Full text of Monthly Labor Review : January 1958, Vol. 81, No. 1

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onthly
Labor

Review
JANUARY

19 5 8

VOL. 81 NO .

Industrial Technicians in the U. S. S. R. and the U. S. A.
American Labor in 1957 and a Look Ahead
Prices, Wages, and Productivity, 1946-57
The Workweek in American industry Since 1850
Major Agreement Expirations or Reopenings in 1958

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
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BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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SSI

y

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

James P. Mitchell, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E w an C lag ue,
H enry

F it z g e r a l d ,

B.

Assistant Commissioner

B yer,

Assistant Commissioner

D uane E v ans,

Assistant Commissioner

H erm an

W.

J.

Commissioner

P h il ip A r n o w ,

Assistant Commissioner

Arnold E. C hase, Chief, D ivision of Construction Statistics
H. M. D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
J oseph P. G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
L eon G reenberg , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Office of Management
W alter G. K eim , Chief, Division of Field Service
P aul R. K erschbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, D ivision of Industrial Hazards
H. E. R iley , Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
A be R othman, Acting Chief, Office of Statistical Standards
Oscar W eigert, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
M orris W eisz, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
F aith M. W illiams, Chief, Office of Labor Economics
Seymour L. W olybein, Chief, D ivision of Manpower and Employment Statistics

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Monthly Labor Review
U N ITED STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Editor-in-Chief
Executive Editor

L a w r e n c e R . K l e in ,
M ary

S.

B edell,

CONTENTS
Special Articles
1
6
14
23

Technicians in the Labor Force of Russia and America
American Labor in 1957 and a Look Ahead
Interrelationship of Prices, Wages, and Productivity, 1946-57
The Workweek in American Industry, 1850-1956

Summaries of Studies and Reports
30
45
48
54
59
47

Major Agreement Expirations or Reopenings in 1958
Proposed Legislation on Labor-Management Relations
Retail Trade: Wage Structure, October 1956
Work Injuries in the United States, 1956
International Cooperative Congress, Stockholm, 1957
Erratum, December 1957 Issue

Departments
hi

68
62
66
69
75
81

The Labor Month in Review
Conferences and Institutes, February 16 to March 15, 1958
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics


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January 1958 • Voi. 81 • No. 1

58 - ( 5 2 ; ?

Productivity —

ABibliography

This new bibliography (BLS Bulletin 1226) contains
872 annotated references to publications in the field of
productivity. For economists, union and management
officials, labor relations experts, teachers, and students,
who need to make use of the growing volume of published
material on this subject.
References are classified by subject under—
★

Concepts of Productivity

★

Measures of Productivity

★

Factors Affecting Productivity

★

Significance of Productivity Change

★

Productivity and Labor Management Relations

★

Productivity and Wages

In Addition . . .

Indexes to authors, titles, and publishers are also
included.
Order as BLS Bulletin 1226 and send check or money order to any of these Bureau of Labor Statistics regional
offices:
Atlanta
Boston
50 Seventh Street NE. 18 Oliver Street


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Chicago
105 West Adams Street

New York
341 Ninth Avenue

or to the Superintendent of Documents/ Washington 25/ D. C.

Price, $1 a copy

San Francisco
630 Sansome Street

The Labor Month
in Review
expulsion from the national AFL-CIO of
the Teamsters, Bakers, and Laundry Workers
effected, a followup order in mid-December was
sent to local and State councils and federations
to remove from their rolls all affiliates of the three
international unions. The Maine, MarylandDistrict of Columbia, Massachusetts, Tennessee,
and Wisconsin federations by mid-January had
already taken action. The practical consequences
of the directive could be felt most severely by the
Teamsters. Numerically they are seven times
the size of the other two combined, and scores of
Teamster members serve as officers of the city,
county, and State groups. However, there are
important instances of such individuals taking
out membership in other unions in order to retain
official status. There has been no intimation that
such actions would be proscribed by the AFLCIO, and they have been encouraged by the
Teamsters union.
In the case of the Bakers Union, the AFL-CIO
chartered a new organization to compete with the
expelled group—the American Bakery and Con­
fectionery Workers International Union. Its nu­
cleus was the locals unfriendly to James G. Cross,
president of the ousted union. Cross is under
indictment in Illinois for embezzlement of union
funds. Plans were also made for chartering
laundry locals.
December was a rugged month for Teamster
union presidents—lame duck and elect. In
Seattle, Dave Beck was convicted of stealing
$1,900 belonging to the Western Conference of
Teamsters. Sentence was deferred pending mo­
tion for new trial. (In April he faces trial in
Federal Court on income tax evasion.) In New
York, a retrial of James R. Hoffa and two other
union officers for conspiring to tap conversations
held on union telephones was to begin on February
3. The jury in the first trial in December could
not agree. Hoffa is also on trial in Washington on

W ith


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charges by 13 rank-and-file teamsters that his
election to the presidency of the Teamsters last
October was fraudulent.
Johnny Dio, a friend of Hoffa mentioned promi­
nently in the wiretap case, was sentenced in New
York on January 8 to a 15-to-20 year term for
extorting funds from two employers.
Major interest in hearings of the Senate Select
Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or
Management Field (following an appearance of
officials of the Operating Engineers) lay in the
forthcoming inquiry into the United Automobile
Workers’ 4-year-old strike and subsequent boycott
activities against the Kohler Co. Actions of a
committee employee collecting information on the
strike in Sheboygan, Wis., and Detroit evoked a
strong protest from the UAW, which charged that
he had made statements drawing conclusions con­
cerning the matter prior to “proper hearings.”
Last April the UAW established a public review
board of prominent citizens to act, on a member’s
option, as a final court of appeal from administra­
tive rulings affecting individual members and to
review the union’s general deportment and ethical
practices. The board late in December announced
its first case findings. Five international union
representatives and five local union officers, who
had variously refused to answer questions con­
cerning Communist associations or membership
before a Congressional committee, were ruled eli­
gible to retain their jobs.
As a curtain raiser to its special convention
January 22-24, the UAW Executive Board on
January 13 announced its 1958 bargaining objec­
tives. Abandoning the shorter workweek “tem­
porarily” in the face of what it termed the need for
“expanding purchasing power,” the union pro­
posed, among other items, a profit-sharing plan.
Profits above 10 percent on net capital before taxes
would be divided as follows: One-half to stock­
holders; one-quarter to wage and salary workers;
and one-quarter to car purchasers in the form of
rebates. The union also listed a wage increase
which “accurately reflects” productivity improve­
ment; correction of inter-skill wage inequities; in­
creases and extensions in supplemental unemploy­
ment benefits and introduction of underemploy­
ment benefits; improvements in pensions; transfer
and moving allowances; severance pay; and a voice
hi

IV

in pension fund investments. The workers’ share
of the profits would be distributed as a wage in­
crease or in any other form which “they demo­
cratically decided.” Reaction from the industry
was immediate, forceful, and in opposition.
Outcasts though the Teamsters might be, so far
as the house of labor is concerned, the union in
December, under a reopener, negotiated wage and
related improvements amounting to 40 cents an
hour over the remaining 3 years of the 6-year con­
tract for about 96,000 over-the-road drivers in the
Midwest, Southeast, and Southwest.
In Chicago, 25,000 local drivers received in­
creases totaling 24 cents an hour over a 3-year
period. A 10-cent raise is effective immediately.
Hardly had New York City residents settled
down after an 8-day pre-Christmas strike of
motormen and other crafts, which crippled the
subways (craft bargaining was the main issue and
was not settled), when a new crisis developed on
the transit lines—this time including busses. The
Transport Workers Union, which had just won a
representation election to bargain for all 32,700
employees of the City Transit Authority, threat­
ened to strike all lines on New Year’s Eve if a
new contract were not negotiated. On December
31, a 2-year contract was agreed to providing a
wage-and-fringe total value of 32% cents an hour
by the end of the second year.
January 6 marked the start of strikes at 3
Montgomery Ward establishments and token
picketing at stores in about 50 cities by members
of the Retail Clerks.
A score of newspapers were beset by strikes as
of the first week in 1958, mostly involving mailers
or composing room employees. Editorial workers
represented by the American Newspaper Guild
were participants in strikes in St. Paul, Minn.,
and Peoria, 111. Other strikes were in progress
in Dayton and Lima, Ohio, Westchester County,
N. Y., Worcester and Haverhill, Mass., Galveston,
Tex., and Bisbee, Ariz.
J ohn H. F anning , 41, a Defense Department
labor relations officer, was named to succeed Abe
Murdock as a member of the National Labor
Relations Board when his term expired on De­
cember 16. Fanning is from Rhode Island.
Reopening of the Darlington Manufacturing
Co. case was ordered by a 3-2 vote of the NLRB
on December 17. The firm had closed its South

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

Carolina textile plant rather than bargain with
the Textile Workers Union. An NLRB trial
examiner had found the company guilty of unfair
labor practices by closing its plant after the
TWUA had won a representation election. The
Board reopened the case to hear additional union
testimony that the firm was a constituent part of
Deering, Milliken & Co. and that the parent
firm should be made a party to the case.
Engineers at a Westinghouse Electric Co. plant
in Baltimore voted for “no union” as against the
Salaried Employees Association (Ind.) in a runoff
ballot conducted by the NLRB. In an earlier
vote a unit of the Engineers and Scientists of
America had run third, but had urged the engi­
neers to choose the SEA in the runoff. The elec­
tion bears note because both the union and the
company intensively campaigned and because
organization of scientific and technical workers is
an important current objective of organized labor.
The U. S. Supreme Court on January 13, in a
6-2 decision, declared that a Georgia community
ordinance requiring union organizers to obtain an
annual permit costing $2,000, and to pay an addi­
tional fee of $500 per new member obtained, was
unconstitutional. Similar ordinances in other
communities are expected to be invalidated.
The Interstate Commerce Commission on De­
cember 16 ruled that “hot cargo” clauses in union
contracts do not relieve a carrier of his statutory
responsibility to transport goods he is licensed to
handle. Such clauses permit employees to refuse
to handle goods from struck or boycotted firms.
Companies face loss of their ICC licenses if they
respect the clauses, the Commission stated. On
January 3, President-elect Hoffa of the Teamsters
said his organization would continue to demand
the clauses in its contracts.
M ohawk A irlines on December 22 became the
first commercial carrier to hire a Negress as a
stewardess on a passenger run. About a year ago
New York Airways pioneered in hirhig a Negro
pilot for passenger plane duty.
The Fire Fighters’ Executive Board in midDecember chose William D. Buck, former secre­
tary-treasurer, to succeed the late John P. Red­
mond as president. National Maritime Union
members in a referendum voted to increase dues
by $20 a year to help finance construction of new
union buildings in 24 ports.

Technicians in the
Labor Force of
Russia and America
H ow ard R o se n *

T h e same forces which have created American
industry’s unprecedented demand for professional
engineers, chemists, and other scientists are con­
tributing to the growth of a group of relatively
new semiprofessional or “technician” occupations.
Industry’s concentration on research and develop­
ment, the increasing complexity of industrial pro­
duction methods and products, and the accelerat­
ing application of scientific inventions and discov­
eries to manufacturing processes, all are requiring
more workers below the professional level who can
apply both technical knowledge and manual skills
to industrial problems. Aircraft and guided mis­
siles, essential to a modern military machine, are
also creating a need for technicians to install,
maintain, and operate the complicated equipment
used in such materiel.
Technicians are also becoming more important
in the labor force because they can be assigned to
assist and support professional workers. Many
management experts and learned societies have
stressed that our supply of engineers, chemists,
and chemical engineers can be greatly extended
by using technicians to perform jobs of less than
professional level now being performed by scien­
tific workers with college degrees. However, rel­
atively few American employers seem to be aware
of the potential usefulness of semiprofessional
workers, or of the efforts of those educational
institutions which train technicians.
Although workers in technician classifications
undoubtedly represent a small proportion of the
total labor force, they are strategically important
to the civilian economy. For example, engineer­
ing design draftsmen and electronics technicians
are among the critical occupations listed by the
U. S. Department of Labor for use by the Depart­


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ment of Defense in determining the reserve status
of military personnel.
Despite the growing importance of semiprofes­
sional occupations in the industrial labor force, the
implications for training and supply of such work­
ers appear to have only recently begun to receive
serious consideration by those concerned with
manpower supply in the United States.1 Indus­
try, the Armed Forces, and a relatively small
number of schools are still the major sources of
supply for this type of manpower.
In contrast, the Soviet Government has a long
history of formal and systematic training of tech­
nicians for its industrial labor force. After the
Bolsheviks seized control of Russia in 1917, they
placed constantly increasing emphasis on this area
of training, to sustain their drive for industriali­
zation and modernization of their military ma­
chine. Just as the Russian leaders plan for the
production of selected products for industrial use,
so do they plan for the preparation, training, and
utilization of technicians under their Five-Year
Plans.2 The Russians are currently training,
through their technicums (“middle special schools,’
for which there are no exact counterparts in the
United States), at least nine times as many tech­
nicians as are being graduated from technical
institutes (educational institutions offering about
2 years of post-high-school training in both tech­
nical subjects and manual skills) in the United
States. However, comparison of technical man­
power in the Soviet Union and the United States
is complicated by the lack of adequate and com­
parable statistical information which results, in
part, from differences in educational systems, and
the difficulty of defining semiprofessional occupa­
tions. Available data do not even permit an in­
formed estimate of the total number of technicians
in semiprofessional jobs in American industry.
*Of the D ivision of Manpower and Employment Statistics, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
This article was adapted from the author’s doctoral dissertation, Tech­
nicians in Industry: A Manpower Study of Semiprofessional Occupations,
submitted to The American U niversity in 1955.
i
A bill recently introduced in the Senate (S. 2810, 85th Cong., 1st sess.)
would make funds available for assistance to the States for the establishment
of pubiic community (junior) colleges.
The President’s Committee on Scientists and Engineers, which was estab­
lished April 3, 1956, to “ foster the development of more highly qualified
technological manpower,” has stated: “ It would be desirable if a more
uniform system of training technicians and a wider recognition of their status
and qualification could be achieved.” Second Interim Report to the Pres­
ident, The President’s Committee on Scientists and Engineers, October 4,
1957.
8
Soviet Union Policy Shift in Training of Industrial Labor (in M onthly
Labor Review. June 1953, pp. 616-618).

1

2
Technicians make up a heterogeneous group.
They have sometimes been described as workers
who can perform skilled manual jobs requiring
a background of scientific knowledge. The char­
acteristics which commonly appear to differen­
tiate technicians from skilled workers are the
greater extent of their formal education, their
advanced knowledge of mathematics and the phys­
ical sciences, and their ability to apply their
theoretical knowledge to practical industrial prob­
lems. These workers occupy jobs in the occupa­
tional hierarchy between the professional workers
and the skilled craftsmen and they are engaged in
work that requires some of the knowledge and
skills of both groups. Their length of training
and theoretical background are less than those of
professional workers.3 Medical and dental tech­
nicians and other semiprofessional workers not
employed in industry are not considered in this
article.
Occupational Choice

Choice of occupation is, in the democratic tradi­
tion, a matter involving the free exercise of indi­
vidual prerogative. The relative levels of wages
and salaries, the supply of and demand for labor,
personal qualifications, and parents’ income and
occupational status are some of the socio-economic
factors affecting occupational choice. Individual
choice of calling has been—and continues to be—
recognized as a basic right of the American people.
. . One of the outstanding characteristics of
our culture since the beginning of modern capi­
talism,” social scientists have observed, “is the
right of the individual to choose his work.” 4
In Soviet Russia, the Government periodically
decides how many specialists are required in dif­
ferent sectors of the national economy and on this
basis encourages young persons to enter the ap­
propriate fields. It has particularly stressed tech­
nical and scientific education and followed a de­
liberate policy, for many years, of channeling
students into technical schools.
Sources of Technician Supply

Soviet Union. Russian semiprofessional workers
are trained in technicums, or “middle special
schools.” Currently, there are about 3,800 tech­
nicums for all types of semiprofessional training.5

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

The schools are financed by the various industry
ministries (e. g., coal), which are vitally interested
in assuring a trained supply of technicians to
maintain output in their fields. Soviet semipro­
fessional training is extremely specialized and is
aimed at producing workers who are limited to one
occupational field.
Students who have completed 10 years of school­
ing (7 years, for superior students) are accepted by
technicums. Those with 10 years of schooling,
that is, those who have finished their secondary
school education, may graduate in less than the 4
years ordinarily required. The engineering tech­
nicums are the chief source of supply for the semiprofessional technical workers in industry, who
are the sole concern of this analysis. Most stu­
dents enter the engineering technicums between
the ages of 14 and 17 and finish their training
between 18 and 22 years of age.6 Tuition fees,
instituted in 1940, are offset for promising stu­
dents by special scholarships and maintenance
grants. The Government gives special advantages
to engineering students by paying them larger
stipends than are paid to students in other fields.
Workers are also encouraged to enroll in evening
or correspondence courses leading to a semiprofes­
sional certificate by being given liberalized leave
privileges for taking examinations.7
During 1946-50, inclusive, an average of 67,400
engineering technicians were graduated each year
from Soviet technicums.8 The large number of
engineering technicians engaged throughout Rus­
sian industry in 1952—estimated at more than
853,000 9-—emphasized the cumulative success of
the semiprofessional training program.
In 1954, the Soviet Government established new
1- and 2-year vocational-technical (tekhnicheskie
uchilishcha) schools to expedite the training of
technicians for manufacturing, transportation, and
* The Dictionary of Occupational Titles, vol. II, 2d edition (U. S. Depart­
ment of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, 1949), assigns the industrial
occupations discussed in this article to the 0 -4 through 0 -6 series, which
deal with semiprofessional occupations. Some of the job titles for technician
occupations are electronics technician, laboratory assistant, engineering aid,
draftsman, and physical science aid.
* E li Ginzberg, et al., Occupational Choice: An Approach to a General
Theory (New York, Columbia University Press, 1951), p. 3.
« Education in the U SSR , U . S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Office of Education, Bull. 1957, No. 14, p. 156.
6 Nicholas DeW itt, Soviet Professional Manpower: Its Training and Sup­
ply (Washington, National Science Foundation, 1955), p. 73.
7 Hours of Work and Leave Provisions in the U SSR (in M onthly Labor
Review, September 1957, p. 1069).
8 Ibid., p. 289.
8 Ibid., p. 364.

TECHNICIANS IN THE LABOR FORCE OF USSR AND USA

agriculture.10 About 60,000 students (including
some in 13 workers’ settlements), who had com­
pleted 10 years of schooling, were receiving in
1954 tuition-free education in 152 cities. Although
no breakdown by specialization could be obtained,
most of these young people were probably being
trained for industrial jobs, in view of the Govern­
ment’s emphasis on industrialization.
The students in the engineering technicums ap­
parently receive more rigorous training in mathe­
matics and science than students in the American
technical institutes.11 Some Soviet teachers have
complained that technicians’ training frequently
cannot be distinguished from professional engi­
neering training in the mining field.
The graduates of technicums cannot choose
either their specific job assignments or where they
will work. After graduation, they are placed in
jobs for a 3-year period by the ministries having
jurisdiction. Technicians receive pay differentials
and other preferential treatment, because of their
training and qualifications.
United States. This country has no formal re­
cruiting or training program comparable to the
Soviet Union’s. Our technicians are trained in
technical institutes, junior colleges, in some voca­
tional-technical high schools, in the Armed Forces,
or on the job in private industry. The technical
institutes are the formal American educational in­
stitutions most comparable to the Russian tech­
nicums. The entrance requirements of many of
the technical institutes in this country are more
liberal than those of 4-year colleges, permitting
enrollment of students who are not high school
graduates. New York, Connecticut, and Califor­
nia are among the 21 States offering publicly sup­
ported programs with one or more curriculums in
the field of technician training.
In 1955, 71 technical institutes graduated about
11,400 students from technological curriculums.
Since 1951, the earliest date for which any figures
have been published, our technical institutes have
been graduating annually about 8,300 students
trained for technical jobs in industry. This conw Encyclopedic Dictionary (The Great Soviet Encyclopedia), (Moseow,
State Publishing House, 1955), vol. 3, p. 397.
11 Nicholas DeW itt, op. cit., p. 76.
12 M en Help Themselves w ith Air Force Technical Training (in Technical
Education News, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., October 1951, p. 8).
13 Engineering Personnel Employed in Metalworking Industries (in
M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1954, p. 527).


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3

trasts with the average of 67,400 engineering
technicians graduated from Russian technicums
in 1946-50. Data are not yet available for junior
college graduates in technical programs of study.
However, many of these schools do not have curriculums providing technical education for in­
dustrial semiprofessional workers.
The Armed Forces are probably training the
most technicians in this country today.12 The
Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps are
giving advanced technical training to their per­
sonnel because military equipment has become in­
creasingly complex. Radar, sonar, fire-control
systems, and other intricate devices can be oper­
ated and maintained only by personnel with exten­
sive technical training. The exact number of
skilled and experienced military technicians who
enter the civilian labor force each year is not
known. Armed Forces educators have noted that
many of these men are solicited for civilian jobs
before they finish their military service.
The training programs initiated by private in­
dustry have been an important source of supply
of technicians in this country. Many of the
larger companies, increasingly aware of their need
for technicians, have used great initiative in
developing their own semiprofessional workers.
Some of these larger companies (e. g., General
Electric Co., Chrysler Corp., and Radio Corpora­
tion of America) have carefully examined the jobs
being performed by professional workers, so as to
eliminate tasks which could be performed by
technicians. A number of companies employ
students who did not complete their college engi­
neering training and liberal arts graduates with
mathematics credits in semiprofessional engi­
neering jobs. Moreover, a few of the larger cor­
porations train their own technicians by sub­
sidizing students in technical institutes and those
junior colleges that give specialized training.
Other companies develop technicians through
training on the job.
The aircraft industry, because of its particular
dependence upon a technical labor force, has been
very active in technician training. (According to
the Bureau of Labor Statistics, aircraft and parts
manufacturers in October 1952 employed the
largest number of engineering aids of any of the
metalworking industries, accounting for more than
a fourth of the total.13) Several aircraft com­
panies have utilized the facilities of some local

4

technical institutes and junior colleges to improve
their employees’ technical knowledge.
There has been no determination of the number
of technicians trained by sources other than formal
educational institutions in this country. The
lack of agreement on a definition of “technician,”
and the recent appearance or growth of many of
these semiprofessional occupations, hinder man­
power specialists in estimating accurately the num­
ber of such workers now in the industrial labor
force.
The 1950 Census of Population showed 75,390
testing technicians, 26,610 technicians in the
group “not elsewhere classified,” and 116,100
draftsmen in our labor force.14 (Many of the
technicians in the “n. e. c.” group were in tele­
vision and radio studio jobs not related to the
manufacturing or processing industries.)
In 1952, a BLS study of 5,645 metalworking
establishments showed employment of 57,460
engineering aids and 67,350 draftsmen.15 The
companies in this survey employed 2,737,000
workers or 58 percent of the total employment in
selected metalworking industries. In 1953, the
Bureau reported 12,800 technicians such as lab­
oratory technicians and assistants, physical science
aids, research technicians, engineering aids, and
draftsmen, working for 80 chemical, petroleum,
and rubber companies.16 However, the total
number of employers covered in both studies
comprised a small proportion of the companies in
this country which hire technicians.
Ratio of Technicians to Professionals

The ratio of technicians to professional workers
can be helpful in determining if industry is utiliz­
ing fully its engineers, chemists, and scientists.
Foreign observers have noted that Russian pro­
fessional workers have the advantage of being
supplied with more and better qualified assistants
than their counterparts elsewhere.17 The Soviet
Government carefully plans a supply of support­
ing technicians to secure the fullest utilization of
its professional workers. A comparison of the
numbers of technicians and engineers in 9 basic
industries in the Soviet Union in 1950 shows a
ratio of slightly more than 2 technicians to every
engineer.18 The Soviets have indicated that their
objective is a ratio of 2 to 4 supporting technicians
for each college-trained specialist.19

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ 1953 study,
previously mentioned, showed that in the chemical
companies studied there was, supporting every 2
chemists or chemical engineers, 1 technician and
that the ratio in the petroleum companies was
slightly higher. In Russia, in the petroleum and
chemical industries, each chemist or chemical
engineer was supported by 2 to 3 technicians.
Some writers have commented on the high pro­
portion of Russian labor in nonproduction jobs.20
Soviet industry apparently has a much higher
ratio of auxiliary to production workers compared
with American establishments, which is undoubt­
edly related to bureaucratic control in the USSR.
On the other hand, not all of the American tech­
nical workers go into jobs directly related to pro­
duction; many of them take administrative or
sales jobs.
Evaluation of Technician Programs

Numerical comparisons of technical manpower
do not highlight all the significant differences be­
tween the Soviet and American approach to the
problem of recruiting and training semiprofes­
sional workers. In this country, dependence upon
private industry and the Armed Forces for the
training of most of our technicians has serious
limitations. Because these two important sources
of supply are primarily interested in preparing
workers for specific jobs, their training programs
do not always emphasize the study of theory and
broad scientific principles, which is basic for tech­
nician jobs. Limited training given to technicians
may curtail their future job mobility and prevent
them from quickly adjusting to new job require­
ments created by a changing technology. Em­
ployer-operated educational programs are fre­
quently geared to past experience and short-run
needs.
14 Occupation by Industry, 1950 Census of Population, Special Report
P -E N o. 1 C, TJ. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1954.
15 Engineering Personnel Employed in Metalworking Industries, op. cit.
(pp. 526 and 529).
18 Demand for Personnel in the Chemical Professions. A Preliminary
Report on a Pilot Survey of the Chemical, Petroleum, and Rubber Indus­
tries. TJ. S. Department of Labor in cooperation with U . S. Department of
Defense, June 1954.
17 Planning of Science, Association of Scientific Workers, London, 1943
(p. 24).
18 Nicholas DeW itt, op. cit. (p. 250).
18 Article in Izvestia, reported in N ew York Times, September 22,1954.
so For example, see Irving H . Siegel, Labor Productivity and the Soviet
Challenge (in':Mill and Factory, New.York, March 1952, p. 83).

TECHNICIANS IN THE LABOR FORCE OF USSR AND USA

The technical training program in the Soviet
Union, although it is highly specialized and is
directed to providing graduates who are compe­
tent in a single, limited occupational field, does
provide large numbers of workers who can be
assigned to any particular specialty. Moreover,
the authorities undoubtedly direct students into
areas where technological changes are anticipated
in order to insure adequate staff for industries with
newly developing techniques. Some American em­
ployers, affected by recent technological changes,
are discovering that they cannot find adequately
prepared workers to perform jobs requiring tech­
nical training because no large-scale reserve of
technicians is available. There is, for example, a
considerable lag between the jobs developing in
the companies manufacturing servomechanisms
and the other equipment necessary for automated
production lines, and the training of technicians
to perform these jobs. Increasingly, employers
who are advertising for engineers and scientists
are also listing job opportunities for technicians.
The formal systematic Russian training pro­
gram, previously discussed, has certain advantages
which are worth the attention of all persons con­
cerned with national manpower problems. A
labor force which includes substantial numbers
with advanced technical training contains “builtin” sources of industrial progress. The higher the
level of technical training and the greater the use
of technically trained personnel in jobs closely
related to production processes, the more likely
improved industrial organization and techniques
“can be the outgrowth of suggestion and initia­
tive on the part of the rank-and-file worker as
well as the product of research and managerial in­
genuity.” 21 The extensive distribution of trained
semiprofessional workers throughout Russian in­
dustry may give the Soviets a potential manpower
advantage which will significantly affect their
future industrial development.
Conclusions
The growing importance of the technician occu­
pations has far-reaching training implications in
the United States. The primary fact to be under­
scored is that our past concepts of the skills of
the labor force must be broadened to extend be­
yond manual skills to include technical knowledge.
Dependence upon informal acquisition of skills is
450109— 58------ 2


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inadequate for the preparation of semiprofessional
workers. The subject matter and disciplines to be
learned for technician jobs cannot be transmitted
satisfactorily from one worker to another or ac­
quired by observation.
The technological changes of recent years are
creating a demand for workers with the kind of
training which appears not to be universally ac­
cepted as a responsibility of our public schools.
The semiprofessional training vacuum which
largely exists between the high schools and
colleges is not currently being filled by the efforts
of private industry and the Armed Forces. The
comparatively small number of schools which have
concentrated in this area of training cannot meet
this challenge of national scope.
The magnitude of the technician training prob­
lem calls for an examination of our educational
system to determine whether it is geared to meet
the needs of our increasingly complex industrial
economy. States and local communities faced
with increasing need for semiprofessional workers,
but with no available training facilities locally,
might well consider the feasibility of introducing
technical institutes and junior colleges into their
public educational systems for the purpose of pro­
viding a labor force equipped to meet industrial
requirements. Establishment of technical insti­
tutes, junior colleges, scholarships for semiprofes­
sional trainees, and improved vocational guidance
may be the best means of assuring a growing
supply of such workers for industry in a democratic
society.
This Nation certainly cannot depend upon exist­
ing limited training programs to contribute enough
technicians to meet industrial requirements. The
experience of World War II should serve as a warn­
ing that the difficult subject matter involved in
technicians’ jobs, and the time required in learning
certain disciplines for these jobs, will seriously
hamper rapid acceleration of training programs.
If the labor force developed today will help this
country meet future emergencies, an investment
in semiprofessional training on a large scale should
not be delayed. Concentration upon the prepara­
tion of skilled craftsmen and professional workers
alone may prove that we have failed to appreciate
the full implications of the technological develop­
ments now taking place in American industry.
21 John K . Norton, Education and Economic Well-Being in American
Democracy, Washington, Educational Policies Commission, 1940 (p. 12).

American Labor
in 1957 and
a Look Ahead
T heodore A llison *

T he b i g l a b o r s t o r y of 1957 was the activity of
the Senate Select Committee on Improper Activ­
ities in the Labor or Management Field, which was
established January 30 and held hearings through­
out the year. Committee disclosures aided top
leaders of the American Federation of Labor and
Congress of Industrial Organizations in their fight
to rid the organization of unsavory elements.
The struggle reached a climax in December, when
the Federation’s largest affiliate, the International
Brotherhood of Teamsters, and 2 smaller inter­
national unions were expelled in a convention as
dramatic as that 22 years before at which the
unions forming the nucleus of the Congress of
Industrial Organizations split off from the Amer­
ican Federation of Labor. The Senate committee
hearings, which will continue in 1958, also gen­
erated many proposals for labor legislation to be
considered by the second session of the 85th
Congress. The past year, during which the
economy leveled off on a high plateau, was a good
one for the American worker. Employment was
high, unemployment was low, wages went higher
(as a result, in many instances, of deferred in­
creases or cost-of-living adjustments provided in
long-term contracts negotiated in earlier years),
and the time lost because of work stoppages was
at a postwar low. All in all, an eventful year,
with real significance for future developments in
the field of labor.
Senate Probe

The story unfolded before the Senate select
committee had a cinematic flavor. It was full
of lurid episodes set in a variety of locales, and
6

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involved a cast of attention-arresting characters.
The International Brotherhood of Teamsters was
the principal target of investigation. The Sen­
ators heard that leaders of the Western Confer­
ence of Teamsters had dissipated some $700,000 of
union funds through misappropriation, loans, and
questionable expenditures, had become partners
of racketeers in gambling enterprises, and had
conspired with underworld figures to dominate
law enforcement agencies in the Portland, Oreg.,
area. From Scranton came ■witnesses to link
Teamster and building trades union officials with
rigged union elections, extortion, and violence,
including the dynamiting of a house being built
by a nonunion contractor. With respect to
the New York City garbage carting industry,
which is organized by the Teamsters, it was
asserted that the business was dominated by
gangsters who were members of the Mafia. The
year ended with an investigation of Teamster
terrorist tactics in Tennessee.
Appearing as a witness before the select com­
mittee in March and again in May, the union’s
president, Dave Beck, challenged the committee’s
jurisdiction and, invoking the protection of the
Fifth Amendment, refused to answer most ques­
tions put to him. Committee investigators, how­
ever, presented evidence that Beck had misap­
propriated more than $300,000 of Teamster funds
and had improperly used his union position to
benefit himself and members of his family.
It was the committee’s judgment that another
powerful Teamster figure, James K. Hoffa, had
also misused union funds and engaged in financial
transactions in which there was a conflict of
interest. The committee also accused him of
associating with racketeers. Hoffa, who was
later elected to succeed Beck as Teamster presi­
dent, told the committee in August that he was
“shocked and disturbed” by revelations that
crooks had infiltrated the union. However.
Senate investigators introduced evidence pur­
porting to indicate that Hoffa had been aware of
and had sanctioned the presence of hoodlums in
union positions. Among the evidence introduced
were 8 wiretapped recordings of telephone con­
versations between Hoffa and Johnny Dio, a
racketeer convicted in July of conspiracy to
extort $30,000 from 2 employers in exchange for
labor peace.
•Of the Office of Publications, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

AMERICAN LABOR IN 1957 AND A LOOK AHEAD

According to testimony before the committee,
Dio had muscled in on the AFL United Auto­
mobile Workers (now the Allied Industrial Work­
ers) in 1950 and had become a power within the
union. Locals controlled by Dio reportedly
negotiated collusive “sweetheart agreements”
whereby union officials received company pay­
offs and workers received little or no benefit.
In 1955, by arrangement with Hoffa, several
union associates of Dio were allegedly installed
as officers of Teamsters “paper” locals reportedly
chartered to insure the election of Hoffa’s candi­
date for president of the New York Teamsters
Joint Council. When questioned as to the truth
of the allegation, Dio and his cohorts steadfastly
invoked the Fifth Amendment.
The Teamsters union also figured prominently
in the one phase of the committee’s investiga­
tions centering on management misdeeds. This
was an inquiry into the operations of Labor Dela­
tions Associates, Inc., a management consulting
firm headed by Nathan W. Shefferman, long-time
friend of Dave Beck. It was revealed that the
firm aided clients in frustrating union organizing
drives or, failing this, in negotiating a “soft”
contract with a friendly union, usually the Team­
sters in the cases under investigation.
Shady dealings of officers in two other unions
were explored in some detail by the committee.
The charge of diverting union funds to their
personal use was leveled at President James G.
Cross of the Bakery and Confectionery Workers
and President Anthony Valente and SecretaryTreasurer Lloyd Klenert of the United Textile
Workers.
Legal Matters

Legislative prescriptions to cure the disorders of
the labor movement diagnosed by the Senate
select committee were plentiful at year’s end.
Fear that some zealous “quacks” might devise
cures which would kill the patient were voiced by
Secretary of Labor James P. Mitchell, as he out­
lined the administration’s proposals in a speech
before the AFL-CIO convention.1 These in­
cluded compulsory disclosure of the operations of
pension and welfare funds, closer public scrutiny
of union financial reports, secret elections of union
officers at least every 4 years, and reporting
i

For the text of the proposals, see pp. 45-47, of this issue.


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7

requirements designed to reveal union-employer
collusion. Bribery of either union or manage­
ment representatives would be made a felony
under Federal law. The administration will also
ask that the Secretary of Labor be given power
(which would be exercised by a Commissioner of
Labor Reports) to subpena witnesses and in­
vestigate the accuracy of reports required by the
proposed legislation. It will also be proposed
that unions willfully failing to file true and proper
reports be subject to loss of both tax-exempt
status and their bargaining status under the
National Labor Relations Act. Secretary Mit­
chell also suggested certain amendments- to the
Taft-Hartley Act, one of which would curb picket­
ing imposed to coerce a businessman and his em­
ployees to accept a union which the employees
clearly do not want.
Some members of Congress and spokesmen for
business organizations favor measures to check
labor unions which are more drastic than the cor­
rective legislation advocated by Secretary
Mitchell. Frequently mentioned among these
measures are full application of the antitrust laws
to unions and a Federal “right to work” law to ban
the common forms of union security such as the
union shop and maintenance-of-membership agree­
ments. Proposals for such a “union insecurity”
law may be introduced at this session of Congress.
State legislatures, too, will receive proposals for
new labor laws this year. In New York, for
instance, Governor Aver ell Harriman has ap­
pointed a committee, headed by Professor Clyde
Summers of the Yale Law School, to prepare
recommendations for the 1958 State Legislature on
ways to safeguard union funds, promote union
democracy, and curb picketing abuses and unionmanagement collusion. New York, in 1956, was
the second State to pass a welfare fund disclosure
law. (Such a measure became law in the State of
Washington in 1955.) Last year, disclosure legis­
lation was adopted by California, Wisconsin,
Massachusetts, and Connecticut, and the lastnamed State also required unions with more than
24 members to file annual financial reports.
In 1957, Indiana became the first major in­
dustrial State to adopt a right-to-work law.
Similar legislation was considered in 11 other
States, and attempts to repeal such laws were
defeated in 7 States. Campaigns at the State
level to promote union security bans can be ex-

8

pected to continue. Kansans will vote this year
on a constitutional amendment providing that no
person shall be denied employment because of
membership or nonmembership in a labor union.
In California, too, right-to-work legislation is
expected to be an election issue.
During the past year, increases in workmen’s
compensation benefits were approved in 29 States,
Hawaii, and Puerto Rico.2 Twenty-one States
increased maximum weekly unemployment in­
surance benefits by amounts of from $2 to $11.3
However, an AFL-CIO Social Security Depart­
ment report stating that, in terms of the pro­
portion of average weekly wages replaced, un­
employment benefits have “slipped backward”
during the last 2 years in 28 States having 58 per­
cent of the employees covered, presages pressure
to boost benefits in the year ahead.
A decision 4 of the Supreme Court on March 25
had considerable significance for State labor
agencies. The court ruled that a State labor
board could not act in cases which were within
the jurisdiction of the National Labor Relations
Board, even if the latter declined to handle them,
unless the NLRB expressly ceded its jurisdiction.
(No such cession has ever been made.) The
decision left a broad “no man’s land” between
Federal and State jurisdiction in the labor field.5
However, the majority opinion pointed out that
“Congress is free to change the situation at will.”
On April 28, representatives of several State labor
agencies formed an association to press for a solu­
tion of the Federal-State jurisdictional problem.
Legislative proposals to close the jurisdictional
gap were outlined by Secretary Mitchell at the
AFL-CIO convention.
Other Supreme Court decisions of importance
to both management and labor included rulings
that (1) during the life of a long-term agreement,
a union was legally entitled to strike 60 days after
giving the employer notice of modification;6 (2)
when one member of an employer association was
struck during multiemployer bargaining, the
other members had the right to lock out their
workers, to counteract union “whipsaw” tactics;7
and (3) under section 301 (a) of the Taft-Hartley
Act, Federal courts may enforce collective bar­
gaining agreements to arbitrate grievances.8
In a decision significant for its possible effect on
future union political expenditures, a Federal
district court jury in Detroit, on November 6,


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

found that the United Automobile Workers did
not violate the statutory ban (sec. 304 of the
Taft-Hartley Act) on union expenditures “in
connection with” Federal elections by sponsoring
during the 1954 campaign nine telecasts on which
certain political candidates were interviewed.
The union had contended that the programs were
part of a year-round general educational project
for union members.
During the past year, some limitations on
picketing were established by decisions of the
Supreme Court and the National Labor Relations
Board. The Supreme Court upheld 9 the right of
a State court to enjoin peaceful picketing which
the Court found was designed to coerce an em­
ployer to recognize a union, on the grounds that
such picketing was against State policy, at an
establishment not covered by the Federal Labor
Management Relations Act. In two cases, the
NLRB ruled on October 31 and November 6 that
it was illegal for a union supported by only a
minority of the employees either to picket for
recognition or circulate “we do not patronize”
lists. The Board majority regarded both actions
as forms of economic pressure to coerce employers
and workers to recognize a minority union.
The NLRB also dealt a blow to the “hot cargo”
clause. (A hot cargo agreement provides that
employees may refuse to handle goods designated
by a union as “unfair.”) A majority ruled on
November 12 that such an agreement with a
common carrier is invalid. Later in the year,
the Interstate Commerce Commission ordered a
group of trucking companies to cease and desist
from observing hot cargo clauses, on grounds that
such boycotts interfere with a common carrier’s
duties to the public. However, an ICC examiner
had previously ruled against certifying 12 non­
union carriers for operation in interstate com2 See State Workmen’s Compensation Legislation in 1957 (in M onthly
Labor Review, October 1957, pp. 1229-1232).
3 See State Unemployment Insurance Legislation in 1957 (in M onthly
Labor Review, December 1957, pp. 1476-1483).
4 G u s s , d . b. a . P h o t o S o u n d P r o d u c t s M a n u f a c t u r i n g C o . v. U ta h L a b o r R e l a ­
t io n s B o a r d (U. S. Sup. C t., Mar. 25, 1957). *
5 See The Gap Between State and Federal Jurisdiction in Labor Relations
(in M onthly Labor Review, July 1957, pp. 829-832).
8 N L R B v. L i o n O il C o . (U. S. Sup. Ct., Jan. 22,1957).
7 N L R B v. T r u c k D r i v e r s L o c a l M 9 (U. S. Sup. Ct., Apr. 1, 1957).
8 T e x tile W o r k e r s U n io n v. L i n c o l n M i l l s , G o o d a ll-S & n fo r d , I n c . v . U n it e d
T e x tile W o r k e r s , and G e n e r a l E l e c tr i c C o . L o c a l 2 0 5 , U n it e d E l e c tr i c a l W o r k e r s
(U. S. Sup. Ct., June 3, 1957).
9 I n t e r n a t io n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f T e a m s t e r s , L o c a l 6 9 5 v. V o g t, I n c . (U. S. Sup.
Ct., June 17,1957).

AMERICAN LABOR IN 1957 AND A LOOK AHEAD

merce, because they might experience difficulty
in interlining with carriers bound by hot-cargo
agreements. The clouded hot-cargo picture may
be clarified in the months ahead when decisions
are rendered in the cases involving this issue
which are now before the Supreme Court.
AFL-CIO Actions

The AFL-CIO high command continued its
campaign to keep the house of labor from becoming
a home for delinquents. Resolve to maintain
high ethical standards within the labor movement
had been written into the constitution of the
merged Federation, and a Committee on Ethical
Practices had been set up to “assist the Executive
Council in carrying out the constitutional deter­
mination of the Federation to keep the Federa­
tion free from any taint of corruption or
communism. . . .”
During the year, five codes of ethical practices
in the conduct of union affairs were formulated by
the committee and adopted by the ExecutiVe
Council. These codes set up standards to safeguard
welfare and pension funds; barred racketeers,
crooks, Communists, and Fascists from union
office; bade union officials to avoid business
activities conflicting with their union duties;
established minimum accounting and financial
controls to be observed by all affiliated unions; and
outlined procedures to insure internal union
democracy. The Executive Council also adopted
a policy that any union official who invokes the
Fifth Amendment to avoid a properly constituted
public body’s scrutiny of alleged corruption on his
part has no right to continue to hold office in his
union.
The Ethical Practices Committee presented
reports to the Executive Council criticizing six
unions for actions contrary to the codes of ethics.
Those accused were the Distillery Workers,
Laundry Workers, Allied Industrial Workers,
Teamsters, Bakers, and United Textile Workers.
The procedure followed in each of these cases was
essentially the same: Officials of the union under
investigation, who had previously been given the
opportunity to appear before the Ethical Practices
Committee, were asked to present their case before
10
A jury found him guilty of this charge on December 14, 1957. His at*
torney announced that he would seek a new trial.


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9

the Executive Council. If the council found tha
abuses existed, it gave the union a deadline to
correct the situation or face suspension.
Three unions refused to meet the Executive
Council’s standards and were suspended—the
Laundry Workers on May 23, the Teamsters on
October 24, and the Bakers on November 15—and
all three were expelled by the convention in
December.
The other three unions agreed to a cleanup
under surveillance of a monitor appointed by the
Federation, and they were put on probation.
Probation of the Allied Industrial Workers was
lifted October 24, following election of a new slate
of officers and adoption of constitutional reforms.
At the AFL-CIO convention, probationary status
was continued for the Distillery Workers, and the
United Textile Workers union was restored to full
membership, after agreeing to hold a special
convention under supervision of a monitor and to
declare its two former top officials ineligible to
hold office.
At the AFL-CIO convention, there was con­
jecture as to the effect the expulsions—particularly
dropping the large and powerful Teamsters
union—would have in two areas of primary union
concern, elimination of jurisdictional strife and
organization of the unorganized. There was some
fear that the Teamsters might raid established
jurisdictions, and fending off such attacks might
engage resources which could otherwise be used to
extend organization. However, Teamster leaders
gave assurances that they did not wish to initiate
interunion warfare. For the moment, at least,
they were beset by problems of their own. Presi­
dent Beck was on trial for grand larceny, for
allegedly pocketing returns of the sale of a union
Cadillac,10 and still had to face two charges of in­
come tax evasion. President-elect Hoffa was
blocked from assuming office pending the outcome
of a suit of 13 rank-and-file Teamsters seeking to
void his election at the union’s convention in
September on grounds that convention delegates
had been improperly selected. Hoffa himself,
who had been acquitted earlier in the year by a
Federal district court jury of charges of conspiring
to bribe an investigator for the Senate select com­
mittee, was in court on charges of conspiring to
tap subordinates’ office phones, and was under
indictment for perjury. A U. S. Supreme Court

10

decision, on December 9 that wiretap evidence is
inadmissible in Federal courts may result in dis­
missal of the latter charge, which rests heavily on
such evidence.
Jurisdictional disputes between craft and in­
dustrial unions, which originally split the old
AFL, remain as one of the merged Federation’s
chief pieces of unfinished business. President
George Meany’s proposal that such disputes be
settled on the basis of past practice, with arbi­
tration as a last resort, was rejected by the build­
ing trades unions last January. In July, he
sponsored a plan which assigned “new building
construction” to the crafts and “running mainte­
nance work” to the industrial unions, and which
provided a 3-step procedure for settlement of
differences on contested types of work such as
major alterations on the basis of past practice.
No provision was made for final or binding arbi­
tration. The plan, unacceptable to the building
trades, was not put into effect. At its convention
in December, the Building and Construction
Trades Department resolved to continue to work
with the Industrial Union Department to settle
their differences.
The task of union organizers became a little
harder during 1957. Among obstacles cited by
labor spokesmen were adverse public reaction
to disclosures of union racketeering and unfavor­
able, restrictive legislation. In the South, where
a large proportion of the unorganized workers are
located, the AFL-CIO’s strong support for racial
integration has been used upon occasion to alien­
ate potential members. In some instances, or­
ganizing was stalled by the rivalry of affiliates
with jurisdiction in the same industry.
Some progress toward greater unity within the
labor movement was made in 1957. The Inter­
national Brotherhood of Paper Makers (formerly
AFL) and the United Paperworkers of America
(formerly CIO) merged on March 5. There was
talk of union mergers in the chemical and glass
industries. The AFL-CIO welcomed as affiliates
three railroad unions—the 160,000-member
Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, the 9,000member American Railway Supervisors Associa­
tion, and the 4,000-member American Train Dis­
patchers. By the December 5 deadline for fusing
AFL and CIO State bodies, mergers had occurred
in 14 more States, bringing the total to 33, and in
Puerto Rico. No new time limit to effect such

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

mergers in the remaining States was set, but Presi­
dent Meany retains authority to withdraw charters
and order special merger conventions of groups
which unduly delay unity moves.
Preoccupation with developments on the do­
mestic scene has not prevented the American
labor movement from playing a part in interna­
tional labor affairs. Closer rapport in the future
between the AFL-CIO and the International
Confederation of Free Trade Unions was indicated
at the Federation’s convention. President Meany
announced that affiliates will raise $1 million over
a 3-year period to be given to the ICFTU’s
international solidarity fund. Reportedly, this
will be the first AFL-CIO contribution to the fund.
A long-time objective of the American labor move­
ment was realized in June, when the International
Labor Organization approved a convention against
forced labor. In August, Mr. Meany became the
first labor leader to be named as a United States
delegate to the United Nations General Assembly.
Economic Developments

In pursuing their traditional objective of
improved wages and benefits for workers, trade
unions in 1957 operated in a generally stable
economy whose movement during the year was
largely sideways. After 2 years of steady advances,
most economic indicators had lost their buoyancy
by midyear. At year-end, the prospect was that
the economy would edge downward during the
early months of 1958.
During 1957, two major types of expenditures—•
business investment in plant and equipment and
Federal Government outlays—leveled off. How­
ever, State and local government expenditures
continued to rise, causing total government
spending to move somewhat higher over the year.
Consumer purchases kept pace with the increase
in personal income through August. However,
in the following months, retail sales were disap­
pointing, and personal income dipped from
August to November.
Evidence of the economy’s slackened pace was
seen in the fact that the civilian labor force, as of
November, had grown by only some 300,000 per­
sons during the past 12 months, in contrast to a
gain of more than 1% million from 1955 to 1956.
Total nonagricultural employment was actually
about 20,000 below the year-ago level, and unem-

11

AMERICAN LABOR IN 1957 AND A LOOK AHEAD

ployment was about 725,000 above that level.
In manufacturing industries, employment was
down some 625,000 and the factory workweek
had dropped 0.8 hour since September, to the
lowest November level since 1949.
Consumer prices, which had risen steadily since
August 1956, advancing 2.6 percent during the
first 9 months of 1957, failed to rise in October,
but then rose 0.4 percent in the following month.
The outlook is for comparative price stability
during the immediate future. Wholesale prices,
which rose less than retail prices during the year,
had apparently reached their peak.
It was expected that unemployment would rise
during the early part of 1958, as business felt the
effects of defense production cutbacks and reduc­
tions in private capital investment. Support for
the economy was seen, however, in a higher volume
of construction, with expansion primarily in home
and highway building. An easing of the mortgage
market is expected to stimulate housing activity,
and the outlook is that 1.1 million new nonfarm
dwelling units will be started in 1958, up 10 per­
cent from last year. The continuing upward
trend in State and local government spending will
help offset reductions in military outlays, and any
step-up in defense contracting would act as an
economic stimulant. Easing of credit, as a result
of reduction of the Federal Reserve Bank discount
rate in November, may also help to quicken
business activity.
In the latter part of 1957, consumer buying,
the biggest source of demand in the total economy,
had been high but not expanding. Factory
workers’ spendable earnings in November were
slightly below levels for the same month in the
preceding year. However, in the months ahead,
while prices will probably remain relatively stable,
wage rates for some groups of workers will rise as
a result of increases previously written into long­
term agreements, and wages for other workers
can be expected to rise as a result of this year’s
bargaining. Consequently, despite some increase
in unemployment and any further reduction in
ii
A major contract is defined as one covering 1,000 or more workers. This
information is based on collective bargaining settlements as summarized in
the Bureau of Labor Statistics monthly report on Current Wage Develop­
ments, supplemented by information on some of the major construction
contracts.
u Data relate to major contracts in manufacturing, mining, transportation,
utilities, and trade, and do not include construction settlements. A survey
of union wage scales of 7 major building trades in 100 cities as of October 1
indicated that, on the average, building trades hourly scales rose about 1 2 H
cents during the first 9 months of 1957.


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the workweek, purchasing power is likely to rise
in 1958. Greater strength in the consumer mar­
ket may well provide the impetus for renewed
economic expansion.
Collective Bargaining

Rising prices during 1957 brought pay raises to
more than 4 million workers whose wages were
subject to cost-of-living escalation adjustment.
In addition, most of these workers, as well as
others not affected by escalation, received de­
ferred wage increases negotiated in earlier years.
A total of more than 5 million workers received
pay raises because of deferred increases, escalator
adjustments, or both, under terms of major con­
tracts in manufacturing, mining, transportation,
utilities, trade, and construction.11
Deferred increases amounted to 6 but less than
8 cents an hour for about half the workers affected.
Cost-of-living adjustments during 1957 generally
totaled 5 to 8 cents an hour. Among those whose
pay envelopes were fattened by both types of
raises were railroad workers, for whom the de­
ferred increase was generally 7 cents an hour and
escalator boosts totaled 8 cents. Workers in auto­
mobile and farm equipment factories received a
deferred increase of 2% percent, with a minimum
of 6 cents an hour, and cost-of-living adjustments
of 6 cents. The advance in basic steel rates aver­
aged 8 or 9 cents (deferred) plus 7 cents (escalator).
Deferred and escalator hourly increases in meat
packing were, respectively, 7% cents and 5 cents.
Few long-term construction agreements called for
cost-of-living adjustments; most deferred in­
creases provided in this industry amounted to 10
cents or more an hour.
Some 2.2 million employees were covered by
major contract negotiations in which wages were
an issue during the first 9 months of 1957, when
most of the year’s collective bargaining activi
occurred.12 About a fifth of the workers receive^
wage increases of 5 but less than 9 cents, and a
similar proportion received 9 but less than 11
cents an hour. Nearly a fourth of the workers
received hourly increases of 15 cents or more. No
wage increase was granted 200,000 workers, most
of whom were in the men’s apparel and northern
textile industries.
No major innovation was introduced in 1957
collective bargaining. Unions generally concen-

12

trated on improving employee benefits already
won. About three-fourths of the major agree­
ments concluded liberalized or introduced one or
more supplementary benefits. Most frequently
this meant the introduction or expansion of health
and welfare plans. Vacation and holiday pro­
visions each were revised in about one-third of the
major settlements, and a fifth of the contracts
established or changed pension provisions.
The number of men made idle and the time lost
because of work stoppages were at a post-World
War II low in 1957. Among the few strikes of
national scope was a stoppage of 16,000 workers
in the cement industry. Walkouts began in May,
and by the first of July, over a third of the industry
was down. Settlements varied from plant to
plant, but the major producers signed contracts
generally similar to that negotiated July 27 by
the United Cement, Lime and Gypsum Workers
and Universal Atlas Cement Co. This provided
an 11-cent wage increase across the board (of
which 10 cents was made retroactive to May 1)
and other adjustments, making up a package
worth an estimated 16% cents an hour. The
contract did not include what reportedly had
been a major union demand, a clause to limit the
employers’ discretion in subcontracting work.
Shipping in Atlantic ports from Maine to
Virginia came to a virtual standstill when 35,000
members of the International Longshoremen’s
Association (Ind.) stopped work on February 12.
That was the expiration date of an 80-day TaftHartley injunction which had halted a work
stoppage in November 1956. Work was resumed
February 23, under an agreement which provided
a 3-step increase raising the basic longshore rate
32 cents by October 1, 1958. Employer welfare
contributions were raised by 5 cents an hour.
In South Atlantic and Gulf ports, settlements
had been reached at the end of January or early
in February.
Only one 80-day Taft-Hartley injunction was
issued during the year. It halted a 6-day stoppage
at a plant in Pike County, Ohio, operated by the
Goodyear Atomic Corp. for the Atomic Energy
Commission. During the term of the injunction,
the employer and the Oil, Chemical and Atomic
Workers signed a 3-year contract providing


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

3-step wage increases of 22 cents an hour for some
1,500 workers.
Since violence of the sort once associated in the
popular mind with strikes is now rare, a strike at
the Ohio Consolidated Telephone Co. in Ports­
mouth, Ohio, which was marked by several
picket line clashes and disruption of telephone
service, attracted widespread attention. The
dispute, which had begun in July 1956, was ended
February 27, when the company signed a new
contract with the Communications Workers of
America. The union relinquished a union-shop
clause, which was replaced with a maintenanceof-membership clause. The settlement provided
for average pay increases of 4% cents an hour and
arbitration of 19 discharges for alleged strike
violence. In September, picket lines of a 4-day
nationwide strike against Western Electric Co.
staged by 23,000 telephone equipment installers
kept several times that number of Bell Telephone
System employees from their jobs. The em­
ployer settled with CWA on the basis of wage-rate
increases ranging from 6 to 12 cents an hour and
other improvements. Peaceable negotiations be­
tween CWA and various units of the Bell system
late in the year led to contracts providing increases
of from $2 to $5 a week for well over 100,000
employees.
The Nation’s longest labor dispute, between
the Kohler Co. and the United Auto Workers,
which began in April 1954 with a strike over new
contract terms, was still unresolved at the end
of 1957. A National Labor Relations Board
examiner on October 9 ruled that the strike,
economic in origin, was converted into an unfair
labor practice strike by a series of company
actions, the first of which was a unilateral wage
increase on or about June 1, 1954. He recom­
mended the reinstatement of strikers who had
not been permanently replaced by that date, but
upheld discharges of 13 strike committee mem­
bers and those who had engaged in misconduct
during the strike. Upon appeal from the trial
examiner’s recommendations, the case is now
pending decision by the Board.
“A stormy year on the labor front” is the 1958
forecast of Joseph F. Finnegan, chief of the Federal
Mediation and Conciliation Service. The lineup

AMERICAN LABOR IN 1957 AND A LOOK AHEAD

of this year’s major bargaining situations in­
cludes the aircraft, farm machinery, glass, and
maritime industries.13 Keenest public interest
has been generated, however, by forthcoming
negotiations in the automobile industry, where
UAW contracts with the Big Three—Chrysler,
Ford, and General Motors—expire around the
first of June.
At its convention last April, the union indicated
its bargaining demands in general terms and ar­
ranged for a special convention this month to
spell these out in greater detail. Broadly speaking,
the union would like to secure a shorter workweek
with higher take-home pay, increases in the
amount and duration of supplemental unemploy­
ment benefits, and improvements in hospitalmedical insurance programs and pension plans.14
Issues involved in sporadic stoppages during the
past year—-establishment of production standards
and job protection for employees affected by plant
relocation—will also be aired at the bargaining
table.
The “shorter workweek” in recent months has
gained considerable currency as a bargaining
slogan, in much the same way as the “guaranteed
annual wage” first did in the 1940’s. Among the
other unions which resolved in 1957 to seek a
shorter week were the Machinists, Aluminum
Workers, Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers, and
Textile Workers Union of America. There is no
unanimity as to how to reduce working hours—
shorter workdays, fewer workdays per week, longer
vacations, and periodic long weekends have all
been suggested.15 In the printing industry, where
work schedules of less than 40 hours a week are
common, the International Typographical Union’s
convention authorized locals to bargain for a 4day, 32-hour week. Some supporters of the
shorter workweek argue that a reduction in work­
ing hours is necessary to avoid unemployment as
rapid technological advances increase productivity.
On the occasion of a speech outlining the man­
power needs of the next decade, Secretary Mitchell
adopted a temperate approach to the question,
saying, “I don’t think any arbitrary reduction of
the existing workweek is a sound thing to consider
at this time. We have to let this thing come by
evolution and not to the detriment of the full use
and development of our resources.”
Employers have been cool to suggestions of a
shorter workweek. Many management spokes­

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

13

men have stated that 1958 is the year for industry
to hold the line against wage increases. They
received support from an unexpected source when
Richard J. Gray, president of the Building and
Construction Trades Department of the AFLCIO, told his organization’s convention in Decem­
ber that member unions and unions in industries
producing building materials should agree to a
year’s moratorium on wage increases as a means of
stimulating construction activity. This position
was hastily disavowed by other union leaders.
Delegates to the AFL-CIO convention unani­
mously adopted a resolution setting forth more
pay, shorter hours, and better welfare programs
as 1958 bargaining goals.
The projected slackening of business activity
may tend to stiffen employer resistance to union
demands. Conversely, unions could cite rising
unemployment as a reason to shorten the work­
week, thereby spreading work, and call for higher
wages to boost consumer purchasing power.
Moreover, unions will tend to view deferred in­
creases paid this year under long-term contracts as
minimum goals to be achieved in current negotia­
tions.16 About 4 million workers covered by
major agreements are slated to receive deferred
wage increases in 1958. In construction, out of
every 8 workers scheduled to receive pay raises, 3
will get an additional 15 cents an hour and nearly
2 will get 10-cent raises. In other industries,
about 5 out of 6 workers due deferred increases will
receive 7 to 10 cents an hour. Should prices again
move upward with any strength, cost-of-living
advances could be received during the year by
about 4.3 million workers covered by escalator
clauses.
13 See Major Agreement Expirations arid Reopenings in 1958, pp. 30-44
of this issue.
14 On January 13, 1958, UAW President Walter P. Reuther, in a letter to
locals and delegates to the special convention, indicated that the union’s
executive board recommended “ the temporary deferment of the introduction
of the shorter workweek.” The recommendation was made, he said, “ in
recognition of the critical world situation as dramatized by the Soviet Sput­
niks and of the need to place the major emphasis upon expanding purchasing
power as the most effective way of meeting the serious problem of unemploy­
ment and short workweeks.” The demands outlined in the letter included,
in addition to wage increases and improvements in supplementary benefits, a
profit-sharing plan under which company profits “ in excess of the figures
used by General Motors and Ford for their executives’ bonus plan” would
be split as follows: “ One-half . . . to stockholders and executives; one-fourth
to wage and salary workers; and one-fourth to consumers through a year-end
rebate.”
15 See Shorter Hours of Work (in M onthly Labor Review, November 1956,
pp. 1263-1275).
13 See Deferred Wage Increases in 1958 and Wage Escalator Clauses
M onthly Labor Review, December 1957, pp. 1464-1467).

(in

Interrelationship of
Prices, Wages, and
Productivity, 1946-57
E wan Clague *

T hree waves of price increases have occurred
since World War II. Each has had its own charac­
teristics and its dominating causes; each has had
its effect on wages and productivity and in turn
has been affected by them. This article1 is an
attempt to analyze the movements of prices,
wages, and productivity in the postwar decade
and interpret them in terms of the present and
the future.
The Postwar Period, 1945-49

After price and wage controls were inaugurated
during World War II, they operated with a high
degree of success, considering the circumstances
of the time. Of course, there were some black
(and gray) markets, and there were sectors of the
economy not fully controlled. Yet the Consumer
Price Index of the U. S. Department of Labor’s
Bureau of Labor Statistics, after a substantial
rise in the early years of the war, was compara­
tively stable from the spring of 1943 to the spring
of 1946 despite the rise in consumer incomes.
Wages and salaries were controlled, but this alone
could not prevent a rise in consumer purchasing
power. Millions of workers who were unemployed
in 1939 returned to work during the war years
and acquired purchasing power far beyond WPA
and public assistance standards of living. Over­
time pay enhanced the regular weekly earnings
of additional millions of workers. And millions
of women and youngsters had jobs for the first
time.
The Government’s plan for dealing with the
problem arising from increased consumer pur­
chasing power was to persuade the average worker
14

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

and his family to put their surplus wages and
salaries (beyond that which was necessary for
the rationed standard of living) into war bonds.
By the end of the war, individuals held nearly
$30 billion of E-bonds as well as many other
kinds of savings. In other words, the surplus
earnings of the labor force had been very largely
diverted to long-term savings.
The Reconversion, 194-5-4-6. When the war ended
in 1945 and conversion to peacetime industry
had begun, the Government was deeply concerned
about two domestic economic problems: (1) The
possible high unemployment which might develop
during the transition and (2) the wage-price
problem, which immediately took on new forms.
The unemployment did not develop—at the peak
it amounted to only 3.5 million workers, or about
7 percent of the labor force. But the wage-price
problem became a labor-management issue which
resulted in a wave of strikes and industrial disputes
during the winter and spring of 1946. The con­
flicting economic forces could not be contained
within the Government’s formula—continued,
rigorous price control with free collective bar­
gaining on wages. In fact, the price problem
would have been difficult even if wage controls
had been continued in full force.
On the price side, two things began to happen
at once, with the return to peacetime conditions.
The consumer purchasing power which had been
siphoned off into wartime savings was released,
and some conversion of these savings into current
purchasing power was taking place. The people
who constituted the small savers stepped from a
net purchasing rate of $6 billion of bonds a year
in 1945 to a redemption rate of $1 billion in 1946,
thus releasing purchasing power which kept
controlled price ceilings under constant pressure.
On the wage side, earnings and consumer in­
comes from work were moving down during the
postwar reconversion. The average weekly earn­
ings of the workers in manufacturing industries 2
‘ Commissioner of Labor Statistics.
1 Based on a paper delivered before the American Management Association,
N ew York City, September 23,1957.
2 It must be emphasized that manufacturing is only one segment of the
economy, while the wholesale and consumer price indexes come closer to re­
flecting the workings of the whole economy. Thus, there can be divergence
between the economic situation in manufacturing as compared to the rest of
the economy. This divergence was more pronounced in the business down­
turns of 1949 and 1954 than in the prosperity periods. However, some
allowance for this factor must be made in appraising the interrelationships
of prices and wages during the postwar period.

PRICES, WAGES, AND PRODUCTIVITY, 1946-57

fell from $47.50 in January 1945 to approximately
$41 a week by the close of 1945. This drop in
earnings resulted primarily from the loss of pay
for overtime, which was sharply curtailed (or cut
out entirely) as soon as the war was over, and also
from the decline in the weekly pay of individual
workers who moved from higher wage war indus­
tries to lower wage peacetime industries.
However, wage rates were not cut. The average
hourly earnings in manufacturing industries were
$1.05 in January 1945, declined to $1 by December,
and rose again to $1.07 by the following May.
So, while the purchasing power of the weekly
pay envelope was sharply curtailed, the hourly
wage rate stayed up.
The general picture in the fall and winter of
1945-46 was as follows: prices and the cost of
living creeping slowly but persistently upward
(chart 1), held only by price controls; consumer
purchasing power augmented by wartime savings;
wage and salary incomes in many industries
sharply cut by the loss of overtime pay; unemploy­
ment remaining fairly low, as the expansion of
the private sector matched the decline in Govern­
ment spending for war.
The average industrial worker and his family
reacted to this situation by setting out to restore
the weekly pay envelope. Two things happened:
(1) Industrial disputes c u lm in a tin g in a series of
strikes, as workers struggled for wage increases to
compensate for their loss of current purchasing
power; and (2) the eventual breakdown of price
controls in late 1946 and (except for rent control
and a few others) the restoration of a free con­
sumer market.
The First Wave of Price Increases, 194-6-4-8. In
the summer of 1946, prices began to climb sharply.
Starting from May 1946, wholesale prices rose
over 30 percent in 1 year, and 44 percent in 2
years to May 1948. Farm prices rose to new
heights. Food prices at retail increased sharply
and thus raised the consumer’s cost of living in
its most sensitive sector. The Consumer Price
Index as a whole rose about 30 percent in 2 years,
an average of well over 1 percent per month.
Earnings lagged on this postwar price rise.
The average hourly earnings in manufacturing
went from $1.07 in May 1946 to $1.32 in May
1948—an increase of about 23 percent. Weekly
earnings fared no better. The simple fact is that

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

15
Chart 1. indexes of Wholesale and Consumer Prices
and Hourly and Weekly Earnings in Manufacturing,
January 1945-December 1949, January 1 9 5 0 December 1953, and January 1954-August 1957

over this period wage rates did not even keep
pace with the cost of living. Wages followed
prices up, but the goal of restoring the buying
power of the weekly pay envelope was not
achieved.
In this matter of earnings, the factory workers
in those years fared better than many other classes
of wage and salary earners—white-collar and
professional groups, for example, some of whom

16

suffered substantial losses in the purchasing power
of their wage and salary dollars.
Consumer purchasing power was expanded
during the 1946-48 period by a substantial rise
in consumer credit, which had been controlled
and reduced during the war. Rising wages and
full employment after the war made the wageearner family a good credit risk. Homefurnishings and household appliances were sold
on credit to an increasing extent. Automobile
production, when it got into full swing, furnished
another basis for credit expansion. Total con­
sumer credit outstanding, during the 3 years
1946-48, increased at an average annual rate of
about $3 billion. This does not include the
postwar spurt in homebuilding, which was based
on generous credit terms, not only to veterans
but to others also.
Businessmen were also vigorous demanders for
goods and labor in these early postwar years.
Gross private domestic investment rose from
about $10 billion per year in 1945 to $41 billion
in 1948.
Government, on the other hand, played no
part in the postwar expansion. The cash budget
of the Federal Government, which was rapidly
reducing its wartime expenditures, showed large
surpluses in the calendar years 1947 and 1948.
This counterbalanced the increased spending of
State and local governments on schools, roads,
and other public services.
In summary, the 1946-48 period was clearly
one of a demand inflation—too much purchasing
power in the hands of businessmen and consumers
for the available goods and services. The rise
in prices, which reached their peak in the summer
of 1948, steadily sapped the purchasing power of
the dollar, both current earnings and saved
reserves.
The Recession of 1949. In the first postwar read­
justment, farm prices were the first to give way,
falling nearly 20 percent by the end of 1949. In­
dustrial prices followed, although at a slower rate.
The Wholesale Price Index declined about 10 per­
cent; the Consumer Price Index went down about
4 percent. Thus, price inflation was ended.
Wages and salaries, however, did not decrease.
Hourly earnings in manufacturing leveled off at
about $1.40, and weekly earnings at $55-$56. In
some sectors of the economy, there were reduced

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

hours of work per week, accompanied by reduc­
tions in weekly earnings, but actual cuts in wage or
salary rates were very rare and nationally insig­
nificant.
These events provide us with one clue to the part
played by wages and salaries in the wage-price
relationship. As prices rise (in a boom), wage
rates follow them up. But when a business down­
turn comes, wage rates stubbornly resist a cut.
This is not simply a matter of union resistance
and strikes. Few employers, even on their own
responsibility and with nonunion workers, begin
a business readjustment with a wage cut.
The Intermediate Period, 1950-54

A slow business recovery began about the middle
of 1949 and picked up speed in the spring of 1950,
prior to the Korean hostilities. When that sudden
outbreak occurred, it immediately created a semi­
wartime economic situation. On top of a sub­
stantial business recovery in the private economy,
there was added a new Government expansion
based on war needs.
One immediate effect was a worldwide demand
for the metals and other important war commod­
ities, such as rubber. Many governments through­
out the world stepped up their purchases of these
crucial materials. Some hoarding and speculation
undoubtedly helped the price rise, but active de­
mand and Government stockpiling would have
been quite enough to send prices skyward. Start­
ing with May 1950, the Wholesale Price Index rose
17 percent in the 10 months to March 1951.
In retrospect, it is difficult to see what could
have been done to prevent this rise. The dimen­
sions of the military problem were not clear, the
U. S. Government required time to prepare for the
domestic economic situation, and the activities of
foreign governments in world commodity markets
could not have been controlled in any event.
The Second Wave of Price Increases, 1950-53. Con­
sumers reacted to the Korean outbreak with frantic
buying and hoarding at any price. Price and wage
controls were finally imposed in late January 1951.
Although the Consumer Price Index rose more
than 8 percent from June 1950 to March 1951, the
increase was only about half as much as the in­
crease in wholesale prices. The Consumer Price
Index showed its typical time lag.

PRICES, WAGES, AND PRODUCTIVITY, 1946-57

The wage situation in the spring of 1950 had
been mixed. Since unemployment usually reaches
its yearly peak in midwinter, there was still a
heavy volume of unemployment in the opening
months of 1950, with 4.7 million persons out of
work in February. The collective bargaining of
the early months of the year was characterized by
caution on the part of the unions. The bargainers
were aware of the business recovery, but they also
had to bear in mind the heavy volume of unem­
ployment. The first bargaining showed relatively
small wage increases, but as the spring progressed
the wage settlements got better from a labor point
of view; those made in May and June (before
Korea) were substantially above those made in the
first quarter of the year.
One other labor development proved to be of
great importance to the wage-price relationship.
In May 1950, the General Motors Corp. and the
United Automobile Workers signed a 5-year con­
tract which included a wage escalation clause and
an annual improvement factor based on the same
general principles as their previous contract. One
immediate effect of the GM-UAW contract on
wages after June 1950 was the widespread adoption
of escalator clauses in other contract settlements.
By March 1951, the average hourly earnings in
manufacturing had risen about 8 percent above
June 1950—slightly more than the rise in consumer
prices. (See chart 1.) At the same time, weekly
earnings had risen by 11 percent, thus indicating
an increase in the volume of consumer purchasing
power. In addition, a sharp rise in employment
(unemployment rapidly declined) provided earn­
ings for additional workers and brought on the
familiar problem of rising consumer incomes in
the face of shortages of goods.
Productivity improved sharply in 1950 and
output per man-hour generally improved as the
volume of production moved up toward capacity.
However, beginning in 1951, the usual influences
of wartime began to be felt—material shortages,
delayed deliveries, key labor shortages, etc.
There was comparatively little improvement in
productivity in manufacturing industries during
the years 1951-52, so the cost-cutting influence
of this factor was not felt during those years.
Government, of course, exercised a great in­
fluence upon the economy throughout this period.
The Federal Government’s budgets and demands


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IT
rose rapidly. In addition, State and local govern­
ment expenditures continued their steady increase.
In closing on this period, it is important to note
that, once price controls had again been estab­
lished, the Wholesale Price Index began to decline.
The Consumer Price Index, on the other hand,
pushed slowly upward until the summer of 1952,
when it leveled off and fluctuated within a narrow
range of less than 1 percent up or down to the
end of 1953.
Average hourly earnings moved ahead somewhat
faster than the Consumer Price Index, although
the difference was not great until the summer of
1952. Beginning in August of that year, these
earnings moved substantially faster than the index
and continued to increase until the end of the
period. Weekly earnings also continued ahead of
the CPI, thus indicating a steady increase in the
volume of purchasing power.
Expanding consumer credit also had an effect
on prices during this period. As a matter of fact,
it helped in part to offset the recession of 1949.
But the consumer credit expansion of nearly $4
billion was undoubtedly a factor in the price
increases of 1950. Further increases of nearly
$5 billion in 1952 and nearly $4 billion in 1953
make it surprising that consumer prices remained
as stable as they did.
Little needs to be said in summary on this
period. The early price movements can be
attributed primarily to the outbreak in Korea.
Prospective Government demand dominated eco­
nomic conditions. Had there been no war, there
would have been the usual business recovery and
prosperity, but the wage-price picture would have
been quite different.
The Post-Korea Readjustment, 1953-5J. The eco­
nomic readjustment following the end of hostilities
in Korea in May 1953 took the form of a business
downturn which could hardly have been called
a recession, except in certain parts of the economy.
The Wholesale Price Index was about 1 percent
higher in the midst of the downturn in May 1954
than it had been in May 1953. The Consumer
Price Index was higher by about the same amount.
Average hourly earnings were about 5 cents per
hour higher, or about half the usual annual in­
crease. Weekly earnings had declined a little
because of the reduction in hours. And, of

18
Chart 2. Wholesale Price Index, Selected Economic
Sectors, January 1947-August 1957

course, there were more unemployed, who were
not earning regular wages at all. Total govern­
ment purchases went down by nearly $8 billion,
with small continued increases in State and local
governmental buying, but a decrease of over $10
billion in Federal purchases. This period could
perhaps be characterized as one of leveling off and
consolidation, with some sharp downward read­
justments in farming and in some of the warexpanded industries.
The Recent Expansion, 1954-57

The third wave of price and wage increases in
the last decade differs from the previous two
because it was generated within the economy itself
in the absence of any important external factors.
The outbreak at Suez in the fall of 1956 was
important in terms of international relations and
it produced some economic effects in various parts
of the world, including the United States; but
these effects were not great enough to dominate
American business activity.
Earnings (both hourly and weekly) moved
ahead after 1954, preceding the price movements
which followed. Substantial increases in both
wage series occurred during 1955. The Wholesale
Price Index scarcely moved during the 2-year
period 1954-55. In December 1955, the index
was only 0.4 percent higher than it had been in
January 1954, and the monthly fluctuations over
the period were maintained within a range of less
than 2 percent. (See chart 1.)


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

However, while the index as a whole remained
stable in 1954-55, there were significant move­
ments within it. The prices of farm products con­
tinued sharply downward during 1954. On the
other hand, the prices of industrial products showed
considerable firmness. The prices of crude non­
food materials, except fuel which had dropped
sharply from an index of about 140 in early 1951
to only 101 in early 1954, began to rise before
midyear. The prices of finished producer goods,
which had not declined at all, began to rise in the
autumn months of 1954. This trend continued
sharply upward in 1955-56. (See chart 2.) The
total rise from the early autumn of 1954 to the
end of 1956 was nearly 16 percent. Prices of both
consumer durables and consumer nondurables (ex­
cluding foods) at the manufacturer’s or wholesaler’s
level also began to move up in the middle of
1955. After reaching bottom at the end of 1955,
farm prices joined the upward movement and rose
substantially during 1956. This rise continued
into 1957. Of course, these upward movements
eventually affected other items in the Wholesale
Price Index, which rose about 7 percent from
January 1955 to August 1957.
The Consumer Price Index moved within a
range of less than 1 percent during 1954-55, after
which two short-term factors caused a sharp up­
ward movement. (See chart 3.) One factor was
the bad weather in Europe and in the United
States in the spring of 1956, which resulted in
short crops of fruits and vegetables causing the
index to go up about 1.4 percent in the 3 months
May through July-—in August, when the summer
harvest came in, the index declined slightly. The
other factor was a reversal in the price trend of
consumer durables which had declined about 10
percent in the 3 years from early 1953 to early
1956, due primarily to widespread discounting by
retailers. This practice was one of the reasons
for the stability of the index as a whole over those
years. However, in the spring of 1956, this factor
ceased to operate as a stabilizing influence partly
because of the rise in manufacturers’ prices of con­
sumer durables, and partly because the rapid
spread of discounting practices had begun to slow
down, since many retailers would not accept any
further shrinkage in their margins.
Consumer credit played an important part in
the economic expansion of 1955-57. Consumers

PRICES, WAGES, AND PRODUCTIVITY, 1946-57

increased their borrowings by more than $6 billion
in 1955, with well over half the increase being in
automobile paper. In 1956, there was a further
increase of over $3 billion, with still further borrow­
ing in 1957. These credits helped to create a
market for automobiles, household appliances, and
other consumer durables.
Most important of all in triggering the 1955-57
business expansion was business investment. Gross
domestic private investment declined by $2 billion
to somewhat more than $48 billion in the read­
justment of 1954, but increased by 25 percent to
over $60 billion in 1955. This rise was followed
by a further increase to nearly $66 billion in 1956.
Expenditures on new plant and equipment rose
from less than $27 billion in 1954 to $37 billion
(annual rate) in the first half of 1957. Such a
vigorous growth in business investment reflected
itself in rising prices for producers’ goods, as
shown in chart 2. In fact, all signs point to the
conclusion that the expansion of 1955-57 was
basically a capital investment boom.
Productivity and Labor Costs

Output per man-hour in manufacturing, based
on rough estimates supplied to the Joint Economic
Committee by the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
indicate substantially improved productivity in
1954-55—perhaps as much as 9 percent increase
in output for production workers, or 7 percent for
all employees, including so-called nonproduction
workers. But in 1956, there was a pronounced
leveling off, with little or no additional gain.
These productivity gains offset in large part the
increases in hourly earnings, so that actual labor
costs per unit did not go up as much as earnings
per hour. The gains also help to explain the
disparity in the relative movements of wages and
prices. In the early part of the period, wage
increases were partly or wholly absorbed and
wholesale and consumer prices remained rela­
tively stable. But as the business recovery in the
post-Korean readjustment quickened its pace,
prices began to rise. Industrial prices (com­
modities other than farm products and foods)
3
These calculations were based for the most part upon data published by
the Office of Business Economics of the Department of Commerce. The
prices used were not the Bureau of Labor Statistics indexes, but are implicit
price changes derived by dividing the total dollar volume of output each year
by the estimated physical volume of production.


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19

began rising sharply in the second half of 1955 and
increased nearly 8 percent in about a year and a
half. The Wholesale Price Index for all com­
modities was held to a small increase in 1955 only
because of the sharp declines in the prices of farm
products and processed foods in the second half of
that year. But prices of both these groups turned
upward in 1956.
But manufacturing, important as it is, con­
stitutes only a fraction of the total economy.
In order to get a broader, more basic picture, the
Bureau of Labor Statistics calculated some in­
dexes of costs, prices, and productivity for the
entire private nonagricultural economy.3 In other
words, government and agriculture were excluded;
all else included.
The data show the trends in prices and costs per
unit of product, beginning in 1947 and extending
annually through 1956. (See chart 4.) During
the period, labor payments, including both the
direct and indirect costs of employing labor,
lagged behind nonlabor costs, including interest,
depreciation, taxes, profits, etc. Unit labor costs
caught up in 1953, fell behind again in 1954 and
1955 (two good productivity years) and again
caught up with nonlabor costs in 1956.
A comparison of compensation and productivity
for the first half of the decade shows that in non­
agricultural industries productivity ran ahead of
real compensation per hour, while in recent years
(since the end of the Korean conflict) real com­
pensation per hour has exceeded productivity.
Chart 3. Consumer Price Index, Commodities and
Services, Quarterly, 1950-55; Monthly, January
1956—July 1957
Index (1947-49=100)

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

20
Chart 4. Costs and Prices per Unit, and Productivity,
Selected Data for the Private Nonagricultural
Economy, 1947-56
Index 1947=100
150

140

130

120

110

100

90
1947 ’48 '4 9 '5 0 ’51 '52 ’53 ’54 ’55 ’ 56 ’ 57

1 9 4 7 '4 8 ’4 9 ’50 ’51 ’52 ’53 ’5 4 ’55 ’56 ’57

Source: U. S. Deportment of Commerce, Office of Business Economics
and U S Deportment of Lobor, Bureau of Lobor Statistics

However, it should be pointed out that according
to preliminary estimates gains in real compensa­
tion per hour for all employees in the private
nonagricultural economy lagged behind the pro­
ductivity gains of all persons in the total private
economy for the entire 1946-56 period.
Observations and Interpretations

From the preceding discussion of wage and price
movements and productivity over the past decade,
the following observations and conclusions can be
made :
1. Each wave of price increase since World
War II has had its own distinctive characteristics.
In 1946-48, the dominating influence was a
vigorous consumer demand supported by current
wage earnings, by expanding consumer credit,
and by the shift from wartime saving to postwar
spending. The next period (the Korean crisis)
was dominated by Government demand, arising
from wartime needs. The 1955-57 boom re­
ceived its major impetus from the expansion of
capital investment by businessmen.
2. Certain similarities and uniformities have
operated in all three periods and are still operating.
One of the most potent of these is consumer
demand, which has increased vigorously and per­
sistently ever since World War II. When the
total amount of personal income leveled off in
1949, consumers cut their savings to 4 percent of
disposable income and increased their consump­
tion expenditures by $3 billion. Again in 1954,

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they cut personal saving by nearly $2 billion in
order to increase their spending. In 1955, they
cut down savings by another $2 billion, even with
sharply increased income. Furthermore, they
have drawn heavily on consumer credit to finance
purchases. Rising prices have not as yet brought
about any buyers’ strikes. Strong consumer
demand has been a sustaining factor in the
economy at all times since 1945.
3.
Immediately after World War II, prices rose
first and wages followed. The pattern in this
situation is that the rise in prices usually means
higher profits to business and a rising cost of living.
On both counts, wage earners seek wage increases.
But these wage increases in turn tend to cement
higher costs, that is, if they exceed productivity
gains. So, even if prices and profits lead the pro­
cession, wages play a secondary role by following
them up and thus fortifying the new higher
price level.
The reason for the pattern is that wages are
both cost and purchasing power. The increased
cost to employers may be offset by the increased
buying power of the workers. Broad general in­
creases in wages can validate themselves by ex­
pending consumer demand. However, the pat­
tern can work the other way. If the cost increase
to the employer is too great, if he cannot make
his prices stick in the market, wage increases can
lead to unemployment and sharply decreased buy­
ing power. Where wages are settled by collective
bargaining, both the employer and the union lead­
ers have to bear this in mind. In some industries
and in some years during the 1946-57 period,
unions settled for no increases in wages at all—•
and occasionally even accepted wage decreases—
because the outlook for jobs was so bad. The
general picture, however, is that the purchasing
power factor has dominated the cost factor, and
unemployment has remained at low levels. Never­
theless, the threat of reversal is always present,
particularly for one industry or firm, and this risk
often keeps the bargains within bounds. A good
example of such a situation occurred recently
when one of the building unions in Rhode Island
negotiated a lower wage rate for homebuilding
than for commercial and industrial construction.
Such a reversal of trend can occur in whole in­
dustries and groups of industries, and even in
entire sectors of the economy, such as manufac­
turing. Both price and wages can get out of line

PRICES, WAGES, AND PRODUCTIVITY, 194&-57

(too high). The eventual result is loss of profits
and possible bankruptcy on the part of the em­
ployers and loss of wages and unemployment
among the workers. It would be most remark­
able if the whole American economy would move
forward in such perfect balance that no readjust­
ment would ever be necessary.
4.
One factor—productivity—can convert high
wages into low costs. Employers seldom can
count on cutting wage and salary rates in order
to get their costs down. Only deep and prolonged
depressions can produce that possibility; there­
fore, the more the system is protected against de­
pressions the more certain it is that wages (or
salaries) will not go down. This wage resistance
forces employers to concentrate on increasing pro­
ductivity, that is, cutting labor costs by reducing
labor requirements. The worker looks at produc­
tivity as increased output per man-hour; the em­
ployer, from a cost standpoint, looks at it as
decreased man-hours per unit of product.
Some points about the relationship of produc­
tivity to wages are not always clearly understood.
One is that productivity is a factor which works
on wages slowly, indirectly, and remotely. It is
like a deep ocean wave which operates far beneath
the surface—powerful but not visible. It is dif­
ficult to obtain economic measurements of pro­
ductivity; it is even more difficult to trace its
effects throughout the economy. Yet, however
hidden and obscure it may be, it is probably the
most important factor for progress in any econ­
omy. Because in the long run, after all tempo­
rary fluctuations have worked themselves out,
productivity determines the real wages of the
workers. Wages may shoot skyward at great
speed, but they are worth only what the produc­
tivity of industry yields in goods.
The productivity of the economic system, how­
ever, has comparatively little bearing on wage
settlements in a particular firm, or even in a given
industry, primarily because another factor oper­
ates more strongly at this level, namely, competi­
tion. It is not only employers who compete; so
do workers and their unions. An individual
worker or group of workers may want to get a
differential advantage compared to others. Skilled
workers may feel that they should have a bigger
differential over the unskilled—and the employer,
plagued by scarcity of such men, may be eager to
give it to them.

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21

The interaction of productivity and competition
provides a clue to the ways in which productivity
gains spread throughout the economy. For
example, the prices of a firm enjoying high pro­
ductivity and an expanding market may be low
and their profits high. In wage bargaining, such
a firm can afford to be generous—perhaps even
a big wage increase can be counterbalanced by
reduced labor cost. But the workers in other
firms also want increases in wages. They are not
primarily responsible for the productivity of
industry, so why should they stand still with
existing wages? But in marginal firms and
industries the wage increases cannot possibly be
absorbed without price increases.
This process of wage spreading has attracted
attention recently because of the steady and
persistent rise in the prices of services in the
Consumer Price Index. In the service industries
generally, labor is a very large element in costs.
The argument has been made that these service
industries are not subject to productivity gains,
and so all their wage increases must be translated
into higher prices. This argument is not wholly
valid. A more accurate statement of the case,
therefore, is that wage increases spread from firms
and industries which might absorb them to those
which cannot. In all these latter, the wage
increases mean higher prices—or unemployment.
In a prosperity period, the result will usually
be the former.
5.
Capital investment by business concerns
has been a vital factor in the economic fluctuations
which have occurred since World War II. The
businessman converts investment funds into
capital goods, and so produces factories, offices,
equipment and tools that are needed for economic
expansion. Every recession is signaled by a drop
in capital expenditures; every boom is character­
ized by a rise. The recession of 1949 was marked
by a decline of nearly $9 billion in private domestic
investment. Both consumers and government
increased their purchases of goods and services
in 1949. In 1954, business investment amounted
to about $48 billion. But in 1955, investment
increased to over $60 billion, and in 1956 to over
$65 billion. In brief, business spending for
capital investment has been the key factor in
the 1955-57 economy.
What does this mean for the future? These
investments have two main objectives: (a) to

22

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

increase capacity; and (b) to improve methods
and machinery so as to cut operating costs. If
these two purposes are not achieved, then business­
men have wasted a lot of time and money, and
the investments will not pay off.
The prospect is that this rate of investment is
establishing plant capacity and productive meth­
ods which will turn out more goods at lower cost
and produce an easing of inflationary pressures.
As of the year-end of 1957, there were indications

that these results were being achieved. With
respect to prices, the outlook is for comparative
stability at present levels during the immediate
future. While wages are likely to continue
rising, the increases in the coming year may be
smaller than in recent years, especially as to
weekly earnings. Under these conditions, some
sharp gains in output per man-hour could balance
these divergent wage-price trends and provide a
more stable pattern of future economic growth.

When the purchasing power of money is stable—which is another way of
saying that neither inflation nor deflation is occurring—our economic machine
works normally and well, and our economic security problems are minimized
and manageable. In periods of inflation, business activity is stimulated,
even to the point where the economic machine runs feverishly. Many persons
are benefited, some in proportion to the inflation, others partially. The
economic interests of a smaller number are adversely affected—to whatever
degree their spendable incomes do not keep pace with the price rise. On
balance, the economic security of the American people probably increases in
inflationary times, but as a greater proportion of the population comes to live
on pensions and savings this becomes less true than in the past. And con­
versely, in times of deflation the national economic machine slows toward a
stall. Many persons and families are seriously affected. A few benefit—and
the sum total of economic security problems becomes most critical.


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— Herrell DeGraff, The Impact of Price-Level Changes on Economic Security (in
Economic Security for Americans, The American Assembly, Columbia University,
New York, 1954, pp. 84, 86).

The Workweek in
American Industry
1850-1956
J oseph S. Zeisel *

O ne of the most persistent and significant trends

in the American economy in the past century has
been the continuing long-term decline in the work­
week in industry. From an average of about 66
hours worked in 1850—the equivalent of 11 hours
a day, 6 days a week—the workweek in nonagricultural industries declined to nearly 40 hours
in 1956—generally 8 hours a day, 5 days a week.
A similar sharp reduction in the workweek on
farms has also been reported. This dramatic
reduction in hours worked has been accomplished
by taking part of the fruits of increasing produc­
tivity in the form of greater leisure.
The length of the workweek is a basic factor in
measuring the Nation’s economic well-being.
The amount of goods and services that we pro­
duce, when related to the number of persons at
work and the length of the workweek, provides
an estimate of our productiveness. The amount
of leisure that we can afford should be considered
as an element of our standard of living. Goods
and services, produced and purchased by time
worked, make up part of our high standard of
living; leisure, also purchased, in effect, by work,
is another part. Both income and leisure must
be considered when assessing the level of living
of the American population.
Source of Workweek Data

Not much comprehensive, reliable information
on hours of work is available for the period before
World War II. Data for individual industries
have been compiled for a number of decades and
rough estimates made of overall hours worked in


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broad sectors of the economy for the past century.
One such series of estimates on average weekly
hours worked,1 covering the period 1850-1940, is
presented in chart 1. These data are rough at
best. Also, as with all long-term series, the com­
parability of the data is compromised by changing
employment classifications and industry defini­
tions. Nevertheless, the series provides a reason­
ably satisfactory indication of levels and long­
term trend.2
For more recent years, the U. S. Department of
Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics has published
annual data on average weekly hours for manufac­
turing industries, starting in 1919, and for mining,
contract construction, and for a few sectors of
transportation and public utilities, trade, and
service, starting at various later dates.3
In 1941, the Census Bureau began collecting
data on hours of work for all employed persons
(agricultural and nonagricultural workers, in­
cluding groups excluded from Bureau of Labor
Statistics figures—workers in agriculture, the selfemployed, unpaid family workers, and household
workers). The Census data are collected through
a household sample survey, and attempt to meas­
ure all of the hours worked by individuals in the
survey week.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics data come from
payroll records of establishments and measure
the number of hours worked in a given industry.
Both of these types of data are valuable; BLS
data have the advantage of being fairly precise
estimates of average hours worked by industry,
obtained from a relatively large sample of estab­
lishments. Census data, on the other hand, have
broader coverage and provide estimates of all
hours worked by individuals; however, they are
not based on records and the respondents some­
times cannot remember or do not know the hours
worked by other members of the household.
*Of the D ivision of Manpower and Employment Statistics, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
1 J. Frederic Dewhurst and Associates, America’s Needs and Resources—
A N ew Survey (New York, The Twentieth Century Fund, 1955), p. 1073.
2 Other estimates of hours of work for the period 1840 through 1890 are avail­
able from a special Congressional report (S. Rept. 1394, 52d Cong., 2d sess.,
1893, Part 1, pp. 178-179) and, for 1890-1926, from Real Wages in the United
States, 1890-1926, by Paul PI. Douglas (Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1930).
Both of these sources agree in general with the trend of hours indicated in
chart 1.
3 For a detailed list of industries for which hours data are available plus
information on date of origin, see Guide to Employment Statistics of BLS—
Employment, Hours and Earnings, Labor Turnover (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1954).

23

24
Long-Term Trends

Overall Trends. The workweek for the overall
economy had declined from about 70 hours in
1850 to 44 hours in 1940. (See chart 1.) Current
hours data published by the U. S. Bureau of the
Census (which are not entirely comparable with
the data before 1941) indicate that the workweek
for the economy in 1956 averaged 41.5 hours.
The reduction in hours of work has not been a
straight-line trend. The decline after 1900 was
at a much greater rate than in the previous half
century. In nonagricultural industries, hours of
work declined by about 10 hours between 1850
and 1900—from 66 hours to 56 hours. The rate
of decline appears to have been much greater in
the period 1850 to 1870 than from 1870 to the

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

turn of the century. In the next four decades,
reductions in the workweek were much sharper
than in the previous half century. Between 1900
and 1940, the workweek in nonagricultural in­
dustries declined from 56 hours to about 41 hours,
an average of almost 4 hours per decade. The
sharpest declines occurred between 1900 and 1920,
when average workweek in nonagricultural in­
dustries dropped about 5 hours every 10 years.
After rising sharply during World War II to a
peak in 1943, the workweek declined again, starting
in 1944, and continued downward in the postwar
period; in 1956, it was 40.9 hours.
Of course, even where the overall trend appears
relatively smooth, this is not typical of the move­
ment of hours of work for individual industries.
The average obscures the declines occurring—

Chart 1. Estimated A verage W eekly Hours of A l l Persons Employed in Agricultural and Nonagricultural industries, 1 8 5 0 -1 9 4 0 (10-Year intervals) and 1 9 4 1 -5 6 (A nnual A verages)1

1 All employed persons, including the self-employed and unpaid family
workers.


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Source: 1850-1940, Dewhurst and Associates, America’s Needs and Re­
sources, 1955; 1941-56, U . S. Bureau of the Census.

25

THE WORKWEEK IN AMERICAN INDUSTRY

at an irregular pace—in a number of industries.
Rather than showing a regular rate of decline in
hours, individual industries tend to move from
plateau to plateau, and ordinarily each new level
prevails for a period of years.4
Hours of work also tend to fluctuate quite
sharply with changes in economic activity. In
the depression years of the 1930’s, for example,
hours of work declined sharply, but had recovered
somewhat by 1940.
The workweek in agriculture has also been re­
duced sharply over the 100 years, but the rate
of decline in the earlier years was much more
moderate than in nonagricultural industries. By
1910, the workweek in agriculture was about 65
hours a week compared with 72 in 1850. Between
1910 and 1930, agricultural hours declined by
about 5 hours per decade, reaching the level of
about 55 hours in 1930. No significant decline in
the workweek in agriculture occurred between
1930 and 1940.
As with other industries, hours of work in
agriculture rose sharply during World War II.
Following the war, the workweek on farms re­
sumed its long-term decline, reaching about 47
hours in 1956.
Manufacturing. For production workers in manu­
facturing, BLS annual data are available on the
length of the workweek going back to 1919, and
also, there are estimates for 1909 and 1914. In
order to provide a roughly consistent historical
series for other major industry groups, several
available BLS series have been combined and
these data, for selected years, are shown in chart 2.
Data on hours for mining and transportation,
communications, and public utilities, which are
combinations of industry series, are estimates and
subject to revision. However, they provide some
indication of both trend and level of hours worked.
Moreover, in conjunction with the other series,
they indicate which were the ‘leading” and
“lagging” industries in reduction of hours, and
the degree to which individual industry sectors
have contributed to the total decline in the work­
week in the past several decades.
* Harry A. Millis and Royal E. Montgomery, Labor’s Progress and Some
Basic Labor Problems (New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1938), p. 465.
* Unpublished Census data indicate a decline of about 1 H hours between
1947 and 1956 in service industries, and 1 hour in finance, insurance, and
real estate.


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Length of Workweek Since 1929

Hours of work dropped in all of the major non­
agricultural industries during the depression, but
they appear to have declined much more sharply
in some industries than in others. The workweek
in manufacturing and mining dropped by nearly
10 hours between 1929 and 1934, to levels of about
35 hours and 30 hours, respectively. A sharp
decline in hours during the period also appears to
have occurred in construction. The average
■workweek in building construction was about 29
hours in 1934. Weekly hours for union workmen
in construction are reported to have declined by
about 3 to 4 hours from 1929 to 1934. Hours of
work in most industries picked up for a few years
in the midthirties, but declined again in the severe
recession of 1937-38. The few series available
for hours of work in service industries during this
period indicate a more moderate rate of decline.
Weekly hours of work generally rose again after
the low point of 1938 and continued to a peak in
World War II. The average workweek for all
nonagricultural industries appears to have resumed
its long-term decline in the postwar period.
Census estimates of hours of work of all persons
in nonagricultural industries declined 1.4 hours
between 1947 and 1956. However, the workweek
has shown no declining trend in manufacturing
since the war. The downward trend has been
resumed in trade and service industries and in
transportation and communications.5
Factors Affecting Trends in the Workweek

Back in the 19th century, widespread public
concern for the health and welfare of workers,
particularly women and children, plus early trade
union activity, were probably the most important
factors in reducing weekly hours of work. This
concern was expressed in State laws restricting
hours of work for women and children and in laws
regulating conditions of work in certain industries
such as mining and railroading.
As income and levels of living rose, the desire
for more leisure became an important factor. As
more and more workers in industry rose above the
mere subsistence level of income, it became pos­
sible for larger proportions of the labor force,
through labor union activity, to indicate a desire
for more leisure. This was especially true as

26

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

Chart 2. Trend of Average Weekly Hours in Five Nonagricultural Industries, Annual Averages,
Selected Years

A v e ra ge W e ek ly

Hours

(Production Workers/

A ve rage W e ek ly

Hours

(Wage and Salary Workers)


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A v e ra ge W e e k ly Hours

(Wage and Salary WorkersJ

THE WORKWEEK IN AMERICAN INDUSTRY

sharply rising productivity made it unnecessary
for increased leisure—in the form of a shorter
workweek—to completely displace real income
gains.
It is unlikely that significant reductions in the
workweek could have been effected during the
past century were it not for the amazing produc­
tivity of the American economy. Without rising
productivity, reductions in the workweek would
have resulted in reduced output. Rapidly rising
output per worker made it possible to support a
rapidly expanding population on a rising standard
of living with fewer hours of work. One estimate
is that “. . . in the past, about 60 percent of the
increase in productivity has gone into higher real
wages and about 40 percent into more leisure.” 6
Another factor which has on several occasions
led to a reduction in the workweek has been a
share-the-work philosophy. This was especially
true of the depression of the 1930’s when pressure
for sharing the work through shorter workweeks
gained considerable momentum. During this
period, effective maximum limits on the work­
week for certain groups were established in Na­
tional Recovery Administration codes, in State
legislation, and in the Fair Labor Standards Act
of 1938. The Federal legislation resulted in the
widespread adoption of premium pay for many
persons in interstate commerce, for work beyond
the standard workweek. The 40-hour workweek
became standard for much of industry during this
period.
As might be expected in a period of virtually
full employment, little significant pressure for
sharing the work has developed in the postwar
period.7 And, since most industries schedule work­
weeks of less than 48 hours, long hours threatening
* William Haber, The Shorter Work Week Issue (in Addresses on Indus­
trial Relations—1957 Series, Bull. 25, Ann Arbor, M ich., University of
Michigan, Bureau of Industrial Relations, 1957).
i
In this connection, see Layoff, Recall, and Work-Sharing Procedures,
P t. IV (in M onthly Labor Review, March 1957, pp. 334-335).
8 See Wages and Related Benefits, 17 Labor Markets, 1955-56 (BLS Bull.
1188, 1956), table B-3, p. 54. A 1956 survey of 17 labor market areas Indicates
that only 7 percent of the sample of plant workers were on less than a 40-hour
schedule.
8 Five papers presented at the AFL-C IO Conference on Shorter Hours of
Work were excerpted in the M onthly Labor Review, November 1956
(pp. 1263-1275).
i° Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1957 (U. S. Bureau of the
Census), p. 195.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

27

workers’ health and safety no longer constitute a
problem for any significant proportion of the labor
force.
In manufacturing, where workweeks of 40 hours
or less have become the general rule, no significant
trend in hours has been apparent, on the whole,
since 1947. The reduction in hours has been
effected mainly in those nonmanufacturing indus­
tries where workweeks were above 40 (as in rail­
roads), rather than in industries where the work­
week has declined below 40 hours. In fact, the
sharp reductions in hours during the past 3 decades
have been mainly in those industries which, at the
beginning of the period, were well above 40 hours.
There are at present relatively few industries
scheduling less than 40-hour weeks.8 But there
has been indication of a growing demand by
unions for shortening of the scheduled workweek
below 40 hours—especially in manufacturing.9
Reduction in the Farm Workweek

Significant reductions have occurred since World
War II in the workweek of both self-employed
farmers and wage and salary workers on farms.
As a result, hours of work in agriculture since the
war have declined more rapidly than in nonagricultural industries, a reversal of the pre-World
War II trends. Throughout the past century, the
average workweek in agriculture has been much
longer than in nonagricultural industries; more­
over, the differential was widening throughout the
period 1850 to 1940. In 1850, the difference was
6 hours, but by 1940, the difference was about
twice as great. Between 1947 and 1956, the work­
week declined by 4 hours in agriculture compared
with 1.4 hours in nonagricultural industries.
This decline in farm hours, combined with a
sharp and persistent reduction in the size of the
farm work force and its ratio to total employment,
has played an important part in the decline in
average hours for the whole economy. Between
1850 and 1950, the percentage of the Nation’s
work force on farms declined from almost 70
percent to under 12 percent.10 The decline in
farm employment has had a greater effect on
reducing overall hours of work than is indicated

28
by the magnitude of the drop in total farm em­
ployment, because the employment decline was
especially sharp among self-employed farmers, who
have always worked much longer hours than the
“hired hands.” Census estimates for 1956, for
example, indicate that farmers and farm managers
in 4 sample months during the year averaged
between 10 and 15 hours more per week than did
farm laborers and foremen.11
Part-Time Workers

Another factor which has been important in
reducing the average workweek in recent years
has been the increasing number and proportion of
part-time workers in American industry. The
proportion of the work force in nonagricultural
industries employed 1 to 14 hours increased from
3.2 percent in 1940 to 4.5 percent in 1956. At
the same time, the proportion working 35 hours
or more declined from about 83 percent in 1940
to about 79 percent in 1956. Recent Census data
indicate that this general pattern is representative
of all major nonagricultural industries.12 This
trend is even more evident in agriculture. Be­
tween 1940 and 1956, the proportion of those
working from 1 to 14 hours increased from 2.1
percent of total agricultural employment to 6.3
percent.
The rise in the number of part-time workers in
nonagricultural industries is to a large extent the
result of the rapid increase in the number of
married women workers over 35.13 (See table.)
Many of these women prefer part-time work, and
employers, faced with a tight labor market, have
provided part-time jobs.
Dual Jobholding

A labor force trend which has operated recently
to offset the long-term decline in average hours
worked is the increase in dual jobholding. Infor­
mation on this point is available only for a few
periods. An estimated 3.6 million persons, or 5.3
percent of the total employed, held more than
one job in July 1957, as compared with 1.8 million
dual jobholders, or 3 percent of the employed
total, reported in a survey in July 1950.14 Some
part of the increase reported may have been the
result of improved measurement techniques, but
the magnitude of the increase indicates a significant


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

uptrend.15 This increase can be related directly
to the continued expansion in the trade and
service industries, which have provided opportu­
nities for spare-time work in the evening and on
Saturdays. Such extra jobs held in trade and
service industries tripled between 1950 and 1956—
from 350,000 to over a million. Another significant
factor that has increased the supply of spare-time
workers is the continuing downtrend in the normal
full-time workweek in some sectors of the economy.
Rising consumer prices during this period were
probably an added factor in influencing workers
to take a second job.
Labor force participation of women 35 years old and over
and percent having part-time jobs, annual averages, 1940,
1947, and 1956

Year

1956______ ______ ______
1947___________________
1940___________________

Number
in labor
force
(thou­
sands)

12,878
8,373
5, 755

Percent of
female
population
in labor
force

35.3
27.7
21.9

Percent
of labor
force

Percent of
employed
women
working
less than
35 hours

18.3
13.6
10.3

26.4
23.4
0)

i N ot available.

Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

Paid Vacations, Holidays, and Sick Leave

Most of the factors which have been summarized
above directly affect the data on average weekly
hours. But one of the most important develop­
ments of recent decades affecting hours actually
worked, but not hours “paid for,” has been the
introduction and rapid spread of vacations with
pay, paid holidays, and sick leave—lime paid for
but not worked. Relatively few companies
provided paid vacations for wage earners (as
11 Annual Report on the Labor Force, Current Population Reports, Series
P-50, N o. 72, U. S. Bureau of the Census, p. 8.
12 Hours of Work in the United States: 1955, Current Population Reports,
Series P-50, N o. 63, U . S. Bureau of the Census, table B.
is See Labor Force Projections to 1975 (in M onthly Labor Review, Decem­
ber 1957, pp. 1413-1450).
m M ultiple Jobholding: July 1957, Current Population Reports, Labor
Force, Series P-50, No. 79, U. S. Bureau of the Census, p. 1.
13 It is important to note that an increase in dual jobholding will have
different effects on the Census and BLS series. Under BLS procedures, when
a man who works 40 hours a week at his regular full-time job takes on a
part-time job of 10 hours in another industry, this would not affect average
hours of work in his primary industry, but the average workweek in the
industry of the secondary job would be reduced, since the individual is
counted there as an employee working only 10 hours a week. Under the
Census survey technique of collecting employment and hours data, the
individual would be counted as working 50 hours a week and all 50 hours
would be assigned to the industry of primary employment. Total man­
hours would be increased by the same amount under either method of
counting, however.

THE WORKWEEK IN AMERICAN INDUSTRY

opposed to salaried personnel) in the 1920,s and it is
not likely that they inaugurated many of these
benefit programs during the early 1930’s, when
many companies had to cut labor costs. However,
organized labor pressed for these benefits, and
with improved business conditions in the latter
half of the decade of the thirties, these programs
began to spread. Their spread received its main
impetus during World War II, as a result of several
decisions of the National War Labor Board, and
through the continued efforts of organized labor.
Although few comprehensive data are available
on the amount of time paid for but not worked,
some surveys provide a clue to trends in this
regard.18 Rough estimates of the average number
of hours per week involved can be computed.
On the basis of these estimates, the number of
hours per week in nonagricultural industries paid
for under programs of paid vacations, holidays,
and sick leave, would appear to total about 3 hours
in 1956, an increase of 1 hour in the past decade
and about 2K hours since 1929. Or, in other
words, the number of days of paid vacation,
holidays, and sick leave in nonagricultural indus­
tries averaged about 20 day's in 1956,17 a gain of
about 6 days in annual paid vacations, holidays,
and sick leave since 1947.
Implications of Current Trends

The desire for more leisure is often cited as the
major reason for past reductions in the workweek
in the United States, and will certainly be a major
factor in the future. With continually rising real
income, people can increasingly “afford” leisure.
However, it is not at all clear that, for all in­
dividuals, rising income and the ability to afford
more leisure will necessarily be translated into
demand for more leisure. The recent rapid
increase in dual jobholding has occurred during a
period of near full employment and a rapid rise
in real wages. Moreover, dual jobholding is by

450109— 58-

-3


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

29

no means concentrated among lower income per­
sons alone. For example, a recent Census survey
shows that the percentage of professional and
technical workers who held two jobs at the same
time in mid-1957 was about the same as for non­
farm laborers.18 The percentage of dual jobholding among craftsmen was higher than among
operatives and service workers. Because a rising
proportion of workers are employed in professional
and technical occupations, further increases in
dual jobholding may be in prospect.
Other factors also will affect future trends in the
length of the workweek. Hours worked in agri­
culture as well as in nonagricultural industries
other than manufacturing, mining, and construc­
tion have been declining in the past decade, and
the long-term decline in agricultural employment
has also continued. This should result in further
declines in average hours of work in the economy.
Furthermore, technological advances may support
the trend toward a shortened workweek. In addi­
tion, labor force predictions indicate a large in­
crease in the numbers of teen-age youth and mar­
ried women seeking part-time work.19 Moreover,
the increase in the practice of granting holidays
and vacations with pay, as well as paid sick leave,
seems likely to continue to reduce the average
number of hours actually worked during the year.
Thus, whether or not the standard workweek is
reduced further as a direct result of collective
bargaining, a number of factors are operating
which will tend to lower the average number of
hours worked per week and per year.
:a For example, Fringe Benefits, 1955 (Washington, D . C.( Chamber
of Commerce of the United States, Economic Research Department, 1956).
17 This figure may be somewhat high, since firms which reported in the
Chamber’s sample tended to be m ainly large concerns, and in industries
where fringe benefit policies have been more liberal traditionally.
A BLS survey of the feasibility of measuring the cost of fzinge benefits in
manufacturing, applying to the year 1953, and various National Industrial
Conference Board surveys, suggest an average of paid holidays, vacations,
and sick leave totaling somewhat less—possibly 15 to 16 days per year in
1956, or about 2.5 horns per week.
18 See text footnote 14.
19 Labor Force Projections to 1975, op. cit.

Summaries of Studies and Reports

Major Agreement Expirations
and Reopenings in 1958*
C ontract renegotiations in the automobile
industry, where 3-year agreements expire, high­
light the 1958 collective bargaining schedule. A
significant aspect of the current collective bargain­
ing scene, attributable in large measure to the
prevailing practice among major bargaining situa­
tions of negotiating long-term contracts, is the
spreading of key expirations over 2- or 3-year
periods. Steel agreements, for example, expire in
1959. Among agreements in all industries cover­
ing 5,000 workers or more, less than half expire in
1958. However, provisions for automatic cost-ofliving adjustments, deferred wage increases, and
permissible wage reopenings assure yearly activity
on the wage front.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics has in its file of
agreements, or knows of, 329 collective bargaining
contracts covering 5,000 or more workers each.1
These agreements probably represent all of the

contracts of this size in the United States. In
total, the 329 contracts cover more than 6 million
workers, or about a third of all workers under
collective bargaining. Of these agreements, 266,
involving 5.6 million workers, were in effect on
January 1, 1958. Sixty-three agreements expired
on or prior to December 31, 1957, 36 during the
last quarter of the year. At the time of the
preparation of this article, subsequent agreements
in these situations were not on file in the Bureau,
nor did the Bureau have any other published
information as to their status. Consequently,
this article deals with the status of the 266 agree­
ments in effect on January 1, 1958.
Of the 262 major agreements with fixed terms,
all but 11 exceed a year’s duration (table l).2 Two

*Prepared in the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics. Statistical data compiled by Cordelia T. Ward.
1 Although the Bureau does not collect railroad and airline agreements,
information for 9 key railroad and 2 airline bargaining situations have been
included in this study.
2 For duration data covering all agreements applying to 1,000 or more
workers, see Characteristics of Major Union Contracts (in M onthly Labor
Review, July 1956, pp. 810-811).

T a ble 1. Duration, wage-reopening, and wage-adjustment provisions of agreements covering 5,000 or more workers, in effect

January 1, 1958

Totals 2
Duration 1

Agreements with provisions for—
Wage reopening

Number of
agree­
ments

Number of
workers
(thousands)
Agree­
ments

Total_________

—

--------------------------------

1 year.....
..........
_
Over 1 and less than 2 years__ _
. _.
2 years_______ _______
_____
___ _ _
Over 2 and less than 3 years—
3 years________ . . - _ ----- - - _- - - ___
Over 3 and less than 4 years___ - ______ - 4 y e a rs___
-- - _ _
Over 4 and less than 5 years____ -- - - ------5 years______ -- - - __ _ - - - --- _- . Over 5 years-------------------- ------------ - - --Open end (no fixed term) 3___
- ____
__

266

5, 558. 4

78

1, 271.7

11
19
55
46
92
2
8
7
11
11
4

176.1
173.2
654.5
991.6
2, 583. 0
23. 1
76.5
107.5
198.5
329.9
244. 5

20
5
26
1
4
3
7
10
2

258.5
131.1
437.2
14. 1
31.5
24.0
113.9
246.9
14. 5

1 In classifying agreements by duration for this study, 1-month leeway was
observed; e. g., agreements with terms of 23 or 25 months were grouped with
agreements of 2 years’ duration.
2 Sums of individual wage provision items may exceed totals, since agree­
ments frequently provide for more than one wage action. Possible wage

30

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Workers
(thousands)

Automatic cost-of-living
adjustments
Workers
(thousands)

Agree­
ments

Deferred wage increase

Agree­
ments

Workers
(thousands)

101

3, 224. 9

187

4, 395. 2

2
8
36
42

13. 4
110.0
820. 7
1, 893.4

1
4
1
7

18.5
83.5
14.0
273.4

8
37
39
78
1
5
4
6
8
1

60.8
435.9
845.2
2, 304. 3
9.0
55.0
83.5
98.1
303.4
200.0

reopenings, automatic cost-of-living adjustments, and deferred increases
scheduled prior to termination date are counted for contracts terminating
in 1958.
3 Subject to renegotiation at any time.

EXPIRATIONS OR REOPENINGS OF UNION CONTRACTS
T a b l e 2.

31

Agreements covering 5,000 or more workers in effect January 1,1958, providing for termination, wage reopening or
wage adjustment in 1958, by industry group
Agreements with provisions in 1958 for—
Current agree­
ments
available 1

Wage reopening
Termination

Industry

Specific wage
reopening

Possible wage
reopening

Automatic
cost-of-living
adjustment

Deferred wage
increase

Current agree­
ments not

Agree­ Workers Agree­ Workers Agree­ Workers Agree­ Workers Agree­ Workers Agree­
Agree­ Workers
ments (thou­ ments (thou­ ments (thou­ ments (thou­ ments (thou­ ments Workers
(thou­ ments (thou­
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
All industries______________

266

5, 558. 4

120

2, 075. 5

32

445.5

25

522.3

3, 243.4

100

2, 459. 2

63

642.4

Manufacturing_________

153

2, 985. 7

73

1, 514. 4

11

98.2

22

491.9

75

1, 938. 7

57

1, 018.2

18

159.5

Food and kindred products... .
Tobacco manufacturers._____ ____
Textile mill products__ _______ ____

12

163.6

2

14.3

1

5.0

72.0

6

66.3

9

144.3

1

6
14

50.8
382.4

6
9

50.8
153. 8

10.0
7.8

1

1

6.0

5

38.2

2
2

16.5
31.3

1

12.3

1
1

2
2
4
4
2
4
25
6.
11

12.5
18.3
31.9
94.2
16.1
38.0
545.9
63.2
161.8

1

7.0

1

5.5

1

5.5

1
1

5.3
5.0

2
3
1
1
8

16.1
27.5
6.5
6.0
141.0

14
40
2

272 2
1,062. 5
18.5

4
33

57.1
1,010. 5

Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)_____ ____ ____
Paper and allied products............
Printing, publishing, and allied
industries__ _ __
_______
Chemicals and allied p r o d u c ts.____
Products of petroleum and coal_____
Rubber products__________________
Leather and leather products_______
Stone, clay, and glass products_____
Primary metal industries . . . . . .
Fabricated metal products__ __ _
Machinery (except electrical)___
Electrical machinery, equipment,
and supplies.. .
_____
Transportation equipment-...............
Instruments and related products___
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries___ _ _______ _ ___ _ . . .
N onm anufacturing... . . . .
M ining, crude-petroleum, and nat­
ural gas production .
_ ___ _
Transportation.. . . . . .
...
Railroads and airlines 3____
. ...
Communications_____ ________
Utilities: Electric and gas______ . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . _____
Hotels and restaurants___ ____ . . .
Services___ _ ________ . . . ___
Construction.. . . . . .

1

6.0

1

6.0

113

2, 572. 7

47

561.1

25
22
il
17
7
7
8
9
27

255.6
359 2
1,058. 0
265.2
75.0
64.2
99.1
87.8
308.6

9

2
15
3
5

104.2
16.0
247.8
35.2
50.7

3
10

27.5
79.7

10.0

1
9

7.0
269.6

10.0
19.0

1

6.5

1

5.9

2
4

20.5
94.2

1
1

5.3
6.0

3

28.0

1

9.0

21

347.3

1

7.3

22
5
10

525.1
57.2
156.2

24
1

30.4

1

13.0

2

17.4

2

3

25.5

6
3
2

55.0
30. 5
37.9

10.5
534.1
57.2
20.8

187.0
930.1
9.5

5

171.0
52.0
9.5

2

1

15.7
42.3

21

1,304. 7

43

1, 441.0

45

482.9

1
9
9

7.0
227.2
1,042. 0

3
6
9

25.6
59.8
1,042.0

3

35.5
14.0
224.5

16.1

1

198.4

1
23
5
3

6.0

1
2
28.5

18

14.3
13.5
44.1
22.5
219.2

2

20
4

Od. d

3
11

17.0
24.0
132.4

1 Sums of individual wage provision items may exceed agreement totals,
since agreements frequently provide for more than one type of wage action.
Possible wage reopenings, automatic cost-of-living adjustments, and deferred
increases scheduled prior to termination date are counted for contracts
terminating in 1958.

2 Includes 2 open-end agreements covering 230,000 workers which may be
renegotiated at any time.
3 See text footnote 1.

hundred and thirty-two agreements were nego­
tiated for a term of 2 years or more, including 92
agreements of 3 years’ duration. A term of 4
years or longer was provided in 36 agreements.
Long-term agreements generally provide for
either wage reopenings or automatic wage in­
creases and some agreements provide for both.
An “annual improvement factor,” “annual pro­
ductivity increase,” or other fixed wage increases
of a deferred nature applied to 4.4 million workers
under 187 of the 266 major contracts covered.3
Wages of 3.2 million workers, under 101 contracts,
were tied to changes in the BLS Consumer Price

Index.3 A considerably smaller number of work­
ers were under the 78 agreements with the more
traditional wage reopening provisions.
Major agreements with no specified termination
date (“open end” agreements) are rare. Two of
the four open-end agreements cover bituminous
and anthracite coal miners.
Almost half of the 266 agreements, covering 2
million workers, expire during 1958, including
virtually all major agreements in the aircraft and
automobile industries (table 2). Many workers
under contracts expiring in 1958 may also be
entitled to cost-of-living adjustments due in the
first or second quarter of the year, as will 1.5
million workers in the railroad and steel industries
where contracts do not terminate until 1959.

3
Refers to cost-of-living adjustments and deferred wage increases taking
place during the entire term of the agreement. M any of these changes went
into effect in 1957.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

32
T able

3. Expiration dates specified in 266 agreements

covering 6,000 or more workers 1
Number of
workers
(thousands)

Number of
agreements

Year and month

T otal..................................—

266

5,558.4

1958-...........................- ..........
January-....................... .
February—........... ..........
M arch.........- .................. .
April------- ----------------M ay............................—
June________________
July__________
—
August______________
September------ ---------October__________ —
November------ ---------December___________
1959.......................................
January-June...............
J uly-D ecember............ .
1960
...................... — - ...............
January-June...............
July-D ecem ber.............
1961 and 1962____________
Open end (no fixed term )2

120
5
8
12
11
27
15
12
10
9
3
1
7
101
57
44
26
18
8
15
4

2, 075.5
126.6
72.3
176.0
111.8
853.7
275.8
167.8
78.8
103.1
33.9
7.0
68.7
2,360. 6
970.0
1,390.6
549.4
346.4
203.0
328.4
244.5

1 Based on agreements known to be in effect on January 1, 1958. For 63
Situations covering 642,400 workers, current agreements were not available.
2 Subject to renegotiation at any tim e.

These 2 industries account for 3 out of 5 workers
due to receive deferred wage increases during the
year.4 Wage adjustments in 1958, through con­
tract reopenings, may be in store for approximately
1 million workers under agreements expiring, in
the main, in 1959 or later. Under the terms of 25
agreements, wage negotiations may take place in
the event of a “change in the purchasing power of
the dollar” or other significant economic changes;
a slightly larger number of agreements (32)
establish a specific reopening date.

T able 4.

Table 3 presents a calendar of expiration dates
for the 266 agreements for which this information
is available. Negotiations for renewal generally
start a month or two prior to contract expiration.
The Labor Management Relations (Taft-Hartley)
Act of 1947 requires that a party to an agreement
desiring to terminate or modify it shall serve
written notice upon the other party 60 days prior
to the expiration date. In the absence of such
notice, many agreements provide for the auto­
matic continuation of the agreement, frequently
for yearly periods.
Listing of Selected Agreements

Table 4 contains a list of 165 selected bargaining
situations, each covering 5,000 or more workers,
many of which expire or may be reopened for
wage negotiations between January 1 and Decem­
ber 31, 1958.5 The listing also includes a number
of contracts which are not scheduled to terminate
or to be reopened, but which provide for wage
adjustments based upon changes in living costs or
specify deferred wage increases payable during
1958. The 165 bargaining situations listed cover
a total of 4.6 million workers.
« See also, Deferred Wage Increases in 1958 and Wage Escalator Clauses
(in M onthly Labor Review, December 1957, p. 1464).
* Space limitations preclude the listing of all major contracts under which
some action in 1958 is scheduled. N o contracts in the construction industry
are listed; in other industry groups, the selection of contracts is, in the main,
designed to cover a broad range of separate industries and key situations.

Expiration, reopening, and wage adjustment provisions of selected collective bargaining agreements, January December

U n io n 2

Company or association
and location

Approx­
imate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

Provisions effective January-December 1958, forContract term 8
Wage reopening

Automatic cost-ofliving adjustm ent4

Deferred wage increase

Food and kindred products
Brewers Board of Trade,
N ew York, N . Y .
Brewery Proprietors of M il­
waukee, Wis.

Teamsters.

6,300

June 1956 to M ay 1958-

B rew ery...

6,000

June 1957 to M ay 1959.

California Brewers Assoeiation (Intrastate).

Teamsters.

8,000

Apr. 1956 to Mar. 1958-

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

10 cents per hour on June 1,
1958; except 5 cents per
hour applies to 2 of the
companies covered unless
sales have increased 10
percent during preceding
12 months.

EXPIRATIONS OR REOPENINGS OF UNION CONTRACTS

33

T a b l e 4. Expiration, reopening, and wage adjustment provisions of selected collective bargaining agreements, January-December

1958 1— Continued

Company or association
and location

Union a

Approx­
imate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

Provisions effective January-December 1958, for—
Contract term 3
Wage reopening

Automatic cost-ofliving adjustm ent4

Deferred wage increase

Food and kindred products—
Continued
California Packing Corp.—
California Division (In­
trastate) .

Teamsters_______

12, 000

Mar. 1956 to Feb. 1959... B y written notice if
the cost-of-living in­
dex should change
by 6 percent during
the last 2 years of
the 3-year contract.
(Base figure will be
the index for Dec.
1956.)
Mar. 1956 to Feb. 1959
-----do..............................

5 cents per hour on Mar. 1,
1958.

California Processors and ____ do............. ......... 60,000
Growers, Inc. (Intrastate).
Campbell Soup Co., Cam- Packinghouse____ 5,000
den, N . J.
Armour & Co. (Interstate).. ____do...... ................ 20, 000

July 1956 to Feb. 1959...

Swift & Co. (Interstate)___

Sept. 1956 to Aug. 1959...

do.

Sept. 1956 to Aug. 1959__

.do.

Wilson & Co., Inc. (Interstate).

Packinghouse;
32,800
Meatcutters;
and Brother­
hood of Pack­
inghouse
Workers (Ind).
Packinghouse____ 8,000

Oct. 1956 to Aug. 1959

M ar. 1, 1958, on 60 .................................. .
days’ notice.
.......... —- .........—- ........... Semiannually
(Jan. and July).

Textile mill products
Bates Manufacturing Co. Textile Workers
5,500
(Intrastate—Maine).
Union.
Berkshire Hathaway, Inc. ____do___________ 9,500
(Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Vermont).
Dan River M ills, Danville, United
Textile
9,000
Va.
Workers.
Dyeing and Finishing Com- Textile Workers 14,000
panies (New York and
Union.
N ew Jersey Metropolitan
area).
Knitted Outerwear Manu- Ladies’ Garment.. 5,800
faeturers A ssociation ,
Pennsylvania
District,
Philadelphia, Pa.
United Knitwear Manu- ........do....................... 7,000
faeturers League, Inc.,
New York, N . Y.

M ay 1955 to Apr. 1958___
Apr. 1956 to Apr. 1958

June 1957 to May 1958...
Oct. 1955 to Oct. 1958....

Oct. 1955 to June 1958...

July 1954 to July 1958__

In event of change in
the cost of living, or
in the purchasing
power of the dollar.

Apparel
Associated Fur Manufacturers, Inc. (Greater N ew
York area).
Boston Apparel Guild,
Boston, Mass.
Clothing
Manufacturers
Association of the U . S. A.
(Interstate).

Meat Cutters____

10,000

Apr. 1955 to Feb. 1958...

Ladies’ Garment.

5,000

Feb. 1955 to Feb. 1958...

Clothing________ 150, 000

June 1957 to M ay 1960. ~

Cluett, Peabody and Co. ____do___________
(Interstate).
Cotton Garment Firms, ........ d o ......................
Philadelphia, Pa.
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

7,000

Ang. 1956 to M ay 1958 _

6,500

June 1957 to M ay 1958

5 cents per hour in 1958.

B y written notice on
or before Feb. 1,
1958—modifications
to become effective
June 1.

7.5 cents per hour on Sept.
1, 1958. Additional 1.5
cents per hour increase
for female jobs.
Do.

Do.

34

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

T a ble 4. Expiration, reopening, and wage adjustment provisions of selected collective bargaining agreements, January-December

1958 1— Continued

Union ■

Company or association
and location

Approx­
imate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

Provisions effective January-December 1958, for—
Contract term :
Wage reopening

A p p a r e l —C ontinued

Industrial Council of Cloak,
Suit and Skirt Manufac­
turers, Inc.; Merchants’
Ladies’ Garment Associ­
ation, Inc.; Infants’ and
Children’s Coat Associa­
tion, Inc.; and American
Cloak and Suit Manufac­
turers Association, Inc.
(New York, N ew Jersey,
Pennsylvania, and Con­
necticut).
National Association of
B louse M anufacturers,
Inc. (New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, and
Connecticut).

Ladies’ Garment-. 50,000

June 1954 to M ay 1959.

If Consumer Price In­
dex (CPI) rises 5
percent above last
cost-of-living adjust­
ment. Demands to
be submitted on
M ay 1 or Oct. 15.

Jan. 1956 to Dec. 1958..

In event of increase in
cost of living, na­
tional currency leg­
islation, or other
changes which shall
decrease the pur­
chasing power of the
dollar.
___ do______________

6, 500

July 1953 to M ay 1958.

5, 500

Feb. 1955 to Feb. 1958.

National Skirt and Sports­
wear Association (New
York, Pennsylvania, New
Jersey, and Connecticut).
N ew England Sportswear
Manufacturers Associa­
tion, Boston, Mass.
Pleaters, Stitchers and Em­
broiderers A ssociation,
Inc., New York, N . Y .

-do.

-do.

10,000

Popular Priced Dress Man­
ufacturers A ssociation;
United Popular Dress
Manufacturers Associa­
tion; United Better Dress
Manufacturers Associa­
tion; National Dress Man­
ufacturers A ssociation;
and Affiliated Dress Man­
ufacturers A sso cia tio n
(Interstate).

_do.

85,300

Sept. 1955 to Aug. 1958.. In event of changes in
the cost of living
either as a result of
devaluation of the
d o l l a r or o t h e r
causes.
Mar. 1955 to Jan. 1958.

Lumber and wood products
{except furniture)
Douglas Fir Plywood Mills
(Oregon and Washing­
ton).
Southern California Lum­
ber Employers Carpen­
ters Council, Los Angeles
County, Calif.

Woodworkers.

6,500

Apr. 1956 to Mar. I960..

At any time, on 15
days’ notice.

Carpenters.

10, 000

July 1956 to June 1959..

June 30, 1958, on 60
days’ notice.

Papermakers and
Paperworkers;
Pulp; and Broth­
erhood of Elec­
trical Workers.

12,300

June 1956 to M ay 1958..

Paper and allied products
International Paper Co.—
Southern Kraft Division
(Interstate).

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Automatic cost-ofliving adjustm ent4

Deferred wage increase

35

EXPIRATIONS OR REOPENINGS OF UNION CONTRACTS

T a b l e 4. Expiration, reopening, and wage adjustment provisions of selected collective bargaining agreements, January-December

1958 1— Continued

Union 2

Company or association
and location

Approx­
imate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

Provisions effective January-December 1958, for—
Contract term 2
Wage reopening

Automatic cost-ofliving adjustment *

Deferred wage increase

P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s —

Continued
Pacific Coast Association of
Pulp and Paper Manufac­
turers (Washington, Ore­
gon, and California).

Papermakers and
Paperw orkers;
and Pulp.

19,000

June 1955 to May I96 0 -.. June 1, 1958, on 60
days’ notice.

P r i n t i n g , p u b l is h i n g , a n d
a l li e d i n d u s tr i e s

Metropolitan Lithograph­
ers Association, Inc. (New
York, N . Y ., area).
New
York
Employing
P r in te r s ’ A ss o c ia tio n ,
I n c .— P r in te r s L ea g u e
Section, N ew York, N . Y.

L i th o g r a p h e r s

7, 000

M ay 1956 to-Apr. 1958 . . .

Typographical

5, 500

Aug. 1957 to June 1959 5_.

Mine Workers,
District 50
(Ind.).

7,300

Apr. 1956 to Mar. 1959...

$5 per week on July 1, 1958.

C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d
p r o d u c ts

Dow Chemical Co., M id­
land, Mich.

Quarterly (Feb.,
M ay, Aug.,
N ov.).

8 cents per hour on Mar.
3,1958.

P r o d u c t s o f p e tr o l e u m a n d
coal

Atlantic Refining Co. (In­ Atlantic Indeterstate) .
pendent Union
(Ind.).
Sinclair Oil Corp. (Inter­ Oil, Chemical and
state) .
Atomic.
Standard Oil Company of Independent Petroleum WorkIndiana, Whiting, Ind.
ers of America
(Ind.).

10, 500

10,000

Mar. 1957 to Mar. 1959.. At any time, on written notice by either
party.
June 1957 to June 1959. .. At any t im e ________

5,900

Mar. 1957 to Mar. 1959.. March 8, 1958, on 60
days’ notice.

Rubber _

21,200

do

15,000

Apr. 1957 to Apr. 1959... At any time, on 60
days’ notice.
Apr. 1957 to Apr. 1959... ____do______________

d o __ _______

28, 000

Feb. 1957 to Apr. 1959... ____do____ ________

do___________ 30, 000

Apr. 1957 to Apr. 1959__ ____do______ _______

R u b b e r p r o d u c ts

Firestone Tire and Rubber
Co. (Interstate).
B. P. Goodrich Co. (In­
terstate) .
Goodyear Tire and Rubber
Co. (Interstate).
United States Rubber Co.
(Interstate).
S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s
p r o d u c ts

Corning Glass Works, Corn­
ing and Horse Heads,
N . Y.
Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass
Co. (Interstate).
Owens-Illinois Glass Co.—
Glass container plants
and warehouses (Inter­
state).
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.—
Elat glass plants (Inter­
state) .

Flint Glass

5, 500

N ov. 1956 to Jan. 1958__

Glass and Ceramic.

10,000

Sept. 1955 to Sept. 1958..

G la s s B o t tl e

10, 500

M ay 1957 to Mar. 1960__

G la s s a n d C e r a m -

12,000

Sept. 1955 to Sept. 1958..

ic.

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 percent on Apr. 1,1958.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

36

T a b l e 4. Expiration, reopening, and wage adjustment provisions of selected collective bargaining agreements, January-December

1958 1— Continued

Company or association
and location

Union

2

Approx­
imate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

Provisions effective January-December 1958, for—
Contract term 3
Wage reopening

Automatic cost-ofliving adjustm ent4

Deferred wage increase

P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s tr i e s

Aluminum Company
America (Interstate).

of

Steelworkers.

17, 400

Aug. 1956 to July 1959.

Aluminum Company
America (Interstate).

of

Aluminum.

10,600

Aug. 1956 to July 1959.

Steelworkers.

90.000

Aug. 1956 to June 1959-

Molders____

5,300

M ay 1956 to Apr. 1959.,

Steelworkers.

7.800

Sept. 1956 to July 1959.

6.500

Oct. 1955 to Aug. 1958.

55.000

Aug. 1956 to June 1959.

8.500

Aug. 1956 to July 1959-,

Bethlehem Steel Co. (Inter­
state).
Chicago Foundrymen’s As­
sociation and independent
companies (Intrastate—
Illinois).
Kaiser Aluminum
and
Chemical Corp. (Mary­
land, Ohio, and Wash­
ington).

National Lead Co.—Doeh- Auto Workers.
ler-Jarvis D ivision (In­
terstate).
Republic Steel Corp. (In­ Steelworkers...
terstate).
Reynolds Metals Co. (In­ ____do________
terstate).

Southern and Northern Soil Molders.
9.000
Pipe Manufacturers N e­
gotiating Committee (In­
terstate).
United States Steel Corp. Steelworkers...
148,000
(Interstate).
United States Steel C o r p .- ........do...... ................ 9.800
Salaried employees (In­
terstate).

Semiannually
8 cents per hour plus an in­
(Feb. and Aug.),
crement increase of 0.2
cent per hour between
job grades on Aug. 1,
1958.
8 cents per hour plus 1.5
-do.
cents per hour for wage
structure adjustments on
Aug. 1, 1958.
Semiannually
7-13 cents per hour on
(Jan. and July).
July 1,1958.
M ay 1, 1958, on 60-90
days’ notice.

Semiannually
(Feb. and Aug.).

8 cents per hour and in­
crement between job
classes shall be in­
creased by 0.3 cent per
per hour on Aug. 1, 1958.

Semiannually
(Jan. and July).
Semiannually
(Feb. and
Aug.).

7-12.6 cents per hour on
July 1, 1958.
8 cents per hour plus incre­
ment increase of 0.2 cent
between job grades on
Aug. 1, 1958.
8 cents per hour on Jan. 6,
1958.

Semiannually
(Jan. and July).
___ d o....................

7-13 cents per hour on
July 1, 1958.
$7.46-$12.26 biweekly in­
crease effective July 1,
1958.

Basic increase of 7 cents per
hour for hourly workers
and $2.80 per week for
salaried workers on Oct.
1, 1958.
11 cents per hour on July 1,
1958.

Jan. 1957 to Dec. 1959.

Aug. 1956 to June 1959.
Aug. 1956 to Juno 1959.

F a b r ic a te d m e t a l p r o d u c ts

American Can Co. (Inter­
state).

.d o.

20, 000

Oct. 1956 to Sept. 1959.

Semiannually
(Apr.and Oct.).

6,400

Aug. 1957 to M ay 1959.

July 1,1958.

17.000

Oct. 1956 to Sept. 1959.

Semiannually
(Apr. and Oct.).

California M etal Trades
Association (Intrastate—
California).
Continental Can Co., Inc.
(Interstate).

Machinists .

Manufacturers’ Industrial
R elations
A ssociation
(cooking and heating ap­
pliance m anufactures).
(Interstate).

Molders.

6.000

Jan. 1956 to Dec. 1958... Jan. 1, 1958, on 60
days’ notice.

Auto Workers,

9,000

Sept. 1955 to Aug. 1958.

Steelworkers.

M a c h i n e r y (e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l)

Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co., West Allis,
Wis.

See footnotes at end of table,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Quarterly (Mar.,
June, Sept.,
Dec.).

7-10.6 cents per hour for
hourly workers and $4.24$6.64 per week for salaried
workers on Oct. 1, 1958.

37

EXPIRATIONS OR REOPENINGS OF UNION CONTRACTS

T able 4. Expiration, reopening, and wage adjustment provisions of selected collective bargaining agreements, January-December
1958 1— Continued

Union »

Company or association
and location

Approx­
imate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

Provisions effective January-December 1958, for—
Contract term *
Wage reopening

Automatic cost-ofliving adjustm ent4

Deferred wage increase

Machinery (ezcept electrical)—
Continued
Automotive Tool and Die Auto Workers.
Manufacturers’ Associa­
tion, Detroit, Mich.
Caterpillar Tractor Co., ___ do....................
Peoria, 111.
Deere and Co. (Iowa and ___ do....................
Illinois).
General Motors Corp. (In­ International
Union of Elec­
terstate) .
trical Workers.
International Harvester Co. Auto Workers__
(Interstate).
Royal
M cBee
C o r p .- ___ do....................
Royal Typewriter Co.
Division, Hartford, Conn.
Sperry Rand Corp.—Rem­ Machinists.
ington Rand, Inc., D ivi­
sion, Elmira, N . Y .
Timken Roller Bearing Co. Steelworkers.
(Intrastate—Ohio).

Quarterly (Mar.,
June, Sept.,
Dec.).
do

6,000

June 1955 to June 1958.

18,000

Aug. 1955 to July 1958.

11, 700

Aug. 1955 to July 1958.

.do.

40, 000

June 1955 to M ay 1958.

do.

40,000

Sept. 1955 to July 1958.

.do.

5,200

N ov. 1956 to Oct. 1959-

5, 600

Sept. 1956 to Sept. 1961.

10, 000

Aug. 1956 to Aug. 1959.

Semiannually
(Jan. and July).

Quarterly (Mar.,
June, Sept.,
Dec.).
Quarterly (Jan.,
Apr., July,
Oct.).
Quarterly (M a r.,
June, Sept.,
Dec. for month­
ly employees;
Feb., M ay,
Aug., N ov. for
hourly and sal­
aried employees
on a weekly
schedule).
Quarterly (Mar.,
June, Sept.,
Dec. for month­
ly employees;
Feb., M ay,
Aug., N ov. for
weekly em­
ployees) .

Annually. (First
Monday of
N ov. 1958).

5-8 cents per hour on first
M onday in N ov. 1958.
5-10 cents on Monday
nearest Sept. 15,1958.
9 cents per hour on Aug.
24,1958.

E l e c tr i c a l m a c h in e r y ,
e q u ip m e n t, a n d s u p p lie s

Electric Auto-Lite Co. (In­
terstate).

Auto Workers.

16,000

N ov. 1955 to July 1958.

General Electric Co. (In­
terstate).

International
Union of Elec­
trical Workers.
___ do__________

83.000

Aug. 1955 to Oct. 1960.

55.000

Mar. 1956 to Oct. 1960.

Federation of
Westinghouse
Independent
Salaried Union
(Ind.).

14,000

Oct. 1955 to Oct. 1960.

7,000

June 1957 to Mar. 1959.

16,000

Oct. 1955 to Aug. 1958.

17.000

July 1956 to July 1958..

23.000

June 1956 to M ay 1958.

32,100

Apr. 1956 to Mar. 1958.

W e s t i n g h o u s e Electric
Corp. (Interstate).

W e s t i n g h o u s e Electric
Corp. (Interstate).

3.48 percent (5 cents per
hour minimum) on Sept.
15, 1958.
3.5 percent (not in excess
of 5-12 cents per hour for
hourly employees; $2$4.80 per week for sal­
aried employees on a
40-hour weekly schedule
and
$8.67-$20.80
per
month for monthly em­
ployees) on Oct. 13, 1958.
3.5 percent (minimum $2
per week for weekly
employees; and $8.65 per
month for m onthly em­
ployees), on Oct. 13,1958.

T r a n s p o r ta t io n e q u i p m e n t

Bell Aircraft Corp. (Intra­
s ta te -N e w York).

Auto Workers.

Bendix Aviation Corp. (In­ ___ d o.........
terstate).
Boeing Airplane Co., W ich­ Machinists.
ita, Kans.
Boeing Airplane Co. (Intra­ ___ do..........
state—W ashington).
Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc., ___ do.........
Santa Monica and El
Segundo, Calif.
See footnotes at end of table.

450109— 58-------4


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Quarterly (Mar.,
June, Sept.,
Dec.).
do.

Quarterly (Feb.,

May, Aug.,
N ov.).

7 cents per hour effective
the first Monday follow­
ing M ay 15,1958.

38

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

T a ble 4. Expiration, reopening, and wage adjustment provisions of selected collective bargaining agreements, January-December

1958 1— Continued

Company or association
and location

Union

2

Approx­
imate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

Provisions effective January-December 1958, for—
Contract term 3
Wage reopening

Automatic cost-ofliving adjustm ent4

Deferred wage increase

T r a n s p o r ta t io n e q u i p m e n t —

Continued
Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc.,
Long Beach, Calif., and
Tulsa, Okla.
General Dynamics Corp.—
Convair Division, San
Diego, Calif.
General Dynamics Corp.—
Convair D ivision (California, N e w M e x i c o ,
Texas, and Maryland).
Lockheed Aircraft Corp.—
Georgia Division, Marietta, Ga.
Lockheed Aircraft Corp.—
California Division, Los
Angeles County, Calif.
Glenn L. Martin Co.,
Middle River, Md.
McDonnell Aircraft Corp.,
St. Louis, Mo.
North American Aviation,
Inc. (Ohio and California).
Republic Aviation Corp.
(Intrastate—N ew York).
Temco Aircraft Corp. (Intrastate—Texas).
Thompson Products, Inc.—
Tapco Division (Intrastate—Ohio).
United Aircraft Corp.—
Sikorsky Aircraft Division, B r id g e p o r t a n d
Stratford, Conn.
United Aircraft Corp.—
Chance Vought Aircraft,
Inc., Division, Dallas,
Tex.
American Motors Corp.
(Michigan and Wisconsin).
The Budd Co., Hunting
Park Plant, Philadelphia,
Pa.
The Budd Co., Detroit,
Mich.
Chrysler C orp.— Produ ction, Maintenance, and
Automotive Body Division (Interstate).
Ford Motor Co. (Interstate).
General Motors Corp. (Interstate).
Studebaker-Packard Corp.,
South Bend, Ind.
Bethlehem Steel Co.—Shipbuilding D ivision (Interstate).
Pacific Coast Shipbuilders
(Interstate).

Auto Workers___

Engineers and
5,400
Architects
Association
(Ind.).
Machinists _____ 30,300

Mar. 1956 to Mar. 1958

Apr. 1956 to Apr. 1958

_______ _

14,000

Apr. 1957 to Mar. 1958.

____do.

_ _____

22, 000

Mar. 1956 to Mar. 1958

Auto Workers___

11,500

Dec. 1955 to June 1958-

Machinists_____

9,100

M ay 1956 to M ay 1958

Auto W orkers___ 32,800

Mar. 1956 to Mar. 1958

M achinists_____

15,000

.Time 1956 to Mar. 1958

Auto Workers

5,800

Oct. 1956 to Oct. 1958

Aircraft Workers
Alliance, Inc.
(Ind.).
Auto Workers___

9,600

Sept. 1955 to M ay 1958.

7,800

Mar. 1956 to Feb. 1958

___do. _________

5, 500

Mar 1956 to Mar. 1958

________ 13,000

Sept. 1955 to June 1958.

____do.

Quarterly (Feb.,
M ay, Aug.,
N ov.).

July 1956 to M ay 1958..

do

Quarterly (Jan,
Apr., July, Oct.).

Quarterly (Jan.,
Apr., July, Oct.).

Quarterly (Mar.,
June, Sept.,
Dec.).

Quarterly (Mar.,
June, Sept.,
Dec.).
___ do.....................

____do............... .......

5,000

Aug. 1955 to Aug. 1958.

____do_

6,000

Sept. 1955 to Aug. 1958.

do

____do _ ________ 140,000

Sept. 1955 to M ay 1958.

do

____do_ ________ 140,000
__ .d o . ________ 375,000

.Time 1955 to .Time 1958
.Time 1955 to M ay 1958

do
do.
do

________

__ do___________

6,000

.Tan. 1956 to Ane- 1958

Marine and Shipbuilding.

12,000

N ov. 1956 to July 1959.

M etal Trades
Council.

14,000

July 1957 to June 1958..

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

27,600

First pay period
beginning on or
after July 1,
1958.

Aug. 1, 1958: Hourly rates,
7-10 cents per hour; piece
rates, 6-percent increase.

39

EXPIRATIONS OR REOPENINGS OF UNION CONTRACTS

T a b l e 4. Expiration, reopening, and wage adjustment provisions of selected collective bargaining agreements, January-December

1958 1—-Continued

Company or association
and location

Union ■

Approx­
imate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

Provisions effective January-December 1958, for—
Contract term 3
Wage reopening

Automatic cost-ofliving adjustm ent4

Deferred wage increase

P r o f e s s i o n a l, s c ie n tif ic , a n d
c o n tr o llin g i n s t r u m e n t s

M in n e a p o lis-H o n e y w e ll
Regulator Co., Minne­
apolis and St. Paul, Minn.
Sperry Rand Corp.—Sperry
G y ro sco p e D iv is io n
(Great Neck, N . Y . area).

Feb. 1, 1958, on 60
days’ notice.

Teamsters.

,000

Dec. 1956 to Jan. I960...

International
Union of Elec­
trical Workers.

,500

N ov. 1956 to M ay 1961 _

8,600

June 1956 to June 1959-

30,000

Dec. 1956—open end.

200 , 000

Oct. 1956—open end..

10, 000

July 1956 to June 1959.

7,000

Aug. 1956 to June 1959.

Semiannually
(Jan. and July).

7-11.4 cents per hour on
July 1, 1958.

11 nonoperating
728,000
employee un­
ions.
Order of Railway 20, 000
Conductors and
Brakemen
(Ind.).
Brotherhood of
50,000
Locomotive
Firemen and
Enginemen.
121,000
Brotherhood of
Railroad Train­
men.

N ov. 1956 to Oct. 1959.

Semiannually
(M ay and
N ov.).
___ do_______

7 cents per hour on N ov. 1,
1958.

Quarterly (dates
not available).

3 percent effective at be­
ginning of payroll period
following M ay 23, 1958.

M i n i n g - M e t a l a n d coal

Anaconda Copper Mining
Co. (Intrastate — M on­
tana).

Mine, M ill (Ind.)_

Anthracite coal operators
(Intrastate—P en n sy lv a ­
nia).
Bituminous coal operators
(Interstate).
Kennecott Copper Corp.
(Arizona, N ew Mexico,
Nevada, and Utah)
United States Steel Corp.,
Oliver Iron Mining Co.
D iv is io n (In tr a sta te —
M innesota).

M ine Workers
(Ind.).
___ do__________
Mine, M ill (Ind.).

Steelworkers.

6 cents per hour plus an
increment increase of J4
cent per hour or 2 cents
per shift in the spread
between job classifica­
tions on July 1, 1958.

56-78 cents per shift on
July 1, 1958.

R a ilr o a d s a n d a ir lin e s 5

Class I Railroads____ _____

D o-

Do..

D o.

See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N ov. 1956 to Oct. 1959.

N ov. 1956 to Oct. 1959.

-do.

N ov. 1956 to Oct. 1959.

.do.

Do.

N ov. 1,1958: $15 per month
to dining car stewards;
$14 per month to yardmasters; 7 cents per hour
to o th er e m p lo y e e s.
Yard service employees
may convert 2 cents of
the N ov. 1,1957 and 1958
increase to pay for 7 paid
holidays beginning N ov.
1957 if holiday option is
exercised by Oct. 1, 1957,
or 4 cents of the N ov. 1958
increase if holidays are
elected by Oct. 1,1958.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

40

T a ble 4. Expiration, reopening, and wage adjustment provisions of selected collective bargaining agreements, January-December

1958 1— Continued

Company or association
and location

R a ilr o a d s a n d a i r l in e s

Union »

Approx­
imate
number
of em
ployees
covered

Provisions effective January-December 1958, for—
Contract term 3
Wage reopening

Automatic cost-ofliving adjustm ent4

Deferred wage increase

3—Con.

Class I Railroads....................

Brotherhood of
Locomotive
Engineers
(Ind.).

48,000

Railway Express Agency Railway C lerk s... 35,000
(Interstate).
American Air Lines—Me­ Transport Work­
7.500
chanics and other ground
ers.
service personnel.
Pan-American World Air­ ___ do.....................
8.500
w a y s —-M ech anics and
other ground service and
flight service personnel.

Semiannually
(M ay and
N ov.)

N ov. 1956 to Oct. 1959.

N ov. 1956 to Oct. 1959..

.do.

3.5 percent (59-70 cents in­
crease in basic daily
rates) on N ov. 1, 1958.
Yard engineers may con­
vert 2 cents per hour of
the N ov. 1957 and 1958
increase to pay for 7 paid
holidays beginning N ov.
1957 if holiday option is
exercised by N ov. 1957,
or 4 cents per hour of
the N ov. 1958 increase if
holidays are elected by
Nov. 1,1958, or thereafter.
7 cents per hour on N ov. 1,
1958.

Sept. 1956 to Sept. 1958.

Oct. 1957 to Dec. 1958.

L o c a l r a i l w a y a n d b u s l in e s

Chicago Transit Authority,
Chicago, 111.

Street.

Public Service Coordinated ........ do.......................
Transport (IntrastateN ew Jersey).

11, 600

June 1957 to N ov. 1959.

5,500

Feb. 1956 to Jan. 1958.

Quarterly (Mar.,
June, Sept.,
Dec.).

T r u c k i n g a n d w a r e h o u s in g

Automobile Carrier Drive­
w a y and T ru ck a w a y
Agreement (Interstate).

Teams ter .

15,000

Mar. 1955 to Feb. 1961..

Trucking Companies—N ew
England Freight Agree­
ment (Connecticut, Mas­
sachusetts, and Rhode
Island).

do.

15,000

Apr. 1955 to Apr. 1958.

See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Feb. 28, 1958, on 60
days’ prior notice;
in event maximum
w o r k w e e k is r e ­
duced by Interstate
Commerce Commis­
sion or by legislative
act; or in event of
war, declaration of
emergency or impo­
sition of economic
controls, upon 60
days’ notice.

Semiannually
(Mar. and
Sept.).

5.5 cents per hour on June
1, 1958, and Dec. 1, 1958,
(additional 5 cents per
hour applies to Car and
Bus Repairers, Class B ).
Foremen’s rates increased
$10 per month on June 1,
1958, and Dec. 1, 1958,
except assistant foreman
of laborers receive $9.53
per month.

EXPIRATIONS OR REOPENINGS OF UNION CONTRACTS

41

T a b l e 4. Expiration, reopening, and wage adjustment provisions of selected collective bargaining agreements, January—December

1958 1— Continued

Company or association
and location

Union »

Approx
imate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

Provisions effective January-December 1958, for—
Contract term »
Wage reopening

Automatic cost-ofliving adjustment *

Deferred wage increase

Trucking and warehousing—
Continued
T r u c k in g C o m p a n ie s— Teamster.............. . 7,000
Over-The-Road MotorFreight Agreement (Intra­
state—N ew York).
T ru c k in g C o m p a n ie s— ........ do....................... 10,000
Local Cartage Agreement
(Intrastate—N ew York).
California Trucking Asso- ........ do......................
6,000
elation, Inc. (Intrastate—
California).
C entral A rea—Over-The- ........ do...................... 55,000
R o a d M o to r F r e ig h t
Agreement (13 midwestern States).

Central Area—Local Cart- ........ do___- .............. 110, 000
age Agreement (13 midwestern States and Wheel­
ing, W . Va., excluding
Chicago, 111., area).
Empire State Highway
8,000
Transportation Associa­
tion, Inc., N ew York,
N . Y.
Southwest Operators’ As5,000
sociation Local Freight,
Forwarding, Pickup and
Delivery Agreement (Ar­
kansas, Louisiana, Okla­
homa, and Texas, exclud­
ing E l Paso).

Aug. 1955 to July 1958

Aug. 1955 to July 1958

Feb. 1955 to Jan. 1961__

Feh. 1955 to Jan. 1961

Sept. 1956 to Aug. I960..

6-10 cents per hour on Feb.
1, 1958. Increase does
not apply to local No. 649.

Jan. 31, 1958, on 60
days’ notice; or in
event of war, decla­
ration of emergency
or imposition of eco­
nomic controls, on
60 days’ notice.
----- do.............................

Semiannually
(Feb. and
Aug.).

.do.

Sept. 1, 1958, on 60
days’ notice.

M ay 1955 to Jan. 1961... Jan. 31, 1958, on 60
days’ notice: or in
event of reduction
in w o r k w e e k b y
g o v e rn m e n ta l ac­
tio n , on 60 d a y s ’
notice.

Semiannually
(Feb. and
Aug.)

Transportation— Water
Atlantic and Gulf Coast Maritime.............. . 25,200
Companies and Agents—
D ry cargo and passenger
vessels.
Atlantic and Gulf Coast ____do_____ ____ _ 7,500
Tanker Companies.
Atlantic and Gulf District Seafarers................ 13, 000
Freight-Ship Agreement.

Oct. 1956 to Sept. 1958... At any time.

Services allied to
transportation
Galveston Maritime Asso- Longshoremen’s
8,000
ciation, Inc., the Houston
Association
Maritime A s s o c ia t io n ,
(Ind.).
Inc., with the Master
Stevedores Association of
Texas (Ports of Texas
and Lake Charles, La.).
N ew York Shipping Asso- ------do....................... 20,000
ciation (Port of Greater
N ew York and vicinity).
N ew Orleans Steamship ____do............... ....... 5,000
Association, N ew Orleans,
La.
Pacific Maritime Associa- Longshoremen and 15, 000
tion (Pacific Coast).
Warehousemen
(Ind.)
See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Oct. 1956 to Sept. 1959...

Oct. 1956 to Sept. 1959...

Oct. 1956 to Sept. 1959

M ay 1956 to June 1958...

7 cents per hour on Oct. 1,
1958, for longshore work.
Rates for timber and
cotton work also in­
creased but vary by
group and piece rate.
Oct. 1,1958

7 cents per hour on Oct. 1,
1958.
Do.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

42

T a ble 4. Expiration, reopening, and wage adjustment provisions of selected collective bargaining agreements, January December

1958 1— Continued

Company or association
and location

Union

2

Approx­
imate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

Provisions effective January-December 1958, for—
Contract term 3
Wage reopening

C o m m u n ic a t io n s : T e le p h o n e
a n d te le g r a p h

American Telephone and Communications.. 25, 000
Telegraph C o m p a n y —
Long Lines Department
(Interstate).
18, 000
N ew England Telephone New England
Federation of
and T e l e g r a p h C o . —
Traffic Workers
Traffic Department (In­
(Ind.)
terstate) .
7,700
N ew Jersey Bell Telephone Brotherhood of
Electrical
Co.—Plant and Engineer­
Workers.
ing Departments (Intra­
state—New Jersey).
N ew York Telephone Co.— Telephone Traffic 19,000
Union (Ind.).
Traffic Department (In­
trastate—N e w Y o r k ;
downs tate area).
5, 600
N ew York Telephone Co.— Telephone Employees’ Or­
Accounting Department
ganization, Ac­
(Intrastate—New York;
counting D e­
downs tate area).
partment
(Ind.).
6,000
N ew York Telephone Co.— Union of Telephone Workers
Commercial Department
(Ind.).
and Headquarters D e­
partments (Intrastate—
N ew York; downstate
area).
New York Telephone Co.— United Telephone 20, 500
Organizations
Plant Department (In­
(Ind.).
trastate—N e w Y o r k ;
downstate area).
6,600
New York Telephone Co.— Empire State
Telephone
Plant and Engineering
Workers’ Or­
D e p a r tm e n ts ( I n tr a ­
ganization
state—N ew York; up­
(Ind.).
state area).
9,500
N ew York Telephone Co.— Telephone Traffic Union (Ind.).
Traffic Department (In­
trastate-N ew York; up­
state area).
11,800
Pacific Telephone and Tele- Federation of
Women Tele­
graph Co.—Traffic D e­
phone Workers’
partment (Southern Cali­
of Southern
fornia area).
California
(Ind.).
5,300
Pacific Telephone and Tele- Communications.
graph Co.—All depart­
ments (Intrastate—Ore­
gon).
Southern Bell Telephone Communications.. 57, 600
and Telegraph Co. (Inter­
state) .
Western Union Telegraph Telegraphers.......... 30,000
Co. (Interstate).
See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Dec. 1956 to Jan. 1958...

Feb. 1957 to M ay 1958...

Mar. 1957 to June 1958. _

Oct. 1956 to Sept. 1958...

M ay 1957 to July 1958..

M ay 1957 to June 1958..

M ay 1957 to July 1958-

Apr. 1957 to June 1958..

M ay 1957 to July 1958-

Sept. 1956 to Sept. 1958.

Nov. 1956 to Jan. 1958..

M ay 1957 to M ay 1958.

June 1956 to M ay 1958.

Automatic cost-ofliving adjustm ent*

Deferred wage increase

EXPIRATIONS OR REOPENINGS OF UNION CONTRACTS

43

T a b l e 4. Expiration, reopening, and wage adjustment provisions of selected collective bargaining agreements, January-December

1958 1— Continued

Company or association
and location

Approx­
imate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

Union 2

Provisions effective January-December 1958, for—
Contract term 3
Wage reopening

Automatic cost-ofliving adjustm ent4

Deferred wage increase

U t i li ti e s : E le c tr i c a n d g a s

Commonwealth Edison Co., Brotherhood of
11, 000
and subsidiary Public
Electrical
Service Co. (Intrastate—
Workers.
Illinois).
Consolidated Edison Co. U tility__________ 22, 600
of New York and Con­
solidated Telegraph and
Electrical Subway Co.,
N ew York City and
W e stch este r C o u n ty ,
N . Y.
C onsum ers P o w er Co. __ __do ...............
5,200
(Intrastate—Michigan).
Niagara Mohawk Power Brotherhood of
7,400
Corp. (Intrastate—New
Electrical
York).
Workers.
Pacific Gas and Electric Co. ____do _________ 14,300
(Intrastate—California).

Apr. 1956 to Mar. 1959.. Mar. 31, 1958, on 60
days’ notice.

Mar. 1956 to Feb. 1958. .

Feb. 1956 to Feb. 1958...
June 1956 to M ay 1958. -

July 1957 to June 1959...

W eekly increase, varies by
occupation, on July 1,
1958.

W h o le s a le a n d r e ta i l tra d e

Dairy Industry Industrial
Relations Association (In­
trastate—California).
First National Stores, Inc.
(New England area).
Food Employers Council,
Inc., Los Angeles, Calif.

Teamsters- _____

7,200

Mar. 1956 to Feb. 1958. .

Meat Cutters____

9,000

Feb. 1956 to Feb. 1958...

Retail Clerks

8,000

Jan. 1956 to Dec. 1958...

Montgomery Ward (Inter­
state).
San Francisco Retailers
Council — D e p a r t m e n t
stores, San Francisco,
Calif.

Team sters.- ____ 20,000

June 1957 to M ay 1958 s_.

Retail Clerks.

6,500

N ov. 1956 to M ay 1958..

5,500
John Hancock M utual Life Insurance Work­
ers of America.
Insurance Co. (Inter­
state) .
R ealty Advisory Board on Building Service.. 13,000
Labor Relations, Inc.—
Commercial buildings,
New York, N . Y.
Realty Advisory Board on ____do__............
12,000
Labor Relations, Inc.—
A p artm en t b u ild in g s,
New York, N . Y.

July 1956 to June 1958...

...

..

7.5 cents per hour (except
6-7 cents for apprentices
hired after Mar. 1, 1956;
2.5 cents for Box Boys),
on Jan. 1,1958.

F i n a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l
e s ta te

Jan. 1957 to Dec. 1959. . .

Dec. 31, 1958, on 60
days’ notice.

Apr. 1954 to Apr. 1958...

H o te l s a n d r e s t a u r a n t s

Associated Restaurants of
Oregon, Inc., and the
Portland
Independent
Hotel Association, Port­
land, Oreg.

H otel_______ ____

See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

5, 500

July 1957 to M ay 1962... June 1, 1958, on 60
days’ notice.

5 cents per hour on Jan. 1,
1958.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

44

T a ble 4. Expiration, reopening, and wage adjustment provisions of selected collective bargaining agreements, January-December

1968 1— Continued

Company or association
and location

Union 3

Approx­
imate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

Provisions effective January-December 1958, forContract term 3
Wage reopening

Automatic cost-ofliving adjustm ent4

Deferred wage increase

H o t e l s a n d r e s t a u r a n t s — Con.

East Bay Restaurant As­ Hotel........................ 8,500
sociation,
Inc.,
and
United Tavern Owners
Association, Inc., Ala­
meda County, Calif.
Golden Gate Restaurant ........ do....................... 15,000
Association, San Fran­
cisco, Calif.
35,000
Hotel Association of New N ew York Hotel
Trades Council.
York City, Inc.

Restaurant-Hotel Employ­
ers’ Council of Southern
California, Inc.
Washington State Restau­
rant Association and Se­
attle Hotel Association
( I n t r a s t a t e — Washing­
ton).

H otel....................... 15,000

July 1954 to July 1959—

July 6, 1958, on 45
days’ notice.

June 1954 to Aug. I960— Sept. 1, 1958, on 90
days’ notice.
June 1957 to M ay 1960 A

In June 1958, weekly wage
rates w ill rise by an av­
erage $2.86, with the
increase ranging from
$1.50 to $4.

Jan. 1955 to Jan. 1960___ Jan. 15, 1958, on 30
days’ notice.

9,100

June 1957 to M ay 1959...

10,000

Aug. 1954 to Aug. 1958...

40-50 cents per day on
June 1, 1958.

S e r v ic e I n d u s t r i e s

Chicago Laundry Owners
A ss o c ia tio n , Cook
County, 111.

Laundry.................

1
Contracts on file with the Bureau of Labor Statistics, December 1, 1957,
except where footnote indicates that information is from newspaper source.
All construction industry agreements have been excluded.
* Unions affiliated with A FL-C IO except where noted as independent.
3 Refers to the date the contract is to go into effect, not the date of signing.
Where a contract has been amended or modified and the original termination
date extended, the effective date of the changes becomes the new effective
date of the agreement.
For purposes of this listing, the expiration date is the formal termination
date established by the agreement. In general, it is the earliest date on which


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

termination of the contract could be effective, except for special provisions
for termination, as in the case of disagreement arising out of a wage reopening.
M any agreements provide for automatic renewal at the expiration date unless
notice of termination is given. The Labor Management Relations (TaftHartley) Act, 1947, requires that a party to an agreement desiring to terminate
or modify it shall serve written notice upon the other party 60 days prior to
the expiration date.
* Date shown indicates the month in which adjustment is to be made
rather than the month of the C PI on which the adjustment is based.
3 Information is from newspaper account of settlement.

PROPOSED LEGISLATION ON LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS

Proposed Legislation on LaborManagement Relations

45

union financed and operated, employer financed
and operated, or jointly financed and operated.
You have already indicated your general support
for this recommendation.

E ditor’s N ote —Secretary oj Labor James P.

Mitchell, in a speech before the Second Consti­
tutional Convention oj the American Federation
oj Labor and Congress oj Industrial Organiza­
tions in Atlantic City on December 5, 1957, jor
the first time outlined the administration’s
specific legislative proposals in the field oj
labor-management relations. The portions oj
his address dealing with that subject are
reproduced below.
I n the first place, the President’s proposals to
Congress will leave the basic responsibility for
honest and democratic trade unionism right where
it now is—with organized labor. They will open
to public view and inspection some of the areas of
union and management affairs which are now
hidden and in which crooks and racketeers have
operated.
In addition, the President’s proposals will cor­
rect certain conditions which appear to have en­
couraged abuse and oppression on the part of
some people. These proposals avoid any headlong
rush towards remedies which are only illusory, or
which will unnecessarily hamper the ability of
workers to organize and bargain collectively, or
which will inject the Government needlessly into
the internal affairs of labor and management. In
no way do they endanger the integrity of the
labor movement or its component unions.
Next month the President will make the follow­
ing proposals to Congress for legislative action to
protect the rights of individual workers and their
union funds.
Reporting Requirements

Employee Welfare and Pension Plans. The public
has been aware for some time of financial irregu­
larities in the administration of welfare and
pension plans. We are proposing action on a
recommendation which the President has made
repeatedly since 1954 to protect the equity which
millions of workers have in these plans. Our pro­
posal would require registration, reporting, and
public disclosure of the operations of all health,
welfare, and pension plans—whether they are

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Financial Reports from All Unions. We shall pro­
pose that all labor organizations, local, national,
and international unions and local, State, and
regional conferences and councils, file annual
financial reports with the Department of Labor.
This proposal would require labor organizations
to keep their books and records available to their
members. It would also require that officers who
handle union funds and property be held to a high
degree of responsibility to union members and be
subject to suit by them for failure to discharge
this responsibility.
Union Organization. Strong, fair, democratic pro­
cedures are the best safeguard an individual
union member can have that the affairs of his
union will not be taken from his hands by force or
fraud. The American workingman knows better
than anybody else what is good for his union. We
are going to propose, therefore, that all labor
organizations file annually with the Department
of Labor, as most do now, copies of their consti­
tutions and bylaws and report annually their pro­
cedures and practices with respect to such things
as qualification for or restrictions on membership,
election of officers, calling of regular and special
meetings, levying of assessments, imposition of
fines, authorization for disbursement of union
funds, and expulsion of members.
These reports would be made to the Department
of Labor and would be open for inspection by the
public and any union member.
In the same manner, we are going to propose
that these unions be required to show by appro­
priate reporting that their members have the
right and opportunity, at intervals of not more
than 4 years, to elect their local officers directly
by secret vote, and their national or other officers
either directly by secret vote or through delegate
bodies elected directly by the membership by
secret vote.
Conflict oj Interest. And finally, in this general
area of reporting, we will propose that employers
report annually payments made to employee re­
presentatives, either directly or through a third

46
party, which run contrary to the rights and wel­
fare of individual union members and are pro­
hibited by law.
And we will also propose that labor organiza­
tions and their officers report annually financial
dealings with employers or employers’ representa­
tives. It is the intent of this proposal to bring
union-employer financial transactions into the
open light of day, where conflict of interest,
bribes, and collusion cannot long abide.
The administration will also propose that a new
bribery section be added to the U. S. Criminal
Code to make it a felony for employers or em­
ployers’ representatives or union officials or their
representatives to make or receive payments to
influence the actions of either.
Powers and Sanctions. Under these proposals,
the Secretary of Labor would have broad powers
to investigate the accuracy of these reports, with
the right to subpena witnesses and evidence.
False statements could result in fines and jail
for individual violators.
Embezzlement of welfare and pension or general
union funds could lead to criminal prosecution of
the individuals involved by the Federal Govern­
ment, prosecution not now authorized.
And finally, any union that willfully failed to
file true and proper reports on general funds
and organization could be compelled to forfeit its
National Labor Relations Board status and its
tax-exempt status. This action, however, would
be taken only after the full protection of adminis­
trative law and court review had been accorded
in order to protect unions against hasty or capri­
cious action.
A Commissioner oj Labor Reports. All of these
reports would be made to a Commissioner of
Labor Reports, to be appointed by the President
with the advice and consent of the Senate. He
would serve directly under the Secretary of Labor
and would exercise for the Secretary his powers
of investigation for accuracy and subpena of
witnesses and evidence.
Other Proposals

The second phase of the President’s proposals
will consist of additional amendments to the
Taft-Hartley Act.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

Secondary Boycotts. The President will repeat his
1954 recommendations to Congress that the law
be changed so that concerted activity against
employers performing farmed-out struck work and
on construction project sites should not be con­
sidered as secondary boycotts.
There are, however, other secondary boycott
activities which are definitely contrary to the
public interest and as undesirable as the secondary
activities now prohibited by the Taft-Hartley Act.
We will propose, therefore, that any secondary
boycott instigated by a union now covered by
the act would be prohibited if it coerces an
employer directly or induces individual employees,
in the course of their employment, to refuse to
perform services in order to coerce an employer
to cease doing business with others. This pro­
posal would apply to coercion of all employers,
including those not now under the act’s definition
of “employer,” such as railroads and munici­
palities. It would prevent an employer from
being coerced to enter into or perform on agree­
ments to refrain from doing business with any
other person.
Picketing. The administration will also recommend
that it be made an unfair labor practice for a
labor organization to coerce, or attempt to coerce,
an employer to recognize or bargain with it as
the bargaining representative of his employers
where:
1. The employer has recognized in accordance
with law another labor organization as the repre­
sentative of his employees and has executed a
collective bargaining agreement, and a question of
representation may not appropriately be raised
under the Taft-Hartley Act; or
2. Where within the last preceding 12 months,
the NLRB has determined in a proceeding under
section 9 of the act that the employees do not
wish to be represented by the labor organization.
3. There is unquestionably much public senti­
ment against all organizational picketing and some
responsible sources are advocating its complete
elimination. The matter has been deeply con­
sidered and we believe that while the right of
legitimate picketing must be preserved, there
can be situations when no responsible labor
organization could claim a coercive power to
force a union upon employees who clearly do not
want that union to be their bargaining repre-

PROPOSED LEGISLATION ON LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS

sentative. When it is clear that the employees
of the employer do not desire a union as their
bargaining representative, the use of a picket line
to force that union upon an employer and his
employees should be restricted.
Other Proposed Taft-Hartley Amendments. The
Administration will also propose that:
1. Section 302 of the Taft-Hartley Act be
amended to : (a) Prohibit unauthorized payments
made to employee representatives by employer
agents or representatives, as well as those made
directly by employers; (b) cover employer pay­
ments to any employee representative, as dis­
tinguished from present coverage of employer
payments to any representative of his employees;
(c) prohibit payments over and above payments
for regular job duties by an employer, his agent or
representative to an employee or group or com­
mittee of employees to encourage, discourage or
influence other employees of the employer in the
exercise of their right of self-organization or the
selection of a representative; and (d) permit
employer payments to apprenticeship and train­
ing trust funds.
2. Other sections of the Taft-Hartley Act be
amended to : (a) Eliminate the statutory prohibi­
tion which bars economic strikers from voting in
representation elections; (b) authorize the NLRB,
under appropriate circumstance, to certify build­
ing and construction trades unions as bargaining
representatives without prior elections; (c) elimi­
nate the non-Communist affidavit requirement;
(d) prevent parties to a valid contract from being
required to bargain during the life of the contract

unless there is a reopening provision or the parties
agree to the contract being reopened; and (e) make
clear that when the office of the General Counsel
of the NLRB becomes vacant the President may
designate some other officer or employee to serve
as acting general counsel.
In the area of Federal-State jurisdiction in labor
disputes affecting commerce, some problems have
arisen due to recent court decisions (Supreme
Court in the Guss and related cases). We will
recommend that these problems be met by amend­
ing the Taft-Hartley Act so that the jurisdictional
gap which now exists would be closed by authoriz­
ing the States to act with respect to matters over
which the NLRB declines to assert jurisdiction.
These legislative recommendations are designed
to benefit and protect labor’s many millions of
fair, honest, and decent members as well as curb
abuses in labor-management relations. They are
no cure-all. Much of the corruption and violence
which has been disclosed can be traced directly
to inadequate enforcement of existing laws,
particularly at the local level. We should remem­
ber that there are laws already on the books
against bribery, against fraud, against murder
and embezzlement. These laws, of course, must
be enforced to the hilt.
I believe this legislative program will be of
great assistance, however, in helping the labor
movement to regain the high position it deserves
in the hearts and minds of the American people.
I believe it deserves the support of every American
who has labor’s interest at heart, just as I believe
other types of legislation that would cripple labor
deserve their condemnation.

Erratum
The article entitled “Deferred Wage Increases in 1958 and Wage Escalator
Clauses,” which appeared in the December 1957 issue of the Review, contained
two errors: (1) In table 1 on p. 1465, the total number of nonmanufacturing
workers scheduled to receive deferred wage increases of less than 5 cents an
hour should have been 16, rather than 26, thousand. (2) In table 4 on p.
1467, for food and kindred products, the percent of workers also covered by
cost-of-living escalator clauses should have been 53 instead of 3.


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47

48

Retail Trade: Wage Structure,
October 1956
T he more than 6 million nonsupervisory em­
ployees working in retail trade (except eating
and drinking places) in October 1956 averaged
$1.41 an hour, according to a survey conducted
by the U. S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of
Labor Statistics. An estimated 611,000 em­
ployees (about 10 percent of the total) earned
less than 75 cents an hour, 26 percent less than
$1 an hour, and 50 percent under $1.25. About
6 percent of the employees earned $2.50 or more
an hour. These are a few of the findings pub­
lished in a bulletin that provides detailed infor­
mation on the hourly and weekly earnings in
retail trade as a group and for various lines of
retail business.1 In recognition of the wide
variation in individual weekly hours that exists
in retail trade, data were tabulated by hours
worked in the payroll week. Earnings data are
provided for men and women and by region,
community size, and number of stores operated
by the employer.2
It is the purpose of this article to examine the
employment and wage characteristics of these
various groupings of employees to provide some
insight as to their position in, and contribution
to, the composite wage structure of this major
segment of our economy.
Characteristics of Retail Trade

Merchandise is distributed at retail in the
United States through stores, mail-order houses,
house-to-house selling, and vending machines.
Some industries operate typically through single
stores; in other industries, large chain store enter­
prises account for most of the employment. In
contrast to most manufacturing activities, re­
tailing is carried on to some degree in all com­
munities, however small. A third of the em­
ployees in the retail trade study were located
outside metropolitan areas and fully a tenth
(640,000 employees) were employed in commu­
nities of less than 5,000 population.
Retail trade industries3 differ among them­
selves in labor force requirements, methods of
wage payment, and other characteristics that
may affect the level and distribution of earnings

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

of the work force. For example, women em­
ployees predominate in variety stores, depart­
ment stores, women’s ready-to-wear stores, and
drug stores. Men greatly outnumber women in
the automobile dealers and gasoline service sta­
tions group, building material and farm equip­
ment outlets, furniture stores, and household
appliance and radio stores. Many retail em­
ployees are paid on the basis of an hourly or
salary rate; others work on straight commissions
or some combination of base pay plus commission
or bonus.
Occupational requirements in retail trade vary
greatly between industries; they also differ within
industries, e. g., as between large and small stores,
and self-service and service stores. According to
the 1950 Census, about half of all nonsupervisory
employees in retail trade were sales employees.
Among the large number of nonselling occupations
are the office clerical employees, accountants,
pharmacists, decorators, jewelers, cabinetmakers,
tailors and seamstresses, bakers, meat cutters,
truckdrivers and delivery men, parking attendants,
counter attendants, and porters.4
Sales positions range from those requiring only
brief training on the job to those that require de­
tailed knowledge of product characteristics and ex­
tensive sales training. The range of requirements
in selling jobs within individual industries and
establishments may be great, as in department
stores, or quite minor, as in automobile sales agen­
cies. Even where all of the sales persons are in the
same category, however, earnings under commis­
sion plans may vary greatly among individuals.
Daily and weekly variation in customer volume
is met in part by setting work schedules and
1 See Employee Earnings in Retail Trade in October 1956, Summary
Report, BLS Bull. 1220. Separate data are provided for 7 major retail
industry groups and 11 selected retail industries in BLS Bulls. 1220-1 through
1220-7.
2 The earnings data in this report relate to straight-time earnings, excluding
overtime premium pay, but including commissions or bonuses paid quarterly
or oftener. Individual average hourly earnings for employees not paid by
the hour were obtained by dividing total earnings reported by the number
of hours worked during the corresponding period. All group average hourly
earnings were obtained by dividing total individual weekly earnings by total
individual hours worked.
2
The Standard Industrial Classification Manual (M ay 1949 edition), pre­
pared by the Bureau of the Budget, lists 80 industries under the 7 major
groups included in this study: building materials and farm equipment
dealers; general merchandise stores; food stores; automotive dealers and
gasoline service stations; apparel and accessories stores; furniture, home
furnishings, and appliance stores; and miscellaneous retail stores.
* Occupation by Industry (1950 Census of Population, Special Report
P -E No. 1C, U . S. Bureau of the Census) lists employment in retail trade in
210 of 245 detailed occupations.

WAGE STRUCTURE IN RETAIL TRADE

49

through employment of part-time salespersons,
checkers, cashiers, and others as needed. Labor
shortages in particular situations may also be eased
by filling ordinarily full-time positions with parttime employees.
Earnings by Industry

Nationwide, nonsupervisory employees in retail
trade averaged $1.41 an hour in October 1956.
Among the 7 major groups studied, hourly averages
ranged from $1.62 in the furniture, home furnish­
ings, and appliance stores group to $1.20 in the
general merchandise stores group (table 1).
Hourly averages for the other 5 groups were
grouped at the $1.32 to $1.52 level.
The survey design also provided separate earn­
ings estimates for 11 industries that accounted for
two-thirds of the 6,033,000 employees covered by
the study. Highest and lowest averages were re­
corded in franchised motor vehicle dealers ($1.72)
and variety stores (89 cents), respectively. Gro­
cery stores—the largest retail trade industry, ac­
counting for a sixth of all employees studied—had
an average of $1.39, 6 cents higher than in depart­

ment stores, the second largest retail trade
industry.
A fourth of all employees within the study
worked less than 35 hours a week and were classi­
fied as part-time employees for purposes of this
article. The industry categories with higher than
average pay levels were largely those employing
the largest proportions of men and the smallest
proportions of part-time employees as shown in
table 2. Exceptions to this relationship appear to
be traceable in large part to the occupational re­
quirements factor.
Thus, although gasoline service stations had
the highest percentage of men workers among the
11 selected industries, their relatively low wage
position undoubtedly reflects the concentration of
employment in jobs requiring comparatively
short training. By way of contrast, franchised
motor vehicle dealers employ men largely in
automotive repair trades and in sales positions
that involve knowledge of product characteristics
and extensive sales training. Moreover, in the four
selected industries with the highest earnings level,
the commission form of wage payment plays a
greater role in determining earnings of salesmen

T a b l e 1. Straight-time average hourly earnings 1 of nonsupervisor y employees in retail trade in major industry groups and

selected industries, by sex, region, community size, and number of stores operated by company, October 1956
United States

Regions 2

Industry classification
Total

North
Men Women North­
east South Cen­
tral

Retail trade (except eating and drinking
places)__________ . _ ________ _ . $1.41 $1.58
Building materials and farm equipment
dealers___ .
..
. ____________
1.50 1.55
General merchandise stores 3____________ 1.20 1.59
Department stores_________________
1.33 1.74
Variety stores___ _ _______________
.89 1.15
Food stores3___ . . . __________________ 1.45 1.59
Grocery stores.. _ __ . _. . . . . . .
1.39 1.48
Automotive dealers and gasoline service
stations 3______ ___ . . . .
______
1.52 1.53
Franchised motor vehicle dealers____
1. 72 1.76
Gasoline service stations. _________
1.21 1.22
Apparel and accessories stores 3_________
1.32 1.66
M en’s and boys’ clothing stores_____
1.59 1.73
Women’s ready-to-wear stores.. . . .
1.19 1.51
Shoe stores____ _
.
. . ..
1.47 1.67
Furniture, home furnishings, and appliance stores_____ . . _________ _____ 1.62 1.75
Furniture and home furnishings
1.62 1.75
stores____ ______ _ _____ _
Household appliance and radio stores. 1.63 1.75
Miscellaneous retail stores 3_____________ 1.36 1.56
1.20 1.54
Drug stores__________ ____________

N onm etropolitan
area communi­
Metro­
ties
11 or
politan
Single 2 or 3 4 to 10 more
area
West
communi­ 5,000 or Less than store stores stores stores
5,000
more
ties
popula­ popula­
tion
tion

$1.11

$1.50

$1.16

$1. 44

$1.68

$1.50

$1.28

$1.11

$1.41

$1.47

$1.42

$1.38

1.19
1.05
1.15
.85
1.16
1.20

1.65
1.25
1.36
. 97
1.56
1.51

1.23
1.01
1.17
. 72
1.15
1.10

1.52
1.26
1.37
. 93
1.46
1.37

1.90
1.38
1.50
1.02
1.77
1.81

1.71
1.28
1.35
.96
1.55
1.51

1.41
1.04
1.22
.78
1.31
1.20

1.22
.92
(4)
.73
1.05
1.04

1.49
1.06
1.11
.83
1.36
1.16

1.62
1.19
1.26
.85
1.52
1.44

1.55
1.25
1.33
.82
1.51
1.46

1.42
1.26
1.47
.90
1.54
1.55

1.29
1.40
1.00
1.15
1.23
1.16
1.15

1.62
1.80
1.30
1.42
1.69
1.30
1.57

1.25
1.44
.98
1.10
1.38
.96
1.27

1.59
1.77
1.29
1.34
1.56
1.20
1.43

1.82
2.09
1.47
1.49
1. 76
1.37
1.68

1.66
1.93
1.33
1.39
1.65
1.25
1.54

1.43
1.58
1.04
1.13
1.41
1.02
1.22

1.17
1.31
.99
.92
1.40
.76
.81

1.51
1.71
1.17
1.27
1.57
1.15
1.36

1.64
1.76
1.34
1.39
1.62
1.24
1.62

1.37
1.91
1.34
1.37
1.68
1.20
1.65

1.48
2.12
1.51
1.36
1.63
1.25
1.46

1.24

1.67

1.34

1.74

1.86

1.76

1.38

1.18

1.61

1.67

1.81

1.47

1.25
1.22
1.04
.95

1.65
1.70
1.51
1.35

1.33
1.36
1.12
.98

1.75
1.72
1.37
1.19

1.89
1.81
1.60
1.58

1.75
1.78
1.45
1.27

1.34
1.45
1.22
1.06

1.18
1.19
1.11
1.02

1.57
1.69
1.37
1.20

1.70
1.62
1.40
1.23

1.84
1.75
1.42
1.12

1.54
1.44
1.28
1.21

1 Excludes overtime premium pay, but includes commission and/or bonus
earnings paid quarterly or oftener.
2 Eor definition of the regions, see text footnote 5.


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Number of stores operated
by company—

Community size

3 Includes data for industries in addition to those shown separately,
4 Insufficient data to warrant presentation.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

50
Indexes of straight-time average hourly earnings 1
in retail trade in major industry groups and selected
industries, and number of men and part-time workers 2 as
a percent of industry employment, October 1956

T a b le 2.

In d u stry classification

Percent of em­
Index of
ployees who
average
were—
hourly earnmgs [N ation­
Part-tim e
wide retail
trad e aver­ M en workers 2
(men and
age =100]
women)

Major group
F urnitu re, home furnishings, and appliance stores____
_ _ ____ _ ___
A utom otive dealers and gasoline service
stations___ ____
______
_ _____
B uilding m aterials and farm equipm ent
dealers___.
.
.
.
Pood stores.
.
.
. .. .. .
M iscellaneous retail stores .
. .
Apparel and accessories stores. . . .
General merchandise stores. . . . .
....

115

72

13

108

92

14

106
103
96
94
85

86
66
59
32
26

12
33
25
32
30

122
116
115
113
104
99
94
86
85
84
63

90
74
71
71
60
67
29
96
44
10
10

5
14
12
28
37
35
26
28
34
32
41

women in all regions except the South where a
wage difference of about 35 percent was recorded.
As indicated earlier, the percent of men em­
ployed in the 11 selected industries ranged from
nine-tenths or more in the gasoline service stations
and franchised motor vehicle dealers group to
only a tenth in variety stores and women’s readyto-wear stores. As the following tabulation
indicates, average hourly earnings of men were
substantially higher than those of women in each
of these industries, with cents-per-hour differences
ranging from 22 cents in gasoline service stations
to 59 cents in both department stores and drug
stores.
A m o u n t s b y w h ic h
m e n ’s
a v e ra g e s
e x c ee d e d w o m e n ’s
a v e ra g e s

Selected industries
Franchised m otor vehicle dealers .
Household appliance and radio stores____
F urnitu re and home furnishings stores___
M en ’s and boys’ clothing stores___
Shoe stores________ . . . . . .
. . .
Grocery stores. .
..
. . . .
D epartm ent stores ______ . . . .
Gasoline service statio n s.. . . . . . .
D rug stores____ .
.
. . . . . .
W om en’s ready-to-wear stores . . .
______ _
V ariety stores___ . .

1 Excludes overtime premium pay, but includes commission and/or bonus
earnings paid quarterly or oftener.
2 Employees who worked less than 35 hours during the survey week.

than is the case in most of the other industries.
A generally similar relationship among industry
pay levels and in the incidence of employment of
men and of part-time employees was noted in
each of the four broad regions.5
Similarity of average pay levels was not neces­
sarily paralleled in distributions of employees by
wage classes. Thus, nearly half of the drug store
employees earned less than $1 as compared with
slightly more than a third in women’s ready-towear stores, and a fourth in gasoline service sta­
tions (table 3). About 13 percent in drug stores,
however, as compared with 5 percent in the other
two industries, earned $2 or more an hour. The
greater concentration at the higher earnings level
in drug stores is largely explained by the numerical
importance of pharmacists in that industry.
Earnings of Men and Women
Men as a group earned 47 cents an hour more
than women—$1.58 compared with $1.11. Men,
accounting for approximately three-fifths of the
total work force in each of the four regions,
earned approximately 45 percent more than

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C e n ts p e r
hour
P ercen t

Retail trade____________________________
Department stores__________________
Drug stores________________________
Household appliance and radio stores.
Shoe stores________________________
Furniture and home furnishings stores.
Men’s and boys’ clothing sto res.____
Franchised motor vehicle dealers_____
Women’s ready-to-wear stores_______
Variety stores______________________
Grocery stores_____________________
Gasoline service stations____________

47
59
59
53
52
50
50
36
35
30
28
22

42
51
62
43
45
40
41
26
30
35
23
22

The earnings advantage recorded for men is be­
lieved to reflect largely differences in jobs assigned
to men and women.6 In department stores, for
example, men sales employees tend to be concen­
trated in departments (such as floor coverings and
major appliances) that provide above average
earnings. Department stores are generally large
and provide employment to men in a variety of
skilled maintenance trades. In the case of drug
stores, reference was made earlier to the incidence
of employment of pharmacists, most of whom are
men.
5 For the purpose of this study, the 48 States and the District of Columbia
were grouped into 4 broad regions: N o r t h e a s t —Connecticut, Maine, Massa­
chusetts, N ew Hampshire, N ew Jersey, N ew York, Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, and Vermont; S o u th —Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of
Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia,
and West Virginia; N o r t h C e n tr a l —Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michi­
gan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota,
and Wisconsin; W e s t — Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,
Nevada, N ew Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
6 Occupational information was not collected in the study. Observations
concerning men’s and women’s jobs are based largely on occupational wage
studies made earlier in some of the retail trade industries, e. g ., Department
and W omen’s Ready-to-Wear Stores: Earnings, 1950 (in M onthly Labor
Review, February 1951, pp. 165-167).

WAGE STRUCTURE IN RETAIL TRADE

51

Variation among these industries in the earnings
spread between men and women may reflect inter­
industry differences in the extent to which both
men and women are employed in the same jobs.
Because the earnings relate to all nonsupervisory
employees, the greater employment of women in
routine office jobs has a bearing on the relationship
of earnings averages for men and women.

cent higher; and those in the West usually from 10
to 20 percent higher. Differences in regional
averages were greatest in grocery stores and drug­
stores; in both, averages for the West were approxi­
mately 30 percent above the average for the
country as a whole.
Wage studies conducted by the Bureau in other
industries have revealed generally similar pay
positions among regions, i. e., pay levels in the
Northeast and North Central regions in an inter­
mediate position between the higher earnings in
the West and lower earnings in the South. Thus,
although pay levels in manufacturing are higher
than in retail trade, average pay in the South and
West was in about the same relationship to nation­
wide pay in the two broad industry divisions, as
shown in the following tabulation.7

Earnings by Region

Approximately 32 percent of the more than 6
million employees covered by the study were
located in the North Central region, 28 percent in
the South, 26 percent in the Northeast, and 14
percent in the West.
Compared with the $1.41 recorded for the
United States, regional average hourly earnings
were $1.68 in the West, $1.50 in the Northeast,
$1.44 in the North Central, and $1.16 in the South.
The general pattern of regional wage differences
recorded for retail trade as a group was also re­
flected in most of the industries for which data are
presented separately. As table 4 indicates, most
industry averages in the South were from 10 to 20
percent below the nationwide level; those in the
North Central region were generally nearly the
same as—or slightly higher than—the national
averages; those in the Northeast from 1 to 10 per-

R e g i o n a l a v e ra g e s a s a p e r c e n t
o f th e n a t io n w id e a v e ra g e f o r
th e i n d u s t r y _______________

Northeast_____________________
South_________________________
North Central_________________
West__________________________

7
See The Distribution of Factory Workers’ Earnings, April 1954 (in
M onthly Labor Review, April 1955, pp. 410-416).

T a b l e 3.

M a n u fa cta rin g ,
A p r i l 1 954

R e t a i l tr a d e ,
O c to b e r 1 956

106
82
102
119

99
81
107
115

The industry “mix” in retail trade is similar
from region to region. In manufacturing, how­
ever, the industrial composition varies among re­
gions, with some industries largely concentrated in
one or two regions. This may explain the lack of
uniformity in the regional rankings within the two
sectors.

Percent distribution of nonsupervisory employees in retail trade in major industry groups and selected industries,
by straight-time average hourly earnings,1 October 1956
Percent of employees earning—
Industry classification

Retail trade (except eating and drinking places)-Building materials and farm equipment dealers
General merchandise stores 2__ ___________ _ _
Department stores____
_____
______
Variety stores_ Food store's 2--_
_ _ _________________
Grocery stores___ ___
Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations A
Franchised motor vehicle dealers.
_______
Gasoline service stations. . . . .
Apparel and accessories stores 2 . _
M en’s and boys’ clothing stores. _
Women’s ready-to-wear stores.
Shoe stores. ............
Furniture, home furnishings, and appliance stores.
Furniture and home furnishings stores____ _
Household appliance and radio stores____ . .
Miscellaneous retail stores 2____ .
Drug stores_____ _
_
. . . .

Number of
employees
(in hun­
dreds)

60, 332
4, 944
13, 213
7,767
3,045
13, 846
9, 710
10, 907
5, 676
3, 901
5, 348
861
1,969
971
3,320
2,051
1, 263
8, 766
3, 309

Under
$0.60

$0.60 and $0.80 and $1.00 and $1.20 and $1.40 and $1.60 and $1.80 and $2.00 and
under
under
under
under
under
under
over
under
$1.20
$1.40
$0.80
$1.00
$1.60
$1.80
$2.00

3.9
1.1
5.7
1.7
14.1
4.2
5.0
2.5
1.4
4.5
3.4
1.3
4.1
2.4
1.9
2.0
1.6
4.8
9.0

1 Excludes overtim e prem ium pay, b u t includes commission and/or bonus
earnings paid q u arterly or oftener.
2 Includes d a ta for industries in addition to those shown separately.


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10.6
4.6
15.7
8.1
32.8
10.9
12.0
6.3
4.0
10.0
11.6
5.5
12.4
9.7
4.8
5.1
4.1
12.7
22.0

11.8
6.8
18.4
16.1
27.5
10.4
10.4
7.8
6.2
10.3
14.8
9.9
18.3
11.9
7.2
7.9
5.9
11.9
17.4

21.4
19.4
24.1
28.7
15.4
19.7
20.0
20.4
13.5
28.9
24.3
19.2
27.1
20.4
19.0
18.8
19.4
21.9
18.7

14.2
17.9
13.2
16.4
5.3
12.6
13.1
15.8
13.2
19.5
15.0
14.4
16.4
14.1
15.0
14.0
16.9
13.1
8.2

10.4
15.0
7.9
9.4
2.3
9.6
10.0
12.6
12.8
12.6
10. 1
12.9
9. 1
10.8
12.0
11.8
12.2
9.6
5.1

7.7
9.9
5.2
6.4
1.2
8.4
8.7
9.0
11. 1
5.7
6.6
9.2
5.4
9.4
9.5
9.5
9.4
7.1
4.2

5.1
6.0
3.1
3.9
.6
6.1
6.0
6.3
7.9
3.6
4.3
8.4
2.6
6.3
6.8
6.7
6.9
4.5
2.7

14.9
19.3
6.6
9.4
.8
18.1
14.8
19.1
29.9
4.8
9.9
19.4
4.7
15.0
23.9
24.1
23.7
14.3
12.6

N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual item s do not necessarily
equal totals.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

52
Indexes of straight-time average hourly earnings 1
in selected retail trade industries, by regions, October 1956

T a b l e 4.

[Nationwide retail trade average=100]
Selected industries

Retail trade_______________ _____ _
Department stores__________________
Variety stores..............................................
Grocery stores______________________
Franchised motor vehicle dealers____
Gasoline service stations_____________
M en’s and boys’ clothing stores______
W omen’s ready-to-wear stores________
___ .
. . . ..
Shoe stores...
Furniture and home furnishings stores.
Household appliance and radio stores..
Drug stores_________________________

North­
east

South

North
Central

106
102
109
109
105
107
106
109
107
102
104
113

82
88
81
79
84
81
87
81
86
82
83
82

102
103
104
99
103
107
98
101
97
108
106
99

West

119
113
115
130
122
121
111
115
114
117
111
132

1 Excludes overtime premium pay, but includes commission and/or bonus
earnings paid quarterly or oftener.

Within retail trade, differences in regional pay
levels result, in part, from differences in the dis­
tribution of employment by community size.
Thus, four-fifths of employment in the Northeast
was centered in the high wage metropolitan areas
while only slightly more than half of employment
in the South was so centered.
Earnings by Community Size

Nationwide, two-thirds of the retail trade em­
ployment was concentrated in metropolitan areas.8
In the nonmetropolitan area counties, employ­
ment in communities of 5,000 or more population
was more than double that in smaller communities.
Employees in metropolitan areas averaged $1.50
an hour—17 percent more than employees in non­
metropolitan area communities of 5,000 or more
population and 35 percent more than employees in
communities with less than 5,000 population.
Regionally, wage levels in metropolitan areas
exceeded those in communities of 5,000 or more
population by amounts ranging from 16 percent
in the North Central region to 11 percent in the
Northeast; in the South and the West, the wage
differences were 13 and 14 percent respectively.
Metropolitan area pay exceeded that in com­
munities of less than 5,000 population by amounts
ranging from 38 percent within the North Central
region to 17 percent within the Northeast.
In each of the selected industries, average hourly
earnings were substantially higher in metropolitan
areas than in nonmetropolitan area communities.
The percentage differences over communities of
5,000 or more population ranged from 31 percent
in furniture and home furnishing stores to 11 per­


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cent in department stores. Differences between
earnings in metropolitan areas and communities
of less than 5,000 population were about 45 or 50
percent in grocery stores, franchised motor vehicle
dealers, and household appliance and radio stores;
30 and 35 percent, respectively, in variety stores
and gasoline service stations; and 25 percent in
drug stores. These were the only industries
studied separately in which the smaller communi­
ties accounted for as much as 5 percent of the total
industry employment.
Earnings by Number of Stores Operated

Nationwide, 56 percent of the nonsupervisory
employment in October 1956 was accounted for by
single-store retailers. Employers operating 2 or 3
stores accounted for 10 percent of all retail trade
employment, 4 to 10 store firms accounted for 7
percent, and chains of 11 or more stores accounted
for 27 percent. This pattern also held, with only
minor variations, within each of the four broad
regions.
Differences in average hourly earnings between
these groupings were relatively minor on an all
retail trade basis. Nationwide averages for these
store groupings were as follows: Single stores—
$1.41; 2 or 3 stores—$1.47; 4 to 10 stores—$1.42;
and 11 or more stores—$1.38. However, average
earnings in individual industries were usually
higher in the larger chains than in the single-store
group. The average for chains of 11 or more
stores exceeded that for single stores by 39 cents
an hour in grocery stores and by 36 cents in
department stores. The earnings advantage held
by chain store employees amounted to 6 to 10
cents in 4 industries including the variety store
industry. Averages for the two groups were
about the same in drug stores. In the case of
household appliance and radio stores, employees of
single-store enterprises earned the higher pay.9
Among the selected industries, the earnings
levels in the 2 or 3 and 4 to 10 store groups were
usually in an intermediate position between those
in the single stores and the larger chains. This
pattern based on nationwide data was generally
8 A metropolitan area as used in this report refers to the standard metro­
politan areas established under the sponsorship of the Bureau of the Budget.
9 Comparisons here have been limited to industries in which each of the two
store groupings accounted for 10 percent or more of total employment.

WAGE STRUCTURE IN RETAIL TRADE

observed among the regions, although some
exceptions were noted.
The failure of retail trade as a group to mirror
the pattern observed for the selected industries is
largely due to the dissimilar manner in which
these industries with varying wage levels con­
tribute to the different store groupings. Thus,
the comparatively low wage variety stores group
accounted for 16 percent of the employment in the
11 or more stores group, but less than 1 percent of
that in single stores; in almost direct contrast, the
relatively high wage motor vehicle group accounted
for 15 percent of the employment in the single
stores group but less than 1 percent in the 11 or
more stores group.
Summary

The retail trade work force embraces a wide
range of skills, training requirements, and re­
sponsibilities in the purchasing, selling, accounting,
maintenance, and related activities required for
the functioning of retail trade enterprises. Indi­
vidual employee earnings are distributed over a
wide range. In October 1956, 10 percent of the
nonsupervisory employees earned less than 75
cents an hour and nearly 6 percent earned $2.50
or more.
Hourly earnings in retail trade averaged $1.41;
for 7 major industry groups, pay levels ranged
from 115 percent of that average in furniture,
home furnishings, and appliance stores to 85 per­
cent in general merchandise stores. Among 11
selected industries, pay ranged from 122 percent
(of the all retail trade level) in franchised motor
vehicle dealer establishments to 63 percent in


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58
variety stores. Industry categories with higher
than average pay were usually those employing
the largest proportions of men and the smallest
proportions of part-time employees. Averages
for men exceeded those for women in each indus­
try and region, reflecting largely differences in
types of work performed.
Among regions, highest pay was recorded in the
West where, in most industries, averages were 10
to 20 percent above nationwide averages. South­
ern averages were 10 to 20 percent below the na­
tionwide level in most industries. Industry aver­
ages in the North Central region equaled or were
slightly higher than national averages; Northeast
averages were somewhat higher still.
Community size is also clearly a pay-determin­
ing factor. Among 11 selected industries, average
pay in metropolitan areas exceeded that in com­
munities of 5,000 or more by 11 to 31 percent.
Lowest pay was found in small communities (less
than 5,000 population).
Within industries and regions, averages for
chains operating 11 or more stores in the majority
were higher than in smaller chains with lowest
averages recorded in most selected industries in
the single-store grouping.
There is evidence that some of the difference in
average hourly earnings between groupings of em­
ployees is traceable to an interaction of the pre­
viously mentioned factors. If occupational em­
ployment and earnings data could have been col­
lected, it may have been found that occupational
staffing requirements were a major determinant of
general levels dealt with here.
— L . E arl L e w is
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

54

W ork Injuries in the
U nited S ta tes, 1956
D espite a paucity of spectacular improvements,

the work-injury record of American industry in
1956 may be considered good. In most industry
classifications, the final 1956 rates of injury occur­
rence were as good as, or slightly better than, the
record lows established during recent years. The
all-manufacturing injury-frequency rate 1for 1956,
12.0 disabling injuries per million employee-hours
worked, was essentially the same as in the 2 pre­
ceding years. The most significant improvements
occurred in contract construction and in the min­
ing industries, other than coal.2 For most other
nonmanufacturing industries, 1956 injury-fre­
quency rates were substantially the same as in 1955.
Injury Frequency

Manufacturing. The all-manufacturing injuryfrequency rate reached its all-time low in 1954
(11.9). Since that time, it has held at essentially
the same level (12.1 in 1955 and 12.0 in 1956).
These relatively low rates of injury occurrence
reflect the intensive accident-prevention efforts of
industry in the postwar years. They contrast
sharply with the peak wartime and conversion
period averages of 20.0 in 1943 and 19.9 in 1946.
They also compare favorably with the prewar low
of 14.9 achieved in 1939. (See chart.)
Monthly injury rates for manufacturing during
1956 showed little deviation from the usual sea­
sonal pattern, except that the rate leveled off in
August, rather than reaching an annual peak as
it usually does. Preliminary reports indicate
that rates for the first 9 months of 1957 are run­
ning about 7 percent below those for 1956, with
even less of a seasonal peak in July and August.
(See table G -l, p. 131 of this issue.)
The injury records for most manufacturing
industry groups remained relatively stable in
1956. (See accompan}Ting table.) The average
injury-frequency rates of 14 of the 21 groups
varied by less than 5 percent from their 1955
levels. The ordnance industries had the largest
relative decrease (16 percent).
Stability was also the rule among the 165
individual manufacturing industries3 for which

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

data were compiled. The rates for 74 (or 45 per­
cent) of the industries varied by less than 5 percent
from 1955; 48 increased by 5 percent or more, and
43 decreased by 5 percent or more.
Although the 1956 all-manufacturing injuryfrequency rate had reached the relatively low level
of 12.0 disabling injuries per million employeehours, the rates for 17 individual manufacturing
industries were more than double this average.
Industries with the highest rates in 1956, together
with comparable rates for 1955 are as follows:
I n ju ry -fre q u e n c y
r a te s
1956

Logging_________________________________
Sawmills________________________________
Poultry and small-game dressing and pack­
ing___________________________________
Saw and planing mills, integrated_________
Veneer mills__________________________
Planing mills____________________________
Beet sugar______________________________
Structural clay products__________________
Miscellaneous wood products_____________
Boatbuilding and repairing_______________
Cut-stone and stone products_____________

1 955

65. 0
44. 6

73. 5
47. 5

41.
40.
39.
34.
34.
32.
31.
31.
30.

34. 3
39. 2
38. 8
34. 5
33. 8
35. 1
29. 5
29. 6
34. 9

1
5
6
9
7
9
3
2
8

On the other hand, 29 industries, through con­
tinuous and intensive safety efforts, achieved rates
of less than half the all-manufacturing average.
Industries with outstandingly low rates in 1956,
with comparable rates for 1955, are:
I n ju r y -fre q u e n c y
r a te s
1956

Synthetic rubber_________________________
Synthetic fibers__________________________
Miscellaneous communication equipment__
Explosives______________________________
Aircraft_________
Radio tubes_____________________________
Tires and inner tubes____________________
Electric lamps (bulbs)____________________
Electrical equipment for vehicles__________

1.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
3.

1955

9
3
4
5
6
7
3
3
4

1. 6
2. 4
2. 6
2. 6
2. 8
2. 9
3. 8
3. 1
4. 5

Nonmanufacturing. Except in the contract con­
struction and mining divisions, there were few
outstanding changes in injury rates among non­
manufacturing classifications between 1955 and
1956.
1 For definitions, see footnote 2 on accompanying table.
Data for mining and certain related refining operations were compiled by
the Bureau of Mines, II. S. Department of the Interior.
3 Annual rates for individual industries are available upon request; they
were published in the BLS press release dated December 5, 1957. The
Bureau also publishes quarterly and monthly injury-frequency rates for
manufacturing industries in releases and table G -l of the M onthly Labor
Review.
2

55

WORK INJURIES IN 1956
Injury-Frequency Rates in Manufacturing, 1938-56

A 10-percent decrease in the average injuryfrequency rate for contract construction more than
offset the 1955 increase and brought the rate to
its lowest level since 1945. The rate for general
building contractors and for four classes of specialtrade contractors decreased by more than 10
percent: Structural steel erection and ornamental
iron work, from 41.2 in 1955 to 32.4 in 1956;
electrical work, from 28.0 to 21.6; painting, paper­
hanging, and decorating, from 24.6 to 18.6;
masonry, stone work, tilesetting, and plastering,
from 34.5 to 29.2; and general building contractors,
from 39.8 to 34.5. Despite this improvement in
the injury record, the rates for most construction
industries remained relatively high. The highest
was 53.3, for roofing and sheet-metal work. The
lowest, 18.6, for painting, paperhanging, and
decorating, was more than 50 percent above the
average for manufacturing.
Although the injury rate for coal mining was up
slightly in 1956, the rates for many other types of
mining activity showed substantial improvement
over 1955. The average for all types of metal
mining decreased from 44.4 to 37.2; that for ore
dressing mills, from 20.5 to 13.9; nonmetal mines,

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

from 39.1 to 28.3; and nonmetal mills, from 24.4
to 19.3. The averages for crude petroleum and
natural gas extraction and for quarries were also
down slightly. Mining industries were still among
the most hazardous and showed a relatively high
incidence of injuries, with an average of 47.9 for
coal mining, 37.2 for metal mining, and 33.7 for
quarries. Rates for individual classifications
within these groups ranged as high as 75.4 for
miscellaneous metal mines; 70.6 for lead-zinc;
70.0 for anthracite; 64.5 for gold-silver mining;
51.9 for crude petroleum and natural gas drilling;
and 51.1 for gold-placer mining.
The average for wholesale and retail trade
remained virtually unchanged, at 12.5 disabling
injuries per million man-hours worked in 1956,
compared with 12.6 in 1955. Both these rates
were above those for most previous years and
were slightly above the averages for all-manufac­
turing, although traditionally the rates for trade
have been below those for manufacturing. The
high rate among the trade classifications was
25.3, for lumber and building materials dealers.
Low was 3.9, for retail apparel and accessories.
Rates for most of the individual industries in
transportation and public utilities for which data
were available showed about the same incidence
of injuries in 1956 as in 1955. The one exception
was stevedoring, in which the rate decreased
from 98.9 to 88.5. Both the highest rate (steve­
doring) and the lowest rate (telephone communi­
cation—0.8) industries were in this division.
Industries in finance, service, and local govern­
ment showed few significant changes. City
sanitation departments had a relatively high
rate—39.7; sewer departments reported 32.9
injuries per million employee-hours worked. A
low rate of 2.5 was reported both for banks and
insurance companies.
Injury Severity

By definition, injuries reported in this survey
include all work injuries that disabled the worker
for one full calendar day or more after the day of
injury, or which resulted in some permanent physi­
cal impairment or death.
For comparison purposes, each case is evaluated
in terms of the days of disability it produces
according to rules established in the American
Standard Method of Recording and Measuring

56

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

Work Injury Experience. Temporary injuries,
from which the injured person recovers completely,
receive a disability rating equivalent to the actual
number of days the injured person was unable to
work. Each death case is given a fixed rating of
6,000 days, representing the average work-life
expectancy of all persons in the labor force.
Cases involving permanent physical impairments
are assigned variable ratings representing the aver­
age proportional loss of working ability resulting
from the specified injuries.
The basic comparison measures are: (a) The
simple average of the disability ratings for all
reported cases, designated as average days charged
per disabling injury; and (b) the average days
charged per million employee-hours worked, desig­
nated as the disabling injury severity rate. The
former is preferable in making comparisons of
average injury severity in different industries.
The latter provides a measure of the relative
economic loss to each industry resulting from work
injuries. Both measures are subject to relatively
wide fluctuations due to happenstance variations

in the number of deaths. The average days
charged reflects only the severity of the cases
reported regardless of the frequency of injury
occurrence. The severity rate, however, because
of its method of computation reflects both the
severity of the injuries and the frequency of
injury occurrence. A high severity rate, therefore,
may result from a high level of severity among the
reported injuries, or from a high rate of injury
occurrence. When both of these factors are high,
the severity rate will be very high. Conversely
when both are low, the severity rate will be very
low.
Manufacturing. Workers injured in manufac­
turing establishments during 1956 were disabled
for an average of 59 days per case, compared
with 63 in 1955. Three out of every thousand
cases reported resulted in death; and 63 resulted
in some permanent impairment. In the remaining
93.4 percent of the cases reported, the injured
worker was unable to work at a regular job for at
least 1 full calendar day after the day of injury,

Injury rates for selected manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries, 1956
Injury rates

Industry group and Industry

Number Number of
of report­ employees
ing units reported 1

Freq rency
Current Pre­
vious
year
year
(1956)
(1955)

M a n u fa c tu r in g ____________________ ______ ____________
O r d n an ce a n d a c c e sso r ie s________________________
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c ts _____________________
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e r s__________________________
T e x tile -m ill p r o d u c ts ____________________________
A p p a r e l a n d o th e r fin is h e d t e x t ile p r o d u c ts ____
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t fu r n itu r e )..
F u r n itu r e a n d f i x t u r e s . _______________________
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts ......................................... ..
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u s t r ie s _____
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts ____________ _____
P r o d u c ts o f p e tr o le u m a n d c o a l_________________
R u b b e r p r o d u c ts _______ _____ _________ __________
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts ___________________
S to n e , c la y , a n d g lass p r o d u c t s ............................... ..
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s t r i e s .._____________________
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts ______________________
M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l)___________________
E le c tr ic a l m a c h in e r y ____________________________
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t _____ ________________
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts _______________
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s t r ie s ________
M in in g : i
C o a l m in e s _______________________________________
C r u d e p e tr o le u m a n d n a tu r a l ga s e x tr a c tio n ___
M e ta l m in e s _____________________________________
O re d r e ssin g (m ills a n d a u x ilia r ie s)______ _______
N o n m e t a l m in e s (e x c lu d in g c l a y ) ...............................
N o n m e t a l m ills (e x c lu d in g c l a y ) ________________
Q u arr ies__________________________________________
C o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c tio n ______________________ ______ _
G e n e ral b u ild in g c o n tr a c to r s____________________
H ig h w a y a n d str e e t c o n s tr u c tio n _______________
H e a v y c o n s tr u c tio n , e x c e p t h ig h w a y a n d str e e t.
S p e c ia l-tr a d e c o n tr a c to r s..................................................

