Full text of Monthly Labor Review : January 1952, Vol. 74, No. 1
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Monthly
Labor
Review
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JA N U A R Y 1 9 5 2 V O L . 74 N O .
Effects of Mobilization on Automobile Employment
Wage Escalators in Marshall Plan Countries
Standards Advocated by Labor Legislation Conference
U N IT E D STATES D E P A R T M E N T OF LABOR
Maurice J. Tobin, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
M aurice J. Tobin , Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E w an C lague,
Commissioner
A r y n e s s J oy W ic k e n s ,
Deputy Commissioner
Assistant Commissioners
H erm an
B.
B yer
H e n r y J . F it z g e r a l d
C harles D . Stew art
Chief Statistician
S a m u e l W e is s
H . M . D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
W. D uane E vans, Chief, Division of Interindustry Economics
E dward D . H ollander, Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
R ichard P. J ones, Chief, Division of Administrative Services
W alter G. K eim , Chief, Division of Field Service
H ersey E. R iley , Chief, Division of Construction Statistics
Samuel H. T hompson, Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Development
F aith M. W illiams, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
Seymour L. W olf rein , Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
P aul R. K erschbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
M orris W eisz, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
R e g io n s a n d D ir e c t o r s
N E W E N G L A N D R EG IO N
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077
Monthly Labor Review
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR • BUREAU
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CONTENTS
Special Articles
1 The Effects of Mobilization on Automobile Employment
7 Wage Escalators in Marshall Plan Countries
12 Standards Advocated by 1951 Conference on Labor Legislation
16 Federal Policy on Retaining State Labor Standards
Summaries of Studies and Reports
17 State Workmen’s Compensation Legislation in 1951
21 Contractors’ Use of Home-Building Permits Issued
22 Union Wage Scales in the Building Trades, 1951
25 Union Wage Scales in the Baking Industry, 1951
29 Manpower Problems in the Trucking Industry
31 Work Injuries in the United States, 1950
37 Four Years of Operation Under the UMWA Welfare and Retirement
Fund
38 Sickness Absenteeism Under GM Corp. Group Insurance Plan
40 Part-Time Jobs for Women in Nonmanufacturing Industries
41 Equal Pay for Equal Work
45 International Cooperative Congress, Copenhagen, 1951
48 Wage Trends in Machinery Manufacturing, 1945-51
50 Earnings in Radio and Television Broadcasting, 1950
52 Index of Salary Changes for Firemen and Policemen, 1950-51
54 Ceiling Price Regulations Numbers 91-99
55 Resignation Report of the ESA Administrator
56 Wage Chronology No. 6 : Armour & Company
57 Wage Chronology No. 7: Swift & Company
Technical Note
59
Short-Run Differences Between the WPI and CPI
Departments
The Labor Month in Review
62 Recent Decisions of Interest to Labor
67 Chronology of Recent Labor Events
68 Developments in Industrial Relations
72 Publications of Labor Interest
78 Current Labor Statistics (list of tables)
hi
53-
7 8 0 j ^ nuary 1952 . voi. 74 . No. 1
This Issue in B rief...
T he varied ways in which defense mobilization
is influencing or is likely to influence labor condi
tions run through a number of articles in the
present issue, and nowhere are the direct results
more readily discernible than in the automobile
industry. This industry is building new plants
and expanding its existing facilities. At the same
time Government allocations, occasioned by short
ages of vital materials, have accompanied these
changes, all of which have contributed to a slow
down in civilian production and a consequent
decline in employment—17 percent between
March and October 1951. T he E ffects of
M obilization on A utomobile E mployment (p. 1)
points out that the low level in civilian production
will probably be reached in the first half of 1952.
Meanwhile increasing numbers of workers will be
engaged on defense production.
Based on World War II experience, defense
industries will be making increased demands on
the available labor force in the coming months.
To protect all workers—including those who will
be new to the labor market—delegates to the 18th
Conference on Labor Legislation, held in Wash
ington in early December, adopted as a national
policy the “ maintenance of existing labor stand
ards, except in unusual and individual cases.”
Secretary of Labor Maurice J. Tobin, in his address
to the conference, keynoted this policy. Com
mittee reports and resolutions are summarized in
S tandards A dvocated by the 1951 C onfer
ence on L abor L egislation (p. 12). That the
States and Territories are conscious of a need for
improving labor standards both for the current
emergency and for the long term is indicated in
S tate W orkmen ’s C ompensation L egislation
1951 (p. 17). Workmen’s compensation laws
were amended in one or more respects by 42
law-making bodies during 1951. Benefits for
death or some kind of disability were raised in 32
States and Hawaii.
Because of the increasing importance of women
in
ii
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in the labor market, their work experience, as
revealed in P art- time J obs for W omen in
N onmanufacturing I ndustries (p. 40) and
S ickness A bsenteeism under GM C orp. G roup
I nsurance P lan (p. 38), is particularly signifi
cant. As the Nation’s backlogs of employable
persons urgently searching for full-time jobs is
absorbed, women part-time workers may become
an increasingly important source of labor supply
in the present emergency. The typical woman in
part-time employment is married and has some
full-time experience. One of the tasks under the
defense program will be to bring more women of
this type into the work force. The General
Motors Corp. survey shows that, in 1949-50, men
lost an average of 4.2 days a year because of
temporary off-the-job illness, compared with 17.2
days for women workers. According to the
company’s report, its industry faces an unfavor
able disability experience under continuation of
the national emergency.
With increased numbers of women in the
Nation’s work force, E qual P ay for E qual
W ork (p. 41) is receiving renewed attention.
Writing legislation or contract provisions is only
one step in securing the adoption of this principle;
the real problem is enforcement of the provisions
after they have been made. As a rule, enforcement
of equal-pay-for-equal-work is highly dependent
on the extent of mutual trust between labor and
management. Leading labor and employer organ
izations—including the American Federation of
Labor, the Congress of Industrial Organizations,
and the National Association of Manufacturers—
have endorsed the principle. The AFL has
advocated achievement of equal pay primarily
through collective bargaining rather than legisla
tion. The CIO, in a resolution adopted at its 1951
convention, urged incorporation of equal-pay
provisions both in contracts and in State and
national legislation.
The inflationary effect of mobilization has left
its mark on the real income of many industrial
workers in European Marshall Plan countries as
well as in the United States. The problems of the
Governments, labor, and management in those
countries in preserving balance between wage-rate
and price rises, measured by cost-of-living indexes,
are described in W age E scalators in M arshall
P lan C ountries (p. 7).
The Labor Month
in Review
C oncern over stalemated negotiations between
the CIO Steelworkers and the Nation’s basic steel
producers was alleviated when the union, at the
President’s request, postponed a strike set for
January 1, 1952, to give the Wage Stabilization
Board time to recommend a settlement. In his
State of the Union message, President Truman
called for improvement of the Nation’s labormanagement relations law. The most serious
mining catastrophe in recent years shocked the
Nation at Christmas-time.
WSB Gets Steel Dispute
A 45-day strike postponement was voted by the
CIO Steelworkers at a special union convention
early this month after the President had appealed
to the union to stay at work while a special WSB
tripartite panel heard the case. Upon being in
formed of the union’s action, the President de
clared: “I am confident that the postponement
will enable the parties, with the help of the Wage
Stabilization Board, to reach a fair agreement.”
Negotiations between the union and basic steel
producers were deadlocked by mid-December.
Efforts of Cyrus Ching, Director of the Federal
Mediation and Conciliation Service, to mediate
the dispute in his Washington office, were to no
avail; Mr. Ching reported to the White House his
inability to find grounds for agreement. There
upon the dispute was referred to WSB; the Presi
dent instructed the Board to report recommenda
tions for a fair and equitable settlement as soon
as possible.
A special WSB dispute settlement panel heard
union arguments for higher wages and 21 other
issues, including the union shop and the guaranteed
annual wage, in the basic steel industry. Six
issues, found possible for agreement, were re
turned to the parties, and the hearings adjourned
while management prepared to answer union
demands.
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The State of the Union
In his State of the Union message, President
Truman emphasized that certain domestic meas
ures must be carried forward if America is to
remain strong. “To carry the burden of defense,
we must have a strong, productive economy here
at home.”
The President called for a tighter anti-inflation
law, fair tax legislation, and increased socialsecurity benefits. “Decent housing and good
working conditions are not luxuries, but necessities
if the working men and women of this country are
to continue to out-produce the rest of the world,”
Mr. Truman stated.
The President’s message asked for prompt im
provement of the Labor-Management Relations
Act of 1947. “The Taft-Hartley Act has many
serious and far-reaching defects,” he declared.
“A fair law—fair to both management and labor—
is indispensable to sound labor relations and to
full, uninterrupted production. I intend to keep
on working for a fair law until we get one.”
Unemployment in Detroit
Unemployment in the Detroit area mounted as
cutbacks in civilian car production ran ahead of
conversion of existing plants and manpower to de
fense production. A series of conferences between
UAW-CIO, industry, Michigan, and Federal offi
cials—to devise plans for more effective use of idle
skilled manpower and machines—was followed by
a UAW-CIO National Conference on Defense
Unemployment in Washington.
To solve the problem the union published an
8-point “practical program of action.” Included
were: (1) provision of Federal funds to supplement
State unemployment benefits; (2) maintenance of
civilian production schedules until defense work
is available; (3) integration of defense work in
civilian plants; (4) performance of defense jobs
where manpower is available; (5) use of existing
plants to break the machine-tool-program bottle
neck; (6) special efforts to find satisfactory sub
stitutes for critically scarce metals; (7) aggressive
steps limiting “monopoly practices” in basic
metal industries to make adequate supplies avail
able; and (8) a scrap-collection campaign.
Henry Ford 2d, president of the Ford Motor
Co., protested continued restriction of automo
tive production, asserting that allotments of critiiii
IV
t h e l a b o r m o n th in r e v ie w
cal materials may cut second-quarter 1952 auto
mobile production below quotas already set.
Defense Production Administrator Fleishmann
announced creation of a “task force” which would
seek to place military contracts in areas where
civilian cutbacks have caused serious unemploy
ment; the group’s first target will be the Detroit
area, Mr. Fleishmann stated.
Disaster at Orient No. 2
At the end of a shift, the last workday before
Christmas, a gas explosion killed 119 bituminouscoal miners in West Frankfort, 111.
Orient No. 2, scene of the disaster, had suffered
gas explosions in 1926 and in 1947. Tunnels
were 5,000 feet below the surface and ventilation
was a problem. Federal Bureau of Mines in
spectors, who last visited the mine in July 1951,
had reported detection of methane gas and shortcircuited ventilation in numerous abandoned
entries, use of unguarded electrical equipment too
near the old ends, and reuse of air which might
contain dangerous amounts of methane gas to
ventilate active workings.
The Federal report had suggested that “aban
doned workings should be sealed or ventilated”
and that “air that has been used to ventilate the
edges of abandoned room-panel entries should not
be reused to ventilate live workings.” In con
trast, a recent inspection by Illinois authorities
had reported adequate rockdusting and found no
violations of the State law which, however, does
not require sealing off worked-out areas where gas
frequently gathers.
“Nonpermissible electrical equipment,” an in
adequate ventilating system, and large accumula
tions of fine coal dust which had not been rendered
nonexplosive were named as causes of the disaster
by Federal Bureau of Mines investigators.
William Green, president of the AFL, and
Philip Murray, president of the CIO, both former
officials of the United Mine Workers of America,
joined John L. Lewis, UMW president, in demand
ing amendment of the Federal Mine Inspection
Act to give Federal inspectors enforcement au
thority. The Senate Labor and Labor Manage
ment Relations Subcommittee, of which Senator
Neely is a member, announced plans for hearings
on his UMW-endorsed bill introduced for this
purpose, while Congressman Price pressed for
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passage of his parallel bill by the House of
Representatives.
Special arrangements were made by the UMW
Welfare and Retirement Fund, so that $1,000
death benefit checks were being put in the hands of
widows of the dead miners 6 days after the explo
sion. The CIO sent a $10,000 contribution to the
UMW to be used to help with the needs of the
survivors.
Three weeks after the disaster, the UMW local
at West Frankfort withdrew clean-up crews from
Orient No. 2 after Federal inspectors reported
dangerous pockets of gas in the mine.
Decisions and Court Actions
The Supreme Court of the United States upheld
$750,000 damages against Harry Bridges’ Inter
national Longshoremen and Warehousemen (Ind.)
arising out of union efforts to force an Alaskan
employer to assign work being performed by
members of the CIO Woodworkers to ILWU
members.
The National Maritime Union CIO started
action in a Federal court to exempt American
seamen in overseas employment from WSB
regulation.
The Supreme Court of Michigan upheld a State
law prohibiting strikes by public employees, there
by ruling illegal last summer’s 59-day strike
against Detroit’s city-owned transit system.
The NLRB intervened in its first representation
election involving employees of a union.
Employment, Earnings, and Prices
Total civilian employment declined a half
million from October to November, to 61.3
millions. While employees on business and Gov
ernment payrolls declined by 100,000, the 46.7
million employed in mid-November remained a
record high for the season. Factory employment
in November was slightly under 16 million.
The average workweek of factory workers in
November was 40.3 hours. Average earnings in
manufacturing were $1,619 an hour, a slight gain
over October, so that average weekly earnings
came to $65.25.
Retail prices of goods and services bought
by moderate-income urban families rose 0.6 per
cent in November, bringing the CPI to 188.6
(1935-39=100), 10.8 percent higher than the
index for June 1950 (pre-Korea).
The Effects of Mobilization on Automobile Employment
Declines in Employment During 1951,
Further Reductions on Civilian Products,
and Expanding Military Output Expected in 1952
E. E leanor R ing s *
E mployment in the motor-vehicle and equipment
industry declined sharply during the second and
third quarters of 1951. October employment of
production workers totaled 656,000—137,000 fewer
than in March, the high month for 1951. Output
of passenger cars declined from 1.6 million units
in the first quarter to less than 1.2 million units
in the third quarter of 1951. Further cut-backs
are planned in order to divert a larger share of
the Nation’s supplies of basic materials to the
production of military equipment. Therefore,
fewer workers will be needed to produce the limited
number of both automobiles and trucks scheduled
for production in 1952 under the Controlled
Materials Plan.
A drop in the production of passenger cars is
expected between the fourth quarter of 1951
(1.1 million units) and the first quarter of 1952
(about 950,000). Total scheduled output of
trucks is also lower for the first quarter of 1952,
although truck purchases by the military services
will increase. Production-worker employment on
civilian automotive products may decline by
60,000 between October 1951 and the end of the
first quarter of 1952; however, employment on
defense products by the automobile industry will
be increasing simultaneously.
Dollar volume of military contracts held by the
automobile industry rose rapidly after the Korean
fighting started in mid-1950, and some motorvehicle plants are already producing parts for jet
aircraft, tanks, guns, and ammunition. Although
the number of automobile workers engaged in
*Of the Bureau’s Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics.
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defense activities was small in late 1951, output of
such products by automotive companies was
growing. The large increases in employment on
defense activities will not occur before the middle of
1952; but by the end of the year more than 125,000
workers, in addition to those engaged in defense
activities in September 1951, will be employed in
producing military products for which the auto
motive companies hold contracts. A large num
ber of these workers will be employed in entirely
new plants or in reconditioned World War II
plants.
Structure of the Industry
The automobile industry makes the many
thousands of parts which go into motor vehicles
and assembles them into complete cars or trucks.
It also produces specialized types of motor vehicles,
such as busses and fire engines, as well as many
kinds of truck trailers and automobile trailers.
In addition, automobile companies manufacture
the hundreds of thousands of replacement parts
used each year in servicing and repairing the
millions of motor vehicles operated on highways
across the Nation.
Some companies purchase large proportions of
their finished parts or unit assemblies from automotive-parts companies which specialize in pro
ducing a particular subassembly. For example,
an automobile manufacturer may purchase his
engine from one parts company, his body from
another, transmission and gears from another,
and assemble a complete motor vehicle in his own
plant. Other producers of complete passenger
l
2
AUTOMOBILE EMPLOYMENT
Production Worker Employment in the
Automobile Industry
Thousands of
Workers
cars and trucks are more highly integrated and
manufacture thousands of the parts they use in
their own vehicles. Most of these companies have
their own foundries and forge shops and some
even make their own steel.
Three major automobile companies produced
about 86 percent of the passenger cars and more
than 80 percent of the trucks made in the United
States in 1950. A Bureau of Labor Statistics
study 1 conducted in the spring of 1950 showed
that 30 companies which make complete motor
vehicles operated 117 establishments and em
ployed about 60 percent of the industry’s workers.
These firms were supplied by over 450 parts
establishments which employed the remaining 40
percent of the industry’s workers. In addition
to making body parts and complete bodies, chassis
parts and engine parts, plants making truck
trailers are also included in this 40 percent. Parts
establishments are small compared with large
assembly plants—over half of them employ less
than 500 workers.
1 Wage Structure—Motor Vehicles and Parts, Washington, U. S. Depart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1950. Bull. 1015 (p. 1).
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MONTHLY LABOR
Well above half of the workers in the automobile
industry are employed in Michigan. From the
very early stages of its development, about the turn
of the twentieth century, the industry has centered
in the Detroit area. About three-fourths of all
the workers in the automobile industry are em
ployed in the three East North Central States of
Michigan, Ohio, and Indiana.
Automobile production has become more de
centralized during the past decade, and 41 States
now have some workers employed in plants making
automobiles or parts. Michigan had over 400,000
production workers in the industry during the
first quarter of 1951; nine other States each em
ployed 10,000 or more automobile workers (Ohio,
Indiana, New York, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania,
California, Illinois, Missouri, and New Jersey, in
descending order).
Efforts to locate new defense plants in less
heavily industrialized areas during World War II
contributed to decentralization of the industry.
Many defense plants were also converted to auto
mobile manufacture after the war. Sizable sav
ings on freight charges have been a byproduct of
the decentralization of final assembly plants,
because unassembled parts for vehicles are shipped
more compactly than assembled vehicles, thereby
conserving space. In turn, cars assembled in
regional factories are economically transported by
motor carrier to nearby cities. Available data
indicate that the geographical distribution of
employment in the automobile industry will not
be greatly affected by the building of new manu
facturing facilities during the present mobiliza
tion program. For example, about half of these
new facilities probably will be constructed in
Michigan.
Recent Employment and Production Trends
Declining automobile employment during the
last three quarters of 1951 contrasts sharply with
the 1950 pattern. In May 1950, automobile em
ployment began a steady upward climb, rising to
an all-time peak in October (nearly 795,000).
The 1950 average of 713,500 production workers
exceeded all previous levels for the industry by
more than 50,000 in spite of a long strike in the
plants of one of the major producers.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1952
The employment trend in the automobile in
dustry has been upward during most of the postWorld War II period, despite large monthly fluc
tuations. (See chart.) The number of produc
tion workers in 1947-49 averaged about 14 percent
above the prewar peak of 571,000 in 1941. Em
ployment in plants previously engaged in produc
ing motor vehicles and other automotive products
increased substantially during World War II
(663,000 production workers in 1944). However,
most of the workers were employed in plants which
had converted to military production during
1942-45; only a small proportion of total man
hours worked were devoted to the output of
motor vehicles, and these were for military needs.
Lack of new vehicles for civilian use during the
war years resulted in record peacetime production
and employment levels throughout most of the
postwar period. Reconversion problems and
shortages of materials limited output during 1946
and 1947, but by 1948 total motor-vehicle output
reached 5.3 million units, only slightly less than
the previous single-year record established in
1929. Truck output in 1948 was the highest ever
achieved by the industry.
New records were reached in the production of
motor vehicles in both 1949 and 1950. Output
of 5.1 million passenger cars in 1949 was far sur
passed in 1950 when 6.7 million automobiles were
built. Compared with 1948, the 1950 truck pro
duction was slightly smaller, but total motorvehicle output (over 8 million units) was 25 per
cent more than in any previous year.
Only 1.6 million vehicles were produced in the
first quarter of 1950, but the industry built well
over 2 million units in each of the three succeeding
quarters. First-quarter production in 1951 was
close to the 1950 level; the total output was almost
2 million vehicles—1.6 million passenger cars and
378,000 trucks.
Motor-vehicle output in 1951 was expected to
total about 1.2 million units less than in 1950, in
spite of the record truck production. The 1951
estimate of 6.8 million motor vehicles is, in fact,
nearly 500,000 units more than the 1949 total.
Output of motor vehicles by quarter for 1949-51
and estimated production for the first quarter of
1952 are given in the accompanying table.
Although the 35-percent decline in production
of passenger cars between the fourth quarter of
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3
AUTOMOBILE EMPLOYMENT
1950 and the fourth quarter of 1951 was the direct
result of materials restrictions, it may well have
been that the market would not have absorbed
cars at the 1950 rate. The number of passenger
cars in use in the United States increased almost
22 percent from July 1949 to October 1951, reach
ing an estimated total of 42 million. Nearly 65
percent of all families in the Nation own one or
more passenger cars.
Motor-vehicle output by quarters, 1949-52
[In thousands]
Number of vehicles
Type of vehicle and period
1949
All types_____________
First quarter--------Second quarter_____
Third quarter-------Fourth quarter____
Quarterly average—
Passenger cars------------First quarter_____ ,
Second quarter_____
Third quarter______
Fourth quarter____
Quarterly average—
Trucks and buses______
First quarter_______
Second quarter_____
Third quarter______
Fourth quarter____
Quarterly average— .
6,244
1,376
1,618
1,863
1,387
1,561
5,115
1,053
1,325
1,575
1,162
1,279
1,129
323
293
288
225
282
1950
1951
2 8,003
1,637
2,113
2,248
2,005
i 6,806
1,980
1,908
1,518
1 1,400
i 1, 701
i 5,371
1,602
1,495
1,174
i 1,100
i 1,342
1 1,435
378
413
344
1 300
1359
2,001
6,666
1,343
1, 751
1,895
1,677
1,666
1,332
294
360
352
326
333
1952
» 1,225
1 950
1 275
1 Fourth quarter 1951 and first quarter 1952 are estimates based on allo
cations made by the National Production Authority.
2 Figures do not add, because of rounding.
Source: Survey of Current Business, U . S. Department of Commerce, for
1949 through third quarter of 1951 figures. Data include total factory sales
of motor vehicles produced in plants in the United States.
Part of the unprecedented demand for motor
vehicles in the months following the outbreak of
Korean hostilities undoubtedly resulted from
buying in anticipation of shortages such as had
occurred during World War II. Dealers’ stocks
of new passenger cars, however, began to rise in
the fall of 1950 and increased further during the
first quarter of 1951, because sales did not absorb
the high output. The rate at which dealers’
inventories had been increasing did not begin to
decline until after materials restrictions were
placed on passenger-car production.
The three major automobile companies pro
duced the maximum number of vehicles author
ized by the NPA during the third quarter of 1951.
Several of the independent companies, however,
curtailed output more than was required, partly
because of the growing inventories in the hands
of their dealers.
4
AUTOMOBILE EMPLOYMENT
Effects of Materials Shortages
After Korean hostilities started, the President
asked legislative authority to establish a system
of priorities and allocations to insure the supply
of basic materials for defense and essential civilian
needs. In September 1950, the Congress passed
the Defense Production Act, and the distribution
of some scarce commodities was immediately
placed under controls.
Materials restrictions were first applied to the
production of passenger cars in the second quarter
of 1951, but not to truck production. Steel, cop
per, and aluminum were allocated to passengercar manufacturers on the basis of their use of
these metals during the period January-June 1950,
with some adjustments to eliminate inequities.
Steel consumption was held to slightly less than
80 percent of base-period use; copper to 70 per
cent; and aluminum to 65 percent. Materials
limitations in the second quarter resulted in a
smaller unit decline in production than indicated
by these percentages, although by the end of the
period some plants were forced to close down for
short periods because of lack of materials. Total
output of motor vehicles during the second quarter
declined by only about 72,000 units from the
first-quarter rate. A decline of over 106,000
units in passenger-car production was largely off
set by increased truck production which was not
yet restricted. Truck production in the second
quarter of 1951 reached nearly 413,000 units—the
highest on record.
The NPA in July 1951 began to allocate the
three basic metals—steel, copper, and aluminum—
to both military and civilian claimants under the
Controlled Materials Plan. Passenger-car pro
duction did not come under the Controlled
Materials Plan until the fourth quarter of 1951.
Producers of passenger cars, however, were per
mitted only enough materials to make about 1.2
million units in the third quarter; actual output
was slightly less than that number. Allocations
of materials for the fourth quarter were intended
to permit production of about 1.1 million cars,
but individual producers were given discretion to
use their supplies for the production of a larger
number of lightweight or a smaller number of
heavier cars.
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MONTHLY LABOR
Materials for 275,000 trucks were allocated to
the industry under the Controlled Materials Plan
for the third quarter of 1951. By utilizing in
ventories, however, 65,000 additional units were
built. In the fourth quarter, materials were al
located to build about 250,000 units, again with
NPA authority to produce more if this could be
done with the materials allocated and the inven
tories on hand. Increased military purchases of
trucks during the fourth quarter will probably
raise total output to nearly 300,000 units. Total
truck output for 1951 (including highway-type
vehicles sold to the military services) was expected
to exceed the 1948 high of about 1.3 million units
by nearly 100,000 units. Not all of the remaining
trucks were absorbed by the domestic market;
about 15 percent of total output was exported.
Employment Outlook
The drop of nearly 17 percent in productionworker employment between March and October
1951 reflects the declining production of auto
mobiles and trucks. Some further decreases in
employment were expected during the remainder
of the year and in the first part of 1952, owing
to scheduled declines in both automobile and truck
production. During the first half of 1952, pro
duction of civilian automotive products will
probably reach the low point in the current
mobilization program. By March 1952 about
60.000 fewer workers will be engaged in making
the industry’s civilian products than were so
employed in October 1951. A further decline in
employment is anticipated during the second
quarter of 1952 on the basis of indicated reductions
in metals allocations for civilian automotive
products.
Passenger-car production in the first quarter
of 1952 is expected to decline below the fourthquarter-1951 rate of 1.1 million cars. Materials
to build only 930,000 passenger cars will be
allocated by the NPA, but production of up to
1.006.000 units has been authorized, if the industry
is able to find materials to build them. However,
copper and aluminum shortages may well limit
production to about 950,000 units. Defense
Production Administrator Manly Fleischmann
has announced the Government’s intention to
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JA N U A R Y
1952
AUTOMOBILE EMPLOYMENT
maintain output at an annual rate of at least 4
million passenger cars. Since production in both
the first and second quarters of 1952 may average
less than a million units, output during the last
half of the year could be somewhat higher. This
4-million production level, while a sharp cut
back from the 1950 rate, has been exceeded in
only 4 years—1929, 1949, 1950, and 1951.
Truck production during the coming months
will depend partly upon sales to the military and
partly upon the availability of materials for
civilian trucks. Many of the trucks which the
military services purchase are similar to civilian,
highway-type vehicles. Materials for building
such trucks are therefore included in the al
locations which the industry receives for truck
production. (Combat and tactical-type vehicles,
which the automobile industry also produces,
are not included in these allocations.) Mate
rials for building about 240,000 trucks have
been allocated by NPA for the first quarter of
1952. Production of 275,000 trucks has been
authorized if the industry can stretch its supplies
of metal, including inventories, to produce them.
The level of production of replacement parts is
another factor in determining the employment
outlook for the automobile industry. Materials
for their production are also allocated to the in
dustry under the Controlled Materials Plan.
Sales of replacement parts, which during 1950
represented about a sixth of the wholesale value
of the automobile industry’s output, increased
slightly in 1951 but no further increase is
expected in the first half of 1952. Demand for re
placement parts is strongly affected by the grow
ing volume of automobiles and trucks now in
use—11 million more cars and 4 million more
trucks were in use in 1951 than in the peak prewar
year of 1941. Another factor in the larger volume
of replacement parts needed is the increase in the
average age of motor vehicles. An estimated 16
million cars and 3.8 million trucks had been in
use for 10 years or more in mid-1951.
No further declines in employment on civilian
automobile production are anticipated after mid1952; in fact a slight increase may occur in the
second half of the year. This expectation is based
9 8 0 4 1 0 — 52-
-2
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5
on the assumption that production of passenger
cars will total at least 2 million units during the
last half of the year, and that purchases of civiliantype trucks for military use will rise.
Defense Activities of Automotive Companies
The automobile industry, the foremost example
of mass-production manufacturing, already holds
a large share of the contracts to produce military
equipment, as it did in World War II. At the
same time that employment on civilian automo
tive products reaches its low point of the present
mobilization period—probably during the first
half of 1952—increasing numbers of workers em
ployed by automobile companies will be engaged
on defense production. Some of the expansion in
employment on defense work has already occurred
and the production of military items is expected
to rise rapidly in 1952. By the close of the year,
the number of workers engaged in defense produc
tion for automotive companies will be more than
125,000 greater than it was in September 1951.
