Full text of Monthly Labor Review : January 1953, Vol. 76, No. 1
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Monthly
Labor
Review
FEB 5
«.
;
JANUARY 1953 VOL. 76 NO.
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Unions in Democratic and Soviet Germany
Backgrounds and Career Choice o f Tool and Die Makers
Unionization in Major Labor Markets
Taxes and the Consumers’ Price Index
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Martin P. Durkin, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E w an C lague,
Commissioner
A b y n e s s J oy W ic k e n s ,
Deputy Commissioner
Assistant Commissioners
H
erm an
B.
B yer
H e n r y J . F it z g e r a l d
C harles
D.
S tew art
Chief Statistician
S a m u e l W e is s
H . M . D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
W . D uane E vans, Chief, Division of Interindustry Economics
E dward D. H ollander, Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
R ichard F . J ones, Chief, Division of Administrative Services
W alter Q. K eim , Chief, Division of Field Service
P aul R. K erschbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
L awrence R . K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
D ’A lton B. M yers, Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
D avid J. S aposs, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
W alter W. Schneider , Acting Chief, Division of Construction Statistics
Oscar W eigert , Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
F aith M . W illiams, Chief, Office of Labor Economics
S eymour L . W olfbein , Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
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FEB 5
CONTENTS
1353
PUBLIC LIBRARY
Special Articles
1 Unions in Democratic and Soviet Germany
8 Backgrounds and Career Choice of Tool and Die Makers
13 The Fourteenth Annual Convention of the CIO
Summaries of Studies and Reports
18
22
26
29
32
36
39
45
47
50
1952 National Conference on Labor Legislation
Wage Formalization in Major Labor Markets, 1951-52
Extent of Unionization in Major Labor Markets, 1951-52
Union Wage Scales in the Baking Industry, 1952
Union Wage Scales in the Building Trades, 1952
Earnings of Communications Workers in October 1951
Wage Chronology No. 33: New York City Laundries, 1945-53
Recommendations on Immigration Policy
Federal and State Jurisdiction in Labor Relations
Changes in Distribution of Income, 1913-48
Technical Note
53 Taxes and the Consumers’ Price Index
Departments
hi
58
61
63
66
71
The Labor Month in Review
Recent Decisions of Interest to Labor
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Publications of Labor Interest
Current Labor Statistics (list of tables)
January 1953 • Voi. 76 • No. 1
54
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5256
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Now Available in Bulletin Form
Labor and the
Savannah River AEC Project
Reprinted from the four Monthly Labor Review articles describing
the effect upon the surrounding communities of the building of the
Savannah River atomic energy plant in South Carolina.
It discusses the problems in manpower, industrial relations, com
munity facilities, and related matters experienced in an area suddenly
subject to the traum a of a gigantic defense project.
F orty - o n e P a g e s
in
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The Labor Month
in Review
a r t in P. D u r k in , as Secretary of Labor-desig
nate, defined his objectives in the Department of
Labor. Walter P. Reuther pledged CIO support
to the Eisenhower administration. The CIO
Steelworkers challenged the constitutionality of
the national emergency 80-day injunction provi
sions of the Taft-Hartley Act. AFL president
George Meany expressed willingness to consider
amendments to the Taft-Hartley Act. AFL, CIO,
and United Mine Workers’ delegates cooperated
closely at the Rio meeting of the Western Hemi
sphere section of the International Confederation
of Free Trade Unions. A referee’s decision paved
the way for an annual improvement factor wage
increase for the Nation’s railway workers.
M
Aims of New Secretary of Labor
In a. pre-Christmas broadcast, Secretary of La
bor-designate Durkin, outlined the three main ob
jectives he will concentrate upon as a member of
the new administration. “There is still much to
be done in promoting unity on the home front,”
he declared. “I hope to accomplish something in
that direction when I take office . . .”
Chief aims enumerated by the New Secretary of
Labor were: “ (1) To strengthen the Department
of Labor so that it can be of greater service to the
Nation’s workers; (2) to improve labor-manage
ment relations by every available means so that
losses in production resulting from strife can be
reduced to a minimum; and (3) to seek agreement
on changes in the present labor-management laws
which will be acceptable to both labor and manage
ment and which will protect the public interest.”
“I know that President-elect Eisenhower will
give this program full support,” Mr. Durkin stated.
“I am equally confident that labor, business, and
congressional leaders will likewise cooperate.”
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Lloyd A. Mashburn, a California State labor
commissioner, was designated to become Under
Secretary of Labor. Mr. Mashburn has been an
official of the AFL building trades in the Los
Angeles area for a number of years.
80-Day Injunction Challenge
CIO Steelworkers’ attorneys took their appeal
against an 80-day injunction issued by Federal
District Judge John Knight of Buffalo to the
U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals in New York City,
after the U. S. Supreme Court refused to accept
jurisdiction directly. The union’s lawyers hoped
to secure a final ruling on one portion of the
Taft-Hartley Act before the expiration of the 80day period, when the issue would become moot.
The union was challenging the constitution
ality of the Taft-Hartley Act national emergency
injunctive procedure. Judge Knight had issued
the injunction requiring the 1,500 striking em
ployees of the American Locomotive Co. plant
in Dunkirk, N. Y., to return to work.
Basis of the Steelworkers’ challenge was an
argument that Congress cannot give legislative
and administrative duties to the courts; passing
on applications for 80-day injunctions, the brief
asserted, is a nonjudiciable function. It was also
pointed out by the union that only a portion of
the product of the Dunkirk plant was required by
atomic energy installations, so that the strike,
which had been in progress since August, was not,
in fact, a national emergency or a tlireat to the
Nation’s welfare.
ORIT Meeting
The United States delegation to the conference
of the In ter-American Regional Workers’ Organi
zation (ORIT), held December 12 to 18 in Rio de
Janeiro, included representation from the AFL,
CIO, and United Mine Workers. Delegates
from 28 Western Hemisphere trade-union centers
were present, in addition to J. H. Oldenbroeck,
ICFTU general secretary, and Omer Becu, gen
eral secretary, International Transport Workers’
Federation.
The conference selected new headquarters and
a new full-time secretary. ORIT headquarters
were moved from Havana to Mexico City. Luis
m
IV
LABOR MONTH IN REVIEW
Alberto Monge (Costa Rica) was elected sec
retary. Louis Colotusso (Uruguay) was named
president.
Mexico’s largest union federation, the CTM,
which failed to join ORIT 2 years ago, became
affiliated, as did the Brazilian unions. The major
Bolivian trade-union center, COB, sent observers
to the conference.
Railroads
Referee Paul N. Guthrie ruled that wagestabilization policy permits employers to arrange
“annual improvement” wage increases with their
employees. Referee Guthrie’s finding grew out of
hearings based on last year’s railway labor con
tracts. The carriers and the railroad unions
started formal public hearings before Mr. Guthrie
in New York on January 5 to negotiate “and,
failing agreement, to submit the issue at once to
the referee” as to the amount of such an annual
improvement increase to be paid.
Breaking the ranks of the Western Region car
riers, the Chicago and North Western, the Missouri-Kansas-Texas, and the Wabash lines agreed
to the union shop for their nonoperating employees.
NLRB Certifications
The National Labor Relations Board revoked
bargaining rights of a Camden, N. J. local of the
CIO Packinghouse Workers as a consequence of
the conviction of business agent Anthony Valenti
(alias Valentino) for falsely swearing to the nonCommunist oath prescribed by the Taft-Hartley
Act.
As the result of the refusal of 12 union officers
to swear before a New York grand jury that their
non-Communist affidavits, initially filed to com
ply with the Taft-Hartley Act, were in fact true,
the NLRB required that each of them must reaf
firm that they have not been Communists or
Communist sympathizers for the past 4 years. If
they failed to comply by January 12, the Board
ruled that it would decertify the 4 unions with
which the 12 men were connected. The unions
were the United Electrical Workers, the American
Communications Association, the Fur and Leather
Workers (all of which were expelled from the CIO
for following Communist Party policies), and the
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Distributive, Processing, and Office Workers
(formed by a merger of three unions likewise
expelled from the CIO).
Economic Background
Aided by pre-Christmas hiring in retail trade,
the number of nonfarm employees maintained
a record level in November 1952. The number
of employees in nonfarm industries, at 47.9
million in November, was 1 million above No
vember 1951. Manufacturing employment rose
slightly over the month to a post-World War II
peak of 16.5 million in November.
The average workweek in the Nation’s factories,
at 41.2 hours, continued at the highest level for
the season since World War II. Weekly earnings
rose slightly to a new all-time high of $70.66 in
mid-November 1952. Weekly hours declined 0.2
between October and November, whereas weekly
earnings rose by 1 cent.
Total expenditures for new construction of
$8.3 billion during the last quarter of 1952 brought
the year’s record to a new annual high of $32.3
billion. New private construction put in place
was valued at $21.8 billion in 1952, slightly more
than in 1951, and public expenditures for new
construction reached $10.5 billion during the year,
up $1.3 billion from 1951.
Only one strike during November 1952 involved
10,000 or more workers, a 1-day stoppage of AFL
technical engineers at the Atomic Energy project
in South Carolina. More man-days of idleness
resulted directly from work stoppages in 1952
than in any previous year except 1946. Approx
imately 4,950 work stoppages began in 1952,
5 percent above 1951. Man-days of idleness more
than doubled—from 22.9 million in 1951 to 55
million in 1952—largely because of the protracted
steel strike. About 3.5 million workers were
involved in work stoppages in 1952.
An 0.6-percent increase in rents from October
to November 1952, together with smaller advances
in most of the other major components, resulted
in an increase of 0.1 percent in the Consumers’
Price Index for November 15, when it stood at
191.1. The Old Series Index was reported at
191.6. The quarterly adjustment of wages of
railway workers, based on this report, was a
1-cent-an-hour wage cut.
Unions in Democratic and Soviet Germany
Contrasting Roles of Labor Organizations
Under Free and Totalitarian Systems
In a Divided Postwar Germany
T heodore Li t *
e v e l o p m e n t s within the Western and Eastern
Zones of Germany provide striking evidence of
the divergent effects of the Soviet and demo
cratic systems upon labor organization in an
area characterized by a common background and
tradition.
Available information indicates that in West
Germany (the German Federal Republic) a social
climate exists in which a strong democratic tradeunion movement flourishes and pursues its tradi
tional objectives. In the East Zone (the German
Democratic Republic), the trade-unions have
become organs of the state, whose official functions
are to spearhead productivity increases and carry
out the manpower aspects of economic plans.
Completely subservient to the Socialist Unity
(Communist) Party 1 domination, they have
abandoned virtually all genuine trade-union activ
ities, including strike actions, to become almost
indistinguishable from their model, the tradeunions in the Soviet Union.2
D
The Economic Setting
West Germany is, by far, larger and more
populous than East Germany and contains a
well-developed and highly diversified industrial
structure. Its Ruhr area alone—which over
shadows in importance all of East Germany—has
the largest coal- and steel-producing capacity on
the Continent. At the end of 1951, West Ger
many had a total labor force of almost 23 million,
including 14.6 million employed wage and salaried
workers,3 of whom 30.8 percent were women.
Since the currency reform of 1948, general
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economic reconstruction, stimulated in large
measure by Marshall Plan aid, has developed at
an impressive rate:4 the over-all production index
in December 1951 stood at 139.6 (1936=100).®
East Germany, poorer in natural resources and
less developed in heavy industry, in 1951 had an
estimated total labor force of about 8.7 million,
which included some 6.9 million wage and salaried
workers. The proportion of women among em
ployed wage and salaried earners (about 38 per
cent) was higher than in West Germany, and their
employment in heavy industry is much more
extensive. An illustration is found in the buildingtrades industry, where 40 percent of the work force
was composed of women as against 2.8 percent in
West Germany.6
The outstanding features in the East German
economy are the high degree of public ownership
(either in the form of nationalized “People’s
*Of the Bureau’s Division of Foreign Labor Conditions.
This article, in addition to West and East German source material, is based
in part upon: Labor Problems in West Germany, Office of the U. S. High
Commissioner for Germany; Collective Bargaining in Postwar Germany,
by Clark Kerr, in Industrial and Labor Relations Review, April 1952; the
Despatches prepared by HICOG, Berlin Element; and Intelligence Report
No. 546, The Status of Labor in Eastern Germany, Department of State,
Office of Intelligence Research, October 17,1951.
i The Communist Party—Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands
(SED)—was formed by a forced merger of East German Communists and
a m inority of Social-Democrats.
s For a description of Russian trade-unions, see Elements of Soviet Labor
Law, by Vladimir Gsovski, in M onthly Labor Review, March 1951 (p. 257)
and April 1951 (p.385).
s 15.5 million in September 1952.
<Popularly referred to within the country as “the German miracle.”
* In August 1952—141.0.
* The Economic Development in West Berlin and in the Soviet Zone, by
Rudolf Meimberg, West Berlin Central Bank, 1952 (p. 59). Die beschäftigten
Arbeiter, Angestellten und Beamten in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland,
Bundesministerium Für Arbeit, Bonn, 1952 (p. 11).
1
2
UNIONS IN GERMANY
Enterprises/’ or Soviet-owned plants) and the
system of all-inclusive economic planning.7 Almost
100-percent nationalization exists in power pro
duction, mining, and metallurgy. Small and
middle-sized enterprises in the consumer-goods
industries are in private hands, entirely dependent,
however, upon public authorities which control
allocation of raw materials.
The current Five Year Plan (1951-55) sets as
its goal far-reaching independence from outside
“capitalist” countries and calls for a doubling of
the 1936 level of industrial production with
emphasis on heavy industry. The plan also pro
vides for an increase of 60 percent 8 in labor pro
ductivity, and of 13 percent in the labor force,
while earnings are to be increased by only 20 per
cent. The percentage of workers receiving in
centive wages is scheduled to increase (in the
People’s Enterprises) from 62 to 83 percent of the
work force. In the spring of 1952, the volume of
industrial production was estimated at only
90 percent of 1936.9
The Political Setting
In West Germany, democratic political insti
tutions and practices exist more or less along
the lines of the Weimar tradition, and the Occu
pation has been virtually terminated; in East
Germany, there has been a steady Sovietization
of the regime within the ever-tightening grip of
the Russians.
Since the August 1949 elections, West Germany
has been governed by a coalition of three conserva
tive parties, headed by the Christian-Democratic
Union (CDU), which had received 31 percent of
the total vote. The Social-Democratic Party
(which captured 29 percent of the vote) constitutes
a persistent opposition in its advocacy of economic
planning and of greater emphasis on strictly
national interests in foreign policy. The Com
munist Party received only 6 percent of the vote.
In the Soviet-controlled zone, a National Front
has been arbitrarily set up in the People’s Chamber
composed of the Communist Party and several
“bourgeois” parties which are tolerated as a loyal
opposition. Soviet control is maintained through
the Soviet army, the East German Communist
Party, the Russian secret police, and its East
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MONTHLY LABOR
German counterpart. The German Democratic
Republic has sent hundreds of thousands to con
centration camps and to forced labor in the ura
nium mines.10
Labor Movement in West Germany
Inevitably the labor movements in two such op
posed political and economic systems will differ
radically. The West German trade-unions, al
though bearing specific Central European charac
teristics, belong to the family of western free
trade-unions.
The present strength of West German unions—with a membership of more than 6 million, or
about 42 percent of the organizable labor force—
testifies to the power of tradition which persisted
despite the complete destruction of the labor move
ment by the Nazis. Starting amidst the rubble,
building their organization from small local units,
limited in the area of collective bargaining because
of a wage freeze not completely lifted until No
vember 1948, a small determined group of veteran
unionists—with Allied encouragement—built up
the trade-union movement to the point where it is
among the most powerful in the free world. Un
like in the Weimar period, nearly all organized
labor has merged in the German Trade-Union
Federation (DGB).11 Its 16 affiliated unions,
mostly industrial and multi-industrial, contain di
versified political and religious elements.
The spontaneous re-emergence of the works
councils in the first days of the Occupation, later
given a postwar legal basis by Allied Control
Council legislation, was a parallel development.
A works council—elected representatives of all
plant workers—carries out many functions of the
7 The share of public ownership in all of industrial production in 1951 was
about 77 percent, of which 26 percent was assigned to the Soviet-owned plants.
In the spring of 1952, the Soviets announced the conversion of 66 of the Sovietowned plants into People’s Enterprises.
8 A minimum of 72 percent in the nationalized enterprises.
« Meimberg, op. cit. p. 54.
10 For details on the police state characteristics of East Germany, see:
Information Bulletin, Office of U. S. High Commissioner for Germany,
March 1950 (p. 47); Methods of Repression in Eastern Germany, Depart
ment of State, Office of Intelligence Research Report No. 5362, January
1951; Confuse and Control, Department of State Publication 4107, April
1951; and The Soviétisation of East Germany, in Free Labor World, No. 15,
September 1951 (p. 8), Monthly Journal of the International Confederation
of Free Trade Unions.
11Except for some 357,000 white-collar workers in the independent German
White-Collar Workers’ Union (DAG) and for several other smaller labor
organizations.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
UNIONS IN GERMANY
shop steward in the United States, including han
dling of grievances.12
Goals oj West German Labor. The aims of the
West German labor movement go beyond eco
nomic gains through collective bargaining. The
DGB constitution pledges activity “in all fields,”
particularly in economic, social, and cultural mat
ters. Futhermore, the Federation has emphasized
that it represents the interests of the entire work
ing class and even of the economy as a whole.
Its founding convention 13 declared for a centrally
planned economic order “free from social injustice
and economic distress,” to be achieved by the
socialization of basic industries and full labor par
ticipation in the management of smaller individual
plants and of big business. These larger social
aims are no mere rhetorical declarations for the
West German unionist. Up to the present, the
unions have not pushed the socialization issue but
have made “co-determination” (labor participa
tion in managerial-economic policy) their great
goal, to some extent at the expense of a vigorous
wage drive.14
Structure and Activities. The union movement is
well-knit, centralized, and democratic. The affili
ated unions are nation-wide in scope, subdivided
into district and local branches. Typically, the
local is not at the plant level, as in the United
States, but rather community-wide in scope. The
executive bodies are democratically elected at
conventions by delegates, themselves elected by
district and local bodies.
The most powerful union in the Federation is
the Metal Workers’ Union,18 embracing about 1.6
million workers in iron and steel, automobile,
foundries, machine shops, and electrical equip
ment. Representing about 52 percent of the work
is For an account of works-council functions, see M onthly Labor Review^
April 1948 (p. 378).
13 For details concerning the founding convention, see M onthly Labor
Review, March 1950 (p. 279).
i< For a discussion on co-determination, see M onthly Labor Review,
December 1951 (p. 649).
i» Its president was elected head of the DGB in its convention in October
1952.
1»A t the October 1952 DGB convention, the percentage of dues paid to the
Federation was lowered to 12 percent, effective April 1953.
ii In 1951,1,638,000 man-days were lost in work stoppages. Although the
number of wage and salaried workers in the United States was only 3 times
greater than in West Germany, the number of man-days lost was 13 times
greater. (HICOG Annual Labor Report for 1951, June 15,1952, p. 63.)
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3
force in its jurisdiction, it is the world’s largest
free trade-union. The Miners’ Union, with a
membership of 616,000, has organized about 96
percent of all workers in the industry. More than
600,000 white-collar workers are members of
various DGB affiliates.
Initiation fees are nominal and dues are the
equivalent of 1 hour’s pay per week, for which the
member receives financial aid during strikes as
well as other benefits. Fifteen percent of the
dues collected, plus an additional amount for a
“solidarity” fund to support labor disputes of
general importance, are paid to the Federation.19
The Federation is divided into state, county,
and local offices, whose officials are centrally
directed. Its executive board, elected by dele
gates from the national union at biennial conven
tions, includes one representative from each union.
The chief function of the national unions is
bargaining for wages and working conditions.
Negotiations to conclude a master agreement for
a large section of industry are usually conducted
on a broad regional basis by the appropriate union
and the corresponding employers’ association.
Upward modifications of the agreement are fre
quently negotiated by the works councils and
management in the individual plants. Since the
master agreements, according to German practice,
arrive at a wage scale payable by the financially
weaker employers in the association, this type of
bargaining may have tended to inhibit the rate of
increase of the wage level. Nevertheless, the
unions, following a restrained wage policy,17 be
cause of their concern over any rise in unemploy
ment and the danger of inflation, have materially
contributed to a rise in real earnings of industrial
workers somewhat above the 1938 level.
The Federation makes all basic policy decisions
on economic, political, and social issues and en
gages in activities of common interest to the
membership of the national unions, including
settlement of jurisdictional questions. Its repre
sentatives vigorously present labor’s viewpoint
before legislative and executive bodies.
Co-determination. Co-determination, so far re
moved from American “business-unionism,” has
occupied the attention of the DGB more than any
other issue. The ultimate aspiration of German
4
UNIONS IN GERMANY
labor since 1918 has been the raising of the status
of labor from a mere economic commodity (Objekt)
to a conscious policy-making group. Classical
Marxism having been largely abandoned as the
approach to this goal, postwar labor has raised the
battle cry of co-determination and now seeks not
the replacement of the propertied classes but full
and equal “partnership” in all important decisions
affecting the individual plant and the economy as
a whole. Its greatest victory was the passage of
legislation in May 1951 providing for co-determina
tion between labor and management in mining and
iron and steel producing enterprises.18 The tradeunions continued to press for a co-determination
law which would extend the practice of equal
partnership over the entire economy. After more
than a year and following a series of work stoppages
called by the DGB, the Parliament passed a law
whose provisions were both a disappointment and
rebuke to labor. The degree of labor participation
spelled out is significantly smaller than that pro
vided for in the legislation for the coal and steel
industry 19 and in many respects falls short of the
state legislation previously passed. There are
some indications that the passage of the November
1952 legislation may lead German labor to place
greater emphasis on achieving its gains through
collective bargaining rather than through legis
lation.
Trade-Union Unity. Political neutrality is a nar
row catwalk at best, and the maintenance of
harmony between the Socialist and Christian 20
groups within the unions has become an essential
requirement of trade-union unity. All things
considered, unity has endured well, though there
are occasional allegations by members of the
Christian faction that the DGB officialdom has
shown a predisposition toward the Social-Demo
cratic Party and has not equitably distributed
union jobs.21 It is doubtless true that the DGB
program is closer to that of the Social-Democrats
than to the conservative parties. The Federation
received SPD support in the co-determination
fight. Yet the unions have departed from SPD
policy in a number of important questions such
as the Ruhr Authority, Schuman Plan, cooperation
on tripartite committees, and military defense.
Communism. The DGB, although hesitant about
excluding Communists from membership, has
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MONTHLY LABOR
been carrying on a successful struggle against their
capturing important leadership positions. There
remains, however, a scattering of Communist
union officials at the regional or local levels,
particularly among miners, metal, dock, and con
struction workers. One effective technique in
dislodging Communist officials has been the
introduction of a union loyalty pledge,22 which
has resulted in numerous dismissals.
West German labor has not been equally suc
cessful in eliminating Communist influence in the
works councils, an institution traditionally more
open to infiltration than the trade-union. The
greatest Communist strength has been concen
trated in the Ruhr coal-mining area, where in
1951 they still controlled 19 percent of all workscouncil seats. Communist representation in
works councils is also present in the metal and
shipyard industries.
Labor Legislation. The German penchant for ex
tensive labor legislation has led to the restoration
and even embellishment of the impressive body
of labor law developed in the Weimar period.23
One law authorizes Government agencies, under
specified conditions, to extend collective agree
ments to employers and workers not themselves
parties to the agreement. Another law, without
precedent in German tradition and adapted from
British legislation, provides for the determination
of minimum wages and employment conditions
by management-labor committees, upon approval
of the Ministry of Labor.
Labor Organization in East Germany
In the Soviet zone, the role of labor is deter
mined not by the Free German Trade-Union
Federation (FDGB) but by the over-all policy of
13 For a detailed analysis of the law, see Monthly Labor Review, December
1951 (p. 651).
le For details, see West German General Co-determination Law, in Notes
on Labor Abroad, Bureau of Labor Statistics, December 1952 (p. 5).
20 About 80 percent of the DGB membership is Social-Democratic.
The Christian unionists are those who adhere to the basic ideology of the
Christian-Democratic Union, the dominant party in the Government
coalition.
kj 4
21 Such criticisms are contained in the brochure Oewerkschaften irn Zwidicht
(Unions in Twilight) published by the Catholic Labor Movement (KAB),
a loose association of Catholic workers, most of whom belong to the DGB.
At the October 1952 DGB convention, Matthias Foecher, ChristianDemocrat, was re-elected as one of the two vice presidents.
32 The unions have also undertaken vigorous action against neo-N azi
political groups by means of work stoppages.
33 For details, see Monthly Labor Review, December 1950 (p. 668), and
Notes on Labor Abroad, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 1952 (p. 2).
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
UNIONS IN GERMANY
the Soviet Union which is directed at the eco
nomic, political, and military absorption of the area
in the Russian orbit.24 The importance of East
Germany (which includes the most highly skilled
working force in the satellite belt) to Russian
plans is indicated in the startling telegram sent by
Stalin to the head of the newly founded German
Republic: “The biggest sacrifices [in the recent
war] were borne by the German and Soviet
peoples [who] possess the greatest potentialities
in Europe for accomplishing great actions of world
importance.” In East Germany, the groundwork
for these not as yet fully revealed “great actions”
is the current Five Year Plan, which at once sets
the stage and furnishes the role for the FDGB.
Government and Union Role in the Plan. The
technique behind fulfilling the labor aspects of the
Plan consists of Government manipulation of
wages and the assignment to the trade-union
apparatus of the double task of pushing the pro
ductivity drives and “enlightening” the workers.
Government wage policy was enunciated by the
head of the Communist Party in an address to
the third FDGB convention in August 1950:
(1) The setting of “appropriate” wages is a means
of labor allocation whereby workers will shift to
the important plants in the People’s Enterprises;
(2) incentive wages motivate the worker to in
crease his productivity; (3) wide wage differentials
among levels of skills stimulate workers to increase
their skills. The East German workers have
reacted with the only weapons thus far avail*4 See study Eiv Blick hinter den “Eisernen Vorhang" (p. 11), prepared by
an outstanding West German labor leader, Hans Jahn. The material con
tained in the brochure was assembled by Mr. Jahn for a planned (but unde
livered) report to the delegates to the second IC FTU convention in Milan,
July 1951.
18 Intelligence Report No. 546, The Status of Labor in Eastern Germany,
Department of State, Office of Intelligence Research, October 17,1951 (p. 7).
s* See Einiges über innergewerkschaftliche Demokratie, by Harry Krebs, in
Die Arbeit (official organ of the FDGB). No. 7, July 1951, and The Sovietisation of Eastern Germany, in Free Labor World, No. 16, October 1951
(p. 8), Monthly Journal of the International Confederation of Free Trade
Unions.
17 Introduced in 1948 in private and nationalized plants to replace the
works councils which had offered some resistance to the speed-up. In the
private enterprises, the BGL still negotiates plant agreements with plant
management on the basis of agreements concluded between the industrial
unions and the Chambers of Industry, of Commerce, and of Handicraft in
which labor is represented. Co-determination is at present encouraged
only in the private plants as a means of controlling the employer.
ss Die rechtliche und soziale Lage der Arbeitnehmer in der Sowjetzore und in
Ostberlin, by Gerhard Haas (p. 18), published by the Bundesministerium für
gesamtdeutsche Fragen, Bonn, 1951.
Tribüne, organ of the FDGB, August 1, 1952.
234826-
53 -
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5
able to them—unwilling resignation or sporadic
resistance.25
Free German Trade-Union Federation. The highly
centralized FDGB, with 5 million members organ
ized in 20 unions, is typical of the Soviet-type
union movement. Membership, ostensibly vol
untary, is in reality based on unremitting pressure
upon the worker to join. Membership also carries
such advantages as cheaper rates in rest homes.
Elections are manipulated by the Party-bound
union officials, and candidates for office as a rule
require prior approval by the next higher union
echelon. In many cases, elected officials have
been removed by Party order.26
The supreme executive body is the Federation
executive board, composed of 103 members elected
at a convention held every 3 years. It announces
general policy and determines and checks on the
functions of the affiliated unions. The day-today operations are carried on by a secretariat
composed of 9 members, including the Federation
president. Responsible to the secretariat are 17
Federation departments such as OrganizationInstruction, Trade-Union Agitation, and Finance.
For greater control over the affiliated unions, a
praesidium has recently been formed, consisting
of the secretariat and the presidents of the more
important unions. Federation executive boards
are also elected in each of the newly created admin
istrative-political districts (Bezirke) of the German
Democratic Republic.
The constituent unions, subordinate to the Fed
eration executive board, range in geographic sub
divisions from the national office to the individual
plant. At a convention of elected delegates held
every 4 years, a central board is elected which in
turn elects one of its members as union president.
The plant level of organization is extremely
important because it is there that the productivity
drives and “enlightenment” campaigns take con
crete form. In each plant, shop union com
mittees (BGL)27 are formed, constitutionally by
election but often by appointment from above.28
For some very large enterprises with over 20,000
employees, a central union committee has been
formed for more unified control.
The role of the Communist Party in union
affairs is all-pervasive. In a recent speech,29
6
UNIONS IN GERMANY
the FDGB president, Herbert Warnke, stated:
“We acknowledge the leading role of the Socialist
Unity Party . . . The trade-unions set for them
selves the goal of helping the Party win the entire
working class for the building of socialism . . .
The trade-unions are schools for socialism.” 30
Soviet-Type Collective Agreements. The true nature
of the trade-unions and of the working conditions
of the East Zone wage earners can best be seen
in the Soviet-type collective agreements whose
introduction in 1951 in the nationalized and
Soviet-owned plants created a crisis in industrial
relations. The detailed incorporation into the
agreements of the most odious aspects of the speed
up system in conjunction with new provisions
which actually worsened conditions led to short
lived but widespread opposition among the work
ers. This unexpected resistance in turn prompted
a sharp rebuke by the Communist Party to the
trade-union officialdom. Subsequent “self-criti
cism” served only to complete the melancholy
picture of Soviet exploitation.
The collective agreements are of two parts: (1) a
framework agreement for a branch of industry
concluded by the appropriate economic ministry
and the central board of the industrial union; (2) a
plant agreement, based on the framework agree
ment, concluded by the plant management and
the shop union committees; this supposedly follows
“thorough discussion” with the plant personnel.
The basis for both types of agreement was a
“model” framework agreement constructed by the
FDGB executive board and the Labor Ministry.31
The agreements are geared to both the industry
and the individual plant relationship to the over
all economic plan. The plant directors obligate
themselves to create the necessary conditions for
smooth production, establish technical work
norms, and classify the plant workers according to
eight basic work categories. The unions under
take to organize “competitions,” cooperate in
the setting of norms, and “explain” to the workers
the necessity of labor discipline. The agreements
are all-embracing to the extent that even the
workers (individually or by department) “volun
tarily” pledge themselves in precise detail and
with deadline dates to meet production commit
ments. Purely political issues are also included,
as in the following case of a railroad worker: “I
pledge myself to work with all my strength for the
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MONTHLY LABOR
conclusion of a peace treaty and the withdrawal
of all Occupation troops in 1951. I pledge myself
to form a correspondence circle and discuss [this]
with West German fellow-unionists in a regular
exchange of letters.”
Wage rates are not included in the agreements,
for, as explained by a leading union functionary,
“it is most important that the workers be made to
realize that the determination and development
of wages are no longer subject to collective bar
gaining but are to be set by the appropriate
Government bodies within the context of the
Plan.” 32
Provisions on Labor Productivity. Included in the
agreements, however, are all the ramifications of
the Soviet speed-up system: “Socialist competi
tion” within one plant and between plants;
establishment of new work norms by the best and
most qualified workers instead of the average
workers; organization of the work force into
brigades to be paid as a group; a special bonus
payment to a “brigadier” if the production of
“his” work brigade exceeds its norm.
Refinements in the speed-up system have been
introduced.33 For example, any individual worker
who introduces an improvement raising the pro
duction norm is himself permitted to work at the
previous norm for 4 months. This differential is
designated by the East German workers as traitor’s
pay (Judaslohn). Should a worker be unable to
fulfill his norm “through his own fault,” he is paid
only the worth of the product, or its value as
estimated by the goods-control inspectors. (Pre
viously, the worker was at least assured of re
ceiving his basic hourly wage.) Workers promoted
30 For a striking parallel with official Soviet utterances in this connection,
see Elements of Soviet Labor Law, by Vladimir Gsovski, in Monthly Labor
Review, March 1951 (p. 257), and April 1951 (p. 385).
31 For examples of a “model” framework agreement for a branch of industry
see: Muster eines Pahmenkollektivvertrages als Grundlage für den Abschluss von
Kollektivverträgen in der volkseigenen und ihr gleichgestellten Wirtschaft für die
Zweige der Industrie, des Verkehrs, des Handels und der Landwirtschaft, in
Gesetzblatt der deutschen Demokratischen Pepublik, No. 35, March 3, 1951 (p.
203), and No. 64, May 27,1952 (p. 385). For an example of a plant agreement,
see Betriebskollektivvertrag des Stahl- und Walzwerkes Piesa VEB , in Sonder
beilage Zweites Juniheft N r. 1211951, Arbeit und Sozialfürsorge, Organ Des
Ministeriums Für Arbeit Der Deutschen Demokratischen Pepublik.
32 Article by Rudolph Kirchner in Neues Deutschland (organ of the Com
munist Party), January 14,1951.
83 Incorporated in many instances in East German labor legislation. See
for example: Verordnung über die Wahrung der Rechte der Werktätigen und
über die Pegelung der Entlohnung der Arbeiter und Angestellten, Vom 20 M ai
1952 and Pichtlinien zur Ausarbeitung und Einführung technisch begründeter
Arbeitsnormen in den volkseigenen und ihnen gleichgestellten Betrieben, Vom 20
M ai 1952, Gesetzblatt der Deutschen Demokratischen Pepublik, No. 64, May 27,
1952 (p. 377 and p. 401).
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
UNIONS IN GERMANY
to a higher wage category must perform satis
factorily for 3 months before receiving the pay
increase, whereas those transferred to a lower
category receive a pay cut after 2 weeks.
The lot of the worker was made more difficult
by a general decrease in bonuses for overtime,
night, and Sunday work. Moreover, the piecerate worker, during any interruption in production,
receives only 90 percent of the hourly rates.
Previously he was entitled to the average of his
normal pay. In addition, the number of paid
leave days for such occasions as marriage was
decreased.
In attempting to put through the plant agree
ments, the regime was met with a spontaneous
and open resistance which, under the conditions
obtaining in the East Zone, testifies to the des
peration and courage of the workers. In many
plants, the workers unanimously rejected the
agreements in protest meetings; in others, large
numbers demonstratively absented themselves.
The arrest of four protesting miners at the Wismuth uranium mines led to riots involving 3,000
miners which resulted in the death of one member
of the People’s Police and injuries to 28 others of
of the police.34 In the Leuna Chemical Works,
employing 28,000, the rejection of the agreement
led to such violence that the People’s Police and
the Soviet military were called in. According to
one West German estimate,. 2,700 workers had
been arrested within a short period.35 In time,
active resistance was worn down and often took
34
Intelligence Report No. 546, The Status of Labor in Eastern Germany,
Department of State, Office of Intelligence Research, October 17,1951 (p. 8).
ss Die Kollektivverträge als System der Ausbeutung in der Sowjetzone, Vorstand
der SPD, Bonn (p. 6).
3®Neues Deutschland, October 14,1951.
3? Tribüne, August 1, 1952.
38 Commenting on conditions in East Germany, Hans Jahn in Ein Blick
hinter den “Eisernen Vorhang" (p. 48) points out that underground work in
mines by women had been reintroduced in 1950, a practice legally forbidden
by the Kaiserreich as far back as 1892.
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7
the form of abstaining from voting. In one plant
of 200 workers, 5 voted for the agreement and the
rest abstained. The agreement was nevertheless
pronounced in effect. In the ‘‘self-criticism” that
followed, it was admitted that the union machine
had become overly bureaucratic and had so
strongly identified itself with management in
terests that “there are innumerable factories
where the union functionaries appear as the pro
longed arm of the management . . . slinking
through the plant like terrified orphans, anxious
not to make trouble and therefore, with complete
justification, not taken seriously by the workers.” 30
A union campaign of “solicitude for the daily
needs of the masses” was started. Its genuineness
is revealed in a speech by the FDGB president at
the Chemnitz Conference in July 1951. In call
ing for “solicitude” for the worker, whose day-today needs should be the center of trade-union
activity, Mr. Warnke pointed out that unions can
most effectively manifest this solicitude by “bend
ing every effort . . . to raise labor productivity.”
Within recent months, increased emphasis—at
least, in speeches and resolutions—has again been
placed upon such day-to-day concerns of the work
ers as safety codes, social insurance, vacation
services, and factory noon meals.
The cause of the “solicitude” for the daily in
terests of the workers may be found in the main
report of the tenth convention of the FDGB execu
tive board in August 1952:37 “We are creating a
genuine People’s Army from the ranks of our best
workers. As trade-unionists, we support fully
the building of a strong People’s Army, equipped
with the most modern weapons, which would
effectively discourage the ejected monopolists and
Junkers and their big brother, the American bank
ers and munition manufacturers, from encroaching
upon the achievements 38 of our German Demo
cratic Republic.”
Backgrounds and
Career Choice of
Tool and Die Makers
S ol S w er d lo fp
and
A braham B l u es t o n e *
amount of mobility that was shown by different
members of the occupation and also in obtaining
a picture of the kinds of persons that enter the
occupation.
A knowledge of how and why tool and die
makers enter the occupation, from what groups
of the population they usually come, and how
desirable they regard the trade as a career is
important in developing the Nation’s manpower
resources for defense mobilization. Such informa
tion can assist in evaluating the effectiveness of
possible recruiting programs and in assessing the
extent and efficacy of vocational guidance. More
over, data on the age distribution in the occupa
tion are vital in determining the future replacement
needs for tool and die makers.
Personal Characteristics
n o t e .— This article is the second in a
series discussing the findings of a recent study of
the Bureau of Labor Statistics on the mobility of
tool and die makers. The first article 1 examined
the extent and kinds of job changes made by 1,712
tool and die makers. These men, who were
selected from the payrolls of SI 5 metalworking
plants, were personally interviewed in their homes
concerning their work histories for the 11 years
between 191+0 and 1951. Their personal charac
teristics, family backgrounds, and the influences
which aifected their entry into this occupation are
described in this article. How these workers were
trained, and how their working lives were affected
by the kind of training they received will be dis
cussed in a subsequent issue of the Monthly Labor
Review.
E d it o r ’s
K n o w l e d g e o f th e p erson al ch a ra c teristics o f th e
w ork ers in an o cc u p a tio n an d th e in flu en ces w h ich
le d th e m to se le c t th a t p articu lar trad e are im
p o r ta n t in u n d er sta n d in g th e sign ifican ce o f th e
m o b ility p a tte r n s fo u n d in th e o cc u p a tio n an d in
estim a tin g th e fu tu re su p p ly o f train ed w orkers.
In the Bureau’s broad survey of tool and die
makers, information was obtained on their age,
education, marital and dependency status, family
background, the influences that led them to choose
tool and die making as a career, and the means by
which they entered the occupation. This infor
mation was analyzed to aid in interpreting the
8
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Age. Tool and die makers are somewhat older
than the male civilian labor force as a whole.
(See chart 1.) The median age of the tool and
die makers interviewed was 44, about the same
as for all skilled workers.2 Because this occupation
requires a long training period and because many
of the workers who have entered the occupation in
the last few years were World War II veterans
and therefore older than the usual apprentices,
only a small number of tool and die makers (less
than 1 percent) were below the age of 25. Slightly
less than 20 percent were between the ages of 55
and 64, and about 5 percent were 65 years or
older; 6 persons included in the survey were 70
years or older. About one-quarter of the workers
were in each of the age groups 25-34, 35-44, and
45-54. The machine-tool accessories and electri
cal-machinery industries were found to have tool
and die makers somewhat younger than average,
whereas those employed in the motor-vehicle and
non-electrical-machinery industries were some
what older.
The estimated number of tool and die makers
who will be needed to replace those leaving the
labor force because of death or retirement is one
of the most important elements in determining
*Of the Bureau’s Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics.
J See the Mobility of Tool and Die Makers, Monthly Labor Review,
December 1952. The full report is issued as Bureau of Labor Statistics
Bulletin No. 1120.
* See, for example, Patterns of Mobility of Skilled Workers and Factors
Affecting Their Occupational Choice, Six Cities, 1940-51, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Industrial Relations Section, Cambridge, Mass.,
February 1, 1952.
9
TOOL AND DIE MAKERS
Chart 1— Comparison of Tool and Die Makers and Total M ale Labor Force, by A g e , 1940-51
P ER C EN T OF W O R K E R S IN EACH A G E G R O U P
U. S. Mais Labor Fores
Tool and Dio Makers
14-19
20-24
25-34
35-44
AGE G R O U P S
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
the number of tool and die makers who must be
trained. The data obtained from the survey on
the age distribution of tool and die makers can be
used to make such estimates by applying specific
death and retirement rates 3 to each age group in
the tool-and-die-maker work force (estimated at
100,000 in early 1952). On the basis of such
computations, nearly 11,000 workers will be
needed to replace those tool and die makers who
can be expected to die or retire in the next 5 years;
for the next 10 years, a similar estimate is 23,000
replacements. Since the age level of the tool and
die makers varies among the employing industries,
the problems of replacing older workers will be
more urgent for some large employers of tool and
die makers than for others.
* See Tables of Working Life, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics Bulletin No. 1001.
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45-54
55-64
65 and
Over
Sourcet In fo rm a tio n on U. S. m ale la b o r fo rce
fro m U. S. B u re a u of the C e n su s.
Age is also an important factor in evaluating the
liability of members of the craft to military service.
In this respect, if Selective Service deferment
policies in the future are similar to those of World
War II, the tool-and-die-maker occupation will not
be particularly vulnerable to losses to the Armed
Forces. As indicated above, a smaller proportion
of the workers in the trade are in age groups subject
to Selective Service calls than in the male popula
tion as a whole.
Dependency, Marital, and Veteran Status. About
nine-tenths of the tool and die makers were mar
ried and 7 out of 10 had dependents other than
their wives. The percent of tool and die makers
who were veterans was considerably smaller than
that of all males in the United States. Among the
tool and die makers interviewed, 17.4 percent
reported themselves as veterans of World War II,
10
TOOL AND DIE MAKERS
compared, with about a third of the employed men
in the United States who are veterans. The per
centage of the workers in the survey who served
in the Armed Forces was not only small, but also
half of the veterans reported that they became
tool and die makers after they returned from
military service. Nonveterans who were 26 years
of age or younger and without dependent children
constituted only about 1 percent of the workers
interviewed. In addition to deferments because
of age and dependency status, it is likely that many
tool and die makers would receive occupational
deferments because of the key importance of their
work.
Education. About two-fifths of the tool and die
makers were high-school graduates. Six percent
had some additional academic training beyond
high school, and about 29 percent had 8 or fewer
years of schooling. The distribution of tool and
die makers by educational level showed a much
greater concentration about the median than was
true of the United States male population.
Although 63.5 percent of the tool and die makers
had completed from 9 to 12 years ot schooling,
only 34.4 percent of the United States male popula
tion over 25 was in that group.4 On the other
hand, 1.3 percent of the tool and die makers had
completed 0-4 years of schooling and 5.9 percent
had some college, as compared with 12.1 percent
and 13.8 percent, respectively, for the total male
population.
Reflecting the rising educational level of the
Nation, younger tool and die makers had more
schooling than the older men. The percentage of
workers interviewed who had completed high
school was twice as high for those under 45 as for
those 45 years or older. The educational back
ground of those tool and die makers who had served
apprenticeships did not differ materially from those
who had not.
Nativity. More than a fourth of the tool and die
makers interviewed were foreign-born. In the
past, the United States has been able to count on
immigration of workers trained in their craft in
the Old World to supplement domestic training
of tool and die makers. However, foreign-born
tool and die makers (many of whom were trained
abroad) have become a diminishing source of new
workers in this skilled occupation. Nearly half of
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MONTHLY LABOR
the tool and die makers in the survey who were 45
years of age or older were foreign-born, but less
than 10 percent of those under 45 were born out
side the United States.
The proportion of foreign-born tool and die
makers differed among the industries and among
cities of employment. Detroit had the highest
proportion, with 36.3 percent foreign-born; Chi
cago followed with 30.4 percent. The lowest
percentages were in Hartford and Los Angeles
where less than a sixth of each city’s total re
spondents were born abroad. The distribution of
foreign-born tool and die makers by industry
followed the city pattern, with the highest propor
tion in the motor-vehicle and machine-tool-acces
sories industries, both of which are concentrated in
Detroit; and the lowest proportion in the aircraft
industry, which in the study was represented by
tool and die makers in Los Angeles and Hartford.
Farm and Nonfarm Upbringing. About a sixth of
all the tool and die makers were raised on farms.
As can be expected from the general shift of the
United States population to urban areas, the pro
portion of tool and die makers with farm back
grounds has been decreasing. Of the tool and die
makers under 45, about 11 percent were raised on
farms, whereas the percentage for those 45 years
of age or older was twice as high. From the trends
indicated by the decrease in foreign-born tool and
die makers and by the farm-to-city migration, it
appears that new workers entering this occupation
in recent years have been coming principally from
the cities and towns of the United States.
Occupational Choice and Method of Entry
Each worker was asked to identify the influences
leading him to the occupation of tool and die
maker. About three-quarters of them explained
fairly definitely why they entered the trade. (See
chart 2). The answers given by the remaining
workers indicated that they had just drifted into
tool and die making.
Job Aptitude or Interest. Of the 1,287 who could
give definite reasons, 621 said they became tool
and die makers because they were mechanically
4 Source: 1950 Census of Population, Preliminary Report, Series PC -T ,
No. 6, May 13, 1952, Educational attainment of the population 25 years old
and over for the United States: 1950.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
TOOL AND DIE MAKERS
11
Chart 2— Reasons For Entering Tool and Die Making Trade/ 1940-51
PERCENT OF W O R K ER S G IV IN G S P E C IF IC REA SO N S
FOR EN TERIN G TRADE
M e ch a n ica lly
in clin e d
In flu e n ce d by
f a m ily or fr ie n d s
Econom ic
C o n sid e ra tio n s
O p p o rtu n ity o ffe re d
fo r a p p re n tic e s h ip
o r o th e r t r a in in g
M is c e lla n e o u s
reaso n s
N o S p e c ific re a so n
g iv e n fo r e n te rin g
O ccu p ation
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
inclined. They entered the trade because they
liked to work with machinery, wanted to work
with their hands, or “felt I could really do that
kind of a job.” This group, therefore, includes
men who indicated that either job interest or
aptitude led them into tool and die making.
Family Influence. The second largest group com
prised 384 tool and die makers who reported that
members of their families or friends had induced
them to go into tool and die making. This group
included two types of men: those who reported
that the example or persuasion of some person
close to them influenced them to enter the trade;
and those whose relatives or friends were instrumen
tal mainly in finding them job openings rather than
in guiding their choice of a career. No attempt
was made to separate statistically the two kinds
of answers. It was felt that the detail obtained
from the questionnaire did not permit any precise
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evaluation of the intensity or impact of the influ
ence exerted by the persons named by the respond
ent. Following are examples of the type of com
ment made: “My father wanted me to learn the
trade and got me into the apprenticeship pro
gram.” “This trade has always been in my
family so I took it up too.” “My brother was
working a t ----- , and he told me there was going
to be an apprenticeship opening there.”
Economic Considerations. One-sixth of the men
reported entering the trade for reasons grouped
together as “economic considerations.” Included
in this heading are men who said they wanted to
earn higher wages and those who wanted to
“better themselves,” or saw the occupation as
“a chance for improvement.” This category and
another, “opportunity offered for apprenticeship
or other training,” may be regarded as including
those men who entered the occupation because of
12
TOOL AND DIE MAKERS
a desire for higher social or economic betterment.
The categories do not indicate specific reasons for
entering tool and die making as opposed to other
skilled trades; they do, however, indicate that the
respondents made some positive effort to improve
themselves—that alternative courses of action
were, to some degree, weighed. These men are
thus distinguished from the 128 who apparently
just drifted into the occupation. The latter group
did not actively seek training but had the good
fortune to be assigned jobs at which they eventu
ally learned a skilled trade.
Family Backgrounds. Although neither age, edu
cational level, nativity, or farm or nonfarm up
bringing appeared to affect the distribution of
reasons for entering the occupation, family back
ground played an important role. Less than
one-quarter of all the tool and die makers said
that the influence of family or friends led them to
select this occupation. However, about half of
those whose fathers were in skilled metalworking
occupations and 70 percent of those whose fathers
were tool and die makers reported that they had
entered the trade for that reason.
In all, one-third of the tool and die makers
reported other members of their families were or
had been in the trade. Somewhat more than 10
percent of the workers reported that their fathers
were tool and die makers and about 15 percent
reported that their brothers were tool and die
makers. Some had other relatives in the trade.
The proportion whose fathers also were in the
trade or in related metalworking occupations was
highest for the tool and die makers in the youngest
age groups. Slightly over a fourth of the tool and
die makers under 45 years of age had fathers
whose usual or longest job was either tool and die
maker, machinist, or maintenance mechanic. In
contrast, only about one-sixth of the tool and die
makers 45 years of age or older had fathers who
worked in these occupations. This finding is not
unexpected because all the metalworking trades
grew rapidly since the turn of the century.
Occupation of First Job. More than half the
tool and die makers began their working lives in
the metalworking field. The proportion of new
workers who did so has increased steadily in the
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past 50 years as would be expected from the rapid
increase of metalworking during this period. Of
the 1,135 men interviewed who had served ap
prenticeships, about two-thirds started their
working careers in metalworking occupations, and
over half became apprentices immediately on
leaving school. In contrast, only two-fifths of
the men who did not serve apprenticeships started
off in metalworking. It thus appears that a great
many men—especially those who were not ap
prentice-trained—shift into tool and die making
after some time spent in unrelated work. To some
extent this occurrence may be regarded as “shop
ping around” and adjustment to the actual re
quirements and opportunities offered in the labor
market when they entered it. However, much of
the delay in entering the occupation represents
lost time which could be reduced by more exten
sive and effective vocational guidance in the
schools, other guidance centers, and the home.
Opinions of the Occupation as a Career
Each man interviewed was asked to express his
opinion of the occupation as a career for young
men. About one-fifth said they definitely would
not recommend it. More than three-fifths rec
ommended it completely; and the remainder rec
ommended it with such reservations as: “I t ’s good
if a fellow can’t get a college education.” “Yes,
but it’s dirty.” “A good trade, but can’t make
much money at it.”
In general, the opinions did not vary with age,
education, or other factors. However, a higher
proportion of the men who had given definite
reasons for entering the trade had favorable
opinions of the occupation. In fact, the propor
tion having unfavorable opinions was twice as
high among those men who just drifted into the
occupation or who could give no specific reason
for selecting the trade.
To the extent that the recommendations given
by these tool and die makers may be interpreted
as indications of the high degree to which they
are satisfied with their work, it appears that
proper vocational guidance and positive choice on
the part of the individual play a large role in
obtaining well-adjusted workers in the modern
industrial society.
The Fourteenth
Annual Convention
of the CIO
H. M . D o u ty *
f o u r t e e n t h constitutional convention of
the Congress of Industrial Organizations met in
Atlantic City, N. J., December 1-4, 1952. Origi
nally scheduled to open in Los Angeles on Novem
ber 17, the convention was postponed, and its
location changed, as a result of the sudden death,
on November 9, of Philip Murray, who had been
its president and unchallenged leader since 1940.
The death of Mr. Murray presented the con
vention with a crisis of leadership and, to a lesser
but related extent, with a constitutional crisis.
In addition, the convention faced a host of policy
issues on which decision was required for the
guidance of the organization in the year ahead.
These issues related broadly to domestic economic
policy, international relations, labor unity, politi
cal action, and civil rights. The consequences
for labor of the impending transfer of national
political power to the Republican Party were
widely speculated upon by the delegates.
T he
Leadership and Constitutional Changes
Although the final item on the agenda, the
question of a successor to Mr. Murray over
shadowed all other issues at the convention.
Persistent efforts had been made to reach agree
ment on a new president prior to the convention
and these efforts were continued, unsuccessfully,
while the convention was in session. Substantial
preconvention support had developed for Allan
S. Haywood, executive vice president of the na
tional CIO, and for Walter P. Reuther, president
of the powerful United Automobile Workers.
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The differences that separated the supporters
of the two candidates were not basically ideologi
cal; they arose in large part out of organizational
and personal loyalties. Underlying considerations
of dynamism probably were also present, how
ever. Mr. Reuther, the younger of the two
candidates, was better known than Mr. Haywood
for the formulation of policies that have tended
to broaden the scope of union action.
In the first convention roll call in the history
of the CIO, Mr. Reuther received about 54
percent of the total vote based on the membership
assigned to the affiliated unions. In addition to
the United Automobile Workers, Mr. Reuther’s
support included unions in clothing, electrical
manufacturing, maritime, oil, rubber, and tex
tiles. Aside from the United Steelworkers and
the unions in communications and meatpacking,
Mr. Haywood drew his support primarily from
19 smaller international unions, from State and
local industrial union councils, and from local
unions directly affiliated with the CIO.
At the conclusion of the presidential election,
Mr. Haywood, in a move calculated to preserve
unity in the organization, was unanimously
reelected to the strengthened post of executive
vice president. James B. Carey was reelected
secretary-treasurer. The only change among the
8 vice presidents was the election of James
Thimmes of the United Steelworkers to fill the
vacancy created by the elevation of Mr. Reuther
to the presidency.
Preceding the election of officers, the committee
on constitution recommended, and the convention
adopted, a number of changes in the CIO con
stitution. The position of executive vice presi
dent 1 was made elective and his duties were
defined as follows:
The Executive Vice President, under the super
vision of the President, shall be Director of Organiza
tion and Councils, shall direct the organizational and
field staff, and shall perform such other duties as the
President may assign.
In case of and during the President’s absence or
incapacity the Executive Vice President shall assume
the powers and duties of the President.
In view of the provision for an elected executive
•Of the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations.
1 This position was created at the 1951 convention with the provision that
an executive vice president should be designated by the president, subject
to the approval of the executive board, from among the 9 vice presidents.
13
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CIO CONVENTION
vice president, the number of vice presidents was
reduced from 9 to 8. The constitution was also
amended to provide for bimonthly meetings of
the vice presidents and executive officers, acting
as an executive committee, “to counsel and advise
with the President on policy matters.” 2 More
over, provision was made for quarterly (instead
of “at least two regular”) meetings of the execu
tive board, which is the most broadly representa
tive and the authoritative CIO body functioning
between conventions.3
The conjuncture of these constitutional changes
with the change in leadership was not accidental.
At least one immediate purpose of the amendment
relating to the office of the executive vice president
was to minimize the staff dislocation that might
occur with a new regime. Of greater intrinsic
significance is the authority provided by the
amendment for the executive vice president to
assume the powers and duties of the president in
the latter’s absence or incapacity. The amended
constitution also provides for more regular policy
consultation among the officers. Finally, the
provision for quarterly meetings of the executive
board is calculated to give the smaller international
unions a greater opportunity to exert influence at
the national CIO level.
Economic Policy and Collective Bargaining
In an action foreshadowed by the recommenda
tions in the Annual Report prepared by the late
President Murray, the convention, in its resolu
tion on inflation, urged that wage controls be
suspended. It favored the retention of “rent
control and selective controls on the prices of
those raw materials still affected by defense
production pressures . . . until those pressures
subside.” At the same time, the Congress was
urged to enact standby legislation to permit com
prehensive anti-inflation controls to be put into
effect whenever inflationary pressures warrant.
The resolution pointed to the existence during the
past year of a “precarious balance” in the national
economy, with some contradictory tendencies; to
the inadequacies of the economic control pro* The constitution had contained no provision for regular meetings of the
executive officers and vice presidents.
3 The executive board is composed of the president, executive vice presi
dent, secretary-treasurer, the eight vice presidents, and one representative
of each international union and organizing committee.
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MONTHLY LABOR
visions of the Defense Production Act; and to the
possibility of a quick and sharp renewal of general
inflationary pressures in the event of fresh
Communist aggression.
In addition to reaffirming the determination of
the CIO to achieve continued improvement of
standards of wages, hours, and working conditions
through collective bargaining, the convention
offered support to “the efforts of its member
unions to negotiate guaranteed annual wage
agreements.” It called upon “representatives of
management to recognize their responsibility not
merely to study this subject but to enter into
concrete plans for guaranteeing workers this
essential form of security without further delay.”
Mr. Murray’s report to the convention pointed
to the guaranteed annual wage as a major CIO
objective, and Mr. Reuther, in his presidential
acceptance speech, laid considerable stress on
this issue.
Foreign Policy
In a long resolution on foreign policy, the
convention emphasized CIO “determination to
continue the struggle for the establishment and
maintenance of an enduring peace and of democ
racy throughout the world.” It expressed com
plete opposition to Communist subversion and
aggression. In the struggle against the Communist
conspiracy, the convention stated that, in addition
to the building of adequate military strength,
“we must understand and guide along democratic
paths the revolutionary and progressive ferment
which is stirring two-thirds of the world’s popu
lation—the under-privileged two-thirds who are
hungry, ill, and oppressed.” Moreover, “appease
ment of Franco, Peron, or any other dictator” was
opposed.
Support for the United Nations and the mutual
security program was reaffirmed. The convention
urged that the military-aid program have regard
for the importance of maintaining economic sta
bility and progress in Western Europe and in
other areas of the world where the Mutual Secu
rity Agency functions. The convention felt that
the Point Four program should be speeded up and
broadened in scope, with provision for grants, in
the form of capital and equipment, to underde
veloped countries.
The convention, among other actions relating to
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
CIO CONVENTION
Europe, endorsed measures for economic integra
tion, such as the Schuman Plan; expressed con
tinued support of the North Atlantic Treaty Organ
ization; urged United States assistance in dealing
with surplus population problems in particular
European areas; and suggested that the United
States resume normal relations with Austria, de
spite Russian obstruction. Japan was welcomed
back to the community of free nations and support
was expressed for the Japanese trade-union move
ment. Allocations of economic aid to Latin
America were attacked as insufficient. Support
was pledged to the free trade-unions of Latin
America, and complete opposition was expressed
to the newly formed Peronist organization, the
Latin-American Unionized Workers Association.
Participation by the CIO in the Organization
Regional In ter-Americana de Trabajadores, the
regional organization of the International Con
federation of Free Trade Unions, was endorsed.4
The progress of the latter organization was praised,
and CIO affiliates were urged to contribute to a
special fund for ICFTU work in areas where tradeunions either do not exist or have been subverted
from their original purposes.
Labor Unity
With changed leadership in both the CIO and
the American Federation of Labor, a fresh ap
proach to the difficult question of labor unity
may be possible. On November 25, after his
selection by the AFL executive council to succeed
the late William Green as AFL president, George
Meany urged a resumption of unity negotiations
between the two major labor federations. Mr.
Meany’s appeal was couched in terms of organic
unity based upon full and free negotiations be
tween the two federations.
Many references to labor unity were made at the
CIO convention. Retiring Secretary of Labor
Maurice J. Tobin suggested that “ the first steps
toward labor unity can well be taken in the months
that lie immediately ahead.” Senator Wayne
Morse, in addressing the convention, called the
achievement of unity a “ challenge to labor states
manship.” The convention, in a resolution on the
subject, expressed the “ hope and belief that organic
unity will be achieved through a spirit of coopera
tion, responsibility, and sincerity in the relation
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15
ship of all democratic free American trade-union
organizations.” It authorized the officers of the
CIO, through the appointment of an appropriate
committee, “ to advise the officers of the American
Federation of Labor of our willingness to meet and
earnestly discuss and seek honorable labor unity
that will advance the welfare of all labor.” The
unity resolution of a year earlier had understand
ably given major attention to the dissolution of the
United Labor Policy Committee. The 1952 reso
lution did not stress past approaches and failures.
Mr. Reuther pledged a determined effort to
achieve unity without compromising the principle
of industrial unionism in the mass-production
industries.
Political Perspectives and Action
The convention, by and large, took a gloomy
view of the national legislative outlook. However,
the victory of the Republican Party in the presi
dential election in November was interpreted as
“less a Republican victory than a personal triumph
of a popular candidate whose affirmative promises
the people were prepared to accept; it was not a
repudiation of the forward-looking programs of the
New and Fair Deals.” The resolution on legis
lative and political action programs envisioned
efforts by a two-party coalition in Congress to
“ seek to restrict labor’s right to organize and en
gage in free collective bargaining and . . . to
subject unions to anti-monopoly legislation . . .
to advance numerous proposals for undermining
[social welfare] programs . . . to propose changes
in the tax laws to shift a larger and larger share of
the burden to the low-income families of the Nation
. . . to propose to turn over to local and to private
interests vast national resources which belong to
all the people . . . to exempt powerful interests
from necessary restraints of Government regula
tion and the antitrust laws . . . to abandon our
allies and our friends throughout the world” by
advocating cuts in military and economic aid and
by promoting higher tariffs.
After recounting President-elect Eisenhower’s
pledges to the American people, the convention
resolved that “all steps taken by the incoming
4 R. J. Thomas, assistant director of organization, Emil Mazey, secretarytreasurer of the United Automobile Workers, and Ernst Schwarz, secretary
of the CIO’s Latin-American Committee, were named as the CIO delegates
to the meeting, December 12-17,1952, in Rio de Janeiro.
16
CIO CONVENTION
President to preserve and extend the gains that
have been made will have our full support.”
News of the designation of Martin P. Durkin,
president of the United Association of Journeymen
and Apprentice Plumbers and Pipe Fitters (AFL)
as Secretary of Labor, reached the delegates late
in the afternoon of the first day of the convention.
On the following day, the executive officers and
vice presidents sent a telegram to Mr. Durkin
congratulating him on his appointment and
promising wholehearted cooperation and support.
The principal positive legislative aims of the
CIO were expressed in a series of resolutions.
These aims included ultimate repeal of the TaftHartley Act; such revision of existing legislation
as may be necessary to preserve the civil liberties
of individuals without weakening safeguards
against acts of sabotage and subversion; legisla
tion to protect minorities in their civil rights; a
national health program, including a system of
national health insurance, and a more comprehen
sive and integrated social security program; a
variety of changes in existing tax legislation;
measures designed to increase the availability of
low-cost housing; and Federal aid to education.
The convention authorized the CIO Political
Action Committee to continue to direct and
expand the political activities of the CIO. The
CIO-PAC was also directed “to continue to act
on an independent and nonpartisan basis, giving
support to the progressive forces in the two major
parties upon their platforms and records.” The
CIO’s political arm was authorized to cooperate
on as broad a basis as possible with the political
agencies of other groups with similar objectives.
Jurisdictional Disputes
Just prior to the 1951 convention, the CIO
executive board adopted a procedure for eliminat
ing jurisdictional disputes within the organization.
As a last resort, such disputes were to be referred
to an outside arbitrator for decision. Mr. Mur
ray’s report to the 1952 convention termed the
jurisdictional disputes plan an unqualified success.
The plan has been accepted by all except two of
the affiliated international unions. Of the 42
cases arising since the beginning of the program,
20 were settled by agreement between the unions
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MONTHLY LABOR
involved, 7 were decided by the arbitrator, and
15 are pending.
In a resolution, the convention congratulated
Dr. George W. Taylor, who serves as arbitrator
under the plan, for his effective work, and com
mended the CIO executive vice president, Mr.
Haywood, and his staff for their contributions to
the plan. Dr. Taylor addressed the convention.
Tribute to Philip Murray
In a sense, the entire convention was a tribute
to the memory of Philip Murray. His name was
repeatedly invoked, and the sense of loss that his
death had produced was clear and deep among the
delegates.
At a special memorial session, the invocation
was given by Father Charles Owen Rice of Pitts
burgh, who also spoke of his personal relations
with Mr. Murray. A message was read from
President Truman. A major address was then
delivered by Governor Adlai E. Stevenson of
Illinois. Governor Stevenson paid a moving
tribute to the life and work of Mr. Murray. He
said, in part: “Rank and power expose humility to
the rust of pride, and we know those who, in
telling of their having ‘come up the hard way/
acknowledge in the telling that they have lost the
lesson of their experience. Phil Murray’s humility
was deeper rooted. It did not change with the
seasons of experience or the years of growth. He
knew that in our system of things the conferring of
authority on particular individuals is largely acci
dental, that its compliment is slight, and that the
man who exercises it is no different from his
fellow men or from what he was himself before he
assumed the role of leadership.”
Governor Stevenson also pointed to the fact
that “the beliefs that Phil Murray brought into
his career as a labor leader, belief in the right to
organize and bargain collectively, belief in the
family life of America, and belief that a strong
trade-union movement is of the essence of democ
racy, are today, thanks to men like him, the indis
putable premises of daily life for most of us.” In
commenting on the recent Presidential election,
the Democratic Party nominee suggested “that
the election should not be considered a disaster or
even a misfortune for labor. What would be a
misfortune and perhaps even a disaster would be
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
CIO CONVENTION
to think so, and, preoccupied with fear, lose sight
of labor’s larger responsibility to a Nation which
is also groping its way into a new era.”
Other speakers at the memorial session were
Donald MacDonald, secretary-treasurer, Canadian
Congress of Labor; Alfonso Sanchez Madariaga,
assistant secretary general, Mexican Confederation
of Workers; and Jacob S. Potofsky, president,
Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America.
Other Actions and Speakers
The convention expressed itself on a wide variety
of miscellaneous questions. Among the actions
taken were resolutions relating to the democratic
rights of union members; a reaffirmation of the
“Statement on Ethical Practices” adopted at the
1951 convention; opposition to unlimited debate
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17
in the United States Senate; immigration policy»
with particular reference to the McCarran-Walter
Act; Communist anti-Semitism; the use of injunc
tions in labor disputes ; Israel ; the need for a strong
merchant marine; occupational safety and health;
CIO organization in Puerto Rico; women workers;
and a number of others.
In addition to speakers previously mentioned,
the convention heard addresses by A. R. Mosher,
president, Canadian Congress of Labor; James J.
Wadsworth, Acting Civil Defense Administrator;
Thurgood Marshall, special counsel, National As
sociation for the Advancement of Colored People;
Hans Gottfurcht, assistant general secretary, In
ternational Confederation of Free Trade Unions;
Averell Harriman, Director, Mutual Security
Agency; David Cole, Director, Federal Mediation
and Conciliation Service.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
a
1952 National Conference on
Labor Legislation
of broadening the functions
and improving the administration of State depart
ments of labor were considered at the Nineteenth
National Conference on Labor Legislation. The
general applicability of certain of these techniques
was also pointed up in special discussions of
minimum wages and migratory labor. They in
clude coordination of work with other State and
Federal agencies concerned, and good public
relations, to which an educational program based
on factual studies of the problem is essential.
Comprehensive public-relations programs were
defined to include liaison with the State legislature;
stimulation of cooperation and support of organ
ized labor and other groups in the community;
and efforts to obtain voluntary compliance with
labor laws, with compulsion used only as a last
resort.
Major discussion at the 1952 Conference focused
on proven administrative methods for bringing
about needed improvements in labor standards.
In contrast, previous conferences had devoted
major attention to the definition of desirable goals
for labor legislation, which had become firmly
established by reiteration in Conference recom
mendations over the years. The 1952 Conference
thus was an occasion for “taking stock” of the
situation and exploring practical approaches to
further progress.
E f f e c t iv e m e t h o d s
The 1952 Conference
The Nineteenth National Conference on Labor
Legislation met in Washington, D. C., on Decem
ber 2 and 3, 1952, and was attended by delegates
from 38 States and Territories. Most of the dele
gates were representatives of State departments
of labor or organized labor, appointed by the
governors of their respective States. The shift
of emphasis at this Conference, indicated earlier,
18
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was accompanied by a change in the customary
organization of the Conference. The principal
forum for discussion of items on the agenda of
previous meetings was the committee dealing with
each subject, whose report was later presented to
the full Conference for formal action. In 1952,
on the other hand, the three committees—
Strengthening State Labor Departments, State
Minimum Wage Legislation, and State Services
for Migratory Workers—made brief panel presen
tations designed to stimulate full discussion from
the floor of the Conference (which is summarized
later in this article).
In consequence, in 1952 only two formal resolu
tions were offered, both of which were unanimously
adopted by the Conference. One expressed “ deep
and sincere appreciation” to Secretary of Labor,
Maurice J. Tobin, for the services rendered to wage
earners which have made possible so many achieve
ments for workers during his term in office. The
other recommended that delegates support in
creased appropriations for State and Federal labor
departments.
The first Annual Conference on Labor Legisla
tion was convened in February 1934 by Frances
Perkins, then Secretary of Labor, in recognition of
the need for Federal-State cooperation in labor
legislation. The continuing importance of such
cooperation, and the key role of the States in this
partnership were stressed by Secretary Tobin, by
Assistant Secretary of Labor, Philip M. Kaiser,
and by Miss Perkins. In his address on “Labor
Standards for Peace and Security,” Secretary
Tobin pointed out that delegates to the Conference
“ administer, or support and profit by, the adminis
tration of State labor standards which, under our
Federal-State system, bulwark a strong economy.”
These State labor standards have contributed to
the achievement of a “healthy and satisfied labor
force . . . America’s greatest weapon in her arse
nal of freedom.” According to Assistant Secre
tary Kaiser, the activities of State departments of
labor and of organized labor have also served to
implement the foreign labor policy of the United
a
4
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LABOR LEGISLATION CONFERENCE
States. Recently, for example, they have been
instrumental in the success of programs enabling
foreign visitors and trainees “ to see for themselves
what America is like.” State Governments also
have a function with respect to action on Conven
tions and Recommendations of the International
Labor Organization covering matters within their
jurisdiction.
Miss Perkins viewed the founding and growth
of the Conference as one of the outstanding ac
complishments of her term in office, saying that
“ probably nothing has so strengthened the relation
ship between the States and the Federal Govern
ment as the habit of cooperation between them
with respect to problems that enter into their legis
lative programs.” Miss Perkins urged that the
Conference continue to recognize the important
function served by such an advisory, opinion-form
ing group. For the individual and collective will
to improve labor standards developed at these
Conferences can never be shaken—“ this meeting
of men’s minds, this meeting of men’s consciences,
this learning from each other that fosters the con
science and the opinion about what can be done
which forms gradually the purpose to do it.”
Only if such purpose exists can progress be made—
either with or without needed legislation.
The economic outlook during the coming year—
a factor referred to by some delegates in their
discussion of plans for further progress—was out
lined by Ewan Clague, Commissioner of Labor
Statistics. He pointed out that almost every
measure of economic activity was currently at
higher levels than at any time since their World
War II peaks, and some were at all-time highs.
Barring any major new international develop
ments, Mr. Clague foresaw fairly stable to slightly
lower levels in 1953. In his analysis, he cited
employment and unemployment statistics, which
indicate that “this is a period of as full employment
as we are ever likely to see, short of total war,”
and the highest levels of average earnings in
history. The Commissioner thought that the com
parative stability of prices during the past year
was likely to continue next year, and that the
gross national product was unlikely to decline
greatly from its current peak rate. In Mr.
Clague’s opinion, consumers’ expenditures (just
under two-thirds of the total national product)
would continue to rise, largely offsetting an antici
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19
pated slight decline in business expenditures and a
leveling off of Government expenditures.
Strengthening State Labor Departments
The need for a strong State labor department
was implicit in the Conference’s discussion of
strengthening State departments of labor—a sub
ject which has appeared on the Conference agenda
at intervals since the 1934 meeting. The experi
ences related by delegates to the Nineteenth Con
ference brought out several useful means to this
end. The consensus was that, long run, the best
case for a stronger State labor department is made
by wise administration of existing labor legislation.
A good deal of emphasis was placed on publicrelations programs aimed at creating an aware
ness—by the public in general, the legislature, and
various other groups within the community—of
the benefits to be derived from a strong depart
ment of labor. One of the first “lines of attack”
indicated was a program to overcome the widely
held misconception that the functions of a depart
ment of labor lie almost exclusively in the field
of industrial relations. As one State Labor Com
missioner said: “The more people who understand
[the full scope of] what you are trying to do, the
better job you can do.”
Liaison with the legislature, it was stressed,
must be based on sound arguments for the passage
of essential labor laws and for appropriations
sufficient for their administration. The failure
of some State legislatures to take needed action
along these lines was thought by some delegates
to be rooted in the belief that labor standards
and their administration become less important
in a tight labor market such as currently exists.
In this connection, the statement was made that
nothing is more convincing to the legislature than
the facts of the case, which the department of
labor has an obligation to search out and present.
The experience of some speakers indicated that
education is also important to the enforcement of
labor laws: those subject to the law must be
informed of its provisions in such a way that
they understand and wish to comply with them.
Voluntary compliance, achieved through the edu
cational process, should be a major objective of
administration, according to the Commissioner
of Labor in a State where the enforcement pro-
20
LABOR LEGISLATION CONFERENCE
gram has emphasized the achievement of progress
for the entire State in the process of affording full
protection of the law to the workers.
Complete cooperation by organized labor in
efforts to strengthen the State labor department
was regarded as a necessity. In one State, for
example, union efforts were primarily responsible
for the passage recently of a bill providing liberal
death benefits under workmen’s compensation;
this was accomplished in the face of a constitu
tional prohibition which had to be repealed before
its enactment. In other States, the support of
other groups in the community may be more
valuable, depending somewhat upon the extent
of labor organization. Further, the intelligent
marshalling of support from any private group,
one speaker pointed out, must take into considera
tion the “temper of the times” ; for example,
organized labor may not be the most useful ally
in support of proposed legislation in a year when
the legislature displays lack of sympathy with
labor’s problems.
Cooperation between the State and the Federal
Labor Department in all fields of mutual endeavor
can benefit both “partners,” and eliminate much
duplication of effort, according to one speaker.
Such cooperation can be especially helpful to
State agencies in safety-inspection activities, for
example, and labor statistics, since the Federal
Department is equipped to serve both in an
advisory capacity and as a clearinghouse for
information.
It is extremely important that all State govern
mental units dealing with labor be located in the
State department of labor, according to another
speaker. This makes it possible to plan more
intelligently and eliminates costly duplication
of work.
Another delegate pointed out that good ad
ministration depends to a large extent on qualified
personnel. Ideally, provision for the appointment
of labor-department employees should be made
under a State civil-service or merit act, but even
this procedure will not insure success unless salary
levels are comparable to those in private employ
ment. One delegate pointed out that salary
scales in his State attracted mostly retired persons
who, in some cases, were not physically equal to
the requirements of the job.
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MONTHLY LABOR
Minimum Wage Legislation
The “sympathy for minimum wages” that was
common in 1938, when the Federal Fair Labor
Standards Act was passed, does not exist today,
it was pointed out—a serious problem since about
half the States still have no minimum-wage
legislation. Therefore, the need for an educational
program in this field was stressed. Particularly
in States without such legislation, some of the
public apathy probably stems from the rather
widespread erroneous belief that the 75-cent
minimum, established in the 1949 amendments to
the FLSA, applies to all workers in the United
States. Ignorance of legal provisions presents a
similar, though less acute problem, in some States
that have minimum wage laws, according to
several delegates. This is largely due to the fact
that the majority of these laws do not provide
statutory minimums, which are easier to publicize
than are industry-by-industry minimum wages
set by wage boards.
Representatives of several States outlined plans
for legislative proposals to be presented in 1953.
They indicated that, in order to obtain such laws,
they had taken the initiative in determining what
kind of legislation is desirable, assembling the
factual basis for its justification, and drafting the
legislative proposal, and that they would eventu
ally support it before the legislature. The support
of various community groups is being solicited
through educational or public-relations programs.
Fact-finding is a particularly important adjunct
of such programs, it was indicated, in view of the
common belief that most workers earn as much
as the fairly high average wage in manufacturing.
In fact, some women workers in the South earn as
little as 20 cents an hour. Once such situations
are highlighted by publication of the facts, the
public social conscience is usually awakened;
minimum-wage legislation is social legislation as
well, in the opinion of the panel on this subject,
and therefore deserves backing from all groups in
the community.
Certain groups within the community may,
nevertheless, oppose proposals for minimum-wage
legislation. The simple arithmetic of the situation
can go far toward counteracting opposition, if not
enlisting active support, in the view of Conference
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953 .
LABOR LEGISLATION CONFERENCE
delegates. For businessmen, for example, the
most telling argument may be that an adequate
minimum wage will tend to eliminate unfair com
petition—there being now a specified number of
workers in certain industries whose wages would
be raised under the proposed legislation, etc. In
some situations, the panel thought that the selling
point might be the maintenance of prosperity
through the support of consumer purchasing
power. Other speakers pointed out that factual
analysis of the effects of minimum-wage legisla
tion has, in some situations, served to overcome
the fears of union leaders in affected industries
that it would decrease the workers’ incentive to
organize.
Emphasis was again placed on the importance
of Federal-State cooperation, and the kinds of
assistance available to State departments from
the U. S. Department of Labor were discussed.
For example, in developing support for their pro
grams, States can use to advantage information
available from the Women’s Bureau as to which
women’s groups are actively concerned with such
problems. Other arms of the Department offer
a variety of services, such as the seminar on min
imum wages, held on December 4, 1952, in Wash
ington, which was arranged by the Department
at the request of the International Association of
Governmental Labor Officials. At this seminar,
Federal staff and State administrators of existing
legislation advised with interested State repre
sentatives on appropriate legislation, and discussed
a proposed draft bill. A re-examination of legis
lation which has failed to pass, one speaker pointed
out, may be desirable, in order to see what
changes can be made to enhance the possibility
of enactment.
Migratory Labor
Two central points emerged from the discussion
on migratory labor: (1) action on migratory labor
problems is a function appropriate to departments
of labor; and (2) protection for agricultural workers
is generally lacking in the United States. This
lack of standards now seriously affects the condi
tions of migratory workers and, it was incidentally
pointed out, in future years may accentuate the
exodus of American workers from the farms to the
factories. Concern with these broader problems
was expressed by several delegates who stressed
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
21
the need for action on recommendations of the
President’s Commission on Migratory L abor1
which had been endorsed by the 1951 Conference
on Labor Legislation.
The migratory labor problem is most acute in
States where the supply of agricultural labor has
become increasingly short, notwithstanding greater
mechanization of agriculture; in several States,
out-of-State workers number in the tens of thou
sands at the seasonal peak of farm activity. Dis
cussion also brought out the fact that the nature
of the problem varied somewhat with the source
of the migrant labor supply—the major sources
being Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and workers from
Florida and Texas. For example, the majority
of migrant Puerto Rican agricultural workers, re
cruited through the United States Employment
Service, are brought to the States under the terms
of agreements providing for adequate working and
living conditions, negotiated with the employer by
the Puerto Rican Department of Labor. (The
Commissioner of Labor of Puerto Rico pointed
out that these agreements would be unnecessary
if the United States were to adopt adequate
agricultural labor standards, the licensing of
private employment agencies being most urgent
in his view.) These workers are the only group of
migrants who do not usually take their families
with them, and, according to the Commissioner, 98
percent return home when their contracts have
been fulfilled.
Mexican migrants present a very different prob
lem, according to spokesmen from the Southwest
and the Far West. The “wetbacks” accept very
poor working and living conditions, which tends
to lower the standards in farm areas where they
are employed. Legal Mexican entrants as well as
“wetbacks” violate immigration regulations when
they seek employment in the States in nonagricultural industries after their seasonal jobs are
finished.
The discussants agreed that departments of
labor in “importing” States should take responsi
bility for action on migratory labor problems.
But few States have legislation specifically directed
to the protection of migratory labor, notable
exceptions being certain housing codes governing
conditions at migratory labor camps and a few
i
For summary of the Commission’s findings, see Migratory Labor in
American Agriculture, M onthly Labor Review, June 1951 (p. 691).
22
WAGE FORMALIZATION—40 CITIES
State laws which require the licensing of labor
contractors. In some States, laws with more
general coverage, e. g., child-labor laws and laws
governing the payment of wages, afford some pro
tection to migrants. Provision of needed statu
tory authority in the near future was deemed
unlikely by some delegates, particularly in view of
the general unpopularity of labor legislation with
farmers, which carries over into the legislatures in
some predominantly agricultural States.
Therefore, the Conference considered possible
interim measures that might be taken by State
labor departments. These included assessment of
the scope of the problem, re-examination and
maximum use of the legislative ‘Tools” at hand,
and stimulation of greater interest of various
community groups in voluntary action to im
prove agricultural labor conditions. The fore
most need, according to the panel chairman, is
for facts which would enable the various States
to define the nature of the problem more precisely.
Cited as valuable sources of such data were infor
mation obtained through the registration of labor
contractors and through inspections for com
pliance with housing codes and school and childlabor laws. Several representatives reported that
fruitful results had been obtained through the co
ordination, in interagency committees, of efforts
of various State agencies-—departments of health,
education, housing, labor, and law enforcement—
this being one recommendation of the President’s
Commission.
Another useful technique for dealing with the
problems of migratory labor was reported by a
representative of the Bureau of Employment
Security, in response to a suggestion that States
coordinate their plans with a view to providing
fuller employment to the workers. In 1951, the
Bureau, working with appropriate State agencies
on the Eastern Seaboard, inaugurated such a
plan, with good results, and will extend it to other
parts of the country in 1953.
Other speakers recommended an educational
and mediatory approach to enforcement. In
deed, one State representative reported success in
the extension of workmen’s compensation coverage
to about 50 percent of the migrant workers in the
State, although insurance of agricultural workers is
voluntary.
-—M a r y S. B e d e l l
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Office of Publications
MONTHLY LABOR
Wage Formalization in
Major Labor Markets, 1951-52
e x t e n t a n d n a t u r e of wage formalization
differed substantially among the industry divi
sions and the 40 labor-market areas included in
the community wage-survey program conducted
recently by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Formal wage structures that provide an established
rate or a range of rates for each job classification
have been widely adopted in industry—partic
ularly in manufacturing and public utilities.
Nevertheless, individual rates, related to training,
ability, skill, and bargaining power of individual
workers, were commonly employed in some
industries in many of the areas—especially among
office occupations. Proportionately, more office
workers than plant (or nonoffice) employ ees
worked under the individual-rate system in each
area, although a majority of office workers in
32 of the 40 areas were employed in establish
ments with formalized rate structures in office
departments.
Wage formalization involves the establishment
of a single rate or a rate range for each job category
in the establishment.1 A “ single-rate” establish
ment can be defined as one that pays the same
rate to experienced workers in a job classification.2
Learners or apprentices may be paid according
to rate schedules which start below the single rate
and permit the worker to achieve the full job
rate over a period of time. Individual experienced
workers may occasionally be paid above or below
the single rate for special reasons, but such
payments are regarded as exceptions to the usual
rule. The definition of a “ job” or “ classification”
may be very narrow or very broad, and the single
rate may, therefore, be applicable to a very few
workers on identical jobs or to large numbers
performing a number of essentially different jobs
which are regarded as meriting the same rate of
pay.
“ Rate-range” plans provide that specific rates
for individual workers within the range are de-
T he
i
Establishment practice differed greatly as between office and plant depart
ments, and information is summarized separately for these employee groups
in this article.
s The terms, “individual rate,” “rate range,” and “single rate” are more
completely defined in the Glossary of Currently Used Wage Terms, BLS
Bulletin No. 983, June 1950.
T a b l e 1 .— Nature
23
WAGE FORMALIZATION—40 CITIES
R E V IE W , JANUARY 1953
of wage structure for office workers in J+0 major labor markets, by industry division, September 1951May 1952 1
Percent of workers employed in—
All industries
Area
Formal
wage
structure
Single Rate
rate range
Individual
rates
Manufacturing
Public utilities
Wholesale trade
Formal
wage
structure
Formal
wage
structure
Formal
wage
structure
Single Rate
rate range
Individual
rates
Single Rate
rate range
Individual
rates
Single Rate
rate range
Individual
rates
Finance
Retail trade
Formal
wage
structure
Single Rate
rate range
Individual
rates
Formal
wage
structure
Single Rate
rate range
Services
Individual
rates
Formal
wage
structure
Single Rate
rate range
Individual
rates
New England
Boston
______
H artfo rd -_____
Providence - ___
Worcester
5
1
4
16
63
86
50
54
32
13
46
30
18
2
25
4
52
88
41
41
30
10
55
34
(2)
(2)
22
50
87
87
49
36
13
13
29
14
2
3
50
14
48
48
1
48
86
51
49
12
3
62
66
30
46
38
22
70
51
1
79
88
83
94
21
11
17
6
1
30
27
15
6
69
73
85
94
Middle Atlantic
Albany-Schenectady-Troy
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton
Buffalo
Newark-Jersey
City
New York
__
Philadelphia____
Pittsburgh - ___
Rochester
Scranton
Trenton . ____
21
48
31
43
43
14
95
5
1
36
63
2
3
58
58
40
39
2
1
67
69
31
30
6
17
71
56
23
27
5
2
11
34
84
64
4
1
3
3
26
31
34
28
24
51
8
70
53
70
74
86
56
62
22
47
28
22
14
40
38
(2)
1
8
6
95
83
84
69
92
34
80
5
5
(2)
2
1
70
68
63
69
76
47
62
16
8
25
8
66
7
3
3
44
55
21
33
27
3
31
51
45
72
64
70
97
69
(2)
1
1
2
3
6
47
43
46
43
46
35
56
53
65
51
59
2
10
8
15
44
39
43
25
43
32
55
61
55
65
49
53
69
72
77
83
55
28
31
27
23
17
45
70
57
42
30
49
35
41
43
51
70
51
65
56
3
3
54
50
24
43
47
76
2
1
(2)
78
21
15
20
78
85
2
8
21
76
76
77
16
24
73
26
6
27
65
1
7
1
1
2
2
4
1
10
62
60
71
74
75
65
61
63
61
37
33
28
25
23
33
35
36
29
1
10
2
41
31
19
23
15
22
36
31
23
1
88
78
89
81
88
81
90
72
90
11
22
11
19
11
19
10
28
10
(2)
8
6
10
6
4
14
25
27
37
77
49
48
49
61
17
70
68
63
15
45
42
45
35
69
4
15
58
59
79
77
85
78
60
69
62
2
1
52
60
46
39
4
1
70
69
26
30
4
77
73
23
23
2
(2)
28
49
70
51
1
2
2
42
21
32
34
3
2
6
55
84
74
53
42
14
26
41
5
1
1
72
90
88
87
28
5
11
12
2
6
57
77
66
60
9
50
60
62
46
50
38
38
45
6
5
63
49
31
46
6
3
69
67
25
30
10
11
85
56
5
33
1
3
42
49
57
48
37
(2)
2
4
4
(2)
20
23
2
6
77
19
81
3
46
100
51
2
3
43
54
32
20
24
10
27
57
44
65
80
100
76
63
2
9
17
28
15
34
35
11
49
72
83
57
48
89
37
34
14
47
52
53
100
26
19
33
19
31
50
42
33
19
3
5
6
6
19
1
9
1
8
44
47
37
31
30
41
32
28
35
53
48
57
63
51
58
59
71
57
35
56
65
44
5
7
38
30
57
63
62
38
11
59
89
41
71
70
69
75
61
71
64
29
30
29
23
39
29
36
39
42
43
39
79
27
61
58
56
61
21
67
17
67
28
83
33
72
74
80
67
81
69
46
55
67
81
26
98
68
48
68
66
77
45
39
54
52
32
31
23
55
61
42
45
34
31
19
38
46
55
66
66
79
58
54
34
51
7
66
49
93
79
43
45
48
55
66
75
45
33
19
57
55
52
41
34
23
54
67
1
2
56
23
43
75
5
47
39
82
44
1
4
5
53
56
18
51
56
80
81
71
44
19
15
29
13
3
15
41
35
57
20
16
52
40
65
41
23
10
52
10
25
80
3
67
53
30
47
9
12
45
37
46
51
(S)
3
4
(2)
2
2
South
Atlanta
Birmingham
Houston_______
Jackson ville
Memphis. ___
New Orleans .
Norfolk-Portsmouth
Oklahoma City -Richmond- -
«
1
53
1
2
7
3
9
(2)
3
2
4
94
1
6
14
Middle West
Chicago________
Cincinnati______
Cleveland
__
Columbus___
Detroit Indianapolis____
Kansas C ity____
Louisville
Milwaukee
Minneapolis-St.
Paul
St. Louis_______
(2)
4
1
(2)
(2)
5
5
2
2
1
(2)
1
4
3
(2)
Far West
Denver
Los Angeles_____
Phoenix
____
Salt Lake C ity__
San FranciscoOakland______
Seattle_________
1 Percentages are based on total office employment in establishments
according to their predominant type of wage structure for time-rated workers.
termined by merit, length of service, or a combina
tion of various concepts of merit and length of
service. Rate ranges may be set up with various
degrees of formality and more or less rigid rules
respecting the position within the range at which
new workers are hired and concerning their auto
matic or nonautomatic advancement to the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2
Less than 1 percent.
maximum rate. A rate range, like a single rate,
is usually established for experienced workers.
However, a complete and separate rate structure
below the minimum is frequently established for
workers not fully qualified (e. g., learners or
apprentices) for the job rates.
Incentive wage plans—applicable chiefly to pro-
24
WAGE FORMALIZATION — J^O CITIES
duction workers in manufacturing—may be con
sidered as a third type of formal wage structure
even though earnings may vary as a result of
differences in individual or group accomplish
ment under a given plan. This analysis is con
cerned mainly with the nature of the wage struc
ture for time-rated workers and therefore no
attempt has been made to examine the various
types of incentive wage plans as such. However,
the incidence of incentive pay plans in manufactur
ing industries has been summarized briefly in this
article.
Basis and Scope of Analysis
The degree of utilization of the various types of
wage structures for office workers and time-rated
plant workers has been expressed in this study as
proportions of all workers employed in offices
(or plant departments) in which the given practice
predominated.3 The extent of incentive pay plans
in manufacturing is reported in terms of workers
actually being paid under this method.
The data were obtained from the Bureau’s com
munity wage-study program conducted during
late 1951 and early 1952.4 Information concern
ing the nature of the wage structure and the
extent of incentive pay was collected on a com
munity-wide basis for each of 40 areas in 6 broad
industry divisions, thereby permitting both interarea and inter-industry comparisons.5 More than
10 million workers were within the scope of the
surveys in these areas which have a combined
population of over 52 million.
