42.1 41.7 41.5 41.3 44.4 43.3 42.5 44.1 43.0 42.3 43.1 42.5 41.8 43.5 42.5 42.0 44.3 42.4 42.0 45.1 42.8 42.3 45.3 42.7 42.1 45.2 42.5 42.0 44.9 42.7 41.8 45.0 42.5 41.6 43.9 41.9 41.2 44.5 43.2 42.3 43.2 42.2 41.5 43.4 42.2 41.2 43.3 42.2 41.2 41.4 40.7 42.8 41.2 40.7 43.0 41.4 40.8 42.1 41.1 41.2 42.7 40.8 41.3 42.6 40.8 41.5 43.4 40.1 41.0 43.1 39.9 40.9 42.7 39.9 40.8 42.8 40.3 40.7 42.6 39.4 40.2 42.4 39.8 41.1 42.8 41.1 40.3 42.1 40.7 40.6 42.4 40.7 40.7 42.3 $2.69 3.04 $2.65 3.06 $2.70 3.11 $2.69 3.12 $2.67 3.11 $2.68 3.09 $2.65 3.06 $2.65 3.09 $2.65 3.06 $2.64 3.06 $2.61 3.03 $2.55 3.00 Average hourly earnings Fabricated metal products....................... M etal cans...... .................... .......... Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware.............................. Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures............................................... Fabricated structural metal products. Screw machine products, bolts, etc. M etal stampings........ ......................... Coating, engraving, and allied services Miscellaneous fabricated wire products_____________ _____ ___ Miscellaneous fabricated metal products................................ $2.68 3.08 $2.68 3.08 $2.65 3.04 2.62 2.47 2.62 2.61 2.57 2.59 2.60 2.61 2.56 2.56 2.57 2.59 2.59 2.52 2.43 2.58 2.68 2.67 2.91 2.39 2.57 2.68 2.67 2.73 2.40 2.57 2.67 2.66 2.92 2.43 2.57 2.67 2.65 2.87 2.42 2.56 2.65 2.64 2.87 2.40 2.57 2.66 2.64 2.89 2.42 2.57 2.66 2.63 2.89 2.39 2.56 2.66 2.63 2.88 2.39 2.55 2.65 2.63 2.84 2.37 2.58 2.64 2.63 2.83 2.37 2.53 2.64 2.62 2.85 2.37 2.54 2.64 2.60 2.84 2.34 2.54 2.63 2.57 2.81 2.34 2.52 2.61 2.56 2.76 2.31 2.47 2.57 2.50 2.68 2.26 2.46 2.44 2.43 2.42 2.39 2.41 2.41 2.40 2.39 2.40 2.40 2.38 2.37 2.37 2.34 2.67 2.89 3.13 2.68 2.88 3.11 2.89 2.89 2.66 2.87 3.15 2.88 2.87 2.65 2.88 3.15 2 88 2.87 2.65 2.88 3.12 2.63 2.87 3.09 2.61 2.86 3.09 2.61 2.85 3.09 2.60 2.84 3.08 2.61 2.84 3.12 2.59 2.82 3.11 2.59 2.78 3.04 2.55 2.71 2.96 M ach inery.................................................. Engines and turbines____________ Farm machinery and equipm ent... Construction and related machinery . Metalworking machinery and equip m ent.......... ......................... Special industry m achinery............. General industrial machinery_____ 2.89 2.68 2.89 3.13 2.89 2.89 2.89 2.65 2.88 3.12 2 83 2.88 2 .88 2.87 2.82 2.84 2.84 2l 81 2.79 2.72 3.07 2.72 2.90 3.07 2.71 2.89 3.06 2.72 2.88 3.05 2.69 2.88 3.09 2.68 2.87 3.09 2.68 2.88 3.12 2.68 2.87 3.10 2.66 2.85 3.10 2.66 2.84 3.08 2.65 2.85 3.05 2.64 2.83 3.04 2.65 2.84 3.01 2.63 2.82 2.98 2.60 2.77 2.90 2.53 2.69 machines........................................... Service industry machines________ Miscellaneous machinery_________ 2.98 2.66 2.71 2.97 2.65 2.71 2.95 2.64 2.71 2.93 2.62 2.70 2.95 2.62 2.70 2.95 2.60 2.70 2.93 2.59 2.71 2.92 2.61 2.70 2.91 2.60 2.68 2.90 2.61 2.67 2.89 2.59 2.67 2.90 2.59 2.67 2.90 2.57 2.66 2.87 2.54 2.63 2.78 2.46 2.58 Office, computing and accounting See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 108 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 98. 1963 1964 Annual average Industry N ov.2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June Apr. M ay Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1963 1962 $99.14 107.04 104. 70 107. 71 $97.4 102.8 102.0 104.2 Average weekly earnings M anufactur ing—C ontinued Durable goods—Continued Electrical equipment and supplies-----Electric distribution equipment— Electrical industrial apparatus __ Household appliances______ Electric lighting and wiring equipm e n t.. . . . . . . ---- -----------Radio and TV receiving sets--------Communication equipment______ Electronic components and accèssories--------- --------------------Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies___________________ $101.15 109. 48 109. 03 107. 60 $100. 90 109. 08 108. 62 107. 07 96. 80 95. 27 96. 24 97. 92 95. 20 96.15 96. 32 95. 04 89.33 89. 24 87.64 87.96 88.36 84. 64 85. 09 86.30 114.12 115. 92 113. 71 112. 20 109. 60 112. 48 111.38 110. 70 no. 30 84.99 84. 77 $103.48 $103. 48 $102. 72 $102. 31 113.82 113.55 112.19 113. 55 111.61 111. 19 109. 67 109. 82 109. 88 110.02 109. 21 108.14 86.83 86. 83 86.40 85. 57 $101.96 112. 47 110. 92 108. 41 84. 93 $102. 06 $101. 56 112.32 110.16 109.30 109. 30 108. 00 107.33 85. 39 85.39 $100.90 $100. 00 $102. 41 $100. 60 110. 02 107.33 113.97 109. 61 106. 75 106. 49 107. 79 104. 90 106. 40 104.80 109.88 106.53 94.16 86.08 94. 40 93.14 96. 70 94.87 93.26 90.8 86. 46 87.86 87. 25 87.02 85.85 85.7 109. 76 109.35 110. 56 109. 08 107.33 106.9 84.96 83.67 84.38 84.19 82. 76 82.0 111.37 107.18 110. 43 103.49 107.87 109. 21 108. 68 108.27 106. 27 108. 40 111. 90 113.25 110. 81 107. 01 106.2 Transportation equipment____ 134.83 124. 75 133. 67 Motor vehicles and equipment . 127. 51 143. 99 127. 20 126. 59 125. 56 Aircraft and parts___ _____ . . Ship and boat building and repairing__ _ . ------------ . . ------ 119. 20 122. 01 119. 08 119.74 122. 98 Railroad equipment ____ 97.16 93.79 Other transportation eq u ip m en t... 129. 38 128. 54 132. 06 129. 67 129.36 126. 68 126.99 127.82 133.61 132. 68 126. 72 122.2 137. 70 135.26 140. 92 137.17 135. 99 131.25 132.93 134. 20 144. 26 142.65 132. 68 127.6 125.15 125. 05 124. 84 123.93 123.82 123.11 123. 41 123. 30 124.92 124. 20 122. 43 119.9 121. 60 120. 80 121.99 122. 07 120. 69 122. 96 120.39 118. 40 120. 39 123.60 121.06 115.2 125. 02 126. 79 127. 70 126. 77 128.33 125. 55 126. 38 123.82 124.34 124. 53 121. 71 118.1 95. 04 91.76 96. 41 95. 37 93. 34 92.03 91.13 87. 64 92. 62 89.33 91.84 86.2 Average weekly hours Electrical equipment and supplies____ Electric distribution equipm ent__ Electrical industrial apparatus-----Household appliances___________ Electric lighting and wiring equipm e n t.. ._ _ _ . ______ ______ Radio and TV receiving s e ts ... Communication equipm ent... Electronic components and accèssories __ __ _______ Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies___ _ . ---------------Transportation equipment___________ Motor vehicles and equipment____ Aircraft and parts_______________ Ship and boat building and repairing____ _______ . . . . . . Railroad equipm ent___ __________ Other transportation eq u ip m en t... 40.9 42.0 41.8 41.0 40.9 41.9 41.8 40.9 40.6 41.4 41.7 40.6 40.6 41.9 41.6 40.5 40.3 41.5 41.7 40.3 40.5 41.6 41.4 40.3 40.3 40.8 41.4 39.9 40.3 40.7 41.3 40.3 40.2 40.7 41.3 40.1 40.2 40.9 40.9 40.0 40.0 40.2 40.8 39.4 40.8 41.9 41.3 41.0 40.4 40.9 40.5 40.2 40.3 40.7 40.9 40.8 40. 40. 40. 40. 40.5 39.7 41.2 40.2 40.2 41.4 40.1 39.3 41.2 40.8 39.8 40.8 40.0 39.8 40.0 40.4 38.3 40.9 40.3 38.5 40.8 40.1 38.7 40.7 39.9 38.6 40.7 40.0 38.6 40.5 39.3 39.4 40.5 40.8 39.3 41.1 40.2 39.2 40.7 40.2 39.2 40.5 40. 39. 41. 40.2 40.2 40.0 39.8 39.5 39.9 39.9 39.9 39.8 39.7 39.1 39.8 39.9 39.6 40. 41. 5 41.0 41. 41.4 40.6 40.9 39.5 40.1 40.6 40.4 40.4 39.8 40.6 41.6 42.1 42.4 40.9 41.0 41.1 42.3 43.9 40.9 41.6 42.5 40.9 41.6 42.4 41.0 42.6 43.9 41.2 42.1 43. C 40.9 42.0 42.9 41.0 41.4 41.8 40.9 41.5 42.2 41.0 41.5 42.2 41.1 43.1 44.8 41.5 42.8 44.3 41.4 42.1 42.8 41.5 42. 42. 41. 40.4 38.5 41.7 39.3 39.8 40.6 40.4 40.2 41.5 40.4 40.9 40.6 40.8 40.8 42.1 41.1 40.5 42.2 40.5 41. C 41.3 41.4 40.5 40.9 40.4 40. { 40.5 40.0 40.2 39.3 40.4 40.5 40.8 41.2 40.3 39.7 40.9 40.3 41.0 40. 39. 40. 41.3 39.6 Average hourly earnings Electrical equipment and supplies____ Electric distribution equipment__ Electrical industrial apparatus____ Household appliances..................... Electric lighting and wiring equip m ent_________________ ______ _ Radio and TV receiving sets........ . Communication equipment______ Electronic components and acces sories__________________ ____ Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies_____ _____________ $2.53 2. 71 2.67 2.68 $2.53 2. 71 2.66 2.69 $2.53 2. 71 2.63 2.69 $2.52 2. 71 2.64 2.67 $2.53 2. 71 2. 66 2.69 $2. 52 2. 70 2.64 2.68 $2. 52 2. 70 2.64 2.69 $2. 51 2.69 2. 64 2.67 $2. 51 2.68 2.63 2.67 $2. 51 2.69 2. 61 2.66 $2. 50 2. 67 2. 61 2.66 $2. 51 2. 72 2. 61 2.68 $2.49 2.68 2. 59 2. 65 $2.46 2.63 2. 56 2.64 $2. 4( 2.54 2. 5( 2. 5f 2.39 2. 25 2. 77 2.37 2.22 2.80 2.40 2.23 2. 76 2.40 2.21 2. 75 2. 38 2.22 2.74 2.38 2. 21 2. 75 2.39 2.21 2. 73 2.37 2.23 2. 72 2. 36 2.23 2. 71 2. 36 2.24 2. 71 2. 37 2.23 2.70 2.37 2.22 2. 69 2. 36 2.22 2.68 2.32 2.19 2.65 2.2< 2. If 2.5! 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.15 2.15 2.14 2.14 2.13 2.13 2.14 2.14 2.12 2.11 2.09 2.0. 2.69 2.64 2.70 2.62 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.68 2. 67 2. 67 2.69 2. 69 2.67 2. 61 2.5 Transportation equipment__________ Motor vehicles and equipment___ Aircraft and parts______________ Ship and boat building and re pairing_________ ______ _______ Railroad equipment____________ Other transportation equipm ent.. 3.18 3.05 3.11 3.08 3.16 3.28 3.07 3.11 3.24 3.06 3.09 3.19 3.05 3.10 3. 21 3.03 3.08 3.19 3.03 3.08 3.17 3.02 3.06 3.14 3.01 3.06 3.15 3. 01 3.08 3.18 3.00 3.10 3.22 3. 01 3.10 3.22 3.00 3. 01 3.10 2. 95 2.9 2.9 2.8 3. 02 3.11 2.33 3.03 3.09 2. 31 3. 01 3.11 2.29 2.99 3.1C 2.26 2.99 3.13 2.29 2.97 3.13 2.26 2.98 3.13 2.26 2.97 3.1C 2. 25 2.98 3.09 2.25 2.96 3.08 2.23 2.98 3. 07 2. 27 3.00 3.09 2.25 2.96 3. 02 2.24 2.8 2.9 2.1 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3.08 3. 01 C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T a b l e 109 C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 98. 1964 1963 Annual average Industry Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1963 1962 Average weekly earnings M anufacturing—C ont inue d Durable pood*—Continued Instruments and related products____ $105. 47 $104. 81 Engineering and scientific instru m ents__________ _____ ________ 120. 47 Mechanical measuring and control 105. 78 104. 34 devices________________ ______ 95. 17 95. 82 Optical and ophthalmic goods____ Surgical, medical, and dental 89.24 88.44 equipm ent_________ __________ Photographic equipment and sup plies__________________________ 124. 39 87.05 Watches and clocks...................... . Miscellaneous manufacturing indus tries______________ ____ __________ Jewelry, silverware, and plated w a r e.._______ ________________ Toys, amusement, and sporting goods________________________ Pens, pencils, office and art materials_____________________ Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions_______________________ Other manufacturing industries___ $104.81 $103. 98 $103. 63 $103.98 $102. 56 $102. 06 $101.81 $101.66 $100.15 $103. 57 $102. 91 $101. 59 $99. 80 121.60 120.93 119.07 120. 77 117.91 118.03 117. 22 117. 22 115. 31 120.06 119. 36 118. 24 115.64 104. 45 103. 79 104.19 105.37 103. 53 103.53 103.53 102.87 100. 30 103. 89 104. 65 102.16 95.87 94.53 92.43 94. 66 93. 98 92. 51 92.51 92.96 92. 21 95.15 94.05 93.86 89.28 88.48 87.56 87.23 87. 45 86.83 86. 76 86.80 84. 41 87.02 87.02 85.63 98.98 89. 62 84.45 121. 25 120.56 122.09 120.10 119.65 118. 49 116. 69 117. 96 116. 57 119. 55 118.14 115. 77 114.68 86. 55 84.53 84. 32 85. 97 83. 71 82.18 81. 37 81.24 80.98 83.16 81.93 83.13 83. 37 83.62 83.41 81. 35 82.80 81. 74 82.58 81.95 82.76 82.97 82. 56 80.26 82.99 81.59 80.39 78.61 97.06 95. 53 89.02 89. 65 88.18 90.09 90. 27 90.09 89.65 87. 96 84. 97 94.73 92.29 88.70 84.82 71.37 90.50 75.03 73.53 75.22 73.53 73. 72 72.96 74.11 74.50 73.73 71.80 72. 39 73.14 72. 76 80.40 79. 99 80.40 75.00 79.80 78.40 78.20 78.01 78.80 75.24 78.39 78.00 78.00 74. 82 76. 81 89.82 74.69 88.70 75.46 89. 24 75.64 88. 75 76.80 89.20 77.20 87.91 77. 41 89.20 77.16 89.65 77.18 88.58 73.15 86.85 76.57 89.24 75.01 87.82 73.84 86.58 71.68 84.82 40.9 Average weekly hours Instruments and related products____ Engineering and scientific instru ments________________________ Mechanical measuring and control devices_______________________ Optical and ophthalmic goods____ Surgical, medical, and dental equipment_________ ____ ______ 41.2 41.0 41.2 40.2 41.1 41.1 40.8 41.1 40.7 40.5 40.4 40.5 39.9 41.1 41.0 40.8 41.4 41.5 41.7 41.2 41.5 40.8 40.7 40.7 40.7 39.9 41.4 41.3 41.2 41.3 40.6 41.3 40.8 41.5 40.7 41.1 40.7 40.9 41.0 41.7 40.6 41.4 40.6 41.3 40.6 41.3 40.5 41.5 39.8 40.8 40.9 42.1 41.2 41.8 40.7 41.9 40.4 41.3 40.2 40.4 40.4 39.8 40.2 40.3 40.2 39.8 40.0 38.9 40.1 40.1 40.2 40.6 42. 6 40.3 42.1 39.7 42.3 39.5 42.1 39.4 41.7 39.8 41.4 39.3 41.0 38.4 40.8 38.2 41.1 38.5 40.9 38.2 41.8 39.6 41.6 39.2 41.2 39.4 41.7 39.7 40.2 40 1 39.3 40.0 39.3 39.7 39.4 39.6 39.7 39.5 38.4 39.9 39.8 39.6 39.7 42.2 41.9 40.1 40.2 39.9 40.4 40.3 40.4 40.2 39.8 38.8 42.1 41.2 40.5 40.2 39.7 38.7 39.8 38.7 38.8 38.4 38.6 38.6 38.2 37.2 38.1 38.7 38.7 39.0 P ho to grap hic eq u ip m en t a n d su p p lies________________________ Watches and clocks............................ Miscellaneous manufacturing indus tries_____________________________ Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware__________________________ Toys, amusement, and sporting goods____________ ____ _______ Pens, pencils, office and art materials_________ ______ ______ Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions_______________________ Other manufacturing industries___ 41.1 40.4 40.2 39.6 40.2 37.5 39.7 39.2 39.1 39.4 39.6 38.0 40.2 40.0 40.0 39.8 39.8 40.1 38.9 39.6 39.3 40.2 39.6 39.8 40.0 40.0 40.0 39.6 39.9 40.0 40.4 40.2 40.2 39.9 38.1 39.3 40.3 40.2 39.9 40.1 39.7 39.9 39.6 40.2 $2.44 Average hourly earnings Instruments and related products____ Engineering and scientific instru ments........... ...................................... Mechanical measuring and control devices.............................................. Optical and ophthalmic goods____ Surgical, medical, and dental equipment_____ _______ _______ Photographic equipment and supplies........ ........................................... atches and clocks............................ $2.56 $2.55 $2.55 $2.53 $2.54 $2.53 $2.52 $2.52 $2.52 $2. 51 $2.51 $2.52 $2. 51 $2.49 2. 91 2.93 2.90 2.89 2.91 2.89 2.90 2.88 2.88 2.89 2.90 2.89 2.87 2.80 2.58 2.31 2. 57 2.32 2.56 2. 31 2. 55 2. 30 2.56 2.26 2. 57 2. 27 2. 55 2. 27 2. 55 2. 24 2. 55 2. 24 2.54 2.24 2.52 2.26 2.54 2. 26 2.54 2.25 2. 51 2.24 2. 45 2.17 2. 22 2.20 2.21 2.19 2.20 2.17 2.17 2.16 2.18 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.13 2.08 2.92 2.16 2.88 2.18 2.85 2.14 2. 90 2.14 2.88 2.16 2.89 2.13 2.89 2.14 2. 86 2.13 2. 87 2.11 2. 85 2.12 2.86 2.10 2.84 2.09 2. 81 2.11 2. 75 2.10 2. 08 2.08 2.07 2.07 2.08 2. 08 2.08 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.08 2. 05 2.03 1. 98 2.30 2.28 2.22 2. 23 2. 21 2.23 2. 24 2.23 2. 23 2.21 2.19 2. 25 2. 24 2.19 2.11 W Miscellaneous manufacturing indus tries............................................................ Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.................................................... Toys, amusement, and sporting go o d s................................................ Pens, pencils, office and art materials_____ ________________ Costume jewelry, buttons, and n otio n s............................................. Other manufacturing industries___ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.24 1.89 1.90 1.89 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.92 1.93 1.93 1.93 1.90 1.89 1.88 1.83 2.00 2.02 2.00 2. 00 2. 01 2.00 2.00 1. 98 1.99 1.98 1.95 1. 95 1.95 1.88 1 93 2.24 1. 92 2.24 1.92 2.22 1.91 2.23 1.92 2.23 1.93 2.22 1.94 2.23 1.91 2.23 1.92 2. 22 1.92 2.21 1.90 2.22 1.88 2.19 1.86 2.17 1.81 2.11 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 110 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 98. 1964 In d u stry N o v .2 O c t.2 Sept. A u g. J u ly Annual average 1963 M ay June A p r. M a r. Feb . Jan. D ec. $ 96. N o v. 1963 1962 $ 94. A verag e w e e k ly earnings M a n u factu rin g— C on tin u ed N ondurable goods F o od and kindred p rod ucts____ M e a t products _____ D a ir y p rod ucts_____ ___ C a n n e d and preserved food, except m eats. ____ ______ ___ __ _ G rain m ill products ... ___ B a k e ry products ______ . _. Sugar ... __ . .. C onfectionery and related prod ucts. B everages__ __. . . . . . M iscellaneous food and kindred p roducts____________ . ____ $ 9 8 .4 0 $ 9 7 .6 4 23 1 0 5 .2 5 1 0 3 .4 6 $ 9 8 .0 6 40 1 0 5 .3 2 1 0 2 . 55 $96. 56 1 0 3 .2 8 100 . 74 $ 9 6 .0 8 $ 9 5 .6 8 $ 9 5 .9 1 1 0 1 .2 4 1 0 1 .4 6 1 0 5 .1 1 1 0 0 .9 1 1 0 7 .9 5 9 9 .6 6 48 1 0 1 .6 8 9 8 .7 5 $ 9 1 .8 4 1 0 3 .0 6 1 0 0 .9 8 59 1 0 8 .2 0 1 0 0 .3 2 $ 9 5 .9 4 1 0 4 .0 4 1 0 4 .2 5 23 1 0 7 .3 6 1 0 3 .0 3 $98. 1 0 8 .1 2 103 . 66 53 1 0 5 .0 0 107 . 75 $ 97. 1 1 1 .1 9 104 . 58 8 2 .1 9 1 0 9 .4 5 7 8 .7 8 110 . 53 9 8 .0 9 100 . 67 8 1 .6 0 108 . 53 8 1 .1 6 1 1 2 . 24 1 0 0 . 61 113 . 71 8 1 .5 9 1 1 1 .9 3 7 9 .1 8 1 0 8 .9 6 9 8 .2 5 1 1 2 .0 2 8 1 .8 0 1 1 1 .6 5 7 7 .6 0 1 0 6 .9 1 9 8 .3 3 1 1 2 .0 6 8 0 . 55 114 . 51 7 4 .2 6 1 1 1 .8 0 9 8 . 57 1 1 1 .6 4 7 9 .7 6 1 0 9 .7 4 7 8 .1 1 1 0 7 .0 4 9 6 .8 0 1 1 1 .0 7 8 0 .1 7 1 0 8 .9 5 7 6 .8 4 1 0 4 . 54 9 5 .4 4 1 0 7 .3 3 7 9 .7 6 1 0 8 .9 4 7 5 .0 3 1 0 4 .0 6 9 4 .8 0 1 0 5 . 52 7 8 .1 9 107 . 73 7 5 .1 1 1 0 5 .0 3 9 5 .0 4 9 8 .4 9 7 8 .9 9 1 0 6 .9 2 7 4 .5 4 1 0 8 .0 9 9 3 .6 2 101 . 58 7 6 .5 8 1 0 4 .0 1 7 3 .8 3 106 . 72 9 5 .3 4 100 . 58 7 7 .8 1 1 0 6 .1 3 7 1 .5 9 108 . 38 9 5 .0 4 9 8 .1 2 7 7 .8 1 1 0 7 .2 0 7 5 .6 5 1 0 5 .0 2 9 3 .9 0 1 0 4 .4 3 7 8 .4 1 1 0 7 .1 8 7 3 .7 2 1 0 1 .9 2 9 1 .7 1 1 0 1 . 67 7 6 .6 1 1 0 3 .3 1 1 0 9 . 76 9 7 .3 6 $ 98. $ 98. 9 8 .6 6 9 6 .0 5 9 6 .4 8 9 7 .4 1 9 7 .5 8 9 5 . 76 9 6 .1 8 9 5 .5 3 9 6 .6 4 9 4 .4 7 9 4 .9 2 9 6 .5 0 9 4 .9 5 9 6 .3 4 9 6 . 56 9 3 .7 0 9 1 .3 8 T o b acco m anu factures. . _ ..... C igarettes ______ ___ C igars _______ _____ 7 5 .0 8 7 3 .3 5 9 2 . 67 6 3 .4 1 7 3 .1 0 9 2 .1 2 6 0 . 76 7 5 .4 7 9 7 . 58 6 3 .9 6 8 0 .1 3 9 6 .0 8 6 2 .5 4 8 1 .7 8 9 8 .2 9 6 4 .4 1 8 0 .1 7 9 3 .8 5 6 6 . 57 8 0 .7 8 9 4 . 56 6 7 .4 0 7 5 .6 0 8 7 . 66 6 5 . 67 6 9 .1 9 7 5 .3 7 6 6 .5 0 7 2 .6 9 9 1 .2 6 5 7 . 73 7 4 .8 6 9 3 .6 7 6 3 .2 4 7 3 .7 1 9 6 .8 2 6 3 .1 8 7 4 .1 1 9 2 .2 0 6 0 . 48 7 1 .4 1 8 9 .5 4 5 7 .8 2 T e x tile m ill prod ucts______ .. _ C o tto n broad w o ven fabrics S ilk and syn th e tic broad w o ven .. . . . . . . . . fabrics__ W e a v in g and finishing broad w o olen s.. . . . __ . N arrow fabrics and sm allw ares___ K n ittin g . . . . _ _ __ Fin ish in g textiles, except wool, k n it. Floor covering. Y a r n and th re a d .. . ... M iscellaneous textile goods_______ 7 6 .6 8 7 9 .6 7 7 5 .8 9 7 8 .1 4 7 1 .8 2 7 2 .9 0 7 3 .1 0 7 3 .6 8 7 2 .2 2 7 2 .8 0 7 3 .1 0 7 3 .6 8 7 2 . 75 7 3 .9 2 7 1 .6 3 7 2 .3 8 7 1 .6 3 7 2 .2 1 7 1 .9 8 7 3 .0 8 7 0 .4 0 7 2 .3 1 7 2 .6 9 7 3 . 78 7 2 .2 8 7 3 .3 5 6 9 .4 3 6 8 .3 0 6 6 . 75 8 2 .5 3 8 2 .5 3 7 9 .1 0 7 9 .1 0 7 7 .2 2 7 8 .3 7 7 8 .1 9 7 8 .0 1 7 7 .2 2 7 7 . 58 7 6 .6 8 7 9 .2 0 7 8 .8 4 7 4 .6 5 7 3 .4 4 7 7 . 56 7 3 .5 1 6 4 .8 5 8 2 .4 5 7 3 .7 1 6 6 .1 7 8 3 .4 2 7 6 .4 1 7 3 .1 6 6 4 .5 6 8 0 .4 8 7 4 .3 9 6 5 .0 4 8 1 .6 0 7 4 .1 9 7 1 .9 1 6 4 .5 1 8 2 .6 4 7 4 .8 8 6 4 .8 8 8 1 .3 9 7 5 .2 6 7 2 .5 7 6 4 .3 4 8 3 .6 6 7 4 .6 4 6 5 . 37 8 0 .9 9 7 5 .3 0 6 9 . 74 6 0 .6 2 7 8 .7 4 7 2 .1 8 6 4 .4 0 8 0 . 79 7 5 .8 1 7 3 .4 6 6 2 .5 8 8 4 .4 4 7 7 .6 5 6 6 .3 3 8 3 .3 8 7 1 .9 4 7 2 .5 1 6 4 .3 0 8 3 . 76 7 8 . 74 6 6 .0 8 8 2 .7 8 7 5 .4 0 7 1 .3 4 6 2 .6 5 7 9 .7 6 7 5 .1 8 6 3 .5 9 8 0 .9 5 7 7 .1 7 7 0 .9 3 6 1 .4 4 7 8 .0 7 7 3 .0 4 6 2 .2 2 7 8 .9 1 68.21 7 0 .9 0 8 4 .8 7 7 8 .8 5 7 3 .8 9 6 7 .6 0 8 3 .7 8 8 0 .1 5 6 9 . 81 8 5 .2 8 7 4 .8 6 7 2 .6 2 6 3 .9 2 7 7 .6 1 7 7 .4 1 6 6 . 00 8 5 .0 8 7 7 .2 3 7 3 .6 2 6 6 .4 2 7 9 .1 0 7 6 .8 0 6 7 .3 9 8 4 .4 6 78 . 73 7 2 .9 8 6 4 .8 5 7 7 .7 4 7 4 .6 2 6 6 .9 1 8 3 .4 3 7 8 .9 1 7 3 .5 1 6 5 .0 2 8 3 .4 2 7 4 . 26 6 7 .0 7 8 6 .2 8 Food and kindred products__________ Meat products__________________ Dairy products______ _ ______ Canned and preserved food, except meats Grain mill products_______ . _ Bakery products________________ Sugar. __________ _____ ___ Confectionery and related products. Beverages____ ______ _ _____ . . . Miscellaneous food, kindred products. Tobacco manufactures_______________ Cigarettes________ ____________ Cigars__ ___________________ Textile mill products___ _ _________ Cotton broad woven fabrics______ Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics_____________________ . Weaving and finishing broad woolens_______ . . ____ _ _ _ Narrow fabrics and smallwares... . K nitting_______________ _______ Finishing textiles, except wool, knit Floor covering _. . . . ___________ Yarn and thread________________ Miscellaneous textile goods......... . 