See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

50,088
88
7,196
158
2,985
5,532
3,329
1, 787
1,844
3,792
2,767
185
357
1,161
2,106
1,996
4,478
4,613
1, 588
1,228
749
2,149
P)

(7)
P)

(7)
P)
P)
P)

5,734
1,836
603
367
2,928

Average days of dis­
Percent o f disabling
ability charged per case 3 injuries resulting in 3—

10, 504, 957
80,353
758,155
52, 708
671, 749
486,187
229,092
202,868
395,867
391,350
507,022
188,569
198,803
214, 345
320,316
1,012, 261
698,660
1,214, 616
843,908
1, 576, 559
233,636
227,933

12.0
5.1
19.0
7.2
9.9
6.4
38.9
17.7
13.1
9.2
8.1
6.1
7.1
11.8
18.0
12.3
15.7
11.8
5.2
5.6
5.7
12.5

12.1
6.1
18.6
6.6
9.7
6.9
40.5
18.1
12.9
9.1
8.0
6.5
6.9
11.8
e 18.9
12.2
15.4
11.1
5.6
5.7
5.8
12.5

238,693
147, 628
57, 739
14, 840
10, 941
9,472
48, 598
229, 583
73,192
36, 799
43, 549
76,043

47.9
17.1
37.2
13.9
28.3
19.3
33.7
31.2
34.5
34.2
30.9
28.1

46.5
18.9
44.4
20.5
39.1
24.4
35.6
34.5
39.8
37.5
30.1
31.1

Sever­
ity 3

712
461
884
278
520
178
2,654
1, 011
994
305
814
844
611
391
1, 297
1,033
888
604
293
368
234
547

All
cases

59
80
45
38
48
28
71
58
60
33
80
139
84
35
66
90
59
49
55
71
38
40

P erm a­ Tem po­
P erm a­ Tem po­
nent- rary-to­
nent rary-to­
partial tal dis­ Death im pair­ tal dis­
im p air­ ability
ment ability
ment

374
186
398
333
447
384
472
347
471
328
496
402
373
334
552
398
333
327
321
324
210
304

18
15
16
12
21
13
20
17
17
16
16
27
22
16
17
23
17
16
18
23
17
16

P)

P)

P)

P)

P)
P)
P)
P)
P)

P)
P)
P)
P)
P)

P)
P)
P)
P)
P)

P)
P)
P)
P)
P)

2,163

2,330
1, 825
3,856
3,843
2,041

126

85
53
113
121
85

520

624
527
576
672
752

21

19
19
16
21
19

0.3
.9
.2
P)

.1
.1
.4
.2
.2
.1
.6
1.4
.3
.1
.3
.6
.2
.1
.2
.3
.1
,1

2.3
1.1
1.5
.9
1.2
1.2
1.2
.8
.3
1.3
1.4
.8

‘ 6.3
6.2
3.9
8.1
5.3
2.3
5.1
8.7
6.0
3.7
4.8
6.0
11.2
4.5
5.0
7.5
7.9
7.2
9.3
8.7
9.2
7.0

93.4
92.9
95.9
91.9
94.6
97.6
94.5
91.1
93.8
96.2
94.6
92.6
88.5
95.4
94.7
91.9
91.9
92.7
90.5
91.0
90.7
92.9

P)

P)

P)
P)
P)
P)
P)

P)
P)
P)
P)
P)

6.2

2.5
2.5
2.9
2.5
2.4

92.7

96.7
97.2
95.8
96.1
96.8

WORK INJURIES IN 1956

57

Injury rates for selected manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries, 1956— Continued
Injury rates 2

Industry group and industry

Transportation and public utilities:
Local and interurban railways and buslines________
Trucking and warehousing------------- -- ---------------Stevedoring---------- -------------------------------------------Telephone communications__________________
Electric and gas utilities.
-------------- ---------- -- .
Water supply utilities (private)___________________
Wholesale and retail trade___________________________
Wholesale trade----------------.
. . . . ------------Lumber and other building materials dealers..............
Retail, general merchandise____ __________ ______
Retail, food (except dairy products)_______________
Wholesale and retail dairy products----------------------Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations___
Retail, apparel and accessories____________________
Eating and drinking places___________ __________
Miscellaneous retail stores________________________
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banks and other financial agencies________________
Insurance----------------------------------------------------------Services:
Hotels---------- -------------------------------------------------Laundries and dry cleaning_______________________
Miscellaneous business services----------------------------Automobile repair shops and garages______________
Miscellaneous repair services__________
_______
Radio broadcasting and television______. . . ______
Motion picture and other amusements_____________
Hospitals (private)---------------------------------- ---------Colleges (private)__________________________ _____
Government, State and local:
Local transit s y ste m s -------------------- --------- -----------Electric and gas u tilitie s... . -----------------------------Water supply utilities----------------------------- -----Sanitation departments------------------ -- . . . . . . .
Sever departments___ . . . -- --------- ---------- --------Elementary and secondary schools... . . . . ---------Colleges------------ ---------- -- ------------------------Hospitals_____________ __________ . . . . . . ------Local fire protection_______ . . ------- . . . . . . . .
Police_________________ ____ ________________ . . .

Number Number of
of report- employees
ing units) reported 1

Average days of dis­
Percent of disabling
ability charged per case3 injuries resulting in 3—

Frequency
Current Pre­
year
vious
year
(1956)
(1955)

Sever­
ity 3

All
cases

Perm anentpartial
im pair­
ment

TempoPerma- Temporary-tonent rary-total dis­ Death im pair­ tal dis­
ability
ment ability

260
1, 64S
47
96
448
168
11, 808
3,656
1,033
393
706
1,152
1, 447
638
879
1,904

66, 786
51, 991
12,117
674, 418
409,086
6, 516
500, 702
148, 978
26,602
76,452
46, 787
83, 460
36,160
19, 672
22,650
39,941

11.7
30.2
88.5
.8
7.2
27.2
12.5
14.3
25.3
6.3
13.6
21.1
15.3
3.9
10.5
12.4

11.8
«28.7
98.9
.9
« 8.2
25.8
« 12.6
« 14.6
26.5
«6.1
13.8
22.4
14.4
4.4
11.8
11.9

710
2,064
5,641
54
1.122
(5)
498
743
877
348
311
941
663
(8)
171
522

60
63
66
67
165
(»)
43
52
35
57
23
45
43
(S)
16
42

422
620
291
451
688
(8)
469
415
352
412
368
490
626
(8)
517
840

24
16
33
24
22
(8)
14
14
16
16
15
15
11
(8)
13
14

.4
.6
.1
.6
1.7
(8)
.3
.5
.1
.4

1,194
528

93,249
115, 794

2.5
2.5

2.2
2.1

(8)
160

(5)
63

(8)
391

(8)
36

398
2,155
594
622
435
401
439
824
83

36, 776
87,658
51,836
9,511
14, 964
24, 507
20, 982
144, 547
38, 713

11.9
7.9
6.1
14.9
21.7
5.0
7.6
7.5
7.8

12.6
«8.1
7.6
13.8
8 17.4
5.6
9.5
8.2
7.2

342
423
590
(8)
2,241
(8)
C5)
323
293

29
51
97
(8)
99
(=)
(8)
43
38

408
571
512
(8)
401
(8)
(8)
519
236

9
177
454
196
197
156
31
313
210
199

70, 057
29,836
28,414
15, 756
5, 525
82, 753
40,339
74, 574
31, 650
25, 919

14.8
16.8
22.7
39.7
32.9
8.8
8.4
11.9
27.1
27.2

14.2
16.4
24.1
43.9
35.6
9.4
7.8
(5)
28.3
27.8

1,111
2,212
1,273
1,238
(8)
225
200
584
3,286
2, 132

75
132
57
31
(8)
26
24
49
121
78

437
1,015
613
618
(»)
583
873
952
1, 634
704

.1

2.0
1.7
8.5
1.9
5.0
(8)
2.5
2.1
4.2
2.2
2.2
2.6
2.3
(8)
.6
2.7

97.6
97.7
91.4
97.5
93.3
(8)
97.2
97.4
95.7
97.4
97.8
97.1
97.5
(8)
99.4
97.2

(8)
.4

(8)
1.6

(8)
98.0

11
20
14
(8)
14
(8)
(8)
16
18

.1
.3
1.1
(8)
.9
(8)
(8)
.2
.2

2.8
2.7
2.8
(8)
3.9
(8)
(8)
2.1
4.0

97.1
97.0
96.1
(8)
95.2
(8)
(8)
97.7
95.8

23
18
20
13
(8)
14
12
18
16
18

.7
1.6
.4
.2
(8)
(8)
(8)
.3
.8
.6

1.8
1.7
1.7
.8
(8)
2.0
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.3

97.5
96.7
97.9
99.0
(8)
98.0
98.6
98.2
97.5
98.1

.3
.2
(8)

1 Data were obtained by mail questionnaires sent to a representative list
of employers in each industry. The figures shown are the total number of
employees in the reporting establishments. The data reported relate to all
classes of employees—production, operating, and related workers; construc­
tion workers; sales, service, and delivery workers; technical and professional;
office and clerical; administrative and supervisory, and all other personnel.
Self-employed persons, however, were not included. Rates designated as
having been compiled by the Bureau of Mines, U. S. Department of the
Interior, include the experience of workers engaged in production, develop­
ment, maintenance and repair work, and supervisory and technical personnel
at the operation, but exclude office personnel and employees in stores or
affiliated operations not directly connected with mining or refining opera­
tions. Working proprietors were included. Mining data include Alaska
as well as the States.
2 These data were compiled according to the American Standard Method
of Recording and Measuring Work Injury Experience, approved by the
American Standards Association in 1954.
The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries
for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is any
injury occurring in the course of, and arising out of, the employment, which
(a) results in death or any degree of permanent physical impairment, or (b)
makes the injured worker unable to perform the duties of any regularly es­
tablished job which is open and available to him throughout the hours cor-

responding to his regular shift on any 1 or more days after the day of injury
(including Sundays, days off, or plant shutdowns). The term “injury”
includes occupational disease.
The severity rate is the average number of days of disability resulting from
work injuries, for each million employee-hours worked. The computation
of days of disability include standard time charges for deaths and permanent
impairments.
Injury rates for the manufacturing groups and for the construction and
trade divisions were computed from the rates of component individual in­
dustries, applying weights based on estimated total employment in each
industry. In some nonmanufacturing divisions, data were not available for
all industries; therefore, the division averages were not computed.
3 Based on reports which furnished details regarding nature of injury and
days of disability. Data are shown for only those industries for which re­
ports of 500 or more cases were available.
4 Permanent-total impairments, included in this figure, amounted to only
0.03 percent of all disabling injuries reported.
3 N ot available, or insufficient data to warrant presentation of average.
6 Revised.
7 Compiled by the Bureau of Mines, U. S. Department of Interior; data
are preliminary. Information on the number of reporting units is not avail­
able.

but there were no permanent ill effects. Of these
temporary cases, 36 percent involved only 1, 2,
or 3 days of disability each. The average for all
temporary cases was 18 days. The average time
charge for permanent-partial impairments was

374 days per case. With an average of 59 days
charged per case (including deaths, permanenttotal and permanent-partial impairments, and
temporary disabilities) and a frequency of 12.0
injuries per million employee-hours, the resulting
standard severity rate for all manufacturing was
712 days disability for each million employeehours worked during 1956, compared with 763 in
1955.4

‘ The 1955 severity rate for all manufacturing (reported in Work Injuries
in the United States, 1955, M onthly Labor Review, January, 1957, pp. 62-66)
should be revised to 763 from 637.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

58
Among tlie various manufacturing groups, the
highest average days charged per disabling injury
was 139, for injuries reported by the products
of petroleum and coal industries. This high
average was due to the large proportion of deaths
(1.4 percent) among injuries reported in this
group of industries. Here, temporary injuries
reported also tended to involve longer periods of
disability (the average was 27 days, compared
with 18 in manufacturing generally). The
relatively low injury-frequency rate for this
group (6.1), however, helped hold the standard
severity rate to a moderate level-—844.
The highest severity rate for any manufacturing
group in 1956 was 2,654, for lumber and wood
products. The proportions of deaths and per­
manent impairments reported by these industries
did not differ materially from those for manu­
facturing generally, and the average number of
days per case (71) was modest compared with
some other industries. The high incidence of
injuries (38.9), however, resulted in a severity
rate more than three and one-half times the
average for all-manufacturing. The lowest
severity rate among the manufacturing groups
was 178-—for the apparel and other finished
textile products group. In this group, very few
deaths and permanent impairments were reported;
each injury averaged only 28 days per case.
The frequency rate was also relatively low (6.4).
Thus, injuries in this group were neither as
frequent nor as severe as in other industries.
The highest 1956 severity rates for individual
manufacturing industries (for which adequate
data are available) are listed below, with their
accompanying frequency rates and average days
charged per case:
A vera g e
In ju r y days
S e v e r ity f r e q u e n c y c h a rg e d
p e r ca se
r a te
r a te

Logging------------------------------------Saw and planing mills, integrated. _
Beet sugar. _
Structural clay products __ _ —
Sawmills
Vegetable and animal oils and fats.
Fertilizers _
Gray-iron and malleable foundries.
Wooden containers__
Concrete, gypsum and mineral
wool
Sheet-metal work


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7, 045
2, 683
2, 362
2, 263
2, 072
1, 995
1,646
1, 579
1, 562

65.
40.
34.
32.
44.
25.
14.
28.
27.

0
5
7
9
6
2
8
9
4

125
73
72
65
48
60
107
53
56

1,556
1, 550

26. 4
23. 1

52
56

Nonmanujacturinq. In contract construction,
workers injured during 1956 were disabled for an
average of 85 days per case. Eight out of every
thousand cases reported resulted in death; only
25 out of every thousand caused permanent im­
pairment. However, the average time charge for
the permanent-partial impairments was 624 days,
reflecting the more serious nature of these cases
occurring in construction. Because of the rela­
tively high frequency of injuries, the standard
severity rate for this industry division (2,330) was
over three times as high as that for manufacturing.
In contrast, injured workers in wholesale and
retail trade were disabled for an average of 43
days per case, and the standard severity rate was
498. Three out of every thousand cases resulted
in death and 25 in permanent impairment. The
average time charge for the permanent-partial
impairments was 469 days. The injuries result­
ing in temporary disability accounted for the re­
maining 97.2 percent of the cases reported.
The standard severity rates for individual in­
dustries in other nonmanufacturing divisions va­
ried widely, from 5,641 for stevedoring to 54 for
telephone communication. The high severity for
stevedoring, however, was due more to the high
frequency of injuries (88.5), than to the average
days per case (66). In fact, injuries in telephone
communication were, on the average, just as seri­
ous (involving 67 days per case) as were those in
stevedoring, but the number per million man-hours
worked (0.8) was much less.
Electric and gas utilities had the highest average
days per case (165) among the nonmanufacturing
industry groups for which data were available.
This high average was due largely to the fact that
1.7 percent of the cases reported resulted in death.
The relatively low frequency rate (7.2) helped keep
the severity at a moderate level (1,122). The
severity rate for city-owned electric and gas utili­
ties (2,212) was almost double that for the pri­
vately operated systems; although the average
days per case was lower (132), the frequency rate
was higher (16.8). Other high severity rates
among nonmanufacturing groups were: 3,286 for
local fire departments; 2,241 for miscellaneous
repair services; 2,132 for police departments, and
2,064 for trucking and warehousing.
—R obert S. B arker

and

F rances M. S mith

Division of Industrial Hazards

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE CONGRESS, 1957

59

International Cooperative Congress,
Stockholm, 1957

cooperative department for the promotion of genuine co­
operation, it being agreed that where there is a coopera­
tive department but not yet a cooperative organization,
the former be invited. Invitations will also be sent to the
Cooperative Federation of Australia, the United Nations
Organizations having offices or officials working in the
region, and the Colombo Plan Organization.

International Cooperative Alliance (ICA)
devoted the first week of its triennial meeting in
Stockholm, July 29-August 7, 1957, to specialized
discussions on cooperative marketing of agricul­
tural products and of handicrafts, cooperative
production of goods of other types, cooperative
housing, petroleum cooperatives, and cooperative
insurance. These sessions were followed on
August 4-7 by the general Congress. The princi­
pal projects on the agenda of the 1957 Congress
were: promotion of cooperation in newly develop­
ing countries (in that connection, the Congress
decided to hold a Southeast Asian Cooperative
Conference in 1958); promotion of international
trade among cooperatives and removal of barriers
to collaboration among national cooperative fed­
erations; revision of regulations for membership
in the Alliance; and the promoting of training in
management techniques for the personnel of co­
operative enterprises.
T he

Actions of the Congress

The promotion of cooperative movements in
newly developing countries held the spotlight for
an entire day at the Congress. Three papers re­
viewed the work done by the United Nations in
aiding cooperatives, the role of government assist­
ance, and the accomplishments of the ICA itself in
underdeveloped areas.1
After endorsing the recommendations made as
a result of a 3-month survey of cooperatives in
Southeast Asian countries, the Congress voted to
hold a conference for the cooperatives of these
countries in Kuala Lumpur (Malaya) in January
1958. The ICA Executive Committee had recom­
mended to the Congress that:
Participation will be open to cooperative organizations,
affiliated or not, in the following countries, which are re­
garded as being within the geographical area of the Con­
ference: Pakistan, India, Nepal, Afghanistan, Ceylon,
Burma, Malaya and Singapore, Cambodia, Indonesia,
Thailand, Viet-Nam, Laos, Hong Kong, Sarawak, Japan,
South Korea, Philippines, Papua, and New Guinea. In
each case, apart from countries in which the Alliance has
member organizations, the officers will first ascertain the
existence of either a genuine cooperative organization or a


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A proposal from representatives of the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics and Bulgaria to widen
coverage to include North Korea, the Chinese
People’s Republic, and Viet-Minh was rejected and
the recommendations as formulated by the Execu­
tive Committee were overwhelmingly adopted by
the Congress.
The Congress also voted to continue its develop­
ment fund (started in 1954) for technical assistance
to cooperatives in underdeveloped areas, with such
assistance to be closely coordinated with similar
programs by the UN specialized agencies. Nu­
merous representatives from the newly developing
countries participated in the discussions, indicating
that the cooperative movements in their respective
areas are well on their way to playing a full role
in the Alliance.
International Trade. The Stockholm Congress
discussed at some length two resolutions on the
encouragement of international trade among coop­
erative organizations. One emphasized the desir­
ability of removing all trade barriers between
countries and widening barter transactions; the
other, the possibility of serving the consumer in­
terest through the establishment of large-scale
international cooperative enterprises which could
efficiently serve consumers by promoting technical
research in the consumer goods field and pooling
research results. Both resolutions were passed.
On the basis of a paper on cooperation and health,
prepared by a representative of the French Fed­
eration of Consumer Cooperative Societies, the
Congress instructed its Executive Committee to
convene an international conference on the subject.
It recommended that the conference consider pro­
tection of the consumer at national and interna­
tional levels from harmful methods of food pro­
duction and marketing.
1
They were presented by: D avid Owen, TIN Technical Assistance Ad­
ministration; W. J. W. Cheesman, a British technical assistance official who
has specialized in the organization of consumer cooperatives; and B. J. Patel,
General Secretary of the All-India Cooperative Union.

60
Cooperative Management. One of the six papers
presented at the Congress was by A. J. Smaby,
general manager of Midland Cooperatives, Inc.,
Minneapolis.2 In discussing Management in Our
Times, he made the point that not only in the
cooperative movement, but in most other types
of business in the last 50 years, ownership and
management have developed separately and man­
agement has become a profession requiring skill
and training. Mr. Smaby recommended that
efforts in this direction should be intensified. His
recommendation was supported in a resolution to
this effect, submitted by the Cooperative League
of the USA. In the discussion of this resolution,
questions were raised as to the usefulness to the
cooperative group of managerial information grow­
ing out of the experience of enterprises of other
types. This debate brought out more clearly than
any other the great variety of viewpoints of ICA
members on political and economic questions. A
delegate from the USSR accused the American
cooperative movement of advocating control of
cooperative societies by a management group of
some sort. This point of view was seconded by
delegates from France and Italy. However, dele­
gates from Great Britain and Finland supported
the resolution. The discussion served a useful
purpose in clarifying differences of opinion and
the resolution was passed by a good majority.
Membership and Policy
The members of the Alliance are national
federations of consumer marketing, producer,
and service cooperatives, that is, groups of
individuals owning and managing enterprises
which distribute goods and services used or
produced by these groups. In its early years, the
Alliance included as voting members individuals
interested in the cooperative movement as well as
national cooperative organizations. At the Con­
gress of 1902, it was voted that individuals should
not be accepted as members except in the case of
persons from countries which had not yet devel­
oped a democratic cooperative movement. Rep­
resentatives of governments and intergovern­
mental organizations have been welcomed at the
Congresses of the Alliance only as observers.
In the post-World War II Congresses of the
ICA, membership policies have received renewed


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

attention. At the current meeting, a resolution
submitted by the Union of Swiss Consumers’
Societies proposed, in effect, that the cooperative
federations already members of the ICA should be
required to prove that they conform to Rochdale
principles.3 This resolution was withdrawn by
the Swiss Union, apparently in the belief that it
would be better to proceed in accordance with a
Scandinavian resolution adopted by the Central
Committee in February of this year. It directs
the Executive Committee to study and make
recommendations on the whole question of mem­
bership (both for new and present members).
Prior to World War II, over 90 percent of ICA
membership was European. Total individual
membership in the federations belonging to the
ICA stood at about 20 million in 1913, 40.6
million in 1924, and almost 100 million in 1933-34
of which 73 million were in the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics. In 1935, the liquidation of
urban Russian consumer cooperative societies, and
the transfer of their business to state trading
organizations practically halved the membership
of Centrosoyus 4 and reduced the membership of
federations belonging to ICA to 70 million. In
the Fascist states also, the consumer cooperative
societies were cut off from the Alliance or complete­
ly dissolved during the period from 1922 through
1935. New members were added to ICA federa­
tions from other parts of the world during the
1930’s and 1940’s, and consumer societies were
reconstituted in the defeated or liberated countries
after 1945. By 1955, membership reached 124
million distributed as follows: Western Europe,
34.1 million; Eastern Europe, 44 million; North
America, 16 million; Latin America and Oceania,
one-half million each; Asia, 29 million; and Africa,
140 thousand.
2 The United States delegation of the Cooperative League of the USA was
headed by Jerry Voorhis, who addressed the Congress on the necessity for
democratic procedures in the conduct of the affairs of the Alliance and its
constituent members. Other American delegates who spoke were: Murray
D . Lincoln who talked on cooperative insurance organizations and on the
need of cooperative enterprises for up-to-date capital equipment; R. A.
Rennie who spoke on cooperative international trade; A. J. Smaby whose
paper was endorsed by Felix F. Rondeau and Howard Hutchinson; Wallace
J. Campbell who spoke in support of the proposed ICA technical assistance
program and of a French resolution on the need for pure food and drug acts
and for cooperative food stores to check on the effectiveness with which they
are being enforced by the responsible government agencies; and Howard A.
Cowden who spoke for the International Cooperative Petroleum Association
and reported on petroleum cooperatives.
3 See Consumer Cooperatives (BLS Bull. 1211, January 1957), p. 2.
4 Central Union of Consumers’ Societies.

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE CONGRESS, 1957

Policy Developments. ICA founders in 1895
thought of cooperatives as providing for funda­
mental economic reforms without requiring the
interference of the state or the assistance of any
political party. Nevertheless, the Alliance brought
together cooperators with a great variety of view­
points on political and economic questions.
Sharp differences have threatened at times to dis­
rupt the Alliance. The first acute difference was
over profit sharing and the rights of workers in
cooperative industry. Conflict between peasantfarmers, with a producer viewpoint, and urban
wage earners, with a consumer viewpoint, ended
in the withdrawal of the farm group from the
Alliance in 1904, leaving the industrial wage
earners who were highly organized both as
cooperators and as trade unionists as the dominant
group. The relationship of the totalitarian state
to the cooperatives has also been a source of
contention and disunity whenever the subject has
been brought to the attention of the ICA.
After World War II, the principles governing
the Alliance were reformulated so as to close,
insofar as possible, the breach between agricul­
tural producers and consumer interests and to
clarify the relationship between the state and
the cooperative. The influence of the coopera­
tives, as representative of consumers, has been
exerted in some countries by maintaining political
neutrality, in others by alliances with political
parties having some identity of interest with the
membership of the cooperatives, or by forming an
independent cooperative party. Cooperatives at
all times have vigorously opposed control by
political parties but the degree of separation
between cooperatives and political parties has
varied.
Certain cooperators, e. g., the late Dr. J. P.
Warbasse, president of the U. S. Cooperative

450109— 51

-5


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61

League, 1916M1, have looked upon the coopera­
tive movement as the antithesis of socialism, and
have violently opposed any alliance or harmoniza­
tion of their programs. On the other hand, many
European cooperative leaders are also members
of Labor or Social Democratic parties.
Most of the federations belonging to the Alli­
ance before World War II had taken a strong
position against aid from governments as likely
to lead to government interference in, if not
domination of, cooperative affairs. More re­
cently, however, their members have been im­
pressed with the need in newly developing
countries for agricultural marketing cooperatives,
credit unions, and certain other types of consumer
cooperatives, and with the difficulties they meet in
obtaining capital equipment and technical assist­
ance without government aid. They have come
to recognize that the people who would most
benefit by the services of such cooperatives need
loans and technical aid in organization and
development, in the education of members, and
in leadership training. The possibility of in­
dividuals accumulating the capital required to
begin a village cooperative is remote in many of
these areas. Further, the organization of coopera­
tive marketing or consumer cooperatives requires
business dealings outside the immediate area
which are beyond the means, or even beyond the
knowledge of many village people in newly
developing areas. The report to the 1957 Con­
gress of the ICA Mission to Asian countries
(1955-56) recommended cooperation with the gov­
ernment-sponsored cooperative training programs
in these countries as well as more active technical
assistance by ICA to these cooperatives.
—F aith M. W illiams
Office of Labor Economics

Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Labor Relations

Unlawful Restraint and Coercion, No. 1. The
National Labor Relations Board held 1 that recog­
nition picketing by a union representing only a
minority of the employees restrains or coerces
employees in their rights guaranteed under the
National Labor Relations Act and thus violates
section 8 (b) (1) (A) of the act.
In this case, a union was certified as bargaining
representative for a group of employees of a
furniture store. When the union failed to win its
union-security demands, it called a strike and
picketed the employer’s premises. The following
year, while the picketing continued, the employer
filed a petition questioning the union’s majority
status and asking for a representation election.
Subsequently, the union filed a statement dis­
claiming any current intention to represent the
employees. Following the disclaimer, the signs
carried by the pickets, which had stated that the
employer was unfair, were changed to state that
the employees were nonunion. In granting the
employer’s petition for an election, the Board
found that the union was still seeking representa­
tion. In the election that followed, the vote was
28 to 1 against the union. The union continued
to picket and the company filed an unfair labor
not to charge.
A majority of the Board concluded that up to
the date of hearing the union was seeking to win
employer recognition despite its contention that
“its object . . . was only to win adherents and
not to be recognized.”
In holding that the union violated section
8 (b) (1) (A) of the act by restraining or coercing
employees, the majority said, “And the employees
who choose to continue working, while the union is
applying this economic hurt to the employer,
cannot escape a share of the damage caused to the
business on which their livelihood depends.
Damage to the employer during such picketing is
62

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a like damage to his employees. That the pres­
sure thus exerted upon the employees—depriving
them of the opportunity to work and be paid—is a
form of coercion cannot be gainsaid. There is
nothing in the statutory language of section
8 (b) (1) (A) which limits the intendment of the
words ‘restrain or coerce’ to direct application of
pressure by the respondent union on the em­
ployees. The diminution of their financial secu­
rity is not the less damaging because it is achieved
indirectly by a preceding curtailment of the
employer’s interests.”
The Board rejected the union’s argument that
the picketing in this case, as in the case of other
types, must be tested in the light of other provi­
sions of the act such as freedom of speech, the
right to strike, and the right of self-organization.
The Board said: “Because the object of the
union’s picketing in this case was to force the
company to commit an act prohibited by the
statute itself, and directly to deprive the em­
ployees of a right expressly guaranteed to them by
the same act, there is no occasion here to balance
conflicting interests or rights.” It made clear
that, from the facts presented, organizational
picketing was not involved in this case and that
such a case “may well require a balancing of the
right to organize against the right to be free of
restraint in the selection of a bargaining repre­
sentative.”
In a concurring opinion, one member pointed
out that the only issue before the Board was
whether this type of picketing violated the act
where the union has been decertified by a repre­
sentation election, and apparently limited his
present holding to that situation.
One dissenting member said “. . . the theory of
coercion here adopted is so broad as to proscribe
all picketing. Under such a theory, any picket­
ing, no matter how orderly and peacefully con­
ducted, constitutes coercion in violation of the act.
It would logically follow then that picketing is not
a protected concerted activity and employees who
participate in picketing are not protected.”
‘ Prepared in the U. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No attempt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or
to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence of
local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented.
1 L o c a l 639, I n t e r n a t io n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f T e a m s t e r s and C u r t is B r o s ., I n c .,
119 N L R B No. 33 (Oct. 30, 1957).

DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES

Unlawful Restraint and Coercion, No. 2. In a
case following the Curtis decision, the NLRB
held 2 that picketing by a minority union for the
purpose of obtaining a union shop constitutes
unlawful restraint and coercion of employees as
well as an unlawful attempt to cause an employer
to discriminate against nonunion members by
requiring them to join a union as a condition of
employment. It was also held that appeals to
customers and publication of a “we do not
patronize list” by a minority union during picket­
ing for recognition and a union-shop agreement
constitute unlawful restraint and coercion of
employees by the union.
In this case, union representatives approached
the employer and stated the union wished to
enter into a bargaining relationship with him
and asked for a union-shop agreement. At that
time, the union represented no more than 2 out of
12 employees. When the employer petitioned the
Board for an election, the union wrote the Board
disclaiming any intention to represent the em­
ployees. Subsequently, the employer was placed
on a “we do not patronize” list. The union then
placed at the employer’s premises a single picket,
who carried a banner reading “This firm is non­
union.” Five employees claimed by the union as
members did not appear for work and were re­
placed by the employer. After an election at
which the union received no votes, the picketing
continued. The sign, however, which the picket
carried, was changed to state that the employees
were unfair.
On the issue of whether the union’s picketing
for a union-shop agreement violates the act, the
Board said, “Concession by an employer of a
union-shop agreement to a union necessarily pre­
supposes recognition of that union as the exclusive
representative of all the employees, and we have
already ruled in the . . . Curtis Brothers case that
minority picketing for exclusive recognition is
unlawful.”
On the issue of whether or not the appeals to
2Lodge

and A l l o y M a n u f a c ­
119 N L R B No. 38 (Nov. 4, 1957). See also com panion case,
L o c a l 12, I n t e r n a t io n a l U n io n o f O p e r a tin g E n g in e e r s and W i l l a r d W . S h e p h e r d
a n d N o r m a D . S h e p h e r d , d . b . a . S h e p h e r d M a c h in e r y C o ., e t a l ., 119 N L R B
N o. 39 (Nov. 4, 1957).
3 L o c a l 728, I n t e r n a t io n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f T e a m s te r s and G e n u in e P a r t s C o .,
119 N L R B No. 53 (Nov. 8, 1957).
4 G e n e r a lly s p e a k in g , “ h o t car go” c la u se s g iv e t h e e m p lo y e e s c o v e r e d b y
91,2, I n t e r n a t io n a l A s s o c ia t io n o f M a c h i n i s t s

t u r i n g C o .,

th e m a c o n tr a c tu a l r ig h t to re fu se to h a n d le or p ro cess g o o d s d e s ig n a te d b y
th e ir u n io n a s “ u n fa ir .”


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63
customers and the publication of a “we do not
patronize list” violates the act, the Board said,
“As the restraint and coercion brought to play
upon the employees is an economic one through
curtailment or extinction of their employer’s
business, it is not really material whether the
pressure is applied through the act of picketing,
and thereby hurting the business, or by other
equally direct and effective techniques. Thus,
appeals to consumers and ‘we do not patronize’
lists contain the same threats to the employees’
livelihood as does picketing. . . . We see no
basis for distinguishing appeals made orally to
consumers or away from an employer’s premises
from the selfsame appeals addressed to consumers
by way of a picket line. The intended and
necessary effect of each type of appeal is the
same—to threaten the employer’s business and
necessarily the employees’ job security.”
The dissenting member reiterated his dissent in
the Curtis Bros, case and on the issue of the “we
do not patronize” list added, “This is an even more
extreme position than that the majority takes in
Curtis.”
Invalidity of 11Hot Cargo” Contracts. The NLRB
held3that“ hot cargo” contracts4between a union
and a common carrier are invalid in their inception.
In this case, a local Teamsters union called a
strike and established a picket line at a company’s
place of business. Prior to the strike, the com­
pany’s pickups and deliveries were made by com­
mon carriers whose contracts with their employees
contained a “hot cargo” provision. During the
course of the strike, the union called a special
meeting of the carriers’ employees to discuss the
handling of the struck company’s freight. At the
meeting, the presiding officer called to the mem­
bers’ attention the “hot cargo” provision in their
contracts and advised the employees that, although
the union could not instruct or require them to do
so, their contracts gave them the right to elect as
individuals to refuse to handle the struck com­
pany’s freight. He also advised them that the
union could and would call a strike to protect its
members from any discharge action taken against
them for making such an election. This informa­
tion was also related to the carrier. After this
meeting when the carriers’ employees were asked
to handle the struck company’s freight, they each
replied, “I personally refuse to handle.” The

64
struck employer then filed charges against the
union alleging a violation of section 8 (b) (4), the
secondary boycott provision of the NLRA.
On these facts, the majority of the Board
rejected the union’s argument that the “hot cargo”
program was basically the result of each individual
employee’s election not to handle the struck
employer’s freight. It concluded that the union
induced and encouraged the carrier employees to
refuse to handle the struck company’s freight,
thus violating section 8 (b) (4).
Four separate opinions were rendered on the
issue of what defense the “hot cargo” contract
afforded the union when the Board finds that the
secondary boycott is produced by the union’s
inducement of the carrier’s employees not to
handle the freight. Two Board members held
that under the Interstate Commerce Act, common
carriers were under a duty to make their facilities
available to all customers without discrimination
or undue preference. Therefore, these clauses
were invalid in their inception because the carrier
could not validly agree to refuse services to em­
ployers designated by the union as “unfair.”
These two members also believed that the
Board should take the view that the union’s
execution of a “hot cargo” provision in a situation
where it was invalid would be prima facie evidence
of the union’s inducement of the secondary
boycott. After it had been shown that a carrier’s
employees had refused to handle a struck em­
ployer’s goods, the burden would then be on the
union to establish that it did not induce the
carrier’s employees to refuse to handle the shipper’s
freight. This view was not accepted by a major­
ity of the Board.
A third member held that all “hot cargo”
contracts were against public policy and thus
were invalid in all industries and no defense in
this type of action. This broader holding, when
considered with the holding of the other two
members, makes the view that “hot cargo”
contracts entered into with a common carrier are
invalid in their inception the holding of the
majority of the Board.
The fourth member rejected the view that such
contracts were invalid, but basing his conclusion
on an earlier Board decision 5held that the second­
ary boycott provision was violated when the union
attempted to enforce the contract provision by ap­
peals to employees.

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

The fifth and dissenting member rejected the
view that these contracts were invalid. He ad­
hered to the view he expressed in earlier cases 6that
there was no violation because the NLRA does not
prohibit unions from making such agreements nor
does it prohibit them from taking certain steps
to enforce them.
Jurisdiction in Racial Discrimination Suits. The
Supreme Court of the United States held 7that the
Railway Labor Act does not prevent employees of
a railroad from taking court action against a union
designated as their exclusive bargaining agent in
order to enforce their statutory right not to be un­
fairly discriminated against in the day-to-day
process of carrying out the bargaining agreement.
In this case, the Texas and New Orleans Rail­
road was alleged to have abolished 45 jobs held by
certain Negro members of a local union of the
Brotherhood of Railway and Steamship Clerks
which was designated as bargaining agent for the
employees in conformance with the Railway Labor
Act. It was also alleged that all of the Negroes
were either discharged or demoted and that the 45
jobs were not abolished at all but instead filled by
white employees as the Negroes were ousted, ex­
cept for a few instances where Negroes were rehired
to fill their old jobs but with loss of seniority. The
complaint also stated that the union, acting ac­
cording to plan, did nothing to protect them
against these discriminatory discharges and re­
fused to give them protection comparable to that
given white employees. Certain Negro members
brought suit against the union asking for a declara­
tory judgment, injunction, and damages.
In reversing a Federal court of appeals which had
upheld 8 a dismissal of the case on the ground that
it was within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Na­
tional Railroad Adjustment Board, the Court
pointed out: “This case . . . is a suit by em­
ployees against the bargaining agent to enforce
their statutory rights not to be unfairly discrim­
inated against . . .” and does not involve a dis­
pute between an employer and employee or a
dispute over an interpretation of a bargaining
8Sand Door and Plywood Co., 113 N L R B 1210 (Aug. 26, 1955); see M onthly
Labor Review, November 1955, p. 1277.
• See dissenting opinions in Sand Door and Plywood Co. and McAllister
Transfer Co., 110 N L R B 1790 (1954); see M onthly Labor Review, March 1955,
p. 326.
i Conley v. Gibson (U. S. Sup. Ct., N ov. 18, 1957).
8Conley v. Gibson (C. A. 5, Jan. 31, 1956).

DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES

agreement, matters which would be within the
jurisdiction of the adjustment board. The Court
also pointed out that the railroad’s rights are in
no way affected by this suit and thus it does not
have to be a party to the suit, as the union had
contended.
On the issue of the union’s duty to represent all
the employees, the Court said that it “has emphat­
ically and repeatedly ruled that an exclusive bar­
gaining agent under the Railway Labor Act is
obligated to represent all employees in the bargain­
ing unit fairly and without discrimination because
of race and has held that the courts have power to
protect employees against such invidious discrim­
ination.”
It went on to say “Collective bargaining is a
continuing process. Among other things, it in­
volves day-to-day adjustments in the contract and
other working rules, resolution of new problems
not covered by existing agreements, and the pro­
tection of employee rights already secured by
contract. The bargaining representative can no
more unfairly discriminate in carrying out these
functions than it can in negotiating a collective
agreement.”
Wages and Honrs

FLSA Applicability to Small-Loan Employees.
A Federal court of appeals held 9 that the branch
office employees of a finance company which
operates an interstate chain of small-loan offices
are entitled to the benefits of the Fair Labor
Standards Act. The ruling upheld a Federal
district court which had enjoined the finance
company from violating the overtime provisions
of the law which apply to employees “engaged
in commerce or in the production of goods for
commerce.”
The employer in this suit operated 65 branch
offices, located throughout the country, from its
headquarters in St. Louis, Mo., and employed
approximately 650 persons in these offices. He
argued that his employees were not engaged in
interstate commerce and that, moreover, the
branch offices were exempt as retail service
establishments. The court, however, found that
there “was a constant interstate flow of funds,
documents, instructions, information, and cor­
respondence” between all branches and the St.
Louis headquarters as well as other interstate

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65

activity by the particular branch office employees
in question. It declined to follow the decision
in Mitchell v. Household Finance Corp.,10 which
held persons who were employees of a chain of
500 small-loan offices located throughout the
United States and Canada were unprotected by
the FLSA.
The appellate court agreed with the opinion of
the district court that this case could be distin­
guished factually from the Household Finance
Corp. case and expressed doubt that the latter
decision was a sound one or would now be followed
in view of more recent Supreme Court decisions.
Furthermore, in denying the defendant’s claim
of exemption, the court of appeals stated that the
legislative history of the retail establishment ex­
emption “is completely devoid of any indication
of an intention on the part of Congress to include
within the meaning of the exemption the em­
ployees of small loan companies.”
FLSA Applicability to Chain Store Auditors.
A Federal court of appeals held 11 that the travel­
ing store auditors of a chain organization were
covered by provisions of the Fair Labor Standards
Act in that they were engaged in interstate com­
merce, both by reason of their interstate travel
in the course of performing their duties and also
by reason of the relationship of their duties to the
interstate functions of the chain. In reversing
a Federal district court, it also ruled that the
retail exemption of the act was inapplicable on
the ground that the auditors were not “employed
by” the retail units but by the chain organization.
The decision reemphasized the rulings of early
Supreme Court cases12 that the “commerce”
covered by the FLSA must not be narrowly con­
strued simply because the statute does not include
all activities “affecting commerce.” The absence
of the “affecting commerce” language, said the
court, “should not narrowly circumscribe the
meaning of the phrase ‘engaged in commerce’ or
detract in any way from the statutory definition
as to the meaning of commerce itself” which
“instead of a strict or limited construction,”
should be given “a liberal construction.”
9 A e t n a F in a n c e C o . v. M i t c h e l l (C. A. 1, July 23,1957).
19 208 F. 2d 667 (1953); see M onthly Labor Eeview , February 1954, p. 182.
11 M it c h e ll v. K r o g e r C o . (C. A. 8, N ov. 4, 1957).
19 M c L e o d v. T h r e lk e ld 319 U. S. 491, 493 (1943); O v e r s tr e e t v. N o r t h S h o r e
C o r p . 318 U. S. 125, 128 (1943); M i t c h e l l v. C . W . V o l lm e r & C o . 349 U . S. 427,
429 (1955).

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

November 1, 1957
C o n t in u in g its probe into corruption in labor-management
relations, the Senate Select Committee on Improper Ac­
tivities in the Labor or Management Field heard nine
small businessmen of Flint, Mich., say that, in the period
of 1954 through 1956, they “bought peace” with the
Teamsters through Nathan W. Shefferman’s “unionbusting firm.” (See Chron. item for Oct. 22, 1957, MLR,
Dec. 1957.)
On November 5, Shefferman and some of his assistants,
including his son, Shelton, appeared before the committee
but took refuge in the Fifth Amendment when questioned
on Shefferman’s activities.
On November 12, the committee directed its attention
to racketeering in the New York City $50-million-a-year
garbage-hauling industry which, according to committee
evidence, is controlled by criminals by means of various
pressure tactics, arson, and even murder. (See also p. 73
of this issue.)

November 2
M e e t in g in New York City, the Executive Board of the
United Textile Workers took steps to comply with the
recent AFL-CIO “cleanup” demands (see Chron. item for
Oct. 24, 1957, MLR, Dec. 1957). It (1) accepted the res­
ignation of President Anthony F. Valente, (2) decided to
call a special convention “as soon as possible,” (3) rescinded
an agreement for $104,000 severance pay with its former
secretary-treasurer, Lloyd Klenert, who resigned earlier
(see MLR, Dec. 1957, p. 1500), and (4) urged the union’s
trustees to arrange for a thorough audit of the union’s
books and records.
On November 13, the AFL-CIO appointed a monitor
to supervise the UTW ’s “cleanup” campaign. (See also
p. 72 of this issue.)

November 3
M e m b e r s of the United Automobile Workers ratified a
2-year contract with the Fairchild Engine and Airplane
Corp. of Hagerstown, Md., covering about 5,700 employ­
ees. (See also p. 70 of this issue.)
T he International Association of

Machinists and the
International Union of Electrical Workers signed a mutual
assistance pact setting “ground rules for both cooperation
66


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and competition” in organizing nonunion workers and
covering other matters. (See also p. 73 of this issue.)

November 4
T he F e d e r a l court of appeals in Washington, D. C.,
upheld a lower court injunction declaring the recent
Teamsters convention of no effect and thus barring
James R. Hoffa and other newly elected officials from
taking office (see Chron. item for Oct. 4, 1957, MLR,
Dec. 1957).
C o n t in u in g the delineation of a new policy on picketing
by minority unions (see Chron. item for Oct. 30, 1957,
MLR, Dec. 1957), the National Labor Relations Board
ruled, in two companion cases, that such unions violated
the Taft-Hartley Act by picketing for a union-shop agree­
ment— conduct which restrained and coerced employees
and which represented an attempt to induce an employer
to discriminate against nonunion employees by requiring
them to join union as a condition of employment. In
one of the cases, the Board also held that publication of
a “we do not patronize” list by a minority union during
picketing for recognition and a union shop restrained and
coerced employees. The cases were Lodge 9^2, Interna­
tional Association of Machinists and Alloy Manufacturing
Co., Spokane, Wash.; Local Union No. 12, International
Union of Operating Engineers and Willard W. Shepherd
and Norma D. Shepherd, d. b. a., Shepherd Machinery
Co., Los Angeles, Calif. (See also p. 63 of this issue.)
A F e d e r a l district court in Tennessee awarded a coal
mining company of Putnam County, Tenn., $400,000 in
compensatory and punitive damages for unlawful inter­
ference with the company’s business through acts of
violence organized by a union during a labor dispute in
1948. The case was Meadow Creek Coal Co. v. United
Mine Workers of America.

November 6
T he F e d e r a l district court jury in Detroit found the
United Automobile Workers not guilty of making illegal
political expenditures during the 1954 election campaign
(see Chron. item for Feb. 3, 1956, MLR, Apr. 1956; see
also p. 73 of this issue).
T h e F e d e r a l district court in New York City ordered the
textile firm Darlington Manufacturing Co., of Darlington,
S. C., temporarily to stop liquidating its assets until the
NLRB decides on certain unfair-labor-practice charges
against the company. (See also p. 74 of this issue.)

November 8
M o d ify in g the validity of “hot cargo” agreements, the
NLRB ruled, in Local 728, International Brotherhood of
Teamsters, and Genuine Parts Co., Atlanta, Ga., that hot
cargo contracts are not valid where common carriers are
involved. (See also p. 63 of this issue.)

CHRONOLOGY OF RECENT LABOR EVENTS

November 10
T he United Steelworkers inaugurated an experimental

television program of 15 minutes each month, designed to
acquaint the general public, especially the rank-and-file
members unable to attend union meetings, with major
activities of the organization.

November 14
H arry O. D am ino , the president of the Doll and Toy

Workers Union, announced the signing of an agreement
with the National Association of Doll Manufacturers, Inc.,
and the Stuffed Toy Manufacturers Association, providing
for a 3-step, $8 weekly wage raise, with the first-step
increase retroactive to October 1, for over 7,000 workers in
the New York metropolitan area. (See also p. 70 of this
issue.)

November 15
P r e sid e n t G eorge M e a n y of the AFL-CIO announced
the suspension of the Bakery and Confectionery Workers
from the Federation for non compliance with the AFLCIO Executive Council’s “cleanup” demands of last
month (see Chron. item for Oct. 24, 1957, MLR, Dec.
1957; see also p. 71 of this issue).
On the same day, in a letter to the Jewelry Workers’
Union, President Meany charged the union with failure to
prevent exploitation of Puerto Rican workers by some of
its New York City locals, particularly locals 122 and 222,
and to observe the AFL-CIO code of ethics. Mr. Meany
directed the union to “end these practices forthwith” and
to report to him by November 25 on the actions taken to
remedy the situation. The union’s reply indicated that
proper action would be taken. The matter is pending
Mr. Meany’s further action.

An order of the Industrial Welfare Commissioner of Cali­
fornia became effective raising the minimum hourly wage
rates of women and minors in all industries, except domes­
tic and agricultural occupations. Wages for women were
raised from 75 cents to $1 and for minors from 60 to 85
cents.
At the same time, the New York State Industrial Com­
missioner announced an order raising the minimum hourly
wage rates in the nonresort hotel industry from 72-75 cents
to $1 for all nonservice employees by October 1958. Wages
for service employees receiving tips will go to 70 cents an
hour on January 13, 1958. (See also p. 71 of this issue.)

November 18
T he S u pr em e C ourt of the United States unanimously
ruled, in Conley v. Gibson, that a bargaining agent’s statu­
tory duty of nondiscriminatory representation of its mem­
bers includes day-to-day administration of the existing con­
tract, and that employees discriminated against by a union
could seek remedy in a Federal court. (See also p. 64 of
this issue).


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67
T he F e d e r a l court of appeals in St. Louis, Mo., ruled, in
Local 618, Automotive, Petroleum and Allied Industries Em­
ployees Union, . . . v. NLRB, that a union had not
violated the Taft-Hartley Act’s secondary-boycott pro­
vision when, in furtherance of a lawful strike against an
operator of retail gas stations, it peacefully picketed one
station that was temporarily shut down for repairs by a
neutral contractor, even though the picketing induced the
neutral employees to quit work.

I n r e v e r sin g a lower court decision, the Federal court of
appeals in New Orleans, La., ruled, in Sealy v. Mitchell,
etc., that employees engaged in drilling of a “wild cat” oil
well which turned out to be nonproductive, in an area
where there was no “reasonable expectancy” of oil being
struck, and employed by an employer with no experience
in oil extracting, were not protected by the Fair Labor
Standards Act.

November 19
I n Chicago , 15 nonoperating railroad unions signed a
union-shop contract with the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
Railroad, the only major railroad without such an agree­
ment, thus averting a threatened strike of 42,000 em­
ployees.
An im pa r tia l chairman awarded a 5-percent wage increase
to 13,000 members of the Ladies’ Garment Workers em­
ployed by members of the United Knitwear Manufacturers’
League, Inc., the Association of Knitted Fabric Manu­
facturers, Inc., Passementerie and Trimming Manufac­
turers Association, Knitted Accessories Group, and a num­
ber of independent shops. The increases, the first since
mid-1954, range from $3 to $5 a week. (See also p. 70 of
this issue.)

November 21
T he F e d e r a l court of appeals in New York City ruled
that, under the Norris-LaGuardia Act, the Federal courts
cannot enjoin peaceful strikes stemming from labor dis­
putes, even though—as in this case—the strikes may be
a breach of no-strike agreements, despite the Taft-Hartley
Act provision giving Federal courts jurisdiction of suits
for violations of collective bargaining contracts. Holding
that only Congress can change the national policy ex­
pressed in the Norris-LaGuardia Act, the court lifted a
lower court injunction against a seamen’s union on strike
over wages (see MLR, Nov. 1957, p. 1374) and remanded
the case for further proceedings in respect to damages
sustained by the employer. The case was A. H. Bull
Steamship Co. v. Seafarers’ International Union, Atlantic
and Gulf Districts.
In a companion case, the court also ruled that the
Norris-LaGuardia Act’s provision was not voided by the
Taft-Hartley Act’s clause freeing employers from obliga­
tion to recognize and bargain with supervisors’ unions.
The case was A. H. Bull Steamship Co. v. National Marine

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

68
Engineers’ Beneficial Association and International Organ­
ization of Masters, Mates and Pilots, Inc.

ployees, retroactive to September 1.
issue.)

T h e International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union
announced it will award 10 new $2,000 college scholarships
annually to children of the union’s members on the basis
of their scholastic standing.

November 26

November 23
A S tate superior court jury in Seattle, Wash., found Dave
Beck, Jr., son of the Teamsters president, guilty of pocket­
ing $4,650 from the sale of two automobiles belonging to
the union. (See Chron. item for Aug. 28, 1957, MLR,
Oct. 1957.)

November 25
T h e Brotherhood of Electrical Workers announced the
signing of a 1-year contract with the Raytheon Manufac­
turing Co. of Waltham, Mass., which included provision
for wage increases of 5 to 9 cents an hour for 13,200 em­

(See also p. 69 of this

A spe c ia l c o n ve n t io n of the Distillery Workers, called
to elect new officers in compliance with a cleanup step
demanded by the AFL-CIO (see Chron. items for Oct.
19, 1957, MLR, Dec. 1957, and May 20, 1957, MLR, July
1957), ended in near-riot as a group of delegates withdrew
from the meeting after ex-officers of the union assailed a
call for secret balloting, issued by the AFL-CIO appointed
monitor, as contrary to the union’s constitution. (See
also p. 72 of this issue.)

November 28
AFL-CIO S ec reta r y - T r e a s u r e r William F. Schnitzler
announced the creation of a $5,000-a-year internship in
the Federation’s Research Department beginning July 1,
1958. The intern is to be selected from among graduate
students of universities with specialized courses in labor
and industrial relations.

Conferences and Institutes, February 16 to March 15, 1958
E ditor’s N ote.—
a service to its readers, the Monthly Labor Review
publishes a list of forthcoming conferences and institutes devoted to the broad
field of industrial relations. Institutes and organizations are invited to submit
schedules of such meetings for listing. To be timely enough for publication,
announcements must be received 90 days prior to the date of a conference.
D a te

February 22___
February 24-26.

February 24-28.
February 27-28.
March 3 -4 _____
March 5 -7 _____

March 10-12__
March 10-14----


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C o n fe r e n c e a n d s p o n s o r

Conference on Problems of Collective Bargaining. Sponsor:
Management Center, Marquette University.
Seminars on Collective Bargaining and the Administration of
the Union Contract; Employee Selection; Personnel Ad­
ministration; and Wage and Salary Administration.
Sponsor: American Management Association.
Conference on Executive Development. Sponsor: Manage­
ment Center, Marquette University.
Seminar on Personnel Selection and Placement. Sponsor:
Science Research Associates.
Seminar on Employee Development and Performance Ap­
praisal. Sponsor: Science Research Associates.
Seminars on Collective Bargaining (An Introduction and
Review of Principles); Personnel Administration; Safety;
Supervisory Training. Sponsor: American Management
Association.
Seminar on Writing and Using Effective Job Descriptions.
Sponsor: American Management Association.
Institute on Industrial Relations. Sponsor: National Asso­
ciation of Manufacturers.

Place

Milwaukee, Wis.
New York, N. Y.

Milwaukee, Wis.
New York, N. Y.
New York, N. Y.
New York, N. Y.

New York, N. Y.
Hollywood, Fla.

Developments in
Industrial Relations*
T he Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Price

Index for October, announced in November,
resulted in automatic increases in pay (mostly
1 cent an hour) for about 200,000 of the more than
1.3 million workers whose wages are tied to the
October index. Earnings of more than a million
workers, largely in the automobile and related
industries, were left unchanged as the index failed
to rise sufficiently to warrant an increase in their
cost-of-living allowances. On the collective bar­
gaining front, wage settlements were agreed to
for substantial numbers of workers in the knit­
wear industry in New York City, the communica­
tions industry, and the tobacco industry.
The Bakery and Confectionery Workers’ Inter­
national Union was suspended from the American
Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial
Organizations, but there were few other interunion
developments as the December 5 opening of the
AFL-CIO convention approached.
Wage Developments and Collective Bargaining

Communications. A number of 15-month con­
tracts negotiated in late October and November
increased wages by $2 to $5 a week for over 150,000
employees of various affiliates of the Bell Tele­
phone System represented by the Communica­
tions Workers of America. An additional 10,000
workers, represented by the Connecticut Union of
Telephone Workers, Inc. (Ind.), also received a
pay increase.
The Southwestern Bell Telephone Co. and
representatives of the Communications Workers
signed on November 20 a 15-month contract for
approximately 50,000 workers in Arkansas, Illinois,
Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas. Effec­
tive November 17, wage increases ranged from
$2 to $5 weekly (averaging around 11.4 and
7.1 cents an hour for plant and traffic department
employees, respectively); in addition, wage scales
in 13 towns were upgraded. The union also agreed
with the company upon terms of a new contribu­
450109— 58-

-6


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

tory group life insurance program and liberalized
company-paid sickness-death benefits. Joseph A.
Beirne, president of the CWA, immediately
notified presidents of 18 other Bell companies that
the union was “prepared to enter into a similar
[insurance and death benefits] agreement. . . . ”
with other Bell System companies.
In other parts of the country, the CWA signed
15-month contracts with the Illinois, Michigan,
New Jersey, and Wisconsin Bell Telephone Cos.;
Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Cos., in
Maryland, Washington, D. C., and Virginia;
Northwestern Bell Telephone Co. in Iowa, Min­
nesota, Nebraska, and North and South Dakota;
and a 16-month contract with Pacific Telephone
and Telegraph Co. for its employees in northern
California and Nevada. Wage increases also
generally ranged from $2 to $5 a week: most
traffic and clerical employees received increases
of $2 to $3, while plant department workers
obtained wage hikes of from $2 to $5. In many
settlements, there were additional increases in
certain jobs and towns, and in a few cases, improve­
ments were negotiated in the sick-leave or holiday
clauses.
On November 11, the Southern New England
Telephone Co. and the independent Connecticut
Union of Telephone Workers announced terms
of a 15-month contract providing wage increases
of 5 to 12% cents an hour. Subject to ratification,
the agreement affects almost 10,000 employees
throughout the State of Connecticut.
Metalworking and Allied Industries. The Raytheon
Manufacturing Co. announced on November 25
that it had signed a new 1-year agreement with
the International Brotherhood of Electrical
Workers affecting 13,200 workers in 11 Massa­
chusetts plants. Retroactive to September 1,
1957, hourly rates of pay were raised by 5 to 9
cents an hour, the incentive system in the com­
pany’s receiving and cathode ray tube operations
was revised, and certain fringe benefits were also
agreed to.
Agreement had been reached in late October by
local 1031 of the same union on terms of a 5-year
collective bargaining contract with the StewartWarner Corp. Pay raises ranging from 7 to 10
♦Prepared in the D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, on the basis of currently available published material.

69

70
cents an hour were made retroactive to October 1,
1957, for 5,000 employees in Chicago. Reopen­
ings on wages, group insurance, vacations, and
time off are scheduled for each anniversary date
of the contract. If the company does not offer
pay raises and other benefits at least equal to the
weighted average of those the local union nego­
tiates with other companies in each year ending
October 1, the union can cancel the contract.
The Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co. and
the Teamsters agreed upon wage increases rang­
ing from 7 to 16 cents an hour effective January
1, 1958, for 8,000 production and maintenance
workers. The increase—which the union esti­
mated to average over 10 cents an hour—was
negotiated under a wage reopening clause.
On November 3, members of the United Auto­
mobile Workers ratified a 2-year contract with
the Fairchild Engine and Airplane Corp. of
Hagerstowm, Md., covering some 5,700 production
and maintenance, office and factory clerical, and
engineering and technical employees. Effective
October 21, 1957, wages were raised by 7 to 10
cents an hour (averaging around 8 cents) plus an
additional 5 cents for leadmen, and are to be in­
creased 8 cents more on October 20, 1958. The
settlement also liberalized the existing cost-ofliving formula to provide a 1-cent adjustment for
each 0.5-point change in the BLS Consumer Price
Index and incorporated the existing 13-cent allow­
ance into base rates. Other contract changes
included increased shift differentials, 3 weeks’
vacation after 12 instead of 15 years’ service, and
an improved health and welfare plan.
On November 3, members of local 601 of the
International Union of Electrical Workers ratified
a local contract supplement with the Westinghouse
Electric Corp. providing hourly wage boosts of
from 1 to 5 cents. (Under the 5-year national con­
tract, wages can be reopened locally once each
year of the agreement.) The increase-—-which
averaged approximately 3% cents—affected 10,500
employees in the East Pittsburgh, Homewmod,
Linhart, and Trafford, Pa., plants, who also re­
ceived a 3-percent deferred increase plus a 7cent-an-hour cost-of-living adjustment during 1957
under the national agreement.
Tobacco. Wage increases of 8 cents an hour were
negotiated by the Tobacco Workers International
Union for about 21,000 workers in Kentucky,


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

Missouri, North Carolina, and Virginia under
agreements with the American Tobacco Co., Inc.,
Philip Morris & Co., Ltd., Inc., and Liggett
& Myers Tobacco Co. The Liggett & Myers
settlement was negotiated under a wage reopening
clause of an agreement due to expire in March
1959, while the other 2 companies signed new
2-year contracts. The American Tobacco agree­
ment calls for an additional 7-cent advance in
1958, while at Philip Morris, provision was made
for a wage reopening clause for the second contract
year. The latter two agreements also included
increased sickness benefits (from $26 to $30 a week
for 20 weeks), an additional half-day paid holiday
(for most locals), an additional week’s vacation
pay for employees with 10 years’ service, and
supplemental jury-duty pay. Some of these
benefits were negotiated earlier in the year by
Liggett & Myers and the union.
Negotiations were concluded by the Cigar
Makers’ International Union and John H. Swisher
& Sons, Inc., on terms of a 1-year contract for
2,200 employees in Jacksonville, Fla. Rates of
pay for machine operators were left unchanged,
but the speed of the cigar-making machines was
reportedly increased so that operators on incen­
tive pay systems would be able to earn around $5
more a week. Packers received an increase of
3 cents per thousand cigars, while other workers
received a 7-cent-an-hour wage hike. The daily
hospital room allowance was raised from $7 to $10,
with the company assuming the additional cost.
Apparel and Other Manufacturing. In mid-No­
vember, an impartial chairman awarded a 5-per­
cent wage increase to 13,000 members of the
International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union
employed by members of the United Knitwear
Manufacturers’ League, Inc., the Association of
Knitted Fabric Manufacturers, Inc., Passemen­
terie and Trimming Manufacturers Association,
Knitted Accessories Group, and a number of
independent shops. Weekly increases ranged
from $3 to $5, effective November 4 for employees
in trimming and passementerie (fancy trimming)
trades, and November 25 for other workers. The
award was made under contract clauses that pro­
vided for discussion of wages if the level of the
Consumer Price Index changed after July 1954.
Retroactive to October 1, 1957, between 7,000
to 9,000 members of the Toy Workers union in

71

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

the New York metropolitan area employed by
firms affiliated with the National Association of
Doll Manufacturers, Inc., and the Stuffed Toy
Manufacturers Association received a weekly pay
advance of $2. This increase, which was in addi­
tion to a deferred increase of $1.75 a week that
went into effect in July 1957 under agreements
negotiated in 1956, was negotiated under clauses
of the contracts that permitted discussion of
wages if the New York City Consumer Price
Index increased by 3 percent from its July 15,
1956, level. The existing agreements, which were
due to expire June 30, 1958, were extended to
June 30, 1960, with additional weekly increases
of $3 scheduled to go into effect in both 1958 and
1959. The new agreements also included a third
week of vacation after 10 years’ service.
Railroads. On November 19, representatives of
15 nonoperating unions and the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe Railroad signed a modified union-shop
agreement, thus ending a longstanding dispute
and averting a strike scheduled for November 22.
The agreement, effective December 15, affects
about 42,000 employees, and was reached with the
help of the National Mediation Board.
The Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and
Enginemen announced that it would exercise
its option, under the 3-year agreement signed in
1956 with the Nation’s railroads, to take a de­
ferred adjustment of approximately 7 cents an
hour, due November 1, 1957, in the form of a wage
increase in lieu of a health and medical plan. The
November 1, 1958, adjustment of 7 cents more,
the union announced, would be taken as a health
and welfare plan; about 50,000 workers are
affected.
Services and Trade. In the Chicago area, approxi­
mately 8,000 members of the Meat Cutters and
Butcher Workmen union employed by some 3,600
chain and independent food stores received weekly
pay hikes ranging from $8 to $9.50, retroactive to
October 5, 1957. The 2-year contracts—affecting
meat department employees in self-service and
service stores—also call for a further advance in
weekly pay of $5 and $6, respectively, in 1958.
Agreement on a 5-year contract was reached on
November 30 by the Clothing Workers union
and 12 employer associations affecting approx­
imately 18,000 laundry workers in New York City,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Westchester County, Long Island, and northern
New Jersey. During the first 3 years of the con­
tract, wages of inside (plant) workers will be in­
creased an average of 18 cents an hour and those
of route drivers by an average of $10 a week in
three unequal instalments. After 3 years, the
contracts may be reopened on the wage issue by
either party. Under the agreement, which is sub­
ject to ratification, group life insurance will be
raised from $1,000 to $2,000 for employees earn­
ing under $75 a week, and to $3,000 for higher
paid employees; the agreement also provides
hospital and surgical insurance for wives of
employees.
Minimum Wage. In Oregon, the State Wage and
Hour Commission announced that the minimum
hourly wage for women and minors employed in
the laundry and dry cleaning industries would be
raised from 60 to 75 cents effective January 3,
1958, and increased by 5 cents more on July 3,
1958. The order also provides that time and onehalf must be paid for hours worked in excess of 8
hours daily or 44 hours weekly.
On November 15, the New York State Industrial
Commissioner announced an increase in the mini­
mum wages for workers in the nonresort hotel
industry. Effective January 13, 1958, the hourly
minimum for nonservice workers in New York City
was to be raised from 75 cents to $1, while in the
rest of the State, the minimum was to increase
from 72 to 85 cents on January 13, go up 5 cents
more on July 12, and reach $1 on October 15, 1958.
The wage order also raised the hourly minimum
from 50 to 70 cents for service employees who
normally receive tips. A total of about 60,000
workers in the State are covered by the order.
The Industrial Welfare Commission of the
State of California announced that the hourly
minimum wage was increased from 75 cents to $1
for women and from 60 to 85 cents for minors,
effective November 15. However, the 85-cent
rate can apply to only 10 percent of an employer’s
work force; the remaining minors must be paid
at the adult rate. The orders cover all private
industry except for domestic and farm workers.
Union Activities

The Bakery and Confectionery Workers’ Inter­
national Union stood suspended from the AFL-

72
CIO on November 15 for failure to comply with
cleanup orders from the AFL-CIO Executive
Council. The day before, at a meeting of the
Bakery Workers’ Executive Board, members
agreed to call a special convention to elect new
officers, but James G. Cross refused to resign as
president of the 160,000-member union and
declared that “if nominated I ’ll run, [and] I expect
to be a candidate.” Mr. Cross said he would
arrange to hold the convention “within 90 days,
if practicable, but in no case later than June 1958.”
Earlier in the month, Mr. Cross was dropped as 1
of 14 vice presidents of the Industrial Union
Department of the AFL-CIO, while the remaining
officers, including President Walter P. Reuther
and Secretary-Treasurer James B. Carey, were
reelected to office. Another demand of the AFLCIO—that Curtis R. Sims (former secretarytreasurer) be reinstated—was also rejected by
the Bakery Workers’ Executive Board in a 12 to
4 vote.
In contrast, the United Textile Workers appar­
ently complied with the Federation’s demands.
By early November, both Anthony Valente and
Lloyd IOenert (president and secretary-treasurer,
respectively) had resigned from office and the
union’s Executive Board had decided to call a
special convention as soon as possible to elect new
officers.1 Subsequently, on November 13, George
Meany appointed Peter M. McGavin as a special
monitor to oversee compliance by the union. Mr.
McGavin later ordered the Textile Workers to
dismiss Joseph Jacobs from his office as general
counsel, because of his alleged connection with
the former president and secretary-treasurer. In
October, Mr. Jacobs had been removed from his
post as southern director of the union.
In a letter addressed to top officials of the
32,000-member International Jewelry Workers’
Union, George Meany called for “swift and posi­
tive action” to end “exploitation” of Puerto Rican
workers by member locals and for greater adherence
by the union to the AFL-CIO codes of ethical
practices.
The letter was sent after Mr. Meany had con­
ferred with members of a committee whose
purpose is to erase the exploitation of Puerto Rican
workers.2 Mr. Meany declared that the Jewelry
Workers were violating labor’s code of ethics in
“many respects,” including inadequate audit of
union funds, improper elections, no bonding of


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

officers, and a lack of regular membership meet­
ings.
At a meeting of the Distillery, Rectifying and
Wine Workers’ International Union on November
25, 13 officers of the union resigned from their
posts preparatory to an election of new officers at
a special convention.3 The move was prompted
by AFL-CIO charges of violation of ethical
standards in the administration of union welfare
funds. The following day at the convention,
however, when Mr. McGavin, the AFL-CIO
monitor, called for nomination of officers and said
the election would be held by secret ballot, the
former president and secretary-treasurer and other
delegates seized control of the platform. After
reorganizing the convention, they were elected to
their former offices. Another group of delegates
withdrew from the meeting hall, and held a
separate session to form a committee to preserve
affiliation with the AFL-CIO.
Each group contended after the demonstration
that it had a majority of the convention delegates
and indicated it would take the matter to the
AFL-CIO Executive Council at its meeting prior
to the AFL-CIO convention.
Forces within the International Brotherhood of
Teamsters continued their efforts to prevent James
R. Hoffa from taking over formal leadership of the
union. Their suit in Federal district court to
void the election of new officers by the Teamsters
convention on grounds that the delegates had been
improperly chosen was being tried.4 A tem­
porary injunction was signed in October barring
Hoffa from office.5 In order to wage their legal
battle against Hoffa, the Teamster Rank-and-File
Committee announced plans to begin a $200,000
fund-raising program, which would pay expenses
of attorneys and provide travel funds for witnesses
in support of charges that the Teamsters Septem­
ber convention was “rigged.”
On the other hand, Teamster officials announced
plans to raise a legal defense fund to aid officials in
trouble with Federal, State, or local authorities or
1 See M onthly Labor Review, December 1957, p. 1500.
J See M onthly Labor Review, October 1957, p. 1252.
* In late October at the suggestion of Peter M cGavin, A FL-C IO monitor
assigned to the union, a truce formula had been agreed to after the union’s
Executive Board had split into rival factions. Under the plan, both factions
had agreed to recognize the right of Joseph O’N eill and George J. Oneto to
continue in their respective posts as president and secretary-treasurer until
the convention. See also M onthly Labor Review, December 1957, p. 1500.
4 See M onthly Labor Review, November 1957, p. 1382.
8 See M onthly Labor Review, December 1957, p. 1499.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

with the U. S. Senate Select Committee on Im­
proper Activities in the Labor or Management
Field. Officers of the Teamsters union were
being asked to sign promissory notes for $1,000
each, with the money to be paid in $10 weekly in­
stallments over a 2-year period. (The extra $40
is to be regarded as interest.)
After a series of postponements, the trial of
Hoffa on charges of conspiring to use illegal wire­
taps began on November 22. The case stems from
an indictment charging that Hoffa had conspired
with Owen B. Brennan (president of Teamsters
local 337) and Bernard Spindel to tap the tele­
phones of subordinates in the union’s Detroit
headquarters between January 1, 1953, and May
1957. Mr. Hoffa was also under indictment for
perjury in connection with his grand jury testi­
mony on the wiretapping charge, but a trial of that
case had been delayed pending a U. S. Supreme
Court ruling on admissibility of State-obtained
wiretap evidence in a Federal court.
On November 6, the International Union of
United Automobile Workers was found innocent
in a Federal district court in Detroit, Mich., of
charges that it had made illegal political expendi­
tures in the 1954 primary and general elections.
The case, which had originally been dismissed by
the court, had been remanded for trial by the
U. S. Supreme Court.6 Of unusual importance
because of its possible implications for future
spending by unions and corporations for political
purposes, the case arose from a series of telecasts
which, the prosecution claimed, were aimed at in­
fluencing the election of certain candidates.7 The
union contended, however, that the programs were
educational in nature and aimed primarily at
union members.
On November 3, the International Association
of Machinists and the International Union of
Electrical Workers signed an agreement under
which each union will appoint three members of a
committee designed to develop methods, guides,
and plans for the exchange of bargaining informa­
tion and settlement of jurisdictional disputes.
6 See M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1957, p. 604.
the Federal Corrupt Practices Act, unions and corporations are
prohibited from making expenditures in connection w ith a Federal election.
8 Late in 1956, the Machinists filed a damage suit against the IU E , charging
that the Electrical Workers had libeled the IAM in leaflets distributed during
an organizing campaign. See M onthly Labor Review, February 1957, p.
209.
e See M onthly Labor Review, December 1957, p. 1500.
1 Under


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

73
In addition, the agreement specifies that in or­
ganizing campaigns, the unions will conduct them­
selves “in such a manner as to increase the respect
of the workers involved for the trade union move­
ment and that they will not impugn or attack the
motives or character of either union, its officers or
its subordinate organizations.” 8
Late in November, it was disclosed that the
11,000-member Marine Engineers’ Beneficial As­
sociation had filed an application for membership
in the Maritime Trades Department of the AFLCIO. The announcement was made by Paul
Hall, president of the department. The Engi­
neers are the first of the former CIO unions to join
the Maritime Department; two others—the Na­
tional Maritime Union and the American Radio
Association—are still outside departmental mem­
bership.
The Textile Workers Union of America an­
nounced in early November a contest for essays
outlining policies and programs needed to stop
the decline and encourage the growth of the
textile industry in the United States. Prizes
totaling $1,000 will be awarded to the three best
entries; any resident of the United States (except
officials and employees of the TWUA) is eligible.
Other Developments

Senate Investigations. Early in November, the
Senate select committee concluded its hearings
on the activities of the Chicago labor relations
firm headed by Nathan W. Shefferman.9 In­
cluded in the testimony was evidence to the effect
that from 1954 through 1956 a group of Flint,
Mich., employers paid over $25,000 to Shefferman’s company to “entertain” local Teamsters
and thus prevent the union from organizing their
firms. In one instance, it was said that a repre­
sentative of the Shefferman concern told a com­
pany official that it was “too late” to keep out
the Teamsters, but that a contract then being
prepared was toned down “very close” to the
company-desired level. In appearances before
the committee, Nathan W. Shefferman, as well as
his son Shelton, invoked the Fifth Amendment
in answer to questions regarding work their firm
allegedly did to rid certain companies of unions.
Later in the month, the Senate committee
turned its attention to the multimillion-dollar
garbage-carting industry in New York City.

74
Charges were made by the committee that racket­
eers and labor union officials resorted to homicide
and other forms of violence in order to insure a
monopoly of the industry for their own personal
profit.
Decisions and Rulings. On November 12, the
National Labor Relations Board ruled that the
controversial “hot cargo” provisions in collective
bargaining contracts with common carriers were
in violation of the Labor Management Relations
Act of 1947.10 (A “hot cargo” clause provides
that employees covered by the contract may refuse
to handle goods designated by the union as
“unfair.”) The 4-1 decision marked a reversal
of the Board’s 1949 position in which it held the
clauses were valid.
In another action, the NLRB obtained a court
order temporarily tying up the remaining assets
of a southern textile mill that reportedly went out
of business rather than recognize a certified union.11
The order, signed by a Federal judge, for the time
being prevented the company from further
liquidation of its assets pending a decision of the
Board on charges of unfair labor practices in which
the agency was seeking to protect a possible
award of at least $700,000 in back pay to some


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

600 discharged employees. A basic issue of the
case involved the question of whether the NLRB
retained its authority over the company.
In a correlative case to October’s ruling on
minority unions, the NLRB found it an unfair
labor practice for a minority union to urge a
public boycott of an employer’s products.12 The
Board ruled that it was not material whether
union economic pressure on an employer’s business
was applied through picketing “or by other
equally direct and effective techniques.”
The Supreme Court on November 18 ruled that
Federal courts have jurisdiction of a suit by
employees against a railroad union to enforce the
employees’ rights of nondiscrimination in bar­
gaining.13 The court thus reversed a lower court
ruling on a case in which Negro members of the
Brotherhood of Railway Clerks employed by the
Texas and New Orleans Railroad charged their
union with failing to represent them equally and
in good faith when they were discharged or
demoted from jobs that were being abolished.
10 See also p. 63 of this issue.
11 See M onthly Labor Review, December 1956, p. 1453.
12 See M onthly Labor Review, December 1957, p. 1503; also pp. 62-63 of
this issue.
13 See also p. 64 of this issue.

Book Reviews
and Notes
E ditor’s N ote.—Listing of a publication in this

section is for record and reference only and does
not constitute an endorsement of point of mew
or advocacy of use.
Special Reviews

Common Frontiers of the Social Sciences. Edited
by Mirra Komarovsky. Glencoe, 111., The
Free Press, 1957. vii, 439 pp. $6.
When first the concept of “interdisciplinary
research” came within our ken, like all new
methods or techniques, it tended to be overworked
and abused. However, experience demonstrated
that a babel need be no more enlightening than a
single voice. On the other hand, we have also
ascertained that no single discipline in the social
sciences has a monopoly on the techniques of
ferreting out and revealing the truth and that, when
the limitations of the respective disciplines and
their mixing properties are properly appraised and
evaluated, they may enrich and lend assistance to
each other in carefully selected common pursuits.
This volume amply documents these con­
clusions. Here we have a baker’s dozen of essays
and monographs by highly competent social
scientists, each cultivating his own 40 acres with
specialized tools, methods, and techniques in
which he is adept. Each peers furtively over the
fence and speculates as to the value of some limited
cooperation with his neighbor, possessing skills
foreign to his own schooling. In sum, their
speculations add up to a conviction that com­
munity of action is likely to be helpful in increasing
the crop value of the country, but the manner,
extent, and character of interdisciplinary action
must be carefully circumscribed. After all, the
prerogatives of the owner of private property
should not be surrendered carelessly to another,
whether he be trespasser or invitee.
Any attempt to set forth the provocative and
interesting content of all of these articles in limited
space would be unfair to their authors. This

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

reviewer must satisfy himself with only the
briefest identification of the subjects.
The book has two principal divisions. The
first relates to the overlap of history and social
research. Under this heading Leo Lowenthal and
Marjorie Fiske contribute a fascinating mono­
graph on The Debate Over Art and Popular
Culture in Eighteenth Century England in which,
with the employment of new materials, they show
that the controversies over popular culture and
problems of mass media of communication which
perplex us today, perplexed the English two
hundred years ago. In the next monograph,
Research Problems in American Political Histori­
ography, Lee Benson deals with the historical
treatment of presidential elections and shows how
the historian is handicapped by the lack of
quantitative data which methodological tech­
niques, not ordinarily available to him but com­
mon to other disciplines, might furnish. The
third study by Russel E. Planck, Public Opinion
in France After the Liberation—1944-1949, shows
us how opinion research, a development of
sociology and social psychology, may serve the
historian.
The next four essays are concerned with the
relationships of public opinion research and
history. Paul F. Lazarfeld points out that
historians, traditionally, have sought to determine
public attitudes in the periods under their in­
vestigation and that they frequently declare their
conclusions, without adequate or satisfactory
documentation. Public opinion is ascertainable
today, according to Professor Lazarfeld, and is
available in aid of the historian of contemporary
events. Joseph R. Strayer, as a historian, ex­
presses a number of reservations. He considers
occurrences more significant than opinions, es­
pecially opinions which are easily given and do not
commit the giver. He wonders whether basic
beliefs are susceptible to polling and suggests that
the analysis of the Saturday Evening Post and
Life may prove more important to the historian
of our time writing in 1984, than the findings of
public opinion research. Henry David (Opinion
Research in the Service of the Historian), as a
historian, is also less enthusiastic than Professor
Lazarfeld as to the extent to which public opinion
research will serve the purposes of the historian.
However, he appears to recognize values in such
research which Professor Strayer, with his more
75

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

76

traditional approach, is unwilling to concede.
David’s essay is most stimulating in its discussion
of the conscious or unconscious basic assumptions
concerning the nature of man and his society which
underlie all historical writings and the importance
of looking to other disciplines to evaluate them.
The second part of the book deals with the
relationship of economics and sociology. Clark
Kerr and Lloyd H. Fisher in Plant Sociology: The
Elite and the Aborigines contrast the approaches
of industrial economists and plant sociologists to
the problems of our industrial society. The
latter, the inheritors of the Elton Mayo tradition,
are concerned with stability and the harmonious
management of social systems; the former, the
efficient management of productive resources.
Kerr and Fisher, as economists, marshal the
criticisms of their school against the plant soci­
ologists and deliver them with telling effect.
They apprehend little opportunity for joint study
because of inherently different approaches to the
subject matter. Conrad M. Arensberg and
Geoffrey Tootel in Plant Sociology: Real Dis­
coveries and New Problems defend the plant
sociologists by answering some of the charges in
the previous article and referring to positive
contributions in their field.
The next portion of the second part of the book
contains several essays in the war between the
macro economists and the microeconomists over
the relation of economics to social psychology and
sociology. Robert Lekachman writes on The NonEconomic Assumptions of John Maynard Keynes;
George Katona, on The Function of Survey Re­
search in Economics; William S. Vickrey, on A
Note on Micro- and Macroeconomics; and L. R.
Klein, on A Note on “Middle Range” Formula­
tion. The last essay by Seymour M. Lipset and
Martin Trow—Reference Group Theory and
Trade Union Policy—-discusses the stimulating
work of Arthur Ross and other students of refer­
ence group theory, and points out the direction
which future industrial research might take, em­
ploying the data and methodology of several dis­
ciplines.
Professor Mirra Komarovsky, who selected and
edited this stimulating volume, contributes a
thoughtful and helpful introduction.
— P e t e r S eitz
Arbitrator and Consultant, New York City


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Introduction to Work Study. Geneva, International
Labor Office, 1957. 349 pp. $3.50. Distrib­
uted in United States by Washington Branch
of ILO.
The present volume is a welcome introduction
to the use of work study, embracing both motion
and time study. Its outstanding quality is its
clarity and facility of presentation which will
enable factory managers, supervisors, and other
management employees to familiarize themselves
with the principles and techniques of work study
and with alternative procedures for increasing
productivity. It grew out of the need for a text­
book by the staffs of the National Productivity
Centers established with the technical assistance of
the International Labor Office (ILO).
The material has been developed in a balanced
manner. Charts, illustrative forms, and case ma­
terial are introduced to provide summaries and
practical applications of the techniques. As an
introduction, it will provide a very adequate orien­
tation in the methods of modern management.
After completing this book, the student will have
to undertake the systematic study of each of the
separate techniques to become a proficient practi­
tioner. The art of work study can only be mas­
tered through direct laboratory and floor experi­
ence under the guidance of an experienced teacher.
The book is not designed to serve trade unionists
or workers. However, both will benefit from a
study of the text by familiarizing themselves with
managerial purposes and techniques. More than
the usual stress is placed on the need of “good
human relations and good working conditions
throughout the undertaking” as preliminaries to
the application of work study; this is appropriate
for a publication of the ILO. Close consultation
with worker representatives and direct and frank
relations with workers are likely to advance
acceptance of the work study program.
The first of the book’s four sections examines
causes of low productivity and the use of manage­
ment techniques to erase them. Work study is
identified as one tool. Two chapters outline the
contributions of favorable human and physical
factory environments to higher productivity. In
part two of the book, the reader will find a lucid de­
scription of various techniques of methods study
of the gross factory operations—flow and handling
of materials, movements of workers in the shop,
and methods and movements at the work place.

77

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

Suggestions are provided on methods of installing
and maintaining improved methods. The third
part outlines the technique of time study, prefer­
ring in many instances British to American prac­
tices. Other work measurement techniques, such
as ratio delays, synthetic times, and predetermined
motion time standards are briefly described.
Finally, part four consists of appendixes giving
outlines of courses, evidences of results of ILO
productivity missions, and glossaries of terms.
A major omission in the book is the absence of
any material on the criticism of the assumptions
and techniques of methods and time study. On
completion of this book, the student would not be
aware that many academicians and trade union
professionals have questioned the objectivity of
the procedures and findings. Certainly the reader
should be informed that the latter consider the
findings of the work study man as only one body of
material to serve management and trade union
negotiators in reaching agreements on production
standards, rates and methods of pay, and man
complements. Furthermore, the book should
have spelled out the findings of investigators that
some principles of motion economy are the cause of
great fatigue. We should hope that a later edition
will correct this major oversight by appropriate
additions in the text or by a new appendix.
The book is a model for writers of textbooks on
technical subjects and should gain acceptance,
even in this country, for courses in work study for
persons lacking full training in industrial manage­
ment.
—S olomon B arkin
Textile Workers Union of America

Benefits and Benefit Plans
Employee Benefit Plans— Background Material. Wash­
ington, United States House of Representatives,
Committee on Education and Labor, 1957. 249 pp.,
bibliography. (Committee Print, 85th Cong., 1st
sess.)
Private Employee Benefit Plans—Selected Annotated Refer­
ences. Baltimore, Md., U. S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Social Security Administra­
tion, Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance,
June 1957. 36 pp. Rev. ed. Free.
Controlling Employee Benefit and Pension Costs. New
York, American Management Association, 1957.
127 pp. (Special Report 23.) $3.75; $2.50 to AMA
members.


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Education and Training
Trends in Education and Utilization of Technical Man­
power— A Critical National Issue. Washington (1200
18th St., NW.), Council for Technological Advance­
ment, [1957]. 25 pp. (Series on Technology and
Employment, 5.) Single copies free.
Sample Apprenticeship Schedules Covering Training and
Experience in Occupations as Found in the Aviation
Industry (Including Aircraft Manufacturing, Airline
Transportation, and Aircraft Service). Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Apprenticeship
and Training, [1957]. 18 pp. (Trade and Industry
Publication 1.) Free.
The Training of Workers within the Factory: Survey of
Industrial In-plant Training Programs in Seven
European Countries. Paris, Organization for Euro­
pean Economic Cooperation, European Productivity
Agency, 1957. 90 pp. (Project 179.) $1. Avail­
able from OEEC Mission, Washington.
Digest of Annual Reports of State Boards for Vocational
Education to Office of Education, Division of Vocational
Education, Fiscal Year Ended June SO, 1956. Wash­
ington, U. S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, Office of Education, 1957. 45 pp.
Free.

Employment
America’s Changing Job Sources. By Rudolph C.
Mendelssohn. (In Employment and Earnings, U. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Washington, November 1957, pp. iii-xi. 40 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
Summary of the Employment Situation in Puerto Rico,
1950 to 1956. San Juan, Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1957. 17 pp. (Special
Report on the Labor Force, 18.)
Review of Employment and Payrolls, [Canada], 1956, as
Reported by Establishments Employing 15 or More
Persons. Ottawa, Dominion Bureau of Statistics,
Labor and Prices Division, 1957. 73 pp. 50 cents,
Queen’s Printer, Ottawa.

Handicapped
The Company and the Physically Impaired Worker. By
Doris M. Thompson. New York, National Industrial
Conference Board, Inc., 1957. 89 pp. (Studies in
Personnel Policy, 163.)
Independence for the Handicapped: A Review of Progress in
Rehabilitation and Employment of the Handicapped.
Washington, U. S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, Office of Vocational Rehabilitation and
the President’s Committee on Employment of the
Physically Handicapped, 1957. 8 pp.

78
Health and Welfare
Probable Future Trends in Health and Welfare Program
Expenditures. By Michael T. Wermel. Pasadena,
California Institute of Technology, Industrial Rela­
tions Section, Benefits and Insurance Research Center,
1957. 19 pp., bibliography. (Publication 7.) $1.
Management of Welfare Funds. By Samuel Leigh. (In
Labor Law Journal, Chicago, August 1957, pp. 542548. $1.)
United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement
Fund— Report for the Year Ending June SO, 1957.
Washington, 1957. 40 pp.

Labor Legislation
Two Decades of State Labor Legislation, 1987-57. By
Harold A. Katz. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago,
November 1957, pp. 747-768, 818. $1.)
Improve Child Labor and Minimum Wage Laws: State
Labor Standards Lag. (In Labor’s Economic Review,
American Federation of Labor and Congress of
Industrial Organizations, Washington, August-September 1957, pp. 49-56.)
Provincial Labor Standards Concerning Child Labor, Holi­
days, Hours of Work, Minimum Wages, Equal Pay for
Equal Work, Fair Employment Practices, Weekly
Rest-Day, and Workmen’s Compensation. Ottawa,
Canadian Department of Labor, Legislation Branch,
[1957], 22 pp. 25 cents, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa.
Labor Legislation Enacted in New York State in 1957.
New York, State Department of Labor, Division of
Research and Statistics, 1957. 40 pp. (Publication
B-98.)
Should the Wage-Hour Law be Rewritten? By Newell
Brown. Berkeley, California Personnel Management
Association, Research Division, [1957]. 9 pp. (Man­
agement Report 251.) $1.

Labor-Management Relations
Uniformities and Differences in Local Union-Management
Relationships. By Milton Derber, W. Ellison Chal­
mers, Ross Stagner. (In Industrial and Labor Rela­
tions Review, Ithaca, N. Y., October 1957, pp. 56-71.
$1.75.)
Addresses on Industrial Relations, 1957 Series. Ann Arbor,
University of Michigan, Bureau of Industrial Rela­
tions, 1957. 184 pp. (Bull. 25.) $3.50, Publica­
tions Distribution Service, University of Michigan.
A Standard List of Subject Headings in Industrial Relations.
By Sub-Committee on Subject Headings, Committee
of University Industrial Relations Librarians. Prince-


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958
ton, N. J., Princeton University, Industrial Relations
Section, 1957. 30 pp.
Ninth Annual Labor-Management Conference and Tenth
Anniversary of the Institute of Management and Labor
Relations: A Decade of Lab or-Management Relations in
New Jersey, Newark, N. J., May 14, 1957. New
Brunswick, Rutgers University, Institute of Manage­
ment and Labor Relations, 1957. 64 pp. $1.
The Collective Bargaining Impact on Management Rights.
By M. S. Ryder. (In Michigan Business Review,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, November 1957,
pp. 26-31. Free.)
Strikes and Lockouts in Canada, 1956. Ottawa, Canadian
Department of Labor, Economics and Research
Branch, [1957]. 42 pp. 35 cents, Queen’s Printer,
Ottawa.
Labor Relations in Norway. By Herbert Dorfman. Oslo,
Norwegian Joint Committee on International Social
Policy, 1957. 150 pp.

Manpower
Scientific Manpower, 1956: Significant Developments, Views,
and Statistics. Washington, U. S. National Science
Foundation, Division of Scientific Personnel and Edu­
cation, 1957. 63 pp. (NSF 57-23.)
Health Manpower Source Book: Section 8, Dental Hygienists.
By Walter J. Pelton, Elliott H. Pennell, Helen M.
Vavra. Washington, U. S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1957.
87 pp., bibliography. (Public Health Service Publica­
tion 263, Section 8.) 50 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
Manpower— The Achilles’ Heel in Public Health. By How­
ard Ennes. (In American Journal of Public Health
and the Nation’s Health, New York, November 1957,
pp. 1390-1398. $1.)
Executives Report on the Changing Labor Force. By James
C. Apicella and G. Clark Thompson. (In Business
Record, National Industrial Conference Board, Inc.,
November 1957, pp. 505-509.)

Occupations
Guide to Career Information: A Bibliography of Recent Occu­
pational Literature. By Career Information Service,
New York Life Insurance Company. New York,
Harper & Brothers, 1957. 203 pp. $3.
Career as Medical Record Librarian, Radio and Television
Artists, Medical X-Ray Technician; Careers in Dietetics.
Washington, B’nai B’rith Vocational Service, 1957.
4 pamphlets, 11 pp. each, bibliographies. (Occupa­
tional Brief Series.) 25 cents each.

79

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Careers in Atomic Energy. By Walter J. Greenleaf. Wash­
ington, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Office of Education, 1957. 36 pp., bibliog­
raphy. (Pamphlet 119.) 25 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.

Reform of Pension Insurance Schemes in the Federal Re­
public of Germany. (In Industry and Labor, Geneva,
September 15, 1957, pp. 235-242. 25 cents. Dis­
tributed in United States by Washington Branch of
ILO.)

Older Workers and the Aged

Supplementary Pension Schemes in France. (In Interna­
tional Labor Review, Geneva, October 1957, pp. 384399. 60 cents. Distributed in United States by
Washington Branch of ILO.)

Report Relative to Means of Absorbing the Labor Surplus in
Older Age Groups Submitted by ( Massachusetts) Legis­
lative Research Council. Boston, 1957. 64 pp.
(House Doc. 3000.)
Physical Problems in the Employment of Aging Men. By
F. Le Gros Clark. (In International Labor Review,
Geneva, October 1957, pp. 367-383. 60 cents. Dis­
tributed in United States by Washington Branch of

ILO.)
Financing Health Costs for the Aged. New Vork State
Conference Convened by Governor Averell Harriman
at the State Capitol in Albany, 1956. 1957. 239 pp.,
bibliography. $2, Office of Special Assistant, Prob­
lems of the Aging, Albany, N. Y.
The New Frontiers of Aging. Edited by Wilma Donahue
and Clark Tibbitts. Ann Arbor, University of Mich­
igan Press, 1957. 209 pp. $5.
Don't Take Older Workers for Granted. By Hilda R. Kahne
and others. (In Harvard Business Review, Boston,
November-December 1957, pp. 90-94. $2.)
Brightening the Senior Years. [Albany?], New York State
Joint Legislative Committee on Problems of the
Aging, 1957. 139 pp. (Legislative Doc., 1957, No.
81.) Single copies free.

Pensions and Retirement
World Survey of Private Pension Plans and Old Age Social
Insurance. New York, Pension Planning Co., 1957.
39 pp. (Pamphlet 857.) Free.
Pensions— Larger Plans in New York State, January 1957.
New York, State Department of Labor, 1957. 143
pp. (Special Bull. 232.) $1.
Positive Experiences in Retirement. By Otto Poliak.
Homewood, 111., Richard D. Irwin, Inc. (for Pension
Research Council, Wharton School of Finance and
Commerce, University of Pennsylvania), 1957. xv,
53 pp. $1.50.
Tennessee Valley Authority Retirement Plan: Coordination
With Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance.
By Robert J. Myers. (In Social Security Bulletin,
U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Social Security Administration, Washington, Septem­
ber 1957, pp. 3-8. 25 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.)


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Personnel Management and Practices
Job Attitudes: Review of Research and Opinion. By Fred­
erick Herzberg and others. Pittsburgh, Psychological
Service of Pittsburgh, 1957. 279 pp., bibliographies.
Differences in Motivation Among White-Collar Workers.
By Waino W. Suojanen and G. C. Hoyt. (In Per­
sonnel, American Management Association, New
York, September-October 1957, pp. 26-31. $1.75;
$1.25 to AMA members.)
Career Satisfactions of Professional Engineers in Industry.
Washington, Professional Engineers Conference Board
for Industry (in cooperation with National Society of
Professional Engineers), [1957]. 84 pp. $3; $1.50 to
NSPE members.
Gaining Maximum Effectiveness of Engineers and Techni­
cians. By Gavin A. Pitt. (In Advanced Manage­
ment, Society for the Advancement of Management,
New York, October 1957, pp. 5-9. $1; 75 cents for
Society members.)
Problems and Practices in Engineering Management. New
York, American Management Association, 1957. 132
pp. (Special Report 24.) $3.75; $2.50 to AMA
members.
Leadership and Human Relations— A Selected Bibliography.
By Edith Arien. Chicago, University of Chicago,
Industrial Relations Center, June 1957. 66 pp.
Rev. ed. (Significant Sources in Management, Or­
ganization, Industrial Relations, 6.)
Work Sampling. By Robert E. Heiland and Wallace J.
Richardson. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
Inc., 1957. 243 pp., bibliography. $6.

Vacations
Paid Vacation Plans, California Union Agreements, 1957.
(In California Industrial Relations Reports, Depart­
ment of Industrial Relations, Division of Labor Sta­
tistics and Research, San Francisco, September 1957,
pp. 3-18.)
Vacations with Pay in Canadian Industry. (In Labor
Gazette, Canadian Department of Labor, Ottawa,
September 1957, pp. 1103-1112. 50 cents; 25 cents
in Canada.)

80
Wages, Salaries, and Hours
Earnings of Communications Workers, October 1956. By
Thomas C. Mobley. Washington, U. S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (in cooperation
with Federal Communications Commission), 1957.
10 pp. (BLS Report 121.) Free.
Salaries and Earnings of Engineering Teachers, 1956. By
William H. Miernyk and Morris A. Horowitz.
Urbana, 111., University of Illinois, American Society
for Engineering Education, 1957. 19 pp. 25 cents.
Wage Rates and Ranges for Selected Occupations in Cities
and Other Governmental Units. Chicago, Building
Service Employees International Union, AFL-CIO,
Department of Research and Education, 1957. 19
pp.
Thirty-ninth Annual Report of Wage Rates and Hours of
Labor in Canada, October 1956. Ottawa, Canadian
Department of Labor, Economics and Research
Branch, 1957. 275 pp. In English and French.
$1, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa.
Time Rates of Wages and House of Labor, [Great Britain),
April 1957. London, Ministry of Labor and National
Service, 1957. 291 pp. 11s., H. M. Stationery Office,
London.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958
Working Mothers and the Day Nursery. By Ethel S. Beer.
New York, Whiteside Inc., and William Morrow &
Co., 1957. 189 pp. $3.50.
Economic Theory and Under-Developed Regions. By
Gunnar Myrdal. London, Gerald Cuckworth &
Co., Ltd., 1957. xii, 168 pp. 18s.
The Secular Outlook: Wages and Prices. By John T.
Dunlop. Los Angeles, University of California, In­
stitute of Industrial Relations, 1957. 17 pp. $1.
The Negro Moves Up. By James P. Mitchell. {In Reader’s
Digest, Pleasantville, N. Y., December 1957, pp.
46-52. 35 cents. Also reprinted.)
Social Aspects of European Economic Co-operation. By
André Philip.
{In International Labor Review,
Geneva, September 1957, pp. 244-256. 60 cents.
Distributed in United States by Washington Branch
of ILO.)
Tieaty Establishing the European Economic Community.
{In International Labor Review, Geneva, October
1957, pp. 400-406. 60 cents. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.)

Miscellaneous

Annual Report of the Ministry of Labor and National Service,
[Great Britain], for 1956. London, 1957. 161 pp.
(Cmnd. 242.) 6s., H. M. Stationery Office, London.

Work Simplification. By Gerald Nadler. New York,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1957. ix, 292 pp.,
bibliography. $6.50.

Economic Survey of Japan, 1956-57. Tokyo, Japanese
Government, Economic Planning Agency, 1957.
352 pp.


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Current Labor Statistics
CONTENTS
A.—Employment and Payrolls
83 Table A -l.
84 Table A-2.
88 Table A-3.
91 Table A-4.
91 Table A-5.
Table A-6.
Table A-7.
92 Table A-8.
93 Table A-9.

Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing
Government civilian employment and Federal military personnel
Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1
Insured unemployment under State programs and the program of
unemployment compensation for Federal employees, by geographic
division and State
Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, se­
lected operations

B.—Labor Turnover
94 Table B -l.
95 Table B-2.

Labor turnover rates in manufacturing
Labor turnover rates in selected industries

C,—Earnings and Hours
97 Table C -l.
113 Table C-2.
113 Table C-3.
114 Table C-4.
115 Table C-5.
Table C-6.

Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1947-49
dollars
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construc­
tion activity
Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production
workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
Gross average weekly hours and average overtime hours of produc­
tion workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 1

1This table is included in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

81

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

82

CONTENTS—Continued
D.

Consumer and Wholesale Prices
116 Table D -l.
117 Table D-2.
117 Table D-3.
118 Table D-4.
119
120
121
122
124
124

Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table

D-5.
D-6.
D-7.
D-8.
D-9.
D-10.

Consumer Price Index—United States city average: All items and
major groups of items
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Food, housing,
apparel, transportation, and their subgroups
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Special groups of
items
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Retail prices
and indexes of selected foods
Consumer Price Index—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
Consumer Price Index—Food and its subgroups, by city
Indexes of wholesale prices, by major groups
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices, by economic sectors
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings

Work Stoppages
125 Table E -l.
Building and Com
126 Table F -l.
127 Table F-2.
128 Table F-3.
128 Table F-4.
129 Table F-5.
130 Table F-6.

construction
Building permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership,
class of construction, and type of building
Building permit activity: Valuation, by class of construction and
geographic region
Building permit activity: Valuation, by metropolitan-nonmetro­
politan location and State
Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by owner­
ship and location, and construction cost

G. —Work injuries
131 Table G -l. Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 2
J This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.


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A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

83

A.—Employment and Payrolls
T able A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1
1957»

Employment status
N ov.3

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1956
May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.»