Office-Worker Rate Structures
A majority of the office workers in 32 of the 40
areas studied were employed in establishments
that had formalized wage structures, in nearly all
cases providing a range of rates for each occu
pation. Single-rate structures were of minor im
portance, applying to more than 10 percent of the
workers in Albany-Schenectady-Troy and Wor
cester only. In eight areas, office salaries were
primarily determined on an individual basis.
(See table 1.) The basic importance of individual
rates in offices was such, however, that even in
areas in which payment was predominantly by
the range-of-rates method, the proportion of in
formally rated workers ranged from a fifth to
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MONTHLY LABOR
more than two-fifths and represented a slight
majority in seven of the nine southern areas and
in Scranton.
The degree of wage formalization varied greatly
among the industries studied, with rate ranges
most common in the public utility and finance
groups and least common among the service indus
tries. Areas in which a majority of the office
workers were employed in rate-range establish
ments totaled 35 for public utilities, 30 for finance,
29 for manufacturing, 16 for retail trade, 9 for
wholesale trade, and only 2 for service industries.
In the latter two industry groups, the use of
individual rates was particularly widespread.
Formalized wage structures tended to be most
common in divisions with the highest average
number of employees per office.
Plant-Worker Wage Structure
For time-rated plant workers, among the indus
tries and establishment-size groups studied, formal
single-rate and rate-range wage structures were
generally used in all areas and informal plans
were comparatively unimportant. Whereas indi
vidual determination was found to be of substan
tial importance for office workers, it was of
significance for plant workers in only a few of the
40 areas. (See table 2.) In two areas only—
Jacksonville and Richmond—were more than a
fourth of the workers employed in establishments
that had rates of pay for plant workers on an
informal basis; the proportion in most areas ran
well below 20 percent.
In many of the areas, none of the three types of
wage structures was applicable to a majority of the
plant workers, inasmuch as both types of formal
ized wage structure were used extensively and indi
vidual determination applied at least to a few
workers. Formalized structures providing a rate
range for each occupation were predominant in 20
s The exclusion of Incentive workers from plant employment figures would
result in somewhat different estimates of the prevalence of particular types
of wage structures for time-rated workers in some areas and industry divi
sions.
<Comprehensive results of these surveys including wages and related
benefits data were published in occupational wage-survey bulletins for each
of the 40 areas. See M onthly Labor Review, December 1952, for list of
bulletins (p. II), and for article on wage differences (p. 620).
{ The study in each area covered: manufacturing; transportation (except
railroads), communication, and other public utilities; wholesale trade;
retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and selected service industries.
For size of establishments surveyed, see footnote 3 of the article on Extent
of Unionization in M ajor Labor Markets, p. 27 of this issue.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
T a b l e 2 . — Nature
WAGE FORMALIZATION—40 CITIES
25
of wage structure for time-rated production workers in 40 major labor markets, by industry division,
September 1951-May 1952 1
Percent of plant workers employed in—
All industries
Area
New England
Boston__________________________
Hartford_________________________
Providence. _____________________
Worcester.______ _______ _____ ___
2
Manufacturing
Formal
wage
structure
Formal
wage
Indi
structure
vidual
Single Rate rates Single Rate
rate range
rate range
48
Public utilities
Formal
wage
Indi
vid- structure
ual
rates Single Rate
rate range
Wholesale trade
39
45
24
18
49
24
38
38
45
72
38
47
4
24
15
Albany-Schenectady-Troy_________
Allentbwn-Bethlehem-Easton______
Buflalo_____________ _____ ______
Newark-Jersey C ity_______________
New York_______________________
Philadelphia_____________________
Pittsburgh_____________ ____ _____
Rochester___________ ___________
Scranton_________________ ____ ___
T ren to n ._____ _____________ _____
57
66
44
37
38
44
64
13
51
41
25
18
41
51
44
42
30
75
28
46
18
16
15
12
18
14
6
12
21
13
64
70
50
38
37
46
77
12
51
44
23
17
45
55
42
44
20
82
31
46
13
13
5
7
21
10
3
6
18
10
40
38
44
63
27
10
63
40
46
47
56
48
36
66
88
37
60
South
Atlanta___________ _____ ______ _
Birmingham_____________________
Houston_________________________
Jacksonville ____________________
Memphis________________________
New Orleans_____________________
Norfolk-Portsmouth_____ ________
Oklahoma City___________________
Richmond_____________ __________
34
56
41
40
37
52
30
22
22
47
33
38
19
41
27
50
56
37
19
11
21
41
22
21
20
22
41
44
67
47
78
44
70
30
40
31
50
28
44
9
51
12
67
50
41
6
5
9
13
5
18
3
10
28
45
15
60
40
46
81
64
19
16
53
80
36
50
49
19
22
81
65
2
5
4
10
5
(3)
14
38
36
42
30
70
54
50
51
57
26
8
14
7
13
35
31
45
34
79
60
58
51
59
20
5
11
60
50
49
49
1
(3)
46
30
24
16
32
17
56
74
35
53
39
57
57
53
34
34
49
(3)
6
36
14
2
17
49
23
58
66
45
57
39
7
3
39
50
51
51
39
51
42
37
33
42
62
9
42
58
57
23
59
73
1
34
55
56
33
37
39
12
8
6
31
39
68
55
65
59
32
Services
Formal
Formal
Formal
wage
wage
wage
Indi
Indi
Indi
Indi
structure
structure
structure
vid
vid
vid
vid
ual
ual
ual
ual
rates Single Rate rates Single Rate rates
rates
Single Rate
rate range
rate range
rate range
40
26
37
37
66
Retail trade
4
2
45
30
31
4
34
40
30
47
39
31
16
31
60
51
24
18
45
19
28
4
27
77
22
40
38
33
9
58
44
37
43
16
22
47
16
46
66
26
36
34
9
22
18
27
17
12
30
15
28
37
52
53
75
45
34
51
63
41
30
20
8
43
56
22
74
21
53
42
38
34
13
19
14
22
39
15
30
27
31
59
12
57
8
43
32
39
15
47
38
43
29
28
53
22
37
39
29
47
63
32
39
13
32
54
33
34
11
38
13
20
18
13
27
7
25
45
27
19
13
31
38
33
12
10
47
53
53
18
12
79
8
54
38
45
77
51
45
43
36
61
43
63
34
34
16
44
55
21
33
42
37
10
22
48
32
59
31
18
6
76
22
53
24
43
54
29
22
28
78
72
18
8
4
20
5
18
26
65
62
44
30
20
30
39
64
65
26
21
35
15
33
33
51
49
16
18
66
73
22
17
12
10
24
61
69
45
68
41
45
33
31
0
11
20
20
55
37
13
6
30
PI
39
11
8
22
57
35
Middle Atlantic
Middle West
Chicago_________________________
Cincinnati_______________________
Cleveland_______________________
Columbus____________________ .
D etroit.. __________ . _________
Indianapolis_____ ________ _____ _
Kansas C ity_______ __________ ____
Louisville________________________
M ilwaukee.. . . . ________________
Minneapolis-St. Paul_____ ________
St. Louis -------- --------------------------Far West
Denver__________________________
Los Angeles________________ _____
Phoenix____ _____________________
Salt Lake C i t y .____ ____________
San Francisco-Oakland_______ _____
Seattle_________________________
4
12
12
46
60
27
51
47
42
37
58
39
48
13
15
10
5
38
49
71
47
74
73
47
47
15
40
25
25
15
4
14
13
1
2
26
57
46
49
42
79
54
89
94
65
36
51
42
56
15
41
10
6
4
7
1
8
9
9
9
2
6
5
1
43
45
43
76
41
27
38
55
52
63
67
44
59
2
9
13
6
8
1
7
2
28
34
32
46
32
28
41
19
29
37
19
3
8
65
31
7
38
19
26
30
41
84
76
28
29
25
38
46
25
43
35
5
37
57
23
26
46
37
15
24
20
26
12
20
19
8
9
10
12
24
22
1
35
32
53
6
80
81
7
9
« Percentages are based on total plant employment in establishments
according to their predominant type of wage structure for time-rated workers,
rather than on the number of workers actually receiving pay under one type
of plan or another. Because of the prevalence of substantial numbers
of incentive workers in some establishments, percentages based on the
latter method would differ to some extent from the data presented herein.
2 Includes data for finance, insurance and real estate in addition to those
industry groups shown separately.
3 Less than 1 percent.
areas, but covered a majority in only 11 ; single-rate
plans were the most prevalent type in 18 areas, but
applied to a majority in only 12. AllentownBethlehem-Easton, Detroit, Phoenix, Pittsburgh,
San Francisco-Oakland, and Seattle were the only
areas in which as many as three-fifths of the work
ers were employed in establishment having single
rate plans; Hartford and Rochester, on the other
hand, were the only areas in which equally large
proportions of workers were in establishments with
rate ranges.
The types of wage structures varied among the
broad industry groups studied. Both single-rate
and rate-range plans affected substantial numbers
of workers in manufacturing and public utilities in
nearly all areas, with individual determination ap
plying to comparatively few workers. In manu
facturing, the areas were nearly equally divided
between those in which single rates predominated
and those in which rate ranges were most prevalent.
On the other hand, rate ranges were predominant
in twice as many areas as were single rates in the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
UNIONIZATION—39 CITIES
26
public utilities group. In wholesale trade, single
rate structures were predominant in 13 areas, as
against 17 areas in which rate ranges predom
inated. In retail trade, rate-range structures were
most characteristic in 23 of the 40 areas. Single
rate structures were most common among the
services industries and were used by establishments
with a majority of the workers in 25 areas; in only
3 areas were rate-range plans predominant in this
industry group.
Individual rates were considerably more prev
alent in the trade and services industries than in
manufacturing or public utilities. This method
of rate determination was predominant in 11 areas
for both wholesale and retail trade and in 12 areas
among the services industries.
mouth, an important shipbuilding center; Scran
ton, important for garment and textile manu
facturing; and Milwaukee, which has a diversified
machinery (both electrical and nonelectrical)
industry. Individual area variations are outlined
in table 3.
T a ble 3. — Proportion of plant workers paid by incentive
of the plant workers as con
trasted with about a seventh of the office employ
ees in 39 metropolitan areas were employed in
establishments having collective-bargaining agree
ments relating to these 2 categories of workers,
respectively. The extent of unionization among
plant workers varied from nearly half the workers
in the Southern cities as a group to over fourfifths in the Middle Atlantic and Far Western
cities.1 About a fifth of the office workers in the
latter two regions were employed in establish
ments with union agreements relating to office
employees, as contrasted with a tenth in the
South and New England. The degree of unioni
zation of both plant and office workers also varied
widely among different industry groups.
methods in manufacturing industries in 40 areas, 1951—52
40 percent or
more
30 to 39
percent
20 to 29
percent
10 to 19
percent
Under 10
percent
Albany-Schen e c t a d yTroy.
AllentownBethlehem Easton.
Boston.
Cleveland.
Milwaukee.
Norfolk-Portsmouth.
Pittsburgh.
Rochester.
Scranton.
Chicago.
Columbus.
Hartford.
Ncwark-Jersey City.
New York.
Philadelphia.
Providence.
St. Louis.
Trenton.
Worcester.
Atlanta.
Buffalo.
Cincinnati.
Denver.
Indianapolis.
Louisville.
Birmingham.
Detroit.
Jacksonville.
Kansas City.
Los Angeles.
Memphis.
MinneapolisSt. Paul.
Richmond.
S an F r a n cisco-Oakland.
Houston.
Oklahoma
City.
Phoenix.
Salt Lake
City.
Seattle.
Incentive-Rate Systems
A variety of types of incentive-rate systems are
employed, including both individual and groupbonus plans and the most common type—straight
piecework. Although these plans are frequently
employed in some nonmanufacturing industries,
they are of most importance in the manufacturing
industries to which the study on incentive rates
has been limited. Office workers are rarely paid
under this wage system.
Approximately 30 percent of the manufacturing
plant workers in the 40 areas studied were paid
on the basis of incentive rates. The proportion
of workers paid in this manner varied substantially
among the areas studied, ranging from less than a
tenth to more than a half.
Areas in which the highest proportions of manu
facturing-plant workers were paid on incentives
include: Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, with large
steel-manufacturing operations; Norfolk-Ports
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
— O tto H o l l b e r g
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
Extent of Unionization in
Major Labor Markets, 1951-52
T h ree- fourths
Method and Coverage
A series of wage studies conducted by the Bu
reau of Labor Statistics in major metropolitan
areas between September 1951 and May 1952
provided the information for this analysis of un
ionization.2 These areas had a combined popula
tion exceeding 52 million and were located in 28
States. The estimated employment in the areas
covered by the surveys was over 10 million work
ers (about a fourth of the workers in comparable
industries in the country). Six broad industry
divisions were covered in compiling data: manui The 39 cities for the broad comparative purposes of this article have been
grouped into 5 regions: New England, Middle Atlantic, South, Middle
West, and the Far West.
1 Information on unionization was available for only 39 of the 40 areas
covered by the wage studies.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
UNIONIZATION—89 CITIES
facturing; transportation (except railroads), com
munication, and other public utilities; wholesale
trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and real
estate; and services.3 The most important exclu
sions were the construction industries and railroads.
This analysis is not intended to measure the
proportion of workers belonging to labor organi
zations or even the proportion actually covered by
union agreements. The estimates relate to all
workers employed in an establishment (plant or
office) that met the test of unionization. In these
estimates each worker category—plant or office—
was computed separately; plant departments or
offices were considered unionized if the union con
tract in effect covered a majority of the workers
in their respective category.4
The proportions given may be an overstate
ment of the extent of union coverage in the sev
eral industry groups, in that the surveys related
only to plants above a certain size (see footnote
3). The small plants that were excluded from
the scope of the surveys may not be as highly
organized as those surveyed; this is most likely
to be true in such industry groups as retail and
wholesale trade.
Unionization of Plant Workers
On an all-industry basis, unionization of plant
workers ranged from less than a third of the
workers in Oklahoma City to virtually all in San
Francisco-Oakland and Seattle. The unioniza
tion of workers was usually more extensive in the
Middle Atlantic, Midwestern, and Far Western
cities than in New England or the South. In only
seven of the areas studied, less than half of the
plant workers were employed in union establish
ments. Five of these areas were located in the
South, one in New England, and one in the Far
West. In 17 of the areas, three-fourths or more
of the plant workers were covered by union agree3 Establishments employing 21 or more workers were covered in all indus
try divisions in all cities except New York City, Chicago, Boston, Cleve
land, Detroit, Los Angeles, Minneapolis-St, Paul, Newark-Jersey City,
Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, and San Franuisco-Oakland. In these
areas the minimum was 101 workers for manufacturing; transportation (except
railroads), communication, and other public utilities; and retail trade. In New
York City and Chicago, a minimum of 51 workers applied in wholesale
trade; finance, insurance and real estate; and services..
4 “ Plant workers” include working supervisors and all nonsupervisory
employees engaged in processing, receiving, shipping, warehousing, main
tenance, and other related functions. “ Office workers” include all office
employees except executive, administrative. suDervisorv. and professional
employees.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
27
ments. None of these cities was located, in the
South or New England.
The most highly organized of the six broad
industry groups studied was transportation and
public utilities. Over nine-tenths of the plant
workers in this industry group were in establish
ments with collective-bargaining agreements, as
compared with about five-sixths in manufacturing
and two-thirds in the nonmanufacturing industries
combined. Only about half the workers in non
manufacturing were in union establishments when
the public utilities group was excluded. Among
the industry groups studied, retail trade had the
lowest degree of plant-worker unionization; it was
the only group in which less than half of the
workers were employed in establishments with
union agreements.
Unionization of Office Workers
Unionization was much less prevalent among
office than among plant workers. In only five of
the areas were a fifth or more of the office workers
employed in union establishments. Three of
these areas were located in the Middle Atlantic
region and two in the Far West. About a fifth of
the office employees in these two regions were
unionized as contrasted with a tenth in the other
three regions. The Middle West ranked with the
Middle Atlantic and Far Western cities in plantworker unionization; with respect to office-worker
coverage, however, the Middle West was more
closely alined with New England and the South.
Unionization of office workers was highest in
Newark-Jersey City and Pittsburgh and lowest
in Hartford and Columbus.
By industry, unionization of offices was notable
only in the transportation and public utilities
group where over half of the workers were covered
by union agreements. In other groups, unioniza
tion ranged from virtually none of the workers in
the finance group to about a fifth in retail trade.
In all 39 areas combined, about a sixth of the
office employees in manufacturing establishments
were covered by collective-bargaining agreements.
Organized office workers, in part, were repre
sented by unions whose predominant membership
consisted of office employees However, they
were represented to an appreciable extent by
unions whose basic membership was composed of
plant employees.
MONTHLY LABOR
UNIONIZATION—39 CITIES
28
Proportion of workers covered by union agreements in 39 major labor markets, 1951—5 2 1
Office workers
Plant workers
N onmanufacturing
Percent
All industries
Manufacturing
N onmanufacturing
Percent
All industries
Manufacturing
00 or
more
Detroit
Pittsburgh
San Francisco-Oakland
Seattle
Albany-SchenectadyTroy
Buffalo
Cleveland
Detroit
Milwaukee
Newark-Jersey City
New York
Pittsburgh
St. Louis
San FranciscoOakland
Seattle
San FranciscoOakland
Seattle
20-33
Albany-Schenectady- Albany-Schenectady- Albany-SchenectadyTroy
Troy
Troy
Atlanta
Allentown-BethleLos Angeles
hem-Easton
Birmingham
Newark-Jersey City
Boston
Milwaukee
Pittsburgh
Denver
Newark-Jersey City
Seattle
Phoenix
Detroit
Los Angeles
Pittsburgh
Seattle
Newark-Jersey City
New York
Trenton
Pittsburgh
Salt Lake City
75-89
Albany-SchenectadyTroy
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton
Buffalo
Cleveland
Kansas City
Los Angeles
Milwaukee
Minneapolis- St.
Paul
Newark-Jersey City
New York
Philadelphia
St. Louis
Trenton
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton
Birmingham
Boston
Cincinnati
Hartford
Indianapolis
Kansas City
Los Angeles
Louisville
Los Angeles
Minneapolis-St. Paul
New York
Pittsburgh
St. Louis
15-19
Birmingham
Buffalo
Detroit
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Phoenix
San Francisco-Oak
land
Scranton
Trenton
Buffalo
Philadelphia
Scranton
Buffalo
Cleveland
Indianapolis
Los Angeles
New York
Oklahoma City
St. Louis
San FranciscoOakland
Scranton
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Denver
Indianapolis
Jacksonville
Kansas City
Oklahoma City
Richmond
St. Louis
Salt Lake City
Milwaukee
Providence
Richmond
San FranciscoOakland
Birmingham
Chicago
Cincinnati
Denver
Jacksonville
Kansas City
Minneapolis-St. Paul
Philadelphia
Richmond
Worcester
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton
Chicago
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Columbus
Hartford
Houston
Indianapolis
Jacksonville
Kansas City
Louisville
Memphis
Minneapolis-St. Paul
New Orleans
N orfolk-Portsmouth
Oklahoma City
Phoenix
St. Louis
Seattle
Trenton
Worcester
Atlanta
Boston
Columbus
Detroit
Hartford
Houston
Louisville
Memphis
New Orleans
Norfolk-Portsmouth
Providence
Salt Lake City
Minneapolis-St. Paul
Philadelphia
Phoenix
Richmond
Trenton
50-74
Birmingham
Boston
Chicago
Cincinnati
Columbus
Denver
Hartford
Indianapolis
Louisville
Memphis
N orfolk-Portsmouth
Phoenix
Providence
Richmond
Scranton
Chicago
Columbus
Denver
Houston
Jacksonville
Memphis
New Orleans
Norfolk-Portsmouth
Providence
Salt Lake City
Scranton
Boston
Chicago
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Denver
Detroit
Kansas City
Milwaukee
Newark-Jersey City
Philadelphia
Phoenix
Scranton
Worcester
10-14
20-49
Atlanta
Houston
Jacksonville
New Orleans
Oklahoma City
Salt Lake City
Worcester
Atlanta
Oklahoma City
Worcester
Albany-SchenectadyTroy
A llento wn-B ethlehem-Easton
Atlanta
Birmingham
Buffalo
Columbus
Hartford
Houston
Indianapolis
Jacksonville
Louisville
Memphis
New Orleans
N orfolk-Portsmouth
Oklahoma City
Providence
Richmond
Salt Lake City
Trenton
Under Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton
10
Cincinnati
Columbus
Hartford
Houston
Louisville
Memphis
Minneapolis-St. Paul
New Orleans
N orfolk-Portsmouth
Providence
Worcester
i The study covered manufacturing, public utilities, wholesale trade, retail
trade, finance, and selected service industries. Major groups excluded from
study were building construction and railroads. For size of establishments
covered, see footnote 3 (p. 27).
Influence of Industrial Composition
has a direct bearing on the over-all extent of
unionization. For example, on an all-industry
basis, about three-fourths of the plant workers in
Cincinnati as compared with about two-thirds in
Phoenix were employed in establishments with
union agreements. However, if these figures are
separated into manufacturing and nonmanufac
turing, about five-sixths of the plant workers in
In making interarea comparisons of unioniza
tion on an all-industry basis, the industrial
composition of the 39 areas should be considered.
Since the extent of unionization varies among
industry groups, the relative importance of cer
tain industries or industry groups within an area
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REVIEW,
JA N U A R Y 1953
UNION SCALES IN BAKING INDUSTRY
manufacturing and a half of the plant workers in
nonmanufacturing were employed in union plants
in both cities. The difference in proportions is
due to the relative importance of manufacturing
and nonmanufacturing in the two cities. In
Cincinnati, nearly two-thirds of the workers
within the scope of the survey were employed in
the more highly unionized manufacturing estab
lishments as contrasted with less than a third in
Phoenix.
Birmingham and Richmond were the only two
southern cities studied in which more than threefourths of the plant workers were employed in
manufacturing establishments having union agree
ments. The importance of the heavily unionized
steel industry in Birmingham and the large
unionized tobacco plants in Richmond greatly
influenced the extent of unionization in these
areas.
Emphasis should be given to the fact that the
extent of unionization is usually greater in large
cities and in large plants. The occupational
wage surveys on which these union-coverage
estimates are based relate primarily to the larger
cities and plants. Moreover, the proportions of
workers covered by union agreements in this
analysis relate to total employment (plant or
office) in firms having union agreements covering
a majority of these workers rather than to the
number actually covered by agreements or the
number who are members of labor organizations.
—A. N. J a r r e l l
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
Union Wage Scales in the
Baking Industry, 1952
of bakery workers increased
5.3 percent between July 1, 1951, and July 1,
1952, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics’
fourteenth annual survey of union scales in the
baking industry.1 The over-all increase of 8
cents an hour advanced the average wage scale
of unionized bakery workers to $1.51 on July 1,
1952. 2 The negotiation of new contracts, ef
U n io n w a g e sc a l e s
234 8 2 6 — 53 ------------- 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
29
fective during the 12 month period, resulted in
wage increases for nine-tenths of all workers covered
in the study.
The straight-time workweek averaged 40.7
hours on July 1, 1952—no change from the
previous July. The most common straight-time
work schedule was the 40-hour workweek, ap
plicable to five-sixths of the union workers studied.
Trend of Union Wage Scales
Between July 1, 1951, and July 1, 1952, union
hourly wage scales of bakery workers rose 5.3
percent. This rise, slightly smaller than the 5.7
gain in the previous 12-month period, advanced
the Bureau’s index of union wage scales in the
bakery industry to 123.9 (table 1 and chart). 3
T a b l e 1.— Indexes
of union hourly wage rates and weekly
hours in the baking industry , 1939-52
[Average 1947-49=100]
Date
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
June 1--June 1 ...
June 1--.
July 1 ...
July 1___
July 1 ,..
July 1 ...
Hourly
rates
57.9
59.4
61.4
67.3
70.1
70.6
71.5
Weekly
hours
102.0
101.5
101.2
101.1
100.6
100.6
100.6
Hourly
rates
Date
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
1 ...
1_„_
1 ...
1__
1 ...
1__
1 ...
81.9
92.9
100.3
106.8
111.3
117.7
123.9
Weekly
hours
100.2
100.1
100.1
99.7
99.7
99.6
99.6
The amount of increase varied by type of baking
and ranged from 4.0 percent in Hebrew bakeries
to 11.5 percent in shops baking nationality goods
other than Hebrew. In other types of shops, the
advances were grouped between 4.3 and 5.8 per
cent. The greatest gain in terms of cents-per-hour—
1 Information presented in this report was based on union scales in effect on
July 1, 1952, and covered approximately 77,000 union bakery workers in 74
cities ranging in population from about 40,000 to over 1,000,000. Data were
obtained primarily by mail questionnaire from local unions; in some cities
Bureau representatives visited local union officials to obtain the desired
information.
Mimeographed listings of union scales by occupation are available for any
of the 74 cities included in the survey. A forthcoming Bureau bulletin will
contain detailed information on the industry.
Union scales are defined as the minimum wage rates or maximum schedules
of hours agreed upon through collective bargaining. Rates in excess of the
negotiated minimum which may be paid for special qualifications or other
reasons are not included.
3 Average scales, designed to show current levels, are baseed on all scales
reported for the current year; individual scales are weighted by the number
of union members reported at the scale. These averages are not measures for
yearly comparisons because of annual changes in union memberships and in
classifications studied.
3 In the index series, designed for trend purposes, year-to-year changes in
union scales are based on comparable quotations for the various occupations
in two consecutive years, weighted by number of union members reported at
each quotation in the current year.
30
MONTHLY LABOR
UNION SCALES IN BAKING INDUSTRY
Trend of Union Hourly Wage Rates and Weekly
Hours in Baking Industry, 1941-52
The advance was less than 5 percent for a majority
of the workers in one branch of the industry—
cracker and cookies. Increases of 10 percent or
more were significant in only two branches of the
industry—bread and cake machine shops and
nationality bakeries other than Hebrew, affecting
about a sixth of the union workers in the former
type shops and a fourth of those in the latter.
Although scale adjustments in excess of 30
cents an hour were reported for some workers,
raises of 5 to 10 cents an hour were typical. Over
half of the bakery workers for whom new agree
ments were negotiated, received increases of 5
to 10 cents an hour and a fifth received from 10
to 15 cents. For a seventh, the advance amounted
to less than 5 cents. In each branch, at least 3
of every 5 workers had their scales adjusted by
amounts ranging from 5 to 15 cents an hour
during the 12 months ending July 1, 1952.
Rate Variations by Industry Branch
an average increase of 20 cents—was made by
workers in nationality bakeries other than Hebrew.
Cracker and cooky establishments and pie and
pastry shops with average advances of 5 and 7
cents, respectively, were the only branches to
register gains below the over-all industry average
(table 2).
Wage scale increases resulting from contract
revisions during the year benefited 90 percent of
the union bakery workers included in the study.
The proportion of workers receiving upward
scale adjustments varied by type of baking and
ranged from 75 percent in bread and cake hand
shops to 98 percent in bakeries producing nation
ality goods other than Hebrew. Of the workers
benefiting from scale revisions during the year
ending July 1, 1952, slightly over two-fifths
received increases of less than 5 percent, a similar
proportion from 5 to 10 percent, and a tenth
from 10 to 15 percent. In each type of baking
studied, the increase amounted to less than 10
percent for at least 70 percent of the workers.
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Union bakery workers had wage scales averaging
$1.51 an hour on July 1, 1952. Wage scales are
generally affected by such factors as product,
baking process, extent of mechanization, and
specialized or more standard baking. The greater
proportion of baked goods is standardized and
produced in highly mechanized plants by massproduction methods. Such establishments em
ployed 80 percent of the bakery workers included
in the study, with a substantial proportion
performing routine tasks that require relatively
little training. In specialized baking, found
T a b l e 2. — Average union wage rates in the baking industry,
July 1, 1952, and increases since July 1, 1951, by type
of baking
Type of baking
All baking_____________ ____
Bread and cake:
H and__________________
Machine_______________Pie and pastry______________
Nationality baking:
Hebrew. ---------------------Other------ -------------------Cracker and cooky. -------------
Average rate
per hour,
July 1,19521
Amount of increase July 1,
1951, to July 1,1952 2
Percent
Cents-perhour
$1.51
5.3
8
1.81
1. 50
1.39
4.4
5.8
5.3
8
8
7
2.11
1.94
1.26
4.0
11.5
4.3
8
20
5
1 Average rates are based on all rates in effect on July 1, 1952; individual
rates are weighted by the number of union members reported at each rate.
2 Based on comparable quotations for 1951 and 1952; weighted by the
membership reported in 1952.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
UNION SCALES IN BAKING INDUSTRY
T a b l e 3. — Average union wage rates in the baking industry,
in the standardized plants. Such scales prevailed
for three-fourths of the workers in shops producing
Hebrew baked goods, about a fourth of those in
other specialized shops, and for less than a tenth
in the mechanized standard shops. In each type
of baking, however, hourly scales of individual
workers tended to concentrate around the average.
by population group and by type of baking, July 1, 1952
Population group
Type of baking
All baking__________
Bread and cake:
H and.....................
Machine________
Pie and pastry______
Nationality baking;
Hebrew- _______
Other__________
Cracker and cooky___
Cities
Cities
Cities
Cities
Cities
with
with
with
with
with
1,000,000 500,000 to 250,000 to 100,000 to 40,000 to
or more 1,000,000 500,000
250,000
100,000
$1.65
$1.48
$1.42
$1.32
$1.29
1.93
1.60
1.41
1.71
1.49
1.45
1.71
1.50
1.42
1.39
1.36
1.21
1.52
1.29
1.26
2.17
1.94
1.33
1.89
1.92
1.24
1.95
1.82
1.22
1.12
31
City and Regional Variations
Differences in anion scales of bakery workers
exist not only between cities and regions bat also
between the various types of bakeries within a
city. Scale levels in the 74 cities studied varied
from 91 cents for pie and pastry shops in Chatta
nooga to $2.31 for Hebrew bake shops in Detroit.
No consistent relationship existed between the
various branches of the industry within individual
cities. Detroit, for example, had the highest scale
level for Hebrew baking and the third highest for
other nationality baking; but it ranked fifth in
pie and pastry shops, seventh in cracker and cooky
plants, and eighteenth in bread and cake machine
shops.
More than half of the union bakery workers
included in the study were employed in mecha
nized bread and cake shops. On July 1 , 1952, the
hourly wage scales averaged $1.50, and in about
a third of the 73 cities having such shops, scale
levels exceeded this amount. Among individual
cities, levels ranged from 99 cents in Charleston,
S. C., to $1.92 in Oakland, California. Five of
the 6 cities having average scales in excess of
$1.70 were on the Pacific Coast. All 5 cities with
average scales of less than $1.10 were in the
Southeast region. Increases varying from 3 to 7
percent were registered by machine bread and
cake shops in three-fifths of the studied cities.
1.25
primarily in bread and cake hand shops and
nationality bakeries, skilled all-round journeymen
comprise the major part of the work force.
The level of union wage scales is higher in
specialized baking shops than in plants producing
standard products: average hourly scales in hand
bread and cake shops and in nationality bakeries
exceeded the national average for all types of baking
by 30 cents or more an hour. In standarized
shops, average hourly scales varied from $1.26 in
cracker and cooky plants to $1.50 in mechanized
bread and cake shops.
For the industry as a whole, union hourly
scales of individual bakery workers varied from
less than 90 cents to over $2.50. The middle 50
percent, however, were grouped between $1.20
and $1.80 an hour. By type of baking, scales
ranged from $1.30 to $2.40 an hour in shops
baking nationality goods other than Hebrew,
from less than 90 cents to $2.00 in cracker and
cooky plants, and from less than 90 cents to $2.40
or over in each of the others.
Hourly scales of $2 or more applied to a greater
proportion of workers in specialized shops than
T a ble 4. —Average union wage rates in the baking industry, by region 1 and by type of baking, July 1, 1952
Type of baking
All baking................. ................
Bread and cake:
H and________ _________
Machine_______________
Pie and pastry______________
Nationality baking:
Hebrew___________ ____ _
Other_______ _______ ___
Cracker and cooky__________
United
States
$1. 51
New
England
$1. 42
Middle
Atlantic
$1.64
1. 81
1. 50
1.39
1.38
1.36
1. 29
1. 96
1. 56
1.46
2.11
1.94
1.26
2.03
2.14
2. 04
1.36
1.16
Border
States
i The regions referred to in this study include: New England— Connecticut,
Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont;
Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—
Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia; Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Oeorgia, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Tennessee; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
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$1.32
1.90
1.38
1.08
1.11
Southeast
$1.18
Great
Lakes
Middle
West
$1. 43
$1. 41
1.12
1.16
.91
1. 67
1. 44
1. 26
1.43
1. 48
1.28
1.42
1.25
2 02
1. 89
1.22
1.24
Southwest
—
$1.34
1 35
Mountain
$1.33
—------------- —
Pacific
$1.69
1 40
1 53
1.73
1. 51
1. 28
1.09
2. 28
1. 91
1. 23
Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Middle West—Iowa, Kansas, Missouri
Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Southwest—Arkansas Louisil
ana. Oklahoma, and Texas; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, M ontana,
New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; Pacific— California, Nevada, Oregon,
and Washington.
32
UNION SCALES IN BUILDING TRADES
A third of the 34 cities which bad unionized
bread and cake hand shops recorded scale levels
of at least $1.60. Average scales for this branch
of the industry ranged from $1.12 in Chattanooga
to $2.02 in New York City.
Wage scale levels in Hebrew bake shops varied
from $1.42 in St. Louis to $2.31 in Detroit. Of
the 18 cities having such bakeries, 7 had levels in
excess of $2 and 2, less than $1.50. In other
nationality bake shops, average scales were highest
in New York ($2.07) and lowest in Los Angeles
($1.69).
Among the 23 cities having pie and pastry
shops, union scales averaged from 91 cents in
Chattanooga to $2.05 in San Francisco.
Cracker and cooky plants, which employed a
fourth of the workers included in the study, had
levels ranging from $1.02 in Salt Lake City to
$1.44 in Newark. Scales averaged in excess of
$1.35 for 5 cities and below $1.10 for 5 others.
Half of the 33 cities in this branch of the industry
had levels of $1.15 to $1.35.
When the 74 cities included in the survey are
grouped according to population, average union
hourly scales for all branches of the industry
combined were highest in the larger metropolitan
cities and descended in accordance with the citysize grouping (table 3).
A somewhat similar pattern existed among the
individual branches of the industry. Some major
exceptions were noted in the two smallest-sized
population groups; the levels for hand bread and
cake shops, and cracker and cooky establishments
in the group of cities with less than 100,000 popula
tion exceeded those in the 100,000 to 250,000
grouping by 13 cents.
Regionally, average union hourly scales for the
baking industry ranged from $1.18 in the South
east to $1.69 on the Pacific Coast. The level in
the Middle Atlantic States ($1.64) also exceeded
the $1.51 over-all national average (table 4).
The only branches of the industry represented
in all regions were cracker and cooky shops, and
machine bread and cake shops. The highest
scale levels in these branches were $1.36 in the
Middle Atlantic States for cracker and cooky
bakeries, and $1.81 on the Pacific Coast for
machine bread and cake shops.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N TH LY LABO E
Standard Workweek
Collective-bargaining agreements in effect on
July 1, 1952 provided standard weekly work
schedules of 40 hours or less for six-sevenths of
the union bakery workers in the 74 cities studied.
Over 98 percent of the employment in shops
baking standardized goods were on such schedules.
More than half of the Hebrew bakers were em
ployed under agreements specifying a work sched
ule of at least 44 hours; two-sevenths of the
workers in other nationality bake shops and
three-eighths of those in hand bread and cake
shops had a 48-hour standard work schedule.
The average straight-time workweek of 40.7
hours for all baking workers remained unchanged
between July 1, 1951 and July 1, 1952.
— J ohn
F.
L
a c is k e y
D ivision of W ages and In d u strial R elation s
Union Wage Scales in the
Building Trades, 1952
H o u r l y w a g e s c a l e s of unionized building-trades
workers reached a new peak—advancing 6.2 per
cent from July 1, 1951, to July 1, 1952—as
construction activity continued at record levels,
according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ fortysixth annual survey of union scales in the construc
tion trades.1 On July 1, 1952, union hourly scales
for all building-trades workers averaged $2.57; for
journeymen, $2.76; and for helpers and laborers,
$1.84.2 The wage scales of about four-fifths of the
union construction workers were increased by
collective-bargaining agreements during the year.
1
Information was based on scales in effect on July 1, 1952, and covered
730,000 journeymen and 190,000 helpers and laborers in 77 cities ranging in
population from about 40,000 to over a million. Data were obtained primarily
by mail questionnaire from local union officials; in some cities Bureau repre
sentatives visited local union officials to obtain the desired information.
Mimeographed listings of union scales, by trade, are available for each of the
77 cities included in the survey. A forthcoming Bureau bulletin will contain
detailed information on the industry.
Union scales are defined as the minimum wage scales or maximum schedules
of hours agreed upon through collective bargaining between trade-unions and
employers. Rates in excess of the negotiated minimum, which m ay be paid
for special qualifications or other reasons, are not included.
R E V IE W , JA N U A R Y 1953
33
UNION SCALES IN BUILDING TRADES
Straight-time weekly hours have remained con
stant for the past 3 years, averaging 39.3 for all
building trades. The most common straight-time
schedule was a 5-day, 40-hour workweek and
affected about 7 of every 8 building-trades workers
studied.
Trade of Union Hourly Wage Scales in Building
Trades, 1941-52
Trend of Union Wage Scales
The index of hourly union scales 3 on a 1947-49
base advanced to 125.1 on July 1, 1952, for all
trades (table 1 and chart), an increase of 6.2 per
cent over the preceding July. Journeymen’s wage
scales rose 6.1 percent, on the average, and helpers
and laborers, 6.5 percent.
During the 12-month period ending July 1, 1952,
union scales of all building-trades workers ad
vanced, on the average, 15 cents an hour. Jour
neymen’s scales increased 16 cents an hour, and
helpers and laborers showed a rise of 11 cents.
Average increases of 12 to 16 cents an hour were
registered by half of the journeymen trades
studied. Among the crafts recording gains of 16
cents an hour were carpenters, electricians,
painters, plumbers, and steam and sprinkler
fitters. The highest increase (25 cents) was
recorded for bricklayers. Lathers, tile layers,
and mosaic and terrazzo workers were the only
trades to show advances of less than 11 cents.
Of the 9 helper and laborer classifications in
cluded in the survey, bricklayers’ tenders and
composition roofers’ helpers showed the greatest
gain (13 cents) and elevator constructors’ helpers,
the smallest (7 cents). Percentagewise, increases
for all crafts ranged from 3.2 to 8.5 percent; but
for most trades, the advances were between 4 and 7
percent.
As a result of labor-management contract nego
tiations, hourly scales of five-sixths of the unionized
journeymen and three-fourths of the helpers and
As all rate changes in the building industry require the approval of the
Construction Industry Stabilization Commission, only those rates approved
by the Commission were included in the study.
8 Average scales, designed to show current levels, are based on all scales
reported for the current year in the cities covered; individual scales are
weighted by the number of union members reported at each rate. These
averages are not measures for yearly comparisons because of annual changes
in membership and in classifications studied.
8 In the index series, designed for trend purposes, year-to-year changes in
union scales are based on comparable quotations for each trade in two con
secutive years. These quotations are weighted by the number of union
members reported in the current year.
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laborers were raised during the year. Of the
journeymen benefiting from scale increases, 3 of
every 8 received from 15 to 20 cents an hour; 1 of
every 7, from 10 to 15 cents; 1 of every 9, from 20
to 25 cents; and 1 of every 5, from 25 to 30 cents
an hour. Of the helpers and laborers whose wage
scales were adjusted, 3 of every 8 gained from 10
to 15 cents; 2 of every 9 advanced from 15 to 20
cents and a similar proportion, from 20 to 25 cents.
T a b l e 1 .— Indexes
of union scales of hourly wages and
weekly hours in the building trades, selected years 1907-52
[Average 1947-49=100]
Minimum hourly wage rates
Date
1907:
1913:
1918:
1919:
1920:
1921:
1922:
1926:
1931:
1933:
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
May 15____
May 15____
May 15____
May 15____
May 15____
May 15____
May 15___
May 1 5 ___
May 15___
May 15____
June 1____
June 1____
June 1____
July 1_____
July 1_____
July 1-------July 1_____
July 1_____
July 1___
July 1-----July 1____
July 1_____
July 1_____
July 1_____
All
trades
18.2
22.5
28.2
32.3
43.6
44.4
41.7
55.0
60.6
50.3
62.3
63.3
65.6
69.7
70.2
70.8
72.2
80.5
92.1
101.8
106.1
110.7
117.8
125.1
Journey Helpers
and
men
laborers
19.0
23.5
29.3
33.4
44.7
45.6
42.9
56.6
62.4
51.9
63.8
64.7
67.0
70.8
71.2
71.7
73.0
80.9
92.3
101.7
106.0
110.5
117.4
124.6
14.5
16.9
22.7
26.2
38.1
38.4
35.0
45.2
49.4
40.3
53.2
54.3
56.9
62.5
63.3
64.0
67.0
77.9
91.1
102.6
106.4
112.2
119.9
127.7
Maximum weekly hours
All
trades
124.1
118.0
116.1
115.5
115.0
114.9
114.9
114.8
108.4
106.1
99.9
99.8
100.2
101.0
100.9
101.1
101.1
100.1
100.0
100.0
100.1
100.2
100.1
100.1
Journey Helpers
and
men
laborers
122.6
116.8
115.0
114.6
114.1
114.0
114.1
114.0
107.4
105.1
99.0
99.0
99.5
100.8
101.0
101.2
101.2
100.1
99.9
100.0
100.1
100.2
100.1
100.1
129.6
121.5
119.5
118.4
117.6
117.6
117.3
117.0
111.1
108.1
102.7
102.1
102.4
101.5
100.8
100.8
100.8
100.1
100.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.9
100.1
34
UNION SCALES IN BUILDING TRADES
The upward adjustments during the year
amounted to less than 5 percent for an eighth of
the journeymen receiving scale increases, from
5 to 10 percent for seven-tenths, and from 10 to 15
percent for a seventh. Of the helpers and laborers
receiving increases, nearly half had scale advances
ranging from 5 to 10 percent; a third, from 10 to 15
percent; and a ninth, from 15 to 20 percent.
Hourly Wage Scales
In general, construction-industry wage scales
are somewhat higher than those prevailing in other
industries. Among the contributing factors under
lying this condition are irregularity of employment
and some types of working conditions not encoun
tered by employees of comparable skill in most
other industries.
Journeymen’s union scales on July 1, 1952,
ranged from less than $1.90 to over $3.50 an hour,
and averaged $2.76. Negotiated agreements pro
viding for wage scales of $2.40 to $3.20 an hour
affected 4 of every 5 journeymen. Bricklayers
were the highest paid craft with an average hourly
scale of $3.19; glaziers, averaging $2.44 an hour,
were the lowest. Three other crafts with levels
of $3 or more an hour were lathers ($3), plasterers
($3.10) and stonemasons ($3.15). Roofers, paint
ers, and paperhangers were the other journeymen
crafts studied which had average scales of less
than $2.60 an hour.
Scales of all helper and laborer classifications
averaged $1.84 an hour and varied from $1.65 for
composition roofers’ helpers to $2.11 for terrazzo
workers’ helpers. Building laborers, the only
other group below the national level, averaged
$1.75 an hour. Individual scales of three-fourths
of the helpers and laborers ranged from $1.50 to
$2.30 an hour.
City and Regional Variations
Ordinarily, scale negotiations in the building
trades are conducted on a locality basis. Wage
scales, for this reason, have always varied among
cities, except in cases where union jurisdiction
covers broad geographic areas. Local variations
in building activity, and hence variations in de
mand for skilled labor, may also influence locality
differences in wage scales. The general level of
wages and the extent of unionization in a locality
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N TH LY LABOR
may also tend to affect the level of building-trades
scales.
Scales of individual journeymen varied con
siderably among the 77 cities studied. For
example, wage scales of electricians on July 1,
1952, ranged from $2.01 in Portland, Maine, to
$3.45 in Newark, N. J.
Construction workers’ scales were adjusted
upwardly in every city included in the survey.
The average hourly increase in about half of the
cities varied from 12 to 18 cents for journeymen
and from 10 to 17 cents for helpers and laborers.
Gains of 4 to 8 percent were registered by journey
men in two-thirds of the cities and by helpers and
laborers in two-fifths.
Wage developments during the year undoubt
edly were influenced by the fact that construction
activities continued at record levels. Expendi
tures for new construction in the first 8 months
of 1952 were about 8 percent higher than in the
corresponding period of 1951.4
Within cities, union scales for the 24 journey
men trades showed widespread variations. The
following tabulation indicates the range of union
scales in 6 typical cities:
Differences in —
Scale range
A tla n ta -------------------------B o sto n __________________
Chicago----------------------D a lla s----------------------------N ew Y ork ______________
San F ran cisco___________
$1. 75 ~$2. 90
2. 2 2 )f - 3. 00
2. 57*4- 3. 4234
1. 92)4- 3. 4 3 %
2. 83 ~ 3. 55
2. 0734- 3. 25
Cents per Perhour
cent
115
77)4
66
35
85
33
151)4
72
11734
79
25
57
The difference between the high and low scales
of the nine helper and laborer classifications was
smaller than that of journeymen in each of the
above cities except New York, where an 85-cent
differential existed. In the other cities, differences
ranged from 28 cents in Boston to 83 cents in
Atlanta. The differential in percentage terms,
however, was the same for helpers and laborers
as for journeymen in Chicago, and greater for
helpers and laborers in Atlanta and New York—
83 and 45 percent, respectively.
In the 77 cities studied, average union wage
scales for construction-trades journeymen ranged
from $2.15 an hour in Charlotte, N. C., to $3.27 in
Newark, N. J. Two-thirds of the cities had levels
of at least $2.50; half of these levels were between
4 See Expenditures for New Construction, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (Mimeographed monthly report.!
R E V IE W , JANUARY 1958
$2.60 and $2.75. New York was the only other
city in which journeymen trades averaged over
$3 an hour. Average scales for helpers and
laborers ranged from 91 cents in Charleston, S. C.,
to $2.52 in Newark.
When the cities are grouped according to popu
lation, wage-scale levels were highest in the group
of more densely populated cities and lowest in the
smallest city-size group. The rate spread between
journeymen and helpers and laborers in each citysize grouping closely approximated the over-all
national differential of 92 cents.
Average hourly scales in each population group
ing for both major classifications of construction
workers were as follows:
Cities with population of1,000,000 and over...
500.000 to 1,000,000.
250.000 to 500,000...
100.000 to 250,000..40.000 to 100,000__
Journeymen
Helpers and
laborers
$2. 92
2. 77
2. 65
2. 51
2. 36
$2. 03
1. 91
1. 77
1. 59
1. 51
Within each size group, average hourly scales
of journeymen and of helpers and laborers showed
considerable variation. The spread was wider
for helpers and laborers than for journeymen in
all city-size groups except the one with cities hav
ing a population of 1 million and over. Cities
having a population of 250,000 to 500,000 had the
greatest differences between the highest and lowest
wage-scale levels—87 cents for journeymen and
$1.30 for helpers and laborers.
On a regional basis, average scales for all build
ing-trades workers varied from $2.13 in the South
east to $2.78 in the Middle Atlantic region (table
2). The Great Lakes region was the only other
region in which the level exceeded the national
average of $2.57. The Middle Atlantic and Great
Lakes regions included 30 of the 77 cities studied.
The wage levels for journeymen ranged from
$2.42 in the Southeast to $3.04 in the Middle
Atlantic States. With the exception of 3 trades—
lathers, marble setters, and paperhangers—jour
neymen scales averaged highest in the Middle
Atlantic region. The lowest levels for journey
men trades were generally found in the two
southern regions. Composition roofers in the
Southeast had the only wage level below $2 for
journeymen.
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35
UNION SCALES IN BUILDING TRADES
T a b l e 2. — Average union scales in the building trades, by
region,1 July 1, 1952
Region
United States__________
New England__
___ _____ ______
Middle Atlantic__________________
Border States_____ _______________
Southeast_________________ _____
Great Lakes_____________
Middle West_______________
Southwest__ _ . _______________
M ountain_______________ . _
Pacific
_
_____________
Helpers
and
laborers
All trades
Journey
men
$ 2 .5 7
$ 2 .7 6
$ 1 .8 4
2 .3 9
2 .7 8
2 .4 0
2 .1 3
2 .6 9
2 .5 5
2 .2 7
2 .2 6
2 .5 3
2 .5 8
3 .0 4
2 .6 7
2 .4 2
2 .8 2
2 .7 0
2 . 50
2 .5 6
2 .6 3
1 .8 5
2 .0 1
1 .6 2
1 .2 1
2 .0 1
1 .9 5
1 .3 1
1 .7 5
1 .9 5
i The regions referred to in this study include: New England—Oonnecti;
cut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont
Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—
Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia; Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Tennessee; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Middle West—Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Southwest—Arkansas, Louisi
ana, Oklahoma, and Texas; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,
New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; Pacific—California, Nevada, Oregon,
and Washington.
Union hourly scales for all helpers and laborers
combined averaged highest in the Middle Atlantic
and Great Lakes regions ($2.01) and lowest in the
Southeast ($1.21). Levels in excess of $2 oc
curred most frequently in the Middle Atlantic,
Great Lakes, and Pacific regions and were regis
tered by at least 6 occupational groups in each of
these regions. Two classifications of helpers and
laborers in the Border States, and 4 in the Middle
West region also had levels of $2 or more.
Standard Workweek
Changes in straight-time weekly hours between
July 1, 1951, and July 1, 1952, had no effect on
the average for all building-trades workers. The
workweek averaged 39.3 hours for the past 3 years.
The predominant standard workweek was 40
hours; this schedule was applicable to over 85
percent of the building-trades workers studied.
About an eighth of the journeymen and a twelfth
of the helpers and laborers were employed under
contracts stipulating a 35-hour workweek. Such
schedules were more common for bricklayers,
lathers, painters, and bricklayers’ tenders than
for other trades. Straight-time workweeks of 30
hours prevailed for a fifth of the plasterers and a
ninth of the plasterers’ laborers.
— A
lexander
M
oros
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
36
M O N TH LY LABOR
EARNINGS IN COMMUNICATIONS
Earnings of Communications Workers
in October 1951
Less than 10 percent of the men were included in
these groups. Over two-thirds of the men were
engaged on construction, installation, and main
tenance work and as a group averaged $1.99 an
hour. Within this group, linemen averaged $1.58;
PBX and station installers, $1.87; and exchange
repairmen, $2.07.
Bell System employees, totaling about a half
million in October 1951, averaged $1.52 an hour.
The 18,000 employees of 32 independent class A
carriers averaged $1.12. The independent carriers
were typically small; none employed more than
of approximately 561,000 nonsupervisory communications workers averaged
$1.50 in October 1951.1 Nonsupervisory employ
ment of interstate communications carriers report
ing wage data to the Federal Communications
Commission had increased since October 1950 by
about 22,000.2 Almost all the increase was in
number of telephone workers, although a small
decrease in the wire-telegraph employment and a
slight rise in radiotelegraph employment occurred.
Ocean-cable-carrier workers numbered about the
same in both periods studied.3
H ourly earning s
1 Data for this study were collected by the Federal Communications
Commission from interstate communications employers, as required by the
amended Communications Act of 1934. These employers included class A
telephone carriers (those having annual operating revenues exceeding
$250,000) and wire-telegraph, radiotelegraph, and ocean-cable carriers with
annual revenues exceeding $50,000. Under a cooperative arrangement, the
Bureau of Labor Statistics assumed the task of tabulating and publishing
these data. More detailed reports for 1951, similar to those published in
previous years, are available upon request.
The earnings shown in this article were computed by dividing weekly
scheduled compensation by weekly scheduled hours. Thus, the figures
shown include premium pay for any regularly scheduled overtime.
Employees covered in this report are primarily nonsupervisory. Excluded
are officials and managerial assistants, professional and semi professional em
ployees, sales employees, and nonclerical business-office employees. Also ex
cluded are employees outside continental United States, except in the tele
phone industry.
2 Comparison of nonsupervisory employment in the 2 years shows an in
crease of 18,000; but about 4,000 telephone employees covered in October 1950
havo been excluded from this report because of an FCC decision to publish
data only for interstate carriers, and because of a change in definition of
class A telephone carriers to those with annual operating revenue of at least
$250,000—rather than $100,000 as formerly.
8 For data on earnings in 1950 and 1949, see September 1951 M onthly Labor
Review (pp. 293-296).
Class A Telephone Carriers
Most of the communications workers were em
ployed by class A interstate telephone carriers.
In October 1951, telephone workers, numbering
about 521,000, had average earnings of $1.51 an
hour. Two-thirds of the workers were women,
who were concentrated in switchboard, clerical,
and building-service jobs. Experienced switch
board operators, the largest occupational group
among telephone workers, averaged $1.27 an hour;
nonsupervisory clerical employees, $1.37 ; and nonsupervisory building-service employees, $1.20.
T a b l e 1 .— Class
A interstate telephone carriers: 1 Average hourly earnings 2 of employees in selected occupations, by region,
October 1951
Average hourly earnings 2 in—
United S tates8
Occupation
Num Average
hourly
ber o f
workers earn
ings 2
New
Eng
land
Middle
Atlan
tic
Great
Lakes
Chesa
peake
South
eastern
South
North
Central Central
Moun Pacific
tain
All employees *__________________ _____________ 520,923
$1.51
$1.56
$1.57
$1. 57
$1. 53
$1.31
$1.35
$1. 37
$1.34
$1.62
Cable splicers__________________________ _____
9,143
Cable splicers’ helpers. . . . ___________________ _ 7,132
Central office repairmen__________ _______ _____ 25, 597
Draftsmen
413
Exchange repairmen___________________________
10, 487
Experienced switchboard operators______________ 162,053
262
Laborers
Linemen_____________ ______ _______________
17,332
Mechanics, building and motor vehicle service_____
2,261
20, 456
PBX and station installers_____________________
Test-board men and repeatermen________________
9,386
2. 05
1.30
1.97
2.06
2. 07
1.27
1.15
1.58
1.92
1.87
2.15
2. 25
1.57
2.16
1. 59
2.22
1.30
2.17
1.25
2. 00
2.13
1.77
1.33
2.13
1.21
2.02
1.86
1.26
1.75
1.77
1.96
1.16
1.13
1.46
1.82
1. 68
2.02
1.80
1.22
1.74
2. 41
1. 97
1.19
2.07
1.45
1.82
1.97
1.91
2.26
1.84
1.14
1.75
1.75
1.67
1.07
.77
1. 25
1.65
1.39
1.98
1.81
1.13
1. 96
1. 82
1.99
2.06
2.31
2.14
1.41
2.03
1. 96
2.13
1.30
1.30
1.75
2. 04
1.97
2.18
1 Covers telephone companies with annual operating revenue exceeding
$250,000.
2 Includes premium pay for any regularly scheduled overtime work.
8 Also includes long-lines employees and class A telephone company
employees in the Territories.
* Excludes officials and managerial assistants, professional and semiprofessional employees, nonclerical business-office employees, and sales
employees.
N ote. For purposes of this study, the regions for which separate data are
presented include: New England— Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic—Delaware,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.16
1. 27
1.01
1.37
1.60
1.91
2.13
2.13
1.12
1.34
1.40
1.85
2.00
2.00
1.34
1.70
1.75
1. 97
2.02
1.92
2.11
1. 39
1.39
1.69
2.01
1.98
2.15
New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana,
Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Chesapeake— District of Columbia, M ary
land, Virginia, and West Virginia; Southeastern—Alabama, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and
Tennessee; North Central—Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, and
South Dakota; South Central—Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma,
and Texas (except El Paso County); Mountain—Arizona,, Colorado, Idaho
(south of Salmon River), Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas (El Paso
County), Utah, and Wyoming; Pacific—California, Idaho (north of Salmon
River), Oregon, and Washington.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
37
EARNINGS IN COMMUNICATIONS
T a b l e 2. — Western Union Telegraph Co.: Percentage distribution of wire-telegraph employees, by average hourly earnings 1
and selected occupations, October 1951 and 1950
Average hourly earnings 1 (in cents)
All employees2
All employeesä except
messengers
1951
75 and under 80__
80 and under 90_
00 and under 100___
100 and under 120.........
120 and under 140 .
140 and under 160___
160 and under 180
180 and under 200
200 and under 225
225 and under 250
250 and over
23.1
1.4
15.6
15.4
20.7
10.8
6.0
4.7
1.4
.9
Total______________________ ___
Number of workers
Average hourly earnings1...........
1950
24.6
5.3
7.2
15.5
21.8
12.2
6.1
4.4
1.8
.5
.6
1951
1950
0.3
6.3
8.3
20.3
29.8
16.7
8.3
6.0
2.5
.7
.8
1.3
17.7
20.5
28.0
14.7
8.2
6.4
2.0
1.2
Total__________ _______ _____ _
Number of w o rk ers..... ........_
Average hourly earnings 1______________
14.4
26.6
42.7
15.7
.5
.1
1951
5.4
20.4
73.1
1.1
1950
0.4
.9
15.7
81.0
2.0
1951
1.3
8.9
16.0
62.4
11.4
1950
1.0
3.4
12.5
69.6
13.5
1951
1950
0.2
.1
.8
10.1
64.3
24.3
.2
0.1
.2
3.2
20.8
51.8
23.8
.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
25, 582
$1.52
25. 658
$1.35
3,496
$1. 21
3,358
$1.06
3,156
$1.44
3,291
$1.27
237
$1.43
208
$1.29
1,055
$1.70
1,102
$1.54
1.0
3.3
14.8
43.7
32.9
2.9
1.4
1.0
3.0
12.9
42.3
35.3
4.0
1.5
99.8
.2
99.7
.3
Messengers,
motor
12.0
77.5
9.9
.6
8.3
23.9
43.6
23.3
.9
Morse operators
6.2
40.0
53.5
.3
0.1
3.0
28.2
68.5
.2
Subscribers’
equipment maintamers
0.4
8.5
27.3
62.9
.9
0.1
8.1
23.6
66.5
1.7
Telephone
operators
0.4
21.5
37.4
40.5
.2
6.9
9.7
35.7
47.5
.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
210
$1.75
201
$1.67
8,055
$0. 85
8, 438
$0. 75
1,184
$1.11
974
$0. 95
1,133
$1. 59
1.218
$1.41
755
$1.83
707
$1.65
2, 484
$1.33
2, 532
$1.16
10 , 000 .
Among the nine telephone regions, the spread in
average regional earnings amounted to 31 cents
an hour for all employees combined. In the
Southeast, telephone workers’ hourly earnings
averaged $1.31, and in the Pacific region, $1.62.
Average hourly earnings were $1.57 in both
the Middle Atlantic and the Great Lakes regions,
where the largest numbers of telephone workers
were located. In New England, where the
average was $1.56, regional job averages were
highest for 7 out of 9 comparable occupations.
However, the influence of these job averages
on the over-all New England average was offset
by the numerically important switchboard opera
tors, whose earnings were lower in New England
($1.30) than in the Pacific region ($1.39).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.9
50.0
37.1
11.5
.4
.1
1950
35,070
$1.23
2,500 persons, and the majority reported from
100 to 500. However, for over half the 23
carriers in the Bell System, employment exceeded
4
1951
Linemen and
cablemen
Traffic
department
100.0
i Includes premium pay for any regularly scheduled overtime work.
* Excludes officials and managerial assistants, professional and semipro-
2 3 4 8 2 6 — 53 -
Laborers
Commercial
department
34, 821
$1.39
Mechanics, build Messengers, foot
ing service
and bicycle
75 and under 80
80 and under 90
90 and under 100
100 and under 120.. _ _ ___
120 and under 140____________________
140 and under 160___________________
160 and under 180--180 and under 200
200 and under 225
225 and under 250
250 and over
Experienced telegraph operators
(except Morse)
fessional employees, telegraph office superintendents and managers, and sales
employees.
Western Union
Over 25,000 wire-telegraph employees of West
ern Union4 (excluding messengers) averaged
$1.52 an hour in October 1951. The average for
8,000 foot and bicycle messengers was 85 cents,
that for 1,200 motor messengers, $1.11. In this
branch of the communications industry, men
outnumbered women 3 to 2. Men or boys
predominated in the messenger jobs and in all
but two of the other major occupational groups
(telegraph operators and clerical employees).
Excluding Morse operators, 90 percent of the
experienced telegraph operators were women,
whose earnings averaged $1.21 an hour in the
commercial department (primarily devoted to
t D ata for individual companies, identified by name, are customarily not
published or revealed by the Bureau. Inasmuch as the annual reports
collected by the FCO are public records, the identification of individual
firms in this article is not contrary to Bureau policy.
38
EARNINGS IN COMMUNICATIONS
M O N TH LY LABOR
T a b l e 3. — Principal radiotelegraph carriers:1 Percentage distribution of employees by average hourly earnings 2 and selected
occupations, October 1951 and 1950
All employees 3
Average hourly earnings 2
(in cents)
1951
75 and under 80______________ _
80 and under 90_____ _________
90 and under 100____________ __
100 and under 120_____________ .
120 and under 140____ _____ . . .
140 and under 160____________ . . .
160 and under 180________ ______
180 and under 200___ _______ . . .
200 and under 225_____________
225 and under 250____ __________
250 and over______ ___________
Total_____________________
Number of workers______ . . .
Average hourly earnings 2________
1950
Marine coastal
station
operators
1951
Mechanicians
and
maintenance
technicians
Messengers,
foot and
bicycle
Radio oper
ating
technicians
Radio oper
ators
1951
1951
1951
1951
1950
(<)
13.4
2.6
7.8
8.6
15.1
12.8
13.7
13.1
7.8
5.1
7.5
8.1
1.5
6.8
14.6
17.4
16.6
10.0
10.7
4.9
1.9
1.9
4.8
14.3
17.1
22.9
27.6
11.4
1.9
9.3
25.8
13.9
35.2
11.1
2.8
10. 5
17.9
9.8
11. 5
8.3
17.9
14.8
9.0
.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
3 4,032 3 3, 691
3 $1. 69 3 $1. 57
105
$2. 05
108
$1.94
400
$1.57
335
$1.54
534
$0. 87
1 Covers radiotelegraph carriers with annual operating revenue exceeding
$50,000.
2 Includes premium pay for any regularly scheduled overtime work.
3 Excludes officers and assistants, professional and semi professional em
ployees, office or station superintendents and assistants, and sales employees;
business and service contacts) and $1.44 in the
traffic department (chiefly responsibile for opera
tion of the wire equipment). Morse operators,
mainly men, had average hourly earnings of
$1.59. The skilled group of men maintaining
subscribers’ telegraphic equipment averaged $1.83;
linemen and cablemen, $1.70.
4. —Principal ocean-cable carriers: 1 Percentage
distribution of employees by average hourly earnings 2 and
selected occupations, October 1951 and 1950
T a ble
Messengers,
foot and
bicycle
Teletypemultiplex
operators
1951
1950
1951
1950
92.4
98.4
.5
1.1
24.8
43.5
31. 7
1.1
9.5
38.9
44. 2
6.3
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
100.0
Number of workers.. <1,172 <1,158
133
146
198
183
101
Average hourly earnings 2_____ ____ <$1.74 <$1.67 $2.14 $2. 05 $0.87 $0.83 $1.65
$1.57
Average hourly
earnings 2
(in cents)
Cable
All employees3 operators
1951
1950
80 and under 90___
16.1
90 and under 100-_ _
.3
100 and under 120__
5.6
120 and under 140__
6.1
140 and under 160_
9.1
160 and under 180. _ 15.3
180 and under 200.. _ 22.7
200 and under 225.
11.9
225 and under 250.
8.7
250 and o v e r______
4.2
17.4
1.4
5.5
9.3
12.0
22.3
9.6
17.2
3.9
1.4
T o ta l______
100.0
1951
1.5
1.5
12.0
65.5
19.5
1950
1.4
2.1
2.1
10.9
83.5
7.1
.5
5.1
10.1
9.0
11.0
11. 9
24.8
8.7
15.2
4.2
0.2
96.7
.6
2.1
.4
1950
49.0
49.3
.4
1.1
.2
1950
1950
1951
1950
26
6. 5
13.4
27. 5
43.8
6.2
0.7
24
15.8
27. 7
28.1
21.9
3.4
12
.9
37. 7
49.3
10. 9
0.3
11
34. 8
12. 5
41.6
9. 7
1.7
10.8
33 0
34. 9
15.3
4.1
.2
1.7
18. 5
55. 6
18.9
5.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
531
$0. 79
306
$2.18
292
$2.12
329
$2.08
360
$1.94
418
$1.67
417
$1.53
also excludes 967 employees working for radiotelegraph carriers outside con
tinental United States.
<Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.
5Includes a few workers not covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act and
not included in the distribution above.
Radiotelegraph Carriers
Approximately 4,000 radiotelegraph workers
employed in the continental United States had
average hourly earnings of $1.69 in October 1951.
As men comprised about 80 percent of the work
force, women were outnumbered in all the major
occupational groups. Average hourly earnings of
$1.57 or more prevailed for all the major occupa
tional groups except messengers, laborers, buildingservice employees, and clerical employees. Job
averages of important groups were 87 cents for
foot and bicycle messengers, $1.67 for teletypemultiplex operators, and $2.08 for radio operators.
Ocean-Cable Carriers
95
1 Covers ocean-cable carriers with annual operating revenue exceeding
$50,000; includes ocean-cable employees of Western Union Telegraph Com
pany.
2 Includes premium pay for any regularly scheduled overtime work.
3 Excludes officers and assistants, professional and semiprofessional em
ployees, office or station superintendents and assistants, and sales employees;
also excludes 3,902 employees working for the ocean-cable carriers outside
continental United States.
<Includes a few workers not covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act and
not included in the distribution above.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1950
Teletypemultiplex
operators
Average hourly earnings of $1.74 in October
1951 were applicable to about 1,200 employees of
ocean-cable carriers. The 4,000 workers employed
outside continental United States were not covered
in the study. Men were predominant in this
industry, even among clerical workers. Average
hourly earnings of important occupational groups
were 87 cents for foot and bicycle messengers,
$1.65 for teletype-multiplex operators, and $2.14
for cable operators.
— J e a n A. W e l l s
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 33
Wage Chronology No. 33:
New York City Laundries, 1945-53
T h e Laundry Workers Joint Board of Greater
New York represents 90 percent of the 23,000
employees in New York City’s laundries for col
lective-bargaining purposes. Some two-thirds of
these organized workers are women. The Joint
Board, a division of the Amalgamated Clothing
Workers of America (CIO), bargains for changes in
wage rates and related working conditions with
14 associations representing employers in the
industry.1
The Amalgamated Clothing Workers became
active in organizing the laundry industry in New
York City as the result of a strike in March 1937
for recognition and higher wages by 1,000 laundry
workers in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn.
When the employers offered recognition to the
strikers if they had the endorsement of the Amal
gamated, a committee comprised of officials of
that union and representatives of the striking
employees was formed to negotiate a contract.
An ACWA charter was granted the laundry work
ers on August 12, 1937, and the first contract with
the employers, covering 100 shops, was signed on
the same day. Originally the union was desig
nated as Local 300; in June 1938, the present name
was adopted. After 1 year of existence, the Joint
Board had organized 90 percent of the laundryindustry workers in the area. From 1937 through
1952, no authorized strikes have been called and
all disputes have been settled by arbitration.
Commercial laundries in the New York area
are classified into four major divisions according
to their functions, as follows: family and whole
sale; linen supply and flatwork; hand; and diaper
service. Family laundries offer a variety of serv
ices, including wet wash, rough dry, and finished,
to individual families. The major operation of
wholesale laundries, which process the work of
small neighborhood hand laundries, is washing;
the hand laundries sort and finish the wash.
The second division is composed of linen-supply
and flatwork establishments. Linen suppliers
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
39
own, launder, and rent uniforms, table and bed
linen, and other items to restaurants, hotels,
barber and beauty shops, industrial organizations,
and similar commercial users. Flatwork estab
lishments are relatively few in number and do not
own or rent, but only launder items owned by
commercial customers. Hand laundries—the
third major division—receive work from retail
customers and sort, finish, and deliver it. Finally,
diaper services own, launder, and rent diapers.
Three of the four divisions are represented by
more than one association.2 Approximately
12,500 of the union members are employed by
companies in the family and wholesale division,
5,000 by linen supply and flatwork establish
ments, 2,000 by hand laundries, and 750 by
diaper-service companies.
This chronology traces the changes in provisions
affecting production and maintenance workers and
the commissioned and noncommissioned drivers
and their helpers employed by the Family and
Wholesale, and Linen Supply and Flatwork
laundry divisions. Since the chronology starts
with the 1945 agreements, the provisions reported
under that date do not necessarily indicate
changes from prior conditions of employment.
The changes reported here relate to employees
paid piece rates or commissions as well as to those
paid on a straight hourly or weekly basis. Special
provisions of the contracts dealing with the dayto-day administration of the incentive plans are
omitted.
The current agreements, effective March 3,
1952, continue until March 1, 1955, with provi
sion for reopenings during March 1953 and March
1954.
1 For the purpose and scope of the wage chronology series, see Monthly
Labor Review, December 1948. Reprints of this chronology are available
on request.
2 The associations representing the employers in the various groups are as
follows: Family and Wholesale—Family Laundryowners’Association, Laundryowners’ Association of Brooklyn, Inter-Borough Laundry Board of Trade,
Cash and Carry Laundry Association, Wholesale Laundry Board of Trade,
and Wholesale Shirt Launderers’ Association; Linen Supply and Flatwork—
Linen Supply Institute, Towel Service Bureau and M utual Organization;
Hand Laundries—New York Hand Laundrymen’s Association, Long Island
Hand Laundry Association, Brooklyn Hand Laundrymen’s Association,
and United Hand Laundry Association; Diaper Service—Diaper Service
Association. In addition, several major independent laundries and a large
number of small laundries sign individual agreements with the union.
M O N TH LY LABOR
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 38
40
A—General Wage Changes 1
Provision
Effective d a te 3
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Inside employees5
Outside employees
Dec. 24, 1945 (by agree
m ent of Nov. 1, 1945).
Family and wholesale
division.
Production workers: 10 percent increase,
averaging 7 cents an hour.
Engineers and maintenance men: 10 per
cent increase.
Noncommission drivers and helpers: $4 a
week increase.
Increase applicable to all inside employees
not to exceed 10 cents an hour. Not ap
plicable to workers during first 4 weeks of
employment.
Feb. 4, 1946 (by agree
m ent of same date).
Linen supply and
flatwork division.
Production workers: 12 percent increase,
averaging 8 cents an hour.
Engineers and maintenance men: 12 per
cent increase.
Noncommission drivers: $5 a week in
crease.
Helpers: $4 a week increase.
Increase applicable to all inside employees
not to exceed 12 cents an hour. Not ap
plicable to workers during, first 4 weeks
of employment.
Nov. 4, 1946 (by agree
m ent of Oct. 10,1946).
Both divisions.
Production workers: 10 percent increase,
averaging 7.5 cents an hour.
Noncommission drivers, helpers, etc.: 5
percent increase.
In addition, weekly hours reduced, with no
loss in pay, as follows: wholesale, from 52
to 50; linen supply and flatwork, from 51
to 49; office towel, from 47 to 45. Daily
lunch period included.
Weekly hours reduced from 48 to 44 with
no loss in pay
Engineers and maintenance men: 10 per
cent increase in minimum hourly rates.
Nov. 1,1948 (by arbitra
tion award of Oct. 29,
1948). Both divisions.
Production workers: 10 percent increase,
averaging 8 cents an hour.
Engineers and maintenance men: 10 per
cent increase, maximum of 7.5 cents an
hour.
Wholesale and linen-supply drivers: $5.60
a week increase; helpers: $4.32.
Office towel drivers: $5.10 a week increase;
helpers: $4.16.
Dec. 4, 1950 (by agree
m ent of same date).
Linen supply and flatwork division.
Production workers: 7.5 cents an hour in
crease.
Engineers and maintenance men: 12 cents
an hour increase.
Noncommission drivers: $5 a week in
crease.
Helpers: $4 a week increase.
Dec. 18, 1950 (by agree
m ent of same date).
Family and wholesale
division.
Production workers: 7.5 cents an hour in
crease.
Engineers and maintenance men: 12 cents
an hour increase.
March 3,1952 (by agree
m ent of same date).
Both divisions.
Production workers: 5 cents an hour in
crease.
Engineers and maintenance men: $4 a
week increase for engineers; $3 for main
tenance men.
Commission drivers: $4 a week increase.
Noncommission drivers: $5 a week in
crease.
Helpers: $4 a week increase.
Guaranteed increase, for family division,
calculated on basis of specified formula.
Applicable to wholesale division.
Noncommission drivers: $4 a week in
crease.
Helpers: $3 a week increase.
1 General wage changes are construed as upward or downward adjustments
that affect an entire establishment, bargaining unit, or substantial group
of employees at one time. Not included within the term are adjustments in
individual rates and minor adjustments in wage structure (such as changes
in classification and incentive rates) that do not have an immediate effect on
the general plant wage level.
r The changes listed above were the major adjustments in wage rates made
during the period covered. Because of fluctuations in earnings occasioned
by nongeneral and incentive rate changes, payment of premium and special
rates, and other factors, the total of the general changes listed will not neces
sarily coincide with the change in average hourly earnings over the period.
• Previous increases were:
Oct. 1937-Wholesale and family division, 10 percent but not more than
$3 a week.
1937-Linen supply and flatwork division, inside workers: 10 per
cent increase, with maximum of $2 a week; outside workers:
10 percent increase, with maximum of $3 a week except office
towel service, where increase was 10 percent with no maxi
mum stipulated.
Nov. 1941-Wholesale and family division, 10 percent increase for women;
10 percent increase for men production workers and in addi
tion, weekly hours reduced from 48 to 44 with no loss in pay;
$6 a week increase for noncommission drivers; varying in
creases for commission drivers.
Feb. 1942-Weekly hours for men inside workers reduced from 46 to 44
with no loss in pay. In addition, $4 a week increase for wash
ers; $3 for other washroom workers; 5 to 6 cents an hour for
other inside workers. $5 a week increase for drivers; $4 for
helpers.
Nov. 1942-Both divisions, 3 to 7 cents an hour increase for inside workers
and noncommission drivers and helpers; $2 a week for com
mission drivers if their earnings had not increased that much
in a given period.
Sept. 1943-Both divisions, 4 to 6.5 cents an hour increase.
June 1945-Both divisions, 3 cents an hour increase, except those earning
51 cents an hour (4 cents) and those earning 50 cents an hour
(5 cents). This established a 55-cent minimum hourly rate.
3
Inside employees include piece- and hourly-rated production workers,
engineers and maintenance men.
B—Minimum Plant Wage Rates 1
Minimum hourly rates
Minimum hourly rates
Effective date
D e e 24, 1945
F e b 4 1946
N o v 4 1Q4fi
Nov l ’ 1948
Family and whole
sale division
$0.605
.665
.730
Effective date
Linen supply and
flatwork division
$0.620
.680
.750
Feb. 1, 1950____________________
Dec. 4, 1950____________________
Dec. 18, 1950___________________
M ar. 3,'1952____________________
1 Minimum plant wage rates do not apply until after the first 3 months of employment.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Family and whole Linen supply and
flatwork division
sale division
$0.750
.825
.850
$0.750
.825
.850
41
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 33
R E V IE W , JANUARY 1953
C—Minimum Hourly Rates for Inside New York Laundry Workers, by Occupation, March 1952
Family and whole
sale
Occupation
Men
Assemblers___________________
Dry cleaners_____ ___________
Engineers, stationary___ . . . . . .
Finishers, flatwork, machine. . . .
Firemen, stationary, boiler.. .
M arkers.............
Pressers, hand, dry cleaning__
Pressers, machine, wearing apparel.
Women
Linen supply and
flatwork
Men
1.75
.88
1.365
.89
.85
.89
.85
.85
Men
Women
$0.85
$0.88
Family and whole
sale
Occupation
$1.75
.85
1.365
.93
$0. 875
Pressers, machine, curtains and
draperies___ ___
_________
Pressers, machine, shirts_____ _
Spotters, general . __________
Tumbler operators..
Washers, machine...
Wrappers, sh irt.. ____ r _______
Wrappers, flatwork____________
Women
$0.88
.91
Linen supply and
flatwork
Men
Women
$0. 85
.85
1.225
.935
.995
.85
.90
$1.005
1.275
.93
$0.875
D—Minimum Weekly Guarantees
Occupation
December
1945
February
1946
Family
and
wholesale
Linen
supply
and
flatwork
July 1947
Family
and
wholesale
February 1950
Linen
supply
and
flatwork
Family
and
wholesale
December 1950
Linen
supply
and
flatwork
Family
and
wholesale
Linen
supply
and
flatwork
March 1952
Family
and
wholesale
Linen
supply
and
flatwork
Inside employees
Production workers:
M en___________________
Women____ ___ ________
40 hours
$24.20
40 hours
$24.80
40 hours
$25.25
40 hours
$25.80
40 hours
$26.50
40 hours
$28.00
40 hours
$28.00
40 hours
$30.00
40 hours
$29.00
40 hours
$33.00
Outside employees
Linen supply and flatwork:
Routemen, noncommission.
Helpers____ ____ _______
Special delivery routemen..
Routemen, commission___
Office towel:
Routemen, noncommission.
Helpers ________ _____
Special delivery routemen..
Wholesale:
Drivers, noncommission__
Helpers_____ .
___
Special delivery drivers___
Family:
Drivers, commission_____
52.82
41.14
42.14
52.82
52.82
41.14
42.14
52.82
61.00
47.50
48.60
61.00
66.00
51.50
53.60
66.00
70.00
54. 50
57.60
70.00
48. 56
39.58
41.58
48. 56
39.58
41.58
56.10
45.80
48.10
61.10
49.80
53.10
65.10
52.80
57.10
50.85
37.40
42.20
50.85
37.40
42.20
58.70
43.20
48.70
63.70
47. 20
53. 70
67.70
50. 20
57.70
12 40.00
1240.00
1 240.00
150.00
2 40.00
150.00
2 44.00
1 Effective for first 17,weeks of employment.
2 Effective during July and August of each year.
E—Related Wage Practices 1
Effective date
Provision
Overtime Pay
Inside employees
Outside employees
Family and wholesale
All employees: Time and one-half for work Wholesale: Time and one-half for work in
in excess of 11 hours on scheduled long
excess of 12 hours on long days or 52
days.2 Work schedule limited to 2 long
hours a week.
days a week.
Production employees: Time and onehalf for work in excess of 44 hours a week
for women and 46 hours for men.
Engineers and maintenance men: Time
and one-half for work in excess of 50
, hours a week.
Nov. 1, 1946 (Both Changed to—
Changed to—
Production employees: Time and one-half Wholesale: Time and one-half for work in
divisions).
for work in excess of 40 hours a week for
excess of 50 hours a week.
women, 42 hours for men.
Engineers and maintenance men: Time
and one-half for work in excess of 44
hours a week.
See footnotes at end of table.
Nov. 1, 1945 (Family
and wholesale divi
sion).
Feb. 4, 1946 (Linen sup
ply and flatwork divi
sion).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Linen supply and flatwork
Office towel: Time and one-half for work in
excess of 12 hours on long days or 48
hours a week, including a daily lunch
period.
Linen and flatwork: Time and one-half for
work in excess of 12 hours a day or 53
hours a week, including a daily lunch
period.
Changed to—
Office towel: Time and one-half for work in
excess of 44 hours a week, including a
daily lunch period.
Linen supply: Time and one-half for work
in excess of 49 hours a week, including a
daily lunch period.
42
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 33
M O N TH LY LABOR
E—Related Wage Practices 1—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Overtime Pay— Continued
Inside employees
Outside employees
Family and wholesale
Nov. 1, 1947 (Family
and wholesale divi
sion).
Feb. 2, 1948 (Linen
supply and flatwork
division).
Changed to—
Production employees: Time and onehalf for work in excess of 40 hours a week
for men and women.
Engineers and maintenance men: Time
and one-half for work in excess of 42
hours a week.
Feb. 5,1951 (Both divisions).
Wholesale: Time and one-half for work in
excess of 48 hours a week, including a
daily lunch period.
Changed to—
All employees: Time and one-half for
work in excess of 11 hours on long days.
Work schedule limited to 2 long days
a week.
Feb. 1, 1950 (Both divi
sions).
Linen supply and flatwork
Changed to—
Office towel: Time and one-half for work
in excess of 43 hours a week, including
a daily lunch period.
Linen and flatwork: Time and one-half for
work in excess of 47 hours a week, includ
ing a daily lunch period.
Changed to—
All employees: Time and one-half for work
in excess of 11 hours on long days. Work
schedule limited to 1 long day a week.
Changed to—
All employees: Time and one-half for work in excess of 10 hours on long days.
Provision
Effective date
Family and wholesale
Linen supply and flatwork
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Shift Premium Pay
Feb. 4,1946 (Linen supply and flatwork division).
All employees: No provision for shift
premium pay.
All inside employees: 5 percent premium
pay for work before midnight, 10 percent
for work after midnight.
Premium pay for individual employees not
working on an established shift was nego
tiated by parties. When agreement could
not be reached, the m atter was sub
m itted to arbitration.
Premium Pay for Week-End Work
Nov. 1, 1945 (Family
and wholesale divi
sion); Feb. 4, 1946
(Linen supply and
flatwork division).
All employees: Time and one-half for work on Saturday and Sunday as such.
Except as otherwise agreed upon by parties.
Vacation Pay
Nov. 1, 1945 (Family
and wholesale divi
sion); Feb. 4, 1946
(Linen Supply and
flatwork division).
All employees: One week’s vacation with pay after one and less than five years’ con
tinuous service; two weeks after five years’ continuous service.
Feb. 1,1950 (Linen sup
ply and flatwork divi
sion).
Changed to—
All employees: Two weeks’ vacation with
pay after 4 years of continuous service.
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Vacation pay for inside employees to equal
average weekly earnings during months
of October through March preceding
vacation.
Noncommissioned drivers paid regular
weekly rate. Linen supply commis
sioned drivers paid average earnings on
route during 26 weeks preceding vacation.
Family commissioned drivers paid earn
ings of route during vacation period. To
be eligible for vacation pay, employee
must not have been absent from job
without reasonable excuse for more than
135 hours during year.
R E V IE W , JANUARY 1953
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 33
43
E—Related Wage Practices 1—Continued
Provision
Effective date
Family and wholesale
Linen supply and flatwork
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Holiday Pay
Nov. 1, 1945 (Family
and wholesale divi
sion); Feb. 4, 1946
(Linen supply and
flatwork division).
5 holidays for which employees not re
quired to work were paid as follows:
7 holidays for which employees not re
quired to work were paid as follows:
Inside hourly workers: Straight-time rate t imes hours scheduled on same day in week
preceding holiday;
Inside piece workers: Average straight-time daily earnings for days worked during week
of holiday;
All workers paid by the week: Regular week
Commission drivers: $7 for the day. In
side employees: Double time and onehalf (total) for work on a holiday if no
make-up time was worked.3 Double
time (total) for holiday or Sunday work
if make-up time was worked during
week or Saturday.
Time and one-half for holiday make-up
work during the week or on Saturday.
Commission drivers: $5 flat sum paid for
Saturday make-up time during a holiday
week.
July 24, 1947 (Family
and wholesale divi
sion).
y salary, without deduction for the holiday;
Commission drivers: Paid amount earned
on same day of week preceding holiday.
Inside employees: Double time and onehalf (total) for work on holiday if no
make-up time was worked.3 Double
time and one-half (total) for holiday or
Sunday work in a 5-day plant if make-up
time was worked during week or Satur
day; double time (total) in a 6-day plant.
Time and one-half for holiday make-up
work during the week and on Saturday
preceding and succeeding a holiday.
Outside employees: Full day’s pay in
addition to weekly wages for make-up
work.
Added—
All employees: One paid holiday (total 6)..
Holiday added was Decoration Day.
Feb. 1,1950 (Both divi Changed to—
sions).
Inside employees: Holiday pay for piece workers to equal average straight-time daily
earnings during week preceding holiday week. Double-time rate (total) paid for work
on holiday or Sunday preceding or succe eding the holiday when make-up time was
worked during the week. Double time a nd one-half (total) paid for work on holiday
or Sunday preceding or succeeding holida y when make-up time was not worked.
Mar. 3,1952 (Both divi Changed to—
Double time and one-half (total) for work
sions).
on a holiday or a Sunday preceding or
succeeding a holiday when make-up
time was not worked. Double time
(total) for work on a holiday or Sunday
preceding or succeeding a holiday when
make-up time was worked during the
week or on Saturday. Time and one-half
(total) for holiday make-up time during
the week or on Saturday.
Paid holidays for family and wholesale divi
sion were: New Year’s Day, July 4, Labor
Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas.
Decoration Day was an unpaid holiday.
Paid holidays for linen supply and flatwork division were same as those above
plus Decoration Day and Washington’s
Birthday.
Family and wholesale: Double time for
work on Decoration Day, and time and
one-half for make-up time required by
time lost on this holiday.
Linen supply and flatwork: Provision to be
effective until Nov. 1, 1946. After that,
full day’s pay in addition to weekly
wages for first 6 hours or fraction thereof,
then time and one-half.
Employees paid for holidays regardless of
whether they fell on scheduled workday.
When holiday occurred during vacation
period, employee paid for holiday in
addition to vacation pay.
Changed to—
Inside employees: Double time and onehalf (total) for work on a holiday or on a
Sunday preceding or succeeding a holi
day if no make-up time was worked and
for make-up work during the week in a
6-day plant or for make-up work during
the week or on Saturday in a 5-day plant.
Outside employees: Full day’s pay and
tim e and one-half after 6 hours paid to
6-day plant employee for Saturday or
day-off make-up time.
Paid Sick Leave
,
Feb. 4 1946 (Linen sup
ply and flatwork divi
sion).
All employees: No provision for sick-leave
pay.
All employees: 5 days’ sick leave for em
ployees with one or more years of service.
Unused sick leave could be used as addi
tional vacation with pay, unless employee
was already entitled to full 2 weeks’ vaca
tion. In that case employer had option
of granting additional vacation with pay
or paying for unused sick leave.
Call-In Pay
Nov. 1, 1945 (Family
and wholesale divi
sion); Feb. 4, 1946
(Linen supply and
flatwork division).
Engineers and maintenance men: Minimum of 4 hours’ pay guaranteed at double-time
for emergency work on Sunday.
Other employees: No provision for call-in pay.
Double time paid for actual hours worked
when called in on Sunday for purpose of
heating plant.
Down-Time Pay
Nov. 1, 1945 (Family
and wholesale division); Feb. 4, 1946
(Linen supply and
flatwork division).
Inside employees: Regular rates paid for all waiting time caused by machinery breakdowns.
Other employees: No provision for down-time pay.
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Applied to all inside employees requested
to remain in plant after breakdown.
44
MONTHLY LABOR
W AGE CHRONOLOGY NO. S3
E—Related Wage Practices 1—Continued
Provision
Effective date
Family and wholesale
Linen supply and flatwork
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Paid Rest Period
Nov. 1, 1945 (Family
and wholesale divi
sion); Feb. 4, 1946
(Linen supply and
flatwork division).
Inside employees: One daily 15-minute paid rest period provided during months of
July and August.
Other employees: No paid rest period provision.
Not applicable to employees working less
than 5 hours a day.
Uniform Allowance
Nov. 1, 1945 (Family
and wholesale divi
sion); Feb. 4, 1946
(Linen supply and
flatwork division).
Outside employees: Minimum of 50 per
cent of cost and maintenance of uniforms
paid by employers.
Other employees: No uniform allowance
provision.
Outside employees: Full cost and mainte
nance of uniforms paid by employers.
Other employees: No uniform allowance
provision.
Travel-Expense Pay
Nov. 1, 1945 (Family
and wholesale division); Feb. 4, 1946
(Linen supply and
flatwork division).
All employees: In the event the plant was moved to a location beyond the 10-cent travelfare radius, additional travel expense paid by employer,
Health and Welfare Benefits
Feb. 4,1946 (Both divi
sions).
Feb. 15, 1946.
(Both divisions)____
Noncontributory group insurance plan available to employees with 6 months of service
and 1 month of union membership, providing—
Life insurance: $500 in the event of death or permanent and total disability;
Sickness and accident disability benefits: $8 a week for women, $12 a week for men for
maximum of 13 weeks, beginning on 8th day of sickness and 1st day of accident;
Daily hospital benefits: $3, up to 31 days;
Special hospital expenses: Up to $15 for any one disability;
Maternity benefits: $50.
1
Oct. 1, 1947 (Both divi
sions).
Changed to—
Daily hospital benefits: $5, up to 31 days;
Special hospital expenses: Up to $25 for any one disability.
July 1, 1948 (Both divi
sions).
Changed to—
Sickness and accident disability: $10 a week for women, $15 a week for men, up to 13 weeks;
Daily hospital benefits: $6, up to 31 days;
Special hospital expenses: Up to $30 for any one disability.
Added—
Surgical benefits: Up to $150.
Jan. 1, 1950 (Both divi
sions).
Changed to—
Special hospital expenses: Up to $50 for any one disability.
July 1. 1950 (Both divi
sions).
Changed to—
Sickness and accident disability: One-half of average weekly pay with minimum of $10
and maximum of $26 a week, up to 13 weeks.
Dec. 1,1950 (Both divi
sions).
Changed to—
Sickness and accident disability: One-half of weekly pay with minimum of $10 and maxi
mum of $50 a week, up to 13 weeks.
Group insurance plan established through
negotiation Nov. 10, 1941. Employer
paid 1 percent of payroll into trust fund
administered
by
union-appointed
trustees.
Employer contribution increased to 2
percent of payroll. Fund to be adminis
tered jointly by employer and union
representatives.
Pension
April 1, 1951 (Both di
visions).
Noncontributory retirement plan established to provide employees at age 65, with 20
years’ continuous service in the industry and 10 years’ continuous membership in the
union, with minimum annuity of $25 a month exclusive of Social Security benefits.
1 Last entry under each item represents most recent change.
2 Contracts provided for regularly scheduled long days, not to exceed 2
days a week, for which premium rate was to be paid after a stated number of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
— C arl
Plan established through negotiation, Feb.
1, 1950. Employer paid 1 percent of
payroll into trust fund commencing July
31, 1950.
hours. Otherwise premium pay for overtime paid only after work in excess
of regular weekly schedule of hours.
3 Make-up time was time worked outside regular schedule because of time
lost through observance of a holiday.