41.0 42.6 42.0 41.2 42.4 41.8 41.4 41.5 43.1 41.2 41.6 42.4 41.2 40.8 42.9 41.1 42.1 42.4 41.0 41.3 42.2 40.4 40.5 41.8 40.2 40.1 41.9 40.2 39.7 42.1 40.3 40.9 41.7 41.1 42.6 41.8 41.0 42.5 41.7 40.9 41.0 42.2 41.0 40. 6 42.5 41.9 43.3 39.0 45.3 40.2 41.6 40.0 39.9 43.1 40.3 39.1 38.2 41.7 42.7 39.4 46.0 40.9 41.5 39.8 41.0 42.8 39.3 39.2 36.6 39.9 40.5 39.2 45.4 40.6 41.8 39.9 41.2 42.0 38.9 41.0 38.3 41.3 42.1 38.8 45.3 40.8 41.2 39.1 42.1 42.0 38.9 40.2 37.9 40.8 41.6 36.4 46.2 40.9 41.5 39.1 41.1 41.9 39.7 41.3 38.8 41.3 42.1 38.1 44.6 40.5 41.6 39.3 40.5 42.2 39.3 39.6 40.1 41.1 42.0 37.3 43.2 40.1 40.2 39.1 40.2 41.8 39.6 39.9 40.6 40.7 41.6 36.6 43.0 40.0 40.9 38.9 39.9 42.0 37.8 37.3 39.8 40.7 41.5 37.0 43.4 40.1 40.2 39.3 39.6 42.7 35.3 31.8 40.3 40.9 42.0 36.9 44.3 39.5 42.5 38.1 39.1 42.2 36.9 39.0 35.2 40.0 41.8 37.1 44.1 40.4 44.7 39.7 39.6 43.2 39.4 40.2 38.8 41.3 42.4 36.9 44.6 40.1 44.4 39.7 40.0 43.3 39.0 41.2 39.0 41.3 42.4 38.4 44.5 40.3 42.8 39.8 40.6 42.4 38.6 39.4 37.8 40.6 40.9 38.8 44.7 40.4 42.9 39.9 40.2 42.7 38.6 39.1 37.3 40.6 40.7 43.9 43.9 42.3 43.7 42.9 43.3 43.2 43.1 42.9 43.1 42.6 44.0 43.8 42.9 42.7 40.1 40.4 38.4 42.6 41.6 40.3 40.9 40.9 41.0 38.3 42.9 41.7 40.6 40.7 40.7 39.4 36.3 40.8 40.1 40.0 40.6 41.2 41.5 37.7 43.3 42.9 41.2 41.9 39.1 41.2 38.5 43.4 43. 5 41.3 41.6 41.2 41.0 38.2 42.2 42.0 40.5 41.3 42.4 41.0 38.4 42.2 41. 5 40. 4 41. 1 Food and kindred products__________ Meat products................................... Dairy products__________________ Canned and preserved food, except meats___________ _____ ________ Grain mill products______________ Bakery products________________ Sugar___, _____ _________________ Confectionery and related products. Beverages_______________________ Miscellaneous food, kindred products. Tobacco manufactures.............................. Cigarettes......... ................................... Cigars....................... ............ ................ Textile mill products....... ......................... Cotton broad woven fabrics______ Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics________________________ Weaving and finishing broad woolens. Narrow fabrics and smallwares___ Knitting__________________ _____ Finishing textiles, except wool, knit Floor covering...................................... Yam and thread___________ _____ Miscellaneous textile goods............ $ 2 .3 9 2 . 57 $ 2 .3 8 2 . 55 $ 2 .3 8 2 . 57 $ 2 .3 5 $ 2 .3 4 $ 2.3 1 $ 2.24 2.4 1 2.4 1 2.4 2 2.5 4 2 .4 0 2.54 2 .3 9 2 .4 8 2 .3 4 2 . 43 2 .2 6 7 7 .9 3 7 5 .4 0 6 7 .7 7 8 5 .4 0 A verag e w e e k ly hours 44.8 39.9 39.9 39.8 42.5 38.5 42.2 41.4 41.5 40.6 39.3 42.1 43.8 41.8 41.6 39.4 39.9 37.6 39.8 42.3 40.0 41.3 41.3 40.9 39.3 41.2 42.2 41.6 41.4 42.1 41.0 38.6 40.7 41.0 41.3 41.3 42.2 41.3 38.7 43.0 40.8 41.4 42.5 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 .3 7 $ 2 .3 8 $ 2 .3 6 $ 2 .3 8 2 . 61 2 .4 9 2 . 55 2 .4 8 2.5 3 2 .5 0 2.5 3 2 .4 4 2 . 55 2 .4 3 $ 2 .3 9 2 . 55 2.0 2 2 .4 4 2 .4 4 2 .4 2 2 .0 4 2 .7 2 2 . 26 2 .0 6 2.4 4 2 .4 6 2 .7 4 2 .0 5 2 .7 3 2 .2 8 2 .0 2 2.4 0 2 .4 2 2 .6 8 2.0 5 2.71 2.2 8 1.95 1.82 2 .3 7 1.66 1.8 6 2 .3 5 1.6 6 1.83 1.84 1.82 1.83 1.88 1.91 1.83 1.72 2 .0 0 1.8 8 1.9 0 1.82 1.72 1.99 1.83 1.67 2 .0 5 40.8 41.2 39.4 42.7 41.7 41.3 38.6 42.5 40.5 41.1 41.5 41.3 41.1 38.2 41.7 41.1 40.4 40.8 A verage ho urly earnings See footnotes at end of tab le https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 . 45 2 . 44 2 .0 6 2 .7 5 2 . 27 1.68 2 .0 5 $ 2 .3 9 2 .4 3 $ 2 .4 0 2 . 55 2 . 43 2 .0 0 2 .3 6 2.4 1 2 .7 2 2 .0 6 2 .7 2 2 .2 9 2.0 4 2 .4 2 2.41 2 .6 9 2 .0 4 2 .6 7 2 .2 8 2 .0 5 2 .4 0 2 .3 9 2.6 7 2 .0 4 2 .6 9 2 .2 9 2 .0 6 2 .4 2 2.3 8 2 .6 7 2 .0 4 2.7 1 2 . 26 2 .0 5 2 .4 2 2.3 7 2 .5 8 2.01 2 . 70 2 .2 6 2 .0 3 2.4 2 2 .3 7 2 .4 5 2.0 1 2 .7 0 2 .2 6 2 .0 2 2.4 4 2.3 7 2 .3 9 2.01 2 .6 6 2 . 25 1.9 9 2 .4 2 2 .3 6 2 . 25 1.9 6 2 .6 8 2 .2 3 1.9 4 2 .4 3 2 .3 7 2 . 21 1.9 6 2 .6 8 2 .2 3 1.97 2 .3 6 2 .3 3 2 .4 4 1.97 2 .6 4 2 .2 1 1.90 2.2 8 2 . 27 2.37 1.92 2.57 2.14 1.94 2 .3 8 1.67 2 .0 6 2 .3 9 1.65 2 .0 6 2 . 38 1.6 6 2.0 4 2 .3 7 1.6 6 2.0 4 2.3 7 1.6 6 2 .0 0 2 . 35 1.65 1.96 2 . 37 1.65 1.97 2.3 4 1.64 1.9 0 2 .3 3 1.6 3 1.8 9 2 .3 5 1.62 1.92 2 .3 4 1 .6 0 1.85 2.29 1.55 1.8 0 1.8 0 1.77 1.75 1.77 1.7 5 1.77 1.75 1.77 1.7 6 1.7 6 1.74 1.76 1.74 1.7 6 1.74 1.76 1.73 1 .7 6 1.7 4 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.67 1.68 1.64 1.87 1.9 0 1.82 1.7 0 1.95 1.83 1 . 65 2 .0 6 1.81 1.87 1.80 1.69 1.92 1.82 1.62 2 . 04 1.80 1.87 1.78 1.68 1.91 1.82 1.62 2 .0 2 1.81 1.87 1.78 1.68 1.94 1.82 1.6 2 2 .0 3 1.81 1.8 6 1.78 1.68 1.94 1.82 1.61 2 . 01 1.81 1.85 1.78 1.6 9 1.93 1.81 1.61 2 .0 0 1.80 1.85 1.78 1.68 1.94 1.8 0 1.61 1.99 1.8 0 1.84 1.77 1.68 1.95 1.79 1.61 1.99 1.80 1.85 1.77 1.67 1.93 1.80 1.61 1.99 1.8 0 1.84 1.77 1.66 1.95 1.81 1.61 1.99 1.80 1.84 1.7 6 1.67 1.93 1.81 1.60 1.99 1.74 1.83 1.74 1 . 64 1.8 9 1.7 9 1.57 1.9 6 1.72 1.82 1 . /3 1.60 1.85 1.76 1.54 1.92 2 . 55 2.4 1 C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T able 111 C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 98. 1964 1963 Annual average Industry N ov.2 Oct.2 Sept. Manufacturing—Continued Nondurable goods—Continued Apparel and related products________ M en’s and boys’ suits and coats__ M en’s and boys’ furnishings______ Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear__________ _________ Women’s and children’s undergarm ents_______ _____ - _ ______ Hats, caps, and m illin ery .-______ Girls’ and children’s outerwear___ Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel_._ _ _ _____ Miscellaneous fabricated textile products.._ _ _ _____ .__ ______ Paper and allied products____ _______ Paper and pulp___________ ____ _ Paperboard. ___________ ____ Converted paper and paperboard products.. _ _ _____ _________ Paperboard containers and boxes... Printing, publishing, and allied industries---------- . _______________ Newspaper publishing and printing. Periodical publishing and printing. Books_____ _ __________ . . . Commercial printing _______ __ Bookbinding and related industries. Other publishing and printing industries_______________________ Apparel and related products________ M en’s and boys’ suits and coats___ M en’s and boys’ furnishings______ Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear_____________________ Women’s and children’s undergarm ents_____ ____________ _ . . . Hats, caps, and m illinery. __ . . Girls’ and children’s outerwear___ Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel___ ____ ______ Miscellaenous fabricated textile products________ ________ _ Paper and allied products........__ _ . . . Paper and pulp____ _ ___ _____ Paperboard. . . . _____ _ __ __ Converted paper and paperboard products_____. . . __________ Paperboard containers and b o x es.. Printing, publishing, and allied industries____ __ _ . . Newspaper publishing and printing. Periodical publishing and printing. Books__ . .. Commercial printing____________ Bookbinding and related industries. Other publishing and printing in_ _ dustries_____ Apparel and related products._ . . . ___ M en’s and boys’ suits and coats _ _ M en’s and boys’ furnishings______ Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear___________ _ ______ Women’s and children’s undergarm ents___ _._ _ ... ......................... Hats, caps, and millinery___ _ ___ Girls’ and children’s outerwear___ Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel_______ _____ Miscellaneous fabricated textile products. ______ _ ______ _ _ Paper and allied products_________ __ Paper and pulp_____ __________ Paperboard. _________ _ Converted paper and paperboard products________ _ Paperboard containers and boxes. _ Printing, publishing, and allied industries _____ Newspaper publishing and printing. Periodical publishing and printing. Books. _ ______ Commercial printing______ Bookbinding and related industries. Other publishing and printing industries___________ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. 1963 1962 Average weekly earnings $65.16 $64.80 $63.00 $66.06 $64. 25 $64.07 $63.54 $64. 08 $64.79 $64. 61 $60.34 $63.37 $63. 01 $62. 45 $61.18 76. 02 75. 47 74. 55 77.28 74.62 76. 08 76. 65 75.60 75.87 76.08 73. 78 77.70 76.59 74. 87 72.54 58. 21 57.13 55.9C 57. 46 56.63 57.00 55.94 55.94 56.54 56.24 53.00 55.72 54.96 54. 31 53.53 66.47 67. 54 64.52 69. 95 68.46 65.43 66.15 67.86 69. 34 68. 75 61.82 65.13 64. 08 65.66 64.79 62.21 61.66 68. 76 59.07 59.17 66.43 55.10 59.89 71.99 58.84 58. 77 70.86 60. 47 57.96 67. 71 60.15 58. 84 66.98 58.44 58.68 67.32 56.80 59.50 73.13 57. 72 58.00 74. 84 59.73 53. 77 66. 01 53.27 58. 24 65. 68 55.69 60.00 63 72 56. 25 57.04 66 33 55.% 55.48 71.05 66.40 67.16 65.15 67.16 65. 88 63.72 66. 07 64. 44 62.61 67.12 69. 73 64.80 64.98 57.89 5A 72 70. 84 68.11 72.00 72.15 68. 61 70.46 70.10 70.67 68.78 68.42 68.08 71. 37 70. 59 67.61 64.64 110.17 111.89 112. 06 111. 71 110. 51 109.65 108. 46 107.53 106. 85 107.10 106.09 108.36 107. 43 105.90 102.00 121. 39 123. 36 125. 65 123.60 124. 43 121. 28 120.01 120.01 119.14 119. 41 118.43 119. 24 119. 41 117. 75 112. 92 120. 98 126. 66 128. 86 126. 78 127. 92 123. 32 121. 44 121. 55 122. 27 122. 27 121.44 122.54 120.12 118.90 114. 48 97.58 97.63 97.58 97. 44 103. 33 103. 82 102. 55 102. 85 114.82 116. 10 117. 98 118.63 127. 72 107. 60 116.13 118. 70 90.56 90.79 116.10 120.01 128. 24 109. 33 118. 50 88.70 114. 55 117.12 124.94 109. 41 117. Ü 88.46 96. 05 97.16 99. 84 101.34 113. 37 116. 84 121.60 105. 86 115.24 88.62 113.66 117.21 123. 32 108. 36 114. 85 88.69 95. 87 99.48 95.17 98.36 94. 71 96.59 94. 99 96.59 94.71 95.58 98.18 98.47 95. 49 98. 05 114. 35 118.22 117.71 106 49 116. 03 89.24 113. 96 116.16 121.20 107.38 115.64 89.86 113. 58 115. 02 119. 80 105 78 116. 03 90.09 112.01 113. 44 117. 71 104 QO 114.07 88. 32 110. 75 111. 74 114. 66 103 97 113.10 88.31 113.98 118. 67 116. 61 105 01 114. 65 90.02 111. 16 114. 98 116.11 101 9,7 112. 81 88. 46 93.79 96. 51 %. 64 94.24 110. 69 108.01 112.58 110.35 115.02 111.67 112. 61 11Ò! 15 88. 01 85. 91 115.80 115.58 115. 58 116. 52 115. 53 115.12 116.19 117.26 118.34 117.18 115.50 117.81 113.28 113.96 110. 88 Average weekly hours 36.2 36.2 37.8 36.0 35.6 37.1 35.0 35.5 36.3 33.4 33.6 37.7 37.6 36.0 35.8 35.3 36.7 36.8 37.8 36.3 36.4 37. 5 36.2 36.4 37.5 32.1 34.8 34.4 33.9 36.3 34.6 33.6 37.2 37.3 36.1 36.5 37.1 37.1 36.0 36. 6 36.9 35.9 36.5 36.8 36.0 36.0 36.8 36.4 36.3 37.2 36.3 36.4 37.0 34.1 34.8 35.2 36.1 36.4 36.3 36.0 36.0 35.5 36.5 37. 5 36.3 33.9 35.3 35.1 35.8 37.0 36.9 35.8 36.3 36.4 36.1 36.7 37.2 36.2 37.2 37.7 34.9 31.7 33.4 33.2 34.2 34.1 35.8 37. 8 37.1 33.4 34. 2 33.5 36.4 35 5 35.7 37.5 35.4 35.6 36.8 35. 7 36.1 36.5 36. 2 36.0 37.2 35.7 36.9 35.6 36.3 36.2 35.6 36.3 36.2 34.4 35.7 36. 7 36.0 36.1 38.5 42.7 43.2 42.9 38.7 43.2 43.9 44.6 38.3 43.1 44.4 44.9 39.0 43.3 44.3 44.8 37.7 43.0 44. 6 45.2 38.5 43.0 44.1 44.2 38.1 42.7 43.8 44.0 38.2 42.5 43.8 44.2 38.0 42.4 43.8 44.3 37.8 42.5 43.9 44.3 36.6 42.1 43.7 44.0 39.0 43.0 44.0 44.4 39.0 42.8 43.9 44.0 38.2 42.7 44.1 44.2 37.8 42. 5 43.6 44.2 41.7 42.7 41.9 42.9 41.7 42.2 42.0 42.5 41.4 41.6 41.7 42.4 41.5 41.8 41.2 41.5 41.0 41.1 41.3 41.1 41.0 40.5 42.5 41.9 41.7 41.9 41.5 41.6 41.2 41.7 38.4 36.3 39.1 38.7 38.7 36.5 41.2 40.3 39.7 38.8 38.7 36.7 41.5 41.1 39.5 38.4 38.7 36.6 41.1 41.6 39.3 38.8 38.3 36.4 40.4 40.1 38.8 38.7 38.4 36.4 40.7 41. 2 38.8 38.9 38.5 36.6 39. 5 40. 8 39.2 38.8 38.5 36.3 40. 4 41.3 39.2 38.9 38.5 36.4 39.8 41. 0 39.2 39.0 38.1 35.9 39. 5 40. 5 38.8 38.4 37.8 35.7 39.0 40. 3 38.6 37.9 38.9 37.2 39. 8 40. 7 39.4 38.8 38.2 36.5 39.9 39.1 38.9 38.8 38.3 36.2 39.8 40.5 39.1 38.6 38.3 36.3 39. 6 40. 1 39.2 38.7 38.6 38.4 38.4 39.1 38.9 38.5 38.6 38.7 38.8 Average hourly earnings 38.8 38.5 39.4 38.4 38.5 38.5 $1.80 2.10 1.54 $1.80 2.12 1.54 $1.80 2.10 1.54 $1.80 2.10 1.52 $1.77 2.05 1. 51 $1.77 2.09 1.52 $1.77 2.10 1.52 $1.78 2.10 1.52 $1. 78 2.09 1.52 $1.78 2.09 1.52 $1.78 2.09 1.51 $1.77 2.10 1.51 $1.76 2.11 1. 51 $1. 73 2.04 1.46 $1.69 1.95 1. 42 1.99 2. 01 2. 01 2.01 1.99 1. 93 1.94 1.95 1. 97 1.97 1.95 1.95 1. 93 1.92 1.90 1.65 1.64 1.64 1.91 1.65 1.63 1.92 1.64 1.61 1.93 1.63 1. 61 1.91 1.63 1.61 1.85 1.63 1.63 1.84 1.61 1.63 1.87 1.60 1.63 1.95 1.59 1.62 1.98 1.61 1.61 1.93 1.59 1.60 1.85 1.56 1.60 1.80 1.58 1.55 1.83 1. 55 1.52 1.81 1.52 1.91 1.86 1.82 1.83 1. 85 1.82 1. 79 1. 82 1.78 1.82 1.88 1.90 1.80 1.80 1.84 2. 58 2. 81 2.82 1. 76 2.59 2.81 2.84 1.88 2.60 2.83 2. 87 1.85 2. 58 2.79 2.83 1.82 2. 57 2. 79 2.83 1.83 2. 55 2. 75 2. 79 1.84 2.54 2.74 2. 76 1. 85 2. 53 2.74 2. 75 1. 81 2.52 2.72 2. 76 1. 81 2.52 2.72 2. 76 1.86 2.52 2.71 2. 76 1.83 2.52 2. 71 2. 76 1.81 2. 51 2.72 2. 73 1. 77 2.48 2.67 2.69 1.71 2. 40 2.59 2.59 2. 34 2.42 2. 33 2.42 2.34 2.43 2.32 2.42 2.32 2.40 2.33 2.39 2. 31 2. 38 2. 31 2.37 2. 31 2. 35 2.30 2.35 2. 31 2.36 2.31 2. 35 2.29 2.34 2.26 2. 32 2.20 2.26 2. 99 3. 25 3.00 3.25 3.1C 2. 67 2.99 2.34 3.00 3. 27 3. 09 2. 66 3.00 2. 31 2.96 3.20 3. 01 2.63 2.98 2.28 2. 96 3.21 3. 01 2. 64 2.97 2.29 2. 96 3.22 3.03 2. 63 2.96 2.28 2.97 3.23 2.98 2.61 2.96 2.30 2. 96 3.20 3.00 2. 60 2.95 2.31 2.95 3.16 3. 01 2. 58 2.96 2. 31 2.94 3.16 2. 98 2. 59 2. 94 2.30 2.93 3.13 2. 94 2. 58 2.93 2. 33 2.93 3.19 2.93 2.58 2.91 2.32 2.91 3.15 2. 91 2.59 2.90 2.28 2.89 3.11 2.89 2. 58 2.88 2.28 2.82 3.04 2.82 2.49 2.81 2.22 3. 01 2.98 2.97 2.99 3. 01 3.03 3.05 3.02 3.00 2.99 2. 95 2.96 2.88 2.97 2.31 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 112 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 98. Annual average 1963 1964 In d u stry N o v .8 O ct.8 Sept. A ug. J u ly M ay June A p r. M a r. F eb . Jan. D ec. N ov. 1963 1962 A verag e w e e k ly earnings M a n u factu rin g— C on tin u ed N ondurable goods— C o n tin u ed C h em icals a n d allied p ro d u cts-------------- $118. 01 $117.45 $120.41 $116. 47 $116.20 $116.34 $116.20 $114. 40 $114. 40 $113.99 $113.85 $115. 51 $114.13 $112.88 $110.24 133.02 132.07 136.95 130.73 130.00 130.94 130.31 129.17 128. 75 128.75 128.75 130.00 129.27 128.02 124.27 In d u strial c h e m ic a ls ... --------P lastics a n d syn th etics, excep t 119.13 117.74 121. 95 117. 74 118.43 117. 73 115. 78 115.08 115. 08 113.84 113. 30 115. 08 113.57 113. 01 109. 93 __ __ g la s s .. .. 101. 40 101. 75 100.60 100.53 98.40 101.81 101.15 104.49 104.23 103.83 101.63 100. 58 D ru g s__ . ... . . .. — 107.06 108.14 110.03 108.00 107. 47 109. 61 107.60 107.06 106.39 106.39 106. 27 107.83 106.86 106.08 103.89 Soap, cleaners, and toilet g oo d s. _. P ain ts, varnishes, and allied prod109.25 . 62 110.77 108.47 107.01 104. 78 106. 45 105. 67 105.22 101. 59 108. 65 109.06 110. 54 108. 50 u cts . . . . . 94. 79 93.53 94.92 93.48 93.26 88.39 94.66 93.91 100.76 97.61 95. 05 95. 64 94. 95 95. 57 96.60 A gricu ltu ra l chem icals------- -----------108.00 103. 75 117.12 114. 09 115.06 112. 44 111.72 111.19 112.14 110.92 109. 71 110.39 111.6 1 111.83 O ther chem ical p ro d u cts. _ -------- 102.21 102.11 102.11 110 110.88 110.88 Petroleu m refining and related ind ustries______ ______ ______ . . . . Petroleum refin in g .. . __________ O ther petroleum and coal p rod ucts. 134.05 139. 47 113.97 133.44 138. 58 115.80 140. 51 146. 63 118.88 133.88 138. 77 116.10 134.09 138. 69 117. 39 133. 46 138.02 116.87 133.14 137. 94 114.62 130.92 136.20 108. 71 131.24 137. 20 107.02 131. 65 137. 94 105.34 132.16 138. 69 102.82 132. 89 139.86 103.48 132.39 139. 44 105. 66 131. 77 137. 45 108.28 126.88 131. 43 107. 75 R u b b er and m iscellaneous pla stic produ c ts____________________ - ------T ires and inner tu b e s ______ ___ O ther rubber p rod u cts______ ... M iscellaneous p la stic p rod ucts___ 106.91 149. 02 101.18 90.91 106. 50 151. 55 99. 96 89.86 108. 26 154. 50 101. 93 90.49 107.26 152.60 101.11 89. 66 103.22 139. 06 98.82 88.15 105. 25 145. 61 100. 45 . 61 104. 74 141.88 99.31 89.66 102.25 132. 99 97.77 89. 44 101. 59 130.80 97.77 88.81 101.09 127. 79 98.25 88.38 101.25 130.54 98.82 87. 53 104. 67 141.19 100. 36 89. 45 102.50 137. 53 98.49 88.17 100. 78 131. 30 97. 27 87. 56 100. 04 130. 47 95. 53 85.90 69.92 95.41 . 75 . 74 68.82 94.83 64. 97 69. 09 68.45 95. 76 65.87 64.94 70. 46 95. 30 68.17 67.58 70.25 93.73 68.50 65.80 70.46 95.58 68. 43 66. 43 68.24 68.76 66.95 91.60 90.35 95.12 93. 79 90.97 68.00 66. 02 63.54 66.02 66.50 65.25 66. 33 66. 47 63. 53 64. 77 67.23 65.10 69.63 94.16 67.12 66.64 .77 92.57 63.51 66.29 91.13 63. 44 64.30 64. 67 87.42 62. 66 62.58 41.7 41.7 41.5 41.4 42.1 42.4 41.3 41.5 41.5 41.4 4 1.7 41.7 41.8 41.5 41.6 41.4 41.6 41.4 41.3 41.4 4 1.1 41.4 4 1.7 41.8 41.5 4 1.7 41.5 41.7 41.6 4 1.7 42.7 40.5 39.8 42.2 40.4 40.5 43.4 40.4 40.6 42.2 39.7 40.3 42.6 39.6 40.1 42.5 40.4 40.9 42.1 40.2 40.3 42.0 40.4 40.4 42.0 40.3 40.3 41.7 40.2 40.3 41.5 40.4 39.8 42.0 40.7 41.0 41.6 40.4 41.1 41.7 40.7 40.8 41.8 41.0 40.9 41.0 42.2 42.9 41.0 42.1 42.1 41.4 42.0 42.3 41.1 41.7 41.8 42.0 42.0 42.0 41.7 42.3 41.8 41.9 45.8 42.0 41.8 44.9 4 1.7 41.4 45.4 41.4 41.0 43.4 41.5 40.3 42.3 41.8 4 1.1 42.7 42.2 40.8 42.2 42.0 4 1.1 43.5 41.7 40.8 42.7 41.5 Petroleum refining and related industries_____________________ ____ Petroleum refining . . . ________ . O ther petroleum and coal prod ucts. 41.5 40.9 43.5 4 1.7 41.0 44.2 43.1 42.5 45.2 42.1 41.3 45.0 42.3 41.4 45.5 42.1 41.2 45.3 42.0 41.3 44.6 41.3 40.9 42.8 41.4 41.2 42.3 41.4 41.3 41.8 41.3 41.4 40.8 41.4 41.5 40.9 41.5 41.5 41.6 4 1.7 41.4 42.8 41.6 41.2 43.1 R u b b er and m iscellaneous p la stic prod------u c ts ------ ------- --------- ---------T ires and inner tu b e s ________ . . . O ther rubber p ro d u c ts.. ___ ____ M iscellaneous p la stic p rod u cts___ 41.6 42.7 40.8 41.7 41.6 43.3 40.8 41.6 41.8 43.4 4 1.1 4 1.7 41.9 43.6 4 1.1 41.7 40.8 40.9 40.5 41.0 41.6 42.7 41.0 41.6 41.4 42.1 4C.7 4 1.7 40.9 40.3 40.4 41.6 40.8 40.0 40.4 41.5 40.6 39.2 40.6 41.3 40.5 39.8 40.5 40.9 41.7 42.4 41.3 41.8 41.0 41.3 40.7 41.2 40.8 40.4 40.7 41.3 41.0 40.9 41.0 4 1.1 Leather and leather p rod ucts________ Leather tan n in g and finishing____ Footw ear, except ru b b er___ _____ O ther leather p ro d u cts.. ____ . . . 38.0 40.6 37.5 38.4 37.4 40.7 36.5 38.6 37.2 4 1.1 36.8 36.9 38.5 40.9 38.3 38.4 38.6 40.4 38.7 37.6 38.5 41.2 38.2 38.2 37.6 41.0 37.3 37.2 36.5 40.6 35.9 36.8 37.7 40.0 37.3 37.9 38.2 39.9 38.0 38.2 37.4 39.8 37.5 36.3 38.9 41.3 38.8 38.3 37.3 40.6 36.5 38.1 37.5 40.5 37.1 37.6 37.6 40.1 37.3 37.7 C hem icals and allied p roducts_______ Indu strial chem icals.......... . ........ P lastics and synthetics, except glass______________ ________ D ru g s_____ ___ _ . ______. . . Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___ P a in ts, varnishes, and allied produ cts____ ______ _________ . A gricu ltu ra l chem icals__________ O ther chem ical products_________ $2.83 3.19 $2.83 3.19 $2.86 3.23 $2.82 3.15 $2.80 3.14 $2.79 3.14 $2.78 3.14 $2.75 3.12 $2.75 3.11 $2.76 3.11 $2.77 3 .11 $2.77 3.11 $2.75 3.10 $2.72 3.07 $2.65 2.98 2.79 2.58 2.69 2.79 2.58 2.67 2.81 2.57 2.71 2.79 2.56 2.78 2. 54 2. 77 2.53 2.75 2.54 2.67 2.74 2.52 2.65 2.74 2. 51 2.64 2.73 2. 54 2.64 2.73 2.51 2.67 2.74 2.50 2.63 2.73 2.49 2.60 2 .71 2.47 2.60 2.63 2.40 2.54 2.67 2.30 2.72 2.64 2.27 2.69 2.64 2.26 2.62 2.64 2.65 2.62 2.15 2.65 2.61 2.19 2.60 2.59 2.59 2.27 2.71 2.66 2.67 2.65 2.64 2.56 2 .15 2.59 2.49 2.07 2.50 L eather and leather p r o d u c t s ... -------L eather tan n in g and finishing ... Footw ear, except ru b b er_________ O ther leather p roducts _ _ 66 68 88 66 66.00 A verag e w e e k ly hours C hem icals and allied p rod u cts_______ In du strial chem icals____________ P lastics and syn th etics, except glass____ . . . _ -------------------D ru g s____ _____ . . . ------- ---------Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___ P ain ts, varnishes, and allied produ cts. ______________________ A gricu ltu ral chem icals. .. ... O ther chem ical p rod ucts_________ A v erag e h o u rly earnings Petroleum refining and related industries_______ _ _____ Petroleum refining______ _. _ _ O ther petroleum and coal p roducts. 2.65 2.25 2.73 2.66 2.68 2.68 2.68 2.22 2.20 2.13 2.66 2.66 2.67 2.66 2.21 2.22 2.21 3.20 3.26 3.18 3 .17 3. 41 2.62 3.38 2.62 3. 45 2.63 3.36 2.58 3.35 2.58 3.17 3.35 2.58 3.17 3.34 2.57 3.17 3.33 2.54 3.17 3.33 2.53 3.18 3.34 2.52 3.20 3. 35 2.52 3.21 3.37 2. 53 3.19 3.36 2.54 3.16 3.32 2.53 3.05 3.19 2.50 R u b b er and m iscellaneous plastic produ cts___ __ . _ _____ T ires and inner tu b e s_____ _ O ther rubber p roducts________ M iscellaneous plastic products____ 2.57 3.49 2.48 2.18 2.56 3. 5C 2.45 2.16 2.59 3. 56 2.48 2.17 2.56 3. 50 2. 46 2.15 2.53 3.40 2.44 2.15 2.53 3.41 2.45 2.13 2.53 3. 