Most of these workers will be employed in new
plants, many of which are not yet in operation.
Placement of new contracts for more than $8
billion worth of military equipment by the Defense
Department, announced in November 1951, brings
the estimated total of defense contracts held by
automobile companies to well over $15 billion.
All of the major automobile firms have primary
contracts. Thousands of parts and subassem
blies needed to produce these defense orders will be
subcontracted to other firms, many of which nor
mally produce motor-vehicle parts. In addition
to these contracts, aircraft companies have sub
contracted defense orders to automobile firms,
particularly for the production of jet aircraftengine parts and wing assemblies.
The industry’s World War II experience con
trasts sharply with the present mobilization situa
tion. At that time automobile and truck produc
tion for civilian use was completely stopped and
existing facilities were converted to the manufac
ture of military equipment. Production of air
craft engines and parts accounted for about a
third of the dollar value of shipments of automobile
6
AUTOMOBILE EMPLOYMENT
plants at the peak of World War II. Other
products which automotive companies produced
included combat vehicles, tanks, engines, guns,
and ammunition. The distribution of products
made by automobile firms at the peak of World
War II is shown below. This distribution is based
upon the dollar value of shipments of major
products by automobile plants during the period
July 1943-June 1944.
Percent of
total value
of shipments^
Item
M o t o r - v e h ic le p a r t s & e n g in e s ( in c lu d in g c o m b a t ) __
15.
A i r c r a f t e n g i n e s , p a r t s _________________________________________
13.
A r m o r e d c a rs , s c o u t c a rs , a n d h a lf -t r a c k v e h ic le s -.
8.
6.
3.
3.
1.
9
9
2
6
5
6
4
2
7
1.
1.
1.
12 .
3
3
0
4
M o t o r v e h i c l e s ( e x c e p t c o m b a t ) ___________________________
15.
A i r c r a f t a n d p a r t s , a c c e s s o r i e s , e t c ________________________
15.
C o m b a t t a n k s a n d p a r t s ( e x c e p t e n g i n e s ) _____________
G u n s a n d m o u n ts,
20 - m
A m m u n it io n , 2 0 -m m
m
a n d a b o v e ____________________
a n d a b o v e ___________________________
B o m b s , d e p t h c h a r g e s , m i n e s , t o r p e d o e s _______________
A m p h ib ia n
com bat
v e h ic le s
and
p a rts
(e x c e p t
e n g i n e s ) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------M a r i n e e n g i n e s ( e x c e p t D i e s e l a n d s t e a m ) ____________
I n t e r n a l - c o m b u s t i o n e n g i n e s a n d a c c e s s o r i e s _________
A l l o t h e r ____________________________________________________________
T o t a l -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 0 0 .0
1 Estimates are based on information collected by the War Production
Administration during World War II.
Cessation of civilian automotive production is
not anticipated during the current emergency,
although cut-backs in motor-vehicle manufacture
from the exceptionally high levels of 1950 have
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been necessary in order to conserve materials.
Instead, under present mobilization plans, military
production is to be superimposed on a relatively
high level of civilian output.
A large proportion of the defense orders for
which automobile companies now hold contracts
will therefore be produced in new plants. A
number of these had been constructed as part of
the industry’s postwar expansion program and
had not been tooled-up to produce motor vehicles
or parts at the time Korean hostilities started.
Other new plants have been erected or are being
built as part of the defense mobilization program.
Some of them are being located adjacent to plants
which are now producing motor vehicles and re
lated equipment. These new plants are being
tooled to produce such military products as jet
aircraft engines and tanks. Some World War II
plants owned by the Government, but not utilized
as manufacturing plants in the postwar period,
have now been leased by automobile companies
and are being tooled for such defense manufactures
as artillery, ammunition, and engine parts.
A small part of defense orders will be produced
in existing automobile facilities which have been
retooled for the manufacture of military equip
ment. For example, one large plant at Willow
Run has been partially converted to aircraft
production and at the same time is producing
automobiles.
Wage Escalators in
Marshall Plan
Countries
F aith M. Williams*
adjustment of wage rates for
changes in the cost of living is a vital issue wher
ever and whenever consumer prices show a
persistent tendency to rise. The demand for
automatic adjustment or for periodic contract
reopening becomes more frequent as inflation
grows. Because inflation or the threat of infla
tion has been present since the end of World
War II in all the countries which are members
of the Organization for European Economic Co
operation (Marshall Plan), compensatory wage
adjustment has been widely debated; however, it
has been recognized that such adjustment is
not a remedy for the gap between purchasing
power and the supplies of consumer goods. A
fundamental solution for the imbalance must be
sought in increases in productivity.
Extremely varied methods have been used in
attempts to maintain the purchasing power of
wages in the Marshall Plan countries in the post
war period. Automatic adjustments are widely
used in Belgium, Luxembourg, Denmark, Italy,
and the Free Territory of Trieste; through a
decentralized system of collective agreements in
Belgium and Luxembourg, and by national labormanagement agreements in the other three areas.
At various times, both Norway and Sweden
followed the same escalator practice as Denmark.
In Great Britain, some contracts including auto
matic escalator clauses have been in use since
C ompensatory
* Of the Bureau’s Division of Foreign Labor Conditions.
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World War I. At the close of 1951, about 10 per
cent of British wage earners were covered by
contracts with escalator provisions, and in France
there are a few such contracts.
In Austria, Western Germany, and the Nether
lands, acute fear of repeating the experience of
inflation following World War I has prevented
the development of a demand by the trade-unions
for automatic compensation. However, when
price increases of serious magnitude have occurred,
some adjustment has been necessary, even in
these countries. This has required Government
approval in Austria and the Netherlands. A
common method of adjustment where wage esca
lators are no b used is to reopen contracts at
frequent intervals.
While the compensatory wage-adjustment pro
visions vary from country to country, and from
time to time within a country, the same arguments
concerning their economic effects recur. Oppo
nents of the escalator principle claim that it fosters
inflation, causing or accentuating an upward
wage-price spiral.1 Its proponents maintain that
it cannot be a primary cause, because prices must
rise first. If prices do rise, a compensatory wage
adjustment is. necessary in order to protect the
wage-earner’s real income; the very existence of
such a provision is an incentive to stabilize prices.2
Moreover, according to this view, an orderly and
predetermined adjustment (such as is provided
by escalator clauses in union agreements) may be
less harmful to the economy than the industrial
unrest or lengthy negotiations which may accom
pany recurrent crises.
The Economist (London) suggests that a certain
type of escalator might even help to check infla
tion: “ The link would have to be such that wages
follow prices only after an interval and then by a
smaller amount. The purpose . . . would be to
give the unions a greater sense of security in
exchange for a reduction in the present pace of
wage advances . . . It may save the British
economy from destruction.” 3
Where the bargaining power of labor is as strong
as it has been in most West European countries
since World War II, wage rates tend to rise if an
appreciable price rise occurs. Fears of an infla1 L ’Economie, Paris, April 26, 1951 (p. 3).
* Le Monde, Palis, July 29-30, 1951.
3 November 24, 951 (p. 1245).
7
8
WAGE ESCALATORS—OEEC COUNTRIES
tionary spiral have, however, led, trade-unions to
moderate their wage demands during a con
siderable part of the postwar period.
Trade-union leaders have made a determined
stand for controlling prices in most of the Marshall
Plan countries. Wage rates have, however, been
tied to cost-of-living indexes in certain situations.
On the other hand, labor has not abandoned its
long-range goal of a rising level of real income,
based on increased productivity.
The economic effects of automatic wage-escala
tor clauses depend upon the periodicity of the
adjustments, the degree of compensation afforded,
whether they are geared to downward as well as
upward movements in the price index, and the
extent to which the various price indexes used in
making the adjustments reflect changes in prices
actually paid by the workers concerned.
Lengthening the interval between wage adjust
ments, giving partial rather than full compensa
tion for price increases, and establishing a definite
lag between the price-index rise and the wage
adjustment have been used at different times in
different countries in efforts to retard inflation.
Tying wage increases to productivity increases,
rather than to price changes, frequently has been
advocated by governments, and union and man
agement leaders, but nowhere consistently prac
ticed .
The following account describes the extent of
adjustments to compensate for changes in the cost
of living—primarily for industrial workers—in the
Marshall Plan countries,4 in the postwar period.
(It does not deal with other types of wage adjust
ments which have occurred at the same time in
some cases, e. g., for productivity gains or to re
store differentials for skill.) It shows the relative
frequency of automatic sliding scales in union con
tracts, and of periodic reopening of wage clauses
to take account of cost-of-living increases. It
shows what part, if any, the governments have
played in the adjustment process, i. e., in decree
ing wage changes, approving or vetoing them, or
negotiating with the parties concerned on the
amount.
4
Reports available on wage regulation in Portugal under the corporate
State do not indicate any use of escalator clauses in that country. In Tur
key wages are fixed on an individual basis without collective bargaining.
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M O N T H LY
L A B O R
Features of Escalator Clauses
In Belgium, Denmark, Italy, Luxembourg, and
the Free Territory of Trieste, an automatic esca
lator provision had been incorporated into practi
cally all union agreements that were effective in
December 1951 for both manual and white-collar
workers in industry. Agricultural workers and
Government employees received automatic adjust
ments in Denmark, and, to some extent, in Bel
gium and Italy. In Great Britain, collective
bargaining agreements covering between 1% and
2 million workers (about 10 percent of the wage
earning labor force) contain automatic clauses.
In France, a few collective agreements contain
such provisions.
Wage adjustments are, as a rule, semiannual
in Norway and Luxembourg. They are quarterly
in Denmark and were in Sweden when automatic
adjustments were in effect there. In Italy,
Trieste, and Belgium, the adjustment may take
place every 2 months. In Iceland, the frequency
was monthly from 1940 to January 1948; since
that time, monthly, quarterly, and semiannual
adjustments have been specified by various laws
and agreements. British agreements specify vary
ing periods for automatic wage adjustment; in
some, it occurs as infrequently as once a year.
Agreements providing for automatic partial
compensation were negotiated by the central
federations of employers and trade-unions in
Sweden (1939-46) and in Norway during the
1930’s and again after 1945. In Sweden, the
practice was abandoned after 1946, and in Norway,
it has been modified in recent years.5 In Iceland,
the practice of granting frequent cost-of-living
wage supplements has been in effect since 1940,
except for a period between 1948 and 1950 when it
was suspended by law. In Ireland, wage increases
to compensate for rises in living costs have been
negotiated from time to time, but without escalator
clauses.
Some escalator clauses give full and some partial
compensation for the price-index rise. The
Swedish wartime “ index wage-adjustment’' agree
ments specified compensation amounting to half of
5
For a more complete account of the methods used in three Scandinavian
countries, see Labor Management Relations in Scandinavia. BLS Bulletin
1038.
R E V IE W ,
JA N U A R Y
1952
WAGE ESCALATORS—OEEG COUNTRIES
the rise in some years and three quarters in others.
The Norwegian agreement of October 1950 gave
compensation for that part of the price rise which
had been caused by curtailment of subsidies, but
not for the balance of the rise. (It is now being
renegotiated.)
Frequently the adjustment takes the form of a
flat addition to hourly rates when the index rises
a given number of points, with no explicit state
ment of the degree of compensation provided.
In such cases, the percent increase is obviously
greater for the lower paid workers.
In Great Britain, agreements containing es
calator provisions usually stipulate flat rate addi
tions to the basic wage. In some, the flat-rate
varies according to age and sex of ,the worker.
Some agreements, however, e. g., cotton spinning,
provide for a percentage increase in the “ standard
rate.”
In Denmark, for each 6 points which the Danish
retail price index rises above 291 (on a 1914 base)
in the months of January and July, adult male
workers receive a 5 0re per hour cost-of-living al
lowance, females 3.3 0re per hour, and young
workers, 2 0re, as of the succeeding first of March
and first of September, respectively.
Denmark is the only country in which wages
are geared to a cost-of-living index which includes
income taxes. The Netherlands and Sweden
publish indexes including taxes but these indexes
are not currently used for wage-adjustment
purposes.
Automatic adjustment for downward as well
as for upward movements in the price index has
been specified in the agreements in Belgium,
Denmark, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Norway,
and Sweden.
The extent to which automatic adjustment of
wage rates for price increases has been used has
been limited by fear of the inflationary spiral,
both in trade-union and in Government circles.
In Austria and Germany the labor unions have
not asked for automatic clauses. In the Nether
lands, three labor federations (N W , KAB, CNV)
joined with the Government in banning this
procedure. In France, the Government up to
the present time has resisted union pressure for a
general application of the principle. In Great
Britain, the TUC attempted in November 1949
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9
to persuade its member unions to suspend their
escalator clauses for a year, unless the retailprice index rose more than 5 percent in the
interval; but this attempt did not succeed.
Periodic Contract Reopening
A different but related method of compensatory
wage adjustment, which is an alternative to wage
escalators, is a labor-management agreement to
permit renegotiation of wages when the cost of
living rises. Under escalator clauses, both the
amount of gain and the timing are predetermined;
under renegotiation, they are uncertain. How
ever, renegotiation entails the possibility of
retroactive pay increases. Collective agreements
have been periodically reopened in Switzerland
(quarterly under Government regulations, 194146; and irregularly without Government direction,
1947-51); in Western Germany (every 4 to 6
months) for an increasing number of agreements
since 1948; in Great Britain (generally throughout
the postwar period, except for agreements with
escalator clauses); in France (a few agreements
negotiated since February 1950).
In Norway the automatic adjustment clauses
of the 1945 to 1948 agreements were superseded
in 1949 and 1950 by provisions permitting auto
matic compensations for a certain rise, and con
tract reopening for a further rise in the index.
Government’s Role
In some countries the representatives of Gov
ernment, labor, industry, and of other sectors of
the economy have negotiated regarding the level
of controlled prices, the amount to be spent on
subsidies, tax rates, social-security benefits and
contributions, as well as the adjustment of wage
rates to changes in prices. In Austria, the nego
tiation resulted in a formal agreement. The
Swedish Government consults informally with
representatives of the various interested groups on
economic policy. Formal machinery for consulta
tion between representatives, appointed by the
Government and by the broad sections of the
economy on economic and social issues, exists in
France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Norway;
and between the Minister of Labor and repre
sentatives of employers and labor in Great
10
WAGE ESCALATORS—OEEG COUNTRIES
Britain. Policy on wage-price stabilization has
usually been enunciated by the British Govern
ment, after such consultation.
The Netherlands Government retains control
over wages, including the power to veto negotiated
wage increases. The three large non-Communist
Federations (NVV, KAB, CAB) concur in this
policy.
In France, the wage-adjustment question has
caused recurrent political-economic crises; Par
liament has settled the disputes temporarily by
legislative changes. The law of February 1950
restored freedom of collective bargaining, and
created a tripartite national commission to recom
mend minimum national guaranteed wages which
are then given statutory force by Cabinet decree.
These minima (for industries, occupations, and
regions) have been raised from time to time, when
the increase in living costs has created sufficient
pressure on behalf of labor.
In September 1951, a bill providing for the use
of an escalator clause in setting minimum wages
passed its first reading in the French National
Assembly, over the protest of the coalition Cabi
net. It provided that a rise of 5 percent or more
in the cost of a worker’s minimum budget should
be compensated immediately by a corresponding
increase in the minimum wage. In general, how
ever, the adjustment should be made only once in
3 months. The bill was still pending in November
1951. The Prime Minister has announced that
the Government hopes to substitute for the bill
“provisions giving better guarantees to workers,
but avoiding economic instability.”
The Greek Government still sets wage rates
under a 1944 law and, from time to time, has ad
justed the minimum rate for increases in living
costs, as labor pressure developed. Trade-union
leaders have demanded repeal of this law and the
right to negotiate industry-wide agreements with
escalator clauses.
Government efforts of Marshall Plan nations to
retard wage increases were intensified after the
devaluation of currencies in 1949,6 and again after
the aggression in Korea, when wholesale-price in
creases threatened to unbalance the foreign-trade
• All the Marshall Plan countries except Switzerland and Turkey devalued
their currencies in 1949.
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M O N T H LY
L A B O R
accounts and the national budgets of most of these
countries, by raising the cost of imports and of
food subsidies.
Changes in Real Earnings
The effect of escalator clauses and related
adjustments on maintaining the purchasing power
of wage rates is impossible to trace because (1)
other types of concomitant wage-rate increases
have occurred; (2) the measurement of cost-ofliving changes of some of these countries is inade
quate;7and (3) in some, wage statistics are lacking
and, where available, changes in earnings are
measured rather than rates. The trend of earn
ings is determined not only by changes in rates
but also by other factors such as shifts between
high-wage and low-wage industries.
For 10 Marshall Plan countries, the accompany
ing table shows the level of consumer prices,
average hourly earnings, and real earnings (calIndexes of hourly earnings, cost of living, and real earnings
in 10 Marshall Plan countries, second quarter, 1950 and
1951
Indexes (1938=100) in second quarter of year
Country
Denmark-. __ _______
Belgium____ ______ _
Italy -----------------------Netherlands ________
Austria . . __ . .
____
Western Germany (Bi
zone).- . .
N orway_______ ____
Sweden__ . . . . . .
United Kingdom. - _ _
Ireland
Hourly
earnings 1
Cost of living 2 Real earnings 1
1950
1951
1950
1951
220
385
5,465
191
602
239
431
5,985
211
781
175
352
4, 778
236
665
194
395
5,345
263
819
126
109
114
81
91
123
109
112
80
95
155
200
197
239
195
186
213
241
258
217
153
166
158
3 182
187
165
194
183
3 197
201
101
120
125
131
104
113
110
132
131
108
1950
1951
1 Earnings of industrial workers in Austria, for Vienna only; in Norway,
men only. These earnings figures for all the countries covered apply to
workers employed in industry; they do not take account of the extent of
unemployment or of earnings in agriculture.
2 The goods and services included in these indexes and the methods used in
collecting the prices on which they are based vary considerably from country
to country. (See text.)
3 Interim index of retail prices based on June 1947 linked to former cost-ofliving index using R. Q. D . Allen’s ratio of June 1947=160.
7 The material available on the methods used in collecting retail prices and
in computing the official cost-of-living indexes in these countries does not
make it possible to assess the extent to which they measure changes in the
prices actually paid by their industrial workers. The indexes of Great
Britain, Italy, and Western Germany have been particularly criticized as
not being representative of present-day purchases. The British M inistry of
Labor made an interim revision in 1947, and is now in the process of making
a thoroughgoing revision of its retail-price index, as is the West German
Government.
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JA N U A R Y
1952
WAGE ESCALATORS—OEEC COUNTRIES
culated by dividing the earnings index by the
appropriate consumer-price index) for the second
quarters of 1950 and 1951 (1938=100). This
table does not show differences in the level of real
earnings among the countries covered, because
wide differences in earnings levels existed in the
prewar period. The table simply shows changes
in real earnings since 1938.8
Real wages in the Netherlands stand lowest as
compared with 1938—Ihe result of a prolonged
wage freeze followed by partial compensation for
post-Korean price rises. The level in France
relative to prewar (not shown) was estimated to
have been even lower than that of the Netherlands
in the fourth quarter of 1950. In both countries,
the situation of the worker with dependents is
8 For a comparison of purchasing power of earnings in these countries
compared with the United States in terms of food, see the M onthly Labor
Review, February 1951 (p. 143).
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11
remedied in part by family allowances which are
adjusted for price changes from time to time. In
France, the family allowances have not been
adjusted to the same extent as wages.
In Italy, Denmark, and Belgium, where wages
have been most consistently adjusted for changes
in living costs since 1945 (either by means of an
escalator provision or periodic contract reopening),
the real earnings in the second quarter of 1951
stood, respectively, at 112, 123, and 109; Den
mark ranked third highest, Italy fifth, and Belgium
seventh in the list of 10 countries.
Italian workers with dependents, who draw
substantial family allowances (which also are ad
justed for changes in the cost of living), receive
considerably more than is shown in the available
statistics. If these allowances were included in
the earnings table, Italy’s position would be
relatively better than the table shows.8
Standards Advocated
by 1951 Conference
on Labor Legislation
Jeannette M. Watson*
M aintenance of existing labor standards, except
in unusual and individual cases, was adopted as a
national labor policy by the Eighteenth National
Conference on Labor Legislation, held in Washing
ton, D. C., December 4-6, 1951. This policy was
keynoted by Secretary of Labor Maurice J. Tobin
in his address to the conference. His basic recom
mendations are reproduced at the end of this
article.
Delegates from 36 States, appointed by their
Governors to represent State labor agencies and
organized labor, and representatives from Alaska,
Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia,
and Canada, attended the conference. A few
representatives of national organizations and some
individuals were invited because of their special
knowledge and interest in the field of State labor
legislation.
The conference devoted the greater portion of
its time to discussion of four committee reports
which dealt with national labor policies, recruit
ment and utilization (of workers), training, and
industrial safety and health. All of these reports
were adopted. In addition, the conference passed
resolutions on a broad range of urgent problems.
National Labor Policies
The principle of voluntarism underlies all man
power policies for both partial and full mobiliza
tion, it was stated, and responsibility for our na
tional defense is shared by individuals, unions,
employers, and all units of government.
The hours-of-work policy promulgated by the
Office of Defense Mobilization states: “A maxi
mum 8-hour day and 40-hour week has been found
best in terms of efficiency of production. A lim
ited extension of hours, varying with occupations,
plants, and industries, will increase output to a
certain extent. However, 48 hours is generally
regarded as the maximum workweek for sustained
efficiency.” In endorsing this policy, the confer
ence made clear that it did not recommend general
lengthening of the 40-hour week. It also urged
at least 1 day of rest in 7. Additional study of
the effects of prolonged fatigue on production and
wider dissemination of existing information on the
subject were recommended. To avoid extension
of hours beyond 8 a day and 40 a week, the con
ference urged more emphasis upon “spreading of
contracts, location of new facilities, and allocation
of materials to achieve better use of those presently
unemployed or underemployed.”
The overtime-pay policy of the Office of Defense
Mobilization recommends continuing support of
the principle of premium pay contained in the Fair
Labor Standards and Public Contracts Acts.
Worker morale, the wage stabilization program,
and industrial relations generally would be ad
versely affected by suspension of overtime pay, the
conference stated. Further, renegotiation of
collective-bargaining contracts on premium pay
would result in accompanying tension and loss of
production. The conference urged the States to
support this policy, when possible, by legislative
or administrative action.
In conformance with the policy statement of the
Secretary of Labor, the conference urged mainte
nance of existing State labor standards. That
policy reads, in part:
M o b iliz a t io n a u t h o r it ie s a g re e t h a t t h e p r e s e n t s it u
National and State labor policies should be not
only appropriate to partial mobilization, but also
adaptable to the best use of manpower in the event
of full mobilization, according to the conference.
* Of the Bureau’s Office of Publications.
12
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a t io n , e x c e p t in u n u s u a l a n d in d iv id u a l c ir c u m s t a n c e s ,
d o e s n o t r e q u ir e t h e r e la x a t io n o f e x is t in g la b o r s t a n d
a rd s.
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tra cts
as
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u t iliz e
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in t o
w id e ly
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a cro ss
in d u s t r y
la b o r
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is t o s p r e a d
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to
a p p r o p r ia t e ly
be
la b o r fo rc e , r a t h e r t h a n
h o u r s f o r t h o s e a t p r e s e n t e m p lo y e d .
con
and
to
le n g th e n
LABOR LEGISLATION CONFERENCE
As manpower reserves decline, however, the relax
ation of some State labor laws or administrative
practices regulating hours of work undoubtedly will
be asked for. The extent to which such adjustments
will be necessary will depend upon the emergency con
ditions that may arise, the stringency of the State law
regulating working conditions, and the labor supply
available. Variations from present law will be neces
sary only in States with relatively high standards
which are not sufficiently flexible to meet emergency
needs. Where existing standards are low, no relaxa
tion should be contemplated.
Concerning employment of youth, issuance of a
national policy was suggested. It should recog
nize that education is youth’s first responsibility,
and it should make concrete recommendations as
to good standards in youth employment. In ad
dition, the conference urged support of existing
child-labor and school-attendance laws and ob
servance of good working conditions.
“Equal pay for comparable work performed,
without discrimination because of sex, marital
status, age, race, color, creed, or national origin,”
was supported. Equality should be brought about
by enactment of equal-pay laws or by strengthen
ing existing laws, and by voluntary union and
employer action through trade-union agreements
and personnel policies and practices.
As only 7 of the 27 jurisdictions with minimumwage laws have made provision for both men and
women workers, the conference urged that the
States having no such laws should enact the neces
sary legislation and that those with inadequate
provisions should strengthen their laws and extend
coverage to all workers. In trade and service
establishments, large numbers of workers are paid
less than 75 cents an hour (the minimum for
workers in interstate commerce) and often less
than the amount needed to maintain health.
Many of these workers will find increasing oppor
tunity for employment at higher wages in defense
industries. Some shift of this kind is desirable,
the conference stated, but failure to retain ade
quate work forces in the service industries can
affect adversely both the defense program and the
civilian economy.
Industrial Safety and Health
Small companies, for the most part, must meet
the demands for increased production as the
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13
defense effort increases. As pointed out by the
seventeenth conference, the injury rates in estab
lishments not large enough to maintain full-time
safety staffs are in general not as low as those in
larger establishments having safety technicians.
Hence, it is increasingly necessary to furnish
adequate assistance to small employers, and the
conference recommended: (1) Development of
accident-prevention programs to meet the actual
needs in smaller establishments; (2) reexamination
by State departments of labor of “their services
to be sure that maximum advice and guidance is
available;” (3) participation by employers, em
ployees, and labor organizations in bringing
“safety-know-how” to every job site; (4) estab
lishment of methods for prompt notification of
defense-contract awards so that State departments
of labor may plan the necessary services in ad
vance; and (5) intensified cooperation at State
level between public and private agencies, associa
tions, and other groups to insure maximum service
on small-plant safety problems.
Safety for special groups of employees—such
as older workers, the handicapped, women, and
young workers—includes provision of necessary
machine safeguards, protective equipment, train
ing, and job standards. Young persons working
for the first time may pose new problems, because
of inexperience and lack of maturity. Job hazards
should be thoroughly analyzed before placing a
worker on any job, it was pointed out, and special
precautions should be taken to prevent the
occurrence of unnecessary accidents that might
result from employment of handicapped persons.
A recommendation of the last conference that
States review the adequacy of their existing safety
codes was reaffirmed. The conference recognized
that it might be difficult to achieve any appreci
able degree of uniformity, as some States do not
have enabling legislation to draft the needed
codes. It urged uniformity of machine-guarding
requirements as a first objective, and that assist
ance be given by the Bureau of Labor Standards’
technical services to the States undertaking a
review of their codes. Enlargement of State safety
staffs not currently adequate to service industrial
establishments was recommended. Development
by the States of safety and industrial health
standards for migrant workers was also advocated.
14
LABOR LEGISLATION CONFERENCE
Recruitment and Utilization of Workers
Current manpower shortages were stated to be
primarily in occupations—such as engineers,
scientists, tool and die makers, and highly skilled
machine operators—which are most critical in the
engineering and tooling-up stages of production.
As full-scale production is attained, shortages in
less-skilled fields will emerge. Since “ defense ac
tivities will extend over a great number of years,
and our scientific leadership must be maintained
if our mobilization program is to provide an ef
fective bulwark against further totalitarian ag
gression,” the conference recommended that “ de
fense manpower programming take full account of
future needs in the technical, professional, and
scientific fields as a necessary and vital prerequisite
to the best utilization of other workers.”
As mass production called for by defense con
tracts under current plans progresses, many
shortages in semiskilled as well as skilled occupa
tions may be expected. Careful development and
administration of defense manpower programs
should permit more orderly recruitment, and more
effective utilization of manpower should be pos
sible than during World War II.
Availability of qualified workers is an essential
element in obtaining required goods and services
on schedule. The conference therefore recom
mended maintenance of closer working relation
ships between procurement officials and the De
partment of Labor and its affiliated State em
ployment services in obtaining and analyzing man
power information to be used in placing produc
tion contracts. Such contracts, whenever pos
sible, should be placed in areas where the required
labor supply is available locally.
Implementation of the Office of Defense Mobil
ization policy of “ taking work to the worker” re
quires availability of accurate information on total
manpower needs and labor supply in the local
community and at the State and national levels.
For this purpose, the conference recommended the
establishment and full support of an informational
program on (1) the demand and supply situation,
by broad occupational categories at least; (2)
manpower needs of the Armed Forces as related
to community labor supply, with an indication of
the number and timing of inductions; and (3) con
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M O N T H LY
L A B O R
tract and subcontract awards, of which prompt
notice should be furnished, in order that the com
munities affected may initiate action to meet the
anticipated demand for workers.