Annual average
1956

1955

Total, both sexes
Total labor force_____________

70, 790 71, 299 71,044 71,833 73,051 72,661 70, 714 69, 771 69, 562 69,128 68,638 69, 855 70,560

70,387

68,896

Civilian labor force ____________
Unemployment________ _____
Unemployed 4 weeks or less
Unemployed 5-10 weeks ............
Unemployed 11-14 weeks ______
Unemployed 15-26 weeks . . .
Unemployed over 26 weeks ____
Employm ent_____________
Nonagricultural____________ _
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 h o u rs_______
Worked 1-14 hours.............
With a job but not at work 4
Agricultural ______________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours...........
Worked 1-14 hours_________
With a job but not at work A

68,061
3,188
1, 724
699
240
280
243
64,873
59,057
42,170
11,558
3,090
2,239
5, 817
3,586
1,427
548
256

67, 530
2, 551
1, 214
594
211
301
232
64,979
58, 394
46,062
6, 715
2, 648
2,969
6, 585
4', 577
1,399
416
192

65,847
2, fi54
1,138
598
217
367
336
63,193
56' 464
45,046
6' 422
2, 261
2, 736
6’ 730
4,887
l) 332
' 314
196

68, 513
2, 508
1,272
538
175
268
255
66,005
59,168
47,051
6,784
2,934
2,399
6,837
4,893
1,383
390
172

68, 225
2, 552
1,438
448
210
263
193
65, 674
59,156
47, 652
6.207
2,664
2,632
6. 518
4,318
1,633
421
146

68, 994
2, 609
1,386
506
247
238
232
66, 385
59, 562
45,992
5, 637
2, 110
5,823
6,823
4,918
1, 364
317
224

70, 228
3,007
1, 582
731
201
234
260
67, 221
59, 449
44, 272
5,969
2, 345
6. 863
7, 772
5, 742
1, 514
366
150

69, 842
3,337
2,028
620
182
261
247
66,504
58,970
46,988
6,241
2,498
3,243
7, 534
5,402
1,622
396
115

67, 893
2,715
1,398
520
161
377
260
65,178
58, 519
47,116
6, 576
2,942
1,886
6, 659
4,616
1, 523
351
170

66, 951
2, 890
1,251
507
224
439
267
64. 261
58, 506
47, 230
6,671
2,920
1,684
5, 755
3, 851
1,411
356
137

66, 746
2,882
1,167
684
368
410
253
63. 865
58, 431
46, 989
6, 699
3,065
1,678
5, 434
3, 492
1,352
364
225

66,311
3,121
1, 335
' 883
288
390
227
63,190
57, 996
46,183
7,134
2, 894
1,787
5,195
3, 254
1,264
454
222

65, 821
3, 244
1, 645
808
292
312
188
62, 578
57,643
46, 638
6,612
2, 672
1, 721
4, 935
3,032
1,162
471
270

Total labor force____________________ 48, 286 48, 503 48, 620 49, 745 50,307 50,160 48, 657 48, 214 48,006 47, 692
Civilian labor force_________________ 45, 589 45,751 45,835 46,940 47, 517 47,375 45, 870 45, 428 45,223 44,908
Unemployment__________ _______ _ 2,041 1,594 1,565 1, 596 1,803 2,054 1,665 1,809 1, 950 2,095
Employm ent___________ _________ 43, 548 44,156 44, 270 45,344 45, 713 45,321 44, 205 43, 620 43, 273 42, 813
N onagr icultural___ ___________ 38, 713 38,865 39,155 39, 953 39, 738 39,647 38, 982 38, 747 38, 635 38,331
Worked 35 hours or more___ 29,402 32, 773 33,371 32, 992 31, 823 33,713 33, 251 33,027 33,046 32,439
Worked 15-34 hours........... .
6, 471 3,317 2,992 2,711 2, 891 2,984 3,165 3, 350 3,260 3,424
Worked 1-14 hours________
1,381 1,240 1,162
950 1, 010 1,096 1,309 1,248 1,218 1, 228
With a job but not at work 4 1,458 1, 534 1,630 3,299 4, 015 1,854 1,257 1,122 1, 111 1,240
Agricultural____________ _____ _ 4,834 5,292 5,115 5,391 5, 975 5,674 5,222 4, 872 4,638 4, 482
Worked 35 hours or more___ 3,264 4, 111 3,779 4, 221 4,862 4,499 4, 006 3, 560 3, 279 3,076
Worked 15-34 hours.......... .
952
758
741
925
754
820
815
912
856
867
Worked 1-14 hours________
393
270
282
231
238
260
249
282
309
354
With a job but not at work '
226
153
198
121
128
96
152
118
194
185

47, 498 47,927 48, 303

48, 579

48, 054

44, 714
2,150
42, 564
38, 244
32, 619
3,291
1, 143
1,190
4,320
2, 854
825
400
240

45, 756
1,608
44,148
38, 870
32, 536
3,388
1,135
1,810
5,278
3,993
806
308
171

45, 041
1,752
43, 290
37,803
31,897
3, 257
967
1,681
5,487
4,298
777
233
177

67,029
2, 479
1,231
580
183
238
247
64. 550
59, 440
48,309
6, 555
2,804
1, 772
5,110
3,245
1,175
460
229

67, 732
2, 463
l ’ 401
’ 443
182
233
204
65, 269
59,076
43; 158
11, 164
2,775
1,980
6,192
4,163
1, 445
433
151

Males

45,135
1, 665
43, 470
39,112
33, 620
3,080
1, 219
1,193
4, 358
2, 998
773
378
210

45, 508
1,466
44,042
39,020
30, 422
6,232
1.126
1,240
5,022
3,741
837
307
137

Females
Total labor force______________

22, 506 22,796 22, 424 22,088 22, 745 22,500 22,056 21, 556 21, 557 21,436 21,140 21,928 22,258

21,808

20,842

Civilian labor force____________
Unemployment_________ ____ ____
Em ploym ent_________ . . .
Nonagricultural________ _____
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours _____
Worked 1-14 hours . _____
With a job but not at work 4
Agricultural__________________
Worked 35 hours or more___
W orked 15-34 hours_____ .
Worked 1-14 hours . . ___
With a job but not at work 4

22,473
1,147
21,326
20,343
12, 768
5,086
1, 709
780
982
322
476
155
30

21, 774
943
20, 831
19, 524
13, 526
3,327
1,513
1,158
1,307
585
594
108
21

20,806
903
19, 904
18,601
13,147
3,104
1,294
1,055
1,243
589
656
81
19

22, 763
914
21,849
20,303
14,278
3,467
1,694
864
1, 546
782
625
120
19

22, 390
986
21,404
20. 001
14. 281
3, 215
1,502
1.002
1,403
539
708
139
17

22,054
1,013
21,041
19,609
12,999
2, 926
1,159
2, 524
1,433
697
623
86
26

22, 711
1,203
21, 508
19, 711
12. 449
3, 078
1,335
2,849
1, 797
879
760
129
29

1 Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
* Beginning with January 1957, two groups numbering between 200,000 and
300,000 which were formerly classified as employed (under “with a job but
not at work”) were assigned to different classifications, mostly to the unem­
ployed. For a full explanation, see M onthly Report on the Labor Force,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

22,467
1,283
21,183
19,323
13,275
3, 257
1,402
1,389
1,860
902
802
137
19

22,023
1,050
20, 974
19, 537
13,865
3,411
1,632
628
1,437
609
708
101
18

21, 523
882
20,641
19, 758
14, 203
3.322
1,672
562
883
291
499
74
19

21, 524
932
20,592
19, 796
13,943
3,439
1,847
567
796
213
496
56
31

21, 403
1,026
20,377
19, 665
13, 745
3, 710
1, 666
544
712
178
398
100
36

21,107
1,094
20, 013
19, 399
14, 018
3,321
1, 529
531
614
178
337
71
30

21,894
814
21,080
20,327
14, 689
3,475
1,585
579
752
248
403
82
20

22, 224
997
21, 227
20, 056
12, 736
4,932
1,649
740
1,171
422
608
126
14

February 1957 (Current Population Reports, Labor Force, Series P-57,
No. 176).
* Survey week contained legal holiday.
4 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as
unemployed.
Source: U. 3. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

84

T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In th o u sa n d s]

Annual
average

1956

1957
In d u stry
N ov.3 O ct.3 Sept.
T otal employees.................................................
M ining

__________________________ _

M etal
___________ _______________
iron
_______________________
Copper
________________________
Bead and zinc
_______________ - ___
A n th ra c ite ___________ - ______________
Bitnminnns-eoal _ ________________- __

Contract construction_____________________

July

June

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1956

1955

52, 753 53, 059 53,152 52,891 52,605 52, 881 52, 482 52, 270 51, 919 51, 704 51, 716 53,639 53,007 51,878 50,056
834
105.5

236.4

Crude-petroleum and natural-gas prod u ct ion
_____________________
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)---------------- ______
MorimptalUn mining and q u arrv in e_____

Aug.

117.8
3,037

N onhnilding construction ____________
H ighw ay and street,
________ ____
Other nonbuilding construction______
Building c o n stru c tio n _________________
General c o n tra c to rs _________________
Plum bing and heatin g _____________
P ainting and decorating___________
Electrical work
________________
Othep special-trade c o n tra c to rs _____

837
105. 4
37.9
30.2
14.9

853
110.1
39.6
32.0
15.4

8G2
112.2
40.1
32.8
15.9

857
113.4
39.3
33.4
16.8

858
112.4
38.9
33.4
17.5

835
111.9
38.2
33.0
17.4

833
110.8
36.1
33.5
18.2

831
110.2
34.8
33.9
18.3

833
110.2
34.9
33.7
18.3

832
110.2
35.1
33.6
18.3

837
111. 1
35.7
33.7
18.3

837
111.3
36. 5
33.7
18.1

816
108.3
34.6
33.3
17.4

777
101.4
34. 2
28.9
16.6

28.5
237.1

28.4
237.0

27.2
237.9

31.0
231.3

30.6
241.9

26.6
238.7

28.5
239.0

30.4
240.1

30.8
242.9

31.1
242.0

31.8
242.4

30.6
240.7

29.7
230.8

31.3
218.7

346.1

356.3

363.1

362.0

354.8

340.0

339.8

338.8

338.7

336.5

336.1

335.4

330.8

317.1

201.8

200.4

197.6

197.6

196.4

189.0

110.0

111.8

115.7

118.7

116.2

108.3

206.0
120.3

213.3
121.2

217.6
121.3

217.6
119.2

212.0
118.7

203.6
118.2

204.0
115.3

202.3
111.8

3,220 3,285 3,305 3,275 3,232 3, 082 2,906 2,756
514
663 572
714
738
728
713
730
319.6 333.8 340. 4 331.0 321.5 296.2 237.3 199.9
393.4 396.4 397.4 397.4 392.0 306.8 334.7 314.1
2,518 2,419 2,334 2, 242
2, 507 2, 555 2, 567 2, 547
979.2 1,009.6 1,030.2 1,039.8 1,005. 5 977.5 944.6 898.7
1,
512.
5 1, 441.1 1,389. 5 1,343.3
1. 527. 9 1, 545.4 1,537.0 1, 507.1
350.6 351.8 344.2 ' 332.6 342.7 333.7 334.6 331.8
205.2
226.6
190. 5 176.5 159.0
226.5
212.5 223.0
237.4 240.2 242.7 241.2 237.2 223.5 218.2 219.5
660.2 633.0
727.4
693.4
727.4 730.4 723. 5 700.8

2,673 2,667 2,997 3,174 2,993 2.759
606
647
516
496
502
580
184.9 191.5 233.3 274.1 263. 3 232.4
310.6 310.4 346.9 372.8 342.6 284.0
2,177 2,165 2, 417 2, 527 2,387 2, 243
878.2 885.7 1,001.6 1,054. 7 995.1 922.6
1,298. 5 1, 279. 5 1,415.5 1,472. 5 1, 391. 8 1,320.8
331.5 335.1 345.7 351.1 334.0 317.0
148.9 151.5 176.4 192.0 179. 5 162.3
221.0 223.2 228.7 226.4 198.1 168.4
597.1 569.7 664.7 703.0 680.2 673.1

___________ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 555 16,787 1G, 905 1G, 955 16,710 16,852 16, 762 16,822 16,933 16,945 16,959 17,159 17,180 16,905 16,563
9, 913 9. 895 9, 927 9,976 9,992 9,990 10,067 10,071 9,825 9, 549
D urable goods 3________________ 9,569 9. 691 9. 710 9,802 9, 756
6,939 6, 867 6, 895 6,957 6,953 6,969 7,088 7,113 7,080 7,014
N ondurable goods *____________ 6,986 7,096 7,195 7,153 6, 954
126.5
126.7 127.6 129.4 130.0 130.6 132.0 132.9 131.7 130.6 139.2
126.2
117.3
123.6
119.7
Ordnance and accessories_________. . . . . .

M anufacturing

Fend and kindred p roducts____________ 1, 525.9 1, 590.3 1, 673.6 1, 654.6 1, 578. 9 1,510.7 1,451.8 1,433.1 1,430.8 1,429. 2 1, 459.0 1, 521.8 1, 573.0 1, 552.0 1.536.9
330.0 330.4 327.0 328.9 325.7 320.7 320.3 323.1 325.4 338.2 350.8 353.1 337.4 325.9
M eat p ro d u c ts __ __________________
99.4
98.7 102.6 103.8 105.7 109.3 112.7
99.4 103.2 109.1 111.1 109.8 104.3 101.5
D airy products __ __________________
260.1 347.5 326. 7 253.9 197.1 168.2 166.1 158.0 159. 5 164.9 183.0 215.8 231.1 227. 4
Canning and preserving_____________
116.5 117.0 116.8 118.7 121.3
116.3
116.1
114.4
118.2
113.2
113.
5
115.1
117.0
118.0
Grain-mill products_________________
290.7 290.9 292.4 292.2 289.5 287.6 286.5 285.9 286.2 286.3 290.8 292.1 289.1 285.9
B akery products
_ _ _________
32.4
30.4
42.7
46.8
31.8
25.9
25.2
25.4
28.7
27.1
25.0
27.9
43.1
29.8
Sugar
_________________________
86.6
86.6
79.3
79.8
77.4
79.1
81.1
75.6
73.5
78.8
73.8
71.3
85.2
83.7
Cnnfect.ion ery and related products___
222.7 226.8 229.9 234.4 229.4 218.8 207.4 209.0 202.7 204.2 211.1 218.1 215.3 211.1
Beverages
_ ____________
142.1 143.3 143.8 144.1 145.1 140.2 135. £ 136.7 135.4 134.8 136.0 138.0 140.0 140.4
M iscellaneous food products__________
Tobacco m anufactures_________________
C igarettes
_ ______________
Cigars
________________________
Tobacco and snuff
_ ________
Tobacco stem m ing and redrying. __ _

97.2

981.8
Textile-m ill products____ ____________
Scouring and combing p lants
"Yarn and thread mills
Broad-woven fabric m ills______ ______
N arrow fabrics and small w ares........ .
K n ittin g m ills______________________
D yeing and finishing textiles_________
Carpets rugs, other floor coverings
H ats (except cloth and millinery)
M iscellaneous textile goods---------------- —

103.9
35.2
32.7
6.5
29.5

108.3
35.8
32.3
6.6
33.6

100.0
35.7
32.0
6.6
25.7

998.3 1,003.0 1,002.3
6.6
6.4
5.9
117.6 118.2 116.1
424.1 426.4 427.5
29. 1
29. c
29.;
215.7 216.5 217.2
87. £
88.3
88.5
49.9
50.3
50.3
10.0
10.1
9.7
58.0
57.7
57.0

80.1
34.2
30.1
6.3
9.5

82.5
34.3
32.6
6.6
9.0

81.9
33.7
32.9
6.6
8.7

82.8
33.7
33.4
6.7
e.c

85.9
33.7
33.4
6.7
12.1

92.6
33.7
33.7
6.7
18.5

97.3
34.2
33.1
6.7
23.;

101.7
34.3
34.4
6.7
26.3

104.7
34.6
34.7
6.8
28.6

97.3
34.2
34.5
7.0
21.6

102.2
33.0
38.1
7.4
23.7

986.2 1,004. 2 1,003.6 1,012.1 1,020.1 1,024. 5 1,026.9 1,039.3 1,046. 7 1,057.3 1,077.0
6.9
6.6
6. £
6.8
6.4
6.i
6.7
6.2
6.4
6. £
6.6
114.9 117.7 118.1 118.5 119.2 120.5 120.7 121.6 121.5 123.0 129.9
423.1 428.4 429.2 434.5 437.4 441.5 444.9 448.1 449.9 457.2 467.4
29.2
29.8
30.5
29.6
29.8
29.6
29.8
29.4
29. (
29.2
28.5
211.2 216.2 213.2 211.7 212.6 209.6 208.9 215.6 221.7 220.6 221.9
91.0
89.6
90.6
90.8
91.7
89.;
89.1
88.!
88.1
88.0
86.1
54.2
53.1
53.5
55.2
54.0
53.;
54.;
52.8
49.4
51. 1
49.0
13.1
11.7
12.3
11.1
11.8
11.5
10.!
11.5
10.6
10.0
10.2
61.0
61.6
63.5
60.4
61.3
61.7
59.2
60.0
57.9
58.2
56.8

A pparel and other finished textile produ c t s _____________________________ 1,198. 7 1, 210.: 1, 219.' 1,219.5 1,156. 8 1,180.5 1,173. 2 1, 204. 1, 233.4 1, 228. 5 1,209.2 1,227.4 1,226.9 1, 215.4 1, 206.3
124.8 124.8 124.5 125. S 125.1 124.1 119.7
122. f 121.1 122.
119.2 121.7 121.8 ii7 .;
M en ’s and hnvs’ suits and coats______
M en ’s and boys’ furnishings and work
312.5 315.5 312.5 303.! 309.4 304.! 307.2 310.! 309.0 303.3 305.6 311.1 315.4 309.7
clothing
_________________
347.5 354.2 358. ‘ 328.4 336.1 337.2 357.! 372.6 372.1 368.! 371. C 359.0 356.4 358.0
W omen's outerw ear _________________
124. C 124.2 122.0 115.8 119.2 121.1 123.8 124.8 123.6 120.7 121.8 125.0 121.6 119.7
W o m e n ’s, children's undergarm ents__
20.2
16.0
18.7
18. S
is. e
22. ‘
21.9
20.;
14.1
15.;
19.7
16.1
18.7
19.7
"Millinery _
_____________________
74.8
73.0
74. £
75.1
76.;
78. <
75.8
72. ;
79. e
75.4
C hildren’s outerw ear
80.'
78. £
78.
80.1
12.8
13.1
11.6
12.3
10.
C
9.8
9.5
9.8
11.7
12. C
12.5
ii. e
12.'
12.7
Fur goods
_ ___________________
61.4
65.S
63.4
62.8
61.2
61.:
60.
62.7
61.7
60.;
64.2
63.;
60. £
64.
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories
132.3
134.
136.
129.4
129.7 128.1 127.7
129.
123.; 125.1 126.3 129.
131.
127.
O ther fabricated textile products------See footnotes at end of table.


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85

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T a b l e A -2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1956

1957
In d u stry
N ov.2 Oct.2
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)_________________________ 668.4
Logging camps and contractors_______
Sawmills and planing m ills.-..................
Miliwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood p ro d u cts....................
Wooden containers__________________
Miscellaneous wood products_________ —
Furniture and fixtures_________________ 373.7
Household furniture_________________
Office, public-building, and profes­
sional furniture........................................
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures______ _____________________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures______________
Paper and allied products______________ 579.2
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills-----Paperboard containers and boxes....... ..
Other paper and allied products....... . —
Printing, publishing, and allied Indus­
t r ie s ..................................... .................... 875.6
Newspapers________________________
Periodicals__________________________
Books_________ ____________________
Commercial printing..................................
Lithographing..............................................
Greeting cards............................................
Bookbinding and related industries----Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services___________________________

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1955

689.9
91.1
360.6

699.5
88.4
368.9

713.5
94.7
376.8

101.6

729.7
110.9
377.3

368.4

100.6

680.0
83.2
359.5

660.9
75.4
349.4

657.4
72.0
349.4

662.9
71.4
353.5

696.9
89.0
366.9

102.6

373.0

377.5

741.4
104.0
388.1

746.6
103.0
393.1

132.2
50.1
55.9

135.0
50.8
56.4

135.5
50.0
56.5

132.7
50.1
56.3

131.9
52.5
57.1

129.2
52. 5
57.4

127.2
52.2
57.9

126.4
52.0
57.7

125.9
52.6
57.5

127.2
53.3
57.5

129.2
53.6
58.2

131.3
53.6
58.9

135.8
55.0
58.5

139.8
55.3
55.4

378.3
268.3

379.8
267.9

378.2
266.6

369.6
259.1

371.8
261.0

368.6
259.1

372.5
263. 2

373.1
263.1

373.9
263.1

373.0
261.5

380. 4
267.4

381.0
268.4

379.0
266.4

368.2
259.3

46.1

47.4

47.7

47.0

47.5

47.1

47.6

47.4

47.9

47.4

48.0

48.2

48.1

44.2

37.7

37.6

37.6

38.3

38.5

37.7

37.9

37.7

26.5

26.7

26.6

27.0

38.3
25.6

39.2
25.3

38.8
25.1

713.7

38.8
24.7

38.6
24.7

708.1

38.1
24.3

723.9

1956

24.0

25.0

25.3

25.8

573.1
279.6
155.9
137.6

575.7
280.9
157.6
137.2

580.1
282.5
160.5
137.1

577.0
279.2
161.9
135.9

569.9
278.0
156.7
135.2

550.0
271.2
148.3
130.5

861.0
318.8
61.0
54.7
225.8
62.1
16.2
45.9

862.2
317.3
61, 5
.54.4
228.1
62.2
17.2
46.2

874.8
321.0
66.5
54.4
228.9
64.0
18.7
46.5

316. 7
65.6
54.0
227.3
64.5

868.6

852.5
313.7
64.2
53. 1
222.4
63.1
18.8
46.0

823.6
302.1
64.0
51.1
214.2
62.0
18.9
42.9

580.4
276.8
164.3
139.3

580.6
277.8
163.5
139.3

576.0
278.4
159.4
138.2

569.7
276.0
156.6
137.1

578.7
281.5
158.8
138.4

573.1
277.8
157.1
138.2

575.0
278.8
157.1
139.1

574.6
279.1
156.7
138.8

875.8
322.9
61.7
53.5
231. 6
63.1
19.1
46.7

869.9
321.6
60.9
53.6
229.3
62.6
18.1
47.1

859. 5
317.9
58.9
53.4
228.9
62.2
17.3
45.8

860.3
320.0
59.1
53.6
228.0
62.1
17.2
45.4

861.7
321.8
58.5
53.3
227.2
62. 5
17.6
46.1

859.5
320.5
59.2
53.4
227.0
62.1
16.6
45.9

863.8
320.0
59.7
54.0
227.6
62.6
16.4
46.4

864.4
319.5
60.5
55.0
227.9
62.7
16.3
45.9

20.0

46.1

77.2

76.7

75.1

74.9

74.7

74.8

77.1

76.6

76.5

75.3

74.8

74.4

71.2

68.4

Chemicals and allied products_________ 826.6
Industrial inorganic chemicals________
Industrial organic chemicals__________
Drugs and m ed icin es..____ __________
Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara­
tions-------------------- ----------------------Paints, pigments, and filler s..................
Gum and wood chemicals____________
Fertilizers.................. ..................................
Vegetable and animal oils and fats____
Miscellaneous chemicals____ ____ ____

833.7
105.7
310.7
106.2

833.9
107.0
313.3
105.7

832.5
107.6
315.1
105.5

829.4
107.7
316.0
104.4

831.8
108.1
315.8

837.8
108.0
314.7
101.5

841.8
107. 7
316.4
101.5

840.1
107.7
317.1
101.4

835.7
107.6
317.4
100.9

834.5
107.8
318.8
100.3

834.4
107.8
318.0
100.5

832.6
107.7
316.9

100.2

830.6
108.4
315.7
97.7

810.5
105.0
308.6
93.2

50.6
76.6
8.7
42.0
39.4
96.6

50.6
76.6

50.1
76.2
8.5
33.3
42.1
97.9

50.3
76.5
8.4
32.2
42.7
97.7

50.3
76.2
8.4
36.0
40.5
97.4

49.8
73.8

36.7
40.6
96.7

50.2
76.4
8.5
34.4
41.2
96.9

255.6
204.4

255.9
204.5

253.0
203.9

255.2
203.9

256.0
203.9

202.6

254.3

252.8
201.3

102.6

51.2
78.6

50.6
79.0

33.8
42.2
98.4

51.3
77.9
8.7
33.3
39.0
97.7

31.0
36.3
98.4

Products of petroleum and coal_________ 259.3
Petroleum refining__________________
Coke, other petroleum and coal
products__________________________

258.5
205.7

261.3
208.1

261.3
208.5

52.8

53.2

52.8

52.7

52.8

51.8

51.3

51.2

51.4

49.1

51.3

52.1

51.7

51.5

Rubber products______________________ 267.5
Tires and inner tubes________________
Rubber footwear____________________
Other rubber products_______________

269.4
111.7

266.9

264.7
111.3

259.7

255.7
104.5

262.1
110.7

271.1
113.1

274.5
113. 6

133.2

110.6
22.0 21.6 21.8 21.6

269.9
113.1

135.7

131.4

127.5

129.4

129.8

249.7
97.5
21.7
130.5

134.7

135.9

138.3

274.3
113.6
22.9
137.8

251.6
94.6
23.3
133.7

269.2
111.5
24.1
133.6

271.9
115.4
22.5
134.0

Leather and leather p ro d u cts.......... ......... 374.1
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished.
Industrial leather belting and packing..
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings...
Footwear (except rubber)____________
Luggage........................................................
Handbags and small leather goods-----Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.

375.6
40.3
5.3
19.4
239.8
17.4
36.1
17.3

378.0
40.6
5.2
19.3
242.6
17.3
35.1
17.9

382.9
41.0
5.1
19.9
246.8
17.6
34.7
17.8

372.5
40.3
5.0

366.3
40.4
5.1
19.7
238. 4
16.8
29.2
16.7

375.3
40.7
5.2
19.9
243.7
16.6
32.6
16.6

382.3
40.9
5.2
20.4
248.2
16.8
34.0

381.5
42.7
5.2

245.8
15.9
33.0
14.7

378.9
42.2
5.3
20.4
244.2
16.3
33.9
16.6

376.1
42.2
5.2

1 6 .8

381.3
41.5
5.3
20.5
246. 5
16.5
35.0
16.0

376.6
41.7
5.3

243.2
17.0
29.9
17.1

373.9
41.0
5.0
19.9
243.6
17.1
30.2
17.1

239.6
16.4
35.2
17.4

246.3
16.6
33.7
17.0

382.9
44.6
5.0
18.3
248.4
16.8
33.1
16.7

Stone, clay, and glass products_________ 544.8
Flat glass____ ____ ______ ___________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic__________________
Structural clay products_____________
Pottery and related products_________ - ............. Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod­
ucts.______ ________ _______ _______
Cut-stone and stone products________
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products__________________________
See footnotes at end of table.

551.9
32.5
97.6
16.9
42.5
82.5
50.2

556.8
31.6
98.5
16.5
43.1
83.6
50.9

555.3
31.3
98.2
16.6
41.6
83.9
50.2

538.2
30.9
94.3
16.3
29.7
83.5
49.7

555. 2
30.7
97.7
16.5
41.5
83.3
51.4

550.4
30.7
96.0
16.5
42.6
80.7
52.0

549.0
31.5
94.8
16.7
42.2
80.5
53.4

545.5
32.3
94.1
16.9
42.4
79.3
54.0

543.0
33.4
93.1
16.9
42.3
78.1
54.6

545.6
34.2
93.6
17.2
42.4
80.5
54.0

558.0
34.9
95.5
17.8
43.2
83.2
55.1

563.4
35.0
96.9
17.8
43.4
84.6
55.3

561.5
34.2
95.0
17.5
43.4
86.9
54.6

548.1
33.5
93.7
17.3
42.6
82.6
53.9

118.9
19.3

120.9
19.2

120.9
19.2

121.5
19.2

91.5

92.5

93.4

93.1


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

51.1
77.0

8.6

111.6
22.0 22.1

8.8

30.5
35.5
96.9

50.7
77.9
8.5
33.5
36.5
98.2

42.5
37.2
97.7

50.3
77.0
8.7
44.9
38.0
97.3

259. 9
207.2

259.1
206.3

257.2
205.4

256.8
205.5

8.8

20.0

50.1
77.5

8.6

122.2 120.2

8.6

22.1 22.1 22.6
20.2

20.1 20.0

8.0

36.7
41.5
93.9

18.9

19.1

117.6
19.2

114.8
18.9

113.3
18.8

112.9
18.8

116.1
19.2

118.3
19.4

117.6
19.5

111.7
19.8

93.0

92.6

93.1

92.8

92.5

92.0

93.0

92 7

92.8

93.1

86

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958
T a b l e A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry —Continued
[In thousands]

N ov.2 Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

Annual
average

1956

1957

Industry

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1956

1955

Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries............................ 1,255.9 1, 277. 8 1,289. 4 1, 306. 5 1,302. 7 1,318.9 1, 318. 7 1,328.0 1,338.2 1,348.8 1, 355. 4 1,357.3 1,353.6 1,311.0 1, 284.1
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
m ills _____________________________
629. 6 641. 7 648.4 648.9 652.1 651. 5 654.6 659.5 662.2 661.8 663.7 663.5 630.6 635.3
Iron and steel foundries............................
223.6 218. 6 225. 4 224.3 229.0 229.8 231.5 234.9 240.4 241.8 242.9 240.9 241.0 230.5
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals............... ......................... _
64. 7
67.9
68.9
68.9
68.5
70.3
70.3
69.7
66.9
67.1
67.9
67.5
63.4
66.0
Secondary smelting and refining of
14.4
nonferrous metals_________________
14. 1
14.1
14.4
14.5
14.5
14.3
14.0
14.1
14.5
13.9
14.4
14.3
13.0
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals _ _______ ____ ______
108.0 109.0 111. 6 109. 9 112.3 112.2 112.4 109.7 112.2 115.8 115.5 115.5 116.9 114.0
Nonferrous foundries............. ................ __
79.6
83.5
76.6
76.4
82.3
82.6
83.8
83.3
76.1
75.3
77.0
77.4
79.6
77.5
Miscellaneous primary metal Industries............................................ ................
161.3 163.9 163.9 163.1 166. 5 165.5 166.6 168.5 168.4 167.4 166.9 166.4 161.1 150.4
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipm ent)...................................... 1,117.2 1,128.7 1,118.8 1,118.2 1,108. 2 1,125. 6 1,121.1 1,128. 2 1,134.1 1,138.8 1,137. 8 1,141.8 1,142. 2 1,116.6 1,108. 6
57.4
53.4
Tin cans and other tinware......................
59.9
55.4
53.3
55.1
58.4
54.7
53.8
58.9
60.6
57.7
56.6
58.3
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware___
145.2 140. 5 138.4 136.6 140.9 142.7 144.4 147.9 150.1 152.3 153.1 151.8 149. 2 154.1
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ su p p lies________________
109.9 109. 8 112. 8 109.7 111.4 111.7 111.7 111.4 111.6 110.3 113.6 117.0 121.4 125. 7
Fabricated structural metal products..
336.6 337.5 335. 4 332.4 334. 2 327. 5 323.4 322.1 320.2 317.0 316.7 316.0 303.4 278 2
Metal stamping, coating, and engrav228.8 219.1 220.1 222.6 228.7 230.4 236.0 240.6 244.1 246.3 247.5 246.6 234.3 242.4
i n g ______________________________
63.4
54.6
50.8
51.1
52.0
53.4
53.2
53.8
53. 5
51.9
51. 2
52.7
Lighting fixtures___________________
50.8
51.6
Fabricated wire products____________
59.4
62.1
64.9
58.7
59.1
60.4
63.8
65.0
65.1
62.8
61.9
59.5
60.6
61.1
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products___________________ t _________
139.8 140.4 139. 5 136.8 140. 5 140.4 141.2 141.2 140.9 139.9 138.7 139.1 137.9 137 2
Machinery (except electrical)__________ 1,603. 4 1, 631.1 1,657.0 1, 658. 7 1, 686.4 1, 714. 6 1, 728.4 1, 750.1 1, 764.0 1, 763. 6 1, 752.4 1, 740. 5 1, 722.2 1, 716. 4 1, 592.3
Engines and turbines................................
81.8
81.6
85.0
85.5
86.5
86.5
85.5
81.7
84.1
85.8
82.6
83.9
74.3
79.6
Agricultural machinery and tractors__
141.9 142. 5 142.4 143. 2 146. 6 147 7 154.2 157.3 154.7 149.4 144.9 139.2 149 5 154 3
Construction and mining m achinery...
143.9 148.3 149.6 151.2 152.1 153. 9 155.2 155.4 156.9 154.6 154.7 153.1 151.9 132. 7
Metalworking machinery____________
267.0 275.2 277.3 283.5 289.1 290.9 292.3 293.5 291.7 290.7 289.5 286.9 282.5 262.9
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)__________
177.0 177.6 176. 3 179.9 183. 7 183 6 183.8 185.4 185.8 187.9 188.4 188.2 188 1 179.0
General industrial machinery _______
260.3 263. 7 262. 6 267.7 267.3 266 7 268.2 269.8 269.2 268.3 267.3 267.1 259.6 236.8
Office and store machines and devices..
128.6 131. 5 132.2 131.3 134.9 135.2 136.0 136.4 136.0 134.5 131.4 130.0 124. 7 109.8
Service-industry and household ma161.1 165.0 163.5 174.1 179.6 187.3 192.9 196.7 199.6 198.5 196.1 193.7 205.6 189.3
chines............ ........................... ................
Miscellaneous machinery parts_______
269.5 271. 5 272.2 273.9 277.4 279.0 282. 5 284.0 283.2 282.7 281.7 278.5 274.9 253.2
Electrical machinery........... ................ ......... 1,219.8 1,239. 3 1,251.3 1,232. 8 1, 219. 7 1, 222.0 1, 211. 2 1,216. 2 1, 228.2 1. 232.0 1,236.2 1, 250. 7 1, 260.9 1, 202.9 1,123.6
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and Industrial appa409.5 415.0 410. 5 413.7 417. 6 419 6 424.1 428.6 430.1 433.0 433. 2 432.0 415 9 383.4
ratus.. . - . __________________
49.7
47.9
Electrical appliances. ___________
49.0
50.4
52 6
46 4
47 2
47.4
48 1
51 5
52. 6
52.4
63. 2
53.6
26.2
26.2
Insulated wire and cable. _
26. 4
26 2
26 1
22 8
26 2
26. 2
27. 5
27 6
27.1
26 0
26 8
27.0
75.1
72.6
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
74.8
75.3
79.1
77.2
72.6
73.6
71 8
79. 4
79 6
78.6
73 9
80 3
28.4
28.3
28.4
Electric lamps___ __ . _ _____
27 1
26 6
28 2
28 4
28. 5
28 6
28 6
28 3
28 4
28 4
28 5
Communication equipm ent__________
600.3 606.2 596. 9 580.9 578 6 568 0 562.4 564.9 565 5 566 1 579. 7 592.1 557 7 515 7
50.2
50.0
Miscellaneous electrical products____
51.5
49 6
48 4
50. 3
49.3
49.3
48 8
49.0
50. 4
51.2
48 9
50.0
Transportation equipment_____________ 1, 844.0 1, 832. 2 1, 787. 4 1,876. 5 1, 888. 3 1,925. 9 1,941.4 1,950.8 1,980.1 1,984. 7 1,977.3 1,971.0 1, 928.1 1, 830. 5 1,832.1
Motor vehicles and equipm ent*... .. _
763.2 694. 3 772 5 762.9 703 0 812 7 823 4 853 1 863 6 872 7 876 4 856 1 816 2 903 8
Aircraft and parts___________________
848.0 868. 5 885 8 902.0 905 6 906 9 909.1 90S 6 904 8 891 5 884 6 870. 7 814 4 740 6
517.1 529. 5 542 4 553.9 556 2 558 3 557.0 557. 2 554 9 546 8 540 0 531 6 499 1 466 6
Aircraft..
___ ________________
165. 5 169. 7 173 0 176.9 178 9 179 7 183.3 184 2 183. 8 181.0 181 1 177. 7 165 6 147 1
Aircraft engines and parts____ . . .
Aircraft propellers and parts_____ . .
21.0
21.0
20. 6
20. 5
16 9
13 8
20 4
20.6
20 4
19 7
19 6
19 0
20 6
20 1
144.4 148.7 149.9 150.2 149.9 148.5 148.2 146.8 146.0 144.0 143.9 142.4 132.8 113.0
Other aircraft parts and* equip m ent..
145.6 146.9 146.5 146.6 148.7 146.5 143.6 145.2 142.3 139.6 137.6 132.3 128.9 123.0
Ship and boat building and repairing..
Shipbuilding and repairing___ _____ ______ 129.6 131.2 130.7 129.8 129.9 127.1 124.0 125.5 122.7 120.7 119.5 115.1 110.0 101.0
Boatbuilding and repairing____ ____
16.0
15. 7
16.8
18 8
18 9
22 0
15. 8
19 4
19.6
19 7
19 6
18 9
17. 2
18 1
04.8
Railroad equipment________________
67.2
62 1
67.0
67. 7
65 0
55 8
61.1
65 6
65.3
64 0
65 2
63 6
58. 4
10.6
Other transportation equipment___ _
10. 7
9.6
10 0
9 9
90
10 6
9.4
9 2
9 0
88
83
10 6
9 7
Instruments and related products.. _ ___
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments___ ________ .
. .
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments____ . . .
______
Optical instruments and lenses. .
Surgical, medical, and dental instruments______ _____ ________________
Ophthalmic goods___________ ______
Photographic apparatus............. .........
Watches and clocks........ ............ ..............
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
Musical instruments and parts....... .......
Toys and sporting g o o d s -T ..._______
Pens, pencils, other office supplies.........
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions____
Fabricated plastics products.................
Other manufacturing industries______
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

332.3

______

—

491.8

336.9

338.8

340.5

335.2

338.0

339.0

342.3

342.2

341.2

341.7

343.4

343 4

335.9

71.6

73.2

75 4

75.6

75.1

74.8

75.6

73.9

73.8

72.7

72 2

71.9

67.3

57.6

84.1
13.7

84.4
13.6

84. 6
13. 6

84.6
13.8

85 4
13.8

85 5
13.7

86.4
14.0

87 3
14 1

86 3
14.1

87 5
14.0

88 2
14.1

88 1
14.0

85 6
13 !9

82 4

41.6
24.6
69.2
32.1

41.6
24. 2
70.0
31.8

41.3
24 0
70.4
31.2

41.5
23.5
70.0
26.2

42.2
24 0
69.4
28.1

42.2
24 0
68.5
30.3

42.3
24. 2
68.6
31.2

42.0
24 5
68.8
31,6

42.0
24 7
69.0
31.3

41.7
24 7
69.2
31.9

41.5
24 9
69.3
33.2

41.3
24 9
69.3
33.9

41.0
25 7

505.3
50.6
17.6
96.6
32.5
61.3
89.6
157.1

507.7
50.4
17.5
97.5
32.6
63. 4
90.4
155.9

494.8
48. 5
16.9
94. 3
32. 6
62. 5
88. 6
151.4

468.0
45.9
16.5
83.8
31.4
57.4
86.0
147.0

485.0
47. 2
16. 9
88. 9
31. 9
59. 5
88 8
151.8

480.6
47. 2
17.1
88. 2
31.1
58.1
88 0
150.9

480.1
47. 7
17.3
84.9
31.0
59. 0
87.9
152.3

479.4
48 8
17 8
80 8
30 7
60 3
89 9
151.1

477.6
50 1
18 0
79 1
30 7
60.4
89 6
149.7

475. 5
50 3
18 1
76 1
31 4
60. 8
89 6
149.2

498.5
51 6
18 9
85 0
32 3
62. 2
90 7
157.8

516.7
52.0
18 9
97 3
33 0
64.1
91 4
160.0

4 9 9 .3

6a i

3 4 .4

50 8
18 3
93 2
31 9
63 8
86 5
154! 8

321.0

ia 8
39.9
25 2
65.7
36.4
485.2
52 3
17 7
86 0
30 7
64 9
81 5
151.2

87

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

Table A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1956

1957
Industry
N o v .2 O ct.2 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1956

1955

4,116 4,158 4,206 4,215 4,199 4,181 4,156 4,153 4,147 4,120 4,126 4,194 4,184 4,157 4,062
T ran sportation a n d p u b lic u t ilit ie s __________
2,749 2, 747 2, 746 2, 723 2, 733 2,797 2, 785 2, 768 2,727
T r a n s p o r ta tio n ____________________________ 2, 706 2, 748 2, 783 2, 776 2,760 2,762
1 , 115.5 1,136.5 1,148.6 1,139.8 1,144. 5 1,137.1 1,136.0 1,132.0 1,132. 5 1,139.0 1,172. 5 1,174.1 1,190. 5 1, 205.3
I n te r s ta te ra ilro a d s............................................
1,011.9
1. 004.4 992.4 988.0 988.7 996.1 1,016.0 1,027. 7 1,042. 6 1,057.2
1,007.
2
1,007.
7
975.2
994.8
C la ss I r a i l r o a d s . . . ......................................
107.5 107.6 107.7 107.7 108.0 108.4 108.4 108.6 108.5 108.2 108.6 108.6 110.6 116.1
L oca l r a ilw a y s a n d b u s lin e s ____________
854.8 854.1 838.3 833.4 829.2 821.0 821.1 820.2 819.3 817.0 842.8 838.6 807.5 764.9
T r u c k in g a n d w a r e h o u sin g _____________
670.5 684.9 681.0 678.8 679.8 682.6 681.4 685.2 662.3 669.0 672.9 663.2 658.9 640.7
O th er tr a n s p o r ta tio n a n d s e r v ic e s ______
43.6
42.0
42.4
42.5
41.8
42.3
43.2
42.6
46.2
45.7
45.1
44.0
44.3
45.8
B u s lin e s , e x c e p t lo c a l.................. ...............
142.0 147.6 147.6 147.0 146.1 145.2 144.7 143.1 141.8 141.2 137.9 136.3 130.5 114.3
A ir tr a n s p o r ta tio n (c o m m o n c a r r ie r ).
802
803
750
795
799
803
809
806
824
824
813
810
814
808
807
C o m m u n ic a t io n ___________________________
765. 6 771.8 782.0 781.6 770.0 767.1 766.3 763.8 760.9 756.9 759.4 760.1 751.2 706.7
T e le p h o n e ...............................................................
42.4
42.3
41.4
42.1
42.6
41.8
42.1
41.7
41.9
41.9
41.5
41.9
41.3
41.3
T e le g r a p h ................................................................
596
585
595
594
593
594
597
595
615
615
606
597
609
602
603
O th er p u b lic u t ili t ie s _____________________
562.1
571.8
569.6
571.0
570.1
569.9
572.5
570.7
589.8
573.3
589.6
581.5
584.1
578.0
G a s an d e le c tr ic u t ili t ie s ................................
251.2 254.4 256.9 256.6 253.0 249.3 248.8 247.9 247.1 246.6 247.2 247.3 247.8 248.7
E le c tr ic lig h t an d p o w e r u t ili t ie s ..........
145.3 146.3 147.5 147.7 146.1 143.7 143.6 143.1 143.4 143.8 144. 5 145.2 144.2 140.8
G as u t ili t ie s .......................................................
E le c tr ic lig h t a n d gas u t ilit ie s c o m ­
181.5 183.4 185.4 185.3 182.4 180.3 180.1 179.7 179.4 179.2 179.3 179.3 178.1 172.6
b in e d ____________________ __________ _
23.8
23.0
23.8
23.9
23.6
23.6
24.0
24.9
24.4
23.9
24.0
24.9
24.3
24.5
L o c a l u t ilit ie s , n o t e lse w h e r e c l a s s if ie d ..

___

W h o le s a le a n d re ta il tr a d e __________________
W h o le s a le tr a d e ___________________________
W h o le sa le r s, fu ll-se r v ic e a n d lim ite d
f u n c tio n _____________________________
A u t o m o t iv e ________________ __________
G r oceries, food sp e c ia ltie s , beer,
w in e s , a n d liq u o r s _________ ________
E le c tr ic a l g o o d s, m a c h in e r y , h a r d ­
w a re, an d p lu m b in g e q u ip m e n t ----O th er fu ll-s e r v ic e a n d lim ite d -fu n c ­
tio n w h o le s a le r s ____________________
W h o le s a le d is tr ib u to r s , o t h e r . . . . . . ..........
R e ta il t r a d e ....................................... ........................
G en eral m er c h a n d ise sto r e s ------------------D e p a r tm e n t sto res a n d gen er a l m a il­
order h o u s e s __________ ___________
O th er g en eral m e r c h a n d is e s to r e s -----F o o d a n d liq u o r s to r e s ....................................
G r o cery , m e a t, a n d v e g e ta b le m a r ­
k e t s ______________ _______ _________
D a ir y p r o d u c t sto res an d d e a le r s ..........
O th er food a n d liq u o r sto r e s....................
A u t o m o t iv e an d a ccesso ries d ea le rs____
A p p a r e l a n d acc essories s to r e s ......... ..........
O th er r e ta il tr a d e ...............................................
F u r n itu r e a n d a p p lia n c e s to r e s ---------D r u g s to r e s ___________________________

11,839 11,673 11,620 11,499 11,493 11,505 11,411 11,428 11,265 11,225 11,298 12,260 11,657 11,292 10,846
3, 218 3,198 3,180 3,179 3,166 3,140 3,113 3,114 3,117 3,114 3,106 3,149 3,119 3,032 2,873
1, 844. 7 1, 837. 7 1,831.2 1, 825. 3 1, 807. 9 1, 795.8 1,796. 3 1,800.9 1,800. 6 1,803. 2 1,837.5 1,811. 2 1, 767. 5 1,679.4
126.1 126.3 125.8 125.1 123.7 121.6 121.6 120.3 119.8 119.5 119.5 119.1 118.8 113.4
323.7
465.8

324.6
465.7

320.6
467.4

321.2
466.3

319.3
464.4

315.2
460.9

318.4
461.4

319.2
462.8

317.8
462.7

316.4
462.4

322.3

318.1

464.8

464.1

310.2

298.4

456.9

432.2

929.1 921.1 917.4 917.2 900.5 898.1 894.9 898.6 900.3 904.9 930.9 909.9 881.6 835.4
1, 353.3 1, 342.2 1, 347. 7 1,340.3 1,332. 0 1,317.3 1,317.6 1,315.9 1,313.6 1,302.7 1,311.8 1,307.6 1, 264.9 1,193.9
8,621 8, 475 8,440 8,320 8, 327 8,365 8, 298 8,314 8,148 8,111 8,192 9,111 8. 538 8,260 7,973
1, 528. 5 1,447.4 1, 419.2 1,351. 6 1, 346.9 1,379. 8 1, 382. 2 1, 401.9 1,343.0 1,333. 2 1,387.7 1,969. 6 1,600. 2 1,450.7 1,430.9
930.6 909.3 874.1 871.1 888.4 885.0 890.5 862.0 859.2 899.4 1, 266. 8 1,049.1 938.8 912.7
516.8 509. 9 477.5 475.8 491.4 497.2 511.4 481.0 474.0 488.3 702.8 551.1 511.9 518.2
1, 654. 5 1, 627. 4 1, 613. 7 1, 599. 7 1, 605.8 1,606.9 1,600. 7 1,602.6 1,590.8 1, 586.8 1, 575.2 1,612. 2 1, 587.9 1, 553. 6 1,486.4
1,156. 9 1.140.1 1,120. 9 1,126.5 1,127. 6 1,126. 2 1,124. 7 1,123. 5 1,118. 5 1,113.3 1,137.0 1,119.0 1,086. 4 1,034.2
234.7 237.6 244.4 245. 4 241.9 237.3 234.0 230.3 227.3 226.7 227.4 228.8 231.9 226.6
235.8 236.0 234.4 233.9 237.4 237.2 243.9 237.0 241.0 235.2 247.8 240.1 235.3 225.6
807.4 801.1 801.1 805.2 806.5 803.6 798.2 795.8 796.0 793.2 794.1 816.6 804.1 808.7 803.0
646.1 625.9 614.7 571. 6 580. 7 619.8 621.7 657. 9 592.4 581.2 608.2 758.5 655.8 616.0 596.8
3, 984. 4 3, 973. 2 3, 991.1 3, 992. 2 3,987. 4 3,955.1 3, 895. 5 3, 855.6 3, 826.1 3,816.2 3, 827.1 3,954. 2 3,889. 5 3, 831.0 3,655.9
396.9 392.5 392.4 392.6 392.8 392.2 394.7 395.3 395.1 394.2 415.7 402.8 395.8 384.7
380.4 373.5 374.1 376.5 372.4 360.9 364.2 354.7 352.2 360.1 378.7 354.9 345. 6 328.5

F in a n c e , In su r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e _________
B a n k s a n d tr u s t c o m p a n ie s ---------------------S e c u r ity d ea le rs a n d e x c h a n g e s___________
In su r a n c e carriers an d a g e n t s ....................
O th er fin a n c e a g e n c ie s a n d real e s t a t e ___

2,353

2,353
623.7
83.8
858.5
787.4

2,361
621. 7
84.2
861.8
793.5

2,389
629.6
85.6
867.7
805.8

2,390
626.0
85.3
865.0
814.0

2,359
614. 4
83.8
853.1
807.8

2,329
6Ó6.7
82.8
845.8
793.4

2,320
6Ó6.9
83.0
845.6
784.3

2,310
605. 2
83.6
842.5
779.1

2,301
602.3
82.7
837.0
779.1

2,293
596.5
82.6
830.3
783.1

2,308
597.2
83.0
829.9
797.6

2,314
594.9
82.9
828.5
807.9

2,306
581.9
82.4
821.7
820.1

2,219
549.3
77.6
795.4
796.8

S e r v ic e a n d m is c e lla n e o u s ....................................
H o te ls an d lo d g in g p la c e s _______ _______ _
P e r s o n a l services:
L a u n d r ie s ----------------------------------------------C le a n in g an d d y e in g p la n ts ------------------M o tio n p ic tu r e s ____ ________________ _____ _

6,523

6,553
486.4

6,541
527.1

6,509
597.7

6,524
598.0

6,551
539.7

6,520
512. 6

6,432
499.0

6,317
482.3

6,273
480.7

6,239
473.6

6,295
482.0

6,327
488.2

6,231
618.0

5,916
498.7

327.4
163.9
226. 7

329.5
160.6
232.1

333.2
156.1
230. 5

337.9
162.7
229.3

336.5
167.6
228.9

333.5 328.5 328.2
168. C 164. C 160. Î
227.0 224.1 216.5

328.0 329.6
158. E 160.6
212.3 211.6

330.2
162.9
214.8

331.7
163.8
220.2

333.5
164.8
226.6

332.1
163.4
231.6

7,334

7,496 7,478 7,381 7,157 7,157 7,343 7,387 7,376 7,360 7,334 7,302 7,589
G o v e r n m e n t_________________________________
2,202 2,205 2, 203 2,200 2,196 2,483 2,201
F e d e r a l8--------------- ------------------------------------- 2,132 2,156 2,179 ¡2, 212 2, 219 2,211
5,185 5,171 5,157 5,134 5,106 5,106 5,133
S ta te a n d loc a l •................................... —- ..........- 5, 364 |5, 322 5,202 4,945 4,938 5.132
» Beginning with the July 1957 issue, the data for 1955-56 shown in this
table are not comparable with those published in previous issues. They have
been revised because of adjustment to first quarter 1956 benchmark levels indicated by data from government social insurance programs. Comparable data
for earlier years are available upon request. Data for 1956 and 1957 are sub­
ject to revision when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based on establishment reports which cover all full- and
part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during,
or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the
month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than one establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are ex­
cluded.
1 Preliminary; subject to revision without notation.
* Durable goods include: Ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood
products (except furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass
products; primary metal industries; fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment); machinery (except
electrical); electrical machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and
related products; and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

7,178 6,914
2,209 2,187
4,969 4,727

‘ Nondurable goods include: Food and kindred products; tobacco manu­
factures; textile-mill products; apparel and other finished textile products;
paper and allied products; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chem­
icals and allied products; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products;
and leather and leather products.
„
, _
8 Data for Federal establishments refer to the continental United States;
they relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for, the last
day of the month.
,
,
, . .
* State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
’ Formerly titled “ Automobiles.” Data not affected.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U. S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is
prepared by the U. S. Interstate Commerce Commission.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958
T a b l e A -3. Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1
[In thousands]
1957

1956

Annual
average

Industry
Oct.3 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1956

1955

M in in g ______________________________________
M e ta L ____ ____________ ___________________
Ir o n .............................................................................
C o p p e r _____ _______ ________ ____________
L ead an d z in c _____ _____________________

680
88.4
32. £
24. £
12.4

694
92.5
34.4
26.5
12.8

703
94.5
35.0
27.2
13.3

699
95.8
34.3
27.7
14.2

704
95.5
34.2
28.0
14.8

686
95.7
33.8
27.7
14.8

685
94.2
31.5
28.1
15.5

686
93. £
30.3
28.6
15.6

689
94.5
30.6
28.6
15.7

683
94.6
30.8
28.5
15.6

696
95.2
31.5
28.5
15.6

696
95.7
32 2
28.7
15.4

680
92.5
30.0
28.3
14.9

651
86.6
29.7
24.4
14.2

A n th r a c ite _________________________________
B itu m in o u s c o a l__________________________

26.5
214.1

26.5
214.2

25.2
214.8

28.9
208.6

28.3
218.9

24.7
216.7

26.6
217.4

28.4
218.4

28.9
221.8

28.9
221.4

29.4
222.0

28.2
220.5

27.1
210.8

28.3
200. 5

248.7

258.0

264.7

264.0

260.6

248.5

248.8

249.7

250.5

249.4

250.7

250.2

249.8

243.1

126.7

133.3

137.7

137.9

136.3

129.5

130.1

130.1

131.0

130.3

129.0

128.8

130.7

129.4

C r u d e -p e tr o le u m an d n a tu r a l-g a s p ro­
d u c t io n __________ _____ ____ _____ ______
P e tr o le u m an d n atu r al-g a s p r o d u c tio n
(e x c e p t c o n tr a c t s e r v ic e s )____________
N o n m e ta lllc m in in g an d q u a r r y in g ______

102.6 103.0 103.3 101.5 100.9 100.8
98.0
95.2
93.4
95.0
99.0 101.8
99.5
92.7
12,902 12,992 13,024 12,788 12,955 12,894 12,960 13,085 13,114 13,150 13,350 13,392 13.196 13,061
7,395 7,397
7, 476 7,432 7, 603 7, 600 7,635 7,693 7, 721 7, 740 7, 827 7,839 7, 659 7, 551
5,507 5,595
5, 548 5,356 5,352 5,294 5,325 5,392 5,393 5,410 5, 523 5, 553 5, 537 5, 510
67.6
69.3
72.7
75.0
76.5
74.0
75.8
78.3
79.0
79.4
80.6
82.5
81.8
83.0
93.8

M a n u fa c tu r in g ______________________________
D u r a b le good s 3_____________________ 7,290
N o n d u r a b le go o d s 4________________ 5,398
O r d n a n ce a n d a cc e sso r ie s__________ _____ _

F o o d an d k in d r e d p r o d u c ts ______________ 1,079.0 1,140. 6 1, 218.0 1,194. 3 1,120. 2 1, 056.4 1,004. 2
263.3 262.8 259.2 261.1 257.9 253.2
M e a t p r o d u c ts __________________________
D a ir y p r o d u c ts _________________________
67.3
70.1
75.3
77.1
76.0
71.5
C a n n in g a n d p r e s e r v in g .................................
226.9 312.9 292.2 220.8 164.3 136. 2
G r a in -m ill p r o d u c ts_____________________
82.5
83.2
82.9
79.2
77.5
78.4
B a k e r y p r o d u c ts ________________________
171.8 172.0 172.8 173.1 171.6 169.4
S u g a r ____________________________________
37.5
24.5
23.6
22.7
22.0
19.8
70.8
69.2
C o n fe c tio n e r y a n d re la te d p r o d u c ts ____
64. 4
57.4
59.9
59.6
B e v e r a g e s _______________________________
122. 7 124.9 125.2 130.0 127.1 120.9
M is c e lla n e o u s food p r o d u c ts___________
97.8
98.4
98.7
98.8 100.1
95.2

989.8
252. 7
68.5
135.1
78.7
168.4
20.3
61.3
113.0
91.8

988.8
255.3
66.8
127.2
80. 5
168.2
20.2
62.8
114.8
93.0

987.1 1,014.9 1,075. 6 1,125. 2 1,105. 3 1, 097. 3
257.6 269.9 282.9 283.8 269.1 255.9
67.2
65.3
67.9
69.4
7. 27
74.9
128.6 134.3 152.0 184.6 199.6 196.3
81.4
80.7
81.9
81.8
83.7
87.1
168.5 168.3 172.5 174.7 172.1 172.1
20.9
25.3
37.3
40.9
26.5
27.0
66.4
64.5
71.0
71.7
64.8
65. 5
109.2 111.0 117.9 124.2 120.8 119.9
91.1
92.2
94.1
91.8
96.0
98.6

T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s ____________________
C ig a r e tte s _______________________________
C ig a r s___________________________________
T o b a c c o a n d s n u ff______________________
T o b a c c o s te m m in g a n d r e d r y in g ______

87.2

94.1
30.6
31.0
5. 5
27.0

98.4
31.2
30.6
5. 5
31.1

90.4
31.1
30.3
5.5
23.5

70.8
29.6
28.4
5.3
7.5

73.2
29.8
30.9
5.6
6.9

72.8
29.3
31.2
5.6
6.7

73.6
29.3
31.7
5.7
6.9

76.5
29.3
31.6
5.6
10.0

83.7
29.8
32.0
5.6
16.3

88.1
30.4
31.2
5.7
20.8

93.0
30.7
32.7
5.7
23.9

95.7
30.9
33.0
5.7
26.1

88.7
30.7
32.8
5.9
19.3

93.8
30.0
36.3
6.3
21.2

T e x tile -m ill p r o d u c ts_____________________
S co u rin g a n d c o m b in g p la n t s .....................
Y a m a n d th r e a d m ills __________________
B r o a d -w o v e n fabric m ills ______ ______ _
N a r r o w fabrics a n d s m a ll w a r e s ________
K n it t in g m i l l s . . ________________________
D y e in g a n d fin is h in g t e x t ile s ___________
C a rp ets, m g s , o th e r floor c o v e r in g s .........
H a ts (ex ce p t c lo th a n d m illin e r y ) ______
M isc e lla n e o u s te x tile g o o d s ..........................

889.2

906.6
5.2
108.6
397.0
25.6
195.2
77.0
41.4
9.0
47.6

911.6
5.7
109.2
398.9
25.8
196.5
77.4
41.4
8.6
48.1

911. 4
6.0
107.3
400.2
25.4
197.2
77.0
41.1
8.9
48.3

895.4
5.8
106.0
396.0
24.8
191.2
75.2
40.3
9.0
47.1

912.9
6.2
108.7
401.4
25.4
196.7
76.7
40.2
9.4
48.2

911.2
5.9
109.2
401.9
25.6
193.2
76.5
41.9
8.8
48.2

919.4
5.5
109.5
407.1
25.8
191.5
77.4
43.7
9.6
49.3

928.5
5.8
110.6
410.4
26.0
192.7
77.5
45.3
10.1
50.1

932.7
6.1
111.5
414.5
26.2
189.5
77.8
46.2
10.1
50.8

934.6
6.2
111.6
417.6
26.0
188.7
78.2
45.2
9.7
51.4

947. 8
6.3
112.6
421.2
25.6
195.2
79.2
45.1
10.5
52.1

955. 4
6.2
112.4
422.9
26.3
201.5
79.5
44.7
10.3
51.6

965.6
6.3
113.9
430.0
26.2
200.7
80.1
45.6
10.8
52.0

983.7
6.0
120 4
439. 6
26.6
201.0
79 7
44.8
11 6
54.0

A p p a re l an d o th e r fin ish e d te x tile p ro d ­
u c t s __________________________ _____ ____ 1,064. 7 1,075.1 1,083. 7 1,083. 5 1,023.8 1,044.7 1, 039. 0 1,068.9 1,098.1 1,094.5 1,075. 5 1,092.8 1,092.1 1,083.3
1,077.1
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ s u its a n d c o a ts _______
106.5 109.0 108.8 104.7 110.0 108.1 110.0 112.2 112.5 112.3 113.2 112.6 ' 111.8 107.7
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ fu r n ish in g s a n d w o rk
c lo th in g _______________________________
285.3 288.4 286.0 277.5 2S2. 2 278.3 280.6 282.8 282.1 277.0 278.9 284.6 289.5 285. 6
W o m e n ’s o u te r w e a r .........................................
307.8 313.6 318.0 289.1 295.8 296.9 316.5 331.9 331.2 327.8 329.7 318.1 316.0 317.5
W o m e n ’s, c h ild r e n ’s u n d e r g a r m e n ts___
111. 1 111. 1 108.9 102.6 106.0 107.9 110.5 111.9 111.0 107.5 108.9 111.9 108.9 107.1
M illin e r y .................. .............................. ...............
16.3
17.3
17.3
13.8
11.9
13.1
18.1
20.0
19.5
16.5
16.4
14.5
16.4
17.9
C h ild r e n ’s o u te r w e a r ___________________
69. 6
71.1
71.6
70.2
70.6
66.8
63.7
67.8
69.8
67.4
66.7
66.8
66.9
65 9
F u r g o o d s________________ ________ ______
9.8
9.8
8.9
9.2
9.4
8.9
7.0
7.2
7.0
7.3
9.8
9.8
8.6
93
M isc e lla n e o u s ap p ar el a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ..
58.5
57.2
58.0
54.7
55.2
54.9
54.0
58.3
54.7
53.6
56.7
58.5
57.0
54.9
O th er fa b ric a ted te x tile p r o d u c ts ..............
110.2 105.4 106.8 102.0 103.6 105.0 107.6 108.0 106.7 106.1 112.5 115.3 108.2

111.2

L u m b e r an d w o o d p r o d u c ts (ex ce p t
f u r n itu r e ).......................... ................................
L o g g in g c a m p s a n d c o n tr a c to r s.................
S a w m ills a n d p la n in g m ills ...................... ..
M illw o r k , p ly w o o d , a n d p refa b rica ted
str u c tu r a l w o o d p r o d u c ts _____________
W o o d e n c o n ta in e r s _____________________
M is c e lla n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c ts __________
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu r e s .........................................
H o u s e h o ld fu r n itu r e ............................ ........ ..
O ffice p u b lic -b u ild in g , a n d p ro fessio n a l
f u r n it u r e ...___________________________
P a r titio n s , s h e lv in g , lockers, a n d fix ­
t u r e s . . . _____________ __________________
S cre en s, b lin d s , a n d m is c e lla n e o u s
fu r n itu r e a n d fix tu r e s _________________
S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

311.7

621.7
84.4
330.8

630.9
81.6
338.5

644.6
88.2
346.1

645.3
94.8
342.6

658.9
103.1
345.5

638.0
92.6
337.6

611.8
76.3
329.2

592.6
68.3
318.9

589.0
64.8
318.9

594.3
64.5
322.9

627.8
81.6
335.9

654.9
95.2
346.8

672.2
96.6
358.0

679.2
96.3
364.6

111.5
45.6
49.4

114.5
46.3
50.0

114.8
45.4
50.1

112.1
45.8
50.0

111.5
48.2
50.6

108.8
48.2
50.8

107.1
47.9
51.3

106.5
47.8
51.1

106.1
48.3
50.9

107.0
49.0
50.9

109.1
49.3
51.9

111.0
49.3
62.6

115.0
50.6
52.0

118.3
51.0
49.1

317.2
231.6

318.9
231.6

316.6
229.9

308.6
222.9

311.0
225.0

307. 5
222.5

311.5
226.9

312.3
226.6

312.8
226.5

312.4
225.4

319.6
231.1

320.0
232.0

318.5
230.4

310.8
225.3

36.5

37.8

38.0 . 37.4

37.8

37.5

38.0

38.0

38.5

37.9

38.9

38.9

38.9

35.7

28.8

29.5

29.2

29.1

28.9

28.6

27.9

28.1

28.0

28.7

29.0

28.2

28.6

29.1

20.3

20.0

19.5

19.2

19.3

18.9

18.7

19.6

19.8

20.4

20.6

20.9

20.6

20.7

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

89

Table A -3. Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1957

Industry
Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

Annual
average

1956
May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1956

1955

Manufacturing—Continued

Paper and allied products............. .......
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Paperboard containers and boxes..
Other paper and allied products__

468.8

470.6
228.6
133.2
108.8

468.9
228.6
131.3
109.0

465.1
229.1
128.2
107.8

459.0
226.6
125.6
106.8

468.9 464.9
232. S 230. C
128. C 126.7
108.1 108.2

467.1
231.1
126.6
109.4

466.5
231.1
126.5
108.9

465.5
231.5
126.1
107.9

467.8
232.0
127. £
108.0

472.2
233.9
130.7
107.6

469.9
230.6
132.6
106.7

465.2
230.4
128.0
106.8

452.6
227.4
121.7
103.4

Printing, publishing and allied industries..
Newspapers_______________________
Periodicals............................... ...............
Books____________________________
Commercial printing______________
Lithography______________ ________
Greeting cards_________ ___________
Bookbinding and related industries___
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services........ —........................... .............

565.3

567.0
160.8
25.7
34.1
188.0
48.0
13.9
37.4

563.3
159.8
25.3
34.0
186.9
47.6
13.2
37.8

553.1
156.4
24.1
33.5
185.0
47.2
12.5
36.6

552.2
157.1
24.1
33.7
184.4
47.0
12.3
36.3

556.0
159.3
24.2
34.1
184.1
47.4
12.6
37.1

559.2
158. 7
25.4
34.8
184.2
47.7
11.3
37.4

558.7
158.5
25.6
34.9
184.1
47.9
11.2
37.2

555.3
157.8
25.5
34.8
182.0
47.2
11.2
37.2

557.1
157.4
25.5
34.8
183.9
47.3
11.9
37.6

565.9
160.8
27.5
34. 5
185.0
48.9
13.3
37.8

563.7
158.7
28.0
34.0
184.1
49.2
14.3
37.5

551.1
156.0
27.7
33.1
180.6
47.6
13.6
37.2

529.1
150.4
26.7
31.0
173.8
46.9
13.9
34.3

59.1

58.7

57.8

57.3

57.2

57.5

59.7

59.3

59.6

58.7

58.1

57.9

55.3

52.1

Chemicals and allied products..............
Industrial inorganic chemicals...............
Industrial organic chemicals................ .
Drugs and medicines................ ...............
Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara­
tions.......................................................
Paints, pigments, and fillers....................
Gum and wood chemicals...................
Fertilizers______ ___________ _____
Vegetable and animal oils and fa ts..
Miscellaneous chemicals...........................

529.7

535.5
71.3
200.3
61.1

533.1
71.7
200.4
60.7

529.5
72.1
200.9
60.3

528.8
72.0
203.3
59.9

534.7
73.0
205.8
59.2

544.3
73.2
206.7
58.8

549.1
73.2
208.4
58.7

550.0
73.5
210.7
58.8

547.9
73.6
212.1
58.8

648.5
73.8
214.4
59.1

547.4
73.7
213.5
58.6

545.8
74.1
212.0
58.7

551.6
75.0
215.6
57.8

546.0
74.1
215.0
56.6

31.5
46. 4
7.2
25.0
30.1
62.6

31.8
47.4
7.4
24.2
27.3
62.2

31.5
48.0
7.5
22.2
24.7
62.3

31.0
48.5
7.4
21.6
23.7
61.4

30.7
47.7
7.2
24.4
24.4
62.3

30.4
47.5
7.3
33.3
24.9
62.2

30.7
47.2
7.4
35.8
25.9
61.8

30.9
46.9
7.4
33.1
27.5
61.2

31.0
47.2
7.3
27.8
28.7
61.4

30.6
47.3
7.2
25.7
28.9
61.5

30.4
47.1
7.1
24.6
29.8
62.6

30.5
47.1
7.1
23.4
30.1
62.8

30.4
47.3
7.1
27.3
28.3
62.8

30.1
46.6
6.8
27.8
28.7
60.3

Products of petroleum and coal............... .
Petroleum refining__________________
Coke, other petroleum and coal prod­
u c t s ................................... ......................

174.5

174.0
132.3

175.0
132.8

175.1
133.4

174.8
133.0

175.3
133.3

174.0
132.9

173.4
132.7

172.8
132.0

173.4
132.3

171.8
132.8

174. 3
133.1

175.9
133. 9

173.8
132.2

173.8
132.2

41.7

42.2

41.7

41.8

42.0

41.1

40.7

40.8

41.1

39.0

41.2

42.0

41.6

41.6

Rubber products...........................................
Tires and inner tubes_____________
Rubber footwear_________________
Other rubber products.........................

206.9

209.2
84.5
17.6
107.1

206.4
84.4
17.6
104.4

204.3
84.2
17.2
102.9

199.8
83.9
16.8
99.1

196.8
78.2
17.4
101.2

204.2
84.9
17.3
102.0

191.3
71.1
17.5
102.7

211.4
86.9
17.8
106.7

212.6
86.8
17.8
108.0

216.0
87.4
18.3
110.3

215.8
87.3
18.6
109.9

194.4
70.1
18.9
105.4

211.1
85.2
19.8
106.1

214.7
88.6
18.2
107.9

Leather and leather p rod u cts.......... .
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished.
Industrial leather belting and packing.
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings..
Footwear (except rubber).......................
Luggage.......... ............................................
Handbags and small leather goods___
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.

332.6

333.9
36.0
4.0
17.3
215.6
14.5
31.3
15.2

336.1
36.3
4.0
17.1
217.8
14.5
30.6
15.8

341.1
36.8
3.9
17.7
221.8
14.9
30.3
15.7

331.6
36.0
3.8
17.8
218.9
14.2
25.7
15.2

332. 7
36.7
3.9
17.8
219.0
14.4
25.8
15.1

324.8
36.0
3.9
17.6
213.8
14.1
24. 7
14.7

333.6
36.3
4.0
17.7
218.9
14.0
28.1
14.6

340.8
36.5
4.0
18.2
223.4
14.1
29.8
14.8

340.1
37.1
4.0
18.3
221.8
14.0
30.8
14.1

335.5
37.3
4.0
18.1
221.2
13.4
28.9
12.6

337.8
37.8
4.0
18.3
219.5
13.8
29.8
14.6

335.2
37.7
3.9
18.0
215.2
14.0
31.0
15.4

340.8
38.4
4.0
18.0
221.5
14.2
29.7
15.0

342.0
40.1
3.8
16.3
223.6
14.4
29. 4
14.4

Stone, clay, and glass products_________
Flat glass__________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n.
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic______ ___________
Structural clay products_____________
Pottery and related products_________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod­
ucts__ ______ ______ ______ ________
Cut-stone and stone products.......... .......
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products__________________________

449.0

456.4
29.0
82.9
14.2
35.6
72.0
43.6

460.8
28.0
84.0
13.8
36.1
73.6
44.2

459.3
27.5
83.8
13.9
34.8
73.7
43.5

442.6
27.2
79.9
13.7
23.0
73.4
42.8

459.3
27.1
83.0
13.8
34.6
73.3
44.5

456.2
27.4
81.7
13.8
35.7
70.8
45.3

455. 2
28.3
80.5
14.0
35.3
70.5
46.7

451.4
28.9
79.6
14.1
35.5
68.9
47.2

449.0
30.0
78.4
14.2
35.4
68.1
47.8

453.3
30.9
79.1
14. 5
35.7
70.4
47.3

464.5
31.3
81.0
15.1
36.4
72.9
48.4

470.4
31.4
82.6
15.1
36.6
74.7
48.6

469.6
30.6
80.4
14.8
36.5
77.0
48.1

460.6
30.1
79.6
14.9
35.8
73.7
47.6

96.4
16.7

98.0
16.6

98.5
16.6

99.0
16.6

99.1
16.4

97.3
16.7

94.8
16.8

92.5
16.5

90.7
16.4

91.0
16.4

93.8
16.7

96.1
16.9

96.3
17.0

91.7
17.4

554.9
159.3
24.9
34.2
183.4
47.1
11.6
36.9

66.0
66.5
67.0
67.0
67.5
67.5
68.3
68.2
68.9
68.0
68.0
68.4
68.9
69.8
Primary metal industries............................ 1,030. 5 i, 050.9 1,061.0 1,077.3 1,075.3 1,092.5 1,092.6 1,101.0 1,112.0 1,123. 7 1,132.7 1,135. 4 1,134.1 1,096.0 1,084.8
Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling
524.4 534.1 540.6 542.5 546. 6 546.4 548.9 553.7 558.7 559.0 562.5 564.3 532.9 544.6
mills_____________________________
Iron and steel foundries............................
191.7 187.6 194.1 193.1 197.9 198.4 199.9 203.3 208.3 210.4 211.1 209.8 210.0 202.2
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals_____________________
50.6
52.0
52.7
52.6
53.5
53.9
54.7
54.6
54.5
56.5
56.5
56.0
54.2
51.1
Secondary smelting and refining of
10.4
nonferrous metals________ _____ ___
10.5
10.3
10.5
10.5
10.7
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.9
10.7
10.7
9.8
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals_____________________
84.1
83.0
86.6
85.1
87.4
87.2
87.5
85.5
87.2
91.1
90.6
90.6
92.6
91.2
62.8
Nonferrous foundries________________
62.1
62.3
61.5
63.2
63.3
65.6
68.0
68.3
69.7
69.3
69.1
65.8
64.4
Miscellaneous primary metal indus­
tries_____________ ________ ________
128.0 130.6 130.7 130.0 133.4 132.7 133.6 136.1 135.9 135.2 134.5 133.6 129.8 121.6
Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and trans­
portation equipment)______________
Tin cans and other tinware............ .........
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware.........
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies......... .............
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving...
Lighting fixtures________ _______ ____
Fabricated wire products____________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.
See footnotes at end of table


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

876.7

888.9
47.7
115.9

878.1
51.5
111.3

878.4
53.1
109.0

868.6
52.5
107.2

886.5
51.0
111.4

882.9
49.3
113.4

889.4
50.2
114.9

898.0
48.3
118.5

902.4
47.5
121.2

903.7
46.8
123.2

907.8
46.2
124.1

910.5
46.3
122.9

888.4
50.5
120.3

893. 6
51.0
126.5

83.8
251.0
188.1
43.4
47.4
111.6

84.0
252.0
177.2
42.3
47.7
112.1

86.7
249.7
179.7
40.9
48.1
111.2

83.7
247.7
181.0
39.8
48.1
108.6

85.2
249.7
187.8
40.2
48.8
112.4

85.3
243.4
189.1
40.6
49.2
112.6

85.1
239.5
193.9
41.4
50.7
113.7

84.5
239.6
199.6
42.0
51.3
114.2

84.5
237.6
202.6
42.7
52.5
113.8

83.5
235.5
205. 2
42.7
53.6
113.2

86.4
235.8
206.0
43 2
54.1
112.0 i

89.6
235.8
206.5
42.9
53.8
112.7

94.1
226.1
193.9
40.7
51. 2
111.6

98.9
209.0
203.5
41.7
50.9
112.1

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

90

T able A-3. Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1956

1957
Industry
N ov.2 Oct .2 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1956

1955

Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)------ --------- 1,136.3 1,162. 6 1,185. 8 1,180. 3 1, 206. 6 1, 238. 6 1,255. 4 1,277.3 1, 291.1 1, 294.4 1, 287.4 1,277.2 1, 262.3 1, 267.9 1,178.6
53.4
61.7
60.5
61.9
62.8
57.9
59.2
62.3
59.5
61.3
56.9
57.4
57.0
56.9
Engines and turbines-----------------------98.6 108.0 114.4
100. 2 100. 4 100.1 101.4 104.3 106.5 111.8 114.3 112.4 107.8 103.2
Agricultural machinery and tractors.
96.2
101.7 105. 7 106.2 107.7 109.1 110.8 112.5 112.6 114.4 112.6 112.4 110.7 111.1
Construction and mining m achinery...
199. 5 207.2 207.9 213.9 220.2 222.6 224.3 225.7 224.4 223.5 222.5 220.5 217.2 200. 9
Metalworking machinery. __________
Special-industry machinery (except
mptalworking machinery)
122. 5 122. 7 121.0 124.3 127.9 128.0 128.4 129.7 130.2 132.0 132.5 132.8 133.5 127.0
168.3 170. 7 169.2 172.6 174.1 174.5 175.8 178.3 178.6 178.7 178.5 178.3 174.3 159.6
General industrial m a c h in er y .______
85.4
94.2
99.8 100.2 101.2 100.5
98.5
97.9
97.2
98.5
92.9
91.3
92.7
93.3
Office and store machines and devices..
Service-industry and household ma143.7
146.4
148.2
145
6
157.4
133.4
152.0
150.8
140.6
149.6
127.4
120.4
118.4
117.1
chines ___________________________
205.0 208.5 207.4 209.5 213.2 214.4 217.8 219.4 218.9 219.6 218.6 216.2 214.3 198.0
Miscellaneous machinery parts_______
Electrical machinery........................ ............
Electrical generating, transmission, dlstribution, and industrial apparatus _.
Electrical app liances________________
Insulated wire and cable.........................
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____

853.0

Communication equipment....................
Miscellaneous electrical products_____

868.3

878.9

861.1

847.5

854.9

847.3

853.0

869.4

876.7

884.4

900.1

912.9

871.3

822.0

278. 6
37.9
20.1
58.8
24. 4
412.0
36. 5

283.5
37.1
20.2
58.2
24. 5
417.9
37. 5

278.9
35.3
20.0
56.3
24.3
409.2
37.1

280.9
35.9
19.9
56.5
24. 5
393.7
36.1

286.7
35.6
19.9
57.6
24.5
394.2
36.4

290.1
36.6
19.8
55.8
24. 8
384.6
35.6

294.2
38.7
19.9
59.5
24.7
380.3
35.7

299.2
39.9
20.6
63.2
24.7
386.5
35.3

301.8
41.1
20.9
63.9
24.8
389.0
35.2

304.9
41.1
21.5
64.3
24.9
392.3
35.4

307.4
41.6
21.7
63.6
24.8
404.5
36.5

307.5
42.0
21.5
62.4
25.1
417.5
36.9

297.3
41.8
20.8
69.0
23.9
392.0
36.5

270.1
37.3
18.2
65. 6
23.2
371.5
36.1

Transportation equipment.......................... 1,351.3 1, 330. 8 1, 277. 8 1, 363.0 1,373.0 1, 415. 2 1,434. 8 1, 446.0 1,474.3 1,482. 2 1,480.8 1,477.8 1,438.4 1,358. 3 1,407. 7
599.1 531. 2 610.3 602.6 632.4 651.9 663.0 689.2 699.8 709.7 714.6 693.7 651.8 746.4
Motor vehicles and equipment*_______
549.4 560. 6 573.5 585.0 593.9 598.3 601.6 603.1 602.6 595.2 589.2 579.2 540.8 506.6
Aircraft and parts___________ ______
335.1 341.0 351.4 357.8 363.2 366.8 366.5 367.2 367.3 362.6 358.0 351.9 329.8 319.3
Aircraft. _________________________
95.3
100.3 102.9 104.5 109.0 112.3 113.2 116.8 117.9 117.6 116.0 115.1 112.8 104.4
Aircraft engines and parts_________
9.4
14.1
13.2
12.8
11.3
14.2
13.6
13.3
13.9
13.9
14.4
14. 5
13.9
14.0
Aircraft propellers and parts________
82.6
95.3
99. 5 102.7 103.7 103.8 104.2 104.4 104.2 104.1 104.1 103.3 102.9 101.7
Other aircraft parts and equipment- . .
123.9 125. 4 124.7 125.5 128.0 125.8 123.2 124.9 122.3 119.8 118.2 113.1 110.5 105.7
Ship and boat building and repairing.,
86.6
98.5
94.1
110.5 112.3 111.6 111.4 111.9 109.1 106.3 107.8 105.4 103.5 102.6
Shipbuilding and repairing.'.---------16.9
14.6
16.4
19.1
16.9
16.3
15.6
17.1
14.1
16.1
16.7
13.1
13.4
13.1
Boatbuilding and repairing________
50.5
41.7
50.1
49.5
48.7
43.6
47.0
49.6
52.7
52.0
50.8
49.5
45.6
51.5
Railroad e q u ip m e n t............. ................ .
8.2
7.3
7.4
6.6
7.1
8.2
7.7
7.5
8.8
8.9
7.9
8.0
8.9
9.1
Other transportation equipment............
Instruments and related products______
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments_________________ _____
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments_______________________
Optical instruments and lenses........... .
Surgical, medical, and dental instruments
_________________________
Ophthalmic goods. ________________
Photographic apparatus---------- --------Watches and clocks_________________

220.5

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware__
Musical instruments and parts_______
Toys and sporting goods_____________
Pens, pencils, other office supplies __
Onstnme jewelry, buttons, notions____
Fabricated plastics products...... ............
Other manufacturing industries______

391.5

223.6

225.1

225.2

220.6

224.0

226.1

229.5

230.6

230.2

231.4

233.3

234.6

230.3

223.8

39.4

40.0

41.0

42.0

42.2

42.3

44.3

42.3

42.6

42.2

41.9

41.9

39.1

34.0

57.2
10.3

57.6
10.2

57.7
10.1

57.7
10.2

58.3
10.2

58.5
10.2

58.5
10.4

60.6
10.5

59.5
10.6

61. C
10.5

61.6
10.5

61.9
10.5

59.9
10.6

58. 5
10.6

28.3
19.3
42. 5
26.6

28.3
18.9
43.7
26. 4

28.0
18.7
43.9
25.8

28.4
18.3
43.5
20.5

29.0
18.7
43.5
22.1

29.1
18.8
42.9
24.3

29.4
18.9
42.9
25.1

29.3
19.2
43.2
25.5

29.2
19.3
43.5
25.6

28.9
19.3
43.7
25.8

28.8
19.5
44.1
26.9

28.8
19.6
44.3
27.6

28.5
20.3
43.9
28.0

27.6
20.0
43.3
29.8

405. 6
40. 1
15.1
82.5
24.4
49.0
70.0
124.5

407.3
39.7
15.0
82.9
24. 7
51.0
70.5
123.5

394.9 369.4
38. C 35.7
13.7
14.5
69.7
79.6
23.5
24.7
45.7
50.5
65.8
68.3
119.3 115.3

386.1
36.8
14.0
74.5
24.0
47.6
69.2
120.0

382.7
36.7
14.3
73.4
23.2
46.6
68.8
119.7

382.3
37.1
14.4
70.1
23.2
47.5
68.9
121.1

382.0
38.2
14.9
66.2
23.1
48.5
71.2
119.9

380.7
39.6
15.1
64.7
23.0
48.5
71.4
118.4

379.0 401.0
40. C 41.1
15.2
16.0
62.1
70.8
23.1
24.0
50.1
48.9
71.4
72.8
118.3 126.2

418.8
41.3
16.1
82.7
24.7
51.6
73.5
128.9

403.5
40.6
15.5
78.3
23.8
51.7
69.5
124.1

395.9
42.0
15.1
73.0
22.8
53.9
66.4
122.7

1 For coverage of the series and comparability of data with those published
in issues prior to July 1957, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsupervisory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, watchman services,
product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (e. g., power


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plant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated with the
aforementioned production operations.
2 Preliminary; subject to revision without notation.
3 See footnote 3, table A-2.
4 See footnote 4, table A-2.
•Formerly titled “ Automobiles.” Data not affected.

Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

91

T able A-4. Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in manufacturing1
[1947-49=100]
Period

1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:

Employ­
ment

Weekly
payrolls

66.2
71.2
87.9
103. 9
121.4
118.1
104.0
97.9
103.4
102.8
93.8

29.9
34.0
49.3
72.2
99.0
102.8
87.8
81.2
97.7
105.1
97.2

Average. ___________
A v e r a g e . _________
Average ____________
Average. ___________
Average. ___________
Average_____________
Average_____ _____ _
A verage.____ ________
Average. ___________
A verag e........................
Average___ __________

Period

1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:

Employ­
ment

Weekly
payrolls

Average...........................
Average_____________
Average_____________
Average_____________
Average_____________
Average ........ .............. .
Average.______ ______

99.6
106.4
106.3
111.8
101.8
105.6
106.7

111.7
129.8
136.6
151.4
137.7
152.9
161.4

1956: November_________ .
December__________

108.3
107.9

168.2
171.4

1 F o r co v e ra g e o f th e series a n d c o m p a r a b ility o f d a ta w it h th o se p u b lis h e d
in issu e s p rior to J u ly 1957, see fo o tn o te 1, ta b le s A - 2 a n d A -3 .
1 P r e lim in a r y .

Period

Employ­ Weekly
ment
payrolls

1957: January. ___________
February____________
M arch.. ____________
April__ _____________
M ay____________ ____
June________________
July------------------------A ugust___________ _
September . .
October 2___
.......
N ovem ber2 . _

106.3
106.0
105.8
104.8
104.2
104.7
103.4
105.3
105.0
104.3
102.6

165.5
165.0
164.3
161.5
161.0
163.8
160.5
164. 7
164.7
162.7
159.5

N ote : F o r a d e sc r ip tio n o f th e s e series, see T e c h n iq u e s o f P r ep a rin g M ajor
B L S S ta tis tic a l Series, B L S B u ll. 1168 (1954).
Source:

U . S. D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r, B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s .

T able A-5. Government civilian employment and Federal military personnel1
[In th o u sa n d s]

1957

Item
Oct.
T otal c iv ilia n e m p lo y ­
ment 1...... ..............
7,478

Sept.

7,381

Aug.

7,157

July

7,157

June

7,343

1956

May

7,361

Apr.

7,351

Mar.

7,335

Feb.

7, 334

Jan.

7,302

Dec.

7,589

Nov.

7,334

Annual average
Oct.

7,290

1956

7,178

Federal employment______ 2,156
2,179
2, 212
2, 211
2,219
2,202
2,205
2,203
2,200
2,196
2,483
2,202
2,209
2,201
Executive___ ____ ____ 2,128. 9 2,152. 7 2,184. 7 2,192.0 2,184. 4 2,175.8 2,178. 6 2,176. 5 2,173.3 2,170.1 2, 456. 2 2,174. 7 2,175.9 2,183.1
Department of Defense ..................... 971.5
995.3 1.018.1 1, 023. 4 1.023.0 1,021.1 1,025. 2 1,028. 7 1,031. 7 1,033. 5 1,034. 8 1,037. 5 1,041.0 1, 034.1
Post Office Departm ent. _________
526.6
523.7
521. 9
521.4
518.7
522.3
521.8
521.9
520.4
519.1
805.3
518.9
514.0
535.3
Other agencies_____ 630.8
633.7
644.7
647.2
642.7
632.4
631.6
625.9
621.3
617.6
620.9
616. 1
618.3
613.7
2 2 .1
2 2 .0
Legislative. ______ . .
22.3
22.3
21.9
22.3
21.9
22.0
21.9
21.8
22.0
22.0
22.1
21.9
Judicial______________
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.5
4. 5
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.5
4.4
4.3
District of Columbia »___
Executive____________
Department of Defense ___________
Post Office Department ...................
Other agencies........ .
Legislative..... ..................
Ju d icia l...................... .

1955

6,914
2, 187
2,161. 7
1,027.9
530.0
603.8
21.6
4.1

231.0

231.5

210 . 2

2 1 0 .6

235.4
214.3

237.0
215.9

236.3
215.2

232.1
211.3

232.8
212.0

232. 9
212.0

232.5
211.6

232.2
211.4

239.4
218.5

231.4
210.4

231.2
210.1

231.2
210.3

230.1
209.6

84.3

85.3

87.3

88.3

88.2

87.0

87.3

87.4

87.5

88.0

88.0

88.1

88.3

88.6

89.3

9. 1
1 1 6 .8
20. 1

9 .0
1 1 6 .3
20. 2

.7

.7

8.9
118.1
20.4
.7

8.8
118. 8
20.4
.7

8.9
118.1
20.4
.7

8.9
115.4
20.1
.7

9.0
115. 7
20.1
.7

8.9
115.7
20.2
.7

8.9
115.2
20.2
.7

8.9
114.5
20.1
.7

16.8
113. 7
20.2
.7

8.8
113.5
20.3
.7

8.7
113. 1
20.4
.7

9.3
112.4
20.2
.7

9.3
111.0
19.8
.7

State and local employment 4____________ ____ 5,322
5, 202
S ta te .. ________ ______ 1,367. 7 1 , 322 . 8
Local__________ ______ 3 , 9 5 3 . 8 3, 878. 9
Education........................ 2 , 451 . 9 2, 296. 5
Other________________ 2 , 8 6 9 . 6 2, 905. 2

4,945
1,288.7
3,656. 3
1, 988. 9
2,956.1

4,938
1, 298. 5
3, 639.8
1. 982.3
2.956.0

5,132
1,340.3
3, 791.3
2, 216.5
2,915.1

5,159
1, 344. 7
3,814. 2
2.342. 6
2, 816.3

5,146
1.340. 7
3, 804. 9
2, 350. 8
2, 794. 8

5,132
1, 333. 4
3, 798. 6
2, 351. 0
2, 781.0

5,134
1,328. 5
3,805. 9
2, 345. 5
2, 788. 9

5,106
1, 323. 9
3, 782. 3
2, 313. 9
2, 792. 3

5,106
1, 321. 5
3, 784. 7
2, 314.3
2, 791. 9

5,133
1,322. 7
3, 810. 2
2, 316. 4
2, 816. 5

5, 088
1,319.2
3, 769. 0
2, 283. 0
2, 805. 2

4, 969
1, 281. 5
3, 687. 3
2,178.6
2, 790. 2

4,727
1,215.4
3, 511. 2
2, 060. 8
2,665.8

Total military personnel A .. 2,730

2, 819

2,839

2, 826

2,820

2, 821

2, 821

2, 817

2, 816

2,809

2,827

2,829

2,848

3,024

A r m y ................................
Air Force_________ ___
N a v v ._______________
Marine Corps_________
Coast Guard__________

9 5 5 .3

902. 1
646.8
195.0
30.3

2, 789
980.3
916.7
663.1
198.0
30.4

992. 4 1.001.3
922.2
920.8
674.7
685.5
199. 1
200. 7
30.5
30.5

998.0 1,000. 2 1,001.1 1,001. 2
919.8
916.4
914.8
914.2
677.1
675.9
678.0
678.3
200.9
197.4
197.7
198.1
29.9
29.7
29. 5
29.3

1 F o r c o m p a r a b ility o f d a ta w it h th o se p u b lis h e d in iss u e s prior to J u ly
1957, see fo o tn o te 1, ta b le A -2 .
D a t a for F e d e ra l e s ta b lis h m e n ts r e la te to p erso n s w h o w o r k e d o n , or
re c e iv e d p a y for, th e la s t d a y o f th e m o n th . T h o se for S ta te a n d lo ca l g o v e r n ­
m e n t re late to e m p lo y e e s w h o w ork ed d u r in g , or r e c e iv e d p a y for, a n y part
o f th e p a y p eriod e n d in g n e a r e st th e 15th o f th e m o n th .
B e c a u s e of r o u n d in g , th e s u m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta ls.
1 D a t a refer to th e c o n tin e n ta l U n ite d S ta te s o n ly .
• I n c lu d e s a ll F e d e ra l c iv ilia n e m p lo y m e n t in W a s h in g to n S ta n d a r d M e t ­
r o p o lita n A rea (D is t r ic t of C o lu m b ia a n d a d ja c e n t M a r y la n d a n d V irg in ia
c o u n tie s ).


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

997.3
915.3
676.4
198.9
29.1

993. 4
918. 4
676.0
199.6
29.0

992. 3 1,002. 4 1, 004. 1 1,030.1
914.6
916.0
918.3
916.1
672. 7
673.1
675.0
677.7
202.1
200.4
200.8
202.8
28.6
28.8
28.8
28.8

1,165. 8
955.3
668.8
205.9
28.6

4 E x c lu d e s , as n o m in a l e m p lo y e e s , e le c te d o fficia ls o f s m a ll lo c a l u n it s a n d
p a id v o lu n te e r firem en .
‘ D a t a refer to th e c o n tin e n ta l U n it e d S ta te s a n d else w h ere .
S o u r c e : F e d e r a l c iv ilia n e m p lo y m e n t , U . S. C iv il S e rv ice C o m m issio n ;
S ta te a n d lo ca l g o v e r n m e n t e m p lo y m e n t, U . S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r, B u rea u
o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s ; m ilita r y p e r so n n e l, U . S. D e p a r tm e n t o f D e fe n s e , O ffice
o f th e S ecr eta ry .

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

92

T a b l e A-8. Insured unemployment under State programs and the program of unemployment compen­

sation for Federal employees,1 by geographic division and State
[In th o u sa n d s]

Annual average

1956

1957
Geographic division and State
Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

June

July

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Continental United States___________ 1, 236.9 1,166.7 1,150. 7 1, 284.6 1,251. 2 1,349.7 1, 475. 4 1, 592. 5 1, 730.3 1, 737. 4 1, 285.0 1,013.4
80. 7
98.3 113.7 122.9 125.4 136.1 145.9 109.3
98.2 110.1
95.0
104.6
New England-—------ ----- ------ -----------7.3
11.7
10.0
10.2
10.6
13.3
7.6
11.0
7.8
7.7
10.3
8.8
Main ft
________________
6.3
5.9
6.9
5.9
5.6
7.0
5.4
5.3
6.6
4.9
5.1
4.9
New Hampshire_________________
1.6
2.2
3.2
2.6
3.1
2.1
2.7
2.3
2.0
19
2.1
2.6
59.4
42.9
72.1
79.9
64.7
50.2
57.2
59.8
53.4
45.9
47.6
50.9
M assachusetts__________________
8.9
12.8
18.9
19.8
19.8
17.2
18.9
14.3
17.2
13.8
12.2
11.0
"Rhode Island
___________
14.7
19.0
25.9
24.5
21.2
22.0
18.8
19.5
24.2
20.4
24.0
23.7
Connecticut_____________________

Oct.

1956

1955

878.4
66.0
4.8
6.1
1.3
34.0
8.2
12.7

1, 225.2
86. 7
8.2
6. 4
1.8
41.7
12.0
16.5

1,269.4
100.9
10.6
6. 4
2.9
47.3
12.5
21.1

Mid <11ft Allan tin
_ _________
New York
_ _ ________________
New Jersey. _______________ ____
Pennsylvania___________________

358.9
147.8
69.4
141.8

326.7
132.4
63.0
131.2

343.7
140.7
66.7
136.3

405.2
183.1
77.1
145.1

390.3
183.8
71.2
135.3

411.6
190.5
77.2
143.9

429.4
191.7
81.1
156.5

441.6
195. 2
83.1
163.3

481.6
217.8
91.3
172.6

611.9
231.5
101.5
178.9

377.9
176.3
68.2
133.4

292.7
125.6
57.1
110.0

259. 5
102.0
50.8
106.7

370.8
165.4
67.6
137.8

403.5
185. 5
67.1
150.9

East North Central_________________
Ohio
____________

256.9
57.3
26.5
53.8
101.5
17.9

277.8
52.3
26.9
52.7
129.8
16.2

234.4
50.7
26.5
61.1
79.2
16.9

248.7
52.6
28.0
63.1
87.1
17.8

252.3
54.0
28.7
70.5
81.2
17.8

254.8
55.3
31.8
67.0
81.4
19.3

272.3
62.4
33.7
68.1
84.8
23.3

283.8
65.8
33.7
74.9
82.7
26.7

304.2
70.7
41.6
79.6
82.8
29.5

308.5
69.1
43.8
85.3
80.4
30.0

228.3
51.4
29.3
56.0
67.8
23.9

193.0
38.4
24.4
51.4
58.9
19.8

195.4
30.7
23.0
45.8
83.8
12.2

257.5
47.5
31.3
59.6
100.0
19.0

221.1
48.9
23.7
78.3
51.8
18.4

Missouri__ ____________________
North Dakota______________ ____
South D a k o ta ___ _____________
Nebraska------------- ------ --------------K a n sa s..------ ------ ------ -------------

55.0
12.4
5.2
27.7
.5
.5
2.6
6.1

46.5
9.8
5.0
22.9
.3
.4
2.4
5.6

45.2
11.3
5.8
19.8
.4
.5
2.6
4.9

51.1
12.1
6.2
23.1
.4
.5
3.0
5.8

58.8
13.5
6.3
28.3
.5
.5
3.1
6.6

69.6
18.7
7.2
29.9
1.0
.8
4.3
7.6

96.0
32.1
9.6
32.0
3.4
2.1
6.9
10.0

110.8
37.2
12.7
31.7
5.6
3.7
8.9
11.1

126.6
38.1
15.5
37.8
6.0
4. 5
10.8
13.8

120.0
34.8
14.2
38.7
5.4
4.0
9.9
12.9

83.6
23.1
9.5
29.4
3.4
2.4
6.9
8.8

60.0
14.2
6.2
26.0
1. 5
1.1
4.3
6.5

46.6
9.1
4.7
23.5
.4
.6
2.7
5.7

71.9
19.8
7.8
27.9
2.2
1.6
6.1
7.6

75.9
22. 3
6.7
29.3
2.7
1. 5
4. 2
9.2

South Atlantic______________________
Delaware_______________________
Maryland
___________________
District of Columbia_____________
Virginia________________________
West Virginia_______ ____ _______
North Carolina__________________
South Carolina______ ___________
G eorgia________________________
Florida....................................... ...........

136.7
2.7
16.1
4.6
10.1
12.0
28.3
14.0
26.0
22.9

139.8
2.9
16.6
4.5
11.4
11.3
28.8
13.4
24.8
26.0

145. 6
2.5
16.7
4.8
14.2
11.9
30.5
13.8
24.9
26.3

166.1
2.8
17.1
4.8
16.9
13.1
40.9
16.7
29.8
24.1

148.8
2.4
15.5
4.4
15.9
12.1
40.7
14.8
26.8
16.3

148.3
2.5
16.9
4.4
12.3
12.2
44.5
14.6
26.8
14.0

146.5
3.0
15.3
5.1
11.1
12.7
44.9
14.9
26.5
13.0

154.3
3.7
14.0
6.1
14.2
13.9
45.8
15.3
27.2
14.1

163.2
4.2
17.3
7.2
15.5
15.7
45.9
15.3
27.6
14.5

162.6
3.7
17.9
6.3
13.9
15.0
43.9
16.8
30.1
15.1

116.4
2.6
12.2
4.6
9.4
10.3
30.1
12.7
21.6
13.0

100.8
1.9
8.7
4.0
7.1
8.3
25. 2
12. 4
19.1
14.1

96.6
2.2
8.1
3.7
6.0
7.8
20. 5
12.1
18.1
18.1

123.3
2.1
12.2
4. 4
11. 3
11.0
31.3
13.0
21. 9
16.0

133.8
2.2
16.5
4.9
12.9
17.2
30.8
11. 5
21.1
16.6

East South Central. ___________ ____
Kentucky_______ ______________
Tennessee_______________________
Alabama_______________________
Mississippi______________________

91.8
27.2
31.6
22.5
10.5

87.6
26.1
31.9
19.8
9.9

90.6
28.9
32.7
17.7
11.2

102.7
30.8
38.6
19.7
13.7

101.8
31.9
37.3
18.9
13.7

109.2
34.5
38.6
20.5
15.5

119.8
37.4
43.5
22.1
16.9

125. 7
38.5
45.0
23.8
18.4

133.3
40.4
49.7
24.1
19.1

127.0
35.6
50.4
22.6
18.4

97.7
29.6
36.4
17.5
14.1

85.8
27.3
32.1
15.6
10.8

75.5
26.0
28.3
12.8
8.4

98.5
30.1
36.1
20.8
11.5

¿ 6.

West South Central_____________ . . .
Arkansas___________ __________
Louisiana_______________________
Oklahoma______________________
Texas.....................................................

54.7
8.7
8.7
9.6
27.7

50.3
8.5
8.6
9.0
24.1

53.4
9.8
9.4
9.7
24.5

58.5
11.0
11.8
9.8
25.9

62.5
11.4
12.3
11.4
27.4

72.6
14.3
14.2
13.1
31.0

81.5
18.2
15.9
14.0
33.5

85.7
19.3
16.7
14.9
34.7

94.2
23.0
17.8
17.4
36.0

86.5
21.6
16.5
15.8
32.7

65.3
15.0
11.2
12.3
26.8

51.7
10.6
8.8
9.8
22.5

42.5
7. 6
7.5
8.1
19.4

57.9
11.6
12.4
10.5
23.5

63.6
11.8
16.4
11.3
24.1

M ountain............................... .....................
Montana............................. .................
Idaho__________________________
Wyoming__________ _______ _____
Colorado_______________________
New Mexico________ __________
Arizona_______________ ________
U tah___________________________
N evada---------- ------ --------------------

23.1
4.0
2.7
.7
3.2
2.4
5.1
2.2
2.7

18.3
2.9
1.9
.4
2.8
2.0
4.5
1.9
1.9

19.4
2.7
2.2
.5
3.2
2.4
4.5
2.2
1.6

19.8
2.7
2.1
.6
3.5
2.7
4.2
2.5
1.5

20.4
2.9
1.9
.9
3.7
2.7
4.0
2.8
1.5

26.8
4.5

37.8
7.8
5.4
1.9
5.7
4.0
5.6
4.9
2.5

49.6
10.5
8.4
3.0
6.6
4.8
6.4
6.7
3.4

56.9
11.3
10.2
3.6
7.5
5.5
6.8
8.1
3.9

49.4
8.9
90
3.1
6.6
4.3
6.0
7.8
3.8

33.0
5.2
6. 5
1.7
4.7
2.7
4.2
4.8
3.2

21.5
2.3
3.6
.9
3.4
2.1
3.5
3.1
2.7

13.5
.9
1.6
.4
2.2
1.5
3.1
1.8
2.1

26.5
3.7
3.9
1.4
3.6
2.7
4. 6
3.9
2.8

28.3
3.9
4.7
1.6
3 6
3 3
4. 5
4. 6
2.1

Pacific_____________________________
Washington_____________ _______
Oregon________ ________________
California...................... .......................

155.2
31.2
20.8
103.2

124.7
23.9
15.6
85.3

120.1
20.0
11.9
88.2

122.3
16.4
11.3
94.7

118.0

143.1

13 . a

18. a

215.5 234.2
51.4
38.8
30. C 35.6
146.6 147.2

225.4
52.2
37.5
135.8

173.5
41.8
28.8
102.9

127.3
30.6
19.3
77.5

82.8
19.5
10.1
53.2

132.2
28.1
16.2
87.8

146.5
30.9
17.1
98.4

of E m p lo y m e n t

S e c u r ity ,

Michigan...............................................
Wisconsin______________________
West North Central_________________
Minnesota__________ _____ ______

1 A v e r a g e o f w e e k ly d a ta a d ju s te d for s p lit w e e k s In th e m o n t h .
m a y n o t a d d to e x a c t c o lu m n to ta ls b eca u se o f ro u n d in g .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

9.1
95.7

F ig u r e s

3 .a

i. a

4.5
3.2
4.6
3.6
1.8

13.1
111 .7

169.1
26.6
20.7
121.8

Soubce: U. 8.

D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r, B u r e a u

95.9
31.0
6
17.9
11.3

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

93

Table A-9. Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected operations1
[All items except average benefit amounts are in thousands]
1957

Item
Oct.
Employment service:
New applications for work_____
Nonfarm placements_____ _____

Sept.

813
540

713
561

Aug.

672
536

July

June

738
533

832
628

1955

1956
M ay

Apr.

740
534

Mar.

709
480

Jan.

Feb.

691
425

747
387

Dec.

898
433

N ov.

612
410

674
474

Oct.

Oct.