37 2.44 2.15 2.5C 3.3C 2.42 2.15 2.49 3.27 2.42 2.14 2.49 3.26 2.42 2.14 2.50 3.28 2.44 2.14 2. 51 3.33 2.43 2.14 2.50 3.33 2.42 2.14 2.47 3.25 2.39 2.12 2.44 3.19 2.33 2.09 L eather and leather p r o d u c t s .___ L eather tan n in g and finishing__ _ Footw ear, except r u b b e r .. ______ O ther leather p ro d u cts.. . . 1.84 2.35 1.78 1.79 1.84 2.33 1.78 1.79 1.84 2.33 1. 79 1.76 1.83 2.33 1.78 1.76 1.82 2.32 1.77 1.75 1.83 2.32 1.78 1.76 1.82 2.32 1.77 1.75 1.82 2.31 1.77 1.76 1.81 1.80 2.28 1.75 1.74 1.79 2.27 1.74 1.75 1.79 2.28 1.73 1.74 1.79 2.28 1.74 1.74 1.76 2.25 1.71 1.71 1.72 2.18 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3.23 2.29 1.77 1.75 1.68 1.66 C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T able 113 C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 98. 1964 1963 Annual average Industry N ov.3 Oct.3 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1963 1962 Average weekly earnings Transportation and public utilities: Railroad transportation: Class I railroads 3..............- ...........— Local and interurban passenger transit: Local and suburban transportation . Intercity and rural buslines---------Motor freight transportation and stor age..............................- ............................... Pipeline transportation............................. Communication: Telephone communication...... ......... Telegraph communication 4______ Radio and television broadcasting.. Electric, gas, and sanitary services........ Electric companies and systems___ Gas companies and sy ste m s........... Combined utility systems________ Water, steam, and sanitary sys tem s................................................... $122.71 $122.71 $117.87 $119.78 $118.13 $120.68 $120.06 $119.54 $118. 71 $118.40 $115.87 $105.42 $104.92 $105. 50 106. 75 106.64 105.65 103. 49 98.98 101.43 103.49 102.66 102.83 101.88 100.11 128.27 134. 55 135.00 141.17 130. 52 125.67 125.97 121.64 123.65 131. 42 120. 51 123.81 126.29 118.40 124.66 124 07 124. 79 123.09 122.93 122. 47 120. 77 119.19 118.49 115.95 120.67 117.29 117.31 113.30 144.14 143. 44 143.03 141. 59 137. 42 141. 36 141. 25 141.92 141. 75 142.88 141.51 139.47 138.38 132. 76 104.40 118.30 139.12 123. 82 127. 51 114. 52 132.68 104. 28 116.30 138. 48 124.12 126.68 114. 21 134. 72 101.79 112.32 138.41 123. 41 125. 25 113.68 133. 25 102.70 113. 28 136.89 123.41 125. 66 114.37 132.84 102. 56 113.13 136.42 123.41 124.94 114. 77 133. 25 101.02 102.17 100.67 102.30 100.36 99.63 99.22 98.98 98.98 108. 24 118.02 143.68 127.93 129.27 121.35 137.69 109.10 121.72 144.40 126.90 129.90 118.08 136. 53 104.52 118.30 141.37 125. 05 128.03 116. 40 133.17 104. 52 117.59 143.20 125. 75 128.33 115.90 135. 71 102.18 111.51 135.68 124.50 125. 25 116.48 135.66 103. 36 112. 59 137.86 124.92 125. 55 117.16 136.18 106.08 111.90 134.85 123. 79 123.41 117.16 135.34 102.40 110.92 133.96 121. 54 122.36 113. 57 131. 65 98.95 107. 78 127.20 116.85 118. 24 108. 53 126. 59 99.05 100.43 100.26 98.29 95.06 Average weekly hours Transportation and public utilities: Railroad transportation: Class I railroads 3............................... Local and interurban passenger transit: Local and suburban transportation. Intercity and rural buslines______ Motor freight transportation and stor age....................... ...................................... Pipeline transportation.............................. Communication: Telephone communication............. Telegraph communication 4______ Radio and television broadcasting.. Electric, gas, and sanitary services____ Electric companies and systems___ Gas companies and systems______ Combined utility systems________ Water, steam, and sanitary sys tem s................................................... 44.3 44.3 42.4 43.4 42.8 43.1 43.5 43.0 42.7 42.9 42. 42.0 42.9 41.8 44.7 42.2 45.0 42.7 46.9 43.0 43.8 42.6 42.6 41.9 42.7 40.9 41.8 41.4 42.2 41.9 44.4 41.9 41.7 41.8 42.4 42.1 43.7 42. Í 42. £ 42.4 41.3 42.2 41.1 42.3 41.1 42.3 41.4 42.1 40.3 41.8 41.7 41.5 41.3 41.1 40.9 41.0 40.5 40.4 41.9 41.9 40.9 41.3 40.9 41.6 40.7 41. 40. 41.0 42.3 39.8 41.4 41.3 41.7 41.1 41.8 44.1 40.0 41.2 41.5 41.0 41.0 40.2 42.4 39.6 41.0 41.3 40.7 40.6 40.2 42.3 40.0 41.5 41.8 41.1 41.5 40.0 42.4 39.3 41.0 41.4 40.9 40.7 39.8 42.6 38.9 41.1 41.4 40.5 41.2 39.3 41.6 39.1 41.0 41.2 40.6 41.0 39.5 41.8 39.0 41.0 41.2 40.7 41.0 39.6 41.9 39.2 41.0 41.1 40.7 41.0 39.3 41.3 39.1 41.5 41.2 41.6 42.0 39.6 41.7 39.5 41.5 41.3 41.4 41.9 40.8 41.6 39.2 41.4 41.0 41.4 41.9 40.0 41.7 39.4 41.2 41.2 41.0 41.4 39. £ 42.: 38.' 41.i 41.: 40.! 41.1 41.4 41.7 41.6 42.1 41.3 41.0 41.0 40.9 40.9 41.1 41.5 41.6 41.3 40. £ $2. 78 '$2.78 Average hourly earnings Transportation and public utilities: Railroad transportation: Class I railroads 3________________ Local and interurban passenger transit: Local and suburban transportation . Intercity and rural buslines______ Motor freight transportation and stor age....... ................................................ . Pipeline transportation______ ________ Communication : Telephone communication............... Telegraph communication 4______ Radio and television broadcasting.. Electric, gas, and sanitary services____ Electric companies and systems___ Gas companies and system s______ Combined utility system s............ . Water, steam, and sanitary sys tem s..................................................... See footnotes at end of table. (758—054 0 — 65------ 0 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2. 77 $2.77 $2.78 $2.76 $2. 76 $2.80 $2.76 $2. 76 $2.7 $2. 51 2.99 $2. 51 3. 01 $2.50 3.00 2.50 3.01 2.48 2.98 2.48 2.95 2.47 2.95 2.42 2.91 2. 45 2.93 2. 47 2.96 2. 45 2.89 2.46 2.92 2.42 2.89 2.3 2.7 2.94 3.49 2.94 3.49 2.95 3.48 2.91 3. 42 2.92 3.41 2.93 3.39 2.91 3.42 2.90 3. 47 2.89 3.50 2.87 3. 41 2.88 3.46 2.84 3.41 2.82 3.40 2.7 3.2 2.64 2. 79 3.61 3.09 3.13 2.91 3.35 2.61 2.76 3.61 3.08 3.13 2.88 3.33 2.60 2. 79 3. 57 3. 05 3.10 2.86 3.28 2.60 2. 78 3.58 3. 03 3. 07 2.82 3.27 2.61 2. 79 3.54 3.02 3.08 2.80 3.26 2.62 2. 73 3.56 3. 02 3.06 2.82 3.27 2.59 2. 70 3.54 3.01 3.04 2.80 3.25 2.60 2. 71 3. 51 3. 01 3. 05 2.81 3.24 2. 59 2. 70 3.48 3.01 3.04 2.82 3. 25 2.60 2.70 3.47 3.00 3.04 2.80 3.23 2.61 2.70 3.49 3. 01 3.04 2.83 3.25 2.60 2.69 3.44 2.99 3. 01 2. 83 3.23 2.56 2.66 3.40 2.95 2.97 2. 77 3.18 2.4 2.5 3.2 2.8 2.8 2.6 3.0 2.44 2.45 2.42 2.43 2.43 2.43 2.42 2.42 2.42 2.41 2.42 2.41 2.38 2.3 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 114 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 98. 1964 1963 Annual average Industry N ov.2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. 1963 1962 Average weekly earnings Wholesale and retail trade 8--------------------Wholesale trade-------------------------------Motor vehicles and automotive equipment------------------------------Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod ucts___________________ ______ D ry goods and apparel----------------Groceries and related products-----Electrical goods--------------------------Hardware, plumbing, and heating goods_________________________ Machinery, equipment, and sup plies_____________ ____ ________ Retail trade 6__________________ ____ General merchandise stores_______ Department stores.......... ............. Limited price variety stores---Food stores--------- ------ ---------------Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores_____________________ Apparel and accessories stores------M en’s and boys’ apparel storesWomen’s ready-to-wear stores-Family clothing stores________ Shoe stores__________________ $80.22 $80.43 $81.12 $81.33 $80. 50 $79.66 $79.07 $78.49 $78.49 $78.11 $77.60 $77.55 $77. 59 $75.08 102.97 103.12 102.82 103.07 102.82 102.97 101.91 101.25 100. 75 99.70 101.43 100.69 99.47 96.22 97.86 97.44 96.83 96.83 96.60 96.56 95.72 95.91 94.85 95.26 96.79 96.14 94.66 92.82 106.78 106.23 106.75 105.30 104.78 104.12 104.00 102.94 102.94 103.06 103.31 102.66 101.05 97.84 96.49 97.54 97.02 95.51 94.12 93.87 95.26 95.63 93.74 91.39 92.86 93.00 91.99 92.86 97.06 98.59 97.76 98.75 97.39 96.70 96.05 95.17 94.53 94.53 95.34 94.62 93.38 89.86 113.70 111.50 111.11 111.11 110.70 111.65 111.10 109.33 107.33 106.80 109.74 106.52 103.83 101.59 99.06 98.74 99.06 97.77 98.90 98.49 97.44 97.03 96.15 96.22 97.34 97.03 95.41 92.97 112.89 112.34 111.79 111.92 110.29 111.66 109.34 109. 08 108.54 106.92 109.74 109.34 108.24 104.14 70.12 70.50 71.43 71.62 70.50 69.75 69.19 68.64 68.82 68.26 68.40 68.26 68.04 65.95 56.95 57.63 58.10 57.75 57.27 56.44 55.60 55.42 55.60 55.09 56.68 54.06 54.48 52.59 61.12 62.35 63.14 62.45 61.72 61.18 60.14 59.63 60.30 59.10 59.84 57.94 58.65 57.10 42.34 42.08 42.51 42.51 41.21 40.30 40.25 40.06 39.99 39.42 40.66 39.88 39.98 38.91 68.06 69.60 69.97 70.17 68.80 67.18 66.84 66.50 66.69 66.54 66.62 66.59 66.15 64.78 69.08 55.61 68.06 50.13 54.28 54.50 70.85 55.94 67.71 49.62 54.62 57.10 71.60 56.54 69.54 49.88 55.27 56.78 71.80 56.70 69.55 50.22 55.73 56.61 70.40 55.75 67.89 49.83 53.74 56.05 68.40 54.94 67.53 49.62 54.10 53.90 68.20 54.43 66.42 49.10 53.44 53.52 67.86 53.12 64.80 48.47 52.96 51.27 67.72 54.58 66.97 48.29 54.08 54.94 67.77 54.61 66.40 49.47 53.46 53.44 67.82 56.32 67.66 50.75 54.95 56.24 67.82 54.42 66.61 48.29 54.19 54.21 67.74 54.70 66.59 48.62 53.94 55.58 66.22 53.63 65. 65 47.46 52.65 55.61 Average weekly hours Wholesale and retail trade s______________ Wholesale trade_________ _______ ____ Motor vehicles and automotive equipm ent.................... - .................. Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod ucts— ........ ............................. ........... Dry goods and apparel__________ Groceries and related products____ Electrical goods_________________ Hardware, plumbing, and heating goods_________________ ________ Machinery, equipment, and sup plies__________________________ Retail trade 5_______________________ General merchandise stores.............. Department stores___________ Limited price variety stores___ Food stores_____________________ Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores_____________________ Apparel and accessories stores____ M en’s and boys’ apparel stores. W omen’s ready-to-wear stores.. Fam ily clothing stores.............. Shoe stores__________________ 38.2 40.7 38.3 40.6 39.0 40.8 39.1 40.9 38.7 40.8 38.3 40.7 38.2 40.6 38.1 40.5 38.1 40.3 38.1 40.2 38.8 40.9 38.2 40.6 38.6 40.6 38. 40. 42.0 42.0 42.1 42.1 42.0 41.8 41.8 41.7 41.6 41.6 41.9 41.8 41.7 42. 40.6 37.4 41.3 40.9 40.7 38.1 41.6 40.4 40.9 37.9 41.6 40.7 40.5 37.9 42.2 41.0 40.3 37.8 41.8 41.0 40.2 37.7 41.5 41.2 40.0 37.8 41.4 41.3 39.9 37.8 41.2 41.1 39.9 37.8 41.1 40.2 40.1 37.0 41.1 40.3 40.2 37.9 42.0 41.1 40.1 37.5 41.5 40.5 40.1 37.7 41.5 40.4 40. 37. 41. 40. 40.6 40.3 40.6 40.4 40.7 40.7 40.6 40.6 40.4 40.6 40.9 40.6 40.6 40. 41.2 37.1 33.9 33.4 31.6 34.2 41.0 37.3 34.1 33.7 31.4 34.8 41.1 38.2 35.0 34.5 32.7 35.7 41.3 38.3 35.0 34.5 32.7 35.8 41.0 37.7 34.5 34.1 31.7 35.1 40.9 37.3 34.0 33.8 31.0 34.1 40.8 37.2 33.9 33.6 31.2 34.1 40.7 37.1 34.0 33.5 31.3 34.1 40.5 37.2 33.9 33.5 31.0 34.2 40.5 37.1 33.8 33.2 30.8 34.3 41.1 38.0 36.1 35.2 33.6 34.7 40.8 37.3 34.0 33.3 31.9 34.5 41.0 37.8 34.7 34.1 32.5 35.0 41. 37. 34. 34. 32. 35. 34.2 33.5 36.2 33.2 33.1 31.5 34.9 33.7 36.8 33.3 33.1 31.9 35.8 34.9 38.0 34.4 33.7 34.0 35.9 35.0 37.8 34.4 34.4 34.1 35.2 34.2 37.1 33.9 33.8 32.4 34.2 33.5 36.7 33.3 33.6 30.8 34.1 33.6 36.1 33.4 33.4 31.3 34.1 33.2 36.0 33.2 33.1 30.7 34.2 33.9 36.2 33.3 33.8 32.7 34.4 33.5 35.7 33,2 33.0 32.0 34.6 35.2 37.8 35.0 35.0 32.7 34.6 33.8 36.6 33.3 34.3 31.7 35.1 34.4 37.2 34.0 34.8 32.5 35. 34. 37. 33. 35. 33. Average hourly earnings Wholesale and retail trade 8______________ Wholesale trade_____________________ Motor vehicles and automotive equipment____________________ Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod ucts__________________________ Dry goods and apparel___________ Groceries and related products____ Electrical goods_________________ Hardware, plumbing, and heating goods_________________________ Machinery, equipment, and sup plies__________________________ Retail trade 8_______________________ General merchandise stores______ Department stores___________ Limited price variety stores___ Food stores_____________________ Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores_____________________ Apparel and accessories stores____ M en’s and boys’ apparel stores. Women’s ready-to-wear stores.. Fam ily clothing stores________ Shoe stores_____________ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2.10 2.53 $2.10 2.54 $2. 08 2.52 $2.08 2.52 $2.08 2.52 $2.08 2.53 $2.07 2.51 $2.06 2.50 $2.06 2.50 $2.05 2.48 $2.00 2.48 $2.03 2.48 $2.01 2.45 $1.94 2.37 2.33 2.32 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.31 2.29 2.30 2.28 2.29 2.31 2.30 2.27 2.21 2.56 2.48 2.28 2.63 2.52 2.44 2.25 2.57 2.44 2.45 2.16 2.49 2.63 2.58 2.35 2.78 2.61 2.56 2.37 2.76 2.61 2.56 2.35 2.73 2.60 2.52 2.34 2.71 2.60 2.49 2.33 2.70 2.59 2.49 2.33 2.71 2.60 2.52 2.32 2.69 2.58 2.53 2.31 2.66 2.58 2.48 2.30 2.67 2.57 2.47 2.30 2.65 2.57 2.45 2.27 2.67 2.44 2.45 2.44 2.42 2.43 2.42 2.40 2.39 2.38 2.37 2.38 2.39 2.35 2.29 2.74 1.89 1.68 1.83 1.34 1.99 2.74 1.89 1.69 1.85 1.34 2.00 2.72 1.87 1.66 1.83 1.30 1.96 2.71 1.87 1.65 1.81 1.30 1.96 2.69 1.87 1.66 1.81 1.30 1.96 2.73 1.87 1.66 1.81 1.30 1.97 2.68 1.86 1.64 1.79 1.29 1.96 2.68 1.85 1.63 1.78 1.28 1.95 2.68 1.85 1.64 1.80 1.29 1.95 2.64 1.84 1.63 1.78 1.28 1.94 2.67 1.80 1.57 1.70 1.21 1.92 2.68 1.83 1.59 1.74 1.25 1.93 2.64 1.80 1.57 1.72 1.23 1.89 2.54 1.74 1.52 2.02 1.66 1.88 1.51 1.64 1.73 2.03 1.66 1.84 1.49 1.65 1.79 2.00 1.62 1.83 1.45 1.64 1.67 2.00 1.62 1.84 1.46 1.62 1.66 2.00 1.63 1.83 1.47 1.59 1.73 2.00 1.64 1.84 1.49 1.61 1.75 2.00 1.62 1.84 1.47 1.60 1.71 1.99 1.60 1.80 1.46 1.60 1.67 1.98 1.61 1.85 1.45 1.60 1.68 1.97 1.63 1.86 1.49 1.62 1.67 1.96 1.60 1.79 1.45 1.57 1.72 1.96 1.61 1.82 1.45 1.58 1.71 1.93 1.59 1.79 1.43 1.55 1.71 1.86 1.66 1.19 1.83 1.55 1.76 1.40 1.50 1.67 O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T able 115 C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 98* 1964 1963 Annual average Industry N ov.2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1963 1962 Average weekly earnings Wholesale and retail trade »—Continued Retail trade «—Continued Furniture and appliance stores___ _____ ___ Other retail trade, _ Motor vehicle d e a le r s ..___ _ Other vehicle and accessory dealers_________________ Drug stores.. . _ __________ Finance, insurance, and real estate: Banking______ . . . ___ ______ _ Security dealers and exchanges 6___ . ___ _____ Insurance carriers 6___ Life insurance«___ _ .... Accident and health insurance____ Fire, marine, and casualty insurance« _ ________ ______ Services and miscellaneous: Hotels and lodging places: Hotels tourist courts, and motels 7_. Personal services: Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants 8____ . ________ _____ M otion picture : M otion pietrre filming and distributing___ _______ __ ____ $86. 22 $86.00 $86.46 $85.86 $84.63 $84.42 $83.81 $83.62 $83.42 $83.81 $87.15 $84.66 $82.62 $80.75 80 97 80.36 81.32 81.51 80.73 80.34 79.73 79.13 78.31 78.12 79.27 78.91 78.25 75.76 99.65 98.10 100.97 102.31 102.75 101.87 99.88 98.11 95.92 95.27 97.01 98.97 97.01 93.08 85.05 59.95 84 97 61.35 86.83 61.75 88.80 61.59 86.88 60.06 85.22 59.79 84.10 59.26 83.47 59.62 83.03 59.95 84.78 59.95 84. 55 60.02 82.16 59.37 82.53 58.93 80.08 57.41 77. OC 76.43 76.50 76.88 75.89 76.26 76.30 76.47 77.46 76.70 76.13 75. 72 74.97 72.17 121. 27 116.72 119. 04 118.64 118.30 122. 50 122.94 121. 23 123.41 121.82 127.42 128.13 121. 53 117.08 92. 52 92.15 92.15 91.94 91.92 91.97 91.55 91.49 92.06 91.29 97.60 96.79 96.21 93.45 92.76 92.61 92.68 92.64 92.70 93.10 92.08 92.15 92. 66 92. 54 103.38 102.14 101. 59 99.08 81.61 80.63 81.03 80.40 80.23 81.03 81.01 81.59 80. 71 81.39 83. 52 82.84 82.24 78. 37 94.81 94.23 94.15 93.99 93. 87 93.27 93.49 93.17 94.40 92.67 92.85 92.63 91.92 88.60 49.66 48.26 47.67 48.34 48.00 49.02 48.89 48.36 48.09 48.11 47.86 48.11 47.58 46.14 57.48 56. 21 55.73 55. 73 56.16 56.59 55.48 54.81 54.00 53. 58 52.13 51.99 51.87 50. 57 140.88 130. 79 142.85 136.80 138.45 132.76 132.92 130.88 131.20 131.60 135.13 134.16 131.55 123.03 Average weekly hours Wholesale and retail trade 8—Continued Retail trade »—Continued Furniture and appliance stores____ Other retail tr a d e ___________ . . . Motor vehicle dealers. _ .. Other vehicle and accessory dealers__________ . _______ Drug stores.._ ____ ________ Finance, insurance, and real estate: Banking______ ________________ . Security dealers and exchanges____ . Insurance carriers______ . . . . . . . . . . . . Life insurance___ ___________ Accident and health insurance____ Fire, marine, and casualty insurance. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Services and miscellaneous: Hotels and lodging places: Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 7. Personal services: Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants 8_______________________ Motion pictures: M otion picture filming and distrib u tin g ._____ _______ _______ 40.1 41.1 43.9 40.0 41.0 43.6 40.4 41.7 43.9 40. 5 41.8 44.1 40.3 41 4 44.1 40. 2 41. 2 44.1 40.1 41.1 44.0 40.2 41.0 43.8 40.3 41.0 43.6 40.1 40.9 43.7 41.5 41.5 43.7 40.7 41.1 43.6 40.7 41.4 43.7 41.2 41.4 43.7 43.6 35.9 43.8 36.3 44.3 37.2 44.4 37.1 44 1 36.4 43.7 35.8 43.8 35.7 43.7 35.7 43.7 35.9 43.7 35.9 44.5 36.6 43.7 36.2 43.9 36.6 44.0 36.8 37.2 37.1 37.5 37.5 37.2 37.2 37.4 37.3 37.6 37.6 37.5 37.3 37.3 37.2 38.2 38.0 39.4 39.3 38.4 38.6 38.8 39.0 39.1 38.8 38.6 38.8 39.0 39.1 39.1 38.5 38.7 38.7 39.0 39.3 38.8 38.6 38.3 38.0 38.9 38.8 39.0 38.9 Average hourly earnings Wholesale and retail trade »—Continued Retail trade 8—Continued Furniture and appliance stores... . Other retail trade__________ Motor vehicle dealers_____ . . Other vehicle and accessory dealers. . . . . . . . ____ D rugstores___ . . . _____ _ Finance, insurance, and real estate: B anking.. ___ _ _ Security dealers and exchanges... Insurance carriers___ ______ . . Life insurance_________ . _______ Accident and health insurance. Fire, marine, and casualty insurance_____________ __________ Services and miscellaneous: Hotels and lodging places: Hotels, tourist courts, and m otels7.. Personal services: Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants 8___ ____ .. ... Motion pictures: Motion picture filming and distributine______ __ _____________ $2.15 1.97 2.27 $2.15 1.96 2.25 $2.14 1.95 2.30 $2.12 1.95 2.32 $2.10 1.95 2.33 $2.10 1.95 2.31 $2.09 1.94 2.27 $2.08 1.93 2.24 $2.07 1.91 2.20 $2.09 1.91 2.18 $2.10 1.91 2. 22 $2.08 1.92 2.27 $2.03 1.89 2.22 $1.96 1.83 2.13 1 95 1.67 1 94 1.69 1.96 1.66 2.00 1.66 1.97 1.65 1.95 1.67 1.92 1.66 1.91 1.67 1.90 1.67 1.94 1.67 1.90 1.64 1.88 1.64 1.88 1.61 1.82 1.56 2.07 2.06 2.04 2.05 2.04 2. 05 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.04 2.03 2.03 2.01 1.94 1.30 1.27 1.21 1.23 1.25 1.27 1.26 1.24 1.23 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.22 1.18 1.47 1.46 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.41 1.34 1.34 1.33 1.30 1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January 1965, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3. 2Preliminary. 8 Based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received pay during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC Group I). 4 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers. 8 Excludes eating and drinking places. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6 Beginning January 1964, data exclude earnings of nonoffice salesmen and are not necessarily comparable with series for prior years. 7 Money payments only, additional value of board, room, uniforms, and tips not included. 8 Beginning January 1964, data relate to nonsupervisory workers and are not comparable with the production worker levels of prior years. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all series except that for Class 1 railroads. (See footnote 3.) MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 116 T able C -2. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries 1 Revised series; see box, p. 98. 1963 1964 Industry division and group N ov.2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. M ining................................................................................... . 42.3 42.1 41.0 41.6 41.8 41.5 41.7 41.5 41.6 41.6 41.5 41.8 41.4 Contract construction--------------- --------------------------- 37.7 37.1 35.6 37.0 36.8 37.3 37.3 37.2 37.4 37.6 35.2 37.4 37.1 Manufacturing........................................................ - ........... 40.9 40.5 40.5 40.8 40.6 40.6 40.6 40.7 40.6 40.7 40.2 40.7 40.5 Durable goods..................................... ...........................Ordnance and accessories--------------------------------Lumber and wood products, except furniture___ Furniture and fixtures-----------------------------------Stone, clay, and glass products-................. - ........... Primary metal industries..................... Fabricated metal products....................................... M a ch in ery -------- ------------------- ---------------------Electrical equipment and supplies............. ............ Transportation equipment........................................ Instruments and related products--------- ------- --Miscellaneous manufacturing industries----------- 41.6 40.8 40.5 41.7 41.6 41.9 42.0 42.9 40.8 41.6 40.9 39.9 41.3 40.7 39.8 41.2 41.4 41.9 41.4 42.6 40.7 40.5 40.9 39.7 41.4 40.0 39.4 40.5 41.1 42.8 41.3 42.0 40.3 42.3 40.9 39.1 41.5 40.4 40.4 41.2 41.3 42.2 41.7 42.5 40.6 42.6 41.0 40.0 41.3 40.4 40.3 41.0 41.5 41.5 41.6 42.4 40.6 41.7 41.0 39.8 41.4 40.6 39.9 41.1 41.4 41.5 41.4 42.4 40.3 42.6 40.9 39.5 41.3 40.2 40.2 41.2 41.6 41.5 41.7 42.3 40.4 41.9 40.8 39.5 41.4 40.3 40.2 41.2 41.7 41.2 41.8 42.2 40.5 42.1 40.7 39.8 41.2 40.3 40.3 41.2 41.6 41.4 41.6 42.4 40.4 41.8 40.7 39.7 41.3 40.3 40.2 41.3 41.7 41.2 41.8 42.4 40.4 42.0 40.8 39.6 41.1 40.7 39.1 40.1 40.8 41.2 41.5 41.8 40.2 41.9 40.1 38.7 41.3 40.9 40.6 41.2 41.5 41.1 41.7 42.2 40.4 42.0 40.8 39.6 41.2 40.5 40.1 41.0 41.4 41.1 41.5 42.1 40.3 42.0 40.7 39.5 Nondurable goods_____________________________ Food and kindred products............................. ......... Tobacco manufactures.......................... Textile m ill products.............................. ................... Apparel and related products...... ............................. Paper and allied products-----------------Printing, publishing, and allied industries........... Chemicals and allied products------------------------Petroleum refining and related industries........... . Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products------Leather and leather products-------------------------- 40.0 40.9 38.7 41.5 36.3 42.7 38.4 41.7 41.5 41. 6 38.4 39.8 40.9 38.9 41.5 36.1 42.9 38.6 41.6 41.6 41.6 38.4 39.4 40.7 37.0 40.0 34.9 42.7 38.5 42.1 42.5 41.3 37.7 39.7 40.8 38.4 41.2 35.9 43.0 38.6 41.3 42.1 41.8 37.9 39.5 40.6 39.6 40.8 36.0 42.9 38.4 41.4 41.6 40.7 37.9 39.6 40.9 39.0 40.9 36.0 42.7 38.4 41.4 41.6 41.2 37.9 39.7 41.0 39.7 41.0 36.0 42.9 38.5 41.6 41.9 41.4 38.1 39.8 41.1 39.9 41.0 36.2 42.8 38.7 41.6 41.6 41.2 37.8 39.7 40.8 39.4 40.9 36.1 42.7 38.4 41.6 42.1 41.2 37.8 39.8 40.9 37.3 41.2 36.4 42.9 38.3 41.5 42.3 41.1 37.9 39.1 40.8 37.8 40.7 34.7 42.6 38.1 41.3 41.3 40.9 36.6 39.7 41.0 38.5 41.1 36.1 42.7 38.5 41.5 41.7 41.2 38.1 39.7 40.9 39.2 40.9 35.9 42.8 38.2 41.5 41.5 41.0 37.7 38.4 40.6 37.4 38.2 40.5 37.3 38.5 40.7 37.5 38.6 40.7 37.7 38.4 40.7 37.5 38.4 40.7 37.5 38.4 40.7 37.4 38.4 40.7 37.4 38.4 40. 6 37. 5 38.4 40. 4 37.3 38.6 40.7 37.7 38.5 40.6 37.7 Wholesale and retail trade 3. . . ..................................... Wholesale trade............................ - ................................. Retail trade 3........................ ........................... - .............. N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827. 1 For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3. 2 Preliminary. 3 Excludes eating and drinking places. T able C -3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by major industry group 1 Annual average 1963 Major industry group Manufacturing_________________________ Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1963 $2.46 $2.43 $2.44 $2.44 $2.44 $2.44 $2.43 $2.43 $2.43 $2.42 $2.40 $2.37 $2.31 2.60 2.91 2.60 2.90 2.59 2.57 2.88 2.88 2.54 2.82 2. 48 2. 75 2.00 1.96 2.41 2.96 2. 56 2.73 2.44 2.95 2.45 2.03 2.00 2.01 1.94 2.39 2.95 2.54 2.71 2.42 2.95 2.43 1.99 1.96 1.93 2.37 2.95 2.51 1.91 1.89 2.31 2.90 2. 46 2. 61 2.34 2.80 2.37 1.92 2. 21 2.29 1.95 1.69 1.75 2.40 2.19 2.26 1.87 1.69 1.74 2.39 2.18 2.24 2.15 $2.46 Durable goods----------------------------------- Ordnance and accessories------------------Lumber and wood products, except furniture----------------------- -------------Furniture and fixtures_______________ Stone, clay, and glass products----------Primary metal industries____________ Fabricated metal products...... ................ Machinery_________________________ Electrical equipment and supplies-----Transportation equipment___________ Instruments and related products------Miscellaneous manufacturing indus tries--------------------------------------------- 2.63 Nondurable goods------------------------------Food and kindred products--------------Tobacco manufactures_______________ Textile mill products________________ Apparel and related products------------Paper and allied products-----------------Printing, publishing, and allied indus tries_____________________________ Chemicals and allied products----------Petroleum refining and related indus tries------------ ------ ------------------------Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_________________________ Leather and leather products_______ 2. 23 ( 3) 52.43 2.59 2.98 2.63 2.96 2.60 2.96 2. 61 2.95 2. 61 2.94 2.61 2.93 2.61 2.91 2.60 2.92 2.09 1.98 2.45 3.01 2.54 2. 76 2.45 2.93 2.47 2.11 2.08 1.97 2.43 2.99 2.57 2.75 2.46 2.97 2.47 2.06 1.96 2.43 2.99 2. 58 2.75 2.46 2.96 2. 46 2.05 1.95 2.42 2.99 2.58 2.75 2.46 2.96 2. 46 2.01 2.02 2.02 2.02 2.03 1.97 2.42 2.99 2.'58 2. 74 2.45 2.95 2.45 2.03 1.99 1.96 2.41 2.97 2.56 2.74 2.45 2.95 2.45 2.03 2.00 2.01 2.09 1.96 2.44 2.99 2.57 2.74 2. 44 2.97 2.46 2.00 2. 22 2.23 2.26 1.82 1.72 1.77 2.45 2.20 2 . 21 2.21 2 . 21 2 . 21 2.20 2.20 2. 25 1.89 1.70 1.76 2.43 2. 27 2.29 2.30 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.70 1.75 2.44 1.70 1.74 2.42 1.70 1.74 2.41 2.30 1.99 1.70 1.74 2.41 2.30 1.97 1.69 1.75 2.40 2.29 1.92 1.69 1.75 2.40 2.27 1.79 1.74 1.76 2.44 ( 3) 1.98 2.46 3.04 2.59 2. 76 2.45 2.99 2. 47 ( 3) 2. 73 2. 75 3.11 3.14 2.44 1.79 2.47 1.80 ( 8) 2. 73 2.44 1.78 i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January 1965, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1962 N ov .2 Oct.2 Sept. ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) 1.96 2.41 2.97 2.56 2.73 2.45 2.95 2.45 2.03 ( 3) ( 3) 1.95 2.40 2.96 2.55 2. 72 2. 44 2.95 2.44 2.02 ( 3) 1.86 1.68 1.73 2.38 ( 3) 2.68 2.40 2.89 2.42 1.98 2.22 1.89 1.65 1.70 2.36 (3) 2.09 2.15 1.83 1.62 1.66 2.29 ( 3) 2.57 2. 72 2.71 2.68 2.66 2.66 2.68 2.69 2.69 2.67 2.64 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.10 3.07 2.97 2.44 1.77 2.43 1.79 2.42 1.79 2.41 1.79 2. 41 1.78 2.41 1.76 2.42 1.75 2.42 1.75 2.41 1.76 2.38 1.73 2.35 1.69 3 N ot'available because average overtime rates are significantly above me and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods ,fnl Vini' li ttl n nffnot C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS 117 T able C -4. Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1 Revised series; see box, p. 98. Manufacturing......... ................ ........................ Durable goods______________________ Nondurable goods....................................... Durable goods Ordnance and accessories______ __________ Ammunition, except for small arms.___ Sighting and fire control equipm ent___ Other ordnance and accessories_______ Lumber and wood products, except furniture____________________ - ......... Sawmills and planing mills__________ M illwork, plywood, and related prod ucts____________________ __________ Wooden containers.................................... Miscellaneous wood products________ Furniture and fixtures_____ ___________ Household furniture.. . ..........- ................. Office furniture_________________ ____ Partitions; office and store fixtures____ Other furniture and fixtures__________ Stone, clay, and glass products_________ Flat glass___________________________ Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n.. Cement, hydraulic__________________ Structural clay products_____________ Pottery and related products_________ Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod ucts____________ ____ _____________ Other stone and mineral products____ Primary metal industries............................. Blast furnace and basic steel products.. Iron and steel foundries______________ Nonferrous smelting and refining_____ Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and ex truding__________ ____ ___________ Nonferrous foundries...______________ Miscellaneous primary metal indus tries____ _____________ ________ ___ Fabricated metal products........................... M etal cans____ _____ _______ ________ Cutlery, handtools, and general hardw a r e ...______________________ ____ Heating equipment and plumbing fix tures_____ ______ ____________ ____ Fabricated structural metal products... Screw machine products, bolts, etc........ M etal stampings____________________ Coating, engraving, and allied services. Miscellaneous fabricated wire products. Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod ucts......................................... .................... Machinery............. ......................................... Engines and turbines................................ Farm machinery and equipment_____ Construction and related m achin ery... Metalworking machinery and equip m ent_____________________________ Special industry machinery__________ General industrial machinery________ Office, computing, and accounting ma chines___ ___________ _____ _______ Service industry machines....................... Miscellaneous machinery____________ Electrical equipment and supplies............ Electric distribution equipment______ Electical industrial apparatus............... Household appliances________ _______ Electric lighting and wiring equipment. Radio and TV receiving s e ts .................. Communication equipment__________ Electronic components and accessories. Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies............................................. Transportation equipment........................... Motor vehicles and equipment............... Aircraft and parts...................................... Ship and boat building and repairing.. Railroad equipment_________________ Other transportation equipment............ Instruments and related products........ . Engineering and scientific instruments. Mechanical measuring and control de vices_____________ _______ _________ Optical and ophthalmic goods................. Surgical, medical, and dental equip m ent__________ _______ _______ ____ Photographic equipment and supplies. Watches and clocks................................... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Annual average 1963 1964 Industry Nov.2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1963 1962 3.3 3.5 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.5 3.7 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.1 3.0 3.1 2.9 3.2 3.4 2.9 3.0 3.2 2.8 2.9 3.1 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.5 3.1 3.3 2.8 3.0 3.2 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.7 1.9 1.9 1.2 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.2 2.6 1.8 1.6 1.7 2.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.7 2.2 2.4 1.7 1.5 .9 2.2 1.7 1.7 .9 1.9 ■ 1.5 1.4 1.1 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.7 1.9 2.2 1.1 1.5 2.6 2.8 1.7 2.3 2.3 2.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 2.5 1.6 2.3 2.2 1.9 2.9 2.5 3 fi 3.6 34 3.3 4 0 3.8 3 4 3.5 3 fi 3.5 3 fi 3.4 3 2 3.1 3 2 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.7 3. 2 3.2 3 3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3. 2 3.1 3.4 3.0 3.2 3.8 3.9 2.8 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.0 4.0 2.1 3.7 2.5 3.5 2.4 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.0 4.0 4.1 5.2 4.0 2.4 3.7 1.9 4.0 3.3 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.2 4.2 4.3 3.4 3.9 2.4 3.5 2.0 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.5 3.0 3.1 4.1 2.9 3.8 2.3 3.6 2.1 3.9 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.3 2.4 2.8 3.0 4.0 3.2 3.2 2.3 3.6 2.1 3.9 3.0 3.2 2.8 2.9 2.1 1.4 2.9 4.0 3.4 3.5 2.1 3.5 2.2 3.6 2.8 3.1 2.9 3.1 1.7 1.9 2.5 3.6 2.5 3.4 1.9 3.5 2.0 3.8 2.4 2.8 2.9 3.1 1.9 2.0 2.5 3.3 2.7 3.5 2.0 3.0 1.8 3.7 2.1 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.0 1.5 2.3 3.2 3.4 3.4 1.7 2.7 1.7 3.1 2.1 2.6 2.5 2.8 1.7 1.3 2.1 3.0 3.4 3.4 1.9 2.4 1.7 3.6 2.6 2.8 3.6 4.0 2.5 1.8 3.0 3.3 3.4 3.0 1.8 2.8 2.3 3.6 2.5 3.0 3.4 3.6 2.0 2.2 3.2 3.8 4.5 3.1 1.8 3.5 2.2 3.5 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.2 2.2 2.2 2.8 3.6 2.4 3.3 2.0 3.2 2.0 3.3 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.1 3.0 2.6 3.4 1.7 3.5 1.8 2.9 1.8 6.5 3.4 3.2 2.5 4.2 3.5 5.5 3.6 4.3 4.1 4.9 4.0 6.7 3.7 3.3 2.5 4.7 3.2 6.4 3.2 3.0 2.3 4.4 3.0 6.4 3.4 3.2 2.2 5.1 3.1 6.2 3.6 3.0 2.0 4.7 2.9 5.4 3.2 2.8 1.8 4.7 2.5 4.4 3.0 2.8 1.7 4.6 2.9 4.1 2.9 2.6 1.6 4.5 2.8 3.5 2.8 2.9 1.7 4.7 3.2 4.3 3.0 2.8 1.4 4.7 2.9 5.6 3.1 2.5 1.2 4.2 2.7 5.6 3.0 2.7 1.9 3.7 3.0 5.4 2.7 2.3 1.4 2.9 2.7 3.5 3.3 4.5 3.4 4.1 3.2 3.7 3.0 4.2 3.2 3.9 3.1 3.6 3.2 3.6 3.0 3.5 3.0 4.0 3.1 4.2 3.4 3.9 3.1 3.7 3.0 3.6 2.9 4.5 3.5 3.2 4.1 3.8 4.1 4.0 3.8 5.2 3.4 3.4 4.8 4.1 3.5 4.2 3.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 3.1 3.5 3.7 2.9 3.0 3.4 2.8 3.3 3.6 2.9 4.1 3.8 3.3 3.0 3.5 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.0 3.4 3.2 2.9 3.5 2.8 3.7 3.7 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.2 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.4 3.5 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.7 3.9 4.4 3.4 3.0 1.8 2.6 4.0 4.2 3.1 2.8 1.8 2.5 4.1 3.5 3.5 2.9 1.7 2.3 4.1 3.6 3.1 2.7 1.9 2.2 3.9 3.9 3.5 2.6 2.1 3.0 3.6 4.4 3.6 3.1 2.2 2.9 3.4 4.1 3.8 3.3 2.1 2.8 3.6 3.7 3.4 3.0 1.9 2.5 4.0 3.5 3.3 3.0 — ................ 2.8 J.3 4.7 4.1 4.1 3.5 2.3 3.5 4.0 5.5 3.8 3.1 2.7 3.5 4.2 4.9 3.9 3.4 2.5 3.3 3.9 4.1 3.3 3.0 2.4 3.2 4.2 4.4 3.7 3.1 2.9 3.9 3.1 2.5 3.6 2.9 3.8 3.1 2.5 3.5 2.9 3.8 3.2 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.8 3.8 2.3 3.4 2.7 4.1 3.5 2.7 3.9 2.6 3.9 3.3 2.4 3.7 2.5 3.9 2.6 2.6 4.0 2.3 3.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 2.3 3.7 2.7 3.2 3.1 2.3 3.5 2.4 2.8 3.2 2.7 3.7 3.2 2.5 3.1 2.5 3.4 2.7 1.8 3.0 2.6 3.2 2.5 2.2 2.7 2.6 3.1 2.2 2.1 2.6 5.6 4.4 3.6 5.1 4.1 3.7 5.3 4.0 3.8 5.7 3.9 3.3 6.3 4.1 3.6 6.4 3.9 3.4 6.4 3.7 3.3 6.4 3.8 3.1 6.2 3.6 3.1 5.6 3.5 2.9 5.6 4.2 3.4 5.0 3.6 3.1 4.8 3.5 2.7 4.7 3.5 2.8 2.5 2.4 4.6 2.6 3.2 3.2 2.6 2.1 2.2 2.8 2.3 2.4 2.6 4.4 2.6 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.7 2.3 1.9 2.5 4.9 2.5 3.0 3.0 2.1 2.6 2.1 2.3 2.4 1.9 2.6 4.6 2.1 2.9 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.8 2.7 5.0 2.2 2.9 2.9 2.0 2.0 1.2 2.3 2.0 1.4 2.3 4.8 2.0 2.1 2.9 1.9 1.9 1.3 1.8 1.8 1.3 2.2 4.7 2.0 1.9 2.7 2.0 1.8 1.2 1.8 2.0 1.3 2.1 4.5 1.9 1.7 2.8 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.7 1.8 1.4 2.0 4.3 1.8 2.0 2.4 1.4 1.9 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.9 4.4 2.0 1.9 2.7 1.4 2.0 1.5 1.8 2.0 1.9 2.1 4.7 2.3 2.9 2.7 2.3 2.4 1.7 2.1 1.7 2.2 1.8 4.3 2.1 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.1 1.6 1.9 2.1 1.7 2.1 4.1 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.5 2.0 4.1 2.2 2.0 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.5 2.0 2.4 3.3 4.0 2.6 2.9 2.0 3.7 2.8 2.9 3.3 4.8 6.4 2.6 2.9 2.5 3.5 2.7 3.1 2.2 4.1 5.5 2.5 3.0 2.3 3.5 2.6 3.2 1.9 3.6 4.4 2.4 2.9 2.6 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.2 4.1 5.4 2.3 3.0 2.9 3.8 2.4 2.6 2.3 3.6 4.6 2.1 3.1 2.8 3.8 2.3 2.1 2.3 3.6 4.5 2.3 3.2 3.0 3.2 2.3 2.1 2.0 3.0 3.4 2.2 3.6 2.4 2.9 2.1 2.0 2.6 3.2 3.9 2.4 3.0 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.0 3.2 3.6 4.6 2.5 2.7 1.9 2.3 2.1 2.6 3.5 4.6 6.3 2.7 2.9 2.1 3.0 2.5 3.1 2.8 4.6 6.1 2.7 3.5 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.9 2.6 3.6 4.4 2.6 3.1 2.1 3.1 2.4 2.5 3.2 3.5 4.2 2.9 2.8 2.0 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.2 1.9 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.3 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.2 1.9 4.0 2.3 2.3 3.4 2.5 2.1 3.3 1.6 1.8 3.2 1.2 2.0 3.0 1.4 1.9 3.1 1.5 2.0 3.2 1.0 1.7 2.6 1.2 1.8 2.7 1.1 1.6 2.6 1.5 2.1 2.8 2.2 2.1 2.9 1.7 2.1 2.8 1.9 2.3 2.9 1.9 118 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 T able C-4. Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 98. 1964 Industry Nov.2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods—Continued Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware .. Toys, amusement and sporting goods.. Pens, pencils, office and art materials . Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions. Other manufacturing industries____ 2.9 4.7 2.7 2.1 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.6 2.5 3.0 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.6 Annual average 1963 Jan. Dec. Nov. 1963 1962 2.0 2.3 1.5 1.6 1.9 2.4 2.3 3.1 1.8 1.7 2.5 2.4 2.2 3.0 1.9 1.5 2.5 2.2 2.4 3.1 1.8 1.6 2.6 2.7 2.3 2.9 1.8 1.3 2.7 2.4 2.2 2.7 1.7 1.6 2.8 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.3 1.5 2.1 2.2 2.4 4.4 1.3 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.5 4. 0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.6 2.2 3.0 1.8 21 2.3 2.3 2.3 3n 10 20 2.2 2.5 Food and kindred products.. _ ___ 3.8 4.2 3.8 3.8 5.1 4.4 4.4 3.8 Meat products________________ 3.2 4.0 3.5 3.9 Dairy products_______________ Canned and preserved food, except 2.8 3.7 3.0 3.0 meats. _ . ______________ 6.9 7.7 7.1 6.9 Grain mill products____________ 3.0 3.7 3.3 3.4 Bakery products__ ___________ 4.0 4.7 3.5 3.5 Sugar _ ____ _______ .. .. Confectionery and related products__ 2.6 2.7 2.3 1.8 2.8 3.6 3.5 4.3 Beverages_ _ ___- ____ 4.0 3.7 4.5 4.3 Miscellaneous foodand kindred products. 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.3 Tobacco manufactures____________ 1.7 1.2 2.5 3.3 Cigarettes_____________ ___ 1.5 1.8 2.3 1.6 Cigars_____________________ 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.3 Textile mill products... __ _____ 4.6 5.1 4.1 3.6 Cotton broad woven fabrics__ _ .. 5.3 6.0 5.1 4.4 Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics. 3.5 3.3 3.5 4.0 Weaving and finishing broad woolens. 3.7 2.7 3.4 2.8 Narrow fabrics and smallwares_____ Knitting. __ ________ ____ 2.7 2.0 2.5 2.2 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.7 Finishing textiles, except wool and knit. 5.6 5.3 4.3 4.0 Floor covering.. _____ . ____ 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.4 Yarn and thread___ i__________ 3.7 3.5 3.9 3.8 Miscellaneous textile goods________ 1.3 1.5 1.2 Apparel and related products..._____ 1.2 1.1 1.2 .9 "Men’s and boys’ suits and coats____ .5 1.1 1.3 1.0 Men’s and boys’ furnishings_______ 1.1 1.4 1.1 .9 Women’s, misses’, juniors’ outerwear._ 1.3 Women’s" and children’s undergar1.9 1.7 1.9 1.3 ments__ _ _______________ 1.6 1.1 1.3 Hats, caps, and millinery___ _____ 1.5 1.4 1.1 .8 Girls’ and children’s outerwear___ _. 1.6 1.1 1.0 1.8 Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel.. .8 Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod2.2 2.3 2.1 ucts______________________ 1.7 5.0 5.3 Paper and allied products________ _. 5.2 4.9 6.3 5.8 Paper and pulp_____ ______ ... 5.8 6.0 7.4 6.8 Paperboard. . ___ __________ 6.3 6.9 Converted paper and paperboard 3.6 3.6 products_________ _______ 3.4 3.7 4.6 4.8 Paperboard containers and boxes..... . 5.1 4.0 Printing, publishing, and allied industries____ _________ _____ 3.0 3.2 3.2 2.7 2.4 Newspaper publishing and printing__ 2.5 2.7 2.3 4.8 Periodical publishing and printing___ 5.3 5.3 3.7 4.6 4.3 Books_____ __ _ ... _ ___ __ 3.5 3.8 Commercial printing__ _ _. ___ 3.2 3.6 3.5 2.8 2.5 Bookbinding and related industries__ 2.4 2.3 2.7 Other publishing and printing indus2.8 tries___________ ________ 2.8 2.4 2.6 2.7 Chemicals and allied products. _____ 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.7 Industrial chemicals... _ ____ _ . 3.3 2.7 2.6 2.8 Plastics and synthetics, except glass__ 3.4 3.0 2.7 1.9 Drugs__ _____ ____ _______ 2.1 2.3 1.6 2.7 Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_____ 3.2 2.7 2.2 2.8 Paints, varnishes, and allied products 2.9 2.3 3.1 3.2 Agricultural chemicals___ _____ 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.2 Other chemical products_________ 3.6 3.1 2.9 Petroleum refining and related industries__ ___ ___________ . 3.3 2.7 2.5 2.9 Petroleumrefining. _ ___ _ _ ___ 2.4 1.7 1.6 1.9 Other petroleumand coal products. 