To facilitate the proper channeling of available
labor Supply, the conference recommended that
(1) employers refrain from labor pirating and from
indiscriminate advertising; (2) newspapers, radio,
television stations, and advertisers cooperate to
prevent disruptive advertising which would tend
to encourage harmful labor turn-over and migra
tion; (3) defense workers who are being fully
utilized stay on jobs; and (4) recruitment and
placement activities of groups or individuals other
than the employment service be coordinated with
the work of that service.
Training
Figures quoted at the conference indicated that
the anticipated increase in production in 1952,
particularly in airframe, machine-tool, and tank
manufacturing, will add from 1 to 2 million
workers to the labor force. “ As this occurs, the
supply of skilled workers will have to be stretched
out to be used as lead men and supervisors in new
plants or on new contracts,” it was stated. Also,
it will be necessary to add large numbers of
women to the work force.
Training of professional, subprofessional, cleri
cal, and agricultural, as well as industrial workers,
will be needed. The apprenticeship base should be
broadened, and employers and labor organizations
in the metal trades and other industries in which
the skilled-worker supply is below par should be
persuaded to inaugurate apprentice-training pro
grams.
State departments of labor should utilize State
facilities, especially the apprenticeship councils
and divisions, in the National Defense Training
Program. Reference was made to the work of the
Bureau of Apprenticeship of the United States
Department of Labor in developing a skill-im
provement program, designed to show training
needs in a plant or industry.
No relaxation of basic standards should be per
mitted during the expansion of apprenticeship
programs. The number trained should be based
on present or definitely expected needs. Joint
R E V IE W ,
JA N U A R Y
1952
LABOR LEGISLATION CONFERENCE
participation by management and labor should be
maintained. The apprentices should receive proper
related instruction, and all other factors of a
sound program should be included. Opportunity
to be employed as apprentices should be given, to
the extent possible, to persons “ made unemploy
able through industrial changes of various kinds.”
Any feasible approach to the national training
problem, the conference believed, must take into
account the manpower requirements of the Armed
Forces. Establishment of a definite policy, at the
earliest possible date, was urged, to guide the
Defense Department and the Selective Service
Boards in inducting draftees, taking into account
the number of men to be drawn into the Armed
Forces and the present and future needs of in
dustry, so that there will be the least possible inter
ference with long-range plans in a plant or with
the careers of apprentices well along in their train
ing. If the military services are compelled to
draft apprentices, they should utilize previously
acquired skills and, if possible, extend them.
Wide publicity should be given to the pro
gram agreed upon by the various participating
agencies. Defense contractors and labor organi
zations should be encouraged to undertake train
ing programs. Federal and State governmental
agencies, the conference believed, should provide
technical assistance and counsel.
Resolutions
Six resolutions were adopted by the conference.
All but one of these were proposed by the resolu
tions committee.
Recommendations of the President’s Commis
sion on Migratory Labor were endorsed in one
resolution. These include regulation of labor
contractors and private employment agencies
recruiting farm workers, minimum wages to
include agricultural workers, and their right to
organize and bargain collectively. Enactment
of State laws recommended by the Commission
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15
and creation of State interdepartmental commis
sions with authority to enforce standards of housing
and health for these workers were also endorsed.
The resolution concerning safety codes asked
that the U. S. Department of Labor supply to the
several States a model code for standards of
industrial safety and health, and that delegates
to the Nineteenth Conference be requested to
report what progress “ shall have been made by
their States which have utilized the model code.”
Attention was called to “ efforts being made in
some areas of the country . . . to circumvent
the purpose” of the amended Fair Labor Standards
Act, as to protection of boys and girls under age 16
in rural areas from exploitation in agriculture, in
another resolution. Labor organizations and State
labor commissioners were urged to support the
Secretary of Labor in his stand for maintaining
the present child-labor provision without amend
ment and to ask for sufficient appropriation to
enable the Labor Department to obtain enforce
ment.
By resolution, Governors were asked to set up
State commissions for the promotion of knowledge
and understanding of the International Labor
Organization objectives. Aid to these committees
through the resources of the U. S. Department of
Labor was recommended.
Coordination of all labor programs in the State
and Federal Departments of Labor was recom
mended by another resolution.
A resolution presented from the floor was also
adopted by the conference. It asked for emer
gency Federal legislation providing supplementary
unemployment compensation for workers laid off
during defense preparation. It also urged that
“ States be encouraged to enact adequate unem
ployment compensation benefit standards of
health and decency for unemployed workers and
their families for such emergencies that may
arise, providing adequate benefits so long as a
worker is unemployed and is willing and able
to work.”
RETENTION OF LABOR STANDARDS
16
Federal Policy on
Retaining State Labor Standards
of L abor M aurice J. T obin issued
the following recommendations on the retention of
labor standards in response to requests from State
labor administrators for guidance on national
policy.1 Both the National Labor-Management
Manpower Policy Committee and the Office of
Defense Mobilization’s Committee on Manpower
Policy approved the Secretary’s recommenda
tions.
The United States Department of Labor has
reviewed existing employment standards in the
light of current defense requirements. It has
given special consideration to the effect on pro
duction of State laws that set maximum limits on
daily and weekly hours of work or that limit the
number of days that may be worked each week.
As a result of this review, the Department recom
mends as a specific policy for the current defense
emergency that there be no general relaxation of
State labor standards that limit daily, weekly, or
night hours or the number of days that may be
worked each week. It further recommends that
there be no relaxation of child labor, industrial
homework, minimum wage or industrial health
and safety standards. Furthermore, efforts which
are being made to strengthen labor standards
need not be abandoned because of the defense
effort.
If the time comes when the National defense
clearly requires modification of maximum hour
standards in States with relatively high standards,
such modification should take place only under
careful safeguards and for temporary periods.
Where necessary to provide flexibility to meet
emergency needs, States should consider stand-by
legislation authorizing the State Labor Depart-
S ecretary
i
T h e inform ation given is from P olicy S tatem en t R egardin g R elaxation
of S ta te L ab o r S tan d ard s, U . S. D ep artm en t of L ab o r, N ovem ber 8, 1951
(D M N o . 10) an d covering press release, N ovem ber 26, 1951 (S52-672).
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ment to take care of temporary emergency needs
under appropriate safeguards.
Effectiveness of policy depends in a large
measure on procedures that are geared to its
fullest realization. On the basis of past ex
perience the Department therefore recommends
basic standards for procedures that it believes to
be essential. Stand-by legislation should incor
porate guiding policy for administrators to follow
in granting relaxations.
Where relaxations become necessary to over
come production bottlenecks, they should be made
on a sound and orderly basis. Industry-wide
exemptions should be avoided. Requests for ex
emption should be granted only upon a clear
demonstration of need for critical defense produc
tion, after investigation of the facts and only for a
specified time, with provision for periodic review
by the State Labor Department for purpose of
termination or renewal. Before a request is
granted, employers should be urged to consider
alternate methods of operation that might elimi
nate the need for relaxation of standards. Addi
tional shifts are to be preferred to the lengthening
of hours of work. At this stage of the emergency
the employment of women on the third shift does
not appear necessary, and, in view of their family
responsibilities, their employment on the third
shift or on 7 days a week should be discouraged.
In some instances it may be possible to condition
relaxation of standards upon the provision of
additional employee safeguards such as rest
periods, longer lunch periods and adequate trans
portation facilities.
These recommendations are consistent with
maximum defense production. In the long run,
employment safeguards increase workers’ produc
tivity. To waive them without clear justification
would be short-sighted. The application of the
policy here recommended will go a long way to
insure maximum production without needless
waste of manpower and materials, and to maintain
a healthy, efficient and dynamic labor force.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
State Workmen’s Compensation
Legislation in 1951
N umerous amendments of workmen’s compen
sation laws were adopted during 1951 in order to
improve and extend the protection offered to
American labor by these laws. Of the 54 State,
Territorial, and Federal workmen’s compensation
laws in this country, 42 were amended in one or
more respects.1 Changes included liberalization
of benefits, coverage of additional employments,
measures designed to facilitate rehabilitation,
increased coverage of occupational diseases, and
the broadening and creation of second-injury
fund provisions.
Benefits
In 32 States 2 and Hawaii, benefits for death or
some type of disability were increased in some
respect: The maximum weekly benefit was raised,
the number of weeks for such benefits was ex
tended, the total maximum amount was increased,
or the maximum percentage of average weekly
wages to be used in computing benefits was raised.
An increase of 20 percent or more in the maxi
mum weekly benefits was authorized in Colorado,
Delaware, Florida, Kansas, Missouri, New Mexico,
North Carolina, and North Dakota. In Florida,
the weekly rate was raised more than 50 percent—
from $22 to $35. Taking into account these 1951
increases, more than half of the laws currently
provide $30 or more (including allowances for
dependents) for maximum weekly benefits in
temporary-total disability cases (table 1).
1The legislatures in Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Virginia did
not convene in 1951.
2 Alabama, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Idaho,
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, M in
nesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, N ew Hampshire, New Jersey, New
Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode
Island, South Carolina, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.
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Illinois became the State with the highest
maximum percentage of weekly wages to be used
in computing benefits, when its legislature raised
the percentage in all disability cases from 65 to
97Yi for a worker with 3 or more children. For a
worker with 2 children, the percentage is 90;
with 1 child, 82K; and with no children, 75.
Other States which increased the maximum
percentages of weekly wages were Indiana from
55 to 60 and Iowa from 60 to 66%.
1 .— Increases in maximum weekly benefits for tem
porary-total disability under 1951 amendments to State
workmen’s compensation laws
T able
W eekly m axim u m increased—
S tate
F ro m —
A lab am a
_ _ _____ __ _______
C alifo rn ia________
_____
_______
____ _
-- .............C olorado
C o n n ecticu t________ ___ ___ _____
D elaw are
__ .
F lo rid a
__ _ __ _ _______ ______ ___
Id ah o
____
___ _____ - ________
I l l i n o i s ________ _____ _
-- -- _____
I n d ia n a ._ _ . _____ ____ _____ ____
I o w a _______ __ ________ ____ ____ K a n sa s. _ _______ _____ ___ ___ - _______
M ary lan d
__
- - - - -__________ __ ____
M in n esota
_
M isso u ri . .
_____
_______ ____ _
M o n tan a.
_
__ . _____ ___ ____
N e b rask a ___
___ ______ __ _______
N ew M exico ____ _
_____ ___ _____
N o rth C aro lin a. . . .
_____ _____
N o rth D a k o ta ____ ___________ - _____
Ohio
. . _________ _______ ____
O regon. _. _________________ ______ -U ta h
______ _______ _________________
W ash in gton ____ _______________________
W iscon sin______
______ ___ -- ---W y om in g-------- ----------------
$21.00
30.00
22.75
32.00
25.00
22.00
i 17.00-28.00
2 22. 50-30. 00
23.10
24.00
20.00
28.00
30.00
25.00
2 20.00-26.00
22.00
25.00
24.00
2 20.00-37.00
30.00
i 21.92-40.38
2 25.00-31.25
2 20. 77-35.77
2 32.55
i 20.19-40.38
To—
$23.00
35.00
28.00
36.00
30.00
35.00
i 20.00-37.00
2 25.50-34.00
27.00
28.00
25.00
32. 00
32.00
30.00
2 21. 50-27. 50
26.00
30.00
30.00
2 25. 00-42.00
32.20
i 25.38-45.00
2 27. 50-34.38
2 23.08-42.69
2 37.00
i 21.23-43.85
1 Depending on whether employee is married and on number of dependents.
2 Depending on number of dependents.
. . .
3Additional compensation for maintenance during vocational rehabilitation.
The maximum period for the payment of bene
fits in Connecticut was increased from 312 to 520
weeks in death cases and from 624 to 780 weeks
in all disability cases. Florida, in addition to
raising the maximum weekly benefit, doubled the
maximum number of weeks for which permanenttotal disability benefits may be paid from 350 to
700 weeks. Iowa increased the number of weeks
in such cases from 400 to 500.
17
18
WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION LEGISLATION
Oklahoma, which had been the only State with
no death-benefit provision, adopted one in 1951.
The maximum was set at $13,500.
Occupational Diseases
Maryland, following the trend of the last few
years, changed from schedule to full coverage of
occupational diseases. This action means that
30 out of the 54 State, Territorial, and Federal
workmen’s compensation laws have full coverage
(table 2). Alabama and Vermont enacted occupa
tional-disease coverage for the first time. In
Alabama, pneumoconiosis is now included as a
compensable injury; and in Vermont a list of
seven diseases is included in the coverage of its
law. A number of the other States with schedule
coverage listed additional diseases.
New Jersey eliminated the special restrictions
relating to silicosis and asbestosis, thus making
these diseases subject to the same benefits as other
injuries.
California adopted special procedures for han
dling occupational-disease claims which may have
arisen out of more than one employment. In sili
cosis cases resulting from employment in under
ground metal mines, payment is to be made from
the Subsequent Injuries Fund for apportioned
liability which cannot be enforced against an
employer.
Michigan deleted a provision from its law
whereby all employers were required to furnish
their employees a free physical examination at
regular intervals and employees who refused to
submit to such examinations when required were
not to be entitled to occupational-disease benefits.
The Michigan Supreme Court declared this re
quirement unconstitutional in 1948.
Coverage of Employments
Twenty-two States 3 and Hawaii broadened the
coverage of their laws either by adding employ
ments to the list of occupations covered or by
removing specific exemptions for certain workers
or employers.
3 Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts,
Michigan, Nebraska, Nevada, N ew Jersey, N ew York, North Carolina,
Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washing
ton, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.
4 Colorado, Delaware, Illinois, Nebraska, N ew York, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
Utah, Vermont, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.
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M O N T H LY
L A B O R
T a b l e 2 . — Coverage
of occupational diseases, as of
January 1, 1952, by type
Schedule coverage
F u ll coverage
Ju risdictio n
A lask a
A rk an sas
C aliforn ia
C onnecticut
D elaw are
D istrict of C o lu m b ia
F lo rid a
H aw aii
Illinois
In d ian a
M ary lan d
M assach u setts
M ich igan
M inn esota
M issou ri
N eb rask a
N e v ad a
N ew Jersey
N ew Y o rk
N o rth D ak o ta
Ohio
Oregon
R h ode Islan d
Sou th C arolin a
U tah
W ashington
W est V irginia
W isconsin
U n ited S tates:
C iv il E m ploy ees
Lon gsh orem en ’s A ct
A lab am a. _____
A rizona
C o l o r a d o . . .___
G eo rgia________
Id a h o __________
Io w a___________
K e n t u c k y _____
M a i n e .__ _ . . .
M o n ta n a _______
N ew H am psh ire. _ ______
N ew M exico ___
N o rth C arolin a.
P e n n sy lv a n ia ..
P u erto R ic o .. .
South D a k o ta ...
T en n essee______
T ex as __
V erm ont
_
V irgin ia_______
N u m b er
of
diseases 1
(2)
(3)
36
24
14
11
16
N o coverage
K a n sa s
L o u isian a
M ississip p i
O klahom a
W yom ing
14
(4)
(!)
31
25
13
17
25
69
45
7
«46
1 In some States, the number of diseases refers to “groups of diseases.’’
2 Covers pneumoconiosis, including silicosis, anthroco-tuberculosis, aluminosis, and other specified dust diseases.
3 Covers only injury or death by gas or smoke in mines and poisonous gas
in any occupation. Voluntary as to silicosis.
4 Separate act provides for payment of $50 a month from public funds to
persons totally disabled from silicosis, if they have been State residents for
10 years.
6Covers silicosis and other pulmonary diseases, anthrax, lead poisoning,
dermatitis, venenata, and diseases due to the inhalation of poisonous gases or
fumes.
6 Full coverage permissible.
One of the principal extensions of coverage was
for civilian-defense workers. Eleven4 States
adopted legislation in 1951 which provided specifi
cally for compensating civilian-defense workers or
special categories of such workers who are injured
on duty or under certain specified conditions.
Ohio and New York made this provision by
amending their workmen’s compensation laws,
but the other States included the extensions as a
part of their State civil defense acts. Since
California, Connecticut, and Oregon had adopted
such legislation prior to 1951, civilian-defense
workers in general are covered in 14 States.
Among the other changes in coverage were the
following: Nevada extended coverage to em
ployers of two or more, instead of three or
more; Vermont removed the exemption for
domestic servants; Maryland added more than
25 types of occupations to the covered list of
hazardous employments, including laborers,
R E V IE W ,
JA N U A R Y
1952
WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION LEGISLATION
grocery-store clerks, garage and filling-station
workers, and restaurant employees; and Colorado
added elected officials of State, county, city, or
town and employees of any public institution or
administrative board.
Rehabilitation
Missouri, Ohio, North Dakota, and Puerto
Rico adopted new measures, and Utah amended
an existing provision dealing with rehabilitation.
Missouri created a Board of Rehabilitation com
posed of the three members of the Industrial
Commission and the Director of the Division of
Workmen’s Compensation. This board is author
ized to study problems involved in rehabilitating
injured workers, to certify rehabilitation facil
ities which may be utilized by employers or
insurers, and to handle disputes arising between
injured workers and employers on whether
physical rehabilitation treatment should be given.
Provision was also made in Missouri for the
payment of special maintenance benefits of $10
a week up to a maximum of 40 weeks for injured
workers accepting rehabilitation services.
Ohio authorized its Industrial Commission to
advance up to $300,000 from its State Fund to
the Ohio State University in order to establish a
rehabilitation center. The center is to utilize
the facilities of the university and other public
and private services to provide physical re
habilitation, training, and placement services for
physically handicapped persons. A six-member
advisory board representing employers and
employees is to be appointed by the Industrial
Commission to review the operations of the re
habilitation center.
In North Dakota, provision was made for the
payment of benefits, not exceeding $15 a week
for a maximum of 72 weeks, to dependents of an
injured worker during the period of his rehabil
itation.
Utah increased from $25 to $27.50, the special
weekly rehabilitation benefits paid for a maximum
of 10 weeks. Benefits are payable during rehabil
itation training for workers with permanentpartial disability resulting from an occupational
disease.
The manager of the State Fund in Puerto Rico
was authorized to expend annually a maximum
of $50,000 for rehabilitation training of injured
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
19
workers through the Division of Vocational
Rehabilitation.
Montana became the forty-second State to
adopt a second-injury fund. Under this law, a
worker who previously lost, or lost the use of, an
eye or a member of the body and subsequently
loses another member and becomes permanently
and totally disabled receives full compensation for
the combined injuries. However, the employer is
liable only for the second injury. The balance is
to be paid from the special second-injury fund
which is financed by an assessment of $500 against
the employer or his insurer in no-dependency death
cases.
Iowa broadened the coverage of its secondinjury fund provision. In future, payment may
be made from the fund in cases resulting in per
manent-partial disability instead of only those
causing permanent-total disability.
Wisconsin amended its provision for secondinjury fund benefits to provide that such benefits
shall be paid to workers whose pre-existing
permanent-partial injury would have entitled
them to benefits for 150 weeks (formerly 15
percent or more of permanent-total disability).
Under the amendment, the second permanentpartial injury would also be compensable for at
least 150 weeks (formerly 15 percent or more of
permanent-total disability).
Special Provisions
California joined 16 States and Puerto Rico by
providing additional compensation for cases of
injury to minors who were illegally employed.
Under the California provision, compensation is
increased 50 percent with a maximum of $3,750
for the additional compensation in such cases.
In order to stimulate greater interest in accident
prevention, Nevada provided for rebates in work
men’s compensation insurance premiums up to 20
percent (formerly 10 percent) to any plant which
maintains for 2 years such a “high standard of
safety or accident prevention as to differentiate
it from other like establishments or plants.”
Rebates up to 30 percent (formerly 15 percent) are
specified for plants which maintain such standards
for more than 2 years.
A reciprocal arrangement for extra-territorial
coverage was adopted by South Dakota. Under
this provision, South Dakota accepts coverage
20
WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION LEGISLATION
under the workmen’s compensation law of another
State as meeting the requirements of coverage
under its own law, provided that the other State
reciprocates.
Florida amended its third-party action provision
to permit an injured worker to accept benefits
under the act and also to sue the third party.
Previously, the worker had been required to elect
one remedy or the other. The new provision
requires the worker to include in his suit, on
behalf of the employer, the amount of any benefits
paid by the employer.
Administration and Procedures
Changes made in the administration of the
workmen’s compensation laws include the transfer
of the manager of the State fund in Puerto Rico
from the Department of Finance to the Depart
ment of Labor.
Illinois simplified and clarified its workmen’s
compensation and its occupational disease acts by
repeal and reenactment of each law, with complete
recodification. Changes in the administrative
set-up include 4-year staggered terms (instead of
2-year concurrent terms) for the 5 members of the
Industrial Commission. Another Illinois amend
ment provides that decisions of the Industrial
Commission in claims involving State employees
are binding and are not subject to judicial review.
Nebraska repealed and reenacted the provision
of its workmen’s compensation act requiring all
workmen’s compensation insurance carriers to pay
a 2-percent tax on gross premiums in order to
defray administrative costs. All such amounts
must go into the General Fund of the State
rather than the Special Fund. Money for the
operation of the Nebraska workmen’s compensa
tion agency is to be appropriated by the legislature
out of this General Fund.
The penalty of $100 provided in North Dakota
for an employer’s failure to obtain workmen’s
compensation insurance or to make payroll reports
was changed. The sum amounts to 1% times the
premium which should have been paid during the
period of noncompliance and the penalty is to be
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H LY
L A B O R
applied regardless of whether the employer’s failure
was willful.
Florida simplified its notification procedures by
permitting the Industrial Commission to serve
notice of filing claims upon the employer or other
interested party by regular mail instead of by
registered mail.
Wisconsin amended its workmen’s compensation
law to permit its Industrial Commission to arrange
for hearings to be held by the workmen’s com
pensation agencies in other States, if a claimant,
dependent, or witness is residing within the terri
tory of such other agency.
The Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals of
Washington State was authorized to hold informal
conferences with interested parties to facilitate
the settlement of contested workmen’s compen
sation cases.
States which raised the salaries of their work
men’s compensation officials included Illinois,
Michigan, Kansas, and Missouri. Salaries of
members of the Illinois Industrial Commission
were increased from $7,500 to $8,000; the salary
of the chairman was raised from $9,000 to $10,000.
In Michigan, the salary of the chairman of the
Workmen’s Compensation Commission was in
creased from $7,500 to $9,500 and the salary of
the members from $7,000 to $9,000. The Kansas
workmen’s compensation commissioner’s salary
was increased from $5,000 to $6,500. Missouri
authorized new maximum salaries for employees
of the Division of Workmen’s Compensation, per
mitting substantial increases for such personnel.
Interim Committees
Ohio, Minnesota, Rhode Island, and Utah pro
vided for interim or special committees to study
their workmen’s compensation laws and adminis
tration. California continued the committee es
tablished for this purpose in 1949.
Oklahoma
authorized the appointment of a House Committee
to investigate workmen’s compensation insurance
rates.
-— B
A. G
r u c e
r e e n e
B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta n d a rd s
R E V IE W ,
JA N U A R Y
CONTRACTORS’ USE OF PERMITS ISSUED
1952
Contractors’ Use of
Home-Building Permits Issued
C
of building permits issued in the
fall of 1950 were at a relatively high rate, reflecting
the difficulties and uncertainties of the period.
At the same time, the “lag pattern” indicated that
although builders tended to start a larger propor
tion of units in the month of permit authorization
than in most postwar years, they did not get as
many units under way in the 3 months immedi
ately following. In addition the gap between
permit valuation and construction cost was widen
ing. These findings, showing that utilization of
building permits has undergone measurable
changes since the start of defense effort and ac
companying Government controls, are from a
recent survey conducted by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics and sponsored by the Housing and Home
Finance Agency.
Information was obtained on the actual starting
date or plans for the start of new housing for which
building permits had been issued during Septem
ber, October, and November 1950. The Bureau
survey made in January and February 1951 and
again in May and June covered a Nation-wide
sample of builders in urban and rural permit
issuing places.
a n c e l l a t io n s
T able
1 .— Use of building permits issued for nonfarm
dwelling units, selected months, 1945-50
M onth of permit
issuance
1950: Sept.-N ov____
1949: Jan__________
Apr . . _ ___
1948: A p r _________
1946: Mar- ______
1945: Sept.-D ee —_
Percent1 of dwelling units started in—
Percent
of permits
Succeeding month
lapsed or Month of
canceled permit
issuance 1st 2d
3d 4th 5th 6th
2.0
1.0
1. 5
1. 5
7.5
4.5
67
70
62
58
54
57
20
20
31
31
24
26
5
4
5
6
10
9
1 This distribution based on the total of units started.
omitted.
3
4
1
3
6
5
2
1
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
Lapsed permits are
Cancellation rates were higher for permits
issued in the fall of 1950 than for all previous post
war years except 1945 and 1946 (table 1). In the
latter years residential builders were contending
with grave material shortages and the reorgani
zation of construction crews after the war. Proj
ects containing multifamily structures were par
ticularly affected.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
21
A somewhat larger proportion of dwellings in
the 1950 survey was started during the month of
permit authorization than in recent postwar years,
but compared with the earlier experience, a smaller
proportion got under way in the 3 months immedi
ately following. Thus, in the fall of 1950, about
two-thirds of the units were begun during the
month in which the permit was issued; by the end
of the three following months, about 95 percent
were under way. In contrast, of the units sur
veyed in 1948 and 1949, fewer units proportion
ately were begun in the permit month, but 98 per
cent had been started within the 4 months includ
ing the month when the permit was issued.
Apartment projects were slower in getting under
way than single-family houses. This difference
in the lag pattern of single-family and multi
family units showed up clearly in all 3 months
covered by the 1950 survey. For example, be
fore the month ended, builders started almost 70
percent of the single-family houses for which they
had obtained permits in September; starts in the
comparable period for units in 5-or-more family
structures made up less than 45 percent of the
total.
In general, the patterns of building-permit use
in urban and rural nonfarm areas were similar.
However, the rural areas tended toward a some
what larger proportion of canceled units or units
for which the starting date was still indefinite
several months after permit issuance.
Building-permit analysis has a value beyond
the findings themselves. Reports on housing
authorized by local building permits provide one
of the most important sources of information used
in preparing the Bureau’s monthly estimates of
new nonfarm dwelling units started. The new
lag pattern and cancellation rate were “wedged
in” to the current housing activity estimates, be
ginning with the March 1951 data, and are re
flected almost in full in the June 1951 figures.
The significance of the new lag pattern is illus
trated in the estimate of units started in June
which was about 1,700 units lower than it would
have been if the April 1949 pattern had been used.
As already shown, the percentage of units started
in the month of permit issuance was larger in 1950
than in 1949, but this was more than offset by the
smaller number of units started in June from
among those authorized in earlier months. More
UNION SC ALE 8 IN BUI LB INO TRADES
22
significant perhaps is the increased lapse rate.
Any changes in the monthly distribution of starts
tend to balance out over a period of time, but the
effect of an increased cancellation rate is cumu
lative.
The Bureau’s building-permit surveys, which
have always included an inquiry into actual or
estimated construction cost,1 indicate that for
September-November 1950 valuations shown in
building-permit applications understate construc
tion cost by 16 percent. The 1950 results further
suggest that the breach between permit valuation
and cost may be widening as a result of cost
uncertainties following the outbreak of Korean
hostilities. The ratio of construction costs to
permit valuations for the September-November
1950 period was 1.16 compared with 1.17 for
April 1948, 1.10 for January 1949, and 1.12 for
April 1949. In 1945 and 1946, permit valuations
tended to understate construction costs more than
in subsequent survey periods, largely because of
widespread material shortages and rising prices in
the months following World War II (table 2).
The ratio of construction costs to permit valu
ations for residential units in cities surveyed in
late 1945 and March 1946 was about 1.25, in
contrast to ratios of 1.12 to 1.19 for urban units
studied in later periods.
T
2 . — Ratio of estimated construction cost to permit
valuation of nonfarm dwelling units, by urban or rural
location 1 selected months, 1945-50
able
M onth of permit issuance
1950: September-November 2___________ .
1949: January. ________________________
________ __________
April
__
1948: ApriL ___________________________
1946: March
_ _ . _________________
1945: September-December__________ ____
All nonfarm
areas
1.16
1.12
1.10
1.17
(3)
(3)
Urban
1.18
1.15
1.12
1.19
3 1.23
3 1.25
Rural
nonfarm
1.12
1.09
1.08
1.14
(3)
(3)
1 Cost items considered in determining the valuations stated on permit
applications vary according to local practice of individual permit-issuing
places. Construction cost, as defined for purposes of Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics estimates, includes the cost of labor, materials, subcontracted work,
and that part of the builders’ overhead and profit chargeable directly to the
building of the structure. It excludes sales profit, cost of land and develop
ment, and architectural, engineering, and all other such nonconstruction
expenses.