W. R e e d , Jr., and M arion R aymenton R o bbin s
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
IMMIGRATION POLICY
Recommendations on
Immigration Policy
R e c o m m e n d a t io n s on administrative policy and
legislative improvement of current United States
immigration provisions were recently made to
the President’s Commission on Immigration and
Naturalization 1 by Maurice J. Tobin, Secretary
of Labor, and Boris Shiskin, Economist of the
American Federation of Labor. The Commission
was provided with pertinent statistics on eco
nomic conditions by Ewan Clague, Commissioner
of Labor Statistics, who made special reference
to the foreseeable effect of various annual rates
of immigration upon the Nation’s economy and
work force in the present decade. The three
statements were presented to the Commission at
its October 1952 public hearings.
Legislative and Administrative Recommendations
Both Secretary of Labor Tobin and Mr. Shiskin
advocated enactment of the emergency legisla
tion, currently under congressional consideration,
which would authorize special immigration quotas
to meet the problems of surplus population in
certain European countries and the continued in
flux into Western Europe of political refugees from
behind the Iron Curtain. This action should be
taken, the Secretary noted, if comprehensive revi
sion of the immigration laws is delayed; Mr. Shiskin
indicated that emergency problems must be met
first and that the AFL does not believe it appro
priate “at this time” for the Commission to
undertake the formulation and recommendation
of a long-term permanent immigration policy.
Both supported any provisions that are designed
to prevent the entry of persons who would under
mine our democratic system of government.
Also proposed at the October hearings were
several amendments to Public Law 414, entitled
the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 and
popularly known as the McCarran Act, which
became effective December 24, 1952. Both Secre
tary Tobin and Mr. Shiskin advocated reenact
ment of the prohibition against admission of
contract laborers. The 1952 law permits the
i The Commission was established by the President, on September 4 ,1952,
by Executive Order 10392.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
45
admittance of all “who are otherwise qualified
unless exclusionary action is taken by the Secre
tary.” Such action is to be taken “to prevent
the immigration of workers for settlement in areas
in which there are ‘sufficient workers’ and whose
employment would ‘adversely affect the wages
and working conditions of workers in the United
States similarly employed’.” Difficulties have
arisen, the Secretary pointed out, in attempting
to devise procedures to implement this require
ment. Further, the Secretary cautioned, “the
red tape involved in measuring sufficiency of
domestic workers and the adverse effect of entry
of foreign workers may mean that they will have
been permitted to enter before any effective de
termination can be made that they should have
been excluded.” Additional revisions called for
by the Secretary included provisions for employ
ment assistance of the type offered immigrants by
various religious and charitable agencies under the
Displaced Persons program. Mr. Shiskin also
recommended the establishment of precise stand
ards for admission of immigrants, a proper appeal
procedure for prospective immigrants, and guaran
tee of full Constitutional rights to all persons
involved in naturalization, revocation of citizen
ship, and deportation cases.
Immigration policy under current legislation
should take into account several specific considera
tions, according to both spokesmen. Of prime
importance is the need for insuring that immigra
tion (1) does not displace American workers from
employment or adversely affect their wages and
other working conditions, and (2) is not used as a
means of exploiting immigrants.
Further, the Secretary said, the country’s capac
ity to absorb additional population and its man
power requirements should also be carefully exam
ined; these must be considered in establishing
numerical limitations on immigration. However,
he noted, the limitations should be flexible, inas
much as the basic concepts of population capacity
and manpower requirements themselves are sub
ject to fluctuation.
Certain qualities or circumstances, specified in
terms of standards, should govern the admission
and exclusion of aliens, according to the Secretary.
These are health, mentality, morality, occupational
skills, financial responsibility, family ties in the
United States, and devotion to ideals similar to
54
—
5356
46
IMMIGRATION POLICY
those in this country. Consideration of race,
color, religion, or national origin of prospective
immigrants should not be included. Preference
on a reasonable basis, such as qualifications or
skills which are needed here, should also be pro
vided for, he said. For this purpose, means should
be provided for making the facilities of the U. S.
Employment Service available to prospective
immigrants on an organized basis.
‘‘As another step toward giving effect to the
all-important need for enduring adequate protec
tion for American workers,” the Secretary recom
mended the return of the Immigration and Natu
ralization Service to the Department of Labor.
As he noted: “Our immigration policy should be
developed with our ability to absorb additional
population and the manpower need of an expand
ing economy, as principal considerations. It is
in these areas that the Department of Labor can
make its greatest contribution to the administra
tion and development of immigration policies. In
the Department of Labor, the Immigration and
Naturalization Service would have the benefit of
day-to-day contacts with the U. S. Employment
Service with its current labor-market information
and its knowledge of the manpower needs of the
country, with the Bureau of Labor Statistics with
its statistics relating to economic conditions, and
with other bureaus of the Department each of
which could make a distinctive contribution to
the formulation of an enlightened immigration
policy.”
Population and Labor Force Facts
In an outline of past and expected population
trends, Mr. Clague noted the decline throughout
the past century in the rate of population growth
in the United States. This downward trend
continued into the 1940’s, after having been
accelerated during the depression of the 1930’s by
postponement of marriages, deferral of births, and
further curtailment of average family size. During
the 1940’s, the decline in rate of growth was
reversed, with a rise in recorded birth rates which
reached a peak of 26.6 per thousand population in
1947. “At present,” Mr. Clague said, “we see no
signs of significant slackening of higher birth
rates, the rate in 1951 being 25. Factors con
tributing to this expectation are: a trend toward
a younger average age at first marriage, a possible
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
reversal of the downward trend in average size of
family, and a reduction in fertility differentials
among social and economic groups.”
Recent changes in the size, composition, and
distribution of the population have (1) contributed
to the acceleration of the over-all rate of economic
development, and (2) influenced expectations
with regard to future economic trends. “Our
dynamic and expanding economy,” Mr. Clague
pointed out, “implies a corresponding growth in
employment opportunities for our work force.”
A continued uptrend in manpower needs is an
ticipated, although short-term fluctuations in em
ployment conditions are possible. In addition,
sustained manpower demand for defense mobiliza
tion will be superimposed on expanding normal
peacetime requirements, he stated.
Several facts were listed by the Commissioner as
indicating a reduction in the potential addition to
the civilian work force expected from younger age
groups during the present decade. These included
declines in the number of persons in the age group
10-19 years (2 million less in 1952 than in 1940);
in the proportion of younger women who are in the
labor force (about 44 percent of all women 20-24
years of age being in the labor market in April
1950, compared with almost 48 percent in April
1940); and in the number of young men annually
reaching the military age of 18 (about 1 million
in 1952—200,000 less than in 1940).
The effect of inflows of immigration upon pop
ulation and work force was presented to the Com
mission by Mr. Clague in projections of the
population and labor force until 1960, based on
assumptions of net annual immigration of 100, 200,
300, and 400 thousand. For example, a net
annual immigration of 300,000 from 1952 until
1960 would result in a 2.6 million addition in
population—1.5 percent of a total projected pop
ulation of about 172 million in the latter year.
This would add 1.3 million workers to the labor
force—1.8 percent of the projected total labor
force of almost 73 million.
Mr. Clague also presented estimates on the
effect of immigration on the rates of population
growth, in comparison with rates during preceding
decades. “With immigration of 300,000 a year
until 1960,” he said, “the annual rate of popula
tion increase would be 1.3 percent—less than the
annual rate in any decade except the depression
1930’s. An annual inflow of this size would in-
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
JURISDICTION IN LABOR RELATIONS
crease the rate of growth only two-tenths of a per
cent above that occurring if there were no immi
gration whatsoever after July 1, 1952.” Annual
immigration of such an amount would constitute
1.5 percent of the population growth in the decade
1950-60. ’ In contrast, in 1900-10, over 50 percent
of the 16 million population increase was directly
due to peak immigration of 8.8 million, and, in the
following decade, the 5.7 million immigrants con
stituted about 40 percent of the total 13.7 million
population increase.
Federal and State Jurisdiction
in Labor Relations
Q u e s t i o n s concerning the respective areas of
jurisdiction of the Federal Government and of
individual States in labor relations are similar to
those which arise in “virtually every field of Fed
eral regulation,” stated Mozart G. Ratner, assist
ant general counsel of the National Labor Rela
tions Board, to New York University’s Fifth
Annual Conference on Labor in 1952.1 Therefore,
examination of the history of doctrines applied by
the United States Supreme Court in deciding
Federal-State jurisdictional issues might help,
he said, in explaining the trend of that Court’s
recent decisions. Also, Mr. Ratner added, it
might afford a clue to the resolution of “numerous
issues of Federal-State jurisdiction in the laborrelations field which remain unsettled.”
In the interstate-commerce area, Mr. Ratner
pointed out, the Federal law-making body was
enabled to close the door completely to State
regulation, because of the grant by the United
States Constitution to Congress of power “to regu
late commerce . . . among the several States”—
together with the provision that “the laws of the
United States . . . shall be the supreme law of
the land.”
Congressional Preemption of Field
Early in the country’s history (1820), a United
States Supreme Court decision {Houston v. Moore,
Wheat 1, 20-23) presumed, the NLRB assistant
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47
general counsel stated, “that the enactment of
legislation by Congress reflects its considered
judgment as to what substance and form regula
tion should take.” This presumption, he said, is
the cornerstone of a doctrine called “preemption”
or “occupation of the field,” which has been re
iterated in various other cases decided by the
Supreme Court through the years. In Charleston
& Carolina Railroad v. Varnville Co. (237 U. S. 597,
604, decided June 1, 1915), it was asserted that
“a State law is not to be declared a help because
it attempts to go farther than Congress has seen
fit to go.” In Missouri Pacific Railroad Co. v.
Porter (273 U. S. 341, 345-346, decided Feb. 21,
1927), the Court stated: “Congress must be
deemed to have determined that the rule laid
down and the means provided to enforce it are
sufficient and that no other regulation is neces
sary.” However, Kelly v. Washington (302 U. S.
1, 9-12, decided Nov. 8, 1937) reflected a rule that
an intent of the Federal Government to supersede
exercise by the State of its police power “is not
to be inferred, but must be clearly manifested.”
The Bethlehem Steel Co. v. N YSLR B case (330
U. S. 767, 773) concerned labor relations specif
ically, and was decided April 7, 1947, while the
National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act of 1935
was still in effect. In certain cases, the National
Labor Relations Board had refused to certify fore
men’s unions as bargaining representatives. The
labor relations board of New York State had
undertaken to certify such unions. Its orders
were upheld by the New York courts, but the
United States Supreme Court ruled that the
National Board had been granted authority to
decide whether foremen constitute an appropriate
bargaining unit. When that Board had refused
under the Federal act to certify such units, the
Court held, their certification by the State board
was invalid as in conflict with the Federal act and
with the commerce clause of the Constitution.
In a case decided the following month in the field
of regulation of warehouses {Rice v. Santa Fe
Elevator Corp., 331 U. S. 218, 236), the Supreme
Court cited the Bethlehem case, stating that in
the National Labor Relations Act, Congress had
made it “clear that it intends no regulation except
its own.”
1 Proceedings of New York University Fifth Annual Conference on Labor,
April 22-25, 1952, M atthew Bender & Co., Inc., New York (pp. 77-118).
48
JURISDICTION IN LABOR RELATIONS
Scope of Labor Management Relations Act
The most important difference between the
National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act of 1935
and the Labor Management Relations (TaftHartley) Act, 1947, Mr. Ratner stated, is in scope.
In the 1935 act, he stated, Congress dealt with
“only one problem—protection of the right of
employees to organize and to engage in concerted
activities for mutual aid or protection.” The
1947 act, however, “is a comprehensive code
which governs the entire field of labor-management
relations.” The preamble to that act states its
purpose and policy to be “to prescribe the legiti
mate rights of both employees and employers in
their relations affecting commerce, to provide
orderly and peaceful procedures for preventing
the interference by either with the legitimate
rights of the other, to protect the rights of indi
vidual employees in their relations with labor
organizations whose activities affect commerce, to
define and proscribe practices on the part of labor
and management which affect commerce and are
inimical to the general welfare, and to protect the
rights of the public in connection with labor
disputes affecting commerce.”
According to the NLRB assistant general
counsel, the legislative history of the 1947 act
“shows that Congress canvassed the field of labormanagement relations from one end to the other”
and “finally arrived at the approach which it
considered most sound and workable.”
Also, in Mr. Ratner’s opinion, the legislative
history shows that Congress “regulated the field
of labor relations to the full extent it thought
regulation desirable.” He believed that “the
Federal legislative process would be reduced to a
meaningless skirmish if the States were free to
supplement or complement the pattern of regula
tion provided by Federal law whenever, in their
view, the Federal law does not go far enough.”
It was noted that State courts and State agencies
are precluded from granting relief against either
employer conduct or labor-organization conduct
2 The certiorari was granted by the United States Supreme Court 2 m onths
after Mr. Ratner’s address was delivered in April. Since this article abstract
ing his address was prepared, the Court has reversed its June 1952 grant of
a review as having been “improvidently granted.” The Court stated that
it has jurisdiction to grant certiorari from the Supreme Court of Alabama
only if the judgment or decree is final; and, in this instance, a “temporary
writ of injunction” was issued by the Circuit Court of Montgomery County,
Ala., and upheld by the State Supreme Court. (United States Law Week,
D e c . 9 , 1952, p . 4 043.)
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MONTHLY LABOR
which is defined by the National act as an unfair
labor practice. The test of whether State-court
jurisdiction is superseded by Federal jurisdiction,
it was stated, is whether the transaction involved
is in the “field” covered by the Federal act.
Decisions on Preemption and Conflict
Granting the assumption that State legislation
may operate in “portions of the field which Con
gress has preserved to the States,” Mr. Ratner
discussed various cases involving action by State
agencies or relief by State courts.
The United States Supreme Court on February
28, 1949, held that the State was entitled to
enjoin a program of “quickie” strikes (Auto
Workers v. Wisconsin Employment Relations Board,
336 U. S. 245). Bringing economic pressure to
bear upon employers by this method, the Court
ruled, was not protected by the Labor Manage
ment Relations Act. Furthermore, the Court
noted, the act “gives the Federal Board no author
ity to prohibit or to supervise the activity which
the State Board has here stopped nor to entertain
any proceeding concerning it, because it is the
objectives only and not the tactics of a strike
which bring it within the power of the Federal
Board.”
Novel strike tactics, Mr. Ratner pointed out,
were treated by the above decision as “a distinct
and severable portion of the field of labor relations,
an area which Congress had not occupied, and in
which, therefore, on familiar principles, the States
remained free to act.” From this case, it was
stated, stems largely the “concept that States are
free to treat pursuant to their own labor-relations
policies any concerted activities which are neither
protected nor prohibited by the Federal act.”
However, in Montgomery Building & Construc
tion Trades Council v. Ledbetter Erection Co. (20
Labor Cases If 66,407, Jan. 24, 1952, 28 LRRM
2342, 26 So. (2d) 564 (1952), rehear, den. 21 Labor
Cases 1f 66,746, 29 LRRM 2415, 57 So. (2d) 112,
cert, granted June 2, 1952, 343 U. S. 962 2), an
injunction was granted by the Alabama Supreme
Court, at the instance of a private party, to
restrain a secondary boycott which fell within
the prohibition of section 8 (b) (4) (A) of the Labor
Management Relations Act. The Alabama Su
preme Court held that since the NLRB had
discretion to decline to proceed when the impact of
the unfair labor practice on commerce was rel-
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
JURISDICTION IN LABOR RELATIONS
atively slight and since, in any event, a substantial
period might elapse before the Board applied
for injunctive relief, the injured party was not
confined to seeking remedy before the Board, but
could seek it in State courts to prevent irrepa
rable injury.
The decision of the State supreme court in
this case, the NLRB assistant counsel pointed
out, “ highlights sharply the rejection of Congres
sional judgment which occurs’’ when States inter
vene to afford relief against unlawful conduct in
the labor-relations field.
When the Labor Management Relations Act,
1947, was being considered, Mr. Ratner stated,
it was urged that private parties injured by unfair
labor practices should be permitted to seek injunc
tive relief. The strongest argument in favor of
such provision was that administrative action was
often slow and the injured party’s right to relief
should not be dependent upon discretionary deter
mination by an administrator as to whether relief
should be sought. In the law as enacted, Con
gress instructed the NLRB to grant priority to
certain unfair labor practice charges, and made
it mandatory to apply to the Federal courts for
injunctive relief if reasonable cause were found
to believe the charge to be true. In addition,
private parties were authorized to sue for dam
ages in the Federal courts or “ any other court
having jurisdiction of the parties” (section 303
(b)). But, Mr. Ratner asserted, the law deliber
ately withheld from private parties the right to
seek injunctive relief in any court, thus rejecting
the so-called “ court approach” and retaining the
“ administrative law approach.” In the opinion
of the NLRB assistant general counsel, the
supremacy clause of the Constitution precludes
the States from reweighing the issue and deciding
it differently.
In Goodwins, Inc., v. Hagedorn (21 Labor Cases
1166,609, 303 N. Y. 300,101 N. E. (2d) 697; rehear
ing denied 303 N. Y. 673, 102 N. E. (2d) 833),
the New York Court of Appeals held that a State
court might enjoin picketing while a representa
tive proceeding was pending before the NLRB to
determine whether the picketing union or a rival
union should be bargaining representative.
The complaint alleged that the objective of the
picketing was to compel the employer to recognize
the union as exclusive bargaining agent. For the
employer to make such recognition while the
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49
question of representation remained unresolved
would have been an unfair labor practice, and the
picketing therefore was not protected by the
LMRA. The State court concluded that the
LMRA constituted no barrier to the State’s
granting injunctive relief.
“Granting of State relief in cases of this kind,”
Mr. Ratner asserted, “stands as a real obstacle to
the full effectuation of the national labor pol
icy. . . . Congress left it to the National Board,
subject to review by the Federal courts, to decide
whether concerted activities should or should not
be protected as a matter of Federal law. . . . To
permit State courts to decide issues of this kind
would open the door to potential diversity, both
of policy and of fact finding, which Congress, in
the interest of assuring uniformity, closed.”
The decision of the United States Court of
Appeals, in NLRB v. Electronics Equipment Co.
(21 Labor Cases 1f 66,777, 194 F. (2d) 650, decided
Feb. 18, 1952), illustrates the nature of the prob
lem. While a representation case was pending
before this Board, one of the two contesting
unions wrote to customers of the employer urging
them to advise him that they would boycott him
if the union established a picket line. The em
ployer discharged the employee responsible for
sending the letters, and a charge alleging that the
dismissal was an unfair labor practice was filed
with the NLRB.
The employer’s defense claimed that the union,
in sending the letters, had sought to compel its
recognition as exclusive bargaining agent while the
question on representation was pending. The
court stated, however: “We think the employer
must realize that farfetched and overstated claims,
easily dissuadable, are often made initially by
one side in a labor dispute. . . . Such claims
may well evaporate on discussion and negotia
tion. . . . We think that the employer cannot
seize upon this kind of claim . . . in order to
justify retaliatory measures. . . . He must make
some effort to find out if the employees mean in
fact to . . . stick to demands which are not
protected by section 7.”
In the Goodwins case, a State court ruled that
injunctive relief could be granted. In the Elec
tronics case, a Federal court reminded the employer
of his obligation to try further negotiation.
Comparison of the results in the two cases shows
“the danger to uniform interpretation and appli-
50
DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME
cation of Federal policy’’ if State courts are em
powered to decide the same questions which the
NLRB has authority to decide.
Conclusions
By virtue of the supremacy clause of the Con
stitution, Mr. Ratner pointed out, State law which
duplicates, complements, or supplements Con
gressional regulation cannot stand. The express
reservation to the States by the Labor Manage
ment Relations Act, 1947, of power to act in cer
tain areas of the field, the NLRB assistant general
counsel asserted, both confirms the Federal
intention to preempt the field and establishes the
limits beyond which regulation by the States may
not go.
The States are not precluded, Mr. Ratner
averred, from applying to unions, employees, or
employers, the same general legal and policy stand
ards which are applicable to citizens generally.
“Violence by unions or employers, and unlawful
seizures of property, for example, are not placed
beyond the power of the States to control merely
because they occur in a labor-relations context.”
But in some recent cases in which States granted
injunctive relief against certain activities, it was
pointed out, inadequate consideration appeared
to have been given to the fact that the conduct
involved fell within the field preempted by the
Federal act, and that the relief accorded con
flicted with Congress’ judgment as to the appro
priate methods of handling. This, the assistant
general counsel said, applied particularly to in
stances in which State courts granted injunctions
to private parties against secondary boycotts and
to those in which stranger picketing and organiza
tional strikes were enjoined on the ground that
their objectives were unlawful under either State
or Federal law.
In view of practical administrative difficulties
facing the NLRB, Mr. Ratner stated, “oppor
tunity and responsibility for effectuating Con
gressional policy insofar as 'preemption’ and 'con
flict’ matters are concerned must rest largely upon
State courts and private parties.”
Observance of the preemption policy, the NLRB
assistant general counsel stated, will “aid in reduc
ing Federal-State jurisdictional conflicts and point
the way to desirable improvements in Federal
law” in the labor-management field. But on the
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MONTHLY LABOR
other hand, he asserted, decisions by State courts
“which promote uncertainty as to whether the
Federal Government or the State is master 'can
be as disruptive of peace between various indus
trial factions’ as actual competition between
the Federal Government and the States for
supremacy.”
Changes in Distribution
of Income, 1913-48
A “social revolution” in terms of redistribution of
income occurred during the period 1913 to 1948,
according to Geoffrey H. Moore of the National
Bureau of Economic Research.1 Inequality in
distribution of income by size, after reaching high
levels in the booming 192.0’s, diminished during
both the depression of the 1930’s and the prosper
ity of the 1940’s. By 1948, this leveling-up proc
ess had reduced the disparity between the top
income group and the rest of the population to a
new low. Among the explanations for the shift,
major emphasis was placed on a drop in the main
source of income for the upper group, together with
a phenomenal increase in that for the lower group.
Leveling of Income
The end of the 1920’s marked a turning point in
income distribution between the top 1-percent
income group and the remaining 99 percent, Mr.
Moore notes. At that time, income inequality
was about as great as at any previous time for
which adequate records are available. But reduc
tion in income inequality between the two groups,
which occurred in the 1930’s and 1940’s, has
resulted in an altogether new distribution of
income by size.
This shift toward a more even distribution of
income is noted by Mr. Moore in analyzing Simon
i The paper, entitled “ Secular Changes in the Distribution of Income,”
appears in the American Economic Review, vol. X L II, No. 2, M ay 1952,
Papers and Proceedings of the Sixty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the American
Economic Association (p. 527). It is based largely on the work of National
Bureau staff members, particularly Shares of Upper Income Groups in
Income and Savings by Simon Kuznets.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME
Kuznets’ data covering the 35-year period between
1913 and 1948. For example, 1 percent of the
population (including both income recipients and
their dependents) at the upper end of the income
scale had an average per capita income nearly 20
times as large as the average for the remaining 99
percent in 1913 and only 10 times as large in 1948.
Taking the period as a whole, Mr. Moore points
out, the average per capita income for the upper
group increased from $5,700 in 1913 to $12,500 in
1948, while that for the lower 99 percent rose from
about $300 to $1,300. Numerically, the gains
were $6,800 and $1,000, respectively. But per
centage-wise, the gain was much larger for the
lower group—their average income being four
times greater than in 1913, whereas that of the
upper group had slightly more than doubled.
The over-all change between 1913 and 1948
reflects sharp differences between the two groups
in the rate of change during periods of varying
economic activity. During the period 1913-20,
the per capita income of the upper 1-percent group
and the lower 99-percent group increased 55 per
cent and 90 percent, respectively. The rise was
32 percent and 1 percent in 1920-29. “I t is
somewhat surprising,” Mr. Moore points out, “to
find that the mass of the population did not partic
ipate to a greater extent in the boom of the twen
ties.” A decline in peir capita income for both
groups occurred in the period 1929-39, the upper
by 39 percent and the lower by 18 percent. The
greatest contrast, however, occurred in the period
1939-48, particularly after World War II when
per capita income of the high income group in
creased 78 percent compared to a 174-percent
increase for the remaining low-income group.
In terms of each group’s share in the country
wide total income, the effect of the changes in
income distribution as outlined was greatest in the
1930’s and 1940’s, when the upper income share
of total income reached levels lower than ever
before. The shift was a substantial one—from 17
percent of the total in 1929 to 9 percent in 1948,
as follows:
Percent of the Nation’s income in—
Year
income group
1913_____________
1920_____________
1929_____________
1939_____________
1948________________
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16
14
17
13
9
income group
84
86
83
87
91
51
Another indication of the leveling process in dis
tribution of income, Mr. Moore states, may be
found in a report of individuals receiving income
in excess of 1 million dollars. In 1929, 513 indi
viduals reported such incomes. By 1939, the
figure had dropped to 44. In 1948, 149 reported
income above 1 million dollars; however, their
average income both before and after taxes was
less than the corresponding figure in 1939.
Origin of Distribution Shift
In an analysis of the origin of the redistribution,
Mr. Moore outlines five broad types of personal
income and examines changes therein since 1929,
the so-called “turning point” in income distribu
tion. These types of personal income are: (1)
employee compensation (wages and salaries); (2)
entrepreneurial compensation (i. e., income of
farmers, owners of unincorporated business, and
professional enterprises); (3) corporate dividends;
(4) interest; and (5) rental income. The last
three types together are known as “property in
come.” Distribution of types of income in 1929
for various income groups is as follows:
Percent of types of income in—
Types of income
Wages and salaries,.
Entrepreneurial com
pensation. _
Property income___
Upper 1
percent
income
group
Upper 2-7
percent
income
group
Lower 93
percent
income
group
28
58
74
20
52
21
21
16
10
Sharp changes in the levels of a given type of
income, Mr. Moore asserts, would have important
influence on the income of individuals chiefly
dependent on that particular type. Documenting
specific changes, he notes that, on a per capita
basis for the population as a whole, employee
compensation increased 134 percent between 1929
and 1948, while entrepreneurial income rose 145
percent. Rental income increased only 26 percent
and dividends 6 percent, and interest payment
declined 21 percent. “Taking the last three com
ponents together as a measure of property income,
we find virtually no change in their aggregate
amount per capita between the 2 years,” Mr.
Moore reports.
Because the contributions of the three income
types to the 1929-48 rise in total income varied,
the proportion of total 1948 income represented by
52
DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME
property income declined, while that represented
by employee compensation and entrepreneurial in
come rose. Therefore, since property income and
employee compensation were the major income
sources of the upper and lower groups, respectively,
inequality of income distribution lessened ac
cordingly. Another factor which aided in the
equalization trend was “an evening out of the
distribution among different income groups of
each major type of income.” These two factors
are, however, “not independent.”
Tracing the “line of causation” back a step,
Mr. Moore outlines the 1929-48 change in the
“prices” of the various components of each income
type. The large increases in wage rates and
earnings per person employed and in entrepreneuri
al incomes per employer show up clearly, as well
as the modest changes in rent and dividend rates
and declines in interest rates. These “price”
changes, Mr. Moore notes, explain a great part of
the 1929-48 changes in income distribution.
But, in addition, quantity changes accompanied
these “price” changes, and there were shifts in the
position of various groups in the income array.
One of the basic developments which “lie be
hind” the shift in income distribution, according
to Mr. Moore, is “the change in the position of
Government in the American economy.” He out
lines the increase in Federal income taxes—for the
upper 1 percent about 8.5 percent of income in
1929 and 31 percent in 1948. However, he reports
that the direct effect of increased taxes on income
distribution accounted for only about a fourth or
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fifth of the decline in income inequality. The
sharp increase in taxes had a twofold effect on
income distribution: directly, by absorbing a
greater relative amount of income for the upper
than for the lower income groups, and indirectly,
by tending to reduce “in many subtle ways,” the
aggregate amount of income before taxes. (For
example, it seems probable that concentration of
tax-exempt securities in the hands of the upper
income groups has become greater than when taxes
were relatively low.)
But the rise in taxes “is simply one facet of the
growing importance of Government in our econ
omy,” Mr. Moore emphasizes. Government af
fects income distribution in a variety of ways.
“There is less inequality in wages and salaries in
the public than in the private sector,” and the
proportion of Government employees in the total
labor force has increased (Federal, State, and local
governments employed 7 percent of the labor force
in 1929, 8 percent in 1939, and 12 percent in 1948).
Another equalizing factor, in Mr. Moore’s opinion,
is the upward trend in Government “transfer pay
ments,” such as old age benefits or subsidies to
agriculture. The role of a large and growing
public debt and of increased Government lending
in reducing interest rates on private debt to low
levels has also been significant. These, combined
with the “influence of far-reaching Government
policies ranging from control over rents to the
bargaining of labor with management,” Mr. Moore
observes, are of major importance in accounting
for the large-scale reduction in income inequality.
Technical N o te
Taxes and the
Consumers’ Price Index*
Effects of Price and Tax Changes on Living Costs
T he relationship of income tax changes to the
cost of living, and the related question of the
inclusion or exclusion of income taxes in indexes
of consumer prices or cost of living, have been
extensively discussed in the United States and in
other countries where such indexes are compiled.
Income taxes have never been included in the
consumers’ price indexes in the United States.
However, in certain other indexes, for example,
in one calculation of the Swedish index, changes in
income taxes are combined with price changes and
the index measures the combined effects of both
factors on the cost of living. Most recently this
question has been raised in connection with the
revision of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consum
ers’ Price Index. There has been widespread
discussion and a considerable amount of opinion
expressed on both sides of the question. The
subject was extensively discussed, for example, in
hearings before a special Subcommittee of the
Committee on Education and Labor of the House
of Representatives under the chairmanship of
Congressman Tom Steed.1 In the report of these
hearings, the Subcommittee recommended “that
the Bureau continue its present practice of includ
ing excise and sales taxes, but excluding income
taxes from the index.” 2
The Bureau has, in effect, followed this advice
in the revision of the Consumers’ Price Index. In
so far as taxes are concerned, the decision has
been not to incorporate in the index, in any direct
form, the effect of changes in personal income tax.
The present article discusses some of the concep
tual and practical problems which arise in trying
to relate changes in personal taxes to changes in
prices. To understand the problem, it is first
necessary to define the index and the many kinds
of taxes that potentially could be included in it.
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The Consumers’ Price Index measures the
effect of price change on the living costs of city
wage-earner and salaried-clerical-worker families.
It is calculated by comparing, from one period to
the next, the cost of a market basket of goods and
services usually purchased by this particular
population group. The quantity and quality of
items contained in the market basket are held
constant over the measurement period, so that
only price change is reflected. The index thus pro
vides a reasonably accurate estimate of changes in
the value of the urban wage-dollar, in terms of
the volume of goods and services it can buy.
Many factors other than price directly affect
living costs. Taxes are among the more important,
for the total taxes paid by wage earners and
clerical workers are considerable. A change in the
tax total, therefore, has an effect on the total
“cost of living” which is wholly apart from and in
addition to the effect of price changes. The wage
earner buys most of his goods and services in the
markets; but he also receives goods and services
through governmental activities.
Whether a
specific service is provided by government or by
private industry is in many cases a matter of
custom or of local arrangements. Water, for
example, may be supplied by the community or
by a private company; the consumer pays the
water bill in either case. To consider such pay
ments a tax if made to government on the one
hand, and a price if made to business on the other
hand, would introduce inconsistencies in the index
calculation. Since the Consumers’ Price Index
measures the effect of price change on the cost of
living and does not limit “price” to commercial
market transactions, it is necessary to differentiate
between those payments to government which
can be considered as “prices” of identifiable goods
and services, and those which cannot.
Consumer payments to government (aside from
penalties) fall into five major groups, as follows:
1.
Direct 'payment for goods and services received:
payments for water, garbage disposal, electric
power, gas, local transportation, tolls, tuitions,
postage, etc., and purchases of alcoholic beverages,
publications, and other goods sold by government
to the consumer.
♦Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Prices and Cost of Living,
i See “ Consumers’ Price Index,” Report of a Special Subcommittee of
the Committee on Education and Labor, H. Res. 73, Subcommittee Report
No. 2.
* Ibid, p p . 3 5 -3 6 .
53
54
TAXES AND THE CPI
2. Licenses and fees attached to the ownership or
use of goods: automobile registration and use taxes,
inspection fees, drivers’ permits, dog tax, etc., and
taxes on real estate and personal property.
3. Taxes attached to the acquisition of goods and
services: sales taxes, retail excise taxes, custom
duties and all manufacturers’ and processors’ taxes
passed on to the consumer as part of the retail
price on finished products and services, and taxes
passed on to the renter as part of rent.
4. Taxes levied on persons rather than things:
personal income tax, inheritance and gift tax, poll
tax, etc.
5. Insurance payments and savings: social-secu
rity contributions, veteran’s insurance premiums,
etc.
Present Treatment of Taxes in the Index
The first three of these groups of payments are
included in the index structure. In the first group,
no distinction is made as to sources of goods and
services purchased by direct payment. All ex
penditures for these purchases are used in the
calculation of the index weights; and prices or
rates are either obtained from the source of supply,
whether government or business, or their move
ment is estimated by imputation from other items.
If the source of supply shifts from government to
business, or vice versa, without a change in quality
of the service involved, differences in rates charged
by the suppliers over the transition period are
treated as price changes. If the source of supply
shifts from business or government (through direct
payment) to the provision of a service by govern
ment paid for out of general funds—for example,
when free textbooks are first supplied by a school
system—the item is dropped from the index
“ market basket,” since it is no longer purchased
directly.
Licenses, fees, taxes, and other payments in
group 2, that are attached to the ownership or
use of goods, are included in the index as part of
family expenditures for the things with which
they are associated. Thus, real property taxes on
owned homes are included as part of total housing
expenses; automobile registration and other fees
attached to the purchase and use of automobiles
are included as part of total transportation ex
penditures. Sales and excise taxes that are paid
at the time of purchase, and all other indirect taxes
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MONTHLY LABOR
in group 3 that are “ built into” the retail price,
are included as part of the total family expendi
tures for items on which they are levied, and as
part of the prices paid for these items.
Income and other personal taxes, insurance
premiums, and other payments in groups 4 and 5
are not included in the index structure since they
are not associated with goods and services pur
chased by wage and clerical worker families.
The present treatment of taxes in the Con
sumers’ Price Index is of concern only because in
the use of the index in wage escalation there is a
question as to whether exclusion of certain taxes
creates an inequity. For example, in a community
where local revenue is collected through sales or
property taxes, which are included in the index, the
worker whose wages are tied to the local CPI is
compensated for increases in such taxes. But the
worker in a city which depends on income tax for
support of government is not similarly com
pensated for local income-tax increases. It seems
clear that the use of the index is not similarly
equitable in both these situations. However, in
light of the general uses of the index in wage escala
tion, this does not represent a unique error of
application. Most wage escalation is based on
the all-cities index. Changes in local sales taxes
are thus reflected only in proportion to the im
portance of a given city in the national average;
hence, the worker in the “sales tax city” is com
pensated only in part for the increase in taxes
while the worker in another city benefits from in
creases in taxes that he does not bear. A similar
anomoly arises because of differential price move
ments among cities, such as the wage increase ac
cruing to Detroit workers as a result of an increase
in the subway fare in New York. It seems ap
parent, therefore, that the treatment of taxes in
the index cannot be decided on the basis of its
application in wage escalation. The conceptual
framework and definition of the economic phe
nomenon the index measures must govern the
handling of taxes.
Taxes as “ Total Price of Government”
Over the long run, all tax payments can be
considered the “total price of government” includ
ing direct payments for goods and services re
ceived by the taxpayer, transfer payments to
individuals (including social insurance and public-
R E V IE W , JA N U A R Y 1953
TAXES AND THE CPI
assistance benefits, loans to homeowners, sub
sidies, etc.), and payments for services rendered
to the community in the form of national defense,
police and fire protection, streets and roads, etc.
It may therefore be argued that there are no
grounds for including some taxes as “prices” in
the CPI and excluding others, only because they
are collected differently. Such an approach leads
immediately to the problem of identifying a con
stant quantity and quality of “government” first
to determine its importance in relation to the value
of goods and services purchased in commercial
markets, and then as an identifiable “specification”
on which a measurement of change in the “price
of government” can be based.
If a concept for the CPI were to include
“government” as a “ package purchase,” two
alternatives would be available; either (1) the
“ quantity” and “ quality” of government must be
assumed to remain constant over time—in which
case the price of government is the total of tax
payments in all forms; or (2) changes in both the
“ quantity” and “ quality” of government must be
identified and a fixed amount of “ government”
priced. Both of these alternatives present con
ceptual and operating difficulties which seem to be
insurmountable. An assumption that the quan
tity and quality of government is constant over
time is not readily acceptable, even though
“ constant” is used in the sense of needs or satis
faction. For example, growth of the population,
increases in standards of living, changes in national
and world affairs, etc., require more roads, more
schools, a greater defense effort—the cost of
government increases, and at the same time these
factors add to total family expenditures by stimu
lating the purchase of greater quantities and
different qualities of goods and services.
Since the measurement of price change requires
that physical quantities and qualities of goods
and services remain fixed over comparison periods,
the second alternative is the one which conforms
with price-index concept and methodology of
measurement. When it becomes possible to
identify and price for a specified group of the
total population a “ constant” amount of “ govern
ment,” then it may become possible also to calcu
late for wage and clerical workers, an index of
price change for all goods and services, from what
ever source, received for their gross wage-dollar.
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55
Taxes as Price of Goods and Services
Alternatively, it has been suggested that only
that part of the total tax burden which pays for
consumer goods and services provided by govern
ment should be included in the index. This
approach recognizes that many goods and services
formerly purchased by wage earners in the con
sumer markets are now—or may be in the future—
provided by government through use of general
tax funds, and that the index structure should
provide means of measuring changes in the price
of these services, whether provided commercially
or publicly or both.
To achieve this in a manner consistent with the
index concepts and methodology, it would be
necessary to identify that portion of taxes used by
governments for the purchase and distribution of
a constant volume of consumer goods and services.
At the local and State levels, government expend
itures may be considered as primarily for con
sumer goods and services, although transfer pay
ments included in State and local government
outlays may become important from time to time.
At the Federal level, Government expenditures
for national defense and transfer payments are by
far the largest outlays. The national budget pro
vides a means of separating out government ex
penditures for national defense and transfer pay
ments so that the portion of total tax payments
going for goods and services can be estimated.
But the inclusion of this part of total tax payments
requires the same assumptions as indicated
above—that the quantity and quality of such
goods and services are the same for two dates of
comparison and the price is the total tax pay
ment; or that a constant amount of governmentprovided goods and services can be identified
and priced.
A very cursory examination of data on govern
ment expenditures for nondefense goods and serv
ices shows immediately that the first assumption
is unrealistic, and that a “price” change measured
by such a procedure would also be extremely un
realistic. During the period from 1940 to 1945,
when tax rates and the incidence of taxes on the
wage and clerical worker groups were increasing,
Federal Government expenditures for nondefense
goods and services dropped from 4.0 to 1.0 billion
dollars. If the measurement is based on tax pay-
56
ments of individuals rather than on government
expenditures, very questionable results are also
obtained. The 1950 and 1951 total tax payments
of individuals (19.2 and 27.2 billions, respectively)
when allocated to government purchases of goods
and services—with no attempt to adjust to a per
capita payment—would indicate only a slight
increase in the ‘'price” of government-provided
goods and services. Calculations on a per capita
basis could result in a decrease, depending upon
the specific method used.
Since all tax revenue collected normally flows
into the general treasury and is spent by govern
ment in the same way, the problem of differenti
ating taxes used for government purchase and
distribution of consumer goods and services would
extend to the treatment of sales and excise taxes
as well as to income-tax payments. By this ap
proach, only a part of these taxes would be in
cluded in the index as the price of governmentprovided goods and services.
Income Tax and the CPI
When the index is applied to net or disposable
income (after payment of income tax), it tells how
much more or less of net income wage and clerical
worker families would need to compensate for the
effect of price changes on their living costs. If a
measure is required to evaluate the adequacy of
workers’ gross earnings to pay income tax in addi
tion to buying the goods and services required to
maintain their level of living, it must superimpose
the effect of tax change on the effect of price
change. It appears impossible to develop an index
which can contain both of these effects. There
fore, separate estimates of the change in wage and
clerical worker family income tax have been cal
culated, and an attempt has been made to combine
tax change and price change with appropriate
weights.
The amount of tax due on personal income de
pends not only on tax rates but also on the size
of income, family size, age, composition, and other
factors affecting exemptions. Measurement of
change in income tax for a population group, such
as wage earners, is in itself a difficult problem.
Many methods might be devised, based on esti
mated distributions or averages of family income,
family size, and other pertinent family character
istics for each community. Any procedure would
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M O N TH LY LABOR
TAXES AND THE CPI
require that these characteristics be held constant
over period-»to-period comparisons, so that the
measurement would reflect only the average
change in tax rates and exemption schedules.
The results would differ, however, depending on
the method used.
For the purpose of illustrating the possible result
of combining tax changes and price changes, the
income-tax bill was calculated on the basis of esti
mated average family incomes for Washington,
D. C., families. Average income estimates were
made for three family size groups separately and
then combined, for six annual periods, as explained
below.
Using 1949 median family income for the
Washington, D. C., metropolitan area3 as a
benchmark, average family income was estimated
for other years (except 1951) by applying the per
cent changes in D. C. annual per capita income.4
The 1951 D. C. average family income was esti
mated by applying to the 1950 D. C. estimate, the
estimated percent change in total United States
personal income 5 from 1950 to 1951. Gross in
comes for different size families were estimated on
the basis of income-family size relationships estab
lished in the 1947 Census Bureau income survey
for Washington.6 The results of these calcula
tions, shown below, should not be taken as valid
estimates of average income; they are useful only
for the purposes of illustration.
Estimated gross income, by income-family size
Year
2-person
1939__________________
1940__________________
1941__________________
1949__________________
1950__________________
1951__________________
$2,161
2,279
2,297
3,623
4,164
4,657
3-person
$2,430
2,562
2,583
4,073
4,682
5,236
4-person
$2, 749
2,899
2,922
4,608
5, 297
5,924
2-, 3-, and
4-person,
combined
$2,394
2,524
2,545
4,013
4, 613
5,159
The estimated amounts of tax based on these
incomes were calculated from the tax tables
attached to Treasury Form 1040 to be as follows:
3 Table 13, Series PC-5, No. 53, Characteristics of the Population of the
Washington, D. C., Standard Metropolitan Area: April 1, 1950, U, S. De
partm ent of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
* Per capita income data published periodically in the Survey of Current
Business, U. S. Department of Commerce.
* U. S. Department of Commerce (except last quarter of 1951 estimated by
Council of Economic Advisers). Published in table B-7, p. 173, The Eco
nomic Report of the President, January 1952, by the Council of Economic
Advisers.
6 Table 13a, Series P-60, No. 4, Income of Families and Persons in Wash
ington, D. C.; 1947, U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
TAXES AND THE CPI
R E V IE W , JA N U A R Y 1953
Estimated tax, by income—family size
Year
2-person
1939_____________ ____
1940__________________
1941__________________
1949__________________
1950_______ __________
1951__________________
$0
0
63
335
445
610
3-person
$0
0
54
322
419
594
4-person
$0
0
48
304
412
598
Percent estimated taxes are of income after
taxes, by income-family size
2,- 3-, and
4-person,
combined
$0
0
56
331
428
602
The success with which tax change (once
measured) can be combined with price change,
depends on the appropriate weighting of the two
measurements. Here again, many methods might
be suggested. For this illustration, three different
calculations were made. First, the tax payments
for 2-, 3-, and 4-person families combined were
added without adjustment to the total index cost
aggregates with the following results:
Consume*rs’ Price
Inclex
Date
Cost
aggregate
Index
(Sept. 1939
=100)
$1,966
1,959
2,092
2,150
3,274
3,252
3, 509
100.0
99.6
106.4
109.4
166.5
165.4
180.1
September 1939________
September 1940___ _ _
September 1941____
December 1941.. _ _ _ _
M ay 1949____ ___ _____
February 1950_________
August 1951___
Incometax
aggregate
Index of
prices and
income tax
combined
(Sept. 1939
=100)
$0
0
56
56
331
428
602
100.0
99.6
109.3
112.2
183.4
187.2
210.8
The index aggregates do not represent income
or total family expenditures for goods and services.
They are values derived in the calculation of the
CPI when price changes are weighted together by
1934-36 index cost weights. They approximate
the cost of the 1934-36 “market basket” at
current prices. Since the index aggregates for
every period were considerably lower than the
estimated income on which taxes were based, and
therefore lower than the value of goods and serv
ices that might be bought with this income,
addition of the tax to the index aggregate probably
overweights the tax change in the average. To
adjust for this discrepancy, a second calculation
was made in which taxes were based on a percent
age relationship between estimated taxes (as shown
above) and income after taxes. Tax as a percent
of income after taxes, based on this relationship,
was found to be as follows:
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57
Year
2-person
1939__________________
1940__________________
1941________________
1949__________________
1950__________________
1951__________________
0
0
2.8
10.9
12.0
15.1
3-person
0
0
2.1
8.6
9.8
12.8
4-person
0
0
1.7
7.1
8.4
11.2
2-, 3-, and
4-person,
combined
0
0
2.3
9.0
10.2
13.2
Adjusted tax aggregates, figured by applying these
percentages to index aggregates, were then added
to the index aggregates with the following results:
Consumers’ Price
Index
Date
Cost ag
gregate
September 1939_____
September 1940________
September 1941________
December 1941________
May 1949_____________
February 1950________
August Ì951___________
$1, 966
1, 959
2,092
2,150
3, 274
3,252
3,509
Index
(Sept.
1939=100)
100.0
99.6
106.4
109.4
166.5
165.4
180.1
Incometax ag
gregate
$0
0
48
49
295
332
464
Index of
prices and
income tax
combined
(Sept.
1939=100)
100.0
99.6
108.9
111.9
181.5
182.3
204.0
The third method used for this illustration was
based on the assumption that the index aggregates,
which are estimates of the cost of the 1934-36
“market basket” at current prices, represent
income after taxes. Taxes based on this net
income were calculated by the following formula:
T a x = T ax rate [( 1 —stan d ard ded u ction ) X (n et incom e
+ ta x ) — (fam ily size X exem p tion per person)].
For 1951: T = .204 [.90 (I + T ) - $600 N ]
The tax was figured on this basis for a 4-person
family which approximates the average family
size (3.6) of the population group used for the
determination of the 1934-36 index weights. The
results of this procedure for weighting of taxes
and the Consumers’ Price Index were as follows:
Consume;rs’ Price
Ine lex
Date
Cost ag
gregate
September 1939____
September 1940-.. _____
September 1941________
December 1941________
May 1949_____________
February 1950 (old)____
February 1950 (adjusted).
August 1951___________
$1,966
1, 959
2,092
2,150
3, 274
3,252
3, 222
3,509
Index
(Sept.
1939=100)
100.0
99.6
106.4
109.4
166.5
165.4
165.4
180.1
Income
tax aggre
gate
$0
0
0
0
106
109
103
190
Index of
prices and
income tax
combined
(Sept.
1939=100)
100.0
99.6
106.4
109.4
171.9
171.0
171.0
190.2
Recent Decisions
of Interest to Labor1
Wages and Hours2
Overtime in War-Plant Construction. T h e Suprem e C ourt
of A rkansas h e ld 3 th a t laborers and m echanics em p loyed by
a contractor engaged in th e construction of an ordnance
p la n t for th e Federal G overnm ent should be paid over
tim e for all hours w orked in excess of 8 a d ay, w hen th e
con tract b etw een their em p loyer and th e G overnm ent
provid ed for such com pen sation . E v en th ou gh th ese
em p loyees w ere n o t parties to th e contract, th e court
ruled, th is provision w as m ade for their d irect ben efit and
w as enforceable b y th em .
H ow ever, th e em p loyees w ere n o t e n titled under th e
F air Labor Standards A ct to recover for overtim e w orked
b y th em , th e court held, b ecause th e y w ere n o t engaged
in in tersta te com m erce as required b y th a t act, even
th ou gh th e goods to be m anufactu red in th e p la n t after
its con stru ction w ould be shipped in in tersta te com m erce.
Violation of Injunction— Court Order for Restitution. An
em p loyer w ho had consciou sly failed to m ake a reasonable
effort to com ply w ith an in ju n ction requiring him to m eet
th e m inim um -w age, overtim e-com p en sation , and record
k eeping provision s of th e Fair L abor Standards A ct w as
fo u n d 4 g u ilty of b oth civil and crim inal con tem p t.
T h e court ordered th e em p loyer to p ay to 13 em p loyees
an am ou n t representing th e difference b etw een th e sum
w h ich th e y had actu a lly received and w h at th e y w ould
h a v e received if th e em p loyer h ad com plied w ith th e in
ju n ction . T h e em p loyer w as also ordered to p ay to th e
G overn m en t th e costs of in v estig a tio n and p resen tation
of th e case.
Labor Relations
N LRB Claim for Bach Pay Under Bankruptcy Act. T h e
N a tio n a l L abor R ela tio n s B oard fou n d a b an k ru p t com
p an y g u ilty of an unfair labor practice, and ordered it to
reim burse certain em p loyees w ith back p a y . T h e Su
prem e C ourt of th e U n ite d S ta tes held 5 th a t th is claim
w as n o t en title d to priority as a d eb t ow ed to th e U n ited
S ta te s under sectio n 64 (a) (5) of th e B a n k ru p tcy A ct.
T h e Suprem e C ou rt’s opinion, d elivered b y Mr. Ju stice
D ou glas, reversed a decision of a court of appeals. T he
Suprem e C ourt recognized th e B oard as a creditor w ith
regard to th e b ack -p ay aw ards, w ith in th e m eaning of th e
B an k ru p tcy A ct, and a d m itted th a t th e claim w as prov58
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
able as a d eb t founded upon an im p lied con tract w ithin
th e m eaning of section 63 (a) (4) of th a t act.
H ow ever, th e opinion sta te d th a t it did n o t follow ,
becau se th e B oard is an ag en cy o f th e U n ited S tates, th a t
a n y d eb t ow ed to it is a d eb t ow ing to th e U n ited S ta tes
w ith in th e m ean in g o f R evised S ta tu tes, section 3466.
T he C ourt sta te d further th a t th e p riority granted b y th a t
sta tu te w as given in order th a t an a d eq u ate public reven u e
m ig h t be ob tain ed to su stain th e p ublic burdens and
discharge th e p ublic d eb ts, and th a t th e B o a rd ’s fu n ction
in th is case w as n o t one of assuring th e public revenue.
T his case w as d istin gu ish ed b y the C ourt from Bramwell
v. U. S. Fidelity Co.,6 w hich exten d ed th e p riority to a
claim of th e U n ited S ta tes for In d ian m on eys. T he
Bramwell case, th e cou rt sta ted , rested on th e sta tu s of
Ind ian s as w ards of th e U n ited S ta tes and th e con tin u in g
resp on sib ility w hich th e F ederal G overn m en t h as for th e
p rotection of their in terests.
M r. Ju stice Jack son , w ho delivered a d issen tin g opinion,
considered th e G overn m en t’s relationship to th e w ronged
laborers w hich w as estab lish ed b y th e L M R A as an alagous
to th e G overn m en t’s w ard sh ip tow ard the In d ian s in th e
Bramwell case.
Representation Election Ballot Marked in Unorthodox
Manner. A U n ited S ta tes court of ap p eals recen tly ruled
upon th e v a lid ity of a d isp u ted b a llo t in an N L R B repre
sen ta tio n election . T h e b allot con tain ed a diagon al pencil
lin e sh ow in g sign s of p artial erasure, w hich ap peared in
th e square under th e w ord “ Y e s.” A clearly penciled
“X ” ap p eared in th e square under th e word “N o .”
T h e decision, reversing an N L R B ruling th a t th e b a llo t
w as m u tila ted and therefore void, held 7 th a t it w as valid
and m u st be cou n ted ag a in st rep resen tation b y th e union.
T h e cou rt recognized th a t th e B oard, exercising th e
w ide discretion ary pow ers conferred upon it b y C ongress,
could h ave ad op ted a rigid p olicy o f regarding all b allots
m arked in an u n orthodox m anner as m u tila ted and th ere
fore void . H ow ever, th e court sta te d th e B oard has n o t
treated all u n con ven tion ally m arked b allots as necessarily
m u tila ted and void . In stea d , it has co n sisten tly included
such b allots in th e cou n t w henever th e in te n t of the voter
w as clearly a p p aren t and there w as no q uestion of voter
id en tification . In th e opinion of th e court, th ere w as no
logical reason w h y th e B oard should sin gle o u t an erasure
on a b a llo t for sp ecial trea tm en t.
1 Prepared, in the U. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor.
The cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant
decisions believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to
reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of
labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in
which contrary results may be reached, based upon local statutory provi
sions, the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts
to the issue presented.
2 This section is intended merely as a digest of some recent decisions in
volving the Fair Labor Standards Act and the Portal-to-Portal Act. It is
not to be construed and may not be relied upon as interpretation of these
acts by the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division or any agency of
the Department of Labor.
2 D e a l & C o . v . H e a d ( A r k . S u p . Ct., Oct. 2 0 ,1 9 5 2 ) .
4 I n re W h e e la n d ( D . C . M . D . Pa., O c t . 29, 1 952).
8 N a t h a n s o n v . N L R B ( U . S . S u p . C t . , N o v . 10, 1 9 5 2 ).
« 269 U . S . 483.
7 N L R B v . W h itim v ille S p in n in g R in g C o. (C .
9
A.
1, N o v . 7, 1 9 5 2 ).
DECISIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
Union-Security Contract Executed by Union Not in Com
pliance. In a 2 to 1 decision, a pan el of th e N L R B ruled
upon th e v a lid ity o f a u nion-shop provision in an agree
m en t in volvin g a union w hich h ad n o t com plied w ith th e
n on -C om m u n ist affìdavit and filing requirem ents of th e
Labor M an agem en t R elation s A ct. T h e B oard h e ld 8
th e provision valid, as th e con tra ct specified th a t it w ould
n o t b ecom e op erative u n til th e union h ad com plied w ith
th e p rovisions of th e a ct.
T h e controversy revolved around am en d ed section
8 (a) (3) of th e L M R A . T h is section perm its an em ployer
to en ter in to a union-shop agreem en t w ith a labor organiza
tio n if, am on g oth er th in gs, th a t organization h as received
from th e B oard, a t th e tim e th e agreem en t is m ade or
w ith in th e preceding 12 m on th s, a n otice of com pliance
w ith section 9 (f), (g), and (h)— th e filing and nonC om m u n ist provision s— of th e a ct.
A literal reading of th e a c t, th e B oard sta ted , did n o t
p rovid e a clear and sim ple answ er as to th e v a lid ity of a
p rovision th a t a union shop shall com e in to b eing upon
th e occurrence of a certain con tin gen cy. I t is m ore accurate,
according to th e B oard, to say th a t a u nion-shop agreem ent
is “m ad e” only w hen ev e n ts occur w hich create th e union
sh op . T h e opinion further sta ted th a t n oth in g in th e
le g isla tiv e h istory show s a leg isla tiv e in te n t contrary to th e
B oard ’s finding.
C hairm an H erzog d issen ted . In his opinion, Congress,
in passin g th e 1951 am en d m en ts, m ean t com pliance a t th e
tim e th e con tract w as execu ted — n o t w hen it becam e
effective.
Closed-Shop Contract Made Prior to Taft-Hartley. A
U n ited S ta tes court of appeals recen tly ruled upon a con
troversy in v o lv in g section 102 of th e L M R A . T his section
provides, am ong oth er th in gs, th a t th e perform ance of
a n y obligation under a collective-b argain in g agreem ent
entered in to prior to th e 1947 A m en d m en ts to th e N L R A
(Labor M an agem en t R elation s— T a ft-H a rtley — A ct) shall
n o t co n stitu te an unfair labor practice, if th e practice w as
valid a t th e tim e th e agreem en t w as m ade, “unless such
agreem en t w as renew ed or exten d ed su b seq uent th e r e to .”
T h e court h eld ,9 in reversing a ruling of th e N L R B , th a t
a con tract w hich w as to con tin u e in effect from year to
year in th e absence of an y n otice or oth er a ct of term ina
tion w as n o t “renew ed or e x ten d ed ” w ith in th e m eaning
of th e act.
T h e opinion p oin ted o u t th a t, according to its w ording,
th e con tract w ould con tin u e in d efin itely so long as neither
p arty took an y action to term in ate it. T h is case, th e
court b elieved , w as sim ilar to N LRB v . Clara-Val Packing
Co.,10 w hich held th a t an agreem en t w hich “shall continue
w ith o u t expiration d a te ” u n til term in ated or m odified by
a c t of th e p arties, is n o t term in ated on its an n iversary d ate,
w hen th e parties ta k e no action , and is n o t considered as
h a v in g been renew ed.
* N o r t h w e s t M a g n e s it e C o .
‘ N L R B
v.
(101 N LRB No. 28, Oct. 23, 1952).
(C. A. 9, Oct. 13,
A s s o c ia tio n o f H e a t a n d F r o s t W o rk e rs, A F L
1952).
io 191 F. 2d 556.
a M a r s h a l l F ie ld & C o . v. N L R B (O. A. 7, Nov. 14, 1952). See Monthly
Labor Review, April 1952 (p. 430).
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59
Union Solicitation in Department Store. A U n ited S ta tes
court of appeals recen tly m odified an N L R B finding w hich
specified th e areas in a d ep artm en t store (M arshall F ield,
C hicago) w here solicitation b y union organizers could be
barred, and th ose where it m u st be p erm itted .
T h e Board, finding th a t there w as no illegal m o tiv e in
th e com p an y’s rule again st solicitation , had p assed upon
th e leg a lity of th e rule w ith respect to certain areas o f th e
store as follow s: (1) A isles, corridors, escalators, and
elevators m ay be barred from union solicitation , since
such a c tiv ity m ay create traffic and sa fety hazards w hich
could disrupt business. (2) P u b lic restaurants in th e
store m ay be used b y union organizers, if th ey m eet em
p loyees b y a p p oin tm en t and do n o t “tab le h o p ” to d iscuss
union affairs. (3) E m p loyee restau ran ts m a y be used
freely b y union organizers, since to forbid such use w ould
u n d u ly im pede self-organization. (4) P u b lic w ashroom s
and w aitin g room s m ay be used for solicitation , b u t are
su b ject to “reasonable restriction s.” (5) E m p lo y ee or
ganizers m ay solicit in stock and w orkroom s, b u t n on em
p loyee organizers m ay be barred.
T hese Board rulings w ere m odified b y th e court in regard
to em p loyee restaurants, and p ublic w ashroom s and w ait
in g room s. T h e court held 11 th a t th e store’s n on solicita
tion rule w hich barred n on em p loyee union organizers from
th ese areas did n o t interfere w ith th e em p lo y ees’ righ ts
to self-organization.
In th e cou rt’s opinion, th e em p loyer is required to m ake
em p lo y ees’ restaurants availab le to n on em p loyee union
organizers on ly w hen th e em p loyees are “u niquely h andi
capped in th e m atter of self-organization and concerted
a c tiv ity .” T h is condition, th e court believed , did n o t
exist, since it appeared th a t th e em p loyees w ere given
tim e off during th e course of th e day, and union organizers
had an op p ortu n ity to m ake luncheon ap p oin tm en ts and
solicit em p loyees in th e co m p an y’s public restaurants.
T h e court w as also of th e opinion th a t p ublic w ashroom s
and w aitin g room s w ere sim ilar to oth er portion s of th e
store frequented b y th e public, from w hich union-organ
izing a ctiv ities w ere banned.
Discriminatory Discharge Under Union-Shop Provision.
A com pany en tered in to a u nion-shop agreem en t in April
1950, w hich required all em p loyees, as a cond ition of con
tin u ed em p loym en t, to b ecom e union m em bers in good
stan d in g w ith in 30 d ays from th e effective d ate of th e
agreem ent.
S u b seq u en t to execu tion of th e agreem ent, em p loyee X ,
suspended b y th e union in 1944 for refusing to p ay a union
p olitical assessm en t, w as inform ed b y th e union treasurer
th a t he w ould h ave to p ay $85.25 in order to be rein stated .
T h is sum com prised th e regular new -m em ber in itia tio n
fee, 6 m o n th s’ back dues, 1 m o n th ’s ad van ce dues, and
a fine for refusing to p ick et in a prior strike.
In M ay 1950, 3 w eeks after th e con tract w as executed,
em p loyee X reported to a supervisor th a t th e union w ould
n o t rein state him unless he paid to th e union th e sum of
$85.25, w hich included a fine. N everth eless, th e com p an y
su b seq u en tly discharged em p loyee X a t th e u n io n ’s
request.
60
DECISIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
Affirming a ruling of th e N L R B , a U n ited S ta tes court
o f ap p eals held 12 th a t b oth th e com p an y and th e union had
com m itted au unfair labor p ractice. T h e em p loyer w as
fou n d to h a v e violated section 8 (a) (3) (B) of th e L M R A
b y d iscrim inating ag a in st an em p loyee for nonm em bership
in a union, w hen th e em ployer h ad “reason ab le grou n d s”
for b elievin g th a t th e em p lo y ee’s m em bership w as denied
or term in ated for reasons oth er th a n his failure to tender
th e periodic dues and in itiation fees u niform ly required as a
con d ition o f acquiring or retain in g m em bership. T he
union w as found to h a v e vio la ted section 8 (b) (2) b y
causing th e em ployer to d iscrim inate ag a in st th e em p loyee
in violation of section 8 (a) (3) of th e a ct.
I t w as w ell settled , th e opinion sta ted , th a t th e “periodic
d u es” referred to in th e a c t are th ose ow ed to th e union
su b seq u en t to th e m aking of th e union-shop con tract.
T h e cou rt agreed w ith th e B oard th a t th e em p loyer had
su fficient reason to b elieve th a t th e u n ion ’s d em and for
em p loyee X ’s discharge w as on a cco u n t of union ob liga
tion s oth er th a n current dues or in itia tio n fees. I t w as
ob viou s, th e court sta ted , th a t if th e $85.25 h ad accu m u
lated in th e 3-w eek period prior to th e tim e w hen th e
em p loyer w as notified b y em p loyee X , th e an n u al union
dues w ould h ave am ou n ted to “upw ards of $1,550, an
absurd su m .”
Workmen’s Compensation
“Jurisdictional Facts” Rule. T h e “ill-starred rule of
Crowell v . Benson” w as again w eakened b y th e d ecision of
th e U n ited S ta tes C ourt of A ppeals for th e N in th C ircuit
in Western Boat Building Co. v. O’Leary, Deputy Com
missioner,13
T h e “rule” of Crowell v. Benson referred to is th a t upon
review in a U n ited S tates d istrict cou rt of p roceedings
b efore th e D e p u ty C om m issioner o f th e B ureau of E m p lo y
ees C om pensation, or before oth er a d m in istrative bodies,
a com p lete trial (trial de n ovo) m a y be h ad on th e “juris
d iction al fa c ts” found b y th a t official or ad m in istra tiv e
b o d y . In Crowell v. Benson,14 th e U n ited S ta tes Suprem e
C ourt sta te d th a t there m ay be su ch a trial, w here th e
“d eterm in ation s of facts are fu n d am en tal or 'jurisdic
tio n a l,’ in the sense th a t their existen ce is a condition precedent
to th e operation of th e sta tu to r y schem e. T hese fu n d a
m en ta l requirem ents are th a t th e injury occur upon th e
n avigab le w aters of th e U n ited S ta tes and th a t th e relation
of m aster and serv a n t e x ist.”
A fter q uoting th is sta te m e n t b y th e Suprem e C ourt, th e
cou rt of ap p eals sta ted th a t it w as unable to com prehend
th e d istin ction b etw een th ese different varieties of fa c t
q u estion s. I t also said: “ W e do n o t understand Crowell v.
Benson to afford a trial de n ovo as a m a tter of righ t under
circum stan ces w here there is no real issue of fa ct p resented.
If, h ow ever, th e true rule is contrary to our im pression,
w e sim p ly refuse to in vok e it w here (as here) no w orth
w h ile purpose w ould be served th e r e b y .”
T h e court p oin ted ou t th a t in th e in sta n t case, in w hich
th e question to be d eterm ined w as w h ether it cam e under
th e L ongshorem en’s and H arbor W orkers’ C om pensation
A ct or th e w ork m en ’s com pensation law of th e S ta te of
W ashington, th e facts relatin g to th e injury were n o t in
d isp u te. T h e em p loyee w as injured w hen he fell off a
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tu g on to th e shore below , w hile th e ship w as dry-docked
on a m arine railw ay. A lth ou gh an aw ard had already
b een m ade b y th e S tate dep artm en t of labor and industries,
th e D e p u ty C om m issioner of th e B ureau of E m p lo y ees
C om pensation fou n d th a t jurisdictional facts existed , and
th e d istrict court affirmed his finding. C om pensation
p rovided b y th e L ongshorem en’s A ct shall be p ayab le,
according to th e a ct, on ly “if recovery for th e d isab ility
or d eath th rough w ork m en ’s-com p en sation proceedings
m ay n o t v a lid ly be p rovided b y S ta te la w .”
Unemployment Compensation
Inability To Perform Customary Work. A K en tu ck y circuit
court held 15 a claim an t u n availab le for work w hen he w as
p h ysically unab le to perform his custom ary w ork. C laim
an t, a butcher, suffered an ep ilep tic seizure, and w as
discharged in order to p reven t injury to h im self or to his
co-w orkers. T h e court said: " . . . a person p h ysically
unable to perform his form er w ork, y e t p h y sica lly capable
of oth er work, arouses th e sy m p a th y of th e court. B u t to
hold a person under such con d ition s e n titled to u n em p loy
m en t benefits w ould be to exten d th e scop e of th e u n em
p lo y m en t com p en sation a ct to in clu d e d isab ility insur
a n ce.” T h e court further ration alized its decision: “A n
em p loyee w ho is seek in g b enefits and has to m ake him self
ready to a ccep t su itab le em p loym en t offered h im through
th e efforts of th e U n em p loym en t Insurance C om m ission,
does n o t h a v e to a ccep t em p loym en t foreign to his cu stom
ary em p loym en t in order to be eligible. In d eterm ining
th e m atter from an em p loyer’s stan d p oin t, it w ould appear
th a t th e sam e yard stick should be applied. If a m an
is p h ysically unable to perform his cu stom ary labors, th e
m ere fa ct th a t he is p h ysically able^to perform som e oth er
d u ties should n o t m ake him eligible for com p en sation .”
Leaving Employment to Join Husband. In tw o cases,
d istrict courts of Iow a held 16 disqualified for b en efits,
m arried w om en w ho le ft w ork to join th eir h usbands.
T he h u sbands w ere servicem en sta tio n ed in oth er S tates.
T h e courts h eld th a t th e claim ants q u it th eir w ork volu n
tarily and w ith o u t good cause attrib u tab le to th e em p loyer
or th e em p loym en t.
False Statement. A N ew Y ork court h e ld 17 a claim an t for
u n em p loym en t com p en sation gu ilty of a m isdem eanor in
th a t he w illfu lly m ade a false sta tem en t w ith th e result
th a t h e ob tain ed benefits. C laim ant q uit his job of his
ow n v olition in order to op erate a sum m er resort ow ned by
h im self and his w ife, b u t drew u n em p loym en t com pensa
tion on his sta te m e n t th a t he w as to ta lly u n em p loyed ,
capable of, and availab le for work. T h e court h eld th a t
th e claim an t h ad v iolated section 632 of th e labor law and
th a t his self-em p loym en t co n stitu ted em p loym en t w ithin
th e m eaning of section 522.
12 N L R B v. E c l i p s e L u m b e r C o . (C. A. 9, Nov. 12, 1952).
is 198 F. 2d 1409.
i< 285 U. S. 22.
i®H e n r y F is h e r P a c k i n g C o . v. K e n t u c k y U n e m p l o y m e n t I n s u r a n c e (Ky.
Cir. Ct., Jeff. Co., 1952).
i®F a ir fie ld G lo ve C o . v. R u g g le s (Iowa D. C., Jeff. Co., Nov. 13, 1952) and
C u d a h y P a c k i n g C o . v. I o w a E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r it y C o m m i s s io n (Iowa D. C.,
Polk Co., 1952).
17 P e o p l e v. F e lle r (City Ct., Newburgh, N. Y., Oct. 24,1952).
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
November 15, 1952
h e 87-d ay strik e in 8 p lan ts of th e In tern ation al H arvester
Co. ended w hen an agreem en t w as reached w ith th e Farm
E q u ip m en t D iv isio n o f th e U n ited E lectrical, R ad io &
M ach in e W orkers o f A m erica (In d .). I t a ffects ab o u t
25,000 w orkers and p rovid es for a general h ourly w age
in crease o f 7 cen ts an d oth er b enefits. (Source: N ew
Y ork T im es, N o v . 17 and 18, 1952; an d U . S. D e p t, of
Labor press release, N o v . 7, 1952.)
I t provides for h ourly w age increases of from 10 to 16
cen ts and for im p rovem en ts in insurance, h ealth , vacation ,
and oth er b enefits. (Source: T h e M ach in ist, N o v . 20,
1952.)
November 21
W i l l i a m G r e e n , presid en t o f th e A m erican F ed eration of
Labor since 1924, died in C oshocton, Ohio.
On N ovem b er
25, th e A F L E x ecu tiv e C ouncil u n an im ou sly selected
G eorge M ean y, secretary-treasu rer since 1939, as his su c
cessor and W illiam F . Schnitzler, p resid en t of th e B ak ery
& C onfectionery W orkers’ In tern a tio n a l U nion of A m erica
(A F L ), a s secretary-treasurer.
(Source: A F L N e w sR eporter, N o v . 28, 1952.)
T
November 17
T h e S u p r e m e
C o u r t of th e U n ited S tates, in d en yin g
review in th e case of th e United Mine Workers of America,
District 31 et al. (Ind.) v. th e National Labor Relations
Board, affirm ed th e low er co u rt’s decision upholding th e
N L R B in finding th a t D istrict 31 and L ocals 4050, 4346,
1379, 2338, 4047, and 8327 h ad v iolated L M R A b y th reats
an d violen t con d u ct in a tte m p ts to restrain and coerce
em p loyees a t n onunion m ines in th e exercise of their
sta tu to r y rights. (Source: U. S. L aw W eek, vol. 21, N o.
19, N o v . 18, 1952, p. 3136; and L abor R elation s R eference
M anual, vol. 30, p. 2445.)
November 19
T h e N L R B , in th e case of Phelps Dodge Copper Products
Corp., Elizabeth, N. J., and International Union of Electrical,
Radio & Machine Workers, Local 441 (CIO), ruled th a t th e
em p loyer w as under no ob ligation to bargain during a
slow -dow n called b y th e union to enforce its d em ands, as
th is co n stitu ted “an ab sen ce o f fair d ea lin g ,” and as a
p artial strik e is u n p rotected under th e L M R A . In th e
sam e case, th e B oard held th a t th e com p an y h ad illegally
refused to bargain on group insurance b y refusing to
furnish rele v a n t inform ation req u ested and b y in sistin g th a t
th e union ta k e “frin ge” b enefits in th e form of a w age
increase. (Source: L abor R elation s R eporter, vol. 31,
N o . 9, D ec. 1, 1952, A nalysis, p. 17, and L R R M , p. 1072.)
November 20
A n e w c o n t r a c t settled th e prolonged w age dispute
b etw een th e In tern a tio n a l A ssociation of M ach in ists
(A F L) and L ockheed aircraft p lan ts in Southern C alifornia
(see Chron. item for S ept. 28, 1952, M L R , N o v . 1952).
2348 2 6 — 53 -
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T h e N L R B annou n ced th a t it h ad revoked th e com pliance
sta tu s of L ocal 8 0 -A , U n ited P ack in gh ou se W orkers of
A m erica (C IO ), C am den, N . J., as to filing requirem ents
under L M R A , a s a resu lt of th e con v ictio n o f its business
a g en t for falsifyin g a n on -C om m u n ist affid avit filed w ith
N L R B (see C hron. item for O ct. 25, 1952, M L R , D ec.
1952).
T he local is th ereb y barred from u tilizin g th e
N L R B in election s and u nfair labor p ractice cases.
(Source: N L R B releases R -4 1 2 , N o v . 25, 1952, and R -4 1 3 ,
D ec, 23, 1952.)
November 24
T i g h e E. W o o d s su b m itted to th e P resid en t his resign ation
as D irector of th e Office of P rice S tab ilization (see Chron.
item for Aug. 26, 1952, M L R , O ct. 1952), effective N o v em
ber 30. On D ecem b er 12, th e P resid en t annou n ced th e
a p p o in tm en t of Josep h H . Freehill, th e a ctin g director of
OPS, as his successor. (Source: N ew Y ork T im es, N o v .
25 and D ec. 13, 1952.)
T h e S u p r e m e C o u r t of th e U n ited S ta tes denied review in
th e case of Kemble v. United States, th ereb y upholding th e
decision of a low er court, w hich h ad held th a t th e business
a gen t of th e T ruck D riv ers’ and H elp ers’ U nion, L ocal 676
[of th e In tern ation al B rotherhood of T eam sters, C hauf
feurs, W arehousem en & H elp ers o f A m erica (A F L )]
v iolated th e F ederal A n ti-R ack eteerin g (H obbs) A ct, b y
using p h ysical violen ce to force a n onunion truck driver
o f an in tersta te trucking com p an y to forego unload in g his
truck and hire a union m em ber for th is w ork. (Source:
L abor R elation s R eporter, vol. 31, N o . 9, D ec. 1, 1952,
L R R , p. 55, and L R R M , p. 2085.)
T h e N L R B , in th e case of th e Lehigh Portland Cement Co.,
of F ordw ick, V a., and th e United Cement, Lime & Gypsum
Workers International Union, Local No. 167 (AFL), held
th a t th e em p loyer’s refusal to bargain as to ren tals of
com p an y-ow n ed houses and their use v iolated th e L M R A .
T h e ren tal of such houses, according to th e B oard, repre
sen ts a n ecessary con d ition of em p lo y m en t of th e workers
in question , and therefore is bargainable. (Source:
L abor R elation s R eporter, vol. 31, N o . 11, D ec. 8, 1952,
L R R M , p. 1097.)
61
CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS
62
November 25
An a r b i t r a t i o n a w a r d in th e w age d isp u te b etw een th e
In tern ation al L ongshorem en’s A ssociation (A FL) and th e
N ew Y ork Shipping A ssociation (see Chron. item for
S ep t. 22, 1952, M L R , N o v . 1952), affectin g a b o u t 40,000
m em bers, included p rovision for a basic hourly w age
increase of 17 cen ts and for con tin u ation of tim e and a
half for overtim e w ork. (Source: N ew Y ork T im es,
N o v . 26, 1952.)
November 26
O v e r 1,000 m em bers of th e In tern a tio n a l L ongsh orem en ’s
A ssociation , Local 824 (A F L ), in N e w Y ork C ity, staged
a 1-day w alk -ou t in p ro test ag a in st four of their leaders
being subpen aed b y th e N ew Y ork S ta te Crim e C om m is
sion in an in v estig a tio n of w aterfron t con d ition s. On
D ecem b er 1, 200 m em bers of L ocal 1195, IL A , staged a
sim ilar 1-day w alk -ou t. (Source: N e w Y ork T im es, N o v .
27 and D ec. 2, 1952.)
U . S. D e p t, of Labor release, D ec. 2, 1952; for discussion,
see p. 18 of th is issue.)
December 3
T h e
P resid en t reversed th e W age S tab ilization Board
decision in th e recent b itu m in ou s-coal con tract (see
Chron. item for O ct. 18, 1952, M L R , D ec. 1952), th ereb y
approving th e full w age increase of $1.90. On th e follow
ing day, A rchibald Cox, chairm an of th e W SB , resigned
in p rotest and th e P resid en t ap p oin ted Charles C. K illingsw orth, vice chairm an of th e Board, as his successor.
On D ecem b er 6, in d u stry m em bers of W SB resigned in
p rotest again st th e P resid en t’s decision. (Source: W hite
H ou se releases, D ec. 4, 1952; and N ew Y ork T im es,
D ec. 4 and 7, 1952.)
On D ecem b er 8, th e new ly ap p oin ted W SB chairm an
announced approval of th e $1.90 increase provid ed by
th e recent an th racite agreem ent. (Source: W SB release
N o. 299, D ec. 8, 1952.)
h e
P resid en t invok ed th e Labor M an agem en t R elation s
A ct b y creating a board of inq u iry to report on th e labor
d isp u te b etw een th e A m erican L ocom otive Co. (D unkirk,
N . Y . p lant) and th e U nited Steelw orkers of A m erica,
L ocals N os. 2286 and 4498 (C IO ), as con tin u ation of th e
strike, begun on A u gu st 29, w ould “im peril th e n ational
sa fe ty .” T he com p an y is th e sole producer of nickel
pipe used in th e atom ic energy program . (Source:
Federal R egister, vol. 17, N o . 237, D ec. 5, 1952, p. 10981;
and A F L N ew s-R ep orter, D ec. 5, 1952.)
A t th e G overn m en t’s request, th e Federal D istrict
C ourt in B uffalo, N . Y ., issued a tem porary restraining
order on D ecem b er 12, en join in g th e strike. (Source:
N ew Y ork T im es, D ec. 13, 1952.)
T
November 29
h e
Office of D efen se M ob ilization estab lish ed D efen se
M anpow er P o licy N o. 10, d esigned to help su p p ly suffi
cien t m igratory w orkers for agriculture. (Source: Federal
R egister, vol. 17, N o . 233, N o v . 29, 1952, p. 10810.)
T
December 1
T h e
C ongress of In d u strial O rganizations opened its
fou rteen th annual con ven tion a t A tlan tic C ity, N . J.,
and elected W alter P . R euther, presid en t of th e In ter
n ation al U nion, U n ited A u tom ob ile, A ircraft & A gricul
tural Im p lem en t W orkers of A m erica (U A W -C IO ), as
presid en t (on D ecem b er 4) to succeed th e late P hilip
M urray. (Source: CIO N ew s, D ec. 8, 1952; for discus
sion, see p. 13 of th is issue.)
P . D u r k i n , p resident of th e U n ited A ssociation
of Jou rneym en and A pprentices of th e P lum bing & P ipe
F ittin g In d u stry of th e U . S. and C anada (A F L ), w as
design ated b y P resid en t-elect D w ig h t D . E isenhow er to
be Secretary of Labor in th e incom ing ad m in istration , to
succeed M aurice J. T ob in . M r. D urkin is sixth vice
p resident of th e A F L . (Source: A F L N ew s-R eporter,
D ec. 5, 1952; and N ew Y ork T im es, D ec. 2, 1952.)
M
a r t in
December 2
h e N in eteen th N atio n a l C onference on Labor L egislation
con ven ed in W ashington, D . C., w ith S ta te labor officials
and rep resen tatives of organized labor a tten d in g. (Source:
T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 8
T h e S u p r e m e C o u r t of th e U n ited S ta tes denied r e v i e w
in th e case of th e Montgomery Building & Construction
Trades Council et al. of Montgomery, Ala., v. Ledbetter
Erection Co., Inc., th ereb y affirm ing th e low er cou rt’s
upholding of a tem porary in ju n ction issued b y a S ta te
court and sou gh t d irectly by an em p loyer again st secondary
union p ick etin g on th e charge th a t such p ick etin g v iolated
th e L M R A — a F ederal act. T he low er court denied
th a t th e N L R B had exclu sive jurisdiction in enjoining
secondary b o y c o tt violation s, as th e p ick etin g in th e
case w as of a local nature, affected in tersta te com m erce
on ly in cid en tally, and caused irreparable dam age.
(Source: U . S. Law W eek, vol. 21, N o . 22, D ec. 9, 1952,
p. 4043; and Labor R elation s R eference M anual, vol. 28.
p . 2342.)
Developments in
Industrial Relations
A g r e e m e n t s were concluded with major meat
packing companies in November 1952. Arbitra
tion awards ended prolonged wage disputes
involving maritime workers and longshoremen.
Negotiations, Arbitration, and Strikes
Meatpacking. Approximately 60,000 workers were
affected by 2-year agreements reached in late
October and November between leading meat
packing firms and the United Packinghouse
Workers of America (CIO),2and the Amalgamated
Meat Cutters & Butcher Workmen (AFL); the
agreements were subject to approval by the Wage
Stabilization Board. The settlement reached be
tween the Cudahy Packing Co. and the UPWA on
November 3 included provisions for a general
hourly wage increase of 4 cents, retroactive to
October 27; an additional hourly increase of 4 cents
for women; an increase of 2 cents an hour in nightshift differentials; time-and-a-half pay for Saturday
work, effective January 1, 1953; a reduction in
existing geographical wage differentials; and wage
reopenings at 6-month intervals. A companyfinanced pension plan previously put into effect by
the company was liberalized and incorporated in
the contract. It provided for a minimum monthly
pension of $105, including Social-Security pay
ments, for employees with 25 years’ service who
voluntarily retire at age 65, and additional graduuated pension increases for employees who retire
at 70, the compulsory retirement age. The plan
covers all workers retired since August 1, 1952.
Pension payments were to begin January 1, 1953,
with retroactivity to the date of retirement for
those covered by the plan.
Another important provision was a unionsecurity clause which requires new employees to
apply for union membership at the time of hiring,
but permits cancellation of the application between
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the 15th and 30th day of employment or during
the last 15 days of the contract. The clause, which
is similar to the one recently negotiated in the
basic steel industry,3 is reported by the union to
be the first of its type to be accepted by a major
packer. Similar wage provisions were agreed upon
in contracts reached subsequently between Swift
and Co. and the UPWA; and between Swift and
Co., Armour and Co., and the AFL Meat
Cutters. The Meat Cutters’ agreement with
Armour also provided for wage adjustments in
tended to correct inequalities, the establishment
of a company-financed insurance program, and a
pension plan. Negotiations between Wilson and
Co. and the UPWA were not completed at the end
of the month.«
Maritime. Wage disputes between East, West,
and Gulf Coast ship operators and three CIO
affiliates—National Maritime Union, American
Radio Association, and Marine Engineers’ Bene
ficial Association—were resolved by arbitration
awards.4 Under the decisions, all retroactive to
June 16, East and Gulf members of the NMU were
awarded increases in monthly base pay ranging
from 5 to 15 percent and increases in overtime
rates; ARA members on the same coasts were
granted an increase in monthly base pay of $25
and an additional flat increase of 5 percent,
amounting to an estimated total adjustment of
slightly more than 11 percent; and MEBA mem
bers on all coasts received a monthly base pay
increase amounting to slightly above 15 percent.6
Proposals by the NMU and the MEBA for an
increase of 10 cents a day in the employers’ pension
and welfare contributions were rejected by the
arbitrator on the ground that they were beyond the
scope of the questions submitted to arbitration.
A new contract reached on November 25 be
tween the Committee for the Companies and
Agents—Atlantic and Gulf Coasts—and the Mas
ters, Mates and Pilots (AFL) provided for an in
crease of about 15 percent (an initial 9K percent in
monthly base pay plus an additional 5-percent
1 Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations.
2 See December 1952 issue of Monthly Labor Review (p. 657).
8 See September 1952 issue of M onthly Labor Review (p. 309).
4 See August 1952 issue of M onthly Labor Review (p. 201).
4 Subject to approval by the membership and the Wage Stabilization
Board.
63
64
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
increase); upward adjustments in hourly overtime
and penalty rates; and other wage benefits—all
retroactive to October l.s Some 5,000 deck offi
cers were affected by the settlement.
About 15,000 members of the Sailors’ Union of
the Pacific (AFL) refused to sign on ships operated
by the Pacific Maritime Association, from Novem
ber 4 to 10, in protest against the WSB’s delay in
acting on an agreement for a wage increase sub
mitted to the Board in mid-August.3 The walk
out ended when the union and the association
reached an “ informal agreement” to jointly peti
tion the Board for approval of the wage increase.
The “ agreement” also provided that if the Board
approved only part of the increase, the ship
owners would pay the approved portion retro
active to August 27, with the remainder to be
made effective upon the expiration of wage controls.
Longshoremen. An arbitration award that directly
affected some 20,000 regularly employed long
shoremen and approximately an equal number of
casual dock workers in the Port of New York
ended the prolonged wage dispute between the
International Longshoremen’s Association (AFL)
and the New York Shipping Association.6 About
20,000 longshoremen employed in other Atlantic
Coast ports and on the Gulf Coast were expected
to be affected by the decision. Under the terms
of the award, announced November 25, hourly
wage rates for general and all penaltv cargo, except
explosives and damaged goods, were increased 17
cents. Rates for explosives and damaged goods
were raised 34 cents. The arbitrator denied the
union’s request for double-time rates, instead of
time and a half, for overtime work. The increases
are subject to approval by the Wage Stabilization
Board.
About 1,000 ILA members employed on New
York City docks staged a 1-day walk-out on
November 26 in protest against the serving of
subpenas on several union officials by the New
York State Crime Commission. The subpenas
were issued in connection with public hearings,
which began December 3, on alleged rackets and
other abuses on the New York-New Jersey water
front. A cooperative arrangement reached be
tween the Governors of the two States resulted in
extension of the inquiry to the New Jersey water
front situation. The commission has been in
vestigating waterfront conditions since late 1951.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N TH LY LABOR
Aircraft. A new 1-year contract, effective
November 9, the date of ratification, terminated
prolonged contract negotiations between the
Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Burbank, Calif., and
the International Association of Machinists
(AFL). Discussions were marked by a 3-week
strike that ended in September, following an
appeal by the President.® Principal terms of the
agreement included a general hourly wage increase
of 9 cents; a cost-of-living escalator clause pro
viding for a 1-cent hourly adjustment, effective
November 1, and additional quarterly adjust
ments; and liberalized vacation and holiday
benefits. Agreement was also reached on an
expanded group life and health insurance pro
gram, with total benefit costs to be paid by Lock
heed, which previously had made only a partial
payment. Further gains were made, the union
stated, in contractual grievance procedures and
in provisions affecting lay-offs and promotions.
The union agreed to a revised maintenance-ofmembership provision in lieu of the union-shop
clause it had originally proposed. It also agreed
to a clause providing that employees who had
resigned from the union during the September
strike need not rejoin.
Farm Equipment. Members of the Farm Equip
ment Division of the United Electrical, Radio
and Machine Workers (Ind.) on November 16-17
ratified a 3-year contract reached with the Inter
national Harvester Co. ending a strike that had
idled some 25,000 employees in various plants
since August 21. The stoppage had been marked
by numerous acts of violence that resulted in
extensive property damage and included the fatal
beating of a nonstriking employee of the company.
Major provisions of the new agreement included
a 4-cent hourly annual productivity wage increase
plus a 3-cent hourly cost-of-living adjustment for
both hourly and piece-rate employees; increases
ranging from 1 to 5 cents an hour for all time
workers except those in the three lowest labor
grades, intended to equalize rates with those pro
vided under the UAW contract; reclassification
of hourly rated jobs; and production-quota
minima for pieceworkers. Agreement was also
reached on provisions for company payment for
time spent by union stewards in grievance inves
tigations, applicable only to scheduled meetings
* See November 1952 issue of Monthly Labor Review (p. 550).
REVIEW, JA N U A R Y 1953
IN D U S T R IA L R E L A T IO N S
with company officials, and for recognition of the
company’s right not to rehire employees who had
been discharged during the strike for alleged acts
of violence. It was reported that a “modified
union shop” was established, with a 20-day escape
period during which employees were permitted to
resign from the union. The union had sought an
hourly increase of 15 cents, a full union shop, and
other benefits.4
Construction. Picket lines established by some
200 members of the American Federation of Tech
nical Engineers (AFL) at the Atomic Energy
Commission’s vast hydrogen-bomb construction
project near Augusta, Ga., resulted in idleness of
more than 10,000 construction workers on Novem
ber 10. The walk-out was a protest against the
dismissal of 6 union members by a subcontractor
at the project because of alleged lack of work.
The union demanded reinstatement of the em
ployees, claiming that they had been discharged
for engaging in union activity. It canceled plans
for a resumption of the strike on November 17,
after the National Labor Relations Board agreed
to investigate the dismissals.
Coal. The Economic Stabilization Administrator
held a public hearing November 14 on the joint
petition by the United Mine Workers (Ind.) and
the Bituminous Coal Operators’ Association for
reversal of the WSB’s decision modifying the
recent soft-coal wage agreement.2 At the hearing,
UMW president John L. Lewis forecast “unrest
and confusion and interference with the logical
operations” of soft-coal mines until the full $1.90
basic daily wage increase was approved. Sub
sequently, the petitioners rejected a compromise
proposal by the Administrator that reportedly
provided for an increase of $80 in the miners’
existing vacation allowance in lieu of the 40-centsa-day wage increase disallowed by the WSB. A
ruling by the Administrator was pending at the
end of the month.
Telephone. One-year contracts were concluded
between the New York Telephone Co., metropoli
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
65
tan district, and independent telephone unions.6
Approximately 18,000 maintenance and repair
employees received weekly wage increases ranging
from $2 to $5 and certain changes in working con
ditions under an agreement reached with the
United Telephone Organizations, effective Novem
ber 3. An additional 5,000 accounting employees
represented by the Telephone Employees’ Organ
ization, Accounting Department, were granted in
creases ranging from $2 to $4 a week, effective
November 17.3 7
American Locomotive Co. The production of
defense materials was affected by the continuation
of work stoppages that have idled about 8,500
employees at three New York plants of the Amer
ican Locomotive Co. About 1,500 of the firm’s
employees have been idle since August 29 at the
Dunkirk plant, sole producer of nickel-plated pipe
used in the atomic energy program.8 The walk
outs at the Auburn and Schenectady plants,
producers of Army tanks and diesel locomotives,
idled some 7,000 workers starting on October 20.
The three stoppages were called by the United
Steelworkers of America (CIO), following the col
lapse of negotiations to replace contracts that
expired January 31, 1952. The major issues in
the disputes concerned retroactive wage increases.
Wage Stabilization Board Action
The Board approved an hourly wage increase
of 8 cents, retroactive to July, for approximately
14,000 employees of 3 major copper companies—•
Anaconda, Phelps Dodge, and Kennecott. The
increase was provided in contracts reached last
summer with several unions, including the Inter
national Brotherhood of Electrical Workers,
International Association of Machinists, and
International Union of Operating Engineers—•
all AFL affiliates—and the International Union
of Aline, Mill and Smelter Workers (Ind.).
7 See October 1952 issue of Monthly Labor Review (p. 433).
• The President invoked the “national emergency” provisions of the LaborManagement Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act on December 3 and established
a board of inquiry to investigate the dispute at the Dunkirk plant only;
Publications
of Labor Interest
Cooperative Movement
B y Jerry V oorhis. N ew
Y ork, P ub lic Affairs C om m ittee, In c., 1952. 32 p p.