683
599

601
587

State unemployment insurance pro­
grams 3
834
1,193
1,032
842
1,267
1,002
1,565
1,229
973
794
Initial claims
.............................
881
1,001
1, 099
897
Insured unem ploym ent4 (aver­
1, 251
1,350
1,737
1, 285
1,013
878
age weekly volum e)__________
1,167
1,151
1,285
1, 475
1, 592
1,730
800
1, 237
3.2
4.4
2.1
Rate of insured unemployment A
3.0
2.8
3.1
3.0
2.6
2.3
2.8
3.3
3.6
4.0
4.3
Weeks of unemployment com­
pensated......... ........................
2,824
4,693
4,095
4,883
4,686
6,302
3,950
3,503
4,497
5,517
5, 766
6,118
6,680
3, 461
Average weekly benefit amount
for total unemployment............. $29.20 $28. 64 $27.87 $27. 59 $27. 44 $27. 47 $27. 72 $27. 72 $27. 85 $27. 73 $27. 43 $27. 26 $27. 57 $26.01
Total benefits paid____________ $131, 832 $113,325 $121,333 $130,130 $123, 540 $145,657 $154,329 $168,841 $164,860 $177, 598 $104, 245 $91, 700 $91, 476 $70,091
Unemployment compensation for
veterans:8
Initial claims * ________________
Insured unem ploym ent4 (aver­
age weekly volum e)....................
Weeks of unemployment com­
pensated....... .................................
Total benefits paid L__..................
Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications 8................................. .
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volum e)_____________
Number of payments 11__ ______
Average amount of benefit pay­
ment 8_________________ ____
Total benefits paid 10__________
All programs:11
Insured unem ploym ent4..............

18

16

21

20

24

16

18

21

23

31

23

21

18

24

29

35

34

33

31

39

47

49

45

35

28

24

35

112
$3,013

142
$3,793

165
$4,406

165
$4, 539

138
$3, 710

156
$4,222

191
$5,155

218
$5,886

207
$5, 594

206
$5, 572

145
$3,883

118
$3,168

122
$3,258

161
$4, 243

22

16

18

54

33

16

10

9

11

19

17

21

12

11

59
119

45
92

43
113

50
94

36
86

42
109

53
125

60
151

67
138

68
165

59
119

49
98

37
89

29
61

$62. 20
$7, 332

$62.01
$5,689

$58. 62
$6,660

$53. 50
$4, 960

$60. 86
$5,109

$57.68
$6,211

$58.14
$7,227

$59. 68
$8,973

$60.01
$8,252

$58. 65
$9, 772

$58. 08
$6,868

$58. 04
$5,637

$59.19
$5,197

$55. 45
$3, 328

1, 314

1,240

1,228

1,368

1,319

1,424

1,565

1,700

1,846

1, 851

1,379

1,090

939

864

1 Average weekly insured unemployment excludes territories; other items
Include them.
3 Data include activities under the program of Unemployment Compensa­
tion for Federal Employees (U C F E ), which became effective on January 1,
1966.
8 An initial claim is a notice filed by a worker at the beginning of a period
of unemployment which establishes the starting date for any insured unem­
ployment which may result if he is unemployed for 1 week or longer.
* Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem­
ployment.
* The rate of insured unemployment is the number of insured unemployed
expressed as a percent of the average covered employment in a 12-month
period.
6 Based on claims filed under the Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance Act
of 1952. Excludes claims filed by veterans to supplement State, U C F E , or
railroad unemployment insurance benefits.
*

450109 — 58 -

-7


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

21

f Federal portion only of benefits paid jointly with other programs. Weekly
benefit amount for total unemployment is set by law at $26.
8 An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of
his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required
for subsequent periods in the same year.
3 Payments are for unemployment in 14 day registration periods; the aver­
age amount is an average for all compensable periods. N ot adjusted for
recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
i° Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments,
u Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, U C F E , and veterans’ programs, and that covered by the Railroad
Unemployment Insurance Act.

S ource: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security
for all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which are prepared
by the U. S. Railroad Retirement Board.

94

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

B.—Labor Turnover
T able B - l.

Labor turnover rates in manufacturing 1
[P e r 100 e m p lo y e e s]

Year

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

M ay

July

June

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

N ov.

Dec.

Annual
average

Total accessions
1948.....................................................
1949....................................................
1950.................. ................................
1951......... ...........................................
1952....................................................
1953....................................................
1954....................................................
1 9 5 5 ...._____________________ _
1956__________________ ______ _
1957............................ .......................

4.6
3.2
3.6
5.2
4.4
4.4
2.8
3.3
3.3
3. 2

3.9
2.9
3.2
4.5
3.9
4.2
2.5
3.2
3.1
2.8

4.0
3.0
3.6
4.6
3,9
4.4
2.8
3.6
3.1
2. 8

4.0
2.9
3.5
4.5
3.7
4.3
2.4
3.5
3.3
2.8

4.1
3.5
4.4
4.5
3.9
4.1
2.7
3.8
3.4
3.0

1948...................... ............................
1949.................................... ..............
1950....................... .............................
1951______________________ _
1952....................................................
1953........... ................ ........................
1954__________________________
1955________________________ _
1956_____________ ____________
1957__________ _______ ________

4.3
4.6
3.1
4.1
4.0
3.8
4.3
2.9
3.6
3.3

4.7
4.1
3.0
3.8
3.9
3.6
3.5
2.5
3.6
3.0

4.5
4.8
2.9
4.1
3.7
4.1
3.7
3.0
3.5
3.3

4.7
4.8
2.8
4.6
4.1
4.3
3.8
3.1
3.4
3.3

4.3
5.2
3.1
4.8
3.9
4.4
3.3
3.2
3.7
3.4

4.5
4.3
3.0
4.3
3.9
4.2
3.1
3.2
3.4
3.0

1948................................. .................
1949__________ _______ _______ _
19,50_________________________
1951__________________________
1952..................... ..............................
1953._________________ ______ _
1954._________________________
1955.___________ ____ _________
1956__________________________
1957................... ...............................

2.6
1.7
1.1
2.1
1.9
2.1
1.1
1.0
1.4
1.3

2.5
1.4
1.0
2.1
1.9
2.2
1.0
1.0
1.3
1. 2

2.8
1.6
1.2
2.5
2.0
2.5
1.0
1.3
1.4
1,3

3.0
1.7
1.3
2.7
2.2
2.7
1.1
1.5
1.5
1.3

2.8
1.6
1.6
2.8
2.2
2.7
1.0
1.5
1.6
1.4

2.9
1. 5
1.7
2. 5
2.2
2.6
1.1
1.5
1.6
1.3

1948__________________________
1949_________ ________________
1950. — ______ ______________ _
1951__________________________
1952............ ............... .....................
1953___________________ ____ _
1954.._______________ _____ _
1955_________________________
1956._______ ___________ ____ _
1957____________ _____________

0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
.2

0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
.2

0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
.2

0.4
.2
.2
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2

0.3
.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.3

0.4
.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2

1948.................... ..............................
1949____________ _______ ______
1950____________ ____ ____ ____
1951__________________________
1952...... .............. ........................... .
1953...................... ............................
1954.— ........ ................ .................. .
1 9 5 5 .-............................................. .
1956....................................................
1957..................................................

1.2
2.5
1.7
1.0
1.4
.9
2.8
1.5
1.7
1.5

1.7
2.3
1.7
.8
1.3
.8
2.2
1.1
1.8
1.4

1.2
2.8
1.4
.8
1.1
.8
2.3
1.3
1.6
1.4

1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.3
.9
2.4
1.2
1.4
1.5

1.1
3.3
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.9
1.1
1.6
1.5

1.1
2.5
.9
1.0
1.1
.9
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.1

1948...................................................
1949....................................................
1950....................................................
1951........ ................. .........................
1952.....................................................
1953....................................................
1954....................................................
1955.....................................................
1956.................................. ..........—
1957........ ..........................................

0.1
.1
.1

0.1
.1
.1
.6

0.1
.1
.1

0.1
.1
.1

.5

.5

.4

4.7
3.5
4.7
4.2
4.4
4.1
2.9
3.4
3.3
3. 2

5.7
4.4
4.8
4.9
4.9
5.1
3.5
4.3
4.2
3 9

5.0
4.4
6.6
4.5
5.9
4.3
3.3
4. 5
3.8
3 2

5.1
4.1
5.7
4.3
5.6
4.0
3.4
4.4
4.1
3.3

4.5
3.7
5.2
4.4
5.2
3.3
3.6
4.1
4.2
»2.8

3.9
3.3
4.0
3.9
4.0
2.7
3.3
3.3
3.0

2.7
3.2
3.0
3.0
3.3
2.1
2.5
2.5
2,2

4.4
3.5
4.4
4.4
4.4
3.9
3.0
3.7
3.4

5.1
4.0
4.2
5.3
4.6
4.8
3.5
4.0
3.9
40

5.4
4.2
4.9
5.1
4.9
5.2
3.9
4.4
4.4
4. 4

4.5
4.1
4.3
4.7
4.2
4.5
3.3
3.5
3.5
»4.0

4.1
4.0
3.8
4.3
3.5
4.2
3.0
3.1
3.3

4.3
3.2
3.6
3.5
3.4
4.0
3.0
3.0
2.8

4.6
4.3
3.5
4.4
4.1
4.3
3. 5
3.3
3.5

3.4
1.8
2.9
3.1
3.0
2.9
1.4
2.2
2.2
1.9

3.9
2.1
3.4
3.1
3.5
3.1
1.8
2.8
2.6
2.2

2.8
1.5
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.1
1.2
1.8
1. 7
» 1.3

2.2
1.2
2.1
1.9
2.1
1. 5
1,0
1.4
1.3

1.7
.9
1.7
1.4
1.7
1.1
.9
1.1
1.0

2.8
1.5
1.9
2.4
2.3
2.3
1.1
1.6
1.6

0.4
.3
.4
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.3

0.4
.2
.4
.3
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2

0.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
» .2

0.4
.2
.3
.3
.4
.3
.2
.3
.3

0.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2

0.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3

1.2
1.8
.6
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.7
1.3
1.2
1.6

1.0
1.8
.7
1.3
.7
1.5
1.7
1.1
1.4
1.8

1.2
2.3
.8
1.4
.7
1.8
1.6
1.2
1.3
» 2.3

1.4
2.5
1.1
1.7
.7
2.3
1.6
1.2
1.5

2.2
2.0
1.3
1.5
1.0
2.5
1.7
1.4
1.4

1.3
2.4
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.9
1.2
1.5

0.1
.1
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
» .2

0.1
.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.1
.2
.2

0.1
.1
.3
.3
.3

0.1
.1

Total separations »
4.4
3.8
2.9
4.4
5.0
4.3
3.1
3.4
3.2
3.1
Quits
2.9
1.4
1.8
2.4
2.2
2.5
1. 1
1.6
1.5
1. 4
Discharges
0.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
.3
.2
.2
Layoffs
1.0
2.1
.6
1.3
2.2
1.1
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.3

Miscellaneous separations, including military

.7

0.1
.1
.1

0.1
.1

.4

.3
.3

0.1
.1
.1
.4
.3
.3

.2

.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2

.4
.4

.4

.3
.3

.3

.2

.2

.2

.2

.3

.2
.2
.2

.2
.2
.2

.2
.2
.2

.2
.2

.2
.2

.3

.2

.2
.3

1 M o n th -to -m o n th ch a n g e s in to ta l e m p lo y m e n t in m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s ­
tries as in d ic a te d b y la b o r tu r n o v e r r a tes are n o t c o m p a ra b le w it h th e c h a n g e s
sh o w n b y th e B u r e a u ’s e m p lo y m e n t series for th e fo llo w in g reasons:
(1) T h e la b o r tu r n o v e r series m e a su re c h a n g e s d u r in g th e c a len d a r m o n th ,
w h ile th e e m p lo y m e n t series m ea su re c h a n g e s from m id m o n th to m id m o n th ;
(2) I n d u s tr y co v e ra g e is n o t id e n tic a l, as th e p r in tin g a n d p u b lis h in g
in d u s tr y an d s o m e sea so n a l in d u str ie s are e x c lu d e d from tu rn o v er;
(3) T u r n o v e r ra tes te n d to b e u n d e r sta te d b eca u se sm a ll fir m s are n o t as
p r o m in e n t in t h e tu r n o v e r s a m p le a s in t h e e m p lo y m e n t sa m p le ; a n d


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.3
.3

.2

0.1
.1
.3
.4
.3
.3

0.1
.1
.4
.4
.3
.3

.3

.3

.2
.2

.2
.2
.2

.3

.2

.2
.2
.2

.2

.5

.3
.3
.2
.2
.2

(4)
R e p o r ts fro m p la n ts a ffe c te d b y w o r k s to p p a g e s are e x c lu d e d from t h e
tu r n o v e r series, b u t th e e m p lo y m e n t series re flect th e in flu e n c e o f s u c h
s to p p a g e s .
» P r e lim in a r y .
* B e g in n in g w it h d a ta for O c to b e r 1952, c o m p o n e n ts m a y n o t a d d to to ta l
se p a r a tio n ra tes b eca u se o f r o u n d in g .

N ot»: F o r a d e s c r ip tio n of th e s e ser ie s, see T e c h n iq u e s
B L S S ta tis tic a l S eries, B L S B u ll. 1168 (1954).
Source:

of

P r e p a r in g M a jo r

U . S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s .

B : LABOR TURNOVER

95
T able B -2. Labor turnover rates in selected industries1
[Per 100 employees]
Separations
Total accessions

Industry

Total
Oct.
1957

Sept.
1957

Oct.
1957

Quits

Sept.
1957

Oct.
1957

Sept.
1957

Oct.
1957

Miscellaneous, in­
cluding military

Layoffs

Discharges
Sept.
1957

Oct.
1957

Sept.
1957

Oct.
1957

Sept.
1957

M a n u fa c tu r in g

All manufacturing_____________________
Durable goods 2---------- -------------------Nondurable goods
..................... .......
Ordnance and accessories_______________
Food and kindred products------ ------------Meat products_____________________
Grain-mill products______ ____ _____
Bakery products___________________
Beverages:
Malt liquors.-....................................
Tobacco manufactures.............. .....................
Cigarettes....................................................
Cigars_______________ ____________
Tobacco and snuff....................................
Textile-mill products..____ ____________
Yarn and thread mills_______ _______
Broad-woven fabric mills____ _______
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber_____
Woolen and w orsted .......................
Knitting mills___ ________________
Full-fashioned hosiery......................
Seamless hosiery........ ........................
Knit underwear_________ _______
Dyeing and finishing te x tiles_______
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverin gs...
Apparel and other finished textile prod­
ucts______________
_______________
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats_____
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing---- ------ --------------- ----------Lumber and wood products (except fur­
niture)___________ ___________ ______
Logging camps and contractors______
Sawmills and planing mills____ . -----Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products--------------Furniture and fixtures__________________
Household furniture________________
Other furniture and fixtures............. ..
Paper and allied products---------------------Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes------Chemicals and allied products__________
Industrial inorganic chemicals_______
Industrial organic chemicals_________
Synthetic fibers_____ _________
Drugs and medicines ---- -------------- Paints, pigments, and fillers_________
Products of petroleum and coal....................
Petroleum refining...................................
Rubber products......... ................ ....................
Tires and inner tu b e s..............................
Rubber footwear___________________
Other rubber products------ . . . --------Leather and leather products___________
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished.
Footwear (except rubber).................... .
Stone, clay, and glass products__________
Glass and glass products.........................
Cement, hydraulic..................................
Structural clay products____________
Pottery and related products________
Primary metal industries----------------------Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling
m ills.........................................................
Iron and steel foundries...... ....................
Gray-iron foundries___________ .
Malleable-iron foundries................
Steel foundries____________ _____
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and z in c ------------Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
copper...............................................
Nonferrous foundries........ ........................
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings......................
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.8
2.9
2.8
1.8
3.4
3.4
2.5
3.5

3.3
3.3
3.3
2.4
4.0
2.8
3.1
4.4

2.2
1.0
3.6
1.2
3.1
2.8
3.4
3.3
4.4
3.2
3.4
3.1
2.0
2.2

2.4)
3.1
1.7
4.8
2.0
3.5
3.3
3.7
3.5
5.3
3.7
2.4
4.2
2.7
2.3
2.7

0

0

4.0
4.4
3.2
5.0
3.8
2.8
3.2
3.7
2.4
2.0
2.8
2.1
3.9
3.4
4.0
3.1
10.5
4.2
2.4
3.0
4.6
2.3
0

4.4
4.6
3.9
5.6
4.8
3.7
3.8
4.2
b
6.8
3.1
2.7
3.6
2.6
4.0
3.8
3.9
3.4
7.0
4.1
3.1
3.3
3.5
4.1
3.3

0

1.3
1.2
1.4
1.0
1.3
.6
1.3
2.1

2.2
2.1
2.4
1.6
2.3
1.3
2.2
2.8

1.5
.8
2.3
1.0
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.8
1.6
1.0

1.9
1.9
1.1
2.8
1.5
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.1
2.6
2.1
2.4
2.4
1.9
1.2

0

0

0.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.4

0.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.4

.3
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.1
q

.1
.3
.2
.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.3

0

0

2.3
2.7
1.4
3.6
2.0
1.9
1.3
1.1

1.8
2.1
1.2
3.6
2.0
2.1
1.2
.8
4.6
.7
1.2
.3

0
.5
.7
.3
.3
1.9
1.5
1.9
1.0
8.6
2.2
.5
.9
2.8
.8
0

0.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1

.1
.1
.1
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

.2
.2
.3
.1
.9
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1

0

0
1.4
1.3
1.3
.7
4.6
1.2
.7
.6
1.0
1.8
1.7

0.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.1

0
0
0

.1
.2

0

0
0

.2
.2

2.9
1.9

3.9
2.4

3.6
4.5

3.9
3.0

2.3
1.7

3.0
2.0

.1
.1

.2
.1

1.1
2.7

.7
.8

.1
.1

.1
.1

3.0

4.2

3.3

4.0

2.4

3.2

.1

.2

.6

.6

.1

.1

3.2
4.9
3.1
*

4.4
5.8
3.6

5.4
8.4
5.1

5.9
7.1
5.8

1.8
2.2
1.8

3.7
5.2
3.5

.3
.1
.3

.3
.1
.4

3.2
6.0
2.9

1.6
1.6
1.7

.2
.1
,2

.2
.2
.2

2 .r

2.7
2.9
2.1
2.5
1.5
3.6
1.6
1.3
1.1
1.0
2.3
1.7
.8
.5
2.6
1.4
2.8
3.7
3.8
3.3
3.9
2.3
3.5
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.6

3.9
3.7
3.9
3.4
3.2
2.1
4.3
1.8
1.7
1.3
1.6
2.5
1.2
1.2
.6
2.6
1.6
3.3
3.3
4.2
3.2
4.3
2.7
3.2
1.8
2.6
3.5
1.8

3.8
5.0
4.0
7.5
2.9
1.8
3.2
1.7
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.5
2.9
1.7
1.5
2.1
1.2
2.8
2.7
4.2
2.8
4.4
2.7
2.8
1.4
3.1
2.7
3.5

6.0
4.5
4.1
5.4
4.0
3.4
4.5
2.9
3.2
2.1
1.4
2.9
3.4
3.0
2.8
2.7
2.1
3.6
3.1
5.4
3.8
5.7
3.2
3.3
3.1
3.4
3.1
3.3

1.4
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.1
.7
1.9
.7
.7
.3
.2
.9
1.2
.5
.4
.9
.5
1.5
1.2
2.3
1.2
2.5
.9
.9
.6
1.0
1.2
.6

3.7
2.4
2.5
2.3
2.7
2.4
3.2
1.9
2.2
1.4
.8
2.4
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.2
2.4
1.7
3.1
1.3
3.4
1.8
1.5
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.4

.3
.4
.4
.3
.3
.1
.5
.1
.1
.1

.3
.4
.4
.4
.3
.2
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1

1.8
1.5
1.1
2.5
.9
.6
.6
.6
.7
.4
.4
.2
1.2
.9
.9
.7
.5
.8
.9
1.6
1.9
1.5
1.0
1.3
.6
.9
.8
1.6

.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.5
.4
.5
.3
.2
.2
.3
.1
.3

.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.2
.5
.3
.5
.2
.3
.1
.3
.2
.2

1.0
2.2
2.0
3.5
1.8

1.1
2.5
2.7
2.3
2.4

3.6
4.2
3.5
4.1
5.1

3.2
3.4
3.6
3.3
3.2

.4
1.0
1.1
1.2
.8

1.6

2.1

2.4

3.9

.9
4.1

1.2
4.3

1.8
5.3

1.6

1.5

4.0

1

.2
.1
.1
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2

.2
.1
.2
.3
.3
.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.1

2.0
3.0
1.9
5.8
1.3
.8
.8
.7
.4
.6
.7
.3
1.4
.9
.9
.8
.5
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.5
.4
1.5
1.2
2.4

1.4
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.2

.1
.2
.2
.2
.3

.1
.3
.2
.3
.3

2.8
2.8
2.1
2.5
3.7

1.4
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.4

.3
.2
.1
.2
.2

.3
.2
.2
.2
.2

1.2

2.0

.2

.1

.7

1.5

.3

.3

1.9
4.7

.3
1.4

.8
1.5

.1
.4

.1
.3

1.1
2.9

.8
2.6

.2
.6

.3
.3

3.7

.7

1.3

.2

.4

2.7

1.9

.3

.2

0

.2
.1
.1
0

0

96

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958
T a b l e B-2. Labor turnover rates in selected industries 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
Separations
Industry

Total accessions
Total
Oct.
1957

M a n u f a c t u r i n g — Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance, machinery, and transportation
equipment)........ ...........................................
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware___
Cutlery and edge tools.............................
Handtools............................................
Hardware______________________
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies___________
Sanitary ware and plumbers’
supplies______________________
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not elsewhere classified_______________
Fabricated structural metal productsM etal stamping, coating, and engraving.......... .............. ...................
Machinery (except electrical)..................... .
Engines and turbines.. ________ ___
Agricultural machinery and tractors..
Construction and mining machinery..
Metalworking machinery___________
Machine tools___ _____________
Metalworking machinery (except
machine tools)________________
Machine-tool accessories__ ______
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)_________
General industrial machinery_______
Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry and household machines___________________________
Miscellaneous machinery parts______
Electrical machinery________________ . .
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus . . . . . ____________ . . . .
Communication equipment_________
Radios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipment___________
Telephone, telegraph, and related
equipm ent.. _______ . . . . . .
Electrical appliances, lamps, and miscellaneous products_______________
Transportation eauipment_______ _____ _
Motor vehicles and equipment*____
Aircraft and parts________ ______ ___
Aircraft____
. . . ____________
Aircraft engines and parts_______
Aircraft propellers arid parts.. . . .
Other aircraft parts and equipment . . . . .
. ___________ _
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Railroad equipment________________
Locomoti ves and parts__________
Railroad and street cars_________
Other transportation equipment_____
Instruments and related products_______
Photographic apparatus..........................
Watches and c lo c k s________________
Professional and scientific instruments........................ ...............................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.

Sept.
1957

Oct.
1957

Quits

Sept.
1957

Oct.
1957

Discharges

Sept.
1957

Oct.
1957

Miscellaneous, in­
cluding military

Layoffs

Sept.
1957

Oct.
1957

Sept.
1957

Oct.
1957

Sept.
1957

3.4
3.2
3.5
2.9
3.2

4.4
3.8
2.9
2.5
4.6

4.3
3.1
2.9
3.1
3.2

4.9
3.5
2.7
3.7
3.6

1.2
1.3
1.7
1.1
1.3

2.1
1.8
1.4
1.6
2.1

0.4
.3
.2
.2
.4

0.4
.4
.3
.1
.6

2.5
1.3
.8
1.7
1.3

2.3
1.1
.9
1.8
.8

0.2
.2
.1
.1
.2

0.2
.2
.2
.2
.2

2.7

4.5

4.4

3.7

1.3

1.9

.2

.4

2.7

1.2

.2

.2

3.9

4.7

3.0

2.6

1.0

1.3

.2

.4

1.5

.6

.2

.2

2.2
2.9

4.5
3.8

5.0
4.0

4.2
3.8

1.4
1.3

2.2
2.2

.3
.5

.4
.3

3.1
2.0

1.4
1.0

.2
.2

.2
.2

4.9
2.0
2.9
2.5
1.8
1.1
.7

6.4
2.3
2.4
3.3
1.6
1.2
.9

4.5
3.6
3.4
5 5
4.3
4.5
5.3

7.3
3.8
3.3
.3.0
4.7
4.3
5.3

1.3
.8
.9
.6
.9
.7
.6

1.6
1.6
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.3

.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1

.3
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2

2.6
2.4
2.2
4.4
3.0
3.4
4.2

5.1
1.8
1.7
.8
2.7
2.5
3.5

.3
.2
.1
.4
.2
.2
.2

.3
.2
.2
.5
.3
.2
.2

1.3
1.8

1.2
1.8

1.9
5.4

2.6
4.2

.7
.9

1.3
1.6

.1
.2

.2
.2

.9
4.2

1.0

2.3

.i
.i

.1
.2

1.9
1.7
2.1

1.9
2.2
2.9

2.8
3.1
1.9

3.6
3.7
3.4

.9
.9
.7

1.8
1.8
1.8

.3
.2
.1

.2
.3
.2

1.5
1.8
.9

1.4
1.3
1.3

.2
.2
.2

.2
.2
.1

2.9
2.5
2.8

4.8
2.1
3.6

4.1
2.8
3.8

5.7
2.8
4.3

.8
.7
1.5

1.5
1.3
2.5

.3
.2
.3

.2
.2
.3

2.6
1.6
1.7

3.7
1.1
1.2

.4
.3
.2

.3
.2
.3

1.8
3.1

2.2
4.5

2.9
4.4

3.5
4.6

1.0
2.1

2.0
3.0

.2
.4

.2
.3

1.6
1.8

1.1
.7

.2
.2

.2
.4

4.0

5.5

6.3

5.3

2.4

3.4

.5

.4

3.3

1.1

.1

.4

1.8

2.1

2.3

3.3

1.5

2.2

.3

.3

.3

.2

.2

.7

4.2
4.4

3.8
3.9
4.7
2.0
2.0
1.5
2.7

3.5
6.1

5.0
6.8
8.0
5.2
5.0
5.3
3.1

1.2
1.3

2.2
2.1
1.1
2.7
2.9
2.0
2.0

.4
.3

.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2

1.4
4.3

2.1
4.1
6.2
2.1
1.7
2.9
.7

.3
.2

.3
.3
.6
.1
.1
.2
.1

(9

1.5
1.4
1.2

(9
2.6

3.0

3.0
10.2
7.0
4.5
8.1
5.3
2.6
1.7
4.9

2.2
3.8
2.8
2.0
.4
2.2
.9
.8
.8

(9
(9
(9

9.6
3.3
2.3

(9

(9

6.7
6.2
6.0

(9
11.3

3.5

7.3
10.6
7.2
3.0
9.9
5.5
2.9
1.8
3.1

2.4
5.1
3.7

3.0
5.9
1.8

2.1
.7
1.5
1.2
1.7
1.1

3.9
1.0
8.0
2.0
1.9
1.7

(9
(9
(9

7.9
3.8
2.7

(9

(9

1.4
1.4
1.1

(9
2.1

1.0

2.9
3.7
1.2
.8
1.5
4.3
1.7
1.2
1.4

3.3
4.4
2.9

l.i
1.9
1.2

4.2
1.8
6.6
3.8
1.2
1.6

1.6
.3
2.2
.7
.9
.5

(9
(9
(9

.6
2.3
1.1

(9

(9

.2
.2
.1

(9

.4
.6
.3

.6

(9
(9
(9

(9

(9

.1
.1
.2

(9
.1

1.9

.4

.2
.4
.2

1.5
3.6
.3

1.0
1.2
.5

.1
.1
.2

.1
.2
.2

.3

1.7
.1
5.1
1.0
.8
1.0

1.2
.4
3.0
1.1
.5
.8

.2
.3
.3
.1
.2
.2

.3
.2
.3
.3
.1
.2

1.9
2.6
1.9

.2
.4
.2

2.4
1.2
3.0
2.2
.6
.6

.4
.3
.3
.1

(9
(9

(9

2.2
1.7

(9
(9

(9
(9

8.5

(9

.1
.3
.5
.6
.5
.2
.2
.1
.2

.2

(9

4.9
4.5
4.7

3.9
6.0
5.2
1.5
7.4
.2
.9
.4
1.2

.5
.8
.2
.1
.3

.7
.3
.2

(9

(9
(9
(9

6.2
1.1
1.2

(9

(9
(9
(9

(9

.4
.1
.2

N o n m a n u f a c tu r in g

Metal m in ing................................ .................
Iron mining...........................................
Copper mining_____________________
Lead and zinc mining_____ _________
Anthracite mining............................................
Bituminous-coal mining___ ___________
Communication:
Telephone.. ______________________
Telegraph 6______________ _________

(9
(9

1.6
1.4

(9
(9

J See footnote 1 and Note, table B -l.
* For definition, see footnote 3, table A-2.
3 For definition, see footnote 4, table A-2, except that the labor turnover
series excludes the printing, publishing, and allied industries group, and the
following industries: canning and preserving; women’s, misses’, and children’s
outerwear; and fertilizer.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.8
2.5

(9
(9

(9

.3
.2
.1

(9
(9

.5
.5

(9
(9

< N ot available.
3 Less than 0.05.
» Data relate to domestic employees except messengers.
♦Formerly titled “ Automobiles.” Data not affected.
Sotjbce: U. 8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

.1
.3

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

97

C.—Earnings and Honrs
T able C - l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings
Year and month

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Mining
Metal
Total: Metal
1955: Average_____
1956: Average_____
October______
November___
December........
1957: January..........
February____
March..............
April________
M a y .. . ........ .
June___ _____
Ju ly.............. .
August______
September___
October______

$92. 42
96. 83
97.39
96.00
99.92
98.05
97. 29
97. 23
97.10
97. 58
98. 81
100. 28
101.35
102. 84
99. 70

42.2 $2.19 $92.86
42.1
2. 30 96. 71
41.8
2.33 97. 71
41.2
2.33 98. 21
42.7
2.34 103. 09
41.9
2.34 100. 90
41.4
2.35 99. 31
41.2
2. 36 99. 45
40.8
2.38 96. 26
41.0
2.38 99. 58
2.41 103. 06
41.0
40.6
2. 47 109. 61
41.2
2. 46 111.76
41.3
2. 49 114. 78
40.2
2.48 105. 57
Mining—C ontinued

Petroleum and natural-gas production (except contract services)
1955: Average........... $94.19
1956: Average_____ 101.68
October______ 101.09
N ovem ber___ 101. 50
December____ 104. 58
1957: January............ 104.83
February____ 101.91
March_______ 101.25
April___ ____ 100. 75
M ay_________ 104. 23
June________ 109.18
J u ly ................. 110.00
August______ 106. 52
September___ 113. 28
October........... 106. 52

40.6
41.0
40.6
40.6
41.5
41.6
40.6
40.5
40.3
40.4
41.2
41.2
40.5
41.8
40.5

Coal

Iron
40.2
39.8
39.4
39.6
41.4
40.2
39.1
39.0
37.6
38.9
40.1
40.9
41.7
42.2
39.1

Copper
$2. 31
2. 43
2. 48
2. 48
2.49
2. 51
2.54
2. 55
2.56
2. 56
2.57
2. 68
2. 68
2. 72
2. 70

Nonmetallic mining
and quarrying

$2.32 $80.99
2.48 85.63
2. 49 89.83
2.50 87.22
2.52 85.46
2. 52 82.32
2. 51 84.05
2. 50 84. 63
2. 50 84.87
2. 58 87. 71
2. 65 90.45
2. 67 90.70
2. 63 92. 57
2. 71 92. 25
2.63 90. 34

44.5
44.6
45.6
44.5
43.6
42.0
43.1
43.4
43.3
44.3
45.0
44.9
45.6
45.0
44.5

$1.82
1.92
1.97
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.98
2.01
2.02
2. 03
2. 05
2.03

$95.70
100. 28
101.32
96. 93
100. 66
99.68
98. 37
98.94
99.83
99.17
98.88
98.00
97.20
93.60
97.42

44.1
43.6
43.3
41.6
43.2
42.6
42.4
42.1
42.3
42.2
41.2
40.0
40.0
39.0
39.6

Anthracite

Lead and zinc
$2.17 $83. 82
2.30 89.24
2.34 89. 25
2.33 88. 37
2.33 91.14
2.34 89. 44
2.32 88. 78
2.35 90. 25
2.36 91.10
2.35 90.03
2.40 89.60
2. 45 87. 85
2. 43 88.75
2.40 89. 60
2.42 87. 29

33.4
41.7 $2.01 $84. 50
2.14 87. 65
33.2
41.7
35.4
41.9
2.13 94. 87
33.9
41.1
2.15 91.19
42.0
2.17 107. 45
36.3
41.6
2.15 105. 55
35.9
41.1
2.16 95.36
32.0
41.4
27.8
2.18 79. 79
41.6
2.19 92.06
31.1
41.3
2.18 88. 70
30.8
41.1
2.18 100. 50
34.3
2.18
40.3
31.3
40.9
2.17 91. 08
41.1
2.18 105.19
35.3
40.6
2.15 91.49
30.7
Contract construction

Bituminous
$2. 53
2.64
2.68
2. 69
2. 96
2.94
2. 98
2. 87
2. 96
2. 88
2. 93

$96. 26
106. 22
110. 38
106. 79
115. 33
110. 63
112. 51
109. 58
111. 74
107. 76
114.68
112.17
2. 91 110. 96
2. 98 112.91
2. 98 110.35

37.6
37.8
37.8
36.2
38.7
37.5
38.4
37.4
37.0
35.8
37.6
36.3
36.5
36.9
36.3

$2.56
2.81
2. 92
2.95
2.98
2. 95
2.93
2.93
3. 02
3.01
3.05
3. 09
3.04
3.06
3. 04

Nonbuilding construction
Total: Contract
construction
$95.94
101.83
107.14
102. 48
103. 78
98. 55
104. 80
104. 23
104.88
106. 39
108.11
109.15
111.07
110. 84
110. 25

Total: Nonbuilding
construction

36.9 $2.60 $95.11
40.3
37.3
2. 73 101. 59
40.8
38.4
2. 79 108.12
42.4
36.6
2.80 100.84
39.7
36.8
2.82 99. 96
39.2
34.7
2.84 94. 86
37.2
36.9
2.84 101.38
39.6
36.7
2.84 100.47
39.4
36.8
2.85 100. 88
39.1
37.2
2.86 103. 88
39.8
2. 86 106. 63
37.8
40.7
37.9
2. 88 110. 77
41.8
38.3
2.90 112. 41
42.1
37.7
2. 94 110.16
40.8
2. 94 109. 21
37. 5
40.6
Building construction

$2.36
2. 49
2. 55
2.54
2. 55
2. 55
2.56
2. 55
2. 58
2.61
2. 62
2. 65
2. 67
2. 70
2. 69

Highway and street
$91.27
97.63
106. 52
95.41
90.94
83.90
93.09
91.77
93. 37
96.64
101.33
107.01
109.06
104. 00
103. 34

41.3
41.9
44.2
40.6
39.2
36.8
40.3
39.9
39.9
40.1
41.7
43.5
43.8
41.6
41.5

$2.21
2.33
2.41
2. 35
2. 32
2.28
2. 31
2.30
2.34
2.41
2.43
2. 46
2. 49
2. 50
2. 49

Other nonbuilding
construction
$98. 50
104. 94
109. 75
105. 30
106. 23
101. 73
106. 50
106. 35
106. 54
109. 93
111.32
114. 05
115. 30
115.89
114. 51

39.4
39.9
40.8
39.0
39.2
37.4
39.3
39.1
38.6
39.4
39.9
40.3
40.6
40.1
39.9

$2.50
2.63
2. 69
2. 70
2. 71
2. 72
2. 71
2.72
2.76
2. 79
2. 79
2.83
2. 84
2.89
2.87

Special-trade contractors
construction
Avfiragfi
A v firago

M ay
July
Octoher

General contractors

$96.29
36.2 $2. 66
101.92
36.4
2.80
106.96
37.4
2. 86
102.75
35.8
2.87
2.89
104. 91
36.3
34.1
2. 92
99. 57
105. 63
2.91
36.3
104.76
36.0
2.91
36.2
2.92
105. 70
36.4
2. 94
107.02
36.9
108. 49
2. 94
108. 93
36.8
2.96
37.2
2. 97
110. 48
111. 14
36.8
3. 02
36.6
3. 02
110. 53
Building construetion—Con.
Special-trade contractors— Con tin ued

contractors
1955: Average_____ $96. 21
35.5
1956: Average_____ 102.39
35.8
October______ 107. 67
37.0
Novem ber. . . 103. 08
35.3
December____ 104. 73
35.5
1957: January_____
95.93
32.3
February____ 104. 25
35.1
March_______ 103.49
35.2
April------------ 105.14
35.4
M ay........ ......... 107. 04
35.8
June_________ 108.84
36.4
July................... 108.60
36.2
August______ 110. 60
36.5
September___ 110. 88
36.0
October........... 110.67
35.7
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$90. 22
95.04
99.80
96. 21
96. 48
89. 76
98.19
95.93
97. 46
99.00
100. 65
102.03
103. 79
102. 65
102.65

35.8
36.0
37.1
35.5
35.6
33.0
36.1
35.4
35.7
36.0
36.6
36.7
37.2
36.4
36.4

Total Special-trade
contractors

$2.52 $100. 83
2.64 107.16
2.69 112. 05
2.71 108.00
2.71 111. 14
2. 72 106.45
2.72 111.33
2.71 110. 96
2. 73 111.33
2. 75 112.61
2. 75 114. 58
2. 78 113. 34
2. 79 115.63
2. 82 116. 55
2. 82 115. 97

36.4
36.7
37.6
36.0
36.8
34.9
36.5
36.5
36.5
36.8
37.2
36.8
37.3
37.0
36.7

Plumbing and
heating

$2. 77 $106. 40
2. 92 112.31
2.98 115.41
3.00 112. 57
3.02 117. 56
3.05 115. 67
3.05 116. 89
3.04 116.97
3. 05 116.97
3.06 117. 73
3.08 119. 42
3.08 116.80
3.10 120. 74
3.15 123. 77
3.16 121. 79

38.0
38.2
38.6
37.4
38.8
37.8
38.2
38.1
38.1
38.1
38.4
37.8
38.7
38.8
38.3

$2.80
2. 94
2.99
3.01
3.03
3. 06
3.06
3.07
3.07
3.09
3.11
3.09
3.12
3.19
3.18

Painting and
decorating
$94.38
100.10
104.11
98. 36
100.74
97.28
99. 57
102.31
102.31
104.14
105. 55
105. 95
107. 76
107. 57
105.79

34.7
35.0
35.9
33.8
34.5
33.2
34.1
34.8
34.8
35.3
35.3
35.2
35.8
35.5
34.8

Electrical work

$2. 72 $116.52
2. 86 125. 61
2.90 130. 87
2.91 124. 97
2. 92 129. 82
2.93 127. 65
2. 92 130. 75
2. 94 131. 26
2.94 130. 48
2.95 131. 66
2.99 134.06
3.01 132. 83
3.01 132. 50
3.03 134. 30
3.04 135. 09

39.1
39.5
39.9
38.1
39.7
38.8
39.5
39.3
39.3
39.3
39.9
39.3
39.2
39.5
39.5

$2.98
3.18
3.28
3.28
3.27
3.29
3.31
3. 34
3. 32
3. 35
3.36
3.38
3. 38
3.40
3. 42

Manufacturing

Total: Ordnance
and accessories

Total: M anufacturlng
$2.71 $76. 52
2.86 79.99
2.91 82. 21
2. 92 82. 22
2. 95 84.05
2.97 82. 41
2.97 82.41
2. 94 82.21
2. 97 81. 59
2.99 81.78
2.99 82.80
3. 00 82.18
3. 03 82.80
3.08 82. 99
3.10 82. 56

40.7
40.4
40.7
40.5
41.0
40.2
40.2
40.1
39.8
39.7
40.0
39.7
40.0
39.9
39.5

$1.88 $83. 21
1.98 86.31
2.02 89.01
2.03 88.99
2.05 91.34
2. 05 89.16
2.05 88. 75
2. 05 88.94
2.05 88.29
2. 06 87.85
2.07 88.70
2.07 88.00
2.07 89.06
2.08 89.24
2. 09 88. 98

41.4
41.1
41.4
41.2
41.9
40.9
40.9
40.8
40.5
40.3
40.5
40.0
40.3
40.2
39.9

$2.01 $68.06
2.10 71.10
2.15 72.65
2.16 72.86
2.18 73.84
2.18 72.73
2.17 73.10
2.18 73.12
2.18 72. 74
2.18 73.13
2.19 74.09
2. 20 74. 47
2. 21 74. 26
2. 22 75.24
2.23 74.29

39.8
39.5
39.7
39.6
39.7
39.1
39.3
39.1
38.9
38.9
39.2
39.4
39.5
39.6
39.1

$1.71 $83.44
1.80 91.54
1.83 95.18
1.84 94.50
1.86 96. 70
1.86 95. 76
1.86 96.18
1. 87 95.68
1.87 95.63
1.88 94.02
1.89 94.83
1.89 93.60
1.88 93.83
1.90 95.04
1.90 94.96

40.7
41.8
42.3
42.0
42.6
42.0
42.0
4.16
41.4
40.7
40.7
40.0
40.1
40.1
39.9

Food and kindred
products
Total: Food and
kindred products *

$2.05 $72.10
2.19 75.03
2.25 75.99
2.25 78.06
2.27 77.71
2.28 77.18
2.29 77.39
2.30 76.81
2.31 77.20
2.31 78. 38
2.33 78.94
2.34 79. 27
2.34 77.71
2. 37 79.10
2. 38 78.18

41.2
41.0
41.3
41.3
40.9
40.2
40.1
39.8
40.0
40.4
40.9
41.5
40.9
41.2
40.3

$1.75
1.83
1.84
1.89
1. 90
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.93
1 .9 1

1.90
1.92
1. 94

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

98

T able C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings

Manufacturing—Continued

Year and month

Food and kindred products—Continued
Meat products1 »

1955: Average......... - $83.16
1956: Average........... 84.03
October______ 84. 23
November___
91.80
87.14
December___
87.10
1957: January_____
85. 57
February____
March_______ 83. 71
84. 99
April________
M ay_________ 86.28
87.13
June________
J u ly ... .......... 87.31
85. 22
A u g u st_____
September___ 89. 60
October______ 89. 35

42.0
41.6
41.7
43.3
41.3
40.7
39.8
39.3
39.9
40.7
41.1
40.8
40.2
41.1
40.8

$1.98 $86.92
2.02 92.00
2.02 92.84
2.12 101.85
2.11 96.87
2.14 97. 25
2.15 94. 71
2.13 92. 52
2.13 93.15
2.12 95.17
2.12 95.87
2.14 95. 76
2.12 94.19
2.18 100.08
2.19 99.29

Canning and
preserving »
1955: Average......... . $56. 50
62.02
1956: Average_____
October______ 64.96
57. 56
November___
December____ 61.02
61.99
1957: January_____
February....... . 61.78
March.............. 61.59
62.83
April________
M ay................. 62. 75
June_________ 61.18
J u ly ................. 64.17
65.93
August______
September___ 66.01
October______ 62.65

38.7
39.5
40.6
36.9
37.9
37.8
37.9
37.1
37.4
37.8
38.0
41.4
40.7
41.0
38.2

40.9
40.6
40.6
40.5
40.3
39.8
40.0
39.8
40.2
40.4
40.9
41.0
40.6
40.3
40.0

1955: Average_____ $58.11
1956: Average_____
61.85
October______ 63.34
November___
62.71
December____ 63.02
62.09
1957: January_____
February____
63. 84
March_______ 64.32
April.............. . 63.60
M ay.................. 63.57
June................. 65.85
J u ly ................. 64.22
A u g u st_____
65. 77
September___
66.67
October______ 64.15

39.8
39.9
40.6
40.2
40.4
39.3
39.9
40.2
39.5
39.0
40.4
39.4
40.6
40.9
39.6

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

32.2
30.7
30.1
26.8
31.9
29.7
27.4
30.9
31.4
31.1
32.0
33.6
30.2
33.6
29.9

41.1
40.7
40.7
40.9
40.6
40.1
40.3
40.1
40.5
40.6
40.9
40.9
40.7
40.5
40.3

$1.46 $55.98
1. 55 59.70
1. 56 61.41
1.56 60.95
1. 56 61.26
1.58 59.67
1.60 61.78
1.60 62. 40
1.61 61.54
1.63 61.15
1.63 63.92
1.63 61. 62
1. 62 63. 99
1.63 64.87
1.62 62.09

39.7
39.8
40.4
40.1
40.3
39.0
39.6
40.0
39.2
38.7
40.2
39.0
40.5
40.8
39.3

41.8
41.5
40.7
42.2
41.4
40.1
39.8
39.3
40.5
41.0
41.8
41.6
40,7
40.7
40.8

$1.94 $72. 48
2.05 74. 47
2.05 74.80
2.10 75.23
2.11 75. 54
2.12 75.66
2.13 75.06
2.13 76.02
2.15 75.84
2.17 77. 53
2.18 78.87
2.19 80. 85
2.18 77. 83
2. 21 78.91
2.24 77.38

C a n n e d f r u i t s oege ta b le s , a n d s o u p s

$1.57 $58. 65
1. 65 65. 99
1.67 70. 25
1. 67 61.23
1.72 65.01
1.70 65.18
1.69 65.63
1.72 65.66
1. 71 66. 47
1.73 66.64
1.57 64.08
1.63 67.32
1.70 69.14
1.73 68. 30
1.70 66. 30

39.9
41.5
43.1
39.0
39.4
38.8
39.3
38.4
38.2
39.2
38.6
44.0
41.9
41.9
39.7

39.7
40.0
40.0
39.0
39.3
38.7
38.9
38.8
39.0
39.6
40.9
41.6
40.1
39.6
38.8

$1.47 $77. 62
1.59 80.97
1.63 84. 42
1.57 82.70
1.65 83.14
1.68 83.38
1.67 82.60
1. 71 82. 03
1.74 82. 22
1.70 83.61
1.66 83. 60
1. 53 86.72
1. 65 87.56
1.63 90.74
1.67 88. 44

$1.41 $82.22
1. 50 85.41
1. 52 84.96
1.52 85.97
1.52 86.18
1.53 84.67
1.56 85.72
1.56 86.2S
1. 57 87.16
1.58 88. 62
1.59 91.35
1.58 92.74
1. 58 89.95
1.59 89. 42
1.58 87.30

40.5
40.1
39.7
39.8
39. S
39.2
39.5
39.4
39.8
40.1
40.6
41.4
40.7
40.1
39.5

44.1
43.3
44.2
43.3
43.3
43.2
42.8
42.5
42.6
43.1
43.8
44.7
44.0
44.7
44.0

43.8
43.0
43.0
49.5
47.5
39.4
40.6
40.8
39.4
40.2
43.4
42.0
39.1
41.8
41.6

42.0
41.2
40.6
40.4
41.6
40.5
40.7
40.6
41.0
41.5
42.5
43.7
42.5
42.2
40.4

45.4
43.9
43.0
42.5
42.7
43.4
42.6
42.9
42.7
43.3
43.2
43.6
42.7
43.0
41.7

44.9
43.9
45.4
44.6
44.8
45.5
44.1
43.3
43.1
43.4
43.3
44.3
44.0
45.5
44.0

$1.51
1. 57
1.56
1.58
1.61
1.58
1.58
1.60
1. 59
1.62
1.67
1.66
1.63
1.64
1.62

42.7
41.8
43.9
41.7
40.9
41.1
39.7
40.9
40.2
41.0
45.3
43.4
41.3
41.8
42.3

M a l t liq u o r s

$97.84
103.08
100.49
102. 57
104. 28
102.18
103. 49
103. 74
105.86
108.13
111.35
112. 74
109. 73
108. 08
106. 59

40.1
39.8
38.5
39.0
39.5
39.0
39.2
39.0
39.5
39.9
40.2
40.7
39.9
39.3
38.9

42.9
42.1
42.2
41.8
41.3
40.7
41.4
41.4
41.5
42.8
42.8
43.8
41.8
41.6
41.3

$1.75
1.84
1.86
1.87
1. 90
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.91
1.93
1.96
1.97
1.95
1.98
1.99

P r e p a r e d fee d s

$1.86 $74.25
1.93 76.83
1. 98 78.32
2.00 77. 94
1.98 78.99
2.00 79.17
1.98 77. 47
1.96 77. 29
1.97 79.06
1. 97 79.17
1.99 80.10
2.02 81. 99
2.05 81.35
2. 09 82. 40
2. 05 82. 40

C a n e - s u g a r r e fin in g

$1.76 $84.12
1.86 86.94
1.81 93. 95
1.73 89. 66
1.76 86.71
2.00 88. 78
2.01 85.75
2.04 88.75
2.06 87. 64
2.08 91.10
2.13 102.38
2. 09 96. 78
2.07 90. 86
2.06 92. 80
1.90 93. 91

I c e c r e a m a n d ic e s

$1.64 $75.08
1.73 77. 46
1.75 78.49
1. 77 78.17
1.78 78. 47
1.80 77.33
1. 80 78. 66
1.83 79.07
1.83 79. 27
1.83 82.60
1.85 83 89
1.85 86.29
1.84 81. 51
1.87 82.37
1.86 82.19

F l o u r a n d o th e r
g r a in - m il l p r o d u c ts

$1.76 $83. 51
1.87 84.73
1.91 89.89
1.91 89.20
1.92 88.70
1.93 91.00
1. 93 87.32
1.93 84.87
1.93 84.91
1. 94 85. 50
1.91 86.17
1.94 89.49
1.99 90.20
2. 03 95.10
2. 01 90.20

B o tU e d s o f t d r in k s

$2.03 $63.42
2.12 64.68
2.14 63.34
2.16 63.83
2.16 66.98
2.16 63.99
2.17 64.31
2.18 64.96
2 .1Í 65.19
2.21 67.23
2.25 70.98
2. 24 72. 54
2. 21 69.28
2 .2c 69. 21
2. 21 65.45

C o n d en sed a n d
e v a p o r a te d m il k

$1.67 $74. 46
1.74 75. 95
1.76 75.25
1. 77 75.23
1. 79 76.01
1.81 78.12
1.80 76.68
1.81 78. 51
1.81 78.14
1.82 79. 24
1.83 79.92
1.85 80.66
1. 84 78. 57
1.87 80. 41
1.86 77.56

Sugar •

$1. 58 $77.09
1.65 79.98
1.66 77.83
1.67 85.64
1.70 83.60
1. 71 78.80
1.71 81.61
1.70 83.23
1. 71 81.16
1.71 83.62
1.72 92. 44
1.73 87.78
1.73 80.94
1.72 86.11
1.77 79. 04

Beverages 8

43.4
42.3
42.5
42.5
42.2
41.8
41.7
42.0
41.9
42.6
43.1
43.7
42.3
42. 2
41.6

Grain-mill products 8

B i s c u it s , c r a c k e r s ,
a n d p r e tz e ls

$1.75 $62. 73
1.84 66.00
1.87 66.40
1.89 65.13
1.86 66.81
1.87 66.18
1.88 66.52
1.88 65.96
1.89 66.69
1.91 67. 72
1.92 70. 35
1.93 71.97
1.92 69. 37
1.94 68.11
1.95 68.68

C o n fe c tio n e r y

Dairy products1

S a u sa g es an d
c a s in g s

$2.05 $81.09
2.18 85.08
2.20 83. 44
2.32 88.62
2.29 87. 35
2. 31 85. 01
2.31 84. 77
2.29 83. 71
2.30 87.08
2.31 88.97
2. 31 91.12
2.33 91.10
2.32 88. 73
2.40 89. 95
2.41 91.39

B r e a d a n d oth er
b a k e r y p r o d u c ts

$1. 72 $71.93
1.80 74.89
1.83 76.11
1.85 77.30
1.83 75. 52
1.84 74. 99
1.85 75.76
1.84 75. 39
1.85 76. 55
1.87 77. 55
1.88 78. 53
1.89 78.94
1.88 78.14
1.90 78. 57
1.91 78. 59

Confectionery and
related products *

42.4
42.2
42.2
43.9
42.3
42.1
41.0
40.4
40.5
41.2
41.5
41.1
40.6
41.7
41.2

S e a fo o d , c a n n e d a n d
cu red

$1.46 $50. 55
1.57 50.66
1.60 50.27
1. 56 44. 76
1.61 64. 87
1. 64 50. 49
1.63 46.31
1.66 53.15
1.68 53.69
1.66 53.80
1.61 50.24
1.55 54.77
1.62 51.34
1.61 58.13
1.64 50.83

Bakery products 1

1955: Average_____ $70.35
73.08
1956: Average........ .
October______ 74.30
November___
74.93
December____ 73. 75
1957: January_____
73. 23
74.00
February____
March_______
73.23
74.37
A pril.......... .
M ay................. 75. 55
June_________ 76.89
J u ly .................. 77.49
76.33
August.............
76. 57
September___
October______ 76. 40

M e a t p a c k i n g , w h o le s a le

45.0
43.9
44.0
43.3
43.4
43.5
42.8
42.7
43.2
43.5
44.5
45.3
44.7
44.3
44.3

$1.65
1.75
1.78
1.80
1.82
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.83
1.82
1.80
1.81
1. 82
1.86
1.86

B eet su gar

$1.97 $73.35
2.08 78.12
2.14 71.88
2.15 85. 31
2.12 85.80
2.16 71.23
2.16 83.07
2.17 79.98
2.18 78.39
2.19 74.40
2.26 81.61
2.23 79. 79
2.20 70. 60
2. 22 83.95
2.22 73.04

42.4
43.4
43.3
49.6
48.2
37.1
42.6
39.4
39.0
37.2
40.2
40.3
35.3
42.4
41.5

$1.73
1.80
1.66
1.72
1.78
1.92
1.95
2.03
2.01
2.00
2.03
1.98
2.00
1.98
1.76

D i s t i l l e d , r e c tifie d , a n d
b le n d e d liq u o r s

$2.44 $78.76
2. 59 81.90
2.61 86.62
2.63 88.94
2. 61 82.35
2.62 80.59
2.64 84. 42
2.66 83.76
2.68 85.09
2.71 83.54
2.77 84. 42
2. 77 86.02
2.75 85.69
2. 75 84. 52
2. 74 84.97

38.8
39.0
40.1
40.8
38.3
36.8
38.2
37.9
38.5
37.8
38.2
39.1
38.6
37.9
38.8

$2.03
2.10
2.16
2.18
2.15
2.19
2. 21
2.21
2. 21
2.21
2.21
2.20
2. 22
2.23
2.19

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

99

T a b l e 0 -1 . Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. w kly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Year and month

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Miscellaneous food
products *

1955: Average............ $67. 97
1956: Average______ 72.92
October______ 74.98
November___
75.95
December____ 75.40
1957: January............ 75. 62
77.00
February.........
March..............
75.03
74. 85
April-----------M ay_________
74.30
June_________ 76.36
July-------------- 77. 79
78.06
August______
September___
78. 88
October______ 77. 90

C orn s ir u p , su g a r,
o il, a n d s ta r c h

$1.63 $83.16
1. 77 86.53
1. 82 92. 42
1. 83 90.50
1.83 90. 03
1.84 89. 44
1.86 87. 53
1.83 87.10
1.83 86.88
1.83 88.80
1.84 90. 69
1.87 95.37
1.89 96.02
1.91 94.62
1.90 95.49

41.7
41.2
41.2
41.5
41.2
41.1
41.4
41.0
40.9
40.6
41.5
41.6
41.3
41.3
41.0

42.0
41.4
42.2
41.9
41.3
41.6
40.9
40.7
40.6
41.3
41.6
42.2
42.3
41.5
41.7

Tobacco manufactures

M a n u f a c t u r e d ice

$1.98 $66. 28
2.09 69.71
2.19 69.28
2.16 71.07
2.18 72. 61
2.15 71. 97
2.14 73. 55
2.14 72. 58
2.14 73.02
2.15 72.90
2.18 72.70
2. 26 74.49
2. 27 73. 54
2.28 74.09
2.29 71.48

45.4
44.4
43.3
43.6
45.1
44.7
45.4
44.8
44.8
45.0
44.6
45.7
44.3
44.1
42.8

Total: Tobacco
manufactures

$1. 46 $51.60
1. 57 56.41
1.60 54.91
1.63 56.41
1. 61 58.90
1.61 57.81
1. 62 57. 37
1.62 57. 99
1. 63 57.04
1.62 61.78
1.63 60.99
1.63 63. 76
1.66 57. 22
1.68 58.11
1.67 56. 30

Tobacco manufactures—Continued
Tobacco and snuff
1955: Average______ $54.17
1956: Average______ 57.13
O ctober.......... 58. 28
November___
58.88
December____ 60. 29
1957: January.......... 58.30
February____
57. 56
March_______ 57. 92
April________
57.83
M ay_________ 59.98
June_________ 61.94
62.16
July_________
A ugust.......... . 62. 48
September___ 61.61
October______ 60.84

39.7
39.2
40.4
37.3
39.4
38.1
38.7
36.9
37.0
38.6
37.6
38.3
37.9
40.9
38.4

40.3
40.5
40.2
40.7
41.8
41.3
39.7
39.6
37.5
41.5
40.1
43.4
39.5
39.9
37.9

$1.33 $67.30
1.45 70.88
1.39 70.35
1.45 72. 85
1.48 76.08
1. 49 75.17
1.49 71.06
1.53 71.28
1. 55 67.88
1.58 77.19
1.58 74.59
1.61 81.16
1.49 72.29
1.46 72.62
1.47 68.98

Cigars
$1. 67 $43.90
1. 75 47.63
1.75 49.41
1. 79 50. 57
1.82 49. 92
1.82 48.12
1.79 49.01
1.80 48.10
1. 48 47. 55
1.86 48.86
1.86 49.63
1.87 47. 78
1.83 50. 27
1.82 52. 38
1.82 52.63

37.2
37.5
38.3
38.6
38.4
37.3
37.7
37.0
36.3
37.3
37.6
36.2
37.8
38.8
38.7

$1.18
1. 27
1. 29
1. 31
1.30
1.29
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.33
1.35
1.36

Textile-mill products

Tobacco stemming
and redrying

$1.46 $42. 08
1. 54 47.04
1. 55 45. 65
1. 57 44.01
1. 57 48. 86
1. 58 47.63
1. 59 49. 15
1.60 49. 45
1.62 53. 65
1.63 56. 36
1.63 54. 52
1.64 55.15
1.64 45.48
1.63 47. 85
1.64 45.31

37.1
37.1
37.6
37.5
38.4
36.9
36.2
36.2
35.7
36.8
38.0
37.9
38.1
37.8
37.1

38.8
38.9
39.5
38.9
39.8
38.8
38. 5
37.9
36.8
39.1
38.6
39.6
38.4
39.8
38.3

Cigarettes

Total: Textilemill products

$1.06 $55.74
1.20 57. 57
1.13 59. 75
1.18 60.30
1. 24 60.30
1.25 58. 65
1. 27 58. 80
1.34 58.35
1.45 57.90
1.46 57.60
1. 45 58.35
1.44 57.90
1.20 58. 65
1.17 59.04
1.18 59. 04

40.1
39.7
40.1
40.2
40.2
39.1
39.2
38.9
38.6
38.4
38.9
38.6
39.1
39.1
39.1

Scouring and
combing plants

$1.39 $63.86
1. 45 66. 56
1.49 66. 67
1.50 67.16
1.50 67. 23
1.50 65.19
1.50 65. 83
1.50 62.65
1.50 64. 72
1.50 65.92
1.50 68.20
1.50 69.47
1.50 62. 81
1.51 64.08
1.51 59.84

41.2
41.6
40.9
40.7
41.5
41.0
41.4
39.4
40.2
41.2
42.1
42.1
39.5
40.3
37.4

Yarn and
thread mills *

$1. 55 $50.04
1.60 52.53
1.63 53. 72
1.65 55. 46
1. 62 54.79
1. 59 54.10
1. 59 53. 82
1. 59 52.99
1.61 52. 44
1.60 52.68
1.62 52.85
1.65 53.10
1. 59 52. 61
1.59 52.58
1.60 52.96

39.4
39.2
39.5
39.9
39.7
39.2
39.0
38.4
38.0
37.9
38.3
38.2
38.4
38.1
38.1

Y a r n m ills

$1.27 $50.04
1.34 52.53
1.36 54.25
1. 39 56.00
1.38 55.18
1. 38 54.49
1.38 54.21
1.38 52. 99
1.38 52.68
1. 39 52. 54
1.38 53.24
1.39 53.10
1.37 52. 61
1.38 52.44
1.39 52. 68

39.4
39.2
39.6
40.0
39.7
39.2
39.0
38.4
37.9
37.8
38.3
38.2
38.4
38.0
37.9

$1. 27
1.34
1.37
1. 40
1. 39
1.39
1.39
1.38
1.39
1.39
1. 39
1.3.9
1.37
1.38
1.39

Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber
B r o a d -w o v e n
fa b ric m ills *

Thread mills

Woolen and worsted

1955: Average_____ $51. 74
1956: Average______ 53.33
October______ 53. 76
54. 24
November___
December____ 56.00
1957: January_____
56. 26
February____
55.30
March_______ 55.13
April—........ .
54.60
M ay................ . 54.88
June................
54.46
July................... 54. 85
August______
56.09
September___
55.98
October............ 56. 37

3 9 .8
3 9 .5
3 8 .4
3 8 .2
40.0
3 9 .9
3 9 .5
39.1
3 9 .0
3 9 .2
3 8 .9
3 8 .9
3 9 .5
3 9 .7
3 9 .7

$1.3 0 $54. 27
1.35
56.28
1.40
58. 46
59. 42
1. 42
59. 71
1.40
1. 41
57.57
1. 40
56.70
1.41
56.55
56. 26
1.40
55. 97
1 .4 0
56.41
1 .4 0
1.41
56. 26
1 .4 2
56.99
57. 52
1.41
1 .4 2
57.67

4 0 .5
4 0 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
3 9 .7
39.1
3 9 .0
38 .8
3 8 .6
3 8 .9
3 8 .8
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
39 .5

$1.3 4 $52.79
54. 66
1. 40
1.44
57. 51
58.54
1. 46
58.34
1.4 6
1. 45
56.49
1. 45
55.10
55.34
1. 45
1.45
55.06
1. 45
54.10
54.91
1.4 5
1.45
54.77
55. 77
1.45
1 .4 6
56.30
1.46
56.49

40 .3
3 9 .9
40 .5
40 .8
4 0 .8
3 9 .5
3 8 .8
3 8 .7
3 8 .5
38.1
3 8 .4
3 8 .3
3 9 .0
39 .1
3 9 .5

S o u th

N o r th

U n it e d S ta te s
$1.31 $57.63
1. 37
58.46
60.10
1.42
1.43
59. 58
1. 43
61.16
1.43
57.00
56.47
1. 42
1.43
57.61
1 .4 3
57. 46
57. 61
1. 42
1.4 3
59. 67
59. 98
1.4 3
60.74
1.4 3
1 .4 4
60. 83
1.4 3
59.36

40 .3
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
3 9 .2
4 0 .5
3 7 .5
3 7 .4
3 7 .9
3 7 .8
3 7 .9
3 9 .0
3 9 .2
3 9 .7
3 9 .5
3 8 .8

$1.43 $51.99
1 .4 8
54.0 0
56.84
1. 51
1. 52 58. 36
1.51
58.08
56.12
1. 52
54. 99
1. 51
1. 52
54.71
1.52
54. 43
1. 52
53. 72
54.00
1.5 3
53.86
1.5 3
1.53
54.85
1. 54 55. 38
1 .5 3
56.23

40 .3
4 0 .0
4 0 .6
41.1
4 0 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .0
3 8 .8
3 8 .6
38.1
3 8 .3
3 8 .2
3 8 .9
3 9 .0
3 9 .6

Full-fashioned hosiery
N a r r o w fab rics
a n d s m a ll w a res

S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d

4 0 .2
3 9 .8
3 9 .2
3 8 .8
40.2
40.0
4 0 .0
40.2
3 9 .8
39.8
40.4
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
4 0 .5
3 9 .7

of ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

41 .7
41 .6
41.1
4 0 .1
41 .3
4 0 .9
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 1 .7
42 .0
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
3 9 .8

$1. 52
1.57
1. 60
1. 60
1. 61
1.60
1.61
1.60
1.60
1.6 0
1.6 0
1.60
1. 59
1.6 0
1 .6 0

Seamless hosiery

K n it t in g m ills *
U n it e d S ta te s

1955: Average_____ $56.28
1956: A verage_____ 58. 51
October............ 58.80
58.59
November___
December........ 60.30
1957: January_____
60.80
February____
60. 40
March_______ 60.70
April................. 60.10
M ay_________ 60.10
June_________ 61.40
July-------------- 61.51
A u g u st........... 60.80
September___ 6 1 .97
October______ 6 1 .14

$ 1 .2 9 $63.38
1.35
65. 31
1. 40
65.76
1. 42 64.1 6
66. 49
1.4 2
1.41
65.44
1.41
66. 49
65.9 2
1.41
65.44
1.41
1.41
66. 72
1.41
67.20
1.41
66. 56
1.41
65.67
1 .4 2
6 6 .2 4
1 .4 2
6 3 .6 8

$1.40 $50.81
1.47
53.68
55.06
1 .5 0
55.15
1.51
54.43
1.50
53.36
1.52
54.09
1. 51
54. 31
1. 51
1.51
53. 65
1.51
53. 73
1.52
54. 46
53. 94
1.5 3
1 .5 2
55.33
1 .5 3
55.71
55.1 9
1 .5 4

3 8 .2
3 7 .8
3 8 .5
3 8 .3
3 7 .8
3 6 .8
3 7 .3
37 .2
37 .0
3 6 .8
3 7 .3
3 7 .2
3 7 .9
3 7 .9
3 7 .8

$1.33 $56. 54
58.98
1.42
59. 21
1. 43
1.44
60.37
60. 61
1. 44
1. 45
59.59
1. 45
59.59
1. 46 59. 75
57.97
1.45
1. 46 55.80
54.56
1.46
54.10
1 .4 5
55.90
1 .4 6
1 .4 7
56.06
58.4 4
1.4 6

3 8 .2
3 8 .3
3 8 .7
3 9 .2
3 9 .1
3 8 .2
3 8 .2
3 8 .3
3 7 .4
3 6 .0
3 5 .2
3 4 .9
3 6 .3
3 6 .4
3 7 .7

$1.4 8 $55.42
1. 54
58.98
1.53
59. 89
61.20
1. 54
59. 34
1. 55
1.56
58. 75
1. 56
58.60
59.06
1.56
56. 62
1.55
1.55
57. 60
1.55
58.06
1.5 5
58.37
1.54
59.21
1 .5 4
6 1 .2 3
62. 09
1.55

N o r th
3 7 .7
3 8 .8
3 9 .4
4 0 .0
3 9 .3
3 7 .9
38 .3
3 8 .6
3 8 .0
3 7 .4
3 7 .7
3 7 .9
3 8 .2
3 9 .0
3 9 .3

S o u th
$1.47 $56.83
1. 52
59.06
58. 75
1.52
60.3 0
1.53
1. 51
61.23
59. 75
1. 55
59. 82
1. 53
59.82
1.53
1.49
58.40
55.22
1. 54
1.54
53. 20
1. 54 5 2 .0 8
54. 67
1.5 5
54.01
1 .5 7
1.5 8
56.61

3 8 .4
3 8 .1
3 8 .4
3 8 .9
3 9 .0
3 8 .3
38 .1
38 .1
3 7 .2
3 5 .4
34.1
3 3 .6
3 5 .5
3 5 .3
3 7 .0

U n it e d S ta te s
$1.4 8 $42.80
1. 55 46.21
49.13
1.53
1. 55 49. 50
1. 57 49.2 4
1. 56 47.75
48.64
1.57
1. 57 47.97
1 .5 7
47.30
1 .5 6
47.88
1. 56 49. 21
1.5 5
47.95
1 .5 4
49.6 3
1 .5 3
49. 34
1. 53 50. 25

3 6 .9
3 6 .1
3 7 .5
3 7 .5
3 7 .3
3 5 .9
36 .3
3 5 .8
3 5 .3
3 6 .0
3 7 .0
3 6 .6
3 7 .6
37.1
3 7 .5

$1.1 6
1.28
1.31
1.32
1 .3 2
1 .3 3
1. 34
1.34
1.34
1.3 3
1.33
1.31
1.3 2
1.3 3
1.3 4

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

100

Table C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. w kly.
earn- hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Textile-mill products—Continued
S e a m le s s h o s ie r y —Continued
K n it u n derw ear

K n i t o u te r w e a r

North
1955: Average........ .
1956: Average____
October____
N ovem ber..
D ecem b er1957: January........
February___
March_____
April______
M ay..............
June.......... . .
July— ........
August____
Septem ber..
October____

$46. 71
49. 27
52.00
51. 07
50.12
50.18
51. 51
50. 92
50.59
51. 17
51.05
52.11
52. 26
52. 90
52. 20

38.6
37.9
39.1
38.4
37.4
36.9
37.6
36.9
37.2
37.9
38.1
38.6
39.0
38.9
38.1

$1.21 $42. 21
1.30 45.82
1.33 48. 73
1.33 49.24
1.34 49. 24
1.36 47.61
1.37 48.01
1.38 47. 35
1.36 46.90
1. 35 47.48
1.34 48.94
1. 35 47.19
1.34 49.37
1.36 48. 94
1.37 49. 74

Carpets, rugs, other
floor coverings *
1955: Average____
1956: Average____
October........
N ovem ber-.
D ecem b er1957: January........
February___
March_____
April______
M ay..............
June_______
July...............
August------Septem ber..
October____

$73. 74
73.98
76. 49
76.31
77. 28
76.96
78. 26
75. 44
74.34
73. 05
72. 29
72.07
73. 53
75. 67
75.26

41.9
41.1
41.8
41.7
42.0
41.6
42.3
41.0
40.4
39.7
39.5
39.6
40.4
40.9
40.9

36.7
35.8
37.2
37.3
37.3
35.8
36.1
35.6
35.0
35.7
36.8
36.3
37.4
36.8
37.4

$1.15 $53. 76
1.28 56.15
1.31 58.80
1.32 58.05
1.32 55. 58
1.33 53. 87
1.33 55.43
1.33 56.10
1. 34 55.88
1.33 57.00
1.33 58. 75
1.30 59.14
1.32 59. 75
1.33 60. 21
1.33 58. 06

W o o l c a r p e ts , r u g s ,
and carpet yarn

$1.76 $71. 05
1.80 73. 26
1.83 75. 81
1. 83 74.85
1.84 76. 54
1.85 77.15
1.85 77. 52
1.84 73. 20
1.84 72. 44
1.84 71.16
1.83 68.76
1.82 68. 76
1.82 72.07
1.85 72. 47
1.84 71. 55

40.6
40.7
41.2
40.9
41.6
41.7
41.9
40.0
39.8
39. 1
38.2
38.2
39.6
39.6
39.1

38.4
38.2
39.2
38.7
37.3
36.4
37.2
37.4
37.5
37.5
38.4
38.4
38.8
39.1
37.7

$1.40 $48. 34
1.47 49.91
1.50 49.34
1.50 49.82
1.49 48. 74
1.48 48. 55
1.49 49.87
1.50 50.14
1.49 51.47
1.52 50.05
1.53 51.14
1.54 50.86
1. 54 51.14
1.54 52. 03
1.54 51.61

Hats (except cloth
and millinery)

$1.75 $58.03
1.80 57. 38
1.84 53. 79
1.83 55.61
1.84 58.13
1.85 53. 61
1.85 61.15
1.83 56. 76
1.82 54. 61
1.82 58. 48
1.80 59. 76
1.80 59.01
1.82 62.16
1.83 61.38
1.83 58. 06

37.2
35.2
32.8
33.5
34.6
33. 3
36.4
34.4
33.3
36. 1
36.0
36.2
37.9
37.2
35.4

39.3
38.1
37.1
36.9
36.1
35.7
36.4
36.6
37.3
36.8
37.6
37.4
37.6
37.7
37.4

$1.23 $05.14
1.31 65.92
1.33 68.97
1.35 70. 22
1.35 69. 55
1.36 65. 51
1.37 68.15
1.37 68.06
1.38 67. 49
1.36 66.83
1.36 69. 22
1.36 65.60
1.36 67.16
1.38 67.16
1.38 67.16

Miscellaneous textile
goods *

$1. 56 $66. 56
1.63 66. 83
1.64 70. 04
1.66 70.28
1.68 71.99
1.61 69.02
1.68 68.85
1.65 68.68
1.64 67.49
1.62 67.15
1.66 69. 37
1.63 69. 95
1. 64 69. 65
1.65 70.53
1.64 70.40

41.6
40.5
41.2
41.1
42.1
40.6
40.5
40.4
39.7
39.5
40.1
40.2
39.8
40.3
40.0

P a d d i n a s a n d u p h o ls te r y f il li n g

$73. 44
68. 85
73. 27
72. 07
75. 50
71.17
72. 38
71.45
70.24
69. 49
69. 95
71.28
70. 45
70. 84
70. 27

43.2
40.5
42.6
41.9
42.9
40.9
41.6
41.3
40.6
40.4
40.2
40.5
39.8
39.8
39.7

P ro c e sse d w a s te a n d
r e co vered fib e r s

$1.70 $51.17
1.70 53. 97
1.72 54.95
1.72 56. 71
1.76 59. 60
1.74 56. 72
1.74 57. 54
1. 73 57. 55
1.73 56. 3C
1. 72 57.26
1.74 58.66
1. 76 58.8G
1.77 57.82
1.78 58. 66
1.77 57. 08

M en’s and boys’
furnishings
and
work clothing ‘

D y e i n g a n d f in i s h in g
te x tile s (e x c e p t w o o l)

45.9
44.0
45.7
45.2
47.0
44.4
42.0
41.8
41.6
41.8
43. S
44.7
44.9
45.6
45.2

C o r d a g e a n d t w in e

$1.93 $55. 58
2.00 56.99
2. 07 57. 09
2. 06 57.87
2.10 59. 60
2.08 59. 40
2.05 59. 70
2.04 59. 85
2. 05 58. 80
2.07 57. 15
2.12 57.68
2.17 57.83
2.17 58. 67
2.20 59. 67
2.19 58.82

S e p a r a te tro u p e r s

37.1 $1.14 $43. 52
1.24 46. 4S
36.7
1.29 46.44
37.7
37. £
1.3C 45.54
36.4
1.3C 48.1C
36. C 1.29 47. 84
36.1
1.25 48. 36
35.5
1.29 48.73
34.9
1.28 47. 65
35.6
1.28 46. 8C
36.2
1. 25 47.19
36.6
1.27 47. 34
37.5
1.28 48.23
37.7
1.28 47.42
1. 29 45. 67
37.2

$1.54 $64. 87
1.60 65. 51
1.65 69.30
1.66 70. 55
1.66 69.89
1.65 65.44
1.65 68.15
1.66 67.65
1.65 66. 75
1.65 66.09
1.66 68. 81
1.64 64. 87
1.65 66.42
1.65 66.42
1.65 66. 91

41.3
40.4
42.8
42.6
43.2
42.1
40.4
41.1
38.6
38.5
39.3
39.2
39.2
39.0
41.4

42.4
41.2
42.0
42.5
42.1
39.9
41.3
41.0
40.7
40.3
41.7
39.8
40.5
40.5
40.8

$1.53
1.59
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.64
1.65
1.65
1.64
1.64
1.65
1.63
1.64
1.64
1.64

L a c e goods

*

$1. 79 $63. 91
1.76 66. 09
1.85 68.11
1.88 66.02
1.89 67.97
1. 85 67. 68
1.85 67.28
1.84 67. 32
1.84 67. 32
1.85 67. 13
1.87 68.80
1.85 69.36
1.88 67. 51
1.88 68. 99
1.87 66. 98

38.5
38.2
38.7
37.3
38.4
37.6
37.8
37.4
37.4
37.5
37.8
37.9
37.3
37.7
36.8

$1.66
1.73
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.80
1.78
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.82
1.83
1.81
1.83
1.82

Apparel and other finished textile products

A r t i f i c i a l le a th e r , o ilc lo th ,
and
oth e r
c o a te d f a b r ic s

$1.23 $88. 59
1.31 88.00
1.35 94.60
1.36 93.11
1.37 98. 70
1.37 92. 35
1.37 86.10
1.39 85. 27
1.3S 85.28
1.4C 86.53
1.41 93.07
1.41 97.0C
1.4C 97.43
1.41 100. 32
1.42 98. 99

S h i r ts , c o lla r s , a n d
n ig h tw e a r

$41.92
37.1 $1.13 $42. 29
1955: Average___
45. 26
1.24 45. 51
36.5
1956: Average___
46.61
36.7
1.27 48. 68
October........
45. 82
35.8
1.28 48.49
N ovem ber..
45.95
35.9
D e ce m b er 1.28 47.32
35.5
1.28 46. 44
1957: January___ . 45.44
36.5
1.27 46.21
February.—. . 46.36
46. 72
1.28 46. IS
March_____
36.5
36. C 1.27 44.67
April______ . 45.72
36.2
1. 27 45.57
M ay______ . 45.97
.
46.37
1.26 45. 97
36.8
June______
36.6
1.27 46.45
July............. . . 46.48
37.5
1.27 47.74
August____ . 47.6i
37.5
1.28 48.26
Septem ber.. . 48.00
36.7
1.28 47.99
October___ . 46.98
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

41.6
41.2
40.7
41.7
43.5
41.4
42.0
41.4
40.5
40.9
41.6
41.7
41.3
41.6
40.2

42.3
41.2
41.8
42.3
41.9
39.7
41.3
41.0
40.9
40.5
41.7
40.0
40.7
40.7
40.7

F e l t g o o d s (e x c e p t
w o v e n f e l t s a n d h a ts )

$1.60 $73.93
1.65 71.10
1.70 79.18
1.71 80. 09
1.71 81.65
1.70 77. 89
1. 70 74.74
1.70 75. 62
1.70 71.02
1. 70 71. 23
1.73 73.49
1.74 72. 52
1. 75 73.70
1.75 73.32
1.76 77.42

Textile-mill products—Continued

1955: Average____
1956: Average____
October........
N ovem ber..
D ecem ber...
1957: January........
February__
March_____
April______
M ay............
June_______
July...............
August____
Septem ber..
October.

Dyeing and finishing
textiles

South

39.7
39.3
39.1
39.1
40.0
39.6
39.8
39.9
39.2
38.1
38.2
38.3
38.6
39.0
38.7

W o r k s h ir ts

37.2 $1.17 $36.29
36.9
1.26 39. 82
36. C 1.29 40. 71
1.29 37.15
35.3
37. C 1.3C 40.72
36.8
1.3C 40. 47
37.2
1.3C 45.4C
37.2
1.31 42. 6C
36.8
1.31 42. 6C
1.3C 42. 34
36. C
36.8
1. 30 42. 92
1.29 43. 5C
36.7
37.1
1.3C 43.82
36.2
1.31 43.15
35.4
1.29 41.53

37.8
36.2
35.4
32.2
35.1
34.2
38.8
35.8
36.1
36.5
37. (
37.5
38.1
37.2
35.8

Total: Apparel and
other finished textile products

$1.40 $49. 41
1.45 52. 64
1.46 54. 24
1.48 53. 43
1.49 54.45
1.50 53.49
1.50 54.39
1.50 54. 75
1. 50 52.84
1. 50 52.98
1.51 53. 34
1.51 54.15
1.52 55. 20
1.53 55.42
1.52 53.85

36.6
36.3
36.4
36.1
36.3
35.9
36.5
36.5
35.7
35.8
35.8
36.1
36.8
36.7
35.9

$1.35 $59.86
1.45 63.12
1.49 65.16
1.48 64. 25
1.50 64. 78
1.49 63.89
1.49 64.06
1.50 64. 05
1.48 62. 48
1. 48 63.37
1.49 64. 08
1. 50 63.90
1. 50 64.62
1.51 63.90
1.50 60.89

Women’s outerwear * »
$0.96 $52.90
1.1C 57.02
1.15 57.44
1.15 56. 54
1.16 58.38
1.18 58.27
1.17 58.74
1. IS 59. 43
1.18 57.70
1.16 57.35
1.16 55. 24
1.16 58. 98
1.15 60.48
1.16 59.14
1.16 56. 76

M en’s and boys’
suits and coats
36.5
36.7
36.4
36.3
36.6
36.3
36.4
36.6
35.5
35.8
35.8
36.1
36.1
35.7
34.4

$1.64
1.72
1.79
1.77
1.77
1.76
1.76
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.79
1.77
1. 79
1.79
1.77

W o m e n ’s d r e s s e s

35.5 $1.49 $53.40
35.2
1.62 55.62
34.6
1.66 55. 55
1.62 55.97
34. S
1.64 57.28
35.6
35.1
1.66 55. 4S
35.6
1.65 55.62
35.8
1.66 57. 8C
35.4
l. 6: 59.01
35.4
1.62 68.01
34.1
1.62 53.0!
54. 42
34. £
1.6!
1.68 58.1!
36. C
1.68 57. 75
35.2
34.4
1.65 55.42

35.6
35.2
34.5
35.2
35.8
34.9
35.2
35.9
36.2
35.6
33. P
33. S
35.7
35. (
34.0

$1.50
1.58
1.61
1.59
1.60
1.59
1.58
1.61
1.63
1. 63
1.58
1.61
1.63
1.65
1.63

101

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

T a b l e C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Year and month

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
H o u s e h o ld a p p a r e l

1955: Average_____ $40. 52
1956: Average,_____ 44.76
October______ 44.58
45. 97
N ovem ber___
December____ 47. 74
1957: January______ 46.08
46.83
February____
March _____ 48.23
48. 10
April________
47.97
M ay________
June.................. 45. 50
July-------------- 45.06
45.44
August______
45. 76
September___
45.89
October.

36.5
36.1
35.1
36.2
37.3
36.0
36.3
37.1
37.0
36.9
35.0
35.2
35.5
35.2
35.3

W o m e n ’s s u i t s , c o a ts ,
a n d s k ir t s

$1.11 $64. 27
1. 24 68.14
1.27 69.63
1. 27 65. 27
1.28 68.74
1.28 70. 52
1.29 70. 45
1.30 68.68
1.30 59.87
1.30 63.70
1.30 65.73
1.28 74.91
1.28 75. 03
1.30 71.90
1. 30 66.83

33.3
33.9
33.8
32.8
34.2
34.4
34.2
33.5
30.7
32.5
32.7
35.5
35.9
34.4
32.6

$1.93 $44. 77
2.01 47. 55
2.06 50. 49
1.99 49.48
2.01 48.81
2. 05 48.28
2.06 49. 21
2.05 49. 45
1. 95 47.70
1.96 47. 57
2. 01 48.11
2.11 48. 01
2. 09 49.85
2. 09 51.41
2.05 49.68

apparel
Children’s outerwear Miscellaneous
and accessories
37.2
36.6
37.0
36.8
36.4
36.9
37.7
37.4
36.3
36.6
37.4
38.2
37.5
36.6
36.0

1955: Average______ $45. 38
1956: A verage..,___ 48. 31
October_____
49. 58
48. 94
November___
December____ 49.14
1957: January............ 50- 55
51.27
February____
M arch.............. 50. 86
48.28
April________
M a y ............... 49.41
June________
51. 61
52.72
July_________
August.............. 51.38
50.51
September___
October. _. . . 49.32

$1.22 $45. 63
1.32 49. 71
1. 34 52.30
1.33 50.37
1.35 51.15
1.37 49.23
1.36 49. 73
1.36 49.27
1.33 48.37
1.35 48.16
1.38 49.63
1.38 50.40
1.37 48. 79
1.38 51.18
1.37 51.66

37.1
37.1
37.9
36.5
36.8
36.2
36.3
35.7
34.8
34.4
35.2
36.0
35.1
36.3
36.9

Women’s and chil­
dren’s undergarments
36.7
36.3
37.4
37.2
36.7
36.3
37.0
36.9
35.6
35.5
35.9
36.1
37.2
37.8
36.8

$1.22 $42. 44
1.31 45.50
1. 35 49.14
1.33 48.00
1.33 46.74
1.33 45. 86
1.33 47.50
1.34 47. 62
1.34 45.95
1.34 45. 70
1.34 45. 95
1.33 46.46
1.34 48.38
1.36 50.44
1.35 48.88

Other fabricated
textile products 8

$1.23 $51.32
1.34 53.53
1.38 56.12
1.38 56.30
1.39 57. 22
1. 36 55. 35
1.37 55. 86
1. 38 55. 42
1. 39 54. 54
1.40 55.73
1.41 57. 23
1.40 56.10
1.39 57.98
1.41 57. 75
1.40 58.98

38.3
37. 7
38.7
38.3
38.4
37.4
38.0
37. 7
37.1
37.4
37.9
37.4
38.4
38.5
38.3

U n d e r w e a r a n d n ig h t­
w e a r , e x c e p t c o r se ts

36.9
36.4
37.8
37.5
36.8
36.4
37.4
37.2
35.9
35.7
35.9
36.3
37.8
38.5
37.6

C o r s e ts a n d a llie d
g a rm e n ts

$1.15 $48. 78
1.25 51. 77
1.30 53. 07
1.28 52.93
1. 27 52. 93
1.26 52. 85
1. 27 52.64
1.28 52. 85
1.28 51.60
1.28 51.74
1.28 52.41
1.28 51.62
1.28 52.92
1.31 53. 72
1.30 51.74

Curtains, draperies,
and other housefurnishings

$1.34 $45. 72
1.42 46.98
1.45 50. 31
1.47 48.62
1. 49 48.10
1.48 47. 45
1.47 48.86
1.47 49.52
1. 47 48. 86
1.49 46.64
1.51 47.92
1.50 48.34
1.51 50.05
1.50 51.59
1.54 51.46

38. 1
36. 7
39.0
37.4
37.0
36.5
37.3
37.8
37.3
35.6
36.3
36.9
38.5
38.5
38.4

36.4
36.2
36.6
36.5
36.5
36.2
36.3
36.2
35.1
35.2
35.9
35.6
36.0
36.3
35.2

$1.34 $56. 99
1.43 61.85
1.45 67.20
1. 45 56. 95
1. 45 61.03
1.46 63.00
1. 45 69. 27
1.46 72. 98
1.47 57.62
1.47 51.15
1.46 54.94
1.45 58. 64
1.47 63.41
1.48 65.91
1.47 60. 72

Textile bags

$1.20 $53. 65
1.28 57.28
1. 29 58. 95
1.30 57.09
1.30 59.64
1.30 58.07
1.31 59. 35
1.31 57.72
1.31 56. 74
1.31 57.30
1.32 59.40
1.31 60. 50
1.30 59.15
1.34 62.27
1.34 58.67

38.6
39.5
40.1
39.1
40.3
39. 5
40.1
39.0
38.6
38.2
39.6
39.8
39.7
40.7
38.6

Millinery
36.3
36.6
39.3
33.9
35.9
36.0
38.7
40.1
34.3
31.0
32.9
34.7
37.3
38.1
35.1

$1. 57
1.69
1. 71
1.68
1. 70
1. 75
1.79
1.82
1.68
1.65
1.67
1.69
1.70
1.73
1.73

Canvas products
$1. 39 $53. 58
1. 45 55.66
1.47 56.41
1.46 54.53
1.48 56.06
1.47 56. 99
1.48 55.20
1.48 56.06
1.47 56. 34
1. 50 58.69
1.50 59.09
1.52 59.45
1.49 60.53
1.53 55.86
1.52 59. 55

39.4
39.2
38. 9
38.4
39.2
39.3
38.6
39. 2
39.4
40.2
40.2
39.9
38.8
38.0
39.7

$1.36
1.42
1. 45
1.42
1.43
1.45
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.46
1.47
1.49
1.56
1.47
1.50

Lumber and wood products (except furniture)
Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex­
cept furniture)
1955: Average_____ $68. 88
1956: Average______ 70.93
October. ____ 73.03
70.80
November___
December____ 69. 25
67. 25
1957: January_____
68. 51
February____
March_______ 70. 27
72.00
A p r il_______
73.16
M ay............. .
74.89
June__ ______
71. 71
July_________
75. 62
August______
71.76
September___
72.83
October_____

41.0
40.3
40.8
40.0
39.8
39.1
39.6
39.7
40.0
40.2
40.7
39.4
41.1
39.0
39.8

Millwork

1955: Average--------- $72. 56
72.90
1956: Average_____
73. 35
October...........
72.98
N ovem ber___
December........ 73. 93
72. 65
1957: January-------February____
72.86
March_______ 72.68
73.63
April________
75. 33
M ay________
June.................. 77.46
July_________ 77.64
A ugust............. 77.46
September___
78. 47
October______ 77.49

41. 7
40.5
40.3
40.1
40.4
39. 7
39.6
39. 5
39.8
40.5
41.2
41.3
41.2
41.3
41.0

See footnotes at end of table.
450109— 58 ------------ 8


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Sawmills and plan­
ing mills 8

$1. 68 $69. 55
1. 76 71. 51
1. 79 72.90
1. 77 71.20
1. 74 69.13
1. 72 66. 95
1. 73 68. 21
1. 77 69. 74
1.80 70.67
1.82 72.00
1.84 73. 42
1.82 70.23
1.84 74.12
1.84 72.13
1.83 71.68

41.4
40.4
40.5
40 0
39. 5
38. 7
39.2
39.4
39.7
40.0
39.9
38.8
40.5
39.2
39.6

Plywood

$1. 74 $78. 37
1.80 76.22
1. 82 73. 71
1.82 73.02
1.83 75.67
1.83 74. 37
1.84 76.07
1.84 71. 23
1.85 76.11
1.86 78.31
1.88 78.34
1.88 72.95
1.88 77. 76
1.90 76.03
1.89 76. 00

43.3
41.2
40.5
39.9
40.9
40.2
40.9
38.5
40.7
41.0
40.8
38.6
40.5
39.6
40.0

Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
structural wood
products 8

Sawmills and planing mills, general
United States

$1. 68 $70. 38
1.77 72. 54
1.80 74.12
1.78 72.22
1. 75 69.95
1. 73 67. 94
1. 74 69. 21
1. 77 70.53
1.78 71.86
1.80 73.20
1.84 74.40
1.81 70. 82
1.83 74.93
1.84 72. 73
1.81 72. 47

41.4
40.3
40.5
39.9
39.3
38.6
39. 1
39.4
39.7
40.0
40.0
38.7
40.5
39.1
39.6

$1.70 $46. 76
1.80 49. 09
1.83 50.16
1 81 49.80
1. 78 49.56
1. 76 48.00
1. 77 48.12
1. 79 48. 52
1.81 48. 64
1.83 50.26
1.86 49.25
1.83 49.13
1.85 50. 87
1.86 50.31
1.83 50. 55

Wooden containers 1

$1. 81 $52.48
1. 85 56. 71
1.82 58.50
1.83 56.14
1.85 57. 53
1.85 55.72
1.86 55.30
1.85 56.00
1.87 56.82
1.91 57.08
1.92 57.08
1.89 57.60
1.92 57.60
1.92 56. 59
1.90 56. 45

41.0
40.8
41.2
40.1
40.8
39.8
39.5
40.0
40.3
40.2
40.2
40.0
40.0
39.3
39.2

South
43.7
41.6
41.8
41. 5
41.3
40.0
40.1
40.1
40.2
41.2
40.7
40.6
41.7
40.9
41.1

West
$1.07 $88.43
1.18 90. 87
1.20 91. 73
1.20 90.64
1.20 86.16
1.20 84.04
1.20 86.18
1. 21 87. 78
1.21 89.31
1.22 90. 25
1.21 91.89
85. 74
1 . 21
1.22 92.36
1.23 88.64
1.23 89.01

Wooden boxes, other
than cigar

$1.28 $53.12
1.39 56.58
1. 42 57. 95
1.40 56.03
1. 41 56. 30
1. 40 55.18
1.40 55. 04
1.40 55.88
1.41 56.42
1.42 56.96
1.42 57.49
1.44 58. 58
1.44 58.15
1.44 56.59
1.44 57.06

41.5
41.0
41.3
40.6
40.5
39. 7
39.6
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.2
40.4
40.1
39.3
39.9

39.3
39.0
39. 2
38.9
37.3
36.7
37.8
38.5
39.0
38.9
39.1
36.8
39.3
37.4
38.2

$2.25 $73.99
2.33 74. 30
2. 34 73. 75
2.33 73.02
2.31 75.11
2.29 73.63
2.28 74.00
2.28 71. 97
2.29 74. 40
2.32 76. 73
2. 35 77. 71
2.33 75.98
2. 35 77. 52
2. 37 77. 95
2. 33 76. 76

41.8
40.6
40.3
39. 9
40.6
39.8
40.0
38.9
40.0
40.6
40.9
40.2
40.8
40.6
40.4

$1. 77
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.85
1.85
1. 85
1. 85
1.86
1.89
1.90
1.89
1.90
1.92
1.90

Furniture and fixtures
Miscellaneous wood
products

$1.28 $57.82
1.38 60.15
1.41 61.80
1.38 61. 39
1.39 61. 39
1.39 60.05
1.39 60. 94
1.39 61. 50
1.40 61.76
1.41 61.86
1.43 63.14
1.45 61.91
1.45 62. 27
1.44 62.37
1.43 61.91

41.6
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.2
40.3
40.9
41.0
40.9
40.7
41.0
40.2
40.7
40.5
40.2

Total: Furniture and
fixtures

$1. 39 $67.07
1.46 68. 95
1. .50 71. 97
1.49 69.60
1.49 71.45
1.49 68.46
1.49 69.55
1.50 69. 55
1.51 68.28
1. 52 67.82
1.54 69.08
1.54 68.38
1. 53 71.63
1.54 72. 39
1.54 71.63

41.4
40.8
41.6
40.5
41.3
39.8
40.2
40.2
39. 7
39.2
39.7
39.3
40.7
40.9
40.7

$1. 62
1.69
1. 73
1. 72
1. 73
1. 72
1. 73
1.73
1.72
1. 73
1. 74
1. 74
1.76
1.77
1.76

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

102

Table 0 -1 . Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1— Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Manufacturing—Continued

Year and month

Furniture and fixtures
Household furniture *

1955: Average______ $64.17
1956: Average............ 65.77
October______ 68. 64
66. 42
November___
December____ 68. 56
64. 78
1957: January_____
66.00
February____
March_______ 66. 40
65.01
April________
64.02
M a y ,.............
June_________ 65.74
July........... ....... 64.68
67.97
August
68.71
September___
October, ___ 68.71

41.4
40.6
41.6
40.5
41.3
39.5
40.0
40.0
39.4
38.8
39.6
39.2
40.7
40.9
40.9

42.3
41.7
42.5
42.2
42.1
41.1
41.1
41.3
41.0
40.8
41.6
41.6
42.4
42.9
42.4

40.0
40.5
41.0
40.4
40.7
39.4
40.0
40.8
40.6
40.3
39.7
39.6
39.9
39.7
38.2

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Fiber cans, tubes,
and drums

$1.74 $77.30
1.82 79.37
1.85 81.36
1.84 83. 42
1.85 82. 61
1.86 78.21
1.87 81.20
1.88 81.61
1.88 82.42
1.89 81.80
1.91 84. 87
1.94 83.01
1.93 82.62
1.96 84. 24
1.96 84. 82

Books
1955: Average_____ $80. 4(
1956: Average............ 83.84
October______ 85.69
November___
84. 44
December____ 84. 66
82. 74
1957: January-------February____
84.80
March_______ 85.68
85.26
April________
M a y . . . _____ 85.84
84. 56
June________
July-------------- 83.95
86.18
August______
September___
85.75
October______ 82.89

Partitions, shelving,
lockers, and fixtures

40.9
40.7
41.3
41.5
41.1
39.3
40.2
40.2
40.4
39.9
41.0
40.1
40.3
40.5
40.2

$2.01 $90. 23
2.07 93.03
2.09 95. 41
2. 09 92. 90
. 08 95. 41
94.24
94.80
96.39
95.20
2.13 94.49
2.13 95.04
95.12
2.16 95.76
2.16 97. 93
2.17 96.80

2
2.10
2.12
2.10
2.10
2.12

40.
40.1
40.6
39.7
40.6
40.1
40.0
40.5
40.0
39.7
39.6
39.8
39.9
40.3
40.0

41.3
40.5
40.0
39.1
40.3
39.4
39.6
40.1
40.5
39.8
40.0
39.9
40.4
41.0
40.3

41.4
41.2
41.0
41.2
41.4
40.7
41.0
40.9
40.8
40.7
41.0
41.0
41.3
41.7
40.9

$2. 25 $91. 66
2.32 94.16
2.35 96.32
2. 34 92. 75
2. 35 94. 41
2.35 93.51
2.37 95.35
2.38 96. 87
2.38 95.50
2.38 96.53
2.40 97.66
2.39 98. 50
2.40 98.70
2.43 98. 70
2.42 96.43

40.2
39.9
40.3
39.3
39.5
38.8
39.4
39.7
39.3
39.4
39.7
39.4
39.8
39.8
39.2

2

Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills

38.9
38.8
39.1
38.6
39.1
38.3
38.5
38.8
38.5
38.4
38.4
38.3
38.5
38.7
38.4

$2. 35
2. 43
2. 45
2. 45
2. 46
2. 46
2.48
2.49
2.49
2.51
2.51
2. 51
2.51
2.53
2.53

38.3
38.4
38.9
39.6
38.0
38.2
38.1
38.1
38.0
38.5
38.3
38.8
38.4
38.2
38.2

Newspapers
$96. 65
99.64
101. 36
102. 28
103. 21
97. 86
98.84
99. 76
101.03
103.25
102.96
100. 54
100. 67
103.32
103.17

36.2
36.1
36.2
36.4
36.6
35.2
35.3
35.5
35.7
36.1
36.0
35.4
35.7
36.0
35.7

1.66

39.6
39.4
39.7
39.0
39.9
39.1
39.6
39.6
39.0
38.9
39.4
38.8
39.1
39.0
38.9

$1.55
1.66
1.63
1.63
1.65
1.60
1.61
1.59
1.57
1.58
1.58
1.56
1.61
1.62
1.59

42.2
41.6
42.4
32.1
42.0
40.9
41.0
41.2
40.9
40.7
41.5
41.4
42.2
42.6
42.2

$1.75
1.83
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.89
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.93
1.95
1.94
1.97
1.98

Periodicals
$2.67
2. 76
2. 80
2.81
2.82
2. 78
2. 80
2. 81
2.83
2.86
2. 86
2.84
2.82
2.87
2. 89

Bookbinding and
related industries

$1.48 $70. 09
1.60 72.10
1.61 73.84
1.61 72. 54
1.64 74. 61
1.69 73.12
1. 71 73.66
1.70 74. 45
1.71 73. 32
1.70 73.13
1.67 74.07
1.64 72.94
1.67 75.07
73.71
1.64 73. 91

42.0
42.9
42.8
41.0
42.7
42.0
42.0
41.4
40.8
39.9
41.1
40.5
41.6
41.7
41.3

Paperboard con­
tainers and boxes 1

43.0 $1.83 $85. 94
44.3 $1.94 $73. 85
42.8
1. 94 91.05
44.2
2.06 76.13
44.0
42.9
1. 98 93. 28
2.12 78. 86
1.98 92. 86
43.0
42.7
2.12 78.31
43.0
1.99 94.15
44.2
2.13 78. 54
1. 99 93.07
43.9
42.3
2.12 76. 48
42.3
2.00 93.08
43.7
2.13 77. 49
2.00 92.66
42.3
43.5
2.13 78. 28
42.1
43.4
2.00 92. 44
2.13 77.71
43.3
42.0
2.01 92.23
2.13 77. 74
42.2
2.03 93.53
2.17 80.10
43.1
43.4
2.20 80. 73
2.06 95.48
42.3
42.5
2.06 95. 26
43.3
2.20 81.87
42.9
2.22 83.92
2.08 96. 79
43.6
43.4
42.5
2. 09 96.78
2. 23 83. 56
Printing, publishing, and allied industries

Greeting cards

$2.28 $56. 68
2. 36 61.44
.39 62. 63
2. 36 63. 76
.39 62. 3?
2. 41 64. 56
2. 42 65.15
2. 44 64. 77
2.43 64.98
2. 45 65.45
2.46 63.96
2.50 63.63
2.48 64.13
.4$ 63.41
2.46 62. 65

Wood office f urniture

42.1 $1.80 $65.10
$1. 75 $75. 78
41.8
1.90 71.21
1.83 79. 42
42.1
1.92 69.76
1.87 80. 83
41.2
1.87 79. 52
1.93 66.83
1. 87 82. 91
42.3
1.96 70.46
1.93 67. 20
1. 88 78. 55
40.7
1.88 79.13
41.0
1.93 67.62
1. 86 79. 73
41.1
1.94 65. 83
1.84 77.78
40.3
1.93 64.06
1.94 63.04
1.87 77. 79
40.1
1.91 77.22
39.6
1.95 64.94
1.90 77.61
39.8
1.95 63.18
41.4
1.91 81.56
1.97 66.98
41.4
1.92 81.97
1.98 67. 55
1.91 78. 01
39.8
1.96 65. 67
Paper and allied products

Total: Printing,
publishing, and
allied industries

$1.69 $91. 42
1.77 94.28
1. 81 95.80
1.81 94.57
1.82 96.19
1.83 94. 22
1.83 95. 48
1.83 96. 61
1.84 95.87
1.84 96.38
1.85 96.38
1.87 96.13
1.88 96. 64
1.89 97.91
1.90 97.15

2
2

40.9
39.4
40.6
38.4
39.4
38.8
39.0
38.5
37.2
38.7
40.3
40.5
40.4
40. 5
39.0

Total: Paper and
allied products

$1.59 $78.69
1.64 83.03
1.66 84.94
1.66 84. 55
1.69 85. 57
1.66 84.18
1.68 84.60
1.69 84.60
1.68 84. 20
1.69 84. 42
1.70 85. 67
1.72 87.14
1.72 87.55
1.75 89.23
1.73 88.83

Lithographing

Office, public­
building, and
professional
furniture 5

Mattresses and
bedsprings

$1.70 $71. 58
1.80 72.10
1.83 75.92
1. 82 71.81
1.86 73.68
1.80 72. 94
1.84 73.32
1.84 71. 61
1.83 68. 45
1.81 72.37
1.83 76.97
1.80 76.95
1.82 77.16
1.86 77. 76
1.86 74.49

Other paper and
allied products

$1. 89 $69. 97
1.95 72. 92
1.97 74.21
2.01 74. 57
2.01 75.35
1.99 74. 48
2. 02 75. 03
2.03 74. 85
2.04 75.07
2.05 74.89
2.07 75. 85
2.07 76.67
2.05 77. 64
2.08 78. 81
2.11 77. 71