6.4 6.0 6.4 5.7 Rubber, miscellaneous plastic products. 4.2 4.2 3.1 4.0 Tires and inner tubes. ___ ___ 6.1 5.9 5.8 3.7 Other rubber products. _ ____ 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.5 Miscellaneous plastic products_____ ___ 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.5 Leather and leather products........ 2.0 1.7 1.9 1.7 Leather tanning and finishing 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.9 Footwear, except rubber______ _ 1.5 1.3 1.8 1.9 Other leather products 2.0 2.3 1.8 1.5 1For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January W63, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related workers during the pay period which includes the 12th of the month. Over time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded 3.8 4.5 3.7 2.5 7.4 3.5 2.9 1.7 3.8 3.7 2.2 2.4 2.5 3.7 4.2 4.7 4.0 2.9 2.2 4.6 3.5 3.7 3.6 4.0 3.7 2.4 6.4 3.2 2.8 1.8 3.4 3.9 1.7 1.4 2.7 3.5 4.3 4.8 3.6 2.9 2.0 4.1 3.1 3.5 3.2 3.7 3.3 2.0 5.3 2.9 2.4 1.8 3.1 3.7 2.1 1.8 3.1 3.3 3.8 4.5 3.2 3.0 2.0 4.2 3.5 3.1 3.1 3.5 3.3 2.0 5.0 2.8 3.1 1.8 3.0 3.7 1.3 .5 2.6 3.3 3.7 4.6 2.6 2.9 2.0 4.5 4.4 3.1 3.2 3.0 3.3 2.3 5.3 3.1 3.3 2.3 2.8 4.3 1.2 .7 2.1 3.3 4.0 4.6 2.8 2.9 1.8 4.4 3.8 3.1 33 3.9 2.9 2.1 6.2 2.8 4.3 2.0 2.3 4.2 .8 .5 1.1 3.2 4.0 4.6 3.1 2.8 1.4 3.6 3.6 3.0 3.4 4.9 2.8 2.0 5.5 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.6 3.9 1.3 1.2 1.5 3.5 4.0 4.9 3.1 3.2 1.7 4.6 5.0 3.2 35 4.9 2.6 1.8 6.2 2.9 3.3 2.7 2.9 4.2 1.4 1.6 1.7 3.7 4.3 5.2 2.4 3.4 2.2 4.7 5.0 3.6 34 3.8 3.1 2.4 6.3 3.0 3.6 2.5 3.1 3.9 1.1 1.2 1.1 3.2 3.4 4.3 3.4 3.1 2.0 4.1 4.4 3.1 34 36 3.4 2.6 63 31 3.7 2. 5 28 3.9 1.0 .9 .9 3.2 3.2 4.3 4.2 3.3 2.2 4.2 4.1 3.2 N ondurable goods https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4.3 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.2 3.7 1.2 1.0 1.0 3.1 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.2 .9 1.6 .9 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 .8 1.9 4.7 5.6 6.1 3.1 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.6 3.0 1.2 1.1 .9 1.5 3.3 1.0 1.0 3.9 1.2 .9 .7 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.1 .9 1.2 1.8 l.l 2.2 4.5 5.3 5.9 2.1 4.6 5.5 5.9 1.8 4.5 5.4 5.9 1.7 4.4 5.2 5.9 3.2 3.2 3.6 3.7 3.3 3.9 3.2 3.8 3.1 3.9 2.5 2.0 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.2 2.5 1.8 3.2 3.4 2.8 2.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.6 3.3 2.5 2.7 2.4 3.6 2.7 2.9 2.5 2.7 2.3 3.2 3.5 3.0 2.2 2.8 2.5 3.1 3.4 3.0 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.0 2.2 2.4 7.1 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.2 4.3 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.1 1.9 2.2 1.7 3.9 2.9 3.0 2.4 2.4 2.2 1.9 2.6 1.9 3.7 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.0 2.5 1.9 3.5 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.5 2.3 4.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.7 2.1 4.1 2.6 2.0 1.6 3.6 2.7 3.0 2.2 3.1 1.5 2.4 1.4 1.6 2.0 1.6 3.6 2.6 2.0 2.4 3.1 1.8 2.7 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.7 2.9 2.8 2.2 2.7 3.2 1.6 2.6 1.6 1.3 2.1 1.8 3.4 3.2 3.6 2.8 3.4 1.8 3.2 1.6 1.9 2.3 1.9 3.7 3.2 3.7 2.8 2.3 1.8 4.6 3.0 3.0 2.6 1.5 2.9 1.4 2.8 1.2 1.6 2.3 1.6 4.8 3.1 3.3 2.9 3.2 1.4 2.6 .8 1.0 1.0 1.9 4.4 5.4 5.9 1.8 4.3 5.5 5.5 1.5 4.3 5.4 5.9 1.3 4.3 5.5 5.8 1.6 4.3 5.5 5.9 3.3 4.2 3.1 3.9 3.0 3.6 2.9 3.4 3.0 3.4 2.8 2.5 3.5 4.2 2.7 2.5 2.9 2.7 3.0 4.1 3.0 2.5 2.9 2.4 3.9 4.3 3.0 2.5 2.8 2.2 3.8 3.7 3.1 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.9 1.6 2.6 2.7 3.4 3.0 2.6 2.8 2.5 2.5 1.8 2.1 2.7 7.6 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.0 2.8 6.9 2.8 2.8 1.8 6.3 3.6 4.8 2.8 3.7 1.7 2.5 1.7 5.6 3.6 4.6 2.6 4.0 1.4 3.1 1.2 1.3 2. 0 1.5 4.2 2.9 2.7 2.3 3.6 1.2 2.8 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.0 .9 1.1 1.2 .7 1.5 1.7 1.0 3.5 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 1.5 3.3 3.5 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.3 2.1 1.3 1.0 3.8 1.2 .9 .9 1.1 1.0 3.3 1.1 1.9 3.3 1.1 1.8 either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums were paid are excluded. 2Preliminary. C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS 119 T able C-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities 1 [1957 - 5 9 = 100 ] R e v is e d s e r ie s ; s e e b o x p. 9 8 . 1964 1963 A ctivity N ov.2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Annual average Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. 1963 1962 Man-hours T otal____ _ _________________ _______ M ining_____ _____ ______ _____________ Contract construction...___________ Manufacturing_________ . . _________ Durable goods___ ______ _____________ Ordnance and accessories____ ________ Lumber and wood products, except furniture____________ . _________ Furniture and fixtures_______________ Stone, clay, and glass products_______ Primary metal industries_____ . . . __ Fabricated metal products. . _______ Machinery__ . _ __ ______ ___ _ _. Electrical equipment and supplies____ Transportation equipment_______ . . . Instruments and related products_____ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries______________________________ Nondurable goods. . _ _________ . . Food and kindred products.. . . _. Tobacco manufactures . . . . _ ._ Textile mill products_________ . . . Apparel and related products.. _ . _ Paper and allied products __________ Piinting, publishing, and allied ind us tries______________ ___________ Chemicals and allied products____ . . Petroleum refining arid related industries_____ ___ _ Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products______ __ _______ Leather and leather products. . . 106.8 85.1 112.5 106.9 106.7 85.7 121.5 105.0 108.1 83.2 116.5 107.8 108.1 84.9 126.6 105.9 105.7 84.1 122.8 103.7 106.2 85.8 118.6 105.0 103.2 82.6 110.3 103.0 100.6 80.4 99.4 101.8 98.5 77.7 89.8 101.1 97.3 78.1 85.3 100.5 95.0 78.5 79.1 98.8 100.7 81.9 93.2 103.0 102.5 82.1 105.8 103.0 100.9 82.1 103.2 101.4 99.7 83.3 99. 1 100.6 109.1 128.9 104.9 127.5 109.8 127.2 105.7 125.4 105.4 126.1 107.4 130.3 105.4 131.6 104.4 135.1 102.8 135.7 101.9 137.5 100.7 144.5 104.5 147.7 104.0 145.1 102.0 145.0 100.2 148.3 95.5 116.4 107.9 107.5 112.2 113.9 118.8 99.5 106.4 97.9 117.2 109.8 106.5 108.1 113.6 118.3 78.2 105.7 99.2 114.5 110.6 111.2 113.6 112.9 116.8 100.5 106.6 102.4 114.8 111.8 106.8 110.9 111.3 113.4 85.6 105.7 101.1 109.4 110.6 105.8 107.2 111.9 110.8 93.1 103.6 101.2 110.4 110.6 106.9 109.9 114.2 111.3 97.5 104.8 96.4 106.1 107.5 105.2 107.7 112.8 109.6 97.3 102.8 92.2 107.3 103.8 103.7 106.7 112.1 109.7 97.3 102.6 89.6 106.6 99.1 102.0 104.9 111.1 109.5 95.4 102.7 89.4 105.8 96.7 100.5 104.2 108.4 110.0 95.3 102.6 86.7 102.2 93.9 99.0 103.3 107.2 110.4 95.5 101.1 93.1 110.5 99.7 98.9 107.2 108.4 114.2 100.2 105.4 94.8 109.7 105.1 96.1 106.7 105.0 113.2 99.1 105.6 93.8 106.3 102.3 98.4 103.5 104.4 112.5 93.7 103.9 93.5 1C4.7 100.0 95.5 100.6 102.1 114.8 89.2 102.6 114.0 114.5 110.5 108.1 100.6 104.7 100.8 99.6 98.0 96.3 90.7 99.8 107.3 100.7 101.6 104.0 94.8 99.5 100.8 113.1 108.6 105.2 100.0 115.2 99.8 112.8 110.2 105.3 104.2 108.8 95.6 109.6 110.4 106.1 102.9 97.3 98.6 114.9 110.2 101.5 95.5 76.9 95.6 107.8 108.0 101.9 91.6 79.2 98 6 110.2 109.3 99.8 88.0 78.2 97.1 107.5 106.6 98.5 85.5 79.2 95.9 107.5 105.8 98.9 84.4 79.5 95.8 110.8 104.9 98.6 85.2 78.3 96.0 110.2 104.7 96.3 86.9 84.5 93.1 99.7 104.1 101.1 92.5 98.1 96.8 106.7 107.7 101.6 95.5 101.4 97.7 107.6 107.3 100.7 94.1 89.5 95.5 108.0 106.3 101.2 95.5 92.7 97.4 106.6 105.5 107.9 105.5 108.6 105.1 108.4 107.9 107.2 106.0 105.5 106.0 106.3 107.1 106.3 107.4 105.9 107.0 105.8 106.0 104.2 103.8 103.1 102.9 107.6 104.8 105.0 104.4 104.0 105.1 104.7 104.0 78.1 79.5 83.6 82.4 82.8 82.7 81.0 78.7 79. 0 79.0 78.5 80.0 81.8 82.9 86.2 125.8 98.9 125.5 96.0 126.9 95.9 124.1 100.9 117.0 99.0 120.3 98.6 119.3 93.7 116.6 90.4 116.5 94.8 115.4 96.3 114.3 93.0 118.6 98.1 117.6 94.2 115.7 94.9 114.2 98.2 86 6 111 6 87 6 106 7 119.2 88 6 100 0 117.5 116 6 OI Q on o 128 7 124 6 121.3 117.9 Payrolls M in in g ... __________ Contract construction....... . Manufacturing____ ___ . .. 129.3 QQ n 155 4 125.5 QH fi 147 8 130.9 Qfi 7 158 R 126.4 Q4 8 153 3 124.1 J or comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January 1965, see footnote 1, table A-2. For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related Q0 g Ufi 5 125! 8 93 1 90 1 136 6 124 1 123! 3 121.7 120.2 122.3 on 0 116 1 113.8 workers and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined in footnote 1, table A-3. 2 preliminary T able C-6. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing 1 R e v is e d s e r ie s ; s e e b o x p. 9 8 . [in current and 1957-59 dollars]1 1964 Annual average 1963 Item Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. 1963 1962 Manufacturing Gross average weekly earnings: Current dollars____ _____ 1957-59 dollars_________ Spendable average weekly earnings: Worker with no dependents: Current dollars_________ 1957-59 dollars______ . . . Worker w ith 3 dependents: Current dollars_______ 1957-59 dollars _________ $102.97 $104. 60 $103. 07 $102.97 $103.48 $102.97 $102.47 $101. 40 $101.15 $100. 30 $102. 66 $100. 85 $100. 78 $99.63 $96.56 94.90 96. 49 95. 26 95.08 95. 81 95.52 95.06 94.15 94.01 93.13 95.41 93.90 94.01 93.37 91.61 84.40 77.79 85.69 79. 05 84. 48 78.08 84.40 77.93 84.80 78. 52 84.40 78.29 84.10 77.93 83.16 77. 21 82.97 77.11 82. 30 76. 42 82.14 76.34 80. 75 75.19 80. 70 75.28 79.82 74.81 77.86 73.87 92.18 84.96 93.53 86.28 92. 26 85.27 92.18 85.12 92.60 85. 74 92.18 85. 51 91. 77 85.13 90. 89 84.39 90.68 84.28 89.98 83.55 90.06 83.70 88.58 82. 48 88.52 82.57 87.58 82.08 85.53 81.15 * For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January 1965, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3. Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly earnings as published in table C -l less the estimated amount of the workers’ Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax liability depends on the number of dependents supported by the worker as well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis puted for 2 types of income receivers: (1) A worker with no dependents, and (2) a worker with 3 dependents. The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index. 2 Preliminary. N o t e : These series are described in “ The Calculation and Uses of the Spendable Earnings Series,” Monthly Labor Review, January 1959, pp. 50-54. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 120 D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices T able D -l. Consumer Price Index1—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers (including single workers) all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items [1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified] 1963 1964: N ew series 2 Annual average Group N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 1963 1962 108.7 All item s___ ________ __ ___ - - All items (1947-49=100)__________________ 133.4 108.5 133.1 108.4 133.0 108.3 132.8 108.3 132.9 108.0 132.5 107.8 132.3 107.8 132.3 107.7 132.1 107,6 132.0 107.7 132.1 107.6 132.0 107.4 131.8 106.7 131.0 105.4 129.3 Food ________ . _______ - ______ Food at home___ ________ __________ Cereals and bakery products. _______ M eats, poultry, and fish__ . . . __ _ _ Dairy products_____________________ Fruits "and vegetables________________ Other foods at home 3_________ _ . . Food away from hom e. _______________ 106.8 105.1 110.7 99.5 105.3 113.0 102.3 115.9 106.9 105.3 110.4 100.6 105.3 111.7 102.7 115.7 107.2 105.6 109.9 101.4 104.6 112.2 103.5 115.5 106.9 105.3 109.6 99.2 104.4 117.3 101.9 115.3 107.2 105.7 109.2 98.9 104.3 122.3 101.0 115.2 106.2 104.4 109.2 96.8 104.0 120.2 100.3 115.1 105.5 103.7 108.9 96.6 103.9 115.7 100.5 115.0 105.7 103.9 108.8 97.0 104.1 115.7 101.1 114.9 105.7 104.0 108.8 97.2 104.5 115.1 100.9 114.7 106.0 104.4 109.0 98.3 104.8 113.9 101.7 114.4 105.8 104.2 109.1 98.3 105.0 112.4 101.8 114.3 105.4 103.7 109.0 99.2 105.0 109.8 100.2 114.3 105.1 103.4 109.1 99.7 104.8 108.2 99.5 114.0 105.1 103.5 109.1 100.2 103.8 111.0 97.8 113.2 103.6 102.2 107.6 101.7 104.1 105.0 96.1 110.7 Housing_____ ______ ____________ ___ _ Shelter 4 ___ ___________________ ___ R en t.. __- - _______ _____ _______ Homeownership A . . . ______. . . _______ Fuel and utilities 8 Fuel oil and c o a l7___ _______________ Gas and electricity_________________ Household furnishings and operation s . . . Apparel and upkeep 9___________________ M en’s and boys’. __________ _______ Women’s and girls’____________________ Footwear____ I ----------------------------------- 107.7 109.3 108.3 109.8 107.5 103.7 108.1 102.9 106.4 107.0 103.2 111.6 107.6 109.2 108.2 109.6 107.4 102.9 108.2 102.8 106.2 106.7 102.9 111.4 107.4 109.0 107.9 109.5 107.2 101.5 108.2 102.8 105.9 106.6 102.4 110.9 107.2 108.8 107.9 109.2 107.1 100.9 108.2 102.6 105.3 106.0 101.3 110.8 107.1 108.6 107.8 108.9 107.0 100.9 107.9 102.8 105.5 106.0 101.9 110.8 107.1 108.4 107.8 108.7 107.1 101.4 108.1 102.9 105.7 106.3 102.2 111.0 106.9 108.2 107.7 108.4 107.2 102.1 108.0 102.9 105.7 106.2 102.3 111.0 107.0 108.2 107.7 108.6 107.4 103.3 108.0 102.9 105.6 105.9 102.2 110.9 107.1 108.4 107.5 108.9 107.3 106.1 107.1 102.8 105.3 105.2 102.1 110.7. 106.9 108.3 107.5 108.8 106.8 106.6 106.2 102.7 105.1 105.0 101.8 110.7 106.9 108.1 107.3 108.5 107.7 106.6 108.1 102.7 105.0 105.2 101.4 110.9 106.9 108.0 107.3 108.4 107.6 105.8 108.1 102.9 106.1 106.2 103.3 111.2 106.6 107.7 107.2 108.0 107.5 105.4 108.0 102.7 106.1 106.1 103.5 111.1 106.0 106.9 106.8 107.0 107.0 104.0 107.9 102.4 104.8 104.7 101.7 110.5 104.8 105.6 105.7 105.6 106.1 102.1 107.9 101.5 103. 6 103.3 100.9 109.3 Transportation________________ _ _____ 110.0 Private____ _____ ______ _______ ___ 108.6 Public_______________________________ 119.5 109.4 108.0 119.3 108.9 107.4 119.3 109.3 107.9 119.1 109.4 107.9 119.0 109.2 107.8 118.9 109.1 107.7 118.6 109.0 107.6 118.4 108.9 107.4 118.3 108.6 107.2 118.4 109.4 108.0 118.3 108.9 107.5 118.3 109.1 107.8 117.6 107.8 106.4 116.9 107.2 105. 9 115. 4 114.2 120.2 109.7 114.9 109.1 114.0 119.9 109.7 114.5 109.1 113.9 119.7 109. 5 114.3 109.0 113.8 119.8 109.4 114.2 108.9 113.7 119.5 109.3 114.1 108.9 113.5 119.3 109.1 114.0 108.7 113.5 119.1 108.9 114.1 108.7 113.4 119.0 108.7 114.0 108.6 113.1 118.7 108.7 113.6 108.5 112.9 118.5 108.4 113.3 108.4 112.7 118.2 108.5 113.1 108.3 112.7 117.9 108.8 113.1 108.3 112.4 117.9 108.4 112.8 108.3 111.4 117.0 107.9 111. 5 107.1 109.4 114. 2 106. 5 109. 6 105. 3 Special groups: All items less shelter____ ______________ 108.5 All items less food_____________________ 109.5 108.3 109.2 108.2 109.0 108.1 108.9 108.2 108.8 107.9 108.8 107.7 108.7 107.7 108.6 107.5 108.6 107.5 108.4 107.6 108.4 107.5 108.5 107.4 108.4 106.7 107.4 105.4 106.1 C om m odities11. ___ _ . . _____ ______ Nondurables 12___ ___ _____ _ _______ D urables1113. . . ___________ _______ Services 111415___________________ ______ 105.6 106.4 103.5 116.0 105.5 106.4 103.1 115.7 105.4 106.4 102.8 115.5 105.2 106.1 102.8 115.4 105.3 106.3 102.9 115.3 105.0 105.8 102.9 115.1 104.8 105.5 102.8 114.9 104.9 105.6 102.9 114.8 104.8 105.6 102.9 114.5 104.8 105.6 102.9 114.3 104.9 105.7 102.9 114.2 104.9 105.6 103.0 114.1 104.7 105.4 103.1 113.9 104.1 104.9 102.1 113.0 103.2 103. 6 101.8 110.9 Commodities less food 11_________________ Nondurables less food_________ ____ _ Apparel commodities_____________ ._ Apparel less footwear----------------- . Nondurables less food and apparel. _. __ New cars_____ _______ . . . . Used cars.. ._ ______ _ ____ ._ .. Household durables 18_____ . . . ______ Housefurnishings____________________ . 104.8 106.1 105.7 104.5 106.3 102.5 122.9 98.0 98.3 104.6 106.0 105.4 104.2 106.3 101.3 121.9 98.0 98.2 104.3 105.8 105.1 103.9 106.2 98.7 121.9 98.2 98.3 104.2 105.6 104.4 103.1 106.3 99.9 122.2 98.1 98.1 104.3 105.6 104.7 103.4 106.1 100.6 122.7 98.3 98.4 104.3 105.6 104.9 103.7 106.0 100.8 122.7 98.5 98.6 104.3 105.7 104.9 103.7 106.1 101.2 121.6 98.7 98.7 104.3 105.6 104.7 103.5 106.1 101.6 120.9 98.7 98.7 104.3 105.6 104.5 103.2 106.2 101.8 119.6 98.7 98.6 104.1 105.3 104.2 102.9 106.0 102.2 119.0 98.6 98.4 104.3 105.6 104.2 102.8 106.5 102.3 119.6 98.7 98.5 104.5 105.9 105.4 104.2 106.2 102.1 120.3 98.9 98.8 104.5 105.8 105.4 104.3 106.0 103.2 121.0 98.8 98.8 103.5 104. 8 104.0 102.8 105. 3 101. 5 116.6 98. 5 98. 5 102.8 103.8 103. 0 101.8 104.2 102.1 115.2 98.8 98.9 Services less r e n t1114____ . . . ______ _____ Household services less r e n t11____ . . . . Transportation services________________ Medical care services___ _ __________ Other services 1117................ .......................... 117.9 115.5 116.2 124. 4 119.6 117.6 115.4 115.3 124.0 119.3 117.4 115.3 115.1 123.7 119.0 117.2 115.0 115.0 123.7 118.8 117.0 114.8 114.9 123.4 118.6 116.8 114.7 114.7 123.1 118.4 116.6 114.4 114.6 122.9 118.3 116.5 114.4 114.4 122.7 118.2 116.3 114.3 114.1 122.3 117.7 116.0 113.9 114.2 122.1 117.4 116.0 114.1 114.1 121.7 117.1 115.8 114.0 113.7 121.3 117.1 115.5 113.8 113.3 121.3 116.6 114.5 113.0 112. 4 120.3 115.3 112.1 110.6 111. 2 116. 8 112. 6 Health and recreation___________________ Medical care. ________ _______ . Personal ca re.. . . . __________________ Reading and recreation_______________ Other goods and services 10_____________ 1 The C PI measures the average change in prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families. 2 Beginning January 1964, the Consumer Price Index structure has been revised to reflect buying patterns of wage earners and clerical workers in the 1960’s. The “new series” indexes shown here are based on expenditures of all urban wage-earner and clerical-worker consumers, including single workers living alone, as well as families of two or more persons. Separate indexes for families only (excluding single persons) for the U.S. city average are available on request. The “old series” indexes were discontinued after June 1964. 3 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, nonalcoholic beverages, and prepared and partially prepared foods. 4 Also includes hotel and motel room rates not shown separately. 5 Includes home purchase, mortgage interest, taxes, insurance, and main tenance and repairs. 3 Also includes telephone, water, and sewerage service not shown separately7 Called “ Solid and petroleum fuels” prior to 1964. 9 Includes housefurnishings and housekeeping supplies and services. 9 Includes dry cleaning and laundry of apparel, infants’ wear, sewing materials, jewelry, and miscellaneous apparel, not shown separately. 10 Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and funeral, legal, and bank service charges. 11 Recalculated group—indexes prior to January 1964 have been recomputed. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis is Includes foods, paint, furnace filters, shrubbery, fuel oil, coal, household textiles, housekeeping supplies, apparel, gasoline and motor oil, drugs an pharmaceuticals, toilet goods, nondurable recreational goods, newspapers, magazines, books, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages. 13 Includes home purchase, which was classified under services prior to 1964, building materials, furniture and bedding, floor coverings, household appliances, dinnerware, tableware, cleaning equipment, power tools, lamps, Venetian blinds, hardware, automobiles, tires, radios, television sets, tape recorders, durable toys, and sports equipment. 14 Excludes home purchase costs which were classified under this heading prior to 1964. 15 Includes rent, mortgage interest, taxes and insurance on real property, home maintenance and repair services, gas, electricity, telephone, water, sewerage service, household help, postage, laundry and dry cleaning, furni ture and apparel repair and upkeep, moving, auto repairs, auto insurance, registration and license fees, parking and garage rent, local transit, taxicab, airplane, train, and bus fares, professional medical services, hospital services, health insurance, barber and beauty shop services, movies, fees for sports, television repairs, and funeral, bank, and legal services. i« Called “ Durables less cars” prior to 1964. Does not include auto parts, durable toys, and sports equipment. 17 Includes the services components of apparel, personal care, reading and recreation, and other goods and services. N ot comparable with series pub lished prior to 1964. D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES T able D-2. 