(P ublic Affairs P am p h let 32.) 25 cents.
T h e ex ecu tiv e secretary of th e C ooperative L eague of
th e U S A review s th e various p h ases of th e coop erative
m ovem en t in th e U n ited S tates.
T h e C o o p e r a tiv e s L o o k A h e a d .
C o o p e r a tio n
E ditor’s N ote.—Correspondence regarding publications to which refer
ence is made in this list should be addressed to the respective publishing agen
cies mentioned. Data on prices, if readily available, are shown with the title
entries.
Listing of a publication in this section is for record and reference only and
does not constitute an endorsement of point of view or advocacy of use.
Special Review
F a c to r y F o l k w a y s : A
S t u d y o f I n s t i t u t i o n a l S tr u c tu r e a n d
B y John S. E llsw orth, Jr. N ew H aven ,
C onn., Y ale U n iv ersity P ress, 1952. 284 pp., b ibli
ography. $4.
T his volu m e con tain s, first, a descrip tion of th e d ev elo p
m en t of a co m p aratively sm all, cen tu ry-old N ew E ngland
m anufacturing firm, w ith em phasis upon changes in its
organizational stru ctu re and in lab or-m an agem en t a tti
tu d es; second, an an alysis of th e firm as an in stitu tio n
in term s of th e criteria d evelop ed b y B ronislaw M alinow ski
from his stu d ies of p rim itive societies. T he au thor, now
an a ssista n t professor of sociology a t Y ale, w as em ployed
for 8 years b y th e firm th a t p rovid es th e se ttin g for
th is a ccou n t of hum an b eh avior in an in d u strial situ ation .
T h e cen tral th em e of th e d escrip tive portion of th e
volu m e is alien ation . For m a n y decad es after th e b egin
ning of th e firm (1836), personal co n ta ct b etw een m an age
m en t and w orkers w as freq u en t and close. D u rin g th is
period, th e ow ner-m anagers “w ere th e tru sted superiors
w h ose d ecisions elim in ated or controlled in terpersonal
friction and w ho co n sta n tly stren gth en ed com m on pur
p oses, principles, and v a lu e s.” T h ese relation sh ip s b e
cam e m ore and m ore ten u ou s a s th e firm increased in size
and as m anagerial stru ctu re b ecam e m ore com plex and
a u th o rity m ore diffused. T he w idening gu lf betw een
m an agem en t and workers w as m arked b y various m an age
rial decisions relatin g to a u th o rity over personnel and, from
th e w orkers’ side, b y th e organization (1944) of a union.
E llsw orth w rites th a t m an y of the w orkers “found their
m o st effective ration alization [for th e creation o f a union]
in th e idea th a t th e union w ould restore d irect relations
w ith th e officials.”
A b ou t tw o-th ird s of th e volu m e is d ev o ted to an elu
cid ation of M alin ow sk i’s th eo ry of in stitu tio n s and th e
ap p lication of th is th eory to an exp lan ation of d evelop
m en ts in th e firm. T h e su ccess of th is to u r d e f o r c e is
som ew h at difficult to judge. I t m a y h ave, as th e author
hopes, considerable valu e in p roviding an a n a ly tica l fram e
w ork for a d d ition al stu d ies of th e firm as a social organism .
In a n y case, th e volu m e d efin itely con trib u tes to th e
grow ing literature on th e forces th a t sh a p e hum an
a ttitu d e s in in d u stry.
— H . M . D outt .
C h an ge.
66
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
in
C anada,
1 9 5 1 — T w e n tie th
A nnual
Sum
B y J. E. O’M eara. O ttaw a, D ep a rtm en t of
A griculture, M arketing Service, 1952. 21 p p .; proc
essed.
m a ry.
C o o p e r a tiv e M o v e m e n t.
B y Jack B ailey. L ondon,
Labor P arty, 1952. 30 pp. (E d u cation al Series, 2.)
4d.
H istorical and fu n ction al su rvey of coop erative a c tiv i
ties in G reat B ritain.
The
F o r b r u k e r s a m v ir k e t i N o r g e 1 9 5 1 : V ir k s o m h e te n t i l F o r b r u k e r la g
I n n m e ld t
i
N o r g e s K o o p e r a tiv e L a n d s f o r e n in g .
[Oslo, N orges K oop erative L andsforening, 1952.]
192 p p., chart.
Survey of th e coop erative m ovem en t in N orw ay in
1951. In clu d es an E nglish tran slation of tab le of con ten ts,
and sum m ary d ata in E nglish.
I n f o r m e F i n a l , S e m i n a r i o s R e g io n a le s d e A s u n to s S o c ia le s :
C o o p e r a tiv a s — R e s u m e n d e la s D is c u s io n e s d e la M e s a
R e d o n d a d e C o o p e r a tiv a s , [Q u ito , S a n S a lv a d o r , P o r to
A le g r e , 1 9 5 0 - 5 1 ]. W ashington, P an A m erican U nion,
D ep a rtm en t of E con om ic and Social Affairs, D iv isio n
of Labor and Social Affairs, 1952. 92 p p ., b ibliog
raphy.
Cost and Standards of Living
F a m ily
In co m e,
E x p e n d itu r e s , a n d S a v in g s i n
10
C itie s ,
1946-49.
W ashington, U . S. D ep a rtm en t of Labor,
B ureau of L abor S tatistics, 1952. 110 p p . (B ull.
1065.) 50 cents, S u p erin ten d en t o f D o cu m en ts,
W ashington.
B y C. M . C oons. ( I n
P u b lic H ea lth R eports, Federal S ecu rity A gen cy,
P ublic H ea lth Service, W ashington, A u gu st 1952,
pp. 7 8 8 -7 9 6 , bibliography, charts. 55 cen ts, Super
in ten d en t of D o cu m en ts, W ashington.)
F a m i l y F o o d C o n s u m p tio n S tu d ie s .
F o o d - P u r c h a s in g
P ow er
of
E a r n in g s
in
12
C o u n tr ie s ,
B y Irvin g B. K ravis and F a ith M . W il
liam s. W ashington, U . S. D ep a rtm en t of L abor,
Bureau of Labor S ta tistics, 1952. 4 p p. (Serial R .
2083; reprinted from M on th ly Labor R ev iew , June
1952.) Free.
1 9 5 1 -5 2 .
Education and Training
B y G eorge F .
E k strom and John B . M cC lelland. D a n v ille, 111.,
In tersta te Printers and Publishers, 1952. 490 p p .,
bibliographies, form s, illus. $4.
In ad d ition to describing tech n iq u es in planning courses
and in organizing and teach in g classes for b o th a d u ltA d u l t E d u c a tio n i n V o c a tio n a l A g r ic u ltu r e .
67
P U B L IC A T IO N S O F L A B O R IN T E R E S T
farm er and younger-farm er ed u cation , th e book sets forth
in stitu tio n a l on-farm training procedures, particularly
w ith reference to veteran s eligible for G. I. benefits. A
sum m ary of th e W orld War II agricultural training pro
gram is included.
B y Arthur B. M ays.
N e w Y ork, M cG raw -H ill B ook Co., In c., 1952. 248
pp., b ibliographies. $3.75.
T races th e origin and significance of in d ustrial education
and its em ergence in our m odern so ciety as an “im p ortan t
p h ase of general or cultural e d u ca tio n ” as w ell as a m ethod
o f tra n sm ittin g tech n ical theories, facts, and skills. In
ad d ition to g ivin g an a ccou n t of th e ap p renticeship sy s
tem , p a st and p resen t, M r. M ays a n alyzes and evalu ates
th e d ay trade school, p art-tim e schools and classes, th e
h o m e-stu d y school, and oth er form s of industrial ed u cation .
E s s e n tia ls o f I n d u s t r i a l E d u c a tio n .
B y E v e r e tt L.
Shostrom and L aw rence M . Bram m er. N ew York,
M cG raw -H ill B ook Co., In c., 1952. xvi, 213 pp.,
bibliography, diagram s, form s. $3.50.
T h e D y n a m i c s o f th e C o u n s e lin g P r o c e s s .
Fringe Benefits
B y H arold S tieglitz.
N ew Y ork, N a tio n a l In d u strial C onference B oard,
In c., 1952. 56 pp. (S tu d ies in P ersonnel P olicy,
128.)
C o m p u tin g th e C o st o f F r in g e B e n e fits .
F r in g e B e n e fits , 1 9 5 1 — th e N o n w a g e L a b o r C o s ts o f D o in g
B u s in e s s .
W ashington, C ham ber of C om m erce of
th e U n ited S ta tes, E con om ic R esearch D ep a rtm en t,
1952. 32 p p ., charts. $1.
T im e O ff W i t h
The
An
A b
D is a b le d C a n W o r k .
W ashington, U . S. Office of
D efen se M ob ilization , H ea lth R esources A dvisory
C om m ittee, [1952]. 7 pp., b ibliography, illus.
L os A ngeles, Calif.,
M erchants and M anufacturers A ssociation , 1952.
8 pp., bibliography. (Survey A nalysis 35.)
E m p l o y m e n t o f th e P h y s i c a l l y H a n d i c a p p e d : A C h e c k lis t o f
A d v e n tu r e i n
W o r ld
P ro g ra m
G erm an
fo r
C hicago, N ation al
S ociety for Crippled Children and A dults, In c., 1952.
5 pp.; processed. Free.
P u b l i c a t i o n s in P r i n t , M a y 1 9 5 2 .
U n d e r s ta n d in g : S ta te D e p a r tm e n t
I n d u s tr ia l
R e la tio n s
T r a in e e s ,
1 9 5 1 - 5 2 , a t th e I n d u s t r i a l R e la tio n s C e n te r o f th e U n i
o f W is c o n s in .
M adison, U n iv ersity of W is
consin, In d u strial R elation s C enter, 1952. Various
p agings, illus.; processed.
v e r s ity
T he P h y s ic a lly I m p a ir e d — A
N ew Y ork, N a tio n a l C om m ittee on Sheltered W ork
shops and H om eb ou n d P rogram s, 1952. 71, xiii p p.;
processed.
E m p lo y m e n t, H o u r s , a n d E a r n in g s — S ta te a n d A r e a D a ta ,
W ashington, U . S. D ep a rtm en t of Labor,
B ureau of L abor S ta tistics, 1952. 90 p p ., charts,
m ap; processed. F ree.
1 9 4 7 -5 1 .
B y F rieda S.
M iller. ( I n In tern ation al Labor R eview , G eneva,
O ctober 1952, p p. 3 1 8 -3 3 7 . 60 cen ts. D istrib u ted
in U n ited S ta tes b y W ashington B ranch of ILO .)
H o u s e h o ld E m p l o y m e n t i n th e U n ite d S ta te s .
and
S p e c ia liz e d
In te r n a tio n a l
E m p lo y m e n t
H andbook
P e r s o n n e l: P r a c t i c a l H a n d b o o k f o r
fo r
B y Juvenal
L. A ngel. N ew Y ork, etc., W orld T rade A cadem y
P ress, In c., 1952. 102 p p ., b ibliography; processed.
$3.
I n d u s tr ie s
and
A g r ic u ltu r a l
D e v e lo p m e n t.
By
S tefan H . R ob ock . ( I n Journal of Farm E conom ics,
M enasha, W is., A u gu st 1952, p p . 3 4 6 -3 6 0 ; also
reprinted.)
A ppraisal of rural ind u stries as sources of off-farm
em p lo y m en t.
R u ral
E m p l o y m e n t S e r v ic e s : G r e a t B r i t a i n .
G eneva,
In tern ation al L abor Office, 1952. 189 p p ., form s,
plans, illus. $1. D istrib u ted in U n ited S ta tes by
W ashington Branch of ILO .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Industrial Hygiene
P r o te c tio n P r o g r a m .
B y D ou glas J. W ood, M .D .,
and H ow ard K ohn, M .D . ( I n Industrial M edicine and
Surgery, C hicago, Septem ber 1952, pp. 4 3 3 -4 3 7 .
75 cents.)
D eals w ith experience of a p la n t engaged in building
arm ored m ilitary tanks.
E ye
T h ose
S e e k in g E m p l o y m e n t H e r e a n d A b r o a d .
N a tio n a l
G u id e b o o k to T h e ir E m p l o y
N ew Y ork, A ssociation of C asu alty and S u rety
C om panies, 1952. 30 pp., form s.
m e n t.
S h e lte r e d W o r k s h o p s a n d H o m e b o u n d P r o g r a m s — A H a n d
b o o k o n T h e ir E s ta b lis h m e n t a n d S t a n d a r d s o f O p e r a tio n .
Employment and Employment Services
N a tio n a l
P erso n a l
E m p l o y i n g th e P h y s i c a l l y I m p a i r e d .
C o u n s e lin g . E d ited b y K arl Zerfoss.
N ew
Y ork, A ssociation Press, 1952. 639 p p ., bibliography.
6.
H o lid a y s ,
Handicapped
R e a d in g s i n
$
P a y — V a c a tio n s ,
B y H arold S tieglitz. N ew Y ork, N a tio n a l
In d u strial C onference B oard, In c., 1952. 16 p p.,
charts. (S tu d ies in P ersonnel P olicy, 130.)
sen ces.
B y M ay R. M ayers,
M .D ., Saul H arris, George P au l. ( I n M on th ly
R eview , N ew Y ork S ta te D ep a rtm en t of Labor,
D iv isio n of Industrial H ygien e and S afety Standards,
N ew Y ork, S ep tem b er-O ctob er 1952, pp. 3 3 -4 0 ,
bibliography.)
A stu d y of hazards, togeth er w ith d a ta on a ccep ted
sa fety standards for p rotection of store personnel and
custom ers.
R a d i a t i o n E x p o s u r e i n S h o e S to r e s .
R esea rch
in
F u n g ic id e s
R e s u lts
in
P r o te c tio n f o r
F r u it
B y J. Leon
Sealey, M .D . ( I n O ccupational H ealth , Federal
S ecurity A gency, P ub lic H ea lth Service, W ashington,
Septem ber 1952, pp. 139-140, illus. 10 cents, Super
in ten d en t of D ocu m en ts, W ashington.)
P a c k e r s a n d S o r te r s A g a i n s t D e r m a t it i s .
68
P U B L IC A T IO N S O F L A B O R IN T E R E S T
B y L igh tin g C om m ittee,
B uilding R esearch B oard, D ep a rtm en t of Scientific &
Industrial R esearch, G reat B ritain. London, M inis
try of W orks, 1952. 88 p p ., bibliography, charts,
plans, illus. (P ostw ar B uilding S tudies, 30.) 3s.6d.
n et, H . M . S tation ery Office, L ondon.
T h e L ig h tin g o f O ffice B u i l d i n g s .
1952.
W ashington, C ongress of Ind u strial O rgani
zation s, 1952. 85 pp.
B ecau se of M r. M urray’s d eath on N ovem b er 9, th e
con ven tion w as held in A tlan tic C ity, D ecem b er 1 -4 ,
in stead of in Los A ngeles. An article on th e con ven tion
appears in th is issue of th e M on th ly Labor R ev iew (p. 13).
J e w is h - A m e r i c a n
Industrial Relations
P r o c e e d in g s o f N e w
Y o rk
U n i v e r s i t y F if th
A n n u a l Con
Y o rk C ity , A p r il 2 2 - 2 5 , 1 9 5 2 .
E d ited b y E m an u el Stein. N e w Y ork, M atth ew
B ender & Co., In c., 1952. 857 pp. $10.
T h e volu m e covers a w ide range of su b jects, including
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(N e w Y ork m etrop olitan area).
E m p lo y e e s .
W ashington, B ureau of
N a tio n a l Affairs, In c., 1952.
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C o m m u n ic a tio n s to
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S e le c tio n
and
R ep o rt
of a
C o n fe re n c e . . . M o n tic e llo , II I ., M a r c h 1 3 - 1 4 , 1 9 5 2 .
U rbana, U n iversity of Illin ois, In stitu te of Labor and
In d u strial R elation s, 1952. 19 p p .; processed.
A S ta n d a r d L i s t o f S u b je c t H e a d in g s i n I n d u s t r i a l R e la tio n s .
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o f U n iversity In d u strial R elation s Librarians. Prince
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Section , 1952. 95 p p. $2.50.
T h e S te e l C a s e : P r e s i d e n ti a l S e iz u r e o f P r i v a t e I n d u s t r y .
B y L. B . L ea. ( I n N orth w estern U n iv ersity Law
R eview , C hicago, J u ly -A u g u st 1952, pp. 2 8 9 -3 1 3 .
$1.25.)
T h e sta ted purpose of th e article is “to exam in e som e of
th e legal problem s presented b y th e seizure [of th e steel
industry] and others w hich are bound to arise in connec
tion w ith future labor d isp u te leg isla tio n .”
By
Fred A. H artley, Jr. B erkeley, C alifornia, P ersonnel
M an agem en t A ssociation , 1952. 15 p p .; processed.
(M an agem en t R ep ort 143.) $1.
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W h a t ’s
A h ead
in
L a b o r-M a n a g em en t
o f A m e r ic a n
L abor.
F ederation of Labor, 1952.
25 cen ts.
R e p o rt
by
C o n s titu tio n a l
O r g a n iz a tio n s ,
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B ir th
Pangs
and
Con
By
Selig P erlm an.
( I n P u b lication s of th e Am erican
Jew ish H istorical S ociety, N e w Y ork, V ol. X L I, N o.
4, June 1952, pp. 2 9 7 -3 5 5 ; also reprinted.)
A tte m p t a t a com prehensive historical sy n th esis and
form ulation in th eoretical term s of th e d istin ctiv e role of
th e Jew ish u nions in th e A m erican labor m o vem en t, w ith
com m en ts b y P rofessors H en ry D a v id and N a th a n R eich.
T h e P r o g r e s s iv e
M in e
W o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a : A
P r e s id e n t
P ortlan d , Oregon S ta te
62 p p ., bibliography.
P h ilip
S t u d y in
B y H arriet D . H u d son . U rbana,
U n iv ersity of Illinois, C ollege of C om m erce and
B usin ess A d m in istration , Bureau of E con om ic and
B usin ess R esearch, 1952. 152 p p ., m ap. (B u ll. 73.)
H istorical stu d y of th e n ature and tech n iq u es of rivalry
b etw een th e U n ited M ine W orkers of A m erica and the
P rogressive M ine W orkers of A m erica.
R iv a l U n io n is m .
C I O a n d th e D e m o c r a tic P a r t y .
B y F a y C alkins.
C hicago, U n iv ersity of C hicago P ress, 1952. 162 pp.,
b ibliography, m aps. $4.
T hrough five case histories, th e author sh ow s different
ty p e s of relation sh ip s estab lish ed b etw een an in terest
group and a p olitical p a rty — th e P olitical A ction C om
m itte e (PA C ) of th e CIO and th e D em ocratic P arty. F iv e
m eth od s of action , covered in th e histories, are em phasized.
T h e pressure group m ay su p p lem en t, balance, or challenge
th e p olitical p arty b y th e b uilding of an in d ep en d en t po
litical organization; oth er m eth od s in v o lv e control of th e
p arty, th rou gh p artisan relationships, eith er in d ep en d en tly
or in coalition w ith oth er lik e-m in d ed in terest groups.
The
o f P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n L o c a l U n io n s .
B y George
Strauss and L eonard R . Sayles. ( I n Ind u strial and
Labor R ela tio n s R eview , Ith aca, N . Y ., O ctober 1952,
pp. 3 1 -4 3 . $1.25.)
P a tt e r n s
Manpower
A b s tr a c ts
of
L ite r a tu r e
C o n c e r n in g
M u rray
[to]
1 4 th
C o n v e n tio n ,
C o n g ress
o f I n d u s tr ia l
L o s A n g e le s , C a l i f ., N o v e m b e r 1 7 - 2 1 ,
S c ie n tif ic
M a n p o w er.
B y M ary H . W eislogel and Jam es W . A ltm an. P itts
burgh, A m erican In stitu te for R esearch, 1952. 85
p p.; processed.
S c ie n tif ic
M a n p o w e r B ib l i o g r a p h y
( S u p p ly ,
D em an d
and
W ashington, U . S. D ep a rt
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T ech n ical Library Branch, 1952. 40 p p.; processed.
(R D B 114/26; Supp lem en t to R D B 303/8, January
1951.)
U tiliza tio n ), 1 9 5 0 -1 9 5 1 .
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A g r ic u ltu r e :
The F a rm
P la c e m e n t
W ashington, U . S. D ep a rt
m en t of Labor, B ureau of E m p lo y m en t Secu rity,
U n ited S ta tes E m p lo y m en t Service, Farm P lacem en t
S ervice, [1952]. 32 p p., charts, m ap, illus.
S e r v ic e , 1 9 4 9 , 1 9 5 0 , 1 9 5 1 .
Annual
I ts
R e la tio n s .
Labor Organization and Activities
T h e S to r y
U n io n is m ,
t r ib u tio n to th e G e n e r a l A m e r i c a n L a b o r M o v e m e n t.
feren ce on L a b o r, N e w
Im p r o v in g
M O N TH LY LABOR
R E V IE W , JA N U A R Y 1953
T h e L a b o r F orce i n C a lifo r n ia :
A
S t u d y o f C h a r a c te r is tic s
a n d T ren d s in L a b o r F orce,
E m p lo y m e n t, a n d O ccu
p a t i o n s i n C a l i f o r n i a , 1 9 0 0 —1 9 5 0 .
B y D a v is M cE ntire. B erk eley and L os A ngeles, U n iv ersity of C ali
fornia, In stitu te of Ind u strial R elation s, 1952. 101
p p ., b ibliography, charts. $2.50, U n iv ersity of C ali
fornia Press, B erk eley and L os A ngeles.
M a n p o w er.
B y E ugen e M . K ulischer.
(In
F oreign Affairs, N ew Y ork, O ctober 1952, pp. 67-78.
$1.50.)
T h e author discu sses th e n ature and grow th of S oviet
pop u lation . H e p o in ts o u t th e shortage of skilled w orkers
and presen ts argu m en ts for his e stim a te of 5 m illion forced
laborers in th e S o v iet U nion.
B y A lfred M . C ooper. N ew
Y ork, M cG raw -H ill B ook Co., In c., 1952. 254 pp.
3d ed. $3.75.
H o w to S u p e r v is e P e o p le .
By
D on ald W ilhelm , Jr.; revised b y C. W . U fford.
W ashington, U . S. Sm all D efen se P la n ts A dm inistra
tion , M an agem en t S ervice D iv isio n , 1952. 19 p p.
15 cen ts, S u p erin ten d en t o f D o cu m en ts, W ash in gton .
A n E m p lo y e e S u g g e s tio n S y s t e m f o r th e S m a l l P l a n t .
R u s s ia n
Prices
P r ic e s , [ U n it e d S ta te s ] , 1 9 5 0 .
W ashington,
U . S. D ep a rtm en t o f Labor, B ureau o f L abor S ta
tistics, 1952. 65 p p . (B ull. 1083.) 35 cen ts, Super
in ten d en t of D o cu m en ts, W ashington.
W h o le s a le
Older Workers and the Aged
The
E m p lo y m e n t
o f O ld e r
69
P U B L IC A T IO N S O F L A B O R IN T E R E S T
W orkers in
th e
D efen se
P rogram .
W ashington, U . S. Office of D efen se M obilization,
1952. 4 p p.; processed. (D efen se M anpow er P olicy 7.)
T h e G e r o n to lo g ic a l R e v o lu tio n — S o m e P r o b le m s a n d S o m e
O p p o r tu n itie s .
B y E w an C lague. ( I n Journal of
th e A m erican S ociety of C hartered L ife U nderw riters,
P hilad elp h ia, S eptem ber 1952, pp. 316—325; also
reprinted.)
S e le c te d R e fe r e n c e s o n A g i n g — A n A n n o ta te d B ib l i o g r a p h y ,
W ashington, F ederal Secu rity A gency, Library
(for C om m ittee on A ging and G eriatrics), 1952. 36 pp.
1952.
By
G. S t.J . P errott and oth ers.
W ashington, Federal
S ecu rity A gen cy, P ublic H ea lth Service, 1952. 68 pp.,
bibliographies, ch arts. (P u b lication 170.) 25 cents,
S u p erin ten d en t o f D o cu m en ts, W ashington.
Four papers presented a t 2d In tern ation al G erontological
C ongress, held a t S t. L ouis, M o., Septem b er 9 -1 4 , 1951.
[ C a n a d ia n ]
A u gu st 1952
C on su m er
P r ic e
(In c lu d in g
an
In dex,
J a n u a ry
E x p la n a to r y
1949-
S t a te m e n t) .
O ttaw a, D ep a rtm en t o f T rade and C om m erce, B ureau
of S ta tistics, L abor and P rices D iv isio n , 1952. 33 p p .,
charts. 25 cen ts.
I n t e r i m I n d e x o f R e ta i l P r ic e s , [G re a t B r i t a i n ] — M e th o d o f
C o n s tr u c tio n a n d C a lc u la tio n .
L ondon, M in istry of
L abor and N a tio n a l Service, 1952. 35 p p. R e v . ed.
I s .3d. n et, H . M . S ta tio n ery Office, L ondon.
B y G eorge J. Stigler. N ew Y ork,
M acm illan Co., 1952. 310 p p ., bibliographies, charts.
R ev . ed. $4.75.
T h e T h e o r y o f P r ic e .
I lln e s s a n d H e a lth S e r v ic e s i n a n A g i n g P o p u l a t i o n .
B y L aurence
J. A ckerm an and W alter C. M cK ain , Jr. ( I n H ar
vard B usiness R eview , B oston , J u ly-A u gu st 1952,
p p. 9 7 -1 0 8 , ch arts. R ep rin ts of article are availab le
a t $1 each.)
R e tir e m e n t P r o g r a m s f o r I n d u s t r i a l W o r k e r s .
Personnel Management
E m p lo y e e P e r s o n n e l P r a c tic e s i n C o lle g e s a n d U n iv e r s itie s ,
1 9 5 1 -1 9 5 2 .
C ham paign, 111., C ollege and U n iversity
P erson n el
$2.50.
An
A ssociation ,
1952.
69
p p .;
processed.
O u tlin e o f N o n a c a d e m ic P e r s o n n e l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n
H ig h e r E d u c a tio n .
B y D on ald E . D ick a so n . C ham
paign , 111., th e au th or (809 S ou th W right S treet),
1952. 52 p p .; processed. $2.
A
G u id e to G o o d L a b o r R e la tio n s — A n a l y s i s o f P e r s o n n e l
P r a c tic e s i n th e C le v e la n d A r e a , J u l y 1 9 5 2 .
C leve
land, Ohio, A ssociated In d u stries of C leveland, 1952.
151 p p ., pictogram s. $10.
2 34826— 53
----6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Social Security (General)
B y Pierre Laroque. ( I n In tern ation al L abor R eview , G en eva,
Ju ly 1952, pp. 1 -2 9 ; A u gu st 1952, pp. 113-141. 60
cen ts each. D istrib u ted in U n ited S ta tes b y W ash
in g to n B ranch of ILO .)
I n te r n a tio n a l P r o b le m s o f S o c ia l S e c u r i t y .
M i n i m u m S ta n d a r d s o f S o c ia l S e c u r i t y : N e w I n t e r n a t i o n a l
C o n v e n tio n .
B y R ob ert J. M yers. ( I n Social S ecu
rity B u lletin , Federal S ecu rity A gency, Social Secu rity
A dm in istration , W ashington, O ctober 1952, pp. 3 -1 0 .
20 cen ts, Superin ten d en t of D ocu m en ts, W ashington.)
Show s th e step s lead in g to ad op tion of th is conven tion
a t th e 35th In tern ation al L abor C onference (G eneva,
1952), and sum m arizes its provisions.
B y P . G old
sch m id t. ( I n R ev u e du T ravail, M inistère du T ravail
e t de la P révoyan ce Sociale de B elgique, B russels,
M ay 1952, pp. 480-499.)
L e R é g im e B e lg e d e s A llo c a tio n s F a m ilia le s .
T h ir d R e p o r t o f th e M i n i s t r y o f N a t i o n a l I n s u r a n c e , f o r th e
Y ear 1951.
London, 1952. 74 p p., charts, m aps.
(C m d. 8635.) 3s. n et, H . M . S tation ery Office, L on
don.
G eneral review of th e w orking of th e fam ily-allow an ces,
n ational insurance, and in d ustrial injuries schem es in
G reat B ritain.
70
P U B L IC A T IO N S OF LABOR IN T E R E S T
Wages, Salaries, and Hours of Labor
How to Live and Work Successfully With People in Business.
Wages and Related Benefits, 40 Labor Markets, 1951-1952.
W ashington, U . S. D ep a rtm en t of Labor, B ureau of
Labor S tatistics, 1952. 62 pp. (B ull. 1113.) 35
cents, Superin ten d en t of D ocu m en ts, W ashington.
Separate b u lletin s, givin g m ore d etailed d ata, for each
area covered in th e report listed ab ove can be purchased
from th e Superintendent of D ocu m en ts. For a list of
th ese bulletin s, see M on th ly Labor R eview , D ecem ber
1952 (p. ii).
Salaries of Local Public Health Workers.
W ashington,
Federal S ecurity A gency, P ublic H ealth Service, B u
reau of S ta te Services, 1952. 83 p p ., charts. (P ub.
237.)
Salary Rates of Officials and Employees in 163 Oregon
Cities. E ugene, U n iv ersity of Oregon, B ureau of
M unicipal
processed.
R esearch and Service,
(Inform ation B ull. 86.)
1952.
20
pp.;
Wage-Rate Increases Provided by Collective Bargaining in
New York State During the Two-Year Period, 19501951. N e w Y ork, S ta te D ep artm en t of Labor, D iv i
sion of R esearch and S tatistics, 1952.
essed. (P u b lication B -6 0 .)
57 pp.; proc
Government Salaries in Hawaii.
B y D an iel W. T u ttle, Jr.
H on olu lu , U n iv ersity of H aw aii, L egislative R eference
Bureau, 1952. 60 p p., charts; processed. (R eport 3.)
G ives com p arative d a ta for H aw aii and th e m ainland
on salaries and fringe ben efits of p u b lic em p loyees.
Wages, Hours, and Working Conditions, [Canada]: The
Pulp and Paper Industry, [October 1951]. (In Labor
G azette, D e p a r tm e n t of L abor, O ttaw a, Septem ber
1952, pp. 1250-1257. 10 cen ts in C anada, 25 cents
elsew here.)
Trade Union Wage Policy in Postwar Britain. B y Jean
Trepp M cK e lv ey . (In In d u strial and Labor R ela
tion s R eview , Ith aca, N . Y ., O ctober 1952, pp. 1-19.
$1.25.)
Miscellaneous
Creating an Industrial Civilization: A Report on the Corning
Conference Held Under the Auspices of the American
Council of Learned Societies and Corning Glass Works,
May 17-19, 1951, Corning, N. Y. E d ited b y E ugen e
S taley. N ew Y ork, H arper & B rothers, 1952. xvi,
368 p p ., bibliographies. $4.
H u m an problem s of indu strial civilization in th e U n ited
S ta tes w ere an alyzed a t th e conference b y n early 100
leaders from various fields o f in d u stry and learning.
Q uestions exam ined included: H ow good, in hum an term s,
is th e indu strial life th a t has been created? W hat has m an
lo st or gained since changing from hand -m ad e to m achinem ade products? T h e five m ajor top ics treated w ere th e
hum an valu es, w ork and hum an valu es, leisure and hum an
valu es, th e in d iv id u a l’s sense of com m u n ity, and confidence
in life— all w ith in th e fram ew ork of an indu strial civili
zation.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B y H arry W alker H epner. N ew York, P ren tice-H all,
Inc., 1952. 272 p p ., bibliography, charts, illus. $3.95.
An ad d ition to th e sp ate of books on th e popular su b ject
of self-im p rovem en t, th is volum e is ded icated to th e propo
sition th a t th e reader can, like th e author, overcom e his
“em otion al ten sion s b y determ in ation and s tu d y .” I t has
chapters on u nderstanding p eople, m anaging on e’s self on
th e job, and supervising em p loyees.
Labor and the Savannah River AE C Project.
W ashington,
U . S. D ep a rtm en t of Labor, Bureau of Labor S tatistics,
1952. 41 pp. (B ull. 1100.) 25 cents, Superin ten d
en t of D o cu m en ts, W ashington.
R ep rin ted from issues of M on th ly Labor R eview , J u n e S eptem ber 1952.
The Man on the Assembly Line. B y C harles R. W alker
and R ob ert H . G uest. C am bridge, M ass., H arvard
U n iv ersity Press, 1952. 180 p p ., diagram s, illus.
$3.25.
P ilo t stu d y of job satisfaction of w orkers on an a u to
m obile assem b ly line, in term s of th e influence of paced and
rep etitiv e work. B asic social and p sych ological problem s
are raised, w ith im p lication s for m an agem en t organization
of th e w ork force.
Personnel Administration and Labor Relations— A Book
of Readings. E d ited b y H erbert G. H en em an , Jr., and
John G. T urnbull. N ew Y ork, P ren tice-H all, In c.,
1952. 434 pp. $5.25.
A Reading List on Business Administration (Sixth Revision,
May 1, 1952). H an over, N . H ., D a rtm o u th C ollege,
A m os T u ck School of B usiness A d m in istration , 1952.
68 p p. $1.
Inclu d es references on personnel ad m in istration and
lab or-m anagem ent relations.
A Survey of Contemporary Economics, Volume II. E d ited
b y Bernard F . H aley. H om ew ood , 111., R ichard D .
Irw in, Inc. (for A m erican E con om ic A ssn .), 1952.
474 p p. $6.65.
A series of com prehensive essays b y w ell-know n econo
m ists an alyzin g d evelop m en ts in th e p a st tw o decad es in 10
m ajor areas of econom ics, including w elfare econom ics;
econom ics of grow th, consu m p tion , and agriculture; popu
lation th eory; and n ation al econom ic planning.
V olum e I of th is title , ed ited b y H ow ard S. E llis, also
sponsored b y th e A m erican E con om ic A ssociation , w as
p ublished in 1948.
U. S. Labor Department— How It Serves Industry.
(In
M odern In d u stry, N ew Y ork, N o v . 15, 1952, p p. 63,
64, e t seq. 50 cen ts.)
Forced Labor in the Soviet Union. W ashington, U . S.
D ep a rtm en t of S tate, 1952. 69 pp. (P u b lication
4716; E uropean and B ritish C om m onw ealth Series,
37.) 45 cents, S u p erin ten d en t of D o cu m en ts, W ash
in gton .
D ocu m en ted report describing in d etail th e variou s
asp ects of th e in stitu tio n of forced labor, in v o lv in g m illions
of persons, in th e S o v ie t U nion.
Current Labor Statistics
A.—Employment and Payrolls
73 Table A -1: Estimated civilian labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
74 Table A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division
and group
78 Table A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
80 Table A-4: Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing industries
81 Table A-5: Federal civilian employment by branch and agency group
81 Table A-6: Government civilian employment in Washington, D. C., by branch
and agency group
Table A-7: Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
Table A-8: Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1
82 Table A-9: Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance pro
grams, by geographic division and State
B.
—Labor Turn-Over
83 Table B -l:
84 Table B -2:
C.
Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing
industries, by class of turn-over
Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups
and industries
—Earnings and Hours
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
C-2: Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected
industries, in current and 1939 dollars
C -3: Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1939 dollars
C-4: Average hourly earnings, gross and exclusive of overtime, of produc
tion workers in manufacturing industries
C-5: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 1
86 Table C -l:
101 Table
102 Table
102 Table
Table
1 T his tab le is included in th e M arch, June, Septem ber, and D ecem b er issu es of th e R eview .
N o t e . — B eginning w ith V olum e 74, tab les in th e A section h ave b een renum bered co n secu tiv ely to ta k e in to
accou n t th e elim in ation of tw o tables.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
71
72
MONTHLY LABOR
C U R R E N T L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S
D.—Prices and Cost of Living
103 Table D -1: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities,
by group of commodities
104 Table D-2: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city, for
selected periods
105 Table D-3: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city and
group of commodities
106 Table D-4: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by group, for selected periods
107 Table D- 5: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by city
108 Table D- 6: Average retail prices and indexes of selected foods
109 Table D- 7: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities (1947-49=100)
109 Table D-7a Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities, for selected
periods (1926 = 100)
110 Table D-8: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
E.—Work Stoppages
111 Table E - 1:
F.— Building and Construction
:Expenditures for new construction
Value of contracts awarded and force-account work started on fed
erally financed new construction, by type of construction
114 Table F-3: Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by
type of building
nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, by general
:
115 Table F -4: New
type and by geographic division
and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling
:
116 Table F -5: Number
units started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds
112 Table F -l:
113 Table F-2:
N
o t e
.—
E arlier figures in m an y of
S tatistics, 1950 E d ition (B L S B u lletin 1016). For con ven ien ce in referring to th e historical sta tistics,
th e tab les in th is issu e of th e M on th ly Labor R ev iew are k eyed to th e appropriate ta b les in th e H andbook.
M LR
ta b le
A - l ______
A -2
A -3 ______—
A -4 _____
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
H andbook
ta b le
A -1 3
fA -i
1A -3
| A -4
1U - 8
I[A -3
A -4
1lA -7
A -6
M LR
ta b le
A - 5 _______
A - 6 _______
A - 7 _______
A - 8 _______
A - 9 _______
B - l _______
B - 2 _______
C - l _______
C - 2 _______
H andbook
ta b le
_________A -9
N one
_________A -2
_________A -2
_________A -1 4
_________B - l
________ B - 2
_________ C - l
. . _ _ N one
M LR
ta b le
H andbook
ta b le
_________ C -4
_________ C -3
_________C -2
________ D - l
_________ D - 2
_ _ _ _ N on e
_________D - 4
Î D -2
D - 5 _______ ------------- [ D - 3
C - 3 _______
C - 4 _______
C - 5 _______
D - l _______
D - 2 _______
D - 3 _______
D - 4 _______
M LR
ta b le
D - 6 _______
D - 7 a ______
D - 8 _______
E - l _______
F - l _______
F - 2 _______
F - 3 _______
F -4
__
F - 5 _______
H andbook
ta b le
N on e
_________ D - 5
N on e
_________E -2
_________H - l
_________H -4
_________H - 6
_________H - 6
_________ 1-1
R E V IE W , JA N U A R Y 1953
7Z
A : EM PLOYM ENT AND PAYRO LLS
A: Employment and Payrolls
T
able
A - l: Estimated Civilian Labor Force Classified by Employment Status, Hours Worked, and Sex
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over1 (in thousands)
1952
1951
Labor force3
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
61, 744
1,612
774
342
174
196
126
60,132
53, 720
43, 002
6,826
1,918
1,974
6,412
4,684
1,416
150
162
61, 518
1,804
880
418
202
208
96
59, 714
53, 702
43, 954
5,810
2,012
1,926
6,012
4,152
1,378
202
280
61,838
2,086
982
638
174
198
94
59, 752
53, 688
44,134
5,652
2,078
1,824
6,064
4,390
1,194
194
286
61, 780
2, 054
1,068
570
136
172
108
59, 726
53,540
44, 046
5,686
2, 002
1,806
6,186
4,116
1,378
316
376
62,688
1,674
920
374
152
136
92
61,014
54,636
45,116
5,926
2,080
1,514
6,378
4,392
1,538
250
198
63,164
1,828
1,072
390
130
114
122
61,336
54,314
43, 708
6,832
2,102
1,672
7,022
4,660
1,840
332
190
42,946
1,048
41,898
36, 298
30, 796
3, 478
778
1,246
5,600
4, 464
876
124
136
42,810
1,224
41, 586
36, 246
31,038
3, 060
838
1,310
5,340
3, 966
964
148
262
42,858
1,376
41, 482
36,116
31,346
2, 724
852
1,194
5,366
4, 210
768
154
234
42,864
1,384
41,480
36,132
31, 296
2,852
828
1,156
5,348
3, 910
888
232
318
43,114
1,008
42,106
36, 728
31,974
2,906
852
996
5,378
4,110
936
158
174
43,346
1,002
42,344
36,616
31,102
3, 540
834
1,140
5, 728
4,280
1,074
216
158
18, 798
564
18, 234
17,422
12,206
3,348
1,140
728
812
220
540
26
26
18, 708
580
18,128
17,456
12,916
2,750
1,174
616
672
186
414
54
18
18,980
710
18, 270
17,572
12, 788
2,928
1, 226
630
698
180
426
40
52
18,916
670
18,246
17,408
12, 750
2,834
1,174
650
838
206
490
84
58
19,574
666
18,908
17, 908
13,142
3, 020
1, 228
518
1,000
282
602
92
24
19,818
826
18,992
17, 698
12,606
3, 292
1, 268
532
1,294
380
766
116
32:
May
Nov.
Total, both sexes
C i v i l i a n l a b o r f o r c e . . _____ ___________ _____
U n e m p l o y m e n t - .......... ................ ...................
U n e m p l o y e d 4 w e e k s o r l e s s ..........
U n e m p l o y e d 5 -1 0 w e e k s ............ ..
U n e m p l o y e d 1 1 -1 4 w e e k s .................
U n e m p l o y e d 1 5 -2 6 w e e k s ________
U n e m p l o y e d o v e r 26 w e e k s ______
E m p l o y m e n t ___________________________
N o n a g r i c u l t u r a l .......................................
W o r k e d 35 h o u r s o r m o r e ____
W o r k e d 1 5 -3 4 h o u r s ....................
W o r k e d 1 -1 4 h o u r s 3__________
W ith a jo b b u t n o t a t w o r k 4
A g r i c u l t u r a l ________________________
W o r k e d 3 5 h o r n s o r m o r e ____
W o r k e d 1 5 -3 4 h o u r s __________
W o r k e d 1 -1 4 h o u r s 3_________
W ith a jo b b u t n o t a t w o r k 4
63, 646
1,418
850
302
104
108
54
62, 228
55,454
45, 950
5,934
2,002
1, 568
6,774
5,254
1,198
194
128
63,146
1, 284
704
312
86
104
78
61.882
54, 588
45,688
5, 220
1,844
1,836
7,274
5,080
1,868
218
108
63,698
1,438
830
286
110
152
60
62,260
54, 712
45, 538
5, 214
1,576
2,384
7,548
5, 774
1,380
212
182
63,958
1,604
872
422
130
122
58
62,354
55,390
43,824
4,924
1,480
5,162
6,964
5, 030
1, 560
194
180
64,176
1,942
1,174
476
116
106
70
62, 234
54, 636
42,112
5,016
1,512
5, 996
7, 598
5,654
1, 610
174
160
64,390
1,818
1,240
288
78
146
66
62, 572
54,402
44,144
5,180
1,642
3,436
8,170
6,482
1,408
184
96
62, 778
1,602
896
352
96
158
100
61,176
54, 216
45, 284
4, 946
1,934
2,052
6,960
5,416
1,308
120
116
Males
Civilian labor force....................................
U nemploy m ent__________________
Employment_________ __________
Nonagricultural______________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours 3_______
With a job but not at work 4
Agricultural....... .........................
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours..............
Worked 1-14 hours 3_______
With a job but not at work 4
43, 218
814
42,404
36, 916
32,376
2,858
698
984
5,488
4,616
642
112
118
43,196
714
42,482
36,662
32,336
2,444
658
1,224
5,820
4, 560
1,012
152
96
43,468
864
42,604
36, 766
32,316
2,366
542
1,542
5,838
4,800
706
154
178
44,396
1,004
43,392
37, 582
31,362
2,622
494
3,104
5,810
4, 656
870
152
132
44, 720
1,244
43,476
37,316
30, 286
2,682
562
3,786
6,160
5,114
778
134
134
44,464
1,138
43,326
37, 050
31, 734
2,490
628
2,198
6,276
5,450
596
140
90
43,262
972
42,290
36, 620
32, 060
2,438
780
1,342
5,670
4,902
618
76
74
Females
Civilian labor force______________________
Unemployment_________ . _________
Employment____ _________________
Nonagricultural.. .
_________ .
Worked 35 hours or m o re ._____
Worked 15-34 hours___________
Worked 1-14 hours 3__ _ ______
With a job but not at work 4-----Agricultural__________________ . . .
Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours___________
Worked 1-14 hours 3 __________
With a job but not at work 4___
20,428
604
19,824
18, 538
13, 574
3, 076
1,304
584
1,286
638
556
82
10
19, 950
570
19,380
17,926
13,352
2,776
1,186
612
1,454
520
856
66
12
20, 230
574
19, 656
17,946
13, 222
2,848
1,034
842
1,710
974
674
58
4
19, 562
600
18,962
17,808
12,462
2,302
986
2,058
1,154
374
690
42
48
i Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in cases
where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller
estimates should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in institu
tions. Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add to
group totals.
1 Beginning with January 1951, total labor force is not shown because of the
security classification of the Armed Forces component.
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19,456
698
18, 758
17,320
11,826
2,334
950
2, 210
1,438
540
832
40
26
19,926
680
19,246
17,352
12,410
2,690
1, 014
1,238
1,894
1,032
812
44
6
19,516
630
18,886
17, 596
13, 224
2, 508
1,154
710
1,290
514
690
44
42
3 Excludes persons engaged only in incidental unpaid family work (less than
15 hours); these persons are classified as not in the labor force.
4 Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during
the census week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute or
because of temporary lay-off with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of lay-off. Does not include unpaid family workers.
Source; U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
74
A: EM PLOYM ENT AND PAYRO LLS
T able
M O NTHLY LABOR
A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1
[In thousands]
1952
Annual
average
1951
Industry group and industry
Nov.
T o t a l e m p l o y e e s _________________ _________ ____
M i n i n g ___________________________________ _____ _
M e t a l ............................................................... ..................
I r o n . . . .........................................................................
C o p p e r _____________________________________
L e a d a n d z i n c _________________ ___________
A n t h r a c i t e ............................. ................................ .........
B i t u m i n o u s - c o a l _____ _____ ___________ _____
Oct.
Sent.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
1951
1950
47,862 47,826 47,727 47,124 46,006 46,292 46,329 46,299 46,001 45,899 45,913 47, 663 46,852 46,401 44,124
870
875
885
897
784
814
893
896
904
902
909
916
917
920
904
106.0 102.2 103.7 106.5
74.1
77.0 107.3 107.3 106.8 107.2 106.9 106.4 105.4 104.9 101.0
38.2
38.8
38.9
6.9
8.0
38.6
38.0
36.9
36.9
37.1
37.5
37.7
37.6
35.5
27.8
27.8
29.8
28.5
29.5
29.0
29.2
29.2
29.1
28.9
28.8
28.4
28. 7 28.1
19.4
19.7
19.9
20.4
21.5
21.9
22.2
22.2
22.4
22.2
21.4
21.9
20.8
19.7
62.6
62.7
63.0
60.9
65.2
65.6
60.1
66.8
61.8
67.0
67.1
67.1
75.1
69.1
338.0 334.7 343.7 345.5 268.7 294.2 348.4 356.5 362.8 366.0 367.0 368.5 367.9 378.2 375.6
C r u d e p e tr o le u m a n d n a tu r a l g a s p r o
d u c t i o n . ___________________________________
262.0
265.7
273.2
274.5
272.1
266.3
267.4
266.1
266.6
267.4
268.8
269.2
262.2
N o n m e t a l l i c m i n i n g a n d q u a r r y i n g _______
107.0
108.1
108.7
109.0
106.1
105.6
105.5
104.8
101.4
100.7
100.8
105.1
107.3
105.1
97.4
C o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n _________________________
2,586
2,699
2,761
2,781
2,722
2,663
2,522
2,416
2,296
2,308
2,316
2,518
2,633
2,569
2,318
551
243. 5
307. 7
567
252.3
314.5
575
257.4
317.3
549
244.4
304.6
536
237.2
298.3
500
215.3
284.2
454
179.3
274.2
398
143.2
254.4
395
143.5
251.1
390
140.3
249.5
453
179.4
273.3
495
207.3
288.1
486
200.4
285.1
447
183.0
264.1
N o n b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n __________________
H i g h w a y a n d s t r e e t _______________________
O t h e r n o n b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n ________
B u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n ______________ _____ _
2,148
2,194
2,206
2,173
2,127
2,022
1,962
1,898
1,913
1,926
2,065
2,138
2,084
G e n e r a l c o n t r a c t o r s _______ _____ ___________
879
898
908
896
878
823
794
768
775
775
847
887
880
S p e c i a l- t r a d e c o n t r a c t o r s ........................... ...........
P l u m b i n g a n d h e a t i n g ____ _____ _________
P a i n t i n g a n d d e c o r a t i n g _________________
E l e c t r i c a l w o r k _________________ __________
O th e r s p e c ia l - t r a d e c o n t r a c t o r s ...................
M a n u f a c t u r i n g _________________________________
D u r a b l e g o o d s 2_________________________
N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s 3____________ ________
O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s __________________
1, 559
T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ______________________
C i g a r e t t e s __________________________________
C i g a r s _______________________________________
T o b a c c o a n d s n u f f ________________________
T o b a c c o s t e m m i n g a n d r e d r y i n g _______
94
T e x t i l e - m i l l p r o d u c t s _______________________
Y a r n a n d t h r e a d m i l l s ____________________
B r o a d - w o v e n f a b r ic m i l l s ________________
K n i t t i n g m i l l s _____________________________
D y e i n g a n d f i n i s h i n g t e x t i l e s ____________
C a r p e t s , r u g s , o t h e r flo o r c o v e r i n g s ____
O t h e r t e x t i l e - m i l l p r o d u c t s ______________
1, 252
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts (ex c e p t fu r
n i t u r e ) ____________ _______________________
L o g g i n g c a m p s a n d c o n t r a c t o r s _________
S a w m i l l s a n d p l a n in g m i l l s _____________
M i l l w o r k , p l y w o o d , a n d p r e fa b r ic a te d
s t r u c t u r a l w o o d p r o d u c t s _____________
W o o d e n c o n t a i n e r s _______________________
M i s c e l l a n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s ___________
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,871
797
1,269 1,296 1,298 1.277 1,249 1,199 1,168 1,130 1,138 1,151 1,218 1,251 1,204 1,074
315. 5 313. 6 311.5 307.6 299.4 287.8 286.8 288.6 291.4 296.9 307.9 313. 6 ' 298. 5 ’ 270. 6
180. 7 191.0 188.4 187.4 177.4 173.8 158.2 145.3 143.5 146.4 167.6 175. 5 165. 5 132. 5
164.8 168. 7 168.5 167.1 162.3 156.7 154.5 154.9 155.2 156.9 158.2 156.9 147. 5 128.6
608.0 622.4 629.7 614.4 609.6 580.3 568.4 540.9 548.0 550.6 584.6 604.8 591.9
541.7
16,529 16,493 16,389 16,028 15,162 15,410 15,654 15,795 15,869 15,859 15,776 15,913 15,890 15,931 14,884
9,433 9, 336 9,190 8,916 8,301 8, 621 8,991 9,054 9,035 9,010 8,946 9,000 8,976 8,926 8 008
7,096 7,157 7,199 7,112 6,861 6,789 6, 663 6,741 6,834 6,849 6,830 6, 913 6,914 7,005 6,876
84.0
81.3
81.1
79.6
80.4
79.3
78.3
76.3
74.3
71.7
69.2
66.3
63.4
46.7
24.7
F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s ________________
M e a t p r o d u c t s _____________________________
D a i r y p r o d u c t s ____________________________
C a n n i n g a n d p r e s e r v i n g _________________
G r a i n - m i l l p r o d u c t s _______________________
B a k e r y p r o d u c t s _____ _____________________
S u g a r _______________________________________
C o n f e c t io n e r y a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s ____
B e v e r a g e s __________________________________
M i s c e l l a n e o u s f o o d p r o d u c t s ____________
A p p arel
and
o th e r
f in i s h e d
t e x tile
p r o d u c t s _________________________________
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ s u i t s a n d c o a t s ________
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ f u r n is h i n g s a n d
w o r k c l o t h i n g . . . _____ __________________
W o m e n ’s o u t e r w e a r ______________________
W o m e n ’s , c h i l d r e n ’s u n d e r g a r m e n t s .
M i l l i n e r y ___________________________________
C h i l d r e n ’s o u t e r w e a r .
_________________
F u r g o o d s a n d m is c e ll a n e o u s a p p a r e l .
O t h e r f a b r ic a t e d t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s _______
255.3
—
1,183
—
759
1,629 1, 712 1,682 1,615 1. 534 1,463 1,444 1,444 1,448 1,452 1,507 1,547 1, 555 1. 542
298.0 299.3 294.1 295.8 294.7 292.4 295.4 301.5 309.3 310.7 314. 5 309.8 300.1 295.6
142.2 147.8 155.4 158.6 155.5 148.5 141.4 136.0 134.9 133. 5 136.6 139.3 145. 5 144. 5
251.3 338.9 307.7 236.8 179.7 147.7 138.9 129.6 130.4 131.3 145.5 170.6 206.4
134.3 134.9 135.9 135.4 133.2 129.8 129.7 130.6 130.5 131.0 130.5 130.1 128.9 202.9
123.9
294.8 294.2 296.1 296.3 290.5 280.7 286.7 287.0 286.4 286.2 288.3 288.6 287.6 285.9
47.4
31.7
28.7
28.8
27.8
28.5
27.3
26.7
27.4
28.7
42.0
51.7
34.0
34. 5
103.5 100.6
93.7
87.1
88.5
87.7
90.6
93.8
96.7
97.8 102.2 104. 5 97. 2 99. 5
218.5 224.2 235.6 238.9 227.3 217.3 203.8 207.4 202.8 203.9 214.3 216.2 218.8
216.3
139.4 140.2 135.2 137.7 135.9 131.3 129.8 131.2 129.9 129.3 132.9 136.1 136.5 138.5
99
99
95
85
85
85
84
86
88
90
92
93
88
88
27.7
28.1
28.0
27.2
27.2
26.7
26.5
26.5
26.8
26.8
27.0
26.9
26.1
25.9
43. 2 43.1
42.2
42.1
42.0
41.6
41.0
41.8
41.7
40.9
41.9
42.3
41.0
41.2
11.8
11.8
11.7
11.4
11.7
11.8
11.8
11.8
12.0
11.9
11.8
11.9
11.9
12.3
16.0
i6.0
12.8
4.5
4.3
4.7
4.8
5.4
7.1
9.9
11.5
11.5
8.9
8.8
1,243 1,234 1,215 1.175 1,176 1,178 1,189 1,209 1,217 1,226 1,237 1,227 1, 282 1, 297
165.8 165.3 163.4 155.4 157.3 155.1 155.9 157.9 159.7 160.0 160. 5 160.3 167.1 162.0
554.4 553.2 549.4 539. 2 536.2 533.8 538.1 548.9 556.2 569.7 579.3 575.2
600.4 616.1
248.1 244.7 240.7 228.1 231.8 228.4 229.3 229.8 230.0 229.1 231.0 229.0
238.8 242.8
90.9
89.8
88.1
83.8
84.7
84.9
86.4
89.2
89.3
87.8
87.9
86.4
88.1
89.7
48.3
49. 5 44.9
43.9
41.1
51.9
52.6
52.6
52.3
50.9
50.4
49.4
55 0 60.6
135. 6 131.8 128.0 124.6 124.8 124.2 126.5 130.6 129.9 128.6 128.2 127.0 132.4
125.7
1,186 1,185 1,170 1,101 1,091 1,077 1,115 1,172 1,172 1,149 1,155 1,128 1,160 1 159
142.0 143.2 141.2 130.8 132.9 126. 5 134.3 140.4 141.2 140.7 136.4 ' 131.0 147.7 148.3
274.5 271.4 267.9 257.7 258.7 256.8 257.6 256.6 251.9 247.2 253.6 251.6 264.2 263.2
318.3 325.4 326.4 302.3 286.5 286.0 309.7 342.3 344.7 335. 5 331.5 314.1 317. 7 320.3
110.6 107.5 104.8
98.5 101.5 101.4 102.2 102.7 101.1
98.9 100.3 100.3 100. 9 105.4
20.2
21.6
21.7
19.0
16.1
18.2
21.2
26.0
25.5
23.4
21.0
19.1
21. 2 22.0
69.1
69.4
69.5
67.8
67.9
64.8
64.8
69.9
69.8
65.9
64.0
64.7
65.2
66. 5
99. 2 98.2
94. 5 89.2
89.1
85.1
85.0
88.2
89.5
90.3
98.9 101.5
97.1
89.6
152.0 148.6 144.2 135.9 138.1 138.3 140.6 115.8 148.6 146.7 149.2 145.6 145.6 143.5
765
53.1
462. 5
785
66.4
470.4
791
69.0
474.0
773
69.5
459.3
763
59.6
457.5
700
42.4
420.5
742
62.1
438.1
735
62.3
430.2
733
61.1
429.0
718
52.1
423.2
761
68.8
445.1
783
74.9
460.7
805
73. 3
469.4
792
07 9
461.6
116.3
74. i
58. 8
116.7
73.2
58.6
116.1
73.0
58.5
112.8
73.1
58.0
111.7
75.2
59.1
103.1
75.1
58.5
107.3
75.1
59.8
106.0
76.0
60.4
105.3
76.5
60.6
107.0
76.5
59.2
109.3
77.9
59.8
110.8
76.7
60.2
118.8
80. 3
62.7
124.3
77. 7
60.8
R E V IE W , JA N U A R Y 1953
T
able
75
A: EM PLOYM ENT AND PAYROLLS
A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1—Con.
[In thousands]
A nnual
average
1951
1952
I n d u s tr y g ro u p a n d in d u s tr y
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
1951
1950
M an u factu rin g— C o n t i n u e d
F u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s ____________ _____
H o u s e h o l d f u r n i t u r e ______________________
O t h e r f u r n it u r e a n d f i x t u r e s _____________
365
360
2 5 1 .6
1 0 8 .3
354
245. 7
1 0 8 .1
346
2 3 9 .7
1 0 6 .2
335
2 3 1 .7
1 0 2 .8
338
2 3 1 .6
106. 4
336
2 3 1 .8
1 0 4 .6
342
2 3 5 .3
1 0 6 .6
346
2 3 7 .8
1 0 7 .7
345
2 3 6 .4
1 0 8 .2
345
2 3 7 .2
1 0 7 .5
344
2 3 6 .3
1 0 8 .1
342
2 3 5 .1
1 0 6 .8
349
2 4 0 .8
1 0 8 .0
357
2 5 5 .5
1 0 1 .5
P a p e r a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s . ...................... .........
P u l p , p a p e r , a n d p a p e r b o a r d m i l l s _____
P a p e r b o a r d c o n t a in e r s a n d b o x e s , - _ . .
O t h e r p a p e r a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s _______
501
497
2 4 3 .0
141. 6
112. 2
489
2 4 0 .9
1 3 7 .1
1 1 1 .3
488
2 4 4 .9
1 3 3 .6
1 0 9 .6
475
2 3 8 .4
1 2 8 .2
1 0 8 .8
482
2 4 4 .2
1 2 9 .0
1 0 9 .1
475
2 4 1 .0
1 2 6 .1
1 0 8 .2
477
2 4 1 .6
1 2 6 .8
1 0 8 .4
479
2 4 3 .4
1 2 7 .1
1 0 8 .3
482
2 4 6 .4
1 2 6 .8
1 0 8 .3
482
2 4 7 .1
1 2 6 .8
1 0 8 .4
484
2 4 5 .9
1 2 9 .2
1 0 9 .3
486
2 4 6 .1
1 3 0 .5
1 0 9 .4
494
2 4 5 .7
1 3 4 .9
1 1 3 .0
472
2 3 5 .8
1 2 8 .5
1 0 7 .7
P r i n t i n g , p u b l i s h i n g , a n d a l li e d i n d u s t r i e s .
N ew sp ap ers
_____________________________
P e r io d ic a l s
_______________ _____________
B ooks
_ __________________________
C o m m e r c i a l p r i n t i n g ____________ _ ____
L i t h o g r a p h in g
,
_ __________
O t h e r p r i n t i n g a n d p u b l i s h i n g _____ ____
785
781
3 0 7 .3
55. 7
53. 4
2 0 6 .0
4 0 .9
1 1 7 .6
771
3 0 5 .1
5 5 .4
5 2 .6
2 0 3 .0
40. 6
114. 6
767
306. 6
54. 5
5 2 .2
2 0 1 .0
3 9 .2
1 1 3 .8
765
3 0 5 .1
5 4 .0
51. 5
2 0 1 .7
3 8 .8
113. 5
767
3 0 4 .3
5 3 .9
5 2 .2
2 0 4 .1
3 9 .2
1 1 3 .6
763
3 0 2 .9
5 4 .0
5 0 .8
203. 5
3 9 .8
1 1 1 .7
763
3 0 2 .6
5 4 .3
5 1 .2
2 0 3 .4
4 0 .0
1 1 1 .8
763
3 0 1 .8
54. 4
5 1 .3
2 0 4 .0
4 0 .2
1 1 1 .4
765
303. 5
54. 6
5 1 .6
2 0 3 .9
3 9 .9
1 1 1 .3
768
3 0 3 .2
5 4 .7
51. 2
2 0 7 .2
3 9 .9
1 1 2 .1
775
3 0 4 .4
5 6 .1
5 1 .3
2 0 7 .9
4 1 .5
1 1 4 .2
773
3 0 2 .5
55. 4
5 1 .2
207. 1
4 1 .9
1 1 5 .2
763
2 9 9 .2
53. 5
4 9 .8
2 0 5 .6
41. 2
113. 5
743
2 9 3 .3
5 2 .1
4 6 .7
2 0 0 .8
4 0 .7
1 0 8 .9
C h e m i c a l s a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s ____________
I n d u s t r i a l i n o r g a n ic c h e m i c a ls
______
I n d u s t r i a l o r g a n i c c h e m i c a l s ____ ________
D r u g s a n d m e d ic in e s
- - - - - P a i n t s , p i g m e n t s , a n d f ille r s
_______
F e r t i l iz e r s
_ _____
_________
V e g e t a b l e a n d a n i m a l o i ls a n d f a t s , ___
O th e r c h e m i c a ls a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s
768
768
8 3 .3
2 3 5 .9
109. 7
7 5 .0
3 3 .3
6 1 .3
1 6 9 .2
759
8 3 .6
2 3 3 .7
1 1 0 .0
7 3 .9
3 3 .6
5 5 .5
1 6 8 .3
745
8 4 .2
2 3 3 .4
1 1 0 .9
7 4 .0
3 0 .7
4 5 .6
1 6 6 .6
740
8 4 .1
2 2 9 .9
111. 1
7 4 .9
3 0 .0
44. 4
1 6 5 .8
739
8 3 .8
2 2 4 .7
1 1 1 .2
74. 1
3 2 .0
45. 2
1 6 7 .6
741
8 3 .1
2 2 1 .4
1 1 0 .3
7 4 .6
37. 4
47. 5
1 6 7 .0
754
8 3 .1
2 2 3 .3
110. 5
7 4 .8
4 2 .3
5 1 .1
1 6 8 .7
761
8 3 .5
2 2 7 .8
110. 6
7 5 .0
4 1 .9
5 3 .7
1 6 8 .6
759
83. 4
2 2 8 .1
1 0 9 .1
7 4 .8
3 8 .8
5 6 .9
1 6 8 .0
757
83. 5
2 2 9 .5
1 0 8 .2
7 4 .8
3 5 .0
5 9 .6
1 6 6 .6
759
8 4 .2
2 3 0 .9
1 0 8 .3
7 4 .3
3 2 .5
6 1 .9
1 6 6 .6
762
8 4 .0
2 3 3 .0
1 0 8 .3
7 4 .4
3 1 .8
6 3 .3
1 6 7 .6
749
8 2 .3
2 2 7 .2
1 0 6 .2
7 5 .6
3 4 .8
5 5 .1
1 6 8 .2
686
71. 5
2 0 0 .1
9 5 .8
7 1 .4
3 4 .0
5 4 .5
1 5 8 .3
P r o d u c t s o f p e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l . ....................
P e t r o l e u m r e f i n i n g _______________________
C o k e a n d b y p r o d u c t s ___ . .
_______
O th e r p e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s
281
282
2 2 7 .7
2 2 .8
3 1 .0
282
2 2 8 .6
2 2 .7
3 0 .8
284
2 3 0 .4
2 2 .8
3 0 .7
268
2 2 6 .8
1 1 .3
3 0 .0
265
2 2 0 .5
1 4 .2
3 0 .1
244
1 9 2 .3
2 2 .6
2 8 .9
271
2 2 0 .0
2 2 .4
2 8 .7
267
2 1 6 .9
2 2 .5
2 8 .0
267
2 1 7 .1
2 2 .2
2 7 .6
266
2 1 6 .4
2 2 .1
2 7 .4
269
2 1 8 .3
2 2 .2
2 8 .5
269
2 1 7 .0
2 1 .3
3 0 .4
263
2 1 0 .6
2 1 .8
30. 4
245
1 9 4 .6
2 0 .8
2 9 .5
R u b b e r p r o d u c t s ____________________________
T i r e s a n d i n n e r t u b e s _________ . _____
R u b b e r f o o t w e a r ___________ __
_____ __
O th e r r u b b e r p r o d u c t s __________________
279
277
1 2 0 .1
31. 2
125. 6
273
1 2 0 .1
3 0 .3
1 2 2 .6
269
1 1 9 .3
2 9 .8
1 2 0 .1
258
1 1 9 .8
2 4 .6
1 1 3 .2
271
1 2 1 .5
2 9 .4
1 2 0 .0
268
1 2 0 .2
2 9 .1
1 1 8 .9
268
1 2 0 .3
2 7 .6
120. 2
270
1 1 9 .3
2 9 .9
1 2 0 .9
269
1 1 9 .4
3 0 .3
119. 6
272
1 1 9 .7
3 1 .0
1 2 1 .7
273
1 2 0 .5
3 1 .1
1 2 1 .7
273
1 2 0 .4
3 1 .2
1 2 1 .8
272
1 1 5 .5
3 0 .8
1 2 5 .7
252
1 1 0 .9
2 5 .6
1 1 4 .9
L e a t h e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s .................... ..
L e a th e r
. _ __________________
________
F o o t w e a r ( e x c e p t r u b b e r ) ______________
O th e r l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s __________________
394
395
46. 2
247. 5
100. 9
395
4 5 .9
251. 5
9 7 .6
397
4 5 .8
254. 8
9 6 .0
379
4 5 .0
2 4 1 .9
9 1 .9
379
4 4 .8
2 4 4 .6
8 9 .1
369
4 3 .6
2 3 6 .7
8 8 .8
376
4 3 .7
2 4 1 .0
9 0 .8
383
4 4 .2
245. 6
9 3 .6
382
4 4 .5
2 4 4 .1
9 3 .2
368
4 4 .2
2 3 5 .1
8 9 .1
362
4 3 .7
2 2 8 .2
90. 5
356
4 3 .3
2 2 0 .7
9 2 .3
381
4 6 .7
240. 6
9 3 .3
394
5 0 .5
2 5 2 .3
9 1 .1
S t o n e , c l a y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s ____________
G la s s a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s ________________
C e m e n t , h y d r a u l ic ____________
S tr u c tu r a l c la y p r o d u c ts
P o t t e r y a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s _
C o n c r e te , g y p s u m , a n d p la s te r p r o d u c ts
O th e r s t o n e , c l a y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s ,_
555
551
1 5 3 .1
4 3 .6
8 8 .8
5 3 .2
1 0 2 .9
1 0 9 .2
546
1 5 1 .9
4 3 .1
8 9 .8
5 2 .1
1 0 2 .0
1 0 7 .1
543
146. 6
4 3 .6
S I. 4
5 2 .3
1 0 1 .8
1 0 6 .8
525
142. 5
4 0 .4
8 9 .5
5 0 .3
1 0 0 .2
1 0 2 .3
536
1 4 3 .7
4 0 .5
9 1 .8
5 3 .2
1 0 1 .2
1 0 5 .8
532
1 4 2 .2
4 1 .4
8 9 .3
5 3 .5
9 8 .4
1 0 6 .7
533
1 4 0 .9
4 2 .2
8 9 .3
5 4 .1
9 7 .5
1 0 8 .9
530
1 3 9 .5
4 2 .5
8 6 .9
5 4 .2
9 7 .0
1 1 0 .2
528
1 3 8 .0
4 2 .4
8 7 .3
5 4 .7
9 6 .2
109. 6
533
1 3 7 .6
4 2 .8
8 8 .8
5 4 .7
9 7 .2
1 1 1 .5
545
1 4 1 .8
4 3 .0
9 2 .0
5 5 .3
1 0 0 .3
1 1 2 .7
552
1 4 3 .2
4 3 .2
9 3 .0
5 6 .2
1 0 2 .1
1 1 3 .8
556
1 4 5 .7
4 3 .0
9 1 .3
5 8 .6
1 0 1 .2
1 1 5 .6
512
1 3 3 .5
4 2 .1
8 2 .4
5 7 .9
9 2 .2
1 0 3 .5
P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s ________ _ ______ 1 ,3 7 5
B l a s t f u r n a c e s , s t e e l w o r k s , a n d r o llin g
m i l l s , _____ _ .
, __________ _
Ir o n a n d s te e l fo u n d r ie s
_____
P r im a r y s m e ltin g a n d r e fin in g o f n o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s ___________
____________
R o llin g , d r a w in g , a n d a llo y in g o f n o n fe r r o u s m e t a l s
— _____ __ - - . .
M o n fe r r o u s f o u n d r i e s _ _____ _______
O th e r p r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s ___ . .
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t ord n a n c e , m a c h i n e r y , a n d t r a n s p o r t a t io n
e q u i p m e n t ) --------------------------------------- 1 ,0 5 1
T i n c a n s a n d o t h e r t i n w a r e _____
._
C u t l e r y , h a n d t o o ls , a n d h a r d w a r e
H e a t i n g a p p a r a t u s ( e x c e p t e le c t r ic ) a n d
p /u m b e r s ' s u p p lie s
_ ______ __ __
F a b r ic a te d str u c tu r a l m e ta l p r o d u c ts _
M e t a l s t a m p i n g , c o a t i n g , a n d e n g r a v in g .
O th e r f a b r ic a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ____
M a c h i n e r y ( e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ) -------- ------------ 1 ,6 0 7
E n g i n e s a n d t u r b i n e s _____
__ _ _____
A g r i c u lt u r a l m a c h i n e r y a n d t r a c t o r s ___
C o n s t r u c t i o n a n d m i n i n g m a c h i n e r y ___
M e t a l w o r k i n g m a c h i n e r y ______
S p e c ia l-in d u s tr y
m a c h in e r y
(ex c e p t
m e t a l w o r k i n g m a c h i n e r y ) ____ ____
G en er a l in d u s tr ia l m a c h in e r y .
________
O ffic e a n d s t o r e m a c h i n e s a n d d e v i c e s . _
S e r v ic e - in d u s tr y a n d h o u s e h o ld m a c h i n e s ____ _________ _________ _____________
M is c e ll a n e o u s m a c h in e r y p a r t s --------------
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 ,3 6 3
6 5 6 .4
2 6 9 .2
1 ,3 5 4
6 5 5 .4
2 6 8 .6
1 ,3 0 4
6 2 5 .3
2 6 0 .7
860
899
2 1 2 .6
2 5 2 .2
2 3 1 .0
2 6 6 .8
1 ,3 3 5
6 4 4 .6
2 7 0 .6
1 ,3 3 8
646. 5
2 7 0 .7
1 ,3 5 0
6 5 6 .8
2 7 2 .1
1 ,3 5 4
6 5 9 .2
2 7 5 .0
1 ,3 5 4
6 5 7 .6
2 7 7 .4
1 ,3 5 5
6 5 8 .9
2 7 9 .9
1 ,3 3 9
6 4 3 .6
2 8 1 .9
1 ,3 4 5
6 5 0 .5
2 7 9 .9
1 ,2 2 0
6 1 4 .1
2 3 1 .8
5 6 .0
5 6 .5
5 7 .7
5 7 .2
5 6 .9
5 7 .2
5 6 .9
5 6 .8
5 6 .9
5 6 .3
5 6 .4
5 6 .2
5 6 .3
5 4 .6
1 0 4 .8
1 1 5 .8
1 6 0 .5
1 0 2 .9
1 1 2 .8
1 5 7 .6
1 0 0 .1
1 1 0 .8
1 4 9 .7
9 5 .2
1 1 0 .9
1 3 1 .9
9 9 .3
1 1 2 .2
1 3 2 .7
1 0 0 .6
1 1 3 .4
1 4 8 .6
1 0 0 .6
1 1 3 .3
1 4 9 .7
1 0 0 .5
1 1 1 .9
1 5 1 .9
9 9 .9
1 1 1 .7
1 5 1 .5
1 0 0 .5
1 1 1 .1
1 5 0 .8
9 7 .9
1 1 0 .4
1 5 1 .0
9 8 .6
1 0 8 .7
1 4 9 .8
1 0 0 .3
1 0 9 .6
1 4 7 .7
9 6 .9
9 3 .0
1 2 9 .8
1 ,0 3 4
1 ,0 0 8
5 1 .5
4 8 .5
1 4 7 .6
1 4 5 .3
972
5 0 .1
1 3 7 .9
911
4 8 .4
1 3 2 .8
954
4 8 .6
1 4 5 .1
981
4 6 .8
1 4 7 .2
990
4 6 .7
1 4 8 .9
989
4 5 .4
1 4 8 .4
989
4 4 .4
1 5 0 .6
986
4 4 .7
1 5 1 .1
988
4 6 .1
1 4 9 .9
984
1 ,0 0 7
4 5 .9
4 9 .0
1 5 0 .5
1 5 9 .7
933
4 8 .4
1 5 6 .9
1 5 5 .5
2 4 5 .9
1 7 9 .6
2 3 0 .6
1 5 1 .2
2 4 4 .9
1 6 6 .8
2 2 1 .1
1 4 1 .9
2 1 7 .2
1 6 0 .1
2 1 0 .5
1 4 5 .0
2 2 1 .6
1 7 3 .5
2 1 9 .9
1 4 3 .0
2 4 1 .5
1 7 2 .1
2 3 0 .8
1 4 4 .4
2 4 3 .3
1 7 3 .4
2 3 3 .1
1 4 4 .7
2 4 3 .2
1 7 2 .5
2 3 5 .2
1 4 4 .9
2 4 1 .9
1 7 1 .0
2 3 6 .2
1 4 3 .8
2 4 0 .9
1 7 0 .4
2 3 5 .3
1 4 8 .1
2 4 0 .5
1 6 8 .4
2 3 5 .2
1 4 8 .7
2 3 5 .6
1 6 9 .1
2 3 4 .3
1 5 0 .6
2 0 1 .4
1 6 9 .8
2 0 6 .1
158.1
2 5 0 .8
1 8 9 .7
2 3 9 .0
1 5 4 .8
2 2 9 .8
1 7 9 .7
2 3 3 .8
1 ,6 2 5
1 ,5 9 1
1 ,3 5 2
1 ,6 5 5
1 ,6 4 7
1 ,6 4 0
1 ,5 8 5
1 ,6 4 8
1 ,6 5 8
1 ,5 6 4
1 ,5 6 0
1 ,5 8 1
1 ,6 4 0
1 ,6 6 0
9 9 .0
9 7 .9
9 1 .3
7 2 .6
1 0 0 .1
1 0 0 .5
1 0 2 .2
1 0 0 .8
1 0 0 .7
9 8 .4
9 7 .4
9 5 .4
9 8 .2
1 0 3 .8
1 8 6 .3
1 8 7 .3
1 7 2 .4
1 8 9 .6
1 8 8 .0
1 9 0 .9
1 8 6 .6
1 4 5 .6
1 3 7 .9
1 9 0 .9
1 9 1 .4
1 4 7 .3
1 6 8 .7
1 9 0 .0
1 2 6 .2
1 0 0 .7
1 3 0 .9
1 2 0 .7
1 2 8 .1
1 3 3 .5
1 3 2 .3
1 2 7 .2
1 3 0 .2
1 3 2 .4
1 2 7 .1
1 2 7 .1
1 2 8 .3
1 3 3 .3
2 2 0 .2
3 0 7 .9
3 0 3 .5
2 8 9 .8
3 1 0 .0
3 1 2 .9
3 1 1 .8
3 1 2 .9
3 1 2 .9
3 0 9 .7
3 0 9 .0
3 1 1 .1
3 0 9 .8
3 0 7 .1
185. 4
2 3 5 .4
1 0 8 .1
1 8 4 .9
2 3 4 .1
1 0 7 .3
1 8 9 .1
2 3 6 .6
1 0 6 .9
1 8 6 .3
2 3 4 .2
1 0 4 .7
1 9 1 .4
2 3 6 .6
1 0 7 .4
1 9 0 .8
2 3 7 .6
1 0 7 .6
1 9 2 .9
2 4 1 .8
1 0 8 .1
1 9 4 .3
2 4 2 .6
1 0 7 .7
1 9 1 .8
2 4 2 .1
1 0 7 .7
1 9 3 .1
2 4 0 .1
1 0 7 .8
1 9 4 .8
2 3 9 .8
1 0 7 .8
1 9 6 .6
2 3 8 .6
1 0 8 .0
1 9 5 .6
2 2 9 .7
1 0 4 .5
1 6 7 .6
1 8 8 .5
9 0 .9
1 8 0 .6
1 9 4 .7
1 7 3 .4
1 9 1 .7
1 6 6 .6
1 8 1 .8
1 6 2 .3
1 9 1 .2
1 6 4 .8
2 0 3 .0
1 7 2 .4
2 0 3 .4
1 7 4 .3
2 0 4 .6
1 7 3 .2
2 0 6 .5
1 7 0 .5
2 0 7 .2
1 6 7 .4
2 0 8 .0
1 6 4 .7
2 0 9 .6
1 5 9 .4
2 0 8 .8
1 7 1 .2
2 0 1 .2
1 7 6 .2
1 6 2 .7
76
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EM PLOYM ENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group1—Con.
[In thousands]
1952
Annual
average
1951
Industry group and industry
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
1951
1950
963
937
956
955
960
967
970
965
965
955
937
836
Oct.
Electrical machinery_________________ 1,050
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appar a tu s ___ _____ ______________
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
Communication equipm ent________
Electrical appliances, lamps, and miscellaneous products_______________
1,023
Transportation equipment____________ 1,729
A utom obiles_____________________
Aircraft and parts_________________
Aircraft. _____
___
_______
Aircraft engines and parts
- __
Aircraft propellers and parts ______
Other aircraft parts and equipment.Ship- and boatbuilding and repairing- Shipbuilding and repairing4_. ___
Boatbuilding and repairing_______
Railroad equipment ________ ___
Other transportation equipment_____
1,725 1,668 1,549 1,522 1,670 1,648 1,629 1,602 1,584 1,560 1,558 1,551 1, 511 1,273
835.8 810.8 674.3 668.4 820.3 812.9 809.8 786.6 776.9 775.0 786.0 794. 5 800 a 8.3Q 4
652.4 621.0 639.0 625.0 611.0 598.2 591.9 586. 1 581.0 566.4 556.0 539.0 400 3 270 4
427.9 401. 2 425.7 416.1 406.1 399.9 395.1 390.2 386. 6 377.5 373.2 364.0 .308 3 184 2
135.1 132. 5 129.1 127.0 124.9 121. 6 120.9 120. 7 120.4 116.1 112.6 106. 5 89 0 04 0
13.8
13.9
13.4
13.5
13.2
14. 8
14. 5 14.2
12.9
12. 7
12. 4
12.1
10 7
8 1
70.0
63.2
68.1
62.5
74.6
72.8
66.1
62.0
61.1
60.1
57.8
56.4
47. 7 28.7
151.8
151.9
152.2
150.1
144.8
142.
5
152.7
138.9
131.0
126.
5
113
7
84
4
151. 3
127.0
131.2 132.4 131.1 131.0 131.5 130.7 126.8 126.1 123.8 116.8 112.6 113. 6 99 7
71 4
20.7
19.4
20.9
20.7
16.4
18.0
14.2
20.1
20.3
15.1
13.9
13 O
13. 4
14 0
71.8
65.2
74.6
75.5
70.4
71.9
76.0
75. 7 76.6
71.8
77.6
78. 3
72 4
02 2
12.3
11.7
11.5
11.0
12.8
10.9
11.2
11.2
13.3
11.1
11. 7 11. 7 11 7
11 4
M a n u f a c t u r i n g —Continued
Sept.
Aug.
Nov.
1,000
383.4
82.0
411.6
377.4
79. 3
400.9
368.2
74.6
383.0
362.3
76.9
364.1
374.4
81.7
365.9
374.1
82.6
362.6
376.9
81. 5
364.1
379.8
81. 7
367.3
380.9
82.3
366. 5
378.3
82. 5
362.4
376.2
83. 0
362. 2
370. 8
82 7
357. 3
.307 0
si n
339.8
317 3
70 1
30 a 2
146.0
142.8
137.4
133.3
133.7
135.9
137.3
138. 3
139.8
141. 4
143 9
144. 4
149 0
139 8
Instruments and related products______
Ophthalmic goods . . __________ Photographic apparatus__________ _
Watches and clocks________________
Professional and scientific instruments.
343
336
26.8
66.2
39.9
203.5
332
26. 5
66.6
38.7
200.4
329
26.5
67.4
37.3
197.7
320
26.8
66.8
34.3
192.5
322
27.2
65.8
36.3
192.5
320
27.5
64.9
36.3
191.0
323
27.7
64.7
36.4
193.9
321
27.7
64.4
36.0
192.4
319
27.4
64.1
35.8
191.3
316
27.5
63. 7
35. 5
189.4
315
27.9
63. 5
35. 3
188.6
313
27. 7
62. 7
35. 5
186.9
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware__
Toys and sporting goods . . ______
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions
Other miscellaneous manufacturing
industries_______________________
515
513
47. 9
90.9
59.1
479
498
46. 6 44.1
84.7
88.1
55.6
57.8
457
42.7
77.8
52.3
464
43.9
77.6
51.4
458
44.0
72.3
49.2
461
45.4
70.1
51.1
463
45.9
68.9
53.8
453
461
46.2
45. 7
67.0
64. 5
54. 5 52. 6
463
46.8
65.9
52.9
469
480
*1 4
47. 2
70. 5 73 0
53. 7 56.7
315. 2
305.0
294. 7
284.4
290.9
292.3
294. 6
293.9
293.2
297.0
297. 9
290.6
299
250
27 0 20 4
00 1 01 3
34 3 30* 1
17 7 ! 3
143 I 4
298 0
459
04 8
73 3
sa 2
272 3
4,230 4,240 4,224 4,208 4,140 4,168 4,131 4,096 4,118 4,111 4,103 4,161 4,165 4,144 4,0 10
Transportation ____________________ 2,940 2,950 2,929 2,901 2,840 2, 884 2,891 2,877 2,855 2,853 2,852 2,908 2,912 2,905 2,801
Interstate railroads____ ______ _
1,422 1,407 1,394 1,352 1,396 1,416 1,404 1,395 1,392 1,394 1,426 1,428 1 449 1 390
Class I railroads. _______________
1,248 l ’ 234 1,221 1,183 1,225 1,243 1,230 1,221 L 218 1,222 l ’247 E 258 1* 270 l ’ 220
Local railways and bus lines.. ______
138
' 137 ' 137
' 141
138
' 139
' 139
' 141
' 141
135
' 136
' 141
’ 143 ’ 148
Trucking and warehousing___ . . . . . .
662
650
653
648
641
648
641
637
692
680
651
649
028
084
707
700
Other transportation and services
698
690
686
680
680
706
679
690
694
701
080
079
Air transportation (common carrier) _
92.0
90.6
91.7
89.9
89.2
87.8
86.3
92.5
87.5
85.3
92.6
84.7
74.4
80.9
Communication___________________ 732
735
729
720
712
729
701
702
730
708
701
663
(t)
(t)
688
Telephone.. . _______ ________
682. 5 681. £ 688.1 682.1 673.7 668. f 648. C 663.8 660.3 652.8 654.1 652. 8 038 9 014 8
Telegraph. . _ ________________
46.2
45.2 ( t )
47.2
47.1
47.3
46.8
46. 1 45.5
47.0
46.8
47 9 47 2
(t)
572
571
564
Other public utilities__ _____________ 558
553
553
551
550
560
566
550
551
552
551
546
Gas and electric utilities. ____ ___
535.1 540. ! 546.1 545.4 538.4 528. S 528. C 526.3 525.6 525.5 527.0 527. 6 020 0 020. 0
Electric light and power u tilitie s___
238.0 240.3 242.9 242.4 239.2 234.9 234.9 234. 4 234.1 234.4 234.3 234.9 234 3 234 0
Gas utilities__ ____________ _____
120. 5 121.4 123.0 123.1 121.9 118. 7 118. 6 117.8 117.6 117.3 118. 5 118. 6 117 7 114 9
Electric light and gas utilities combined.
176.6 178.4 180.2 179.9 177.3 175.2 174.5 174.1 173.9 173.8 174.2 174.1 174.0 17L6
Local utilities, not elsewhere classified..
25.1
24. 5 24. 8
25. 5 25. £ 25. 6 25.1
24. £ 24.1
24.1
24. 4 24 0 2? 1 20 2
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s __________
T r a d e __________________________
..
______
. .
Wholesale trade_____________________
Retail trade______________ _________
General merchandise stores__ _______
Food and liquor stores... .. ..
Automotive and accessories dealers___
Apparel and accessories stores_______
Other retail trade__ ______________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10,285 10,094 9,960 9,784 9,792 9,838 9,773 9,845 9,668 9,643 9,720 10,660 10,109 9,804
2, 682 2, 655 2,641 2, 637 2,626 2, 618 2, 601 2,605 2,623 2,624 2,622 2, 657 2, 657 2,602
7,603 7,439 7,319 7,147 7,166 7,220 7,172 7,240 7,045 7,019 7,098 8,003 7,452 7,203
1,717 1,592 1,507 1,410 1,419 1,460 1,466 1,527 1,437 1,416 1,472 2,092 1,701 1,535
1,317 1,311 1,293 1,287 1,293 1,292 1,293 1,295 1,287 1,286 1,282 1,316 1,295 1,272
762
754
747
752
757
754
742
737
738
743
749
768
759
749
504
554
586
572
555
516
554
589
529
515
531
651
580
550
3,221 3,210 3,217 3,194 3,181 3,160 3,117 3,092 3,054 3,059 3,064 3,176 3,117 3,097
9,524
2,544
6,980
1,493
1,209
728
536
3,014
R E V IE W , JA N U A R Y 1953
T able A -2 :
A: EM PLOYM ENT
AND
77
PAYROLLS
Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group1—Con.
[In thousands]
1952
Annual
a\’erage
1951
Industry group and industry
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
1951
1950
F in an ce _______ _______ _______
1,970
1,969
495
65.2
715
694
1,971
494
65.2
716
696
1,993
500
65.7
725
702
1,993
501
65.6
722
704
1,977
490
64.5
713
709
1,958
481
64.4
706
707
1,952
481
64.5
705
701
1,937
479
64.3
702
692
1,919
477
64.1
692
686
1,909
472
63.9
685
688
1,912
472
64.1
690
686
1,907
470
64.1
689
684
1,883
460
63.7
674
686
1,812
427
59.6
646
680
S e r v ic e -. ______
4,724
4,766
425
364.5
163.3
243
4,825
463
365.2
160.1
245
4,844
505
369.1
156.2
244
4,855
509
370.8
160.8
244
4,837
475
368.6
165.1
248
4,796
450
363.3
163.8
249
4,748
438
357.5
161.0
248
4,681
430
352.9
154.1
242
4,667
428
354.0
153.4
242
4,671
424
355.5
153.8
242
4,702
426
356.2
154.3
241
4,734
430
356.6
157.4
242
4,759
455
358.6
154.5
245
4,761
456
353.5
147.5
241
Banks and trust companies__________
Security dealers and exchanges_______
Insurance carriers and agents____
Other finance agencies and real estate___
. . . . . . ______
Hotels and lodging places________
Laundries___ . ___.
Cleaning and dyeing plants_________
Motion pictures________________ . . .
G overnm ent
____________ . .
Federal8... . . . __ . . . . . . . .
State and local6____ ______
6,6G3 6,695 6,712 6,589 6,558 6,585 6,602 6,551 6,528 6,490 6,509 6,881 6,497 6,390 5,910
2,385 2,389 2,407 2,418 2,416 2, 381 2,371 2,362 2,354 2,344 2,331 2, 727 2,325 2,277 1, 910
4,278 4,306 4,305 4,171 4,142 4, 204 4,231 4,189 4,174 4,146 4,178 4,154 4,172 4,113 4,000
1 The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ series of employment in nonagricultural
establishments are based upon reports submitted by cooperating establish
ments and, therefore, differ from employment information obtained by
household interviews, such as the Monthly Report on the Labor Force
(table A-l), in several important respects. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’
data cover all full- and part-time employees in private nonagricultural estab
lishments who worked during, or received pay for, any part "of the pay period
ending nearest the 15th of the month; in Federal establishments during the
pay period ending just before the first of the month; and in State and local
government during the pay period ending on or just before the last of the
month, while the Monthly Report on the Labor Force data relate to the
calendar week which contains the 8th day of the month. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, domestic servants, and personnel of the Armed Forces
are excluded from the BLS but not the M R LF series. These employment
series have been adjusted to bench-mark levels indicated by social insurance
agency data through 1947. Revised data in all except the first four columns
will be identified by asterisks the first month they are published.
2 Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; primary
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery,
and transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical
machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products;
and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
3 Includes: food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and pther finished textile products; paper and allied prod
ucts; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied prod
ucts; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; and leather and
leather products.
4 Data by region, from January 1940, are available upon request to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
s Fourth class postmasters (who are considered to be nominal employees)
are excluded here but are included in table A-5.
6 Excludes as nominal employees paid volunteer firemen, employees hired
to conduct elections, and elected officials of small local governments.
t Data are not available because of work stoppage.
All series may be obtained upon request to the Bureau of Labor StatisticsRequests should specify which industry series are desired.
78
M O N TH LY LABOR
A: EM PLOYM ENT AND PAYROLLS
T
able
A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1951
1952
Industry group and industry
Nov.
M ining:
Oct
88.7
34.0
23.6
16.7
Metal----- -------Iron_________
Copper______
Lead and zinc.
Sept.
90.1
34.7
23.6
16.9
Aug.
92.8
34.6
25.6
17.2
July
60.6
2.8
24.4
17.7
June
63.7
3.9
25.5
18.7
May
94.3
34.5
25.2
19.2
Apr.
94.4
33.9
25.4
19.5
Mar.
94.1
32.9
25.5
19.5
Feb.
94.4
32.9
25.3
19.7
Jan.
94.2
33.1
25.2
19.5
Dec.