Commercial printing

40.7
39.9
41.5
41.0
41.9
38.1
39.6
40.2
39.3
37.3
38.8
37.9
40.4
40.6
40.6

Screens, blinds, and
miscellaneous furni­
ture and fixtures

42.2 $1.99 $80. 78
40.8 $1.98 $65.67
41.0
2. 05 66. 42
41.6
2.09 84.05
41.8
2.10 66.40
42.0
2.14 87. 78
40.6
2.08 64.91
2.14 84. 45
41.5
2.08 68.11
41.2
42.4
2.18 85.70
41.3
2.09 65. 40
40.8
2.15 86.32
40.9
40.4
2.07 66. 53
2.15 84.66
41.0
2.09 67. 77
40.3
2.15 85. 69
2.09 68.04
39.3
2.14 84.23
40.3
40.4
2.11 67. 26
39.1
2.15 85.24
40.4
2.13 68. 00
37.5
2.15 86.05
2.14 68.63
39.6
2.18 84.96
39.7
40.4
2.15 69. 49
2.21 86.86
40.2
40.0
2.17 71.75
40.4
2.20 86.80
40.6
2.17 69.72
38.2
2.19 88.10
Paper and allied products—Continued

Paperboard boxes
1955: Average_____ $73. 60
75.89
1956: Average_____
October______ 78. 63
77.65
November___
December____ 77.89
76. 45
1957: January_____
76. 86
February____
M arch_______ 77. 64
April................ 77.08
77.11
M ay________
June_________ 79.46
July-------------- 80. 70
81.83
August______
84.08
September___
83.10
October_____

Wood household
furniture, upholstered

42.2 $1. 38 $69.19
$1. 55 $58.24
1.62 59. 20
41.4
1. 43 71.82
1. 46 75. 95
42.3
1.65 61. 76
41.2
1.46 74. 62
1.64 60.15
41.8
1. 47 77.93
1.66 61.45
1.46 68. 58
1.64 58. 84
40.3
40.4
1.48 72. 86
1.65 58. 98
40.4
1. 66 59.39
1. 47 73. 97
1.47 71.92
1. 65 58.80
40.0
1.48 67. 51
1.65 58.61
39.6
40.0
1.48 71.00
1.66 59.20
1.47 68. 22
1.65 58.21
39.6
41.2
1.49 72.80
1.67 61.39
41.4
1.49 75. 52
1.68 61.69
41.7
1. 50 75. 52
1.68 62. 55
Furniture and fixtures—Continued

Metal office furniture
1955: Average........... $83.98
86.94
1956: Average_____
October.......... . 89. 88
88. 81
November___
December____ 92. 43
1957: January............ 87. 72
86. 86
February____
March_______ 86.65
84.10
April________
84.07
M ay________
80.63
June............ —
July-------------- 86.33
88.84
August______
88.88
September___
October______ 83. 66

Wood household
furniture ( except
upholstered)

$92.97
39.9 $2. 33
2.41
96.16
39.9
102. 56
40.7
2. 52
39.4
96. 92
2. 46
39.7
2.35
93.30
95.68
2. 41
39.7
2. 49
99.60
40.0
39.9
99. 75
2. 50
39.8
2. 54
101.09
38.9
2.48
96.47
39.4
97.71
2. 48
100.90
40.2
2. 51
2. 57
104.60
40.7
107.38
41.3
2.60
103. 53
40.6
2.55
Miscellaneous pub­
lishing and printing
services

$1.77 $109.05
1.83 109.09
107.59
108. 64
1.87
. 26
1.87 109.06

1.86
1.86

110
1.86 112.22
1.88 113.18
1.88 109. 52
1.88 110.88
1.88 110.30
1.88 110.30
1.92 112. 91
1.89 111.07
1.90
. 68

110

39.8
39.1
38.7
38.8
39.1
38.4
39.1
39.3
38.7
38.5
38.3
38.3
38.8
38.7
38.7

$2.74
2. 79
2. 78
. 80
2.82
2. 84
2. 87
. 88
2.83

2

2
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.91
2.87

2.86

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

103

Table C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
w kly. w kly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Manufacturing—Continued

Year and month

Chemicals and allied products
Total: Chemicals and
allied products
1955: Average______ $82. 39
1956: Average_____
87.14
October______ 88. 60
November___
89.23
December____ 89.86
1957: January_____
89. 21
February____
89.40
March_______ 89. 40
April________
89. 40
M ay______
90.64
June________
91.88
July.................. 92.25
August-............ 92. 25
September___
92.70
October____ 91.84

41.4
41.3
41.4
41.5
41.6
41.3
41.2
41.2
41. 2
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.2
41.0

$1.99
2.11
2. 14
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.20
2.23
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.24

Synthetic fibers

1955: Average______ $75. 36
1956: Average______ 77.81
October............ 78.20
November___
78. 99
December____ 79.38
1957: January_____
79. 79
February____ 80. 00
March______
79. 60
April________
80.80
M ay________
81.61
June________
83. 03
J u ly .._______
83.42
83.22
A ugust_____
September___
82. 41
October___
83.01

40.3
39.9
39.9
40.3
40. 5
40.5
40.2
40.0
40.4
40.4
40.5
40.3
40.4
40.2
40.1

42.2
41. 4
41.7
41.4
41.4
41.0
41.0
40. 7
41.2
41.0
41.6
41.5
41.4
40.8
40.5

$89. 98
95.12
97.17
97.00
98.12
96. 93
97. 34
97. 51
97.99
98. 33
99.63
100. 53
101.18
102. 09
101. 34

40.9
41.0
41. (
41. 1
41.4
40.9
40.9
40.8
41.0
40.8
41.0
40.7
40.8
41.0
40.7

40.1
40.5
41.0
41.5
41.8
41.2
41.1
41,2
41.0
41.8
41.2
41.6
41.6
42.3
41.1

$2.03 $75.07
2.15 78. 55
2.18 79.98
2.20 80.78
2.20 81.19
2.21 81.60
2. 22 82.00
2. 24 82.01
2.25 81. 61
2. 27 82.01
2. 28 82.62
2. 30 82.42
2.31 81.81
2.29 83.64
2. 30 84.26

43.1
42.8
43.1
42.7
42.5
43.4
42.4
42.0
42.5
43.2
42.2
43.5
42.6
43.3
41.7

40.8
40.7
40.6
40.8
40.8
40.8
41.0
40.8
40.4
40.4
40.7
40.6
40.3
40.8
41.1

42.6
42.3
41.7
41. 7
42.6
42.3
42.2
43.5
43.6
44.4
41.8
41.5
41.6
41.9
41.7

41.0
41.1
41.0
41.2
41.3
41.1
40.9
40.8
40. £
41.0
41.1
40.9
41.0
41.0
40.8

40.9
41.2
41.0
41.1
41.3
41.3
41.2
41.5
41.0
40.6
41.2
41.0
41.3
41.4
40.9

1955: Average______ $75. 48
1956: A verage_____ 80. 38
October........... 81.20
82. 81
November___
December____ 83. 84
1957: January_____
82.42
February____
83.03
March__ ____
83. 23
April— ______ 83.03
M ay................. 83.22
June_________ 84.03
July-------------83. 21
83.82
August______
85. 47
September___
October______ 84. 21

40.8
40.8
40.6
41.2
41.3
40.4
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.4
40.4
40.2
40.3
40.7
40.1

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Essential oils, perfumes, cosmetics

$1.85 $63.18
1.97 66.47
2.00 67.09
2.01 68. 97
2.03 70. 93
2.04 66. 99
2.03 67.25
2. 04 68. 03
2.04 68.78
2. 06 68.64
2. 08 69. 45
2.07 67.94
2.08 69.42
2.10 71.06
2.10 69.06

39.0
39.1
39.7
40.1
40.3
38.5
39.1
39.1
39.3
39.0
38.8
38.6
39.0
39.7
38.8

$1.50 $71.14
1.60 74. 42
1.64 75. 96
1.65 75.82
1.66 75. 33
1.66 75. 24
1.65 75.10
1.63 76.64
1. 62 76.74
1.69 78. 55
1.70 80.78
1.73 82.47
1. 73 81.10
1.74 78. 85
1.72 78.26

$2.08
2.20
2. 21
2.23
2.25
2.28
2.28
2.29
2. 30
2. 32
2.34
2.33
2.36
2. 36
2. 38

45.6
45.1
46.6
46.8
46.5
45.6
44.7
44.3
43.6
43.4
43.9
44.1
43.6
44.8
45.5

$88. 41
93.88
95. 57
97. 44
98. 09
96.56
97. 21
98.28
97.86
98. 41
99.60
101.16
101. 04
101. 50
102. 24

42.3
42.1
42.1
42.0
42. 1
41.8
41.9
42.0
42.0
41.7
41.5
41.8
42.0
41.6
41.9

$2. 09
2.23
2. 27
2. 32
2. 33
2. 31
2. 32
2. 34
2.33
2. 36
2. 40
2.42
2.42
2. 44
2. 44

Soap and glycerin

$91. 88
98.16
98. 33
99. 39
100.28
102. 92
101. 93
102.84
102. 66
102.97
105. 06
103. 73
107.43
106. 91
106. 30

40.3
40.9
40.8
40.9
41.1
41.5
41.1
41.3
40.9
40.7
41.2
41.0
41.8
41.6
41.2

$97. 81
103. 50
107. 52
103. 57
107. 33
106. 30
104.19
104. 86
103. 94
105.93
103. 88
108. 75
109.34
108. 40
108. 67

41.8
41. 4
42 0
41 1
41 6
41 2
40. 7
40. 8
40. 6
40. 9
39.8
41. 2
40 8
40.6
40.7

$2 34
2 50
2 50
2 52
2 58
2 58
2 50
2 57
2 56
2 59
2 61
2 04
2 08
2 67
2.67

Paints, pigments, and
fillers 5

$2.28 $84.18
2. 40 86.11
2. 41 87. 99
2. 43 87. 35
2. 44 88.18
2. 48 87. 54
2. 48 87. 53
2. 49 87.31
2. 51 88. 78
2. 53 88. 75
2. 55 90.69
2.53 90.67
2. 57 91.08
2. 57 89. 76
2. 58 89.91

42.3
41. 6
41.7
41. 4
41 4
41.1
40 9
40. 8
41.1
40.9
41. 6
41. 4
41.4
40 8
40.5

$1 99
2 07
2 11
2 11
2 18
2 18
2 14
2 14
2.16
2.17
2.18
2 19
2 20
2 20
2.22

45. 6
45. 2
44. 4
45. 4
45 5
44. 2
43. 6
44.1
43.8
44. 2
45. 0
45. 2
44. 6
45. 2
44.8

$1. 78
1 89
1 92
1 92
1 88
1 92
1 97
1 98
2 00
1 99
1. 99
1 99
1 98
1 99
2.00

Veoetable oils

$1. 56 $65. 07
1. 65 67.95
1.63 70.74
1.62 69. 97
1.62 69.24
1.65 69. 60
1.68 68.40
1.73 69.26
1. 76 69.17
1.81 71. 05
1.84 73.53
1.87 76. 46
1.86 74. 90
1.76 71.65
1.72 71.60

45.5
45.0
47.8
47. 6
47.1
46.4
45.3
44.4
43.5
42.8
43.0
43.2
42.8
44.5
45.9

$1. 43
1.51
1. 48
1. 47
1.47
1.50
1.51
1. 56
1. 59
1.66
1.71
1. 77
1. 75
1.61
1.561

$81.17
85. 43
85. 25
87.17
85. 54
84. 86
85.89
87. 32
87.60
87.96
89. 55
89. 95
88.31
89. 95
89. 60

Products of petroleum and coal

Compressed and
liquefied gases

$1.62 $87. 72
1.70 90.09
1.69 91. 54
1. 72 94. 35
1. 76 94.13
1. 74 94.08
1. 72 95. 18
1.74 94.50
1.75 95. 37
1. 76 94.81
1. 79 96.83
1.76 96. 79
1.78 95.08
1.79 98. 09
1.78 96.46

$2.13
2.26
2.29
2. 30
2.31
2. 31
2. 32
2.33
2.33
2.35
2.38
2.40
2.40
2. 41
2. 41

Vegetable and animal
oils and fats 5

Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Miscellaneous chemicals 0

Plastics, except syn thetic rubber

Soap, cleaning and
polishing preparations5

$1. 84 $85. 07
1.93 90. 64
1. 97 90.61
1. 98 91. 65
1. 99 92. 93
2.00 94.16
2.00 93.94
2. 01 95.04
2.02 94.30
2.03 94.19
2. 03 96.41
2.03 95. 53
2. 03 97. 47
2.05 97. 70
2. 05 97. 34

Fertilizers

$1.67 $63. 90
1.76 67.68
1.79 68. 39
1. 78 68. 81
1. 79 70. 72
1.78 70. 22
1.80 69.63
1.80 70.91
1. 82 70. 63
1.84 75.04
1.85 71.06
1.86 71.80
1.85 71.97
1.87 72. 91
1.87 71.72

Industrial organic
chemicals 5

40.4 $2.17 $87. 33
40.7
2. 2£ 92. 89
40.8
2.3Ï 93.89
40.5
2. 32 94.76
41. C 2.34 95. 40
40.5
2. 33 94. 94
40. £
2.34 94.89
2. 34 95. 06
40. 7
2. 35 95. 3C
40. 7
40.6
2.35 96. 35
40.5
2. 39 97.82
40.7
2. 44 98.16
40.5
2. 46 98.40
40.4
2. 45 98. 81
40.3
2. 44 98. 33

Drugs and medicines

Gum and wood
chemicals

$1.95 $71. 98
2.03 75. 33
2. 07 77.15
2. 07 76. 01
2. 08 76. 08
2. 08 77. 25
2. 09 76. 32
2. 09 75. 60
2.11 77.35
2.12 79. 49
2.13 78.07
2.14 80. 91
2.15 78.81
2.15 80. 97
2.17 77. 98

Alkalies and chlorine

$2.20 $87. 67
2. 32 93.20
2. 37 95. 06
2.36 93.96
2. 37 95. 94
2. 37 94. 37
2.38 95. 71
2. 39 95.24
2. 39 95. 65
2. 41 95. 41
2. 43 96.80
2.47 99.31
2. 48 99.63
2. 49 98. 98
2. 49 98. 33

Explosives

$1. 87 $81. 40
1.95 87.08
1.96 89. 38
1.96 91.30
1.96 91.96
1.97 91.05
1.99 91. 24
1.99 92. 29
2.00 92.25
2.02 94.89
2.05 93.94
2.07 95. 68
2. 06 96.10
2. 05 96. 87
2. 07 94. 53

Paints, varnishes,
lacquers, and enamels
1955: Average_____ $82. 29
84.04
1956: Average_____
October______ 86. 32
November___
85.70
December____ 86.11
1957: Jan u arv _____ 85.28
February____
85.69
March_______ 85.06
April________
86. 93
M ay________
86.92
June_________ 88.61
July-------------- 88.81
A ugust______
89.01
September___
87. 72
October______ 87. 89

Industrial inorganic
chemicals 5

43.0
42.1
41.8
42.5
42.4
42.0
42.3
42.0
42.2
41.4
42.1
41.9
41.7
42.1
41.4

$2. 04
2.14
2.19
2. 22
2. 22
2. 24
2. 25
2.25
2.26
2.29
2. 30
2.31
2.28
2. 33
2. 33

Total: Products of
petroleum and coal
$97. 00
104.39
104. 86
105.11
105. 37
106. 45
104. 45
104. 60
106. 71
106. 75
108. 79
111. 64
109.21
113. 30
110. 30

41.1
41. 1
40.8
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.8
40.7
41.2
40.9
40.9
41.5
40.6
41.5
40.7

$2. 36
2. 54
2. 57
2.57
2. 57
2.59
2. 56
2. 57
2. 59
2. 61
2.66
2.69
2. 69
2. 73
2. 71

Petroleum refining

$100.37
108. 39
108.14
109. 20
109. 74
110. 68
107.86
108. 26
110. 95
110.84
113. 70
115.92
111.60
117. 01
113. 93

40.8
40.9
40.5
40.9
41.1
41.3
40.7
40.7
41.4
40.9
40.9
41.4
40.0
41.2
40.4

C o ke, o t h er pe troleum,
and coal products

$2. 46 $86. 31
2. 65 91.32
2. 67 93. 83
2. 67 91.98
2. 67 91.53
2.68 93.38
2.65 93.5?
2. 66 92. 57
2.68 92. 57
2. 71 93.02
2.78 94.30
2.80 98.41
2.79 101.39
2.84 101.81
2. 82 99.19

41.9
41. 7
41.7
40. 7
40. 5
40. 6
41. 2
40. 6
40.6
40.8
41.0
41.7
42.6
42.6
41.5

$2. 06
2.19
2 25
2 26
2. 26
2.30
2 27
2. 28
2.28
2. 28
2.30
2.36
2.38
2 39
2. 39

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

104

T a b l e C -l. Hours and gross earnings o f production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wklv.
earn- hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. w kly.
earn- hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg. Avg.
w kly. w kly.
earn- hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Manufacturing—Continued

Year and month

Leather and leather products

Rubber products
Total: Rubber
products
1955: Average_____ $87.15
1956: Average______ 87.23
October______ 89.98
87. 89
November___
December____ 92. 74
91.21
1957: January_____
February- — 90. 80
March_______ 89. 28
April______ . 87.60
M a v . _______ 88. 80
June_________ 91.21
July-------------- 94.16
92.84
August______
92. 97
September___
October______ 93. 03

41.7
40. 2
40.9
40.5
41.4
40.9
40.9
40.4
40.0
40.0
40.9
41.3
40.9
40.6
40.1

Tires and inner
tubes

$2.09 $101.09
2.17 100. 95
2.20 102. 66
2.17 103. 53
2. 24 109. 25
2. 23 107. 64
2. 22 106.19
2. 21 102. 40
2.19 103. 46
2.22 103.46
2.23 107.23
2.28 112.20
2. 27 107.83
2.29 107. 20
2. 32 105. 45

41.6
39.9
40.1
40.6
41.7
41.4
41.0
40.0
40.1
40.1
41.4
42.5
41.0
40.3
39. 2

Rubber footwear

40.4
39.5
39.4
39.1
39.6
39.0
39.4
39.5
38.6
39.3
39.5
39.2
39.7
39.6
39.9

$2.43 $70. 70
2.53 71.89
2. 56 71.71
2.55 71. 55
2. 62 73. 26
2. 60 71. 76
2. 59 72.10
2. 56 72. 68
2. 58 70. 64
2.58 71.92
2. 59 72. 29
2.64 72.13
2.63 73.05
2. 66 74.45
2. 69 76. 21

Other rubber products

41.9
40.7
41.7
40.6
41. 5
40.9
41.0
40.8
40.2
40.1
40.7
40.7
41.1
41.1
40.9

$1. 75 $78.35
1.82 78. 96
1.82 82. 98
1.83 79.98
1.85 82.59
1.84 81.39
1.83 81.18
1. 84 81.19
1.83 79.60
1.83 79.80
1.83 81.81
1.84 82. 62
1.84 83.84
1.88 85. 08
1.91 85.89

Total: Leather and
leather products

$1. 87 $53. 44
1.94 56. 02
1.99 55. 72
1.97 56.09
1.99 57. 30
1.99 57.76
1.98 58.60
1.99 58.52
1.98 56.83
1.99 55.90
2.01 58.21
2.03 58.29
2.04 58.67
2.07 57.66
2.10 57.04

37.9
37.6
36.9
36.9
37.7
38.0
38.3
38.0
36.9
36.3
37.8
38.1
38.1
37.2
36.8

Leather: tanned,
curried, and finished

$1.41 $72. 40
1.49 74.24
1.51 74. 86
1.52 75. 64
1. 52 76.42
1.52 75. 65
1.53 75.65
1.54 75. 26
1.54 76. 43
1.54 75.27
1.54 77.81
1.53 76.83
1.54 77.22
1.55 77. 42
1.55 77.81

40.0
39.7
39.4
39.6
39.8
39.4
39.4
39.2
39.6
39.0
39.9
39.4
39.4
39.3
39.1

$1.81
1.87
1.90
1.91
1.92
1. 92
1.92
1.92
1. 93
1.93
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.99

Leather and leather products—Continued
Industrial leather
belting and packing
1955: Average_____ $71. 81
1956: A verage........ . 72.40
October______ 75.07
79. 38
November___
December........ 75.70
78.63
1957: January_____
75. 70
February____
March_______ 75. 36
April________
73. 47
M ay.................
74.34
J u n e........... .
74. 77
77.36
July_________
78.91
August______
September___
79.13
October______ 77. 90

40.8
40.0
40.8
42.0
40. 7
42.5
40.7
40.3
39. 5
40.4
40.2
40.5
41.1
41.0
41.0

Boot and shoe cut
stock and findings

$1.76 $51.95
1.81 53. 48
1.84 53. 07
1.89 53.14
1.86 55. 30
1.85 55. 77
1. 86 56.50
1. 87 55. 71
1.86 53.07
1.84 54.68
1.86 57.72
1.91 56.74
1.92 56.30
1.93 53.95
1.90 55.80

38.2
37.4
36.6
36.4
38.4
38.2
38.7
37.9
36.6
37.2
39.0
38.6
38.3
36.7
37.2

Footwear (except
rubber)

$1.36 $49.98
1.43 53. 57
1.45 52.41
1. 46 52. 71
1.44 54.31
1.46 55.71
1. 46 56. 39
1. 47 56. 47
1.45 54. 39
1.47 53.04
1.48 55. 73
1.47 56.09
1.47 56.32
1.47 54. 90
1. 50 54.15

37.3
37.2
35.9
36.1
37.2
37.9
38. 1
37.9
36.5
35.6
37.4
37.9
37.8
36.6
36.1

Handbags and small
leather goods

Luggage

$1.34 $61). 28
1.44 62. 72
1.46 63. 99
1.46 67.03
1.46 64.13
1.47 61.88
1.48 62. 59
1. 49 63.08
1.49 61. 45
1.49 61.56
1.49 63. 50
1.48 64.40
1.49 63. 27
1. 50 65.11
1.50 63. 58

39.4
39.2
39.5
39.9
38.4
37.5
38.4
38.7
37.7
38.0
39.2
40.0
39.3
39.7
38.3

$1.53 $48. 51
1.60 51.00
1.62 53. 76
1.68 53. 30
1.67 53. 02
1.65 52. 50
1.03 63.82
1.63 53. 96
1. 63 52.05
1.62 51.05
1.62 52.82
1.61 53.34
1.61 54.14
1.64 53.58
1.66 53.82

38.2
37.5
38.4
37.8
37.6
37.5
37.9
38.0
36.4
35.7
37.2
37.3
38.4
38.0
37.9

Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods

$1.27 $46. 38
1.36 48.34
1.40 50.63
1.41 48. 37
1.41 49. 71
1.40 49. 28
1.42 49. 82
1.42 49.87
1. 43 48.96
1.43 49.46
1.42 50.01
1.43 49.32
1.41 50.32
1.41 50.14
1.42 49. 64

37.1
36.9
37.5
36.1
37.1
36.5
36.9
36.4
36.0
36.1
36.5
36.0
37.0
36.6
36.5

$1.25
1.31
1.35
1.34
1. 34
1.35
1.35
1.37
1.36
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.36
1.37
1.36

Stone, clay, and glass products
Total: Stone, clay,
and glass products
1955: Average______ $77.19
1956: Average______ 80.56
October______ 82.19
82.61
November___
December____ 82.81
1957: J a n u a r y ..___ 81.41
81.61
February.........
March_______ 82.21
April________
81.20
82.42
M ay________
June_________ 83. 44
July_________
82.82
84.25
August______
September___ 84.86
October__ ___ 84.24

41.5
41.1
41.3
41.1
41. 2
40.3
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.8
40.9
40.4
40.9
40.8
40.5

$1.86 $114.38
1.96 113.03
1.99 112.34
2.01 119.23
2.01 117.96
2.02 117.26
2.01 114. 46
2.02 112. 56
2.01 110.80
2.02 110.95
2.04 108. 90
2.05 112. 28
2.06 109.02
2.08 113. 52
2. 08 117. 33

Cement, hydraulic
1955: Average_____
1956- A v e ra g e

October............
November___
December____
1957: January_____
F eh m ary

March_______
A p r il_______
M ay

June_________
July— ............
August______
September___
October______

$78. 85
83. 84
86. 74
86.11
85. 4Í
86.7Í
84.46
85.28
84. 66
84. 66
86.51
83.16
91.31
93. 30
90. 09

41.5
41.3
41.5
41.2
41. 1
41. Í
40.8
41. (
40. 7
40.7
41.0
37.8
40.8
41.1
40.4

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Glass and glassware,
pressed or blown 8

Flat glass

43.0
41.1
41.3
41.4
41.4
41.3
40.6
40.5
40.0
40.2
39.6
40.1
39.5
40.4
40.6

$2.66 $74. 82
2. 75 79.80
2.72 81.81
2. 88 82.00
2. 85 82.21
2. 84 82. 50
2. 82 81.78
2. 78 81.90
2. 77 81.18
2.76 84. 44
2. 75 84.02
2. 80 84.82
2. 76 84.00
2.81 83.95
2.89 83.32

Structural clay
products •

$1.90 $70.04
2.03 73.62
2.09 74. 85
2.09 73.6C
2. 08 73. 97
2.10 72. 86
2.07 73.23
2.08 73. 82
2.08 74.00
2.08 74. 59
2.11 75.74
2.20 76.33
2. 2¿. 76. 52
2. 27 76.38
2.23 76. 78

39.8
39.7
40.3
40.0
40.1
39.9
39.7
39.8
39.6
40.4
40.2
40.2
40.0
39.6
39.3

$1.88 $76.19
2.01 80. 59
2.03 82. 62
2.05 83.21
2.05 82.81
2.07 84.44
2.06 82. 78
2. 06 82. 78
2.05 82.80
2.09 86.09
2.09 85. 65
2.11 86.46
2.10 85.63
2.12 84. 74
2.12 84.14

Brick and hollow tile

41.2 $1.70 $67.94
1.80 70.14
40.9
40.9
1.83 70.98
40. C 1.84 68,78
40.2
1.84 68. 71
39.6
1.84 65. 24
39.8
1. 84 66. 07
39.9
1. 85 67.30
1.85 69.29
40.0
1.86 69.87
40.1
40.5
1. 87 71. 55
1.88 71.55
40.6
40.7
1.88 71.72
40.2
1.90 72.28
40.2
1.91 71. 75

43.0
42.0
42.0
40.7
40.9
39. i
39.8
40.3
41.0
41.1
41.6
41.6
41.7
41. c
41.0

Glass containers

40.1
39.7
40.3
40.2
40.2
40.4
39.8
39.8
40.0
40.8
40.4
40.4
40.2
39.6
39.5

$1.90 $73.08
2.03 77.81
2.05 81.20
2.07 79.80
2. 06 81.40
2.09 79. 76
2.08 80.39
2.08 80. 59
2.07 78. 97
2.11 81.39
2.12 81.40
2.14 81.59
2.13 80.78
2.14 82. 58
2.13 81.69

Floor and wall tile

$1. 58 $69.25
1.67 73. 75
1.69 73.60
1.60 73.66
1.68 74.43
1.66 75. 03
1.66 74.80
1.67 74. 05
1.69 73. 87
1.70 75.81
1.72 76.80
1. 72 76.80
1.72 77. 36
1. 75 78.34
1.75 76. 80

39.8
40.3
40.0
39.6
39.8
39.7
40.0
39.6
39.5
39.9
40.0
40.0
40.5
40.8
40.0

Pressed and blown
glass
39.5
39.7
40.4
39.7
39.9
39.1
39.6
39.7
38.9
39.7
39.9
39.8
39.6
39.7
38.9

Sewer pipe

$1. 74 $69. 32
1.83 72. 76
1.84 76.22
1.86 74. 56
1.87 72.2S
1.8£ 73.16
1.87 73.16
1. 87 72.83
1. 87 71.00
1.90 74.64
1.92 73.51
1.92 76. 33
1.91 74. 37
1.92 75. 74
1.92 76. 73

40.3
40.2
41.2
40.3
39.5
40.2
40.2
39.8
38.8
39.7
39.1
40.6
40.2
40.5
40.6

Glass products made
of purchased glass

$1.85 $65.03
1.96 68.71
2.01 70.58
2.01 73.10
2.04 72. 30
2.04 70. 22
2.03 69.30
2.03 70. SC
2.03 69.65
2.05 67. 55
2. 04 69.42
2. 05 68.78
2.04 69.78
2.08 72. 72
2.10 74.26

40.9
40.9
40.8
41.3
40.0
39.0
39.6
40.0
39.8
38.6
39.0
39.3
39.2
40.4
40.8

$1. 59
1.68
1.73
1. 77
1.77
1.76
1.75
1.77
1.75
1. 75
1.78
1.75
1.78
1.80
1.82

Clay refractories
$1.72 $75.27
1.81 80.36
1.85 80. 73
1.85 81.48
1.83 83. 95
1.82 84. 3f
1. 82 84.14
1.83 84. 56
1.83 83. 50
1.88 83.07
1.88 83.28
1.88 85.02
1.85 85.58
1.87 82.65
1.89 85. 69

3 .8

U .2

j9.0
38.8
39.6
39.8
39.5
39.7
39.2
39.0
39.1
39.0
38.9
37.4
38.6

$1.94
2.05
2.07
2.10
2.12
2.12
2.13
2.13
2. 13
2.13
2.13
2.18
2.20
2. 21
2. 22

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

Table C -l.

105

Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
A vg.
w k ly .
earnin g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h ou r s

A vg.
h r ly .
ea rnin g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earnin g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earnin g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earnta g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earnta g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earnta g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earnta g s

A vg.
w k ly .
ea rnta g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h ours

A vg.
h r ly .
ea rnta g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earnin g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earnta g s

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

Y ea r a n d m o n th

S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts— C o n tin u e d

1955: Average_____
1956: Average_____

October______
November___
December____
1957: January_____
February____
March______
April_______
M ay________
June________
July-------------A ugust______
September___
October______

Pottery and related
products

Concrete, gypsum,
and plaster products9

$66.38
72.20
73.14
74. 50
74.88
71.20
74.10
74.69
73. 91
73.11
72. 07
71.87
74. 27
74. 84
74. 80

$78. 23
81.88
82. 77
81.03
81.03
77. 75
79. 98
81.08
80. 51
83.28
85.55
84.39
87.02
86.2 9
8 5 .0 6

37.5
37.8
37.7
38.4
38.4
36.7
3 8 .0
3 8 .3
37. 9
37.3
36.4
3 6 .3
3 7 .7
3 7 .8
3 7 .4

$1.77
1.91
1.9 4
1.94
1.95
1.94
1.95
1.95
1.95
1.9 6
1.98
1 .9 8
1.97
1.98
2 .0 0

44 .7
44 .5
4 4 .5
4 3 .8
4 3 .8
4 1 .8
43 .0
42 .9
42 .6
4 3 .6
44.1
4 3 .5
4 4 .4
4 3 .8
4 3 .4

$1.75
1.84
1 .8 6
1.85
1.85
1.8 6
1. 86
1.89
1.89
1.9)
1.94
1.94
1 .9 6
1 .9 7
1.96

C o n c r e te p r o d u c ts

$74.98
78. 75
80.36
77.70
77.79
74.16
77.25
78.01
78. 62
81.07
83. 59
81.47
83. 78
82.7 2
83.35

44.9
4 5 .0
45 .4
44.4
4 4 .2
4 1 .9
4 3 .4
43.1
4 3 .2
44 .3
44 .7
4 3 .8
4 4 .8
44 .0
44.1

$1.67
1.7 5
1.77
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.81
1. 82
1.83
1.87
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

Stone, clay and glass products—Continued
A s b e s to s p r o d u c ts

1955: Average_____
1956: Average_____

October______
November___
December____
1957: January_____
February.........
M arch_______
April________
M ay________
June________
J u ly ...............
A ugust______
September___
October____

$84. 67
84.65
87.98
87.14
88.19
85.49
88.41
88.20
89. 46
92.24
92. 88
89. 84
92.18
91.76
90.45

43.2
41.7
42.3
42.3
42.4
41. 5
42.1
4 1 .8
42.0
42.9
4 2 .8
41.4
41.9
4 1 .9
4 1 .3

$1.96
2.0 3
2.08
2.0 6
2 .0 8
2 .0 6
2 .1 0
2.11
2 .1 3
2 .1 5
2 .1 7
2 .1 7
2 .2 0
2 .1 9
2 .1 9

Iron and steel found­
ries s
1965: Average_____
1956: Average_____

October______
N ovem ber___
December____
1957: January_____
February____
March_______
April____ . . .
M a y ........... .
June............ .
July...................
August______
September___
October...........

$85.06
87.34
88. 56
87. 89
91.32
88.73
87. 78
87.12
86.68
86.85
88.53
88.09
87. 58
8 9 .04
87. 32

41.9
41.2
41.0
40.5
41.7
40.7
3 9 .9
39.6
39.4
3 9 .3
39.7
3 9 .5
39.1
3 9 .4
3 8 .3

October_____
November___
December___
1957: January..........
F ebruary.......
March_______
April________
M ay..................
June_________
Julv_________
A u g u s t_____
September___
October............

$89.28
95.34
99.38
99.06
100. 86
100. 21
100. 94
100.35
101. 25
102.16
102.82
101.66
106.93
106.13
108.00

40.4
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
41.0
40.9
40.7
40.3
4 0 .5
40.7
4 0 .8
40.5
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
4 0 .6

8 e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$81. 75
88.24
84. 73
96. 52
91.41
96.56
100.45
94.49
85.98
86.30
88.83
85. 79
92. 54
89.8 6
85.9 2

3 8 .2
3 8 .7
3 7 .0
4 0 .9
39 .4
40 .4
41 .0
39 .7
3 6 .9
37 .2
3 7 .8
3 6 .2
3 8 .4
3 7 .6
3 5 .8

$2.14
2 .2 8
2.2 9
2 .3 6
2 .3 2
2 .3 9
2.45
2.38
2 .3 3
2 .3 2
2. 35
2.3 7
2.41
2 .3 9
2.4 0

Q r a y - ir o n f o u n d r ie s

$2. 03 $84.00
2 .1 2
83.84
84.84
2.1 6
84.59
2.17
2.1 9
88.80
84.99
2.1 8
84.07
2.20
82.99
2.20
2. 20
82.78
2. 21 82.9 4
2. 23 85.24
2. 23
85.63
2. 24 84.9 7
2 .2 6
85.8 0
2 .2 8
85.1 9

P r i m a r y r e fin in g o f
a lu m in u m

1955: Average_____
1956: Average____

N o n c l a y r e fr a c to r ie s

42 .0
40 .7
40.4
39 .9
41 .3
3 9 .9
39.1
3 8 .6
38. 5
3 8 .4
3 9 .1
39.1
3 8 .8
3 9 .0
3 8 .2

$2.21 $81. 45
85.04
2.3 6
2. 46
86. 52
2. 44 84.8 6
2. 46 87. 78
2. 45
87.35
2. 48
86. 51
2 .4 9
87. 57
2. 50
87. 56
86.09
2.51
2. 52 86. 71
85.44
2.5 1
90.94
2. 66
2. 66 89. 86
2. 66 87. 67

4 2 .2
42.1
4 2 .0
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
41.4
4 1 .0
4 1 .7
41 .3
40.8
4 0 .9
40 .3
42.1
4 1 .6
4 0 .4

$67. 78
69.87
72 .5 6
70.93
71.40
68.16
69.65
70.00
70. 05
72.62
72.22
71.56
72. 67
73.21
72.80

42.1
41.1
4 1 .7
41 .0
4 0 .8
39 .4
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
39 .8
40.8
4 0 .8
40 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
4 0 .9

$1.61
1.70
1.74
1.73
1. 75
1.73
1.75
1.75
1.76
1.78
1.77
1.7 8
1.79
1.79
1.78

Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products s
$81.12
83.03
85.07
86.73
88.41
86. 72
87.77
87.3 4
85. 67
86.9 2
87. 74
85. 79
8 7 .2 6
87. 67
87. 64

4 1 .6
40.7
40 .9
41 .3
41.9
41.1
41.4
4 1 .2
4 0 .6
4 1 .0
41 .0
3 9 .9
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .2

$1.95
2.0 4
2.0 8
2.1 0
2.11
2.11
2 .1 2
2 .1 2
2.11
2 .1 2
2.1 4
2.1 5
2 .1 6
2 .1 7
2 .1 8

A b r a s i v e p r o d u c ts

$86. 73
88.18
91.83
93.89
99. 72
91. 76
91.13
92 .8 9
91. 35
91.30
91.71
88. 98
88. 53
88. 55
91.8 0

41 .3
3 9 .9
40.1
4 1 .0
4 2 .8
4 0 .6
40. 5
41.1
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .0
3 8 .5
3 9 .4

$2.10
2.21
2 .2 9
2 .2 9
2 .3 3
2.2 6
2.25
2.2 6
2. 25
2. 26
2 .2 7
2 .2 7
2 .2 7
2 .3 0
2 .3 3

Primary metal industries
Total: Primary metal
industries

Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
mills 8

B l a s t f u r n a c e s , s te e l
w o r k s , a n d r o llin g
m i l l s , e x c e p t e le c tro ­
m e t a l lu r g i c a l p r o d ­
u c ts

$92.29
96.52
98. 74
99.06
100.94
101. 27
99.14
98.65
97. 91
97.42
99.70
100. 44
89. 82
101.26
98. 94

$95.99
102.06
104.90
105.18
107.16
108.79
105.06
104.01
103. 89
102. 31
104.67
107.17
105. 65
107.09
104. 56

$96. 39
102. 47
105.30
105.59
107.57
109. 20
105.46
104.41
104. 28
102. 70
105.07
107. 56
106. 04
107. 48
104.94

4 1 .2
40 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 1 .2
41 .0
4 0 .3
40.1
39 .8
3 9 .6
4 0 .2
3 9 .7
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 8 .8

$2.24
2. 36
2. 42
2.44
2.45
2.4 7
2.4 6
2.4 6
2.4 6
2 .4 6
2. 48
2 .5 3
2. 54
2. 57
2. 55

M a ll e a b le - ir o n f o u n d ­
r ie s

$2. 00 $83.82
2 .0 6
83.84
2 .1 0
85. 67
2.12
85.44
2 .1 5
86.07
2 .1 3
86.24
2 .1 5
85.39
2 .1 5
83.50
2.15
82.01
2 .1 6
84.10
2 .1 8
84.89
2 .1 9
83.8 5
2 .1 9
83.3 3
2 .2 0
87.4 7
2 .2 3
84.07

Secondary smelting
and refining of
nonferrous metals

Cut-stone and stone
products

4 1 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .6
40 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
3 9 .2
38. 5
3 9 .3
3 9 .3
3 9 .0
3 8 .4
3 9 .4
3 7 .7

$1.93 $89.89
2.0 2
93. 38
93.02
2 .0 6
2 .0 4
92.97
2.11
95.82
94 .7 )
2.11
2.11
92.86
2 .1 0
93.32
2.1 2
94.30
94.54
2.11
2 .1 2
95.88
2.1 2
94. 24
2 .1 6
95 .5 2
2 .1 6
98.01
2 .1 7
97 .2 8

42 .2
4 1 .5
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 1 .3
41.0
40 .2
40 .4
40 .3
40 .4
4 0 .8
40.1
3 9 .8
4 0 .5
4 0 .2

$2. 37
2. 52
2 .5 9
2. 61
2 .6 2
2. 66
2. 62
2.6 2
2.6 3
2. 61
2 .6 3
2. 72
2 .7 3
2. 76
2 .7 3

S t e e l f o u n d r ie s

$2.01 $88. 62
95. 63
2 .0 7
2.11
96. 87
2 .1 2
95.30
99.10
2 .1 2
2.1 4
98.18
2 .1 4
96.28
97.86
2.13
2. 13 96.98
2.1 4
95. 58
96.41
2.1 6
2.15
95.2 4
2 .1 7
95.27
96.3 2
2 .2 2
2 .2 3
92.97

Rolling,
drawing,
and alloying of
nonferrous m etals5

40 .5
4 0 .5
40 .5
40 .3
40 .9
4 0 .9
40.1
3 9 .7
39. 5
3 9 .2
3 9 .8
3 9 .4
3 8 .7
3 8 .8
3 8 .3

4 1 .8
42 .5
42 .3
4 1 .8
4 2 .9
42 .5
41 .5
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 0 .7
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
3 8 .9

$2.13 $93.31
2. 25 95.1 8
2 .2 8
91.58
2.2 9
91.9 4
2. 32
96.28
2.31
94.53
2.31
91.77
2. 31
93.32
2. 34
92.40
2. 34
93 .9 6
2. 35
97.11
2 .3 5
9 5 .1 8
2. 40
93.13
2 .4 2
95.9 9
2 .4 2
97.0 3

43 .4
42 .3
40 .7
4 0 .5
4 1 .5
41.1
3 9 .9
4 0 .4
4 0 .0
40 .5
4 1 .5
4 0 .5
3 9 .8
4 0 .5
4 0 .6

$2.3 8 $87.14
2 .5 3
88.44
2 .6 0
91.0 8
2. 62
90.27
2 .6 3
91.13
2 .6 7
92. 21
2 .6 3
90.85
2 .6 3
90.80
2. 64
91.2 5
2 .6 2
90. 52
2. 64
92.0 0
2 .7 3
9 2 .2 8
2. 74 95.3 4
2. 77 96.3 9
2. 74 95.7 6

Primary
smelting
and refining of nonferrous metals 5

$2.12 $84.66
2. 25 91.4 6
94.1 6
2 .2 9
93.71
2 .2 8
93.43
2.31
94.7 6
2. 31
2. 32 93.4 3
2.3 3
93. 61
94. 02
2. 32
94.89
2 .3 2
2 .3 4
95. 53
2 .3 4
9 5 .1 8
2 .3 7
9 6 .9 6
2 .3 9
97. 53
2 .3 9
97.2 8

R o l li n g , d r a w i n g , a n d
a l lo y i n g o f c o p p e r

4 0 .5
40 .5
40 .5
40.3
40.9
40 .9
40.1
39 .7
3 9 .5
3 9 .2
3 9 .8
3 9 .4
3 8 .7
3 8 .8
3 8 .3

40 .7
41 .2
41.3
41.1
40 .8
41 .2
40 .8
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .2

$2.08
2 .2 2
2. 28
2 .2 8
2 .2 9
2 .3 0
2 .2 9
2 .3 0
2.31
2. 32
2. 33
2.3 5
2 .4 0
2 .4 2
2 .4 2

R o l li n g , d r a w i n g , a n d
a l lo y i n g o f a l u m i n u m

$2.15 $86.09
91.13
2. 25
93.5 6
2.2 5
2 .2 7
93.09
94.42
2 .3 2
94. 60
2 .3 0
2 .3 0
95.34
2.31
94 .2 4
2. 31
95.99
2.3 2
95. 27
2 .3 4
94. 40
93.6 9
2.3 5
97. 57
2.3 4
2 .3 7 100. 75
2 .3 9
98.4 6

4 0 .8
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .3
4 0 .7
40 .6
40 .4
40.1
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
3 9 .7
39. 5
4 0 .3
3 9 .7

E l e c tr o m e ta llu r g ic a l
p r o d u c ts

4 1 .3
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
40 .5
4 0 .8
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
39 .7
4 0 .0
39.1
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
3 9 .9

$2.11
2 .2 0
2. 26
2 .2 4
2.2 5
2. 26
2 .2 6
2 .2 7
2 .2 7
2. 28
2 .3 0
2 .3 6
2 .3 6
2 .3 8
2 .4 0

P r i m a r y s m e l ti n g a n d
r e fin in g o f c o p p e r ,
le a d , a n d z in c

$81.61
89.0 2
90.69
90.03
89.38
90.6 4
88.94
89.7 9
89. 57
90.20
90.8 3
91.13
90.4 5
91.9 4
8 9 .9 5

4 0 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
41 .3
41 .0
4 1 .2
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
41 .1
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
4 0 .5
3 9 .8

$2.01
2 .1 4
2 .1 8
2 .1 8
2 .1 8
2 .2 0
2 .1 8
2 .1 9
2 .1 9
2 .2 0
2.2 1
2.2 5
2 .2 5
2. 27
2 .2 6

N onf errous f oundries

$2.11 $85. 89
88.9 4
2 .2 5
91.6 9
2.31
2.31
90. 76
94.02
2 .3 2
91.13
2 .3 3
91.35
2 .3 6
2.3 5
91.58
2 .3 7
89. 95
2.3 7
90.6 3
91.8 8
2 .3 6
2 .3 6
91.77
2. 47 9 2 .0 6
2 .5 0
93.2 6
2 .4 8
9 1 .6 4

4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 1 .3
40 .7
41 .6
40 .5
4 0 .6
40 .7
3 9 .8
40.1
4 0 .3
39 .9
40 .2
4 0 .2
3 9 .5

$2.10
2 .1 8
2 .2 2
2 .2 3
2 .2 6
2 .2 5
2.2 5
2 .2 5
2 .2 6
2 .2 6
2 .2 8
2 .3 0
2 .2 9
2 .3 2
2 .3 2

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

106
T able

C -l.

Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees x—~Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Manufacturing—Continued

Year and month

Fabricated metal products (except ordnance,
machinery, and transportation equipment)

Primary metal industries—Continued
Miscellaneous pri­
mary metal in­
dustries 8
1955: Average........ . .
1956: Average______
*’ October______
November___
December____
1957: January_____
February.........
M arch..........
April________
M ay________
June..................
July-------------A ugust.............
September___
October______

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

$97.10
99.90
100. 36
101. 26
102. 83
103. 91
102. 92
102.18
100. 12
99.38
102. 67
101.34
102.06
101. 45
99.31

42.4
41.8
41.3
41.5
41.8
41.9
41.5
41.2
40.7
40.4
41.4
40.7
40.5
40.1
39.1

$2.29 $101.28
2.39 105. 42
2.43 109.65
2. 44 108. 71
2.46 108. 88
2. 48 112. 66
2. 48 109. 62
2. 48 109. 36
2.46 105. 52
2. 46 105. 52
2. 48 107. 90
2.49 105. 52
2. 52 104. 52
2. 53 103.89
2.54 102.17

Cutlery, hand tools,
and hardware 6
1955: Average_____ $79.30
1956: Average_____
81.60
October______ 87.15
November___
85. 70
December____ 88.41
1957: January_____
83. 62
February____
84.03
March_______ 83. 82
April________
83. 21
M a y ________
84. 44
June__ _
84. 63
July-------------- 84.19
August______
85.65
September___
90.27
October.-,
89.38

41.3
40.8
41.9
41.4
42.1
40.2
40.4
40.3
40.2
40.4
40.3
39.9
40.4
41.6
41.0

40.3
39.9
40.9
39.7
40.3
39.7
40.3
39.9
39.4
39.3
40.0
39.1
39.7
40.5
40.4

1955: Average_____ $86.10
1956: Average............ 87.34
October.......... . 92.86
November___
91. 78
December____ 94.15
1957: January........... 87.91
February____
87. 51
M arch_______ 87.89
April—. ............ 88. 29
M ay________
89.32
June_________ 91.21
July-------------- 88.80
A u g u s t---___ 89.91
September___
92.29
October______ 90. 94

42.0
41. 2
42.4
42.1
42.6
40. 7
40. 7
40.5
40. 5
40.6
40.9
40.0
40.5
41.2
40.6

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

41.1
40.8
40.9
41.5
41.3
40.6
40.5
40.8
40.4
40.0
40.2
39.9
39.9
40.1
40.4

41.3
41.5
41.9
41.4
42.3
41.5
41.8
41.9
41.8
42.1
42.2
41.8
41.8
42.1
41.4

$2. 05 $65.11
2.12 66.64
2.19 71.23
2.18 70.24
2. 21 67.83
2.16 70. 07
2.15 69. 25
2. 17 74.39
2.18 64.90
2.20 65.14
2.23 68. 85
2. 22 72. 86
2. 22 74.34
2.24 75.12
2.24 76.49

39.7
39. 2
40.7
40.6
39.9
40.5
39.8
43.0
37.3
36.8
38.9
41.4
41.3
41.5
41.8

42.9
42.2
41.8
42.0
42.2
41.5
41.4
41.0
40.9
40.5
41.2
39.9
40.7
40.4
39.9

$2. 23
2.30
2.33
2.34
2. 36
2.35
2.36
2.36
2. 36
2. 35
2. 36
2.37
2. 41
2.41
2.42

H a n d to o ls

$1.70 $77.95
1.78 82. 62
1.82 85.08
1.82 84.05
1.83 85. 90
1.83 83.01
1.83 83.01
1. 84 82. 99
1.84 82.58
1. 86 82. 99
1.86 82. 97
1.84 80.47
1.85 84.19
1.88 85. 60
1.89 84.96

40.6
40.9
41.1
40.8
41.3
40.1
40.1
39.9
39. 7
39.9
39.7
38.5
39.9
40.0
39.7

41.5
41.5
42.0
41.6
42.3
41.5
42.0
42.4
42.5
42.6
42.9
42.2
42.4
42.6
42.0

$1.92 $82. 78
2. 02 83. 44
2.07 91.16
2. 06 88. 61
2. 08 92. 87
2.07 86.03
2.07 86.67
2.08 86.86
2.08 85. 84
2. 08 87.91
2.09 88.10
2.09 88. 48
2.11 89. 35
2.14 95.85
2.14 94.02

42.3
41.5
42.9
42.4
43.1
40.9
40.8
41.1
40.6
40.9
41.2
40.2
40.6
41.5
40.8

41.2
40.8
39.1
40.1
40.3
40.5
40.6
39.9
40.0
39.7
42.0
41.7
41.0
40.5
38.8

41.6
40.7
42.4
41.6
42.6
40.2
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.8
42.6
41.6

41.0
40.6
40.6
39.2
41.9
40.6
40.6
40.7
40.7
41. 4
41.4
41.4
41.3
41.6
40.0

$1.99 $78.18
2.05 80.19
2.15 83.22
2.13 80.36
2.18 81.99
2.14 81.95
2.14 83.39
2.15 82. 56
2.13 81. 93
2.16 82.11
2.17 83. 77
2.19 81.90
2.19 84. 56
2. 25 86.24
2. 26 86.03

41.0
40.0
41.0
40.9
41.3
39.8
39.8
39.8
39.7
39.6
39.4
39.7
40.0
40.3
40.3

40.3
39.7
40.4
39.2
39.8
39.4
39.9
39.5
39.2
39.1
39.7
39.0
39.7
40.3
40.2

T in can and other
tinware

$1. 94 $82. 21
2.02 82. 68
2.06 84.07
2.05 81.70
2. 06 83.21
2.08 83.76
2.09 84.63
2.09 83. 55
2.09 84. 53
2.10 84. 53
2.11 85.97
2.10 85. 53
2.13 88. 36
2.14 88. 58
2.14 88.13

B o ile r - s h o p p r o d u c ts

$2. 02 $81. 40
2. 09 87. 98
2.15 91.34
2.09 91.14
2.15 92.00
2.12 81. 56
2.13 91.98
2. 15 92. 40
2.16 91.54
2.16 92.40
2.18 91.10
2.19 92. 35
2. 24 93.15
2.26 94.95
2.24 93. 75

Lighting fixtures

$2.11 $78. 72
2.20 76.40
2.28 80.36
2. 27 80. 57
2. 30 82. 60
2. 24 78.80
2.23 78.41
2.26 78.41
2. 26 78. 21
2. 28 78. 80
2. 33 78. 80
2.31 80.19
2. 30 80.00
2.34 82.62
2.32 83.02

Total: Fabricated
metal products

$2.22 $82.37
41.6 $1.98 $85. 69
41.8 $2.05
2.32 85.28
41.2
2.07 91.78
42.1
2.18
2.33 89.03
41.8
2.13 94. 73
42.1
2.25
2.36 87. 56
41.3
2.12 90.80
40.9
2. 22
2. 39 90.09
2.14 95.15
42.1
42.1
2.26
2. 40 86.90
40.8
2.13 90.17
39.9
2. 26
2. 42 87. 33
41.0
2.13 91.98
2.26
40.7
2.14 92. 84
2. 42 87. 74
41.0
40.9
2. 27
2. 42 87.94
2.15 97.25
40.9
42.1
2. 31
2. 43 88. 34
2.16 94. 07
40.9
40.9
2.30
41.2
2.17 97.90
2. 49 89.40
42.2
2. 32
2.51 89.13
2.19 101. 76
40.7
2.35
43.3
2. 51 90.20
42.4
41.0
2. 35
2.20 99. 64
41.4
2.54 91.91
2.22 97. 34
2.34
41.6
40.8
2.22 95.44
2. 52 90.58
40.1
2.38
Heating apparatus
S a n ita r y w a r e a n d
(except electric)
a n d p lu m b e r s ’
p lu m b e r s ’ s u p p lie s
supplies 8

M e ta l do o rs, sa sh ,
f r a m e s , m o ld in g ,
a n d trim

$2.00 $82. 82
2.11 84. 85
2.16 87.29
2.18 81.93
2.18 90.09
2. 19 86.07
2.19 86.48
2.20 87. 51
2. 21 87. 91
2. 22 89. 42
2.23 90. 25
2. 26 90.67
2. 29 92.51
2.30 94.02
2.30 89.60

S ta m p e d an d p re sse d
m e t a l p r o d u c ts

$1.64 $89. 25
1.70 91.30
1.75 97.81
1.73 96. 25
1. 70 99.13
1.73 91.62
1. 74 90.98
1. 73 92. 89
1.74 91.76
1. 77 93. 25
1.77 96. 00
1.76 92. 86
1.80 93.38
1.81 97.11
1.83 94.66

$91. 46
94.66
91.10
94.64
96. 32
97.20
98.25
96. 56
96.80
96. 47
104. 58
104.67
102. 91
102.87
97.78

H a rd w a re

S t r u c t u r a l s te e l'a n d o r ­
n a m e n ta l m e t a l w o r k

$2. 01 $83. 00
2.11 87. 57
2.17 90. 72
2.16 90.69
2.18 92. 21
2.18 90.89
2.18 91. 98
2.19 93.28
2. 20 93.93
2. 21 94. 57
2. 22 95. 67
2. 24 95.37
2. 27 97.10
2.28 97.98
2.28 96.60

V i tr e o u s e n a m e le d
p r o d u c ts

W e ld e d a n d h e a v y r iv e te d p i p e

W ir e d r a w i n g

$2.40 $95.67
2,51 97.06
2. 58 97.39
2.57 98. 28
2. 58 99. 59
2.62 97. 53
2. 61 97. 70
2. 61 96.76
2.58 96. 52
2. 58 95.18
2.60 97.23
2. 58 94.56
2.60 98.09
2.63 97.36
2.64 96. 56

Fabricated structural
metal products 8

$1. 89 $83. 01
1.98 87. 57
2.02 90. 92
2.01 89. 42
2. 03 92. 21
2.04 90. 47
2. 06 91.12
2.06 91.76
2.05 91.96
2.06 93.04
2. 07 93. 68
2.06 93. 63
2.09 94. 89
2.11 95.99
2.11 94.39

M etal stamping, coat­
ing, and engraving 5

42.2
42.0
42.5
42.3
42.2
43.0
42.0
41.9
40.9
40.9
41.5
40.9
40.2
39.5
38.7

C u tl e r y a n d ed g e to o ls

$1.92 $69. 87
2.00 72. 62
2.08 74.44
2. 07 75. 53
2.10 75. 58
2.08 74.30
2.08 74.12
2. 08 75.07
2.07 74.34
2. 09 74.40
2.10 74. 77
2.11 73.42
2.12 73.82
2.17 75.39
2.18 76.36

O il b u r n e r s , n o n e le c ­
tric
h e a tin g
and
c o o k in g a p p a r a t u s ,
n o t e ls e w h e r e c la s s i ­
fie d

1955: Average______ $76.17
1956: Average______ 79.00
October______ 82.62
November___
79.80
December____ 81.81
1957: January............ 80.99
February____
83. 02
March_______ 82.19
April............... - 80. 77
M ay________
80. 96
June.......... ....... 82.80
July-------------- 80. 55
August---------- 82.97
September___
85. 46
October______ 85.24

I r o n a n d s te e l f o r g in g s

40.3
39.0
39. 1
38.0
38.7
38.6
39.0
38.5
38.6
38.6
38.9
38.7
39.8
39.9
39.7

$2.04
2.12
2.15
2. 15
2.15
2.17
2.17
2. 17
2.19
2.19
2. 21
2. 21
2.22
2.22
2.22

S h e e t-m e ta l w o r k

$2. 00 $84. 85
41.8 $2.03
2.12 90. 52
2. 14
42.3
2.18 93. 30
2.18
42.8
2. 18
42.0
2.17 91.56
42.7
2.18 93. 94
2.20
41.8
2.18 91.12
2.18
2.19 91. 96
2. 20
41.8
41. 6
2.21
2.20 91. 94
2. 21
41.0
2.19 90.61
41. 6
2. 20 93.18
2. 24
42.0
2.19 94.92
2.26
2.22 94. 85
2.28
41.6
2. 25 94. 62
2. 28
41.5
41.3
2.25 95.40
2.31
41.0
2. 27 94.30
2.30
M iscellaneous fabri­
Fabricated wire
cated
metal
prod­
products
ucts 8

$1.92 $77. 87
1.91 80. 75
1.96 84.62
1.97 82.81
2.00 84.65
1.98 82. 22
1. 97 81.20
1. 97 82. 42
1.97 81.20
1.99 80.40
2.00 82.42
2.02 81.18
2.00 82.40
2.05 84.03
2.06 82.16

40.7
41.5
41.9
42.0
42.2
42.0
42.0
42.0
41.8
42.0
41.6
41.6
41.4
42.2
41.3

41.2
41.2
42. 1
41.2
41.7
40.5
40. 2
40.6
40.2
39.8
40.4
39.6
40.0
40.4
39.5

$1.89 $84. 08
1.96 86.09
2.01 88.20
2. 01 88.20
2. 03 90. 52
2. 03 89. 25
2. 02 89.68
2.03 89.89
2.02 89.24
2. 02 88.18
2. 04 89.02
2.05 89.21
2.06 88.99
2.08 89.82
2.08 89. 57

42.9
42. 2
42.2
42.0
42.7
42.1
42.3
42. 2
41.7
41.4
41.6
41.3
41.2
41.2
40.9

$1.96
2.04
2.09
2 10
2.12
2.12
2.12
2. 13
2.14
2.13
2.14
2.16
2.16
2.18
2.19

107

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

Avg. Avg.
wkly. w kly.
earn- hours
tags

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags

Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—
Continued
M e t a l s h i p p i n g b a r r e ls ,
d r u m s , k e g s, a n d p a i l s

$91.16
97.16
92.40
95. 30
97. 58
97.06
96. 05
98. 65
97. 64
96. 70
103.53
103.58
102. 55
99.23
95.26

42.6
42.8
40,0
40.9
41.7
41.3
40.7
41.8
41.2
41.5
43.5
42.8
42.2
40.5
39.2

$91.96
101.50
106. 26
105.50
113.27
108. 88
110. 85
113. 71
111. 11
113. 62
112. 99
114. 70
111.04
109. 59
112.89

39.3
41.6
42.0
41.7
43.4
42.2
42.8
43.4
42.9
43.2
42.8
42.8
41.9
41.2
41.2

42.3
42.4
42.0
41.4
42.4
41.9
41.7
41.9
41.4
41.4
41.1
40.2
40.2
40.2
39.2

1955: Average_____ $83. 58
1956: Average_____
89.67
October______ 91.16
November___
91.38
December____ 92.88
1957: January........... 90. 73
February____
90. 73
March_______ 90.72
April________
90.07
M ay________
89.42
June.................. 89. 64
July_________ 89. 82
89.38
August______
90.23
September___
October______ 91.05

42.0
42.7
42. 6
42.5
43.0
42.2
42.2
42.0
41. 7
41.4
41.5
41.2
41.0
41.2
41.2

See fo o tn o te s a t end o f tab le.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.14 $88.27
2.21 88.20
2.28 91.38
2. 28 89. 88
2. 35 92. 66
2. 34 90. 72
2. 32 91.58
2. 34 91.14
2. 33 90. 27
2.31 89. 62
2. 36 89. 82
2.35 90.45
2.36 90.39
2. 36 91.88
2. 37 92.06

42.0
41.4
40.8
40.9
41.3
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.4
40.4
40.7
39.6
39.5
40.1
39.6

42.6
42,8
42.7
42.1
42.6
42.1
42.3
41.9
41. 9
40. 0
41.6
41.3
41.6
42.0
40.7

$2.04
2.16
2.21
2. 22
2. 22
2. 20
2. 24
2.23
2. 25
2. 24
2. 25
2. 26
2. 27
2.31
2. 33

F o o d - p r o d u c ts
m a c h in e r y

$1.99 $84.86
2.10 89. 45
2.14 89. 40
2.15 88.75
2.16 91. 12
2.15 88.75
2.15 90.03
2.16 91.94
2.16 91.52
2. 16 91.49
2.16 91.69
2.18 91.43
2.18 91.17
2.19 92.48
2.21 92.43

41.6
41.8
41. 2
40.9
41.8
40.9
41.3
41.6
41.6
41.4
41.3
41.0
40.7
41.1
40.9

43.7
42.2
42.7
42.0
42.9
42.0
42.4
42.0
41.6
41.3
41.2
41.3
40.9
41.2
41.1

S c r e w - m a c h in e
p r o d u c ts

$2.02 $82.94
2.09 85. 63
2.14 87.13
2.14 86. 94
2.16 89.65
2.16 89.66
2.16 90. 08
2. 17 89. 66
2.17 89.25
2.17 87. 57
2.18 87. 36
2.19 86.52
2. 21 86. 51
2.23 87.34
2.24 87. 53

Agricultural machinery and tractors 8

$2.16 $83. 84
2. 27 86.80
2.30 87. 30
2.30 87.47
2.32 89.15
2. 32 89. 95
2.32 89.89
2.31 91.43
2.31 90. 57
2. 35 91. 25
2. 38 91.60
2. 37 90. 74
2.38 89.08
2.43 93.37
2.44 92.83

O ilfie ld m a c h in e r y
a n d to o ls

$2.06 $86.90
2.17 92.45
2.20 94. 37
2. 20 93.46
2.23 94. 57
2.23 92.62
2. 24 94. 75
2.25 93. 44
2.26 94.28
2. 26 89.60
2. 26 93.60
2.27 93.34
2. 27 94.43
2.30 97.02
2.29 94.83

Special-industry machinery (except
metal working ma*
chinery) 8

41.6
40.8
41.1
40.4
42.1
41.0
40.3
41. 1
40.6
40.4
41.5
40.3
41.0
40.6
39.5

B o lts , n u ts , w a sh e rs,
a n d r iv e ts

D i e s e l a n d o th e r i n
t e r n a l c o m b u s tio n ,
n o t e ls e w h e r e c la s s if ie d

$2.34 $90. 72
2.44 93.98
2. 53 93. 84
2.53 94. 07
2. 61 95. 82
2.58 94.89
2.59 94. 66
2.62 94. 02
2. 59 93. 32
2.63 94. 94
2.64 96. 87
2.68 93. 85
2.65 94. 01
2.66 97. 44
2.74 96.62

C o n s tr u c tio n a n d m in i n g m a c h in e r y , exc e p t f o r o ilfie ld s

1955: Average_____ $87.14
92.01
1956: Average_____
October______ 92.40
November___
91.08
December____ 94. 55
93.44
1957: January_____
February.......
93. 41
March_____
94.28
April____ ...
93. 56
M ay_____. . .
93. 56
June________
92.89
J u ly ................ 91. 25
91. 25
August______
September . . .
92. 46
October.._
89. 77

S te e l s p r in g s

$2.14 $89.02
2.27 90.17
2.31 93.71
2. 33 92.11
2.34 98.94
2. 35 95.94
2. 36 93. 50
2.36 96.17
2.37 94.60
2. 33 93. 32
2.38 97. 94
2.42 94.71
2. 43 96. 76
2. 45 95.82
2. 43 93.62

S t e a m e n g in e s , t u r b in e s, a n d w a te r
w h e e ls

1955: Average...........
1956: Average...........
October_____
November___
December____
1957: January_____
February....... .
M arch_______
April________
M ay ________
June__ ______
July_________
August______
September___
October. . . . .

Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

Manufacturing—Continued

Year and month

1955: Average_____
1956: Average_____
October...........
N ovem ber___
December____
1957: January_____
February____
M arch__ ____
April________
M a y .................
June________
July_________
A ugust______
September___
October______

Avg.
hrly.
earntags

40.5
40.0
39.5
39.4
39.8
39.8
39.6
40.1
39.9
40.2
40.0
39.8
38.9
39.9
39.5

$98.10
108.69
109. 52
107.12
111.44
110.16
111. 10
111.50
110. 81
109. 25
108.68
106.00
103.17
103. 75
99.54

43.6
45.1
44.7
43.9
45.3
44.6
44.8
44.6
44. 5
43.7
43.3
42.4
41.6
41.5
40.3

$2. 25
2.41
2. 45
2.44
2.46
2. 47
2.48
2.50
2. 49
2.50
2.51
2. 50
2. 48
2.50
2.47

T e x tile m a c h in e r y

$2.04 $74.11
2.14 76.59
2.17 78. 44
2.17 78.85
2.18 78. 85
2.17 78. 47
2.18 78. 25
2.21 77.68
2.20 76. 57
2. 21 76. 76
2. 22 77.93
2.23 77.55
2. 24 77.16
2.25 76.21
2. 26 78. 74

41.4
41.4
41.5
41.5
41.5
41.3
41.4
41.1
40.3
40.4
40.8
40.6
40.4
39.9
40.8

$1.79
1.85
1.89
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.93

40.9
40.3
40. 2
39.9
40.1
40.2
39.8
40.0
39.5
39.6
39.5
39.3
38.0
39.4
39.6

43.7
45.8
45.9
45.3
46.1
44.7
44.8
44.0
43.7
42.8
42.5
41.0
41.0
40.5
40.1

$2.15 $79. 80
2. 24 82. 37
2. 29 80.47
2. 29 82.04
2.31 84. 93
2. 33 84.67
2. 33 86.07
2.33 89. 47
2. 32 89. 28
2. 31 90. 58
2.33 90. 72
2. 33 89.47
2. 34 88. 98
2.41 91.71
2.42 89.44

$2.18
2.32
2.36
2.38
2. 40
2.39
2.39
2. 39
2. 39
2.39
2.40
2.37
2. 38
2.41
2.41

P a p e r -in d u s tr ie s
m a c h in e r y

$89.40
97.48
96. 92
100.19
106.00
102.86
101. 77
100.04
99. 82
95.03
94.16
92.88
92. 02
94. 83
94.39

44.7
46.2
45. 5
46. 6
48.4
47.4
46.9
46.1
46.0
44.2
44.0
43.4
42.6
43.5
43.3

41.8
42.2
42.1
41.7
42.6
41.9
41.9
41.8
41.4
41.1
41.1
40.7
40. 5
40.7
40.2

$2.09
2.21
2. 25
2. 25
2. 27
2.27
2.27
2.28
2.28
2. 28
2.30
2.30
2.30
2. 32
2.33

A g r i c u l t u r a l m a c h in e r y { e x c e p t t r a c to r s )

M a c h in e to o ls

$95.27
106. 26
108.32
107. 81
110.64
106.83
107.07
105.16
104. 44
102.29
102. 00
97.17
97. 58
97. 61
96. 64

Total: Machinery
(except electrical)

$1.92 $87.36
2.01 93. 26
2.05 94. 73
2.07 93. 83
2. 08 96. 70
2.09 95. n
2. 09 95.11
2. 09 95.30
2. 10 94. 39
2. 09 93.71
2.10 94. 53
2.10 93. 61
2.11 93.15
2.12 94.42
2.14 93. 67

T r a c to r s

$2.07 $87. 94
2.17 90. 27
2.21 92.06
2. 22 91.37
2.24 92. 63
2. 26 93. 67
2. 27 92. 73
2. 28 93. 20
2. 27 91. 64
2. 27 91.48
2. 29 92.04
2.28 91. 57
2.29 88. 92
2.34 94.95
2.35 95. 83

Metalworking machinery

43.2
42.6
42.5
42.0
43.1
42.9
43.1
42.9
42.5
41.9
41.6
41.2
41.0
41.2
40.9

Machinery (except electrical)

$2.00
2.11
2.13
2,15
2.19
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.15
2.14
2.14
2.16
2.18
2.18

40.1
39.6
38.5
38.7
39.5
39.2
39.3
40. 3
40.4
40.8
40.5
40.3
39.9
40.4
39.4

42.5
43. 2
42.7
42.1
43.3
42.3
42.6
42.6
42. 7
42.0
41.7
41.6
41.2
42.1
40.2

$2.16
2.26
2. 30
2.31
2.33
2. 34
2. 35
2.36
2. 36
2. 38
2.38
2.41
2.41
2.44
2.42

P r in tin g -tr a d e s m ac h in e r y a n d e q u ip m en t

$92.60
102. 70
104. 44
105.12
103.10
101. 91
104.16
101.86
102. 29
102. 05
97.82
98.23
92. 27
97.10
99.36

41.9
43.7
43.7
43.8
43.5
43.0
43.4
42.8
42.8
42.7
41.1
41.1
39.6
40.8
41.4

$91.08
95. 45
97.00
97.00
100.32
98.47
99. 12
99.36
98.23
100. 53
101.60
100. 28
99.29
101.00
101. 45

41.4
41.5
41.1
41.1
41.8
41.2
41.3
41.4
43.1
41.2
41.3
40.6
40.2
40.4
40.1

$2. 20
2.30
2. 36
2. 36
2.40
2.39
2. 40
2. 40
2. 39
2. 44
2. 46
2.47
2. 47
2. 50
2.53

Construction and
mining machinery 8

$1.99 $86.92
2.08 92. 23
2.09 92. 84
2.12 91.94
2.15 94. 78
2.16 93.24
2.19 93. 86
2. 22 93. 86
2. 21 94.02
2. 22 92. 25
2. 24 93. 34
2. 22 91.94
2.23 92.16
2. 27 93.84
2.27 91.31

M e ta lw o r k in g
m ac h in e r y ( e x c e p t m a c h in e to o ls )

$91.80
97. 63
98.21
97. 25
100. 89
98.98
100.11
100. 54
100. 77
99. 96
99.25
100. 26
99. 29
102. 72
97.28

Engines and turbines *

42.4 $2.05
42.5
2.17
42.2 . 2.20
41.6
2.21
42.5
2.23
42.0
2. 22
41.9
2. 24
2.24
41.9
2.26
41.6
2. 25
41.0
41.3
2.26
40.5
2. 27
2. 27
40.6
40.8
2.30
39.7
2. 30

M a c h in e - to o l
a c c e s s o r ie s

$102.52
115.12
114.88
110. 74
116. 28
116.68
118. 36
119.73
118.82
116. 48
116. 33
113.10
108. 03
107. 68
102. 47

44.0
45.5
44.7
43.6
45.6
45.4
45.7
45.7
45.7
44. 8
44.4
43.5
42.2
41.9
40.5

$2.33
2.53
2. 57
2. 54
2. 55
2. 57
2.59
2. 62
2.60
2.60
2.62
2.60
2. 56
2. 57
2. 53

General man striai
machinery 5

$2.21 $86.11
2.35 92.87
2.39 95. 44
2. 40 94.78
2.37 96. 77
2.37 93.44
2.40 93. 44
2.38 93.63
2. 39 92.10
2. 39 92. 51
2.38 92.48
2.39 92. 21
2.33 92. 62
2. 38 94. 99
2.40 93.38

41.8
42.6
42.8
42.5
43.2
41.9
41.9
41.8
41.3
41.3
41.1
40.8
40.8
41.3
40.6

$2.06
2.18
2.23
2.23
2. 24
2.23
2.23
2.24
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
2. 27
2.30
2.30

108

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

T able C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Manufacturing—Continued

Year and month

Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
P u m p s , a ir a n d g a s
co m p resso rs

1955: Average............ $84.45
90.53
1956: Average_____
October______ 91.80
November___
91.37
December____ 92.66
91.12
1957: January_____
February....... . 92.43
M arch......... .
90.91
89.19
April________
M ay________
91. 10
June_________ 90. 39
July------------- 89. 54
88. 88
August______
September___
92. 74
October______ 91.39

41.6
42.5
42.5
42.3
42.7
41.8
42.4
41.7
41.1
41.6
40.9
40.7
40.4
41.4
40.8

$2.03
2.13
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.17
2.19
2.21
2.20
2.20
2. 24
2. 24

Office and store ma­
chines and devices 8

1955: Average........... $82. 81
90.23
1956: Average_____
October___ . . 93.86
92.06
November___
December____ 93.41
91.46
1957: January_____
91.21
February____
March_______ 90. 76
89. 47
April________
88. 93
M ay_____. . .
June_________ 89.89
89.78
July------------89. 72
August______
91.43
September___
October______ 91.77

40.2
41.2
41.9
41.1
41.7
41.2
40.9
40.7
40.3
39.7
39.6
39.9
39.7
40.1
39.9

40.4
41.0
40.3
40.2
40.2
39.3
39.5
39.9
40.0
40.3
40.1
40.3
40.5
40.0
40.3

$86. 51
97.61
102. 26
98.87
101. 09
96.98
98. 56
99. 83
99. 36
97. 81
96.93
97.70
99. 29
100.02
98.64

41.0
43.0
43.7
42.8
43.2
41.8
42.3
42.3
42.1
41.8
41.6
41.4
41. 2
41.5
41. 1

40.3
41.4
42.0
40.8
41.9
41.9
41.4
41.0
40.4
40.4
40.0
40.8
40.2
40.4
40.0

40.8
40.1
38.9
38.9
40.1
39.9
40.8
40.1
38. 3
38.4
39.1
39.2
39.3
39.5
39.3

41.0
41.8
41.8
41.4
42.4
41.2
40.4
40.7
40.5
40.6
40.8
40.2
40.5
40.9
40.1

T y p e w r ite r s

$2.21 $76.00
2.32 82.20
2.38 87.92
2. 37 89. 65
2.36 86. 52
2.37 76.43
2.38 76.04
2.38 77.41
2. 36 77. 61
2.39 75. 27
2.44 75.08
2. 43 74. 31
2. 42 75. 66
2.46 75.27
2.48 78.01

R e f r ig e r a to r s a n d a irc o n d itio n in g u n i te

$2.06 $84.46
2.17 86.22
2.19 84. 41
2.19 85.58
2.20 88.62
2. 20 87.78
2.18 90. 58
2. 20 88.62
2. 22 84.26
2.23 84. 48
2. 23 86.41
2.24 86.24
2.24 87.64
2. 21 88.48
2.25 90. 78

B lo w e r s , e x h a u st a n d
v e n ti l a ti n g f a n s

$2.11 $79. 95
2.27 86. 53
2.34 88.20
2.31 86.53
2.34 90.31
2.32 87.76
2.33 85. 65
2.36 86.28
2. 36 85.05
2. 34 86.88
2.33 87. 72
2. 36 88.04
2. 41 86. 67
2.41 91.21
2.40 88.22

C o m p u t i n g m a c h in e s
a n d c a sh r e g is te r s

$2. 06 $89.06
2.19 96.05
2. 24 99.96
2. 24 96.70
2.24 98.88
2.22 99.30
2.23 98.53
2.23 97. 58
2.22 95.34
2.24 96. 56
2. 27 97. 60
2. 25 99.14
2. 26 97.28
2.28 99. 38
2.30 99.20

S e w i n g m a c h in e s

1955: Average_____ $83. 22
88. 97
1956: Average_____
October______ 88. 20
N ov em b er..... 88.04
88. 44
December___
86.46
1957: January_____
86.11
February____
March_______ 87.78
88.80
April________
M a y ............... 89. 87
June_________ 89.42
90. 27
July------------90. 72
August.............
88.40
September___
October______ 90. 68

C o n veyors a n d co n ­
v e y in g e q u i p m e n t

40.0
41.1
43.1
43.1
42.0
39.6
39.4
39.9
39.8
39.0
38.9
38.5
39.0
38.6
39.8

$1.95 $86. 93
2.07 91.12
2.11 91. 72
2.09 95.60
2.13 97.61
2.13 87. 78
2.12 88.18
2.12 89. 47
2.10 90. 54
2.14 89. 47
2.15 90. 50
2.19 90. 85
2.14 90. 90
2.23 92.69
2.20 89. 77

6

42.1
41.7
41.8
41.6
42.6
41.9
41.8
41.6
41.1
40.9
40.7
40.5
40.5
40.5
40.1

42.2
41.8
41.5
42.3
43.0
39.9
39.9
40.3
40.6
40.3
40.4
40.2
40.4
40.3
39.2

40.8
40.3
39.6
39.6
40.4
39.7
40.5
40.0
38.6
38.8
39.3
39.5
39.4
40.1
39.9

40.9
41.2
41.4
41.2
42.4
41.0
41.1
40.8
40.5
40.2
40.5
40.0
40.1
40.4
39.8

42.8
42.9
43.1
42.3
43.4
42.0
42.1
42.0
41.4
41.0
41.1
40.4
41.0
41.0
40.2

41.0
40.6
40.8
40.9
41.4
37.8
38.7
38.2
36.7
38.7
39.4
40.0
39.1
42.1
41.8

43.5
41. 4
41.8
41.8
42.3
41.4
41.1
41.0
39.7
39.8
39.5
39.8
39.6
39.5
39.1

41.3
41.9
41.6
41.2
42.3
42.0
41.4
42.1
41.7
41.6
41.9
39.8
41.4
42.4
41.7

$2.06
2.17
2.20
2.19
2.21
2.22
2.21
2.23
2.24
2.23
2.26
2.28
2. 28
2.35
2. 36

C o m m e r c ia l l a u n d r y ,
d r y -c le a n in g , a n d
p r e s s i n g m a c h in e s

$2.08 $78.06
2.20 81.34
2.24 79. 77
2.26 80 34
2.28 83.13
2.24 79.56
2.22 79.20
2.22 80. 59
2.20 81.76
2.24 81.18
2. 24 79. 79
2.24 86.52
2. 25 83.43
2. 37 87.99
2.33 87.99

B a l l a n d r o lle r
b e a r in g s

$2.03 $90.92
2.16 89.01
2. 21 92.38
2.21 92.80
2. 22 94.33
2.22 91.91
2. 22 91. 24
2. 22 91.43
2.23 87.34
2. 22 88.36
2. 23 88. 48
2.23 89. 55
2. 24 88. 70
2. 27 89. 27
2.30 88.76

M e c h a n ic a l s to k e r s ,
a n d in d u s tr ia l
fu rn a c es a n d ovens

$2.11 $85.08
2.22 90.92
2.27 91.52
2. 27 90.23
2. 29 93.48
2.28 93. 24
2. 26 91.49
2. 29 93.88
2. 27 93. 41
2. 28 92. 77
2.29 94.69
2.30 90.74
2. 29 94. 39
2.31 99.64
2.32 98.41

D o m e s ti c l a u n d r y
e q u ip m e n t

$2.05 $85. 28
2.14 89. 32
2.16 91.39
2.18 92.43
2.19 94.39
2.18 84.67
2.19 85.91
2.19 84.80
2.18 80. 74
2.18 86.69
2.19 88.26
2.19 89.60
2. 21 87.98
2.23 99.78
2.27 97.39

F a b r ic a te d p i p e , f i t ­
t in g s , a n d v a lv e s

$2.04 $83.03
2.15 88. 99
2.19 91.49
2. 20 91.05
2. 22 94.13
2. 21 91.02
2. 21 91.24
2. 22 90. 58
2.21 90.32
2.22 89. 24
2.25 90. 32
2. 25 89.20
2.25 89. 82
2. 26 91. 71
2.28 91.54

M e c h a n ic a l p o w e r t r a n s m is s i o n e q u i p ­
m en t

$2.06 $90.31
2.18 95.24
2.21 97. 84
2.26 96.02
2.27 99.39
2.20 95.76
2.21 95.15
2. 22 96.18
2.23 93.98
2. 22 93. 48
2.24 94.12
2.26 92. 92
2. 25 93.89
2.30 94. 71
2.29 93.26

Service-industry and
household machines 5

$1.90 $83. 64
2.00 86. 24
2.04 85. 54
2.08 86.33
2.06 88.48
1.93 86.55
1.93 88. 70
1.94 87.60
1.95 84.15
1. 93 84. 58
1. 93 86.07
1.93 86. 51
1.94 87.07
19.5 89.42
19.6 90. 57

Miscellaneous ma­
chinery parts 5

$2.07 $85.88
2.15 89. 66
2.17 91.54
2.20 91. 52
2. 21 94. 57
2.20 92.60
2.22 92.38
2. 21 92.35
2.20 90.83
2. 20 90. 80
2.21 91. 58
2.20 91.13
2.23 91.13
2.24 91.53
2.31 91.43

I n d u s tr ia l tru c k s ,
tr a c to r s , e tc.

41.3
41.5
40.7
41.2
42.2
40.8
40.0
40.7
41.5
41.0
39.5
42.0
40.5
41.9
41.9

$1.89
1.96
1.96
1.95
1.97
1.95
1.98
1.98
1.97
1.98
2. 02
2.06
2. 06
2.10
2.10

M a c h in e s h o p s (jo b
a n d r e p a ir )

$2.09 $85.45
2.15 90. 31
2.21 91.36
2.22 91.32
2. 23 94.81
2. 22 93.93
2.22 93.93
2.23 93.68
2.20 92.60
2.22 92. 57
2. 24 93.11
2.25 93.07
2.24 92. 48
2.26 92.43
2.27 92.62

42.3
42.2
42.1
41.7
42.9
42.5
42. 5
42.2
41.9
41.7
41.2
41.0
41.1
40.9
40.8

$2.02
2.14
2.17
2.19
2. 21
2.21
2. 21
2.22
2.21
2.22
2.26
2.27
2. 25
2.26
2.27

Electrical machinery
Total: Electrical
machinery
1955: Average____
$76. 52
1956: Average_____
80.78
October______ 83.22
83. 23
November___
December____ 84.46
82.82
1957: January.........
February____
83.23
March_______ 83.43
83.02
April................
M ay________
82. 21
June.......... ....... 83. 02
July............ .
81.39
82. 81
August______
83.21
September___
82.16
October_____

40.7
40.8
41.2
41.0
41.2
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.3
40.1
40.3
39.7
40.2
40.2
39.5

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Electrical generating,
transmission, distri­
bution, and indus­
trial apparatus 5

$1.88 $80. 57
1.98 87.15
2.02 89.42
2.03 89.40
2.05 90. 69
2.05 88.13
2.05 88.13
2. 06 88. 75
2.06 87.89
2. 05 87. 67
2. 06 89.13
2.05 88. 91
2. 06 89.32
2. 07 90.13
2.08 89.42

40.9
41.5
41.4
41.2
41.6
40.8
40.8
40.9
40.5
40.4
40.7
40.6
40.6
40.6
40.1

W ir i n g d e v ic e s a n d
s u p p lie s

$1.97 $71.15
2.10 76.11
2.16 77.71
2.17 77.38
2.18 78.12
2.16 76. 97
2.16 77. 57
2.17 77.39
2.17 76.24
2.17 76. 43
2.19 77. 41
2.19 77. 03
2.20 75.46
2. 22 76.83
2.23 76.44

40.2
40.7
40.9
40.3
40.9
40.3
40.4
40.1
39.5
39.6
39.9
39.3
39.1
39.4
38.8

C a r b o n a n d g r a p h ite
p r o d u c ts (e le c tr ic a l )

$1.77 $80.10
1.87 84.46
1.90 83. 62
1. 92 84.86
1.91 86.93
1. 91 85. 89
1.92 84. 65
1.93 85. 88
1.93 85. 26
1. 93 84. 40
1.94 84. 23
1.96 84. 77
1.93 85.20
1.95 84.35
1.97 82.68

41.5
41.2
40.2
40.8
41.2
40.9
40.5
40.7
40.6
40.0
40.3
39.8
40.0
39.6
38.1

E l e c tr i c a l i n d ic a t in g ,
m e a su rin g , a n d re ­
c o r d in g i n s t r u m e n t s

$1.93 $74. 56
2.05 80.16
2.08 82.01
2.08 81.00
2.11 83.23
2.10 80.00
2. 09 81.61
2.11 81.00
2.10 81.20
2.11 81. 20
2.09 83.03
2.13 81.81
2.13 81.80
2.13 82. 61
2.17 82.00

40.3
40.9
40.8
40.1
41.0
40.2
40.4
40.1
40.0
40.2
40.9
40.3
40.1
40.1
40.0

M o t o r s , g e n e r a to r s ,
a n d m o to r -g e n e r a to r
s e ts

$1.85 $85.90
1.96 90.86
2.01 92. 89
2.02 93.11
2.03 95.08
1.99 91.98
2.02 91.53
2.02 92.39
2.03 90. 85
2. 02 91.25
2.03 93. 79
2.03 94.48
2. 04 95.76
2.06 96.29
2.05 97. 51

41.1
41.3
41.1
41.2
41.7
40.7
40.5
40. 7
40.2
40.2
40.6
40.9
41.1
40.8
40.8

$2.09
2.20
2.26
2. 26
2.28
2. 26
2.26
2. 27
2. 26
2.27
2. 31
2.31
2.33
2.36
2.39

0 : EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

109

C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Manufacturing—Continued

Year and month

Electrical machinery—Continued
P o w e r a n d d i s t r ib u ­
t io n t r a n s f o r m e r s

1955: Average......... $8103
1956: Average...........
92.62
October______ 95. 95
November___
97. 71
December........ 97. 02
1957: January____
93. 89
February____
94. 76
March_______ 95.17
April________
93. 89
M a y ..............
91.94
June_________ 92.80
July— ........ .
94.07
August_____
93. 43
September___
92.92
October.
. . 91.64

41.6
42.1
41.9
42.3
42.0
41.0
41.2
41.2
41.0
40.5
40.7
40.9
40.8
40.4
39.5

$2.02 $80.18
90.30
2. 29 93.48
2.31 92.80
2.31 94.30
2. 29 91.91
2.30 91.72
2.31 92.13
2.29 92.13
2. 27 92.10
2.28 93.15
2.30 92. 70
2. 29 93.11
2.30 94. 39
2.32 92.75

2.20

Electric lamps

1955: Average........... $68.80
1956: Average........... 75.07
O ctober.......... 74.05
November___
76.57
December___
77. 74
1957: January_____
78.12
February____
77. 55
March_______ 77.36
April________
76.19
M ay________
74. 86
June_________ 75.65
July-------------- 74.48
August______
75.84
September___
78.20
October_____
78.61

40.0
40.8
39.6
40.3
40. 7
40.9
40.6
40.5
40.1
39.4
39.4
39.2
39. 5
39.9
39.7

S w it c h g e a r ,
s w i tc h ­
board, a n d in d u s ­
t r i a l c o n tr o ls

40.7
42.0
42.3
41.8
42.1
41.4
41.5
41.5
41.5
41.3
41.4
41.2
41.2
41.4
40.5

$1.97 $91.35
2.15
. 20
102. 75
97.78
2. 24 100.99
99.79
. 21 100.25
101.38
. 22 97. 44
2. 23 98.18
2.25 99. 53
2.25 91.71
2.26 99.12
2.28 95.91
2.29 93.96

2.21
2.22
2.22
2
2.22
2

Communication
equipm ents

$1.72 $72. 09
1.84 75.95
1.87 78.12
1.90 77. 95
1. 91 78. 55
1.91 78.40
1.91 79. 58
1.91 79. 59
1.90 79.19
1.90 79.00
1.92 79. 59
1.90 75. 85
1.92 78.00
1.96 78. 40
1.98 76.44

40.5
40.4
40.9
40.6
40.7
40.0
40.6
40.4
40.2
40.1
40.4
39.1
40.0
40.0
39.0

E l e c tr i c a l w e ld in g
a p p a r a tu s

101

43.5
44.0
44.1
42.7
44.1
43.2
43.4
43.7
42.0
42.5
42.9
39.7
42.0
41.7
40.5

Electrical appliances

$2.10 $79.17
2.30 80.60
2.33 84.87
2.29 84.25
2. 29 83.01
2.31 82. 58
2. 31 82. 74
2.32 82.92
2.32 82.50
2. 31 81.83
2. 32 82.43
2.31 82.08
2. 36 82.47
2.30 83.10
2.32 83.74

P a d io s , p h o n o g ra p h s,
te le v is io n s e ts , a n d
e q u ip m e n t

$1.78 $69. 77
72. 98
1. 91 75.70
1.92 74. 77
1. 93 75. 76
1.96 75.24
1. 96 76.40
1.97 76. 80
1.97 76.61
1.97 76. 21
1. 97 76.97
1.94 75.24
1.95 76.00
1.96 76.02
1.96 74.49

1.88

40.1
40.1
40.7
40.2
40.3
39.6
40.0
40.0
39.9
39.9
40.3
39.6
40.0
39.8
39.0

40.6
39.9
41.0
40.7
40.1
39.7
39.4
39.3
39.1
38.6
38.7
38.9
38.9
39.2
39.5

40.0
39.1
39.7
38.8
39.0
37.7
39.1
39.3
38.9
38.8
39.5
37.7
40.1
40.1
38.6

1.86
1.86
1.88 68

Electrical machinery—Continued
S to r a g e b a tte r ie s

1955: Average_____ $84.86
1956: Average_____
87.12
October_____
93.93
November___
94.30
December____ 96.11
1957: January_____
89.10
February____
89.54
M arch______
88.44
A p r il..............
. 94
M ay ________
.94
June___ ____
89.42
87.86
July_________
August.........
92. 25
September___
93.94
October____
94.35

86
86

41.6
40.9
42.5
42.1
43.1
40.5
40.7
40.2
39.7
39.7
40.1
39.4
41.0
41.2
41.2

$2.04 $61.69
2.13 64.48

2.21 66.00
2.24
2.23

65.74
65.90

2.19
2.19
2. 23
2.23
2. 25
2.28
2.29

70.18
70.11
67. 43
. 59
67. 66
67.49
67.82

2.20 66.86
2.20 67.43
2.20 68.34

T r u c k a n d b u s b o d ie s

1955: Average_____ $81.38
1956: Average_____
81.41
October_____
81. 58
November___
81. 58
December___
84.85
1957: January_____
81.35
February____
83.79
March______
85.01
April________
85.86
M ay________
83. 37
June_________ 83. 35
July-------------- 84.80
August______
87. 26
September___
85. 79
October___
83.16

41.1
40.3
39.6
39.6
40.6
39.3
39.9
40.1
40.5
39.7
39.5
40.0
40.4
39.9
38.5

See footnotes at end of table.
450109 -

58 -

---------9


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

P r i m a r y b a tte r ie s
(id r y a n d w e t )

66

2.10
2.12
2.12
2.10
2.11
2.12

1.66
1.66
1.68

41.8
40.0
40.4
38.5
39.6
38.7
38.6
38.9
39.1
38.8
40.1
38.8
40.3
41.0
40.6

88

88.00
88

2.10

2
2

88.10
88

2.10
2.11
2.11
2.12 86
2.11
2.12
2.12
2.12

42.1
42.8
43.4
42.9
43.4
41.8
41.6
41.9
42.1
42.4
42.2
41.3
41.3
42.1
40.9

$1.83 $83. 64
1.97 84. 42
2.03 89. 84
2. 05 90.47
2. 04 94.13
2.04
. 62
2.03 85.32
2.04 84.10
2.03 83. 85
2.04 83. 03
2. 04 85. 58
2.05 85. 58
2. 07 86.46
2. 05 87. 91
2. 05
. 58

86

86

$1.66
1. 72
1.76
1.75
1.75
1. 75
1. 77
1.78
1. 79
1.80
1.82
1.80
1.82

$90. 94
95.24
95.67
. 22
100. 55
100.25
100. 53
98. 67
97. 75
95.49
94. 81
85. 91
91.03
91. 76
. 86 90.52

101

1.86
1

43.1
42.9
42.9
44.2
44.1
43.4
43.9
42.9
42.5
41.7
41.4
38.7
40.1
40.6
39.7

41.2
40.2
41.4
41.5
42.4
40.1
39.5
39.3
39.0
38.8
38.9
38.9
39.3
39.6
39.0

$2.03

2.10

2.17
2.18
. 22
2.16
2.16
2.14
2.15
2.14

2

2.20
2.20
2.20
2.22
2.22

Miscellaneous elec­
trical products *

T e le p h o n e , te le g r a p h ,
a n d r e la te d e q u i p ­
m en t

40.4
40.9
41.1
41.1
40.5
39.8
40.0
40.5
40.0
40.3
40.3
41.1
40.3
40.0
39.9

Total: Transporta­
tion equipment

$2.01 $93.44
2.14 94.71
2.16 99.07
2.18
105.95
2.18 99.25
2.19 98. 36
97.82
96.22
2.19 94.56
. 21 96.24
2. 25 95.20
2. 25 97.69
2.24 97.66
2.28 97.81

2.20

100.86

2.20
2.20
2

Aircraft and parts •

$2.02 $89. 62
2.07 95.99
97. 71
2.09 98.37
2.07 100.39
2.07 99.26
2.04 98. 56
2.05 99.17
2.07 99.12
. 06 94.60
2. 07 95. 00
2.07 94. 94
2.07 96.15
. 08 95. 68
2.07 95.84

2.02

Electrical equipment
for vehicles

$2.11 $74. 48
78. 34
2.23 81. 73
2. 29 82.19
2.28 83. 42
2.31 81. 20
2.29 82.01
2.30 81.00
2.30 80. 79
2.29 80. 20
2. 29 80.80
80.60
2. 27 82. 21
. 26 83. 23
2.28 83.22

2.22

2.22
2

40.7
40.8
41.7
41.3
41.5
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.6
40.3
40.4
40.3
40.7
40.8
40.4

$1.83
1.92
1.96
1.99

2.01
2.01
2.02
2.00

1.99
1.99

2.00
2.00
2.02
2.04
2. 06

Transportation equipment

X - r a y a n d n o n r a d io
e le c tr o n ic tu b e s

$1.55 $81.20
1.62 87.53
1.65
. 78
89.60
89.10
86.76
1.69 87.60
1.70 89.10
1.72
. 26
1.71
1.69 89.06
1.69 92.48
1.70 90.68
1.70 89. 60
1.73 90.97

T r a i le r s (tr u c k a n d
a u to m o b ile )

$1.98 $84.44
82.80
2.06 84.84
2.06 80.47
2.09 81.97
2.07 80.11
78. 74
79. 75
80. 94
79.93
83.01
80.32
2.16 83. 42
2.15 85. 28
2.16 84.04

2.02

39.8
39.8
40.0
39.6
39.7
39.8
39.9
40.2
40.8
41.0
39.9
39.4
39.8
39.7
39.2

$1.95 $77.04
84.32
2.07
2.07 87. 95
. 54
2. 07
2.08 85. 27
84.45
85. 48
85. 46
. 50
2.13 86.09
84.67
85. 49
86.31
83.85

R a d i o tu b e s

$1. 74 $66. 40
1.82 67. 25
69. 87
67. 90
. 25
1.90 65.98
1. 91 69. 21
1. 92 69. 95
1.92 69.63
1.91 69.84
1.91 71.89
1.90 67. 86
1.90 72. 98
1.91 74. 59
1.91 71.80

Insulated wire and
cable

41.3
42.1
42.3
42.4
42.9
42.6
42.3
42.2
42.0
40.6
40.6
40.4
40.4
40.2
40.1

$2.17 $89. 40
2.28 94.89
2.31 96. 79
2. 32 97.25
2.34 97.67
2.33 97.71
2.33 97.21
2.35 98.05
2.36 97.76
2. 33 92.80
2.34 92. 97
2. 35 93.13
2. 38 95. 04
2.38 94.80
2. 39 95.20

41.9
41.0
41.8
42.2
43.6
41.7
41.5
41.1
40.6
39.9
40.1
39.5
40.2
39.7
39.6

A ir c ra ft

$2.23
2.31
2.37
2. 39
2.43
2.38
2.37
2.38
2.37
2. 37
2.40
2. 41
2.43
2. 46
2.47

Motor vehicles and
equipment **
$97.78
94.71
102.41
105. 72
112.95
100.36
99.29
97.12
94.17
93. 84
97.42
94.71
98.80
99. 43
100.47

42.7
40.3
41.8
42.8
45.0
41.3
41.2
40.3
39.4
39.1
39.6
38.5
40.0
39.3
39.4

$2.29
2.35
2.45
2.47
2. 51
2.43
2. 41
2.41
2.39
2.40
2. 46
2.46
2. 47
2.53
2. 55

A i r c r a f t e n g in e s a n d
p a r ts

41.2 $2.17 $88.97
2. 27 96.67
41.8
2.31 99. 76
41.9
2. 31 99.26
42.1
42.1
2. 32 104.92
2.31 102.82
42.3
2. 32 102.62
41.9
41.9
2.34
2.35 100. 25
41.6
2. 32 95.06
40.0
39.9
2. 33 96. 76
2. 34 96.29
39.8
2. 37 96. 16
40. 1
2.37 95.11
40.0
2.38 96. 53
40.0

101.20

41.0
42.4
43.0
42.6
43.9
43.2
43.3
42.7
42.3
40.8
41.0
40.8
39.9
39.3
39.4

M o t o r v e h ic le s, b o d ies ,
p a r t s , a n d a c c e s s o r ie s

$98.87
96.15
103.91
107. 75
115.32
101.84

101.02
98.17
95.11
95. 01
98. 60
96.00
100.15
100. 74
101. 79

42.8
40.4
41.9
43.1
45.4
41.4
41.4
40.4
39.3
39.1
39.6
38.4
39.9
39.2
39.3

$2.31
2.38
2.48
2.50
2. 54
2.46
2. 44
2.43
2.42
2. 43
2.49
2.50
2. 51
2. 57
2. 59

A i r c r a f t p r o p e ll e r s
a n d p a r ts

$2.17 $90.47
2.28 96.93
2.32 97.81
2.33 99.62
2. 39 103.84
2.38 92.52
2.37 95.17
2.37 97.16
2.37 102. 58
2.33 97.76
2. 36 96.12
2. 36 95.88
2.41 98.29
2. 42 97.23
2.45 96.70

41.5
42.7
42.9
43.5
44.0
40.4
41.2
41.7
43.1
41.6
40.9
40.8
41.3
41.2
40.8

$2.18
2. 27
2.28
2.29
2.36
2. 29
2.31
2. 33
2.38
2.35
2. 35
2. 35
2. 38
2.36
2.37

110

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

Table C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. w kly.
earn- hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn*
ings

Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Transportation equipment—Continued
O th e r a i r c r a f t p a r t»
a n d e q u ip m e n t

1955: Average_____
1956: Average...........
October______
N ovem ber___
December-----1957: January--------February------March_______
April________
M ay________
June_________
July...................
August---------September___
October______

$90. 49
98.24
99. 76
101. 32
104. 31
101. 76
100.15
101.05
101.24
99.17
100.06
99.30
99.07
99. 84
97. 51

41.7
42.9
43.0
43.3
44.2
43.3
42.8
43.0
42.9
42.2
42.4
41.9
41.8
41.6
40.8

Ship and boat build­
ing and repairing »

$2.17 $83. 53
2.29 89. 10
2.32 90. 68
2. 34 90.40
2.36 94. 71
2. 35 93.67
2. 34 94.40
2. 35 94.80
2.36 9187
2.35 96.32
2.36 96.15
2.37 97. 20
2. 37 97.28
2. 40 96. 53
2.39 95.31

39.4
39.6
39.6
38.8
40.3
40. 2
40.0
40.0
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.5
40.2
39.4
38.9

S h i p b u i ld i n g a n d
r e p a ir i n g

$2.12 $86. 63
2. 25 92. 27
2. 29 93.06
2. 33 93.12
2. 35 97. 77
2.33 96.88
2.36 97.11
2. 37 97.76
2.36 97.60
2.39 98.65
2.38 98.98
2.40 99.23
2. 42 99.29
2. 45 98. 50
2.45 97.25

39.2
39.6
39.6
38.8
40.4
40.2
39.8
39. 9
40.0
40.1
40.4
40.5
40.2
39.4
38.9

$2.21 $70. 30
2. 33 73. 57
2.35 75.60
2.40 74.07
2. 42 74.64
2.41 74. 43
2.44 78.06
2. 45 76.14
2. 44 77.93
2.46 80.03
2. 45 78. 72
2.45 79.59
2. 47 77. 82
2. 50 77. 82
2.50 77. 80

Transportation equipment-—Continued
R a i lr o a d a n d s tr e e t
cars

1955: Average— ----- $88. 20
91.96
1956: Average-------October___ _
97.84
November___
91.63
December------ 97. 11
1957: January-------97.66
February------- 98. 4C
March_______ 99. 94
April________
99.6C
M ay________
99.10
June_________ 97.96
July_________ 100.30
August---------- 99.29
September___ 102. 56
October______ 98. 43

Other transportation
equipment

39.2 $2. 25 $77. 83
2. 37 77. 59
38.8
2. 44 78. 72
40. 1
38.5
2.38 76. 61
2, 44 77. 02
39.8
2. 46 77. 42
39.7
40. C 2. 46 80. 4C
2. 48 79.99
40.3
40. C 2.49 79. 4C
2.4f 81.2C
39.8
39.5
2. 48 81.4C
2.52 79.37
39.8
2. 52 82. 21
39.4
2. 51 82.82
39.6
38.3
2. 57 81.18

41.4
40.2
41.0
39.9
38. 9
39.3
40.4
40. 4
40.1
40. 4
40.1
39. 1
40. 1
40.6
39.6

B o a t b u i ld i n g a n d
r e p a ir i n g

40.4
40.2
40.0
39.4
39.7
39.8
41.3
40. 5
40.8
41.9
41.0
40.4
39. 5
39. 5
38.9

$1.74
1. 83
1. 89
1.88
1. 88
1.87
1.89
1.88
1. 91
1.91
1.92
1.97
1. 97
1.97
2.00

Railroad equipm ent*
$90.45
94. 56
97. 77
93.30
98. 58
98.74
98. 98
100. 28
100.44
98. 55
99.10
100.80
99. 79
103. 86
99. 46

Total Instruments
and related products

$1.88 $77. 93
1. 93 82.01
1. 92 84. 05
1. 92 83.64
1. 98 84,87
1.97 84. 68
1.99 85.69
1. 98 85. 47
1. 98 85. 26
2.01 84. 42
2.03 85. 46
2.03 84. 61
2.05 84. 0C
2. 04 86.46
2. 05 85.39

Average........... $69.02
Average_____
71. 51
October______ 72.04
November___
73.75
December........ 73.12
January_____
72. 94
February ___ 74. 48
March............ . 73. 71
April________
73. 38
M ay________
74.15
June________
75. 30
July-------------- 74.00
August______
74. 59
September___
75.92
October______ 76.36

40.6
40.4
39.8
40.3
40.4
40.3
40.7
40. 5
40.1
40.3
40.7
40.0
40.1
40.6
40.4

Ophthalmic goods

$1.70 $62. 52
1. 77 64.48
1.81 64.00
1.83 64. 64
1.81 65.93
1.81 64. 55
1.83 66. 23
1.82 67. 77
1. 83 67. 54
1.84 67. 77
1.85 67. 54
1.85 67. 83
1.86 68. 40
1.87 69. 08
1.89 67.32

J e w e l r y a n d f in d i n g s

Laboratory. seientiñe, and engineering instruments

40.8 $1. 91 $88. 99
94. 95
40.8
2. 05 97.33
41.0
2.05 95.11
40.8
41.0
2.07 98.18
2.08 99.03
40. 7
2. 09 99.26
41.0
40.7
2.1C 98. 65
40.6
2.1C 97.34
40.2
2.1C 93.03
40. 5
2.11 96.05
2.11 95.04
40.1
40. C 2.1C 94.09
2.14 96. 72
40.4
39.9
2.14 95.68

2.01

42.4
41.9
43.2
44.3
43.8
41.0
41.5
42.3
41.7
40.1
40.1
40.4
41.7
42.7
42.3

Photographic appa­
ratus

$1. 54 $85. 70
1.60 91.46
1.60 93. 75
1.62 93.30
1. 64 94. 85
1.63 94. 30
1.66 93. 89
1.69 93. 84
1.68 93. 84
1.69 94.02
1.68 94. 71
1.70 94.02
1. 71 92. 75
1.71 97.20
1.70 95.52

S i lv e r w a r e a n d p l a t e d
w a re

Average_____ $67.04
41.9 $1.60 $80.14
Average_____
69. 06
41.6
1. 66 83. 38
October_____
71.74
42. 2
1,70 89. 42
November___
71.91
42.3
1. 70 92. 14
December____ 73. 27
1.72 90. 67
42.6
January_____
40.4
68. 28
1.69 82.00
February____
68. 85
40.5
1.7C 84.66
M a rc h ..........
68. 80
40. C 1. 72 86. 72
April_______
68. 68
39.7
1. 72 84.23
M ay________
69. 6C
1. 74 80. 20
40.0
June__ _____
70.88
40.5
1. 75 80.20
July-----------67.49
39.7
1.7C 81.20
August_____
40.5
1.74 85. 90
70. 47
September__
72.38
41.6
1. 74 89. 67
October_____
70.9S
40.8
1.74 88.41
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

40.6
40.3
40.0
39.9
40.2
39.6
39. 9
40. 1
40.2
40.1
40.2
39.9
40.0
40.4
39.6

$1.89
1.99
2. 07
2.08
2. 07
2.00
2. 04
2.05
2.02
2.0C
2. OC
2. 01
2. 06
2.1C
2. 09

$2. 25
2.37
2.42
2.38
2. 44
2. 45
2. 45
2. 47
2.48
2. 47
2. 49
2. 52
2.52
2. 59
2. 57

$94. 28
99.17
97. 82
97.10
102.06
101. 75
100. 85
101.02
102. 48
97.28
102. 47
102.56
103. 22
107. 38
102 94

41.9
42.2
41. 1
40.8
42.0
41.7
41.5
41.4
42.0
40.2
40.5
40.7
40.8
41.3
39.9

$2. 25
2.35
2. 38
2.38
2.43
2. 44
2.43
2. 44
2. 44
2.42
2. 53
2.52
2. 63
2.60
2. 58

Instruments and related products

41.2
42.2
42.5
41.9
42. 5
42,5
42.6
41.8
41.6
40.1
40.7
40.1
39. 7
40. 3
39.7

41.2
41.2
41.3
41.1
41.6
41.0
41,0
40.8
40.8
40.7
41.0
40.7
40. 5
40.5
39.8

$75. 44
80. 54
83. 60
84. 02
83. 21
81.00
82.01
83. 43
83. 44
82. 42
82.00
73. 53
81. 8C
84. 87
86.11

41.0
41.3
41.8
41.8
41.4
40.5
40.6
41.1
40.7
40.4
40.0
36.4
40. 1
41. 0
41.4

40.8
41.0
41. 1
41.3
41. 1
40.8
41.1
41. 0
41.1
40.7
40.7
40.1
40.4
49.4
40.2

Optical instruments
and lenses

$1.94 $78.36
2.04 83.03
2.08 84. 25
2.07 84.23
2. 09 85.06
2.10 83. 98
2.11 85.24
85. 24
2.13 85.05
2.13 85. 41
2.13 85.84
2.12 85.84
2.12 84. 38
2.15 86. 24
2.16 87.29

2.12

40.6
40.5
40. 7
40.3
40.7
39.8
40.4
40.4
40. 5
40.1
40.3
40.3
39.8
40.3
40.6

$1. 93
2. 05
2.07
2.09
2.09
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.10
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.12
2.14
2.15

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries

Watches and clocks

$2.08 $69. 20
2. 22 70. 77
2. 27 73. 75
2. 27 71.21
2. 28 71. 76
2. 30 71.97
2. 29 73. 47
2. 30 72 3'i
2.30 70.10
2. 31 71.23
2.31 72.15
2. 31 69. 66
2. 29 71.97
2.40 75.36
2.40 73.10

Musical instruments
and parts

Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments

$2.16 $79.15
2. 25 83. 64
2. 29 85. 49
2. 27 85. 49
2.31 85.90
2. 33 85.68
2.33 86. 72
2. 36 86. 92
2.34 87. 54
2. 32 86.69
2.36 86.69
2.37 85.01
2. 37 85. 65
2.4C 86.86
2. 41 86.83

Instruments and related products—Continued
Surgical, medical,
and dental instru­
ments

40.2
39.9
40.4
39.2
40.4
40.3
40.4
40.6
40.5
39.9
39.8
40.0
39.6
40.1
38.7

L o c o m o tiv e s a n d
p a r ts

40.0
39.1
40.3
38.7
39.0
38.9
39.5
39.1
38.1
38.5
39.0
38.7
38.9
40.3
39.3

$1. 73 $67. 40
1.81 70. 53
1. 83 72. 45
1. 84 71. 73
1.84 72. 67
1.85 72.40
1.86 72. 94
1. 85 73.49
1. 84 72. 22
1.85 72.04
1.85 71.82
1.80 71.50
1.85 72.00
1.87 72. 94
1. 86 72.22

Toys and sporting
goods 56

$1.84 $60. 52
1.95 62. 56
2.00 64. 64
2.01 63. 41
2. 01 63. 80
2. 00 66. 69
2. 02 67. 37
2. 03 66.92
2.05 66. 59
2. 04 65. 74
2.05 64. 96
2.02 63. 58
2.04 65.86
2. 07 65.97
2. 08 66.47

39.3
39.1
39. 9
38.9
38.9
39.0
39.4
39.6
39.4
38.9
38.9
38.3
39.2
39.5
39.8

Total Miscellaneous
manufacturing in­
dustries

$1.54
1.60
1.62
1.63
1.64
1. 71
1.71
1.69
1.6E
1.69
1.67
1.66
1.68
1.67
1. 671

40.6
40.3
40.7
40.3
40.6
40.0
40.3
40.6
39.9
39.8
39.9
39.5
40.0
40.3
39.9

$1. 66 $71. 40
1. 75 74. 23
1. 78 77. 35
1.78 78. 69
1. 79 79.12
1.81 72. 67
1.81 74. 26
1.81 75. 07
1. 81 73.93
1.81 73. 20
1.80 74.34
1.81 72. 22
1.80 75. 67
1.81 78.12
1.81 76. 41

G a m e s , t o y s , d o lls , a n d
c h ild r e n ’s v e h ic le s

$60. 28
61.85
64.24
62. 76
61.29
63. 08
64. 08
64. 29
63.80
63. 69
62. 53
61.50
64. 62
64. 55
64.87

39.4
38.9
39.9
38.5
37.6
38.0
38.6
39. 2
38.9
38.6
38.6
38.2
39.4
39.6
39.8

Jewelry, silverware,
and plated w are!
42.0
41.7
42.5
43.0
43.0
40.6
40.8
40.8
40.4
40.0
40.4
39.9
40.9
42.0
41.3

$1. 70
1.78
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.79
1.82
1.84
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.81
1.85
1.86
1.85

S p o r t i n g a n d a th le tic
goods s

$1.53 $60.92
1. 59 63. 99
1.61 65.04
1.63 65. 27
1.63 67. 73
1.66 71.33
1.66 71.86
1. 64 71.33
1.64 70. 98
1.65 69.17
1.62 69. 34
1.61 67.94
1.64 68.11
1.63 68. 78
1.63 69.83

39.3
39.5
39.9
39.8
40.8
40.3
40.6
40.3
40.1
39.3
39.4
38.6
38. 7
39.3
39.9

$1.55
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.66
1. 77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.76
1.76
1.76
1. 76
1. 75
1.75

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

111

Table C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. w kly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings
M anufacturing—C ontinued

Year and month

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Pens, pencils, other
Costume jewelry,
Fabricated plastic
Other manufacturing
office supplies
buttons, notions
products
industries
1955: Average........... $62.88
41.1 $1.53 $60.30
40.2 $1.50 $72.80
41.6 $1. 75 $70.30
40.4 $1.74
1956: Average............ 66.58
41.1
1.62 62.49
39.3
1.59 75. 35
41.4
1.82 74.37
40.2
1.85
October............ 70.98
1.69 62.95
42.0
39.1
1.61 78.77
41.9
1.88 74.59
40.1
1.86
November___
69.39
41.8
1.66 63.08
38.7
1.63 77. 6.1
41.5
1.87 73. 23
1.84
39.8
December____ 69.22
41.7
1.66 64.64
39.9
1.62 78.21
41.6
1.88 75.17
40.2
1.87
1957: January........... 67. 24
41.0
1.64 64.06
39.3
1.63 78.06
1.89 74.84
41.3
39.6
1.89
67.89
February____
40. 9
1.66 65.27
39.8
1.64 78. 25
41.4
1.89 75. 41
39.9
1.89
March..............
40.9
67. 49
1.65 65.67
39.8
1.65 79. 65
41.7
1.91 76.14
40.5
1.88
April________
40.5
67.23
1. 66 64.19
38.9
1.65 76. 92
40.7
1.89 74. 82
39.8
1.88
68.88
M ay_____,,_
41.0
1.68 64. 57
38.9
1.66 76. 36
40.4
1.89 75.01
39.9
1.88
41.1
June_________ 68.64
1.67 63. 41
38.9
1.63 78.12
40.9
1.91 75.39
40.1
1.88
July_________ 65.86
39.2
1.68 64.35
39.0
1.65 80.10
41.5
1.93 75.05
39.5
1.90
August---------- 66. 50
40.3
1. 65 64.12
39.1
1. 64 78. 47
41.3
1.90 74.82
39.8
1. 88
September___
66. 80
40.0
1.67 66.17
40.1
1.65 79.10
41.2
1.92 74.82
39.8
1.88
October______ 66.92
1.69 66.92
39.6
39.6
1.69 78.34
40.8
1.92 73.12
39.1
1.87
Transportation and public utilities—Continued

Class I railroads
$82.12
88.40
89.46
92. 20
90. 61
93.08
94. 53
89.98
92.82
94. 55
93.07
95.63
95. 60
93. 71

Communication

1955: Average_____ $72.07
39.6 $1.82 $59. 72
37.8 $1.58
39.5
1956: Average............ 73.47
1.86 60.70
37.7
1.61
October_____
74.03
1.86 61.66
38.3
1.61
39.8
November___
40.5
1.62
1.88 65.61
41.0
77.08
December........ 75.46
1.92 60. 92
39.3
36.7
1.66
1957: January...........
1.91 60. 26
38.7
73.92
1.66
36.3
February____
1.92 61.79
39.0
74.88
37.0
1.67
March..............
1.92 60.62
38.7
74.30
36.3
1.67
April________
38.7
1.93 60.45
74.69
36.2
1. 67
M a y ............... 75. 66
39.0
1.94 63. 27
37.0
1.71
J u n e ,._____
39.2
76. 44
37.4
1.95 63. 21
1.69
1.94 64.05
July------------39.5
76.63
37.9
1.69
1.94 62. 50
75.47
August______
37.2
38.9
1.68
September___
1.95 62. 87
75. 66
37.2
38.8
1.69
39.2
O c to b e r ,,___ 77.22
1.97 63.24
37.2
1.70
Transportation and public utilities—Con.