121 Consumer Price Index—U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical workers (including single workers)1 [1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified] 1964: New series 8 (except as noted) Nov. Area 2 Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. 1963 Mar. Feb. Jan. Annual average Dec. N ov. 1963 1962 194749=100 N ov. 1964 All items 108.7 108.5 108.4 108.2 108.3 108.0 107.8 107.8 107.7 107.6 107.7 107.6 107.4 106.7 105.4 133.4 Atlanta, Ga__ __________ ________ (') Baltimore, M d__________________ (8) Boston, M ass____________ _ ____ (») Buffalo, N .Y . (Nov. 1963=100)____ 102.1 Chicago, Ill.-Northwestern Ind___ 106.6 Cincinnati, Ohio.-Kentucky 6_____ (5) (8) (•) 111.6 (8) 106.4 (8) 107. 2 107.9 (8) (8) 106.3 107.0 (8) (8) (8) 101.3 106.3 (8) (8) (8) 111.2 (8) 106.6 (8) 106.3 108.0 (8) (8) 106.2 106.1 (8) (») (8) 100.7 105.9 (8) (8) (8) 110.6 (8) 105.7 (8) 106.6 107.5 (8) (8) 105.7 105.6 (8) (8) (») 100.1 105.7 (8) (8) (8) 110.1 (8) 105.8 (8) 105.8 107.5 (8) (8) (8) (8) 105.1 106.8 109.5 104.1 105.2 107.4 (8) (8) (8) 106.1 105.1 105.8 (8) 105.3 104.7 104.6 103.6 134.4 (8) Cleveland, Ohio_______ __ _______ 105.9 Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963 = 100)......... - 100.7 Detroit, M ich__ _________________ 104.6 Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963=100). (8) 107.3 Houston, Tex.8____ __________. . . Kansas C ity, M o.-K ansas6. _____ (8) (8) (8) 104.9 (8) (8) 105.2 99.9 104.3 (8) 107.8 (8) (*) (8) 104.2 (8) (8) 109.5 (8) (8) 103.6 99.9 (8) (8) 104.5 100.3 103.2 (8) 106.9 (8) (8) (8) 103.8 (8) (8) 109.0 (8) (8) 103.6 100.5 (8) (8) 105.2 99.7 103.1 (8) 107.2 (8) (8) (8) 103.7 (8) (8) 108.6 (8) 105.0 104.7 103.5 131.5 103.6 103.7 103.2 102.2 129.0 110.1 (8) (8) 104.6 100.5 (») (8) (8) (8) 106.7 (8) 105.7 107.2 104.6 106.1 182. 2 (8) 111.3 106.8 (8) 111.0 109.5 (•) (») 111.0 (8) 108.6 110.9 109.3 108.9 109.5 110.0 (8) (8) 110.9 109.0 (8) (8) 110.2 106.8 (8) 110.5 108.6 (8) (8) 109.9 (8) 108.1 110.5 108.8 108.8 109.1 110.0 (8) (8) 110.2 108.5 (») (8) 109.9 105.6 <8) 110.2 108.4 (8) (8) 109.9 (8) 107.8 110.1 108.4 108.1 108.6 109.7 (8) (8) 110.0 108.4 (8) (8) 109.0 105.2 (8) 110.1 108.7 (8) (8) 109.6 (8) 107.5 109.7 108.6 107.7 107.6 108.7 (8) (8) 109.9 108.5 (8) (8) 109.3 105.2 (8) 109.7 108.3 (8) (8) 108.2 104.9 107.0 108.7 107.2 107.1 106.6 106.6 103.9 105.5 106.4 105.2 105.9 104.6 138.8 I34.7 (8) 133.8 134.5 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (•) (8) 108.7 111.0 (8) (8) (8) 110.0 (8) (8) <*) (8) (8) (8) (8) 107.7 110.6 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) 108.7 109.1 107.5 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) 107.5 109.9 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) 108.8 109.4 107.3 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) 107.3 109.9 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) 107.9 109.3 107.1 106.2 108.9 107.3 108.2 106.4 105.1 107.4 105.9 106.5 104.6 (8) (8) 131.1 138.4 131.1 U.S. city average 4 ________ — Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif___ Milwaukee, Wis.7________________ M inneapolis-St. Paul, M inn.8____ NewYork,N.Y.-Northeastern N .J. Philadelphia, P a.-N .J___ _ _____ Pittsburgh, P a ______ ____ _______ Portland, Oreg.-Wash,8. ________ St. Louis, M o .-Ill________ ______ (') San Francisco-Oakland, Calif____ (8) Scranton, Pa.8_____ _____________ 109.9 Seattle, W a sh ... . . . . . _______ 110.1 Washington, D .C .-M d .-V a ............. 108.9 110.3 108.7 Food U.S. city average4----------------------- 106.8 106.9 107.2 106.9 107.2 106.2 105.5 105.7 105.7 106.0 105.8 105.4 105.1 105.1 103.6 Atlanta, Oa...... _ ............................. Baltimore, M d. . . . _____ Boston, M a ss .. ___ __________ Buffalo, N .Y . (Nov. 1963=100). ___ Chicago, Ill.-Northwestern In d ___ Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky 8_____ 105.6 106.8 111.0 101.7 106.9 1016 105.7 107.0 110.8 101.8 106.9 106. i 106.1 107.1 110.8 102.4 107.0 106.2 105.4 106.6 111. 1 102.2 106.3 105.6 104.9 107.1 111.0 102.6 106.8 106.7 103.9 («) 109. 2 101.9 105.7 105.1 103.9 (•) 109. 1 100.9 104.8 108.9 103. 9 106. 1 108. 5 104.0 106. 2 108. 8 104.0 106. 3 108. 5 104.4 105. 9 108. 5 103.8 105. 7 108. 4 103. 7 104. 4 108.0 103. 8 104. 7 107.4 103.0 103 3 104.6 105.1 105.1 105.7 108. 8 108. 4 108.2 105.8 102.9 106.1 102. 7 105.8 102.5 105.7 102. 9 104.6 101. 9 Cleveland, Ohio_____ _________ _ Dallas, Tex. (N ov. 1963=100)_____ Detroit, M ic h ... . . . . ____ Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963 = 100). Houston, Tex.8__________________ Kansas C ity, M o.-Kansas 8_____ _ 102.2 101.3 102.2 101.3 106.1 108.0 102.4 101.1 102.5 101.1 106.8 108 2 103.0 101.0 102. 4 100.8 105.8 108.2 102.5 100.9 102.4 101.1 105.8 108. 4 102.3 100.5 103.0 100.8 105.8 108.2 101.3 100.0 101.8 100.7 104-9 106.6 101.0 101. 5 99.5 100.1 101.0 101.4 100.6 100.8 IO4.6 105. 2 106.3 106.5 101. 5 101.9 101.6 101.8 101.0 100.8 100.9 101.5 101.1 105. 5 105.3 105.0 105.2 103. 8 104.3 102. 9 103.3 Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif.._ _ Milwaukee, Wis.7 _ ___________ M inneapolis-St. Paul. M inn.8____ N ew York, N .Y.-Northeastern N .J. Philadelphia, P a.-N .J____________ Pittsburgh, Pa_ . _______ _ Portland, Oreg.-Wash.18_-_................. 108.8 104.9 105.0 109.0 105.5 104.9 107.5 109.6 108.3 107.6 105.7 109.6 105.9 106.2 108.1 108.1 105.6 1016 108.9 105.4 105.5 107.7 108.3 105.2 109.2 105.7 105.1 107.5 105.7 109.2 105.8 105.9 108.1 1017 108.0 104.9 104. 3 106.9 107. 4 104.9 1012 St. Louis, M o .-lll. _ _ ________ San Francisco-Oakland, Calif_____ Scranton, Pa.8. __ _ ___ _ _ Seattle, W ash.. ___ ____________ Washington, D .C .-M d .-V a ______ 108.5 107.8 105.6 108.7 106.3 108.9 107.8 105.8 108.7 106.7 109.1 107.6 106.8 109.3 108.0 108. 7 107.3 106.8 109.1 107.5 108. 5 108.3 107. i 109. 2 107.5 107.6 107.2 106 2 108. 5 105.3 1 See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes in prices. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one area than in another. 2 The areas listed include, for the new series, not only the central city but the entire urban portion of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined for the 1960 Census of Population; except that the Standard Con solidated Area is used for N ew York and Chicago. For the old series “area” refers to the “urbanized area.” 8 See footnote 2, table D -l. 4 Average of 50 “cities” (metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan urban places). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 101.1 101.1 100.8 100.4 99.7 101.1 100.5 102.1 100.1 101. 4 100.3 106. 6 106.0 102 3 100.0 101.4 99.8 105.6 106.9 107.9 107.3 107. 8 107.5 104. 5 103. 5 106.4 108.8 107.5 104. 3 104. 8 106.0 108.0 IO4.8 108.8 108.1 105. 5 104.3 106.5 108.1 108.7 107.5 104. 5 104.1 106. 8 IO4.O 108.1 105. 2 103. 8 106.2 108.4 107.8 104.3 103. 3 105. 6 107.6 104. 8 103.0 107.4 103.9 102. 9 105. 4 107.1 104.9 102. 5 107.1 104.2 103. 6 105. 2 105. 5 104. 2 101.8 104.9 103.1 102. 4 103. 6 106. 6 107.0 IO4 7 107. 9 104.9 106. 7 107. 7 IO4 5 108. 7 105.2 106.1 108.0 IO4.7 108.4 105.0 106.1 108.0 106 0 108. 7 104.9 106.1 107. 3 IO4 9 108. 2 104.6 105. 9 106. 5 104. 7 107. 9 103.9 105.1 107.0 103. 8 107. 4 104.0 104. 9 106. 8 104.1 107.3 104.2 103.0 105. 4 103.1 105. 7 102.0 105.1 106.7 5 All items indexes are computed monthly for 5 areas and once every 3 months on a rotating cycle for other areas. 6 Old series. Indexes for Cincinnati, Houston, Kansas City, and M inne apolis w ill be published on the old series basis through 1964 and the first part of 1965, and will be added to the new series national index in 1966. 7 Old series. The present index for Milwaukee, calculated by special arrangement with the City of Milwaukee, is now published on the old series basis, and w ill also be added to the new series national index in 1966. 8 Old series. Contrary to original plans, indexes for Portland and Scranton w ill be published on the old series basis temporarily. 8 Insufficient data due to work stoppage in food stores. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 122 T able D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities [1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]3 1964 1963 Annual average Commodity group All commodities________________________ Farm products and processed foods----------Farm produ cts__Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables^ Grains ___ - _____ ------- -----Livestock and live poultry---------------Plant and animal fibers---- -Fluid m ilk ____ - ___ - -------- -Eggs-----------------------------------------------Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds----- ------------ -Other farm products----Processed foods__ __- — --------------Cereal and bakery products--------------M eats, poultry, and fish___ __ . Dairy products and ice cream:.......... --Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables __ -- - _______ - - — -------Sugar and confectionery Packaged beverage m a ter ia ls.---Animal fats and oils. . -------------Crude vegetable oils________ ___ _ Refined vegetable oils --------Vegetable oil end products--------- . . . . Miscellaneous processed foods— . . . All commodities except farm products. . . . A.11 commodities except farm and foods-----Textile products and apparel. . ------- . Cotton products. . __ __ _ Wool products . .. ____ Manmade fiber textile products.. Silk products___ _______ __ Apparel------------------------------------------Miscellaneous textile products ______ Hides, skins, leather, and leather prod___ ______ - ___ ___ ucts ____ Hides and skins . . . Leather _ _ _________ _________ F o o tw ea r ______ - ________ __ Other leather products----- ---------------Fuel and related' products, and power . . Coal ______ __ ________ __ Coke - - _______ Gas fuels s. . ______ . _______ . _____ Electric power !______ Petroleum products, refined__ Chemicals and allied products___ Industrial chemicals . ________ _ Prepared paint________ _ . ------------Paint materials___ . . . . ---------Drugs and pharmaceuticals.. .. Fats and oils in e d ib le ______ Mixed fertilizer .. . .. . Fertilizer m a te r ia ls ......... ............... Other chemicals and allied products__ Rubber and rubber products... . . . -----Crude rubber. . _______ Tires and tubes. . . . . -----. Miscellaneous rubber produ cts------. . Lumber and wood products---- ------------Lumber_______ . . . _______. . . . M illw ork.. . . . _________ . . . . Plywood______ . . . -----------------------Pulp, paper, and allied products______ W oodpulp______ . . . . . _______ Wastepaper______________ . . — Paper___ . . . ____________________ Paperboard_______ . . ---------------Converted paper and paperboard prod ucts______________ ________ _____ Building paper and board_____ _____ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ov.3 Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. 1963 1962 100.7 100.8 100.7 100.3 100.4 100.0 100.1 100.3 100.4 100.5 101.0 100.3 100.7 100.3 100.6 97.8 98.2 96.8 97.8 98.2 98.1 99.7 97.2 99.7 98.7 99.6 94.0 108.0 88.0 83.6 93.9 105.5 91.6 115.6 98.4 100.9 108.3 89.8 109.5 93.8 4 98.2 88.9 85.8 93.8 4104.5 97.7 111.0 99.3 101.7 108.2 4 93. 2 108.9 95.2 104.9 99.1 83.8 102.1 101.2 90.5 110.7 100.7 100.5 106.8 88.7 107.3 94.5 97.9 102.0 82.8 101.7 102.3 89.7 113.9 96.4 100.9 107.4 88.9 107.5 96.3 95.9 103.9 84.7 101.5 102.8 106.3 115.5 99.0 102.5 107.0 91.8 108.0 93.3 94.8 101.8 79.9 101.4 103.4 99.8 114.6 90.6 100.4 106.9 87.7 108.1 96.2 96.1 100.3 87.9 99.8 103.2 102.4 117.5 90.7 102.5 107.3 91.7 107.9 95.7 96.1 101.9 88.8 100.6 100.6 94.0 113.0 89.3 101.1 107.3 93.3 107.5 97.7 97.7 98.8 96.2 98.4 101.2 95.2 105.4 91.8 101.2 107.6 99,1 106.9 99.3 97.7 98.1 97.1 93.6 97.9 85.7 88.4 96.0 101.8 98.6 105.8 98.5 101.0 108.3 93.3 107.3 94.1 108.9 85.7 87.7 99.4 100.5 87.3 105.6 98.3 101.2 108.6 93.3 107.0 93.2 113.1 89.8 82.3 101.2 98.8 88.7 105.1 98.7 100.2 107.9 90.2 107.1 93.7 107.4 103.2 81.2 101.3 98.4 76.9 104.9 99.4 99.4 107.5 86.9 106.6 94.4 105.9 103.3 82.4 102.1 99.6 79.5 107.4 99.5 100.4 107.8 88.3 107.1 102.2 102.9 104.7 105.8 98.2 98.2 107.3 4109.8 106.2 496.1 91.2 99.0 94.4 4 90. 4 110.3 109.1 101.5 101.6 101.6 101.5 101.4 101.4 99.0 99.1 103.3 103.1 96.5 96.1 117.8 116.6 103.2 103.3 118.3 4120. 7 102.2 102.3 105.1 106.4 98.2 98.2 93.5 97.7 82.3 87.7 79.4 84.0 488. 6 4 87. 9 109.3 108.9 101.3 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.2 101.2 98.9 98.6 102.9 103.0 95.7 95.8 117.0 117.0 103.3 103.3 120.7 119.8 105.3 106.6 98.4 90.8 80.4 79.2 4 87.9 108.8 101.1 101.1 101.1 98.3 102.6 96.2 117.0 103.3 117.2 106.1 108.0 98.3 90.7 78.5 76.5 4 87. 6 108.4 100.9 100.9 101.0 98.7 102.8 96.2 117.0 102.8 117.3 106.3 111.9 98.3 89.2 79.0 77.0 4 87. 6 108.9 100.8 101.1 101.2 99.6 102.8 96.0 116.4 102.7 116.2 107.3 115.5 98.1 90.0 75.1 77.1 4 87. 7 110.0 101.0 101.1 101.1 100.5 103.2 95.5 116.4 102.3 115.8 107.5 117.3 98.1 89.3 75.1 75.9 4 87.9 107.7 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.1 103.3 95.5 116.6 102.3 115.8 107.4 122.9 94.6 91.0 73.7 74.8 4 88.3 106.6 101.2 101.2 101.2 101.2 103.3 95.1 116.8 102.3 116.7 107.2 130.3 90.6 88.2 74.4 74.8 4 88.2 107.4 101.5 101.3 101.2 101.3 103.2 94.7 121.6 102.3 117.6 106.8 124.9 85.7 88.4 76.7 77.4 4 88. 2 107.4 101.1 101.2 101.2 101.5 102.8 94.6 126.3 102.3 115.3 106.4 131.2 84.1 y3.5 84.0 84.1 4 87. 7 107.8 101.2 100.9 101.1 101.3 101.6 94.4 130.5 102.3 118.3 103.9 118.4 81.2 83.9 82.0 84.2 4 88. 2 104.3 100.8 100.7 100.5 100.3 100.9 93.9 139.9 101.9 117.1 98.0 102.2 81.7 88.4 84.5 93.1 97.3 101.8 100.9 100.8 100.6 101.7 99.1 93.9 125.9 101.5 122.4 105.3 90.4 103.8 109.0 103.6 97.5 98.0 107.3 121.9 101.4 93.3 97.1 94.1 104.9 91.3 94.7 112.6 104.4 101.0 99.6 92.2 92.1 88.0 96.5 99.6 99.2 109.0 90.7 98.9 96.8 92.5 104.0 96.4 4106.0 95.4 104.8 4109.1 4103. 6 4 96.7 97.7 107.3 4120.4 101.5 91.9 96.9 94.3 104.8 90.5 94.6 107.7 104.3 99.6 99.8 92.1 91.3 88.0 96.5 100.3 100.4 109.0 91.2 99.1 97.5 92.2 104. 0 96.4 105.4 95.5 104.0 108.4 103.3 95.2 97.3 107.3 118.4 101.5 89.5 96.6 93.9 104.8 89.9 94.6 106.2 104.4 99.1 99.6 91.9 90.4 88.0 96.4 100.6 100.7 109.1 91.8 98.7 95.5 92.2 103.7 96.4 105.6 96.0 104.5 108.3 103.7 96.4 96.6 107.3 121.2 101.4 91.4 96. 5 93.9 104.8 89.8 94.7 101.3 103.4 100. 2 99.6 91.8 89.9 88.0 96.4 100.9 101.1 109.1 91.8 98.7 95. 5 93.3 103.7 96.4 105.4 92.6 104.7 108.3 103.9 96.7 96.1 107.3 120. 2 100.6 92.5 96.6 94.3 104.1 90. 7 94.8 95.9 103. 5 101.1 99.6 91.8 90.0 88.0 96.4 101. 2 101.5 109. 1 92.3 98.7 95.5 93.4 103.7 96.5 104.8 90.3 103.3 108.3 103.2 96.3 95.3 107.3 116.0 100.9 92.3 96.5 94.3 103.9 90.8 94.6 93. 2 103.6 100. 2 99.5 91.6 90.6 88.0 95.7 101.4 101.8 109.0 92.6 98.7 95. 5 93. 5 103. 7 96.5 104.7 85.7 104.5 108.3 103.4 96.4 95.1 107.3 116.6 101.3 92.2 96.7 94. 5 104.8 91.8 95. 5 88.6 103.6 100.2 99.4 92.6 90.7 88.0 97.9 101.8 102.2 108.9 94. 2 98.7 95.5 90.8 103.7 96.5 104.5 88.1 102.0 108.3 103.8 96.1 95.0 106.1 120.4 101.3 91.1 96.6 94.4 104.8 91.6 95.4 87.3 103.9 100.2 99.3 93.1 91.3 89.2 97.8 101.8 102.0 108.8 94.9 99.1 96.2 90. 2 103.6 96.5 102.5 75.7 99.6 108.2 101.4 97.0 97.1 103.6 123.2 99.4 92.9 96.5 94.4 104.8 91.8 95.2 85.8 103.8 100. 2 99.1 93.9 91. 2 91.3 97.7 101.0 101.4 107.4 94.6 99.3 96.1 91.9 103.5 96.5 102.5 74.0 99.7 108.2 101.9 99.0 98.1 103.6 126.8 101.3 95.3 96.4 94.2 104.6 91.5 95.3 83. 2 103.8 100.2 99.1 93.6 89.5 91.3 97.6 99.9 100.3 106.9 92.2 99.9 96.1 91.1 103.1 96.5 102.7 76.1 99.5 108.3 101.9 99.5 98.3 103.6 124.8 101.3 96.6 96.3 94.3 105.1 91. 2 95.4 83.1 103. 6 99.4 99.2 93.7 89.4 91.3 97.9 99.0 99.2 106.7 91.1 99.8 96.1 91.1 103.1 96.5 103.0 76.3 99.5 108.2 103.3 99.3 98.3 103.6 124.8 101.3 96.1 96.2 94.3 105.1 91.0 95.0 85.0 103. 5 98.4 99.1 93.8 89.9 91.4 97.9 99.1 99.2 106.3 92.4 99.4 94.4 90.8 102 9 96.5 103.5 82.7 99.7 108.2 103.2 97.9 98.3 103.6 122.3 101.3 938 96.3 94. 2 104.9 91.1 95.0 90.2 103.7 98.4 99.0 94. 2 91.6 91.7 97.9 99.2 99.3 106.2 92.5 99.4 94.4 91.0 102.9 96.6 104.2 84.0 101.9 108.3 104.0 99.8 96.9 103.6 122.8 102.0 97. 2 96.3 94.8 103.8 91. 1 95.1 80.3 103.6 99.9 99.0 93.8 91. 9 90.1 98.3 98.6 98.9 104.0 93.5 99.2 91.7 92.2 102.4 94. 7 107.4 106.2 108.5 108.6 104.3 100.2 96.8 103.6 119. 2 102.8 98.2 97. 5 96. 3 103.8 95. 6 96.0 76.3 103.8 101.9 99.4 93.3 93. 6 87.1 99.4 96. 5 96. 5 101.8 92.4 100.0 93. 2 97. 5 102.6 93.1 97.9 93.9 98.1 4 94. 3 97.6 4 94. 5 97.6 <94.1 97.5 494. 4 97.6 94.4 97.6 94.4 98.6 93.5 989 93.7 100.1 95.0 100.0 95.2 99.5 95.2 99.4 95.1 99.7 96.2 101.0 97.2 95.7 101.5 90.2 90.9 94.4 103.6 96.9 108.8 96.8 102.2 108.1 96.1 108.7 123 D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES T able D -3 . Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued [1957-59=100, unless otherwise sp ecifie d ]2 1964 1963 Annual average Commodity group N ov.3 All commodities except farm and foods— Continued M etals and metal products..........— . Iron and s te e l. . . ---------- --------Nonferrous metals________ _______ M etal containers---- ----------Hardware---- --------- -------- ----------Plumbing fixtures and brass fittin g s... Heating equipment--------------------------Fabricated structural metal products.. Fabricated nonstructural metal prod ucts___ . . - . . ------- -- ---------Machinery and motive produ cts... ------Agricultural machinery and equipment. Construction machinery and equip m ent____________ _______ _____ Metalworking machinery and equip ment . . . .. . . .. General purpose machinery and equip ment ___ . -------------------- ---------Miscellaneous machinery----------------Special industry machinery and equip ment 8_ . _______ — .. Electrical machinery and equipm ent.. M otor vehicles-------. . . . . — Transportation6 equipment railroad rolling stock ___ . ------- -----Furniture and other household durables. Household furniture____________ . . . Commercial furniture.. -----------------Floor coverings--------------- --------Household appliances.. -------------------Television, radio receivers, and phono graphs__ . . _ ___ ________ Other household durable goods----------N o n m eta llic m ineral p ro d u cts----------------F la t glass------------- ----------------C oncrete ingredients. -------------------------C oncrete p rod ucts---- ----------------------------S tructu ral c la y p ro d u cts----------------------G y p su m prod ucts_______________ _ Prepared asphalt roofing. . ---------O ther nonm etallic m inerals____ _ _ T o b acco products and b o ttled b eve ra g es.. To b acco p rod ucts----------------------------A lco holic b everages------------------------------N onalcoholic beverages----------------M iscellaneou s p rod u cts--------- ----------T o y s , sporting goods, sm all arms, am m u n ition _ ___ . -----------------M a n u factu red anim al feeds________ . N o tion s and accessories.. . -----------------Jew elry, w atches, and photographic eq u ip m e n t____ _________________ O ther m iscellaneous p rod ucts________ Oct. 104.3 103.8 100.9 4100.7 112.0 110.4 105.6 105.6 104.5 *104.8 104.0 103.9 91.8 91.8 99.6 99.7 Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. 1963 1962 103.0 100.5 107.0 105.6 104.9 103.0 91.7 99.6 103.0 101.2 105.8 105.6 104.9 102.9 91.7 99.4 102.5 100.7 104.4 105.6 104.9 101.3 91.9 99.3 102.3 100.4 104.0 105.6 104.8 100.5 92.4 99.2 102.1 100.3 103.9 105.6 104.8 100.5 92.0 98.7 102.2 100.2 104.0 105.6 104.8 100.3 92.1 98.9 102.0 100.2 102.8 105.6 104.8 100.3 92.1 98.7 101.8 100.2 101.7 105.6 104.6 100.4 91.8 99.1 101.7 100.2 101.4 104.6 104.6 100.5 92.0 99.0 101.3 100.0 101.0 104.6 104.3 100.6 92.7 98.8 101.0 99.9 100.2 104.6 104.4 100.6 92.8 98.8 100.1 99.1 99.1 104.7 104.1 100.5 92.9 98.2 100.0 99.3 99.2 103.7 104.0 100.1 93.2 98.2 108.0 103.1 112.9 108.4 103.0 112.7 108.2 103.3 112.7 108.9 102.9 112.7 109.0 102.7 112.6 109.4 102.5 112.5 109.3 102.5 112.1 108.2 102.6 111.9 107.1 102.5 111.4 105.1 102.2 111.1 103.9 102.3 109.5 108.2 103.2 113.6 108.2 103.0 112.9 108.2 102.9 113.0 108.0 102.9 113.1 113.2 112.4 112.4 112.3 112.3 112.3 112.3 112.2 112.0 111.8 111.8 111.2 110.9 109.6 107.8 114.0 4114.0 113.6 113.3 113.3 112.4 111.8 111.4 111.2 111.0 110.8 110.8 110.5 109.8 109.3 105.0 104.8 103.8 105.1 4105.1 4104.9 103.7 104.7 104.4 104.7 104.5 104.5 104.8 104.4 104.7 104.4 104.8 104.4 104.6 104.3 104.6 104.1 104.6 103.7 104.4 103.7 103.8 103.5 103.3 103.2 106.0 4 96. 5 100.7 106.0 96.6 100.7 106.0 96.5 100.9 105.9 96.5 100.9 105.8 97.7 101.2 105.8 97.7 99.9 105.8 97.0 99.9 105.2 96.9 99.8 105.2 96.9 99.8 105.0 97.7 99.9 104.7 97.5 99.9 104.0 97.4 100.0 101.9 98.4 100.8 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.1 98.4 4 98. 5 98.5 98.6 98.6 98.6 105.6 4105.5 4105.3 4105. 3 4105.2 4105.1 103.2 103.2 103.2 103.2 103.2 103.2 99.0 99.0 99.0 98.6 99.0 99.0 91.2 90.8 4 91. 