93.8
33.6
25.1
19.2
Nov.
92.9
33.8
24.8
18.7
1951
92.5
33.8
25.1
18.1
1950
89.4
31.9
24.8
17.2
Anthracite—.......
58.
59.0
59.3
57.3
61.3
61.6
56.5
62.8
58.1
63.0
63.1
63.1
65.0
70.6
Bituminous-coal.
311.
318.6
321.0
244.2
272.1
322.9
332.2
338.8
341.8
343.5
344.9
344.7
353.7
351.0
Crude petroleum and natural gas pro
duction:
Petroleum and natural gas production
(except contract services)--------------Nonmetallic mining and quarrying-------
128.!
93.5
131.0
94.0
135.8
94.5
135.9
91.7
134.0
91.3
128.7
91.7
129.2
90.9
128.3
87.9
127.5
87.2
127.3
87.2
126.9
91.6
127.8
93.9
127.3
91.9
125.7
85.2
M a n u fa c tu rin g .
13,357 13,337 13,246 12,886 12,061 12,329 12,588 12,733 12,815 12,820 12,766 12,911 12,904 13,034 12,264
...... ..........goods L
7,637
Durable
Nondurable goods3---------------------- 5,720
Ordnance and accessories—-------- ----------Food and kindred products------------Meat products.............. ..................Dairy products-------------------------Canning and preserving....................
Grain-mill products_____________
Bakery products-----------------------Sugar_________________________
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages______________________
Miscellaneous food products----------
63.0
1,162
10.1
1,156
Furniture and fixtures_______
Household furniture_______
Other furniture and fixtures.
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7,417
5,829
60.7
7,146
5,740
59.1
6,559
5, 502
59.6
6,888
5,441
59.8
233 1,312 1,279 1,215 1,138
235.4 236.5 231.8 234.0 232.0
99.4 104.2 111.3 114.4 112.9
225.9 311.1 280.3 210.5 154.5
99.4
99.6 100.4 101.2 100.9
194.3 193.9 194.0 195.3 190.0
23.7
23.7
26.6
23.8
41.5
71.9
83.8
76.9
71.0
86.3
146.2 150. 9 160. 0 163.0 153.2
104.3 104.5 100.1 101.7 100.8
14.!
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts_____________________________ 1,058
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats___ ____
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing-------------- --------------- --------Women’s outerwear--------------------------Women’s, children’s undergarments-----Millinery__________________________
Children’s outerwear___________ ____
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel----Other fabricated textile products---------Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)------------------ ---------------------Logging camps and contractors-----------Sawmills and planing mills----------------Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products.-......... .........
Wooden containers--------------- ------- —
Miscellaneous wood products---------------
60.8
91
25.1
40.9
Tobacco manufactures__________
Cigarettes___________________
Cigars______________________
Tobacco and snufl-----------------Tobacco stemming and redrying.
Textile-mill products______________
Yarn and thread mills----------------Broad-woven fabric mills------------Knitting mills__________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles-------Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings.
Other textile-mill products-----------
7,553
5,784
91
25.5
40.8
10.1
14.7
87
25.5
39.9
10.1
11.8
78
24.7
39.9
9.8
3.7
78
24.6
39.8
10.0
3.5
7, 262
5,326
59.4
7,329
5,404
57.8
7,316
5,499
56.1
7,306
5,514
54.6
7, 264
5, 502
53.5
7, 322
5, 589
51.7
7,314
5, 590
50.1
7, 334
5,700
37.4
6, 622
5, 642
19.8
1,074 1,057 1,057 1,060 1,068 1,122 1,160 1,170 1,168
230.4 233.1 239.4 244.1 246.4 251.6 246.3 237.6 235.9
96.3
106.9 100.4
95.5
94.8
98.5 104.4 104.4
93.7
121.7 114.3 104.3 105.4 105.8 120.3 145.2 180.5 176.9
97.3
97.2
96.4
94.2
96.4
96.6
96.0
95.6
97.0
183.3 186.3 188.5 187.3 187.2 190.3 192.2 191.0 191.5
29.9
21.8
22.3
36.7
45.6
28.8
22.7
22.2
24.0
79.4
80.4
83.1
76.8
85.1
87.5
71.1
82.7
73.7
145.6 136.3 137.9 134.4 136.2 145.9 146.8 150.2 149.1
96.5
95.2
98.1 101.1 100.9 102.6
96.5
95.1
94.7
77
24.0
39.4
10.0
3.8
77
23.7
38.8
10.0
4.0
78
23.9
39.6
10.1
4.6
80
24.2
39.5
10.3
6.3
82
24.2
38.8
10.3
9.0
85
24.4
39.7
10.2
10.5
85
24.4
40.1
10.3
10.5
81
23.6
38.9
10.4
8.0
81
23.3
39. 1
10.8
7.8
1,147 1,138 1,120 1,081 1,082 1,083 1,093 1,113 1,123 1,131 1,141 1,132 1,186 1,206
155.0 154.6 153.0 144.8 146.6 144.4 145.2 146.8 149.0 149.0 149.8 149.4 156.3 151.8
523.! 522.2 519.2 509.0 506.2 503.4 507.4 518.2 526.7 540.0 547.5 544.2 568.7 585.6
227.8 224.6 220.7 208.5 212. 4 209.0 209.6 210.0 210.0 209.0 210.7 209.1 219.0 223.6
80.1
77.9
78.0
76.5
78.1
74.7
76.1
79.0
77.9
73.8
74.7
79.0
79.5
80.5
53.3
43.1
42.6
41.6
47.1
44.5
37.4
34. 0 44.1
44.8
44.8
42.2
36.7
41.4
118. 5 115. 2 111.6 108.1 108.2 107.8 109.9 113.7 113.3 112.4 112.3 111.3 117.0 111.9
1,062 1,064 1,050
127.6 129.0 127.5
982
117.0
972
119.4
959
113.0
996 1,051 1,052 1,029 1,035 1,008 1,039 1,042
120.7 126. 5 127.5 127.2 122.5 117.1 133.8 134.3
255.3
282.7
98.8
18.1
63.0
87.4
129.2
252.7
290.9
95.8
19.3
63.3
86.6
126.5
248.9
292.4
93.1
19.3
63.5
83.2
122.1
238.9
268. 5
87.2
16.6
62.0
78.1
113.9
239.8
252.4
90.7
13.9
62.0
78.0
116.0
237.5
252.0
91.1
15.8
58.8
74.3
116.3
238.8
274.7
91.9
18.7
58.9
74.4
118.1
237.9
306.4
92.6
23.4
63.8
77.2
123.2
232.7
308.8
91.2
22.8
64.0
78.7
126.0
228.2
300.3
88.9
21.0
60.2
79.2
124.3
235.4
295.7
90.2
18.7
58.3
87.6
126.5
232.7
278.6
90.3
16.7
59.2
90.3
123.3
245.6
282.7
90.6
18.7
59.6
85.4
123.1
245.3
286.8
95.2
19.4
60.7
78.4
121.7
701
49.3
431.5
721
63.0
437.4
727
65.5
441.8
709
65.7
427.1
697
55.5
423.7
635
38.5
387.3
678
58.2
405.2
670
58.1
397.5
868
56.9
396.4
654
47.9
390.6
696
64.2
412.2
719
70.7
428.0
741
69.2
437.1
730
63.5
431.1
100.1
68.1
52.3
100.6
67.6
52.2
100.0
67.3
51.9
97.1
67.3
51.5
96.0
69.4
52.5
87.6
69.2
52.1
91.7
69.4
53.4
90.3
70.3
54.1
89.8
70.8
54.4
91.6
71.0
53.0
93.9
72.1
53.7
95.3
70.9
54.0
103.4
74.4
56.5
108.5
72.2
54.8
309
221.4
87.8
303
215.8
87.6
295
209.5
85.8
285
202.0
82.6
288
202.0
86.2
287
202.2
84.5
292
205.4
86.6
296
207.8
88.0
296
207.4
88.4
296
208.0
87.6
296
207.7
88.4
294
206.4
87.3
301
211.9
88.8
311
227.9
82.6
R E V IE W , JA N U A R Y 1953
T able
A: EM PLOYM ENT AND PAYROLLS
79
A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1952
Annual
average
1951
Industry group and industry
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
M anufacturing— Continued
Paper and allied products_________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Paperboard containers and boxes-.
Other paper and allied products....
419
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Newspapers___________________ ___
Periodicals............................................ .
Books___ _________ _____ _________
Commercial printing_______________
Lithographing------------ ----------- ------ Other printing and publishing.......... .
Chemicals and allied products______
Industrial inorganic chemicals_____
Industrial organic chemicals---------Drugs and medicines------------------Paints, pigments, and fillers...........
Fertilizers--------------------------Vegetable and animal oil and fats...
Other chemicals and allied products.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Jan.
404
405
211.3
105.7
87.8
Dec.
Nov.
1951
1950
420
2 1 2 .2
404
205.1
109.8
88.8
411
211.9
109.9
89.0
520
154.9
35.6
36.3
170.5
32.1
90.2
519
153.7
35.1
36.5
169.6
32.6
91.0
512
151.6
35.0
36.2
168.6
32.1
89.1
503
148.6
34.7
35.7
166.6
31.7
85.8
1 1 2 .8
538
61.8
171.1
70.5
47.9
25.4
48.8
112.4
542
61.7
172.9
70.4
47.9
24.8
50.5
113.5
535
60.1
169.9
69.7
49.1
28.0
43.2
114.8
496
52.9
151.8
62.7
46.8
27.8
43.8
110.3
196
154.5
19.0
22.4
197
154.1
18.2
24.2
195
151.9
18.8
24.3
185
142.8
18.1
23.9
410
205.8
113.9
90.0
408
209.2
110.5
88.5
395
202.7
105.7
86.9
403
208.8
107.0
87.5
398
206.3
104.4
86.9
398
205.8
105.0
86.9
401
207.9
105.6
87.4
2 10 .2
524
522
155.2
35.4
37.2
169.3
31.9
92.6
514
154.7
34.9
36.6
166.4
31.5
90.1
509
153.6
34.2
36.2
165.0
30.3
89.5
507
153.5
34.4
35.6
165.4
29.8
88.7
511
154.3
33.6
36.7
167.0
30.1
88.9
507
153.6
34.5
35.3
166.5
30.5
508
151.8
35.5
35.9
166.9
30.8
86.9
507
151.7
35.2
36.2
166.4
30.6
87.3
510
151.3
34.7
36.0
169.7
30.6
86.8
507
151.9
35.2
35.7
166.4
30.7
87.2
535
535
59.8
169. 9
68.4
47.9
26.1
47.7
115.0
526
60.0
168.0
47.2
26.5
42.2
114.3
6 8.2
513
60.1
168.1
69.4
47.1
23.5
32.7
112.3
511
60.7
166.0
69.6
48.0
22.9
31.8
517
60.5
161.1
70.9
47.5
30.1
34.1
112.9
530
60.8
162.8
71.3
47.7
35.0
37.9
114.4
538
60.9
167.9
71.5
47.8
34.4
40.7
114.5
538
61.0
168.4
70.6
48.0
31.5
44.0
114.2
536
61.0
169.6
70.2
47.9
27.8
46.4
1 1 1 .6
512
60.9
163.2
70.4
47.6
24.7
32.2
113.3
203
159.1
19.2
24.7
205
160.6
19.3
24.6
191
158.1
8.4
24.1
190
154.6
10.9
24.0
168
125.8
19.2
23.1
197
155.3
19.0
22.7
194
152.3
19.2
193
152.6
18.8
2 2 .1
2 1 .6
193
152.7
18.8
21.4
202
213
94.6
23.5
95.0
213
94.6
215
93.9
24.2
97.2
215
94.2
24.7
96.3
218
94.4
25.4
97.9
219
95.4
25.5
97.9
219
94.8
25.6
98.2
219
90.8
25.3
102.9
203
87.8
330
39.0
336
39.2
216.9
79.4
323
39.0
205.4
78.4
317
38.7
197.7
80.3
342
42.1
218.0
81.7
355
45.9
229.4
79.7
465
123.4
36.8
83.2
49.9
83.7
472
124.7
37.0
84.4
50.6
85.6
89.4
478
128.2
36.8
83.0
52.9
85.6
91.6
441
117.3
36.0
74.8
52.3
78.7
81.8
203
158.7
19.3
24.9
Rubber products---------- ------ -------------- 223
Tires and inner tubes______________ _____
Rubber footwear---------------------------- -------Other rubber p ro d u cts....------------------------
220
216
93.5
93.4
25.5
24.6
10 1 . Q
98.0
212
92.3
24.0
95.5
93.4
19.0
89.8
215
95.3
23.7
95.7
Leather and leather products...... ............. 354
Leather....... ............................................ ............
Footwear (except rubber)....................................
Other leather products-------- ----------------------
355
41.7
224.0
89.0
355
41.4
228.2
85.5
357
41.2
231.9
84.2
340
40.4
219.4
80.1
340
40.2
221.4
77.9
Stone, clay, and glass products................. 468
Glass and glass products........................ .............
Cement, hydraulic-------------------------- --------Structural clay p ro d u cts...-----------------------Pottery and related products---------------------Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products._____
Other stone, clay, and glass p ro d u cts..._____
465
133.1
37.0
78.7
47.5
85.5
83.0
462
132.5
36.6
80.1
46.4
84.9
81.4
458
127.1
37.0
81.6
46.8
84.5
81.0
441
123.4
33.8
79.9
44.5
83.0
76.7
453
124.6
34.1
82.4
47.4
84.1
80.6
676
716
134.4
556.9
238.9
Primary metal industries-------------------- 1,175
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills___________________________
Iron and steel foundries------------------Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals----- ------ ----------------Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals--------- ------- -----------Nonferrous foundries----------------------Other primary metal industries......... .
856
Machinery (except electrical)____ ____ 1,226
Engines and turbines______________
Agricultural machinery and tractors...
Construction and mining machinery..
Metalworking machinery___________
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)------ ------General industrial machinery-----------Office and store machines and devices..
Service-industry and household ma
chines________________ _________
Miscellaneous machinery parts.............
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Feb.
416
207.5
117.9
90.5
Products of petroleum and coal------------ 202
Petroleum refining___ _____________ _____
Coke and byproducts---------------------- -------Other petroleum and coal products___ _____
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipment)............................. —
Tin cans and other tinware....... ...........
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware----Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ su p p lies.................
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving
Other fabricated metal products_____
Mar.
1,164
1,155
1,119
567.0
237.2
565.9
236.4
539.5
228.9
2 2 1 .2
155.0
234.8
46.1
46.7
47.7
47.2
47.3
85.3
97.2
131.1
83.4
94.0
128.4
81.1
91.9
120.7
76.5
92.1
104.2
79.8
93.2
105.6
842
43.0
121.3
820
45.9
119.3
783
44.5
726
42.6
107.4
127.9
192.1
158.6
199.1
125.2
188.6
149.3
191.2
120 .8
112.3
162.0
130.3
171.5
11 2 .1
187.8
136.1
181.8
2 12 .8
77.7
449
12 2 .8
35.0
80.1
47.8
81.6
81.9
1,141
2 2 .0
96.3
452
122.5
35.8
80.2
48. 5
80.8
84.2
1,143
105.7
88.0
88.0
344
39.7
342
40.0
330
39.8
2 2 1 .8
220.6
2 12 .8
449
447
119.8
36.1
78.0
49.1
79.2
84.6
452
119.4
36.6
79.7
49.0
80.8
86.7
82.0
1 2 1 .2
36.2
77.9
48.4
80.2
85.2
1,154
81.6
1,160
77.5
1,162
410
2 1 2 .2
108.7
8 8.2
1,164
1,149
114.5
92.7
1,159
88.8
20.6
94.3
1,053
558.0
239.0
566.9
240.2
570.2
243.4
570.2
246.3
572.7
248.6
557.7
250.3
566.4
248.9
47.8
47.6
47.4
47.5
47.1
47.1
47.1
47.2
45.4
81.7
94.3
121.4
81.9
94.0
122.4
81.9
93.0
124.7
81.4
93.0
124.7
82.2
92.4
124.1
79.3
91.8
124.3
80.0
90.2
123.3
82.2
91.9
122.7
80.7
78.8
108.4
769
42.8
119.0
798
41.0
1 2 1 .0
806
40.9
122.9
807
39.7
122.3
807
38.7
124.6
804
38.9
124.9
806
40.2
123.9
805
40.0
124.5
831
42.9
134.3
776
42.8
132.7
115.3
167.3
144.5
180.1
113.3
188.2
144.0
190.9
115.0
188.6
145.5
193.2
115.5
189.2
144.7
195.2
115.5
188.2
143.8
196.3
115.4
186.7
143.0
195.5
118.9
186.1
141.2
195.7
183.1
142.2
195.2
120 .0
126.0
178.8
153.0
195.6
123.9
156.5
146.9
173.0
535.6
204.0
1,206 1,185 1,181 1,203 1,261 1,269 1,282 1,280 1,281 1,276 1,269 1,255 1,233 1,040
70.9
68.7
71.8
72.3
77.1
76.0
74.8
74.8
74.9
73.9
74.3
54.5
73.0
68.6
104.8
97.5 105.6 126.7 147.9 149.2 150.6 145.5 149.9 148.7 147.2 145.8 145.9 133.5
96.3
95.7
95.6
96.6
98.3 100.4 101.4 101.7 10 0.8
99.6
97.4
95.5
90.8
73.0
245.3 246.0 244.4 241.7 247.8 247.0 249.1 249.1 248.5 246.5 244.8 240.7 228.7 169.0
136.1
165.0
87.8
139.4
166.6
87.7
137.7
164.9
85.5
142.4
168.9
88.6
88.6
142.5
169.2
88.9
144.5
172.1
89.4
145.8
173.4
89.3
145.4
173.6
89.2
146.8
173.4
89.8
147.5
173.1
90.6
148.4
172.5
90.9
148.6
166.5
87.9
126.6
134.3
75.6
140.9
154.2
134.2
151.5
127.7
145.1
124.3
153.0
126.9
162.8
133.4
162.7
135.6
164.1
134.8
165.2
132.5
166.4
130.1
166.6
127.0
167.9
121.4
166.6
134.7
161.6
143.2
130.0
137.0
166.7
80
M O N TH LY LABOR
A: EM PLOYM ENT AND PAYROLLS
T
able
A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1951
1952
Industry group and industry
Nov.
Manufacturing—Continued
"Electrical machinery
______________
Electrical generating, transmission, dis
tribution, and industrial apparatus..
Electrical equipment for vehicles. ___
flnTTmiimication equipment ______
Electrical appliances, lamps, and miscellaneous products________ ____
788
'Transportation equipment _______ _ 1,372
Automobiles _
_ ___________ ___
Aircraft and parts____________ ___
A ircraft_______ ___ - ____ __
Aircraft engines and parts
Aircraft, propellers and Darts ______
Other aircraft parts and equipment .
Ship- and boatbuilding and reDairing .
Shipbuilding and repairing
___
Boatbuilding and repairing
__ _
"Railroad equipment
___ ____
Other transportation equipment______
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
685
706
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
1951
1950
764
743
708
708
714
722
727
725
726
718
710
636
273.8
65.2
307.1
268. 7
62.8
297.1
259.2 253.6 266.2
60.9
58.3
65.2
280. 7 264. 7 268.2
266.8
66.3
266.5
269.9
65.4
268.7
272. 7
65.4
273.3
274.6
66.1
273.4
272.8
66.6
271.1
270.8
67.2
272.0
266.2
67.4
268.4
267.1
66.1
256.1
229.7
56.0
237.0
117.8
114.5
109.5
105.8
108.7
109.9
110.8
112.4
114.1
115. 7
115.9
120.5
113.3
106.7
1,367 1,311 1,192 1,169 1,323 1,307 1,288 1, 266 1,251 1,235 1,235 1, 234 1,221 1,044
691.2 664.1 525.3 520.7 671.9 667.4 663.2 642.6 634.0 633.2 645.3 654.6 718.4 713. 5
474.7 445.5 465.9 454.2 446.9 437.2 430.3 427. 7 424.3 415. 4 406.7 395.3 336.6 201.8
311.5 286.9 312.0 304.2 298.9 294.7 288. 8 286.8 283.7 278.9 274.7 267.8 228.6 135.7
74.8
39.1
84.3
81.3
78.4
63.0
90.0
88.1
84.5
84.1
84.2
95.4
92.9
87.2
8.7
8.5
5.4
9.9
9.4
9.2
9.0
7.5
10.0
9.7
9.6
10. 7 10. 4 10.2
44.9
47.8
47.3
47.1
46.2
44.2
37.5
21.5
52.0
50.8
48.3
57.1
53.7
55.3
71.4
133.2 135.1 133.8 134.6 134. 7 132.9 128. 0 125.8 122.4 114.9 110.5 111. 1 98.9
98.2
99.3
86.5
60. 2
115.3 117.0 115.4 115.9 116.0 115.3 111. 7 111.1 108.9 102.3
12.3
18. 7 17.6
16.3
14. 7 13. 5
12.6
11.8
12.4
11.2
17. 9 18.1
18. 4 18.7
60.4
56. 9 60. 7 60. 5 61. 7 62. 8 63.1
56. 7 47. 9
56.8
56. 5 50.0
59.3
55.2
9.8
9.1
9.4
9.3
9.8
9.9
9.7
9.1
9.3
10.9
9.9
9.7
11.3
10.4
Instruments and related p roducts__
Ophthalmic g o o d s____ _________ -Photographic apparatus ____________
Watches and clocks _ _ _______
Professional and scientific instruments .
251
246
21.5
46.6
34.0
143.5
242
21.3
46. 7
33.0
140.5
238
21.3
47.0
31. 7
137.6
230
21.6
46. 5
28.8
133.2
233
21.9
46.1
30.7
134.6
233
22.3
45.5
30.8
133.9
236
22.5
45.2
30.8
137.1
234
22.4
44.8
30.5
136.4
233
22.3
44.7
30.2
135.8
232
22.3
44. 7
30.1
135.1
232
22.7
44.9
30.0
134.1
230
22.5
44.4
30.0
133.2
223
22.5
43.4
29.0
127.7
186
20.6
37.3
25. 5
103.0
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware ..
Toys and sporting goods.
___ _
Coitume jewelry, buttons, notions___
Other miscellaneous manufacturing industries _____________________
428
428
39.2
80.3
49.2
414
38.0
77. 4
48.1
395
35.6
74.1
45.8
375
34.2
67.3
43.4
382
35.4
67.3
42.3
376
35.5
62.2
40.2
380
36.9
60.1
42.2
382
37.1
58.9
44.8
381
37.4
57.3
45.5
374
36.8
54.9
43.5
381
37.7
56.2
43.7
388
38.3
60.8
44.5
402
42.0
64.1
47.8
385
44.5
64.2
49.2
259.1
250.1
239.9
230.1
236.5
238.5
241.0
241.0
240.4
238.3
243.8
244.6
247.8
227. 2'
1 See footnote 1, table A-2. Production workers refer to all full- and parttime employees engaged in production and related processes, such as fabrieating, processing, assembling, inspecting, storing, packing, shipping, main
tenance and repair, and other activities closely associated with production
operations.
T
May
able
2 See footnote 2, table A-2.
3 See footnote 3, table A-2.
A-4: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment and Weekly Payrolls in Manufacturing
Industries 1
[1947-49 average=100]
Period
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
Average____________
Average------------------Average____________
Average___________
Average____________
Average____________
Average_____ _ - - .
Average____________
Average____________
Employ
ment
66.2
71.2
87.9
103.9
121.4
118.1
104.0
97.9
103.4
J See footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Weekly
payroll
29.9
34.0
49.3
72.2
99.0
102.8
87.8
81.2
97.7
Period
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
Average__________ Average____________
Average_____ ____ Average___________
1951: November__________
December__________
1952: January____________
February _
Employ
ment
Weekly
payroll
102.8
93.8
99.2
105.4
105.1
97.2
111.2
129.2
104.3
104.4
103.2
103.6
129.8
132.9
130.4
131.0
Period
1952: M arch_____________
April_____________ _
M ay-------- ------------J u n e ______ ______ July-----------------------August______ ______
September__________
October____________
November_________
Employ Weekly
payroll
ment
103. 6
102.9
101.8
99.7
97.5
104.2
107.1
107.8
108.0
131.9
128.1
128.1
126.4
121.1
133.3
141.7
143.8
R E V IE W , JA N U A R Y 1953
T able
81
A: EM PLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
A-5: Federal Civilian Employment by Branch and Agency Group
[In thousands]
Execiitive 1
Year and month
All branches
Defense
agencies2
Total
Post Office
D epartm ent3
All other
agencies
Judicial
Legislative
Total (including areas outside continental United States)
1950: Average_______________ _ ____
1951: Average_______________________
2, 080.5
2,465.9
2,068.6
2,453. 7
837.5
1,210.7
521.4
525.4
709.7
717.6
8.1
8.3
3.8
3.9
1951: November______ _____________
December_____________ ______
2,517.5
2, 921.6
2,505.4
2,909. 2
1,288.5
1, 293.0
496.2
898.1
720.7
718.1
8.2
8.4
3.9
4.0
1952: January_______________________
February______________________
March_______ ______ _ ____
April__________________ . _____
M ay_______ _________________
June___________________ . ____
Ju ly---------------------------------------August________________________
September________ ______ ____
October____ _ . . . ____ _____ __
November_________ __________
2, 524.3
2,537.5
2, 550.9
2,559.2
2,571.3
2,582.9
2, 619.1
2,621.5
2,610.4
2,592.4
2,588.0
2,512.1
2,525. 2
2,538.5
2, 546.7
2,558. 7
2,570.2
2,606. 4
2,608.9
2,597.7
2,579.8
2,575.4
1, 296.9
1,308. 8
1,314.6
1,319.0
1,326.4
1,334.0
1,356.1
1, 358. 2
1,352.9
1,346.9
1.348.0
502.4
503.6
508.8
510.0
511.8
512.5
514.5
515.8
515.8
516.0
516.4
712.8
712.8
715.1
717.7
720.5
723.7
735.8
734.9
729.0
716.9
711.0
8.3
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.8
8.7
8.7
3.9
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.9
4.0
4.0
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
Continental United S tates4
1950: Average_____ . . . ____ ___________
1951: Average_______________________
1,930.5
2, 296.9
1,918.7
2,284.8
732.3
1,093. 7
519.4
523.4
667.0
667.7
8.1
8.3
3.7
3.8
1951: November______ ______________
December________ __________ ..
2,344.0
2, 746.2
2,332.0
2,733.9
1,174.0
1,177.8
494.1
894.4
663.9
661.7
8.2
8.4
3.8
3.9
1952: January_______________________
February______________________
M arch_________________ ______
April__________________________
M ay_______________ _________
June____ _______________ _____
July _________________________
August. ______________________
September_______________ _____
October_______________________
November_____________________
2,350.0
2,362.9
2,373.5
2, 380.8
2,390.0
2, 399.8
2,434.7
2,437.1
2, 425.9
2,407. 7
2,403.4
2,337.8
2,350.7
2, 361. 2
2,368.4
2,377.4
2,387. 2
2,422.1
2,424.6
2,413.3
2,395. 2
2,390.9
1,181.1
1,192.2
1,195.3
1,198.5
1, 203.6
1,210.4
1,232.3
1, 233.7
1, 228.0
1, 221.0
1,221.5
500.3
501.5
506.6
507.9
509.6
510.3
512.3
513.6
513.6
513.8
514.1
656.4
657.0
659.3
662.0
664.2
666.5
677.5
677.3
671.7
660.4
655.3
8.3
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.8
8.7
8.7
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
1 See footnote 2, table A-6.
2 See footnote 3, table A-6.
T able
* Includes fourth class postmasters, excluded from table A-2.
4 Includes the 48 States and the District of Columbia.
A-6: Government Civilian Employment in Washington,
D . C .,1 by
Branch and Agency Group
[In thousands]
Federal
Year and month
District of
Total
Columbia
government government
Executive 2
Total
All agencies
1950: Average__________________
1951: Average__________________
1951: November______ _____ ..
December., _________ ___
1952: Jan u ary ... . _______ _____
February_________________
M arch. ______ _
April____________________
M ay_____________________
June___________________ .
July_____________________
August__________________
Septem ber.. . . _________
October___ _____ ________
November_______ ________
•
All other
agencies
Legislative
Judicial
242.3
271.4
20.1
20.3
222.2
251.1
213.4
242.1
67.5
83.8
8.1
8.3
137.8
150.0
8.1
8.3
0.7
.7
273.5
279.2
20.7
20.5
252.8
258.7
243.9
249.6
86.7
86.5
7.9
14.2
149.3
148.9
8.2
8.4
.7
.7
272.0
273.0
272.7
273.1
273.0
272.7
275.5
274.3
271.8
269.6
269.4
20.5
20.6
20.6
20.4
20.5
20.5
20.1
19.6
20.1
20.4
20.5
251.5
252.4
252.1
252.7
252 5
252 2
255.4
254.7
251.7
249.2
248.9
242.5
243.4
243.0
243.5
243.1
242.8
246.0
245.2
242.1
239.7
239.4
86.5
87.1
87.1
87.4
87.6
87.8
89.7
89.9
89.0
88.4
88.6
7.9
8.0
8.0
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.1
8.1
8.1
148.1
148.3
147.9
148.0
147.4
146.9
148.1
147.1
145.0
143.2
142.7
8.3
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.8
8.7
8.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.8
.8
.8
>Includes all Federal civilian employment in Washington Standard Metro
politan area (District of Columbia and adjacent Maryland and Virginia
counties).
2 Includes all executive agencies (except the Central Intelligence Agency),
Government corporations, Federal Reserve Banks, and mixed-ownership
banks of the Farm Credit Administration. Civilian employment in navy
yards, arsenals, hospitals, and on force-account construction is included in
total for executive agencies.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Defense
Post Office
agencies3 Departm ent
.8
3 Cover civilian employees of the Department of Defense (Secretary of
Defense, Army, Navy, and Air Force), National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics, Canal Zone Government, Selective Service System, National
Security Resources Board, National Security Council, and War Claims
Commission.
N ote.—Government payroll statistics, which are collected monthly by
the Civil Service Commission, will no longer be published by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
82
T
able
M O N TH LY LABOR
A: EM PLOYM ENT AND PAYROLLS
A-9: Insured Unemployment Under State Unemployment Insurance Programs,1 by Geographic
Division and State
[In thousands]
1952
1951
1950
Geographic division and State
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
April
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
997.6 1,228.5 1,024.9 1,075. 5 1,143.9 1,192.3 1, 284.1 1,384.1 1,101.6
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Oct.
Continental United States________
631.4
687.1
939.9
853.0
782.8
New England__________________
Maine. . _________ ________
New Ham pshire... _________
Vermont . ____ _____ ____
Massachusetts__ ____________
Rhode Island____ _
Connecticut_________________
60.8
4.3
5.1
1.5
32.9
9.4
7.6
72.5
4.1
6.0
2.1
39.1
11.2
10.0
95.5
5.0
6.0
2.8
50.6
14.7
16.4
116.7
5.6
7.2
3.1
63.8
18.9
18.1
118.3
7.4
7.7
3.9
67.5
18.0
13.8
13)1.5
12.4
8.8
2.8
73.2
19.8
14.5
135.2
14.7
9.6
2.9
73.3
19.3
15.4
110.3
9.8
7.6
2.3
58.2
18.6
13.8
113.1
9.2
7.0
2.3
61.0
18.6
15.0
123.3
10.2
7.6
3.0
65.3
21.0
16.2
107.4
9.8
7.9
2.3
56.5
18.4
12.5
102.2
8.6
8.9
1.9
52.1
17.7
13.0
105.8
7.4
8.0
1.9
52.1
22.4
14.0
65.9
6.8
5.8
1.1
35.6
6.3
10.3
Middle Atlantic____ __________
New York_____ . _ ____
New Jersey_____ _ ________
Pennsylvania_______________
211.6
108.4
32.1
71.1
217.8
107.4
31.8
78.6
290.3
136.4
42.8
111.1
383.9
190.3
51.5
142.1
355.7
185.2
41.7
128.8
356.4
199.0
50.6
106.8
359.5
200.6
51.0
107.9
355.3
198.4
50.4
106.5
373.2
209.6
54.7
108.9
415.8
232.6
63.1
120.1
352.2
219.3
42.8
90.1
316.2
196.0
41.6
78.6
304.2
183.9
46.2
74.1
319.0
226.2
35.4
57.4
East North Central_____ . . . . . .
Ohio____ ____
Indiana______________ ____
Illinois _____________ _. _
Michigan_______
...
___
Wisconsin_________________
102.9
19.9
10.8
40.9
24.1
7.2
127.2
23.6
12.4
52.3
29.6
9.3
267.3
39.1
27.6
78.2
107.1
15.3
321.8
57.4
46.9
84.3
111.3
21.9
175.4
36.0
19.8
81.6
30.1
7.9
173.0
35.6
17.6
76.1
34.4
9.3
184.3
36.7
19.3
71.3
44.6
12.4
194.5
42.8
19.6
55.5
61.1
15.5
226.1
47.8
23.8
63.3
73.7
17.5
259.3
49.7
25.6
73.8
89.3
20.9
213.4
41.8
22.0
57.4
77.2
15.0
182.2
38.0
19.1
55.8
57.5
11.8
158.7
32.7
13.3
54.6
50.6
7.5
113.1
28.5
9.4
57.5
12.8
4.9
West North C e n tral_________ . .
Minnesota_____ __________
Iowa . . _____
__________
Missouri_________________ ..
North Dakota____ _____ _
South Dakota_____ _________
Nebraska______ ._ ________
Kansas. __________________
23.2
4.7
3.0
12.4
.2
.2
.7
2.0
25.1
5.1
6.0
10.9
.2
.2
.7
2.0
36.6
8.0
7.3
16.8
.2
.2
.9
3.2
40.9
9.7
4.5
21.3
.2
.2
1.2
3.8
30.0
8.2
3.8
14.2
.2
.2
1.1
2.3
40.7
13.7
4.5
17.3
.4
.4
1.5
2.9
59.2
23.7
6.1
19.7
2.0
1.1
2.6
4.0
71.0
26.3
8.1
21.6
3.5
1.8
4.3
5.4
76.1
26.7
8.9
24.3
3.7
1.9
5.1
5.5
76.5
24.0
8.4
28.2
3.1
1.8
4.7
6.3
51.3
13.9
4.4
24.2
1.8
.9
1.9
4.2
40.6
8.1
2.6
25.0
.6
.3
.8
3.2
34.4
6.0
2.5
22.4
.1
.2
.5
2.7
28.4
5.5
2.6
16.2
.2
.3
.8
2.8
South A tlantic. ______________
Delaware.. . . . . . . _____ . . .
M aryland___ ______________
District of Columbia- ________
Virginia. .. ______
West Virginia________ ____ .
North Carolina________ ____
South Carolina......... ....................
Georgia__________ ____ _____
Florida________ __________
70.9
.6
5.9
1.6
4.9
11.4
15.2
6.4
10.0
14.9
79.3
.7
7.2
1.7
6.0
11.9
17.1
6.9
10.6
17.2
105.3
1.3
12.7
1.8
10.2
18.4
20.2
8.7
14.3
17.7
128.5
1.5
15.6
1.8
14.5
24.8
26.9
10.8
16.5
16.1
113.6
.8
12.8
1.7
16.0
20.2
27.1
9.6
14.7
10.7
110.1
1.0
14.4
1.9
12.3
16.3
30.4
10.7
13.8
9.3
104.8
1.3
12.7
2.3
7.1
15.7
31.8
11.3
14.6
8.0
99.8
1.5
9.5
2.8
8.1
14.4
29.3
11.2
14.6
8.4
106.8
1.7
11.6
3.0
9.3
15.7
28.4
12.2
15.3
9.6
116.9
1.9
13.5
2.7
10.6
16.3
30.2
12.9
17.9
10.9
90.6
1.4
10.0
1.8
7.3
11.3
24.7
10.0
13.9
10.2
84.6
1.1
7.7
1.4
7.5
9.0
25.2
9.3
12.9
10.5
83.2
1.0
6.7
1.2
7.4
8.5
24.2
9.0
11.4
13.8
69.8
1.0
7.7
2.6
5.3
10.4
12.6
8.8
7.6
13.8
East South Central______
____
Kentucky______________ __
Tennessee__________ ..
Alabama_______________
Mississippi.. ______
50.2
14.8
16.7
12.8
5.9
54.2
14.8
19.1
14.2
6.1
69.4
19.8
21.0
20.0
8.6
83.2
24.8
25.2
24.0
9.2
72.4
21.7
22.8
20.1
7.8
71.8
20.8
26.1
15.9
9.0
74.8
20.8
28.6
15.0
10.4
78.5
20. 1
31.4
14.9
12.1
79.1
19.7
31.4
15.1
12.9
81.4
18.8
35.0
15.6
12.0
66.1
15.5
28.4
13.4
8.8
63.1
14.9
26.0
15.3
6.9
51.8
13.5
21.5
11.6
5.2
42.9
11.5
14.5
12.1
4.8
___
West South Central_______
Arkansas______________
L ouisiana____________
Oklahoma_________________
Texas_________________ ..
27.0
4.4
8.7
5.4
8.5
29.6
4.4
10.2
5.7
9.3
39.1
6.4
13.9
7.4
11.4
41.4
6.9
15.1
7.8
11.6
39.7
5.8
15.4
7.2
11.3
46.4
7.4
17.4
8.1
13.5
53.1
11.3
18.6
9.3
13.9
60.7
14.2
21.0
10.5
15.0
63.3
15.5
21.5
11.2
15.1
58.7
15.1
19.5
10.7
13.4
42.7
10.5
13.9
7.9
10.4
34.5
7.7
11.5
6.5
8.8
29.1
4.9
11.1
5.3
7.8
34.8
5.2
12.4
7.0
10.2
M ountain.. ___ _______ _______
M o n tan a... _______
_____
Idaho___ . . . _____________
Wyoming . _________ ___
Colorado___________________
New Mexico__________ _____
Arizona______ __________
U tah________ _ _ . . .
Nevada_____________________
6.2
.5
.7
.1
.6
.8
1.8
1.1
.6
6.1
.4
.7
.1
.6
.8
1.8
1.1
.6
7.7
.5
.9
.2
1.0
1.0
2.2
1.4
.5
9.9
.7
.9
.3
2.1
1.2
1.9
2.3
.5
10.0
.9
.7
.4
2.3
1.2
1.6
2.3
.6
11.4
1.4
1.4
.4
1.7
1.6
1.9
2.1
.9
18.9
3.4
3.3
.8
2.0
2.2
2.5
3.5
1.2
28.3
5.9
6.0
1.2
2.4
2.7
3.1
5.4
1.6
31.9
6.8
7.3
1.5
2.7
2.6
3.2
5.8
2.0
30.7
6.1
7.3
1.4
2.6
2.5
3.0
5.7
2.1
18.8
3.2
4.7
.7
1.4
1.6
2.6
3.2
1.4
10.3
1.4
2.0
.3
1.0
1.0
2.0
1.7
.9
6.7
.6
.9
.2
.7
.7
1.7
1.3
.6
10.2
1.2
.9
.3
1.7
1.0
2.6
1.5
1.0
78.2
16.1
10.0
52.1
75.2
12.8
6.9
55.5
86.7
12.2
6.6
67.9
101.9
11.9
7.2
82.8
110.1
11.6
5.4
93.1
134.3
15.3
7.9
111.1
154.2
19.7
12.3
122.2
193.9
28.3
21.4
144.2
214.0
38.4
27.6
148.0
221.5
46.3
33.2
142.0
159.0
31.1
21.5
106.4
106.5
18.1
12.3
76.1
78.9
10.8
7.6
60.5
98.8
11.7
7.6
79.5
Pacific___ ________ ______
Washington. _ .. _______
Oregon.
_____________ .
California . . . _____ . . .
1Average of weekly data adjusted for split weeks in the month. For a
technical description of this series, see the April 1950 Monthly Labor Review
(p. 382).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figures may not add to exact column totals because of rounding,
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
88
B : L A B O R T U R N -O V E R
B : Labor Turn-Over
T a ble B -l: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Manufacturing Industries, by
Class of Turn-Over 1
Class of turn-over and year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total separation:
1952_________________________
1951_________________________
1950_________________________
1949_________________________
1948_________________________
1947_________________________
1946_________________________
1939_________________________
4.0
4.1
3.1
4.6
4.3
4.9
6.8
3.2
3.9
38
3.0
4.1
4.7
4.5
6.3
2.6
3.7
4.1
2.9
4.8
4.5
4.9
6.6
3.1
4.1
4.6
2.8
4.8
4.7
5.2
6.3
3.5
3.9
4.8
3.1
5.2
4.3
5.4
6.3
3.5
3.9
4.3
3.0
4.3
4.5
4.7
5.7
3.3
5.0
4.4
2.9
3.8
4.4
4.6
5.8
3.3
4. 6
5.3
4.2
4.0
5.1
5.3
6.6
3.0
4.9
5.1
4.9
4.2
5.4
5.9
6.9
2.8
2 4. 2
4.7
4.3
4.1
4.5
5.0
6.3
2.9
4.3
3.8
4.0
4.1
4.0
4.9
3.0
3.5
3.6
3.2
4.3
3.7
4.5
3.5
Quit:
1952 ________________________
1951_________________________
1950_________________________
1949_________________________
1948_________________________
1947_________________________
1946_________________________
1939 3________________________
1.9
2.1
1.1
1.7
2.6
3.5
4.3
.9
1.9
2.1
1.0
1.4
2.5
3.2
3.9
.6
2.0
2.5
1.2
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.8
2. 2
2.7
1.3
1.7
3.0
3.7
4.3
.8
2. 2
2.8
1.6
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.7
2.2
2.5
1.7
1.5
2.9
3.1
4.0
.7
2.2
2.4
1.8
1.4
2.9
3.1
4.6
.7
3.0
3.1
2.9
1.8
3.4
4.0
5.3
.8
3.5
3.1
3.4
2.1
3.9
4.5
5.3
1.1
2 2. 8
2.5
2.7
1.5
2.8
3.6
4.7
.9
1.9
2.1
1.2
2.2
2.7
3.7
.8
1.4
1.7
.9
1.7
2.3
3.0
.7
Discharge:
.
___
1952 ___
1951_________________________
1950_________________________
1949_________________________
1948_________________________
1947_________________________
1946_________________________
1939_________________________
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.1
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.1
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1
.3
.4
.2
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
.3
.4
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1
.3
.4
.3
.2
.4
.4
.3
.1
.3
.3
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
.3
.4
.4
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.3
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
2.4
.4
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1
Lay-off:
1952 _________________________
1951_________________________
1950_________________________
1949_________________________
1948_________________________
1947_________________________
1946_________________________
1939_________________________
1.4
1.0
1.7
2.5
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2
1.3
.8
1.7
2.3
1.7
.8
1.7
1.9
1.1
.8
1.4
2.8
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2
1.3
1.0
1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.4
2.6
1.1
1.2
1.1
3.3
1. 1
1.4
1.5
2.7
1.1
1.0
.9
2.5
1.1
1.1
1.2
2.5
2.2
1.3
.6
2.1
1.0
1.0
.6
2.5
1.0
1.4
.6
1.8
1.2
.8
.7
2.1
.7
1.3
.7
1.8
1.0
.9
1.0
1.6
2. 7
1.4
.8
2.3
1.2
.9
1.0
1.8
1.7
1.1
2.5
1.4
.8
.7
2.0
1. 5
1.3
2.0
2.2
.9
1.0
2.7
Miscellaneous, including military:
1952 ___
1951_________________________
1950_________________________
1949_________________________
1948_________________________
1947_________________________
1946_________________________
.4
.7
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.6
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.3
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2
2.3
.4
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
Total accession:
1952
1951_________________________
1950_________________________
1949_________________________
1948_________________________
1947_________________________
1946_________________________
1939_________________________
4. 4
5.2
3.6
3.2
4.6
6.0
8.5
4.1
3. 9
4.5
3.2
2.9
3.9
5.0
6.8
3.1
3.9
4.6
3.6
3.0
4.0
5.1
7.1
3.3
3. 7
4.5
3.5
2.9
4.0
5.1
6.7
2.9
3.9
4.5
4.4
3.5
4.1
4.8
6.1
3.3
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.4
5.7
5.5
6. 7
3.9
4.4
4.2
4.7
3.5
4.7
4.9
7.4
4. 2
5.9
4.5
6.6
4.4
5.0
5.3
7.0
5.1
5. 7
4.3
5.7
4.1
5.1
5.9
7.1
6.2
« 5.3
4.4
5.2
3.7
4.5
5.5
6.8
5.9
3.9
4.0
3.3
3.9
4.8
5.7
4.1
3.0
3.0
3.2
2.7
3.6
4.3
2.8
1Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing indus
tries as indicated by labor turn-over rates are not comparable with the changes
shown by the Bureau’s employment and payroll reports, for the following
reasons:
(1) Accessions and separations are computed for the entire calendar month;
the employment and payroll reports, for the most part, refer to a 1-week pay
period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
(2) The turn-over sample is not so large as that of the employment and
payroll sample and includes proportionately fewer small plants; certain
industries are not covered. The major industries excluded are: printing,
publishing, and allied industries; canning and preserving fruits, vegetables
and sea foods; women’s, misses’, and children’s outerwear; and fertilizers.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(3) Plants are not included in the turn-over computations in months when
work stoppages are in progress; the influence of such stoppage is reflected,
however, in the employment and payroll figures. Prior to 1943, rates relate
to production workers only.
2 Preliminary figures.
1 Prior to 1940, miscellaneous separations were included with quits.
N o t e : Inform ation on con cep ts, m eth od ology, and
special stu d ies, e tc ., is given in a "T ech n ical N o te on Labor
T urn -O ver,” O ctober 1949, w hich is av a ila b le upon
req u est to th e B ureau of Labor S ta tistics.
84
T
B : L A B O R T U R N -O V E R
able
M O N TH LY LABOR
B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Industries 1
Separation
Industry group and industry
Total
Oct.
1952
Manufacturing
Durable goods J______________________
Nondurable goods *___________________
Ordnance and accessories ____________
Food and kindred products____________
M eat products___________________
Grain-mill products____________ --Bakery products__________________
Beverages:
M alt liquors__________________
Tobacco manufactures________________
Cigarettes_______________________
Cigars__________________________
Tobacco and snuff___________ _____
Textile-mill products.. ______________
Yam and thread mills_____________
Broad-woven fabric mills. ________
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber____
Woolen and worsted.. _____ . . .
Knitting mills____ ___ _ . . . . . .
Full-fashioned hoisery.. _______
Seamless hosiery______________
Knit underwear. ____________
Dyeing and finishing textiles_______
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings__
Apparel and other finished textile prod
u cts.. _______________________ ____
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats__ ..
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing_________________ _____
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)_________ _________________
Logging camps and contractors. _____
Sawmills and planing mills. ___ . . .
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products_________
Furniture and f ix tu re s ..___ _ _______
Household furniture. . .. .................
Other furniture and fixtures________
Paper and allied products_____________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes____
Chemicals and allied products . . ______
Industrial inorganic chemicals ____
Industrial organic chemicals ____
Synthetic fibers_______________
Drugs and medicines ____________
Paints, pigments, and fillers. ______
Products of petroleum and coal_________
Petroleum refining________________
Rubber products. . . . . ____________
Tires and inner tubes__________ . . .
Rubber footwear______________ . . .
Other rubber products_____________
Leather and leather products__________
L eather... _ __________________
Footwear (except rubber)__________
Stone, clay, and glass products. ______
Glass and glass products. _________
Cement, hydraulic.. ______________
Structural clay products________ . . .
Pottery and related products_______
Prim ary metal industries_____ ________
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills________________________ .
Iron and steel foundries____________
Gray-iron foundries... . . . . ___
Malleable-iron foundries________
Steel foundries_____________. . . .
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and zinc .. ______
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
copper______ . . . ______ _____
Nonferrous foundries.. ___________
Other primary metal industries:
Ironjand steel forgings. ________
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Quit
Sept.
1952
Oct.
1952
Sept.
1952
Oct.
1952
4.2
4.2
4.8
4.8
2.8
2.8
3.4
3.5
(4)
5.9
6.2
5.4
5.4
5.4
7.1
5.9
7.5
6.3
(4)
3.3
2.7
3.2
3.7
3.6
4.6
3.2
5.6
4.7
4.4
3.1
3.0
3.4
2.5
4.3
4.4
4.7
4.6
5.9
4.4
3.8
4.2
5.4
1.6
2.5
9.1
4.3
3.8
5.0
3.0
4.2
4.2
4. 5
4.2
6.9
3.8
3.8
3.5
4.1
3.0
3.2
1.1
2.1
1.7
2.4
1.8
2.6
2.5
2.8
2.8
2.2
3.1
.3.0
2.6
4.1
.9
1.2
4.3
3.3
2.3
4.2
2.2
2.9
2.8
3.1
3.1
2.4
3.0
3.0
2.7
3.4
1.6
2.0
.2
4.9
3.6
5.7
3.8
4.2
2.7
5.0
3.4
0.4
.3
Sept.
1952
Oct.
1952
Sept.
1952
0.4
.3
0.7
.9
0.7
.7
.7
.6
.6
.8
.7
(4)
1.8
2.3
1.4
1.1
.8
1.7
1.8
.9
.7
.5
.3
.7
.4
.3
.3
.3
.3
.5
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
.5
.3
.4
.4
.4
.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.5
.2
.2
.1
.1
.3
.4
2.8
.3
.6
.2
(5)
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.2
2.7
.8
.4
1.2
1.0
.2
.3
.3
.1
.2
.1
.3
.6
(4)
.5
.7
.6
.4
.3
.2
.3
.2
.2
(4)
5.7
6.5
4.4
5.1
5.9
6.7
6.1
5.1
6.5
4.3
.4
.7
.3
.1
.7
1.0
.8
.5
3.6
.5
.4
.6
.5
.8
.5
.3
.2
.4
.1
.3
.3
.2
.3
.3
.5
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.5
.2
.2
.4
.1
.3
.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.1
.2
.1
.1
.3
.3
2.1
3.9
2.7
5.1
2.6
4.4
4.5
4.9
4.6
7.2
4.6
2.9
4.1
6.5
2.4
2.5
2.9
4.9
3.6
5.8
5.0
4.8
4.6
4.8
4.9
4.2
5.0
3.3
5.3
6.1
4.0
4.9
.4
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
6.2
3.3
6.6
3.8
.1
6.3
6.9
.3
.2
.1
.2
6.2
5.8
5.4
6.7
10.0
6.4
.3
.2
4.8
6.3
7.5
3.6
4.9
2.7
8.1
2.3
2.5
3.1
4.6
.6
3.7
1.2
.7
4.9
2.7
6.1
6.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.2
6.6
2.8
3.6
4.1
3.5
5.8
7.9
8.7
6.1
4.8
3.2
7.0
2.4
2.7
2.7
3.9
1.2
2.8
1.7
1.2
4.8
2.2
6.5
6.8
4.8
4.2
5.0
4.8
6.9
2.9
4.7
4.4
3.8
2.7
5.0
5.4
5.7
4.2
4.7
5.5
.2
.2
.2
.5
4.3
6.7
4.4
5.8
10.8
5.7
.4
.5
.5
.4
.5
.4
.8
1.7
.9
1.0
3.8
.4
3.8
5.2
5.4
4.7
3.6
2.4
5.3
2.8
3.1
1.9
2.9
1.6
2.8
1.8
1.2
3.7
3.1
3.5
4.2
4.5
3.1
4.8
3.6
3.2
2.8
5.2
3.6
3.1
4.7
6.4
6.9
5.2
4.7
3.6
6.3
2.8
3.6
2.5
2.8
2.6
3.1
2.1
1.4
3.4
2.5
4. 5
4.3
5.7
4.2
6.0
3.9
4.5
3.7
4.3
3.9
3.8
2.8
3.8
4.2
3.0
2.4
1.5
4.0
1.4
2.0
.9
.6
1.0
2.0
.8
.5
2.5
1.7
2.4
3.3
3.6
2.2
3.8
2.2
1.8
1.8
3.3
2.3
2.1
3.7
5.1
5.4
4.4
3.6
2.7
5.2
2.1
2.8
1.6
1.4
2.1
2.3
1.5
1.1
2.5
1.8
3.4
3.1
4.3
2.8
4.6
2.6
2.4
2.9
3.4
2.6
2.7
.2
.3
.6
.7
.4
.6
.4
1.0
.4
.4
.5
.5
.3
2.3
4.5
4.5
3.9
4.7
3.0
5.0
4.6
5.1
5. 5
1.5
3.2
3.1
2.8
3.3
2.8
3.0
1.9
5.1
3.6
.5
.3
.7
.2
.3
.2
.1
.1
.3
.1
.8
.3
.3
.2
.3
.3
.9
.5
.6
Sept.
1952
.3
.5
.2
.2
7.4
15.2
6.7
.3
Oct.
1952
6.0
5.0
6.3
.3
Sept.
1952
5.7
4.6
5.1
.4
.5
Oct.
1952
0.3
.3
5.8
8.9
6.0
.6
.6
Total accession
Mise., incl.
military
Lay-off
Discharge
.3
.3
.2
.3
.3
.5
1.1
.3
.3
.2
.1
.3
.3
(‘)
.5
.8
.9
.8
.7
1.3
.1
.3
.7
.4
0.3
.2
(4)
(5)
(5)
.2
.4
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.3
.4
.6
.2
.2
.3
.2
.4
.4
.3
.4
.2
.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.4
.3
.9
.3
.3
.3
.3
.6
.3
.6
.3
.4
.3
.5
.4
2.1
.4
(s)
.7
.5
.6
.8
.3
.3
.4
.4
.5
.7
.7
.1
1.2
.5
.3
2.3
3.5
3.3
3.3
3.8
.2
.5
.5
.5
.2
.5
.6
.4
.5
.2
.7
.4
1.1
.8
.4
.3
.3
.2
.3
.2
.3
.2
.6
.2
.6
.6
.5
.6
.3
.3
2.6
4.0
4.2
4.4
3.6
2.3
2.0
.2
.2
.1
.4
.2
.4
3.4
2.0
2.6
5.9
1.3
3. 5
1.7
3.9
.3
.2
1.0
.1
.5
.4
.5
.2
.5
.3
.5
2.7
8.2
3.3
.6
3.4
2.6
2.4
.6
.3
.2
.4
.2
.3
6.2
5.1
(5)
.1
.6
.1
(»)
(5)
.3
.2
.4
.2
.1
.2
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.5
.3
.3
.1
.3
8.2
B : LABOR TURN-OVER
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
T able B -2 :
85
Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees)
Continued
in
Selected Groups and Industries 1—
Separation
Total
Industry group and industry
Oct.
1952
M a n u f a c t u r i n g —Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transportation
equipment) ______ ______ __________
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware___
Cutlery and edge tools_________
Hand tools___________________
Hardware_______ - _______ .
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies___________
Sanitary ware and plumbers’
supplies__________ ________
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not elsewhere classified______________
Fabricated structural metal products—
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving______________ _________
Machinery (except electrical)__________
Engines and turbines______________
Agricultural machinery and tractors - Construction and mining machinery-.
Metalworking machinery__________
Machine tools__ ____________ .
Metalworking machinery (except
machine tools).. . - ________
Machine-tool accessories.-Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)________
General industrial machinery.
___
Office and store machines and devices
Service-industry and household machines .
_ . _______________
Miscellaneous machinery parts______
Electrical machinery —
...
___
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus___ . - -_ ____ _________
Communication equipm ent... - - Radios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipment______
Telephone, telegraph, and related
equipment____ _________ __
Electrical appliances, lamps, and
miscellaneous products__________
Transportation equipment............ .............
Automobiles__________________
Aircraft and parts_________________
A ircraft__ __________________
Aircraft engines and parts_______
Aircraft propellers and parts____
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent__________ _ ___ ____
Ship- and boatbuilding and repairing..
Railroad equipm ent______________
Locomotives and parts____ . .
Railroad and streetcars..
___
Other transportation equipment __ ___
Instruments and related products - - - - Photographic apparatus________ .
Watches and clocks__
____
Professional and scientific instruments.
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.—
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware—
Quit
Sept.
1952
Oct.
1952
Sept.
1952
Oct.
1952
Sept.
1952
Oct.
1952
Total accession
Mise., incl.
military
Lay-off
Discharge
Sept.
1952
Oct.
1952
Sept.
1952
Oct.
1952
Sept.
1952
.6
.5
0.2
.3
.3
.1
.3
0.3
.3
.1
.2
.3
6.1
5.1
3.5
3.1
6.2
7.1
4.6
2.9
2.9
5.7
.7
.2
.2
6.0
8.3
6.9
4.6
3.5
3.4
2.8
3.8
5.1
3.7
2.6
3.1
4.0
2.9
2.5
2.2
1.8
2.9
3.5
2.5
1.9
2.0
2.8
0.5
.3
.2
.2
.4
0.5
.4
.2
.3
.4
1.0
.4
.7
.7
.2
0.8
.5
5.2
6.1
3.5
4.4
.8
.8
.7
.4
4.0
5.2
2.5
3.6
.9
.8
.4
.5
.2
.3
4.0
6.5
3.9
7.0
4.7
4.4
2.6
5.1
3.7
.7
.5
.8
.4
1. 1
.5
.9
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
7.5
4.6
9.4
5.6
5.2
3.4
3.8
(4)
3.3
3.5
3.3
5.8
3.9
4.9
5.7
4.5
3.8
3.7
3.0
2.2
2.8
.3
.4
.5
.2
.3
.2
.5
9.9
5.2
3.7
.5
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.7
.5
.4
.4
1.7
.5
.3
2.4
2.4
2.1
3.6
2.5
2.9
2.2
3.3
2.7
2.7
3.6
3.2
2.7
9.9
4.2
3.7
5.0
4. 4
3.3
3.0
3.5
3.7
3.8
4.7
2.5
2.8
2.7
3.0
.6
.3
3.0
2.8
2.8
4.0
3.6
2.7
1.8
1.8
1.8
2.6
2.5
1.9
3.6
3.2
3.2
4.0
3.4
4.0
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.1
4.1
2.7
5.1
5.1
5.4
2.5
4.1
.2
.5
.6
1.3
.7
1.2
2.5
.5
.5
.3
.4
.5
.2
.4
.4
.4
.2
.4
.4
.2
.6
2.3
2.4
3.1
.4
.5
.4
.4
.4
1.3
3.1
2.0
4.2
3.6
4.3
(9
1.8
(9
.2
.2
.2
.3
.4
.3
.2
.2
.3
.5
1.0
.2
.2
.2
.2
3.7
3.9
3.6
3.7
.6
.8
.4
.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
3.3
2.8
2.4
4.0
3.5
2.9
.9
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.4
.3
.7
.3
.3
.3
.3
5.8
4.5
5.1
7.1
4.4
6.1
.2
.5
.1
.4
.3
.2
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
2.9
6.5
4.1
7.8
.8
.6
.3
.2
.4
.3
8.7
9.2
.2
.4
.5
3.0
4.0
.4
.4
.3
1.0
.7
.4
.5
.1
.9
.9
.1
.1
.1
.1
.9
.3
.3
.4
.3
.4
.5
.3
.3
.5
.1
6.9
7.8
9.8
4.9
4.9
4.4
3.7
7.1
7.9
8.9
5.4
5.0
5.6
5.1
7.7
8.1
13.9
6. 5
4. 7
9.3
6.0
4.4
1. 5
6.3
5. 4
8.9
.1
3.3
4.6
5.5
4.8
4.9
5.5
4.0
2.9
2.4
3.2
3.3
2.9
3.2
2.2
1.4
3.5
3.7
3.0
4.1
4.7
2.8
2.4
.5
.5
.6
.4
.3
.6
.3
.4
.5
.4
.4
.4
.6
.3
4.5
3.1
3.5
5.9
2.5
1.9
3.2
3.4
2.0
2.4
.6
.6
1. 1
.3
.2
.3
.2
2.8
4.6
11.2
5.0
3.0
8.2
4.3
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.5
6.4
3.5
5.4
2.4
4.8
4.8
2.1
4.8
7.8
3.9
7.0
5.5
2.8
2.5
4.5
3.6
6.0
4.4
2.6
(4)
2.6
2.5
6.6
(9
1.8
1.7
1.9
2.7
1.7
(9
2.2
2.1
(9
.5
1.0
.1
(9
.1
.4
.1
3.6
5.3
5.5
4.0
4.3
3.3
1.7
(4)
(9
.6
.2
(9
(9
(9
(9
.3
3.8
1.6
.6
(9
(9
.3
3.9
.2
.8
.9
.7
.2
.2
.5
.4
.2
.1
1.6
.8
2.9
.2
.2
(9
.5
(9
1.8
4.7
2.1
2.0
4.7
2.9
.2
.1
.2
.7
.5
.9
.2
.2
.2
4.0
1.3
4.2
4.0
1.4
1.4
6.0
2.9
6.1
4.9
.1
.6
.2
.5
.7
.3
.3
.1
.1
.1
.9
.1
.4
(9
.3
.4
.3
.3
(9
.2
.4
.6
.7
(9
.5
.5
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
(9
8.3
3.4
16.8
6.7
3.7
5.3
4.4
7.9
5.1
5. 3
N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g
Metal mining____________ __________
Iron mining___ ________ _________
Copper m ining____ _______________
Lead and zinc mining_____________
Anthracite mining____________________
Bituminous-coal mining________ ______
Communication:
Telephone_______________________
Telegraph..___ ___________ _ ___
(9
(9
3.2
2.6
(9
(9
i S e e f o o t n o t e 1, t a b l e B - l . D a t a fo r t h e c u r r e n t m o n t h a r e s u b j e c t t o
r e v i s i o n w i t h o u t n o t a t i o n ; r e v i s e d f ig u r e s fo r e a r lie r m o n t h s w i l l b e i n d i c a t e d
b y fo o tn o te s.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.6
.2
.3
2.0
(9
(9
(9
(9
2.7
2.1
(9
(9
(9
2.2
(9
.3
.4
3.3
.1
(9
(9
.4
.4
.5
.8
.4
.1
.1
.3
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.1
.2
.3
.3
.3
(9
(9
* S e e f o o t n o t e 2, t a b l e A - 2 .
_
_
3 S e e f o o tn o te 3, t a b le A - 2 . P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g ,
a n d a llie d in d u s t r ie s a r e e x c lu d e d .
.1
.2
6.2
2.3
6.2
4.9
1.9
1.7
(9
(9
6.7
2. 5
5. 5
6.1
1.9
2.1
2.6
3.3
4 N o t a v a i la b l e ,
• L e s s t h a n 0 .0 5 .
86
MONTHLY LABOR
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
C: Earnings and Hours
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1
Mining
Coal
Metal
Total: Metal
Iron
Copper
Lead and zinc
Anthracite
Bituminous
Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly.
earn hours earn
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours earn
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours earn
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours earn
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours earn
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours earn
ings
ings
Year and month
45.0 $1.601 $66.64
46.1 1.696 76.20
41.6 $1. 602 $63.24
43.0 1.772 66.60
32.1 $1.970 $70.35
30.3 2.198 77.86
35.0
35.2
$2.010
2. 212
78.15
77.74
84.38
46.3
46.0
46.8
1.688
1.690
1.803
75. 55
74.44
81.52
42.9
42.2
43.2
1.761
1. 764
1.887
78. 24
81.84
69.98
35.1
36.8
31.1
2.229
2. 224
2. 250
80.62
81.09
86.28
36.3
36.2
38.4
2. 221
2. 240
2.247
86.11
84.50
84.69
82.43
83.57
83. 36
84.18
83.18
93. 78
90.40
46.7
46.0
45.9
44.8
45.2
44.6
44.8
44.2
47.7
46.6
1.844
1.837
1.845
1.840
1.849
1.869
1.879
1.882
1.966
1.940
83.02
81.90
82.45
80.20
82. 52
81.28
80. 21
80.62
83.48
80.98
43.4
42.7
42.7
41.9
42.6
42.2
41.8
42.3
43.8
42.4
1.913
1.918
1.931
1.914
1.937
1.926
1.919
1.906
1.906
1.910
73. 58
68.97
67.00
62.52
74.69
66.67
59.35
65.70
78.27
71.71
32.6
30.9
30.1
28.1
33.3
30.1
26.7
29.2
34.8
32.1
2. 257
2. 232
2.226
2. 225
2.243
2.215
2.223
2.250
2.249
2.234
86.39
80.27
79.26
66.68
70.25
64.30
63.45
80. 55
88.63
76.59
38.5
35.9
35.4
29.9
31.8
28.5
28.1
36.2
39.2
32.8
2.244
2.236
2.239
2. 230
2.209
2.256
2.258
2. 225
2.261
2.335
1950: Average_____ $65. 58
1951: Average_____ 74.60
42.2 $1. 554 $61.96
43.6 1.711 72.63
40.9 $1. 515 $72.05
42.5 1.709 78.19
I 9 5 1: October-------- 76.10
November___ 74.43
December___ 79.43
44.4
43.4
44.4
1.714
1.715
1.789
76.79
73.06
76.83
44.7
42.5
43.9
1.718
1.719
1.750
1952: January-------February____
M arch____ _
April_______
M ay________
June____ .
Ju ly ... ____
August______
September___
October_____
44.3
44.1
44.5
43.1
44.4
42.6
43.1
43.9
44.5
44.3
1.786
1.797
1.811
1.802
1.812
1.862
1.865
1.849
1.915
1.891
74. 57
76.32
78.42
72.33
77.80
50.12
70.58
81.18
82.86
81.82
44.1
44.4
45.2
42.3
45.1
29.5
41.2
44.8
43.7
44.3
1.691
1.719
1.735
1.710
1.725
1.699
1.713
1.812
1.896
1.847
79.12
79.25
80.59
77.67
80.45
79.32
80.38
81.17
85. 22
83.77
Contract construction
Mining—Continued
Crude petroleum and
natural gas production
Nonbuilding construction
Nonmetallic mining
Petroleum and
and quarrying
natural gas production
(except contract
services)
1951: Average.
$73.69
79. 67
Total: Contract con
struction
40.6 $1.815 $59.88
40.9 1.948 67.19
44.0 $1.361 $73. 73
45.0 1.493 81.71
Total: Nonbuilding
construction
37.2 $1.982 $73.46
37.9 2.156 80.82
Highway and street
40.9 $1. 796 $69.17
40.8 1.981 74.66
Other nonbuilding
construction
41.1 $1.683 $76. 31
41.0 1.821 85.06
40.7
40.6
$1.875
2.095
December-
78.93
79.02
83.85
40.5
40.4
41.8
1.949
1.956
2.006
71.72
68. 35
67. 32
47.0
44.5
44.0
1. 526
1.536
1.530
86.26
81.66
83.83
39.3
36.8
37.9
2.195
2.219
2.212
86.61
79.30
79.08
42.6
38.7
38.9
2.033
2.049
2.033
81.75
71.73
70. 56
43.6
38.4
38.2
1.875
1.868
1.847
90.42
84.72
84.75
41.9
38.9
39.4
2.158
2.178
2.151
1952: January...
February. .
M arch___
April____
M ay____
June.........
July_____
August__
September.
October...
84. 53
82.29
84. 57
83.10
81.93
85. 53
85.85
85. 70
89.00
87.02
41.7
40.8
41.6
41.1
40.6
41.3
41.0
40.5
41.3
40.7
2.027
2.017
2.033
2.022
2.018
2.071
2.094
2.116
2.155
2.138
66.69
67.60
67. 50
69.31
70.74
71.31
70.45
73.10
74.75
75.28
43.7
44.3
43.8
44.8
45.7
45.8
44.9
45.8
46.2
46.3
1.526
1.526
1.541
1.547
1.548
1.557
1.569
1.596
1.618
1.626
84.74
85.95
83. 51
85.20
85.81
87.35
87. 78
89.64
91.63
92. 51
37.9
38.3
37.1
38.0
38.6
39.4
39.1
39.3
39.7
39.6
2.236
2.244
2.251
2.242
2.223
2.217
2.245
2.281
2.308
2.336
81.26
82.73
79.46
82.43
84.42
86.72
86.36
89.93
93.74
94.48
39.6
40.2
38.5
39.8
41.2
42.2
41.8
42.4
43.7
43.5
2.052
2.058
2.064
2.071
2.049
2.055
2.066
2.121
2.145
2.172
71.84
73. 34
68.03
73.64
78.64
80.68
81.76
83.96
88.70
88.09
39.3
39.6
37.5
39.7
42.1
42.8
43.1
43.3
45.0
44.4
1.828
1.852
1.814
1.855
1.868
1.885
1.897
1.939
1.971
1.984
86.64
88.01
85. 76
88.00
89.00
91.49
90.17
94.64
97.87
99.36
39.8
40.5
39.0
39.8
40.6
41.7
40.8
41.6
42.7
42.7
2.177
2.173
2.199
2.211
2.192
2.194
2.210
2.275
2.292
2.327
Contract construction—Continued
Building construction
Total: Building con
struction
Special-trade contractors
General contractors
1950: Average... _ $73. 73
1951: Average_____ 82.10
36.3 $2.031 $68. 56
37.3 2.201 75.10
1951: October___ _ 86. 20
November___ 82. 26
December___ 84.94
38.5
36.4
37.7
2. 239
2. 260
2.253
1952: January.-.
February____
March . . .
A p r il.._____
M ay________
June___
July________
August______
September___
October____
37.5
37.9
36.9
37.6
37.9
38.7
38.4
38.5
38.7
38.7
2.276
2.285
2.292
2.285
2.270
2.261
2.294
2.327
2.356
2.384
85. 35
86.60
84. 57
85.92
86.03
87.50
88.09
89. 59
91.18
92.26
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Total: Special-trade Plumbing and heating
contractors
Painting and
decorating
35.8 $1.915 $77. 77
36.6 2.052 87.20
36.7 $2.119 $81. 72
37.8 2.307 91.26
38.4 $2.128 $71.26
39.2 2. 328 78.65
79.66
76.06
77.98
38.3
36.2
37.4
2.080
2.101
2.085
90.94
86.58
89. 51
38.6
36.5
37.8
2. 356
2.372
2.368
94.60
91.18
95.92
39.9
38.2
40.2
2. 371
2. 387
2.386
78.62
79.67
76. 26
80.60
79.78
82.04
83. 81
84.79
85.54
87.01
37.6
37.9
36.4
38.2
38.3
39.5
39.2
39.2
38.9
39.0
2.091
2.102
2.095
2.110
2.083
2.077
2.138
2.163
2.199
2.231
90.00
91.34
90.17
89.30
90.28
91.49
91.26
92.70
95.19
95.65
37.5
37.9
37.2
37.1
37.6
38.2
37.9
37.9
38.6
38.4
2.400
2.410
2.424
2.407
2.401
2. 395
2.408
2.446
2.466
2.491
95.92
94.32
93. 77
91.96
91.60
92.06
93.78
95. 55
96.72
97.80
39.8
39.3
38.7
38.3
38.6
38.6
38.8
39.0
39.3
39.5
2.410
2.400
2.423
2.401
2.373
2.385
2.417
2.450
2.461
2.476
Electrical work
35.4 $2.013 $89.16
35.8 2.197 102.21
38.4
40.1
$2.322
2.549
82.16
78.07
80.31
36.5
34.3
35.1
2.251 105.19
2.276 100.61
2.288 106.28
40.6
38.8
40.8
2. 591
2. 593
2.605
78.07
79. 57
78. 51
78.59
81.36
82.98
83.31
84.50
86.88
88.05
34.3
34.9
34.6
34.5
35.1
35.8
35.8
35.7
36.2
36.4
2.276
2.280
2, 269
2,278
2.318
2.318
2.327
2.367
2.400
2.419
106. 74
108.93
108.43
106. 57
108.63
109. 55
109.42
111.28
113.40
116.89
40.6
41.2
40.4
39.9
40.1
40.8
40.6
41.2
41.6
42.0
2.629
2. 644
2.684
2.671
2.709
2.685
2.695
2. 701
2. 726
2.783
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
T able
C:
EARNINGS AND
87
HOURS
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Gon.
C o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c tio n — C o n tin u e d
Building construction—Continued
Special-trade contractors—Continued
Year and month
Other special-trade
contractors
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn hours earn earn wkly.
ings
ings
ings hours
1950:
1951:
A v e r a g e - .............
A v e r a g e . .............
$74. 71
83. 62
1951:
O c t o b e r ...............
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
1952:
J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ______
M arch______
A p r i l ......................
M a y ............. .........
J u n e ___________
J u l y — .............
A u g u s t . ...............
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r _______
Plastering and lath
ing
Masonry
Roofing and sheetmetal work
Carpentry
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly. earn earn wkly.
hours
ings
ings
ings hours
ings
35.8 $2.087 $70.85
37.0 2. 260 78.83
33.9 $2. 090 $86. 70
35.1 2.246 89.66
35.0 $2. 477 $69. 86
34.9 2.569 72.92
88. 20
82.91
84.51
38.1
35.6
36.6
2.315
2.329
2.309
83.61
74.93
76.94
36.8
33.2
33.6
2.272
2.257
2.290
87.91
83.05
85.81
34.5
32.8
33.6
2. 548
2.532
2.554
85.18
87.80
85.95
86.32
87.38
88.88
87. 32
88.95
91.86
91.20
36.2
37.0
36.1
36.5
37.2
38.0
37.3
37.2
38.1
37.5
2.353 75.70
2. 373 75.73
2.381 71.97
2.365 74.84
2.349 80.68
2.339 84.08
2.341 82.30
2. 391 83.37
2.411 88.61
2.432 88.57
33.0
33.2
32.0
33.1
35.0
36.7
36.0
35.4
37.2
36.6
2.294
2.281
2. 249
2.261
2.305
2.291
2. 286
2.355
2.382
2.420
83.19
87.88
85.17
86.45
89.04
90.87
91.67
94.39
94.56
94.49
32.7
34.3
33.0
33.3
34.3
34.2
33.9
34.2
34.2
34.0
2.544
2.562
2. 581
2.596
2.596
2.657
2.704
2.760
2.765
2. 779
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Excavation and foun
dation work
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
37.0 $1,888 $64.49
35.8 2.037 71.13
35.3 $1. 827 $74. 92
36.2 1.965 80.17
38.6
39.3
$1,941
2.040
77.65
71.14
73.08
36.2
33.7
35.0
2.145
2.111
2.088
76.63
70. 55
71.92
37.9
34.6
35.5
2.022
2.039
2.026
85.11
77.53
81.82
40.8
36.9
39.0
2.086
2.101
2. 098
71.89
73.43
72.83
71.77
72. 71
76.56
75.91
76.50
81.28
79.09
35.0
35.7
35.2
35.2
35.8
37.2
36.6
35.6
36.4
35.9
2. 054
2.057
2. 069
2.039
2.031
2.058
2.074
2.149
2.233
2.203
70.31
72.04
68.46
72. 79
74.76
78.08
77.15
78.55
83.11
82.64
34.4
34.7
33.3
35.2
36.1
37.5
36.6
37.0
38.3
37.7
2.044
2.076
2.056
2.068
2.071
2. 082
2.108
2.123
2.170
2.192
78.19
83.28
80.45
81.90
83.42
88.35
86.16
86.90
93.57
92.93
37.9
39.3
38.0
39.7
40.3
41.5
40.3
40.8
43.1
42.3
2.063
2.119
2.117
2.063
2.070
2.129
2.138
2.130
2.171
2.197
Manufacturing
Food and kindred products
Total: Manufac
turing
Durable goods1
Ordnance and
Nondurable goods 3 Total:accessories
Total: Food and kin
dred products
1950: Average_____ $59.33
1951: A v e r a g e _______ 64.88
40.5 $1.465 $63.32
40.7 1.594 69.97
41.2 $1,537 $54.71
41.7 1.678 58.50
39.7 $1.378 $64.79
39.5 1.481 73.78
41.8 $1. 550 $56.07
43.5 1.696 61.34
1951:
O c t o b e r ...............
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
65.41
65.85
67. 40
40.5
40.5
41.2
1.615
1.626
1.636
71.10
71.05
72. 71
41.7
41.5
42.2
1.705
1.712
1.723
58.00
59.07
60. 45
38.9
39.2
39.9
1.491
1.507
1.515
75.50
75.68
77.62
44.0
43.9
45.1
1.716
1.724
1.721
61.91
63.34
64.13
1952:
J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h . ............. ..
A p r i l ......................
M a y .................... ..
J u n e ........... ...........
J u l y -----------------A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r . ............
66.91
66.91
67.40
65.87
66.65
67.15
65.76
67. 76
70. 04
70.59
40.8
40.7
40.7
39.8
40.2
40.5
39.9
40.6
41.3
41.4
1.640
1.644
1.656
1.655
1.658
1.658
1.648
1.669
1.696
1.705
72.15
72.18
72. 81
71.07
71.76
71.98
69.67
72. 49
76.06
76.76
41.8
41.7
41.7
40.8
41.1
41.2
40.2
41.0
42.0
42.2
1.726
1.731
1.746
1.742
1.746
1.747
1.733
1. 768
1.811
1.819
60. 04
60.12
60.13
58.71
59.71
60.83
61.03
61.68
62. 26
62.42
39.5
39.5
39.3
38.4
39.0
39.5
39.5
40.0
40.3
40.3
1.520
1.522
1.530
1.529
1.531
1.540
1.545
1.542
1.545
1.549
77.26
78.76
78.85
77.04
78.22
77.73
75.55
74.09
80.22
79.05
44.4
44.7
44.3
43.4
43.7
43.5
42.3
41.0
42.9
42.5
1.740
1.762
1.780
1.775
1.790
1.787
1.786
1.807
1.870
1.860
63.40
63.30
63.30
62.80
64.09
65.34
65.13
63.67
63.99
64.38
Meat products
41.5 $1.351 $60.07
41.9 1.464 66.79
41.6
41.9
$1,444
1.594
42.0
42.0
42.3
1.474
1.508
1.516
67.65
73.51
73.06
41.5
44.1
44.2
1.630
1.667
1.653
41.6
41.4
41.0
40.7
41.4
42.1
42.1
41.4
42.1
41.7
1.524
1.529
1.544
1.543
1.548
1.552
1.547
1.538
1.520
1.544
69.66
68.72
68.09
67.78
68.82
69.91
70.35
69.39
70.87
72.62
42.5
41.4
40.6
40.3
40.7
41.1
40.9
40.2
41.3
42.0
1.639
1.660
1.677
1.682
1.691
1.701
1.720
1.726
1.716
1.729
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Meat packing,
wholesale
Sausages and casings
Dairy products
Condensed and evap
orated milk
Ice cream and ices
1950: Average_____ $60.94
1951: Average........... 68.34
41.6 $1.465 $60.80
41.9 1.631 65.87
42.4 $1.434 $56.11
41.9 1.572 60.61
44.5 $1.261 $57.36
44.6 1.359 63.25
45.6 $1,258 $57. 29
46.1 1.372 62.35
1951: October_____ 69.01
November___ 75.98
December___ 75.82
41.1
44.2
44.6
1.679
1.719
1.700
67.00
68.19
66.44
41.9
42.3
41.6
1.599
1.612
1.597
60.60
60.09
61.48
44.3
43.8
44.1
1.368
1.372
1.394
62.06
61.92
62.56
45.5
45.2
45.2
1.364
1.370
1.384
71.95
70.97
70.02
69.87
70.96
71.94
72. 38
71.31
72. 76
74.97
42.8
41.6
40.5
40.2
40.5
40.9
40.8
40.2
41.2
42.0
1.681
1.706
1. 729
1.738
1.752
1.759
1.774
1.774
1.766
1.785
65. 91
66.01
66.75
66.95
68.39
70.54
70. 74
71.39
70. 73
71.02
41.3
40.8
41.1
40.8
41.6
42.7
42.9
42.8
42.1
42.0
1.596
1.618
1.624
1. 641
1.644
1.652
1.649
1.668
1.680
1.691
62.79
62. 29
62.55
62.24
62.95
65.30
64.99
63.72
65.24
63.67
44.0
43.9
43.8
43.8
44.3
45.6
45.1
44.1
44.5
43.7
1.427
1.419
1.428
1.421
1.421
1.432
1.441
1.445
1.466
1.457
63.56
63.50
64.12
64. 36
66.04
68.39
68.35
66. 87
67.48
65.66
44.6
45.1
44.9
45.1
45.8
47.2
46.4
45.8
46.0
45.0
1.425
1.408
1.428
1.427
1.442
1.449
1.473
1.460
1.467
1.459
1952: January...........
February____
M arch.............
April................
M a y ............ .
June................
J u ly ........... .
August______
September___
October_____
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Canning and preserv
ing
44.1 $1. 299 $46.81
44.6 1.398 51.42
39.3
40.2
$1,191
1.279
62.33
62.48
64.09
44.3
44.0
44.6
1.407
1.420
1.437
56.87
47.80
51.02
42.5
37.0
38.3
1.338
1.292
1.332
63.03
63.66
63.34
62.89
62. 28
64.65
64.84
63.55
66.07
63.91
43.5
43.9
43.5
43.4
43.4
44.8
44.9
43.8
44.4
43.3
1.449
1.450
1.456
1.449
1.435
1.443
1.444
1.451
1.488
1.476
50. 35
51.11
51.40
50.44
49.50
50.62
52. 56
52.98
53.97
54.05
38.0
38.4
38.1
37.5
37.9
38.7
41.0
40.2
42.2
40.7
1.325
1.331
1.349
1.345
1.306
1.308
1.282
1.318
1.279
1.328
MONTHLY LABOR
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
88
T able
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Year and month
Grain-mill products
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Flour and other
grain-mill products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Prepared feeds
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
1950: Average_____ $59.02
1951: Average........... 66.28
43.3 $1,363 $60.95
44.6 1.486 67.43
1951: O cto b er____ 68.67
November___ 68.00
December... . 68.38
45.3
44.5
44.4
1.516
1.528
1.540
69.98
71.37
71.28
45.8
45.9
45.4
1.528
1.555
1.570
65.98
67.04
65.98
46.5
46.3
45.5
1.419
1.448
1.450
58.38
59.26
59.43
41.7
41.5
41.5
1.400
1.428
1.432
55.39
65. 20
64.75
38.2
45.5
43.6
1952: January..........
February____
M arch______
April
M ay____ . . .
June_____. . .
July------------August______
September___
October____
44.8
43.2
43.5
43.2
44.2
45.9
45.4
45.1
44.8
44.7
1.545
1.537
1. 558
1.540
1. 559
1.581
1.577
1.589
1.578
1.575
71.06
67.21
68.57
67.67
68.99
75.69
74.64
73.44
72. 72
71.80
45.7
43.7
43.9
43.6
44.0
47.1
46.3
45.5
45.0
44.9
1.555
1.538
1.562
1.552
1.568
1.607
1.612
1.614
1.616
1.599
67.46
63.20
67.47
66.05
67.88
69.01
68.60
69.94
68. 53
68. 75
46.3
44.1
45.9
45.3
46.4
47.2
46.7
47.1
46.4
46.2
1.457
1.433
1.470
1.458
1.463
1.462
1.469
1.485
1.477
1.488
59.04
60.09
59.29
60. 25
61.57
62. 27
61.89
61.36
61.82
62.22
41.2
41.5
41.0
41.1
41.8
42.3
41.9
41.8
41.8
41.7
1.433
1.448
1.446
1.466
1.473
1.472
1.477
1.468
1.479
1.492
62.57
62.24
66.10
61.78
63.04
71.43
65.87
65. 53
67.15
62.24
40.5
40.1
41.6
39.1
39.3
43.9
41.3
40.3
41.5
41.3
69.22
66.40
67.77
66.53
68. 91
72. 57
71.60
71.66
70.69
70.40
44.1 $1.382 $57. 21
45.5 1.482 64.63
Sugar
Bakery products
41.5 $1,290 $59.94
41.7 1.376 61.66
45.3 $1.263 $53. 54
46.1 1.402 57.38
Cane-sugar refining
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
43.0 $1.394 $61. 83
41.3 1.493 63.13
43.0
41.1
$1.438
1.536
1.450
1.433
1.485
56.93
62.36
63.45
37.9
39.9
40.7
1.502
1.563
1.559
1.545
1.552
1.589
1.580
1.604
1.627
1.595
1.626
1.618
1.507
63.40
60.80
67.17
61.90
64.76
75.08
67.42
67.07
70.05
65.80
40.8
39.0
42.3
39.1
40.0
45.5
41.9
40.7
42.3
39.9
1.554
1. 559
1.588
1.583
1.619
1.650
1.609
1.648
1.656
1.649
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Confectionery and
related products
Beet sugar
Confectionery
Beverages
Bottled soft drinks
Malt liquors
1950: Average_____ $58.69
1951: Average_____ 61.36
42.5 $1.381 $46.72
41.1 1.493 50.41
39.9 $1.171 $44.81
40.2 1.254 48.32
39.9 $1.123 $67.49
40.3 1.199 73.62
41.0 $1.646 $49.12
41.2 1.787 53.03
42.9 $1.145 $72.66
43.5 1.219 78. 99
40.8
41.1
$1,781
1.922
1951: October___
54.90
November___ 68.12
December___ 66.60
38.1
47.7
43.9
1.441
1.428
1.517
50.96
51.74
52.33
40.7
41.1
41.6
1.252
1.259
1.258
48.44
49.68
50.61
40.6
41.3
42.0
1.193
1.203
1.205
72.54
74. 54
73.48
40.8
40.6
40.8
1.778
1.836
1.801
52.68
54.59
52.58
43.0
43.5
43.1
1.225
1.255
1.220
77.29
80.11
79.34
40.4
40.5
41.0
1.913
1.978
1.935
62. 70
66.91
64. 80
63.06
60.19
65. 57
63.58
62.34
63.44
60. 76
38.8
40.7
38.3
38.5
37.2
40.3
39.2
38.2
39.5
41.5
1.616
1.644
1.692
1.638
1.618
1.627
1.622
1.632
1.606
1.464
51.82
52.43
51.68
51.01
52.17
54.30
50.71
52.23
53.20
52.61
39.8
40.3
39.6
38.5
39.4
40.4
37.9
39.6
40.3
40.1
1.302
1.301
1.305
1.325
1.324
1.344
1.338
1.319
1.320
1.312
49.30
50.01
49.10
48. 51
49.83
51.70
47. 70
49.32
50.94
50.37
39.6
40.3
39.5
38.2
39.3
40.2
37.5
39.3
40.3
40.1
1.245
1.241
1.243
1.270
1.268
1.286
1.272
1.255
1.264
1.256
72.94
73. 50
73.41
73.81
76. 95
78.68
80.93
78.16
76.43
74. 97
40.5
40.7
40.4
40.6
41.8
42.3
43.0
41.4
40.7
40.2
1.801
1.806
1.817
1.818
1.841
1.860
1.882
1.888
1.878
1.865
51.31
51.73
52.35
53. 21
54. 04
58.01
59. 55
55. 51
55.99
54.52
42.3
42.4
42.7
42.6
43.2
44.9
46.2
43.5
43.2
42.2
1.213
1.220
1.226
1.249
1.251
1.292
1.289
1.276
1.296
1.292
77.89
78.75
78.42
79.28
82. 61
84. 56
88.16
84. 79
83.03
81.41
40.4
40.7
40.3
40.7
41.7
42.3
43.3
41.4
40.7
40.2
1.928
1.935
1.946
1.948
1.981
1.999
2,036
2.048
2.040
2.025
1952: January_____
February........
March______
April_______
M ay________
June ______
July------------August______
September___
October____
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
D is tille d , r e c tifie d ,
a n d b l e n d e d l iq u o r s
M i s c e l l a n e o u s fo o d
p ro d u cts
Tobacco manufactures
T o ta l: T o b a c c o
m a n u fa ctu r e s
C ig a r e t t e s
C ig a r s
T ob acco a n d sn u ff
1950: A v e r a g e .......... .. $ 6 1 .9 4
1951: A v e r a g e _______ 6 8 .8 6
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
$1. 537
1 .7 1 3
$ 5 4 .9 9
5 9 .2 2
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
$ 1 .3 0 3
1 .4 1 0
$ 4 1 .0 8
4 4 .2 0
3 7 .9
3 8 .3
$ 1 .0 8 4
1 .1 5 4
$ 5 0 .1 9
5 4 .2 1
3 9 .0
3 9 .4
$ 1 .2 8 7
1 .3 7 6
$ 3 5 .7 6
3 8 .9 2
3 6 .9
3 7 .6
$ 0 .9 6 9
1 .0 3 5
$ 4 2 .7 9
4 6 .0 7
3 7 .7
3 7 .7
$ 1 .1 3 5
1 .2 2 2
1951: O c t o b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
7 0 .2 0
67. 61
6 6 .3 0
4 0 .6
3 8 .7
3 8 .5
1 .7 2 9
1 .7 4 7
1 .7 2 2
5 9 .0 5
6 0 .0 6
6 0 .7 7
4 1 .7
4 2 .0
4 2 .2
1 .4 1 6
1 .4 3 0
1 .4 4 0
4 5 .3 0
4 6 .2 6
4 6 .5 3
3 9 .7
3 9 .3
3 9 .5
1 .1 4 1
1 .1 7 7
1 .1 7 8
5 5 .4 0
5 8 .0 2
5 7 .5 3
3 9 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .6
1 .3 9 2
1 .4 1 5
1 .4 1 7
4 0 .8 8
4 1 .0 3
4 1 .6 6
3 8 .9
3 8 .6
3 9 .3
1. 051
1 .0 6 3
1 .0 6 0
4 6 .9 0
4 8 .6 3
4 7 .6 7
3 7 .7
3 8 .5
3 8 .2
1 .2 4 4
1 .2 6 3
1 .2 4 8
1952: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ______
M arch
.