$101.85
101.36
100.92
102.96
104.01
99.88
100.58
99.88
101. 91
101. 63
103.20
103. 63
101. 76
101.40
103. 58

43.9
43.5
43.5
44.0
43.7
42.5
42.8
42.5
43.0
42.7
43.0
43.0
42.4
41.9
42.8

1955: Average-------- $82. 62
86.30
1956: Average-------89. 84
October_____
89. 86
November___
December........ 89.40
90. 25
1957: January_____
February____
87. 67
M a rc h .......... . 86.83
87. 23
April________
M ay________
88. 04
June________
89.42
July-------------- 90. 72
90.09
August______
September___
91.76
October______ 93.07

40.9
40.9
41. 4
41.6
41.2
41.4
40.4
40.2
40.2
40. 2
40.1
40.5
40.4
40.6
41.0

$1.96
2.12
2.10
2.19
2. 21
2.19
2.24
2.20
2. 21
2.23
2. 27
2.25
2. 26
2. 28

Total: Gas and elec­
tric utilities

41.2
42.0 $1.87 $86. 52
41.2
42.0
1.97 91.46
42.0
2.03 92. 66
41.0
41.6
2.02 94. 21
41.5
41.6
41.2
2.02 93.94
41.7
2. 07 92.84
40.9
40.8
41.8
2.08 92.62
41.9
2.09 93.02
40.8
41.4
2.08 94.07
40.9
42.5
2.10 93. 61
40.7
42.2
40.9
2.10 95.30
42.2
41.2
2.10 96.41
41.9
2.10 95. 94
41.0
41.9
40.9
2.10 96. 93
41.5
2.10 97. 58
41.0
Wholesale and retail trade

See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1.62 $79. 64
1.69 81. 28
1. 71 81.03
1. 72 81. 72
1. 71 81.91
1.73 82.34
1.74 82. 53
1. 74 82.78
1.74 83.22
1.76 84.48
1.77 85.17
1.78 84. 73
1.78 84. 73
1.80 84.10
1.81 82. 65

$1.87
1.96
1.98
1.99
2.00
2.02
2.02
2.02
2.03
2. 03
2.04
2.06
2.06
2. 07
2.07

41.2
41.5
41.3
41.6
41.5
41.1
41.1
41.2
41.3
41.1
41.6
41.7
41.3
41.2
41.2

$2.13
2.25
2.29
2.29
2.30
2.29
2.29
2.30
2.32
2. 33
2.37
2.36
2.37
2.39
2. 40

Retail trade

and ac­
Food and liquor stores Automotive
cessories dealers
38.1
37.5
37.3
37.2
37.0
36.8
36.7
36.6
36.7
36. 7
37.1
37.9
37.7
36.7
36.1

and

Electric light and
power utilities

$2.10 $87. 76
2. 22 93.38
2.26 94.58
2.27 95. 26
2.28 95. 45
2. 27 94.12
2.27 94.12
2.28 94. 76
2.30 95.82
2. 30 95. 76
2.33 98. 59
2. 34 98.41
2. 34 97.88
2.37 98. 47
2.38 98. 88

Wholesale trade

Finance, insurance,
and real estate 10

Retail trade—Continued

1955: Average_____ $61. 72
63.38
1956: Average...........
October______ 63. 78
63. 98
November___
December____ 63. 27
1957: January_____
63.66
February,........ 63.86
March_______ 63.68
63. 86
April________
64. 59
M ay________
June_________ 65. 67
July— ............. 67.46
August______
67.11
September___
66. 06
O c to b e r .,___ 65.34

Local railways
buslines
$80. 60
43.1
84.48
43.1
85. 54
43.2
85.97
43.2
86.80
43.4
86. 86
43.0
86.25
42.7
86. 66
42.9
87.29
43.0
88. 71
43.7
44.1
89.96
90.02
43.7
89.40
43.4
90.05
43.5
89.42
43.2

Retail trade (except General merchandise Department stores
eating and drink­
and general mail­
stores
ing places)
order houses
41.5 $2.11 $77.14
40.6 $1.90 $58. 50
39.0 $1.50 $41.65
36.0 $1.32
35.3 $1.18 $47. 52
41.1
2. 26 81.20
35.0
38.6
2.01 60.60
35.6
1. 24 48. 77
40.4
1. 57 43.40
1.37
40.4
2.30 82. 22
40.5
2.03 60.90
1. 26 49.42
1. 59 43.60
38.3
35.3
34.6
1.40
41.2
2.33 83.03
40.5
2.05 60. 42
1. 25 47. 75
1.59 42.63
38.0
34.6
34.1
1. 38
2.34 83. 84
40.7
40.8
38.6
2.06 59.83
1.21 50.09
37.1
36.2
1. 55 43.80
1. 35
40.4
2.33 82.81
40.2
38.2
2.06 61.50
1. 61 43.94
34.8
34.6
1.27 49.07
1.41
40.8
38.2
2.33 82. 81
40.2
2.06 61.50
1. 61 43.90
1.28 49.13
34.6
34.3
1. 42
40.6
2.35 83.01
40.1
1. 62 43. 65
38.0
2.07 61. 56
34.5
34.1
1. 28 48.99
1. 42
40.9
2. 36 82.80
40.0
2. 07 61. 56
1.62 44.38
38.0
34.4
1.29 49. 76
34.8
1.43
40.5
2. 35 83.81
40.1
2.09 62.32
1.31 50. 32
1.64 44. 54
38.0
34.7
34.0
1.45
40.7
2.36 84.82
40.2
2.11 63.41
38.2
34.9
1.33 51.30
34.4
1.66 45. 75
1.47
41.0
2.38 85.65
40.4
2.12 64.46
1.32 51.01
1.67 45.07
38.6
34.7
34.6
1.47
41.0
2. 39 85. 24
2. 11 64.63
40.4
1. 67 45. 72
38.7
34.9
1.31 50.95
34.9
1. 46
40.9
2. 42 86.05
40. 4
2.13 64.01
1.68 44.80
38.1
1.46
34.7
1.31 50. 66
34.2
2. 44 85.22
40.8
40.2
2.12 62. 79
1.67 44.48
37.6
34.2
1.32 49.93
1.46
33.7
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
Avg. wkly. earnings

Electric light and gas
utilities combined
$2.02 $87. 57
2.11 92. 89
2.17 92.92
2.16 96.00
2.17 95. 47
2.18 94.13
2. 17 95.06
2. 16 95.41
2. 17 96. 52
2.19 95.18
2. 23 96.05
2.24 97. 58
2. 23 97. 99
2. 26
98. 98
2. 27 99. 55

Telegraph

$2.32 $78. 54
2.33 82. 74
2.32 85. 26
2.34 84.03
2.38 84.03
2.35 86.32
2.35 86. 94
2.35 S7. 57
2.37 86.11
2.38 89.25
2. 40 88. 62
2.41 88. 62
2. 40 87. 99
2.42 87. 99
2.42 87.15

Other public utilities—Continued
Gas utilities

41.9
41.7
42.6
42.1
41.0
42.5
42.2
40.9
42.0
42.4
41.0
42.5
42.3
41.1

1

Other public utilities

L i n e c o n s tr u c t io n , i n ­
s ta l la t i o n , a n d m a i n ­
te n a n c e e m p l o y e e s 9

S w itc h b o a r d o p e r a tin g
e m p lo y e e s

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Transportation and public utilities

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued

Telephone 8

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

44.0
43.7
43.8
43.7
43.8
43.8
43.9
43.8
43.8
44.0
43.9
43.9
43.9
43.8
43.5

Apparel and acces­
sories stores

$1.81 $46. 82
1. 86 47.54
1. 85 47.96
1. 87 47.47
1. 87 50.04
1.88 48.65
1.88 48. 44
1. 89 47. 75
1.90 47.74
1.92 48.56
1.94 50.05
1.93 50. 77
1. 93 49. 77
1.92 49.82
1.90 49.01

35.2
34.7
34.5
34.4
36.0
34.5
34.6
34.6
34.1
34.2
35.0
35.5
35.3
34.6
33.8

Other retail trade

Furniture and appli­
Lumber and hard­
ance stores
ware supply stores
42. 1 $1.59 $69. 82
$1. 33 $66.94
43.1 $1. 62
1.37 69.30
1. 71
42.5
42.0
1. 65 72.68
1.39 70. 56
42.0
1.68 75.33
42.8
1. 76
42.2
1.74
41.9
1. 69 73. 43
1. 38 70. 81
1. 71 73.08
1.39 73.19
42.8
1. 74
42.0
1. 41 70.81
41.9
1.69 72. 21
41.5
1. 74
1.74
1. 65 72. 73
1.40 68. 81
41.7
41.8
1. 38 69. 81
1.74
1. 67 72. 73
41.8
41.8
42.2
1.75
41.8
1.40 69. 81
1.67 73.85
1.42 71.06
42.5
1.77
1.70 75. 23
41.8
1.71 75.65
1.43 71.65
41.9
42.5
1.78
1.78
42.7
41.6
1.71 76.01
1.43 71. 14
42.1
1.41 72.41
42.7
1.78
1. 72 76.01
1.44 71.90
42.4
1.72 76. 32
1.80
41.8
42.4
1.45 71.38
1.79
41.5
1.72 75.90

Banks
and
trust
com­
panies
$59. 28
61. 97
62. 55
62. 35
62. 86
63. 82
63. 74
63. 89
63.78
63.67
63.80
64. 52
64.31
64.48
64. 71

Secu­ Insur­
rity
ance
dealers car­
and ex­ riers
changes
$102.13 $73729
97. 56 77.50
92. 87 78. 21
94.98 78.92
99.68 79.89
101. 46 79.43
100. 57 79. 95
96.38 80.03
97. 4£ 80.32
101.21 80. 47
100.1? 80.95
101.44 81.33
96.84 81.43
95.44 81.13
95. 4( 80. 99

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

112

Table C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg.
wkly.
earnings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg.
wkly.
earnings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg.
wkly.
earnings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Service and miscellaneous

Year and month

Personal services
Hotels, year-round n
Cleaning and dyeing plants

Laundries
1955: Average______________
1956: Average...........................
October______________
November____________
D ecem b er..._________
1957: January...... .................. .
February.. ................... .
March........... ............. .
April------------------------M a y .................................
June......... .................. .......
July...... ......................... .
August_______________
September___ ________
October___ ______ ____

$41.09
42.13
42. 74
42.63
43.14
42. 42
42.32
42.63
42. 21
43.23
43. 42
43.93
44. 25
44.11
44.07

41. 5
40.9
40. 7
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.3
40.6
40.2
40.4
40.2
40.3
40.6
40.1
39.7

$0. 99
1.03
1.05
1.05
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.09
1.10
1.11

$40.70
42. 32
42. 61
42.29
42.91
42. 59
42.59
42.69
43.20
43.93
44.04
43. 38
43. 34
43. 96
43.62

1 For coverage of these series, see footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.
For mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants,
data refer to production and related workers only. For the remaining
Industries, unless otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees
and working supervisors.
Data for the most recent month are subject to revision w ithout notation.
a For definition, see footnote 3, table A-2.
* For definition, see footnote 4, table A-2.
* Averages shown for 1955 are not strictly comparable w ith those for later
years.
5 Italicized titles which follow are components of this industry.
* Data beginning w ith January 1957 are not strictly comparable with those
shown for earlier years.
i Figures for Class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal companies)
are based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter­
state Commerce Commission and relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC
Group I).
8 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating-room instructors, and


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Avg.
wkly.
earnings

40.3
40.3
40.2
39.9
40.1
39.8
39.8
39.9
40.0
40.3
40.4
39.8
39.4
39.6
39.3

$1.01
1.05
1.06
1.06
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.09
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.11

$47. 40
49. 77
50. 82
50.56
50.05
49. 92
48.90
49. 54
52.26
52. 79
52.40
49. 91
48. 88
51. 35
51.61

39.5
39.5
39.7
39.5
39.1
38.7
38.2
38.7
40.2
40.3
40.0
38.1
37.6
39.2
39.1

$1.20
1.26
1.28
1. 28
1.28
1.29
1. 28
1.28
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.30
1.31
1.32

Motion
picture pro­
duction and
distribution i°
$93. 78
91. 75
90. 13
95.73
94.95
94.14
99.00
99.13
94.09
97.61
101.03
100.30
100. 79
98. 48
100.00

pay-station attendants. In 1956, such employees made up 40 percent of the
total number of nonsupervisory employees In establishments reporting hours
and earnings data.
• Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. In 1956, such employees made
up 27 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in establish­
ments reporting hours and earnings data.
18 Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not
available.
» M oney payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not included.
•Formerly titled “ Automobiles.” Data not affected.
N ote: Fora description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
B L 8 Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class I railroads (see footnote 7).

113

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C-2. Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production workers in manufac­
turing industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars
Gross average
weekly earnings
Year

1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:

N et spendable average weekly
earn mgs 1

N et spendable iverage weekly
earni ngs i
Gross average
weekly earnings

Worker w ith no Worker with 3
dependents
dependents

Year and month

Worker with no Worker with 3
dependents
dependents

Cur­
rent

194749 3

Cur­
rent

194749 3

Cur­
rent

194749 3

Cur­
rent

194749 3

Cur­
rent

194749 3

Cur­
rent

194749 3

Average....................... $23.86
Average___________
25.20
Average .
29 58
Average___________
36.65
Average___________ 43.14
Average___________
46.08
Average....................... 44.39
Average....................... 43.82
Average___________
49.97
Average....................... 54.14
54.92
A verage___________
Average___________
59.33
Average___________
84. 71
Average....................... 67.97
Average___________
71.69
Average___________
71.86
A verage..................... 76.52
Average....................... 79.99

$40.17
42.07
47.03
52. 58
58.30
61. 28
57. 72
52. 54
52. 32
52. 67
53. 95
57. 71
58.30
59.89
62. 67
62.60
66. 83
68.84

$23.58
24.69
28. 05
31.77
36.01
38.29
36.97
37. 72
42. 76
47.43
48.09
51.09
54.04
55.66
58. 54
59. 55
63.15
65.86

$39. 70
41.22
44. 59
45.58
48.66
50. 92
48.08
45.23
44. 77
46.14
47.24
49.70
48.68
49.04
51.17
51 87
55.15
56.68

$23.62
24.95
29. 28
36.28
41 39
44. 06
42. 74
43.20
48.24
53.17
53.83
57. 21
61.28
63.62
66.58
66. 78
70.45
73 22

$39. 76
41.65
46 Ö5
52.05
55. 93
58. 59
55. 58
51.80
50. 51
51.72
52. 88
55. 65
55.21
56.05
58.20
58.17
81.53
63.01

: October...................... $82. 21
November_________ 82. 22
December................... 84.05
: January...................... 82.41
February................... 82.41
82.21
March____ _______
April ____________
81.59
81.78
M a y ... __________
June______________ 82. 80
J u ly ................ ........... 82.18
82. 80
A u gu st.... ..............
Septem ber___ _ _ 82.99
October 3__________ 82. 56

$69. 85
69. 80
71. 23
69.72
69.43
69.14
68.39
68.38
68. 89
68. 03
68.43
68. 53
68.18

$67. 62
67.63
69.10
67. 58
67. 58
67. 42
66.93
67. 08
67. 90
67.40
67. 90
68.05
67. 70

$57. 45
57. 41
58.56
57.17
56.93
56. 70
56.10
56.09
56.49
55. 79
56.12
56.19
55.90

$75.03
75.04
76.54
74.99
74.99
74.82
74.31
74. 47
75.31
74. 80
75. 31
75. 46
75.11

$63. 75
63.70
64.86
63.44
63.18
62.93
62.29
62.27
62.65
61.91
62.24
62.31
62.02

1 N et spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, Federal social security and income taxes for
which the worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability depends,
of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker as well as
on the level of his gross income. N et spendable earnings have, therefore,
been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker with no de­
pendents; (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The computations of net spendable earnings for both the worker with no
dependents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross
average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing indus­
tries without direct regard to marital status and family composition. The

T able

primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative changes
in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers.
J These series indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings after
adjustment for changes in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s
Consumer Price Index, the years 1947-49 being the base period.
3 Preliminary.
N ote : For a description of these series, see Technical Note on the Cal­
culation and Uses of the N et Spendable Earnings Series (Revised February
1957), which is available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

C -3. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construction activity1
(1947-49=100)
Annual
average

1956

1957
Industry

T o ta l3_________________________________
Mining division_____ . _______________
Contract construction division___________
Manufacturing division_________________
Durable goods_____ _________________
Ordnance and accessories ___________
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture). __
_____ _____ _
Furniture and fixtures_____ ________
Stone, clay, and glass products____ . .
Primary metal industries------- ---------Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)______ . _______
Machinery (except electrical)_____ _ .
Electrical machinery_______________
Transportation equipm ent.. ________
Instruments and related products_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Nondurable goods. . . . .
. . --------Food and kindred products__________
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Textile-mill products____________ .
Apparel and other finished textile
products_____ . . . ----------------------Paper and allied products...
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_______________ . . ---------------Chemicals and allied products________
Products of petroleum and coal_______
Rubber products____ .
-------------Leather and leather products_________

Oct.3 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

1956

107.6
83.1
149. 5
103.3
109.8
299.2

109.9
86.5
153.9
105.1
110.8
315.5

110.6
86.8
157.4
105.4
112.3
325.5

108.1
86.8
154.1
102.9
110. 6
320.3

109.5
88.1
151. 5
104.9
114.7
333.9

107.0
83.8
141.4
103.7
114.0
337.0

106.5
84.0
131.1
104.5
115.1
350. 9

107.0
84.3
123.0
106.3
116.8
355.6

107.2
85.3
119.8
106.9
117.7
360.9

106.4
85.1
112.0
107.0
117. 9
366.3

112.5
87. 7
135. 9
110. 8
122.0
380.4

112.6
85.2
144.2
109. 9
120.2
371.9

115.2
86.9
157.7
111.0
120.2
373.6

110.3
84.7
138.0
108.1
117.2
375.3

108.4
81.1
125.9
107.7
116.3
413.2

81. 1
106.8
104. 7
100.3

80.5
107.9
106.4
103.0

86.6
106.8
106.4
104.3

83.3
100. 5
101.2
105.2

87.8
102.1
106.2
108.1

84.0
99.7
105.4
106.6

80.1
102.2
104.1
108.0

77.0
104.0
103.9
109.7

76.3
104.0
103.2
111.6

76.2
102.9
103.3
114.3

81.8
109. 3
108.2
115.3

85.8
107. 3
109.3
113.3

91.4
111.7
111.2
113. 9

88.8
107.4
109.3
110.5

91.1
106.6
108.2
110. 1

115. 2
100.9
133.7
131.6
115.0
105.0
95.5
91.9
89.4
74.7

115.5
104.3
137.7
126.9
117.2
106.4
98.4
100.4
97.1
75.2

114.4
103.1
134.8
136.7
116.1
102.4
97.3
97.8
86.2
75.0

112.5
106. 0
131.1
135.6
113.8
94.4
93.8
93.1
69.5
72.8

116.0
109.8
134.5
141.7
117.0
100.0
93.2
86.5
70.2
74.7

114.7
111.4
132.4
142. 9
117.1
98.7
91.4
81.1
70.6
73.7

115.5
114.0
133.9
146.5
120.0
98.9
91.9
79.2
67.2
74.8

116.9
116.5
137.2
151. 3
121.0
100.5
93. 7
78.8
72.0
76.0

117.6
117.2
138.7
153.8
121.5
99.4
94.0
79.2
80.0
76.9

117.2
116.3
139.2
154. 1
121.4
98.3
94.0
81.6
85.0
77.0

121.4
117.4
144. 7
161.0
123.3
105.6
97.4
87.9
91.9
80.3

119.7
113.7
145.8
151.6
123.2
109.4
97.6
92.9
92.4
80.8

121.1
114.0
145.8
141.3
123.8
112.6
100.2
99.8
101.6
80.9

116.3
115.6
138.6
139.0
121.1
105.5
97.2
90.7
85.6
80.6

118.0
106.4
130. 6
147.2
117.5
104.2
97.4
90.5
90.3
83.1

102.7
117.4

105. 7
118.1

106.1
116.2

98.4
114.0

99.6
116.2

99.1
114.6

101.6
115.6

106.7
115.8

106.3
115.8

102.6
116.3

105.5
119.1

104.9
117.9

106.3
118.3

104.5
116.9

104.9
114.4

115.0
104.1
93.7
105.5
90.6

115.3
104.0
96.3
105.4
92.2

112.7
102.9
94.2
105.1
95.8

111.7
102.7
96.0
103.8
93.1

112.8
104.2
95.0
101.1
92.7

112.7
106.1
94.2
102.7
86.8

113.8
107.1
94.7
96.2
90.7

114.5
107.3
93.1
107.2
95.6

112.8
106.9
93.8
109.2
95.9

112.6
107.2
93.6
111. 1
94.0

116.8
107.9
94.6
112.3
93.8

115.1
107.3
95.2
98.8
91.1

116.3
107.7
95.2
110.1
91.2

113.0
107.9
94.6
106.7
94.4

108.7
107.0
94.5
112.4
95.5

1 Beginning with the July 1957 issue, the data shown in this table are not
comparable with those published in previous issues. See footnote 1,
table A-2.
Aggregate man-hours are for the weekly pay period ending nearest the
15th of the month and do not represent totals for the month. For mining
and manufacturing industries, data refer to production and related workers.
For contract construction, the data relate to construction workers.


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5 Preliminary.
3 Includes only the divisions shown.

Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

1955

114

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

Table C-4. Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production workers in manu­
facturing, by major industry group 1
Gross

Ex­
cluding
over­
time 2

Gross

Ex­
cluding Gross
over­
time 2

Ex­
cluding Gross
over­
time 2

Ex­
cluding Gross
over­
time 2

Ex­
cluding Gross
over­
time 2

Total:
manufacturing

$1.98
2.02
2.03
2.05
2.05
2.05
2.05
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.07
2.07
2. 08
2.09

$1.91
1.94
1.96
1.98
1.98
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.00
2.01
2. 01
2.01
2.02
2.03

Total: Durable
goods

$2.10
2.15
2.16
2.18
2.18
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.19
2.20
2. 21
2.22
2.23

$2.03
2.06
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.16
2.17

Ordnance and
accessories

$2.19
2. 25
2. 25
2.27
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.31
2.33
2.34
2. 34
2. 37
2.38

$2.12
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2. 25
2.28
2.29
2. 29
2.32
2.35

Lumber and
wood products
(except
furniture)
$1.76
1.79
1. 77
1.74
1.72
1.73
1.77
1.80
1.82
1.84
1.82
1. 84
1.84
1.83

$1.69
1.72
1.71
1.68
1.66
1.67
1.71
1.74
1.76
1.77
1.76
1. 77
1.77
1.76

Furniture and
fixtures

$1.69
1.73
1.72
1.73
1.72
1.73
1.73
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.74
1. 76
1.77
1.76

$1.64
1.66
1.66
1.67
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.71

Stone, clay,
and glass
products

$1.96
1.99
2.01
2.01
2.02
2.01
2.02
2.01
2.02
2.04
2. 05
2.06
2.08
2.08

$1.88
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.95
1.94
1.95
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
2.00

Durable goods—Continued
Machinery
(except
electrical)
1956: Average.«___
October..........
November___
December___
1957: January..........
February____
M a rch ...........
A p ril._______
M ay.................
June________
July...... ...........
August______
September__
October 8____

Ex­
cluding Gross
over­
time 2

Ex­
cluding
over­
time 2

Durable goods

Year and month

1956: Average..........
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January.........February____
March_______
April_______
M ay________
June___ ____
July------------August______
September__
October8- . . .

Ex­
cluding Gross
over­
time 2

$2.21
2.25
2.25
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.32
2.33

$2.12
2.15
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.20
2. 21
2.23
2.23
2.23
2.26
2.27

Electrical
machinery

$1.98
2.02
2.03
2.05
2.05
2.05
2.06
2.06
2. 05
2.06
2.05
2.06
2. 07
2.08

$1.92
1.95
1.97
1.98
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.02
2. 01
2.01
2.02
2. 04

Transportation
equipment

$2.31
2.37
2.39
2. 43
2.38
2.37
2.38
2.37
2.37
2.40
2.41
2.43
2. 46
2. 47

$2.23
2. 27
2.27
2.30
2.29
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.35
2.35
2. 37
2.39
2.41

$2.36
2. 42
2. 44
2.45
2.47
2.46
2.46
2.46
2.46
2. 48
2. 53
2. 54
2. 57
2.55

$2.29
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.39
2.39
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.41
2.46
2.48
2.50
2.50

Fabricated
metal products

$2.07
2.13
2.12
2.14
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.19
2. 20
2. 22
2.22

$1.99
2.04
2.04
2.06
2.06
2.06
2 07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14

Nondurable goods

Instrumenta
and related
producta
$2.01
2.05
2.05
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.10
2.14
2.14

Primary metal
industries

$1.96
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.03
2.03
2.04
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.06
2.06
2.08
2.09

Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries
$1. 75
1.78
1. 78
1.79
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.80
1.81
1. 80
1.81
1.81

$1.69
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.77
1. 75
1.75
1.76

Total: N on­
durable goods

$1.80
1.83
1.84
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.89
1.88
1.90
1.90

$1.75
1.77
1.78
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.83
1.84
1.85

Food and
kindred
products
$1.83
1.84
1.89
1.90
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.93
1.91
1. 90
1.92
1.94

$1.76
1.76
1.81
1.82
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.87
1.85
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.87

Tobacco
manufactures

$1.45
1.39
1.45
1.48
1.49
1. 49
1.53
1.55
1. 58
1.58
1.61
1. 49
1.46
1.47

$1.43
1.37
1.43
1.45
1.47
1.48
1.51
1. 54
1.56
1.55
1.57
1. 47
1.43
1.45

Nondurable goods—Continued

Textile-mill
products

1958: Average_____
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February........
M a rch ...........
April_______
M ay..... ...........
June................
July------------August______
September__
October 3____

$1.45
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1. 50
1.50
1.51
1.51

$1.40
1.44
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1. 46
1.49
1.46

Apparel and
other finished
textile products

$1. 45
1.49
1.48
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.50

$1.43
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.47

Paper and
allied products

$1.94
1.98
1.98
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.01
2.03
2.06
2.06
2.08
2.09

$1.84
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.94
1.95
1. 95
1.97
1.98

Printing,
publishing,
and allied
industries *
$2.43
2.45
2.45
2.46
2.46
2.48
2.49
2. 49
2.51
2. 51
2.51
2.51
2.53
2.53

1 Beginning with the July 1987 Issue, the data shown in this table are not
eomparabie with those published in previous issues. See footnote 1, table
A-2.
2 Derived by assuming that tbs overtime hours shown in table C-5 are
paid f o r at the rate of time and one-half.
* Preliminary.


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Chemicals and
allied products

$2.11
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.20
2.23
2. 25
2. 25
2.25
2.24

$2.05
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.12
2.14
2.17
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.18

Products of
petroleum and
coal

$2.54
2. 57
2.57
2. 57
2.59
2. 56
2.57
2. 59
2.61
2. 66
2. 69
2.69
2. 73
2. 71

$2. 47
2.50
2.51
2.52
2.54
2.51
2.52
2. 52
2.54
2.60
2. 62
2.63
2. 66
2. 65

Rubber
products

$2.17
2.20
2.17
2.24
2.23
2.22
2.21
2.19
2. 22
2.23
2. 28
2.27
2.29
2.32

$2.09
2.11
2.10
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.14
2.13
2.16
2.15
2.18
2.18
2.21
2.24

Leather and
leather
products

$1.49
1.51
1.52
1.52
1. 52
1.53
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.55

$1.47
1.49
1.50
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.51
1.51
1.52
1.53

4 Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, are not available separately
for the printing, publishing, and allied industries group, as graduated over­
time rates are found to an extent likely to make average overtime pay
significantly above time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the industry
in the nondurable-goods total ha3 little efieet.

Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

115

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

Table C-5. Gross average weekly hours and average overtime hours of production workers in manu­
facturing, by major industry group 1
Gross

Over­
time 1

Gross

Over­
time 1

Gross

Over­
time *

Gross

Gross

Over­
time *

Cross

Over­
time *

Total: Manu­
facturing

40.4
40.7
40 5
41.0
40.2
40.2.
40.1
39.8
39.7
40.0
39.7
40.0
39.9
39.5

2.«
3.1
3.0
3.1
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.3

Total: Durable
goods

41.1
41,4
41.2
41.9
40.9
40.9
40 8
40.5
40.3
40.5
40.0
40.3
40.2
39.9

3.0
3.3
3.3
3.6
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.3

Ordnance and
accessories

41.8
42.3
42.0
42.6
42.0
42.0
41.6
41.4
40.7
40.7
40.0
40.1
40.1
39.9

2.6
3.4
3.1
3.4
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.1
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.2

Lumber and
wood products
(except furni­
ture)
40.3
40.8
40.0
39.8
39.1
36.6
39.7
40.0
40.2
40.7
39.4
41.1
39.0
39.8

3.3
3 2
2.9
3.0
2 7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.8
3.1
2.9
3.3
3.1
3.0

Furniture and
fixtures

Over­
time *

40.8
41.6
40.5
41.3
39.8
40. 2
40.2
39.7
39.2
39.7
39.3
40.7
40.9
40.7

2.8
3.2
2 7
3.0
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.0
1.9
2.3
2.2
2.6
2.7
2.7

Stone, clay, and Primary metal
glass products
industries

41 1
41.3
41.1
41.2
40.3
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.8
40.9
40.4
40.9
40.8
40.5

8 6
3.6
3.6
3.4
2.9
2.9
3.0
2.9
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.3

Durable goods—-Continued

1956: Average____
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February___
March______
April_______
M ay. _____
June................
July------------August______
September__
October A .

Gross

Gross

Over­
time *

Durable goods

Year and month

1956: Average..........
October..........
November___
December___
1957: January..........
February____
March______
April_______
M ay-----------June________
July________
A ugust.. . . .
September__
October 3____

Over­
time*

Machinery
(except
electrical)

Electrical
machinery

42.2
42 1
41. 7
42 6
41.9
41.9
41.8
41.4
41. 1
41.1
40.7
40.5
40.7
40.2

40.8
41.2
41.0
41 2
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.3
40 1
40.3
39.7
40.2
40.2
39.5

3.7
3,7
3.4
3.7
3 3
3.2
3. 1
3.0
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.1

2.6
3.1
2.9
2.8
2.4
2.3
2. 2
2.0
1.8
2.0
1.7
2.1
2.0
1.6

Transportation
equipment

41.0
41.8
42.2
43.6
41.7
41.6
41. 1
40.6
39.9
40.1
39.5
40.2
39.7
39.6

2.9
3.8
4.5
4.8
3.3
3.0
2.7
2.4
1.8
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.2

41.2
41.8
43.3
42.1
40.8
41.0
41.0
40.9
40.9
41.2
40.7
41.0
41.4
40.8

3.0
3.6
3.2
3.6
2.8
2.8
28
2.7
2.7
2.9
2.9
2.8
3.2
2.9

Nondurable goods

Instruments
and related
products
40.8
41.0
40.8
41.0
40.7
41,0
40 7
40.6
40. 2
40.5
40.1
40.0
40.4
39.9

2.8
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.9
2.2
2.0
2.0
1.8
2.2
2.1
1.8
2.1
1.6

40.9
40.8
40.6
41.2
41.9
40.3
40.1
39.8
39.6
40.2
39.7
39.3
39.4
38.8

Fabricated
metai products

2.3
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7
2.1
1.9

Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries
40.3
40.7
40.3
40.6
40.0
40.3
40.6
39.9
39.8
39.9
39.5
40.0
40.3
39.9

2.6
3.1
2.8
2.7
2.3
2.4
2.8
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.4
2.6
2.6

Total: Nondurable goods

39.5
39.7
39 6
39.7
39.1
39. 3
39.1
38.9
38.9
39.2
39.4
39.5
39.6
39.1

2.5
2.7
2.7
2,6
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.5

Food and
kindred
products
3.3
3.6
3.8
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.7
3.0
3.3
3.4
3.2
3.4
3.2

41.0
41.3
41.3
40.9
40.2
40.1
39.8
40. 0
40.4
40.9
41.5
40.9
41.2
40.3

Tobacco
manufactures

38.9
39.5
38.9
39.8
38.8
38.5
37.9
36.8
39.1
38.6
39.6
38.4
39.8
38.3

1.1
1.0
1.1
1.5
1.0
.6
.9
.5
1.1
1.5
1.9
1.1
1.4
1.1

Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill
products

1956: Average_____
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February......
March_______
April_______
M ay________
June________
July------------August. ____
September__
October 3____

39.7
40.1
40.2
40,2
39. 1
39.2
38.9
38.6
38 4
38.9
38.6
39.1
39.1
39.1

2.6
2.8
2.9
2.7
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.0
2.3
2. 1
2.2
2.4
2.3

Apparel and
Paper and
other finished allied products
textile products
36.3
36.4
36.1
36.3
35.9
36.5
36.5
35.7
35.8
35.8
36.1
36.8
30.7
35.9

1.2
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.2

42.8
42.0
42.7
43.0
42.3
42.3
42.3
42.1
42.0
42.2
42.3
42.5
42.9
42.5

4.6
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.0
4.1
4.6
4.5
4.8
4.5

Printing, pubfishing, and allied industries
38.8
39.1
38.6
39.1
38.3
38.5
38.8
38.5
38.4
38.4
38.3
38. 5
38.7
38.4

* Beginning with the July 1857 Issue, the data shown In this table are not
comparable with those published in previous issues. See footnote 1, table

W

A -2 .

* Covers premium overtime hours of production and related workers daring
the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Overtime hours are
those for which premiums were paid because the hours were in excess of the
number of hours of either the straight-time workday or workweek. Weekend


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3.2
3.6
3.2
3.5
2.8
2.9
3.2
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
3.1
3.3
3.1

Chemicals and
allied products

41.3
41.4
41.5
41.6
41.3
41 2
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.2
41.0

2.3
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.2

Products of
petroleum
and coal
41.1
40.8
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.8
40.7
41.2
40.9
40.9
41.5
40.6
41.5
40.7

2.0
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
2. 2
2.2
2.0
2.2
1.8
2.2
1.9

Rubber
products

40.2
40.9
40.5
41.4
40.9
40.9
40.4
40.0
40.0
40.9
41.3
40.9
40.6
40.1

2.8
3.4
2.8
3.2
3.0
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.5
3.1
3.8
3.2
3.0
2.9

Leather and
leather
products
37.6
36.9
36.9
37.7
38.0
33.3
38.0
36.9
36.3
37.8
38.1
38.1
37.2
36.8

1.4
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.1
.9
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.3

and holiday hours are included only If premium wage rates were paid. Hours
for which only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of
premiums were paid are excluded. These data are not available prior to
1656.

3 Preliminary.

Soukce: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

116

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able

D-3. Consumer Price Index1—United States city average: All items and major groups o f items
[1947-49=100]

Year and month

1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:

All Items

Food

Housing

Apparel

Transporta­
tion

Medical care Personal care Beading and
recreation

Other goods
and services

Average—..................
Average........ .............
Average___________
Average......................
Average___________
Average___________
Average___________
Average___________
Average___________
Average___________

95.5
102.8
101.8
102.8
111.0
113.5
114.4
114.8
114.5
116.2

95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.8
112.6
110.9
111.7

95.0
101.7
103.3
106.1
112.4
114.6
117.7
119.1
120. 0
121.7

97.1
103.5
99.4
98.1
106.9
105.8
104.8
104.3
103.7
105. 5

90.6
100.9
108.5
111.3
118.4
120.2
129.7
128.0
126.4
128.7

94.9
100.9
104.1
106.0
111. 1
117.2
121.3
125.2
128.0
132.6

97.6
101.3
101.1
101.1
110.5
111.8
112.8
113.4
115.3
120.0

95.5
100.4
104.1
103.4
106. 5
107.0
108.0
107.0
106.6
108.1

96.1
100. 5
103.4
105. 2
109.7
115. 4
118. 2
120.1
120. 2
122.0

1953: January___________
February_________
March_____________
April______________
May______________
June______________
July______________
August____________
September________
October___________
November____ ____
December_________

113.9
113.4
113.6
113.7
114.0
114.5
114.7
115.0
115.2
115.4
115.0
114.9

113,1
111.5
111.7
111. 5
112.1
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8
113.6
112.0
112.3

116. 4
116.6
116.8
117.0
117.1
117.4
117.8
118.0
118.4
118.7
118.9
118.9

104.6
104. 6
104.7
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.4
104. 3
105.3
105.5
105. 5
105.3

129.3
129.1
129.3
129.4
129.4
129.4
129.7
130.6
130. 7
130.7
130.1
128.9

119.4
119.3
119.5
120.2
120.7
121.1
121.5
121.8
122.6
122.8
123.3
123.6

112.4
112.5
112.4
112.5
112.8
112.6
112.6
112.7
112.9
113.2
113.4
113.6

107.8
107. 5
107.7
107.9
108.0
107.8
107.4
107.6
107.8
108.6
108.9
108.9

115.9
115.8
117.5
117.9
118.0
118. 2
118.3
118. 4
118 5
119 7
120 2
120.3

1954: January___________
February__ ____
___
March . . .
April.. . . . ______
M ay... __________
June___ __________
J u ly .. ___________
August___________
September________
O c to b e r ....... ............
November..................
D ecem ber..................

115.2
115.0
114.8
114.6
115.0
115.1
115.2
115.0
114.7
114.5
114.6
114.3

113.1
112.6
112.1
112.4
113.3
113.8
114.6
113.9
112.4
111.8
111.1
110.4

118.8
118.9
119.0
118. 5
118.9
118.9
119.0
119.2
119.5
119.5
119.5
119.7

104.9
104.7
104.3
104.1
104.2
104.2
104.0
103.7
104.3
104.6
104.6
104.3

130.5
129.4
129.0
129.1
129.1
128.9
126.7
126.6
126.4
125.0
127.6
127.3

123.7
124.1
124.4
124.9
125.1
125.1
125.2
125.5
125.7
125.9
126.1
126.3

113.7
113.9
114.1
112.9
113.0
112.7
113.3
113.4
113. 5
113.4
113.8
113.6

108.7
108.0
108.2
106.5
106.4
106.4
107.0
106.6
106. 5
106.9
106.8
106.6

120.3
120. 2
120.1
120.2
120.1
120.1
120. 3
120. 2
120 1
120 1
120 0
119.9

1955: January_______ . . .
February__________
March_____________
April______ _______
M ay_________ _____
June............................
July---------------------August
________
September________
October___________
November_________
December. ...............

114.3
114.3
114.3
114.2
114.2
114.4
114.7
114.5
114.9
114.9
115.0
114 7

110.6
110.8
110.8
111.2
111.1
111.3
112.1
111.2
111.6
110.8
109.8
109.5

119.6
119.6
119.6
119.5
119.4
119.7
119.9
120.0
120.4
120.8
120.9
120 8

103.3
103.4
103.2
103.1
103.3
103 2
103.2
103.4
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.7

127.6
127.4
127.3
125.3
125. 5
125.8
125. 4
125.4
125.3
126. 6
128.5
127.3

126.5
126.8
127.0
127.3
127. 5
127.6
127.9
128.0
128.2
128.7
129.8
130.2

113.7
113.5
113 5
113.7
113.9
114.7
115.5
115.8
116.6
117.0
117.5
117.9

106.9
106.4
106. 6
106.6
106.5
106.2
106.3
106.3
106.7
106.7
106.8
106.8

119.9
119.8
119.8
119.8
119.9
119.9
120.3
120 4
120. 6
120 6
120 fi
120.6

1956: January__________ _
February___ ______
M arch... ________
April..
_ . . . ____
M ay______________
June____ __________
J u ly .. __________
August........................

114.6
114.6
114.7
114.9
115.4
116.2
117.0
116.8

109.2
108.8
109.0
109.6
111.0
113.2
114.8

120.6
120.7
120. 7
120.8
120.9
121.4
121.8

104.1
104.6
104.8
104.8
104.8
104.8
105.3

126.8
126.9
126.7
126.4
127.1
126.8
127.7

105.5
106.5
106.8
107.0
107.0

128.5
128.6
132.6
133.2
133.1

107.3
107.5
107. 7
108.2
108.2
107. 6
107.7

133.3
134.0
134.1
134 5
134.7

120.3
120. 5
120.8
121.4
121.8

120.8
120.9
121. 2
121. 4
121 5
121 8
122 2

1171
117.7
117.8
118.0

122.2
122.6
122.8
123.0
123. 5

118.5
118.9
119.2
119.5
119.6
119.9
120.1

S e p te m b e r __________
O c to b e r_____________
N o v e m b e r .....................
D e c e m b e r ................

113 1
113.1
113.1
112.9
112.9

130.7
130. 9
131.4
131.6
131. 9
132.0
132. 7

107.9
108. 4
108.5
109.0
109.3

122 1
122 7
123 0
123 2
123.3

1957: J a n u a r y ...........................
F e b r u a r y .......................
M arch___ ___________
A p r il________________
M a y ________________
J u n e . . . ____________
J u l y . . ...............................
A u g u s t......... ...................

118.2
118.7
118.9
119.3
119.6
120.2
120.8
121.0
121.1
121.1
121.6

112.8
113.6
113.2
113.8
114.6
116.2
117.4
117.9
117.0
116.4
116.0

123.8
124.5
124.9
125.2
125. 3
125.5
125.5
125.7
126.3
126.6
126.8

106.4
106.1
106.8
106.5
106.5
106.6
106.5
106.6
107.3
107.7
107.9

133.6
134.4
135.1
135.5
135.3
135. 3
135.8
135.9
135.9
135.8
140.0

135.3
135.5
136.4
136.9
137.3
137.9
138.4
138.6
139.0
139.7
140.3

122.1
122.6
122.9
123.3
123.4
124.2
124.7
124.9
125.1
126.2
126.7

109.9
110.0
110.5
111.8
111 4
111.8
112.4
112.6
113.3
113. 4
114.4

123 8
124.0
124. 2
124. 2
124. 3
124. 6
126.6
126 7
126.7
126 8
126 .8

September_________
October. _________
November _____ _

i The Consumer P r ic e Index measures the average change In p ric es of goods
and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families.
Data for 46 large, medium-size, and small cities are combined for the United
States average.


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N ote : For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS S ta tis tic a l Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source : U. 8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES

117

Table D -2. Consumer Price Index 1—United States city average: Food, housing, apparel, transpor­
tation, and their subgroups
[1947-49 = 100]
Annual
average

1956

1957
Group
Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dee.

Nov.

1956

1955

Food 8_________________________________
Food at home____ - _________________
Cereals and bakery products_____
Meats, poultry, and fish-------------Dairy products_________________
Fruits and vegetables____________
Other foods at home
- - _____

116. 0
114. 1
131.6
104.6
114.5
114.6
115.6

116.4
114.7
131.4
106.3
114.2
114.5
116.2

117.0
115.5
131.2
110.3
113.1
114.8
115.0

117.9
116.6
131.0
111.9
111.5
121.3
113.8

117.4
116.1
130.8
109. 5
110.5
126.9
111.7

116.2
114.7
130.6
106.9
110.0
126.8
109.5

114.6
113.0
130.4
103.7
110.0
122.5
109. 9

113.8
112.1
130.1
102. 0
110.5
118. 7
111.0

113.2
111.4
129.8
100.6
110.7
116.1
111.6

113.6
112.0
129.1
101. 4
111. 1
116. 5
113.0

112.8
111. 1
128.0
99.0
111.2
116.9
112.7

112.9
111. 2
127. 4
98.0
111.3
117.4
114.2

112.9
111.3
127.0
98.8
111. 1
115.8
115. 2

111.7
110.2
125. 6
97.1
108.7
119.0
112.8

110.9
109.7
123.9
101.6
105.9
113.5
111.5

H ousing4____________________________
R ent_________________ _____________
Gas and electricity_____________ _____
Solid fuels and fuel oil_______________
Housefumishings--- ------------ ------------Household o p e r a tio n .............................

126. 8
136.3
114.3
138.0
104.5
129.4

126.6
136.0
113.8
137.6
104.8
128.7

126.3
135. 7
113.7
136. 8
104.8
128.3

125.7
135.4
113.3
135.7
103.9
128.0

125.5
135.2
112.3
135.9
104.1
127.9

125. 5
135.0
112.3
135.3
104.6
127.6

125.3
134. 7
112. 3
135.4
104. 2
127.3

125.2
134.5
112.4
138.1
105. 1
126.4

124.9
134. 4
112.4
139. 2
104.9
126. 2

124.5
134.2
112.4
139.3
105.0
125.6

123.8
134. 2
112.3
138.9
104.0
125.4

123.5
134.2
112. 0
136.1
104.1
124.8

123.0
133.8
111.8
134.3
103.8
124.5

121.7
132.7
111.8
130.7
103.0
122.9

120.0
130.3
110.7
125.2
104.1
119.1

Apparel-------- ------------------ ------------------M en’s and boys’ ___________________
Women’s and girls’__________________
Footwear ________ _______________ . .
Other apparel!............................................

107.9
109.4
100.8
129.0
92.6

107.7
109.4
100.6
128.3
92.5

107.3
109.3
99.8
128.1
92.3

106.6
108.8
98.6
128.3
92.0

106.5
108. 8
98.6
128.1
91.9

106.6
109.1
98.5
127.8
91.9

106. 5
109.0
98.6
127.8
92.0

106. 5
108. 8
98.7
127.3
92.0

106.8
108.8
99.3
127.6
92.2

106.1
108.6
98.2
127.2
91.7

106.4
108. 4
98.9
126.7
91.9

107.0
108.6
100.3
126.4
92.2

107.0
108.4
100.4
126.2
92.1

105.5
107. 4
98.7
123.9
91.4

103.7
105.7
98.0
117.7
90.6

Transportation________________________
Private______ ___ ____ _ . __________
Public________________________ _____

140.0
129.7
182.8

135.8
125.4
181.6

135.9
125. 5
181.1

135.9
125.6
180.6

135. 8
125.6
180.2

135.3
125.4
176.8

135.3
125.4
176.8

135. 5
125.5
176.8

135.1
125.2
175.8

134.4
124. 5
175.8

133.6
123.8
174.9

133.1
123.3
174.1

133. 2
123. 5
173.4

128.7
118.8
172.2

126.4
117.1
165.7

* In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes the purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
5 Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous items.

1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
» In addition to subgroups shown here, total food includes restaurant meals
and other food bought and eaten away from home.
>Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.

T able D -3 .

Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Consumer Price Index 1—United States city average: Special groups of items
[1947-49=100]

Y ea r a n d m o n th

A ll ite m s
le ss food

A ll ite m s
le ss s h e lte r

A ll c o m ­
m o d itie s

A ll c o m ­
m o d itie s
le ss food

D u r a b le
c o m m o d i­
tie s 3

N ondura­
b le c o m ­
m o d itie s
less food 3

A ll
s e r v ic e s 4

A ll serv ices
less r e n t 1

A v e r a g e _______________ ______ ________________________
A v e r a g e ______________________________________________
A v e r a g e . __________________________________________
A v e r a g e — ------- -------------- --------- ------------------------------A v e r a g e ----------------------------------------------------------------------A v e r a g e .............................................................................................
A v e r a g e ............................................................................................
A v e r a g e ______________________________________________
A v e r a g e ___ _____ ________________________ ______ ______
A v e r a g e . . . ......................................................................................

95.1
101.9
103. 0
104.2
110.8
113. 5
115. 7
116.4
116.7
118.8

9 5 .6
103.1
101.3
102.0
110.5
112. 7
113.1
113.0
112.4
114.0

9 6 .3
103.2
100.6
101.2
110.3
111. 7
111.3
110.2
109.0
110.1

9 5 .7
102.9
101. 5
101.3
108. 9
109.8
110.0
108.6
107.5
108.9

9 4 .9
101.8
103.3
104. 4
112.4
113. 8
112. 6
108.3
105.1
105.1

9 5 .7
103.1
101.1
100.9
108.5
109.1
110.1
110.6
110.6
113.0

94 .5
100.4
105.1
108. 5
114.1
119.3
124.2
127.5
129.8
132.6

94 .7
100.1
105.2
108.1
114. 6
120.1
124.6
127.7
130.1
133.0

1956: N o v e m b e r __________ _________________________________
D e c e m b e r ---------------------- ------------------------- -------------

120. 5
120.8

115.6
115.7

111.8
111.8

111.0
111. 1

107.9
108.0

114.6
114.7

133.9
134.4

134.4
134.9

1957: J a n u a r y ............................ .................................................. ...............
F e b r u a r y _____________________________________________
M a r c h ------------------------------------ -----------------------------------A p r il------ ---------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------M a y _______________________ _____ _____________________
J u n e -------------------- -------------- ---------------------------------------J u l y _________________________ _______________________

121.0
121.5
122.0
122.3
122.3
122.5
122.8
123.0
123.4
123.7
124.6

115.9
116.4
116.5
116.9
117.1
117.8
118.5
118.7
118.7
118.6
119.2

111.9
112.3
112.4
112.8
113.0
113.7
114.4
114.6
114.5
114.3
114.7

111.2
111.4
111.9
112.1
111. 8
111.9
112.2
112.1
112.6
112.8
113.8

108.2
108.3
108.6
108.8
108.3
108.4
108.2
108.4
108.6
108.6
110.9

114.7
115.0
115.6
115.8
115.6
115.8
116. 3
116.0
116.7
117.0
117.4

135.0
135.7
136.3
136.7
137.2
137.5
137.9
138.3
138.8
139.2
139.8

135.6
136.5
137.1
137.6
138.1
138.4
138.9
139.3
139,8
140.3
140.9

1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:

A ugust________________________________________
S e p te m b e r ._ ---------------------------------------------------- . . .
O c to b e r ----------------------------------------------------------------------N o v e m b e r ____________________________________________

1 See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l.
! Includes household appliances, furniture and bedding, floor coverings,
dinnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable toys, sport­
ing goods, and from 1953 forward, water heaters, kitchen sinks, sink faucets,
and porch flooring.
3 Includes solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefumishings, household paper,
electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel (except shoe re­
pairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet goods, nondurable
toys, newspapers, cigarettes, cigars, beer, whiskey, and from 1953 forward,
house paint and paint brush.
4 Includes rent, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic
service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services
hospital services, group hospitalization, barber and beauty shop services
television repairs, motion picture admissions, and from 1953 forward, home
purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage interest, property insurance, repainting
garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, and refinishing floors.
5 Formerly all services less shelter for 1953 and later years; for definition of
services, see footnote 4.
N ote: Indexes from 1953 forward have been revised to reflect the distribu­
tion of shelter items, formerly included in “all services and shelter” now en­
titled “all services,” among the appropriate commodity and service classi­
fications.
S o u r c e : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

118

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

T able D-4. Consumer Price Index 1—United States city average: Retail prices and indexes of selected
foods
Indexes (1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified)
Commodity

Aver­
age 3
price,
N ov.
1957

Cereals and bakery products: U n i t C en t.s
Flour, w heat__________________5lb._54.7
Biscuit mix 3_________________20oz_.26.8
Com meal-------------------------- lb — 12.8
17.8
Rice......... - ...................................lb „
Rolled o ats................................... .20o z ..22.2
Com flakes.................
12 oz__ 23.6
lb — 19.0
Bread___________
Soda crackers».........................-lb „ 29.2
Vanilla cookies------------------------7o z ..24.8
M eats, poultry, and fish:
M eats________ ________________
Beef and veal________________
Round steak........................lb .. 95.6
Chuck roast.........................lb .. 54.3
Rib roast.............................. lb .. 75.0
Hamburger------------------- lb .. 43.8
Veal cutlets____________ lb .. 118.3
Pork............ ...................................
Pork chops, center cu t— lb .. 85.4
Bacon, sliced___________ lb .. 69.8
Ham, whole____________ lb .. 61.5
Lamb, le g ................................lb — 71.7
Other meats:
Frankfurters 3__________ lb .. 59.0
Luncheon m eat8—12-oz. can .. 46.5
Poultry, frying chickens.................
Ready-to-cook------------------ lb .. 43.6
Fish-------- -------------- ---------------Fish, fresh or frozen__________
Ocean perch fillet, frozen__ lb .. 43.6
Haddock, fillet, frozen------- lb .. 48.4
Salmon, p in k .......... 16-oz. can..
62.8
Tuna fish, chunk *
6-6^-oz. can.. 32.1
Dairy products:
M ilk, fresh, grocery.....................
Homogenized, with vitam in D
added................................... qt._ 24.3
M ilk, fresh, delivered---------------Homogenized, with vitam in D
added________________ q t .. 25.8
Ice cream 3_________________ pt._ 29.5
B utter_____________________lb — 75.0
Cheese American process-----lb ..
57.8
M ilk evaporated...14J4-oz. ca n .. 14.7
All fruits and vegetables:
Frozen fruits and vegetables 3----Strawberries3______________ 10o z ..25.7
Orange juice concentrate 3.6 oz_. 18.3
Peas, green3----------------------- 10o z ..19.6
Beans, green 3______________ 10o z ..24.5
Fresh fruits and vegetables--------Apples________
lb .. 12.3
Bananas............................... . .l b . . 17.6
Oranges________________ doz._ 61.1
Lemons 4----------------.lb .. 19.3
Grapefruit ‘ 9___________ each.. 11.4
Peaches 81----------------------- lb ..
(8)
Strawberries 91(1__________ p t ..
(5)
Grapes, seedless 8 8------------ lb — 23.2
Watermelons 814--------------- lb ..
(5)
Potatoes___________________ 10lb ..56.5
Sweet potatoes___________ lb .. 12.3
8.2
Onions......................................lb ..
Carrots__________________ lb .. 16.7
Lettuce_____ ____
head.. 18.4
C elery9--------------------------- lb .. 13.3
7.9
Cabbage................................... lb ..
Tomatoes 8_______________ lb_. 26.7
Beans, green________
lb .. 23.9
Canned fruits and vegetables____
Orange juice 3______ 46-oz. can .. 33.8
Peaches____________ #2J4 can .. 34.4
Pineapple...... .........
#2 can .. 34.2
Fruit cocktail8______ #303 can .. 26.0
Corn, cream style___ #303 can .. 17.3
Peas, green_________ #303 can .. 21.4
Tomatoes.;_________ #303 can .. 15.3
Baby foods______________414-5o z ..10.0
Dried fruits and vegetables_____
Prunes___________________lb .. 33.0
Dried beans........ ...................lb ._ 16.3
See footnotes at end of table,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1956

1957

Annual
average

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dee.

N ov.

1956

1955

113.8
95.9
114.1
95.2
136.7
138.5
142.5
113.4
127.9

114.1
95.9
114.0
94.6
136. 5
136. 4
142.2
112.9
127.8

114.0
95.6
114.1
94.4
136.3
136.2
142.0
113.2
127.4

113.9
95.8
113.4
93.7
136.4
136.0
141.8
113.1
127.2

113.7
95.7
113.4
93.3
136.0
135.4
141. 5
113.2
127.3

113.7
95.7
113.7
93.1
135. 7
135.0
141.0
113.1
127. 7

113.6
95.8
113.6
92.9
135.4
135.1
140.6
112. 9
127.5

113.3
95.9
113.0
92.7
134.7
135.1
140.3
112.4
127.4

113.0
95.7
112.4
92.2
133.6
135.0
140.0
112.5
127.3

112.5
95.9

111.9
95.7

111.2

112.1

111.2

92.2
131.7
134. 5
139.1
111.5
126.7

92.2
128.5
133. 4
138.2
107. 3
125.4

110.7
95.6
111.0
92.1
119.5
130. 2
137.2
108.6
125.1

110.7
95.4
111.0
92.8
119.1
128.9
134. 7
107.3
124.0

96.3
111.4
95.2
117.6
128.0
131.6
104.9
122.4

108.9
105.6
116.3
98.5
112.9
90.1
128.7
103.7
117.3
96.0
94.7
104.3

111.1
105.9
117.1
98.4
113.7
89.7
128.8
108.2
120.9
103.7
95.3
104.5

115.2
107.3
119.1
99.9
115.2
90.6
129. 5
116.0
124.7
117.4
99.1
105.7

116.3
106.9
119.2
97.9
114.4
91.2
128.8
119.2
127.6
120.3

110.5
103.0
114.1
94.4

102.4
96.3
105.8

101.3

87.0
128.8
110.9
127.5
103.0
98.4
107.2

106.7
101.3
112.4
94.0
110.2
84.2
127.2
105. 2
117.0
98.3
96.9
105.6

104.5
99.4
92.1
107.1
82.5
127.3
102.3
114.2
94.3
95.8
104.1

97.9
95.7
107.1
87.2
104.7
79.3

105.5

113.2
105.5
117.8
96.1
113.5
89.7
128.0
114.3
127.3
111.0
99.1
105.5

97.2
96.2
73.1

98.1
95.2
73.8

98.5
94.6
78.5

97.7
94.2
83.3

95.0
93.8
83.3

93.0
93.5
80.9

89.7
92.7
78.9

111.4
110.1

110.5
108.5

110.0

110.2

107.6

107.8

109.6
106.8

109.0
106.0

130.7

130.4

130.1

130.2

130.1

93.4

93.6

93. 6

93.6

93.6

121.8

121.0

119.5

116.9

126.1

125.5

123.8

97.8
94.9
109.5
108.4

98.0
95.4
109. 5
108.5

97.8
79.4
99.4
100.3

97.6
79.6
98.9

101.6

117.6
104.6
109.7
133.2
104.9
113.4
(5)
(8)
82.6
(8)
107.1
109.2
97.0
131.6
128.7
91.3
113.5
95.1
113. 4
105. 5
108.0
109.8
110.6

100.5
103.2

100.3

101.5
117.4
104.8
114.6
141.9
96.7
(8)
(8)
(5)
77.6
(8)
105.9
112.7
95.9
125.5
133.3
92.7
114.1
83.3
104.5
105.7
108.5
110.5
110. 5
100.5

93.2
95.6
97.5

103.5
97.1
107.1
89.8
104.7
80.6
126.7
103.0
113.9
95.4
96.9
99.0

108.5
80.4
124. 5
98.5
109.7

88.4
91.8
79.1

88.1
90.7
80.4

87.8
89.4
79.9

109.7
107.2

108.8
106.0

108.6
105.4

129.9

129.9

129.7

93.4

93.2

92.9

115.0

114.2

114.7

121.5

120.1

119.3

98.1
94.4
109.6
108.5

97.9
93.2
109.5
108.3

97.7
93.2
109.3
108.0

97.0
79.5
97.8

96.3
79.0
96.4
100.3
100.3
128.5
(!1)
115.6
133.6
98.1
(5)
99.6
(')

95.8
79.0
95.0
100.6
100.2
137.4
194.8

100.8

99.8
118.0
123.8
110.9
139.3
97.5
(s)

106.7
(8)
75.1
(5)
106.2
118.2
96.7
131.1
127.9
98.5
120.8

70.9
93.2
105.6
108.1
110.8

110.4
100.5

102.8

102.0

101. 6

102.1

104.9
101.9
110.7
136.4
86.4

104.0

102.3
103.7
103.0
111.0
137.7
86.1

102.8

110.9
137.1
86.2

102.6

88.0

72.8
111.0
155.8
110.2

125.7
153.4
97.6
121.2

77.2
98.8
105. 6
108.9
110.8

110.4
100.4
101.7
102.9
103.0
102.9
111.4
140.2
85.2

112.2

101.2

97.1
107.7

95.6
111.4
92.2
120.2

132.6
137.5
108.7
125.3
100.3
98.6
109.0
93.0

101.2

110.8

101.2

80.6

113.3
96.2
113.3
81.4

122. 0

1 22.0

95.6
106. 9
84.4
94.3

95.2
109.1
83.5
91.8
102.3

93.1
107.6
79.0
92. 4
99.8

97.2
108.7
89.5
105.3
81.4
119.4
98.1
108.5
89.7
93.8
98.2

86.0
96.8
74.7

86.2

87.9
75.9

85.9
75.1

85.4
84. 4
80.4

87.1
89.9
91.7

109.3
106.7

109.5
107.3

108.9
106.7

108.3
105.8

108.5
105.5

108.6
105.4

129.9

130.2

129.5

129.0

128.6

125.5

115.7

93.0

92.9

92.7

92.4

92.2

94.6

99.6

116.0

116.2

117.1

117.2

117.2

117.0

113.6

110.3

119.3

120.0

120.5

121.0

121.4

121.5

121.4

118.4

113.9

97.7
93.4
109.4
107.2

97.3
93.7
109.0
106.8

97.0
93.6
109.0
106.0

96.6
93.8
109.2
105. 4

96.3
93.8
108.9
105.3

96.5
94.0
108.8
105.3

96.3
94.6
108.8
105.2

96.2
94.3
108.5
105.1

95.5
91.3
108.4
103.4

95.6
89.2
108.0

95.9
79.5
95.6
100.4
99.1
137.1
195.2
112.4

97.2
82.2
98.7

98.7
85.1
101.7

99.6
86.5
102.4

100.1

102.0

98.3
123.5
150.1

98.1
119.0
134.6

100.3
88.4
104.4
103.0
94.8

100.4

100. 2

100.8

101.1

119.4
102.5
110.1
(8)
(“)
«
(*)
105.3
128.6
116.8
99.9
109. 5

119.0
105.9
109.1
(*)
(«)
«
«
103.7

99.8
87.5
102.9
103.0
95.9
119.5
131.7
105.5
119.2
113.2
109. 9
«
(s)
(8)
«
106.0

122.1

121.6

99.4

102.5
103.0
117.3
114.9
125. 4
99.3
146.9
107.3

126.3
106.8
118.1
113.4
113. 4
(8)
0)
0)
(')
106.3
118.2
91.5
110.5
129.1
117.2
120. 4
113.7
129. 4
107.7

120.1

122.6

110.3
109.6

109.7
109. 7

130.3
108.3
124.9
109.7
109.8

100.1

100.0
102. 6

103.6

101.1 103.1
88.0
91.2
106.3 107.0
103.8 107.5
94.2
95.9
117.4 122.8
113.9 128.9
107.8 104.4
130.1 126.7
109.8 101.9
121.6 1 104.0
«97.4
(f)
»99.7
(8)
(u) i* 80.9
« 79.5
ffl
99.4 127.8
105. 5 114.9
84.6 112.4
108.3 108.1
167.8 114.4
92.0
92.7
97.1 114.5
94.5 105.4
110.9 119.5
108.8 107.9
126.4 120.0
109.9 111.0
109.3 108.8
100.7 100.8
105.3 106.8
101.5 102.1
103.9 104.1
102.3 100.9
113.6 114.6
145.0 147.2
85.6
85.7

99.5
93.7
99.2
102.7
98.9
116.0
128.5
105.0
113.8
07.1
' 97.5
« 133.0
«95.3
43 79.4
»80.2
107.2
123.1
95.2
108.8
113.7
98.0
119.9
98.5
105.1
104.0
107.4
108.0
106.1
101.3
101.5

111.8

126.8
96.5
({)
123.5
(8)
129.6
86.4
114.3
166.3
135.9
117.2
130.7
115.9
124.6
95.7
109. 7
106.0
110.3
111.3
110.4
100.3
101.9
103.2
102.9

121.2

102.8

102.7

111.7
141.4
84.9

111.8

98.2
(5)
(6)
80.0
(s)
103.4
111.1
155.1
153.4
115.9
125.6
112.0

125.6
121.1

99.9
106.3
113.3
110.8

110.3
100.2

101.6

102.7
102.8

142.2
84.5

98.6
129.8
171.9
103.6
118.1
104.0
113.0
(»)
81.4
(S)

(8)
108.1
143.8
145.1
110.8
107.7
106.7
132.5
143.4
128.0
106.6
115.4
110.7
110.2
100.1
101.6
102.4
102.7
102.9
111.5
142.0
84.2

110.2

88.2

104.5
80.9
126. 3
101. 1
112.0

101.8

110.0
100.1

95.4
107.7
138.7
116.5
153. 8
107.1
118. 7
110.4
109.9
100.3

101.9

102. 2

102.0

101.9
103.0
102.5

101.0

153.1
129.4
124.1
106.7
116. 5
110.7

102.7
102.5
111.5
142.0
84.2

102.3
101. 7

88.8

88.6

95.4
98.2
86.6

120.0

110.2

88.2

104.8
103.3
94.3
120.4
123.5
107.5
122.6

110.3
114.6
(f)
(*)

w
m

101.2

113.4
89.9
109. 4
145.4
101.3
107.1
122.8

100. 2
101.8

102.4

101.7
102.9
102.7

111.6

112.1

112.2

142.3
84. 2

142.9
84.5

143.1
84.5

112.7
143.6
85.1

102.8

103.3
102.2

120.8

100.2

101.8

103.0
98.6
116.3
138.4
93.7

119

D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES

T able D-4. Consumer Price Index ^ U n ite d States city average: Retail prices and indexes of selected
foods—Continued
Indexes (1947-49=100 unless otherwise specified)
Average 2
price,
Nov.
1957

Commodity

Other foods at home:
Partially prepared foods:
U n it
Soup, tom ato_____ 11-oz. can_.
Beans with pork___16-oz. cam .
Condiments and sauces:
Pickles, sweet *...... .........7JS o z „
Catsup, tomato >_______14 oz__
B everages____________________
Coffee — ___________________
Tea bags 8_____ package of 16._
Cola drink 8____ carton, 36 oz_.
Fats and oils__________________
Shortening, hydrogenated
3-lb. can ..
Margarine, colored------------lb._
Lard____________________ lb ..
Salad dressing......................_pt—
Peanut butter 8__________ lb .
Sugar and sweets_______________
Sugar...................................5 lb s..
Com syrup 8___________24 oz._
Grape jelly 8....................1 2 o z ..
Chocolate bar 8________ 1 o z ..
Eggs, grade A, large.............. d o z„
Miscellaneous foods:
Gelatin, flavored 8_____3-4 o z ..

Annual
average

1956

1957

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

19.56

1955

12.3
14.8

98.3
104.4

98.5
104.1

98.7
103.6

99.6
104.2

99.9
104.1

99.7
104.3

99.5
103.3

99.6
103.5

99.1
103.1

98.9
104.1

98.2
104.0

97.8
103.2

97.6
102.4

98.3
103.0

98.7
103.9

27.3
22.0

100.7
96.9
183.9
174.2
122.7
120.1
86.1

100.5
96.3
184.7
175.4
123.3
119.8
86.1

100.1
95.7
188.0
180.1
123.5
119. 4
86.5

100.2
96.0
192. 5
186.5
123. 2
119.1
86.6

100.3
97.2
192.6
186.9
123.3
118.7
86.5

100.0
97.8
194.7
190.3
123.0
117.8
86.7

99.6
102.7
194.6
190.3
122.9
117.5
87. 1

99.5
102.6
196.5
193.3
122. 7
117.1
87.4

99.8
102.5
199. 5
197.7
122.6
116.5
88.0

100.2
102.6
200.8
199.7
122.4
116.3
87.8

99.3
102.4
201.3
201.0
122.2
115.0
86.6

99.0
102.4
201.6
201.8
121.9
114.3
85.3

98.5
102.3
202.8
203. 7
121.1
114.2
84.6

98.8
101.6
194.0
192.0
121.2
113.0
83.1

99.4
98.1
185.6
180.7
122.5
111.9
81.3

55. 6
25.0
27.4
4.5
68.4

90.9
77.7
84.1
99.9
110.2
113.4
115. 5
106.6
115.0
100.4
98.1

90.9
78.0
84.3
99.7
109.9
113.3
115.4
106.6
114.7
100.4
99.6

92.0
77.9
84.9
99.8
109.9
113.4
115.5
106.6
115.1
100.4
93.0

92.7
77.7
84.5
99.7
109.8
113.3
115.5
106.3
114.7
100. 5
85.4

92.8
77.7
83.1
99.8
109.7
113.0
114.9
106.3
114.8
100.5
77.5

93.6
78.1
82.3
99.3
109.5
112.7
114.2
106.2
114.7
100.5
68.8

94.0
78.5
83.6
99.5
109.7
112.7
114. 2
105. 8
114.8
100.5
69.9

94.3
79.2
84.1
99.3
109.7
112.5
114.0
105.7
1X4 3
100.4
72.3

95.3
80.3
84.7
99.0
109.4
112.4
113.9
105. 5
114.4
100.3
72.4

95.4
80.0
84.6
97.7
109.6
112.1
113.8
105.3
113.6
100.1
76.9

94.1
79.0
81.9
97.0
109.7
111.5
112.8
104.5
113.2
100.0
77.0

92.6
77.3
79.2
96.4
109.9
110.9
111.5
103.7
113.4
100.0
83.8

92.2
76.6
76.9
95.6
109.9
110.6
110.7
103.4
113.8
100.0
87.7

90.5
75.6
73.1
94.3
110.0
109.6
109.8
101.5
111. 4
100.0
86.3

84.7
75.0
76.0
92.8
110.4
112.2
108.0
100.9
107.8
112.6
86.8

8.9

103.9

103.5

102.8

103.4

103.1

103.0

103.0

102.7

102.3

102.6

102.4

101.3

100.6

99.3

98.8

C e n ts

(IS)
23.6
27.2
95.7
29.6
22.8
37.4
53.8

1 See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l.
8 Based on prices in the 46 cities used in compiling the Consumer Price
Index. Average prices for each of the 20 large cities listed in table D-fi are
available upon request.
* December 1962=100.
‘ M ay 1953=100.
» Priced only In season.
8 January 1953 = 100.
>7 months’ average.
i July 1953=100.
8 3 months’ average.

in April 1953=100.
11 N ot available.
18 4 months’ average.
» 5 months’ average.
14 June 1953=100.
15 Price of 1-lb. can 95.1 cents. Price of 1-lb. bag 76.9 (priced only in
chain stores and large supermarkets).

Source: U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table D-5. Consumer Price Index 1—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
[1947-49=100]

Oct.
1957

Sept.
1957

Aug.
1957

July
1957

June
1957

M ay
1957

Apr.
1957

Mar.
1957

Feb.
1957

United States city average s_

121.6

121.1

121.1

121.0

120.8

120.2

119.6

119.3

118.9

118.7

118.2

118.0

117.8

116.2

114.5

Atlanta, Ga______________
Baltimore, M d___________
Boston, Mass_____________
Chicago, 111_______________
Cincinnati, Ohio__________

(3)
(3)
(3)
125.6
(3)

(3)
(3)
122.0
124.7
(3)

122.2
121.7
(3)
124.3
120.9

(3)
(3)
(3)
124.1
(3)

(«)
(*)
122.1
124.1
(3)

121.2
121.2
(?)
122.9
119.7

(3)
(3)
(3)
122.2
(3)

(*)
(!)
120. 2
122.0
(3)

120.6
119.9
0
121.6
118.1

0
0
0
121.5
0

0
0
119.0
121.0
0

119. 5
119.5
0
121.0
117.5

0
0
0
121.0
0

118.1
116.9
117.1
119.5
116.0

110.3
115.2
113.8
117.9
113.7

Cleveland, Ohio__________
Detroit, M ich____ ________
Houston, Tex..........................
Kansas City, M o_________
Los Angeles, Calif_____ _

123.3
123.5
122.4
(3)
122.9

(3)
122.7
(3)
121.8
122.2

(3)
122.8
(3)
(3)
122.0

122.8
123.0
122.1
(3)
121.2

(3)
123.1
(3)
121. 7
121.1

(3)
122.5
(3)
(3)
121.0

121.7
121.9
121.1
(3)
120.8

(3)
121.4
(3)
120.4
120.6

0
121.0
0
0
120.4

120.4
121.0
120.5
0
120.3

0
120.5
0
119.8
119.6

0
120.2
0
0
119.4

120.0
120.6
119.7
0
119.1

118.0
118.7
117.8
117.5
117.4

115.6
116.5
115.9
115.7
115.6

Minneapolis, M inn_______
New York, N . Y _______ ..
Philadelphia, P a__________
Pittsburgh, Pa_______ ____
Portland, Oreg.................... .

(3)
118.6
122.1
(3)
(3)

122.2
118.4
122.0
121.1
121.9

(3)
118.3
121.9
(3)
(3)

(3)
118.7
121.6
(3)
(3)

121.6
118.4
121.2
120.7
122.2

(3)
117.9
120.1
(3)
(3)

(3)
117.2
119.8
(3)
«

119.8
116.9
119.7
118.8
121.6

(*)
116.0
120.0
0
0

115.9
119.7
0
0

0

119.4
115.6
118.8
118.8
120.1

0
115. 5
118.6

0
115. 6
118.2
0
0

117.0
113.9
117.0
116.5
118.0

116.8
112.2
115.5
113.8
115.1

St. Louis, M o_____________
San Francisco, Calif_______
Scranton, Pa______________
Seattle, Wash..........................
Washington, D . O ................

(3)
(3)
117.8
123.9
119.4

(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)

122.1
123.5
(3)
(3)
(3)

(3)
(3)
117.8
123.7
119.1

(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)

121.3
122. 8
(3)
(3)
«

(3)
(3)
116.4
122.8
117.2

(3)
(3)
(3)
0
0

120.2
122.3
0
0
0

0
0
115.5
122.2
117.5

0
0
114.9
120.2
115.9

117.2
118.4
112.9
118.1
114.9

116.0
115.6
111.4
116.7

»See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time
changes in prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and
clerical-worker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live
in one city than in another.
8 Average of 46 cities.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Jan.
1957

0
0
0
0
0

Dec.
1956

Nov.
1956

Annual average

Nov.
1957

City

1956

0
0

119.1
121.6
0
0
0

1955

1 1 3 .6

8 Indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every 3 months on a
rotating cycle for the 15 remaining cities.

Source: U . S. Department of lab or, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

120

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

Table D-6. Consumer Price Index 1—Food and its subgroups, by city
[1947-49= 100]

City

Tota] food at home
N ov.
1957

N ov.
1956

Oct.
1957

N ov.
1957

Oct.
1957

Cereals and bakery products

N ov.
1956

N ov.
1957

Oct.
1957

N ov.
1956

Meats, poultry, and fish
Nov.
1957

Oct.
1957

N ov.
1956

U nited States city average 3___

116.0

116.4

112.9

114.1

114.7

111.3

131.6

131.4

127.0

104.6

106.3

98.8

Atlanta, Ga__ _________
Baltimore, M d. ___________
Boston, Mass_____________ _
Chicago, 111. ____________
Cincinnati, Ohio____________

113.2
117. 1
115.8
114.1
117.3

114.0
117.8
116.6
114.0
118.6

110.4
113.9
111.9
110.4
114.4

111.7
113.7
113.6
111.7
115.6

112.9
114.5
114.7
111.6
119.1

108.9
111.2
109.3
108.5
112.7

124.7
127.3
130.6
124.5
131.8

124.2
127.2
129.8
125.1
131.7

117.9
126.9
124.1
120.5
124.7

106.3
105.4
103.6
98.7
105.2

106.8
107.0
104.9
99.0
107.7

99.5
99.4
97.3
91.8
100.8

Cleveland, Ohio____ ________
Detroit, M ich. ___________
Houston, Tex__________ _
Kansas City, M o__________
Los Angeles, C alif.. ______

113.7
117.1
112.6
112.3
118.8

114.4
118.3
113.6
112.2
119.0

110.9
115.9
110.6
109.5
115.6

111.6
115.0
110.2
110.0
115.2

112.4
116.4
111.5
109.9
115.5

108.9
114.2
108.7
107.4
111.9

129.1
125.2
121.0
126.7
140.1

129.0
124.9
121.3
126.6
140.4

121.8
119.1
119.7
123.8
131.2

100.5
101.2
98.9
101.5
106.9

102.2
104. 4
101.6
102.6
108.7

96.4
98.2
93.2
94.4
100.0

Minneapolis, M inn_________
N ew York, N . Y ___________
Philadelphia, Pa__________
Pittsburgh, P a _________ . . .
Portland, Oreg______ _____

115.0
116.0
119.0
116.8
116.8

115.5
116.5
120.4
117.5
116.9

112.9
113.3
114.8
115.0
115.0

113.6
113.7
116.6
115.1
115.2

114.2
114.3
118.1
115. 9
115.3

111.8
111.7
113.0
113.3
113.0

130.1
135.9
132.9
129. 5
135.4

130.0
135.6
133.0
129.3
135.0

128.9
131.1
130.6
125.4
130.3

99.6
105.6
107.4
104.0
106.4

100.9
106.7
108.9
105.2
108.0

94.0
103.2
99.9
98.7
99.1

St. Louis, M o___
______
San Francisco, Calif. _______
Scranton, Pa_____ ________
Seattle, Wash______________
Washington, D . C__________

116.2
118.5
112.2
116.4
116.8

116.3
118.4
113.5
117.0
117.9

114.2
115.7
110.3
115.1
112.8

112.5
116.6
111.5
115.3
114.2

112.6
116.5
113.2
115.9
115.8

110.9
114.6
109.6
113.8
110.7

124.1
140.7
131.3
140.9
129.6

124.3
140.5
127.1
140.5
128.9

121.0
137.9
124.7
136.3
123.0

99.8
107.3
102.9
104.4
103.5

101.2
108.8
105.4
107.4
105.3

95.8
102.5
97.5
98.8
96.9

Food at home—Continued
City

Dairy products

Fruits and vegetables

Other foods at home

*

N ov. 1957

Oct. 1957

N ov. 1956

N ov. 1957

Oct. 1957

N ov. 1956

N ov. 1957

United States city average 3........................... .

114.5

114.2

111.1

114.6

114.5

115.8

115.6

116.2

115.2

Atlanta, Ga___________________ ________
Baltimore, M d . ______________________
Boston, M ass___________________________
Chicago, 111.. _______________________
Cincinnati, Ohio_____ ____ _____

111.1
114.8
120.6
112.7
117.6

113.5
114.4
120.7
112.5
117.5

112.1
109.9
116.3
112.0
114.2

114.5
112.5
112.1
116.1
115.8

118.2
114.6
115.3
114.6
119.3

115.9
113.4
111.6
114.2
112.9

108.3
115.5
109.9
121.5
119.7

109.1
115.5
110.8
121.5
120.6

107.6
115.2
107.0
121.5
121.7

Cleveland, O h io ..___________ _____
Detroit, M ich. _________________
Houston, Tex___________________ ______
Kansas City, M o_____________ . . .
Los Angeles, Calif ______________________

110.2
111.9
112.4
111.4
109.9

107.6
112.2
112.3
111.7
109.6

108.2
112.7
112.2
108.3
105.5

110.7
125.9
113.8
110.1
114.8

112.7
125.5
117.9
107.0
114.5

107.6
129.3
116.5
113.6
118.6

118.3
117.2
113.4
109.1
115.1

119.6
119.0
112.6
109.4
114.6

119.4
118.2
113.6
108.4
114.2

Minneapolis, M in n ... ______
N ew York, N . Y . . . _____________
Philadelphia, Pa_________________
Pittsburgh, Pa.........................................
Portland-, Oreg________ _____ _____ _______

107.8
117.4
119.9
114.2
117.3

109.2
115.7
120.0
114.2
117.3

108.6
109.5
114.6
111.7
113.8

121.2
107.6
116.9
112.2
111.0

118.7
108.6
120.1
113.7
108.5

121.6
111.2
115.9
118.2
115.5

123.6
115.0
114.4
125.2
116.0

125.4
117.0
116.4
126.2
116.5

123.2
115.4
115.2
124.7
117.0

St. Louis, M o ...
______________________
San Francisco, Calif________________
Scranton, Pa___________________
Seattle, W ash... _______________________
Washington, D . C . . . ........................................

105.6
116.6
113.4
118.5
119.3

105.6
116.4
113. 6
118.8
119.4

106.3
113.2
108.5
116.2
115.9

121.1
118.6
104.0
116.9
109.7

120.4
117.2
108.6
113.8
115.0

120.6
120.0
111.9
119.7
110.6

122.4
113.9
113.0
111.3
117.0

121.7
112.9
115.6
112.3
117.8

123.1
114.0
113.8
114.0
115.8

1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
9 See footnote 2, table D-2.
* Average of 46 cities.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Oct. 1957

N ov. 1956

4 See footnote 3, table D-2.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

121

D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able D -7. Indexes of wholesale prices, by major groups

Processed foods

All commodities
other than farm
and foods

Textile products
and apparel

H id e s , s k i n s ,
le a th e r , and
leather products

Fuel, power, and
lighting mate­
rials

C h e m ic a ls an d
allied products

Rubber and rub­
ber products

j Lu mber and
I wood products

Pulp, paper, and
allied products

Metals and metal
products

Machinery a n d
motive products

F u rn itu r e and
o th er h o u se ­
hold durables

Nonmetallic
minerals—struc­
tural

I Tobacco m a n u ­
fa c tu r e s and
1 bottled bever1 ages

1947...............
1948________
1949-.......... .
1950 - .
1951 ............ .
1952-.......... .
1953 ..............
1954- ............
1955._............
1956..........

96.4
104.4
99.2
103.1
114.8
111.6
110.1
110.3
110.7
114.3

100.0
107.3
92.8
97.5
113.4
107.0
97.0
95.6
89.6
88.4

98.2
106.1
95.7
99.8
111.4
108.8
104.6
105.3
101.7
101.7

95.3
103.4
101.3
105.0
115.9
113.2
114.0
114.5
117.0
122.2

100.1
104.4
95.5
99.2
110.6
99.8
97.3
95.2
95.3
95.3

101.0
102.1
96.9
104.6
120.3
97.2
98.5
94.2
93.8
99.3

90.9
107.1
101.9
103.0
106.7
106.6
109.5
108.1
107.9
111.2

101.4
103.8
94.8
96.3
110.0
104. 5
105.7
107.0
106.6
107.2

99.0
102.1
98.9
120.5
148.0
134.0
125.0
126.9
143. 8
145.8

93.7
107.2
99.2
113.9
123.9
120.3
120.2
118.0
123.6
125. 4

98.6
102.9
98.5
100.9
119.6
116.5
116.1
116.3
119.3
127.2

91.3
103.9
104.8
110.3
122.8
123.0
126.9
128.0
136.6
148.4

92.5
100.9
106.6
108.6
119.0
121.5
123.0
124.6
128.4
137.8

95.6
101.4
103.1
105.3
114.1
112.0
114.2
115.4
115.9
119.1

93.9
101.7
104.4
106.9
113.6
113. 6
118.2
120.9
124.2
129. 6

97.2
100.5
102.3
103.5
109.4
111.8
115.7
120.6
121.6
122.3

100.8
103.1
96.1
96.6
104.9
108.3
97.8
102.5
92.0
91.0

1953:
January__
February..
March___
April__ _
M ay _____
.Tune
July______
August___
September
October__
November.
December.

109.9
109.6
110.0
109.4
109.8
109. 5
110.9
110.6
111.0
110.2
109.8
110.1

99.6
97.9
99.8
97.3
97.8
95.4
97.9
96.4
98.1
95.3
93.7
94.4

105. 5
105.2
104.1
103.2
104.3
103.3
105.5
104.8
106.6
104. 7
103.8
104.3

113.1
113.1
113.4
113,2
113.6
113.9
114.8
114.9
114 7
114 6
114. 5
114.6

98.8
98.5
97.5
97.4
97.6
97.4
97.5
97.5
96.9
96.5
96.2
95.8

97.3
98.0
98.1
97.9
100.4
101 0
100.0
99.9
99.7
97.1
97.1
95.6

107.8
108.1
108.4
107.4
107.1
108.3
111.1
111.0
110.9
111 2
111.2
111.1

103.6
103.6
104. 2
105. 5
105.5
105.6
106.2
106.3
106.7
106.7
107.2
107.1

127.3
126.2
125.7
124.8
125. 4
125.0
124.6
123.5
124.0
124.2
124.3
124.8

120. 5
121.1
121.7
122.2
121.8
121.5
121.1
120.4
119.2
118.1
117.3
117.4

115.8
115.3
115.1
115.3
115.4
115.8
115.8
116.2
116.9
117.5
117.3
117.1

124.0
124.6
125. 5
125.0
125.7
126.9
129.3
129.4
128.5
127.9
127.9
127.5

121.5
121.6
121.8
122.0
122.4
122.9
123.4
123.7
124.0
124.1
124.2
124.3

112.7
112.9
113.1
113.9
114.1
114.3
114.7
114.8
114.9
114.8
114.9
115.0

114.6
114.6
115.1
116.9
117.2
118.1
119.4
119.6
120.7
120.7
120.8
120.8

111.9
111.9
114.8
114.8
114.8
114.9
115.6
115.6
116.2
118.1
118.1
118.1

103.0
101.2
101.7
98.5
99.7
95.8
95.3
96.4
94.7
94.4
93.2
100.1

1954:
January..
February..
March___
April_____
M ay _____
June_____
J u l y _____
August___
September.
October__
November.
December.

110.9
110. 5
110.5
111.0
110.9
110.0
110. 4
110.5
110.0
109.7
110.0
109.5

97.8
97.7
98.4
99.4
97.9
94.8
96.2
95.8
93.6
93.1
93.2
89.9

106. 2
104.8
105.3
105.9
106.8
105.0
106.5
106,4
105.5
103.7
103.8
103.5

114.6
114.4
114.2
114.5
114.5
114.2
114.3
114.4
114.4
114.5
114.8
114.9

96.1
95.3
95.0
94.7
94.8
94.9
95.1
95 3
95.3
95.4
95 2
96.2

95.3
94.9
94.7
94.6
96.0
95.6
94.9
94.0
93.0
92.4
92.8
91.8

110.8
110.5
109.2
108.6
108.2
107.8
106.2
106.9
106.9
106.9
107.4
107.5

107.2
107.5
107.4
107.2
107.1
106.8
106.7
106.8
106.8
106.9
107.0
107.0

124.8
124.6
124.9
125.0
125.1
126.1
126.8
126.4
126.9
128.5
131.4
132.0

117.0
116.8
116.7
116.2
116.1
116.3
119.1
119 1
119.3
119.8
119.9
120.0

117.0
117.1
116.6
116.3
115.8
115.8
116.2
116 3
116.3
116.3
116.0
115.9

127.2
126.2
126.3
126.8
127.1
127.1
128.0
128.6
129.1
129.7
129.9
129.8

124.4
124. 5
124.5
124.4
124.4
124.3
124.3
124.3
124.4
124.3
125.3
126.7

115.2
115.1
115.0
115.6
115.5
115.4
115.3
115.3
115.3
115.6
115.6
115.7

120.9
121.0
121.0
120.8
119.3
119.1
120.4
120.5
121.7
121.9
121.8
121.8

118.2
118.0
117.9
121.5
121.4
121.4
121.4
121.5
121. 5
121. 5
121.4
121.4

101.1
102.8
104.9
110.3
109.2
105.1
103.9
102.3
99.1
96.7
97.0
98.0

1955:
January..
February..
M arch...
A p r il.__
M ay-------J u n e ____
J u l y _____
August. ._
September.
October . _
November.
December.

110.1
110.4
110.0
110.5
109.9
110.3
110. 5
110.9
111.7
111.6
111.2
111.3

92.5
93.1
92.1
94.2
91. 2
91.8
89.5
88.1
89.3
86.8
84.1
82.9

103.8
103.2
101.6
102.5
102.1
103.9
103.1
101.9
101.5
100.2
98.8
98.2

115.2
115.7
115.6
115.7
115. 5
115.6
116. 5
117. 5
118.5
119.0
119.4
119.8

95.2
95.2
95.3
95.0
95.0
95.2
95.3
95.3
95.4
95.4
95.6
95.6

91.9
92.3
92.2
93.2
92.9
92.9
93.7
93.8
94.0
95.3
96.4
96.7

108.5
108.7
108. 5
107.4
107.0
106.8
106.4
107.2
108.0
108.0
108.6
109.3

107.1
107.1
106.8
107.1
106.8
106.8
106.0
105.9
106.0
106.5
106.6
106.6

136.8
140.6
138.0
138.3
138.0
140.3
143.4
148.7
151.7
147.8
150.6
151.0

120.3
121.2
121.4
122.4
123.5
123.7
124.1
125.1
125.7
125.4
125.0
125.1

116.3
116.6
116.8
117.4
117.7
118.3
119.0
119.7
120.5
122.8
123.2
123.6

130.1
131.5
131.9
132.9
132.5
132.6
136.7
139.5
141.9
142.4
142.9
143.9

125.8
126.1
126.1
126.3
126.7
127.1
127.5
128.5
130.0
131.4
132.5
133.0

115.5
115.4
115.1
115.1
115.1
115.2
115.5
116.0
116.4
116.9
117.2
117.3

122.0
121.8
121.9
122.3
123.2
123.7
125.3
126.1
126.4
126.8
125.2
125.4

121.4
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7

97.0
97.1
95.6
94.0
91.3
89.1
90.8
89.8
90.3
91.5
88.0
88.8

1956:
January...
February.
March___
April. . . .
M ay . _
June_____
J uly
___
August___
September.
October . .
November..
December

111.9
112.4
112.8
113.6
114.4
114.2
114.0
114.7
115.5
115.6
115.9
116.3

84.1
86.0
86.6
88.0
90. 9
91.2
90.0
89.1
90.1
88.4
87.9
88.9

98.3
99.0
99.2
100.4
102.4
102.3
102.2
102.6
104.0
103.6
103.6
103.1

120.4
120.6
121.0
121.6
121.7
121. 5
121.4
122.5
123.1
123.6
124.2
124.7

95.7
96.0
95.9
95.1
94.9
94.9
94.9
94.8
94.8
95.3
95.4
95.6

96.7
97.1
97.7
100.6
100.0
100.2
100.1
100.0
100.2
99.7
99.8
99.2

111.0
111.2
110.9
110.6
110.8
110.5
110.7
110.9
111.1
111.7
111.2
114.0

106.3
106.4
106.5
106.9
106.9
107.1
107. 3
107.3
107.1
107.7
108.2
108.3

148.4
147.1
146.2
145.0
143.5
142.8
143.3
146.9
145. 7
145.8
146.9
147.9

126.3
126.7
128.0
128.5
128.0
127.3
126.6
125.2
123.6
122.0
121.5
121.0

124.8
125.4
126.8
127.4
127.3
127.4
127.7
127.9
127.9
128.1
127.8
128.0

145.1
145.1
146.5
147.. 7
146.8
145.8
144.9
150. 2
151.9
152.2
152.1
152.3

133.3
133.9
134.7
135.7
136.5
136.8
136.9
137.7
139.7
141.1
143.4
143.6

118.0
118.2
118.1
118.0
118.0
118.1
118.3
119.1
119.7
121.0
121.1
121.2

127.0
127.1
127.9
128.6
128.6
128.9
130.6
130.8
131.1
131. 5
131.2
131.3

121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.6
121.6
121.7
122. 5
122.8
123.1
123. 5
123.6

89.6
88.7
88.2
92.1
96.1
92.9
91.3
91.1
89. 9
89.2
91.2
91.7

1957:
116.9
• January..
£ February.
117.0
M arch... . 116.9
April_____ 117.2
117.1
M ay__ _
117.4
J line ___
July--------- 118.2
August. . 118.4
September. 118.0
October.
*117.8
November' 118.0

89.3
88.8
88.8
90. 6
89. 5
90.9
92. 8
93.0
91.0
91.5
91.9

104.3
103.9
103. 7
104.3
104.9
106.1
107.2
106.8
106. 5
105. 5
106.5

125. 2
125. 5
125.4
125. 4
125.2
125.2
125.7
126.0
126. 0
*125. 8
125. 7

95.8
95.7
95.4
95.3
95.4
95.5
95.4
95.4
95. 4
95.1
95.0

98.4
98.0
98.4
98.8
99.0
99.9
100.7
100.5
100.3
100.4
100.2

116.3
119.6
119.2
119.5
118. 5
117.2
116. 4
116.3
116.1
*115.8
115.3

108.7
108.8
108.8
109.1
109.1
109.3
109.5
109.8
110.2
110.4
110.3

145.0
143.9
144.3
144.5
144.7
145.1
144.9
146.9
146. 5
146.2
144.7

121.3
120. 7
120.1
120.2
119.7
119.7
119.3
118.6
117.8
*117.3
117.0

128.6
128.5
128. 7
128.6
128.9
128.9
129. 5
129.9
130.1
130.9
130.9

152. 2
151.4
151.0
150.1
150.0
150.6
152.4
153.2
152. 2
150.8
150.4

143.9
144.5
144.8
145.0
145.1
145.2
145.8
146.2
146.9
*147.7
148.5

121.9
121.9
121.9
121.5
121.6
121.7
122.2
122. 4
122.3
*122. 6
122.6

132.0
132.7
133. 2
134.6
135.0
135.1
135.2
135.3
135. 2
135.3
135.3

124.0
124.1
124.1
124.5
124. 5
124.7
127.7
127.7
127.7
127.7
127.8

93.2
92. 4
92. 0
91.4
89.4
87.3
88. 8
90.1
89.4
*87.7
86.8

1

l Preliminary
•Revised.
'


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M is c e lla n e o u s
products

Year and
month

Farm products

9 = 100 ]

All commodities

[ 1947 -4

N ote : For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing M a jo r
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954J.
S ource : U. 8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

122

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

T able D -8. Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1
[1947-49=100]
1956

1957

Commodity group
Nov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Annual avg.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

19.56

1955

All commodities____ ____ _

118.0 *117. 8

118.0

118.4 118.2

117.4

117.1

117.2

116.9

117.0

116.9

116.3

115.9

114.3

110.7

Farm products_______________
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables___
Grains_____________
Livestock and live poultry___________
Plant and animal fibers__
Fluid milk_____ ____ ______
Eggs-------------------------------------------------Hay, hayseeds, and oil seeds__________
Other farm products.................................