2 Data incorporate results of the resurvey in M ay and June 1951 of all units
on which construction had not been started or the permit canceled at time
of original survey in January and February.
3 Surveys in this period were made in 63 cities only.
1
This type of study has been made because builders’ cost valuations as
reported on permit applications are used as a basis for estimating average
cost per dwelling unit, which, when combined with statistics on the number
of new dwelling units started, yield important monthly estimates of expend
itures for new home building. Since permit valuations, however, are known
to be an incomplete measure of construction costs, they are corrected accord
ing to results from building-permit surveys.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H LY
L A B O R
The disparity between construction cost and
permit valuation is consistently greater in urban
than in rural nonfarm areas. In general, there
appears to be less understatement of construction
costs on permit valuations for single-family
houses than on those for apartment units.
— K athryn K. M urphy
D iv is io n
o f C o n s t r u c t io n
S t a t is t ic s
Union Wage Scales in the
Building Trades, 1951
wage scales of union workers in building
construction increased 6.3 percent in the year end
ing July 1, 1951, and thereby reached an all-time
high, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics’
forty-fifth annual survey of union scales in the
building trades.1 On July 1, 1951, hourly union
scales averaged $2.42 for all building-trades
workers, $2.60 for journeymen, and $1.75 for
helpers and laborers.2 Negotiated contracts effec
tive during the year increased the wage scales of
85.6 percent of the union construction workers
compared with 70 percent during the preceding
12 months.
Straight-time work schedules for all buildingtrades workers averaged 39.3 hours per week, the
same as in the previous year. However, a 5-day,
40-hour workweek was the most common straighttime work schedule and was in effect for over fivesixths of the workers in the study.
H ourly
1 Information was based on scales in effect on July 1,1951, and covered 700,000 journeymen and 185,000 helpers and laborers in 77 cities ranging in popula
tion from about 40,000 to over a million. Data were obtained primarily by
mail questionnaire from local union officials; in some cities Bureau repre
sentatives visited local union officials to obtain the desired information.
Mimeographed listings of union scales, by trade, are available for any of the
77 cities included in the survey. A forthcoming Bureau bulletin w ill con
tain detailed information on the industry.
Union scales are defined as the minimum wage scales or maximum sched
ules of hours agreed upon through collective bargaining between trade-unions
and employers. Rates in excess of the negotiated minimum, which may be
paid for special qualifications or other reasons, are not included.
2 Average scales designed to show current levels are based on all scales
reported for the current year in the cities covered; individual scales are
weighted by the number of union members reported at each rate. These
averages are not measures for yearly comparisons because of annual changes
in membership and in classifications studied.
R E V IE W ,
JA N U A R Y
1952
UNION SCALES IN BUILDING TRADES
Trend of Union Hourly Wage Scales
in Building Trades
Trend of Scales
The index of hourly union scales 3 reached 189.1
for all trades on July 1, 1951 (table 1), an increase
of 17.8 percent over the average for the 3 years
(1947-49) preceding Korean hostilities. The in
creases amounted to 17.4 percent for journeymen
and 19.9 percent for helpers and laborers.
Union scales advanced 14 cents an hour on the
average for all building-trades workers, 15 cents for
journeymen, and 11 cents for helpers and laborers
in the 12-month period ending July 1, 1951. These
increases amounted to 6.3 percent for journeymen
and 6.9 for helpers and laborers.
Over half of the journeymen trades recorded
average hourly increases of 14 to 16 cents. Elec
tricians with an average hourly increase of 19 cents
showed the greatest gain, for slate and tile roofers
and tile layers the advance was 18 cents. Wage
increases of 12 cents or less occurred in only 4 of
the 24 journeymen trades studied. Among the
helpers and laborer classifications, plasterers’
laborers led the upward movement, with an aver
age advance of 18 cents an hour. Although the
increases among the individual classifications
varied from 3.4 to 9.7 percent, most of the gains
were concentrated between 5 and 7 percent.
Hourly scales of 6 of every 7 union journeymen
and 7 of every 8 helpers and laborers in building
construction were increased by contract negotia3
In the index series, designed for tren d p u rp oses, year-to-year changes in
u nion scales are b ased on com p arable q u otation s for each trad e in consecutive
y ears. T h ese q u otation s are w eighted b y the n u m ber of union m em b ers
re p o rte d in the current year.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
23
tions effective during the 12 months ending July 1,
1951. Of the journeymen receiving scale advances
during the year, 1 of every 4 gained from 10 to
15 cents an hour; a similar proportion received
from 20 to 25 cents; and 1 of every 5, from 15 to 20
cents. Of the helpers and laborers benefiting
from scale adjustments, a third received increases
varying from 10 to 15 cents an hour and a fourth,
from 15 to 20 cents an hour.
Wage-scale increases between July 1, 1950, and
July 1, 1951, amounted to less than 5 percent for
1 of every 6 journeymen affected by contract
revisions, from 5 to 10 percent for 4 of every 9,
and from 10 to 15 percent for 1 of every 3. Of
the helpers and laborers receiving increases, a
fourth recorded scale advances of less than
5 percent, a third from 5 to 10 percent, and
another third from 10 to 15 percent. In each
grouping only a small proportion of the workers
received increases of 15 percent or more.
Hourly Wage Scales
Wage scales in the construction industry are
generally higher than those prevailing in other
industries. They are designed, at least in part,
to offset irregularity of employment and to
compensate for other conditions that are not
encountered by workers of comparable skill in
most other industries.
T a b l e 1 . — Indexes
of union scales of hourly wages and weekly
hours in the building trades, selected years 1907-51
[Ju n e 1, 1939=100]
M in im u m hourly w age
rates
M ax im u m w eekly hours '
D ate
All
trades
1907:
1913:
1918:
1919:
1920:
1921:
1922:
1926:
1931:
1933:
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
M a y 15____
M a y 15____
M a y 15____
M a y 15____
M a y 15____
M a y 15____
M a y 15____
M a y 15____
M a y 15____
M a y 15____
Ju n e 1_____
Ju n e 1__. __
Ju n e 1 - - . -J u ly 1__
J u ly 1_____
J u ly 1_____
J u ly 1______
J u ly 1______
J u ly 1______
J u ly 1 - J u ly 1___ __
J u ly 1______
J u ly 1______
29.3
36.1
45.3
51.9
70.0
71.3
66.9
88.3
97.3
80.8
100.0
101.6
105.3
111.9
112.7
113.6
116.0
129.3
147.9
163.5
170.3
177.8
189.1
Jo u rn e y H elpers
an d
m en
laborers
29.7
36.9
45.9
52.4
70.1
71.4
67.3
88.7
97.8
81.4
100.0
101.4
105.0
110.9
111.5
112.4
114.4
126. 8
144.6
159.4
166.1
173.2
184.0
1 Before overtim e rate w as effective.
27.3
31.8
42.6
49.3
71.5
72.2
65.7
84.9
92.8
75.7
100.0
102.0
106.8
117.5
118.9
120.3
125.9
146.3
171.1
192.7
199.8
210.8
225.3
All
trad es
124.3
118. 2
116.3
115.7
115.1
115.0
115.0
114.9
108.5
106.2
100.0
99.9
100.3
101.1
101.0
101.2
101.2
100.2
100.1
100.1
100.2
100.3
100.2
Jo u r n e y H elpers
an d
m en
laborers
123.8
118.0
116.2
115.7
115.2
115.1
115.2
115.1
108.5
106.2
100.0
100.0
100.5
101.8
102.0
102.2
102.2
101.1
100.9
101.0
101.1
101.2
101.1
126.1
118.3
116.3
115.2
114.5
114.5
114.2
113.9
108.1
105.2
100.0
99.4
99.7
98.8
98.1
98.1
98.1
97.4
97.4
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.2
24
UNION SCALES IN BUILDING TRADES
M O N T H LY
L A B O R
Scales for unionized journeymen averaged $2.60
an hour on July 1, 1951, and ranged from less
than $1.80 to over $3.40 an hour. Over twothirds of the journeymen studied were em
ployed under negotiated agreements stipulating
wages of $2.30 to $2.80 an hour. By trade,
average hourly scales varied from $2.34 for glaziers
to $2.95 for bricklayers. Other trades averaging
$2.90 or more an hour were plasterers ($2.93),
stone masons ($2.92), and lathers ($2.90). Paperhangers, painters, and roofers averaged less than
$2.50 an hour.
Helpers and laborers, as a group, averaged $1.75
an hour; over half of these workers were covered
by contracts providing hourly scales of $1.50 to
$2.00. Scales averaged highest for terrazzo work
ers’ helpers ($2.07), and lowest for composition
roofers’ helpers ($1.50). Building laborers was
the only other occupational classification to aver
age less than $1.75 an hour.
Wage developments during the year were un
doubtedly related to construction activities which
continued at record levels. For the first 8 months
of 1951, expenditures for new construction were
about 12 percent greater than in the corresponding
period of 1950.4 The Bureau’s index of wholesale
prices in building materials in July 1951 was
about 8 percent above July 1950.
Considerable variation was also shown in the
24 journeymen trades within cities. Differentials
and ranges of union scales of journeymen trades
within 6 typical cities in various sections of the
country are illustrated in the following tabulation:
City and Regional Variations
The difference between the high and the low
scales of helpers and laborers (who represent a
fifth of the workers in the industry and who are
grouped in 9 classifications) was greater than that
for journeymen in each of the above cities, except
Boston and Dallas. In the latter two cities these
differences were 13 and 58 percent, respectively,
and in the other 4 cities they ranged from 27
percent in Chicago to 76 percent in Atlanta.
Wage scales of organized construction-trades
journeymen on July 1, 1951, averaged at least
$2.25 an hour in 65 of the 77 cities. They ranged
from $1.98 in Portland, Maine, to $3.11 in New
ark, N. J. Average scales of helpers and laborers
varied from 90 cents in Charleston, S. C., to
$2.33 in Newark.
Of the 12 cities in which journeymen had aver
age scales under $2.25 an hour, 8 were in the South
and 2 were in New England.
When the 77 cities are grouped according to
population, the average hourly scales on July 1,
1951, were typically highest in the large metro
politan cities and descended according to city-size
grouping. The lowest levels prevailed in the
smallest city-size group. The difference between
average scales of journeymen and those of helpers
and laborers in each city-size group closely approxi
mated the over-all national differential of 85 cents.
Average hourly scales of journeymen and of helpers
The extent of unionization and the general level
of wages in a locality influence scale variations.
A rise in construction activities in an area, with
an increased demand for skilled work, may also
be a factor. It is also reasonable to assume that
high scales in the building trades prevail in cities
having high general wage levels.
Scales for individual journeymen crafts varied
widely among the 77 cities. Carpenters, for
example, ranged from $1,815 in Portland, Maine,
to $3.25 in Newark, N. J., on July 1, 1951.
In each of the 77 cities studied wage adjustments
were obtained by construction workers during the
year. Gains averaging from 5 to 10 percent were
achieved by journeymen in 7 of every 10 cities,
and by helpers and laborers in 2 of every 5 cities.
Average advances of less than 5 percent were
reported for journeymen in 1 of every 6 cities and
for helpers and laborers in 3 of every 8 cities. The
hourly increases for journeymen averaged from
11 to 20 cents in over half of the cities, and 20
cents or more in 22 cities. Scale advances for
helpers and laborers averaged less than 10 cents
an hour in about half of the cities and above 15
cents in 16 cities.
* See Expenditures for N ew Construction, 1915-50, U . S . Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
City
A t l a n t a ___________
Scale range
$1. 75
-$ 2 . 75
B o s t o n ____________
2. 2 2 % -
2. 9 7
3. 2 0
Difference in —
Cents per Perhour
cent
100
57
74%
34
60
23
C h i c a g o __________
2. 6 0
D a l l a s _____________
1 .8 7 % -
3.12%
125
N ew
Y o r k _______
2. 6 0
-
3. 3 0
70
S a n F r a n c is c o _ _
2. 3 0
-
3. 2 5
95
67
27
41
REVIEW, JANUARY 1952
UNION SCALES IN BAKING INDUSTRY
and laborers, by population group, were as follows:
Cities with population of—
1 , 000,000
5 0 0 ,0 0 0 to
and over
Journeymen
Helpers and
laborers
________ $ 2 . 7 5
$1. 96
1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 _______ ________
2. 59
2 5 0 , 0 0 0 t o 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 __________________
2. 5 0
1. 6 7
1 0 0 , 0 0 0 t o 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 __________________
2. 3 9
1. 5 0
4 0 ,0 0 0 t o
2. 2 5
1. 4 2
1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ___________ ________
1. 7 8
Within each city-size group, however, consider
able variation existed between the average hourly
scales of journeymen and of helpers and laborers.
In each population grouping, the spread between
highest and lowest scales was wider for helpers
and laborers than for journeymen. In the group
of cities having a population of 250,000-500,000
where the spread of rates was greatest, the differ
ence between highest and lowest levels was 86
cents for journeymen and $1.25 for helpers and
laborers.
On a regional basis, average union hourly scales
of all construction-trades workers were highest in
the Middle Atlantic States ($2.66) and lowest in
the Southeast ($2.03). (See table 2.) The Middle
Atlantic and the Great Lakes regions which
included 30 of the 77 cities studied were the only
regions in which the rate levels exceeded the
national average of $2.42; the level for the Pacific
region was equal to the national average.
The wage levels for all journeymen trades com
bined ranged from $2.30 in the Southeast to
$2.88 in the Middle Atlantic States. Average
scales were highest in the Middle Atlantic region
for all except 4 trades. The only levels below
$2.00 for journeymen were those of composition
T
a ble
union scales in the building trades, by
region/ July 1, 1951
25
roofers in the two Southern regions and paperhangers in New England.
Regional levels of union hourly scales for all
helper and laborer classifications combined varied
from $1.12 in the Southeast to $1.94 in the Middle
Atlantic States. Levels in excess of $2.00 were
registered by five of the nine helper and laborer
classifications in the Middle Atlantic and Pacific
regions and by two occupational groups in the
Great Lakes region and one in the Middle West.
Standard Workweek
Changes in straight-time workweek between
July 1, 1950, and July 1, 1951, had no effect on the
average for all building-trades workers, which
remained at 39.3 hours, but lowered the index a
tenth of 1 percent.
Eighty-five percent of the journeymen and
helpers and laborers on July 1, 1951, had a 40-hour
standard workweek. Over an eighth of the
journeymen and about a tenth of the helpers and
laborers were employed under contracts providing
for a 35-hour week. This schedule prevailed
more frequently for bricklayers, lathers, painters,
and bricklayers’ tenders than for other trades. A
fifth of the plasterers and a ninth of the plasterers’
laborers were on a 30-hour standard work schedule.
— J ohn F. L aciskey
D iv is io n
o f W a g e s a n d In d u s t r ia l R e la t io n s
2 . — Average
Region
All trades
Journeymen Helpers and
laborers
Union Wage Scales in the
Baking Industry, 1951
United States __________________
$2.42
$2.60
$1.75
N ew England___ ___________
Middle Atlantic_________ _______
Border States___________________
Southeast, ____ ___________
Great Lakes____________________
Middle W est. __________________
Southwest______________ ____ ___
M ountain_____________ _______
Pacific_____________________ ____
2. 25
2.66
2. 27
2. 03
2. 49
2. 37
2.16
2.14
2.42
2. 44
2. 88
2. 53
2. 30
2. 62
2. 54
2. 39
2. 42
2. 52
1. 72
1 94
1. 52
1.12
1.87
1.78
1.33
1. 71
1.86
H ourly wage scales of organized bakery workers
rose 5.7 percent, or 8 cents an hour, between July
1, 1950, and July 1, 1951, according to the Bureau
of Labor Statistics’ thirteenth annual survey of
union scales in the baking industry.1 On July
1, 1951, the average union scale for all bakery
1 The regions referred to in this study include: New England—Connecti
cut, Maine, Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont;
Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, N ew York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—
Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia; Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Caro
lina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, M ichi
gan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Middle West—Iowa, Kansas, M is
souri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Southwest—Arkansas,
Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho,
Montana, N ew Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; Pacific— California, Nevada,
Oregon, and Washington.
1 This report is based on union scales in effect on July 1,1951, which covered
approximately 75,000 union bakery workers in 74 cities ranging in population
from about 40,000 to over 1,000,000. Data were obtained primarily by mail
questionnaire from local unions; in some cities local union officials were
visited by Bureau representatives for the desired information.
Mimeographed listings of union scales by occupations are available for
any of the 74 cities included in the survey. A forthcoming Bureau bulletin
w ill contain detailed information on the industry. (Continued on page 26.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
26
UNION SCALES IN BAKING INDUSTRY
Indexes of Union Hourly Wage Rates
in Baking Industry
M ONTHLY LABO R
Trend of Union Wage Scales
The 5.7-percent rise in average hourly scales
between July 1, 1950, and July 1, 1951, exceeded
the 4.3-percent increase during the previous
year and advanced the index of union hourly
rates to 203.4 3 (table 1). On July 1, 1951, union
hourly rates in the baking industry were 17.7
percent above the average for the 3 years (1947-49)
prior to Korean hostilities.
Indexes of union hourly wage rates and weekly
hours in the baking industry, 1989-51
T a b l e 1. —
Year
Indexes (June
1, 1939=100)
of—
Year
Hourly Weekly
rates
hours
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
workers was $1.45 an hour, and varied by type
of baking from $1.18 in eracker and cooky plants
to $2.04 in Hebrew bakeries. Mechanized bread
and cake shops, which employed over half of the
workers in the study, had scales averaging $1.42
an hour.2 Eighty-five percent of the workers
covered in the study received wage increases
resulting from the negotiations of contracts ef
fective during the 12-month period.
The straight-time workweek averaged 40.7 hours
and showed no change from the previous year.
A 40-hour standard workweek was most prevalent
in the industry and was in effect for over fourfifths of all bakery workers studied.
(Footnote 1 continued.)
Union scales are defined as the minimum wage rates or maximum schedules
of hours agreed upon through collective bargaining. Bates in excess of the
negotiated minimum which may be paid for special qualifications or other
reasons are not included.
2 Average rates, designed to show current levels, are based on all rates
reported for the current year; individual rates are weighted by the number of
union members working at the rate. These averages are not measures for
yearly comparisons because of annual changes in union membership and in
classifications studied.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1 __ .
June 1.
June 1__
July 1______
July 1______
July 1______
July 1_
100.0
102.7
106.1
116.3
121.2
122.0
123.6
100.0
99.5
99.2
99.1
98.6
98.6
98.6
Indexes (June
1, 1939=100)
of—
Hourly Weekly
rates
hours
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
July
July
July
July
July
July
1 _ ...
1
1
1
1__ . . .
1______
141.6
160. 6
173.4
184 5
192.4
203.4
98.3
98. 2
98. 2
97.8
97.8
97.7
By type of baking, the amount of increase in
union wage scales varied from 5.2 percent in
bread and cake machine shops to 7.0 percent in
cracker and cooky plants. In terms of cents-perhour, the greatest average gain (12 cents) was
made by workers in Hebrew bakeries. Machine
bread and cake establishments, with an average
rise of 7 cents, was the only group to record scale
advances below the over-all increase.
Approximately 85 percent of the union bakery
workers included in the survey realized wage
advances during the year. By type of baking,
the proportion of workers benefiting from scale
revisions varied from 81 percent in machine bread
and cake establishments to 98 percent in Hebrew
bakeries. Of the workers benefiting from scale
adjustments (between July 1, 1950, and July 1,
1951), a fourth received increases of less than 5
percent, over half from 5 to 10 percent, and a
fifth from 10 to 15 percent.. Cracker and cooky
plants, which had the lowest average scale, were
the only branch of the industry in which a majority
of the workers showed gains of from 10 to 15
3
In the index series, designed for trend purposes, year-to-year changes in
union scales are based on comparable quotations for the various occupations
in both years, weighted by the membership reported in the current year.
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1952
UNION SCALES IN BAKING INDUSTRY
percent. In the other five branches, at least half
of the workers received adjustments ranging from
5 to 10 percent. About a third of the machine
bread and cake shop workers recorded advances
of less than 5 percent.
Although some individual wage increases ranged
up to 38 cents an hour, raises of 5 to 15 cents were
most frequent. About half of the bakery workers
benefiting from scale revisions had adjustments
varying from 10 to 15 cents an hour; approximately
three-eighths received increases from 5 to 10 cents.
Rate Variations by Industry Branch
Wage rates of union bakery workers engaged in
preparing and processing bakery products aver
aged $1.45 an hour on July 1, 1951. Such factors
as baking process, type of product, and special
ized or more standard baking have a marked
influence on the over-all levels of hourly scales.
Most baked goods are now standardized and pro
duced by mass-production techniques in highly
mechanized establishments. A large proportion
of the workers perform routine tasks that require
relatively little training. Standardized baking is
found primarily in bread and cake machine shops,
pie and pastry bakeries, and cracker and cooky
plants. This type of baking employed about 80
percent of all bakery workers studied. In special
ized baking and hand shops, the work force is com
prised mainly of skilled all-round journeymen.
Consequently, average union hourly scales in this
type of baking exceed those in standardized baking.
Rate levels for specialized baking ranged from
$1.73 an hour in bread and cake hand shops to
$2.04 in Hebrew bakeries. In mechanized shops,
which employ large proportions of lower skilled
workers, average hourly scales varied from $1.18
in cracker and cooky plants to $1.42 in machine
bread and cake shops (table 2).
Hourly scales of individual workers tended to
concentrate around the average in each type of
baking. Nevertheless they ranged from $1.20 to
$2.10 in shops producing nationality baked goods
other than Hebrew and from less than 90 cents to
$2.00 or more in all other types of shops. Over
two-thirds of the workers in shops baking Hebrew
products were employed under negotiated con
tracts providing scales of at least $2.00 an hour.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T
27
2 . — Average union wage rates in the baking industry'
July 1, 1951 , and increases since July 1, 1950, by type of
baking.
a ble
Type of baking
All baking_______ ____ _____ _____
Bread and cake:
Hand_______________________
Machine___________________
Pie and pastry_____ _____________ .
Nationality baking:
Hebrew ___ ______________
Other_____________ _______ ____
Cracker and cooky ________________
Average
rate
per hour
July 1,19511
Amount of increase July
1, 1950-July 1, 1951 2
Percent
Cents-perhour
$1.45
5.7
8
1. 73
1.42
1. 34
5.8
5.2
6.3
10
7
8
2.04
1. 74
1.18
6.2
5.8
7.0
12
10
8
1 Average rates are based on all rates in effect on July 1, 1951; individual
rates are weighted by the number of union members reported at each rate.
2 Based on comparable quotations for 1950 and 1951; weighted by the mem
bership reported in 1951.
City and Regional Rate Variations
Union scales for the various branches of the
baking industry varied from city to city as well
as within a city. They ranged from 85 cents an
hour for pie and pastry shops in Chattanooga to
$2.31 for Hebrew bakeries in Detroit.
Within individual cities, no consistent relation
ship existed between the various branches of the
industry. New York, for example, had the high
est scale level for bread and cake hand shops, and
the second lowest for other nationality baking; it
ranked third in Hebrew baking, twelfth in bread
and cake machine shops, and sixteenth in cracker
and cooky plants.
Average union scales in the 72 cities which have
mechanized bread and cake shops and in which
over half of the study’s union bakery workers
were employed, ranged on July 1, 1951, from 91
cents an hour in Jackson to $2.12 in Oakland.
Among the six cities having scales averaging at
least $1.65 an hour, five were on the Pacific Coast;
all four cities with levels under $1.00 were located
in the Southeastern region.
Levels in excess of $1.50 an hour were recorded
for about half of the 35 cities which had bread
and cake hand shops. Average union scales for
this branch of the industry ranged from $1.13 in
Chattanooga to $1.98 in New York City.
Among the 18 cities having Hebrew bakeries,
average union scales varied from $1.37 in Pitts
burgh to $2.31 in Detroit. Six of these cities had
levels in excess of $2.00 and two less than $1.50.
28
UNION SCALES IN BAKING INDUSTRY
T
Rate levels for cracker and cooky plants varied
from 95 cents in Salt Lake City to $1.46 in
Houston. Half of the 34 cities in this group had
average scales of $1.10 to $1.30 an hour.
San Francisco led in the other two branches of
the industry with hourly average scales of $1.98
for pie and pastry shops and $1.92 for other
nationality baking. Chattanooga (85 cents) and
Los Angeles ($1.54) had the lowest city hourly
levels in the respective branches.
When the cities are grouped according to popu
lation size, average union hourly scales for all
branches of the industry combined were typically
highest in the largest population areas and de
scended in accordance with city size (table 3).
They generally followed a somewhat similar
pattern among the individual branches of the
industry. Some of the major exceptions are
noted. Scale levels for pie and pastry shops and
other nationality bakeries in cities with popula
tions of 500,000 to 1,000,000 exceeded those with
a 1,000,000 or more population by 7 and 9 cents,
respectively. Cracker and cooky plants in the
40,000 to 100,000 population group had scales
averaging 2.3 cents higher than cities with popu
lations of 500,000 to 1,000,000.
T
able
4 . — Average
Type of baking
All baking
________________
Bread and cake:
Hand . . ________________
Machine ________________
Pie and pastry
____________
Nationality baking:
Hebrew
Other
________________
Cracker and cooky __________
M O N T H LY
L A B O R
3 . —Average union wage rates in the baking industry,
by population group and by type of baking, July 1, 1951
able
Type of baking
All baking -------
Cities
with
1,000,000
or more
Cities
with
500,000 to
1,000,000
Cities
with
250,000 to
500,000
Cities
with
100,000 to
250,000
$1. 597
$1.404
$1.352
$1.260
$1.250
1.869
1.509
1.354
1.592
1.406
1.422
1.621
1.422
1.332
1.356
1.298
1.174
1.398
1.253
1.158
2.095
1.724
1.806
1.813
1.863
1.780
1.243
1.182
1.163
1.080
Bread and cake:
H and_____ _
M achine____
Pie and pastry. __
N ationality bak
ing:
Hebrew_____
Other_______
Cracker and
cooky________
Cities
with
40,000 to
100,000
1.205
On a regional basis, the national average for all
baking ($1.45) was exceeded by two regions—the
Middle Atlantic States ($1.58) and Pacific Coast
($1.63). In the Southeast region the level was 34
cents below the national average and 52 cents
below the Pacific region (table 4).
Bread and cake machine shops and cracker and
cooky shops were the only branches of the industry
represented in all regions. The highest scale levels
in these branches were ($1.75) for mechanized
bread and cake shops on the Pacific Coast and
($1.28) for cracker and cooky baking in the
Southwest.
union wage rates in the baking industry, by region 1 and by type of baking, July 1, 1951
United
States
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Border
States
Southeast
Great
Lakes
Middle
West
Southwest
M ountain
Pacific
$1. 448
$1.365
$1.580
$1. 271
$1. I ll
$1. 367
$1. 322
$1. 289
$1. 273
$1. 629
1.731
1.420
1.341
1.318
1.314
1.258
1.907
1. 453
1. 404
1. 635
1.316
1.024
1.125
1.079
.848
1. 595
1.377
1.195
1.377
1.384
1.204
1.291
1.437
1.506
1. 772
1.748
1.669
2.040
1.741
1.183
1.935
2.059
1.603
1.268
1.509
1.049
1.194
2.005
1.813
1.167
1.416
1.113
2.173
1.790
1.181
1.204
1.276
1.056
i The regions referred to in this study include: New England—Connecticut,
Maine, Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; M id
dle Allantic—New Jersey, N ew York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—
Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia; Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Tennessee; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Middle West—Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Southwest—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado,-Idaho, M on
tana, N ew México, Utah, and Wyoming; Pacific—-California, Nevada,
Oregon, and Washington.
Standard Workweek
branches of the industry—bread and cake machine
shops, pie and pastry shops, and cracker and cooky
shops. Over a fourth of the workers in bread and
cake hand shops and in nationality bake shops
other than Hebrew were employed under agree
ments specifying standard workweeks of 48 hours;
more than half of the Hebrew bakers had straighttime weekly schedules of at least 44 hours.
The average straight-time workweek of 40.7
hours for all bakery workers remained unchanged
between July 1, 1950, and July 1, 1951. The 40hour workweek was most prevalent and was appli
cable to over four-fifths of all bakery workers
studied.
Union agreements in effect on July 1, 1951,
provided standard work schedules of 40 hours or
less for over 98 percent of the workers in three
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—
A n n e t t e
Y.
S h e r ie r
D iv is io n o f W a g e s a n d In d u s t r ia l R e la t io n s
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1952
Manpower Problems in the
Trucking industry
will become
a problem in 1952, as the defense mobilization
program progresses, but at the end of 1951 scat
tered manpower shortages had appeared only in
certain areas and in certain occupations. These
shortages have occurred among mechanics and
other maintenance workers who were generally
hardest to recruit and hold.