__ .
A p r i l ___________
M a y ___________
J u n e ________ __
J u l y -----------------A u g u s t ____
S e p t e m b e r ____
6 8 .4 3
6 8 .8 7
6 8 .6 0
6 8 .3 8
7 3 .0 4
7 0 .8 8
6 9 .5 8
7 1 .0 2
6 9 .1 6
6 7 .7 3
3 9 .1
3 9 .2
3 8 .8
3 8 .7
4 1 .5
3 9 .8
3 9 .0
3 9 .5
3 8 .7
3 7 .9
1 .7 5 0
1 .7 5 7
1 .7 6 8
1 .7 6 7
1 .7 6 0
1 .7 8 1
1 .7 8 4
1 .7 9 8
1 .7 8 7
1 .7 8 7
6 1 .3 6
6 1 .8 2
6 1 .3 0
6 0 .9 2
6 1 .2 8
6 2 .9 6
6 4 .3 1
6 1 .8 4
63. 51
6 3 .1 3
4 1 .8
4 2 .2
4 1 .7
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
4 2 .6
4 2 .9
4 1 .5
4 2 .2
4 2 .2
1 .4 6 8
1 .4 6 5
1 .4 7 0
1 .4 7 5
1 .4 7 3
1 .4 7 8
1 .4 9 9
1 .4 9 0
1 .5 0 5
1 .4 9 6
4 5 .2 7
4 3 .6 9
4 3 .8 8
4 1 .4 5
4 5 .4 0
4 6 .7 4
4 6 .2 4
46. 92
47. 20
4 7 .5 6
3 8 .4
3 6 .9
3 6 .6
3 4 .6
3 7 .9
3 8 .6
3 7 .9
3 9 .1
3 9 .8
4 0 .1
1 .1 7 9
1 .1 8 4
1 .1 9 9
1 .1 9 8
1 .1 9 8
1 .2 1 1
1 .2 2 0
1 .2 0 0
1 .1 8 6
1 .1 8 6
55. 24
5 1 .8 4
52. 59
4 8 .4 0
54. 41
5 6 .7 8
5 7 .1 0
6 1 .3 4
5 9 .6 8
5 9 .5 5
3 9 .4
3 6 .9
3 7 .3
3 4 .4
3 8 .7
3 9 .9
3 9 .3
4 2 .1
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
1 .4 0 2
1 .4 0 5
1 .4 1 0
1 .4 0 7
1 .4 0 6
1 .4 2 3
1 .4 5 3
1 .4 5 7
1 .4 5 2
1 .4 5 6
4 0 .1 4
3 8 .8 6
3 9 .0 5
3 7 .0 3
4 0 .2 5
4 0 .2 9
3 9 .0 4
3 9 .6 9
4 1 .2 6
4 2 .7 1
3 7 .9
3 6 .8
„ 6 .6
3 4 .8
3 7 .9
3 7 .9
3 6 .8
3 7 .3
3 8 .1
3 9 .4
1 .0 5 9
1 .0 5 6
1 .0 6 7
1 .0 6 4
1 .0 6 2
1 .0 6 3
1 .0 6 1
1 .0 6 4
1 .0 8 3
1 .0 8 4
4 7 .8 2
4 6 .3 0
4 4 .0 9
4 3 .4 2
45. 74
4 8 .0 4
4 8 .5 8
4 9 .1 4
50. 57
4 9 .1 8
3 8 .1
3 7 .1
3 4 .8
3 4 .6
3 6 .3
3 7 .8
3 8 .4
3 8 .3
3 8 .6
3 7 .8
1 .2 5 5
1 .2 4 8
1 .2 6 7
1 .2 5 5
1 .2 6 0
1 .2 7 1
1 .2 6 5
1 .2 8 3
1 .3 1 0
1 .3 0 1
October...........
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
89
T able C - l : H ours and Gross E arnings of P roduction W orkers or N onsupervisory Em ployees 1— Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Tobacco manufac
tures—Con.
Year and month
Tobacco stemming
and redrying
Textile-mill products
Total: Textile-mill
products
Yarn and thread
mills
Yarn mills
Broad-woven fabric
mills
Cotton, silk, syn
thetic fiber
United States
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1950: Average.......... $37. 59
1951: Average_____ 37.91
39.4 $0. 954 $48.95
39.2
.967 51.33
39.6 $1.236 $45.01
38.8 1.323 47.86
38.9 $1.157 $45. 09
38.6 1.240 48.02
38.8 $1.162 $49. 28
38.6 1.244 51.63
40.1 $1. 229 $48.00
39.2 1.317 50.38
40.1
39.3
$1.197
1.282
1951: October_____ 39.25
November___ 36.89
December___ 37.67
42.8
39.0
38.6
.917
.946
.976
49. 29
50.46
52.70
37.2
37.8
39.3
1.325
1.335
1.341
46.01
46. 57
49.02
36.9
37.2
39.0
1.247
1.252
1.257
46.38
46.97
48.94
37.1
37.4
38.9
1.250
1.256
1.258
48. 77
50.01
52.62
37.0
37.6
39.3
1.318
1.330
1.339
47.36
48. 35
50.48
37.0
37.6
39.1
1.280
1.286
1.291
1952: January__ _
February____
M arch.... ........
April.............
M ay_______
June_____ ..
July------------August.. .. ..
September___
October_____
38.5
36.8
36.5
34.0
37.7
39.3
38.9
39.3
42.9
42.1
.988
1.025
1.073
1.114
1.112
1.147
1.143
.972
.922
.933
52. 40
52. 22
51.32
49.85
50.78
51.61
51.78
53.48
54.55
55.26
38.9
38.8
38.1
37.2
37.7
38.4
38.5
39.7
40.2
40.6
1.347
1.346
1.347
1.340
1.347
1.344
1.345
1.347
1.357
1.361
48.88
48. 55
48. 31
46.39
47. 22
48.82
48.95
50.13
50. 27
50.39
38.7
38.5
38.1
36.7
37.3
38.5
38.3
39.5
39.4
39.4
1.263
1.261
1.268
1.264
1. 266
1.268
1.278
1.269
1.276
1.279
48. 71
48.35
48.02
46. 39
47.39
49.11
49.11
50.45
50. 56
50. 59
38.6
38.4
37.9
36.7
37.4
38.7
38.4
39.6
39.5
39.4
1.262
1.259
1.267
1.264
1.267
1.269
1.279
1. 274
1.280
1.284
52.10
51.19
49.48
49.08
49. 42
50.37
51.02
52.62
53. 88
54.89
39.0
38.4
37.2
37.1
37.1
37.7
38.1
39.3
40.0
40.6
1.336
1.333
1.330
1.323
1.332
1.336
1.339
1.339
1.347
1.352
50.30
49. 45
47.49
47.14
46.99
47.58
48.35
50.23
51.66
52.94
38.9
38.3
36.9
36.8
36.6
37.0
37.6
39.0
39.8
40.6
1.293
1.291
1. 287
1.281
1.284
1.286
1.286
1. 288
1.298
1.304
38.04
37.72
39.16
37.88
41.92
45. 08
44.46
38.20
39. 55
39. 28
Manufacturing—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber-Continued
North
40.5 $1.265 $47.08
38.8 1.383 49.41
1951: October.......... 51.41
November___ 51.27
December___ 54. 46
36.1
35.8
37.9
1.424
1.432
1.437
1952: January..........
February____
M arch______
April..... ..........
M ay................
June________
July________
August...........
September___
October_____
37.7
37.2
36.2
36.4
36.3
36.8
37.2
38.9
39.6
1.456
1.455
1.451
1.449
1.451
1.452
1.451
1.424
1.423
Full-fashioned hosiery
Emitting mills
South
1950: Average_____ $51. 23
1951: Average-....... - 53. 66
54.89
54.13
52.53
52. 74
52. 67
53.43
53.98
55.39
56.35
Woolen and worsted
United States
North
40.0 $1.177 $54.01
39.4 1.254 57. 71
39.8 $1. 357 $44.13
39.1 1.476 46. 57
37.4 $1.180 $53.63
36.7 1.269 56.69
37.9 $1.415 $54. 25
36.6 1.549 58.16
37.7
35.9
$1.439
1.620
46.40
47.58
49.49
37.3
38.0
39.4
1.244
1.252
1.256
55.38
57.68
62.15
36.8
37.6
40.2
1.505
1.534
1. 546
46.06
47. 56
48.08
36.3
37.3
37.8
1.269
1.275
1.272
55.18
57. 75
58. 09
35.9
37.5
37.6
1.537
1.540
1.545
57.47
57.80
56. 57
36.1
36.4
35.6
1.592
1.588
1.589
49.12
48.20
46. 21
45.87
45.68
46.25
47.13
49.02
50.43
39.2
38.5
37.0
36.9
36.6
37.0
37.7
39.0
39.8
1.253
1.252
1.249
1.243
1.248
1.250
1.250
1.257
1.267
61.42
60.37
59. 25
59.29
61.69
63.28
63.31
63.50
64.64
64. 54
39.6
39.1
38.6
38.7
39.9
40.8
40.4
40.6
41.2
40.9
1.551
1.544
1.535
1.532
1. 546
1. 551
1. 567
1. 564
1.569
1.578
47. 66
48.31
48.16
45.94
46. 86
47. 23
47. 80
49.14
49. 79
50. 67
37.0
37.8
37.8
36.2
36.9
37.6
38.0
39.0
39.3
39.8
1.288
1.278
1.274
1.269
1.270
1.256
1.258
1.260
1.267
1. 273
58.18
59.06
58.83
55.20
55.70
54. 94
57.15
57.83
58. 52
59. 72
37.2
38.5
38.6
36.1
36.5
36.6
37.9
38.3
38.6
39.5
1.564
1.534
1.524
1. 529
1.526
1.501
1.508
1.510
1. 516
1.512
58. 76
57. 26
56. 36
54.13
54. 75
53. 94
54.83
57.12
59.17
36.7
37.6
37.7
35.8
36.5
36.2
37.0
37.9
38.7
1.601
1.523
1.495
1.512
1.500
1.490
1.482
1. 507
1.529
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Full-fashioned ho
siery—-Continued
South
Seamless hosiery
United States
Knit outerwear
North
K nit underwear
South
1950: Average.......... $53.33
1951: Average.......... 55. 76
38.2 $1.396 $34.94
37.2 1.499 36.85
35.8 $0.976 $38.12
35.2 1.047 41.24
38.2 $0. 998 $34.37
37.8 1.091 36.02
35.4 $0.971 $43.73
34.7 1.038 47.23
38.6 $1.133 $39. 60
38.4 1.230 42. 71
37.5
37.3
$1. 056
1.145
1951: October_____ 53.81
November___ 57.68
December___ 58.70
35.8
38.2
38.8
1.503
1. 510
1.513
37.45
38. 66
39.41
35.5
36.4
37.0
1.055
1.062
1.065
42.21
42.48
44.31
38.1
38.0
39.6
1.108
1.118
1.119
36.54
37.94
38.43
35.0
36.1
36.5
1.044
1.051
1.053
47.36
48.33
48. 21
37.8
38.6
38.6
1.253
1.252
1.249
42.33
43.14
44.50
36.3
36.9
38.0
1.166
1.169
1.171
1952: J a n u a ry ___
February____
M arch______
April. . .
M ay________
June____ _ _
July________
August______
September___
October.
37.5
39.1
39.1
36.3
36.4
36.8
38.5
38.6
38.6
1.533
1.534
1.532
1.529
1.530
1.507
1.523
1.512
1.507
38.48
39.38
38. 88
37.13
38. 41
39.25
38.69
40. 06
40. 55
42.49
36.1
36.8
36.4
34.9
35.9
37.1
36.5
37.9
38.0
39.2
1.066
1.070
1.068
1.064
1.070
1.058
1.060
1.057
1.067
1.084
42.85
42. 79
43. 05
41.29
42.83
43.24
41.62
43.79
44.68
38.4
38.0
38.3
36.8
38.0
38.5
37.6
39.1
39.3
1.116
1.126
1.124
37. 66
38. 76
38.16
36.40
37.56
38.49
38.15
39.43
39.80
35.7
36.6
36.1
34.6
35.5
36.8
36.3
37.7
37.8
1.055
1.059
1.057
1.052
1.058
1.046
1.051
1.046
1.053
46.79
47.88
48.32
45. 41
47.10
48.42
47. 55
50.82
51.77
52.90
36.9
38.0
38.2
36.5
37.8
38.8
38.5
40.3
40.7
41.1
1.268
1.260
1.265
1.244
1.246
1.248
1.235
1.261
1.272
1.287
44.16
43.78
43.61
42. 71
43.72
44.50
45.32
46.69
47.59
47. 76
37.3
37.1
37.4
36.6
37.4
38.3
38.8
39.8
40.3
40.2
1.184
1.180
1.166
1.167
1.169
1.162
1.168
1.173
1.181
1.188
57.49
59.98
59.90
55.50
55.69
55.46
58.64
58.36
58.17
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.122
1.127
1.123
1.107
1.120
1.137
90
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
MONTHLY LABOR
T able C -l: H ours and Gross E arnings of P roduction W orkers or N onsupervisory Em ployees 1—-Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other
finished textile prod
ucts
Textile-mill products—Continued
Year and month
Dyeing and finishing
textiles
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Carpets, rugs, other
floor coverings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Wool carpets, rugs,
and carpet yarn
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Fur-felt hats and hat
bodies
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Total: Apparel and
other finished tex
tile products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.1 $1. 526 $52. 37
37.9 1. 593 54.88
40.6 $1. 290 $51.05
39.8 1.379 52. 67
35.9 $1. 422 $43. 68
35.3 1.492 45. 65
36.4
36.0
$1. 200
1. 268
59. 05
59.18
61.15
37.3
37.6
38.8
1. 583
1. 574
1. 576
54.03
54. 09
56.30
38.7
38.5
40.1
1.396
1.405
1. 404
49.90
49. 93
57. 23
33.4
33.4
37.8
1.494
1.495
1. 514
43.70
45.12
46. 26
34.6
35.5
36.2
1.263
1.271
1. 278
63.68
64. 00
64. 96
56. 55
62. 47
62.25
59. 25
67. 93
70. 96
72.23
39.9
39.9
40. 1
35.5
38.8
39.5
37.5
40.8
41. 4
41.8
1. 596
1.604
1.620
1.593
1.610
1. 576
1.580
1.665
1.714
1.728
56.41
56. 98
56. 97
55.10
56. 67
57. 58
56. 72
57. 98
60. 22
60.19
39.7
39. 9
39.7
38.4
39.3
39.9
39. 5
40.1
41.3
41.2
1.421
1.428
1.435
1. 435
1. 442
1.443
1.436
1. 446
1.458
1.461
55.12
56. 22
55. 31
44. 44
52. 41
56. 66
51. 95
58.43
56. 71
55. 32
36.6
36. 7
36.7
29.1
34.3
36.7
33.6
37. 5
36.4
35.3
1. 506
1. 532
1. 507
1. 527
1.528
1. 544
1. 546
1. 558
1. 558
1. 567
46. 40
47. 56
47. 36
43.58
45. 06
45. 21
45. 72
48.12
48. 64
48.19
36.0
36. 7
36.8
35.0
36.4
36.2
36.0
37.3
37.5
37.5
1.289
1.296
1.287
1.245
1.238
1. 249
1.270
1.290
1. 297
1.285
1950: Average-------- $53.87
1951: Average-------- 56.49
40.9 $1,317 $62. 33
39.7 1.423 62.53
41.5 $1. 502 $62. 72
39.4 1.587 60. 37
1951: October-------- 55.19
November----- 58.70
December----- 61.76
38.7
40.4
42.3
1.426
1.453
1.460
60. 99
60.80
63.12
38.8
38.7
39.9
1.572
1.571
1. 582
60. 69
62. 27
60.76
58. 72
59. 91
62. 58
60. 40
63. 28
63.89
63.87
41.4
42. 1
41.0
40.0
40.7
42.0
40.7
42.7
43.2
43.1
1.466
1. 479
1.482
1.468
1. 472
1.490
1.484
1.482
1.479
1.482
64.80
65.04
66. 79
61. 53
65. 64
65.89
63.15
70.14
71.36
71.32
40.5
40. 5
41.0
38.1
40.1
40.8
39.1
42.0
42.1
42.0
1.600
1.606
1.629
1.615
1.637
1.615
1.615
1.670
1.695
1.698
1952: January-------February-----March ----April___ ____
May ---------June. --------July________
August______
September---October-------
Other textile-mill
products
Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
M en’s and boys’
suits and coats
M en’s and boys’ fur
nishings and work
clothing
Shirts, collars, and
nightwear
1950: Average_____ $50. 22
1951: Average_____ 52.73
36.9 $1. 361 $36.43
35.8 1.473 38.05
36.8 $0. 990 $36. 26
36.0 1.057 37.95
1951: October-------- 47.81
November___ 47. 59
December., -- 49.98
32.5
32.2
33.7
1.471
1. 478
1.483
37.14
38.13
38. 09
35.0
35.6
35.8
1.061
1.071
1.064
50.00
51.67
52.63
48.20
48. 77
50.86
49.54
54.16
55.05
54.15
33.4
34.7
35.3
32.9
33.2
34.2
33.7
36.2
36.7
36.1
1.497
1.489
1.491
1.465
1.469
1.487
1.470
1.496
1.500
1.500
38. 06
39. 02
39.34
38.02
39. 47
39.35
38.64
40.13
40.83
41. 63
35.7
36.5
36.7
35.8
37.2
37.3
36.8
38.0
38.3
38.8
1.066
1.069
1.072
1.062
1.061
1.055
1.050
1.056
1.066
1.073
1952: January_____
February____
March —
April___ _ -M ay________
June.- —
July________
August_____
September___
October_____
Separate trousers
Work shirts
Women’s outerwear
36.7 $0.988 $39.43
35.6 1.066 40.14
37.8 $1. 043 $31. 34
36.0 1.115 33.02
35.9 $0.873 $49. 41
35.7
.925 51.31
34.7
35.0
$1,424
1. 466
37. 52
38.84
38.41
35.0
36.0
35.7
1.072
1.079
1.076
36.83
37. 56
39. 32
33.3
33.6
35.2
1.106
1.118
1.117
32.53
32.85
32.86
34.5
35.1
35.3
.943
.936
.931
47. 33
50. 41
52.30
32.8
34.6
35.8
1.443
1.457
1.461
38. 23
38.84
39. 24
38.41
39.82
39. 27
38.31
39.19
40.86
42.80
35.3
35.7
36.3
35.6
36.7
36.5
35.9
36.8
37.9
39.3
1.083
1.088
1.081
1.079
1.085
1.076
1.067
1.065
1.078
1.089
40. 52
42. 03
44. 12
41.95
43.32
42.82
41.21
43.09
43.74
43.89
35.7
36.8
38.2
36.8
37.9
37.4
36.7
38.1
38.2
38.4
1.135
1.142
1.155
1.140
1.143
1.145
1.123
1.131
1.145
1.143
33.46
33.32
33.39
34. 63
35.06
35. 59
35.06
36. 03
35. 79
35. 79
36.1
35.9
36.1
37.2
37.7
38.6
37.9
38.7
38.4
38.4
.927
.928
.925
.931
.930
.922
.925
.931
.932
.932
53.38
54.78
53.14
47.81
49.43
48. 79
51.63
54.70
54. 38
51.80
35.9
36.4
36.2
34.2
36.0
34.8
35.0
36.2
35.8
35.0
1.487
1.505
1. 468
1.398
1.373
1.402
1.475
1.511
1.519
1.480
M a n u fa c tu rin g —C o n tin u e d
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Women’s dresses
Household apparel
and chil
Women’s suits, coats, Women’s
dren’s undergar
and skirts
ments
Under wear and
nightwear, except
corsets
Millinery
1950: Average_____ $48.09
1951: Average_____ 50.65
34.8 $1.382 $34.66
35.1 1.443 37.86
36.1 $0. 960 $63. 77
36.9 1.026 63.89
33.6 $1.898 $38. 38
32.9 1. 942 40. 92
36.9 $1.040 $36. 55
36.6 1.118 39. 67
36.4 $1. 004 $54. 21
36.8 1.078 57. 46
35.2
36.0
$1. 540
1.596
1951: October-------- 47. 33
November___ 49. 60
December___ 52. 60
32.8
34.3
36.1
1.443
1.446
1. 457
36.81
38. 35
39. 07
35.7
36.8
37.9
1.031
1.042
1.031
56. 29
60.83
63.21
29.3
31.5
33.2
1. 921
1.931
1.904
41.66
42. 79
42.90
36.8
37.5
37.5
1.132
1.141
1.144
40. 51
41.13
41. 21
37.2
37.6
37.4
1.089
1.094
1.102
52. 50
50. 90
55.91
33.4
32.9
35.5
1.572
1. 547
1. 575
51.77
52. 96
52.82
50. 33
52. 45
47.80
48. 27
52. 20
53. 72
51. 55
35.9
36.3
36.4
35.0
36.1
34.0
34.8
35.8
35.6
34.6
1.442
1.459
1.451
1.438
1.453
1.406
1.387
1.458
1. 509
1.490
39. 34
40. 38
41. 24
39. 51
41.00
39.89
37. 24
39. 04
40. 23
41.01
37.5
38.2
38.8
37.7
38.5
37.7
35.7
37.0
37.7
37.9
1.049
1.057
1.063
1. 048
1.065
1.058
1.043
1.055
1.067
1.082
67. 01
68.63
63.31
54. 09
54. 41
61.20
67. 47
70.94
68.83
63.90
34.0
34.3
32.4
28.5
30.9
32.4
34.3
35.7
34.5
32.6
1.971
2.001
1. 954
1.898
1.761
1.889
1. 967
1.987
1. 995
1.960
41. 95
42. 49
43.39
41.18
43.12
43.19
41. 54
43. 43
44. 54
45. 44
36.7
37.4
37.8
36.0
37.3
37.3
36.6
38.0
38.6
39.0
1.143
1.136
1.148
1.144
1.156
1.158
1.135
1.143
1.154
1.165
40.00
40.18
40. 62
38.62
40. 00
40.33
39.10
41.17
42.69
43.49
36.6
37.0
37.1
35.3
36.3
36.6
36.2
37.6
38.6
39.0
1.093
1. 086
1.095
1.094
1.102
1.102
1.080
1.095
1.106
1.115
61.82
69.91
68.86
49.91
50. 46
51.29
56.24
62. 36
62. 03
54.09
38.4
41. 1
40.7
32.6
33.2
32.2
34.8
37.7
38.1
35.1
1.610
1.701
1. 692
1.531
1. 520
1. 593
1. 616
1.654
1.628
1. 541
1952: January_____
February____
March
April_______
M a y . ___- _
June____ -.July________
August______
September---October_____
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
91
T able C - l : H ours and Gross E arnings of P roduction W orkers or N onsupervisory Em ployees 1— Con.
M a n u fa c tu rin g —C o n tin u e d
Lumber and wood
products (except
furniture)
A p p a re l a n d o th e r fin ish ed tex tile p ro d u c ts —C o n tin u e d
Year and month
Children’s outerwear
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Fur goods and mis
cellaneous apparel
Other fabricated
textile products
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn hours earn earn hours
ings
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Curtains and
draperies
Textile bags
Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex
cept furniture)
Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly.
earn hours earn
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly.
earn hours earn
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly.
earn hours earn
ings
ings
1950: A verage____ $38.98
1951: A verage____ 41.53
36.5 $1,068 $43.45
36.3 1.144 45. 71
36.7 $1.184 $42.06
36.6 1.249 44.19
38.2 $1.101
37.8 1.169 $38.37
36.3 $1.057 $44.85
38.4 $1.168
1951: October_____ 40.15
November___ 42. 37
December___ 42. 79
34.7
36.4
36.7
1.157
1.164
1.166
45. 68
47. 62
47.13
36.0
37.0
37.2
1.269
1. 287
1.267
44.41
44.65
45.74
37.6
37.9
38.6
1.181
1.178
1.185
37.73
38.00
39.33
35.8
36.5
37.1
1.054
1.041
1.060
45. 21
46.21
47. 60
37.9
38.8
40.0
1952: January_____
February____
March___
April_______
M ay____ . . .
June_______
July------------August______
September___
October_____
36.7
37.5
37.4
35.6
37.6
37.0
37.3
37.9
37.5
37.5
1.178
1.181
1.173
1.120
1.128
1.141
1.152
1.166
1.188
1.192
43.86
43. 37
44. 39
42. 32
44.12
45.47
45.41
46. 46
48. 59
49.19
36.1
36.2
36.3
34.8
35.9
36.2
36.1
37.5
38.2
38.7
1.215 45.08
1. 198 44. 96
1.223 45.15
1.216 44.15
1.229 46.38
1.256 46. 27
1.258 45.74
1.239 46.83
1.272 47. 75
1.271 49.32
38.3
38.1
38.2
37.1
38.3
38.3
37.8
38.7
39.3
40.0
1.177
1.180
1.182
1.190
1.211
1.208
1.210
1. 210
1. 215
1.233
40.81
42. 32
41.92
41.27
42.14
41.14
39.35
41.77
42.93
42. 71
38.9
39.7
39.4
38.5
39.2
38.2
36.5
37.9
39. 1
38.9
1.049
1.066
1.064
1.072
1.075
1.077
1.078
1.102
1.098
1.098
45.31
45. 71
45.31
44.02
45. 73
47.04
47.42
48.98
51.27
50. 25
38.4
39.0
38.4
36.5
37.0
38.0
38.4
39.0
40.4
40.1
43. 23
44. 29
43. 87
39. 87
42.41
42. 22
42. 97
44.19
44. 55
44.70
$55.31
59. 26
41.0
40.9
$1. 349
1.449
1.193
1.191
1.190
62.32
60.86
60.18
41.3
40.6
40.8
1.509
1.499
1.475
1.180
1.172
1.180
1.206
1. 236
1.238
1.235
1.256
1.269
1. 253
57.02
59.11
59. 59
61.13
59. 96
64.73
63.11
66. 20
66.39
66. 35
40.1
40.6
40.4
40.7
41. 1
42.2
40.9
41.9
41.7
42.1
1.422
1.456
1.475
1.502
1.459
1.534
1.543
1. 580
1.592
1.576
M a n u fa c tu rin g —C o n tin u e d
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)—Continued
Logging camps and
contractors
1950: Average...
1951: A v e ra g e -
Sawm ills and planing mills, eneral
United States
South
Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
s tru c tu ra l wood
products
West
38.9 $1. 703 $54. 95
39.3 1.816 58.73
40.7 $1. 350 $55. 53
40.5 1.450 59.58
40.5 $1,371 $38. 90
40.5 1.471 41.19
42.1 $0. 924 $70.43
42.2
.976 75. 85
38.7 $1. 820 $60. 52
38.6 1. 965 64. 74
43.2
42.4
$1. 401
1.527
79.99
79.38
74.92
41.9
41.3
40.0
1.909
1.922
1.873
61.49
60. 56
59. 47
40.8
40.4
40.4
1.507
1.499
1.472
62.42
61.49
60.36
40.8
40.4
40.4
1. 530
1.522
1.494
42. 37
41.75
42.03
42.8
42.3
42.5
.990
.987
.989
79. 57
78.82
77.19
39.1
38.6
38.1
2.035
2.042
2.026
66. 94
62. 97
65.15
42.5
40.6
41.9
1.575
1.551
1.555
1952: Jan u ary ...
63. 46
February.. ____ 72. 82
M arch___
72.78
April____ —
78.85
M ay_____
67. 64
June____
81.41
July-------79. 50
____
85.17
___
83. 40
October.
85. 77
39.1
41.4
40.3
40.6
39.3
42.8
41.3
43.1
42.1
44.1
1.623
1. 759
1.806
1.942
1.721
1.902
1.925
1. 976
1.981
1.945
56. 56
58.47
58.85
60.37
60.45
65.17
62.94
66.35
66. 77
66.80
39.5
40.1
39.9
40.3
40.9
42.1
40.5
41.6
41.5
41.8
1.432
1.458
1.475
1.498
1. 478
1.548
1.554
1. 595
1.609
1. 598
57. 25
59.16
59. 43
61.30
61.40
66.38
63. 79
67.31
67.81
67. 68
39.4
40.0
39.7
40.3
40.8
42.2
40.4
41. 6
41.5
41.7
1.453
1.479
1.497
1.521
1.505
1. 573
1. 579
1.618
1.634
1. 623
41.92
41.18
41.05
41.86
43.13
43. 65
43.10
43. 72
44. 40
44.81
42.3
41.6
41.3
41.9
43.0
43.3
42.5
42.9
43.4
43.8
.991
.990
.994
.999
1.003
1.008
1.014
1.019
1.023
1.023
72. 67
76. 76
76.72
78. 80
78. 32
84. 90
80.29
86.01
86. 50
87. 33
36.3
38.4
38.0
38.8
38.3
40.8
38.4
40.4
39.9
40.3
2.002
1.999
2.019
2.031
2.045
2.081
2.091
2.129
2.168
2.167
65.06
65. 89
66. 62
66.87
65.47
69.18
67.31
69. 39
69.42
69.63
41. 6
41. 7
41.9
41. 9
41. 7
43.1
42.2
42. 7
42.2
42.3
1. 564
1. 580
1. 590
1.596
1.570
1. 605
1.595
1.625
1. 645
1. 646
1951: O ctober...
November.
December.
$66. 25
71.37
Sawmills and plan
ing mills
___
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)—Continued
Millwork
Wooden containers
Wooden boxes, other
than cigar
Furniture and fixtures
Miscellaneous wood
products
Total: Furniture
and fixtures
Household furniture
1950: Average_____ $59.05
1951: Average
. . 61.80
43.2 $1,367 $46.03
42.1 1.468 49. 22
40.7 $1. 311 $46. 56
41.5 1.186 49. 54
41.5 $1.122 $47.07
42.2 1.174 51.28
41.4 $1.137 $53. 67
42.0 1.221 57. 72
41.9 $1. 281 $51. 91
41.2 1.401 54.84
41.9
40.8
$1. 239
1.344
1951: October........... 64.20
November___ 61.74
December___ 63.09
42.8
41.3
42.2
1.500
1.495
I. 495
50.01
49.48
51.07
41.5
41.3
42.0
1.205
1.198
1.216
49.61
49.16
50.37
41.9
41.8
42.4
1.184
1.176
1.188
51.96
50.92
52.08
41.6
40.8
41.7
1.249
1.248
1.249
58. 79
58.81
60.48
41.4
41.1
42.0
1.420
1.431
1.440
55.94
56.50
57. 75
41.1
41.0
41.7
1.361
1.378
1.385
1952: January_____
February___
M arch.............
April.. _ . . . .
M ay________
June________
July------------August__ . .
September___
October_____
41.4
40.9
41.3
41.5
41.9
43.4
42.3
42.9
42.9
43.1
1.497
1.516
1. 528
1.537
1.536
1.557
1.550
1.577
1.597
1. 596
48. 63
48. 64
49. 37
49. 45
50. 51
50.80
50. 72
51.50
52.33
53.51
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.6
41. 5
41.3
41.2
41.4
41.5
42.2
1.192
1.195
1.213
1.218
1.217
1.230
1. 231
1.244
1.261
1. 268
48.16
48.16
48. 79
49. 64
50.32
50. 58
50.83
51.42
52. 37
53. 59
41.3
41.3
41.1
41.4
41.9
41.7
41.8
41.7
42.0
42.8
1.166
1.166
1.187
1.199
1.201
1.213
1.216
1. 234
1.247
1.252
51. 75
52. 21
52.83
52. 67
53. 51
54.06
52. 78
54.40
54.82
55. 38
41.6
41.6
41.7
41.7
41.9
42.2
41.3
42.3
42.2
42.5
1. 244
1.255
1.267
1.263
1.277
1.281
1.278
1.286
1.299
1.303
59. 84
60.26
60. 67
59. 48
59. 80
60. 02
58. 56
60.19
62.33
63.45
41.5
41.5
41.3
40.6
40.9
41.0
40.3
41.2
42.0
42.5
1.442
1.452
1.469
1.465
1.462
1. 464
1.453
1.461
1.484
1.493
56.46
57.31
57. 55
56. 76
56.84
57.36
56. 42
58.41
60.28
61. 32
41.0
41.2
40.9
40.4
40.6
40.8
40.5
41.6
42.3
42.7
1.377
1.391
1.407
1.405
1.400
1.406
1.393
1.404
1.425
1.436
61.98
62.00
63.11
63. 79
64.36
67. 57
65. 57
67. 65
68. 51
68. 79
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
92
T a b l e C - l : H ours and Gross E arnings of P roduction W orkers or N onsupervisory Em ployees 1— Con.
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Paper and allied products
F u rn itu re and fixtures—C ontinued
Wood household
furniture, except
upholstered
Y ear and m onth
Avg.
w kly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
W ood household furniture, upholstered
Avg.
w kly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
M attresses and
bedsprings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly.
earn earn
ings
ings
41.4 $1.361 $57. 27
39.8 1.458 60.37
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Total: Paper and
allied products
O ther furniture
and fixtures
Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly.
earn earn
ings
ings
41.2 $1.390 $58.53
40.3 1.498 64.69
Pulp, paper, and
pape rboard mills
Avg.
w kly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.9 $1,397 $61.14
42.2 1.533 65.77
43.3 $1.412 $65.06
43.1 1.526 71.17
43.9
44.4
$1.482
1.603
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1950- A verage_____ $48.39
1 951 • Average _____ 50.88
42.3 $1.144 $56.35
41.3 1.232 58.03
51.46
1951: O ctober___
N ovem ber___ 51.58
D ecem ber------ 52.54
41.5
41.3
41.8
1.240
1.249
1.257
60.23
61.39
65.33
41.0
41.2
42.7
1.469
1.490
1.530
62.09
63.15
63.08
40.5
40.4
40.8
1.533
1.563
1.546
65.30
64.49
67.07
42.1
41.5
42.8
1.551
1. 554
1.567
65.32
65.64
66.68
42.5
42.4
42.8
1.537
1.548
1.558
71.15
71.31
72.22
44.0
43.8
44.2
1.617
1.628
1.634
51.87
52.37
51.89
51.56
51. 65
51.82
51.54
53.59
55.04
55.56
41.4
41.5
40.7
40.6
40.8
40.9
41.0
42.3
42.7
42.9
1.253
1.262
1.275
1.270
1.266
1. 267
1.257
1.267
1.289
1.295
59.12
62.34
63.28
62.42
61.97
63.51
60. 63
64.18
66.39
68.00
39.6
40.8
41.2
40.4
40.4
41.0
39.6
41.3
42.1
42.9
1.493
1.528
1.536
1.545
1.534
1.549
1.531
1.554
1.577
1.585
63.45
63.78
64.39
62.92
62. 76
64.19
62.64
64.51
67.46
68.85
40.7
40.7
40.7
39.9
39.9
40.6
40.0
40.7
41.9
42.5
1.559
1.567
1.582
1.577
1.573
1.581
1.566
1.585
1.610
1.620
67.85
67.22
67.94
65. 97
66. 65
66.08
63.80
64.80
67.44
68.92
42.7
42.2
42.2
41.1
41.5
41.3
39.8
40.4
41.3
42.1
1.589
1.593
1.610
1.605
1.606
1.600
1.603
1.604
1.633
1.637
66.39
66. 57
67.48
65.33
66.34
67.71
68.39
69. 36
70.99
71.56
42.5
42.4
42.6
41.4
41.8
42.4
42.4
43.0
43.5
43.9
1.562
1. 570
1.584
1.578
1.587
1.597
1.613
1.613
1.632
1.630
71.29
71.68
72.93
69.88
71.01
72.54
74.17
73.99
75.68
75.84
43.6
43.6
43.8
42.2
42.6
43.1
43.4
43.6
44.0
44.3
1.635
1.644
1.665
1.656
1.667
1.683
1.709
1.697
1.720
1.712
1952* J a n u a ry _____
F e b r u a r y ___
M arch __ . .
April _ _
M av . ___
J u n e ___ _____
j uly
__
August _____
Septem ber__
October
__
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Paper and allied products—C ontinued
Paperboard con
tainers and boxes
O ther paper and
allied products
Total: Printing, pub
lishing, and allied
industries
42.0 $1.321 $72.98
41.8 1.429 76.05
38.8 $1.881 $80. 00
38.8 1.960 83.34
36.9 $2.168 $74.18
36.6 2.277 79.28
39.5 $1.878 $64.08
39.8 1.992 67.48
39.1
39.6
$1.639
1.704
2.017
2.022
2.028
66. 31
66.68
68.03
39.4
39.2
39.6
1.683
1.701
1.718
2.012
2.032
2.080
2.066
2.067
2.048
2.156
2.171
2.171
2.158
68.19
68. 56
69.36
69.68
70.54
70.55
69.10
73.08
73.63
73. 00
39.3
39.0
39.3
39.1
39.3
39.7
38.8
40.4
40.7
40.2
1.735
1.758
1.765
1.782
1.795
1.777
1.781
1.809
1.809
1.816
1950: Average-------- $57.96
1951: A verage-------- 60.65
43.0 $1.348 $55.48
41.8 1.451 59.73
1951: O ctober______ 58.93
N ovem ber___ 59. 49
D ecem ber____ 60.77
40.7
40.8
41.2
1.448
1.458
1.475
59.60
59.80
60. 76
41.3
41.1
41.5
1.443
1.455
1.464
76. 27
77.09
79.43
38.6
38.7
39.4
1.976
1.992
2.016
84.59
85.51
88.65
36.7
36.7
37.5
2.305
2.330
2.364
80.07
80.48
80.11
39.7
39.8
39.5
61.25
61.13
61.57
60.18
61.83
63.67
63.05
65. 76
67. 77
69.00
41.3
41.0
41.1
40.2
41.0
42.0
41.4
42.7
43.5
44.2
1.483
1.491
1.498
1.497
1.508
1.516
1.523
1.540
1. 558
1.561
60.90
60.64
61.59
60.65
60.61
61.33
61.22
62.92
64.02
64.66
41.4
41.0
41.5
40.9
40.9
41.3
41.2
42.0
42.2
42.4
1.471
1.479
1.484
1.483
1.482
1.485
1.486
1.498
1.517
1.525
77.28
77.64
79.06
78.23
79.86
80.16
79.93
80.83
82.20
81.86
38.6
38.4
38.7
38.2
38.6
38.8
38.5
38.9
39.2
39.0
2.002
2.022
2.043
2.048
2.069
2.066
2.076
2. 078
2.097
2.099
83.13
84.19
84. 55
85.02
87.42
87.32
86.64
86.89
88. 95
88.93
35.8
36.1
36.1
36.1
36.5
36.4
36.1
36.1
36.5
36.4
2. 322
2.332
2.342
2.355
2.395
2. 399
2.400
2.407
2.437
2.443
78.67
81.69
84.24
80. 99
81.85
82.33
85.81
89.66
89.66
85.89
39.1
40.2
40.5
39.2
39.6
40.2
39.8
41.3
41.3
39.8
1952: J a n u a ry ..........
F e b ru ary -.......
M arch _______
A p ril________
M a y ________
J u n e ________
J u ly _________
A ugust---------Septem ber___
October______
Books
Periodicals
N ewspapers
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Chemicals and allied products
Printing, publishing, and allied industries—C ontinued
Commercial printing
Lithographing
Other printing and
publishing
Total: Chemicals
and allied products
39.1 $1.667 $62.67
39.2 1.720 68.22
Industrial inorganic
chemicals
41.5 $1. 510 $67.89
41.8 1.632 75.13
40.9 $1. 660 $65. 69
41.6 1.806 71. 62
40.6
40.9
$1. 618
1.751
1.829
1.840
1.851
71. 17
71. 63
72. 45
40.3
40.4
40.7
1.766
1.773
1.780
1.858
1.845
1.860
1.867
1.871
1.881
1.889
1.885
1.906
1.904
72. 11
72. 02
72. 54
73. 20
73. 67
74. 07
74. 68
75. 13
76. 15
76. 63
40.4
40.3
40.3
40.2
40.3
40.3
40.5
40.7
40.7
41.0
1.785
1.787
1.800
1.821
1.828
1.838
1.844
1.846
1.871
1.869
39.9 $1.813 $73.04
40.0 1.884 75.99
40.0 $1.826 $65.18
40.1 1.895 67.42
75.13
76. 57
78.75
39.5
39.9
40.7
1.902
1.919
1.935
75. 96
75.56
78.47
40.0
39.6
40.7
1.899
1.908
1.928
67. 22
66.99
69.38
38.9
38.7
39.6
1.728
1.731
1.752
68.18
68.72
69.10
41.8
41.8
41.8
1.631
1.644
1.653
76.45
76.36
75.89
41.8
41.5
41.0
78.18
77.26
79.55
78. 21
79.96
80.52
80.64
80.20
81.41
81.89
40.3
39.7
40.3
39.5
40.0
40.2
40.3
40.3
40.4
40.4
1.940
1.946
1.974
1.980
1.999
2.003
2.001
1.990
2.015
2.027
76.40
77.14
78.96
77.93
79.48
81.2S
82. 21
85.28
86.90
85.74
39.2
39.1
39.6
39.2
39.6
40.0
40.1
40.9
41.5
41.2
1.949
1. 973
1.994
1.988
2.007
2.032
2.050
2.085
2.094
2. 081
68.99
68.84
70.71
69.45
69.74
69.26
68. 56
69.43
70.82
70.38
39.4
38.5
39.0
38.5
38.7
38.8
38.3
38.7
39.3
39.1
1.751
1.788
1.813
1.804
1.802
1.785
1.790
1.794
1.802
1.800
69.06
68.81
69.18
69.09
69.73
70.65
70. 29
70.68
71.30
71.47
41.6
41.4
41.3
41.0
40.9
41.1
40.7
40.9
41.5
41.7
1.660
1.662
1.675
1.685
1.705
1.719
1.727
1.728
1.718
1.714
76.74
75.46
75.70
76. 55
76. 52
77.12
77. 26
76. 91
77.76
77.11
41.3
40.9
40.7
41.0
40.9
41.0
40.9
40.8
40.8
40.5
1950: Average-*.-.
1951: Average— -.
$72.34
75.36
1951: O ctober___
N ovem ber*.
D ecem ber...
1952: Ja n u a ry ----F e b ru a ry ....
M arch _____
A pril______
M a y ______
J u n e ______
J u ly ---------A ugust-----S ep tem b er..
October___
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Industrial or garde
chemical s
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
93
T able C -l: H ours and Gross E arnings of P roduction W orkers or N onsupervisory E m p lo y e e s1— Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Plastics, except syn
thetic rubber
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
$65. 54
72. 66
1951: October.
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Synthetic rubber
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn
ings hours
Synthetic fibers
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Drugs and medicines
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Paints, pigments,
and fillers
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Fertilizers
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.8 $1. 568 $71. 93
42.0 1.730 78. 31
40.8 $1. 763 $58.40
41.0 1.910 62.76
39.3 $1.486 $59. 59
39.4 1.593 62. 51
40.9 $1. 457 $64.80
41.1 1.521 68.84
42.3 $1. 532 $47. 00
41.9 1.643 52.16
41.3
42.2
$1.138
1.236
-
72.36
73. 49
73.61
41.3
41.4
41.4
1. 752
1. 775
1.778
76.86
80. 42
81.20
40.2
41.2
41.6
1.912
1.952
1.952
62.86
63.10
63.91
38.9
38.9
39.4
1.616
1.622
1.622
63. 51
63. 59
63. 67
41.0
41.0
41.0
1.549
1. 551
1. 553
68. 56
69.85
70. 27
41.2
41.6
41.9
1.664
1.679
1.677
52. 92
53. 09
54.95
41.9
41. 9
42.6
1. 263
1. 267
1.290
1952: January_____
February.......
M arch______
A p r il.............
M ay.......... ......
June.................
J u ly ...............
A ugust............September___October...........
73. 86
72. 69
73. 36
72. 54
73.83
74.78
75. 92
76. 59
78. 52
80.08
41.4
40. 7
40.8
40.3
40.5
41.0
41.6
41.9
42.4
43.1
1.784
1.786
1. 798
1.800
1.823
1. 824
1.825
1.828
1.852
1.858
78.86
77.62
77. 84
78. 83
76. 75
78. 92
80. 23
82. 86
83. 76
83. 39
40.4
40.3
40.0
40.2
39.2
40.1
40.4
41.1
40.8
40.5
1. 952
1. 926
1.946
1.961
1.958
1.968
1.986
2.016
2. 053
2.059
63. 38
64.06
65.18
67.28
66.02
65. 93
67.46
66.76
68.07
67.11
39.0
39.4
39.6
40.0
39.7
39.6
40.3
40.0
40.3
39.9
1. 625
1.626
1. 646
1.682
1.663
1.665
1. 674
1.669
1. 689
1.682
64.25
64. 93
64. 55
63. 00
62. 37
63.40
62.01
62. 33
63. 04
63. 92
40.9
41.2
40.8
40.0
39.3
40.1
39.1
39.2
39.7
39.8
1.571
1. 576
1.582
1.575
1.587
1.581
1.586
1. 590
1.588
1.606
69. 63
69. 41
70. 66
69. 89
71.34
71. 72
70. 57
70. 57
71.78
73.03
41.3
41.0
41.3
40.8
41.6
41.6
41.1
41.1
41.3
41.9
1.686
1.693
1. 711
1. 713
1. 715
1. 724
1.717
1.717
1.738
1.743
54.23
53. 76
54. 23
57.14
56. 31
57. 44
56. 75
57.81
57. 60
55. 46
42.2
42.1
42.7
44.4
42.5
42.8
42.1
42. 6
42.7
41.7
1. 285
1. 277
1. 270
1. 287
1. 325
1.342
1. 348
1. 357
1.349
1.330
December.
Manufacturing—Continued
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Vegetable and ani
mal oils and fats
1950: Average.
1951: Average.
$53.46
58. 6U
1951: October.
58.82
—
58. 95
— - 59.65
____
59. 53
58. 79
59.16
60.08
61.20
62.43
61.06
61.41
—
60. 23
60.64
February.
March___
April____
M ay.........
June..........
July_____
August__
Other chemicals and
allied products
Products of petroleum and coal
Soap and glycerin
Total: Products of
petroleum and coal
Petroleum refining
Coke and byproducts
45.5 $1.175 $64. 41
46.0 1.274 69.31
41.5 $1. 552 $71.81
41.7 1.662 77.11
41.7 $1. 722 $75. 01
41.5 1.858 81.30
40.9 $1. 834 $77. 93
41.0 1. 983 84.70
40.4 $1,929 $62.85
40.7 2.081 69. 47
39. 7
39.9
$1.583
1. 741
49.1
48.6
48.3
1.198
1. 213
1.235
69. 55
70.47
70. 72
41.4
41.6
41.5
1. 680
1.694
1.704
77.39
79.25
79.06
41.1
41.6
41.2
1.883
1.905
1.919
81. 72
81.28
82. 94
40.9
40.7
41.2
1.998
1.997
2.013
84.68
84.89
87.14
40.4
40.6
41.3
2. 096
2.091
2.110
69.20
69. 32
70.35
39.7
39.5
40.2
1.743
1.755
1. 750
47.4
46.4
45.4
44. 7
43.9
44. 5
43.4
43.8
47.5
47.9
1.256
1.267
1.303
1.344
1.394
1.403
1.407
1.402
1.268
1.266
70. 38
70. 46
70. 71
69.69
70.49
71.15
70. 45
71. 56
72.68
72. 90
41.4
41.3
41.3
40.8
41.1
41.2
40.7
41.2
41.6
41.8
1.700
1.706
1. 712
1.708
1.715
1.727
1.731
1.737
1.747
1.744
77. 79
77. 93
78.65
77.80
78. 50
79.18
80.91
82.81
86.33
84.90
40.9
40.8
40.9
40.5
40.8
40.5
41.3
41.8
42.8
42.3
1.902
1.910
1.923
1.921
1.924
1.955
1.959
1.981
2.017
2.007
82.66
82.09
82. 09
82. 34
75.22
84. 95
88.05
87. 31
89.03
87.64
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.5
37.2
40.8
41.3
40.8
41.2
40.8
2. 021
2.012
2.017
2.033
2.022
2. 082
2.132
2.140
2.161
2.148
86.67
85.63
85.50
85.68
76.58
87.83
90.82
90.37
91.94
90. 51
41.0
40.7
40.5
40.3
35.7
40.4
40.8
40.2
40.5
40.1
2.114
2.104
2. I ll
2.126
2.145
2.174
2. 226
2.248
2. 270
2.257
70.05
70. 46
69.48
68. 53
65. 25
64.73
72.28
74.74
76. 38
74.32
39. 6
39.9
39. 5
38.5
36.8
35.9
39.8
39.8
40.2
39.7
1. 769
1. 766
1. 759
1. 780
1. 773
1. 803
1. 816
1.878
1.900
1.872
Manufacturing—Continued
Products of petro
leum and coal—Con.
Other petroleum and
coal products
Leather and leather
products
Rubber products
Total: Rubber
products
Tires and inner
tubes
Rubber footwear
Other rubber
products
Total: Leather and
leather products
1950: Average........... $66. 78
1951: Average_____ 69.09
44.7 $1. 494 $64.42
43.7 1.581 68.70
40.9 $1. 575 $72.48
40.6 1.692 77.93
39.8 $1. 821 $52. 21
39.6 1.968 57.81
40.1 $1. 302 $59. 76
41.0 1.410 63.26
42.2 $1. 416 $44. 56
41.4 1. 528 47.10
37.6
37.0
$1.185
1.273
1951: October______ 72. 74
November___ 67. 37
December........ 64. 75
44.9
42.4
41.4
1.620
1.589
1. 564
68. 67
69. 46
73.91
40.3
40.5
41.2
1.704
1. 715
1.794
78. 76
80. 27
86. 26
39.9
40.5
41.0
1. 974
1.982
2.104
56.16
56. 64
59.95
40.0
40.2
40.7
1.404
1.409
1. 473
62. 68
62.36
65. 45
40.7
40.6
41.5
1.540
1.536
1.577
45. 31
45.85
48.61
35.4
35.6
37.8
1. 280
1. 288
1.286
1952: January_____
February.........
M a rc h .......... .
April________
M ay.................
June_________
July...................
A ugust.......... .
September___
October______
41.3
42.3
42.8
43.3
45. 4
45.3
45.4
45. $
46. 4
46.1
1.571
1.594
1.611
1.629
1.661
1.654
1.675
1.698
1.725
1.731
74.19
73.31
72. 58
71.40
73. 47
75. 01
72.15
73.65
74. 32
74.34
40.9
40.5
40.3
39.6
40.5
40.9
39.6
40.6
40.7
40.8
1.814
1.810
1.801
1.803
1.814
1.834
1.822
1.814
1.826
1.822
86.99
85.75
83.46
81. 90
84. 96
87. 79
84.22
85. 29
84. 39
83. 38
40.9
40.6
39.8
39.3
40.4
41.1
39.8
40.5
39.9
39.5
2.127
2.112
2.097
2.034
2.103
2.136
2.116
2.106
2.115
2. I ll
60. 27
60. 46
61.51
59. 42
60.69
61.38
58.83
61. 93
62. 67
63.50
40.1
39.8
40.2
39.3
39.9
40.3
39.3
40.4
40.8
41.1
1.503
1.519
1.530
1.512
1. 521
1.523
1.497
1. 533
1.536
1.545
65. 63
64.43
64.83
63. 68
65. 32
65. 73
62.29
65.44
67.81
68.84
41.2
40.6
40.8
39.9
40.8
40.9
39.4
40.8
41.5
42.0
1.593
1.587
1.589
1.596
1.601
1.607
1.581
1.604
1.634
1.639
49. 54
50.19
50. 46
48. 53
48.90
50. 04
50. 01
52.02
51.09
50.98
38.4
38. 7
38.7
37.1
37.3
38.2
38.5
39.5
38.5
38.1
1. 290
1. 297
1. 304
1. 308
1. 311
1.310
1.299
1.317
1.327
1.338
64.88
67. 43
68. 95
70. 54
75. 41
74.93
76.05
77. 77
80. 04
79.80
See footnotes at end of table.
2 3 4 8 2 6 — 53------- 7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
94
T able C -l: H ours and Gross E arnings of P roduction W orkers or N onsupervisory Em ployees 1— Con.
M a n u fa c tu rin g — C o n tin u e d
Stone, clay, and glass products
leath er and leather products—Continued
Footwear (except
rubber)
Leather
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Ave.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Other leather
products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Total Stone, clay,
and glass products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
1950: Average------- $57. 21
1951: Average..........- 60.41
39.7 $1. 441 $41. 99
39.1 1. 545 44.10
36.9 $1.138 $44. 85
36.0 1. 225 48.16
1951: O ctober......... 60.37
November___ 59. 98
December___ - 61. 11
38.9
38.3
38.9
1. 552
1. 566
1. 571
41.83
41.93
45. 57
33.9
33.9
36.9
1.234
1.237
1.235
47.08
48.79
50.17
37.6
38.6
39.5
1.252
1.264
1. 270
1952: January....... . 61.82
February........ 61. 78
M arch______ 61.78
April_______ 61. 61
M ay......... ..... 62.17
June...... ........ 64. 52
July________ 63. 91
A u g u st-....... 65.69
September__ 66.17
October____
66. 62
39.1
39.0
39.0
38.8
39.1
40.2
39.5
40.2
40.3
40.3
1.581 47. 52
1. 584 48. 52
1. 584 49.15
1. 588 46. 57
1. 590 46. 63
1.605 47. 74
1. 618 47.80
1. 634 50. 50
1. 642 48. 69
1. 653 47.91
38.2
38.6
38.7
36.7
36.8
37.8
38.3
39.7
38.1
37.2
1.244 48.92
1. 257 49.17
1. 270 48.80
1. 269 47. 66
1.267 48. 42
1. 263 48. 93
1.248 49. 01
1.272 49.70
1. 278 50. 23
1.288 51. 46
38.7
38.9
38.7
37. 5
37.8
38.2
38.5
38.8
38.7
39.4
1.264
1. 264
1. 261
1.271
1. 281
1.281
1.273
1.281
1. 298
1.306
Glass and glass
products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkíy.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.2 $1,437 $61. 58
41.6 1.561 65. 81
40.3 $1. 528 $56.36
40.2 1.637 60.67
$39.8
40.1
$1. 416
1. 513
65. 93
65.03
65. 30
41.7
40.9
41.2
1. 581
1. 590
1. 585
65. 67
65. 50
66. 28
39.8
39.2
40.0
1.650
1. 671
1.657
61. 21
62. 22
64. 48
39.9
40.3
41.6
1. 534
1.544
1. 550
64.35
65. 23
65. 76
64. 88
65.85
66.09
64.92
67. 03
68.19
70. 22
40.6 1. 585
41.0 1. 591
41.1 1.600
40. 5 1.602
41.0 1.606
40.9 1. 616
40.2 1. 615
41. 1 1.631
41.2 1. 655
42.0 1. 672
64.14
65. 54
66. 59
65.16
66. 78
67. 37
65. 49
68. 48
69. 32
71. 86
38.8
39.6
39.9
38.9
39.8
39.7
38.5
40.0
39.7
40.9
1. 653
1. 655
1.669
1. 675
1. 678
1.697
1.701
1.712
1.746
1. 757
60. 92
60. 76
61. 89
60.76
61.70
61.98
61.98
63. 47
65. 00
65.33
39.2
39.1
39.6
38.6
39.4
39.3
39.2
40.4
40.1
40.3
1.554
1. 554
1. 563
1. 574
1. 566
1. 577
1.581
1.571
1.621
1.621
38.5 $1.165 $59. 20
38.5 1. 251 64. 94
M a n u fa c tu rin g — C o n tin u e d
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Pressed and blown
glass
Cement, hydraulic
Structural clay
products
Brick and hollow
tile
39.7 $1.314 $52.16
40.1 1. 451 57. 65
37.5
38.1
$1.391
1.513
62.10
61.11
60. 25
41.1
40. 5
39.9
1. 511
1. 509
1. 510
58.06
58. 79
59.40
37,8
38.0
38.2
1.536
1. 547
1. 555
58. 37
56. 76
59. 09
60.39
53. 04
60.49
59. 33
60.60
60. 83
64.15
39.2
38.3
39.5
40.1
35.6
39.9
38.8
39.3
39.5
40.5
1. 489
1. 482
1.496
1. 506
1.490
1.516
1. 529
1. 542
1.540
1. 584
58.97
60. 92
61. 86
60. 40
60.88
60. 21
58.30
60.31
61.28
63. 72
37.8
39.0
39.3
38.3
38.8
38.4
36.9
38.1
38.3
39.8
1.560
1. 562
1. 574
1. 577
1.569
1. 568
1. 580
1. 583
1.600
1.601
1950: Average., __ $53. 71
1951: Average,......... 57.50
39.7 $1. 353 $60.13
39.9 1. 441 65.17
41.7 $1. 442 $54.19
41.8 1. 559 61.01
40.5 $1.338 $53. 75
41.5 1. 470 58.09
42.9 $1. 253 $52.17
42.9 1.354 58.19
1951: October_____ 56. 64
November___ 56:70
December___ 58. 76
39.2
38.6
40.3
1.445
1.469
1.458
66. 56
65. 64
65. 27
42.1
41.7
41.6
1. 581
1. 574
1. 569
63. 34
61. 98
62.13
42.2
41.4
41.5
1.501
1.497
1.497
59. 91
57. 34
57. 92
43.6
42.1
42.4
1. 374
1.362
1.366
58.12
59. 99
60. 51
59. 30
60.33
60. 22
57. 47
61.05
61.81
64.85
39.4
40.7
40.5
39.3
39.9
39.7
37.2
39.9
39.8
41.6
1. 475
1. 474
1. 494
1. 509
1. 512
1. 517
1.545
1. 530
1. 553
1. 559
65.05
65. 81
65. 27
65. 89
66. 31
66.00
67. 94
68. 45
68. 84
69. 66
41.3
42.0
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.2
42.2
42.1
41.8
42.4
1. 575
1. 567
1. 569
1. 584
1. 594
1.602
1.610
1.626
1.647
1.643
61. 21
60. 48
60. 41
59.70
59. 79
60.34
59.92
61.53
61.92
64. 25
41.0
40.7
40.6
40.2
40.1
40.2
40.0
40.8
40.6
41.4
1. 493
1. 486
1.488
1.485
1. 491
1. 501
1. 498
1. 508
1. 525
1. 552
55. 62
56. 22
56. 63
57.11
58.39
59.66
58. 94
59. 56
60.70
61.39
41.2
41.8
41.7
41.9
42.9
43.2
42.8
43.1
42.9
43.2
1. 350
1.345
1. 358
1.363
1.361
1. 381
1.377
1.382
1.415
1. 421
1952: January---- -February........
March_____
April_______
M a y ,— ___
Ju n e ,. _ _ —
Ju ly ________
August___ —
September ..
October____
Pottery and related
products
Sewer pipe
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Concrete, gypsum,
and plaster products
Concrete products
45.0 $1.392 $61.15
45.4 1.506 67. 41
Other stone, clay,
and glass products
43.9 $1.393 $60.94
45.0 1.498 67.67
$62. 64
68. 37
1951: October—
November,
December-
70.82
69.06
67.98
46.2
44.9
44.4
1.533
1. 538
1.531
70.12
68. 67
68.36
46.1
45.0
44.8
1. 521
1. 526
1. 526
67. 81
66.94
67.73
41.4
40.4
41.1
1.638
1. 657
1.648
1952: Jan u ary ...
February..
M arch___
April____
M ay..........
June_____
July_____
August__
September.
O ctober...
67.49
68. 44
67.83
69. 22
70. 24
71.17
70.38
72.34
73. 65
75.58
44.4
44.5
44.1
44.6
45.2
45.3
45.0
45.7
45.8
46.2
1.520
1.538
1.538
1. 552
1. 554
1. 571
1. 564
1.583
1. 608
1.636
66. 66
68. 75
66.14
68.11
69. 89
72.15
70. 52
70. 53
72.31
74.47
44.5
45.2
43.6
44.4
45.5
46.4
45.7
45.5
46.0
46.6
1.498
1. 521
1. 517
1.534
1. 536
1. 555
1.543
1.550
1. 572
1. 598
67.52
68. 46
69.45
67. 69
68. 57
68.14
66.21
68. 22
70. 47
71.99
40.6 1.663
40.7 1. 682
41.0 1.694
40. 1 1. 688
40.5 1.693
40.2 1.695
39. 2 1.689
39.8 1. 714
40.9 1. 723
41.3 1.743
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
mills
Iron and steel
foundries
40.8 $1. 648 $67. 47
41.5 1. 810 77. 06
39.9 $1.691 $65.32
40.9 1. 884 71. 95
41.9
42.4
$1. 559
1.697
74.82
75. 23
77. 73
41.2
41.2
42.2
1.816
1.826
1.842
40.4
41.0
41.9
1. 876
1. 890
1.896
72. 24
71.37
73. 69
42.0
41.4
42.4
1. 720
1.724
1.738
76.86
75. 85
76. 55
71. 53
72.17
73.38
71.89
77. 77
82. 28
82.59
41.5
41.2
41.4
39.0
39.2
40.1
39.5
40.4
41.2
41.5
1. 852 77. 93
1.841 76.53
1. 849 78.33
1.834 70.16
1. 841 70. 46
1. 830 {70. 77
1. 820 {72.04
1.925 81.97
1.997 87. 54
1. 990 85.35
40.8 1.910
40.6 1. 885
41.4 1. 892
37.4 1.876
37.4 1.884
{36.8 Í1.923
{37. 7 {1.911
40.3 2.034
41.0 2.135
40.8 2.092
72.86
72.32
72. 02
71.00
72.02
71.88
68. 66
70.03
74. 75
77.30
41.8
41.3
40.9
40.5
40.9
40.7
39.3
39.7
41.3
42.1
1. 743
1 751
1. 761
1 753
1.761
1.766
1.747
1.764
1.810
1. 836
41.4 $1. 472 $67. 24
41.8 1. 619 75.12
1950: Average__
1951: Average__
See footnotes at end of table.
Total: Primary
metal industries
75.79
77.49
79.44
R E V IE W , JA N U A R Y 1953
C:
EARNINGS AND
95
HOURS
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
P r im a r y m e t a l in d u s t r ie s - - C o n t in u e d
G ra y -ir o n fo u n d r ie s
Y ea r a n d m o n th
M a ll e a b l e - i r o n
fo u n d r ie s
S te e l fo u n d r ie s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
1950: A v e r a g e ............... $ 6 5 .0 6
1951: A v e r a g e . _ . . . .
70. 01
4 2 .3
4 2 .2
$1. 538
1 .6 5 9
$ 6 5 .4 6
7 1 .9 8
4 1 .3
4 1 .9
$1. 585
1 .7 1 8
$65. 43
7 5 .6 8
1951: O c t o b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
6 9 .4 7
68. 96
7 0 .4 3
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .6
1 .6 7 8
1 .6 8 2
1 .6 9 3
7 1 .6 9
70. 79
72. 99
4 1 .2
4 0 .5
4 1 .4
1 .7 4 0
1 .7 4 8
1. 763
1952: J a n u a r y _____ __ 7 0 .5 9
F e b r u a r y ______ 68. 75
M a r c h _________ 6 9 .6 3
A p r il... . .
6 8 .6 0
M a y ___________ 68. 80
J u n e . . . ____ _ 68. 51
J u l y ____________ 64. 58
A u g u s t ________ 6 8 .1 6
S e p t e m b e r ____ 72. 81
O c t o b e r ______
74. 30
4 1 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
3 8 .6
3 9 .7
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
1 .7 0 5
1 .7 0 6
1 .7 1 5
1 .7 1 5
1 .7 2 0
1 .7 1 7
1 .6 7 3
1 .7 1 7
1 .7 6 3
1 .7 8 6
70. 79
70. 09
68. 85
68. 58
7 1 .1 8
72. 22
64. 86
60. 44
7 3 .8 7
7 5 .7 2
4 0 .2
3 9 .8
3 8 .9
3 8 .7
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
3 6 .6
3 4 .3
3 9 .8
4 0 .6
1 .7 6 1
1 .7 6 1
1 .7 7 0
1 .7 7 2
1 .7 9 3
1 .8 1 0
1 .7 7 2
1 .7 6 2
1 .8 5 6
1 .8 6 5
P r im a r y s m e ltin g
and
r e fin in g
of
n o n fe r ro u s m e ta ls
P r im a r y s m e ltin g
and
r e fin in g
of
c o p p e r , le a d , a n d
z in c
P r im a r y r e fin in g o f
a lu m in u m
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
4 1 .1
4 3 .1
$1. 592
1 .7 5 6
$63. 71
7 0 .1 3
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
$1. 554
1 .6 9 4
$ 6 2 .3 7
6 9 .3 4
4 0 .9
4 1 .3
$1. 525
1 .6 7 9
$63. 97
70. 92
4 0 .9
4 1 .5
$1 564
1 .7 0 9
7 6 .6 4
7 6 .3 7
79. 56
4 3 .2
4 3 .0
4 4 .1
1 .7 7 4
1 .7 7 6
1 .8 0 4
70. 47
69. 95
7 1 .5 8
4 1 .6
4 1 .1
4 1 .4
1 .6 9 4
1 .7 0 2
1 .7 2 9
70. 01
6 9 .1 7
72. 44
4 1 .6
4 1 .1
4 1 .8
1 .6 8 3
1. 683
1 .7 3 3
72. 24
71. 70
6 9 .1 2
4 2 .1
41. 3
4 0 .4
1 716
1 736
1 .7 1 1
77. 01
7 8 .7 8
76. 97
75. 20
76. 97
7 6 .8 3
7 5 .1 5
7 5 .3 3
7 5 .8 1
7 9 .6 5
4 2 .9
4 3 .5
4 2 .2
4 1 .8
4 2 .5
4 2 .1
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 2 .3
1 .7 9 5
1 .8 1 1
1 .8 2 4
1 .7 9 9
1.8 1 1
1 .8 2 5
1 .8 3 3
1 .8 2 4
1 .8 4 9
1 .8 8 3
7 3 .5 4
7 3 .1 7
74. 03
7 3 .3 3
74. 41
7 4 .3 6
75. 55
76. 67
77. 65
76. 55
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
1 .7 7 2
1 .7 5 9
1 .7 7 1
1 .7 6 7
1 .7 7 6
1 .7 7 9
1 .8 0 3
1 .8 4 3
1 .8 7 1
1 .8 5 8
74. 82
7 3 .7 7
74. 67
7 3 .8 8
7 4 .3 1
75. 05
75. 07
74. 87
7 6 .8 4
75. 55
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .7
4 2 .0
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .9
4 1 .6
1. 790
1 .7 6 9
1 .7 8 2
1 .7 7 6
1 .7 8 2
1 .7 8 7
1 .8 0 9
1 .8 0 4
1 .8 3 4
1 .8 1 6
71. 60
7 2 .1 9
7 2 .1 5
7 2 .1 0
74. 42
72. 29
75. 98
8 0 .1 1
80. 94
80. 05
41. 8
41. 9
4 1 .8
41. 7
42. 6
41. 5
42. 9
41. 9
41. 7
4 1 .2
1 713
1 723
1 726
1 729
1 747
1. 742
1 771
1 912
1. 941
1 .9 4 3
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
P r im a r y m e t a l in d u s tr ie s — C o n tin u e d
R o llin g , d r a w in g ,
and
a llo y in g
of
n o n fe r ro u s m e ta ls
1950: A v e r a g e ___
1951: A v e r a g e ___
1951: O c t o b e r ___
N o v e m b e r . ___
D e c e m b e r ..
— -
__
1952: J a n u a r y ____
F e b r u a r y . . ____
.
M a r c h ...........
A p r il.
M a y ____________
J u n e ................
J u l y ________
A u g u s t _____
S e p t e m b e r . ___
O c t o b e r ____ . . .
R o llin g , d r a w in g ,
and
a llo y in g
of
copper
R o llin g , d r a w in g ,
and
a llo y in g
of
a lu m in u m
N o n fe r r o u s fo u n d r ie s
O th e r p r i m a r y m e t a l
in d u s tr ie s
Ir o n a n d ste e l
f o r g in g s
$66. 75
6 8 .7 0
4 1 .9
4 0 .7
$1. 593
1 .6 8 8
$ 7 0 .2 4
7 0 .4 7
4 2 .7
4 0 .9
$1. 645
1 .7 2 3
$ 5 9 .9 9
6 4 .1 4
4 0 .1
3 9 .4
$ 1 .4 9 6
1 .6 2 8
$67. 65
7 3 .8 3
4 1 .5
4 1 .9
$1. 630
1 .7 6 2
$71. 27
7 9 .4 5
4 1 .9
4 2 .6
$1. 701
1 .8 6 5
$74. 09
8 4 .8 7
4 1 .6
4 3 .3
$1 781
1 .9 6 0
6 8 .6 1
6 8 .9 4
7 3 .0 0
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 2 .1
1 .6 9 0
1 .6 9 8
1 .7 3 4
7 0 .5 4
6 9 .0 4
7 5 .3 5
4 0 .8
4 0 .0
4 2 .5
1 .7 2 9
1 .7 2 6
1 .7 7 3
6 4 .3 9
66. 50
6 7 .0 7
3 9 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
1 .6 2 6
1 .6 4 6
1 .6 5 2
75. OS
74. 48
77. 97
4 1 .9
4 1 .4
4 2 .7
1 .7 9 2
1 .7 9 9
1 .8 2 6
80. 49
80. 39
8 3 .6 9
4 2 .7
4 2 .4
4 3 .5
1 .8 8 5
1 .8 9 6
1 .9 2 4
87. 21
8 5 .4 6
9 1 .1 0
43. 8
42. 9
4 4 .7
1 991
1 992
2 .0 3 8
7 1 .5 4
70. 21
7 0 .7 4
6 9 .8 5
7 0 .4 7
71. 03
72. 95
7 6 .4 1
77. 54
8 0 .2 8
4 1 .4
40. 7
4 0 .7
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .8
4 1 .4
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 2 .7
1 .7 2 8
1. 725
1 .7 3 8
1 .7 2 9
1 .7 4 0
1 .7 4 1
1 .7 6 2
1 .8 2 8
1 .8 6 4
1 .8 8 0
7 3 .3 7
7 1 .3 3
7 2 .1 1
7 1 .3 3
7 1 .6 4
7 3 .2 3
76. 38
7 8 .0 3
79. 89
8 1 .4 9
4 1 .5
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .9
4 2 .5
4 2 .7
4 3 .0
1 .7 6 8
1 .7 7 0
1 .7 8 5
1 .7 7 0
1 .7 8 2
1 .7 8 6
1 .8 2 3
1 .8 3 6
1 .8 7 1
1 .8 9 5
6 7 .1 5
66. 21
66. 00
66. 21
66. 77
65. 29
65. 28
72. 40
7 3 .0 2
7 6 .5 3
4 0 .6
4 0 .2
40. 1
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
3 9 .5
3 9 .3
4 0 .0
3 9 .3
4 1 .1
1 .6 5 4
1 .6 4 7
1 .6 4 6
1 .6 4 7
1 .6 6 1
1 .6 5 3
1 .6 6 1
1 .8 1 0
1 .8 5 8
1 .8 6 2
7 8 .8 8
76. 94
77. 24
7 4 .7 9
74. 97
75. 56
72. 55
75. 25
7 9 .3 1
8 2 .1 1
4 2 .8
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
3 9 .6
4 0 .7
4 1 .7
4 2 .5
1 .8 4 3
1 .8 3 2
1 .8 3 9
1 .8 3 3
1 .8 4 2
1 .8 4 3
1 .8 3 2
1 .8 4 9
1 .9 0 2
1 .9 3 2
82. 75
8 3 .0 1
8 1 .7 9
7 7 .4 0
7 8 .6 9
79. 46
7 5 .4 8
7 7 .7 4
80. 69
84. 53
4 3 .1
4 3 .1
4 2 .4
40 5
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
3 9 .6
4 0 .3
4 1 .0
4 2 .2
1 .9 2 0
1 .9 2 6
1 .9 2 9
1 .9 1 1
1 .9 1 0
1 .9 2 4
1 .9 0 6
1 .9 2 9
1 .9 6 8
2 .0 0 3
9 1 .3 0
8 9 .8 5
87. 51
84 44
8 5 .0 3
84. 50
75. 89
76. 68
8 1 .6 4
8 5 .1 0
4 4 .8
4 4 .0
4 3 .0
4 1 .8
4 2 .2
42. 0
3 8 .6
3 9 .1
40. 8
4 1 .9
2. 038
2. 012
2. 035
2 020
2. 015
2. 012
1. 966
1. 961
2 001
2 .0 3 1
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
P r im a r y m e ta l in
d u s t r ie s — C o n .
W ir e d r a w in g
F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ( e x c e p t o r d n a n c e , m a c h i n e r y , a n d t r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u i p m e n t )
T o ta l: F a b r ic a te d
m eta l p r o d u c ts
(ex cep t ord n an ce,
m a c h in e r y ,
and
t r a n s p o r ta tio n
e q u ip m e n t)
T in can s a n d o th e r
t in w a r e
C u t l e r y , h a n d t o o ls ,
a n d hardw are
C u tle r y a n d e d g e
t o o ls
H a n d t o o ls
1950: A v e r a g e _______ $73. 79
1951: A v e r a g e . - .......... 8 0 .1 5
4 2 .9
4 3 .0
$1. 720
1 .8 6 4
$ 6 3 .4 2
6 9 .3 5
4 1 .4
4 1 .7
$1. 532
1 .6 6 3
$ 6 0 .9 0
66. 45
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
$1. 464
1 .6 0 9
$ 6 1 .0 1
66. 47
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
$1. 470
1 .5 9 4
$55. 54
6 0 .5 3
4 1 .7
4 1 .6
$ 1 .3 3 2
1 .4 5 5
$ 6 1 .3 1
69. 49
4 1 .2
4 2 .5
$1. 488
1 .6 3 5
1951: O c t o b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
7 8 .7 0
8 0 .3 3
8 1 .0 0
4 2 .2
4 2 .5
4 2 .9
1 .8 6 5
1 .8 9 0
1 .8 8 8
7 0 .3 9
69. 92
7 1 .7 8
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
4 2 .3
1 .6 8 8
1 .6 8 9
1 .6 9 7
6 8 .5 2
66. 50
68. 51
4 1 .3
40. 7
4 1 .9
1 .6 5 9
1 .6 3 4
1 .6 3 5
6 6 .7 8
6 6 .7 4
68. 21
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 2 .0
1 .6 1 7
1 .6 1 6
1 .6 2 4
6 0 .3 1
6 0 .8 7
6 2 .3 6
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 1 .6
1 .4 7 1
1 .4 8 1
1 .4 9 9
6 9 .3 0
68. 06
69. 68
41 9
4 1 .1
4 2 .1
1 .6 5 4
1. 656
1 .6 5 5
1952: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h ____
A p r i l ___________
M a y ___________
J u n e . _ ______
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r _______
78. 58
7 9 .3 4
79. 04
7 0 .1 6
7 5 .1 3
77. 49
78. 45
8 2 .2 7
7 9 .7 2
8 6 .4 0
4 1 .6
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
3 7 .6
4 0 .2
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 1 .7
4 0 .0
4 2 .5
1 .8 8 9
1 .8 8 9
1 .8 9 1
1 .8 6 6
1 .8 6 9
1 .8 9 0
1 .9 1 8
1 .9 7 3
1 .9 9 3
2 .0 3 3
7 1 .0 6
7 1 .2 7
7 1 .4 3
6 9 .6 4
70. 95
7 0 .1 8
6 7 .6 6
70. 67
74. 42
7 5 .8 5
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 0 .7
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
3 9 .8
4 0 .8
4 2 .0
4 2 .4
1 .7 0 0
1 .7 0 5
1 .7 1 3
1. 711
1 .7 1 8
1 .7 1 6
1 .7 0 0
1 .7 3 2
1 .7 7 2
1 .7 8 9
66. 22
6 5 .6 5
67. 57
6 6 .8 7
66. 74
6 8 .3 5
7 0 .1 8
7 2 .0 7
7 4 .7 3
7 0 .8 1
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 1 .1
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 1 .6
4 2 .3
4 2 .9
4 3 .7
4 2 .1
1 .6 3 5
1 .6 2 5
1 .6 4 4
1 .6 4 7
1 .6 4 8
1 .6 4 3
1. 659
1 .6 8 0
1 .7 1 0
1 .6 8 2
67. 81
67. 57
6 7 .3 2
6 6 .8 6
67. 60
6 7 .6 4
6 5 .3 8
6 6 .6 1
70. 46
7 1 .8 0
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 0 .8
4 0 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
3 9 .6
4 0 .1
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
1 .6 3 0
1 .6 4 0
1 .6 5 0
1 .6 5 9
1 .6 6 5
1 .6 7 0
1 .6 5 1
1 .6 6 1
1 .7 0 6
1 .7 2 6
6 1 .4 9
6 1 .3 9
6 1 .0 1
6 0 .3 7
62. 09
62. 57
6 0 .1 2
6 3 .1 5
6 5 .0 2
6 5 .3 2
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
3 9 .4
4 0 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
1 .5 0 7
1 .5 1 2
1 .5 1 4
1 .5 1 3
1 .5 3 3
1 .5 4 5
1 .5 2 6
1 .5 4 4
1 .5 6 3
1. 574
69. 26
6 9 .3 5
69. 26
68. 97
69. 51
6 7 .9 3
65. 55
6 6 .9 4
6 8 .7 0
7 1 .2 6
4 1 .9
41. 7
41. 5
4 1 .2
4 1 .4
40. 9
3 9 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 1 .5
1. 653
1 .6 6 3
1 .6 6 9
1 .6 7 4
1 .6 7 9
1 .6 6 1
1 .6 4 7
1 .6 5 7
1 .6 8 8
1 .7 1 7
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C: EARNINGS AND
96
M O N TH LY LABOR
HOURS
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—Continued
Year and month
Heating apparatus
(except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies
Hardware
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
1950: Average.......... $62. 65
1951: Average........... 66.70
41.6 $1,506 $63. 91
41.3 1.615 69. 58
1951: O cto b er____ 67.32
November___ 67. 52
December....... 69.09
41.2
41.4
42.0
1952: Jan u ary .........
February.. ..
March _____
A p ril_______
M ay ______
____
June
Julv ______
August______
September___
October_____
69. 26
68. 60
68.13
67. 77
68.11
68.83
66.83
67. 57
72. 91
73.98
Sanitary ware and
plumbers’ supplies
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
41.1 $1. 555 $67. 64
41.0 1.697 75.03
Oil burners, non
electric heating and
cooking apparatus,
not elsewhere
classified
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
41.6 $1. 626 $61. 20
41.8 1.795 65.93
Fabricated struc
tural metal products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
40.8 $1. 500 $63. 29
40.6 1.624 71.74
Structural steel and
ornamental
metalwork
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.1 $1. 540 $63.23
42.6 1. 684 71.61
41.3
42.3
$1. 531
1.693
1.634
1.631
1.645
70. 65
69.53
71. 49
41.1
40.4
41.3
1.719
1.721
1.731
75. 58
72. 96
75.84
41.3
40.0
41.4
1.830
1.824
1.832
66. 91
66.91
68. 27
40.9
40.7
41.2
1.636
1.644
1.657
72. 59
72.93
74.87
42.6
42.6
43.4
1.704
1.712
1.725
72.12
73.19
74.78
42.2
42.5
43.0
1.709
1.722
1.739
41.8 1.657
41.2 1.665
40.6 1.678
40. 1 1. 690
40.3 1.690
40.3 1.708
39.5 1. 692
39.7 1.702
41.4 1.761
41.7 1. 774
70.07
69. 85
70.35
67.74
69. 99
70.11
68. 43
71.17
73. 57
74. 52
40.5
40.4
40. 5
39.0
40.2
40.2
39.6
40.6
41.4
41.7
1.730
1. 729
1. 737
1.737
1.741
1. 744
1.728
1.753
1. 777
1. 787
73. 61
73.83
74. 09
68. 04
71.59
71. 25
70.31
73. 78
74. 59
75.01
40.4
40.5
40. 4
37.1
39.4
39.3
38.8
40.1
40.1
40.2
1.822
1.823
1.834
1.834
1.817
1. 813
1.812
1.840
1.860
1.866
67.40
67.10
67. 55
67.21
68.45
68. 78
66. 79
69. 61
73.05
74.38
40.6
40.4
40. 5
40.2
40.6
40.6
39.9
40.9
42.2
42.6
1. 660
1.661
1.668
1.672
1.686
1. 694
1 674
1. 702
1. 731
1.746
73.36
73. 74
74. 04
72. 23
73. 39
72.02
70. 93
74. 30
76. 59
77.69
42.7
42.8
42.8
41.8
42.4
41.7
41.0
41.6
42.6
42.9
1.718
1.723
1.730
1.728
1.731
1.727
1. 730
1. 786
1. 798
1.811
73. 74
74. 34
74. 99
72.34
73.00
69.85
70. 33
74. 38
77. 54
78.61
42.7
42.8
43.1
41.6
42.1
40.8
41.2
41.6
42.7
43.1
1. 727
1.737
1. 740
1.739
1.734
1.712
1.707
1. 788
1.816
1.824
Manufacturing—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—Continued
Machinery (except
electrical)
Metal stamping,
coating, and
engraving
Total: Machinery
(except electrical)
Boiler-shop products
Sheet-metal work
41.1 $1. 512 $64. 22
41. 9 1.678 68.54
Stamped and pressed
metal products
41.3 $1. 555 $66.15
40.7 1.684 70.50
41.7 $1. 553 $67. 21
42.3 1. 665 76.73
41.8
43.5
$1.608
1.764
71.32
70. 22
72.71
42.4
41.9
43.1
1. 682
1.676
1.687
77.86
77. 63
79. 95
43.4
43.2
44.1
1.794
1.797
1.813
71.19
71.66
71.23
69. 54
70. 76
69. 20
65. 97
68.10
73.04
75.11
42.3
42.4
42.1
41.1
41.5
40.9
39.5
40.2
42.0
42.7
1. 683
1.690
1.692
1. 692
1.705
1.692
1. 670
1.694
1.739
1.759
79. 81
79. 70
80.00
78. 62
79.06
78. 87
76. 46
77.84
80.27
80.87
43.9
43.6
43.5
42.8
42.9
42.7
41.6
42.1
42.9
42.9
1.818
1.828
1.839
1.837
1.843
1.847
1.838
1.849
1.871
1.885
41.5 $1. 594 $64.76
40.8 1.728 70.43
1950: Average........... $62.16
1951: Average........... 71. 57
40.6 $1. 531 $62.14
42.7 1.676 70.31
1951: October_____ 73. 73
November___ 73.53
December___ 75.11
43.5
43.2
43.9
1. 695
1.702
1. 711
72.54
71.13
74. 69
42.3
41.5
43.0
1.715
1.714
1.737
69.49
69. 64
71.15
40.4
40.3
41.2
1.720
1.728
1.727
71.52
71.85
73. 40
40.5
40.5
41.4
1.766
1.774
1.773
73.70
74. 35
74.78
73. 27
74. 30
74. 34
72. 28
72. 92
75. 83
76.68
43.1
43.2
43.1
42.4
42.8
42.8
41.3
41.5
42.2
42.2
1.710
1.721
1.735
1.728
1. 736
1.737
1.750
1.757
1.797
1.817
72.01
71.93
71.32
69.05
73.02
73.03
73.10
75. 71
78. 51
79.05
41.6
41.6
41.2
39.8
41.8
41.4
41.0
41.9
42.9
43.1
1.731
1.729
1. 731
1. 735
1.747
1.764
1. 783
1. 807
1.830
1.834
73.06
73.35
73. 54
71.21
72.41
71.55
66.37
71.27
77.10
79. 96
41.7
41.7
41.5
40.6
41.0
40.4
38.3
40.4
41.7
42.6
1.752
1.759
1.772
1. 754
1. 766
1.771
1.733
1.764
1.849
1.877
75.77
76.02
76.19
73. 68
74.90
74.30
68.01
73. 53
80. 09
83.48
42.0
42.0
41.7
40.8
41.2
40.8
38.1
40.4
41.8
42.9
1.804
1.810
1.827
1.806
1.818
1.821
1. 785
1.820
1.916
1.946
1952- January....... .
February____
M arch.............
April...............
M a y ............. June________
July________
August______
September___
October_____
Other fabricated
metal products
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
lgines and
turbines
Agricultural
machinery
and tractors
40. 7 $1. 706 $64. 60
42.9 1.860 73.46
Agricultural
machinery
(except tractors)
Tractors
40.1 $1,611 $66.09
40.7 1.805 75. 75
40.3 $1. 640 $62.57
40.9 1.852 70. 92
Construction and
mining
machinery
39.8 $1. 572 $65.97
40.5 1.751 75.38
42.4 $1. 556 $71.54
44.5 1.694 85. 55
43.2
46.8
$1.656
1.828
1. 702
1.714
1. 738
89.44
87.33
90. 20
47.4
46.5
47.6
1.887
1.878
1.895
1.734
1.741
1. 752
1.748
1.753
1. 754
1.749
1. 766
1.801
1.802
90. 30
89. 82
90. 43
88.33
89. 55
89. 64
86. 49
89. 13
91.63
92. 46
47.5
47.0
47.0
46.1
46. 4
46.4
45.0
45.8
46.3
46.3
1.901
1.911
1.924
1.916
1.930
1.932
1. 922
1.946
1.979
1.997
1950: Average____
1951: Average.......
$69. 43
79. 79
1951: October___
Novem ber..
December...
81.76
79. 97
83. 55
43.1
42.4
43.7
1.897
1.886
1.912
74.01
73. 42
76. 55
40.6
40.1
41.2
1.823
1.831
1.858
76.24
76. 58
79. 23
40.9
40.8
41.7
1.864
1.877
1.900
71.65
69. 97
73.40
40.3
39.4
40.6
1. 778
1.776
1.808
75. 57
76. 96
80.47
44.4
44.9
46.3
1952: January.......
February__
M arch____
April............
M ay.............
June______
July---------August____
Septem ber..
October.......
84. 42
84.90
83. 29
82.37
79.50
81. 99
80. 45
80.70
81. 65
81.29
43.9
43.9
43.0
42.5
41.6
42.2
41.3
41. 6
42.0
41.6
1.923
1. 934
1.937
1.938
1.911
1.943
1 948
1.940
1.944
1.954
75. 85
70.10
77. 94
78. 25
77. 94
75. 84
70.01
72. 92
71.10
73.93
40.8
40. 2
41.0
40.8
40.7
40.0
37.4
39.1
39.0
39.9
1.859
1.893
1.901
1. 918
1.915
1.896
1. 872
1.865
1.823
1.853
78.06
78. 63
79.01
80. 94
79.10
77. 64
67. 69
74. 34
71.87
75. 68
41.0
40.3
40.6
40.9
40. 4
40.0
35.2
38.8
38.6
40.0
1.904
1.951
1.946
1.979
1.958
1 941
1.923
1.916
1.862
1.892
73.63
73.30
76.94
75. 21
76.34
73. 54
72. 35
72. 29
70. 37
72.16
40.7
40.1
41.5
40.7
41.0
39.9
39.6
39.5
39.4
39.8
1.809
1.828
1.854
1.848
1. 862
1.843
1.827
1.830
1.786
1. 813
79. 24
79. 04
79. 54
77. 79
77.31
74.90
72. 41
74.35
76.72
77. 85
45.7
45.4
45.4
44. 5
44.1
42.7
41.4
42.1
42.6
43.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Metalworking
machinery
C: EARN IN 0 8 AND
R E V IE W , JA N U A R Y 1953
97
HOURS
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees
Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Year and month
Machine tools
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Metalworking ma
chinery ( e x c e p t
machine tools)
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Machine-tool acces
sories
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Special-industry ma
chinery (e x c e p t
metalworking ma
chinery)
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn- earn wkly.
ihgs
ings hours
General industrial
machinery
Avg. Avg.
hily. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Office and store ma
chines and devices
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1950: Average_____ $69. 72
1951: Average_____ 84. 75
43.2 $1,614 $70. 54
47.4 1.788 81.99
42.7 $1,652 $74. 69
45.2 1.814 88.08
43.5 $1. 717 $65. 74
46.8 1.882 74.69
41.9 $1. 569 $66. 33
43.6 1.713 76.91
41.9 $1. 583 $66. 95
44.2 1.740 73. 58
41.1
41.9
$1. 629
1.756
1951: October____
November__
December___
89.42
86. 89
89. 69
48.0
47.3
48.3
1.863
1.837
1.857
85.28
82. 89
85. 75
46.4
45.0
46.1
1.838
1.842
1.860
91.62
90. 64
93.68
47.4
46.6
47.7
1.933
1.945
1.964
74.43
74. 65
76. 47
43.0
42.9
43.8
1.731
1.740
1.746
77.48
78.14
79. 97
43.8
44.0
44.8
1. 769
1.776
1.785
75.04
74. 95
75. 35
41.9
41.8
41.7
1.791
1.793
1.807
1952: January_____
February____
M arch____
April_______
M ay________
June________
July.......... ......
August____ _
September__
October_____
90. 59
89. 39
89. 77
88.08
88.45
87. 75
84. 58
88.63
91.33
92.48
48.6
47.7
47.6
46.9
46.9
46.5
45.3
46.5
47.2
47.4
1.864
1.874
1.886
1.878
1.886
1.887
1.867
1.906
1.935
1.951
84. 64
85. 97
86. 67
83. 37
84. 66
84. 89
81.01
84. 21
85.80
87.00
45.7
45.9
46.1
44.7
45.2
45.3
43.3
44.3
44.5
44.5
1.852
1.873
1.880
1.865
1.873
1. 874
1.871
1.901
1.928
1.955
94.00
92.70
94. 32
92.61
94. 78
95. 61
92.64
92. 98
97. 23
98.02
47.5
46.7
46.9
46.1
46.6
46.8
45.3
45.4
46.5
46.5
1.979
1.985
2.011
2.009
2.034
2.043
2.045
2.048
2.091
2.108
76. 39
76. 47
77. 25
75. 71
76. 23
76. 84
74.13
75. 41
77.95
78. 38
43.5
43.4
43.4
42.7
42.9
43.0
41.6
42.2
42.9
42.9
1. 756
1.762
1.780
1. 773
1.777
1.787
1. 782
1. 787
1. 817
1.827
78.90
79.07
79.02
77. 45
78.60
78.05
75.68
76. 23
79. 63
80.32
44.2
44.1
43.8
43.1
43.4
43.0
42.0
42.0
43.3
43.3
1.785
1. 793
1.804
1.797
1.811
1.815
1.802
1.815
1.839
1.855
75. 24
75.04
75. 72
74. 85
74.05
75. 28
73. 93
74. 43
76. 67
76.17
41.5
41.3
41.4
40.9
40.4
40.8
40.2
40.3
41.0
40.8
1.813
1.817
1.829
1.830
1.833
1.845
1.839
1.847
1.870
1. 867
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Computing machines
and cash registers
Typewriters
Service-industry and Refrigerators and airhousehold machines
conditioning units
Miscellaneous ma
chinery parts
1950: Average_____ $71. 70
1951: Average_____ 78. 81
40.9 $1. 753 $62.08
41.5 1.899 68.00
41.5 $1. 496 $67. 26
42.5 1.600 71.06
41.7 $1. 613 $66. 42
40.7 1.746 69.41
41.1 $1. 616 $66.15
39.8 1.744 74. 26
1951: October_____ 81.17
November___ 81.62
December___ 81.91
41.5
41.6
41.6
1.956
1.962
1.969
68. 42
68.51
68.51
42.6
42.5
41.9
1.606
1.612
1.635
71.73
72.41
74.04
40.5
40.7
41.2
1.771
1. 779
1. 797
70. 25
71.44
72. 80
39.8
40.0
40.4
1.765
1.786
1. 802
74. 82
74.00
75.86
43.1
42.6
43.4
1952: January__
February........