91.9
91.5
106.3 *107. 7
80.9
80.6
79.3
78.4
104.7 103.3
99.4 *98.8
100.1 103.5
77.6
77.3
144.1 141.5

91.0
98.9
81.2
81.5
102.9
96.9
91.2
78.0
143.2

93.0
106.3
82.4
86.7
104.0
94.9
79.7
81.3
142.9

92.8
108.0
82.7
86.5
105.0
93.1
76.2
82.4
142.9

90.9
105.4
83.9
83.5
104.8
92.0
61.0
83.3
145.7

89.5
109.0
85.4
78.7
104.3
92.2
57.5
84.4
144.1

90.6
103. 0
87.3
79.3
104.3
95.0
68.5
85.2
144.7

88.8
94.1
87.5
76.6
104.0
95.6
63.8
85.1
146.0

88.8
96.1
87.0
75.0
103.9
97.5
66.3
84.7
148. 2

89.3
100. 7
89.5
73.9
102.9
98.1
65.7
86.6
148.8

88.9
102.6
88.8
71.7
101.3
99.0
74.3
85.4
147.9

87.9
104.3
87.9
68.6
100.8
98.8
79.3
84.0
147.4

88.4
104.2
87.0
71.3
102.8
94.5
81.9
82.6
146.9

89.6
104.1
87.0
75.8
102.4
91.5
85.7
84.9
142.5

Processed foods.................................................
Cereal and bakery products.........- .
Meats, poultry, and fish .______________
Dairy products and ice cream.. . ___
Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables..
Sugar and confectionery__
Packaged beverage materials.. _______
Animal fats and oils______ _______ ____
Crude vegetable oils____
Refined vegetable oils ____ ____ ___ _
Vegetable oil end products____________
Other processed foods_________________

106.5 105. 5
117.6 117.3
91.6
93.6
114. 5 113.7
103.8 *103.6
114.4 113.8
172.9 172.9
71.1 *74.0
65.3
61. 5
68.5
68.5
84.5
84.7
96.6
96.0

106.5
116.7
95.7
112.4
102.5
113.9
178.3
78.3
61.3
64. 5
84.1
96.0

106.8
116.7
97.7
110.3
102.1
113.8
183. 7
74.4
62.3
66.1
84.1
95.1

107.2
117.7
99.2
108.2
102. 3
114.3
183.7
76.2
65.3
66.9
84.3
94.8

106.1
117.0
96.6
108.1
101.9
113.5
183.7
72.1
63.8
65.5
84.9
95.4

104.9
116. 5
91.5
110.7
103.5
112.8
183.7
70.3
62.9
65.4
85.2
95.3

104. 3
116.8
88.2
111.4
104.9
112.1
183.7
73.3
65.4
70.1
86.1
95.2

103. 7
116.7
84.6
111.3
105. 9
112.3
190.9
78.8
67.6
78.2
89.2
95.1

103.9
115.9
83.9
112. 5
105.9
112.0
194.5
83.4
71.7
78.5
90.2
95.7

104.3
115.8
84.8
112.5
105.6
113.1
196.3
84.3
73.8
78. 5
89.6
95.0

103.1
115.4
81.5
112.6
105. 6
112.3
196.3
84.5
72.0
73.9
89.4
95.7

103.6
115.8
82.7
113. 6
106.4
111.8
201.6
74.4
70.4
74. 4
86.2
95.7

101.7
115.2
81.6
108.6
107.9
109.8
192.7
69.8
68. 5
73. 4
85.3
96 8

101.7
116.2
84.8
106.1
105.5
110. 5
180.1
67.7
62.2
71. 2
81.4
99.6

All commodities other than farm and foods..

125.7 *125.8

126.0

126.0

125.7

125.2

125.2

125.4

125.4

125.5

125.2

124.7

124.2

122.2

117.0

Textile products and apparel..........................
Cotton produ cts...
Wool products_____
Manmade fiber textile products
Silk products______________ .
Apparel___________________ _________
Other textile products________ ____ _ .

95.0
89.8
107.4
82.3
119.6
99.6
76.7

95.1
89.9
108.3
82.3
120.0
*99.6
77.2

95.4
90.0
110.3
82.3
121.1
99.7
77.2

95.4
90.2
111.2
82.1
122.0
99.6
75.7

95.4
90.5
111. 3
81.9
121. 5
99.5
75.8

95.5
90.6
111.5
81.9
122.4
99.5
76.8

95.4
90.7
110.9
81.8
124.7
99.5
76.9

95.3
90.8
109.9
81. 5
124.8
99.6
75.9

95.4
91.1
109.0
81.7
123.0
99.6
76.1

95.7
91.9
109. 5
82.0
123.2
99.6
75.9

95.8
92.3
109.1
82.1
122.8
99.7
76.8

95.6
92.7
107. 7
80. 5
122.8
99.7
78.7

95.4
92.8
106.1
80.3
122.7
99.7
76.2

95.3
93.0
103.7
81.4
121.9
99.6
72.8

95.3
91. 5
104. 7
86.6
123. 8
98. 5
74.5

Hides, skins, leather, and leather products. 100.2
Hides and skins............. ..............................
53.4
Leather.............
91.2
F ootw ea r... ________
122.8
Other leather products________ ________ 98.6

100.4
56.8
91.2
122.4
*98.4

100.3
58.2
91.6
121.6
98.4

100.5
61. 5
91.6
121.3
98.2

100. 7
62.1
92.2
121.2
98.5

99.9
59.4
91.1
121.2
97.3

99.0
55.8
88.8
121.1
97. 5

98.8
51.8
88.6
121.5
97.8

98.4
51. 0
88.6
120.9
97.8

98.0
50.1
87.8
120.8
97.4

98.4
52.1
88.2
120. 8
97.9

99.2
53.8
90.9
120.8
98.3

99.8
59.0
90.6
120.8
98.6

99.3
59.2
91.2
119.3
98.6

93. 8
56. 6
84 6
112. 3
95.9

Fuel, power, and lighting materials_______ 115.3 *115.8
Coal______________
125.8 125.6
Coke_________________
161.9 161.9
Gas___________ ______
112.2 112.2
E lectricity.. ______ _
96.1 *96.1
Petroleum and products_______________ 123.5 124.6

116.1
124.8
161.9
112.2
95.5
125.6

116.3
124.4
161. 9
111.1
96.6
125.5

116.4
124. 0
161.9
111.8
95. 5
126.4

117.2
123. 3
161.9
113. 0
94.3
128.4

118.5
123.3
161. 9
118.5
94.9
129.8

119.5
123.2
161.9
118. 4
96.6
130.4

119.2
123.6
161. 9
118.4
94.9
130.7

119.6
124.0
162. 2
122.3
94.3
131.0

116.3
124.1
159.1
119.9
94.9
124.9

114.0
123.5
156.3
119.9
94.3
120.9

111.2
122.0
156.3
111. 1
94.3
117.5

111.2
114. 5
149.7
115.1
94.2
118.2

107.9
104.8
135. 2
111.6
97.0
112.7

Chemicals and allied products__
Industrial chemicals___
Prepared paint_________
Paint materials_____________
Drugs and pharm aceuticals...
Fats and oils, inedible____
Mixed fertilizer______
Fertilizer materials____ _______
Other chemicals and allied products____

110.3 110.4
123.6 123.6
128.1 128.1
101.6 102.2
93.4
93.4
65.1 *64.8
112.3 *112.1
107.7 107.6
106.6 106.8

110.2
123.5
128.1
101.5
93.5
64.5
112.0
106.4
106.7

109.8
123. 6
128.1
100.5
93.4
63.4
110.5
106. 5
105.5

109.5
123.5
128.1
99.9
93.4
61.0
108.3
106.3
105.4

109.3
124.0
125.5
99.7
93.4
60.2
108.3
106.3
105.0

109.1
123. 6
124.7
99.8
93.3
59.2
108.4
107.2
105.2

109.1
123.6
124.1
99.8
93.5
58.2
108.6
107. 5
105. 2

108.8
122.9
124.1
100.1
93.2
57.9
108.5
106.8
105.2

108.8
123. 2
124.1
100.6
93.1
58.0
109.3
105.9
105.1

108.7
123.5
124.1
99.0
92.6
58.7
110.2
105. 9
104.5

108.3
122.5
124.1
99.5
92.5
59.4
109. 3
105.7
104.4

108.2
122.5
123.6
99.4
92.3
57.8
109.6
105.7
104.2

107.2
121.4
120.0
99.6
92.1
56.2
108.7
108.4
103.2

106.6
118.1
114.5
96.8
92.8
56.6
108.7
112.6
106.0

Rubber and rubber products__
Crude ru b b er__________
Tires and tubes____________
Other rubber products..................................

144.7
131. 6
153. 5
142.3

146.2
138.1
153.5
142.5

146.5
140.3
153. 5
142.2

146.9
144.3
153.5
140.8

144.9
145.0
149.0
140.0

145.1
145.9
149.0
139.9

144.7
144.0
149.0
139.9

144.5
143.2
149.0
140.0

144.3
142.0
149.0
140.0

143.9
140.2
149.0
140.0

145.0
145.4
148.8
140.0

147.9
151.1
153.4
139.7

146.9
147.0
153. 4
139.5

145. 8
146. 7
152.2
138.0

143.8
156.8
144.9
134.4

Lumber and wood products___
Lumber.................................
Millwork................
Plywood_____________

117.0 *117.3
117.3 *117.5
128.0 128.3
96.4
96.9

117.8
118.3
128.3
94.7

118.6
119.4
128.3
95.2

119.3
120. 0
128.3
96.9

119.7
120.4
128.5
97.7

119.7
120.6
128.3
96.8

120.2
121.2
128.3
96.7

120.1
121.2
128.7
96,2

120.7
121.9
128.7
96.4

121.3
122.6
128.7
97.1

121.0
122.5
128. 5
94.6

121.5
123.1
128.5
94.8

125.4
127.2
129.1
101.7

123.6
124. 4
128.7
105.4

Pulp, paper, and allied products.............
Woodpulp_____________
Wastepaper___________
Paper........ ............................
Paperboard........... .........
Converted paper and paperboard produ cts................................
Building paper and board............................

130.9
121.2
88.5
143. 3
136.6

130.9
121.2
88.5
143. 2
136. 6

130.1
118.0
88.5
143.2
136.2

129.9
118.0
74.7
143.2
136.2

129.5
118.0
68.0
142.8
136. 2

128.9
118.0
66.1
142.4
136.2

128.9
118.0
66.1
142.4
136.2

128.6
118.0
68,6
140.7
136.2

128.7
118.0
75.4
140.1
136.2

128.5
118.0
76.4
139.2
136.2

128.6
118.0
77.3
139.2
136.2

128.0
118.0
78.3
139.2
136.2

127.8
118.0
77.3
139.2
136.2

127.2
117.7
112.3
137.3
134.8

119.3
112.9
110.7
129.8
127.1

127.0 *127.0
141.7 141. 7

126.5
141.7

126.5
141.7

126.1
141.7

125.3
141.7

125.3
141.7

125.2
141.7

125.6
141.1

125.6
141.1

125.6
141.1

124.5
138.1

124.3
138.1

123.1
136.9

113.9
130.9

Metals and metal products______
Iron and steel_____
Nonferrous metals______
M etal containers____
Hardware___
Plumbing equipment__________
Heating equipment.......... .............
Fabricated structural metal p r o d u cts...
Fabricated nonstructural metal products.

150.4
166.5
130.8
153.1
167.4
128.5
122.4
134.6
146.9

152.2
170.2
131.7
153.1
167.2
128.9
122.3
134.9
147.1

153.2
171.2
134.6
153.1
165.9
129.0
122.3
135.6
146.6

152.4
170.3
134.1
152.8
164.5
129.1
122.8
134. 5
145.3

150.6
165.4
138.1
152. 5
164.3
129.1
121.9
131.7
143.1

150.0
162.9
139.9
152.5
164.3
130.1
121.4
132.2
143.3

150.1
161.9
142.5
148.0
163.5
131.6
121.6
132.8
143.3

151. 0
163. 8
143.2
148.0
162.2
132.0
121.6
133.4
142.8

151. 4
163. 9
145.4
147.4
162.0
133. 4
122.8
133.3
142.0

152.2
164.3
148.7
147.5
161.5
133.4
122.3
133.7
141.6

152.3
163.3
149.6
147.5
160.2
133.9
122.1
137.5
141. 2

152.1
162.5
149.7
147.5
160.1
133.9
122.0
137.5
141.2

148.4
154.7
156.1
141.6
155.9
133.9
119.0
132.6
135.1

136.6
140.6
142.7
132.9
146. 4
125.4
115.0
122.5
128.2

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

150.8
167.8
129.9
153.1
167.4
128.5
122.3
134.6
147.1

123

D . CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES

Table D -8. Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1—Continued
[1947-49=100]
Annual avg.

1956

1957
Commodity group
Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1958

1955

*147.7
*136. 2
*164.9
*170.6

146.9
133.4
162.9
168.9

146.2
132.5
161.4
167.0

145.8
132.3
157.9
166.1

145.2
132.3
157.6
165.6

145.1
132.3
157.6
165.6

145.0
132.1
157.5
165.3

144.8
132. 2
156.7
164.9

144.5
132.0
156.3
163.8

143.9
131.8
156.2
163.4

143.6
131. 2
155.9
163.3

143.4
130.8
155.5
163.0

137.8
127.6
148.6
156.4

128.4
123. 2
137.1
142.5

N ov.2 Oct.
Machinery and motive products.,........ .......
Agricultural machinery and equipm ent., ,
Construction machinery and equipment,..
Metalworking machinery and equipment.
General purpose machinery and equip­
m e n t...____________ ________________
Miscellaneous machinery............................
Electrical machinery and equipment____
Motor vehicles................................................

148.5
136.9
165. 2
171.4

160.4 *159. 5
148.0 *147.7
150.7 150. 7
137.1 *135. 5

158.5
147.3
150.8
134.8

158.0
146.3
149.6
134.7

157.4
144.5
149.5
134.7

156.5
143.9
148.2
134.7

156.0
143.8
148.2
134.7

156. 2
143.7
147. 8
134.7

155.9
143. 3
147.5
134. 6

155. 8
143.0
147.1
134.6

155.5
142.5
146.0
134.3

154.6
142.2
145.4
1313

154.0
142.0
145.2
134.2

147.5
137.0
138.4
129.8

134.0
129.2
128.2
122.9

Furniture and other household durables...„
Household furniture___________________
Commercial furniture..................................
Floor covering................................................
Household appliances_________________
Television, radio receivers, and phono­
graphs_______ _____ . . . __________
Other household durable goods .................

122.6 *122. 6
122.8 122.6
153.8 153. 6
132.5 132.5
104.9 *105.4

122.3
122.5
153.6
132. 5
104.6

122.4
122.9
153.6
132.5
104. 7

122.2
122.8
153.6
132.5
104. 9

121.7
122.4
147.3
133.8
105.2

121.6
122.4
147.3
133.8
105.1

121.5
122.4
147.3
133.8
105.4

121.9
122.2
146.9
134.3
106.8

121.9
122.0
146.9
134.3
106.8

121.9
122.0
146.9
135.1
106.5

121.2
121.2
146. 9
131. 9
105.9

121.1
121.2
146.9
131.9
106.5

119.1
119.0
141.8
131.1
105.5

115.9
114.0
132.0
126.4
106.8

95.6
148.8

95.6
148.3

95.6
148.2

94.8
147.9

93.4
147.9

93.1
147.7

93.1
147.0

93.1
147.0

93.5
147.0

93.5
146.8

93.3
146.7

93.5
145.0

93.1
140.9

93.0
133.5

Nonmetallic minerals—structural..................
Flat g la ss.........................................................
Concrete ingredients__________ ________
Concrete products..........................................
Structural clay products...............................
Gypsum products____ ___ _______ _____
Prepared asphalt roofing_______ _______
Other nonmetallic minerals____________

135.3 135.3
135. 7 135. 7
136.9 136.9
126.5 126.5
155.1 *155.1
127.1 127.1
124.6 124.6
128.5 128. 5

135.2
135. 7
136.7
126.3
155.0
127.1
124.6
128.6

135.3
135.7
136.5
126.4
155.0
127.1
125.8
128.4

135.2
135.7
136.4
126.4
155.1
127.1
125.8
128.3

135.1
135.7
135.8
126.7
155.1
127.1
125. 8
128.3

135.0
135.7
135.7
126.7
155.0
127.1
125.8
128.3

134.6
135. 7
135.7
126.6
155.0
127.1
121.6
128.3

133.2
135. 7
135. 1
125.7
150.8
127.1
118.2
127.5

132.7
135. 7
134.8
125.6
150. 7
127.1
115.3
126.0

132.0
135. 7
134. 6
125.6
150.6
127.1
111.2
124.3

131.3
135. 7
131.7
125.3
150. 5
127.1
ill 4
124.3

131.2
135.7
131.6
125.3
150.3
127.1
114.4
124.3

129.6
133.4
130.6
123.0
148.0
127.1
111.7
123.4

124.2
128.0
124.8
118.6
140.1
122.1
106.1
121.2

Tobacco manufactures and bottled bev­
erages. ..........................................................
Cigarettes.........................................................
Cigars______________ _________________
Other tobacco manufactures___________
Alcoholic beverages.....................................
Nonalcoholic beverages________________

127.8
134.8
105.1
144.3
119.8
149.3

127.7
134.8
105.1
144.3
119.6
149.3

127.7
134.8
105.1
143.8
119.6
149.3

127.7
134.8
105.1
143.8
119.6
149.3

127.7
134.8
105.1
143.8
119.6
149.3

124.7
124.0
105.1
134.9
119.6
149.3

124.5
124.0
105.1
127.7
119.6
149.3

124.5
124.0
105.1
126.9
119.6
149.3

124.1
124.0
105.1
126.0
119.0
149.0

124.1
124.0
105.1
126.0
119.0
148.7

124.0
124.0
104.2
126.0
119.0
148.7

123.6
124.0
104.2
126.0
118.1
148.7

123. 5
124. 0
104.2
122.5
118.1
148.7

122.3
124.0
104.2
122.8
115. 8
148.3

121.8
124.0
103.9
121.8
114.6
148.1

Miscellaneous products__________________ 86.8 *87.7
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, and
ammunition_____ ___________________ 117.9 *117.9
61.4
63.2
Manufactured animal feeds.....................
97.4
Notions and accessories________________ 97.4
Jewelry, watches, and photographic
equipment.................................................... 107.6 107.6
Other miscellaneous products..................... 130.8 130.7

89.4

90.1

88.8

87.3

89.4

91.4

92.0

92.4

93.2

91.7

91.2

91.0

92.0

118.2
66.4
97.4

117.8
68.2
97.4

117.5
66.0
97.4

117.5
63.4
97.4

117.5
67.2
97.4

117.5
71.0
97.4

117.5
72.0
96. 7

117.5
72.8
96.7

117.5
74.4
96.7

116.9
72.6
96.6

116. 8
71.9
96.5

116.1
72.0
95.3

113. 5
75.7
92.1

107.6
130.1

107.2
129.4

106.8
128.8

106.8
127.2

107.6
126.8

107.6
126.8

107.6
126.5

107.7
126.3

107.5
126.1

105.4
125.4

105.2
125.1

104.9
124.1

103.7
121.6

1 See Note, table D-7.
* Preliminary.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

95.5
149.0

‘ Revised.
S ource : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

124

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

Table D-9. Indexes of wholesale prices, by economic sectors
[1947-49=100]
1957

Commodity group
N ov.1 Oct. Sept. Aug. July

1956

June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb.

Jan.

Dec. N ov.

Annual
average
1956

1955

All commodities........ ..................

118.0 *117.8 118.0 118.4 118.2 117.4 117.1 117.2 116.9 117.0 116.9 116.3 115.9 114.3 110.7

Crude materials for further processing_____
Crude foodstuffs and foedstuffs.............................. ...........
Crude nonfood materials except fuel..................__...........
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for manu­
facturing___ ______________ _________________
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for con­
struction_______ _____ _______ _______________
Crude fuel................................................................................
Crude fuel for manufacturing________ _______ _
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing in d u stry .......... .

95.2 95.3 97.0 99.6 99.7 98.8 96.5 97.1 96.7 96.7 97.4 96.6 94.9 95.0 94.5
86.8 86.1 87.3 90.3 90.4 89.1 86.9 88.0 86.5 85.9 86.3 85.0 83.4 84.0 85.7
108.1 109.9 112.6 115.0 115.2 115.0 112.0 111.6 113.4 114.2 115.8 115.9 114.3 114.2 110.1
106.6 108.5 111.5 114.1 114.3 114.2 110.9 110.5 112.5 113.3 115.1 115.5 113.7 113.6 109.6
136.9
119.1
118.8
119.5

136.9
119.0
118.7
119.4

136.7
118.6
118.4
118.9

136.5
118.0
117.8
118.2

136.4
118.0
117.9
118.3

135.8
118.1
117.9
118.3

135.7
119.3
119.2
119.6

135.6
120.0
119.8
120.2

135.1
119.9
119.6
120.5

134.8
121.7
121.3
122.3

134.6
120.8
120.4
121.4

131.7
120.4
120.0
121.0

131.6
116.5
116.3
116.8

130.6
113.3
113.0
113.7

124.9
105.8
105.4
106.5

Intermediate materials, supplies, and components_______
Intermediate materials and components for manu­
facturing_____ _____ ____________________________
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing___
Intermediate materials for nondurable manu­
facturing__________________________ ____ ____
Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing.
Components for manufacturing..................................
Materials and components for construction ___ _ _
Processed fuels and lubricants____________ ____ ____
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufacturing..
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufactur­
ing industry........ ................ .......................................
Containers, nonreturnable___
Supplies_________ _______ ______________ __________
Supplies for manufacturing_____________________
Supplies for nonmanufacturing industry.............. .
Manufactured animal feeds_________________
Other supplies_____________________________

105.8
154.3
149.0
133.0
110.9
109.6

106.0
154.2
*148.9
133.0
*111.5
*110.0

106.0
154.3
149.4
133.1
112.0
110.3

105.9
154. 7
148.8
133. 4
112.6
111.0

105.8
153.8
148.3
133.3
112.7
110.9

105.9
151.6
147.7
132.6
113.3
111.3

105.6
152.0
148.0
132.6
114.3
112.3

105.4
152.5
147.9
132.8
115. 2
113.2

105.2
152.5
147.6
132.7
114.7
112.6

105. 5
152.6
147.4
132.8
114.7
112.7

105.4
152.1
147.5
132.8
112.2
110.4

105.0
151.1
147.9
133.0
109.9
108.5

104.8
151.1
147.9
133.1
106.4
105.4

104.3
148.5
142.9
132.0
106.7
105.3

102.7
139 7
130.9
125.6
103.5
102.2

113.2
135.3
112.2
140.7
99.2
61.2
121.5

*114.1
135.3
112.3
*140.2
*99.7
62.6
121.4

114.9
134.9
112.6
138. 5
100.9
66.0
121.3

115.4
334.8
112.5
136.9
101.5
67.9
121.1

115.7
134.5
111.7
137.0
100. 2
65.6
120.4

116.8
134.1
110.9
136.7
99.1
63.6
119.9

117.9
134.1
112.0
136.7
100.8
67.8
120.0

118.6
132.8
113.1
136.8
102.4
71.7
120.2

118.3
132.9
113.3
136.1
103.0
73.1
120.4

118.2
132.7
113.4
135.9
103.3
73.7
120.4

115.2
133.0
113.8
135.4
104.0
75.7
120.4

112.3
132.6
113.0
135.3
102.9
73.6
120.0

108.3
132.3
112.7
135.3
102.5
72.6
119.9

109.1
128.5
111.3
132.9
101.6
72.9
118.2

105.7
119.8
108.5
127.3
100.0
76.7
113.4

Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods and
fuels)___________________________________ ___________
Consumer finished goods____ ___ _______ ____ ______
Consumer foods______________ ______ __________
Consumer crude foods_______________ ______
Consumer processed foods_______ ____ ______
Consumer other nondurable goods...... ................ .
Consumer durable goods.............................................
Producer finished goods.................... ................ ............... .
Producer goods for manufacturing industries____
Producer goods for nonmanufacturing industries. .

119.4
112.0
106.8
105.4
107.2
112.2
124.0
149.2
153.6
145.6

*119.0
*111.8
106. 2
*106. 9
106.3
112.4
*123. 5
*148.4
*152. 7
*144. 9

118.8
111.6
106.0
98.6
107.6
112.4
123.0
147.8
152.3
144.1

106.2
96.1
108.2
13 2.2
123.1
147.2
151.9
143.2

118.6 118. 5 117.6
110.7
106.2 104.2
94.9 88.1
108.4 107.2
112.2 112.0
122.9 122.7
146.4 145.5
151.1 350.1
142.6 141.6

117.4
110.5
103.1
88.4
105.9
112.5
122.7
345.5
150.1
141.6

117.4
110.5
102.7
91.1
105.0
112.8
122.7
145.3
150.0
141.4

116.9
109.9
101.3
86.3
104.1
112.7
122.9
145.1
149.7
141.2

117.0
110.2
101.8
88.7
104.3
112.9
123.0
144.7
149.2
140.9

116.7
109.9
102.3
91.0
104.4
111.8
122.9
144.3
148.8
140.5

116.2
109.3
101.8
94.6
103. 3

116.2
109.4
102.7
97.2
103.9
110.3
122.3
143.8
148.2
140.0

114.0
108.0
101.0
96.2
102.1
109.9
119.7
138.1
142.2
134.9

110.9
106.4
101.1
96.4
102.2
107.8
115.9
128.5
130.9
126.6

125.2 125.2 125.4 125.5 125.2 124.5 124.7 125.0 124.9 125.1 124.8 124.2 123.8 122.1 117.0
127.4 127.3 127.4 127.4 127.1 126.2 126.2 126.3 126.3 126.5 126.4 125.9 125.7 123.7 118.2
100.8 99.6 99.6 99. 5 100.1 99.2 98.5 99.0 99.6 100.4 101.1 100.1 99.8 98.0 97.7

'Preliminary.
Revised.

111.6 111.6

111.0

122.4
144.0
148.5
140.2

N o t e : For a description of these series, see New BLS Economic Sector
Indexes of Wholesale Prices, Monthly Labor Review, December 1955 (p. 1448).
Soubce : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table D-10. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
[1947-49=100]
1957

Commodity group

All foods______ _____ ____ ______ ____________
Ail fish. ___
_________ ________
Special metals and metal products........ .............. ....................
Metalworking m achinery......... .................. ...............................
_______ _
Machinery and equipment_____
Agricultural machinery (including tractors)____ ________
Total tractors... __________________ .
Steel-mill products________________
Building materials_________ ____________ _________
Soaps. _____ . _______ __________ _
Synthetic detergents_____________________________
Refined petroleum products___________________________
East Coast petroleum__________________________
Mid-continent petroleum___________________
Gulf Coast petroleum ...____________________
Pacific Coast petroleum.____ ______ _____ _________
Pulp, paper and products, excl. bldg, paper.........................
Bituminous coal, domestic sizes____________ ________
Lumber and wood products, excl. millwork________ ____
All commodities except farm p ro d u cts..................................
' Preliminary.
•Revised.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1956

Annual
average

Nov.' Oct. Sept. Aug.

July

June May

Apr. Mar. Feb.

Jan.

Dec. Nov.

1956

1955

106.1
121.2
146.9
178.7
154.7
137.3
145.6
183.2
130.2
107.2
101.0
121.6
117.2
120.7
123.0
130.5
130.7
124.6
115.5
122.4

105.7
119.9
147.5
176.0
151.7
132.4
139.3
182.9
131.4
103.8
98.2
125.0
121.2
121.7
127.9
135.9
129.2
119.1
118.0
122.4

103.7
117.2
146.2
175.0
150.9
132.5
139.3
175.6
130. 7
103.6
97.9
127.3
123.7
126.2
129.2
135.2
128.6
117.2
118.4
121.8

102.4
119.4
145.9
174.5
150. 6
132.3
139.2
175.3
130. 7
103. 6
97.9
129.7
128.8
128.4
133.6
130. 2
128.3
116.5
119.0
121.7

102.1
121.8
147.3
173.0
149.1
131.6
138.0
172.1
130.5
100.9
97.9
124.6
120.6
121.9
130.1
127.0
128.3
124.1
120.3
121.5

101. 6
116.1
147.3
172.4
148.6
131.1
137.2
169. 9
130.5
100.4
97.9
120.6
117.5
119.7
121.2
127.0
127.7
123.9
120.0
120.9

100.8
114.1
143.3
165.0
142.1
127. 4
132. 5
163.2
130.6
99.7
95.1
117. 5
114.6
118.3
118.8
117.4
127.0
115. 4
124.9
118.6

101.0
105.4
132.9
146.8
131. 4
122.9
124.7
150.7
125.5
97.8
91.7
111.2
107.6
109.4
117.1
109.6
119.1
110.2
122.9
114.3

105.4
119.3
*146. 7
*178.3
*154.3
*136. 5
*145.1
183.2
*130. 2
107.2
101.0
123.0
117.2
120.7
126.7
130.5
130. 6
124.0
*115.7
*122.2

105.2
120.0
147.4
177.9
153.5
133.4
142.7
183.0
130.9
107.0
101.0
124.1
117.2
121.8
126.7
135.9
129.9
123.2
116.3
122.5

105.4
116.0
148.1
177.8
152. 4
132.6
141. 5
183.0
131. 2
103.8
98.2
124.0
118. 6
121.2
126. 7
135.9
129. 6
121.2
117.2
122.6

102.8
117.0
145.8
174.9
150. 7
132.5
139.3
175.7
130.7
103.6
97.9
129.0
125.0
128.4
131.0
135.2
128.6
116.1
118. 5
121.7

101.0
119.4
146.5
174.1
150.2
132.3
139.0
175.3
130.5
103.4
97.9
130.0
128.8
129.4
133.6
130.2
128.5
121.4
118.9
121.6

101.5
115.3
146.8
173.6
149.8
132.2
138.7
174.5
130. 5
102.9
97.9
130.3
128.8
130.2
133.6
130.2
128.2
124.1
119.6
121.7

102.4
118.4
147.1
172.2
148. 3
130. 7
137.2
169.9
130.8
100.2
97.9
116.8
114.3
118.3
117.2
116.2
127.6
123.7
120. 5
120.6

N o t e : For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).

Source : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

125

E: WORK STOPPAGES

E.—Work Stoppages
T able E - l . Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Workers Involved in stoppages

Number of stoppages
M onth and year

Beginning in
month or year

In effect dur­
ing month

Beginning in
month or year

In effect dur­
ing month

Number

Percent of esti­
mated work­
ing time

16. 900, 000
39, 700, 000
38,000,000
116,000,000
34.600.000
34.100, 000
50. 500,000
38, 800, 000
22, 900, 000
59.100, 000
28.300.000
22, 600,000
28, 200, 000
33.100.000

0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26

1952
.........
1953
.........
1954
.........
1955
.........
1956.......................

2, 862
3, 573
4,750
4,985
3,693
3, 419
3, 606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3, 468
4,320
3,825

1956: November.
December.

242
114

403
240

158,000
29,000

204, 000
53,000

1,460,000
472,000

.15
.05

1957: January5. . .
February *..
March *___
A pril1..........
M ay 2...........
June5.......... .
July 5.......... .
A ugust2___
September2.
October2. . .
N ovem ber2.
D ecem ber2.

225
225
250
too
475
400
400
350
300
300
150
100

325
350
375
525
650
600
625
575
525
500
325
220

60,000
60,000
80,000
150,000
190,000
140,000
160, 000
140,000
270,000
100,000
50, 000
20, 000

80,000
130.000

550.000
825.000
775.000
1.380.000
1.850.000
1, 850,000
2.500.000
1, 600,000
1. 670,000
1.350.000
700, 000
400, 000

.06
.09
.08
.14
.18

1935-39 (average)
1947-49 (average)
1945
.........
1946
.........
1947
.........
1948
.........
1949
.........
1950
.........
1951

.....

1 The data include all known work stoppages involving six or more workers
and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved and
man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as one shift in establish­
ments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or
secondary effects on other establishments or industries whose employees are
made idle as a result of material or service shortages.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1,130, 000
2.380.000
3, 470,000
4, 600,000
2,170, 000
1, 960, 000
3.030.000
2, 410,000
2, 220,000
3, 540,000
2.400.000
1, 530, 000
2, 650, 000
1, 900,000

Man-days Idle during month
or year

120.000

190.000
260.000
220,000

260,000

220,000

315.000
185.000
100.000

40,000

.21

.26
.29

.20

.25
.16
.18
.13
.08
.04

2 Preliminary.
N ote: For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).

Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

126

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

F.—Building and Construction
T able F - l.

Expenditures for new construction 1
[Value of work put in place]
Expenditures (in millions of dollars)

Type of construction

1957
Dec.2 Nov.*

Oct.* Sept.*

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

1956

1957

1956

Total

Total

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

3,667

4,112

4, 495

4,569

4,561

4,361

4,308

4,025

3,657

3, 295

3,007

3,198

3, 544

47,255 46, 060

Private construction...... ................ ............... 2.705
Residential buildings (nonfarm) ____ 1,345
New dwelling units_____________ 1, 005
Additions and alterations 8......... .
290
N onhousekeeping..............................
50
Nonresidential buildings *___________
764
Industrial--------------------------------248
Commercial....... ................................
305
Office buildings and warehouses........................................
172
Stores, restaurants, and garages-----------------------------133
Other nonresidential buildings-..
211
Religious
________________
74
Educational _______________
44
Hospital and institutional » ...
48
Social and recreational...........
27
Miscellaneous______ _____ _
18
Farm construction________ _________
100
Public utilities_____ ______________
483
Railroad_______________________
35
Telephone and telegraph________
86
Other public utilities____ ____ _
362
All other private...... .................................
13
Public construction______ _____________
962
Residential buildings
........................
57
Nonresidential buildings (other than
military facilities)________________
342
Industrial------------------- ------------32
Educational-----------------------------226
Hospital and institutional..............
24
Administrative and service. ____
29
Other nonresidential buildings___
31
Military facilities f....................................
88
Highways....... .................... ........................
275
Sewer and water system s...................
97
Sewer................................. .............. ...
61
Water ________________________
36
Public service enterprises___________
25
Conservation and developm ent...____
71
All other public........................ ................
7

2,942
1,484
1, 090
343
51
802
251
332

3,059
1, 535
1, 130
357
48
806
256
332

3,100
1, 561
1.140
374
47
802
260
322

3,124
1, 571
1,140
387
44
805
266
319

3,046
1, 547
1,115
392
40
778
262
311

2, 971
1,489
1,070
379
40
780
270
309

2,808
1,396
985
374
37
747
270
287

2, 603
1,301
940
327
34
713
271
263

2, 405
1,162
870
258
34
709
269
264

2,226
1,043
790
217
36
704
270
257

2,324
1,137
885
214
38
722
269
269

2, 654
1.362
1,045
277
40
772
274
305

33,313 33, 242
16, 571 17, 632
12,160 13, 490
3, 912 3,695
447
499
9,138 8, 817
3,162 3,084
3, 570 3,631

Total new construction 13............................ -

179

177

168

167

156

153

146

135

133

135

143

157

153
219
78
46
49
28
18
114
528
37
86
405
14
1,170
56

155
218
80
47
48
27
16
133
570
42
97
431
15
1,436
54

154
220
81
47
48
28
16
159
560
41
87
432
18
1, 469
53

152
220
80
47
47
29
17
173
556
41
89
426
19
1,437
48

155
205
75
42
41
27
20
169
535
41
95
399
17
1,315
40

156
207
73
43
43
26
22
159
518
40
90
388
19
1,337
40

141
190
68
40
40
24
18
146
501
38
101
362
18
1,217
38

128
179
64
39
38
23
15
126
448
37
94
317
15
1,054
34

131
176
63
40
36
23
14
112
409
35
94
280
13
890
30

122
177
65
41
34
23
14
102
365
31
86
248
12
781
31

126
184
67
43
33
24
17
97
357
32
75
250
11
874
29

148
193
71
46
32
26
18
97
413
36
88
289
10
890
30

364
33
235
25
34
37
107
410
107
67
40
31
86
9

406
35
262
27
41
41
132
575
118
73
45
38
102
11

416
35
261
30
46
44
134
580
127
77
50
44
104
11

414
38
259
29
44
44
138
550
129
77
52
43
103
12

389
36
249
28
38
38
117
505
120
68
52
38
94
12

406
43
254
32
39
38
110
520
121
67
54
38
89
13

383
42
233
33
38
37
103
445
117
64
53
35
83
13

375
42
233
31
36
33
89
330
113
63
50
30
72
11

345
41
215
27
32
30
84
230
105
59
46
26
61
9

302
37
191
23
27
24
80
195
93
53
40
21
53
6

339
44
214
24
30
27
93
225
100
56
44
24
57
7

324
45
201
23
29
26
98
239
100
56
44
27
65
7

1 Estimated monetary value of new construction put in place during the
periods shown, including major additions and alterations but excluding
maintenance and repair. These figures differ from permit valuation data
reported in the tabulations for building permit activity (tables F-3, F-4,
and E-5) and the data on value of contract awards (table F-2).
8 Preliminary.
3 Includes revisions in the series on residential additions and alterations,
and data are not comparable with those published in issues preceding June
1957. See Technical Note on Revised Estimates of Residential Additions
and Alterations, 1945-56, on page 973 of the August 1957 issue.
< Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential build­
ing are included under “Public utilities.”
5 Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1, 864

1,684

1,706 1, 947
2, 406 2,102
768
868
536
519
328
505
275
309
195
205
1,590 1, 560
5,830 5,113
427
450
1, 080 1,066
4, 300 3, 620
184
120
13, 942 12,818
292
510
4,481
458
2,832
333
434
424
1, 275
4,840
1,347
785
562
393
975
121

4,072
453
2, 549
298
362
410
1,395
4,470
1, 275
701
574
384
826
104

• Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as house­
keeping units.
1 Covers all building and nonbuilding construction, except production
facilities (which are included in public industrial building), and Armed
Forces housing under the Capehart program (which is included in public
residential building).
* Revised.

N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing
Major BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: Joint estimates of the U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics and U. S. Department of Commerce, Business and Defense
Services Administration,

127

F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

T able F -2 . Contract awards: Public construction, by ownership and type of construction 1
Value (In millions of dollars)
1956

1957

Ownership and type of construction
July

June

May

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Total public construction............ ............

879.4

732.1

865.3 1,132. 8 1,315.9 1,119.3

Federally owned.
. ...............................
Residential buildings____________
Nonresidential buildings_________
Educational ________________
Hospital and institutional.........
Administrative and service. . .
Other nonresidential buildings.
Airfield buildings________
Troop housing___________
Warehouses_______ ______
All other________ ________
Airfields______________ _______ _
Conservation and development___
H igh w ay s..____ ________________
Electric p o w e r ..................................
All other federally owned________
State and locally owned_____________
Residential buildings____________
Nonresidential buildings_________
Educational___
__________
Hospital and institutional....... .
Administrative and service___
Other nonresidential buildings.
Highways______________________
Sewer and water systems------------Sewer________ _______ _____ _
Water_______ _ ___________
Public service enterprises____ ____
Electric pow er..-------------------Other_____ _________________
Conservation and development___
All other State and locally owned—

129.2
56.5
40.3
.3
3.7
23.7
12.6
3.8
(2)
(2)
8.8
3.5
18.6
7.6
.8
1.9
750.2
55. 2
303.5
215. 4
41.6
19.7
26.8
248.0
77.0
42.7
34.3
48.2
24.3
23.9
8.4
9.9

49.8
1.5
14.0
.2
.7
1.7
11.4
2.3
1.1
.3
7.7
3.1
14.5
8.6
.9
7.2
682.3
20.4
278.1
201.0
15. 5
31.7
29.9
272.3
69.8
47.8
22.0
26.6
10.1
16.5
7.8
7.3

53.3
1.4
13.9
(2)
.1
4.8
9.0
.8
(2)
.5
7.7
1.8
14.4
7.5
2.4
11.9
812.0
44.3
305.5
223.2
19.6
36.8
25.9
293.5
75.1
53.5
21.6
74.7
61.6
13.1
10.8
8.1

145.1
60.3
30.9
2.1
.3
10.1
18.4
14.0
.2
.9
3.3
(2)
42.1
9.0
1.1
1.7
987.7
38.8
267.0
183.0
22.2
28.7
33.1
540.8
80.7
55.5
25.2
38.7
14.7
24.0
12.3
9.4

385.9
30.6
205.8
7.6
29.1
64.5
104.6
23.3
9.2
11.3
60.8
26.4
73.5
12.1
6.0
31.5
930.0
27.5
337.8
231.9
35.8
34.2
35.9
414.7
103.7
74.4
29.3
33.3
23.7
9.6
4.8
8.2

i includes major force account projects started (construction done directly
by a government agency using a separate work force to perform nonmaintenance construction on the agency’s own property).
* Less than $50,000*


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

218.5
64.5
69.7
1.0
1.4
11.2
56.1
11.5
7.7
5.9
31.0
24.8
31.3
6.8
5.7
15.7
900.8
21.7
345.2
237.6
43.6
23.3
40.7
306.7
172.6
94.4
78.2
27.3
9.0
18.3
20.3
7.0

1956

1955

Total

Total

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

971.6 1,107. 2 768.1

923.3

823.9

769.4

837.9 10, 372.2

9,000.5

345.2
115.4
71.7
4.0
4.6
3.5
59.6
11.6
7.7
4.0
36.3
49.7
&3.1
4.1
2.9
18.3
762.0
7.4
300.8
234.9
15.8
25.0
25.1
349.6
75.4
43.6
31. S
17.4
7.7
9.7
4.5
6.9

210.2
30.2
87.1
20.5
16.1
4.5
46.0
5.6
5.6
3.5
31.3
7.9
52.8
9.3
7.9
15.0
713.1
21.8
252.8
184.9
12.6
23.3
32.0
317.1
68.9
37.3
31.6
33.1
17.1
16.0
12.0
7.4

176.4
19.9
50.8
1.4
1.1
3.8
44.5
3.0
11.7
3.6
26.2
28.0
62.6
7.1
3.9
4.1
647.5
13.8
272.2
211.5
13.9
22.9
23.9
240.5
80.8
49.1
31.7
31.2
11.2
20.0
4.1
4.9

119.0
1.2
57.3
.9
.5
3.0
52.9
6.4
4.7
1.2
40.6
21.6
26.5
8.8
2.1
1.5
650.4
17.6
253.5
189.3
15.3
21.0
27.9
278.1
65.2
36.2
29.0
25.2
17.9
7.3
5.8
5.0

151.9
8.9
97.6
6.7
6.8
5.1
79.0
1.8
20.3
2.0
54.9
4.7
27.9
9.3
1.6
1.9
686.0
23.0
252.8
175.0
28.2
27.7
21.9
269.1
93.7
50.3
43.4
26.0
17.8
8.2
12.9
8.5

2, 037. 4
128.1
909.4
23.7
43.9
87.3
754.5
72.1
122.7
63.2
496.5
155.7
511.0
91.9
177.5
63.8
8, 334.8
253.2
3, 202.8
2, 289.0
278.9
320.8
314.1
3, 211.6
1,100.0
658.9
441.1
336.5
227.2
109.3
139.3
91.4

1, 556.0
61.4
885.5
21.6
77.5
66.7
719.7
103.8
54.1
84.0
477.8
157.4
271.9
58.5
43.5
77.8
7, 444.5
210.1
2, 842.0
2,107.2
185.9
263.0
285.9
2, 933. 5
895.5
501.9
393.6
378.0
247.4
130.6
117.2
68.2

Apr.

309.7
21.5
58.4
8.7
.4
7.4
41.9
7.4
9.8
2.7
22.0
34.7
143.0
15.8
23.4
12.9
661.9
14.7
256.2
191.6
17.4
20.1
27.1
289.5
67.7
44.1
23.6
18.8
9.0
9.8
8.6
6.4

Mar.

217.3
19.3
67.3
1.5
2.0
1.5
62.3
9.3
16.4
5.8
30.8
27.0
49.7
3.4
25.6
25.0
550.8
31.4
256.1
175. 9
27.4
29.2
23.6
186.2
55.4
16.6
38.8
11.7
8.2
3.5
5.1
4.9

Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics and U. S.
Department of Commerce, Business and Defense Services Administration,

128

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

Table F 3. Building permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership, class of construction,
and type of building 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)
Class of construction, ownership,
and type of building

1957
O ct.

S e p t.

A u g .*

J u ly

June

1956

M ay

A pr.

All building construction____________ 1, 607. 9 1, 543.3 1, 626.1 1, 693. 4 1, 748. 7 1,829. 7 1, 714. 4 1, 534.3
Private____________________
1 ,4 3 1 .4 1, 413. 6 1 ,4 6 2 .7 1, 518. 9 1 ,4 8 4 .9 1, 643. 8 1, 530.4 1, 373.6
Public........ ................................
176.5
129.6
163.4
174.5
2 6 3 .7
185.9
184.0
160.7
New residential building..........................
892.9
812.0
885.9
847.6
Dwelling u n its (housekeeping only). 867.4 795.7 871.8 832 .4
P riv ately ow ned.......................... 825 .0 784.0 852.0 807.6
fam ily________ 730 .6 696.5 748.8 724.6
fam ily................
2 1 .9
20.1
18 .8
1 9 .6
3- and 4-family___________
9 .9
9 .2
8 .7
9 .3
5-or-mpre fam ily__________
6 2 .5
5 8 .2
7 5 .6
54.1
Publicly ow ned________ _____
4 2 .5
1 1 .7
19 .8
2 4 .8
N onhousekeeping buildings______
2 5 .4
14.1
16.3
15.1
New nonresidential b u ild in g s ............. . 560 .8 562.8 557.2 656.5
Commercial buildings____________ 2 183. 7 2 203. 4 2 167. 3 2 203. 3
A m usem ent buildings................ 2 11. 6 2 10 .5
2 8 .8 2 11.9
Commercial garages......... ...........
5 .1
4 .9
4 .0
5 .3
Gasoline and service sta tio n s...
13.0
14.1
1 3 .9
14 .8
Office buildings______ _______ 2 7 2 .2 2 102.1 2 69.1 2 76.2
Stores and other m ercantile
buildings.....................................
8 2 .0
7 1 .7
7 1 .4
95.1
C om m unity buildings........................ 2 213. 8 2 198.3 2 213.1 2 224. 4
E ducational buildings................. 127.2 131.4 119.7 123.5
In stitu tio n al b u ild in g s............ . 2 46.1 2 29 .0 2 5 0 .9 2 6 0 .4
Religious buildings......................
4 0 .6
3 7 .9
4 2 .6
4 0 .5
Garages, private residential............ .
21 .9
2 4 .2
2 3 .3
2 1 .6
In d u strial b u ild in g s..____________ 2 91. 9 2 81 .6 2 8 7 .2 2 124. 9
P ublic buildings_________________
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
P ublic u tilities buildings_________ 2 2 4 .6 2 34 .2 2 3 7 .0 2 49. 5
All other nonresidential b u ild in g s.. 2 24.9 2 21.0 2 29.4 2 32.7
A dditions, alterations, and repairs____ 154.2 168.5 183.0 189.3

1
2

165.0

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.*

1955

Total

Total

1,111.0 1,053.0 1, 340. 4 1,660. 8 18, 760. 7 18, 939.0
976.3 925.5 1,192. 8 1,487.1 16, 884.7 17, 264.3
134.7 127.4 147.6 173.8 1, 876.0
, 674.7
1

893 .7
954.1
90 9 .6
599.5 542.9
819.6
881.9
935.9
896.3
588.2 535.2
803 .2
823 .2
918.5
884.0
571.7 528.0
801.5
734.1
818 .6
794.8
504.7 465.5
710.5
2 0 .3
2 0 .3
21 .5
17.1
2 0 .2
12.7
10.0
11.9
11.4
10 .4
7.5
8.0
58 .8
6 7 .7
5 6 .3
6 0 .5
42.3
41.9
58 .7
17.4
12.3
1 .7
16.5
7.2
11.8
18.2
13 .3
1 6 .4
11.3
7.7
663 .4
676.8
624.6
556.5
490.5 449.0
2183. 5 2 231. 7 2 197.6 2 167.3 2 155. 6 2 124. 4
2 13. 8 2 13.4 2 15.5 2 11.0
2 5. 9 2 7.2
6 .9
7.1
7 .3
3 .7
3.7
4.5
1 3 .8
15.5
15.0
14.0
12.2
12.5
2 6 6 .8 2 106.1 2 73 .6 2 5 6 .6 2 75.3 2 46.1

528.7
519.9
514.0
454.0
11.8
5.4
42.8
5.9
8.9
414.4
135.7
5.7
4.0
10.3
57.6

682.6 881.1 10, 280. 6 11, 696.1
674.7 866.1 10,138. 5 11, 535.1
667.8 839.0 9, 962.1 11, 386. 4
609.3 777.2 9,211.3 10, 643.1
15.7
17.9
214. 8
208.4
7.2
9.8
87.9
84.0
35.5
34.1
448.1
451. 0
6.9
27.1
176.4
148.7
7.9
15.0
142.2
161.1
526.4 612.2 6, 649. 7 5, 593.7
153.0 2 180. 4 2,078.0
, 858.7
10.6
2 8.9
113.4
99.4
4.7
5.8
60.0
66.7
13.9
17.2
165.5
140.0
56. 1 2 46.7
734.4
553.4

8 2 .2
8 9 .6
8 6 .2
81 .9
58.5
54.2
2 253. 5 2 241 .6 2 218. 5 2 215. 9 2 153. 4 2 170.8
123.1
155.7
139.9
138.2
101.4 110.9
2 83 .2 2 3 6 .4 2 3 1 . 8
2 3 7 .2 2 22.3 2 32. 9
47 .2
4 9 .5
4 6 .8
40 .5
29.7
27.0
2 2 .7
23.1
19.8
14.5
6.7
5.2
2 101.9 2 9 0 .5 2 109.0 2 9 9 .O 2 87.1 2 87.9
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)

58.2
145.2
99.6
16.3
29.2
6. 4
59.8
23.1
28.4
15.9
109.8

67.8 101.7
175.6 2 225. 8
120.6 139.7
24.4 2 44.1
30.6
42.0
13.8
23.4
105.5 2 125. 6
29.1
(3)
27.5
29.9
21.8 2 27.1
131.4 167.5

2 37.7
2 64.1
191.6

2 45.8
2 44.0
198.9

1 Data relate to building construction authorized by local building permits
in all localities (over 7,000) having building-permit systems—rural nonfarm
as well as urban. Figures on the amount of construction contracts awarded
for Federal projects and for public housing (Federal, State, and local) in
permit-issuing places are added to the valuation data (estimated cost entered
by builders on building-permit applications) for privately owned projects;
construction undertaken by State and local governments is reported by local
officials. Because permit valuations generally understate the actual cost of
construction and because of lapsed permits and the lag between permit
issuance or contract-awarded dates and start of construction, these data do
not represent the volume of building construction started.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.

T able

Jan.

M ar.

1956

2 37. 8
2 41 .9

180.2

2 22.5
2 37.5
158.2

2 51.7
2 36.1
128.9

2 3 5 .O
2 25.7
119.0

1

1,004. 7
2, 225. 7
1, 407.1
367.8
450.8
201.9
1, 260. 5
326.9
326.7
229.9
1, 830. 4

1

,

1

,

1

,

999.1
946. 2
242. 3
307.7
396.2
187.6
830.4
306.6
273.1
191.0
649.1

2 Includes data for some buildings previously classified as public buildings.
See Note.
3 No longer available. See Note.
* Revised.
N ote : For current months and the corresponding months of 1956, build­
ings formerly included in the public buildings category have been reclassified,
according to function, into other categories (e. g., office, industrial, or institu­
tional buildings). Revised statistics for periods before January 1956 will
not be prepared, and revisions for certain intervening months are not yet
available, but the effect on comparability for any one type of building would
be minor for most months.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

F-4. Building permit activity: Valuation, by class of construction and geographic region 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)

Class of construction and
geographic region

1957
Oct.

All building construction2...................
Northeast___________ ____ _ _
North Central............................
South________________ .
W est............ ................... .............
New dwelling units (housekeeping only).
Northeast_______________
North Central......................................
South__________ ____
W est______ _______ _
New nonresidential buildings______
Northeast_______ ______ ______
North Central___ ____ ___________
South................................
W est_________________
Additions, alterations, and repairs__
Northeast......... .............. .............
North Central___________________
S o u th ........... ...............
W est.......................... ................

Sept.

Aug.*

July

June

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.*

1956

1955

Total

Total

1,607. 9 1, 543.3 1, 626.1 1, 693. 4 1, 748. 7 1, 829. 7 1, 714. 4 1, 534.3 1, 218. 9 1,111.0 1,053.0 1,340. 4 1,660. 8 18, 760.7 18, 939.0
330.0 346.8 371.8 344.1 338.4 439.2 353.0 338.9 235.8 196.6 243.9 291.2 348.9 4,047.8 4,129. 6
489.3 479.9 504.5 516.8 558.5 542.1 536.5 446.5 320.6 242.8 258.0 387.0 542.0 5, 670. 7 5, 715. 4
400.0 380.3 387.3 439.6 465.6 425.7 404.6 354.9 360.7 339.7 272.0 317.0 387.3 4, 462.6 4, 667. 7
388.6 336.4 362.5 393.0 386.2 422.7 420.3 394.0 301.8 331.9 279.1 345.2 382.6 4, 579. 7 4, 426. 2
867.4 795.7 871.8 832.4 881.9 935.9 896.3 803.2 588.2 535.2 519.9 674.7 866.1 10,138. 5 11, 535.1
176.8 157.4 199.8 162.3 183.7 195.5 190.4 160.4
86.9 118.0 151.2 193.1 2,196. 6 2, 500.1
96.6
253.1 247.6 267.3 257.7 277.6 283.0 266.7 240.0 146.1 106.7 127.1 193.9 269.1 3, 137. 0 3, 488. 5
210.4 199.4 203.6 223.4 220.3 232.2 210.6 185.5 177.9 172.5 132.6 149.9 202.6 2, 347.1 2, 700. 9
227.1 191.3 201.1 189.0 200.3 225.2 228.7 217.3 167.6 169.1 142.1 179.7 201.3 2, 457. 9 2,845. 7
560.8 562. 8 557.2 656.5 663. 4 676.8 624.6 556.5 490.5 449.0 414.4 526.4 612.2 6, 649. 7 5, 593. 7
105.0 144.8 129.4 139.8 112.3 189.2 124.1 141.0 114.1
99.2 111.4 117.4 1, 431. 6 1, 233. 8
83.2
193.5 177.5 181.7 202.2 230. 6 202.1 216.5 164.8 140.3 110.7
99.0 157. 5 215.4 1,991. 4 1, 748. 7
144.0 137.1 129.8 155.8 183.1 136.1 139.6 118.0 137.0 131.0 108.4 130.1 139.5 1, 591. 5 1, 455. 4
118.4 103.4 116.4 158.7 137.4 149.4 144.5 132.8
99.2 124.1 107.8 127.5 140.0 1, 635. 2 1,155.9
154.2 168.5 183.0 189.3 191.6 198.9 180.2 158.2 128.9 119.0 109.8 131.4 167.5 1, 830. 4 1, 649.1
34.7
42.4
40.5
39.8
40.3
51.6
36.8
35.0
24.0
24.1
24.8
27.5
34.2
394.1
364.9
38.9
47.4
52.5
54.6
48.0
55.0
51.1
39.6
32.8
24.8
30.1
34.0
53.8
510.2
449.2
41.4
39.9
49.1
52.2
57.4
48.6
50. 1
43.3
29.4
39.7
35.3
34.8
41.6
481.9
451.1
39.1
38.7
40 9
42.7
45.9
42.2
43.7
32.4
40.3
34.0
26.2
35.2
37.9
444.2
383.9

1 See footnote 1, table F-3.
2Includes new nonhousekeeping residential building, not shown separately.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M ay

1956

'Revised

Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

129

F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
T able

F-5. Building permit activity: Valuation,

by

metropolitan-nonmetropolitan location and State 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)

1957

State and location
Sept.

Aug.*

July

June

M ay

1956
Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.*

Sept.

1956

1955

Total

Total

All States_____________ ___________— 1,543. 3 1, 626.1 1, 693. 4 1, 748. 7 1,829. 7 1,714. 4 1, 534. 3 1, 218.9 1,111.0 1,053.0 1,340. 4 1,660. 8 1, 439. 3 18, 760. 7 18, 939.0
Metropolitan areasa_____________ 1,197. 4 1, 261. 8 1, 302. 5 1, 350.6 1,423. 9 1,322.4 1,203.8 964.7 864.7 841.6 1,032.0 1,301.1 1,100.1 14, 667. 4 15,108.9
Nonmetropolitan areas.................... .
346.3 364.4 390. 9 398.1 405.8 392.0 330.5 254.2 246.3 211.4 308.4 359.7 339.2 4,093. 3 3, 830.1
Alabama__________________ _________
Arizona_________ _____ _____________
Arkansas__________________________
California_____________ ____________
Colorado________ . ________________

14.1
19.4
5.7
229.0
18.3

13.8
20.1
5.4
250. 7
18.1

18.7
19.3
8.4
273.4
25.3

15.4
20.3
4.7
263.8
24.0

19.9
18.4
6.2
301.4
21.0

20.0
22.8
6.2
301.1
22.1

14.1
18.1
6.4
279.7
21.9

15.2
13.6
9.0
212.3
21.8

14.3
26.8
5.0
229.4
19.7

11.0
11.4
3.4
203. 5
20.2

14.7
16.3
3.7
242.0
23.0

14.4
19.8
4.5
255. 6
41.2

14.2
12.4
5.3
205.7
16.8

173.1
189.7
57.4
3,163. 2
279.2

166.5
165.8
54.3
3,065.1
280.6

Connecticut_______ _________________
Delaware-- _
__________________
District of Columbia________________
Florida_________________ ______ _____
Georgia________ ______ ____________

36.3
5.9
13.2
74.5
24.3

40.5
7.4
2.9
81.4
18.9

43.7
8.5
13.0
88.9
21.9

33.2
9.3
14.4
86.6
16.7

41.2
4.9
6.3
88.3
19.3

35.8
5.2
8.4
79.4
27.5

42.0
3.2
3.9
76.0
20.6

22.3
5.4
2.8
72.2
22.1

21.1
6.1
5.3
70.3
20.2

22.6
3.4
2.4
57.8
12.8

37.1
6.5
4.4
65.7
17.4

33.0
7.8
17.9
77.5
19.2

29.8
3.2
5.7
61.7
20.2

375.1
66.0
70.2
834.8
250.2

359.1
62.0
87.7
746.9
276.7

Idaho______________________________
Illinois________ ______ ______________
Indiana____________________________
Iowa_______________________________
Kansas____ ________________________

3.0
105. 7
43.9
17.1
12.6

4.0
103.9
49.0
14.7
17.9

3.3
109.0
37.8
18.2
15.8

3.6
120.1
42.2
18.5
10.6

3.9
115.9
34.9
16.4
12.3

4.5
142.0
33.0
17.3
9.9

3.5
111.7
51.3
11.2
10.8

1.3
93.2
20.7
6.0
10.0

2.0
61. 5
23.2
4.3
5.8

1.3
75.2
20.5
7.6
8.7

3.3
92.6
30.7
13.0
14.2

3.3
119.3
40.1
21.6
13.3

4.3
106.9
34.1
16.7
11.4

39.6
1, 333. 8
432.0
181.9
151.9

36.5
1, 261.6
381.0
180.1
195.4

Kentucky........... .....................................
Louisiana___________________________
M aine___ ___________ _____________
Maryland___________ ______________
M assachusetts. - ____________________

16.5
20.1
3.2
29.3
31.5

14.5
20.9
1.8
32.5
42.6

16.1
23.2
3.3
40.7
50.9

18.8
27.2
3.4
53.2
45.5

22.4
24.6
4.9
44.6
42.3

16.1
17.9
3.7
36.0
39.0

16.8
17.4
2.5
30.8
51.2

13.6
20.4
1.0
38.0
28.4

6.5
19.3
.6
27.3
18.5

10.1
18.6
.8
28.5
25.9

10.6
14.9
2.7
28.0
39.5

11.2
21.7
2.7
36.5
42.9

13.9
19.7
3.9
26.5
47.2

168.2
273.1
33.9
429.8
470.0

189.3
292.6
29.8
494.4
445.1

Michigan___________________________
Minnesota__________________________
M ississippi.............. .....................— .........
Missouri___________________________
Montana___________________________

82.5
40.1
6.3
27.7
3.1

87.9
35.2
4.4
29.4
2.6

91.1
42.1
4.4
35.0
3.4

107.8
47.4
7.8
29.1
4.0

97.6
53.7
3.2
16.8
3.9

99.4
43.1
6.0
25.8
5.1

74.2
20.1
2.8
24.7
3.0

48. 2
18.3
3.6
18.6
2.3

45.2
10.4
2.5
16.7
1.3

38.9
15.0
3.0
15.3
.9

72.8
22.5
3.5
19.4
2.3

115.5
30.8
5.0
29.9
3.2

82.7
40. 2
5.2
22.4
5.9

1,084. 6
376.2
52.5
306.7
41.5

1,130. 4
403.3
50.3
336.4
41.7

Nebraska___________________ ______ _
N evada........................................................
New Hampshire____ ______ __________
New Jersey_________________________
New Mexico.................................................

5.7
4.0
1.6
65. C
7.6

8.3
4.7
2.1
71.8
5.5

7.0
3.5
3.0
60.3
6.7

6.6
3.9
2.6
68.4
10.4

15.2
3.6
3.0
71.8
7.9

6.1
7.2
4.5
72.3
7.0

5.6
4.3
2.1
58.8
6.7

4.7
3.0
1.5
50.4
5.4

2.4
3.6
1.1
40.3
9.0

2.6
2.3
1.6
55.6
5.4

5.6
3.7
3.1
54.1
7.2

8.8
3.0
4.4
74.0
6.5

6.4
5.7
2.9
62.8
7.0

82.0
45.5
37.8
810.5
77.2

100.0
75.3
41.2
832.3
85.7

New York............................................... .
North Carolina...........................................
North Dakota____ ____ _____________
Ohio__________ _____ _____________ _
Oklahoma__________________________

143.3
16. £
5.C
93.3
9.3

114.1
17.6
5.4
108.1
13.2

101.2
16.9
5.7
101.3
13.8

105.6
15.5
4.1
125.7
8. 5

198.0
18.5
5.4
123.9
10.6

117.8
21.5
2.9
99.1
10.9

114.1
16.2
1.6
94.7
10.3

80.7
15.2
.5
73.6
9.2

73.3
16.1
.3
53.4
7.2

86.9
11.9
.9
53.5
8.2

100.8
14,9
1.8
78.8
15.9

122.0
16.7
3.5
113.9
9.4

129.6
14.4
4.0
83.8
13.0

1, 470. 0
221.4
40.5
1, 202. 0
143. 2

1, 489.9
216. 4
35.6
1, 216.0
149.2

Oregon_______________ _____ ________
Pennsylvania_______________ _____ _
Rhode Island_______________________
South Carolina______________ _______
South Dakota_______________________

12.3
53.4
5.3
5.3
3.4

13.7
93.0
5.3
6.2
3.5

14.6
75.8
5.3
7.3
4.6

13.2
74. 1
3.9
5.9
2.5

14.0
72.0
5.2
5.1
4.1

12.1
74.3
4.3
8.2
6.0

11.4
64.1
2.9
4.4
2.0

7.9
49.6
1.8
4.7
1.0

12.8
39.9
1.6
4.9
.9

7.2
47.2
3. 1
5.3
1.0

11.9
48.6
4.6
4.7
1.6

13.4
65.8
3.6
6.8
4.5

16.3
55.1
3.5
5.1
3.2

182.0
780.7
59.6
75.8
37.4

157. 2
871.9
49.0
94.6
36.9

T ennessee..._____________ __________
Texas...................................................... .......
U tah..............................................................
Vermont........................................................
Virginia..........................................................

14.2
88. C
10.2
7. C
32.2

15.8
83.6
9.8
.6
34.0

16.9
101.5
9.4
.6
32.4

22.0
91.3
12.2
.5
51.5

21.6
87.0
14.2
.9
36.4

18.3
83.2
8.1
1.3
33.8

15.4
82.4
13.3
1.2
29.6

10.5
77. 1
7.6
.2
36.4

8.9
98.2
4.3
.2
24.7

13.6
56.1
4.3
.2
23.2

17.0
64.9
9.0
.6
24.8

15.7
76.1
8.2
.6
40.7

15.5
71.9
12.6
2.8
31.2

213.0
916.9
145. 2
10.1
452.4

219.6
1, 024. 6
118.7
11.3
475.2

W ashington________________________
West Virginia_______________________
Wisconsin______________ ___________
W yom ing......... ......................................... .

26.4
4.5
42. 7
3.1

31.3
14.8
41.0
2.1

31.8
6.9
49.3
2.5

28.9
16.4
44.9
2.2

32.5
6.8
45.9
1.8

28.5
6.0
51.8
1.8

30.5
4.6
38.7
1.6

25.7
5.2
26.0
.8

22.2
3.1
18.7
.9

20.7
2.8
18.8
1.9

25.7
5.2
34.0
.8

24.8
6.2
40.9
3.4

32.7
5.1
36.6
2.0

390.6
64.4
442.0
25.6

381.0
67.4
438.8
18.6

1 See footnote 1, table F-3.
! Comprised of 168 Standard Metropolitan Areas used in 1950 Census.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

♦Revised.

Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

130

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

T able F-6. Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by ownership and location,
and construction c o s t 1
N um ber of new dwelling units started
(in thousands)

Location
Period

Total

Privately Publicly
owned
owned

Metro­ Nonmetro­ North­ North
politan
politan
east
Central South
places
places

1,396,000
1,091,300
1,127,000
1,103,800
1,220,400
1,328,900
1,118,100

1,352, 200
1,020,100
1,068, 500
1,068,300
1, 201, 700
1,309,500
1,093,900

43,800
71, 200
58, 500
35, 500
18, 700
19,400
24, 200

1,021,600
776, 800
794, 900
803, 500
896,800
975,800
779,800

1953: First quarter_____________
Second quarter___________
Third quarter....................... .
Fourth quarter......................
1954: First quarter..........................
Second quarter....................
Third quarter___________ _
Fourth quarter............ .........
1955: First quarter_____________
January ................. .............
February________ ______
March___ ____________
Second quarter......................
April__________________
M ay_____ _____________
June.....................................
Third quarter.........................
J u ly ............. ........................
August— ........................—
September..........................
Fourth quarter......................
O ctober...............................
November_____________
December............. ..............
1956: First quarter...........................
January______ ________
February______________
March_________________
Second quarter___________
April . ________________
M ay___________________
June___________________
Third quarter____________
July....... ...............................
August______ ____ _____
September............ ..............
Fourth quarter.................
October________________
November _________ . .
December______________
1957: First quarter_____________
J a n u a r y _______ _______
F eb ru ary ......... ....................
M arch___________ ____ _
Second q u arter___________
A pril_________________
M a y . . ....................... ...........
Ju n e ___________________
T h ird quarter 3
_____
Ju ly .* -------------------------August* . . ______
Septem ber*_____ . . . . .
F o u rth q u arter____ ___
October 3—
. ______
N o v em b er3. .
_______

257,100
324,300
285,000
237,400
236,800
332, 700
346,000
304,900
291,300
87,600
89,900
113,800
404,100
132,000
137,600
134, 500
362,300
122, 700
124, 700
114,900
271,200
105,800
89, 200
76,200
252,100
75,100
78,400
98,600
332, 500
111,400
113, 700
107,400
298,900
101,100
103,900
93,900
234,600
93,600
77, 400
63,600
215,800
63,000
65,800
87,000
296, 600
93, 700
103,000
99,900
289,900
99,900

238,100
315,000
280, 700
234, 500
232,200
326,500
339,300
303,700
288,000
87. 300
87,900
112,800
397,000
130,500
135,100
131,400
357,800
121, 900
122,300
113,600
266, 700
104,800
88, 400
73, 500
244, 600
73, 700
77,000
93,900
325,300
109,900
110,800
104,600
292,900
99,000
103, 200
90, 700
231,100
91, 200
77,000
62, 900
202, 500
60,100
63,100
79,300
282, 800
91,400
96, 900
94, 500
278, 700
93, 900
96,800

19,000
9,300
4,300
2,900
4,600
6, 200
6,700
1,200
3,300
300
2,000
1,000
7,100
1,500
2,500
3,100
4, 500
800
2,400
1,300
4,500
1,000
800
2,700
7,500
1,400
1,400
4, 700
7,200
1,500
2,900
2,800
6,000
2,100
700
3,200
3,500
2,400
400
700
13,300
2,900
2,700
7,700
13.800
2,300

184,400
238,100
207,800
173,200
174,300
244,000
252,800
225, 800
221,800
68,100
66,900
86,800
294,800
96,800
99, 700
98, 300
263,400
88,400
91,500
83,500
195,800
76, 500
64, 600
54, 700
183,800
54,300
57.600
71,900
228,300
76,200
77,600
74,500
202,900
69, 700
70,900
62,300
164,800
64, 900
54,800
45,100
149,100
44,000
46,600
58, 500
200, 300
63, 500
, 200
, 600
191,000
63; 400
67, 700
59, 900

72, 700
86,200
77,200
64, 200
62,500
88,700
93,200
79,100
69, 500
19,500
23,000
27,000
109,300
35,200
37,900
36,200
98, 900
34,300
33,200
31,400
75,400
29,300
24,600
21,500
68,300
20,800
20, 800
26,700
104, 200
35,200
36,100
32,900
96,000
31,400
33,000
31,600
69,800
28, 700
22,600
18,500
66, 700
19,000
19, 200
28, 500
96,300
30, 200
34, 800
31,300
98, 900
36; 500
32, 300
30,100

62,000
52, 900

33,000
25,100

100,000
90,000

95,000
78,000

88,000

87.000
75, 700

2,300

68
68

i Excludes tem porary u n its, conversions, dorm itory accommodations,
trailers, and m ilitary barracks; includes prefabricated housing if perm anent.
These estimates are based on (1) m onthly building-perm it reports adjusted
for lapsed perm its and for lag between perm it issuance and the start of con­
struction, (2) continuous field surveys in nonperm it-issuing places, and (3)
reports of public construction contract awards.
P rivate construction costs are based on perm it valuation adjusted for
understatem ent of costs shown on perm it applications. Public construction
costs are based on contract values or estim ated construction costs for indi­
vidual projects.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Total

Privately
owned

Publicly
owned

374, 400
$11, 788, 595 $11,418,371
0
0
0
0
314, 500
9,800,892
9,186,123
0
0
0
0
332,100
10, 208,983
9, 706, 276
(*)
0
0
0
300,300
10,488,003 10,181,185
0
0
0
0
323, 500 243,100 325,800 359,700 291,800 12,478, 237 12,309,200
353,100 273,100 356,000 389,000 310,800 14, 544,647 14,345,829
338,300 228,800 303,100 334,200 252,000 13,086,118 12,814, 776

1950......................................................
i951__________________ _____ —
1952.— _____________ ____ _____
1953_____ ___________ ____ ____
1954------- ------------------- -----------1955.............................................. — 1956__________________________

6,100
5, 400
11, 200
6,000
3,200
2,000
8, 000

West

0
0
0
0
(s)
0
0
0
47,400 52, 700
67,300 98, 400
72, 500 97,800
55,900 76,900
53,100 63, 400
16,000 15,600
13,500 19,700
23,600 28.100
89,100 116,600
28,600 37,300
30,300 40,000
30,200 39,300
75,400 108,000
27,100 35,600
24,900 38,000
23,400 34,400
55, 500 68,000
23, 500 29,400
17,700 23,000
14,300 15,600
45, 700 58,200
12,400 15, 700
14, 400 16,400
18,900 26,100
72,300 98,100
23,400 33,600
24, 700 33,300
24,200 31,200
61,800 87, 200
21,800 29,900
20,800 29,200
19,200 28,100
49,000 59,600
20,100 26, 200
16, 500 19, 200
12,400 14,200
33,800 46, 800
9,300 10, 700
9,700 14,000
14,800
60,700 77, 200
19,900 23, 700
20, 900 25, 700
19, 900 27, 800

0
0
0
0
77,600
90,900
99,900
91,300
95, 900
30, 600
32,400
32,900
109,700
35,700
37,400
36, 600
99,400
32, 700
34,800
31,900
84,000
28,500
27,800
27,700
83,200
27,200
26,800
29,200
93,200
31,100
32,800
29,300
86,500
27,700
30,700
28,100
71,300
27,500
22, 700
21,100
78,800
24,800
24,600
29, 400
92, 800
28,100
33, 700
31,000

19, 200

33, 500
31, 000

22,100

21, 800

27,000
27,300

(2)

0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0
0
59,100
78,100
75,800
80, 800
78,900
25,400
24,300
29, 200
88, 700
30,400
29,900
28, 400
79,500
27,300
27,000
25,200
63, 700
24,400
20, 700
18,600
65,000
19, 800
20,800
24,400
68,900
23,300
22,900
22, 700
63,400
21, 700
23, 200
18,500
54,700
19,800
19,000
15,900
56,400
18, 200
17,500
20, 700
65, 900

22,000
21
20, 200
19, 900
0
0
0
22, 700
, 200

$370,224
614, 769
502, 707
306,818
169,037
198,818
271,342

2, 346,213
3,083,256
2,777,607
2,280,927
2,240,448
3, 454, 571
3,590,366
3,192,852
3,076,198
892.794
954, 570
1,228,834
4,416,285
1,434,395
1.502, 901
1,478,989
4,025,441
1, 372,150
1,369,948
1,283,343
3,026,723
1,178,809
993, 986
853,928
2,850,687
814,448
887,138
1,149,101
3,924,184
1,309,175
1,346,513
1,268,496
3,534,804
1,201,352
1,227,269
1,106,183
2,776,443
1,104,981
930,589
740,873
2, 540,016
718,318
762,871
1,058, 827
3, 542, 875
1,115, 826
1, 236, 239
1,190, 810
3,434,383
1, 189; 829
1,169, 754
1,074,800

2,183, 710
3,000,120
2, 739,268
2,258,087
2,199,446
3,398, 898
3,528,471
3,182,385
3,043, 959
890,092
934,585
1,219,282
4,349,159
1,421,309
1,479,773
1,448,077
3,981,182
1,363,092
1,346,848
1,271,242
2,971,529
1,168,229
985,891
817,409
2,761,446
800,665
871,700
1,089,081
3,844,192
1,293,488
1,312,890
1,237,814
3, 471,787
1,179, 266
1,222,281
1,070,240
2, 737,351
1,078,142
925,991
733,218
2, 351, 729
681,147
727,081
943, 501
3,367, 334
1,087,149
1,153, 246
1,126, 939
3,313,377
1,118; 486
1,138, 891
1,056,000

162,503
83,136
38,339
22,840
41,002
55,673
61, 895
10,467
32, 239
2, 702
19,985
9,552
67,126
13,086
23,128
30,912
44,259
9,058
23,100
12,101
55,194
10, 580
8,095
36,519
89,241
13, 783
15,438
60,020
79,992
15,687
33, 623
30, 682
63,017
22,086
4,988
35,943
39,092
26,839
4, 598
7, 655
188,287
37,171
35, 790
115,326
175, 541
28,677
82. 993
63. 871
121,006
71,343
30, 863
18, 800

1,129, 640
915,820

1,035, 300
893, 260

94,340
22, 560

3N ot available.
* Prelim inary.
‘ Revised.

N ote : For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing M ajor
B LS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. D epartm ent of Labor, B ureau of L abor Statistics.

G: WORK INJURIES

131

G: Work injuries
T able

G -l.

Injury-frequency rates 1 for selected manufacturing industries
1957 2

Industry

Average, all manufacturing________ _____ _______
Food and kindred products:
Meatpacking and custom slaughtering_________
Sausages and other prepared meat products____
Poultry and small game dressing and packing___
Dairy products__________________________ ___
Canning and preserving______________________
Grain-mill products......................... - .....................
Bakery products....... ......................... ........................
Cane sugar__________________________________
Confectionery and related products____________
Bottled soft drinks_____ ________________ ____ _
M alt and malt liq uors......................... ...................
Distilled liquors. ________ _______________ _
Miscellaneous food products__________________
Textile-mill products:
Cotton yarn and textiles________ _____________
Rayon, other synthetic, and silk textiles_______
Woolen and worsted textiles__________________
Knit goods____ ____ _________________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles__________________
Miscellaneous textile goods___________________
Apparel and other finished textile products:
Clothing, men’s and boys’____________________
Clothing, women’s and children’s . . . ___________
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel___________
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products............ .
Lumber and wood products (except furniture):
Logging--------------------------- ------------ ---------------Sawmills and planing mills _________________
Millwork and‘structural wood products________
Plywood m ills_____________________ ____ _____
Wooden containers . . . . . __________________
Miscellaneous wood products _______ __________
Furniture and fixtures:
Household furniture, nonmetal________________
M etal household furniture__ . . .
_________
Mattresses and bedsprings____________________
Office furniture. _ . . ___________________ . . .
Public-building and professional furniture___ _
Partitions and fixtures. . ________ ______ _____
Screens, shades, and b lin d s.._ __________ _____
Paper and allied products:
Pulp, paper, and paperboard m ills ____ _______
Paperboard containers and boxes.. ___________
Miscellaneous paper and allied products______
Printing, publishing, and allied industries:
Newspapers and periodicals.. ________________
Bookbinding and related products. . _______
Miscellaneous printing and pu blishing________
Chemicals and allied products:
Industrial inorganic chemicals_________________
Plastics, except synthetic rubber______________
Synthetic rubber____________ ________________
Synthetic fibers_________ _______ _____________
Explosives_____________________________ _____
Miscellaneous industrial organic chemicals...........
Drugs and medicines. . . ____________________
Soap and related products____________________
Paints, pigments, and related products________
Fertilizers.. . . .
_________ .. ____________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats____________
Compressed and liquified gases...... ............ ............
Miscellaneous chemicals and allied products____
Rubber products:
Tires and inner tubes________________________
Rubber footwear _ --------------------------------------Miscellaneous rubber products________________
Leather and leather products:
Leather tanning and finishing_________________
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings__________
Footwear (except rubber)_____________________
Miscellaneous leather products______ __________
Stone, clay, and glass products:
Glass and glass produ cts................................... .......
Structural clay products______________________
Pottery and related products__________________
Concrete, gypsum, and mineral wool......................
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products____
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1956 2

Annual
average

1955

Third quarter
Second First Fourth Third Second First Fourth Third
quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter

1956 2

1955

July

Aug.

Sept.

Quar­
ter

11.8

11.8

10.9

11.5

11.4

11.3

11.3

12.7

12.1

12.0

11.7

13.1

12.0

12.1

21.5
24.0
0
21.5
24.7
19.4
17.4
0
16.6
27.8
14.5
7.9
19.5

17.0
19.8
0
18.2
24.2
23.9
17.0
0
13.3
25.6
18.7
10.8
18.5

18.0
24.7
0
20.2
23.7
22.8
15.7
0
16.5
22.9
14.8
7.7
12.8

18.8
22.8
45.2
20.0
24.2
22.1
16.7
19.7
15.3
25.5
16.1
8.8
17.0

19.8
25.5
44.7
19.1
20.7
14.4
16.6
17.0
11.0
23.9
14.8
13.0
14.2

20.5
22.8
33.4
16.3
20.1
16.5
17.4
18.2
11.3
22.1
17.3
12.1
16.7

20.0
24.9
39.8
17.0
19.9
16.5
17.0
14.1
13.0
16.7
13.2
6.7
13.3

21.3
21.3
40.9
17.4
26.6
18.7
16.5
17.6
13.6
25.2
19.6
9.9
13.8

21.1
20.1
46.1
18.3
20.1
15.9
15.9
22.1
12.0
29.1
19.6
9.0
14.1

20.3
22.8
37.2
15.4
17.8
13.6
16.2
22.3
12.9
20.2
13.9
9.7
13.3

18.4
17.7
35.9
16.2
22.1
16.5
15.3
19.9
13.2
19.1
14.2
7.7
13.4

20.8
21.7
39.1
16.5
26.1
19.6
18.3
15.9
14.7
28.9
18.4
9.6
15.7

20.6
22.2
41.1
17.1
21.9
16.2
16.4
19.0
12.9
23.0
16.7
8.6
13.6

18.9
20.2
34.3
17.4
22.8
16.5
16.2
17.0
13.3
24.0
17.4
8.4
13.8

10.0
7.8
21.7
7.3
15.0
11.1

8.8
8.2
18.4
5.4
13.8
15.3

8.3
7.3
14.9
7.0
8.4
14.1

9.1
7.8
18.3
6.6
12.3
13.6

9.4
6.4
17.6
5.2
15.1
13.3

8.2
6.8
19.7
4.9
11.3
14.3

7.9
7.0
16.2
6.0
14.3
14.2

8.9
7.7
17.5
5.9
16.3
14.3

8.8
6.1
17.7
6.0
14.8
16.1

8.1
7.4
16.2
6.2
16.8
15.1

8.1
6.8
18.2
5.0
16.2
16.1

8.6
7.6
17.4
6.5
15.8
20.5

8.4
7.1
16.9
6.0
15.5
15.0

8.3
6.8
16.9
5.8
14.0
18.0

7.7
5.9
8.3
5.7

7.6
6.9
7.6
7.9

7.2
6.9
11.1
8.9

7.5
6.6
9.0
7.5

7.3
6.0
7.2
10.3

7.5
6.1
6.8
8.1

7.1
5.3
3.7
10.5

7.2
5.8
7.1
11.0

7.2
5.0
7.3
11.9

6.7
4.5
5.1
9.9

7.4
5.4
6.1
11.7

6.9
6.0
8.4
13.9

7.0
5.1
5.8
10.8

6.8
5.4
7.4
13.1

66.3
40.7
23.5
17.9
31.0
26.3

55.9
39.9
23.3
23.5
24.4
17.7

59.1
41.2
24.3
22.5
27.2
29.3

60.5
40.6
23.8
21.4
27.5
24.2

63.3
38. 7
21.5
22.0
25.5
28.7

60.8
38.2
21.7
25.3
25.5
29.1

63.4
38.4
19.9
22.6
25.5
29.5

68.3
41.9
22.6
26.1
29.5
35.5

60.8
44.5
21.5
25.5
27.1
32.3

66.7
41.1
21.0
21.9
27.3
28.2

74.3
38.7
21.0
26.9
27.4
27.8

79.9
45. 5
24.5
30.5
29.7
31.2

65.0
41.1
21.3
24.0
27.4
31.3

73.5
41.5
23.1
29.6
28.0
29.5

21.8
(3)
13.8
16.7
13.8
16.2
0

19.6
0
8.7
18.6
18.2
15.8
0

17.3
0
11.4
17.2
10.9
26.2
0

19.4
22. 9
11.2
17.6
14.4
19.3
15.1

15.5
13.0
13.5
17.7
18.5
21.3
12.7

17.4
14.8
14.7
17.3
9.7
17.1
18.5

17.1
16.1
14.4
16.1
16.1
21.9
11.6

17.7
16.4
16.4
17.5
25.5
21.4
17.2

17.9
16.4
16.7
19.2
15.7
21.3
18.4

17.8
15. 5
10.8
17.6
15.4
18.5
13.9

18.6
18.6
17.3
14.4
21.1
22.2
16.2

19.3
13.1
20.1
21.8
20.1
22.9
18.0

17.6
16.1
16.1
17.6
18.2
20.7
15.3

18.2
15.7
17.4
18.4
18.6
18.6
16.0

10.6
15.6
13.9

12.5
15.5
16.9

12.1
15.6
15.2

11.7
15.6
15.3

10.0
16.0
14.0

10.8
13.1
15.2

11.2
15.7
14.7

12.3
15.5
13.7

11.1
14.0
11.4

11.4
16.8
14.1

10.5
13.9
14.2

12.0
14.4
15.4

11.4
15.5
13.5

11.2
14.6
14.6

10.5
(3)
9.5

7.7
0
9.7

6.4
0
9.1

8.2
15.4
9.5

9.6
15.9
8.7

8.1
10.4
10.1

8.3
11.7
7.9

9.1
14.9
9.3

9.5
12.2
9.8

9.7
11.2
8.8

8.2
0
9.3

9.4
0
9.7

9.1
12.5
8.9

0

4.3
3.7
(3)
(3)
(3)
6.5
8.3
7.1
10.2
(3)
23.0
(3)
16.6

5.5
3.4
0
0
0
3.5
7.7
6.2
12.3
0
32.7
0
12.7

4.3
5.3
0
0
0
4.4
5.0
12.4
10.0
0
24.0
0
15.7

4.7
4.1
2.8
2.1
1.4
4.7
6.9
8.6
10.8
16.5
26.5
6.9
14.9

5.3
4.3
1.1
3.6
1.6
7.4
6.6
8.2
8.4
10.2
31.7
5.8
16.1

4.4
4.7
2.9
3.5
2.1
4.0
8.3
8.2
10.2
11.4
26.0
10.4
15.0

4.8
4.3
.9
1.7
2.7
4.0
6.5
7.9
10.0
18.5
30.1
7.6
14.6

6.8
5.0
1.4
2.3
2.9
4.2
8.0
9.3
11.0
16.1
24.6
5.6
16.0

4.7
4.7
2.6
2.5
2.3
4.9
9.2
7.8
10.0
11.1
22.1
8.9
15.0

4.8
4.6
2.9
2.7
2.3
4.0
8.4
7.9
9.9
14.7
23.3
10.1
15.1

5.0
4.4
2.7
2.5
3.2
3.7
6.1
6.3
7.9
16.4
21.4
14.0
14.7

5.8
5.4
0
1.9
2.2
4.0
8.5
8.8
9.8
14.1
23.6
9.5
15.6

5.3
4.6
1.9
2.3
2.5
4.2
8.0
8.2
10.2
14.8
25.2
8.1
15.2

5.3
4.5
1.6
2.4
2.6
4.1
7.5
7.6
9.7
15.1
22.2
11.3
15.7

1.9
7.7
9.4

2.3
6.0
10.9

2.6
6.6
7.6

2.3
6.6
9.4

2.7
5.4
8.1

2.9
6.1
12.0

2.7
6.1
8.1

3.6
6.8
10.5

3.3
5.7
11.2

3.5
5.3
11.8

4.0
4.1
9.7

4.0
3.3
11.1

3.3
5.9
10.4

3.8
3.7
10.2

25.4

32.3

23.3

27.3

22.4

8.4
6.1

9.4
10.0

9.1
9.8

0

8.8
11.4

23.4
18.3
7.6
12.2

18.5
20.5
8.2
14.5

27.1
21.4
8.5
12.4

23.2
16.3
9.1
11.7

26.4
19.0
8.5
14.7

20.8
17.6
8.8
13.4

27.0
20.3
10.4
12.2

23.8
19.2
8.6
13.4

22.5
20.7
8.8
13.2

8.1
35.7
14.6
28.2
10.7

9.4
38.9
9.1
17.6
12.3

9.1
37.1
13.1
22.0
11.9

7.6
29.6
15.5
22.0
12.8

8.9
29.6
11.5
20.8
13.7

8.6
27.4
17.0
21.4
14.3

11.1
35.8
16.7
31.4
12.5

8.3
36.2
15.8
28.3
12.2

8.0
32.0
16.9
24.0
14.4

10.2
34.3
14.8
25.2
13.5

10.0
39.1
15.8
31.7
17.2

9.0
32.9
16.6
26.4
13.3

9.7
35.1
16.1
26.9
15.6

0

9.5
14.1
10.0
36.8
15.5
19.8
12.6

0

0

0

9.0
8.9

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1958

132
T able

G -l.

Injury-frequency rates1 for selected manufacturing industries—Continued

Industry

Third quarter
July

Aug.

Sept.

Sec­
ond
Quar­ quar­
ter
ter

Primary metal industries:
3.8
4.0
3.6
Blast furnaces and steel m ills.--______ ________
25.9
27.1
24.2
Gray-iron and malleable foundries__________ _
16.4
18.8
18.4
-----------------Steel foundries____ . . . ------11.1
9.8
7.7
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and alloying-------18.9
19.0
18.4
Nonferrous foundries_________________________
22.2
17.4
Iron and steel forgings________________________ 20.6
12.2
10.1
10.9
------------------------Wire drawing
. _ 14.3
10.1
13.8
Welded and heavy-riveted pipe______ _______
11.4
14.1
12.0
Cold-finished steel. . . ______ ________________
Fabricated metal products:
6.6
8.0
7.2
Tin cans and other tinware___________________
Cutlery and edge tools-------- ------ -------------------0
0
0
13.3
9.1
13.6
Handtools, files, and saws____________________
8.4
8.6
8.3
Hardware________ _ -------------- _ -------------16.9
6.0
18.6
Sanitary ware and plumbers’ supplies_________
18.3
16.0
15.0
Oil burners, heating and cooking apparatus____
18.5
19.3
Structural steel and ornamental metal work____ 23.7
27.3
27.6
22.6
M etal doors, sash, frame, and tr im .. _________
21.7
21.4
Boiler-shop products_________________ ________ 24.5
19.5
18.7
Sheet-metal work._ . . . _ _ ___ . ---------------- 24.7
12.0
11.3
12.3
Stamped and pressed metal products _________
M etal coating and engraving ___________ _____
0)
0
0
15.9
23.2
Fabricated wire products-----. ............... 14.6
M etal barrels, drums, kegs, and pails _____ _
0
(3)
0
Steel s p r in g s ..._______ . .
----------------------0
0
0
11.1
12.0
13.0
Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets_______________
15.7
13.1
Screw-machine products___. . . . ._ . _________ 11.6
Fabricated metal products, not elsewhere classi8.8
10.7
10.9
fled____ - ._ .- _____________________
Machinery (except electrical):
5.9
8.0
5.0
Engines and turbines. -----------------------------------9.2
6.7
8.0
Agricultural machinery and tractors----------------12.9
12.2
Construction and mining machinery___________ 13.5
8.7
10.3
9.0
Metalworking machinery_____________________
15.5
18.3
9.3
Food-products machinery__________ . . . --------18.9
16.1
16.2
--------------------- -----Textile m achinery.. . . . .
15.7
13.8
13.1
Miscellaneous special-industry machinery______
13.9
15.6
12.4
Pumps and compressors_________ ______ _____
14.2
Elevators, escalators, and conveyors----------- . . .
14.8
12.8
Mechanical power-transmission equipment (ex12.8
14.2
9.2
cept ball and roller bearings)_____________ . .
9.3
14.8
12.8
Miscellaneous general industrial machinery____
6.3
6.2
Commercial and household machinery_______ .
5.8
13.4
Valves and fittings.. ._ -------------------------------19.8
13.4
Fabricated pipe and fittings__________________
0
0
0
7.8
9.1
Ball and roller bearings_______________________ 10.8
15.9
18.1
13.0
Machine shops, general_______________________
Electrical machinery:
6.6
Electrical industrial apparatus________________
5.5
4.7
7.4
5.8
6.2
Electrical appliances_________________________
8.4
9.7
9.7
Insulated wire and cable______________________
4.1
4.5
4.4
Electrical equipment for vehicles______________
Electric lamps (bulbs). -------------------------------0
0
0
4.5
4.8
Radios and related products__________________
5.0
2.1
1.4
1.5
Radio tu b e s..
. ____________________
2.3
3.0
Miscellaneous communication equipment______
1.6
8.3
Batteries___________ _ . . . --------------------------15.0
10.3
Electrical products, not elsewhere classified_____
0
0
0
Transportation equipment:
5.0
5.2
Motor vehicles, bodies, and trailers.. _________
3.8
Motor-vehicle parts and accessories____________
6.0
6.1
4.9
3.2
Aircraft. _ ______ _________________________
3.1
2.9
4.4
Aircraft parts_________________ ______________
4.0
4.6
Shipbuilding and repairing__________________
23.6
19.6
19.2
Boatbuilding and repairing___ _______________
0
0
0
Railroad eq u ip m en t_____
_______________
7.9
12.5
11.3
Instruments and related products:
Scientific instruments_________ _________ . . .
2.2
3.0
3.8
Mechanical measuring and controlling instru8.9
m ents_____________________________________
5.7
6.5
Optical instruments and lenses . _____________
0
0
0
Medical instruments and supplies_____________
9.2
8.2
6.9
Photographic equipment and supplies_________
4.1
5.9
6.3
Watches and clocks _____ ______ . . . ______ _
0
0
0
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries:
Paving and roofing materials____ _____________
0
0
0
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware. ________
4.1
10.7
9.1
Fabricated plastics products__________________
17.7
15.1
21.1
Miscellaneous m anufacturing________________
14.3
14.7
12.8
Ordnance and accessories . . . . . .
. . . . .
3.9
6.3
3.0
1 The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries
for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is any
injury occurring in the course of and arising out of employment, which
(a) results in death or any degree of permanent physical impairment, or (b)
makes the injured worker unable to perform the duties of any regularly
established job which is open and available to him throughout the hours
corresponding to his regular shift on any one or more days after the day of
injury (including Sundays, days off, or plant shutdowns). The term
“injury” includes occupational disease.
2 Rates for 1956 and 1957 have been revised on the basis of the more com­


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Annual
average

1955

1956 2

1957 2

First Fourth Third
quar­ quar­ quar­
ter
ter
ter

Sec­
ond
quar­
ter

First Fourth Third
quar­ quar­ quar­
ter
ter
ter

19562

1955

3.8
25.7
17.9
9.6
18.8
20.0
11.2
12.7
12.6

4.3
26.2
20.5
10.6
18.2
17.7
15.9
12.8
12.6

4.2
24.2
23.1
9.5
20.9
22.1
14.5
13.8
13.7

4.5
27.1
21.0
10.6
17.7
16.4
10.8
13.5
12.3

4.8
30.5
24.4
9.2
22.4
19.5
16.2
13.4
13.6

4.5
28.5
21.8
10.5
21.7
19.3
14.5
10.7
15.9

4.4
29.6
21.1
12.4
19.8
20.4
13.1
9.9
18.1

4.8
27.5
22.8
11.8
17.3
18.2
11.9
10.3
13. 3.

4.9
32.5
20.9
11.6
19.6
16.4
11.6
12.6
17.5

4.5
28.9
22.0
10.7
20.3
18.9
13.4
11.7
15.1

4.8
27.7
19.9
11.9
18.3
18.0
12.4
10.4
15.7

7.3
21.0
12.3
8.4
13.4
16.4
20.3
25.8
22.5
20.8
11.9
17. 8
18.0
14.0
19.2
12.1
13.6

5.8
15.8
16.1
7.0
15.4
16.0
22.8
16.8
27.2
17.4
10.9
16.8
19.4
9.0
15.9
10.0
13.9

6.1
15.1
16.6
6.9
10.2
13.4
23.5
16.7
25.5
23.6
10.1
17.6
19.5
13.7
16.6
11.5
14.1

8.0
16.8
18.0
8.6
13.9
15.2
22.4
19.4
23.0
22.4
10.9
20.0
19.4
6.8
18.3
12.9
14.4

7.2
17.7
17.8
9.7
12.7
18.9
23.1
15.9
24.8
26.7
11.1
25.2
20.0
12.4
17.6
15.0
12.1

6.9
11.0
18.3
9.0
16.7
14.3
22.4
17.0
23.9
21.3
10.2
15.5
17.7
10.1
15.3
13.9
12.7

5.8
14.6
16.9
10.5
15.2
15.4
20.3
14.8
24.4
22.3
11.8
22.1
18.5
12.6
17.8
13.9
11.6

7.0
15.2
15.1
10.3
16.3
15.9
20.3
12.4
22.7
22.4
11.0
16. 7
15.5
16.9
19.6
14.2
11.6

5.9
18.0
15.8
9.6
15.6
18.4
28.0
14.0
23.6
23.6
10.8
22.4
19.2
17.2
14.9
14.8
12.2

7.0
14.9
17.8
9.5
14.7
15.9
22.0
16.8
24.0
23.1
11.0
20.7
18.9
10.5
17.2
13.9
12.7

6.8
15.5
15.3
10.3
16.3
16.0
22.9
13.6
22.8
21.9
10.8
21.4
17.1
15.8
16.0
13.6
12.8

10.2

10.8

11.1

9.8

14.7

10.5

10.9

10.5

12.5

11.5

11.4

6.3
8.0
12.9
9.4
14.4
16.8
14.2
13.9
13.9

7.5
9.4
14.7
10.1
15.7
14.9
16.5
12.8
15.6

8.5
9.0
16.7
10.5
13.1
11.5
17.2
15.2
16.0

10.1
8.0
15.5
10.3
14.8
13.3
14.4
12.1
16.0

10.3
8.2
16.8
10.5
16.9
13.3
16.6
15.0
16.5

10.2
10.0
18.7
10.5
14.0
9.9
17.7
13.1
16.4

11.2
10. 1
16.7
11.0
13.6
11.0
16.6
14.6
15.9

8.9
9.3
16.1
9.9
15.1
11.5
15.1
12.9
16.1

8.9
8.6
17.1
9.9
16.4
12.8
14.0
13.4
15.5

10.4
9.1
16.9
10.6
14.7
11.8
16.3
13.7
16.2

8.7
9.5
16.5
9.8
14.8
10.2
13.9
13.8
14.7

12.0
12.3
6.1
15.6
21.9
9.1
15.7

13.6
14.0
6.3
15.3
18.1
8.1
14.5

13.6
16.7
6.9
14.2
18.7
8.3
14.5

12.5
13.0
6.2
14.2
15.5
11.4
11.9

13.6
14.0
6.2
17.3
13.1
10.8
14.0

16.6
13.9
6.8
14.8
17.0
10.3
15.2

15.3
13.3
6.9
14.4
19.1
11.1
15.3

11.4
11.9
5.7
14.9
13.3
10.9
13.4

13.6
13.7
7.0
16.5
20.2
11.6
13.7

14.5
13.5
6.5
15.1
16.2
10.9
14.1

12.4
12.8
6.4
14.4
16.2
10.3
14.0

5.6
6.5
9.4
4.3
2.6
4.8
1.6
2.3
11.3
6.1

5.9
5.7
9.6
4.8
4.0
4.5
1.5
2.4
10.3
5.6

5.9
5.0
10.6
3.8
3.3
4.2
3.1
3.0
10.9
5.0

5.5
5.7
10.3
3.4
3.2
4.8
2.4
3.2
12.7
8.3

5.7
4.7
13.7
3.4
2.6
4.6
1.9
2.1
11.6
6.4

6.3
6.1
12. 7
3.3
4.0
5.0
3.1
2.1
9.3
6.9

7.0
7.1
13.7
3.6
3.4
5.3
3.3
2.3
11.7
5.4

6.8
7.3
10.8
4.4
3.3
5.2
3.5
3.1
11.8
5.3

7.1
8.1
10.9
3.5
2.6
5.3
2.2
3.1
14.4
4.2

6.1
5.9
12.6
3.4
3.3
4.9
2.7
2.4
11.3
6.8

6.6
6.6
12.8
4.5
3.1
5.1
2.9
2.6
12.7
5.5

4.7
5.7
3.1
4.4
20.7
37.8
10.6

4.9
5.8
3.2
4.5
18.9
44.5
8.7

4.5
6.3
2.4
4.1
18.5
31.5
11.0

3.9
6.4
2.5
4.4
16.9
25.0
9.1

4.2
6.2
2.7
4.6
16.7
26.0
9.9

4.4
6.0
2.3
4.7
18.8
32.0
10.4

4.1
6.1
2.8
5.2
19.9
39.5
10.3

4.2
5.9
2.6
4.5
15.8
30.3
10.0

4.6
6.9
2.8
5.0
19.1
36.0
10.7

4.2
6.2
2.6
4.7
17.9
31.2
10.0

4.1
6.5
2.8
4.8
18.0
29.6
9.6

3.0

4.1

4.3

3.6

4.4

6.3

3.7

4.2

5.1

4.5

5.2

6.9
4.6
8.1
5.4
6.8

7.0
6.1
7.0
5.3
6.1

6.7
4.7
6.5
5.3
7.8

6.1
4.2
4.7
4.8
6.6

5.2
4.1
10.0
6.3
5.4

6.1
4.7
7.6
6.7
6.8

6.3
3.2
8.0
5.7
5.1

5.5
3.3
6.2
6.3
6.1

7.1
7.1
8.2
6.6
6.0

6.0
4.1
7.5
5.8
5.9

5.9
5.6
7.3
5.5
6.2

6.6
8.5
18.0
13.9
4.4

17.4
8.3
12.8
10.1
7.1
12.5
6.4
8.3
11.2
7.3
6.6
6.8
6.8
7.9
5.0
6.9
5.3
6.4
6.8
7.3
13.9
14.1
12.7
13.5
11.8
15.2
13.1
10.9
12.2
14.9
13.7
12,5
13.1
13.2
13.2
13.3
11.6
10.6
11.5
11.8
6.1
5.1
6.1
5.6
4.8
6.8
5.5
5.6
5.0
4.4
prehensive final annual survey for 1956. Rates for 1957 may be subject to
further revision when final annual data become available.
3 Insufficient data to warrant presentation of average.
N ote: These data are compiled in accordance with the American Stand­
ard Method of Recording and Measuring Work Injury Experience, approved
by the American Standards Association, 1954.
Information on concepts, methodology, etc., is given in Techniques of
Preparing Major BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
U. S . GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1958

New Publications Available

Order sale publications from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing
Office, Washington 25, D. C. Send check or money order, payable to the Superintendent
of Documents. Currency sent at sender’s risk. Copies may also be purchased from any of
the Bureau s regional offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.)

BLS Bull. 1202: Wages and Related Benefits, 17 Labor Markets, 1956-57
85 pp. 50 cents.
BLS Bull. 1224-1 Occupational Wage Survey, Seattle, Wash., August
1957. 15 pp. 20 cents.


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