2 91.3 91.2 91.3 100.1 98.6 105.3 103.1 99.8 91.6 100.1 98.6 105.2 103.1 100.1 91.6 100.5 98.5 105.0 103.1 100.1 91.7 100.5 98.5 105.0 103.1 100.1 91.8 100.5 98.4 105.0 103.1 100.1 91.5 100.5 98.0 104.7 103.1 98.0 91.1 100.5 98.1 104.8 103.1 97.9 91.2 100.5 98.1 104.6 102.7 96.6 91.8 100.5 98.8 103.8 102.3 97.0 94.0 87.3 87.2 104.3 104.3 101.8 101.8 103.1 103.1 102.8 102.8 101.1 101.1 104.9 104.8 108.6 108.6 91.2 91.2 101.5 101.5 107. 5 107.6 106.1 106.1 100.5 100.8 128.1 128.1 108.5 4110.1 87.3 104.4 101.8 103.1 102.8 101.1 104.6 108.6 91.2 101.5 107.5 106.1 100.8 127.3 109.2 87.3 104.4 101.7 103.1 102.8 100.8 104.5 108.6 91.2 101.8 107.5 106.0 100.8 127.4 107.3 87.3 104.4 101.5 102.4 102.7 100.9 104.4 108.6 88.9 101.8 107.3 106.0 100.3 127.4 107.5 87.3 104.4 101.4 102.4 102.8 100.8 104.5 108.6 86.4 101.7 107.4 106.0 100.3 127.4 106.7 87.3 104.3 101.3 102.4 102.7 100.6 104.5 108.6 86.4 101.3 107.3 106.0 100.5 126.6 107.2 87.3 104.1 101.3 102.8 102.8 100.6 104.5 108.6 86.4 101.3 107.1 106.0 100.7 125.3 109.5 87.2 103.7 101.1 101.7 102.7 100.7 103.9 108.6 86.4 101.3 107.1 106.0 100.7 125.3 109.8 87.2 103.7 101.2 101.0 102.7 101.0 103.8 108.6 87.4 101.3 107.1 105.9 101.0 125.3 110.9 87.2 103.8 101.1 101.0 102. 7 101.2 103.5 106.1 87.4 101.3 107.6 105.9 101.0 127.7 112.6 87.3 103.3 101.3 101.0 103.1 101.4 103.5 106.1 87.4 101.4 107.5 105.9 101.0 127.7 112.2 87.8 103.4 101.2 101.0 102.9 101.4 103.5 106.1 87.4 101.4 107.5 105.9 100.9 127.7 110.9 88.6 103.2 101.3 98.3 103.0 101.7 103.6 105.4 90.0 101.4 106.1 104.5 101.0 122.6 110.4 91.1 103.1 101.8 97.0 103.2 102. 6 103.5 105.0 94.8 102.2 104.1 102.1 101.0 116.9 107.3 100.9 112. 4 99.1 101.1 115.3 99.1 101.2 113.7 99.1 101.0 110.2 99.1 101.0 110.7 99.1 100.9 109.6 99.1 100.8 110.5 99.1 100.8 114.8 99.1 101.1 115.3 99.1 100.9 117.4 99.1 100.9 120.4 99.1 101.1 119.799.1 101.0 117.2 99.1 101.0 116.4 98.8 100.8 110.7 98.7 103.9 4103.9 103.4 103.1 103.6 103.1 103.9 102.5 103.9 102.5 102.9 102.4 103.2 102.4 103.2 102.4 103.2 102.4 103.3 101.7 103.6 101.7 103.6 101.4 103.6 101.4 103.7 101.4 104.2 101.3 106.3 96.6 100.7 106.0 96.6 100.5 1 A s of Janu ary 1961, new w e ig hts reflecting 1958 values were introduced in to the index. See “ W e ig h t R evisions in the W holesale Price Index 18901960,” M onthly Labor Review, F eb ru ary 1962, pp. 175-182. 2 A s of J an u ary 1962, the indexes were converted from th e former base of 1947-49 = 100 to the new base of 1957-59=100. T e ch n ica l details and earlier https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis data on the 1957-59 base furnished upon request to th e Bureau. 2 Prelim inary. 4 R evised . 5 Janu ary 1958=100. « J an u ary 1961=100. 124 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 T able D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1 [1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified] * 1964 1963 Commodity group N o v .3 Oct. Sept. Aug. All foods . - ---- --------------------------------------------All fish__________________________________________ All commodities except farm products---------------------Textile products, excluding hard fiber products--------Bituminous coal—domestic sizes-----------------------------Refined petroleum products------------------ ----------East Coast markets___________________________ M idcontinent markets_________________________ Gulf Coast markets____________________________ Pacific Coast markets_________________________ M idwest markets 6_____ - - ---- - - - - - Soaps.. ______ _____ _____ - - ---------------------- Synthetic detergents ----------------------------------------Pharmaceutical preparations------------------------ ------Ethical p r e p a r a t i o n s _________ - -_ _ ------Anti-infectives 5----------- ------------------ -----Anti-arthritics 5------------- --------- --------------Sedatives and hypnotics 8_________ ___ -. Ataractics 5__________________ _______ ____ Anti-spasmodics and anti-cholinergics 5______ Cardiovasculars and anti-hypertensives 5____ D iabetics5.. -- ________ - - - ---------Hormones 5____ ______ __________ ________ Diuretics 5------- ---------------- ----------------------Dermatologicals 5_________ ___________ . . . H em atinics5— ------------- ---------- --- . _ A nalgesics5. _ ___ - __________ Anti-obesity preparations 5_____ ________ . Cough and cold preparations 5______________ Vitamins 5____ ____ - --- __________ _____ Proprietary preparations 8______________________ Vitamins 5____ ______________ - . ________ Cough and cold preparations 8______________ Laxatives and elimination aids 5__________ . . Internal analgesics 8_____________________ . . Tonics and alteratives 5____________________ External analgesics 5___________________ Antiseptics 8------ ---------------- --------------------Antacids 5............ -_- ---------- - ----------Lumber and wood products (excluding millwork)____ Softwood lumber__________________ _____________ Pulp, paper, and allied products (excluding building paper and board)_________ ___________________ Special metals and metal products 6________________ Steel mill products____________________________ Machinery and equipment___ _____ ____________ Agricultural machinery (including tractors)________ Metalworking machinery______________________ . All tractors______ ________________ ________ . . Industrial valves_________________________________ Industrial fittings. . __________ . . . ........................ Antifriction bearings and components_______________ Abrasive grinding wheels__________________________ Construction materials____________________________ 1 See footnote 1, tab le D -3 . 1 See footnote 2, tab le D -3 . * Prelim inary. R evised . 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. 99.2 105.4 100.8 98.9 92.0 92.2 92.3 90.2 94.3 84.1 86.4 106.5 99.4 97.7 96.2 88.2 100.6 113.2 100.0 100.2 97.6 103.8 100.6 100.0 108.7 108.8 101.8 100.0 104.0 87.7 103.4 100.3 101.5 105.0 102.1 100.2 102.8 110.6 103.0 100.4 101.1 100.1 103.1 101.0 99.2 92.1 91.1 93.4 84.5 94.9 84.1 84.5 106.0 99.4 97.5 96.2 88.2 100.6 113.2 100.0 100.2 97.6 103.8 100.6 100.0 108.7 108.8 101.8 100.0 104.0 87.7 102.7 100.3 100.5 105.0 102.1 100.2 102.8 106.8 103.0 100.4 100.9 100.5 104.1 101.0 99.5 97.9 92.9 95.1 88.5 95.4 84.1 88.3 105.4 99.4 97.4 96.2 88.2 100.6 113.4 100.0 100.2 97.6 103.8 100.6 100.0 108.7 108.8 101.8 100.0 104.0 87.7 102.2 100.3 100.5 104.7 102.1 100.2 102.8 103.5 103.0 99.8 100.4 100.3 109.0 101.2 99.4 100.6 95.3 97.8 89.7 96.5 87.7 93.7 105.4 99.4 97.5 96.2 88.2 100.6 113.2 100.0 100.2 97.6 103.8 100.6 100.0 108.7 108.8 101.8 100.0 104.0 87.7 102.7 100.3 100.5 104.7 102.1 100.2 102.8 106.8 103.0 98.5 99.2 102.1 109.8 101.5 99.4 101.1 96.6 97.8 94.5 96.7 87.7 95.5 105.4 99.4 97.5 96.2 88.2 100.6 113.2 100.0 100.2 97.6 103.8 100.6 100.0 108.7 108.8 101.8 100.0 104.0 87.7 102.6 100.3 99.9 104.7 102.1 100.2 102.8 106.8 103.0 97.4 97.7 99.9 107.5 101.1 99.4 101.0 96.1 97.8 93.0 96.1 89.2 94.6 105.4 99.4 97.1 95.8 88.2 100.6 113.2 100.0 100.2 97.6 103.8 100.6 100.0 108.7 108.8 101.8 100.0 96.8 87.7 102.1 100.3 99.2 104.4 101.9 100.0 102.3 104.9 103.0 97.6 97.8 101.9 106.1 101.2 99.1 100.9 93.8 95.1 85.4 96.1 89.2 90.8 105.4 99.4 96.9 95.8 88.2 100.6 113.2 100.0 100.2 97.6 103.8 100.6 100.0 108.7 108.8 101.8 100.0 96.8 87.7 101.6 100.3 99.2 103.8 101.9 100.0 102.3 104.9 98.9 97.8 97.9 100.4 112.0 100.8 98.3 98.4 97.2 96.7 96.6 97.6 89.7 94.2 104.3 99.5 96.8 95.7 88.4 100.6 113.0 100.0 100.1 99.9 103.8 100.1 100.0 103.3 108.8 101.8 100.0 99.3 87.9 101.5 100.3 99.6 103.5 101.8 100.0 102.3 103.5 99.7 97.7 98.0 100.6 119.2 100.9 98.8 98.3 98.2 99.4 98.2 98.6 90.9 94.2 102.6 99.7 97.3 96.9 93.1 100.6 112.5 100.0 100.0 100.5 104.0 99.6 100.0 100.7 108.5 101.8 100.0 100.0 88.1 100.5 100.1 100.0 101.1 101.2 100.0 100.8 100.4 99.6 95.6 95.9 98.8 102.3 103.1 104.1 114.1 111.9 114.0 107.9 94.8 91.8 96.2 99.7 99.4 102.0 103.1 104.1 114.0 111.4 114.0 107.9 94.8 91.3 96.2 99.7 99.6 101.9 103.2 103.8 113.9 111.4 114.0 107.9 94.8 91.3 96.8 99.4 100.1 101.7 103.2 103.6 113.8 111.1 113.9 107.9 94.8 90.8 96.8 99.1 100.0 101.6 103.1 103.5 113.4 110.8 113.9 107.6 96.5 90.8 96.5 98.8 99.6 101.4 103.1 103.7 113.2 110.8 113.2 107.8 96.5 90.8 96.5 98.8 99.6 101.1 103.1 103.5 112.6 110.4 112.6 107.8 96.5 90.8 96.3 98.8 99.3 100.5 102.0 103.1 112.2 109.4 111.3 107.5 93.7 90.8 96.7 98.5 100.1 100.5 101.4 102.9 110. 5 108.8 109.4 107.4 93.0 90.8 98.5 98.3 101.1 108.9 101.5 98.9 99.0 93.3 92.9 96.2 91.8 89.2 88.9 109.7 99.8 96.9 94.8 83.4 100.6 113.2 100.0 100.2 97.6 103.8 100.6 100.0 108.7 108.8 101.8 100.0 104.3 87.7 103.7 100.3 101.5 106.6 102.3 100.2 103.3 110.6 103.0 97.4 97.2 101.3 111.6 101.6 98.7 4 98.3 91.9 91.8 91.0 91.8 88.2 87.7 4109.4 99.8 96.7 94.7 83.4 100.6 113.2 100.0 100.2 97.6 103.8 100.6 100.0 108.7 108.8 101.8 100.0 100.6 87.7 103.5 100.3 101.5 105.4 102.3 100.2 103.3 110.6 103.0 98.4 98.7 101.9 109. 7 101.3 98.4 97.7 89.5 91.8 81.7 91.3 88.2 84.6 107.6 99.8 96.7 94. 7 83.4 100.6 113. 2 100.0 100. 2 97.6 103.8 100.6 100.0 108.7 108.8 101.8 100.0 , 100.6 87. 7 103.4 100.3 100.9 105.4 102.3 100. 2 103.3 110.6 103.0 98.7 99.1 104.0 87.7 103.4 100.3 100.9 105.4 102.1 100.2 103.3 110.6 103.0 99.1 99.7 101.3 100.8 106.6 105.6 101.1 100.9 98.3 98.5 93.9 92.4 92.5 92.3 91.8 91.8 90.2 88.8 94.3 94.3 88.2 88.2 85.8 85.8 106.8 106.5 99.8 99.8 96.8 96.6 94.8 94.8 83.4 83.4 100.6 100.6 113.2 113.2 100.0 100.0 100.2 100.2 97.6 97.6 103.8 103.8 100.6 100.6 100.0 100.0 108.7 ,108.7 108.8 108.8 101.8 101.8 100.0 100.0 104.0 104.0 87.7 87.7 103.5 102.7 100.3 100.3 101.5 101.5 105.4 105.4 102.1 102.1 100.2 100.2 102.8 102.8 110.6 105.2 103.0 103.0 99.4 99.8 100.1 100.6 99.2 103.7 102.4 104.2 115.1 113.8 115.5 106.6 93.0 89.8 95.5 99.7 99.3 103.4 102.4 103.9 114.3 4113. 9 114.3 106.0 93.0 89.5 95.5 99.8 98.9 102.8 102.3 103.8 114.5 113.5 114.3 106.0 93.0 86.8 95.5 99.7 98.9 102.8 102.9 103.8 114.5 113.1 114.3 106.0 93.0 86.7 96.2 99.7 98.9 102.5 102.9 103.8 114.3 113.1 114.1 107.9 93.5 89.2 96.2 99.7 100.7 105.4 101.1 98.3 95.4 91.4 91.8 83.1 94.3 89.7 85.8 106.8 99.8 96.8 94.8 83.4 100.6 113.2 100.0 100.2 97.6 103.8 100.6 100.0 108.7 108.8 101.8 100.0 Annual average 98.9 102.4 103.0 103.7 114.1 112.5 114.1 107.9 92.4 90.6 96.2 99.7 1963 1962 5 N e w series. Jan u ary 1961=100. 8 M e ta ls and m etal products, agricultural m ach in ery and eq u ip m e n t, and m otor vehicles. 125 D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES T able D-5. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product [1957-59=100] » 1964 1963 Annual average Commodity group N ov.3 Oct. S e p t. Aug. A l l co m m od ities...................................................................... July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. 100.7 100.8 100.7 100.3 100.4 100.0 100.1 100.3 100.4 100.5 101.0 100.3 100.7 1963 1962 100.3 100.6 95.0 94.0 96.2 97.1 96.8 97.4 S ta g e o f p r o c e s s i n g C ru d e m aterials for further processing— ..................... C ru d e foodstuffs and feedstu ffs-----------------------------C ru d e nonfood m aterials except fu el---------------------C ru d e nonfood m aterials, except fuel, for m anu facturing........ .................. - ....................— C ru d e nonfood m aterials, except fuel, for co n struction ___________________________ C ru d e fu el................................................................... — C ru d e fu el for m a n u fa c tu r in g ............................ C ru d e fuel for n o n m an ufactu rin g........................ Interm ed iate m aterials, supplies, and com p onents-----Interm ed iate m aterials and com ponents for m an u facturing................. — ......................... ............ ............. Interm ed iate m aterials for food m anufacturing. Interm ed iate m aterials for nondurable m a n u facturing______ _____ ___ ____ __________ Interm ed iate m aterials for durable m an u facturing........................ ................ ....................... C o m po n en ts for m an u fa ctu rin g.......... .............. . M ateria ls and com ponents for construction----------Processed fuels and lu b rica n ts---------- -------------------Processed fuels and lu b ricants for m anu fac tu r in g --------------------------- --------------------------------Processed fuels and lu b ricants for n o n m a n u facturing_______ _____ ____ _______ _____ C ontainers, n o n r e tu r n a b le ........................................ S u p p lies........ ................................ ........................— -----Su pplies for m an u fa ctu rin g................................ . Su pplies for nonm anufactu ring............................ M anu factu red anim al feeds........................... O th er su p plies...... ............................................ Fin ish ed goods (goods to users, in clu d in g raw foods and fuels).............................................................. - ...........C onsum er finished goods_____________________ C onsu m er foods____________ _______ _____ C onsu m er crude foods------------------------------C onsu m er processed foods------------------------C onsum er other nondu rab le goods-----------------C onsu m er durable goods__________________ Producer finished goods______________________ Producer finished goods for m an u facturin g----Producer finished goods for nonm anufactu ring. 94.3 91.8 98.5 92.4 89.6 97.5 93.5 91.3 97.3 97.1 97.1 96,9 97.6 96.6 96.1 96.1 95.7 95.5 95.6 96.9 102.8 102.8 102.8 101.7 99.8 99.9 101.6 99.8 99.8 101.9 100.0 100.0 102.8 101.0 101.0 101.3 102.7 103.2 103.1 103.6 102.7 105.1 104.9 105.5 102.7 104.5 104.4 104.9 103.1 104.6 104.4 104.9 103.0 103.7 103.6 104.1 103.0 103. 0 103.0 103.3 103.2 101.8 101.8 102.0 101.1 101.1 100.6 100.4 100.5 100.3 100.6 100.9 100.9 101.2 101.3 101.1 101.0 100.5 100.2 101.0 100.8 100.2 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.2 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.6 100.2 100.4 105.4 ‘ 104.8 103.8 103.1 103.1 102.7 103.6 105.3 105.5 107.2 110.2 107.1 110.6 99.4 105.5 99.2 100.5 95.7 94.4 97.7 94.1 91.7 97.9 98.8 98.2 97.2 97.5 102.8 103.4 103.3 103.7 102.8 ‘ 102. 7 *102. 7 ‘ 103.0 102.8 101.9 101.8 102.1 102.8 102.3 102.2 102.6 98.2 103.3 100.3 100.7 98.6 94.2 92.1 97.9 94.3 92.5 97.1 94.0 92.2 96.6 93.8 91.5 97.5 94.0 91.1 99.1 95.1 94.0 96.6 92.6 90.1 96.3 95.1 94.2 96.1 97.4 97.1 98.0 103.2 102.5 102.5 102.4 102.3 102.3 102.4 102.3 101.9 101.8 101.6 101.4 100.0 99.4 99.3 99.3 99.4 99.9 99.9 99.7 99.6 99.5 99.6 99.4 100.7 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.7 100.7 100.4 100.3 100.1 100.1 100.0 ‘ 97.9 96.6 97.8 98.0 97.8 97.8 97.1 97.4 99.3 99.8 99.7 98.3 100.5 98.8 99.6 100.3 100.4 98.8 99.3 101.2 99.1 100.9 101.2 101.1 100.0 98.0 97.6 97.5 97.6 97.6 97.8 97.8 97.8 97.6 97.6 97.5 100.3 ‘ 99.7 98.6 99.6 99.6 99.4 99.5 99.1 101.7 102.3 95.8 98.8 104.4 105.6 103.3 106.0 99.9 94.9 99.0 105.2 105.7 104.4 108.7 100.0 93.1 98.7 104.6 105.6 103.7 107.2 99.7 94.7 98.7 103.6 105.7 102.2 103.9 99.4 95.3 98.4 103.8 105.8 102.4 104.3 99.4 95.1 98.3 103.4 105.0 102.2 103.3 99.7 95.1 98.3 104.2 105.6 103.0 104.1 100.5 93.9 99.0 105.6 105.7 105.0 108.2 101.1 94.6 99.1 105.6 105.2 105.1 108.6 101.1 96.7 99.9 106.6 105.4 106.5 110.8 102.0 97.3 99.6 107.4 105.3 107.7 113.6 102.1 97.3 100.4 107.0 105.3 107.1 112.9 101.6 95.5 100.6 106.3 105.4 106.0 110.6 101.4 98.1 101.0 106.1 105.4 105.8 109.7 101.4 99.4 102.2 104.5 105.7 103.5 104.1 101.3 102.1 101.1 100.9 103.1 100.5 101.8 99.9 104.5 106.7 102.4 102.1 101.2 101.4 ‘ 100.2 ‘ 101.5 101.6 100.0 104.3 106.6 102.1 102.1 101.3 102.2 101.1 102.4 101.0 99.9 104.2 106.3 102.0 101.9 100.9 100.9 99.1 101.2 101.4 99.9 104.3 106.4 102.2 102.1 101.2 101.4 101.3 101.4 101.5 100.1 104.3 106.4 102.2 101.7 100.8 100.7 102.8 100.3 101.2 100.0 104.1 106.2 102.1 101.3 100.2 98.9 96.9 99.2 101.3 100.1 104.3 106. 2 102.3 101.3 100.3 99.7 97.1 100.1 101.1 99.7 103.9 106.0 101.8 101.5 100.7 100.2 100.1 100.2 101.5 99.6 103.8 105.9 101.6 101.6 100.8 99.9 97.5 100.2 102.1 99.6 103.7 105. 7 101.7 102.1 101.5 101.4 100.9 101.5 102.4 99.5 103.5 105.6 101.5 101.4 100.6 99.4 98.8 99.4 102.2 99.5 103.6 105.6 101.5 101.8 101.1 101.0 100.2 101.2 101.7 99.6 103.4 105.5 101.3 101.4 100.7 100.1 97.0 100.6 101.9 99.5 103.1 105.0 101.2 101.7 101.2 101.3 98.6 101.7 101.6 100.0 102.9 104.4 101.4 102.9 99.1 101.4 102.9 99.8 97.6 104.2 97.2 102.8 99.2 101.4 102.8 ‘ 100.0 ‘ 97.5 102.6 97.2 102.4 99.4 101.2 102.5 99.8 98.4 100.7 98.3 102.5 102.4 102.3 102.4 102.2 102.0 101.8 101.7 101.6 101.5 98.7 98.9 98.4 98.4 98.9 99.2 99.5 100.3 99.2 100.0 101.0 101.1 100.8 100.8 100.9 100.9 101.1 101.3 100.9 100.9 102.5 102.5 102.4 102.6 102.4 102.2 102.1 101.9 101.9 101.8 99.5 99.7 99.1 99.0 99.4 99.6 100.0 100.5 99.9 100.1 97.1 97.0 96.4 96.6 97.5 97.9 97.8 99.4 97.1 99.2 101.1 96.8 95.6 95.1 96.2 93.1 92.1 92.1 91.2 90.5 96.9 97.0 96.4 96.7 97.6 98.2 98.2 99.8 97.4 99.7 101.0 99.6 100.6 101.3 99.8 98.5 89.6 99.1 D u r a b ility o f p r o d u c t T o t a l durable goods-------------- ------------------------- ---------T o ta l nondurable goods_________________________ T o t a l m anufactures__________ _______ ________ _ D u ra b le m a n u fa ctu res.------- ----------------------------------N on d ura ble m anufactures-------------------------------------T o ta l ra w or slig h tly processed goods--------------------------D u ra ble ra w or slig h tly processed goods---------N o n d u ra b le ra w or slig h tly processed g o o d s ... 1 See footnote l, table D -3. 2 See footnote 2, table D -3. 3 Preliminary. ‘ Revised. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 101.0 100. 1 100.8 101.3 100.1 99.5 89.2 100.1 N o t e : For description of the series by stage of processing, see “N ew BLS Economic Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1955, pp. 1448-1453; and by durability of product and data begin ning with 1947, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957, BLS Bulletin 1235 (1958). MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 126 E.—Work Stoppages T able E -l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1 Number of stoppages M onth and year Beginning in month or year Workers involved in stoppages In effect dur ing month Beginning in month or year __ _______________________________ _ __________ ______ __________ _____ _ _______ _____ ________________ _ ________________________ _____ _ _______ ____ _____ __________________ _________________________________ ____ _ _ _ _ _______ ___________ _____________________________________ _____ ____ __ ________ _ - - ______- ___________________ -_ _______________ __________ ____ ___ _ 2,862 3,673 4,750 4,985 3,693 3,419 3,606 4,843 4,737 5,117 5,091 3,468 4^320 3,825 3| 673 3,694 3,708 3,333 3,367 3,614 3,362 1963: November________________________________ _____ 223 467 132 336 79,900 27,300 370 375 360 450 570 585 660 595 515 580 510 60,000 80,000 65, 000 , 000 176,000 134,000 133,000 83,000 342,000 199,000 137,000 1935-39 (average) iq45 ' 194fi 1947 1Q4H 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 195« 1959 I960 1961 1962 1963 _ 1964; ° 7 - - _______________________ _____ ________________ _ _ ______ _________________ _ ........ ...................................... ............. _ _ __________ ___________ ____ __ _ ______________ _________ _ _____________________________ _ ______ ____________ ____ ___ December.------------------ --------------------January 2____________________________ February 2___________________________ March2______________ _____ . -----April2______________________________ May 2_______________ _____________ June 2______________________________ July 2_________________ ____________ August2____________________________ September 2______________________ October 2____________________________ November2__________________________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1,130,000 2,380,000 3,470,000 4,600,000 2,170,000 1,960,000 3,030,000 2,410,000 2, 220,000 3,540,000 2,400,000 1,530,000 2,650,000 1,900,000 1,390,000 2, 060,000 1,880,000 1,320,000 1,450,000 1,230, 000 941, 000 210 225 220 300 410 360 420 340 275 340 275 i The data include all known strikes or lockouts involving 6 workers or more and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab lishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect In effect dur ing month 122 Man-days idle during month or year Number Percent of estimated working time 16,900,000 39,700,000 38,000,000 116,000,000 34,600,000 34,100,000 50,500,000 38,800,000 22,900,000 59,100,000 28,300,000 22,600,000 28,200,000 33,100,000 16,500,000 23,900,000 69,000,000 19,100,000 16,300,000 18,600,000 16,100,000 0.27 .46 .47 1.43 .41 .37 .59 .44 .23 .57 .26 152,000 82,400 1,410,000 977,000 .15 100,000 125,000 100, 000 1,010,000 163,000 218,000 227, 000 194,000 147,000 409,000 524.000 228,000 1,130, 000 800.000 ,100,000 2,180, 000 1,930, 000 1,710,000 1,350,000 2,320,000 , 540,000 1,750,000 1 6 .21 .26 .29 .14 .22 .61 .17 .14 . 