M arch______
April_______
M ay________
June________
July------------August______
September___
October_____
41.8 1.972
41.2 1.968
41.3 1.989
40.7 1.990
40.3 1.991
40.7 1.994
40.5 1.994
40.6 2.006
41. 1 2.040
40.9 2.035
67. 81
69.18
69. 26
68. 52
67.13
70. 68
67.14
68.04
69.17
69. 71
41.4
41.7
41.8
41.2
40.2
41.7
40.4
40.5
41.0
41.1
1.638
1.659
1.657
1.663
1.670
1.695
1. 662
1. 680
1.687
1.696
75. 59
74. 49
74.03
72.34
73.71
74. 56
74.68
75. 40
78.50
78. 73
41.9
41.2
40.7
39.9
40.5
40.9
4G.7
41.0
42.0
41.9
1. 804
1.808
1.819
1. 813
1.820
1.823
1.835
1.839
1.869
1.879
75. 25
74. 65
74.11
70.90
72. 90
74.91
75.07
76. 88
79.13
78.08
41.6
41.2
40.7
39.3
40.1
41.0
40.8
41.4
42.0
41.4
1.809
1.812
1.821
1.804
1.818
1.827
1.840
1.857
1.884
1.886
76. 39
75. 85
75. 66
74.16
74. 69
74.14
72.19
72. 41
75.00
76.27
43.5
43.0
42.7
41.9
42.1
41.7
40.9
40.7
41.6
41.7
82. 43
81.08
82.15
80. 99
80.24
81.16
80. 76
81.44
83. 84
83.23
Ball and roller bear
ings
42.0 $1. 575 $68. 55
43.2 1. 719 76. 69
42.5
43.4
$1,613
1. 767
1.736
1. 737
1. 748
77. 20
75. 28
76.70
43.3
42.2
42.8
1.783
1.784
1.792
1.756
1. 764
1.772
1.770
1. 774
1.778
1. 765
1.779
1.803
1.829
78. 38
76.73
76.70
73.62
73. 28
72. 43
70.31
69. 75
73.95
71. 71
43.4
42. 7
42.4
41.2
41. 1
40.6
40.2
38.9
40.5
39.1
1.806
1.797
1.809
1.787
1. 783
1. 784
1.749
1.793
1.826
1.834
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except
electrical)—Con.
Machine shops (job
and repair)
Electrical machinery
Total: Electrical ma
chinery
Electrical generat
ing, transmission,
distribution, and
industrial appa
ratus
Motors, generators,
transformers, and
industrial controls
Electrical equipment
for vehicles
Communication
equipment
1950: Average_____ $65.18
1951: Average_____ 74.17
41.7 $1. 563 $60. 83
43.2 1. 717 66.86
41.1 $1. 480 $63. 75
41.4 1.615 71.53
41.1 $1. 551 $64. 90
42.1 1.699 72. 92
41.1 $1. 579 $66. 22
42.1 1.732 68.84
41.7 $1. 588 $56. 20
40.4 1.704 61.86
40.9
41.1
$1.374
1.505
1951: October_____ 74. 81
November___ 75.90
December....... 78.15
42.8
43.1
44.2
1.748
1.761
1.768
68. 27
69.10
69. 97
41.5
41.8
42.0
1.645
1.653
1.666
73.26
73. 78
74. 81
42.3
42.4
42.7
1.732
1. 740
1. 752
74.70
75.30
75. 95
42.3
42.4
42.5
1. 766
1. 776
1.787
70.32
70.86
72. 99
40.3
40.4
41.1
1.745
1.754
1. 776
63. 87
65.02
64. 69
41.5
42.0
41.6
1.539
1.548
1. 555
1952: January____
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay________
June________
July------------August______
September___
October_____
44.0
43.9
43.8
43.4
43.6
43.3
42.1
42.3
42.8
43.6
1. 776
1. 791
1. 794
1.802
1.8C8
1. 811
1.799
1.797
1.814
1.830
70. 22
69. 93
70.43
69.03
68.90
69.73
67. 91
69. 86
72. 32
72.83
41.9
41.6
41.5
40.7
40.6
40.9
39.9
40.9
42.0
42.1
1.676
1.681
1.697
1.696
1.697
1.705
1.702
1.708
1.722
1.730
75.19
75. G6
76.37
75.11
73.64
74. 67
73.35
74.16
77. 54
78.02
42.7
42.5
42.5
41.8
41.3
41.6
41.0
41.2
42.7
42.8
1.761
1. 766
1. 797
1. 797
1. 783
1. 795
1. 789
1. 800
1.816
1.823
76. 92
76.37
78.35
77.20
74. 56
76.09
74. 48
75.40
79.70
80.01
42.9
42.5
42.7
42.0
41.1
41.6
40.9
41.2
43.2
43.2
1.793
1. 797
1. 835
1.838
1.814
1.829
1.821
1.830
1.845
1. 852
74. 41
71.83
72. 34
71.66
69. 71
72. 42
68.00
69.92
76.34
77. 77
41.9
40.4
40.3
39.9
38.9
39.9
37.1
38.5
40.8
41.3
1. 776
1.778
1.795
1.796
1.792
1.815
1.833
1.816
1.871
1.883
65.35
65.17
64.86
63. 28
64. 52
64.80
62. 96
65.89
66. 90
67.80
41.6
41.3
41.0
40.1
40.4
40.5
39.4
40.9
41.5
41.8
1.571
1.578
1.582
1.578
1.597
1.600
1.598
1.611
1.612
1.622
78.14
78. 62
78. 58
78. 21
78.83
78. 42
75.74
76.01
77. 64
79.79
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
98
M O N TH LY LABOR
C: E A R N IN G S AN D H O U R S
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery—Continued
Year and month
Transportation equipment
R a d io s , p h o n o
appliances,
graphs, television Telephone, telegraph, Electrical
and miscel
sets, and equip and related equipment lamps,
laneous
products
ment
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
1950: Average_____ $53.85
1951: Average—....... 58.40
40.7 $1.323 $65.84
40.5 1.442 77.20
40.1 $1.642 $61. 58
43.2 1.787 65. 73
1951: October_____ 60.41
November___ 60.98
December___ 61.14
40.9
41.4
41.2
1.477
1.473
1.484
80.42
81.33
81.08
44.8
44.3
43.9
1.795
1.836
1.847
1952: January_____
February ___
March__
April__ ___
M ay________
June________
July________
August______
September___
October_____
41.1
40.7
40.5
39.8
40.4
40.3
39.2
40.6
41.2
41.2
1.490
1.499
1.504
1.498
1.518
1.528
1.537
1.538
1. 535
1.540
82.19
82. 73
81.91
80.81
82.06
81.16
74.17
80. 22
81.77
82.63
44.0
44.1
43.8
43.1
43.6
43.4
40.8
42.9
43.8
44.0
1.868
1.876
1.870
1.875
1.882
1.870
1.818
1.870
1.867
1.878
61.24
61.01
60.91
59.62
61.33
61.58
60.25
62.44
63.24
63.45
Total: Transporta
tion equipment
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Automobiles
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Aircrafts and parts
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.0 $1. 502 $71.18
40.8 1.611 75. 77
41.0 $1. 736 $73.25
40.8 1.857 75. 52
41.2 $1.778 $68.39
39.5 1.912 78.05
41.6
43.8
$1.644
1. 782
65.61
66.26
68.89
40.4
40.5
41.6
1.624
1.636
1.656
77.14
77.05
79.48
40.9
40.7
41.7
1.886
1.893
1.906
77.34
76.44
79.91
39.7
39.1
40.4
1.948
1.955
1.978
78.07
79.85
80. 57
43.3
43.9
44.1
1.803
1.819
1.827
67. 77
67.98
68.18
66.60
67.39
67. 76
67.54
69. 34
71.49
71.44
40.9
40.9
40.8
40.0
40.4
40.5
40.3
41.2
42.1
41.9
1.657
1.662
1.671
1.665
1.668
1.673
1.676
1.683
1.698
1.705
79.47
79. 24
80.08
78.47
79.57
79.12
75.50
78.38
85.36
85.96
41.5
41.4
41.3
40.7
41.1
40.7
39.3
40.3
42.3
42.2
1.915
1.914
1.939
1.928
1.936
1.944
1.921
1.945
2.018
2.037
80. 55
79.83
80.84
79. 68
80. 24
79. 27
71.33
77. 76
88.83
90.82
40.5
40.4
40.4
39.9
40.1
39.4
35.9
38.4
42.1
42.6
1.989
1.976
2.001
1.997
2.001
2.012
1.987
2.025
2.110
2.132
79. 53
80.01
80. 57
78. 08
80.38
80.36
80.66
80.03
84.28
83.14
43.2
43.2
42.9
42.0
42.8
42.7
42.7
42.3
43.6
42.7
1.841
1.852
1.878
1.859
1.878
1.882
1.889
1.892
1.933
1.947
Manufacturing—Continued
Transportation equipment—Continued
Aircraft engines and
parts
Aircraft
Aircraft propellers
and parts
Other aircraft parts
and equipment
1950: Average.......... $67.15
1951: Average_____ 75.82
41.4 $1.622 $71.40
43.3 1.751 85.90
42.1 $1.696 $73.90
45.4 1.892 89.17
42.4 $1.743 $70. 81
46.2 1.930 78. 53
1951: O cto b er.___ 76.42
November___ 77.95
December___ 78.13
43.1
43.5
43.5
1.773
1.792
1.796
83. 20
87.02
88.44
43.4
45.3
45.8
1.917
1.921
1.931
86. 33
87.67
88.98
44.8
45.1
45.4
1.927
1.944
1.960
1952: January_____
February____
M arch______
April___ ____
M a y ... . . .
June________
July________
August______
September___
October_____
42.3
42.7
42.3
41.7
42.5
42.4
42.3
42.4
44.1
42.4
1.816
1.836
1.858
1.836
1.849
1.851
1.858
1.869
1.900
1.921
88. 50
85.66
87.23
81.98
85.13
85. 32
85. 67
82.19
85.49
87.25
45.9
44.8
44.8
42.7
43.5
43.2
43.2
42.0
42.7
43.3
1.928
1.912
1.947
1.920
1.957
1.975
1.983
1.957
2.002
2.015
88.97
87.36
91. 21
89. 27
92. 75
93. 59
93. *8
92.86
94.62
89. 31
45.3
44.8
45.2
44.5
45.0
45.5
45.4
45.1
45.1
43.5
1.964
1.950
2.018
2.006
2.061
2.057
2.059
2.059
2.098
2.053
76.82
78.40
78.59
76. 56
78.58
78.48
78.59
79. 25
83.79
81.45
Ship- and boatbuild
ing and repairing
Shipbuilding and
repairing
41.7 $1.698 $63.28
43.7 1. 797 70. 56
38.4 $1.648 $63.83
40.0 1.764 71.18
38.2
39.9
$1.671
1.784
79.35
78. 50
81.16
43.6
43.3
44.4
1.820
1.813
1.828
73. 57
72. 37
74.12
40.2
39.1
40.5
1.830
1.851
1.830
74. 23
72.97
74. 72
40.1
39.0
40.5
1.851
1.871
1.845
80.78
79. 75
79. 71
78. 33
80.98
80.21
79.32
77. 26
82.10
81.78
44.0
43.2
42.9
42.0
43.1
43.1
42.9
41.9
43.3
43.2
1.836
1.846
1.858
1.865
1.879
1.861
1.849
1.844
1.896
1.893
74.85
74.32
76.81
75.01
76. 36
76. 03
74. 76
75.87
77. 76
76.24
40.7
40.0
40.9
40.5
41.1
40.9
40.5
40.4
40.5
39.5
1.839
1.858
1.878
1.852
1.858
1.859
1.846
1.878
1.920
1.930
75.58
75.04
77.90
75.86
77.12
76.74
75. 57
76. 64
78. 53
77.06
40.7
40.0
41.0
40.5
41.0
40.8
40.5
40.4
40.5
39.5
1.857
1.876
1.900
1.873
1.881
1.881
1.866
1.897
1.939
1.951
M anufacturing—Con tinued
Instruments and
related products
Transportation equipment—Continued
Boatbuilding and
repairing
Railroad equipment
40.3 $1. 737 $62.47
41.6 1.951 70.48
77.06
76.49
77.81
40.9
40.6
40.8
1.884
1.884
1.907
82.75
81.93
83. 76
41.9
41.8
41.9
1.975
1.960
1.999
71.06
70.66
71.05
39.9
39.3
39.3
1.781
1.798
1.808
76. 79
78.12
78.55
76.25
76.11
77. 79
74.83
75.82
74.44
75.69
41.0
41.4
41.3
40.3
40.4
40.6
40.1
39.8
39.2
39.3
1.873
1.887
1.902
1.892
1.884
1.916
1.866
1.905
1.899
1.926
81.61
81.90
81.62
78.74
81.32
82. 31
80.97
81.72
80.87
80.48
41.7
42.0
41.6
40.4
41.7
41.3
41.8
41.4
41.3
41.0
1.957
1.950
1.962
1.949
1.950
1.993
1.937
1.974
1.958
1.963
72.19
74. 22
75.58
73. 57
72.10
74.17
71.90
71.03
69. 50
73. 35
40.4
40.8
41.1
40.2
39.7
40.4
39.7
38.9
38.0
38.9
1.787
1.819
1.839
1.830
1.816
1.836
1.811
1.826
1.829
1.883
40.6 $1.379 $66. 33
40.1 1.516 75.99
1951: October _____ 62. 55
November___ 63.48
December___ 65. 53
40.3
39.9
40.3
1.552
1.591
1.626
1952: January_____
February____
M arch______
April. _______
M ay________
June________
July________
August--------September___
October... . .
39.6
39.5
39.5
39.5
41.1
40.8
39.9
40.0
40.0
40.2
1.616
1.605
1.591
1.602
1.609
1.627
1.643
1.670
1.723
1.719
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Railroad and street
cars
39.6 $1.675 $70.00
40.9 1.858 81.16
1950: Average-------- $55.99
1951: Average-------- 60.79
63.99
63.40
62.84
63.28
66.13
66. 38
65.56
66.80
68.92
69.10
Locomotives and
parts
Other transportation Total: Instruments
equipment
and related products
38.9 $1.606 $64. 44
40.0 1.762 68.44
41.9 $1. 538 $60.81
42.3 1.618 68.87
41.2
42.2
$1,476
1.632
71.13
71.06
73.48
42.9
42.6
44.0
1.658
1.668
1.670
70. 26
70.98
71.70
42.3
42.5
42.6
1.661
1.670
1.683
68.80
68. 72
70.39
70.69
71.28
73.02
72.38
73.27
72. 55
74.21
41.9
41.5
41.8
42.1
42.2
42.8
42.5
42.7
42.4
42.6
1.642
1.656
1.684
1.679
1.689
1.706
1.703
1.716
1.711
1.742
71.02
71.02
71.47
70.71
71.81
71.97
70.49
72.04
74.49
75.05
42.1
41.7
41.7
41.4
41.8
41.6
40.7
41.5
42.3
42.4
1.687
1.703
1.714
1.708
1.718
1.730
1.732
1.736
1.761
1.770
R E V IE W , JA N U A R Y 1953
99
C: E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Miscellaneous manu
facturing industries
Instruments and related products—Continued
Year and month
Ophthalmic goods
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Photographic
apparatus
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Professional and sci
entific instruments
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Total: Miscellaneous
manufacturing in
dustries
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.2 $1. 592 $53.25
42. 0 1. 740 59. 49
39.8 $1.338 $63. 01
40. 8 1. 458 71. 99
41.7 $1. 511 $54. 04
42.9 1. 678 58. 00
41.0
40. 9
$1,318
1. 418
73.33
74.53
74. 96
41.9
42.3
42.3
1.750
1. 762
1. 772
59. 52
60. 57
60. 55
40.3
40.9
40.8
1. 477
1. 481
1.484
73.92
74.78
75.95
43.1
43.3
43.6
1. 715
1. 727
1.742
58.18
58. 71
60.53
40.6
40.6
41.4
1.433
1. 446
1. 462
75.39
74.92
76.47
76. 62
76. 71
75. 84
74.01
73.63
76. 51
77.44
42.4
41.9
41.4
41.8
41.6
41.4
40.8
40.5
41.4
41.7
1. 778
1.788
1.847
1. 833
1.844
1.832
1. 814
1.818
1.848
1. 857
59. 52
59. 86
60. 68
59.31
59.40
59. 07
56.21
59.81
60. 97
61. 51
40.0
40.2
40.4
39.7
40.0
39.2
37.3
39.4
39.9
40.1
1.488
1.489
1. 502
1.494
1.485
1.507
1.507
1. 518
1. 528
1.534
74. 77
74. 71
74. 67
73. 40
75. 27
76. 58
75. 50
76. 90
79. 47
80.08
42.9
42.4
42.4
41.8
42.5
42.9
42.2
42. 7
43.4
43.5
1.743
1. 762
1. 761
1. 756
1. 771
1. 785
1.789
1.801
1.831
1.841
59. 94
60.18
60. 57
59.31
60.39
60.01
59.06
60. 68
62. 93
64.13
41.0
40.8
40.9
40.1
40.5
40.3
39.8
40.7
41.7
42.3
1. 462
1. 475
1.481
1. 479
1. 491
1. 489
1.484
1.491
1. 509
1. 516
1950: Average________________________ $50. 88
1951 • Avftragft
55. 65
40.7 $1. 250 $65. 59
40. 8 1.364 73. 08
1951: October____________ ___________ 56.11
November__________ . . . ________ 55. 36
December______________ _______ 55.14
40.6
40.2
39.9
1. 382
1.377
1.382
55.62
56.22
57. 20
57. 49
57.73
53. 52
51.62
54. 85
57. 39
57. 81
39.7
39.4
40.0
40.2
40.2
37.4
36.2
38.6
40.3
40.4
1.401
1. 427
1.430
1.430
1.436
1.431
1. 426
1.421
1.424
1. 431
1952: January________________________
February-----------------------------------M a rc h ... _______________ ______
April----------------------------------------M ay___________________________
June___________________________
July____________________________
August_____________________ ____
September______________________
October_________________________
Watches and
clocks
M anufacturing—Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued
Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware
Jewelry and
findings
42.8 $1. 389 $54.25
41.6 1.493 58.21
Silverware and
plated ware
1950: Average—.
1951: Average...
$59. 45
62.11
1951: O ctober...
November.
December-
62.14
63.42
66.33
40.8
41.4
42.6
1. 523
1.532
1. 557
59.27
61.07
63.02
41.3
42.0
42.9
1.435
1.454
1. 469
64. 68
65. 73
69.25
40.3
40.9
42.2
1.605
1.607
1. 641
1952: January.. February..
M arch---April........
M ay____
June.........
July_____
August---September.
October.. .
63. 55
63. 47
64. 35
62.98
63.43
64.66
64.24
66. 06
70.00
73.17
41.4
41.0
41.3
40.4
40.4
41.0
40.4
41.6
43.4
45.0
1.535
1. 548
1. 558
1.559
1. 570
1. 577
1. 590
1.588
1.613
1.626
60. 77
60. 44
60. 90
58.93
60.48
61. 92
60.25
61. 59
64.60
65.76
42.2
41.6
41.8
40.5
41.0
41.7
40.3
41.7
43.3
43.9
1.440
1.453
1.457
1. 455
1. 475
1. 485
1.495
1.477
1.492
1. 498
66. 30
66. 42
67.44
66. 41
65. 99
66. 90
67. 55
69. 55
75. 00
80. 07
40.7
40.6
40.8
40.3
39.9
40.3
40.4
41.2
43.2
45.6
1.629
1.636
1.653
1. 648
1.654
1. 660
1.672
1.688
1.736
1. 756
41.6 $1.304 $64. 08
41.7 1.396 65.73
Manufacturing—Con.
40.4 $1.262 $49. 52
39.6 1. 352 53. 65
40.0
40.1
$1.238
1.338
54.26
54. 53
56.17
39.9
39.8
40.7
1.360
1.370
1.380
53. 53
54.04
54.20
39.8
39.3
40.0
1.345
1.375
1.355
57.21
57.39
58.14
55. 98
57. 87
56.92
55. 75
57.57
59. 59
61.44
40.6
40.7
41.0
39.7
41.1
40.4
39.4
40.8
41.5
42.4
1.409
1.410
1.418
1.410
1.408
1.409
1. 415
1. 411
1.436
1. 449
54.48
54.54
55.43
53. 92
54.84
54. 68
51.60
54. 86
56. 75
58.87
40.0
40.1
40.4
39.1
39.4
39.2
38.0
39.9
40.8
41.2
1.362
1.360
1.372
1. 379
1.392
1. 395
1.358
1.375
1.391
1. 429
C ommunication
Class I railroads 4
Other miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries
1950: Average—.
1951: Average.. .
$54. 91
59.20
1951: O ctober...
November.
December-
59.43
59. 84
61.73
40.9
40.9
41.6
1.453
1. 463
1.484
72.74
71.40
69. 95
42.0
40.8
39.5
1.732
1. 750
1.771
1952: January...
February..
M arch___
April.........
M a y ........
Ju n e .........
July_____
August__
September
October.. .
61.02
61.50
61. 55
60. 49
61. 44
61. 01
60. 59
61.99
64.09
64. 51
41.2
41.0
40.9
40.3
40.5
40.3
40.1
40.7
41.7
42.0
1.481
1.500
1. 505
1. 501
1.517
1. 514
1.511
1.523
1.537
1. 536
74. 09
76. 69
71. 52
72. 65
70. 57
70.78
71.86
72. 96
74.85
41.6
42.7
40.2
41.3
39.8
39.5
39.7
40.0
40.9
1.781
1.796
1. 779
1. 759
1. 773
1.792
1. 810
1.824
1.830
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
43.8 $1. 463 $50. 98
41.6 1.580 53. 54
Costume jewelry,
buttons, notions
Transportation and public utilities
Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries— Jon.
See footnotes at end of table.
Toys and sporting
goods
41.1 $1.336 $63.20
41.2 1.437 *69. 78
Local railways and
bus lines 8
40.8 $1. 549 $66. 96
*41.0 *1. 702 72.32
Telephone 8
Switchboard operat
ing employees 7
45.0 $1. 488 $54. 38
46.3 1. 562 58.30
38.9 $1. 398 $46. 65
39.1 1. 491 49. 54
37.5
37.7
$1.244
1.314
73.23
73.11
75.35
46.2
46.3
47.6
1. 585
1. 579
1. 583
59. 94
60. 84
59.44
39.1
39.2
38.8
1.533
1. 552
1. 532
51.48
52. 79
49.70
37.8
37.9
37.2
1.362
1.393
1.336
73.92
73. 52
74.89
74. 31
76.17
76.91
78.14
78.68
77.89
78.31
46.4
46.5
46.6
46.1
46.9
47.1
46.9
47.0
46.2
46.2
1. 593
1. 581
1.607
1. 612
1.624
1.633
1.666
1.674
1.686
1.695
59.68
59.83
59. 29
53.92
60.60
60. 80
62.29
62. 05
62.91
63.68
38.7
38.5
38.5
34.9
38.7
39.0
39.3
39.0
39.0
38.9
1. 542
1. 554
1. 540
1. 545
1. 566
1. 559
1.585
1.591
1.613
1.637
49.63
50. 33
49.31
43.30
52.11
51.56
53.25
52. 44
53.50
54. 49
36.9
36.9
36.8
32.1
37.6
37.8
38.2
37.7
37.7
37.5
1. 345
1. 364
1.340
1. 349
1.386
1. 364
1.394
1.391
1.419
1.453
100
M O N TH LY LABOR
C: E A R N IN G 8 A N D H O U R S
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Transportation and public utilities—Continued
Communication
Year and month
Line construction,
installation, and
m aintenance em
ployees 8
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Total: Gas and elec
tric utilities
Telegraph •
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
1950: Average........... .................................— $73.30
1951: Average.............. ................................. 81.28
42.1 $1.741 $64.19
42.8 1.899 68.33
1951: O ctober..................................... .......... 83. 54
November.... ........................................ 83.79
December.............................................. 83.91
42.6
42.6
42.7
1.961
1.967
1.965
1952: January. _______________________
February_______ ________________
March. ________________________
April___________________________
M a y ._______ _______ ___________
June______________ ____________
Ju ly ____________________________
August. ______________________
September______ _______ ________
October......... ......................................
42.5
42.3
41.8
38.7
42.1
42.6
42.6
42.7
42.5
42.3
1 974
1.985
1.995
1.978
1.995
2. 012
2. 057
2.070
2. 090
2.110
83.90
83.97
83.39
76. 55
83.99
85.71
87. 63
88.39
88.83
89.25
Other public utilities
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Electric light and
power utilities
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
44.7 $1.436 $66. 60
44.6 1.532 71.77
41.6 $1. 601 $67.81
41.9 1.713 72.74
41.6 $1.630 $63. 37
41.9 1.736 68. 76
41.5
41.8
$1,527
1.645
72.34
72.13
72. 21
44.3
44.2
44.3
1.633
1.632
1.630
72.92
73.29
73.63
42.1
42.0
42.1
1.732
1.745
1.749
72. 85
73.56
74.56
41.7
41.7
42.1
1.747
1.764
1.771
71.39
71.49
71.53
42.7
42.4
42.3
1,672
1.686
1.691
70.77
70.90
71.02
(t)
43.9
43.9
44.0
(t)
ft)
44.5
44.8
44.5
42.6
42.3
1 612
1.615
1.614
73 20
72.82
73. 28
73. 24
73.46
74.41
74.78
74.81
76. 03
77.13
41 Q
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.2
41.2
41.5
41.4
41.5
41.6
1 747
1.759
1.770
1.769
1.783
1.806
1.802
1.807
1.832
1.854
74 25
73.39
74. 27
73.62
74. 25
75.42
76.15
75. 70
77.17
77.58
41 Q
41.3
41.4
41.2
41.0
41.1
41.5
41.3
41.4
41.2
1 772
1.777
1.794
1.787
1.811
1.835
1.835
1.833
1.864
1.883
70 50
70. 38
70. 09
70. 34
70. 20
70. 56
70.78
71.49
73. 06
75.22
41 R
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.2
41.0
41.2
41.3
41.7
42.4
1 088
1.700
1.693
1.699
1.704
1. 721
1.718
1.731
1.752
1.774
(t)
72. 40
72. 84
72. 00
74.46
74.62
(t)
(t)
1.627
1.626
1.618
1.748
1.764
Transportation and
public utilities—
Continued
Trade
Other public utili
ties—C ontinued
Retail trade
Wholesale trade
Electric light and gas
utilities combined
Retail trade (except
eating and drink
ing places)
General merchandise
stores
1950: Average............................................. ... $67. 02
1951: Average............................................... 72.36
41.6 $1. 611 $60.36
41.9 1.727 64.51
40.7 $1.483 $47. 63
40.7 1.585 50.25
40.5 $1.176 $35.95
40.1 1.253 37. 25
1951: October_______________________ . 74. 02
Novem ber-__________ ___________ 73.96
December.____ _________________ 73.66
42.2
42. 0
41.9
1.754
1 761
1.758
65.44
65. 52
66.58
40.8
40. 8
41.1
1. 604
1. 606
1.620
50.43
39.8
39 4
1.267
36. 56
49 92
49.92
40.1
1.245
37.52
1952: January......................... .......................
February____________________ ___
M arch_________________________
April___________________________
M ay___________________________
June_______________ ___________
Ju ly ............................ ................ ........
August............................................ ......
September______________________
O ctober..................................... ........
42.0
41.5
41.5
41.6
41.5
41.4
41.6
41.7
41.4
41.6
1.752
1.774
1.790
1.792
1.798
1.825
1.815
1.823
1.844
1.871
66.42
66.13
66. 62
66.49
66.94
67. 59
67.80
68.13
68.95
69.28
40.7
40.4
40.4
40.1
40.4
40.5
40.6
40.6
40.8
40.8
1.632
1.637
1.649
1.658
1. 657
1.669
1.670
1.678
1.690
1.698
51.22
50. 98
50. 90
50.97
51.68
52.85
53. 09
53. 00
52.43
52.43
39.8
39.8
39.8
39.7
39.6
40.1
40.4
40.4
39.6
39.3
1.287
1.281
1.279
1.284
1.305
1.318
1.314
1.312
1.324
1.334
38. 27
37.44
37.20
37. 04
37.91
38.80
38. 98
38.84
37.35
37. 27
73.58
73.62
74.29
74.55
74.62
75. 56
75. 50
76. 02
76.34
77.83
Gas utilities
36 12
D e p a rtm e n t stores
and general mail
order houses
36.8 $0.977 $41. 56
36.2 1.029 44.11
38.2
37.8
35.6
36 1
3 7 .0
35 .8
35 .9
35.8
36.0
35.7
36.3
36.6
36.5
35.3
34.9
$1. 088
1.167
1.027
43.57
37.3
1.168
1.014
46. 49
39.4
1.180
1. 069
1.043
1.039
1.029
1.062
1.069
1.065
1.064
1.058
1.068
45. 27
43. 67
43.63
43.94
44.71
45.19
45. 09
45.10
44.08
43.96
37.2
37.1
37.1
37.3
37.1
37.1
37.2
37. 0
36.7
36.3
1.217
1.177
1.176
1.178
1.205
1.218
1.212
1.219
1.201
1.211
1 176
Trade—Continued
Retail trade—Continued
Food and liquor
stores
1950: Average—.
1951: Average...
$51. 79
53.96
1951: October...
November
December.
1952: Jan u ary ...
February..
M arch___
April........
M ay____
June____
Ju ly .........
August__
September
O ctober...
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Automotive and ac
cessories dealers
Other retail trade
Apparel and acces
sories stores
Furniture and appli
ance stores
Lumber and hard
ware-supply stores
40.4 $1.282 $61.65
40.0 1.349 66.51
45.7 $1.349 $40.70
45.4 1.465 42.20
36.5 $1,115 $56.12
36.1 1.169 59. 61
43.5 $1. 290 $54.62
43.1 1.383 58.64
43.8
43.6
$1.247
1.345
53. 90
54.35
54.44
39.6
39.7
40.0
1.361
1.369
1.361
67.24
67.13
67.06
45.4
45.3
45.4
1.481
1.482
1.477
42.49
42.17
43.31
35.8
35.5
36.3
1.187
1.188
1.193
60. 50
60.23
62.39
43.0
42.9
43.6
1.407
1.404
1.431
60.18
59.10
59.60
43.8
43.2
43.6
1.374
1.368
1.367
54. 53
54.45
54.87
55.16
55.12
56.68
56.96
56.94
56.72
56.50
39.4
39.4
39.5
39.6
39.2
40.2
40.6
40.7
40.0
39.4
1.384
1.382
1.389
1.393
1.406
1.410
1.403
1.399
1.418
1.434
66.68
67.37
67.74
69.28
71.08
71.71
70. 91
69.61
71.19
71.98
44.9
45.0
45.1
45.4
45.3
45.3
45.4
45.2
45.2
45.3
1.485
1.497
1.502
1.526
1.569
1.583
1.562
1.540
1.575
1.589
43.64
42. 76
41.83
42.97
42.48
44. 22
44.10
44. 03
43. 50
43.93
36.1
35.9
35.6
35.6
35.4
36.1
36.3
36.6
35.6
35.6
1.209
1.191
1.175
1.207
1.200
1.225
1.215
1.203
1.222
1.234
59.45
59.72
59.24
58. 96
60. 51
61.27
60. 75
61.05
61.41
61.82
42.8
42.9
42.8
42.6
42.7
42.7
42.6
42.6
42.5
42.4
1.389
1.392
1.384
1.384
1.417
1.435
1.426
1.433
1.445
1.458
58.65
59.36
59. 21
60. 36
59.96
61.80
61.85
61.76
62.69
63.20
43.0
43.2
43.0
43.3
43.2
43.8
43.8
43.8
43.9
43.8
1.364
1.374
1.377
1.394
1.388
1.411
1.412
1.410
1.428
1.443
R E V IE W , JA N U A R Y 1953
101
0 : E A R N IN G S AN D H O U R S
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
Finance 10
Banks
and
trust
com
panies
Year and month
Service
Security
dealers Insur
and
ance
ex
carriers
changes
Hotels, year-round «
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
earnings earnings earnings earnings
1950: Average________________
1951: Average......... ............. ........
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Cleaning and dyeing
plants
Laundries
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Motionpicture
produc
tion
and
distri
bution 10
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings
$46.44
50.32
$81.48
83.68
$58. 49
61.31
$33. 85
35.38
43.9
43.2
$0. 771
.819
$35. 47
37. 52
41.2
41.1
$0.861
.913
$41. 69
44.07
41.2
41.5
$1.012
1.062
$92. 79
83.95
1951: October______ .
November_______
December__________
50.78
51.13
51.81
85.20
83.88
83.09
61.32
60. 70
62. 25
35.91
36. 20
36.81
42.9
43.1
43.2
.837
.840
.852
37.73
37.93
38.34
41.1
41.0
41.4
.918
.925
.926
44.36
43.71
44.14
41.5
40. 7
41.1
1.069
1.074
1.074
85 09
83. 68
86.19
1952: January_______
February____ _____
March___________ _
April____ ____
M ay____ ____
J line__________
J uly----------------------------August_____________
September____________
October______________
52.05
52.14
52.30
52.03
52.12
61.96
52. 44
52. 48
52. 58
52. 97
82.79
83.17
81.34
82. 99
81.54
79. 15
79.80
80.12
77. 60
80. 40
62.09
62.11
63. 22
62. 68
62. 55
63.37
64.76
63.47
63.75
64.15
36. 47
36.59
36.38
36. 72
36. 76
36.72
36. 72
36.98
36.89
37.28
42.8
42.8
42.5
42.8
42.6
42.6
42.4
42.6
42.3
42.6
.852
.855
.856
.858
.863
.862
.866
.868
.872
.875
38. 55
37. 96
38.00
38. 47
39. 00
39.54
38.73
38. 20
39.18
39.10
41.5
40.9
40.9
41.1
41.4
41.8
41.2
40.6
41.2
40.9
.929
.928
.929
.936
.942
.946
.940
.941
.951
.956
44. 08
43.14
43.39
45.22
46.41
47. 20
44. 45
44.13
45. 62
45. 95
40. 7
39.8
40.1
41.3
42.0
42.6
40.3
40.3
41.1
41.4
1. 083
1. 084
1.082
1.095
1.105
1.108
1.103
1.095
1.110
1.110
89 35
90 25
90. 47
89. 00
90. 52
91. 08
93. 22
90 21
90 05
93.38
• 1 I hei e ®§ures are based on reports from cooperating establishments cover
ing both full- and part-time employees who worked during, or received pay
for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. For the
mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants industries,
data relate to production and related workers only. F or the remaining indus
tries, unless otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees and
working supervisors. All series are available upon request to the Bureau of
Labor Statistics. Such requests should specify which industry series are de
sired. Data for the three current months are subject to revision without nota
tion; revised figures for earlier months will be identified by asterisks the first
month they are published.
2 Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; primary
metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery,
and transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical ma
chinery; transportation equipment; instruments and related productsmiscellaneous manufacturing industries.
3 Includes: food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied prod
ucts; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied prod
ucts; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; leather and leather
products.
4 Data relate to hourly rated employees reported by individual railroads
(exclusive of switching and terminal companies) to the Interstate Commerce
Commission. Annual averages include any retroactive payments made,
which are excluded from monthly averages.
5 Data include privately and government operated local railways and bus
lines.
6 Through May 1949 the averages relate mainly to the hours and earnings of
employees subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act. Beginning with June
1949 the averages relate to the hours and earnings of nonsupervisory employ
ees. June data comparable with earlier series are $51.47, 38.5 hours, and
$1.337. Weekly earnings and hours data for April 1952 affected by work
stoppage.
7 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating room instructors, and
pay-station attendants. During 1951 such employees made up 47 percent of
the total number of nonsupervisory employees in telephone establishments
reporting hours and earnings data.
8 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. During 1951 such employees
made up 23 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in
telephone establishments reporting hours and earnings data.
8 New series beginning with January 1952; data relate to domestic employ
ees, except messengers, and those compensated entirely on a commission
basis. Comparable data for October 1951 are $70.52, 43.8 hours, and $1.610;
November—$70.31, 43.7 hours, and $1.609; December—$70.47, 43.8 hours,
and $1.609.
10 Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not avail
able.
11 Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms and
tips, not included.
♦Preliminary.
tD ata are not available because of work stoppage.
{Data are affected by work stoppage.
T able C 2: Gross Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Selected Industries, in Current
and 1939 Dollars 1
Manufacturing
Bituminouscoal mining
Laundries
Year and month
Current 1939 Current 1939 Current 1939
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
1939:
1941:
1946:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
Manufacturing
Bituminouscoal mining
Laundries
Year and month
Average_______
A v erag e..___ _
Average______
A v erag e..___
Average______
Average______
Average................
$23.86
29.58
43.82
54.14
54.92
59.33
64.88
$23.86
27. 95
31.22
31.31
32.07
34.31
34.75
$23.88
30.86
58. 03
72.12
63.28
70.35
77.86
$23.88
29.16
41.35
41.70
36. 96
40. 68
41.70
$17. 69
19. 00
30.30
34.23
34.98
35.47
37. 52
$17.69
17. 95
21.59
19.79
20.43
20.51
20.09
1951: October_________
November______
December_______
65.41
65.85
67.40
34.69
34.71
35.43
80.62
81.09
86.28
42. 76
42.74
45.35
37.73
37.93
38.34
20.01
19. 99
20.15
1 These series indicate changes in the level of weekly earnings prior to and
after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined from the
Bureau’s Consumers’ Price Index, the year 1939 having been selected for the
base period. Estimates of World War II and postwar understatement by
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Current 1939 Current 1939 Current 1939
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
January_________ $66. 91
February_____ __ 66.91
M arch__________
67. 40
April___ _______ 65.87
M ay____________ 66.65
Ju n e .. .. ______ 67.15
July------------------- 65. 76
August_________
67. 76
September_____
70.04
October_________
70. 59
$35.17
35.40
35.64
34.70
35.05
35.20
34.26
35.25
36.49
36. 76
$86.39
80. 27
79. 26
66.68
70. 25
64.30
63.45
80. 55
88.63
76.59
$45.41
42.46
41.91
35.12
36.95
33.71
33.06
41.90
46.17
39.88
$38. 55
37. 96
38.00
38.47
39. 00
39. 54
38.73
38.20
39.18
39.10
$20. 26
20.08
20. 09
20. 26
20. 51
20. 73
20.18
19.87
20.41
20.36
the Consumers’ Price Index were not included. See the Monthly Labor
Review, March 1947, p. 498. Data from January 1939 are available upon
request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
2 Preliminary.
102
MONTHLY LABOR
C: E A R N IN G ,8 A N D H O U R S
T able C-3: Gross and Net Spendable Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Manufactur
ing Industries, in Current and 1939 Dollars 1
N e t s p en d a b le averag e weeklyearnings
N e t s p en d a b le a v erag e weeklyearn in g s
G ross average
w eek ly earnings
W o rk e r w ith
n o d e p e n d e n ts
P e rio d
In d e x
A m ount (1939=
100)
W o rk e r w ith
3 d e p en d e n ts
C u r
re n t
dollars
1939
dollars
C u r
re n t
dollars
1939
dollars
1941: J a n u a r y ___
___ $26. 64
1945: J a n u a r y .. _____ _ 47. 50
J u ly ______________
45.45
1946: J u n e __________ . . .
43.31
111.7
199.1
190.5
181.5
$25.41
39.40
37.80
37.30
$25.06
30. 76
28. 99
27. 77
$26.37
45.17
43. 57
42. 78
$26.00
35. 27
33.42
31.85
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
100.0
105.6
124.0
153.6
180.8
193.1
186.0
183.7
209.4
228.9
230.2
248.7
271.9
23.58
24.69
28.05
31.77
36.01
38. 29
36.97
37. 72
42. 76
47.43
48.09
51.09
54.18
23.58
24.49
26.51
27.08
28.94
30.28
28.58
26.88
26.63
27.43
28.09
29. 54
29.02
23.62
24.95
29.28
36.28
41.39
44.06
42.74
43.20
48. 24
53.17
53.83
57.21
61.41
23. 62
24. 75
27. 67
30.93
33.26
34. 84
33.04
30. 78
30.04
30. 75
31.44
33.08
32. 89
A v erag e___ _ ____
A v e r a g e ____ ____
A v erag e....................
A v erag e___________
A v erag e_______
A v e r a g e __________
A v erag e______ . .
A v erag e_____ . . .
A v erag e_______ . . .
A v erag e_____ . __
A v erag e_________ .
A v e ra g e .. . ____
A v erag e____ ____
23.86
25.20
29. 58
36. 65
43.14
46.08
44.39
43.82
49.97
54.14
54.92
59.33
64.88
1 Net spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, social security, and income taxes for which
the specified type of worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability
depends, of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker
as well as on the level of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have,
therefore, been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker
with no dependents; (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The computation of net spendable earnings for both factory worker with
no dependents and the factory worker with 3 dependents are based upon the
G ross average
w e ek ly earn in g s
W o rk e r w ith
n o d e p e n d e n ts
P e rio d
In d e x
A m o u n t (1939=
100)
1951: O c to b e r.- ________ $65.41
N o v e m b e r______
65.85
D e c e m b e r_________
67.40
1952: J a n u a r y ___________
66. 91
F e b r u a r y . _______
66.91
M a r c h ________ . . .
67.40
A p ril_______ _____
65.87
M a y ____ ___ __ .
66. 65
J u n e ________ _____
67.15
J u l y _______________ 65. 76
A u g u s t______ ____
67. 76
S ep te m b e r 2._ _ . .
70.04
O cto b er 2_ . _
70.59
274.1
276.0
282.5
280.4
280.4
282.5
276.1
279.3
281.4
275.6
284.0
293. 5
295.9
W o rk e r w ith
3 d e p e n d e n ts
C u r
re n t
dollars
1939
d o llars
C u r
re n t
d o llars
$54. 79
54.04
55.23
54.85
54.85
55.23
54.06
54. 65
55.04
53.97
55.50
57. 25
57.68
$29.06
28.48
29.03
28.83
29.02
29.20
28.48
28.74
28.86
28.12
28.87
29.83
30.03
$61.89
61.96
63.17
62.79
62.79
63.17
61.97
62. 58
62.98
61.88
63.46
65. 26
65.70
1939
d o llars
$32.83
32. 66
33.21
33.01
33.22
33.40
32.64
32.91
33.02
32.24
33.01
34.00
34. 21
gross average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing
industries without direct regard to marital status and family composition.
The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative
changes in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers. That series
does not, therefore, reflect actual differences in levels of earnings for workers
of varying age, occupation, skill, family composition, etc. Comparable data
from January 1939 are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
3 Preliminary.
T able C-4: Average Hourly Earnings, Gross and Exclusive of Overtime, of Production Workers in
Manufacturing Industries 1
Durable
goods
Manufacturing
Excluding
overtime
Period
Gross
amount
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average
Average___
Average. ...
Average___
Average.. ._
Average___
Average. . . .
Average... -
$0.729
.853
.961
1.019
1.023
1.086
1.237
1.350
1.401
1.465
1.594
Ex
clud
ing Gross
over
time
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
110.9 $0. 808 $0. 770 $0. 640
127.2
.947
.881
.723
141.2 1.059
.976
.803
149.6 1.117 1.029
.861
152.1 1. Ill 21.042
.904
166.0 1.156 1.122 1.015
189.3 1.292 1.250 1.171
207.0 1.410 1.366 1.278
216.0 1.469 1.434 1.325
223.5 1.537 1.480 1.378
242.7 1. 678 1.610 1.482
$0. 625
.698
.763
.814
2. 858
.981
1.133
1.241
1.292
1.337
1.437
Index
Amount (1939=
100)
$0. 702
.805
.894
.947
.963
1.051
1.198
1.310
1.367
1.415
1.536
Nondurable
goods
Gross
1 Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for at
time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings exclusive of
overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on holidays. Comparable data from January 1941 are available upon request to
the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Durable
goods
Manufacturing
Excluding
overtime
Period
Gross
amount
1951: October____ $1. 615
November.— 1.626
December...
1. 636
1952: January____
1.640
February__
1.644
March_____
1.656
April______
1.655
M ay ____
1.658
June______
1.658
July _______
1.648
August. . . .
1.669
September
1.696
October 3___
1.705
Index
Amount (1939=
100)
$1. 557
1. 569
1.571
1.579
1.585
1.597
1.605
1.604
1.602
1.601
1.613
1.630
1.636
Gross
Nondurable
goods
Ex
clud
ing Gross
over
time
246.0 $1.705 $1. 635 $1. 491
247.9 1.712 1.644 1.507
248.2 1.723 1.644 1.515
249.4 1.726 1.653 1.520
250.4 1.731 1. 659 1.522
252.3 1.746 1.673 1.530
253.6 1.742 1.683 1.529
253.4 1.746 1.682 1.531
253.1 1.747 1.682 1. 540
252.9 1.733 1.683 1.545
254.8 1.768 1.705 1.542
257.5 1.811 1.732 1.545
258.5 1.819 1.737 1.549
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
$1. 450
1.465
1.468
1.476
1.480
1.489
1.494
1.492
1.496
1.502
1.496
1.494
1.499
2 Eleven-month average. August 1945 excluded because of VJ-holiday
period,
3 Preliminary,
R E V IE W , JA N U A R Y 1953
D : P R IC E S A N D
COST OF L IV IN G
103
D : Prices and Cost of Living
T
able
D - l: Consumers' Price Index 1 for Moderate-Income Families in Large Cities,
Commodities
by
Group of
[1935-39=100]
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration
Year and month
1913:
1914:
1915:
1916:
1917:
1918:
1919:
1920:
1921:
1922:
1923:
1924:
1925:
1926:
1927:
1928:
1929:
1930:
1931:
1932:
1933:
1934:
1935:
1930:
1937:
1938:
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1950:
All items
Food
Apparel
Rent
Total
Gas and
electricity
Other
fuels
Ice
Housefurnishings
Miscella
neous 3
Average_______________
70.7
79.9
69.3
92.2
61.9
59.1
50.9
(3)
(3)
(3)
Average_______________
81.8
71.8
69.8
92.2
62.3
60. 7
51.9
(3)
(3)
(3)
Average ______ ______
80.9
72.5
71.4
92.9
62.5
63.6
53.6
(3)
(3)
(3)
Average_______________
77.9
90.8
78.3
94.0
65.0
70.9
56.3
(3)
(3)
(3)
A verage..- ___________
91.6
116.9
94.1
93.2
72.4
82.8
65.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
Average.___ __________
107.5
134.4
127.5
94.9
84.2
106.4
77.8
(3)
(3)
(3)
Average_________ _____
123.8
149.8
168.7
102.7
91.1
134.1
87.6
(3)
(3)
(3)
Average_______________
143.3
168.8
201.0
106.9
120.7
164.6
100.5
(3)
(3)
(3)
Average________ . . . . . . .
127.7
128.3
154.8
138.6
114.0
138.5
104.8
(3)
(3)
(3)
Average________ _____
119. 7
119.9
125.6
142.7
113.1
117.5
101.2
(3)
(3)
(3)
Average_______________
121.9
124.0
125. 9
146.4
115.2
126.1
100.8
(3)
(3)
(3)
_______
Average . . . .
122.2
122.8
124.9
151.6
113.7
124.0
101.4
(3)
(3)
(3)
Average_______________
125.4
132.9
122.4
152.2
115.4
121.5
102.2
(3)
(3)
(3)
Average_________ _ ..
126.4
137.4
120.6
150.7
117.2
118.8
102.6
(3)
(3)
(3)
Average_______________
124.0
132.3
118.3
148.3
115.4
115.9
103.2
(3)
(3)
(3)
Average______ ________
122.6
130.8
116.5
144.8
113. 4
113.1
103.8
(3)
(3)
(3)
Average_______________
122.5
132.5
115.3
141.4
112.5
104. 6
111.7
(3)
(3)
(3)
Average_______________
119.4
126.0
112.7
137. 5
111.4
108.9
105.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
Average_____
_____
108. 7
103.9
102.6
130.3
108.9
104.1
98.0
(3)
(3)
(3)
Average.. . __________
97.6
86.5
90.8
103.4
116. 9
85.4
101.7
(3)
(3)
(3)
Average_______________
84.1
92.4
87.9
100. 7
100.0
84.2
98.4
(3)
(3)
(3)
Average_________ ____
95.7
93.7
96.1
94.4
101.4
97.9
92.8
(3)
(3)
(3)
Average_________ . . . .
98.1
100.4
96.8
94.2
100. 7
102.8
98.4
100.0
94.8
98.1
Average_______________
99.1
101. 3
97.6
96.4
100.2
100.8
99.8
100.0
96.3
98.7
Average ______________
105.3
102.7
102.8
100.9
100.2
99.1
101.7
101.0
100.0
104.3
Average.. _______ _____
100.8
102.2
97.8
104.1
99.9
99.0
101.0
100.0
103.3
101. 5
A verage... __________
99.4
95.2
100.5
99.0
104.3
98.9
99.1
100.2
101.3
100. 7
Average_______________
100.2
96.6
101.7
104.6
99.7
98.0
101.9
100.5
101.1
100.4
Average_________ . . . .
105.2
105.5
106.3
106.4
102.2
97.1
108.3
104.1
107.3
104.0
Average____ __________
116.6
1239
124.2
108.8
105.4
96.7
115.1
122.2
110.9
110.0
Average_______________
123.7
138.0
129.7
108.7
107.7
96.1
120.7
114.2
115.8
125.6
Average.. ____________
125. 7
136.1
138.8
109.1
109.8
95.8
121.3
126.0
136.4
115.8
Average_______________
139.1
145.9
128.6
109.5
110. 3
95.0
124.1
128.3
115.9
145.8
Average_______________
139.5
160.2
159.6
110.1
112.4
92.3
136.9
159. 2
128.8
115.9
Average_____ . . . ____
159.6
193.8
185.8
121. 1
113.6
92.0
184.4
139.9
156.1
125.9
Average.. . ______ _
171.9
210. 2
198.0
121.2
133.9
94.3
149.9
183.4
135.2
195. 8
Average_______________
170.2
201.9
190.1
126.4
137.5
96.7
187.7
154.6
141.7
189.0
Average_______________
171.9
204.5
187.7
131.0
140.6
96.8
194.1
190.2
156.5
147.8
Average.. . . . _________
185. 6
227.4
204.5
136.2
144.1
97.2
165.4
204.5
210.9
155.6
January 15____________
168.2
196.0
185.0
129.4
140.0
96.7
193.1
1S4. 7
155.1
145. 5
June 15_______________
170.2
203.1
184.6
130.9
139.1
189.0
96.8
147.0
154.6
184.8
1951: January 15____________
221.9
181. 5
198. 5
133.2
143.3
97.2
202.3
162.1
152.0
207.4
January 15 ___________
181.6
321.6
199.7
126.0
163. 7
97.2
201.8
152.9
208.9
144- 5
November 15__________
188.6
231.4
207.6
138.9
168.4
144.8
97.4
206.3
156.3
210.8
November 15 __________
189.3
332.1
209.9
131.4
147.0
97.4
169.9
206.7
156.3
212.5
December 15_________ _
189.1
232.2
206.8
139.2
144.9
97.5
169.1
206.6
156.3
210.2
December 15 . . . ________
190.0
233.9
209.1
131.8
147.1
97.5
170.5
207.0
156.3
211.8
1952: January 15____________
189.1
232.4
204.6
139.7
145.0
209.1
169.6
97.6
206.8
156.3
January 15____________
190.3
234.6
206.7
132.2
147.2
171.1
97.6
207.1
156.3
210.5
February 15___________
187.9
227.5
204.3
140.2
145.3
97.9
206.7
156.3
170. 2
208.6
February 15____________
188.3
229.1
206.1
147.3
132.8
97.8
207.1
171.6
166.3
210.0
March 1 5 ______ ______
188.0
227.6
203.5
140.5
145.3
97.9
206.8
170.7
156. 5
207.6
March 1 5 ____ ________
188.4
229.2
205.6
132.9
97.8
207.1
209.2
156.5
172. 0
147. 4
April 15______ _______
188.7
230.0
202.7
140.8
145.3
98.0
206.1
171.1
156. 5
206.2
April 15. . . ___ ______
232.3
189.6
205.0
133.2
147.2
98.1
206.2
156.5
207.7
172.4
May 15_______________
189.0
230.8
202.3
141.3
144.6
98.2
203.1
171.4
156.5
205.4
May 15_______________
190.4
204.4
234.6
133.7
145.5
172.9
98.2
201.8
156.5
207.0
June 15______________ _
189.6
231.5
202.0
141.6
144. 8
98.4
172.5
203.4
156.8
204.4
June 15_______________
191.1
236.0
20 4 .0
134.0
14-5.9
98.7
205.7
173.9
202.1
156.8
July 15________________
190.8
234. 9
201.4
14i.9
146.4
98.3
208.4
173.0
162.1
204.2
July 15_______________
239.1
203.3
134-3
147.8
98.7
205.6
205.8
162.1
193.4
174.4
August 15_____________
191.1
235. 5
201.1
142.3
173.2
147.3
99.0
209.0
204.2
164.2
August 15. . . ____ _____
193.3
202.7
148.7
134.7
99.2
206.5
205.3
174.7
164.2
238.4
September 15__________
233.2
202.3
190.8
142.4
147.6
99.0
210.1
165. 8
173.8
205.0
September 15 . . . . ____
191. 4
234.7
203.6
134.7
175.5
149.5
99.2
207.9
165.8
206.6
October 15_______ ____
190.9
232.4
202.1
174.4
143.0
148. 4
99.0
212.8
166.3
204.6
October 15_____ _______
191.5
234.1
203.2
135.3
150.9
99.2
166.3
206.3
211.4
176.4
November 15__________
191.1
232.3
201.3
143. 9
149.0
174.7
99.4
213.7
166.5
204.9
November 15___________
191.6
233.7
202.7
151.7
99.6
176.7
136.2
212.6
166.5
206.2
i The “Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities”
adjusted population and commodity weights beginning with indexes for
formerly known as the “Cost-of-living index” measures average changes in
January 1950. These adjustments make a continuous comparable series
retail prices of goods, rents, and services purchased by wage earners and
from 1913 to date. See also General Note below.
lower-salaried workers in large cities.
Mimeographed tables are available upon request showing indexes for each
U. S. Department of Labor Bulletin No. 699, Changes in Cost of Living in
of the cities regularly surveyed by the Bureau and for each of the major groups
Large Cities in the United States, 1913-41, contains a detailed description of
of living essentials. Indexes for all large cities combined are available since
methods used in constructing this index. Additional information on the
1913. The beginning date for series of indexes for individual cities varies from
index is given in the following reports: Report of the Joint Committee on the
city to city but indexes are available for most of the 34 cities since World
Consumers' Price Index of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, A Joint
War I.
Committee Print (1949); September 1949 Monthly Labor Review, Construc
2 The Miscellaneous group covers transportation (such as automobiles and
tion of Consumers’ Price Index (p. 284) ; April 1951 Monthly Labor Review,
their upkeep and public transportation fares); medical care (including pro
Interim Adjustment of Consumers’ Price Index (p. 421), and Correction of
fessional care and medicines); household operation (covering supplies and
New Unit Bias in Rent Component of C P I (p. 437); and Consumers’ Price
different kinds of paid services); recreation (that is, newspapers, motion pic
Index, Report of a Special Subcommittee of the House Committee on
tures, radio, television, and tobacco products); personal care (barber and
Education and Labor (1951).
beauty-shop service and toilet articles); etc.
The Consumers’ Price Index has been adjusted to incorporate a correction
3 Data not available.
of the new unit bias in the rent index beginning with indexes for 1940 and
N o t e .— The old series of Indexes for 1951-52 are shown in italics in tables D -l, D-2, and D-5 for reference.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
104
T
D : P R IC E S A N D
able
M O N TH LY LABO R
CO ST OF L IV IN G
D-2: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City,1 for Selected Periods
11935-39=100]
City
Nov. 15, Oct. 15, Sept. 15, Aug. 15, July 15, June 15, May 15, Apr. 15, Mar. 15, Feb. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15, Nov. 15, Jan. 15, June 15, Nov. 15,
1951
1951
1951
1950
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
Average_________
191.1
190.9
190.8
191.1
190.8
189.6
189.0
188.7
188.0
187.9
189.1
189.1
188.6
181.5
170.2
191.6
Atlanta, Ga______
Baltimore, M d___
Birmingham, Ala .
Boston, Mass____
Buffalo, N. Y ____
'Chicago, 111______
Cincinnati, O hio,..
■Cleveland, Ohio__
Denver, Colo_____
Detroit, Mich-- . _
Houston, Tex____
198.6
(2)
196.1
181.5
(2)
196.0
189.5
193.6
(2)
194.6
196.4
(2)
(2)
196.7
182. 5
190.3
195.9
190.8
(2)
194.5
195.0
196.6
(2)
197.6
196. 6
182.2
(2)
195.9
190.7
(2)
(2)
193.6
195.6
198. 4
(2)
198. 5
183. 0
(2>
196. 7
190. 9
194. 2
(2)
194. 2
196. 0
m
<2)
196. 7
183. 1
189. 9
195. 9
190. 9
(2)
192. 8
193. 5
195. 1
(2)
194.2
194.5
180.4
(2)
195.6
190.1
(2)
(2)
192.3
194.6
194.4
(2)
194.2
179.9
(2)
194.7
189.4
192.7
(2)
191.8
194.3
(2)
(2)
193.3
178.9
188.8
193.1
188.4
(2)
191.1
191.7
194.7
(2)
193.0
193.6
179.1
C2)
192.7
187. 5
(2)
(2)
190.7
194.3
195. 2
(2)
193. 9
179.3
(2)
191.9
187.1
191.8
(2)
190.7
194.3
(2)
(2)
194.7
180.0
188.3
194.1
188.3
(2)
192.3
192.0
195.4
(2)
193.3
196.0
180.9
(2)
194.2
187.9
(2)
(2)
191.9
196.0
196.1
(2)
196.3
180.0
C2)
194.3
187.8
192.0
(2)
191.5
195.1
(2)
(2)
188.2
173.5
180.8
185.4
182.3
(2)
184.9
184.2
190.1
C2)
174.7
171.6
165.5
(2)
175.1
170.5
(2)
(2)
173.5
175.8
197.4
(2)
197.6
182.7
(2)
197.6
190.7
194.5
(2)
196.1
194.7
Indianapolis, Ind_—
Jacksonville, Fla-Kansas City, M o ..
Los Angeles, Calif__
Manchester, N. H_Memphis, T enn__
Milwaukee, Wis__
Minneapolis, Minn.
Mobile, Ala______
New Orleans, La_.New York, N. Y-_.
(2)
(2)
(2)
192.4
(2)
(2)
198.4
(2)
(2)
191.7
186.9
193.1
(2)
185.5
191.9
189.3
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
186.0
(2)
199.5
(2)
192.2
(2)
192.9
(2)
190.1
189.4
(2)
186.0
(2)
(2>
192. 0
(2)
(2)
199. 2
(2)
(*)
192. 7
185. 7
192. 1
<2>
185. 6
192. 1
190. 2
(*>
(2)
m
(2)
(2)
185. 9
(2)
198.2
(2)
191.9
(2)
191.2
(2)
190.3
188.4
(2)
183.6
(2)
(2)
(2)
191.3
(2)
(2)
198.1
(2)
i2)
190.1
183.2
189.8
(2)
183.3
191.5
187.0
(2)
C2)
C2)
(2)
(2)
183.5
(2)
195.6
(2)
190.9
(2)
190.2
(2)
188.0
187.9
(2)
182.4
(2)
(2)
(2)
190.7
(2)
(2)
195.1
(2)
(2)
190. 5
183.0
190.9
(2)
182.3
190.0
187.0
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
184.2
(2)
195.9
(2)
190. 4
(2)
191.4
(2)
187.7
187.3
C2)
184.0
(2)
(2)
(2)
189.6
C2)
(2)
195. 3
(2)
(2)
190.0
184.1
184.4
(2)
175.6
181.3
180.6
(2)
(2)
f2)
(2)
(2)
177.8
(2)
176.3
(2)
169.3
(2)
172.7
(2)
169. 1
168.2
(2)
167.0
(2)
(2)
(2)
190.8
(2)
(2)
198.0
i2)
(2)
191.9
187.5
Norfolk, Va______
Philadelphia, P a.-Pittsburgh, Pa _ __
Portland, Maine.
Portland, Oreg___
Richmond, Va___
St. Louis, M o____
San Francisco, CalifSavannah, Ga____
Scranton, P a ._ ___
Seattle, Wash____
Washington, D. C—
194.5
190.9
193.0
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
187.9
197.6
186.9
(2)
190.7
192.8
(2)
199.2
186.4
(2)
(2)
201.8
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
190.8
192.4
182.8
(2)
(2)
192.7
195.6
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
191. 1
192. 1
m
198 6
185. 8
(2>
(2)
202 0
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
189.1
190.8
182.3
(2)
(2)
192.7
196.3
C2)
C2)
C2)
(2)
192.9
188.3
191.1
C2)
(2)
C2)
(2)
(2)
C2)
186.3
195.8
184.9
(2)
188.2
190.9
C2)
198.6
184.5
(2)
(2)
199.6
C2)
(2)
(2)
3 192.0
(2)
187.8
187.1
190.9
190.3
180.6
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
190.2
(2)
193.1
i2)
(2)
C2)
184.2
(2)
195.3
(2)
183.9
(2)
C2)
188.9
192.2
C2)
199.0
183.8
C2) ■
(2)
200.3
C2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
189.2
191.7
179.9
C2)
C2)
190.2
193.1
C2)
(2)
C2)
(2)
191.7
189.1
192.0
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
185.4
194.6
184.7
(2)
181.0
183.4
C2)
190.4
179.8
C2)
C2)
189.2
C2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
169.1
171.8
164.4
(2)
(2)
168.8
172.4
(2)
C2)
(2)
(2)
194.2
191. 4
195.1
(?)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
190.5
195.2
187.3
195 7
191. 2
192 9
(2)
O)
m
m
m
189 4
195 9
187 4
1 T h e indexes are based on tim e-to-tim e changes in th e cost of goods a n d
■services p u rc h a se d b y m oderate-incom e fam ilies in large cities. T h e y do
n o t in d ic a te w h e th e r it costs m ore to live in one c ity th a n in a n o th e r.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 In d ex es are c o m p u te d m o n th ly for 10 cities a n d once e v ery 3 m o n th s for
24 a d d itio n a l cities acco rd in g to a stag g ered schedule,
3 C o rrected .
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
105
T able D-3: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City and Group of
Commodities 1
[1935-39=100]
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration
Food
Apparel
Rent
Housefurnishings
Total
City
Miscellaneous
Gas and electricity
Nov. 15, Oct. 15, Nov. 15, Oct. 15, Nov. 15, Oct. 15, Nov. 15, Oct. 15, Nov. 15, Oct. 15, Nov. 15, Oct. 15, Nov. 15, Oct. 15,
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
Average..... ..................
232.3
232.4
201.3
202.1
143.9
143.0
149.0
148.4
99.4
99.0
204.9
204.6
174.7
174.4
Atlanta, Qa ________
Baltimore, M d ______
Birmingham, Ala.......Boston, Mass_______
Buffalo, N. Y _______
Chicago, 111___ ____
Cincinnati, Ohio_____
Cleveland, Ohio_____
Denver, Colo............ .
Detroit, M ich_______
Houston, Tex ______
231.1
243.5
221.2
219.2
226.9
238.1
234.1
238.9
234.2
231.9
239.7
230.1
243.7
223.8
221.9
227.4
238.5
237.6
241.5
236.6
233.2
240.3
215. 4
(9
211.7
187.3
(9
206.0
196.8
200.5
(9
193.2
215.6
(9
(9
187.9
195.6
205.0
200.2
(9
206.0
194.7
216.7
157.0
(2)
209.0
(9
(9
(9
(9
156.6
(9
(9
174.6
(9
(9
(9
(9
142.3
(9
(9
(9
166.7
151.2
(9
163.4
153.8
139.6
167.0
154.8
139.4
157.0
154.9
115.7
157.7
103.1
161.3
153.3
139.6
167.1
154.6
139.4
156.8
154.2
115.7
156.8
103.1
87.2
116.1
79.4
118.6
110.0
83.5
104.9
107.0
69.7
90.0
86.3
86.0
115.8
79.4
118.8
110.0
83.5
104.9
107.0
69.7
89.6
86.3
215. 7
(0
194.4
191.5
(')
192.7
191.6
184.6
(')
219.0
198.5
(i)
(!)
194. 6
191.6
209.9
191.8
190.2
0)
229.0
218. 7
200.8
185 8
(')
171. 5
167.5
(i)
177.0
173.1
170. 7
(!)
190. 7
176.7
(l)
(l)
171 6
167. 6
180.3
176. 5
173.0
(l)
172. 7
190. 5
176.6
Indianapolis, Ind____
Jacksonville, F la. ___
Kansas City, Mo. __
Los Angeles, Calif.......
Manchester, N. H ___
Memphis, Tenn_____
Milwaukee, Wis_____
Minneapolis, M inn__
Mobile, Ala_________
New Orleans, L a____
New York, N. Y .........
227.7
237.3
217.1
234.9
222.7
235.4
232.7
223.1
226.3
240.4
234.0
230.3
235.5
218.9
233.7
226.0
239.4
235.9
224.8
226.3
241.4
231.3
(9
(9
(9
196.0
(9
(9
199.9
(9
(9
206.9
205.1
193.2
(9
192.5
195.1
191.5
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
206.2
(9
(9
(9
171.0
(9
(9
181.4
(9
(9
153.3
151.1
(9
151.9
(9
139.6
(9
(9
(9
l2)
(9
120.2
162.1
143.8
138.7
101.8
175.1
142.3
153.9
151.3
130.9
112.0
150.9
160.6
143.6
134.7
101.8
173.8
141.6
153.2
151.3
131.1
112.0
150.9
82.4
84.8
74.0
95.3
115.5
77.0
99.2
86.2
85.0
74.1
106.5
82.4
81.8
71.3
95.3
113.2
77.0
99.2
86. 2
85.2
74.1
106.7
(!)
0)
0)
202.9
0)
(i)
217.0
(i)
0)
205.4
196.3
193.5
(!)
190. 6
202.4
213. 8
(l)
(l)
(!)
171. 7
(l)
(l)
173.3
(1)
0)
154. 6
174.0
182 3
(l)
179 4
172 3
163 1
(l)
0)
(0
(1)
(1)
173.6
Norfolk, Va_________
Philadelphia, P a_____
Pittsburgh, P a ______
Portland, Maine_____
Portland, Oreg______
Richmond, Va______
St. Louis, M o_______
San Francisco, C alif...
Savannah, Ga. _____
Scranton, P a________
Seattle, Wash _______
Washington, D. C ___
239.1
231.2
237.4
214.8
247.7
218.5
243.2
242.1
241.6
230.9
238.3
227.8
235.1
231.4
237.0
218.1
247.6
218.2
244.4
240.0
242.1
232.0
238.5
229.2
190.5
197.0
229.2
(9
(9
197.0
229.4
(9
200.1
203.3
(9
164.4
133.2
(9
(9
(9
(9
133.6
(9
161.2
158.4
164.4
153.6
153.3
163.9
139.4
151.3
147.3
107.2
175.6
170.7
129.6
157.5
162.2
153.4
153.3
163.7
139.4
150.5
147.3
98.8
175.6
166.9
129.3
157.1
100.3
104.2
111.6
112.4
97.5
102.2
88.4
94.6
131.3
103.5
88.5
111.2
100.6
104.2
111.6
112.3
97.5
102.2
88.4
87.0
131.3
103.5
88.5
111.2
199.2
211.8
206.3
(i)
(i)
170. 9
175.1
170. 5
(l)
(>)
174. 9
170.4
(l)
179. 7
163. 6
0)
(1)
178. 9
(l)
(!)
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
209.7
199.5
218.0
2 1 2 .2
(9
206.4
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
126.6
168.2
128.4
174.8
1 Prices of apparel, iwusefurmshings, and miscellaneous goods and services
are obtained monthly in 10 cities and once every 3 months in 24 additional
cities on a staggered schedule.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(i)
(i)
0)
0)
182.4
205.2
216.4
(i)
(!)
(!)
(!)
(O
196.3
(!)
211.0
205.7
(0
197. 6
216.9
(!)
(i)
212.2
0)
(!)
0)
(i)
(!)
(!)
(i)
0)
161. 3
183.1
177.8
(')
» Rents are surveyed every 3 months in 34 large cities on a staggered sched
ule.
MONTHLY LABOR
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
106
T able D-4: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods,1 by Group, for Selected Periods
]1935-39 = 100]
Year and month
Cere Meats,
als
and poul
All
foods bakery try,
prod and
fish Total
ucts
1923. Average-----1926. Average-----1929; Average----1932; Average—
1939; Average------fife' iA
A.U
ncrn<it
gU.ol/-------lO/tn»
ATThrfl crp
ltMU. iA.Veictge-------
124. 0
137. 4
122 5
86 5
95 2
93 5
96 6
105. 5
115. 7
107. 6
82 6
94 5
101.2
117.8
127.1
93 4
9 5.7
1941* Average _ __
pr* December__
ATToracrp
I10/10»
d4,6. iA
.Vtild.5 C----- iy4o. iA.VCld.5 e------1944. Average------1iy40.
0/1 iA.Vdd.
AxrorQcrp
5 e------iA.UgU.ol--------
105.5
113.1
122 9
128 n
126 1
129 1
140 9
97.9
10 2 .5
iy4D. iA.Vdd.5 e-------
96 8
79 3
96 6
95 8
Fruits and vegetables
Meats
Beef
and
veal
Pork
Chick Fish Dairy
prod Eggs
ens
ucts
Total
Lamb
175.4
152.4
171.0
91.2
93.3
90.3
100.6
131.5 126.2
170.4 145.0
164.8 127.2
112.6 71.1
95.5 87.7
94.9 84.5
92.5 82.2
175.4
120.0
114.3
89.6
100.6
95.6
96.8
112.2
138.1
136.5
161.9
153.9
164.4
171.4
103.2
110.5
130.8
168.8
168.2
177.1
183.5
104.2
111.0
132.8
178.0
177.2
188.2
196.2
97.9
106.3
121.6
130.6
129.5
130.2
130.3
106.7
118.3
136.3
158.9
164.5
168.2
168.6
101.5
114.1
122.1
124.8
124.3
124.7
124.7
94.0
108. 5
119.6
126.1
123.3
124.0
124.0
106.4
114.4
126. 5
127.1
126.5
126.5
126.6
165.1 168.8
147.8 147.1
198.5 201.6
182.4
183.5
184.5
190.7
196.7
182.3
140.8 190.4
127.5 172.5
167.7 251.6
139.6 152.1
125.4 126.4
167.8 244.4
143.9
136.2
170.5
200.8
208.7
201.2
173.6
152.3
148.4
199.4
205.2
208.1
199.2
204.8
209.3
201.5
212.4
218.8
206.1
217.2
224.3
166.2
158.0
152.9
146.0
143.3
142.7
186.8
205.0
220.7
312.5
299.5
296.5
197. 5
195.5
148.4
144.3
135.2
140.1
180.0
174.0
176.4
179.9
178.9
174.3
206.0 211.3
210.4 241.8
213.2 216.7
217.9
223.5
236.5
98.6 223.3
95.9 235.0
95.0 255. 4
344.5 168.8
346.6 158. 5
346.8 157.8
186.6
186.7
186.4
184.3
166.5
161.3
165.9
164.0
169.1
208.7
217.2
221.4
230.6
226.0
241.4
223.5
232.1
247.2
253.8
250.0
253.2
242.3
227.6
227.3
236.7
95.0
94.2
92.5
91.5
88.7
90.0
90.1
90.8
90.3
89.0
89.0
346.7
347.1
347.1
347.3
346.6
346.5
346.4
346.6
346.6
346.3
346.1
185.9
185.1
184.3
186.2
187.3
187.7
188.9
189.9
190.4
190.7
190.6
99.5
98.8
99.7
93.8
94.6
94.8
101.0
99.6
110.6
124.5
138.9
163.0
206.5
207.6
217.1
217.8
112.0
120.5
125.4
134.6
133.6
133. 9
133.4
105 1
107. 6
108 4
109 0
109 1
100.1
103.2
120.4
119.9
112.2
112.6
112.6
106.6
108.1
124.1
136.9
134.5
136.0
136.4
1 0 2 .1
10 0 .5
12 2 .6
159 6
145 6
187.7
125 0
122.1
140.6
161 3
134. 0
203.6
150 8 150.5
120.4 121.2
197.9 191.0
148.2
114.3
207.1
163.9
139.0
205.4
174.0 236.2
162. 8 219.7
188.9 265.0
iy4 1 . ivvei d-5 e------1d4o. iA.veid.50 ------10/10»
AtTPrfi 5dP
ly^y. iA.veid.
e-----1950. Average------J anuary-------
192
910
901
904
196
203
8
2
9
5
0
1
155 4
170 9
169 7
179 7
169 0
169 8
217 1 214 7 213.6
246 5 243 9 258. 5
233 4 229 3 241.3
243 6 242 0 265.7
219 4 217 9 242.3
246. 5 246.7 268.6
215.9
222. 5
205.9
203. 2
177.3
209.1
220.1
246.8
251.7
257.8
234.3
268.1
183.2
203.2
191.5
183.3
158.9
185.1
1 9 5 1 * Average
227.4
231.4
232.2
188.5
190.2
190.4
272.2
273.5
270.1
274.1 310.4
178.6 317.3
274.6 316.9
215.7
215.8
203.8
288.8
295.6
300.0
192.1 352.0
184.0 351.1
181.9 351.2
1Q52* January __
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September__
October
November___
232.4 190.6
227. 5 190.9
227. 6 191.2
230.0 191.1
230.8 193.8
231.5 193.3
234.9 194.4
235. 5 194.2
233.2 194.1
232.4 194.3
232.3 194.3
272.1
271.1
267.7
266.7
266.0
270.6
270.4
277.3
277.0
271.5
265.5
273.8
270.8
268.8
268.1
271.7
275.9
274.1
280.3
278.5
274.1
263.8
316.0
314.2
312.6
311.2
310.8
310.9
308.0
307.8
308.7
303.9
298.1
203. 8
201.0
200.3
198.7
208.6
219.4
219.3
237.0
231.2
228.1
210.3
297.1
285.6
276.5
283.1
287.1
291.5
290.3
290.8
288.5
281.6
272.2
192.6
197.5
190.7
188.8
175.4
181.9
187.1
197.8
202.1
193.1
200.0
146.1
151.0
154.4
157.3
i The Bureau of Labor Statistics retail food prices are obtained monthly
during the first three days of the week containing the fifteenth of the month,
through voluntary reports from chain and independent retail food dealers.
Articles included are selected to represent food sales to moderate-income
families.
. ,
The indexes are computed by the fixed-base-weighted-aggregate method,
using weights representing (1) relative importance of chain and independent
store sales, in computing city average prices; (2) food purchases by families
of wage earners and moderate-income workers, in computing city indexes;
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
124.8
122.9
124.3
91.1
92.3
91.6
92.4
88.9
88.0
81.1
110.8
114.4
123.6
124.7
118.7
118.4
118.5
__
November___
December-----
173.6
226.2
173.5
105.9
95.1
92.8
97.3
96 6 101.1
95.4 99.6
94 4 102.8
106.5
109.7
122 5
124 2
117 9
118 0
118 1
November----
169.5
210.8
169.0
103.5
94.5
92.4
96.5
129.4 136.1
127.4 141.7
131.0 143.8
84.9 82.3
95.9 91.0
93.1 90.7
101.4 93.8
107.5
111.1
126. 0
133. 8
129 9
131. 2
131. 8
271.4
312.8
314.1
308.5
301.9
295.9
351. 5
351.5
347.6
346.3
345.3
343.9
342.1
339.8
339.3
338.1
335.9
Sugar
Bever Fats
and and
ages
sweets
oils
Fro Fresh Can Dried
ned
zen2
186.2
204.8
186.7
184.7
184.2
177.8
215.8
217.0
215.7
212.6
210.6
209.8
212.3
213.8
216.7
218.1
218.2
263.2
234.6
248.4
272.8
283.4
278.1
283.0
265.3
241.0
240.3
254.3
263.5
246.8
227.4
228. 5
223.9
222.9
165.9 249.9
162.7 238.1
163.3 238.9
163.3
163.6
163.9
163.5
163.7
162.3
162.4
162.6
164.2
164.8
166.0
238.6
238.4
236.3
236.9
236.8
237.1
238.9
241.4
243.5
244.7
248.1
155.3
150.9
145.6
143.1
139.9
140.1
140.6
141.4
141.1
140.7
140.3
and (3) population weights, in combining city aggregates in order to derive
average prices and indexes for all cities combined.
Indexes of retail food prices in 56 large cities combined, by commodity
groups, for the years 1923 through 1950 (1935—
39=100), may be found in Bulle
tin No. 1055, Retail Prices of Food, 1950, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S.
Department of Labor, table 3, p. 8. Mimeographed tables of the same data,
by months, January 1935 to date, are available upon request.
2 December 1950=100.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
107
T able D-5: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods, by City
[1935-39 = 100]
City
Nov.
1952
Oct.
1952
Sept.
1952
Aug.
1952
July
1952
June
1952
May
1952
Apr.
1952
Mar.
1952
Feb.
1952
Jan.
1952
Dec.
1951
Nov.
1951
June
1950
Nov.
1952
United S tates......................
232.3
232.4
233.2
235.5
234.9
231.5
230.8
230.0
227.6
227.5
232.4
232.2
231.4
203.1
233.7
Atlanta, Qa_____________
Baltimore, M d___________
Birmingham, Ala________
Boston, Mass____________
Bridgeport, Conn________
231.1
243.5
221.2
219.2
231.7
230.1
249.7
223.8
221.9
233.4
234.3
246.9
224.2
221.3
232.5
238.0
249.9
230.8
225.5
235.2
236.1
248.6
225.5
225.9
238.0
226.5
242.4
217.4
219.9
230.2
223.2
243.2
216.4
218.8
230.5
225.0
242.6
215.8
215.2
228.3
223.9
239.5
215.3
214.6
227.3
227.4
238.6
217.3
214.5
227.0
230.7
243.8
220.2
218.2
229.4
230.7
242.5
222.7
219.3
228.9
232.1
242.4
224.3
218.4
227.9
195.4
215.6
192.2
196.1
204.0
233.8
245.0
224.7
Buffalo, N. Y ____________
Butte, M ont_____________
Cedar Rapids, Iowa 1...........
Charleston, S. C ___ _____
Chicago, 111_____________
226.9
231.0
236.6
221.6
238.1
227.4
232.4
238.3
222.8
238.5
227.8
233.6
237.0
226.5
238.6
229.7
232.8
238.7
232.2
241.8
228.3
231.8
240.9
231.4
239.9
227.0
231.7
240.6
222.8
239.2
227.0
229.4
238.0
221.4
239.3
224.7
228.9
236.4
220.2
234.8
221.8
228.1
235.1
219.3
233.3
221.0
227.5
235.1
219.4
231.4
225.2
230.2
238.3
222.3
237.5
226.7
233.7
239.8
221.5
238.1
227.2
230.2
240.5
218.0
237.8
199.0
203.0
208.6
188.0
208.4
Cincinnati, Ohio_________
Cleveland, Ohio. ________
Columbus, Ohio_________
Dallas, Tex______________
Denver, Colo____________
234.1
238.9
214.2
232.3
234.2
237.6
241.5
216.4
233.9
236.6
237.4
243.9
218.3
237.1
235.6
239.7
245.5
220.3
237.4
237.7
239.1
245.5
217.2
233.7
237.7
236.9
242.5
214.3
232.0
235.1
234.3
240.3
213.8
231.8
232.6
231.9
238.2
211.4
231.3
232.0
228.6
235.8
209.2
229.8
230.4
228.1
237.2
209.8
228.8
230.0
233.2
240.9
214.3
236.3
236.2
230.4
238.5
211.3
235.4
239.2
232.0
239.0
211.4
236. 0
236.9
205.1
211.2
183.9
201.5
205.9
217.4
233.3
233.6
Detriot, Mich----- -------Fall River, Mass__ . . . . .
Houston, Tex._ ___ _____
Indianapolis, Ind -----------Jackson, Miss.1_______ . . .
231.9
222.5
239.7
227.7
227.6
233.2
224.2
240.3
230.3
228.4
233.0
225.6
240.9
231.6
231.6
235.3
227.6
242.8
235.6
232.8
237.2
228.6
239.7
232.0
229.7
234.2
225.2
237.2
228.9
225.2
231.6
224.4
236.1
225.0
222.7
231.2
220.4
237.9
222.2
223.7
228.8
221.4
236.1
224.1
223.9
229.1
220.7
236.0
233.8
225.8
235.0
224.0
241.4
227.6
230.3
234.5
223.8
241.2
227.0
229.2
233.5
224.2
237.8
227.9
227.4
202.9
200.7
208.1
198.1
201.0
233.2
226.0
240.5
230.6
229.2
Jacksonville, F la-------------Kansas City, M o------------Knoxville, Tenn.1-----------Little Rock, A rk... -------Los Angeles, Calif------------
237.3
217.1
254.0
229.0
234.9
235.5
218.9
253. 6
228.8
233.7
240.1
217.3
258.5
231.6
234.5
244.6
220.6
263.4
233. 6
235.3
240.1
220.2
256.6
230.4
235.7
236.2
216.8
251.5
228.7
235.4
231.3
215.5
249.6
226.5
235.7
232.6
214.4
250.9
226.1
237.1
231.2
213.1
250. 5
224.3
234.6
231.5
213.0
253.2
224.6
234.2
237.2
217.8
256.9
229.7
239.3
235.0
218.0
256.6
229.9
240.7
234.8
216.4
256.2
225.4
237.1
205.8
189.2
223.1
200.1
201.6
239.4.
218 9
256 2
232 5
Louisville, K y .. .................
Manchester, N. H -----------Memphis, T enn-----------Milwaukee, Wis-------------Minneapolis, M inn-----------
215.6
222.7
235.4
232.7
223.1
218.1
226.0
239.4
235.9
224.8
221.1
225.9
240.8
234.3
223.7
224.4
230.6
243.7
240.1
225.0
224.2
228.6
236. 8
237.6
226.4
218.1
223.9
235.6
237.9
226.6
216.4
221.2
231.7
237.1
224.2
214.5
217.5
231.4
231.5
222.3
213.2
216.6
231.0
228.0
220.2
213.6
216.8
234.9
227.3
220.1
218.4
221.2
237.8
232.8
223.1
219.1
220.9
238.9
232.6
224.0
218.6
222.5
237.7
231.7
221.2
192. 0
200.6
208.3
206.6
194.1
218 5
222 7
288 6
235. 7
Mobile, Ala___________ .
Newark, N. J ----- ---------New Haven, Conn------ -New Orleans, La-------------New York N. Y ---------------
226.3
232.7
224.6
240.4
234.0
226.3
230.5
226.6
241.4
231.3
233.1
229.9
227.7
245.4
231.7
236.0
230.0
229.4
248.7
232.5
235.2
230.2
232.0
246.6
233.2
230.4
226.4
225.3
241.4
226.9
224.4
228.6
226.1
239. 2
227.4
229.1
228.2
221.0
240.1
229.3
228.0
224.1
220.2
239.8
225.3
228.0
225.0
219.7
240.5
226.2
231.6
227.7
222.6
244.8
230.2
231.4
227.2
222.2
244.3
230.6
230.0
228.3
222.1
241.3
230.9
200.1
203.3
199.8
212.9
203.7
240 6
2 2 4 .0
Norfolk, Va----------------- ..
Omaha, Nebr . . .
Peoria, 111 .. . . . .
Philadelphia, P a------ ------Pittsburgh, P a— -----------
239.1
223.7
238.7
231.2
237.4
235.1
223.5
237.6
231.4
237.0
238.9
224.6
244.0
232.3
237.1
244.0
227.3
245.9
235.4
240.9
242.0
225.5
243.7
235.1
237.3
236.0
226.6
243.3
228.8
232.9
235.0
224.8
240.0
228.1
233.0
234.7
223.2
239.8
226.9
231.4
231.0
222.4
235.6
224.3
229.3
232.7
222.6
238.5
224.4
229.8
237.2
226.8
243.8
229.4
235.7
233.6
227.0
242.5
228.8
234.6
231.9
225.1
239.5
228.6
235.2
205.9
197.2
216.8
201.4
207.5
24 O. 6
226.4
243.2
230.5
238.7
Portland, Maine-------------Portland, Oreg— ----------Providence, R. L_ . . . . _
Richmond, V a . --------------Rochester, N. Y _________
214.8
247.7
233.3
218.5
227.7
218.1
247.6
235.2
218.2
226.4
219.0
249.6
235.6
222.7
227.7
222.9
251.6
241.3
224.1
231.0
222.3
250.5
241.8
220.7
232.0
219.0
250.0
238.5
214.6
226.7
215.4
251.3
237.8
215.6
226.4
213.6
250.6
233.4
216.8
222.2
213.8
248.3
231.4
212.9
221.6
214.1
246.9
229.5
214.3
223.5
217.0
254.8
234.4
219.3
227.4
216.1
253.3
234.1
218.3
227.4
216.4
251.8
233.3
219.1
226.3
193.0
219.1
207. 9
195.2
196.4
216.1
247.8
236.5
St. Louis, Mo__________
St. Paul, M inn_______
Salt Lake City, U tah___
San Francisco, Calif............
Savannah, G a ___
. ..
243.2
221.5
235.6
242.1
241.6
244.4
222.8
235.3
240.0
242.1
244.3
222.4
237.5
240.9
245.0
249.0
223.3
237.3
241.7
252.0
248.6
224.1
236.8
243.0
247.3
247.6
225.1
234.8
247.4
242.9
243.6
223.2
234.2
247.0
241.3
240.5
221.6
233.7
249.5
239.3
238.3
220.0
231.5
245.4
238.7
238.6
221.2
231.2
240.5
238.9
244.0
224.0
232.9
248.9
242.6
243.9
223.7
233.4
248.4
241.7
242.2
221.6
232.5
240.7
241.7
210. 2
192. 6
202.2
211.1
206.3
Scranton, P a_____ ______
Seattle, Wash___________
Springfield, 111...
. ___
Washington, D. C ._......... .
Wichita, Kans.L. _______
Winston-Salem, N. C.1____
230.9
238.3
243.2
227.8
248.2
222.4
232.0
238.5
242.9
229.2
248.6
222.7
234.8
240.7
244.7
232.2
249.9
224.7
237.7
239.0
246.9
233.1
250.9
228.6
237.7
239.2
246.9
232.2
246.0
224.9
230.9
237.8
245.9
227.2
245.9
219.0
231.1
239.7
242.2
226.8
241.5
217.1
227.8
241.5
240.1
227.8
240.4
218.0
224.3
239.7
238.6
224.0
240.8
217.6
225.6
238.2
240. 2
223.1
242.7
218.6
232.0
243.4
244.1
228.7
248.3
223.2
229.9
239.9
242.6
228.9
248.8
222.8
229.8
238.1
241.4
228.1
244.1
220.5
204. 2
208. 6
211. 8
201.9
209.4
197.3
1June 1940=100.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 2 0 .8
233.5
232.2
232.9
241.7
221.5
2 4 0 .6
234.4
2 4 1 .8
2 2 4 .1
2 2 4 .8
228. /,
230 9
225.0
2 2 1 .9
229.7
246.9
221.6
24 0 .6
24 6 .8
244-6
231.8
237.4
244.5
231.9
251. 7
224.3
MONTHLY LABOR
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
108
T able D-6: Average Retail Prices and Indexes of Selected Foods
Commodity
Aver
age
price Nov.
Nov.
1952
1952
Cereals and bakery products:
Cents
Cereals:
Flour, wheat______ ...5 pounds.. 51.9 201.3
Corn flakes................ ..12 ounces.. 22.3 210.4
Corn meal ---------- ___ pound.. 10.6 226.0
T?ipp 1
_____ do___ 18.6 103.8
Rolled oats 2_______ .20 ounces.. 18.2 165.0
Bakery products:
Bread, white 3______ ___ pound.. 16.2 190.2
Vanilla cookies_____ ...7 ounces.. 23.1 222.8
Layer cake 45______ ___ pound.. 50.1 109.6
Meats, poultry, and fish:
Meats:
Beef:
Round steak____ ....... _.do___ 109.7 324.7
Rib roast_______ ......... .do___ 84.4 292.2
Chuck roast......... _____ do___ 71.4 316.0
......... _do___ 62.8 103.5
Frankfurters
Hamburger 4....... _____ do___ 58.8 192.3
Veal:
C utlets.,.............. _____ do___ 123.9 309.2
Pork:
Chops____ ____ ...........do___ 76.8 232.5
Bacon, sliced___ .........-do___ 66.8 175.2
Ham, whole......... ......... _do___ 64.4 219.4
Salt pork_______ ____ do____ 39.0 185.3
Lamb:
Leg...................... _____ do___ 78.3 276.5
200.0
Poultry ___ ___ _____
Frying chickens:
51 0
do
62.8
Fish:
Fishr fresh or frozen 8
290.8
45.6
Haddock fillef frozen ® do
Salmon, pink «.. . .16-ounce can.. 53.6 433.1
Dairy products:
B u tte r __ ________ ___ pound.. 83.4 229.1
Cheese, American process _____ do----- 62.1 274.5
24.9 202.8
Milk, fresh (delivered)__ ___ quart .
Milk, fresh (grocery)----- _____ do___ 23.3 204.0
_____ p in t.. 31.5 105.6
Ice cream 4__
___
Milk, evaporated___ 14V£-ounce can. _ 15.0 210.8
Eggs: Eggs, fresh__________ ____ dozen.. 78.8 226.0
Fruits and vegetables:
Frozen fruits:4
87.0
Strawberries 4_____ ..12 ounces.. 38.7
Orange juice concentrate4. 6 ounces.. 18.5
78.9
Frozen vegetables:4
93.9
Peas 4_____________ .12 ounces.. 23.5
Fresh fruits:
A pples.............. ........ ___ pound.. 14.3 266.7
____ _____ do___ 15.8 261.4
Bananas___
Oranges, size 200____ ____ dozen.. 55.1 193.7
Fresh vegetables:
Beans, green.............. ___ pound.. 29. 6 275.9
7.2 192.2
Cabbage___________ _____ do___
Carrots____________ . . . bunch.. 12.4 228.1
16.1 194.1
L ettu ce.............. . . . _____ head.