Trucking employment has more than doubled
in the past decade. For-hire trucking companies,
which sell trucking service on the open market,
had 629,000 employees in September 1951. In
cluding hundreds of thousands of self-employed
persons and proprietors in the trucking industry,
total for-hire employment is 1.5 to 1.9 million,
according to industry estimates. An additional
3 or 4 million workers are connected in some way
with trucking transport. Many of them work
full-time at trucking jobs for manufacturers,
wholesalers, and retailers, who have their own
fleets of trucks. Others are only incidentally per
forming trucking duties, such as driver salesmen
(milkmen, bread deliverymen, etc.).
M anning
the trucking industry
The Growth of the Industry
Trucks play a major role in our domestic trans
portation system. Since 1903, when they first
began to replace horse-drawn wagons, the industry
has grown at a rapid rate. In 1910, only 10,000
Truck Registration of Privately Owned Vehicles
9 8 0 4 1 0 — 52------- 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
29
MANPOWER PROBLEMS IN TRUCKING
trucks were in use. By 1925, almost 2% million
trucks were registered; 11 years later, that figure
had jumped to 4 million. (See chart.) Prelim
inary estimates for September 1951 show about
8,720,000 truck registrations in the United States,
which are broken down as to type of operation as
fo llo w s :
Type of operation
T o t a l ____
P r iv a t e
__
.
_ _ ------------.
A g r ic u lt u r e
---------
--------------------------------
_
Number of
trucks
Percent
of total
8,
720, 000
100 . 0
7, 5 1 0, 0 0 0
86 . 1
3, 0 5 0, 0 0 0
35. 0
G o v e r n m e n t a g e n c i e s ---------------
420, 000
E x t r a c t i v e _______
175, 000
.
-
8
2. 0
4.
C o n s t r u c t i o n ___
785, 000
9. 0
M a n u fa c t u r in g d is t r ib u t io n . _
355, 000
4. 1
W h o l e s a l e d i s t r i b u t i o n -----------C o n s u m e r d i s t r i b u t i o n ----------
p r o f e s s io n a l
s e r v ic e p e r s o n n e l
_
F o r - h i r e ____________
_
_
In t e r c it y
_____
_____
—
c o m m o n c a r r i e r _____
L o c a l c o m m o n c a r r ie r .
_______
A l l c o n t r a c t c a r r i e r s ____
T a n k
tru ck s
Source: Preliminary
estimates.
6
000
1. 8
225, 000
2. 6
and
In s t it u t io n a l a g e n c ie s .
T a n k t r u c k s ____
7.
16. 9
160,
O t h e r p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s _____
B u s in e s s ,
665, 000
1, 4 7 5 , 0 0 0
35, 000
. 4
165, 000
1. 9
1, 210 , 000
13. 9
300, 000
3. 4
230, 000
2. 6
650, 000
7. 5
30, 000
. 3
---------
------------
Defense
Transportation
Administration
About 86 percent of the American truck fleet is
engaged in private carriage; that is, in hauling the
property of the truck owner. These owners in
clude the thousands of bakeries, dairies, meat
packers and distributors, chain stores, oil com
panies, and retail stores of all kinds; companies
providing telephone, gas, electric, and water serv
ice; Federal, State, and local governments; and
millions of farmers.
The remaining 14 percent of the American truck
fleet is operated by “for-hire” carriers who haul
varied commodities for shippers. More than a
million for-hire trucks carry general freight, house
hold goods, heavy machinery, farm products,
motor vehicles, building materials, forest products,
ores, and many other kinds of goods. In 1944,
87.7 percent of all trucks operated were in local
service and 12.3 percent in intercity service; of the
for-hire fleet in that year, only 39.2 percent were
engaged in intercity service. Applying these per
centages to the estimated 1951 fleet of 8.72 million
30
MANPOWER PROBLEMS IN TRUCKING
Volume of intercity freight traffic in ton-miles by kind of
transportation, 1949-50
Ton-miles
(billions)
Transport agency
1949
Railways, steam and elec
tric, including mail and
express__________ _ __
Highways, for hire and pri
vate trucksInland waterways, includ
ing Great Lakes.- _ Pipe lines (oil)_______ . .
Airways (domestic revenue
service, including express
and mail)________ ____
Grand total________
1950 1
Percent Percent of annual
of in
total
crease
1950
over
1949
1950
1949
534.7
596.9
11.6
60.6
58.7
93.7
126.0
34.5
10.6
12.4
139.4
114.9
164.6
129.2
18.1
12.4
15.8
13.0
16.2
12.7
.2
.3
2 31.3
882.9
1,017.0
15.2
(3)
(3)
100.0
100.0
M ONTHLY LABOR
increase was registered for the second quarter.
It is likely that the volume of freight carried will
be greater in 1952 than in 1951. The rearma
ment program in the months ahead will require
deliveries of an anticipated $4 billion per month
in military “end-products” alone; to that will
be added the transportation of supplies to and
from defense plants and the ordinary movement
of civilian goods. Should the rearmament pro
gram cause a curtailment in civilian production,
the greatly expanded defense production will more
than offset it.
The Trucking Work Force
1 Preliminary estimates.
2Airway ton-miles used in computing percentage totaled 306 m illion in
1950 and 235 million in 1949.
3 Represents about 0.03 of 1 percent of 1949, and 0.03 of 1 percent in 1950.
Source: Interstate Commerce Commission.
units, about 7.5 million are engaged in local serv
ice; the balance are in intercity service; of this
latter group, 470,000 are for-hire trucks.
In the early years of the century, trucking was
confined mainly to local hauling because highways
were few and generally bad and because trucks
were mechanically unreliable and heavier than the
loads they could carry. Pneumatic tires, im
proved truck design and construction, and a con
stantly expanding network of usable highways
enabled the industry to begin competing with
other forms of transport for intercity traffic in the
1920’s.
Almost all city freight plus a substantial portion
of intercity traffic is carried by the expanding
American truck fleet. Truck transport accounted
for 12.4 percent of the intercity ton-mileage in
1950 compared with 8.4 percent in 1940 and 10.6
in 1949. The accompanying table shows the
amount of intercity freight traffic in 1949 and 1950
and its distribution between the various agencies
of transportation.
During World War II the proportion of inter
city traffic handled by the trucking industry de
clined to 4.5 percent in 1944. This decline was
occasioned by the curtailment of domestic truck
production in favor of military vehicles, gasoline
and tire rationing, the cutback in the supply of
replacement parts, and the drop in the production
and consumption of civilian goods.
For the first quarter of 1951, class I highway
carriers reported a 25-percent increase in tonnage
over the same period in 1950. A 10-percent
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A wide variety of employment opportunities
are offered by the trucking industry in most
communities. The working force of the industry
is predominantly made up of men, reflecting, in
part, the physical demands of such work. Most
of the women in the industry at the end of 1951
worked in offices. The proportion of Negroes in
the industry is relatively high; they work as
freight handlers and in other unskilled jobs as
well as drivers.
The American Trucking Associations, Inc., in a
recent study of selected for-hire trucking com
panies, found the following occupational structure:
Occupational Groups
Percent
A l l o c c u p a t i o n s ____________________________________________
lo o . 0
D r i v e r s a n d h e l p e r s ________________________________________
6 7 .7
A d m i n i s t r a t i v e a n d c l e r i c a l _____________________________
13 .5
71
5 .9
2 .1
0 .2
35
M a i n t e n a n c e __________________________________________________
P la t f o r m
a n d d o c k w o r k e r s ______________________________
S a l e s , a d v e r t i s i n g , a n d t a r i f f ____________________________
I n s u r a n c e a n d s a f e t y _______________________________________
O t h e r _____________________________________________________________
Drivers and helpers (67.7 percent of the
industry’s work force) are engaged in a number
of specialized jobs, such as those of local deliverymen, long-distance haulers, household movers,
oil-field haulers, and tank-truck operators.
Administrative and clerical workers comprise
the second largest group in the industry. Workers
employed in maintenance shops of trucking com
panies as mechanics, oilers, greasers, washers, and
in a number of other service-type occupations
(about 7.1 percent of the work force) keep equip
ment in safe and efficient operating condition.
As shown in the above tabulation, the industry
also requires less skilled employees as freight
handlers, loading and unloading trucks.
R E V IE W ,
JA N U A R Y
1952
31
WORK INJURIES IN 1950
As trucking jobs become more specialized, col
leges and other schools are expanding their
transportation courses to include truck driving
and management. Some schools already give
courses especially designed to train the skilled
personnel needed in the industry, such as traffic
and rate men, safety supervisors, and insurance
men.
Employment Outlook
The sharp rise in national employment generally
and the continuing upward employment trend
in the trucking industry specifically have failed
to create any problem of over-all manpower
shortages at the end of 1951. This is due in part
to relatively light Selective Service call-ups from
this industry which has a sizable proportion of
veterans in its work force. However, in the past
year, some trucking personnel has tended to
move to better paying and higher skilled defense
Work Injuries in the
United States, 1950
jobs. This trend will probably continue in 1952,
and at the same time demand for trucking services
will increase. The industry will need many
thousands of new workers, in 1952, and it will be
progressively more difficult to recruit them in an
ever-tightening labor market.
The most serious manpower problem facing the
industry in 1952 will be a shortage of mechanics.
Unless steps are taken to meet this situation,
proper servicing of trucking equipment will be
come increasingly difficult. For the thousands of
new drivers who will man the Nation’s truck
fleet in 1952, an intensified training program will
become a necessity. Competition from defense
plants throughout the Nation for clerical help
will also become a more troublesome problem
in the coming year than in the past.
— E u g e n e
D iv is io n
P.
S p e c t o r
o f M a n p o w e r a n d E m p lo y m e n t
frequency of permanent disabilities dropped slight
ly. Manufacturing and most nonmanufacturing
industries showed declines in the severity rates.
This was encouraging in a year when other indica
tions pointed to a worsening of industrial safety.
indications of a reversal in the postwar
down trend in injury rates during 1950 were sub
stantiated by the final full-year frequency rates.1
Outstanding exceptions were in the mining and
public utilities groups, among which the rates for
all of the important classifications improved be
tween 1949 and 1950. For all manufacturing, the
final average rate was 1 percent higher in 1950
than in 1949, contrasting sharply with the sub
stantial declines recorded in 1947, 1948, and
1949. Moreover, the 1950 average obscures the
rise that took place between the beginning and
end of the year.
Severity averages 2 in general decreased, indi
cating that the increase in injuries occurred pri
marily among the less serious cases. Actually the
On the average, 14.7 disabling
work injuries occurred for each million employeehours worked in manufacturing during 1950,
compared with 14.5 in 1949.3
Monthly rates for manufacturing showed a
marked downward trend during most of 1949, but
early in 1950 this movement was reversed. Dur
ing the first 4 months of 1950, rates continued to
be lower than those for the same months a year
earlier, but in May 1950 the rate was slightly
higher than in May 1949. The rates continued to
rise, and by December 1950 the average was 14
percent higher than a year earlier. Since the
1 The detailed tables on which this article is based w ill be presented in a
forthcoming bulletin.
2 The severity average is the average number of days lost per case, includ
ing actual tim e lost because of temporary-total disabilities and the stand
ard time charges for deaths and permanent impairments. For other defi
nitions, see footnote 1 to table.
3
The injury-frequency rates previously issued for 1949 were revised some
what as a result of reclassification of a number of reports and the application
of revised employment weights, e. g., the 1949 average for all manufacturing
was changed from 15.0 to 14.5. This revised figure is reasonably comparable
with the all-manufacturing injury-frequency rates published for previous
years. However, rates for some individual classifications vary greatly from
those published earlier, due to redefinition of the industries.
A dvance
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Injury-Frequency Rates
M a n u fa c tu r in g .
WORK INJURIES IN 1950
Chart 1.— Injury-Frequency Rates in Manufacturing,
1938-50
higher rates during the last half of the year were
partly offset by the lower rates for the first 4
months, the average for the year does not reflect
the change in trend that occurred. Latest avail
able indications are that injury rates for 1951 have
moved even higher.
The major manufacturing groups showed few
significant changes in annual averages between
1949 and 1950. The fabricated metal products
group showed an increase from 17.5 injuries per
million man-hours in 1949 to 19.0 in 1950; miscel
laneous manufacturing industries increased from
11.6 to 13.3. The transportation equipment
group reported the only significant decrease in the
average injury-frequency rate—from 9.4 to 8.3.
Of the 164 individual manufacturing classifica
tions for which rates were computed, 68 showed
little change, 34 recorded significant decreases,
and 62 reported increases of 1 frequency-rate
point or more. Of this latter group, 6 industries
showed increases of 5 or more points.
Beehive coke ovens showed the largest increase—
from 36.4 injuries per million man-hours in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M ONTHLY LABOR
1949 to 50.3 in 1950. Employment increased only
slightly, but the number of active plant-days was
much greater than in 1949; as a result, total man
hours were 45 percent higher in 1950. The num
ber of injuries doubled between 1949 and 1950;
therefore, the injury-frequency rate also rose
(38 percent). Production increased even more
than did man-hours; but the injury rate, when
based on million tons of coke produced, showed a
rise of 18 percent over the previous year. Thus,
it can be seen that stepped-up production resulted
in an injury-rate increase, whether measured by
hours of exposure or by units of output.
Other manufacturing industries showing major
increases in injury-frequency rates were metal
doors, sash, and frame, from 21.0 in 1949 to 29.9
in 1950; nonferrous foundries, from 19.2 to 24.8;
metal household furniture, from 18.3 to 23.5;
cold-finished steel, from 14.3 to 19.4; and planing
mills, from 38.5 to 43.5.
In contrast, some industries had sharp reduc
tions in their 1950 injury-frequency rates. For
wineries the rate dropped from 25.4 in 1949 to
19.8 in 1950; for elevators, escalators, and con
veyors, from 21.3 to 16.1; and for wood office
furniture, from 27.4 to 22.2.
As in past years, injury-frequency rates varied
widely among individual industries. In the lum
ber and wood-products group—which recorded
the highest group average, 49.8 injuries per million
man-hours—logging and sawmills had the highest
injury rates. All other industries in the lumber
group showed rates considerably above the all
manufacturing average of 14.7. Following are
1949 and 1950 rates for individual lumber and
wood-products industries:
Injury-frequency
rates
1949
L o g g i n g __________________________________________________
93. 3
1950
9 6 .5
S a w m i l l s ___________________________________________________ 5 8 . 1
6 1 .4
6
4 5 .6
P l a n i n g m i l l s ___________________________________________
38. 5
4 3 .5
W o o d e n c o n t a i n e r s __________________________________
34. 7
3 4 .6
V e n e e r m i l l s ____________________________________________
32. 1
3 4 .6
P l y w o o d m i l l s _________________________________________
32. 5
3 2 .9
M i l l w o r k a n d s t r u c t u r a l w o o d p r o d u c t s ____
26. 5
2 8 .2
M i s c e l l a n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s ___________________
29.
0
2 7 .5
S a w m i l l s a n d p l a n i n g m i l l s , i n t e g r a t e d ______
46.
Averages for all of the other industry groups
were lower than the rates for any individual lum
ber classification. (See chart 2.) The ordnanceindustry group had the lowest injury-frequency
rate (6.2), followed by the apparel group (6.6), and
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1952
WORK INJURIES IN 1950
the tobacco group (6.8). Some individual in
dustries, however, reported much lower rates, as
shown by the following tabulation:
Injury-frequency
rates
1949
S y n t h e t i c f i b e r s ____________________________________________
3. 0
1950
2 .1
S y n t h e t i c r u b b e r __________________________________________ 3 .
2
3 .4
E x p l o s i v e s __________________________________________________
4
3 .8
R a d i o t u b e s __________________________________________________3 .
1
3 .9
A i r c r a f t ________________________________________________________4 .
3
4 .0
( b u l b s ) ___________________________________ 3 . 7
1.
O p h t h a l m i c g o o d s _________________________________________ 5 .
6
4 .0
4 .8
C l o t h i n g , w o m e n ’ s a n d c h i l d r e n ’s ___________________ 4 .
3
4 .9
E le c t r ic la m p s
N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g .
In general, injury-frequency
rates for the nonmanufacturing industries (ex
clusive of mining) tended to be somewhat higher
in 1950 than in 1949. In 21 of the 52 individual
classifications, significant increases were recorded;
13 showed decreases; and 18, changes of less than
1 frequency-rate point.
The construction industry as a group reported
an increase from 39.9 injuries per million man
hours in 1949 to 41.0 in 1950. Changes in in
dividual classifications were as follows:
Injury-frequency
In c r e a s e s :
1949
i9 6 0
G e n e r a l b u i l d i n g c o n t r a c t o r s ______________
41.
7
4 5 .4
R o o f i n g a n d s h e e t - m e t a l w o r k ____________
32.
6
4 3 .1
M a s o n r y a n d s t o n e w o r k ____________________
29.
3
3 9 .6
52.
8
S t r u c t u r a l-s t e e l
e r e c t io n
and
o rn a
m e n t a l i r o n w o r k ____________________________
P a in t in g , p a p e r h a n g in g , a n d d e c o r a t in g .
1 7 .7
5 8 .9
2 3 .5
D e cre a se s :
In s t a lla t io n
and
e r e c t io n
of
b u ild in g
37.
6
2 5 .5
w o r k _______________________________________________ 2 7 .
1
2 1 .5
e q u i p m e n t _____________________________________
T e rra zzo ,
t ile ,
m a r b le ,
and
m o s a ic
The personal service group rate increased
slightly, from 8.9 to 10.0. In this group, hotels
showed the largest increase, from 13.5 to 16.0;
dry cleaning increased from 5.1 to 6.5.
In retail trade the increase was from 12.7 to
13.8. Filling stations recorded the greatest in
crease within this group, from 4.8 to 12.0, between
1949 and 1950. Only one industry—miscellane
ous wholesale and retail trade—recorded a de
crease, from 16.5 to 13.6.
The transportation group recorded a slight
increase in average frequency, from 21.0 to 21.9.
Within the group, trucking and hauling had a
rate of 36.6 in 1950, compared with 28.3 in 1949.
Stevedoring, on the other hand, recorded a
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
33
decrease from 67.6 to 59.4. Both of these
changes were due in part to changes in the re
porting samples. Comparing reports from the
same group of establishments in both years,
increases of 9 percent and 3 percent, respectively,
were shown.
Only the heat, light, and power group recorded
a general decrease in injury rates, from 16.0 to
13.8. For electric light and power, the rate
dropped from 13.9 to 12.1, and for gas utilities,
from 22.1 to 18.9. Waterworks recorded a
substantial decline from 27.5 in 1949 to 21.9
in 1950. However, this was due largely to the
omission of one large report from the 1949 tab
ulation. Averages based on the reports from the
same establishments in both years indicated a
1-percent increase. The lowest rates in non
manufacturing were for insurance companies—2.0,
banks and other financial agencies—2.1, tele
phone—2.1, and radio broadcasting and tele
vision—2.5.
a n d Q u a r r y in g .
Although the injuryfrequency rates for mining industries remained
relatively high, there were significant decreases
between 1949 and 1950 in 13 of the 21 individual
industries. However, 5 of these industries re
corded increases, and 3 showed changes of less
than 1 frequency-rate point. The rate for the
important coal-mining group dropped from 56.0
in 1949 to 52.8 in 1950. The principal decrease
was in bituminous coal—from 52.6 to 48.8.
Metal mines as a group recorded a decrease
from 48.5 to 45.6 and quarries, from 38.1 in 1949
to 36.6 in 1950.
M in in g
Injury Severity
The average injury-severity rate
for all manufacturing decreased slightly, from 1.4
in 1949 to 1.2 in 1950.4 The severity rate is a
composite measure reflecting both the frequency
of injuries and the duration of disability. There
fore, the 10-percent decrease in the severity
average offset the slight increase in the injuryfrequency rate. Declines occurred in the propor
tion of permanent-partial disability cases—from
M a n u fa c tu r in g .
* Revised injury-severity rates were not computed for 1949.
Because of
redefinition of many individual classifications, rates for 1950 are not com
parable with those for previous years. The average for all manufacturing
is an exception.
34
WORK INJURIES IN 1950
M O N T H LY
L A B O R
Chart 2.— Injury-Frequency Rates and Severity Averages, Major Manufacturing Groups, 1950
Injury"Frequency Rates
Average Days Lost Per Disabling Injury
Lumber
Furniture
Stone, Clay, and Glass
Fabricated Metal
Food Products
Paper Products
Primary Metal
All Manufacturing
Machinery,(except
Electric)
Miscellaneous
Manufacturing
Chemicals
Textiles
Leather
Rubber
Transportation
Equipment
Printing end
Publishing
Instruments
Electrical Machinery
Apparel
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
5.4 to 5.1 percent—and also in the average days
charged for each of these cases—from 943 to 892.
The average number of days lost by each tempor
ary disability case decreased from 17 to 16.
These factors all contributed to the reduction in
the severity average from 93 to 84 days per case.
The severity rate of 1.2 for manufacturing in
1950 was the lowest on record; this was encourag
ing in a year when other indications pointed to a
worsening of industrial safety. The decreases in
the various measures of severity indicated that the
increase in the frequency of injuries occurred
among the less serious cases. In fact, a special
tabulation of reports from identical establish
ments for the 2 years indicated that although the
frequency of work injuries of all types increased 1
percent, the rates for fatalities and permanenttotal disabilities were unchanged and for perma
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
nent-partial disabilities decreased 1 percent. Only
the temporary disability cases showed an increase.
Injury-severity rates were highest among the
lumber and wood-products industries, averaging4.3
for the group. These industries not only had high
frequency rates, but also high severity averages.
Days lost or charged per case averaged 99 for the
lumber group of industries, compared with 84 for
all manufacturing.
Among the individual industries in the lumber
and wood-products group, logging not only had
the highest frequency rate but also the highest
severity rate—12.9 days lost for each thousand
man-hours worked in the industry. On the basis
of an 8-hour day, this time loss represented
slightly over 10 percent of the total time worked
in the industry.
Time lost per case in the logging industry
R E V IE W ,
JA N U A R Y
1952
35
WORK INJURIES IN 1950
Injury rates,1 by major industry group, 1950 (with comparable injury-frequency rates for 1949)
Industry group
Manufacturing: All industry groups____________
Food and kindred products____________________________
Tobacco manufactures_________________________________
Textile-mill products__________ ____ ___________________
Apparel and other finished textile products_________ . . .
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)___ Furniture and fixtures_______________________________ .
Paper and allied products__________________________ . . .
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_______ ______
Chemicals and allied products________ ____________
Products of petroleum and coal___________ _______ ______
.. . .
Rubber products__________ ____ ____________
Leather and leather products___________ ____ .
. . .
Stone, clay, and glass products_________________________
Primary metal industries._____ _______________ . . . .
Fabricated metal products_____________________________
Machinery (except electrical)___________ . . .
. ______
Electrical machinery________________________________ .
Transportation equipment_____________________________
Instruments and related products. ____________________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_________________
Ordnance and accessories____________ _________________
N onmanufacturing:
Construction_____________________ __________ . . . ___
Communication 8________________________________ ____
Transportation 9___________ _____________ ___________
Heat, light, and power___
. . . . . . . . . ______. . —
W aterworks.. ---------------------- . . . . . . . . . -------- --------Personal services__________ ______________ _____ ______
Business services___ ________ __________ _______________
Educational services_______________ . . . ------------------ -Fire departments_____________________________________
Police departments__________________________ ________
T rad e.. . _____________ ____ _________________ _______
M ining and quarrying:
C oalm ines_______________________ ______ _____________
M etal mines_____________ ______ ______ . -------------Nonmetal m ines_______
. --------------------- .
Quarries_________________ . . ._ ________________ . . . .
Ore dressing (mills and auxiliaries)............................................
Injury-fre
quency
rates
Number
of estab
lish
ments
report
ing,
1950
Number
of em
ployees
repre
sented,
1950 2
36, 530
4,442
172
2, 552
2,344
2,622
1,465
1,653
2, 918
2,048
(6J
297
779
1,634
2,014
3,775
3,923
8,607,151
566,304
44,114
756,795
246,614
225,368
175,660
324,008
265,308
399,185
176,850
200,498
171,873
259,085
935,165
669,022
1,030,825
632,992
1,176,941
166, 643
159, 546
24,355
1,122
1,008
488
1,159
29
5,606
555
3,881
599
173
3,482
3, 468
256
215
173
13, 924
(6)
(»)
(6)
(•)
(6)
1 T h e injury-frequency rate is the average n u m b er of disab lin g w ork in
ju ries for each m illion em ployee-hours w orked. A d isab lin g w ork in ju ry is
a n y in ju ry occuring in the course of an d arising ou t of the em ploym en t,
w hich (a) resu lts in d eath or a n y degree of p erm an en t p h y sical im pairm en t,
or (b) m ak es the in jured w orker u n able to perform the du ties of an y regularly
estab lish ed jo b , w hich is open an d av ailab le to him , throu gh ou t the hours
corresponding to h is regu lar sh ift on an y one or m ore d a y s after the d a y of
in ju ry (including S u n d ay s, d a y s off, or p la n t sh u tdow n s). T h e severity
rate is the average n u m b er of d a y s lo st for each 1,000 em ployee-hours w orked.
T h e co m p u tation s of d a y s lo st include stan d ard tim e charges for fatalities
an d p erm an en t disabilities. T h ese d a ta are com piled according to the
“ A m erican S ta n d a rd M eth od of C om p ilin g In d u stria l In ju ry B a t e s ,” a p
p ro ved b y the A m erican S ta n d a rd s A ssociation , 1945. In ju ry rates for all
m an ufactu rin g, for each m an u factu rin g an d m in in g group an d for the trade
group h av e been com p uted from the rates of in d iv id u al in du stries b y the
ap plicatio n of w eights b ased on estim ates of to tal em ploy m en t in each in
d u stry ; rates for other in d u stry grou ps are b ased on the u n w eighted totals
of all reports received.
2 R ep o rts in th is su rv ey secured b y the B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tistic s include
all em ployees—produ ction an d related w orkers; force-account construction
w orkers; ad m in istrativ e, su p erv iso ry , sales, technical, service, an d office
averaged 129 days. The proportion of fatalities
and permanent-total disabilities was considerably
higher in this industry (1.2 percent) than in manu
facturing as a whole (0.4 percent). Permanentpartial disability cases constituted a smaller pro
portion (2.0 percent) of cases in logging than in
manufacturing generally (5.1 percent), but the
average days charged per case was much higher—
1,717 days compared with 892 for all manufactur
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(0
555,471
243,480
370, 524
12, 265
147,429
193,343
124,403
32, 266
22,992
449,334
476,800
69,700
12 , 10 0
51,877
15,700
19493 1950
14.5
19.7
7. 5
14.7
18.9
10.2
6 .2
6.8
11.0
6.6
49.0
49.8
20. 2
21.0
16.1
8.3
10.4
9.6
9.8
10.8
20.6
14. 5
17.5
13.9
6.7
9.4
16.1
8 .2
11.1
9.3
10.0
10. 8
20.5
14.8
19.0
13.8
7.4
8.3
7. 7
13.3
Percent of disabling in Average days lost or
charged per disability,
juries, 1950, resulting
in — 4
1950 4
Sev
erity Death
and
Perma Tem
rates,
All
1950 4 perma nent- porary- dis
nent- partial total
abili
dis
total
dis
dis
ability ability ties 5
ability
1.2
1.2
0.4
.2
.5
1.0
.2
.2
.1
4.3
1.5
1.4
.5
.7
4.6
1.5
3.7
.2
6 .2
1.2
(7)
1.2
.7
2.2
1.4
1.5
.3
.2
.7
(7)
.4
.3
.7
.7
.8
.2
.2
.2
.8
.5
.3
(7)
1.1
6 .2
.3
1.3
(7)
39.9
41.0
3.8
.7
2.2
21.0
2.1
.1
.6
.6
8 .2
11.6
6.6
16.0
27.5
8.9
3.9
7.6
32.1
27.5
12.7
56.0
48.5
42.1
38.1
23.0
21.9
13.8
21.9
1.7
1.9
1.3
1.6
.8
10. 0
.5
.3
.3
1.9
1.5
.4
.4
.6
.2
3.9
7.9
35.5
32.4
13.8
52.8
45.6
41.4
36.6
22 .8
5.1
2.9
6. 3
7.9
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
.2
.6
.4
i» 1 . 8
49 1.3
40 1.7
id .8
io.9
5.3
3.7
3.8
(7)
5.2
3.2
3.0
5.0
6.3
5.6
7.6
8.9
3.9
7.3
(7)
2.7
.5
2.3
2 .8
.6
1.2
2.4
1.3
.6
.3
1.8
n 2.1
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
94.5
96.9
93.7
95.2
98.4
95.6
93.6
94.4
96.1
95.5
(7)
94.4
96.5
96.3
94.2
93.5
94.2
92.2
90.6
96.1
92.4
(7)
96.6
98.9
97.1
95.9
98.6
98.4
97.2
98.5
98.8
99.3
98.0
96.1
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
84
63
67
82
Perma Tem
nent- porarypartial total
dis
dis
ability ability
76
72
81
116
32
90
(7)
892
1,187
867
1,151
610
1,070
794
865
958
1,057
7)
1,191
728
1,092
882
785
781
739
753
548
827
(7)
93
65
80
136
73
51
81
43
55
47
45
1,332
1,718
1,332
1, 549
2,433
1,389
1,823
1,267
1,350
2,470
1,046
14
18
18
17
14
13
13
13
14
15
150
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
725
(7)
(7)
<7)
(7)
29
21
99
70
77
59
99
(7)
109
57
87
111
16
14
14
17
9
17
13
15
14
16
(7)
25
14
15
22
14
15
14
23
11
13
(7)
12
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
personnel. R ep o rts com piled b y the B u re a u of M in e s, U . S . D ep artm en t
of the In terior (See footnote 6) in clu de m en engaged in produ ction , develop
m en t, m ain ten ance, an d rep air w ork, an d su p erv iso ry an d technical person
n el a t the operation; b u t exclude office personnel an d em ployees in stores or
affiliated operations n o t directly connected w ith m in in g or refining.