16 .13 .10 .10 .12 .08 .10 .21 .18 .15 .13 .22 .60 .18 or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages. Preliminary. 2 F.— WORK INJURIES 127 F.—Work Injuries T able F - l . Injury-frequency rates1 for selected manufacturing industries Revised industry classifications.2 1964 3 1963 3 Third quarter Industry July Aug. 4th 2d 1st 3d 2d 1st Annual quar- quar- quar- quar- quar- quar- average Sept. Quar- ter ter ter ter ter ter ter M a n u factu rin g ........................................................ . 13.5 13.5 12.7 13.2 12.6 11.9 11.9 O rdnance and accessories......................................... A m m u n itio n , except for sm all arm s.............................. S ighting and fire control e q u ip m e n t............................. S m all arm s........................................................ .................. Sm all arms am m u n itio n .................................................. Food and kindred p rod ucts...... .............. ............... M e a t p ro d u cts.................................................................... D a ir y p ro d u cts................................................................. C an n ed and preserved foods, except m eats................. G rain m ill p r o d u c t s ....................... ................................ B a k e ry prod ucts................................................................. Sugar............... .............. .................................... ................. C onfectionery and related p r o d u c t s ...................... . B everages..................................................................... ....... M iscellaneous food and kindred p rod u cts_________ T e x tile m ill p rod ucts................................................. C o tto n broad w o v en fa b rics.......................................... S ilk and syn th e tic broad w o v en fabrics....................... W eav in g , d yein g, and finishing broad w oolens.......... N arrow fabrics and sm allw ares...................................... K n ittin g m ill s . . .................................................................. D y e in g and finishing textiles, except w ool and k n it. Y a r n and thread m ills ...................................................... M iscellaneous textile goods........................ ............... . A p p a rel and related p roducts.................................. M e n ’s and b o y s’ suits and coats...................................... M e n ’s and b o y s ’ furnishings............................................ W o m en ’s, m isses’ , and juniors’ outerw ear.................... W o m en ’s and children’s undergarm ents_____ _____ G irls’ and children’s outerw ear........ ............................. M iscellaneous apparel and accessories____________ M iscellaneous fabricated textile p rod ucts..................... L u m b e r and wood products, except fu r n itu r e ... L og gin g cam ps and logging contractors........................ Saw m ills and planing m ills............................................. M illw o rk , p lyw oo d , and related p ro d u cts.................... W ooden containers........................ ................ .................... M iscellaneous wood p rod u cts......................................... Fu rnitu re and fixtures.............................................. H ousehold fu rnitu re.......... ............................... ................ Office furniture........................................................ ........... P u b lic b u ild in g and related furniture........ .................. Partitions; office and store fixtures_____ _________ Paper and allied p rod ucts......... .............. ................ P u lp m ills..................... ..................................................... Paper m ills, except b u ild in g pap er.............................. . Paperboard m ills...... ............................... ..................... . C on v erted paper and paperboard p r o d u c ts ............... P aperboard containers and b oxes_________ ______ B u ild in g paper and b u ild in g board m ills....... ............. P rin tin g, p ublishing, and allied in d u stries......... N ew spapers: p ub lish in g and p rin tin g............... ........... Periodicals: pub lishing and p r in t in g . . . ................... B o o k s.......... ...................................................... .................. M iscellaneous p u b lish in g ............................................. C om m ercial p r in tin g .......................... .......................... M a n ifold business forms................ ................................. . G reeting cards_____ __________________________ C hem icals and allied p rod ucts................... ............ In du strial chem icals______ ________ ___________ P lastics and syn th etic m aterials______________ . D ru g s................................... Soap, cleaners, and toilet g o o d s.............I . . ! . . P ain ts, varnishes, and allied p r o d u c ts ................. . A gricu ltu ra l chem icals....................... ............................... M iscellaneou s chem ical prod ucts________________ Petro leu m refining and related industries_____ P a v in g and roofing m aterials....... ................................... R u b b er and m iscellaneous plastics p rod u cts___ T ires and inner tu b es____ _____________ ______ R u b b er footw ear_________ ___ ____ ___ _________ F a b ricated rubber products, not elsewhere classified. M iscellaneou s plastics p rod ucts........ .............................. 2.6 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.7 19 6.6 1.9 1.7 2 4 8.5 2.5 2.3 3 fi 2.2 1.9 2.1 24.5 40.4 26.9 24.6 16.3 15.7 20.8 13.2 24.5 21.2 9.9 6.2 7.1 13.3 15.2 8.7 14.3 14.5 17.2 8.2 8.3 8.7 5.5 4.5 26.0 38.8 24.3 29.4 17.1 13.9 28.1 12.2 29.4 26.0 9.2 7.1 4.9 12.8 13.9 10.9 11.9 10.0 12.6 6.8 6.6 6.0 4.5 8.5 24.9 36.6 28.3 27.4 18.9 14.6 27.2 17.1 20.6 29.9 8.4 5.1 7.7 19.6 7.5 7.5 15.7 9.2 14.6 7.3 7.0 7.4 3.7 3.1 23.5 36.9 26.6 20.7 16.6 18.2 27.2 10.9 21.8 21.7 8.5 5.8 6.9 11.9 10.6 8.1 11.9 10.9 12.0 7.3 7.7 7.9 4.6 5.8 10.6 40.9 58.6 43.5 28.7 34.6 41.9 21.4 21.3 15.0 10.5 37.7 40.3 38.8 29.5 48.9 32.8 19.8 18.4 11.9 13.1 35.7 49.4 36.7 26.7 35.5 33.4 21.1 20.9 23.5 21.8 11.9 29.3 12.8 17.5 11.9 25.1 38.6 26.5 27.3 17.4 14.7 25.3 14.2 24.9 25.8 9.1 6.1 6.5 15.2 11.9 9.0 14.0 11.1 14.8 7.4 7.2 7.3 4.6 5.5 8 1 11. 6 11.5 38.1 49.7 39.7 28.3 39.5 35.9 20.8 20.1 17.1 24 9 22.7 12.2 8.4 10.6 13.5 14.7 16.4 9.6 6.5 5.1 12.3 10.0 13.3 13.5 13.1 11.1 7.9 6.3 4.2 8.6 8.9 8.8 18.8 13.3 9.2 9.0 7.8 5.1 6.1 11.9 9.5 11.0 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11.9 11.6 12.1 11 fi 8.7 35.3 50.9 39.0 23.9 36.7 31.8 18.6 19.6 14.7 17 3 22.0 13.1 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.3 1.9 2. 0 fi fi fi fi fi 9 fi fi 2 fi 3 fi 1 fi .3 1 22.6 21.1 24.6 21.2 37.3 31.6 36.1 30.8 23.5 23.1 27.9 26.6 19.8 20.9 27.0 20.3 14.9 15.3 17.3 16.7 14.1 13.9 15.2 14.3 25. 5 24.4 26.3 17.7 14.0 14.0 14.7 12.3 20.4 20.1 26.2 22.9 23.9 22.1 22.9 19.9 8.6 9.9 8.3 8.6 5.2 6.6 5.5 5.6 6.4 9.3 8.8 7.8 12.4 11.8 13.1 12.7 12.0 13.4 11.8 11.4 5.4 8.8 6.8 7.8 9.7 15.1 17.8 13.2 8.9 12.3 12.7 9.5 16.6 16.0 19.4 16.3 7.2 7.9 7.4 6.5 7.3 5.7 8.3 6.3 7.4 8.8 7.7 7.1 4.1 4.9 5.0 3.9 6.8 5.3 6.4 7.8 6.7 8.5 49 4 0 6.1 13.1 9 9 7. 4 8.5 10.6 11.1 6.8 32.5 37.0 37.8 35.7 47.5 60.5 53.0 49.4 35.2 41.3 42.5 41.4 24.0 25.6 26.9 25.7 30.2 31.4 37.2 31.0 29.5 29.0 25.8 29.3 19.3 19.5 21.9 17.8 20.0 19.1 20.3 17.7 15.3 18.1 24.3 17.4 16. 8 20.5 27.6 12.7 20.4 21.7 23.9 22.1 12.9 12.3 12.9 12.4 2.8 2.8 2 5 10 2 17 21.1 29.7 25.3 19.8 14.6 16.0 15.4 11.6 21.9 24.2 8.4 4.8 7.6 11.4 11.9 8.3 12.9 9.4 18.3 6.1 7.4 6.8 3.3 2.9 8. 6 7.3 7.0 34.2 49.7 37.5 27.0 27.4 25.6 17.8 18.7 12.0 17.0 19.7 12.6 9.1 10.8 15.4 13.7 12.2 8.8 6.8 4.8 8.9 9.2 11.1 15.9 15.9 17.5 9.2 8.9 4.9 13.2 9.3 12.9 14.8 14.7 15.1 10.4 10.2 9.3 8.9 9.2 13.2 12.4 13.4 11.4 8.9 9.4 6.2 7.6 9.5 12.7 13.9 15.1 11.3 10.0 7.4 7.2 8.1 9.3 11.4 14.7 13.4 11.8 9.6 9.3 5.6 7.5 9.5 11.9 14.0 14.7 10.5 11.3 11.7 9.4 8.5 9.3 12 7 7.9 4.5 4.8 6.3 11.4 14.6 24 7 10.4 11.6 10 2 8 3 7.1 4.5 4.6 5.1 14.0 11.7 12 4 10.8 9.9 8. 9 11 4 7.6 4.6 4.4 5.9 14.7 10.3 13. 2 13.4 13.2 11 9 14 8 8.2 5.2 4.9 7.6 13.8 13.2 10 2 10.5 11.6 8 4 11 0 8. 2 4.8 6.1 6.5 13.4 13.7 17 8 9.2 13.4 9.8 18 9 8.4 5.5 4.8 5.9 15.1 13.7 12.7 12.6 2.3 2.2 22 7 fi 2 fi 22.1 32.0 25.7 22.7 16.0 14.9 21.3 13.2 22.8 22.3 8.9 5.5 7.8 12.2 12.1 7.6 14.7 11.0 17.4 6.9 6.7 7.5 4.0 5.4 7.2 8. 5 8.9 36.2 53.4 40.7 26.3 31.8 27.5 19.2 19.0 17.8 19.6 21.8 12.6 15.1 9.4 12.2 13.8 14.2 11.3 10.0 9.4 7.1 7.9 7.2 12.0 9.8 12 7 8.0 5.0 5.1 6.5 14.3 12.7 13.8 11.4 11.0 5.7 4 8 11.2 17.6 9.7 5.8 2 3 10.3 13.2 10.3 5.1 11.9 7.3 10.3 16.8 10.9 16.6 9.9 5.4 8 1 9.7 16.3 9.6 5.1 fi 2 9.5 14.7 15.3 10.3 5.7 4.2 10.0 16.2 7.7 4.0 4.3 7.1 14.7 11.1 8.5 5.3 5.3 5.6 11.7 15.7 6.9 4.6 3.8 4.4 11.4 12.5 14.7 19.1 14.1 10.9 11 3 11 4 7.7 4.6 4.4 5.7 12.5 13.0 21 0 16.0 12.8 9.1 13.3 6.4 10.2 5.2 12.1 6.8 13.6 14.7 15.9 17.0 10.0 16.6 13.1 16.2 2 fi fi fi Q 2 13.0 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1965 128 T able F -l. Injury-frequency rates1 for selected manufacturing industries—Continued R e v is e d in d u s tr y c l a s s i f ic a t i o n s .2 1964« 1963» Third quarter Industry Leather and leather products Leather tanriing and finishing _ _ _______ ______________ - ----------_ ___ ________ -_____ Footwear except rnhher _______________ -------— --- Stone clay and glass products ______ __ ---- ---------------______ _______ — _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ ___ Flat glass Glass and. glassware pressed or blown ________ _ ______ ____ — Glass product* made, of purchased glass____ - ___ ______ ____ _____ _____ — Structural clay products _____ -- - ------Pottery an d related products - __ - - __ __________ Concrete gypsum and plaster products _ _ _______ ___ - ___ Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products----------------------------------------------------Primary me-ta] industries -- -- ______ - ____ - - __________ Blastfurnaces steelw orks hasie steel products -- ___________________ - Iron and steel foundries __- _________ ____ -- — -- - — ___ __ __ _ --------- -Non ferrous rolling drawing and extruding___ ___ Nonferrous foundries Misecellaneous primary metal Industries _ ___ __ ____ Fabricated metal products _____ ______ - — -----__ - M etal cans _______ __ ___ ------ ------ -__ Cutlery handtools and general hardware _ _ _ Heating apparatus and plumbing fixtures ___ ____ _ ____ __ Fabricated structural metal products _ _____ ___ __ — — _ — ----Screw machine product* bolts, etc ___ ___ ___ _ — M etal stamping«; _ _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Coating engraving and allied services _ _ _______ __ ___ — __ Miscellaneous fabricated wire products ______ __ ___ Miscellaneous fabricated metal products ____________ ____ — - -- -----Machinery except electrical _______ ________ ____ _______ Engines and turbines ______ __________ - — - - -— Farm machinery and equipment __ - -- -- ___ -- - — ------ Construction mining mate^ials-handUng machinery _ ______ Metalworing machinery and equipment _________ ___ _ -- - -- — — Special industry machinery _ _______ ___ — - -------------- General industrial machinery and equipment _____ __ _ ____ _____ ______ _ Office computing and accounting machines _ ______ __ ---- — -___ Service industry machines _ _ _____ ___ - — — — Miscellaneous machinery except electrical ___ _ ____ _ __ ___ Electrical machinery equipment, and supplies. _ _ __ ___ Electric transmission and distribution equipment _ _____ ___ ____ _ ------- — Electrical industrial apparatus ___ _________ __ -- — ----— Household appliances ___ ___ ____ -- - - - - - — — _______ — Electric lighting and wiring equipment, _ _ __ ______ Radios and television receiving sets __________ ___ _ ------------ -- - - - -Communication equipment ___________ ________________ _____ _ Electronic components and accessories _ _ ______ _ _____ _______ Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies __ _________ __ __ __ Transportation equipment ___ ____ _ _ ---- — ____ _______ ___ _____ ____ — - ------- — Motor vehicles and equipment Aircraft and parts _ __ ______ _ --- -------------------- -- - Ship and bnat building and repairing __ __________ ____ Railroad equipment __ _____________ __________ — -- — -- Instruments and related products _________ _ _ _ ____ — _ -----Engineering and scientific instruments ___ ________ _ _____ Mechanical measuring and control devices ____ ___ ___ Surgical medical and dental equipment, __ ______ __ -----Ophthalmic gnods --___ Photographic equipment, and supplies _ _____ _________ ____ - ______ W atches and clocks - ____ - ___ - - -"Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ____ ____ ___ Jewelry, silverware, and plated w a r e ,________ ___ - ________ -- ------------------Musical instruments and parts ______ ___ ____ Toys amusement, and sporting goods __ ____ _ _____ Pens pencils office and art- materials ___ _ - ___ - Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions .. _______ __ Other miscellaneous manufacturing industries _ __ _ __ _ 1 The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling work in juries for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is any injury occurring in the course of and arising out of employment, which (a) results in death or permanent physical impairment, or (b) makes the injured worker unable to perform the duties of any regularly established job which is open and available to him throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any 1 or more days after the day of injury (including Sundays, days off, or plant shutdowns). The term “injury” includes occu pational diseases. Beginning with the first quarter of 1963, the revised injury data reflect both changes in industry definitions and reclassification of individual reports on the basis of improved classification information. A detailed explanation 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis July Aug. 15.8 31.1 12.7 30.1 2 16.4 30.0 14.8 30.4 13.9 14.6 32.4 32.2 12.8 11.7 10.0 11.4 18.3 14.6 17.4 17.5 12.2 9.3 11.6 5.8 6.3 6.6 8.1 8.6 7.8 7.1 4.1 8.2 10.7 7.4 8.8 4.0 25.1 12.9 16.5 7.9 9.3 18.8 7-8 24.4 19.8 31.3 28.1 19.5 35.7 14.5 11.9 4.3 29.1 14.9 25.0 20.4 20.4 11.1 12.3 4.6 29.6 13.7 27.7 24.5 19.1 2 1 13.3 31.2 13.0 29.7 13.3 30.8 9.6 19.4 9.1 9.0 16.2 8.9 6.9 6.9 26.2 15.5 26.9 11.3 10.0 1 d st Annual st 4th 3d d quar quar quar quar quar quar average ter ter ter ter ter Sept. Quar ter ter 30.3 20.4 26.4 10.2 11.6 3.8 30.1 12.4 24.1 27.5 19.9 31.2 11.9 11.9 4.3 29.6 13.6 25.5 21.5 19.3 7.6 14.8 31.6 23.3 18.4 29.9 29.4 11.4 25.3 8.6 8.8 16.8 8.5 6.9 29.0 17.8 27.7 11.6 10.2 10.6 12.0 11.2 11.0 4.5 4.0 28.9 24.1 13.2 23.6 24.4 19.7 17.1 16.1 7.9 14.5 13.4 16.9 16.2 24.6 16.0 14.6 9.1 14.9 19.6 19.7 23.5 15.2 13.7 11.7 6.3 6.3 10.5 14.7 14.6 4.2 25.9 8.1 6.8 32.4 21.6 36.3 12.9 11.5 4.3 27.4 15.7 7.2 8.5 7.1 23.2 17.3 29.4 11.3 10.6 10.6 4.0 26.2 11.7 19.2 20.3 16.0 4.3 23.7 10.2 12.2 12.0 12.2 19.6 17.8 21.1 20.9 17.9 20.0 20.1 20.1 14.9 16.1 17.7 18.6 6.6 6.6 6.0 6.1 5.4 6.6 8.1 8.0 13.4 13.4 12.2 10.9 14.9 13.9 15.4 19.9 18.3 17.2 14.3 20.5 22.4 21.7 21.6 22.8 21.2 23.3 22.7 20.4 28.8 29.5 27.2 28.4 12.2 16.6 11.3 13.4 14.0 18.0 13.5 15.2 8.8 10.3 11.2 10.1 9.7 9.8 10.5 10.5 11.4 17.7 18.4 12.9 18.9 22.5 7.3 17.5 12.7 16.4 11.3 3.6 13.4 19.9 5.8 5.4 9.4 15.3 12.6 6.2 8.1 6.8 5.3 15.6 2.5 2.8 6.4 10.9 8.1 20.5 16.8 12.4 4.8 9.7 16.1 11.6 11.0 13.2 13.7 3.4 11.6 18.5 5.3 5.6 5.1 8.3 14.5 3.5 2.3 5.9 8.9 8.4 4.4 3.6 29.6 12.4 5.9 14.2 14.1 3.8 11.9 21.3 5.2 5.4 5.1 7.1 10.3 5.8 1.8 8.6 8.3 10.1 5.1 9.4 6.4 7.2 4.0 3.2 27.5 10.4 5.6 3.7 9.1 4.1 5.5 4.8 5.1 13.3 7.2 12.9 13.1 9.3 14.6 Í5.0 17.1 17.1 7.5 Í8.0 9.6 8.7 5.1 3.9 3.5 31.2 15.0 6.3 5.0 2.6 1.8 1 36.2 19.1 19.1 12.6 12.1 6.3 8.9 16.3 11.7 14.6 13.1 3.6 12.3 19.9 5.4 5.6 5.7 6.9 13.3 4.1 2.3 6.9 9.4 7.9 4.1 3.5 29.4 12.5 5.9 3.7 9.6 5.2 2.8 5.1 4.5 13.1 6.1 10.6 15.7 13.5 14.6 7.4 23.4 17.1 14.9 11.4 6.7 10.9 13.0 31.3 21.4 15.7 11.5 6.5 20.4 19.0 15.5 17.0 18.5 14.8 6.7 12.3 13.8 9.6 14.2 10.3 5.5 11.3 13.4 9.7 12.4 9.4 3.3 11.2 10.6 11.1 10.2 13.8 10.2 10.6 9.9 11.8 14.7 14.7 15.3 15.3 2.1 11.1 12.3 10.9 12.5 2.6 2.6 3.5 3.0 11.6 10.6 13.6 13.9 13.9 11.8 19.2 18.5 17.1 5.6 5.2 7.8 5.9 5.8 5.9 7.7 8.5 9.5 4.8 3.8 2.3 6.5 9.9 9.2 7.9 7.1 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.6 34.4 27.9 13.6 5.3 5.4 3.3 4.2 9.1 8.9 4.1 6.3 4.3 3.4 3.8 3.3 4.7 3.6 13.2 12.9 7.5 10.5 14.2 14.0 16.5 19.9 10.7 12.5 .‘ 8.1 18.9 5.3 4.5 5.8 7.2 8.4 4.1 2.5 5.6 16.6 5.7 4.8 5.5 7.2 4.0 3.8 24.7 13.0 5.4 4.0 7.6 6.3 3.0 4.3 6.7 13.8 7.7 13.0 16.8 19.2 7.6 4.6 3.4 26.4 10.9 5.4 5.3 7.8 5.7 4.4 3.7 5.1 15.8 8.7 16.7 5.2 5.6 5.3 5.2 6.0 6.3 8.8 8.6 7.8 8.1 8.9 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.2 5.6 5.7 6.1 7.4 12.0 10.8 7.6 7.4 12.2 8.2 11.2 11.8 10 8.6 7.8 10.3 5.2 2.7 6.3 10.1 17.9 21.5 15.1 11.5 7.9 4.4 3.4 28.0 11.4 6.3 6.7 7.9 7.6 4.2 3.2 27.1 9.0 .4 7.7 6 8.6 2.0 6.3 5.9 3.2 4.9 3.5 13.4 6.1 10.6 12.9 15.0 13.5 12.4 10.3 8.8 10.2 8.8 9.7 12.9 10.5 8.7 12.7 29.2 23.4 9.3 16.9 8.5 8.0 6.9 27.7 18.0 30.2 11.5 10.9 4.2 25.8 11.5 19.4 19.8 16.1 6.0 12.4 17.5 22.0 13.3 10.3 22.9 19.0 15.2 11.2 6.3 11.4 13.4 10.0 14.1 10.7 2.7 13.3 17.8 5. 3 5.3 5.8 8.1 8.9 3.7 2.7 5. 7 9. 5 7. 5 4.3 3.4 26.6 11.2 5. 9 5.9 7.9 .5 3.8 4. 0 5.4 13.4 8.7 6 12.1 15.2 15.8 12.1 9.6 of the changes in industry definitions is available upon request. Compari sons to the series prior to 1963 should he made with caution. Industries classified according to the Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1957 Edition, Bureau of the Budget. Industry group totals include data for industries not shown separately. . , , . , . Rates are preliminary and subject to revision when final annual data become available. a. N otes: These data were compiled according to the American Stanaara Method of Recording and Measuring Work-Injury Experience, approved by the American Standards Association, 1954. Dashes indicate data not available or insufficient to warrant presentation of average. 3 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1 9 6 5 O — 7 5 8 -0 5 4 New Publications Available For Sale Order sale publications from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402. Send check or money order, payable to the Superintendent of Documents. Currency sent at sender’s risk. Copies may also be purchased from any of the Bureau’s regional offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.) BLS Bulletin 1416: Employee Earnings in Nonmetropolitan Areas of the South and North Central Regions, June 1962. 61 pp. 40 cents. BLS Bulletin 1419: Employer Expenditures for Selected Supplementary Remuneration Practices, Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate Industries, 1961. 72 pp. 45 cents. BLS Bulletin 1422: National Survey of Professional, Administrative, Technical, and Clerical Pay, February-March 1964. 61 pp. 40 cents. BLS Bulletin 1423: Industry Wage Survey, Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, May 1964. 39 pp. 30 cents. 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BLS Report 229: Summary of Manufacturing Earnings Series, 1939-August 1964. Supplement 2. 2 pp. BLS Report 263: Conducting a Labor Force Survey in Developing Countries. 177 pp. BLS Report 283: Computation of Cost-of-Living Indexes in Developing Countries. 43 pp. An Assessment of Apprenticeship: I. A Trial Balance, II. Public Policies and Programs, III. Statistics and Their Limitations, IV. Unfinished Business. Reprinted from the Monthly Labor Review, January, February, April, and June 1964. 31 pp. A Directory of Community Wage Surveys, 1948-July 1964. (Revised September 1964.) 32 pp. Indexes of Output Per Man-Hour, Primary Aluminum Industry, 1947-62, September 1964. 15 pp. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis U nited States Government Printing Office D IV IS IO N o r P U B L IC W a s h in g t o n , O F F IC IA L https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis DOCUMENTS D.C. 20402 B U S IN E S S P E N A L T Y FO R P R IV A T E U S E T O A V O ID PA YM EN T OF POSTAGE, $300 (GPO)