Onions____________ ___ pound.. 10.4 251.6
Potatoes____ _____ ..15 pounds.. 110.8 304.0
Sweetpotatoes______ ___ pound.. 13.5 260.3
Tomatoes 10________ ....... __do___ 24.4 160.2
Canned fruits:
can.. 33.6 175.1
Peaches.. ________ No.
Pineapple................... _____ do___ 38.1 175.6
Canned vegetables:
Corn______________ No. 303 can.. 19.2 177.1
Tomatoes_________ ..N o. 2 can.. 18.0 200.7
P e a s _____________ No. 303 can.. 21.5 117.7
Babv foods 4_______4M-5 ounces.. 10.0 101.9
Dried fruits, prunes____ . ..pound . 27.7 263.7
Dried vegetables, navy beans__ do----- 16.7 226.2
Beverages:
Coffee________ . . . . . _____ do___ 86.5 344.0
Cola drink 4 n. .carton of 6, 6-ounce._ 29.1 111.7
Fats and oils:
16.5 111.0
L ard________ . . ------- ___ pound.
Shortening, hydrogenated _____ do___ 32.7 158.3
Salad dressing___
_____ p in t.. 34.2 141.9
Margarine, colored 12____ ___ pound.. 30.3 161.9
Sugar and sweets:
Sugar..
----------------- ...5 pounds._ 52.5 195.8
98.3
23.4
Grape jelly 4___________ ..12 ounces
1July 1947=100.
3 February 1943=100.
8 Average price based on 52 cities; index on 56
4 December 1950=100.
8 Price d in 46 cities.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[Indexes 1935-39=100]
June
1950
Oct.
1952
Sept.
1952
Aug.
1952
July
1952
June
1952
May
1952
Apr.
1952
Mar.
1952
Feb.
1952
Jan.
1952
Dec.
1951
Nov.
1951
201.4
210.4
229.0
103. 0
165.3
201.2
210.3
231.0
102. 8
164.9
202.0
210. 5
220.6
102.2
164.9
202.8
210.3
218.5
100.9
164.6
203.5
209.8
217.7
99.9
164.2
203.4
209.9
217.1
99.0
163.8
203.6
210.1
217.4
98.2
163.7
203.7
209.6
218.0
96.7
163.5
204.4
209.4
216.1
96.7
163.8
20.4. 3 203.1
208.2 207.7
212.7 209.0
94.9
96.1
163.3 162.9
202.3
207.9
206.4
93.1
162.7
190.5
176.5
181.9
93.1
145.8
190.3
223.5
109.1
190.3
222.4
108.8
190.2
224.9
108.7
190.1
225.4
109.7
188.9
224.6
107.9
189.7
223.3
108.9
185. 2
222.5
108.2
185.1
224.6
108.5
184.8
224.5
107.9
184.5
224.2
108.3
184.2
223.8
109.1
183.9
223.1
109.8
163.9
191.7
328.2
295.1
321.0
105.0
200.0
331.2
296.8
323.4
106.2
207.3
331.1
296.6
318.0
106.7
207.1
330.2
297.7
318.4
106.5
207.6
330.1
297.0
327.1
106.5
211.9
330.3
299.0
332.6
105.7
210.6
330.0
299.0
332.3
105.8
211.7
330.4
298.0
333.7
106.2
214.3
331.9
303.2
334.0
106.3
215.9
333.3
305. 3
336. 7
107.6
217.0
333.6
307.2
338.3
108.1
217.9
334.6
308.2
338.5
108. 6
217.6
287.9
264.1
279.2
316.2
321.5
316.5
318.2
326.7
325.3
325.5
326.4
326.8
325.0
322.9
319.5
271.2
263.7
183.6
229.6
184.6
266.0
185.7
236.1
181.2
278.7
185.2
239.2
178.6
254.4
170.7
227.1
167.0
257.5
167.3
226.1
166.8
245.8
158.8
213.4
159.4
223.2
159.2
210.8
160.9
225.1
160.6
211.9
164.0
223.9
161.9
214.4
168.1
227.6
163.5
216.8
171.4
226.0
165.2
217.2
174.8
248.8
172.7
218.7
179.2
243.5
161.9
215.8
160.5
286.1
193.1
293.1
202.1
295.4
197.8
294.9
187.4
296.1
181.9
291.7
175.4
287.7
188.8
280.9
190.7
290.2
197.5
301.8
192.6
304.8
181.9
300.3
184.0
272.4
185.1
292.2
291.5
290.7
291.8
293.3
295.1
295.5
296.7
299.6
298.3
296.7
295.8
268.4
437.4
444.2
448.8
454.2
456.9
456.7
459.3
460.9
467.1
471.2
475.1
477.4
344.1
258.5
265.4
196.5
198.5
105.7
206.6
166.5
252.4
266.8
196.0
198.1
105.3
205.1
184.3
241.2
263.3
195.0
197.1
104. 4
202.8
216.7
226.9
261. 2
194.0
195.8
104. 5
202.8
241.8
195.4
226.2
160.4
162.0
92.0
85.3
92.7
88.8
93.2
92.5
94.9
96.6
233.8
272.6
201.8
203.6
105.6
210.4
230.6
235.9
269.6
199.6
201.8
105.5
210.3
221.4
230.6
267.4
197.0
198.3
105. 4
210.1
217.2
229.0
266.4
195.7
196.0
105.1
209.7
208.7
223.5
265.3
193.3
193.3
105.1
210.0
169.1
225.3
266.2
193.7
194.2
105. 5
209.8
164.0
231.1
266.1
195.0
196.6
106.0
209.6
165.9
245.8
265.6
196.7
198.7
106.0
208.2
161.3
87.8
78.5
88.6
78.3
88.8
78.5
88.6
74.6
89.2
73.9
89.8
73.3
88.5
83.0
91.9
84.2
181.8
174.2
148.4
93.3
95.4
96.3
96.4
95.9
93.3
96.3
95.8
98.7
98. 5
96.9
96. 3
250.4
255.5
216.6
258.1
267.7
203.0
288.7
269.4
193.2
366.9
265.5
188.6
395.9
277.9
170.0
310.0
278.7
164.3
279.7
282.1
159.9
239.4
281.5
160.8
229.2
273.4
156.2
218.8
269.9
161.7
204.3
267.7
164.7
191. 2
270. 5
175.8
301.1
271.9
172.8
192.3
185.1
214.8
179.4
232.0
289.3
243.0
130.4
167.4
199.4
218.7
186.7
219.1
312.7
263.6
114.0
214.8
286.2
216.2
177.8
234.3
354.4
407.2
151.8
235.3
287.6
216.8
171.3
250.7
360.1
444.8
204.9
161.2
229.7
220.9
166.9
276.7
351.9
470.7
217.0
236.8
327.6
234.7
199.3
370.1
333.7
433.4
201.4
258.8
235. 5
193.4
184.5
382.2
307.0
387.7
231.8
250.4
198.1
196.3
166.0
313.3
282.0
331.2
192.9
238.1
260.0
220.0
145.4
250.9
270.5
309.9
160.7
191. 3 208.0
419.8 268.0
291.7 281.8
256.5 272.8
242.6 209.0
289.5 266.2
299.7 265.2
189.0 222.4
246.2
217.2
289.4
232.1
196.6
247.5
234.4
144.3
151.0
174.3
181.7
167.3
187.1
219.3
209.4
208.3
172.8
175.6
173.1
175.9
172.8
176.1
172.4
176.2
173.6
176.6
180.0
176.6
178.8
176.5
179.7
176.4
180.0
176.8
179.1
176.7
178.3
177.3
177.6
177.6
140.1
172.0
176.1
198.8
116.2
101.8
259.4
223.6
176.5
196.3
115.3
101.9
257.7
222.6
174.4
192.7
112.8
102.0
256.0
220.4
173.0
193.8
112.4
101.8
256.0
216.7
172.6
193.1
111.7
102.0
256.0
214.2
172.2
195.2
111.8
102.0
256.2
213.6
172.0
194.8
112.3
102.1
256.3
213.7
171.2
195.9
113.0
102.0
256.2
212.9
171.3
194.2
113.0
102.0
259.0
214.5
169.5
195.1
113.0
101.9
260.6
214.0
168.3
195. 4
114. 3
101.9
261.6
213.9
166.7
194.2
114. 6
101.7
263.1
211.9
138.4
161.6
114.3
344.4
111. 6
344.5
111.8
344.7
111.6
344.8
111.3
345.0
111.3
345.2
111.2
345.8
111.4
345.9
111.2
345.9
111.2
345.2
111.3
345. 4
111.2
345. 5
110.8
294.9
114.8
157.9
142.0
161.4
118. 2
158.0
143.1
159.2
122.2
157.7
142.6
158.5
120.7
157.8
142.0
156.7
122.4
158.1
141.1
153.9
118.3
159.1
142.9
151.8
124.8
162.8
146.7
151.6
130.3
165.6
147.9
153.8
143.7
170.7
151.1
157.2
149.8
174.0
153.6
165. 4
155.5
176.6
153. 4
169. 4
158.3
177. 2
152.8
170.5
116.0
155.6
142.1
161.1
195.9
98.4
195.6
98.1
195.1
98.0
193.3
98.4
192. 2
97. 5
191.2
98. 2
189.1
98.9
187.0
98.2
187.9
98.3
188.7
98 8
188.8
99.6
189.1
100 0
175.3
8 Priced in 23 cities.
7 Priced in 33 cities.
« 1938-39=100.
8 Priced in 47 cities.
10 October 1949 = 100.
237.8
202.7
n Average price based on 54 cities; index on 56
cities.
12 Average price for colored margarine based on
50 cities; index on 56 cities (colored margarine in
50 cities, uncolored margarine in 6 cities).
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
109
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
T able D-7 : Indexes of Wholesale Prices, by Group of Commodities
[1947-49=100]1
Nov.
1952
Commodity group
Oct.
1952
Nov.
1952
Commodity group
All commodities_________ _______________________
110.7
»111.1
All commodities other than farm and food—Continued
Farm products____________________ _______ _
Processed foods............ ........ .......................................
103.8
107.7
104.9
108.5
112.8
»113.0
98.6
97.8
106.4
103.5
99.2
»96.7
» 106.6
103.9
Rubber and products
and wood products
Pulp, paper, and allied products..._____ ________
Metals and metal products............ ............................
Machinery and motive products________________
Furniture and other household durables_________
Nonmetallic minerals—structural_______________
Tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages_____
Miscellaneous.
All commodities other than farm and food................. .
Textile products and apparel_______ ___________
Hides, skins, and leather products....... ........... ..........
Fuel, power, and lighting materials— .....................
Chemicals and allied products...................................
• The revised wholesale price index (1947-49=100) is the official index
for January 1952 and subsequent months. The official index for December
1951 and previous dates is the former index (1926=100)—see table D-7a.
The revised index has been computed back to January 1947 for purposes
of comparison and analysis. Beginning with January 1952 the index is
based on prices for one day in the month. Prices are collected from manu
T/nmhp.r
126.5
119.7
115.5
123.9
121.3
112.1
114.5
110.8
105.7
Oct.
1952
126.0
» 120.2
115.5
»124.1
121.3
»112.0
114.4
110.8
108.4
facturers and other producers. In some cases they are secured from trade
publications or from other Government agencies which collect price quota
tions in the course of their regular work. For a more detailed description
of the index, see A Description of the Revised Wholesale Price Index,
Monthly Labor Review, February 1952 (p. 180).
» Revised.
T able D-7a: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group of Commodities, for Selected Periods
[1926=100]
Hides
and
Foods leather
prod
ucts
Fuel Metals
Chem
Mis
and
Build icals Housecella
and
furlight metal
ing
and
neous
nishing
com
mate allied
ing
mate prod
rials
prod goods
modi
ucts
rials
ucts
ties
All
com
Semi- M anu modi
Raw manufac
ties
factured
ex
mate
tured
prod
rials
cept
farm
articles ucts
prod
ucts
All
com
modi
ties
ex
cept
farm
prod
ucts
and
foods
All
com
modi
ties
Farm
prod
ucts
Average.........
J u l y . . _____
November__
M ay_______
Average____
69.8
67.3
136.3
167.2
95.3
71.5
71.4
150.3
169.8
104.9
64.2
62.9
128.6
147.3
99.9
68.1
69.7
131.6
193.2
109.1
57.3
55.3
142.6
188.3
90.4
61.3
55.7
114.3
159.8
83.0
90.8
79.1
143.5
155.5
100.5
56.7
52.9
101.8
164.4
95.4
80.2
77.9
178.0
173.7
94.0
56.1
56.7
99.2
143.3
94.3
93.1
88.1
142.3
176.5
82.6
68.8
67.3
138.8
163.4
97.5
74.9
67.8
162.7
253.0
93.9
69.4
66.9
130.4
157.8
94.5
69.0
65.7
131.0
165.4
93.3
70.0
65.7
129.9
170.6
91.6
1932: Average____
1939: Average____
August_____
1940: Average____
64.8
77.1
75.0
78.6
48.2
65.3
61.0
67.7
61.0
70.4
67.2
71.3
72.9
95.6
92.7
100.8
54.9
69.7
67.8
73.8
70.3
73.1
72.6
71.7
80.2
94.4
93.2
95.8
71.4
90 5.
89.6
94.8
73.9
76.0
74.2
77.0
75.1
86.3
85.6
88.5
64.4
74.8
73.3
77.3
55.1
70.2
66.5
71.9
59.3
77.0
74.5
79.1
70.3
80.4
79.1
81.6
68.3
79.5
77.9
80.8
70.2
81.3
80.1
83.0
1941: Average____
December___
1942: Average...
1943: Average____
1944: Average____
87.3
93.6
98.8
103.1
104.0
82.4
94.7
105.9
122.6
123.3
82.7
90.5
99.6
106.6
104.9
108.3
114.8
117.7
117.5
116.7
84.8
91.8
96.9
97.4
98.4
76.2
78.4
78.5
80.8
83.0
99.4
103.3
103.8
103.8
103.8
103.2
107.8
110.2
111.4
115.5
84.4
90.4
95.5
94.9
95.2
94.3
101.1
102.4
102.7
104.3
82.0
87.6
89.7
92.2
93.6
83.5
92.3
100.6
112.1
113.2
86.9
90.1
92.6
92.9
94.1
89.1
94.6
98.6
100.1
100.8
88.3
93.3
97.0
98.7
99.6
89.0
93.7
95.5
96.9
98.5
1945: Average____
August_____
105.8
105.7
128.2
126.9
106.2
106.4
118.1
118.0
100.1
99.6
84.0
84.8
104.7
104.7
117.8
117.8
95.2
95.3
104.5
104.5
94.7
94.8
116.8
116.3
95.9
95.5
101.8
101.8
100.8
100.9
99.7
99.9
1946: Average____
June_______
November__
1947: Average____
1948: Average____
1949: Average____
1950: Average____
December___
1951: Average.........
121.1
112.9
139.7
152.1
165.1
155.0
161.5
175.3
180.4
148.9
140.1
169.8
181.2
188.3
165.5
170.4
187.4
196.1
130.7
112.9
165.4
168.7
179.1
161.4
166.2
179.0
186.9
137.2
122.4
172.5
182.4
188.8
180.4
191.9
218.7
221.4
116.3
109.2
131.6
141.7
149.8
140.4
148.0
171.4
172.2
90.1
87.8
94.5
108.7
134.2
131.7
133. 2
135.7
138.2
115.5
112.2
130.2
145.0
163.6
170.2
173.6
184.9
189.2
132.6
129.9
145.5
179.7
199.1
193. 4
206.0
221.4
225.5
101.4
96.4
118.9
127.3
135.7
118.6
122.7
139.6
143.3
111.6
110.4
118.2
131.1
144.5
145.3
153.2
170.2
176.0
100.3
98.5
106.5
115. 5
120.5
112.3
120.9
140.5
141.0
134.7
126.3
153.4
165.6
178.4
163.9
172.4
187.1
192.4
110.8
105.7
129.1
148.5
158.0
150. 2
156.0
17. 81
177.6
116.1
107.3
134.7
146.0
159.4
151. 2
156.8
169.0
174.9
114.9
106.7
132.9
145. 5
159.8
152.4
159.2
172.4
176.7
1C9.5
105.6
120.7
135.2
151.0
147.3
153.2
166.7
169.4
1951: January____
February___
March______
April___ . . .
M ay______ .
June____ . . .
J u ly ..............
August_____
September__
October_____
November__
December___
180.2
183.7
184.0
183.6
182.9
181.7
179.4
178.0
177.6
178.1
178.3
177.8
194.2
202.6
2C3.8
202.5
199.6
198.6
194.0
190.6
189.2
192.3
195.1
193.6
182.2
187.6
186.6
185.8
187.3
186.3
186.0
187.3
188.0
189.4
188.8
187.3
235.4
238.7
236.9
233.3
232.6
230.6
221.9
213.7
212.1
208.3
196.6
192.3
178.4
181.0
183.0
182.7
182.0
177.9
173.2
167.4
163.1
157.7
159.4
160.5
136.4
138.1
138.6
138.1
137.5
137.8
137.9
138.1
138.8
138.9
139.1
139.2
187.5
188.1
188.8
189.0
188.8
188.2
187.9
188.1
189.1
191.2
191.5
191.7
226.2
228.2
228.6
228.6
227.7
225.6
223.8
222.6
223.1
223.6
224.5
224.0
147.5
150.2
149.3
147.2
145.7
142.3
139.4
140.1
140.8
141.1
138.7
137.9
175.0
175.7
179.1
180.4
180.1
179.5
178.8
175.3
172.4
171.7
172.0
172.0
142.4
142.7
142.5
142.7
141.7
141.7
138.8
138.2
138.5
139.2
141.3
141.6
192.6
198.9
199.4
197.7
195.5
194.7
189.9
187.5
187.0
188.9
189.6
188.8
184.9
187.0
187.4
187.0
186.4
180.0
174.0
170.0
168.8
168.3
168.7
167.9
173.3
175.6
175.9
176.1
176.2
175.6
175.1
174.4
174.2
174.3
174.1
173.9
176.9
179.3
179.4
179.2
179.0
177.8
176.0
174.9
174.8
174.8
174.3
174.1
170.4
171.9
172.6
172.3
171.6
170.6
168.6
167.2
167.0
166.6
166.9
166.9
Year and month
1913:
1914:
19181920:
1929:
Tex
tile
prod
ucts
i This index (1926=100) is the official index for December 1951 and all
previous dates. The revised index (1947-49=100) is the official index for
January 1952 and subsequent dates—see tables D-7 and D-8. BLS whole
sale price data, for the most part, represent prices in primary markets.
They are prices charged by manufacturers or producers or are prices prevail
ing on organized exchanges.
234826
-
53
-
-8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
For a detailed description of the method of calculation for this series see
November 1949 M onthly Labor Review, Compiling M onthly and Weekly
Wholesale Price Indexes (p. 541).
110
MONTHLY LABOR
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
T able D-8: Indexes of Wholesale Prices, by Group and Subgroup of Commodities1
11947-49=100]
Commodity group
Nov. »
1952
Oct.
1952
119.7
120.0
127.5
102.3
' 120. 2
' 120. 2
127.7
106.1
Pulp, paper, and allied products__ . . . . .............
Wood pulp.......................................................
Waste paper.....................................................
P ap er................................................................
Paperboard......................................................
Converted paper and paperboard.................
Building paper and board..............................
115.5
108.8
65.7
124.9
124.8
112.3
117.6
115.5
109.3
71.2
124.9
124.6
112.2
115.8
Metals and metal products..................................
Iron and s te e l...............................................
Nonferrous m etals...................... ...................
Metal containers________ _____________ _
H ardw are.................. ...................................
Plumbing equipm ent....................... ............
Heating equipment.............................. ..........
Structural metal products.............................
Nonstructural metal products...... ........ ........
123.9
127.0
122.5
125.1
125.3
118.1
113.7
114.1
125.9
'124.1
127.3
122.9
125.1
125.3
118.1
113.7
' 114.0
' 125.8
Machinery and motive products__ _________
Agricultural machinery and equipment___
Construction machinery and equipment__
Metal working machinery______________
General purpose machinery and equipment.
Miscellaneous machinery.......... .................
Electrical machinery and equipm ent_____
Motor vehicles.................................................
121.3
121.6
126.2
128.9
121.8
119.5
119.0
119.7
121.3
121.5
' 125.8
' 129.1
121.8
119.4
' 119.0
119.7
Furniture and other household durables...........
Household furniture....... ...............................
Commercial furniture....................................
Floor covering.................................................
Household appliances...................... ............
Radio, TV, and phonographs.......................
Other household durable goods....................
112.1
112.8
123.2
122.4
107.2
93.8
119.6
' 112.0
112.6
123.2
122.4
' 107. 2
93.7
119.5
'106.6
'113.3
' 124.3
' 100. 4
' 98.5
108.5
Nonmetalie minerals—structural........................
Flat glass........................................................
Concrete ingredients.......................................
Concrete products..........................................
Structural clay products.......... .....................
Gypsum products...........................................
Prepared asphalt roofing.............................
Other nonmetallic minerals................. ..........
114.5
114.4
112.9
112.7
124.0
117.7
106.0
114.4
114.4
114.4
113.0
112.7
124.0
117.7
106.0
112.7
103.9
113.9
106.5
'92.0
'51.0
110.7
Tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages...
Cigarettes........................................................
C igars.............................................................
Other tobacco products........................... ......
Alcoholic beverages.................. .....................
Nonalcoholic beverages..................................
110.8
105.7
102.4
118.4
111.2
119.7
110.8
105.7
102.4
118.4
111.2
119.7
M iscellaneous......... .................. ......... ........ .........
Toys, sporting goods, small arm s.................
Manufactured animal feeds............... ..........
Notions and accessories___ ______ ______
Jewelry, watches, photo equipment-............
Other miscellaneous____________________
105.7
113.2
103.3
91.1
101.0
120.8
108.4
113.2
108.4
90.9
101.0
120.8
110.7
'
103.8
113.2
96.5
93.0
107.1
114.4
117.6
98.5
132.5
104.9
111.7
95.0
94.8
109.6
'114.8
' 124.8
96.7
136.0
Processed foods..............................................
Cereal and bakery products..................
Meats, poultry, f is h ........................... .
Dairy products and ice cream-----------Canned, frozen, fruits and vegetables...
Sugar and confectionery........................ .
Packaged beverage materials................
Animal fats and o ils................... ...........
Crude vegetable oils................................
Refined vegetable oils------------ ---------Vegetable oil and products...................
Other processed foods— ......................
107.7
107.1
101.9
115.5
105.9
110.0
161.9
57.0
66.7
67.0
81.1
122.1
108.5
106.4
' 104.1
115.9
'105.9
110.7
161.9
58.4
'63.9
64.9
'81.7
124.1
All commodities other than farm and foods.
112.8
'113.0
Textile products and apparel.......................
Cotton products............-.................. —
Wool products..........................................
Synthetic textiles....... ............................ .
Silk products...................................... —
Apparel...................................................
Other textile products.............................
98.6
98.4
112.6
89.1
130.3
98.3
86.9
99.2
'99.2
113.2
89.5
140.0
98.4
94.5
Hides, skins, and leather products.............. .
Hides and skins....................................
L eather..................................................Footwear................................................
Other leather p roducts.........................
97.8
69.9
90.5
99.6
'96.5
'65.4
'90.1
110.6
'99.2
Fuel, power, and lighting materials.......... .
Coal.........................................................
Coke...............
G a s ..........................................................
Electricity........ ..........- ..........-...............
Petroleum and products........................
106.4
113.4
124.3
«100. 4
4 98.5
108.1
Chemicals and allied products....... ........... .
Industrial chemicals________________
Paint and paint materials...... ................
Drugs, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics____
Fats and oils, inedible........................... .
Mixed fertilizer.......... ......................... .
Fertilizer materials............................... .
Other chemicals and products...............
103.5
112.7
106.3
91.9
53.2
110.4
102.9
103.0
Rubber and products.........- ......................... .
Crude rubber.............................. ............
Tires and tubes................... ........ ...........
Other rubber products........................... .
126.5
130.3
126.3
124.6
126.0
126.6
126.3
125.2
1 See footnote 1, table D-7.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
’Preliminary.
111.1
Oct.
1952
Lumber and wood products.................................
Lumber............................................................
Mill work______________ _________ _____
Plywood.......................... ................................
All commodities--............ .............................
Farm products.. . .......................... ................
Fresh and dried produce...................... .
Grains.......................................................
Livestock and poultry.............................
Plant and animal fibers......................... .
Fluid m ilk....................... - .....................
Eggs-......... ............................................. .
Hay and seeds....................................... .
Other farm products.............................. .
111.0
N o v .’
1952
Commodity group
111.1
111.0
’Calculated from September data.
4 Calculated from August data.
Revised.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
E: WORK STOPPAGES
111
E: Work Stoppages
T able
E -l: Work Stoppages Resulting From Labor-Management Disputes1
N u m b e r o f sto p p a g e s
W o r k e r s in v o lv e d in s to p p a g e s
M a n - d a y s id le d u r in g m o n th
or y ea r
M o n th an d year
B e g in n in g in
m o n th or year
1 9 3 6 -3 9 (a v e r a g e )
1 9 4 5 ...............................
1946.
............
1947.
............
1948.
..... ..
1949
............
1950
............
I n e ffe c t d u r
in g m o n th
2 ,8 6 2
4 ,7 5 0
4 ,9 8 5
3 ,6 9 3
3 ,4 1 9
3, 606
4 ,8 4 3
B e g in n in g in
m o n th or y ea r
I n e ffe c t d u r
in g m o n th
1 .1 3 0 .0 0 0
3 .4 7 0 .0 0 0
4 .6 0 0 .0 0 0
2 ,1 7 0 , 000
1 .9 6 0 .0 0 0
3 ,0 3 0 , 000
2 ,4 1 0 , 000
N um ber
P e r c en t of e s ti
m a te d w o r k
in g tim e
1 6 .9 0 0 .0 0 0
38, 000, 000
1 1 6 ,0 0 0 , 000
34, 6 0 0 ,0 0 0
3 4 .1 0 0 .0 0 0
50, 5 0 0 ,0 0 0
3 8 .8 0 0 .0 0 0
0 .2 7
.4 7
1 .4 3
.4 1
.3 7
.5 9
.4 4
1951: N o v e m b e r
D ecem b er.
305
186
521
357
8 4 ,0 0 0
8 1 ,5 0 0
191, 000
130, 000
1, 610, 000
1 ,0 2 0 ,0 0 0
.1 9
.1 3
1952: J a n u a r y 2— .
F e b r u a r y 2_.
M a r c h 2_____
A p r i l 2______
M a y 2_______
J u n e 2_______
J u l y 2...............
A u g u s t 2 2. . .
S e p t e m b e r 2.
O c t o b e r 2___
N o v e m b e r 2.
D e c e m b e r 2.
400
350
400
475
475
425
425
450
475
425
250
200
600
550
600
650
675
650
650
675
700
650
475
350
1 9 0 ,0 0 0
1 8 5 ,0 0 0
240, 000
250, 000
2 5 0 ,0 0 0
320, 000
1 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 0
1 ,2 0 0 , 000
1 ,2 5 0 ,0 0 0
1 ,2 7 0 ,0 0 0
1 ,4 0 0 , 000
5 ,3 0 0 ,0 0 0
7, 500, 000
1 4 ,0 0 0 , 000
12, 5 0 0 ,0 0 0
2 ,1 0 0 ,0 0 0
3, 2 0 0 ,0 0 0
3, 5 0 0 ,0 0 0
1 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0
1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
.1 4
.1 5
.1 7
.6 1
.9 0
1 .6 8
1 .4 4
.2 5
.3 7
.3 7
.1 9
.1 1
1
A l l k n o w n w o r k s t o p p a g e s , a r is i n g o u t o f l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t d i s p u t e s ,
i n v o l v i n g s ix o r m o r e w o r k e r s a n d c o n t i n u i n g a s l o n g a s a f u ll d a y o r s h i f t
a r e in c lu d e d in r e p o r t s o f t h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s . F i g u r e s o n “ w o r k
e r s i n v o l v e d ” a n d “ m a n - d a y s i d l e ” c o v e r a l l w o r k e r s m a d e i d l e fo r o n e o r
m o r e s h i f t s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s d i r e c t l y i n v o l v e d i n a s t o p p a g e . T h e y d o n o t
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1, 000, 000
3 0 0 ,0 0 0
1 7 0 ,0 0 0
125, 000
2 2 5 ,0 0 0
230, 000
4 7 0 ,0 0 0
9 0 ,0 0 0
8 0 ,0 0 0
1, 000, 000
8 5 0 ,0 0 0
3 1 0 ,0 0 0
3 6 0 ,0 0 0
6 0 0 ,0 0 0
2 2 0 ,0 0 0
1 2 0 ,0 0 0
m e a s u r e t h e in d ir e c t or s e c o n d a r y e ffe c ts o n o th e r e s ta b lis h m e n t s or in d u s
t r i e s w h o s e e m p l o y e e s a r e m a d e i d l e a s a r e s u lt o f m a t e r ia l o r s e r v i c e s h o r t a g e s .
2 P r e lim in a r y .
* D o e s n o t i n c l u d e m e m o r ia l s t o p p a g e i n c o a l m i n i n g i n d u s t r y .
MONTHLY LABOR
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
112
F: Building and Construction
T able F - l: Expenditures for New Construction1
[ V a l u e o f w o r k p u t i n p la c e ]
E x p e n d i t u r e s ( i n m il li o n s )
1952
T y p e o f c o n s t r u c t io n
T o t a l n e w c o n s t r u c t i o n 4--------------------------------- $ 2 ,5 1 3
1951
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A p r il
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
T o ta l8 T o ta l
$ 2 ,7 8 7
$ 3 ,0 1 1
$ 3 ,0 9 8
$ 3 ,0 9 5
$ 3 ,0 2 7
$ 2 ,9 4 5
$2, 743
$2, 516
$ 2 ,3 3 2
$ 2 ,0 8 8
$ 2 ,1 7 4
$ 2 ,3 6 6
$ 3 2 ,3 2 9 $ 3 0 ,8 9 3
1 ,9 2 4
1 ,0 3 3
925
90
18
435
190
109
1 ,9 8 8
1 ,0 4 8
935
95
18
434
189
104
2 ,0 3 0
1 ,0 4 9
935
96
18
430
187
101
2 ,0 3 7
1 ,0 4 7
930
99
18
418
181
98
1 ,9 9 4
1 ,0 2 3
905
101
17
411
180
97
1 ,9 2 5
983
865
103
15
404
182
92
1 ,8 1 1
922
810
99
13
392
188
82
1 ,6 9 0
849
750
87
12
386
194
73
1 ,6 1 7
799
710
77
12
398
202
74
1 ,4 6 3
676
600
63
13
406
209
75
1 ,5 1 7
719
650
56
13
415
209
83
1, 674
840
760
66
14
415
200
92
2 1 ,7 8 5
1 1 ,1 0 1
9 ,8 8 0
1 ,0 3 6
185
4, 950
2, 298
1 ,0 9 5
21, 684
10, 973
9, 849
934
190
5 ,1 5 2
2 ,1 1 7
1 ,3 7 1
48
61
136
38
34
12
29
23
117
331
37
47
247
8
863
49
45
59
141
39
33
12
31
26
139
360
37
49
274
7
1 ,0 2 3
52
44
57
142
38
32
12
33
27
168
376
37
48
291
7
1 ,0 6 8
53
43
55
139
36
31
12
34
26
183
381
37
48
296
8
1 ,0 5 8
55
39
58
134
33
30
11
35
25
180
371
36
47
288
9
1 ,0 3 3
53
36
56
130
31
29
10
35
25
171
359
36
47
276
8
1 ,0 2 0
54
34
48
122
29
26
9
34
24
157
333
33
46
254
7
932
54
33
40
119
28
26
9
33
23
136
313
32
45
236
6
826
54
33
41
122
29
26
9
33
25
123
292
30
46
216
5
715
55
36
39
122
30
27
9
32
24
113
263
27
41
195
5
625
58
39
44
123
31
28
9
32
23
110
267
30
41
196
6
657
63
41
51
123
32
28
8
33
22
110
303
37
40
226
6
692
66
479
616
1 ,5 5 7
399
355
125
388
290
1 ,7 0 0
3 ,9 5 0
405
550
2, 995
84
10, 544
647
544
827
1 ,6 6 4
452
345
164
419
284
1 ,8 0 0
3, 695
399
487
2 ,8 0 9
64
9, 209
595
332
125
136
38
33
117
215
59
352
141
137
40
34
125
330
62
369
156
137
41
35
127
350
63
373
162
137
42
32
129
335
65
375
162
138
43
32
121
320
63
375
164
138
42
31
119
310
62
356
151
136
41
28
116
250
60
343
138
135
42
28
109
175
56
311
114
131
39
27
100
115
51
275
88
128
36
23
85
90
46
286
92
130
37
27
91
90
48
289
95
131
36
27
88
111
50
4 ,0 6 1
1 ,6 0 6
1 ,6 1 8
478
359
1 ,3 4 6
2, 700
690
3 ,4 7 1
958
1 ,5 3 1
498
484
887
2 ,4 0 0
706
16
70
20
77
22
79
20
75
19
76
18
76
18
72
15
68
13
65
11
56
4
12
62
12
72
4
198
838
64
213
860
77
5
5
5
1 J o in t e s tim a te s o f th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f
L a b o r , a n d t h e B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a ls D i v i s i o n , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f C o m
m e r c e . E s t im a t e d c o n s t r u c t io n e x p e n d i t u r e s r e p r e s e n t t n e m o n e t a r y v a l u e
o f t h e v o l u m e o f w o r k a c c o m p l i s h e d d u r i n g t h e g i v e n p e r io d o f t im e . T h e s e
f ig u r e s s h o u ld b e d if f e r e n t ia t e d fr o m p e r m i t v a l u a t i o n d a t a r e p o r t e d i n t h e
t a b u l a t i o n s for b u i ld in g a u t h o r iz e d ( t a b l e s P - 3 a n d F - 4 ) a n d t h e d a t a o n
v a l u e o f c o n t r a c t a w a r d s r e p o r t e d in t a b le F - 2 .
2 R e v is e d .
* P r e li m in a r y .
< I n c lu d e s m a jo r a d d i t io n s a n d a lt e r a t io n s .
* I n c lu d e s h o t e ls , d o r m it o r ie s , a n d t o u r is t c o u r t s a n d c a b in s .
* E x p e n d it u r e s b y p r i v a t e l y o w n e d p u b li c u t i l i t i e s fo r n o n r e s id e n t i a l
b u i l d i n g a r e in c lu d e d u n d e r “ P u b l i c u t i l i t i e s . ”
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1952
O ct.
D e c .8 N o v .2
P r i v a t e c o n s t r u c t i o n _______
_ -------------------- 1 ,7 8 9
R e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g ( n o n f a r m ) _____
953
N e w d w e l l i n g u n i t s _______________
865
70
A d d i t i o n s a n d a l t e r a t i o n s ___________
N o n h o u s e k e e p i n g 5 -------------------------18
N o n r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g (n o n f a r m )
421
187
I n d u s t r i a l -------------------------------------------C o m m e r c i a l- ______ _________ ________
107
W a r e h o u s e s , o ffic e a n d l o f t
b u i l d i n g s ______ ________________
49
S to res, r e sta u r a n ts, a n d g a r a g e s.
58
O th e r n o n r e s id e n t i a l b u i l d i n g ____
127
R e l i g i o u s _________________________
37
E d u c a t i o n a l ______ _____________ _
33
S o c ia l a n d r e c r e a t io n a l .- --------11
H o s p i t a l a n d i n s t i t u t i o n a l 7____
27
M i s c e l l a n e o u s ____________________
19
F a r m c o n s t r u c t i o n ________________________
103
304
P u b l i c u t i l i t i e s --------------------- --------------------R a i l r o a d _______________________________
33
T e l e p h o n e a n d t e l e g r a p h ____________
45
O th e r p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s ________________
226
8
A l l o t h e r p r i v a t e 8 ______________________
724
P u b l i c c o n s t r u c t i o n ----------------------------------------47
R e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g 9____________________
N o n r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g ( o th e r t h a n
m i l i t a r y o r n a v a l f a c i l i t i e s ) ____________
314
I n d u s t r i a l _____________________________
113
E d u c a t i o n a l - - _______________________
135
H o s p it a l a n d in s titu tio n a l
______
37
O th e r n o n r e s i d e n t i a l _________________
29
M i l i t a r y a n d n a v a l f a c i l it ie s 10__________
107
120
H i g h w a y s ........... ...................................................... S e w e r a n d w a t e r __________________________
55
M is c e lla n e o u s p u b lic se r v ic e e n te r 14
p r is e s 11__________________________________
C o n s e r v a t io n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t _________
62
A l l o t h e r p u b l i c 12___ ____________ _______
5
1951
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
7 1 n c lu d e s F e d e r a l c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o w a r d c o n s t r u c t io n o f p r i v a t e n o n p r o f i t
h o s p i t a l f a c i l it ie s u n d e r t h e N a t i o n a l H o s p i t a l P r o g r a m .
8
C o v e r s p r i v a t e l y o w n e d s e w e r a n d w a t e r f a c i l it ie s , r o a d s a n d b r id g e s , a n d
m is c e ll a n e o u s n o n b u i l d i n g i t e m s s u c h a s p a r k s a n d p l a y g r o u n d s .
8
I n c lu d e s n o n h o u s e k e e p i n g p u b l i c r e s i d e n t ia l c o n s t r u c t io n a s w e l l a s
h o u s e k e e p in g u n its.
i° C o v e r s a ll c o n s t r u c t io n , b u i ld in g a s w e l l a s n o n b u i l d i n g ( e x c e p t fo r
p r o d u c t io n f a c ilit ie s , w h ic h a r e in c lu d e d i n p u b l i c i n d u s t r i a l b u i ld in g ) .
11 C o v e r s p r im a r ily p u b l i c l y o w n e d a ir p o r t s , e le c t r i c l i g h t a n d p o w e r
s y s t e m s , a n d lo c a l t r a n s i t f a c ilit ie s .
12 C o v e r s p u b l i c c o n s t r u c t io n n o t e ls e w h e r e c la s s if ie d , s u c h a s p a r k s ,
p l a y g r o u n d s , a n d m e m o r ia ls .
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
F: BUILDING AND
113
CONSTRUCTION
T able F-2: Value of Contracts Awarded and Force-Account Work Started on Federally Financed
New Construction, by Type of Construction 1
V a l u e ( in t h o u s a n d s )
T y p e o f c o n s tr u c tio n
1952
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June’
1951
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
1951
1950
T o ta l
T o ta l
T o t a l n e w c o n s t r u c t i o n 2 $241, 711 $213, 536 $227, 748 $203, 658 $ 5 9 6 ,8 8 3 $285, 047 $358, 525 $265, 187 $202, 100 $ 2 6 0 ,8 8 7 $208, 507 $190, 610 $ 1 8 9 ,1 1 7 $4, 201, 939
$ 2 ,8 0 5 , 214
A i r f i e l d s 3_________________
B u i l d i n g __________________
R e s i d e n t i a l ____________
N o n r e s i d e n t i a l ________
E d u c a t i o n a l *_______
H o s p it a l a n d in s tit u t i o n a l __________
A d m in istr a tiv e a n d
g e n e r a l 5______ _ . .
O th e r n o n r e s id e n tia l
b u i l d i n g _________
A i r f i e ld b u i l d i n g s 8
I n d u s t r i a l 7 ...............
T r o o p h o u s i n g ____
W a r e h o u s e s _______
M is c e lla n e o u s A . .
C o n s e r v a t io n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t .......... ...........
R e c l a m a t i o n ___________
R iv e r , h a rb or, a n d
f lo o d c o n t r o l _________
H i g h w a y s ________________
E l e c t r i f i c a t i o n ___________
A l l o t h e r 9________________
1 1 ,8 0 5
9 4 ,1 4 8
1 ,0 0 9
9 3 ,1 3 9
9 ,4 0 5
8, 496
75, 255
1 ,1 4 9
7 4 ,1 0 6
8 ,9 8 0
8 ,0 1 2
1 0 7 ,9 8 9
3, 367
1 0 4 ,6 2 2
8 ,9 4 1
11, 208
3, 572
1 ,7 0 2
5, O il
7 0 ,8 2 4
7 ,6 5 2
1 8 ,1 0 4
6, 271
2 0 ,1 0 2
18, 695
56, 543
1 ,7 8 0
8, 263
11, 736
11, 991
22, 773
65, 605
7 ,7 0 1
1 9 ,1 1 9
1 8 .0 9 5
10, 551
1 0 ,1 3 9
3 1 ,6 3 2
6 ,9 0 0
27, 581
13, 970
7 ,9 1 2
2 ,8 9 4
24, 732
7 6 ,8 3 8
2 ,5 8 5
24, 703
1 3 ,6 1 1
7 8 ,1 9 8
9 ,1 4 4
1 4 ,8 6 2
5 ,0 1 8
9 3 ,3 6 0
895
9 ,5 8 0
3, 924
68, 418
68, 056
9, 073
17, 556
3 6 9 ,3 5 5
2 ,0 6 7
367, 288
12, 290
6, 020
143, 940
668
143, 272
879
3, 833
144, 461
530
143, 931
6, 896
6, 949
144, 054
178
143, 876
3, 318
3, 371
104, <s7i;
280
104, 596
6, 508
2 9 ,0 5 4
6, 931
2 0 ,0 6 0
15 ,1 7 1
23, 270
10, 902
1, 022
2, 514
1 1 ,8 9 1
3, 422
615
3, 266
538
131
974
305
165
963
3 2 3 ,0 4 7
7, 773
166, 522
58. 360
38, 013
52, 379
1 2 3 ,8 0 0
2 ,7 0 2
48, 511
2 3 ,1 7 8
3 5 ,9 9 8
13, 411
3, 727
659
44, 720
10, 923
8 ,8 2 6
2 ,1 9 1
068
449
464
676
33, 797
124, 689
9 ,0 3 9
31, 524
6 ,6 3 5
105, 228
1 0 ,8 9 6
1 0 ,1 3 7
49,
4,
9,
20,
4,
10,
3,
105,
14,
7,
1 E x c l u d e s c la s s i f i e d m i l i t a r y p r o j e c t s , b u t i n c l u d e s p r o j e c t s fo r t h e A t o m i c
E n e r g y C o m m i s s i o n . D a t a fo r F e d e r a l- a i d p r o g r a m s c o v e r a m o u n t s c o n
tr ib u t e d b y b o th o w n e r a n d t h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t. F o r c e -a c c o u n t w o r k
is d o n e n o t t h r o u g h a c o n tr a c to r , b u t d ir e c t ly b y a G o v e r n m e n t a g e n c y , u s in g
a s e p a r a t e w o r k f o r c e t o p e r fo r m n o n m a i n t e n a n c e c o n s t r u c t i o n o n t h e a g e n c y ’s
o w n p r o p e r tie s .
2 I n c lu d e s m a jo r a d d it io n s a n d a lte r a tio n s .
8 E x c l u d e s h a n g a r s a n d o t h e r b u i ld in g s , w h i c h a r e i n c l u d e d u n d e r “ O th e r
n o n r e s id e n tia l” b u ild in g c o n s tr u c t io n .
4 I n c lu d e s p r o je c ts u n d e r t h e F e d e r a l S c h o o l C o n s tr u c tio n P r o g r a m , w h ic h
p r o v i d e s a i d fo r a r e a s a f f e c t e d b y F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t a c t i v i t i e s .
4 I n c l u d e s p o s t o f fic e s , a r m o r ie s , o f f i c e s , a n d c u s t o m h o u s e s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
114,
5,
31,
36,
28,
12,
150
310
161
534
256
889
50, 433
34, 637
15,
101,
49,
8,
796
566
681
551
126,
6,
43,
28,
29,
18,
390
461
645
492
765
027
15, 246
5, 461
9,
79,
12,
6,
785
605
738
595
9 ,3 1 5
9 7 ,1 2 6
310
9 6 ,8 1 6
3 ,3 8 4
3 ,3 4 0
1 1 5 ,6 3 1
306
115, 325
7 ,7 0 3
10, 170
72, 316
112
72, 204
9, 825
9, 096
72, 709
46
7 2 ,6 6 3
12, 229
2 7 8 ,6 3 0
2 ,1 7 9 , 280
8, 966
2 ,1 7 0 ,3 1 4
60, 570
5 8 ,1 8 3
1, 369, 617
15, 445
1,354^ 172
3 ,1 2 3
10, 629
5 ,7 4 5
10, 653
10, 867
14, 601
305, 787
3 9 6 ,0 8 6
1, 717
2 ,2 3 6
1, 570
1, 265
1 ,8 1 2
5 7 ,1 4 6
58, 794
742
mi
764
962
427
548
8 5 ,4 5 1
905
11, 703
25, 020
2 8 ,1 3 3
19, 690
95, 399
1 ,7 8 7
32, 274
47, 293
6, 734
7 ,3 1 1
50, 247
309
27, 973
656
12, 547
8, 762
44, 021
3 ,9 0 3
1 0 .8 9 0
1 ,2 0 1
4 ,8 5 0
2 3 ,1 7 7
1, 7 4 6 ,8 1 1
9 1 ,9 1 1
8 9 2 ,3 8 4
2 2 5 ,9 0 9
7 5 ,8 2 4
460, 783
8 9 6 ,1 6 9
32, 450
745, 037
2 ,5 8 9
45, 437
70, 656
24, 382
5, 470
26, 389
527
1 3 ,8 5 2
2 ,4 2 3
28, 449
2, 017
19, 429
6 ,2 4 4
3 9 6 ,8 4 1
8 6 ,9 2 8
321, 458
8 1 ,7 6 8
18,
60,
2,
5,
2 5 ,8 6 2
6 6 ,4 3 0
49, 523
1 2 ,1 0 4
1 1 ,4 2 9
5 3 ,3 7 3
6 ,4 6 4
1 5 ,8 4 7
26,
69,
2,
7,
432
554
711
410
1 3 ,1 8 5
6 5 ,3 7 5
3 ,6 1 4
1 8 ,8 9 4
309,
850,
281,
214,
239,
836,
156,
62;
85,
2,
6,
23,
32,
20,
912
971
960
540
913
946
251
991
690
015
981
960
6 I n c l u d e s a ll b u i l d i n g s o n c i v i l i a n a ir p o r t s a n d m i l i t a r y a ir f ie ld s a n d a ir
b a se s w it h t h e e x c e p tio n o f b a r r a c k s a n d o th e r tr o o p h o u s in g , w h ic h are in
c l u d e d u n d e r “ T r o o p h o u s i n g .”
7 C o v e r s a ll i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s u n d e r F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t o w n e r s h i p , i n
c l u d i n g t h o s e w h i c h a r e p r i v a t e l y o p e r a t e d . E x c l u d e s e s t i m a t e d c o s t s fo r
a d d i t i o n a l e x p a n s i o n o f A t o m i c E n e r g y C o m m i s s i o n f a c i l it ie s , a s a n n o u n c e d
i n J u l y a n d A u g u s t 1952, fo r w h i c h f in a l n o t i f i c a t i o n o f a w a r d s a n d c o n t r a c t
a m o u n ts h a v e n o t b e e n r e c e iv e d .
9 I n c l u d e s t y p e s o f b u i l d i n g s n o t e ls e w h e r e c la s s i f i e d .
• I n c l u d e s s e w e r a n d w a t e r p r o j e c t s , r a ilr o a d c o n s t r u c t io n , a n d o t h e r t y p e s
o f p r o j e c t s n o t e ls e w h e r e c la s s i f i e d .
’ D u r i n g J u n e , t h e l a s t m o n t h i n t h e f is c a l y e a r , v o l u m e i s r e l a t i v e l y h i g h
b e c a u s e o f t h e la r g e n u m b e r o f c o n t r a c t s c u s t o m a r i l y a w a r d e d .
F:
114
T able
BUILDING AND
MONTHLY LABOR
CONSTRUCTION
F -3: Urban Building Authorized, by Principal Class of Construction and by Type of Building1
N u m b e r o f n e w d w e llin g u n it s — H o u s e
k e e p in g o n ly
V a l u a t i o n ( in t h o u s a n d s )
N e w r e s i d e n t ia l b u i l d i n g
H o u s e k e e p in g
P e r io d
T o t a l a ll
c la s s e s 2
P u b lic ly
f in a n c e d
d w e ll
in g
M u lti
f a m ily 4
u n its
P r i v a t e l y f in a n c e d d w e l l i n g u n i t s
T o ta l
1 - fa m ily
2 -fa m
ily 8
1 9 4 2 ______________________
1 9 4 6 ___ __________________
1 9 4 7 ______________________
1 9 4 8 ______________________
1 9 4 9 ___________________ 1 9 5 0 ______________________
1 9 5 1 ______________________
$2, 707, 573
4, 743, 414
5, 563, 348
6 ,9 7 2 . 784
7, 3 9 8 ,1 4 4
10, 4 8 0 ,3 5 0
8, 895, 430
$598, 570
2 ,1 1 4 ,8 3 3
2 ,8 8 5 , 374
3, 422, 927
3, 7 2 4 ,9 2 4
5 ,8 1 9 ,3 6 0
4 ,3 7 5 , 520
$478, 658
1, 830, 260
2 ,3 6 1 , 752
2, 745, 219
2, 8 4 5 .3 9 9
4, 850, 763
3, 814, 922
$42, 629
1 0 3 ,0 4 2
151, 036
181, 493
1 3 2 ,3 6 5
178, 985
1 7 0 ,3 9 2
$77, 283
181, 531
372, 586
4 9 6 ,2 1 5
7 4 7 ,1 6 0
798, 612
390, 206
1951: O c t o b e r __________
N o v e m b e r ... . . .
D e c e m b e r ________
651, 679
5 4 1 ,0 9 6
429, 830
3 4 4 ,3 2 9
264, 089
2 1 0 ,3 2 8
3 0 6 ,1 7 2
235, 464
1 7 8 ,0 0 4
1 4 ,3 7 4
10, 324
9 ,5 7 2
1952: J a n u a r y _______ . .
F e b r u a r y . . . ____
M a r c h . --------------A p r il
__________
M a y ______________
J u n e ____________ .
J u l y _______________
A u g u s t 6. . . . . .
S e p t e m b e r 6______
O c t o b e r 7 . --------
508, 470
595, 214
778, 897
843, 466
813, 858
869, 290
806, 071
740, 684
7 9 2 ,4 3 5
798, 725
266, 719
345, 009
407, 925
4 6 5 ,3 7 5
443, 641
410, 751
419, 706
392, 831
435, 221
4 4 6 ,8 8 6
2 3 4 ,1 8 4
300, 701
352, 857
409, 724
3 8 8 ,3 0 0
367, 746
3 6 8 ,4 8 7
345, 001
380, 901
3 8 7 ,0 5 6
12, 206
17, 263
18, 794
2 0 ,3 8 0
20, 599
17, 384
17, 282
18, 961
1 8 ,1 4 0
1 6 ,0 2 1
$296,
355,
42,
139,
285,
327,
579,
N onh ou sekeepin g >
N ew non
r e s i
d e n tia l
b u ild in g
A d d i
t io n s ,
a lte r a
t io n s ,
and
r e p a ir s
933
587
249
334
627
553
634
$22, 910
43, 369
2 9 ,8 3 1
38, 034
39, 785
84, 504
37, 467
23, 784
1 8 ,3 0 1
22, 752
9 ,7 8 8
2 1 ,1 9 2
10, 669
4 ,8 8 0
2 ,3 6 9
1, 014
196, 589
1 8 6 ,1 8 7
14 8 ,0 3 1
96, 092
67, 258
59, 788
2 0 ,3 2 9
27, 045
36, 274
35, 271
34, 742
2 5 ,6 2 1
3 3 ,9 3 6
28, 869
3 6 ,1 7 4
43, 809
25, 731
2 5 ,1 8 1
76, 903
7 3 ,0 6 6
5 5 ,1 5 0
6 2 ,0 7 0
22, 554
1 2 ,1 1 9
14, 896
21, 281
1, 247
1 ,6 0 7
4, 570
3 ,3 0 7
5, 561
3 ,6 0 5
2 ,3 9 5
5, 781
7 ,2 4 7
4 ,2 4 3
145, 675
146, 739
198, 888
2 0 8 ,3 1 7
204, 635
2 7 5 ,2 5 0
252, 209
2 3 1 ,8 2 5
2 3 0 ,4 3 5
2 2 3 ,1 8 4
69, 098
76, 678
90, 611
93, 401
104, 871
117, 614
109, 208
9 8 ,1 2 8
104, 636
1 0 3 ,1 3 2
i B u i l d i n g for w h i c h b u i l d i n g p e r m i t s w e r e i s s u e d a n d F e d e r a l c o n t r a c t s
a w a r d e d in a ll u r b a n p la c e s , in c lu d in g a n e s tim a t e o f b u ild in g u n d e r ta k e n
in s o m e sm a lle r u r b a n p la c e s t h a t d o n o t iss u e p e r m its.
T h e d a t a c o v e r f e d e r a l ly a n d n o n f e d e r a ll y f in a n c e d b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t io n
c o m b i n e d . E s t i m a t e s o f n o n - F e d e r a l ( p r iv a t e a n d S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n
m e n t ) u r b a n b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t io n a r e b a s e d p r i m a r i ly o n b u i ld in g - p e r m i t
r e p o r t s r e c e i v e d f r o m p l a c e s c o n t a i n i n g a b o u t 85 p e r c e n t o f t h e u r b a n p o p u la
t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y ; e s t i m a t e s o f f e d e r a l ly f in a n c e d p r o j e c t s a r e c o m p il e d fr o m
n o t i f i c a t i o n s o f c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t s a w a r d e d , w h i c h a r e o b t a i n e d fr o m
o t h e r F e d e r a l a g e n c ie s . D a t a fr o m b u i l d i n g p e r m i t s a r e n o t a d j u s t e d t o a l lo w
f o r l a p s e d p e r m i t s o r for la g b e t w e e n p e r m i t i s s u a n c e a n d t h e s t a r t o f c o n s t r u c
t io n . T h u s , t h e e s tim a t e s d o n o t r e p r e s e n t c o n s tr u c tio n a c tu a lly s ta r te d
d u r in g t h e m o n th .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P r i v a t e l y f in a n c e d
$1, 510, 688 $278, 472
1, 458, 602
771, 023
1, 713, 489
8 9 2 ,4 0 4
2 .3 6 7 , 940 1, 004, 549
2, 4 1 0 ,3 1 5
9 3 7 ,4 9 3
3 ,1 5 6 , 475 1, 092, 458
2 ,8 0 7 ,3 5 9 1 ,0 9 5 , 451
T o ta l
1 -fa m iiy
184,
430,
502,
516,
575,
798,
533,
138,
358,
393,
392,
413,
624,
434,
892
195
312
179
286
499
942
908
151
606
532
543
377
893
42, 175
32, 682
26, 805
35, 580
27, 782
21, 238
34,
43,
49,
56,
53,
48,
50,
47,
51,
52,
28,
34,
40,
45,
43,
41,
41,
38,
42,
42,
374
191
942
269
228
841
570
823
966
347
376
978
136
936
572
075
790
867
378
620
2 - fa m
ily 3
15,
24,
33,
36,
26,
33,
29,
747
326
423
306
431
310
743
M u ltifa m
ily 4
Publ i c l y fi
nanced
237
718
283
341
312
812
306
95, 946
9 8 ,3 1 0
5 ,8 3 3
1 5 ,1 1 4
3 2 ,1 9 4
3 8 ,9 5 3
66, 044
2, 477
1 , 766
1 , 700
4, 118
3, 134
3, 867
1 ,0 1 7
2 ,3 0 8
1 ,2 3 4
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
5,
6,
6,
6,
4,
5,
5,
6,
7,
612
196
337
775
124
706
850
673
496
014
3 ,1 8 5
2 ,9 7 5
9 ,5 8 8
8 ,9 4 1
5 ,9 9 6
6 ,8 6 8
2 ,4 8 3
1 ,6 6 3
1 ,6 1 5
2 ,1 2 8
386
017
469
558
532
060
930
283
092
713
30,
47,
75,
87,
135,
140,
69,
U r b a n i s d e f in e d a c c o r d in g t o t h e 1940 C e n s u s , a n d i n c lu d e s a ll in c o r p o r a t e d
p l a c e s o f 2,5 0 0 i n h a b i t a n t s o r m o r e i n 1940 a n d a s m a ll n u m b e r o f p l a c e s ,
u s u a l l y m in o r c i v i l d i v i s i o n s , c la s s i f i e d a s u r b a n u n d e r s p e c ia l r u l e .
S u m s o f c o m p o n e n ts d o n o t a lw a y s e q u a l to ta ls e x a c tly b e c a u se o f r o u n d in g .
2 C o v e r s a d d i t i o n s , a l t e r a t i o n s , a n d r e p a ir s , a s w e l l a s n e w r e s i d e n t i a l a n d
n o n r e s i d e n t i a l b u i ld in g .
3 I n c l u d e s u n i t s i n 1 - fa m ily a n d 2 - fa m ily s t r u c t u r e s w i t h s t o r e s .
4 I n c l u d e s e m it s i n m u l t i f a m i l y s t r u c t u r e s w i t h s to r e s .
4 C o v e r s h o t e ls , d o r m it o r ie s , t o u r is t c a b i n s , a n d o t h e r n o n h o u s e k e e p i n g
r e s i d e n t ia l b u i ld in g s .
4 R e v is e d .
2 P r e lim in a r y .
REVIEW, JANUARY 1953
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
115
Table F-4: New Nonresidential Building Authorized in All Urban Places,1 by General Type and by
Geographic Division2
Valuation (in thousands)
1
type of new nonresi
dential building
1952
O c t.8
All types..............
New England.
South Atlantic.
MountainPacific.......
New England___
Middle A tlantic..
.
South Atlantic___
East South Central
South Atlantic.
West South Central
M ountain________
P acific...................
P u b lic b u ild in g s 8..........
New England........
Middle Atlantic__
East North Central
South Atlantic___
East South Central
West South CentralM ountain...............
Pacific___ ______
Public works and utility
buildings 8-_....... .......
New England........ .
Middle Atlantic__
East North Central.
West North Central.
South Atlantic____
East South Central.
West South Central.
M ountain........ ........
Pacific___ _______
All other buildings 10___
New Eng and_____
Middle Altantic___
East North Central.
West North Central.
South Atlantic.........
East South Central.
West South Central.
M ountain.................
Pacific___________
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A p r.
M a r.
Feb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O c t.
1951
1950
T o ta l
T o ta l
. $223,18* $ 2 3 0 ,4 3 $ 2 3 1 ,8 2 $ 2 5 2 ,20£ $275, 25f $204. 63, $ 2 0 8 ,3 1 ' $198,888 $146,739 $145,675 $148,031 $ 1 8 6.187 $196, 589 $ 2 ,8 0 7 ,3 5 9 $ 3 ,1 5 6 , 475
.
1 4 ,2 1
1 6 ,3 3
17,52"
1 4 ,39£
1 2 ,65C
8 911 3 ,81Ü
19, 44C
7 .5 2 2
1 0 ,8 4 /
7, 566
14, 651
11, 294
1 97,358
1 9 8 ,4 4 7
.
29,43*
4 0 , 83(
37,732
3 1,872
44, 92S
34. 29*
2 9 , 77S
41,738
2 6 ,0 9 6
25 .3 1 1
28,9 5 5
2 9 ,9 8 8
3 6 ,1 3 2
4 2 2 ,5 4 9
5 2 0 ,9 5 5
1.
51,081
5 5 ,86(
54, I l f
60 ,0 2 4
56, 541
6 6 ,0 7 c
4 5 ,8 2 '
40, 238
3 4 ,8 7 9
2 8 , 13e
33, 71C
6 3 ,4 0 8
5 2 ,3 2 2
7 4 4 ,1 8 3
6 7 9 | 869
1.
2 2 , 22C
2 4 .9 4 .
2 4 , 51f
22 ,2 0 3
1 8 ,0 5 '
18,356
2 0 ,3 6 7
10. 94:
10,1 3 6
9 ,7 3 2
8, 946
1 7 .6 9 2
11 ,1 8 1
2 0 4 ,7 8 8
261, 776
.
1 8 ,94£
23,611
21, 5 8 '
24 ,9 0 5
30 ,6 3 2
19, 557
20, 589
22, 78*
21, 615
17 ,0 6 0
15, 687
18. 222
2 0 ,9 6 2
3 0 1 ,2 8 3
3 79| 801
7, 22$
9. 681
1 0 ,5 2
13,980
19, 42£
6 ,1 9 9
5 ,0 4 0
8 ,4 5 5
6 ,5 5 6
6 ,7 3 5
2 ,9 3 9
5 ,6 0 3
4 ,9 9 9
11 2 ,6 2 2
1 4 4 ,0 8 4
21, 52É
2 2 . 12C
1 4 ,4 K
3 3 .3 8 4
2 4 , 00C
18, 99*
25, 22*
17, 50/
1 5 ,7 3 6
18 ,1 4 2
12, 635
15. 673
15, 777
2 8 7 ,3 8 8
399, 586
12, 55!
6 ,9 3 $
6 ,4 2 2
8 .4 4 5
1 5 ,2 7
7 ,7 6 3
5 ,4 7 7
6, 41]
4 ,1 2 5
5 ,6 3 9
5, 229
5, 279
9 ,0 8 8
101, 235
112, 773
4 5 ,35S
3 0 ,1 1 3
44 ,9 5 2
4 2 ,9 9 8
5 3 ,7 3 8
24 ,4 8 4
4 2 ,2 0 8
3 1 ,3 7 8
2 0 ,0 7 4
2 4 ,0 7 3
3 2 ,3 6 1
2 2 ,1 8 3
2 8 ,3 2 4
4 3 5 ,9 5 3
4 5 9 ,1 8 4
South Atlantic.
East South Central
West South Central
M ountain__
Pacific_____
Commercial buildings 8.
New England___
Middle Atlantic. .
East North Central
M ountain........ ......
Pacific.....................
Community buildings 7
New England____
Middle Atlantic__
S e p t.4
1951
1
2 2 ,7 3 5
1,51*
4 ,4 8 5
5 ,0 5 9
3, 954
1, 936
399
812
361
4 ,2 1 5
6 9 ,3 7 4
6, 75C
9 .4 3 9
1 3 ,0 5 0
9, 426
6 ,0 4 4
3 ,3 5 7
7 ,3 3 6
2 ,9 6 4
1 1 ,0 0 9
8 4 ,2 5 8
2, 6Ö7
1 2 ,4 8 7
25, 865
6 ,0 4 8
Ç9, 246
2, 5 4 /
8 ,0 3 8
6. 441
1 1 ,0 2 9
15, 043
86
165
295
461
372
50
1 ,9 2 3
451
11, 240
9 ,8 8 9
1 ,2 6 0
791
661
330
420
410
784
128
5 ,1 0 5
2 1 ,8 8 5
2 ,0 5 2
2 ,0 6 7
6 ,7 5 3
2 ,0 0 7
931
467
2 ,6 3 5
2 ,2 1 3
2 ,7 6 1
4 0 ,2 3 4
3 ,4 2 3
7 ,4 2 8
1 3 .4 6 0
2 .9 1 1
5 ,4 4 4
869
1 ,1 7 7
1 ,0 8 6
4 .4 3 7
75, 293
2 ,7 6 5
1 5 ,0 8 2
1 1 ,7 7 8
7 ,5 1 8
8 ,1 0 2
2 .1 0 6
1 1 ,8 0 0
1 ,9 9 8
1 4 ,1 4 4
7 9 ,3 7 9
8 .3 0 6
1 3 ,8 1 1
2 0 ,1 6 9
1 0 ,1 0 5
4 ,9 1 3
5. 601
6, 625
2 ,0 0 9
7 ,8 4 2
6, 043
350
837
607
603
2 ,4 9 9
270
71
520
286
2 2 ,8 9 3
3 6 ,8 7 7
1, 67S
3 ,2 2 6
3 ,9 6 7
3, 649
7 ,1 3 6
8 ,9 4 1
3 ,1 5 4
3 ,5 1 5
551
2 ,0 4 4
2 ,0 8 9
2 ,3 8 2
1 ,1 3 3
1, 505
611
774
2 ,5 7 1
10, 840
5 9 ,8 2 6
56, 611
4 ,2 5 4
2 ,8 0 4
9 ,0 5 0
1 0 ,0 6 4
1 3 ,4 1 4
10, 903
8 ,7 3 0
3 .8 0 8
6 ,8 8 7
7 ,4 2 7
2 ,0 3 0
3 ,4 7 4
5 .3 5 6
7 ,9 9 9
2, 243
1 ,5 6 7
8 ,5 3 8
7 ,8 8 8
1 0 9 ,9 0 0 106, 694
9 ,2 1 0
6 .3 1 1
19, 973
1 2 ,6 9 2
2 2 ,1 8 1
2 6 ,8 8 9
9, 713
11, 732
1 0 ,1 7 3
1 0 ,1 9 9
3 ,9 6 3
6 ,6 5 9
5 ,1 0 6
11, 275
2 ,8 8 3
3 ,6 8 0
26. 698
1 7 ,2 5 6
7 ,8 8 2
1 0 ,2 5 1
1 ,0 2 2
1 ,4 8 8
273
1 ,9 5 5
394
779
677
341
438
2 ,5 8 3
730
113
301
361
95
434
3. 486
2 ,6 6 3
3 ,6 4 0
1 2 ,0 3 5
1 6 ,7 7 9
8 ,5 0 8
1 4 .4 9 3
i 5 ,8 5 5
: 5 ,1 8 9
2 ,7 0 3
19, 686
4 3 ,0 2 7
2 ,8 1 3
5 ,8 5 4
2 ,7 1 7
632
1 ,7 4 5
8 ,1 4 8
2 ,0 0 7
6 ,8 4 2
1 2 ,2 6 9
7, 919
359
1, 413
1 ,8 2 6
700
986
407
1 ,0 0 2
7 ,7 8 0
78
1, 954
1 ,8 2 4
195
950
988
807
397
588
2 3 ,5 4 4
817
2, 516
9 ,1 6 6
2 ,0 4 1
2 ,5 8 8
725
1 ,7 5 1
869
3 .0 7 1
14, 284
1 ,6 4 7
5 ,7 2 4
2 ,9 8 1
395
557
346
1 ,4 9 9
104
1 ,0 3 1
2 2 ,0 1 3
858
2 ,0 5 1
7 ,1 5 5
2 ,5 1 5
3 ,6 3 5
405
1 ,5 3 2
1 ,0 7 0
2 ,7 9 3
444
782
21, 566
1 .1 3 5
2 ,2 5 8
8 ,0 2 0
3 .1 0 8
1, 669
429
1 ,4 4 6
879
2 ,6 2 2
23, 454
122
1 ,7 4 9
6 ,2 2 5
1 ,1 8 6
1 ,3 7 8
649
1 0 ,6 4 5
559
942
1 8 .3 2 1
914
1 ,7 6 3
6 .2 8 6
1 ,6 2 0
1, 275
704
1 ,5 9 9
755
3, 407
4 1 ,1 9 3
1, 298
8 ,5 5 2
13, 707
1 ,2 6 7
2 ,0 4 4
2 ,2 7 0
2 ,3 0 6
288
9 ,4 6 1
6 5 .8 4 6
2 .3 9 4
1 0 ,7 1 4
13, 203
4 ,7 3 8
8 .1 5 9
2 ,4 0 5
1 1 ,4 6 9
4 ,2 6 7
8, 497
88,886
33, 613
1 , 69{
5, 200
17, 457
1 ,4 1 2
656
2 , 46(
888
445
3 ,4 0 6
5 0 ,8 4 8
1 ,9 0 8
6 ,4 2 6
1 2 ,5 0 8
4, 583
7 ,3 4 7
1 ,2 5 1
6 ,9 6 1
2 ,7 7 5
7 ,0 9 0
8 1 ,3 3 8
3 ,4 8 7
1 5 ,0 3 5
2 2 ,7 5 1
8 ,2 5 2
7 ,9 1 8
1 .9 9 2
9 ,1 4 6
2 ,1 0 1
10, 656
1 0 ,1 0 7
559
3 ,9 5 0
2 ,1 5 0
12
1 ,6 2 3
34
44
1 ,6 5 0
84
8 ,3 2 1
102
1 ,3 8 3
3. 904
2 ,1 0 2
291
36
0
7
496
2 0 ,4 0 8
1 ,1 6 8
2 ,2 9 9
7 ,3 0 4
1, 995
1 ,7 2 3
426
1 ,9 5 6
785
2, 752
1 Building for which permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded
in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some
smaller urban places that do not issue permits. Sums of components do not
always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
8 For scope and source of urban estimates, see table F-3, footnote 1.
8 Preliminary.
* Revised.
8 Includes factories, navy yards, army ordnance plants, bakeries, ice plants,
industrial warehouses, and other buildings at the site of these and similar
production plants.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 3 ,0 6 7
1 , 57(
6 ,0 6 8
6, 687
1 ,3 3 2
3,1 0 8
354
4 ,4 2 1
246
9, 285
5 4 ,0 4 0
2 ,2 5 6
8 ,4 8 9
1 0 ,9 0 4
4 ,8 6 7
8 ,4 5 7
1 ,9 4 8
7. 552
2 ,3 8 4
7 ,1 8 3
79, 851
8, 277
11, 696
1 7 ,0 3 6
1 1 ,8 2 5
5, 708
2 ,0 5 7
1 0 ,0 5 4
1 ,0 8 2
1 2 ,1 1 6
12, 216
461
1 ,3 9 3
31
246
2 2 ,5 1 7
1 , 01(
4 ,4 2 7
7, 665
647
1, 728
2 ,2 1 2
536
216
4 ,0 8 0
5 4 ,9 7 6
2 ,7 5 1
16,1 2 0
8 ,1 3 3
3 ,7 1 5
6 ,3 6 9
3 ,5 2 8
6 ,5 6 0
1 ,5 0 0
6 ,3 0 0
9 6 ,3 6 7
1 4 ,3 3 0
18, 950
1 8 ,8 4 3
4, 569
13 ,0 8 1
2, 224
8 ,6 8 1
1 ,6 3 6
1 4 ,0 5 3
4 ,7 2 5
10
19
450
554
172
1 7 ,3 9 1
2 , 29£
2,074
5 , 85£
1 . 30C
939
340
1, 541
132
2 ,9 0 7
34. 434
1 ,2 2 7
5 ,3 9 8
6 ,9 5 3
1 ,7 2 4
5 ,9 5 7
1 ,1 4 6
4 .8 2 3
1 .0 9 2
6 ,1 1 4
7 1 ,7 6 9
3 ,4 0 6
1 7 ,0 3 0
1 9 ,0 3 2
5 ,8 5 7
7, 608
4 ,5 2 8
6 .6 5 8
2 .0 0 5
5 ,6 4 5
3 ,6 9 6
339
107
256
0
0
0
714
716
8 ,6 4 9
120
927
2 ,4 7 3
8 ,5 6 8
275
803
3 ,1 8 8
169
1 ,6 7 3
240
728
30
1 ,4 6 2
20, 576
1 ,4 2 9
2 ,2 5 6
6 ,6 2 3
2 ,1 4 3
1 ,3 9 8
440
1 .7 5 5
1 ,0 1 9
3, 513
6
2 3 ,2 2 2
5 ,9 3 9
3 ,9 4 0
4 ,7 3 1
1,484
1, 570
662
1 ,5 8 6
279
3 ,0 3 1
3 3 ,1 8 4
1 ,9 8 3
5, 203
3, 853
1 ,5 3 7
5 .0 4 5
2 ,1 6 3
4 ,9 9 5
2 ,8 0 7
5 ,5 9 8
6 4 ,0 8 4
2 ,4 8 1
1 3 ,1 2 1
1 2 ,4 4 7
6 ,1 3 7
8 ,5 5 9
2 ,6 3 9
7 .3 2 1
1 ,1 4 0
10, 239
4, 045
86
1 ,1 2 2
1 ,5 2 2
0
0
2 .3 5 1
131
90
422
52
1 ,0 0 0
60
18
185
5, 779
1 ,0 0 8
268
1 ,0 2 0
479
247
112
272
8 ,1 6 3
28
644
816
238
3 ,5 1 7
1 2 ,7 5 3
149
1 ,1 6 2
3 .9 0 3
134
689
66
0
763
0
4
2 ,3 7 3
14, 524
332
1 ,9 5 5
4 ,1 2 6
981
1 ,1 8 6
379
1 ,3 3 4
2 ,1 3 1
2 ,0 8 7
1 1 ,2 8 6
223
842
1 ,9 6 3
1 ,0 1 7
1, 243
476
1 ,8 2 1
802
2 ,8 9 9
2 ,8 6 2
1 ,0 8 5
2, 769
8 .3 8 7
209
762
1 .6 8 0
441
1 ,1 4 4
271
1 ,3 1 8
310
2 ,2 5 2
2,10 0
1 7 ,8 2 8
617
1, 599
9 ,2 3 6
1 ,1 3 1
499
248
1 ,1 8 5
293
3 ,0 2 1
43, 594
1 ,1 7 4
6 ,6 2 5
6 ,7 9 7
1 ,4 5 8
6 ,7 1 4
744
4 ,7 0 7
1 ,8 3 5
13, 539
5 4 ,9 1 0
4 ,7 9 9
19, 585
6 .5 0 3
5, 382
5 ,3 6 1
1, 270
5 ,3 1 0
1 ,3 3 1
5 .3 6 8
11, 593
265
48
7, 934
345
2 ,0 9 3
0
305
0
604
5 8 ,2 9 5
4 ,3 6 2
1 0 ,1 0 0
36, 652
1 ,1 5 6
1 ,5 3 0
118
975
749
2 ,6 5 4
4 1 ,3 4 8
1 ,3 1 4
8 ,9 0 4
6 ,4 7 6
3 ,7 7 6
4 ,8 5 3
1, 738
4 ,1 3 2
1, 479
8, 674
59, 611
6 ,7 8 4
8, 815
1 6 ,0 9 5
4, 593
7 .3 5 6
1 .9 6 3
4 ,8 1 4
2 .0 3 8
7 ,1 5 3
6 .0 6 3
780
38
937
3 6 ,2 0 6
1 ,5 0 3
11, 546
1 2 ,9 8 1
1 ,1 6 9
1 016
982
1 ,0 4 6
308
5 ,6 5 5
4 7 ,1 4 4
1 ,6 9 3
6 ,6 3 1
9 ,3 7 5
2 ,9 3 4
9, 346
1 ,8 0 0
5 ,4 9 9
2 ,1 4 3
7 .7 2 2
7 9 ,0 1 6
6 ,1 3 0
14, 504
18, 821
9 ,7 3 4
8 ,4 6 7
1 ,4 7 5
6 ,2 4 8
4, 625
9; 011
4 ,3 6 2
521
226
130
195
0
3 ,9 4 8
40
56
654
1 ,0 9 0
1 ,6 4 5
11, 674
205
187
1 ,4 2 4
7, 507
106
647
707
534
3 ,5 5 5
6
389
368
472
70
8, 553
8 ,4 3 3
506
914
1, 817
623
632
308
657
1, 700
1 ,2 7 6
8
8
148
8
845
440
664
1 3 ,3 6 4
1 ,3 0 5
1, 485
2 .5 4 0
1 ,1 1 3
732
1, 776
958
565
2 ,8 9 1
0
9 ,7 1 3
361
1 ,0 2 4
3, 960
1 ,0 0 2
1 ,2 1 2
161
842
0
1 ,1 5 0
2 0 ,1 4 8
1 ,0 8 6
2 ,2 0 1
7 ,0 5 4
2 ,8 5 2
881
523
1 ,4 8 8
923
3 ,1 4 0
5 0 6 ,1 9 3
3 1 ,9 1 6
9 7 ,1 4 4
2 0 5 ,8 1 5
2 5 ,3 0 6
2 2 ,0 3 8
2 3 ,9 1 4
1 8 ,3 2 8
6 ,1 0 3
7 5 ,6 2 9
739. 908
36, 506
111, 765
1 5 5 ,5 3 5
4 3 ,2 0 6
99, 315
3 6 ,5 3 5
9 3 .1 3 2
2 6 ,1 8 5
1 3 7 ,7 3 0
1 ,1 4 7 ,3 5 6
1 0 5 ,7 3 9
167, 319
2 6 3 ,0 4 7
105, 792
139, 562
4 3 ,3 2 8
1 3 0 ,1 5 0
51, 210
141' 209
1 0 8 ,1 9 6
4 ,3 5 4
16, 236
2 5 ,3 3 2
2 ,0 8 4
17, 419
271
15, 899
4 ,1 3 6
2 2 ,4 6 6
2 9 7 ,3 4 3
14, 009
5 6 ,0 1 3
llO j 829
2 3 , 369
1 7 ,0 1 9
13j 355
1 7 ,9 9 7
5 , 469
3 9 ,2 8 4
1 ,1 2 4 ,2 6 8
53 , 947
213^ 034
2 0 1 ,3 1 4
9 4 ,1 4 6
1 3 9 ,9 9 0
4 6 ’ 076
1 7 6 ,1 1 0
4 7 ,4 8 1
1 5 2 ,1 6 9
1, 283, 010
1 1 1 ,7 9 3
1 7 l' 153
2 7 9 ,7 6 7
104', 543
183j 511
62j 529
1 5 5 ,6 9 8
43' 296
170j 721
1 2 8 ,1 6 5
3 ,0 5 2
3 2 , 784
9 ’ 513
4, 869
15| 130
9, 280
8| 368
3 ' 240
4 i ; 928
115, 707
8, 801
1 1 ,1 6 1
3 5 ,0 2 8
9, 672
9, 629
1, 988
1 1 ,0 5 8
2 ,0 9 4
26, 279
189, 998
1 0 ,0 4 4
18, 925
5 9 ,4 2 6
18. 727
1 3 ,3 2 0
6, 587
18! 821
11, 507
3 2 ,6 4 0
1 1 6 ,1 5 4
6 ,4 7 8
25,781
2 6 , 585
9 | 314
7, 657
3j 316
1 4 ,6 4 7
2 , 749
19, 626
207', 535
9j 168
2 2 ,1 8 8
5 1 ,4 1 5
2 5 ' 535
16| 493
9 ’ 529
26,767
10| 985
35; 456
8 Includes amusement and recreation buildings, stores and other mercantile
buildings, commercial garages, gasoline and service stations, etc.
7 Includes churches, hospitals, and other institutional buildings, schools,
libraries, etc.
8 Includes Federal, State, county, and municipal buildings, such as post
offices, courthouses, city halls, fire and police stations, jails, prisons, arsenals,
armories, army barracks, etc.
9 Includes railroad, bus and airport buildings, roundhouses, radio stations,
gas and electric plants, public comfort stations, etc.
10 Includes private garages, sheds, stables and bams, and other buildings
not elsewhere classified.
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
116
T able F -5 :
Number and Construction Cost of New Permanent Nonfarm Dwelling Units Started, by
Urban or Rural Location, and by Source of Funds 1
Number of new dwelling units started
Publicly financed
Privately financed
All units
Estimated construction cost
(m thousands;
Period
165, 600
47, 300
50, 800
67, 500
241, 200
77, 000
82, 200
82, 000
225, 200
79, 500
79, 600
153, 600
57, 700
48, 500
47, 400
110, 500
30, 500
31, 500
48, 500
179, 200
54, 300
63, 500
61, 400
168, 400
60, 200
58, 200
50,000
108, 500
43,100
34, 200
31, 200
248,900
82, 200
76, 500
90, 200
280, 200
92,300
97, 600
90, 300
270, 400
86, 800
88, 300
95,300
220 , 600
88, 900
72, 200
59, 500
137, 200
46, 400
43, 200
47, 600
148, 500
48, 300
52,300
47, 900
135, 700
42,300
45,100
48, 300
109, 900
43, 400
36, 200
30, 300
111, 700 11,400 10,600
3,200
35, 800
3,700
3, 800
4,100
33, 300
3, 600 3,600
42, 600
131, 700 49, 500 43, 500
3,900
3,600
44,000
3,100
45, 300
3,400
42, 400 42, 200 36, 800
5, 500
134, 700
5,600
3,600
44, 500 3,700
800
43, 200
800
1 ,10 0
47, 000
1 ,10 0
4,400
4,700
110, 700
1,000
1,10 0
45, 500
2,300
2, 300
36,000
1 ,1 0 0
29, 200
1,300
226, 900
61, 500
74, 300
91,100
294, 800
97, 000
100, 900
96,900
295, 600
119, 200
32, 900
39, 700
46, 600
152, 700
50, 400
52,400
49, 900
107, 700
28, 600
34, 600
44, 500
142,100
46, 600
48, 500
47,000
50, 900
49, 400
(9)
50, 200
48, 000
(9)
1 1 1 , 100
1952: First quarter.____________ . 246, 500
64, 900
January ______________
77, 700
February...................... ......
March_________________ 103, 900
Second quarter.------- --------- 319, 300
April_____________ _____ 106, 200
M ay.......... ............... .......... 109, 600
J u n e ...----- --------- --------- 103, 500
299, 700
10 2 , 600
July. ________ ____ 99,100
August 8_____ ______ ___
98,000
September------ ------ ------October 10...........................
101,000
30, 500
31, 900
48, 700
179, 800
54, 600
63, 600
61, 600
168, 700
60, 200
58, 300
50, 200
108, 600
43,100
34, 200
31,300
147, 800
49, 600
47, 000
51, 200
192,000
51, 900
55, 400
84, 700
141, 200
45, 900
45, 900
49, 400
114,300
44, 400
38, 500
31, 400
112, 500
36, 300
33, 600
42,600
137, 700
44, 300
45, 600
47, 800
134, 800
44, 600
43, 200
47,000
137, 400
36,100
42, 800
58, 500
175. 800
59,000
60, 700
56,100
109,100
28, 800
34, 900
45, 400
143, 500
47, 200
48, 900
47, 400
52, 400
50,800
(“)
50, 200
48, 300
(9)
(9)
111,0 0 0
45, 600
36, 000
29, 400
(9)
Total
nonfarm
10 1,10 0
97, 400
97,100
100,000
i T h e e s tim a t e s s h o w n h e r e d o n o t in c lu d e te m p o r a r y u n it s , c o n v e r sio n s ,
d o r m i t o r y a c c o m m o d a t io n s , t r a ile r s , o r m i l i t a r y b a r r a c k s . T h e y d o i n c l u d e
p r e fa b r ic a te d h o u s in g u n it s .
T h e s e e s tim a t e s are b a s e d o n b u ild in g -p e r m it r e co r d s, w h ic h , b e g in n in g
w i t h 1945, h a v e b e e n a d j u s t e d fo r l a p s e d p e r m i t s a n d fo r la g b e t w e e n p e r m i t
i s s u a n c e a n d s t a r t o f c o n s t r u c t io n . T h e y a r e b a s e d a l s o o n r e p o r t s o f F e d e r a l
c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t r a c t a w a r d s a n d b e g i n n i n g i n 1946 o n f ie l d s u r v e y s i n n o n p e r m it -is s 'u in g p l a c e s . T h e d a t a i n t h i s t a b l e r e fe r t o n o n f a r m d w e l l i n g u n i t s
s t a r t e d , a n d n o t t o u r b a n d w e l l i n g u n i t s a u t h o r iz e d , a s s h o w n i n t a b l e F - 3 .
A l l o f t h e s e e s t i m a t e s c o n t a i n s o m e e r r o r . F o r e x a m p le , i f t h e e s t i m a t e
o f n o n f a r m s t a r t s is 50,000, t h e c h a n c e s a r e a b o u t 19 o u t o f 20 t h a t a n a c t u a l
e n u m e r a t i o n w o u l d p r o d u c e a f ig u r e b e t w e e n 48 ,0 0 0 a n d 52,000.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0
0
276,100
77, 800
82, 300
116,000
420, 400
131, 300
145, 700
143, 400
393, 600
139, 700
137, 800
116,100
262,100
100 , 800
82, 700
78, 600
167, 800
48, 200
51,000
68, 600
247, 000
78, 800
85, 500
82, 700
238, 200
84,200
83, 600
70, 400
174, 800
59, 400
53,100
62, 300
101,000
0
0
185,000
48,000
250, 000
45, 500
266, 800
369, 200
403, 500
432,200
566, 600
488, 800
278, 900
78, 700
82, 900
117, 300
426, 800
133,400
149; 100
144,300
406; 900
144, 400
141; 900
120 , 600
283, 400
102, 500
87, 300
93,600
132, 500
276, 000
90, 500
89,100
96, 400
225, 300
90, 000
74, 500
60, 800
0
0
752,000
45,000
369, 500
93, 200
395, 700
476, 400
510,000
556, 600
785, 600
531, 300
752,000
45,000
434, 300
96,200
403, 700
479, 800
524, 900
588, 800
827, 800
595,300
260, 300
85,900
80,600
93, 800
329, 700
96, 200
Rural
non
farm
185, 000 937,000
93,000
48,000
619, 500
271, 800
138, 700
45, 600
662, 500
266, 800
845, 600
369, 200
406, 700 913, 500
988, 800
436, 300
568, 200 1,352, 200
496,000 1 , 020,100
937,000
93,000
1933 *.................................................
1941 «................................................. 706,100
1944 8................................................. 141,800
1945
___ _________ 670', 500
1947
...................................... 849, 000
1948
..................................... 931, 600
I 94Q
......... ................ ..... 1,025,100
IP SO5
_____________ L 396, 000
1951-................................................. 1,09L 300
1951- First quarter________ ____January________________
February______________
March _______________
Second quarter___________
A p r il_________________
M a y __________________
J u n e __________________
Third quarter____ _______
July ! _________________
August____________ ____
S eptem ber____________
Fourth quarter................... .
October___________ ____
November.......- ..................
December______________
Urban
Rural
non
farm
Rural
non
farm
ipsn- First, quarter_____________
Ja n u a ry _______________
FVhrnary______________
M arch _______________
Second quarter___________
A pril-!.................................
ATay _ ________________
Jimp _________________
Third quarter____________
July ________________
August _______________
September........ .................
Fourth quarter___________
October________________
November_____________
December-.------------------
Total
nonfarm
Urban
Urban
Total
non
farm
66,100
(s)
(9)
86,600
3,100
8, 000
3, 400
18,100
36, 300
43, 800
71, 200
64, 800
3,000
2,800
900
600
1,300
6, 400
2,200
600
200
1 ,1 0 0
400
2 ,10 0
3, 400
900
13,300
4,700
4,100
4, 500
21, 300
1,700
4, 600
15,000
8,000
3,400
14,900
32, 200
42, 200
64,000
900
5, 800
1,800
3,300
700
13,000
4, 700
4,000
4, 300
2 1 , 200
1,700
4,600
14, 900
19, 600
3, 400
3,400
1 2 , 800
24, 500
9,200
8, 700
6, 600
4,100
1,500
1, 700
900
18, 200
3,200
3,100
11, 900
23,100
8,600
8 , 300
1,000
(9)
2 1 , 800
100
0
0
3,200
4,100
1,600
7,200
0
200
600
300
100
200
300
(7)
100
200
100
(7)
(7)
100
800
500
300
C)
6,000
300
300
5,400
100
100
0
(7)
300
100
(7)
200
1,400
200
6,200
300
900
1,400
600
400
400
1, 500
1,400
(9)
(7)
300
(9)
(9)
Total
Privately Publicly
financed financed
$4, 475,000 $4, 475,000
285, 446
285, 446
2,825, 895 2, 530, 765
495,054
483,231
3, 769, 767 3, 713, 776
5, 642, 798 5,617, 425
7, 203,119 7,028,980
7, 702, 971 7, 374, 269
11, 788, 595 11, 418, 371
9, 800, 538 9,186,123
$295,130
11,823
55, 991
25,373
174,139
328,702
370, 224
614, 415
2,162, 425 2,138, 565
589, 997
581, 497
637, 753
632, 690
934, 675
924, 378
3, 564, 856 3, 511, 204
1,093, 726 1,075,644
1, 232,976 1, 204,978
1,238,154 1,230, 582
3, 564, 953 3, 446, 722
1, 253, 340 1, 210, 745
1, 266,198 1, 230, 238
1,045, 415 1,005, 739
2, 496,361 2,321, 880
915, 895
902,190
724, 876
762, 625
817, 841
694,814
23,860
8 , 500
5,053
10, 297
53, 652
18,082
27,998
7, 572
118, 231
42, 595
35,960
39, 676
174, 481
13, 705
37, 749
123,027
2, 293, 974 2,191, 489
755, 600
721,014
681, 607
716, 629
821, 745
788, 868
2, 964, 456 2, 549, 238
866, 298
828, 339
895, 309
922, 661
825, 590
1,175, 497
2, 527, 033 2, 472,196
791, 783
827,173
804, 317
795, 624
895, 543
884, 789
2,015, 075 1,973, 200
806,955
796, 682
672,078
650, 660
536, 042
525, 858
102,485
34, 586
35,022
32, 877
415, 218
37, 959
27,352
349, 907
54, 837
35, 390
8,693
10, 754
41, 875
10,273
21, 418
10,184
2,167, 387
566, 625
682, 895
917, 867
2, 895, 715
948, 850
982, 232
964, 633
2, 750, 420
945, 587
895, 675
909,158
2,007. 833
538, 612
654, 631
814, 590
2, 681, 333
874, 524
902,483
904,326
2, 713, 629
931, 214
882, 446
899, 969
159, 554
28,013
28, 264
103, 277
214, 382
74, 326
79, 749
60,307
36, 791
14,373
13, 229
9,189
949, 448
925,883
23, 565
0
0
» P r i v a t e c o n s t r u c t io n c o s t s a r e b a s e d o n p e r m i t v a l u a t i o n , a d j u s t e d fo r
u n d e r s t a te m e n t o f c o s ts s h o w n o n p e r m it a p p lic a tio n s .
P u b lic c o n s tr u c
t i o n c o s t s a r e b a s e d o n c o n t r a c t v a l u e s o r e s t i m a t e d c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t s fo r
in d iv id u a l p r o jec ts.
3 D e p r e s s io n , lo w y e a r .
* R e c o v e r y p e a k y e a r p r io r t o w a r t i m e l i m i t a t i o n s .
3 L a s t f u ll y e a r u n d e r w a r t i m e c o n t r o l .
8 H o u s in g p e a k y e a r .
7 L e s s t h a n 50 u n i t s .
8 R e v is e d .
8 N o t a v a ila b le .
10 P r e l i m i n a r y .
V . S . G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G O F F I C E ! 195»
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