3 In ju ry-frequ en cy rates for 1949 h av e been rev ised som ew h at a s a resu lt
of the reclassification of a n u m b er of rep o rts an d the ap plicatio n of revised
em ploym en t w eights.
4 B a se d on rep o rts (ap p ro xim ately 60 percent of the to tal sam ple) w hich
furn ish ed details regardin g the resu ltin g disab ilities.
3 E a c h death or p erm an en t-total d isab ility w as charged w ith a tim e loss
of 6,000 day s.
3 C o m p iled largely b y the B u re au of M in es, U . S . D ep artm en t of the
In terior; d a ta represen t prelim in ary estim ated to tals, b ased on an average
of 80 percent coverage of all m in in g in du stries.
i
N o t availab le.
8 In clu des telephone, radio, an d television only.
9 D oes n o t include railro ad s an d other in terstate tran spo rtatio n .
10 F a ta litie s only.
11 In clu des perm an en t-total an d p erm an en t-p artial disab ilities.
ing. This high average for logging reflected the
large proportion of the more serious disabling
injuries—involving arm, leg, and eye impair
ments, whereas in industry generally, finger cases
predominated. For temporary cases, the average
time lost was also much higher for logging (24
days) than for industry generally (16 days).
The severity rates for most other lumber and
wood-products industries were also relatively high.
36
WORK INJURIES IN 1950
The average days per case, however, were lower
for some of these industries than for manufac
turing generally. Severity rates and average days
per case for the lumber and wood-products
industries—other than logging follow:
Average
Severity days lost
rate
per case
P l a n i n g m i l l s ____________________________________________
5. 8
127
S a w m i l l s a n d p l a n i n g m i l l s , i n t e g r a t e d ________
5. 1
107
S a w m i l l s ___________________________________________________
4. 9
83
P l y w o o d m i l l s ___________________________________________
3. 1
77
Miscellaneous wood products________
2.9
95
M i l l w o r k a n d s t r u c t u r a l - w o o d p r o d u c t s ______
2. 2
72
W o o d e n c o n t a i n e r s ____________________________________
1. 8
55
Other manufacturing industries with relatively
high injury-severity rates in 1950 were the follow
ing: Sheet-metal work, 3.4; miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products, 3.0; fertilizers, 3.0; and
metal doors, sash, frame, and trim, 3.0.
In a number of industries, although the severity
average was high, the severity rate was relatively
low, because of a low frequency rate. The fol
lowing manufacturing industries had the highest
s e v e r ity a v e ra g e s :
Average
days lost
per case
A i r c r a f t m a n u f a c t u r e _________
B la s t fu rn a c e s a n d ste e l m ills . _
In d u s t r ia l o r g a n ic c h e m ic a ls ._
T i r e s a n d i n n e r t u b e s _________
P u m p s a n d co m p re sso rs
____
280
219
193
187
153
Frequency
rate
4.
5.
4.
5.
15.
0
7
8
6
4
Severity
rate
0.
1.
1.
1.
2.
9
2
1
0
4
In most of these industries there was a relatively
high proportion of fatalities and/or permanent
disabilities. The duration of the temporary cases
was also longer than for manufacturing generally.
For example, in the aircraft manufacturing indus
try, 2.6 percent of the cases were fatalities and
permanent-total disabilities and 10.7 percent were
permanent-partial disabilities. The temporary
cases averaged 20 days per case compared with
16 for all manufacturing. Of the injuries reported
by blast furnaces and steel mills, 1.8 percent were
fatalities or permanent-total disabilities and 8.4
percent were permanent-partial disabilities. An
average of 40 days was lost by each temporary
case. In this industry, only 18 percent of the
temporary cases involved as few as 3 days com
pared with 36 percent in industry generally.
Among nonmanufacturing
groups, the construction industries recorded the
N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H LY
L A B O R
highest severity rates (an average of 3.8 for the
group), primarily because of the high frequency
of injuries. The average time lost was 93 days
per case compared with 84 for manufacturing.
Seven-tenths of 1 percent of the cases reported
were fatal or resulted in permanent-total disabil
ity; 2.7 percent were permanent-partial disabilities.
Of the individual construction industries, struc
tural-steel erection and ornamental iron work
showed the highest injury-severity rate—11.0.
In this industry 1.4 percent of the cases reported
were fatalities or permanent-total disabilities and
5.7 percent were permanent-partial disabilities.
On the average 186 days were lost or charged per
case. Other construction industries with high
severity rates were as follows:
Average
Severity days lost
rate
per case
H e a v y c o n s t r u c t i o n ___________________________________
6. 4
H i g h w a y a n d s t r e e t c o n s t r u c t i o n ________________
4. 0
89
P a i n t i n g , p a p e r h a n g i n g , a n d d e c o r a t i n g ______
3. 4
144
E l e c t r i c a l w o r k _________________________________________
3. 2
125
S p e c i a l - t r a d e c o n t r a c t o r s , o t h e r __________________
3. 1
84
G e n e r a l b u i l d i n g c o n t r a c t o r s ______________________
2. 9
64
150
The stevedoring industry reported a severity
rate of 6.0, with an average of 100 days lost per
case. Trucking and hauling had a severity rate
of 3.4, with 92 days per case; and warehousing
and storage had a rate of 2.4 with 74 days per case.
An average of 172 days was lost per case in the
electric light and power industry, but a relatively
low frequency rate (12.1) counterbalanced this
high severity average, with the result that the
severity rate was only 2.1.
The injury-severity rate
for coal mining was 7.9 in 1950. Of the cases
reported 1.8 percent were fatalities and 2.1 percent
were permanent disabilities. Each temporary case
resulted in an average loss of 29 days. The
average for all cases, including standard time
charges for fatalities and permanent disabilities,
was 150 days. Bituminous-coal mining showed a
somewhat higher severity rate (8.1) than did
anthracite mining (6.9).
Severity rates were not available for other
mining industries. However, of the cases reported,
fatalities made up 1.3 percent of the total in
metal mining; 1.7 percent in nonmetal mining;
0.8 percent in quarries; and 0.9 percent in
M i n i n g a n d Q u a r r y in g .
R E V IE W ,
JA N U A R Y
37
UMWA WELFARE AND RETIREMENT
1952
ore-dressing mills. Although the number of
injuries was small in cement quarries, the propor
tion of fatalities was high (9.6 percent). Similarly,
iron-ore dressing mills reported a low frequency
rate, but 3.2 percent of the cases resulted in death.
vised, and some entirely new provisions were
incorporated in the plan. The unexpended bal
ance in the Fund was more than $99 million on
June 30, 1951. Distribution of total expenditures
and receipts during the 4-year period is shown in
the following table.
— R obert S. B arker
B ra n ch
o f In d u s t r ia l H a z a r d s
Millions
Receipts, July 19^6-June 80, 1951 ___________________ $360. 3
I n d u s t r y t o n n a g e r o y a l t i e s 1_________________________
359. 4
I n t e r e s t _____________________________________________________
. 9
Expenditures, July 194-6-June 80, 1951 ____________
261. 0
B e n e f i t s a n d s e r v i c e s ___________________________________
254. 0
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ___________________________________________
7. 0
Balance on hand, June 30, 1951 ____________________
99. 3
Four Years of Operation Under the
UMWA Welfare and Retirement Fund
• Tonnage royalties were frozen by litigation until April 1947, when they
were released to the Fund; pension funds were not released until June 1948.
and services , totaling $254 million,1
were paid by the United Mine Workers of America
Welfare and Retirement Fund to 721,000 bitumi
nous-coal miners and their dependents, according
to a recent report2 of the Fund’s 4 years of opera
tion. Between May 1947, when the first benefits
were paid, and June 30,1951, the fiscal year’s end
ing date, money was spent on physical rehabilita
tion for injured miners; retirement pensions; hos
pital and medical care for miners and their famil
ies; death benefits; and maintenance aid for
surviving dependents as well as disabled miners.
Of the 41,677 retirement pensions authorized
since the first benefit was paid on September 9,
1948, 38,690 were being paid on June 30, 1951.
During the fiscal year 1951, 11,907 pensions were
authorized and over $42 million were paid in total
benefits.
Under the UMWA Fund, eligible miners who
have withdrawn from the industry since May 29,
1946, receive pensions of $100 a month exclusive
of Federal old-age insurance. Reasons given for
retirement, according to an analysis of all pension
authorizations, were as follows:
B enefits
Retirement Benefits
Percent
Historical Background
D i s a b l e d f o r f u r t h e r w o r k i n c o a l m i n e s ______
L a id
The UMWA Welfare and Retirement Fund
operates on revenues derived from royalties per
ton of coal, paid by the bituminous-coal industry
under provisions of successive contracts beginning
with the agreement of May 1946, under which it
was created. The initial rate of 5 cents per ton
was gradually increased to the existing rate of 30
cents, established in March 1950. The Fund sus
pended benefits in mid-September 1949 and re
sumed full operations in July 1950. Before the
payments were resumed in 1950, some of the pro
gram’s provisions were tightened, others were re1 The total of $254 million is exclusive of administrative costs.
»Four-Year Summary and Review for the Year Ended June 30, 1951.
United M ine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement Fund, Wash
ington 1951.
For earlier summarizations, see Operations of U M W A Welfare and Retire
ment Fund in M onthly Labor Review, July 1949 (p. 40); and Resumption
of Benefits Under U M W A Welfare Fund, ibid., December 1950 (p. 706).
9 8 0 4 1 0 — 52------- 4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
o ff a n d u n a b le t o o b t a in
47
m in e e m p lo y
m e n t _____________________________________________________
33
V o l u n t a r y r e t i r e m e n t ________________________________
11
M i s c e l l a n e o u s r e a s o n s ________________________________
9
T o t a l _____________________________________________
100
Welfare Benefits
Benefits under the medical, health, and hospital
program provide specialized rehabilitation meas
ures for miners and members of their families who
are paraplegic or otherwise severely handicapped,
and hospitalization and in-hospital medical care
for active or retired miners and their families and
for survivors of deceased miners. Subject to ad
vance approval, specialists’ services and a limited
number of costly drugs for home use are also
available.
This program is administered by an executive
38
SICKNESS ABSENTEEISM
medical officer and 10 medical administrators in
coal-mining areas. The latter arrange for the use
of existing hospital and medical services and
facilities and assist in the development of addi
tional necessary facilities and services.3
During the 20 months 4 in which the program
was in effect nearly 2 million days of hospital care
were provided; 1.2 million of these, costing $25.2
million (including physicians’ services), were pro
vided during the fiscal year 1951. More than
4,500 beneficiaries were reported as hospitalized
each week.
Nearly 900 helplessly crippled miners have been
removed to rehabilitation centers. Thousands of
others who were totally disabled were sent to hospi
tals under the program of the Fund, according to
the report. The area medical officers are actively
engaged in promoting both the physical and
vocational rehabilitation of the injured worker.
Eligibility requirements governing rehabilita
tion benefits were amended in March 1951. All
miners, regardless of age, are eligible if they are
totally disabled for at least 6 months. Formerly,
the requirement was a year.5
An aggregate of 16,693 totally disabled miners
(and 18,360 dependents) drew maintenance and
rehabilitation benefits amounting to almost $2.7
million during the fiscal year 1951. Adore than
four-fifths of these miners, who were paid $2.1
million, were permanently disabled and could not
be rehabilitated. Some 3,000 others drew benefits
while undergoing rehabilitation during the year.
In addition to the above benefits, 7,229 death
benefits, amounting to $6.3 million, were paid dur
ing the fiscal year 1951. Maintenance aid amount
ing to nearly $2.6 million was paid to needy sur
vivors, most of whom were aged widows.
Expenditures and Receipts
A total of 186,150 beneficiaries of the UMWA
Welfare and Retirement Fund received $79.3
million during the year ending June 30, 1951.
8 The Fund recently announced approval of loans to three nonprofit chari
table corporations in West Virginia, Virginia, and Kentucky for construction
of hospitals in 10 coal-mining communities in these States.—United Mine
Workers Journal, October 15, 1951 (p. 1 ).
4 This is not a continuous period. Benefits were paid during an 8-month
period, January to mid-September 1949, and during a 12-month period July 1,
1950, to June 30, 1951. Benefit payments were discontinued in the interim.
5 For earlier provisions, see M onthly Labor Review, December 1950
(p. 706).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H LY
L A B O R
During this period, $2.7 million was spent for
administration. Financial operations of the fiscal
year 1951 are shown in the accompanying tabulation: 6
M illio n s
Receipts, year ending June 30, 1951 _________________ $181. 3
I n d u s t r y t o n n a g e r o y a l t i e s __________________________
In t e r e s t ,
e t c ______________________________________________
U n e x p e n d e d b a la n c e o f F u n d , J u l y
1, 1 9 5 0 -_
Expenditures, year ending June 30, 1951 ___________
P e n s i o n s ____________________________________________________
129. 9
. 4
51. 0
82. 0
42 .
5
M e d ic a l, h e a lt h , a n d h o s p it a l s e r v ic e :
H o s p i t a l a n d m e d i c a l c a r e ____________________
25. 2
M a i n t e n a n c e c a s h a i d 1_________________________
2. 1
R e h a b i l i t a t i o n c a s h a i d 1_______________________
.6
W id o w s ’ a n d s u r v iv o r s ’ s e r v ic e :
D e a t h b e n e f i t s _____________________________________
6. 3
W i d o w s ’ c a s h a i d _________________________________
2.
2
D e p e n d e n t c h i l d r e n ’ s c a s h a i d _______________
. 4
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ___________________________________________
2. 7
Maintenance cash aid was paid to totally andfpermanently disabled
miners who were incapable of being rehabilitated. Rehabilitation cash aid
was paid to other totally disabled miners while undergoing rehabilitation.
6
For comparison of expenditures for principal categories of benefits in the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1949, prior to the suspension of benefits, see
M onthly Labor Review, December 1950 (p. 708); also earlier summarization,
ibid., July 1949 (p. 40).
Sickness Absenteeism Under
GM Corp. Group Insurance Plan
M
e m p l o y e d in General Motors Corp. plants
in the United States and Canada lost an average
of 4.2 days a year because of temporary off-the-job
illness, compared with 17.2 days for women
workers. These averages were based on an
analysis 1 of the extent of sickness absenteeism
among employees enrolled on a contributory
basis for sickness and accident benefits under the
e n
1
Nonoccupational Disability in General Motors. B y J. M . Gillen,
director personnel research section, General Motors Corp., Detroit, 1951.
(Address before General Motors Medical Conference, Atlantic City, N . J.,
April 23, 1951.)
ft-*»
^
¡gj
See also an earlier study: The Cost of Employee Disability to the E m
ployer. B y James M . Gillen. ( I n The Human Side of Industry. P itts
burgh, Pa., Industrial Hygiene Foundation, 1951. Transactions Bulletin
N o. 15, 1950, p. 69.)
R E V IE W ,
JA N U A R Y
SICKNESS ABSENTEEISM
1952
company’s group insurance program for hourly
rated employees.2 The study covered illnesses
which began in the 12 months ending July 31,
1950. and considered only those of more than
7 days’ duration.
Analysis of benefit claims made during the
period furnished the basis of a report made to a
conference of the company’s plant physicians.
“In General Motors, the total time lost from
work because of nonoccupational disabilities
which last more than 7 days amounts to over 3 %
million days per year,” the study stated. “For
each day by which we reduce the average duration
of nonoccupational disability in GM, we save over
% million dollars a year in the cost of sickness and
accident benefits alone.”
Coverage for sickness and accident benefits was
added in 1928 to the GM group insurance program
which had been established 2 years earlier. A
flat weekly benefit ($14) had been provided for
hourly rated employees until the revision of 1948,
when benefits were graduated according to earn
ings; at the same time, benefits were extended
from 13 to 26 weeks a year. On September 1,
1950, benefits were further liberalized; sickness
and accident benefits were increased (under the
GM-UAW contract3) to $28 for those earning
less than a basic hourly rate of $1.13, up to $45.50
for those earning $2.13 or more an hour. The
plan was underwritten by an insurance company,
but claims were processed and checks issued
locally by the individual GM plants.
More than four-fifths of the employees included
in the study were under 50 years of age. Most of
the women were in this age group; in all they made
up 12 percent of the total. Following is a tabula
tion showing percentage distribution by age and
sex.
A ll
Percent distribution
Under 50 60 years
yea rs
or over
ages
100
84
16
M en__
_____
88
73
15
W om en
_____
12
11
1
A ll w a ge e a rn e rs
Sickness Experience
During the year studied, 87 of every 1,000
hourly paid men workers had a nonoccupational
illness lasting more than 7 days. (See table.)
Such illness was nearly 3 times as frequent among
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
39
insured men workers who were 50 years of age or
older as among younger men—188 per 1,000
hourly employees compared with 67 per 1,000.
Women workers had a frequency rate of 239 per
1,000 after excluding obstetrical cases—nearly 3
times that of men. In the younger groups, the
frequency rate for women was nearly 4 times as
high as for men. According to the study, about 1
of every 4 insured women workers was absent
because of off-the-job illness during the year; or
1 in 3 women under age 50, if sickness connected
with pregnancy is included.
Hourly rated men workers lost an
annual average of 48 days per claim for benefits
during the year studied; women (excluding ob
stetrical cases) lost an average of 62 days per
claim—2 weeks more than men. Young men lost
41 such days—20 fewer than the older men,
whereas younger women lost 62 days—only 5
less than the average for the older group of women.
D u r a tio n .
S ic k n e s s R a te .
Time lost during the year studied
because of nonoccupational sickness of more than
7 days’ duration averaged 4.2 days per man; for
women it averaged 14.8 days (excluding obstetrical
cases), or about 3 % times that of men. If obstet
rical cases are included, the average time lost by
all hourly rated women was 17.2 days.
Excluding obstetrical cases, the annual rate of
time lost for women under 50 years of age was
more than 5 times greater than for men in the
same age group—14.6 days compared with 2.7
days, on the average. Older men lost on the
average 4 times as many days per year as younger
men—11.4 days. The time lost by older women
workers approximated that of the younger women
if obstetrical cases are included.
2
The number of hourly rated employees covered by the analysis, or the
number enrolled under the program, was not given in the 1950 study. How
ever, in the previous analysis (see footnote 1 ), the enrollment under the plan
was approximately 340,000 as of September 1950, and covered those in IT. S.
plants alone.
a The GM reports cited do not refer to collective agreements. For liberal
ized provisions under the negotiated agreement between GM and the U A W CIO, see Digest of Selected Health Insurance, Welfare, and Retirement
Plans Under Collective Bargaining, August 1951, U . S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics Special Series N o. 6 (pp. iv, 38). According to the
BLS publication, these provisions have been incorporated in agreements
between GM and several other unions.
For revision of 1948 benefits, see Wage Chronology N o. 9, General Motors
Corp., 1939-49, in M onthly Labor Review, September 1949 (p. 259).
40
PART-TIME JOBS FOR WOMEN
Annual nonoccupational sickness of more than 7 days’ duraation among GM insured hourly paid workers, by sex and
age, 1949 and 1950 1
Hourly rated workers
Annual fre
quency ra te 8
1950
Men:
All ages___________
Under 50 years _ .
50 years or over____
Women:
All ages A _______
Under 50 yea rs 4___
50 years or o v er 4___
1949
Average num
ber of days’
duration per
claim
1950
1949
Sickness rate 8
1950
79
205
48
41
61
50
42
64
4.2
2.7
11.4
5.1
3.3
13.1
239
237
258
242
244
228
62
62
67
66
14.8
14.6
17.3
16.0
15.9
16.4
65
72
i The periods covered are the 12 months ending July 31, 1949, and July 31
1950.
Data for 1950 include workers for both United States and Canada; for 1949,
the United States only (more than 100 plants).
8 Annual number of illnesses per 1,000 hourly rated employees.
8 Average number of days lost annually per hourly rated worker.
4 Table excludes obstetrical cases.
Digestive diseases were responsible for 29 per
cent of the annual time lost from illness by the
younger male group during the year ending July
31, 1950. A similar proportion of time was lost
by the group of younger women because of genito
urinary disturbances, and by the older men
because of circulatory diseases. Among the
older women no one category of illness was out
standing as a major cause of absence.
Nonoccupational injuries as well as illnesses
were insured under the GM group insurance plan.
Such injuries were responsible for 9 percent of
the total annual time lost as a result of nonoccu
pational sickness and accidents.
The GM study was based on an analysis of
nonoccupational disabilities which occurred prior
to the liberalization of benefits under the group
insurance plan for sickness and accidents, effective
in September 1950. It anticipated a reduction,
however, of about 10 percent in the number of
older hourly paid male workers studied, under
the terms of the GM pension plan (effective
October 1950) by which all such workers aged
68 years or over would be retired automatically
on January 1, 1952.4
A more unfavorable disability experience under
continuation of the national emergency than
shown in the year analyzed was anticipated,
according to the report. The outlook pointed
Unless retained by option of the company—Wage Chronology No. 9,
General Motors Corp., Supplement No. 1 , in M onthly Labor Review
April 1951 (p. 406).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
L A B O R
(in April 1951) to an increase in lay-offs during
conversion to accelerated defense production.
An increase in the number of sickness claims
resulting from greater employment of women and
older workers, as “ the younger, healthier males”
were called into service, was expected.
1949
87
67
188
102
M O N T H LY
Part-Time Jobs for Women in
Nonmanufacturing Industries
M arried women with some full-time work ex
perience filled most of the part-time jobs in a
selected group of trade and other nonmanufactur
ing industries, educational institutions, and com
munity services which were recently surveyed by
the Women’s Bureau of the U. S. Department of
Labor.1 Among 3,385 establishments in 10 cities,2
1,071 employed women regularly on short work
weeks. These employees accounted for a tenth
of all women workers and worked in 80 occupations.
The practice of part-time work is well established
in many business firms and community agencies,
the report stated; its increasing importance in the
defense economy was described as follows:
“As the labor market tightens, women parttime workers may be one of the important sources
of labor supply, particularly for nonmanufacturing
industries, educational institutions, and commu
nity services. The Nation faces its present emer
gency with no substantial backlogs of employable
persons urgently searching for full-time jobs.
Many women who are willing and able to take paid
jobs cannot work full time because of family and
household responsibilities; most of those who want
to work full time are already employed. There is
also the special matter of the highly trained
woman, usually with professional or technical
experience, who cannot now work full time because
of family responsibilities but whose skills are
i Part-Time Jobs for Women—A Study in 10 Cities. Washington, 1951.
(Bull. No. 238.)
8 The cities covered are San Francisco, Denver, Dallas, Des Moines,
Milwaukee, Richmond, Syracuse, N ew York, Providence, and Worcester
(M ass.).
R E V IE W ,
JA N U A R Y
1952
EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL WORK
under-used at home and are probably needed in
the community.”
Because of the possibility of increasing the areas
of usefulness of part-time work, employers and
part-time employees were interviewed in order to
determine existing experience with short-time
schedules. For the purposes of the study, part
time was interpreted as less than the scheduled
hours of the establishment but not more than
36 hours of work a week. However, a 20-hour
schedule, consisting of five 4-hour days, was most
common. Hospitals preferred the 24-hour week
of three 8-hour days.
Part-time work did not result from wartime
labor shortages nor from the depression “ spread
the work” movement, according to the report.
It already had a place which was demonstrated
to additional employers during World War II.
Employers use part-time workers for a number
of reasons, each of which is closely related to
operational requirements. For example, stores,
restaurants, beauty shops, and banks—businesses
with customer peak loads—utilize the services of
part-time workers to meet rush-hour demands.3
Stores, as do hospitals and theaters, also employ
them to provide relief periods for full-time workers.
Hospitals, social agencies, and educational institu
tions find that part-time workers relieve the short
age of professional skills, many of which are
scarce. Charitable, religious, or membership or
ganizations, if budgets are restricted, depend on
part-time workers for that reason; they find also
that such workers are suitable for jobs that do
not require full-time services. In each of the 10
cities visited, a number of employers mentioned
still another advantage. By setting up shorttime schedules, they had been able to recall former
employees who, because of marriage and other
responsibilities, no longer were available for full
time work.
Over two-tPirds of the employers interviewed
definitely favored employing part-time workers
and nearly a third considered it a mixed blessing.
Practically none described the practice as entirely
unsatisfactory.
Most of the women surveyed worked part time
to supplement or increase their income, to use their
3
Coverage of the study included sales, food services, and clerical work,
teaching, nursing, and social work. Excluded were manufacturing, agricul
ture, and such occupations as domestic service and door-to-door selling.
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41
skills and abilities, or to have outside interests.
Women with special technical or professional
training—nurses, teachers, and social workers—
were most concerned with using their skills and
abilities. Women whose children were grown or
who had no children found that part-time work
gave them new interests. Practically all of the
women were enthusiastic about part-time work
and believed it offered few disadvantages.
The average part-time worker, the study
revealed, is a married woman over 35 years of age
with some full-time work experience. Most of
the part-time workers, in fact, are doing the same
kind of work on shorter schedules that they pre
viously performed as full-time employees. Few
of the women have children of preschool age but
the majority of them have family responsibilities
which prevent their working full time.
Department and other retail stores together
accounted for over a third of the total number of
part-time workers. Other chief employers, in
order of their numerical importance, were hos
pitals, sanitariums, clinics; adult education agen
cies; eating and drinking places; and social
agencies. Relatively few of the part-time workers,
50 to 100 in each instance, were found in banking
and other financial establishments, in libraries,
and in advertising, letter service, and sales pro
motion. Still smaller was the representation in
such places as museums and art galleries, opinion
polls and market research, in medical and dental
laboratories, and in lawyers’ and real estate offices.
—F rances W hitelock
W o m e n ’s B u r e a u , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r
Equal Pay for Equal Work
S upport of the equal-pay-for-equal-work prin
ciple is prevalent among the major groups dealing
with labor questions. However, writing legisla
tive or contract provisions for equal pay is only
one step in securing equal pay for women. The
real problem is to insure enforcement of the
provisions made. Both protection and enforce
ment have received increased attention because of
the large-scale employment of women, particularly
42
EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL WORK
in defense-production work. Women now con
stitute about 19^'million workers, nearly a third
of the total labor force.
Women’s average earnings are as a general rule
lower than men’s, largely because the bulk of
women are employed in traditionally low-paying
industries and occupations. However, women in
some situations may be paid lower wage rates for
performing work that is substantially or even
exactly the same as that performed by men, and
the purpose of equal-pay provisions in collective
contracts and in legislation is to correct such
inequities.
The presence or absence of these provisions in
collective-bargaining agreements does not reveal
the full extent of equal pay actually in effect. On
the one hand, identical wage rates are often paid
to men and women workers even though there is
no specific equal-pay clause in the contract.
Lack of such a clause may simply mean that sex
differentials have been eliminated through nego
tiation over a period of time and that specific
prohibitions are no longer considered necessary.
Neither does the presence of an equal-pay clause
always insure observance of this practice. As the
National War Labor Board stated in 1942: “This
matter cannot be entirely disposed of by any clause,
no matter how carefully it may be worded.” 1 An
equal-pay clause may be meaningless unless it is
implemented by a job evaluation or analysis sys
tem to assure that the wage rate is based on the job
content, rather than the identity of the man or
woman performing it. Otherwise, differences
which have little or no effect on the actual perform
ance of the job may be used as a justification for
rate differentials.
Private and Public Policies
Advocates of the equal-pay principle have cited
two main arguments against differential wages for
comparable work, namely the injustice to women
and the undermining of wage standards, generally.
If large numbers of women can be hired at less than
the prevailing rates for men, their competition is
likely to result either in the displacement of the men
or in the men’s acceptance of lower rates. The
eventual result is reduced purchasing power and
lower standards of living for all workers. Sex
differentials may also adversely affect production
because of the resentment of the women workers
affected.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H LY
L A B O R
Spokesmen for some employer organizations, al
though definitely on record in favor of the principle
of equal pay for equal performance by women, have
raised certain objections regarding the application
of the principle, such as:
(1 )
to
T h e p r a c t ic a l d if f ic u lt ie s o f m e a s u r in g w h a t p u r p o r t s
b e th e
sam e
jo b
w it h o u t u s in g
su ch
t e c h n iq u e s
as
jo b
a n a ly s is a n d e v a lu a t io n t o d e t e r m in e w h e t h e r th e w o r k is
s t r ic t ly
c o m p a r a b le .
fa cto ry
g e n e r a lly
E x p e r ie n c e
r e q u ir e
m o re
sh o w s th a t w o m en
s e r v ic in g
th a n
w a y o f “ s e t t in g - u p ” , lif t in g , a n d t h e lik e .
ra te
(3 )
o f a b s e n t e e is m
am ong
w om en
as
(2 )
m e n in
in
a
th e
T h e h ig h e r
co m p a re d
to
m en.
T h e g r e a t e r s u s c e p t ib ilit y o f w o m e n t o f a t ig u e , m a k in g
it n e c e ssa ry th a t th e y
b e a llo t t e d
m o r e r e s t p e r io d s .
(4 )
T h e g e n e r a l in a b ilit y t o u p g r a d e w o m e n t o b e t t e r jo b s s u c h
a s fo r e m e n , s u p e r v is o r s , e t c .
v e lo p m e n t
t r ia l
lif e
of
T h is
o f in d u s t r ia l w o rk e rs .
th e
w om an
w o rk e r.
p re v e n ts
th e
best de
(5 )
Th e
sh o rte r
(6 )
Th e
d e s ig n a t io n
in d u s
of
c e r t a in jo b s in a c o m p a n y — b e c a u s e t h e y a re m o re s u it a b le
a n d d e s ir a b le f o r w o m e n — a s “ w o m a n jo b s ” a n d w h ic h a r e
t h e r e fo r e p e r fo r m e d o n ly b y w o m e n .2
The War Labor Board in World War I upheld
the policy of “ no wage discrimination against
women on the grounds of sex” in wage-dispute
cases brought before it. During World War II,
the equal-pay principle, as embodied in General
Order No. 16, was the official policy of the Na
tional War Labor Board. A similar policy—
providing for approval of wage increases granted
to equalize pay for work of a comparable quantity
and quality—was unanimously adopted by the
Wage Stabilization Board on November 15, 1951.
An equal-pay bill covering workers in interstate
commerce was first introduced in the 79th Con
gress (1945), but neither this bill nor any of the
similar bills introduced in the 80th and 81st Con
gressional Sessions was enacted. Fifteen com
panion bills under consideration in the 82d
Congress make it an unfair labor practice to pay
women lower rates than men for comparable work.
Committee hearings have not yet been scheduled
on these bills.
Alaska and 12 States3 have equal-pay laws
which vary widely in coverage and provision for
enforcement. Enforcement depends largely on
complaints by employees, who may bring suit
against their employers for wages lost because of
1 Case of G e n e r a l M o t o r s v. U A W - C I O , 1942.
2 Statement by Henry E. Abt, Director, Group Relations Department,
National Association of Manufacturers, i n Independent Woman, April 1944.
3 California, Connecticut, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan,
Montana, N ew Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and
Washington.
R E V IE W ,
JA N U A R Y
1952
EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL WORK
the differential or, who may, in several States,
assign their claims to the State labor department
for collection. Nearly all of the State laws make
violations punishable by fine, and a few also
provide for imprisonment. The legislation as well
as the contract provisions may be ineffective,
unless implemented by job-evaluation techniques
or other methods of determining whether work
performed by women is actually equal or com
parable to that of men.
For many government employees equal pay is
required by law. Sixteen States and the District
of Columbia require payment of the same com
pensation to men and women teachers for compa
rable services. The Federal Government adopted
a policy of equal pay for its Civil Service employees
in the Classification Act of 1923, and restated it
in the Act of 1949. Non-Civil Service employees
of the Department of Defense are similarly
protected.
The 1951 conference of the International Labor
Organization adopted a Convention calling upon
member nations to promote equal pay for equal
work. This Convention has not yet been ratified
by the member nations of the ILO.
Leading labor and employer organizations in
the United States have endorsed the principle:
American Federation of Labor, Congress of
Industrial Organizations, and National Associa
tion of Manufacturers. The AFL has advocated
achievement of equal pay primarily through
collective bargaining rather than by legislation.
The CIO, in a resolution adopted at its 1951
convention, urged incorporation of equal-pay
provisions both in contracts and in State and
national legislation.
Collective-Bargaining Provisions
Nearly a fifth of a sample of 2,644 collective
bargaining agreements analyzed by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics affirmed the principle of equal
pay for equal work.4 Nearly 5% million workers
were covered by 2,206 of the agreements; a fourth
of these workers were employed under equal-pay
provisions.
Over a third of the workers were covered by
equal-pay clauses in manufacturing industries
compared with less than a tenth in nonmanufac4
A ll th e agreem en ts stu d ied w ere in effect du rin g all or som e p art of 1950.
P ractically all rem ain ed in effect in 1951.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
43
Prevalence of “equal pay for equal work” provisions in
collective bargaining agreements, 1950-51
Agreements
analyzed
Per
cent
N um with
ber
equalpay
clauses
Industry group
All industry groups___
Agreements having
employment data
_____
M a n u f a c t u r i n g _________
_
Food and kindred products _ __
Tobacco__ _ __________
T e x tile s...____ _____ _______
Apparel_________ ___ _
Lumber and wood products
(except furniture)_______ . . .
Furniture and finished lumber
products___________________
Paper and allied products______
Printing and publishing_______
Chemicals and allied products ..
Products of petroleum and coal..
Rubber products______________
Leather and leather products..
Stone, clay, and glass products .
Primary metal industries______
Fabricated metal products.
Machinery (except electrical). ..
Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies_________
Transportation equipment_____
Instruments and related products. _____________ _______
Miscellaneous_________________
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ..... ..........
M ining and crude-petroleum
production____________ ___
Transportation_______________
Communications_____
_ ...
Utilities: electric and gas______
Wholesale and retail trade ___
Hotels and restaurants.......... .
Services__________ ___________
C onstruction_________________
Miscellaneous_________________
2,644
1 ,7 8 7
Em
ployees
cov
N um
ered
ber
(in
thou
sands) 1
Percent
of em
ployees
covered
by
equalpay
clauses
17
2,206
5,453
26
n
1 ,5 6 1
3 ,5 3 3
36
192
19
186
96
161
19
173
75
294
38
260
256
58
35
4
71
20
62
42
11
53
80
92
79
29
30
73
79
124
147
177
23
32
47
72
70
70
25
28
64
70
105
125
163
462
164
260
46
81
90
42
29
73
78
276
793
34
48
26
63
58
25
25
56
29
40
76
25
857
5
645
65
215
43
87
160
44
156
54
3
55
161
39
83
115
25
105
36
26
33
24
11
11
3
15
53
16
25
19
22
2
2
5
4
18
10
3
2
63
1
34
22
100
30
9
13
46
82
47
129
81
100
i,m
63
34
43
10
20
9
507
364
279
144
109
96
95
317
9
2 17
1
4
23
33
36
21
1 A b reakdow n b y sex of the em ployees covered b y the con tracts is n ot
av ailab le. Since the n u m b er of w om en em ployed in som e in d u stries is sm all,
the presence or absen ce of eq u al-pay p rovision s in su ch in d u stries is relativ ely
u n im p o rtan t. In d u stries in w hich to tal em ploy m en t of w om en is greatest
are food an d k in d red p ro d u cts, textiles, ap p a rel, m ach in ery, com m u n ication s,
trad e, an d services.
2 T h e con tract betw een the R ailw ay E x p re ss A gen cy a n d R a ilw a y C lerk s
( A F L ) accou n ts for n early all of these w orkers.
turing. (See table.) Even though only 17 percent
of all the agreements contained equal-pay provi
sions, they covered 26 percent of all workers in
the sample, because such provisions were prevalent
in the contracts of large firms.
Among manufacturing industries, equal-pay
clauses were most prevalent (in terms of number
of workers covered) in food and kindred products,
textiles, rubber, machinery (both electrical and
nonelectrical) and tra n sp o rta tio n equipm ent.
Nonmanufacturing industries with significant
numbers of workers covered by such provisions
were trade, hotels and restaurants, and services.
EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL WORK
44
Such provisions were least frequent in tobacco,
apparel, printing and publishing, petroleum refin
ing, mining, communications, utilities, and con
struction. However, many of these industries
employ a negligible number of women. Wage
scales and other sources for other industries indi
cate that wage rates are equal, so that a specific
ban on differentials may not be considered
necessary.
The typical collective-bargaining clause barring
discrimination in wages is a general statement,
such as: “ There shall be equal pay for equal
work,” or “ there shall be equal pay for equal
quantity and quality of work.” Agreements
having such provisions often refer specifically to
equal pay for women, as in the following example:
“ Women employees shall receive the same rates
as men employees when they perform the same
work as is performed by men.” References to
discrimination against other groups are less fre
quent: “ Persons performing the same kind of
work shall receive the same rate of pay, irrespec
tive of race, color, creed, or sex.”
Some agreements, however, define the equal-pay
principle in more detail and specify various quali
fications. The following clause typifies those per
mitting downward adjustment of wages if job
content must be altered to make them suitable
for women:
T h e c o m p a n y a g r e e s t h a t a n y f e m a le e m p lo y e e a s s ig n e d
to a n
m en
o p e r a t io n w h ic h
s h a ll
sam e
th a t
r e c e iv e
q u a lit y
an
th e
and
w it h
p r o d u c t io n
sam e
q u a n t it y
a d ju s t m e n t
c o m p a t ib le
h a s b e e n o r w h ic h is p e r fo r m e d b y
of
m u st
w hen
w o rk .
w ages
e q u a l w o rk
sta n d a rd s
pay
of
fo r
w h e re
be
sh e
p ro d u ce s
Th e
u n io n
fe m a le
th e
agre e s
e m p lo y e e s
is
lo w e r p e r f o r m a n c e
or
e s t a b lis h e d
e m p lo y e e s ; a n d t h a t e x t r a la b o r c o s t s m a y
fo r
fe m a le
b e c o n s id e r e d
b y t h e c o m p a n y a n d g iv e n p r o r a t a w e ig h t in e s t a b lis h in g
an
e q u it a b le
ra te
of p ay
o th e r
a d d it io n a l
and
b eca u se
th e
w o rk
on
c o m p a r a b le
o r c o m p a r a b ilit y , a s h e r e in d e fin e d s h a ll b e s e t t le d w it h in
a g re e m e n t.
E x a m ple 2 : I n t h e e v e n t w o m e n a re h ir e d in c la s s if ic a
t io n s
of
w o rk
p r e v io u s ly
p e rfo rm e d
by
day
t r ia l
p e rfo rm
(5 )
w o rk
p e r io d
of
a
th e y
q u a lit y
d e m o n stra te
and
xam ple
1: W a g e
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ra te s
fo r
w om en
s h a ll
be
set
in
s h a ll
as
a b ilit y
to
p r e v io u s ly
p e rfo rm e d b y m e n .
Where wage-rate differentials between men and
women are provided by collective agreements, they
affect starting or plant-minimum rates, occupa
tional rates, or progression from the minimum to
the maximum of a rate range. In the absence of
job descriptions, however, it is difficult to deter
mine whether rate differentials are actually sex
differentials or a reflection of differences in job
content. Even though the same job title may
apply to both sexes, women may receive lower
rates because of such considerations as job dilution
(i. e., breaking it down into more simplified skills),
physical limitations which require extra assistance,
necessity for rest periods, etc.
In addition to the broad industry breakdown of
equal-pay clauses shown in the table, detailed
analysis was made of agreements in the aircraft
and meatpacking industries, in order to illustrate
the types of provisions. In aircraft, 26 agreements
representing all of the organized plants in the in
dustry were analyzed; 10 of these, covering about
a fourth of the workers in the industry, affirmed
the principle of equal pay for equal work. A dis
tribution of these agreements by type of clause and
employees covered, follows :
Number o f —
Agreements Employees
Provision
E q u a l p a y fo r e q u a l w o rk —
Fo r
w o rk
n o r m a lly
p e rfo rm e d
by
p h y s ic a l la b o r w h ic h h a s b e e n e s t a b lis h e d a s a p a r t o f s a id
E
th e y
t h e ir
q u a n t it y
F o r s u b s t a n t ia lly th e sa m e w o rk a s
Agreements sometimes provide for determining
whether the work performed by men and women
is the spme in quality and quantity through the
grievance and arbitration procedure. In a few
instances, they require a trial period to test
whether comparable work is being performed.
The following clauses are illustrative:
m en,
r e c e iv e t h e s a m e r a t e o f p a y a s m e n , p r o v id e d a f t e r a f iv e
m e n _______________________________________
jo b w h e n p e r fo r m e d b y m e n .
o p e r a t io n .
th e p r o c e d u r a l f r a m e w o r k o f th e g r ie v a n c e p r o v is io n in th e
or
e m p lo y e e s
in
of
heavy
f e m a le
of
q u a lit y
A n y d is p u t e a r is in g a s t o t h e q u e s t io n s o f q u a lit y , q u a n t it y ,
im p o s s ib ilit y
of
a id
q u a n t it y
u n d e r t a k in g
a d v is a b ilit y
L A B O R
a c c o r d a n c e w it h th e p r in c ip le o f e q u a l p a y f o r c o m p a r a b le
f o r fe m a le e m p lo y e e s w h e r e t h e
e m p lo y m e n t e n t a ils e x t r a s u p e r v is io n , e x t r a s e t - u p m e n o r
M O N T H LY
13
1 4, 8 0 0
m e n _______________________________________
1
4, 3 00
N o d e t a i l s __________________________________
6
2 2 ,0 0 0
T o t a l _____________________________________
10
31, 100
1One agreement, covering 1,100 employees, states that if assistance of a m an
is necessary, a recognized differential will be established.
Analysis of 50 agreements in the meatpacking
industry, covering 105,000 production and related
workers, showed that 16 agreements covering
about 56,000 workers recognized the principle of
equal pay for equal work as follows:
R E V IE W ,
JA N U A R Y
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE CONGRESS
1952
N u m ber o f—
A g r e e m e n ts E m p lo y e e s
P r o v is i o n
E q u a l p a y fo r e q u a l w o rk —
Fo r
w o rk
n o r m a lly
p e rfo rm e d
by
m e n _______________________________________
1 10
1 16, 6 0 0
F o r s u b s t a n t ia lly th e s a m e w o r k a s
m e n _____________________________ _________
1
1,000
S a m e p ie c e -w o r k r a t e s to a p p ly to
m en
and
w om en; w om en
g u a r
45
observers were present from the International
Labor Office, United Nations, UN Educational,
Scientific, and Cultural Organization, UN Food
and Agriculture Organization, and International
Chamber of Commerce, and representatives of
the Governments of Ceylon, France, Great Britain,
Italy, Norway, Switzerland, and United States.
a n t e e d b a s ic h o u r ly r a t e o f m a le
e m p l o y e e s ______________________________
3
3 7 ,4 0 0
d e t a i l s __________________________________
2
900
T o t a l _____________________________________
16
5 5 ,9 0 0
N o
1One agreement with fewer than 100 workers provides that the employer,
in determining rates may consider the male’s ability to do other types of work
in addition to the particular job taken by a woman. Another agreement,
covering 200 workers, provides that a woman performing less than the full
comparable operation, shall receive a rate of not less than 90 percent.
In both the aircraft and meatpacking industries
women currently make up about 15 percent of the
workers. During World War II, however, women
in the aircraft industry reached 40 percent of the
total.
— J
C. N
a m e s
i x
D iv is io n o f W a g e s a n d In d u s t r ia l R e la t io n s
International Cooperative Congress,
Copenhagen, 1951
O
m e m b e r s h i p , democratic control by mem
bers, and freedom of cooperative organizations
from outside interference or pressure either from
Government or from political parties were ap
proved as the criteria for admission to the Inter
national Cooperative Alliance, at the 18th coop
erative congress at Copenhagen, September 24
to 27, 1951. Application of these principles had
already resulted in ICA rejection of several
satellites of the USSR.
Federations of 23 countries were represented
at the congress.1 (The current membership of
the Alliance includes 52 national cooperative
federations in 31 countries.) In addition to the
British and the Finnish envoys to Denmark,
p e n
1
Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, D en
mark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Iceland, India, Israel,
Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Rumania, Sweden, Switzerland, Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics, United States, and Yugoslavia.
Member countries not represented at the congress were Australia, Colom
bia, Egypt, Greece, Jamaica, N ew Zealand, Pakistan, and South Africa.
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Membership Requirements
Membership requirements were the subject of
extended discussion during the consideration of
that section of the Central Committee’s report
dealing with this point. According to the report,
the work of the ICA had been “ seriously affected”
by the “ intensification of ideological differences
between member organizations.” Membership
had been “ one of the vexed questions,” largely
because of changes in the character and consti
tution of cooperatives in the “ people’s democ
racies.”
The whole matter of membership had come to
an issue at a meeting of the executive committee
in November 1949, when a policy subcommittee
recommended that in judging all future applicants
for membership the following should apply:
(1) Open membership in local cooperatives
without discrimination on political, religious, or
racial grounds.
(2) Democratic control within cooperatives, at
all levels, without pressure or intervention from
outside, and with all members having the same
rights and the freedom of full and free expression
of opinion.
(3) Cooperatives “ completely free and inde
pendent” of State authorities or political parties.
Following the Central Committee’s adoption of
the recommendation the Executive Committee
rejected membership applications from Albania,
Hungary, Poland, and several district federations
in eastern Germany. Russian members had
consistently opposed the application of this
yardstick, as a modification of rules which can be
changed only by the congress.
At the Copenhagen congress, they contended
that the executive committee had deliberately
used the yardstick as a means of excluding rep
resentatives of the “ people’s democracies.” Fig
ures of widespread “ cooperative” membership in
Russia, Rumania, and Bulgaria were cited by
delegates from those countries as proof of a
53
-
7804
46
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE CONGRESS
democratic movement. Czech delegates proposed
that the congress repudiate the actions of the
executive committee, express regret for them, and
declare that all countries not fascist in character
be admitted. The congress, however, accepted
the membership section of the Central Committee’s
report, thus approving its actions, by a vote of
623 to 353.
The Communist-dominated federation of Italy
(Lega Nazionale delle Cooperative) introduced a
resolution which reaffirmed the Rochdale princi
ples, but pointed out that the working classes had
“ given a new structure to the organization of the
economy of then countries.” It declared that
ICA membership must be determined “ in the light
of the historical evolution” during the last century
and “regardless of the influence of judgments or
opinions concerning the political structure of the
country.” Delegates from Great Britain and
France and from the non-Communist Italian
federation (Confederazione Cooperativa Italiana)
noted that this was another attempt to amend the
membership rule, already decided the day before.
The resolution was rejected by a vote of 607 to 354.
The Russians then offered several amendments
designed to allow separate ICA membership to
individual USSR republics, the Ukraine being
mentioned particularly. According to a Swedish
delegate, all of the USSR actions and resolutions
were directed toward getting control of the ICA
by gaining individual admission of their satellites.2
Such repeated discussion of the same question, he
said, wasted time, prevented constructive work by
the congress, and had a divisive effect. The
Russian resolutions were rejected by a show of
hands.3
Resolutions
Seven resolutions designed to further the work
of the Alliance occupied the attention of delegates.
Two resolutions on agricultural cooperatives
were passed by the congress. One established a
joint committee to study problems of relationship
between consumers’ and agricultural cooperatives.
Another directed the ICA to work for further
collaboration between them.
2 Voting is based on membership of the affiliates according to their individ
ual membership, but the voting rules limit the number of votes of any one
country “or union of countries” to one-fifth of the “total voting power”
(just under 1,000) of the congress.
3 A similar move at the Prague congress, in 1948, also failed.
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MONTHLY LABOR
Two papers presented to the congress also gave
rise to resolutions. The first paper, on the diffi
culties faced by cooperation throughout the world,
noted three problems: (1) The development of
self-reliant, altruistic cooperators in an age in
which the prevailing influences tend toward
passivity and rivalry; (2) the recruitment of
qualified personnel for cooperative enterprises; and
(3) the prevalence of a wage system that offers too
little incentive for workers.
The resulting resolution urged ICA affiliates to
try to influence educators toward the use of team
work rather than rivalry in schools; to organize
(through the women’s guilds) courses on child
education for young mothers; to make vigorous
use of the cooperative press for educational prob
lems; to supervise the education of cooperative
personnel, with special attention to managers;
and to examine personnel policies with a view to
giving increased responsibility to groups of work
ers, and even independent responsibility for the
direction of those processes which are technically
separable from commercial and financial functions.
The second paper dealt with cooperation and
monopolies and the gradual concentration of
economic power in private companies or in public
monopolies through nationalization. Public mo
nopolies, the paper stated, unless they provide for
direct and effective consumer participation, are as
bad as private monopoly. The cooperative move
ment has successfully combated monopoly in
some countries, notably Sweden, where the coop
erative wholesale has broken the power of several
trusts by starting its own factories. In the
international field, the ICA has endeavored,
through the UN, to make the world’s raw material
resources available to all nations.
The resolution relating to this paper urged the
ICA affiliates (1) to establish enterprises them
selves or jointly with other cooperatives for the
purpose of facilitating international cooperative
trade and production, (2) to press upon their
governments measures to curb monopolies, (3)
to renew the ICA appeal to the UN for studies of
monopoly, and (4) to support all such action by
education and publicity designed to reach all con
sumers.
Monopoly was also dealt with in a resolution
covering the future policy and the program of the
ICA. It urged affiliates to accelerate their par
ticipation in shaping the economic and social
R E V IE W ,
JA N U A R Y
1952
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE CONGRESS
policies of their countries with a view to improving
the standard of living, to work against monopoly
in their own countries, and to support the Alliance
in the international field.
International trade between cooperatives was
the subject of a resolution introduced by the
United States delegation and adopted by the
congress. It directed the Alliance and its mem
bers to take all possible measures to increase the
flow of such trade and to develop additional
international trading organizations.
A new committee for rationalization of com
modity distribution was established by another
resolution. Each national wholesale association
is to be invited to nominate two representatives—
one of wholesale and the other of retail cooperative
activity. The ICA president was directed to call
a meeting of the committee before the end of 1951.
The peace resolution presented to the congress
by the Resolutions Committee noted as requisites
for peace (1) enjoyment of freedom of thought,
speech, and movement by the people in every
country of the world, and freedom to elect their
governments by democratic methods and to con
trol their cooperatives according to the Rochdale
principles; (2) raising living standards in under
developed countries, particularly by promotion of
cooperatives; (3) continued harmonious collabora
tion of UN members for the UN objectives, espe
cially for free access to the world’s raw material
resources and for curbing cartel attempts to mo
nopolize the production, utilization, and distri
bution of these resources; and (4) effective inter
national control over the manufacture of arma
ments of all kinds.
In the discussion of this resolution a Yugoslav
delegate expressed the opinion that peace is
possible only on the basis of equality for all nations,
and all types of aggression should be condemned.
The Russians attacked the resolution as being
insufficient and presenting the ICA’s “usual atti
tude of neglecting the World Partisans for Peace.”
They proposed (1) a reiteration of the Prague
resolution that had urged cooperatives to work
for peace with .other democratic organizations,
(2) a clause directing the Alliance and its affiliates
to unite their efforts toward reestablishment of
normal economic and trade relations among them,
and (3) a clause calling for the signing of a peace
pact among the big world powers.
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47
Western European delegates pointed out ( a )
that the Prague resolution had been exploited by
the Iron Curtain countries, which construed it as
a blanket endorsement of all types of organizations
claiming to work for peace but actually political
in nature, and (b ) that the third suggestion was
unnecessary, because the UN charter really con
stitutes a peace pact among all the nations that
signed it.
The proposed Russian amendments lost by a
vote of 634 to 343. The committee resolution re
ceived 633 votes; the delegates from the eastern
countries abstained from voting. An accompany
ing resolution, directed against the World Parti
sans for Peace but (as amended) not naming it,
expressed approval of the ICA’s refusal to allow
itself to be associated with “movements having
political aims.” It was adopted by a hand vote.
Changes in Rules
Several changes in rules were adopted, designed
mainly to allow the Alliance to own and administer
real estate. A new rule obliges each member
organization “to observe the aims and policy of
the ICA and to conform in its activity to the
principles of Rochdale.” A 20-percent increase in
dues, opposed by the Czechs and the Italian Com
munists on the ground that the western European
affiliates could not afford it, was adopted by a
show of hands.
Preliminary Conferences
The convention of the International Cooperative
Women’s Guild, and conferences on education,
youth, workers’ productive associations, coopera
tive press, and housing were held before the
ICA congress.
At its meeting, the International Cooperative
Women’s Guild reported national member or
ganizations in 26 countries; 18 were represented
at the convention. Newly adopted rules provide
for the admission of members hereafter only from
those countries in which the cooperative union or
wholesale is a member of the ICA (the Guild’s
parent organization). A determined attempt by
representatives of the Russian satellite countries
to eliminate this requirement was defeated. The
meeting passed several resolutions, one of which
urged accelerated Guild efforts in furthering co-
48
WAGE TRENDS IN MACHINERY
MONTHLY LABOR
operative ideals and principles; another favored
Guild support of the UN Food and Agriculture
Organization and the inclusion in school curricula
of courses on cooperation. A third favored exten
sion of cooperative effort in various ways as a
means of assisting women in agriculture; because of
the elimination of 4 lines extolling the accomplish
ments in the “people’s democracies,” the Czech
delegation (which had introduced the resolution)
refused to vote for it. A resolution on peace de
plored the “continuing deterioration in inter
national relations,” and urged agreement among
the big powers in favor of peace. This was passed
unanimously, with the Yugoslav delegation ab
staining on the ground that the small powers
should also be included in any peace negotiations.
The sessions of the workers’ productive asso-
ciations passed a resolution urging labor organiza
tions to consider investing trade-union funds in
cooperative productive enterprises and to assist
in the formation of new associations of this type.
The cooperative housing conference—first of its
kind on an international scale—called for con
tinued collection of data on cooperative housing,
encouragement of regular exchange of informa
tion, and closer collaboration among cooperative
housing associations, cooperative productive asso
ciations, and consumers’ cooperatives. This con
ference also urged the ICA to form a permanent
committee on cooperative housing to assist in
carrying out these objectives.
Wage Trends In
Machinery Manufacturing, 1945-51
premium pay for overtime or night work. Pri
marily because of a decline in the length of the
workweek after World War II and a consequent
reduction in premium pay for overtime, gross
hourly earnings and gross weekly earnings for the
machinery industry in the country as a whole rose
less rapidly—49.3 percent and 33.2 percent, re
spectively. The rise in straight-time hourly earn
ings in machinery production closely paralleled
the movement for factory workers in general,
whose hourly earnings (exclusive of overtime) ad
vanced an estimated 54 percent between January
1945 and January 1951.
As traced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics’
newly developed index 1, the year-by-year move
ment of machinery workers’ straight-time hourly
earnings also is consistent with the postwar pattern
for industry generally. (See table.) The greatest
rise was the initial one reflected by the index—a
19.5-percent increase from January 1945 to Octo-
S traight- time average hourly earnings of plant
workers in machinery establishments in large cities
of the country rose over 55 percent between Jan
uary 1945 and January 1951. Together, the com
munities studied account for almost half of the
more than 1 million workers employed in the
industry.
The increase refers to the rise in average hourly
wage rates or straight-time average hourly earn
ings in the case of incentive workers. It excludes
the effect on average earnings of any shifts in the
relative importance of the cities studied, any
changes in the occupational composition of the
labor force, and any changes in the amount of
1This index series has been developed from data obtained in the Bureau’s
program of occupational wage surveys. The basic data consist of straighttime hourly earnings for over 25 occupations in 28 cities. Except for assem
blers and inspectors, only data for men were used.
All indexes for 1945,1946, and 1947 are based on “miscellaneous machinery”
which consists of all types of machinery manufacture except electrical machin
ery, machine tools, and machine-tool accessories. For 1948, 1949, and 1950,
the information includes machine tools and machine-tool accessories, as well
as miscellaneous machinery. The indexes were constructed in such a way
that this shift in industrial scope did not affect the comparability of the data.
Indexes were constructed for each city so as to eliminate the effect of changes
in occupational composition of the work force and in the relative importance
in the industry of the cities studied. For each year in a pair of successive
years (1945-46, 1946-47, etc.), the straight-time average hourly earnings for
each key occupation reported in both years were weighted by the number
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— F lorence E. P arker
O f f ic e o f L a b o r E c o n o m i c s
employed in that occupation during the latter of the 2 years. The result for
each year was a city average for all jobs. The percentage relationship be
tween the averages for the pair of years was computed and then linked on to
the index for the earlier of the 2 years. The resulting indexes based on
1945 were then converted to a 1947-49 base by dividing all the indexes by the
average of the indexes for 1947-49.
In obtaining the composite index for all cities combined, the same tech
niques were followed. For each year in a pair, an over-all average for all
cities combined was obtained. This average was computed by weighting
the over-all average for each city by industry employment in the city in the
second of the 2 years. From this point, the procedure was identical with
that used in constructing individual city indexes.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1952
WAGE TRENDS IN MACHINERY
4-9
Changes in straight-time hourly earnings in machinery manufacture in selected cities and occupations, January 19A5—January
1951 i
Indexes (1947-49=100)
Percent change from 2—
Item
Jan.
1945
Oct.
1946
N ov.
1947
C ity
All cities c o m b i n e d ........ ................................ .
Baltimore_____________________ ____ ______
Boston________ _______ __________________
B uffalo,....................................... ................. ...........
Chicago.........................................................I_____
Cincinnati.......... ................................................
Cleveland______________________ ______ ___
D allas........................................................................
D enver......................................................................
D etroit......... ................................ ...........................
Hartford....................................................................
H o u s to n ..................................... ................. .........
Indianapolis________ ______________ ____ _
Los Angeles______________ ________________
M ilwaukee........................ ............................ .........
Minneapolis......... ............................... ....................
Newark-Jersey C ity................... ................... .......
N ew Y o r k .___________ ____ ______________
Philadelphia____________ _______________ _I
P ittsburgh..____ _________________________
Providence.._______________ _____ _________
St. Louis______________________ _________
San Francisco-Oakland..______ ___________
S e a ttle -T a c o m a _________________ _______
Syracuse............................. ......................................
Tulsa....................................................... ..................
Nov.
1948
71.7
85.7
94.0
102.2
72.3
69.6
75.9
69.9
70.3
73.0
77.4
72.7
77.7
71.5
74.0
70.8
76.9
67.9
71.6
73.5
70.7
71.3
69.6
73.4
67.7
76.5
77.4
68.4
77.9
85.9
81.9
93.0
84.7
84.6
84.7
87.7
85.7
88.4
84.9
83.1
82.8
88.9
103.0
84.5
86.5
85.9
82.5
79.8
87.4
87.8
87.9
85.6
94.7
91.1
92.8
93.8
97.5
96.8
94.3
92.1
96.4
93.6
92.4
95.8
95.6
94.7
92.8
92.2
93.1
92.4
92.3
91.7
94.7
95.1
95.5
94.5
91.8
103.2
103.8
74.7
75.3
68.5
93.7
94.9
92.7
102.9
85.8
101.6
102.2
86.8
85.0
86.6
102.1
Nov.
1949
Jan.
1951 i
101.7
100.7
104.2
103.5
Oct.
1946 to
N ov.
1947
N ov.
1947 to
N ov.
1948
103.8
111.6
55.6
19.5
9.7
8.7
109.0
111.4
18.7
17.6
10.3
113.1
110.7
15.3
14.3
7.6
7.5
9.0
8.8
12.1
12.7
10.1
106.2
102.9
102.3
104.1
102.4
50.6
59.9
45.1
61.6
59.5
50.6
44.9
55.5
42.4
55.1
49.6
53.7
43.6
63.7
55.2
49.9
61.7
57.0
22.6
21.2
102.3
104.5
117.2
113.0
109.1
106.3
103.6
105.2
116.0
54.0
61.3
39.0
33.9
53.8
48.9
20.3
16.0
13.3
17.8
13.8
18.8
12.4
16.9
15.6
27.9
18.7
17.9
19.5
21.4
23.4
12.4
17.9
14.3
13.5
28.5
9.9
103.5
103.5
105.1
109.1
109.0
113.4
46.1
44.8
65.5
13.3
17.0
25.3
110.8
110.7
108.8
110.4
101.8
101.6 102.8
102.7
102. 6 111.0
101.4
105.8
111.2
102.7
105.1
110.2
99.9
107.0
114.3
101.8 105.9 111.9
104.2
104.9
Jan.
1945 to
Oct.
1946
102.3
106.8
102.5
102.9
103.4
110.1
112.9
112.1
101.1 102.1 110.0
100.9
104.7
112.1
104.6
103.3
99.0
Jan.
1945 to
Jan.
19511
103.5
103.4
103.6
101.8
102.2 102.8
101.7
102.8
68.6
11.2
-.2
10.8
10.2
11.2
15.7
7.6
9.1
9.1
6.4
10.1
6.8
7.5
11.2
1.5
4.4
7.0
10.4
4.5
11.4
12.0
6.3
6.2
8.5
9.3
11.4
7.3
10.2
7.5
7.2
12.9
14.4
7.5
7.5
6.5
9.2
13.0
10.8
7.7
8.0
10.2
18.7
8.7
8.8
Nov.
N ov.
1948 to 1949 to
N ov.
Jan.
1949
19511
1.6
-.7
4.6
-2 .0
-.4
4.4
1.1
3.8
4.4
2.1
.6
.6
1.3
-.1
-1 .9
4.4
2.4
7.1
4.0
-.7
-1 .4
1.8
.6
1.0
-.8
7.5
6.6
4.3
7.4
9.7
8.5
7.8
7.0
6.5
7.6
8.4
6.3
6.3
7.4
8.2
5.0
4.8
6.8
5.7
13.3
9.3
5.4
3.4
.7
.8
2.8
11.1
.6
1.9
2.8
5.4
5.3
7.9
O c c u p a tio n
Machinists, production....... ........................ ...........
Tool and die makers (other than in jobbing shop)
Truckers, hand....... .....................................................
84.6
88.1
1
Latest data for some cities December 1950, February or March 1951 rather
than January 1951.
ber 1946. By the following autumn, earnings had
risen another 10 percent. The index moved up
another 8.7 percent between November 1947 and
November 1948. The smallest annual postwar
increase occurred from 1948 to the latter part of
1949 when earnings inched up 1.6 percent. The
machinery industry was heavily affected by the
generally mild recession during most of 1949. In
the months that followed, however, earnings once
again began moving upward at a more rapid pace.
The index had advanced 7.5 percent over Novem
ber 1949 levels by the winter of 1950-51. Another
4-percent rise was recorded between the winter of
1950-51, when the most recent survey of occu
pational wage rates was made, and September 1951.
Among the 25 cities for which individual
indexes were prepared, substantial variation in
earnings trends took place. For the entire 6year period, increases ranged from 33.9 percent
in the Seattle-Tacoma area to 68.6 percent in
Pittsburgh. Except on the West Coast, little
evidence exists that the earnings trend has
followed a regional pattern. The West Coast
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9.8
7.1
2Unless otherwise indicated, all data are percentage increases.
3Includes data for 3 cities not shown separately.
areas ranked at or near the bottom in terms o^
percentage rise, partly because of their relatively
high initial-earnings levels. In other words, an
increase of a given number of cents per hour
provided a smaller percentage increase in Pacific
Coast cities than in other areas of the country.
Percentage increases were distinctly greater in
the postwar period for jobs at the lower than for
those at the upper end of the wage scale. The
percentage changes as well as the indexes for
three numerically important jobs in the industry
are shown in the table. While hourly pay of
production machinists and tool and die makers
(other than in jobbing shops) rose by roughly 45
percent, the corresponding rise for hand truckers
was about 66 percent. This variation is traceable
to the large number of increases granted in the
form of a uniform number of cents for all jobs.
The divergence in the percentage increases among
jobs was most notable between 1945 and 1946.
— F rederick W. M ueller
D iv is io n
o f W a g e s a n d In d u s t r ia l R e la t io n s
50
EARNINGS IN RADIO AND TELEVISION
Earnings in Radio and
Television Broadcasting, 1950
and television station employees
averaged $73 for a 40-hour scheduled workweek
in October 1950, according to a recent Federal
study.1 Earnings of these workers were $3.50 a
week more than during the same month in 1949.
The number of full-time employees in the industry
reached about 47,000 in October 1950 compared
with 41,000 a year earlier. Average scheduled
hours of work remained fairly stable during the
same period (table 1).
Pay raises received by broadcasting employees
during the year, combined with an increased pro
portion of higher-paid workers, resulted in in
creases in average scheduled earnings. For ex
ample, in stations with 15 or more employees,
the group of studio engineers whose scheduled
weekly earnings averaged $85 in October 1950
expanded about 50 percent; in contrast, the
lowest-paid group, clerical employees exclusive of
supervisors, with average earnings of $45.50 per
week, increased by only an eighth. In addition,
the staffs of the networks and their owned and
operated stations were increased in greater pro
portion and were paid higher rates than employees
of other broadcasting stations. These employ
ment changes contributed to the rise in over-all
average earnings for the industry.
F u l l -t im e r a d io
Wage Differentials by Type of Station
Networks and their owned and operated stations,
with about 20 percent of the total employment in
the industry, had average scheduled weekly earn
ings of $90 (table 2), about $17 a week more
than the average in other broadcasting stations
with 15 or more employees. In the small stations
with fewer than 15 employees, accounting for
about a fifth of the total workers in the industry,
average scheduled earnings were $55.50 a week.
1
D ata for this study were collected b y the Federal Communications
Commission as a part of its annual report. Under a cooperative arrangement,
the Bureau of Labor Statistics assumed the task of tabulating and publishing
these materials. More detailed reports for the year 1950, similar to those
published by the FCC in previous years, will be available upon request.
The earnings shown in this report were computed by dividing weekly
scheduled compensation b y number of workers employed. Thus the figures
shown would include premium rates for any regularly scheduled overtime.
The employees covered exclude general officers and assistants and all
part-time employees. Nonstaff program employees were considered as
part-time employees.
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T
MONTHLY LABOR
1 . — Average weekly hours and earnings for full-time
employees,1 by size and type of radio and television broad
casting establishment, October 1950
able
Size and type of establishments
Total industry
_ __ _______________
Establishments with 15 or more employees----Networks and owned and operated stations..
__________
Other stations
_ ____
Establishments with less than 15 employees—
N um ber
of em
ployees
Average scheduled
weekly—
Hours
Earnings
46, 793
40.0
$73.00
37,993
9,350
28,643
8,800
39.5
38.5
39.5
42.0
77.00
90.00
73.00
55.50
1 Excludes general officers and assistants.
In all selected occupational groups, comparisons
of scheduled weekly earnings also showed higher
earnings for the networks and their owned and
operated stations than for other broadcasting
stations.2
Staff announcers, numerically the largest dis
tinct occupation studied, averaged $92.50 a week
in the networks and their owned and operated
stations and $73.00 weekly in the other broad
casting stations. The over-all weekly average for
all announcers was $74.00.
Between network and non-network employees,
the greatest differences in average earnings were
found in the three highest paid occupational
groups—chief engineers and supervisors, staff
musicians, and salesmen. These differences aver
aged over $50 a week; for example, chief engineers
and supervisors (the highest paid group) averaged
$160.00 a week in networks and their owned and
operated stations compared with $103.50 in the
other stations. Three other groups—staff writers,
transmitter engineers, and staff news personnel—■
had differences in average weekly earnings varying
from $34.50 to $47.50.
For the lowest-paid group, clerical workers
excluding supervisors, the type of station made
the least difference in earnings. Clerical workers
studied had average earnings of $49.50 a week
in networks and their owned and operated stations
and $43.00 in other stations. The $6.50 difference
in clerical earnings by type of station was only 14
percent of the average earnings ($45.50) for all
clerical workers. In comparison, the difference
for all broadcast employees studied was $17.00 or
22 percent of their average earnings ($77.00).
Because clerical workers comprised the largest
1 Wage data were not obtained for individual occupational groups in sta
tions w ith fewer than 15 employees, since combinations of assignments pre
cluded reporting for clearly defined occupational categories.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1952
T
able
EARNINGS IN RADIO AND TELEVISION
51
Average weekly hours and earnings for selected occupational groups in radio and television broadcasting,1 October
1950
2.
Networks and owned and
operated stations
T o ta l1
Selected occupations
Average scheduled
weekly—
Number
of em
ployees
Hours
All employees 3
_
_
Building-service employees__ . . . . _
Chief engineers and supervisors . .
Clerical, excluding supervisors
. ._
Salesmen _
Staff announcers _ .
Staff musicians .
Staff news personnel. . . .
Staff w riters..
Studio engineers—first-class license___
Transmitter engineers—first-class license
j
Earnings
Number
of em
ployees
Other broadcasting stations 2
Average scheduled
weekly—
Hours
Earnings
Number
of em
ployees
Average scheduled
weekly—
Hours
Earnings
37,993
39.5
$77.00
9,350
38.5
$90.00
28, 643
39.5
$73.00
1,599
1,615
7,069
2,702
4,494
1,444
1,114
1,309
3,218
3,404
38.5
41.0
40.0
40.5
40.5
23.0
40.5
40.5
39.5
41.0
49.00
110. 50
45.50
97.50
74.00
109.00
81.50
54.00
85.00
73.50
707
199
2,834
238
283
578
167
73
729
231
37.0
39.5
40.0
38.5
40.0
59. 50
160.00
49.50
145.00
92.50
145. 00
110. 50
99.00
892
1,416
4.235
2,464
4,211
40.0
41.0
39.5
40.5
40.5
23.5
40.5
40.5
40.0
41.0
40.00
103. 50
43.00
92.50
73.00
85. 50
76.00
51.50
80.00
70.50
1
22.0
39.5
40.0
39.5
40.0
102.00
112.00
866
947
1.236
2,489
3,173
3
Includes only stations employing 15 or more workers.
3 Includes all stations not owned and operated by the national and regional
networks.
Includes other station employees in addition to those listed below but
excludes general officers and assistants and part-timefemployees.
group studied, their small earnings difference
tended to diminish considerably the average
difference for all radio and television station
employees.
Scheduled earnings varied more by size of com
munity (table 3) than by the type of broadcasting
station. Almost without exception, average earn
ings for each selected occupational group increased
with the size of the community. In those non
network stations employing 15 or more workers,
average weekly salaries for all employees ranged
from $59.50 in communities with a population of
less than 50,000 to $86.00 in those of 500,000 or
over. Average scheduled hours differed slightly
by size of area, averaging 38.5 in the largest-size
group and from 40 to 41 hours in the other size
groups.
Job averages differed most markedly between
the largest areas and those with 100,000 to 500,000
populations. On the average, this over-all dif
ference in earnings amounted to $16.50. The
total spread was $26.50 between the largest and
smallest community groups.
The greatest variations in earnings by size of
community were found in the same three highestpaid occupational groups which showed con
siderable difference by type of station. Staff
musicians had the widest spread of all, averaging
$102.50 in the largest communities and $43.50
in those areas with fewer than 50,000 persons.
T
able
3.
Average weekly hours and earnings for selected occupational groups in non-network radio and television broad
casting stations,1 by size of community, October 1950
Communities having population of—
500,000 and over
Selected occupations
All em ployees2___________
Building-service employees. . - Chief engineers and supervisors______ _
Clerical, excluding supervisors_______ .
S a lesm en ______________
Staff announcers________ .
Staff musicians. __ ___________ _____
Staff news personnel_________ . . .
Staff writers___ ____ _ _ _ ______
Studio engineers—first class license_______
Transmitter engineers—first class license
Average
scheduled
weekly—
N um
ber of
em
ploy
ees
Hours
Earn
ings
10, 527
38.5
$86.00
396
485
, 810
664
1,144
511
294
203
1,320
872
40.0
40.0
39.0
40.0
39.5
46.50
126.50
44.00
119.00
96. 50
102. 50
89.50
60.00
90.00
1
22.0
39.5
39.5
39.5
40.0
88.00
1 Excludes networks, owned and operated stations of the networks, and
stations employing less than 15 workers.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Communities havingi'population of—
100,000 to 500,000
N um
ber of
em
ploy
ees
Average
scheduled
weekly—
Hours
Earn
ings
10,403
40.0
$69.50
337
477
1,463
946
1,549
223
361
524
842
1,252
40.5
41.0
40.0
40.5
41.0
27.0
40.5
40.5
40.0
41.0
36.50
101.00
43.00
90.00
70. 50
69.00
76.00
52. 50
72. 50
69.00
50,000 to 100,000
N um
ber of
em
ploy
ees
Average
scheduled
weekly—
Hours
Earn
ings
1,849
40.5
$61. 50
48
40.5
41.5
40.5
41.5
41.5
26.0
40.5
41.0
40.5
41.0
31.50
84.50
40.50
81.50
61.00
55.50
67.00
46. 00
64.00
60. 00
101
231
190
354
32
86
126
96
228
Under 50,000
N um
ber of
employees
5,864
111
353
731
664
1,164
100
206
383
231
821
Average
scheduled
weekly—
Hours
Earn
ings
41.0
$59. 50
39.0
42.0
40.5
41.0
41.5
20.5
41.5
41.0
41.0
42.0
33.00
80. 50
40. 50
73. 50
56. 50
43. 50
62.00
47. 00
57. 50
57.00
2 Includes other station employees in addition to those listed below but
excludes general officers and assistants and part-time employees.
MONTHLY LABOR
SALARIES OF FIREMEN AND POLICEMEN
52
Differences in average earnings between these two
areas approximated $46.00 a week for the other
high-paid groups—chief engineers and supervisors
and salesmen.
Average earnings of the nonsupervisory clerical
personnel varied least among occupations in area
comparison—from $44.00 in the largest-area group
to $40.50 in the smallest-area group. This
spread of $3.50 was less than 10 percent of the
$43.00 a week average for non-network em
ployees; the average difference of $26.50 between
the smallest and largest areas for all workers
studied, by community size, was about 36 percent
of their average earnings.
Comparison of 1949 and 1950 Earnings
Between October 1949 and October 1950, chief
engineers and supervisors experienced the greatest
increase in average weekly earnings ($110.50
compared with the previous average of $105.00).
In 1950, these employees replaced musicians as
the highest-paid occupational group studied;
other relationships remained the same among the
various occupational groups.
Gains exceeding the $3.00-a-week average for
all employees in the industry were recorded
between 1949 and 1950 for building-service em
ployees ($5.00), salesmen and transmitter engi
neers ($4.00), and studio engineers ($3.50).
Average earnings rose $2.00 a week for non
supervisory clerical employees, staff announcers,
and staff writers. Staff musicians had the same
average weekly earnings ($109.00) in both 1949
and 1950.
In communities of 500,000 population and over,
average scheduled earnings increased $2.50 a week
between the 1949 and 1950 periods; average
increases of about $3.00 were recorded for the
other areas studied. The largest average in
crease by occupation ($10.00 a week) was noted
for staff musicians employed in areas having a
population of 100,000 to 500,000.
Average scheduled hours of work approximated
40 hours in both periods. Only musicians had
regularly scheduled hours which differed sharply
from the average. Their average workweek
amounted to about 23 hours in both periods
studied.
— J ean A. W ells
D iv is io n o f W a g e s a n d In d u s t r ia l R e la t io n s
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Index of Salary Changes for
Firemen and Policemen, 1950-51
salary rates for firemen and police
men combined, in cities of 100,000 and over,
increased an average of 5.5 percent between
January 1950 and January 1951. Percentagewise
and in terms of dollars, firemen received greater
increases—5.7 percent or $201—than policemen,
who gained an average 5.3 percent or $190 over
the year.1 (The indexes, reflecting these percent
age changes are shown in table 1.) Nevertheless
policemen maintained a slightly higher salary
level—an annual average of $3,794 compared
with $3,702 for firemen.
About three-quarters of all firemen included in
this study were located in cities that made salary
adjustments during 1950. The remainder were
employed in one-third of the cities. Of the fire
men whose salaries were raised, nearly two-fifths
received annual salary increases of between 5 and
7.5 percent; a fifth received increases between 10
and 12.5 percent. Annual pay scales of 17 per
cent were raised 7.5 to 10 percent. The remainder
M aximum
T
1 . — Indexes of average salary rates 1 for firemen and
'policemen in cities of 100,000 population or more, 1924-51
able
Index
1947-49=100
1939=100
Year *
1924______
1929______
1932______
1934______
1938______
1939______
1940______
1941______
1942______
1943______
1944______
1945______
1946______
1947______
1948______
1949______
1950______
1951______
Firemen
and
police
men
Firemen
84
93
96
94
87
96
99
93
100
100
100
100
101
104
110
117
119
128
137
148
152
160
100
100
100
100
103
106
111
117
118
130
139
149
153
162
Police
men
82
92
94
94
100
100
100
100
101
103
109
116
121
126
136
147
151
159
Firemen
and
police
men
61
67
70
68
72
72
72
72
73
75
80
85
86
93
99
107
110
116
Firemen
63
69
71
67
72
72
72
72
74
76
80
84
85
94
100
107
110
117
Police
men
60
68
69
69
74
74
74
74
74
76
80
85
89
93
100
108
111
117
1 From 1924 to 1938 data were based on actual annual salaries paid; subse
quently on maximum of salary scale in each city.
a Data for 1939 to 1951 refer in general to rates effective on January 1; data
for earlier years refer to varying periods throughout the year.
1
Current indications are that the 1950 movement continued and spread
during the first half of 1951. These changes, together with any occurring
during the latter half of the year, w ill be reflected in the report based on
January 1952 maximum pay scales.
R E V IE W ,
JA N U A R Y
1952
SALARIES OF FIREMEN AND POLICEMEN
were distributed in increases below 5 percent and
above 12.5 percent. (See table 2.)
Salary scales in communities employing 7 out
of 10 policemen were increased during the year.
Nearly half of these, whose rates were adjusted,
received from 5 to 7.5 percent—also the most
common increase for firemen. Salaries of a fifth
of the policemen were increased from 7.5 to 10
percent and an equal proportion received more
than 10 percent. Rates for the remainder rose
less than 5 percent.
In the present supplement to the basic study 2
of trends in maximum salary scales of policemen
and firemen, the indexes for all years have been
recomputed on a 1947 to 1949 base. A few
changes in survey techniques were adopted in com
puting the 1951 index: ( a ) the weighting procedure
was slightly revised and (b ) a new group of 15
cities was added to the index as a result of shifting
from the 1940 to the 1950 Census of Population.
The addition of cities, however, did not affect the
index.
In constructing the original indexes, the effect
of lack of data for some cities in certain years was
eliminated by the “chain” method of index con
struction. An average for all cities combined was
computed for each of a pair of successive years;
then the percentage relationship between these
over-all averages was computed and linked to the
index for the preceding period. (In making the
comparison for each pair of years, data were used
only for those cities reported in both years.)
Prior to the computation of the index for 1951,
constant (1949) weights were used in combining
cities in order to eliminate the effect of changes in
the relative importance in terms of employment
of policemen and firemen. Beginning with the
indexes showing the changes from 1950 to 1951,
the linking method was relied upon to eliminate
the effect of such shifts. In obtaining the over-all
averages for each pair of successive years the
number of policemen and firemen employed in the
latest of the 2 years was used to weight individual
city averages. This is in accordance with proce
dures used in other indexes in the wage index
series.3
Appropriate tests disclosed that no appreciable
difference in the 1950 index resulted from the new
weighting approach. This would be expected in
a salary study dealing with comparatively stable
employment situations. To the extent that em
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T
53
2 . — Percentage distribution of firemen and policemen 1
in cities of 100,000 population or more, according to in
crease in salary scales, 1950-51
able
Firemen and
policemen
Firemen
Policemen
Percent of—
Percent of—
Percent of—
Increase
Total
E x p r e s s e d i n p e r c e n ta g e
te rm s
T otal________________
No change__________
Under 2.5___________
2.5 and under 5.0____
5.0 and under 7.5 . . .
7.5 and under 10.0 . .
10.0 and under 12.5- _
12.5 and under 15 0 —
15.0 and under 17.5__
17.5 and under 20.0__
and over________
20.0
N um
ber
receiv
ing in
creases
N um
ber
receiv
ing in
creases
Total
Total
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
28.4
1.1
8.9
30.3
13.7
13.0
2.9
.9
.5
.3
29.8
26.5
1.5
12.5
42.3
19.1
18.2
4.0
1.3
.7
.4
1.2
9.9
27.4
12.9
16.8
3.5
1.2
.6
Ì.6
13.5
37.3
17.5
22.9
4.7
1.6
.9
1.0
8.3
32.2
14.2
10.4
2.5
.7
.4
.5
N um
ber
receiv
ing in
creases
100.0
1.4
11.8
45.8
20.3
14.8
3.6
1.0
.6
.7
E x p r e s s e d in d o l la r s
Total_______ ____ ____
No ch an ge_________
Under $100_ ________
$100 and under $150.
$150 and under $200—
$200 and under $250._
$250 and under $300—
$300 and under $350...
$350 and under $400—
$400 and under $450...
$450 and under $500...
$500 and over.______
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
28.4
1.5
4.3
7.5
7.8
27.7
8.6
1.5
10.4
1.5
.8
2.1
6.0
10.8
38.7
12.1
2.1
14.6
2.0
1.1
10.5
26.5
2.1
5.9
5.7
8.2
11.1
1.6
9.8
2.8
.6
25.7
29.8
1.0
8.8
100.0
2.9
7.9
7.8
3.2
1.4
4.6
12.5
34.9
15.1
7.5
29.1
6.9
1.5
41.5
9.9
11.1
2.1
13.4
3.9
.9
10.8
.5
.9
10.6
2.1
15.4
.7
1.3
1 Based on total employment in fire and police departments in cities with
specified increases.
ployment characteristics do change, two distinct
advantages result from the use of the new type of
weights: (1) they are more realistic over long
periods; (2) they allow for changes caused by em
ployment variations in particular cities. For pro
tective workers, such change could result from un
equal rates of population growth among areas.
Two series of indexes for firemen and policemen
are presented in table 1. One is computed on a
1939 base for comparison with the indexes pre
viously published. The other is based on an
average 1947-49 base in accordance with the cur
rent policy of changing Government indexes
wherever possible to this new base.
—
D iv is io n o f W a g e s a n d
2
R u t h
W.
B e n n y
In d u s t r ia l R e la t io n s
The basic study was published in the M onthly Labor Review, June 1950
, (p. 633), and as Wage Movements Bulletin, Series 3, N o. 2, U . S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
See Wage M ovements Bulletins, Series 3, City Public School Teachers,
Salary Trends, 1925-49, N o. 5 and Federal Classified Employees, Salary
Trends, 1939-50, Series 3, N o. 6, U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
2
MONTHLY LABOR
CEILING PRICE REGULATIONS
54
permitting some manufacturers to apply certain
cost factors to ceiling prices, as outlined in recent
amendments to the Defense Production Act.
1Sources: Federal Registers, vol. 16, N o. 206, N ov. 6,1951, p. 11263; vol. 16,
Ceiling Price Regulations
Numbers 91-99
T he O ffice
of
P rice S tabilization issued nine
ceiling regulations during the month of November
1951 / presented below in tabular form. In addi
tion, OPS issued two supplementary regulations
No. 219, N ov. 9, 1951, p. 11434; vol. 16, No. 220, N ov. 10,1951, pp. 11484 and
11496; vol. 16, No. 222, N ov. 15,1951, p. 11592; vol. 16, No. 223, N ov. 16,1951,
p. 11639; vol. 16, No. 224, N ov. 17,1951, pp. 11679 and 11683; vol. 16, No. 225,
Nov. 20,1951, p. 11716; and vol. 16, No. 232, Nov. 30,1951, pp. 12073 and 12088.
Supplementary Regulation 17; for a list of the commodities covered, see
M onthly Labor Review, June 1951 (p. 664).
Supplementary Regulation 4; for a list of the commodities covered, see
M onthly Labor Review, July 1951 (p. 58).
2
3
Major Provisions of CPR’s Adopted in November 1951
CPR
No.
Date issued
Effective
date
Commodity covered
Scope of provision
Distribution level
91
N ov.
5
N o v . 11
W r it in g
paper
and
o t h e r fin e p a p e r .
M a n u fa c tu re rs
92
N ov.
8
N o v . 13
Lam b ,
y e a r lin g ,
and
m u tto n p ro d u cts.
W h o le s a le -
93
N o v . 14
N o v . 20
C o n s t r u c t io n a n d re
la t e d
s e r v ic e s
and
s a le s
of
in s t a lle d
m a t e r ia ls .
S e lle r s o f c o n s t r u c
t io n s e r v ic e s .
94
N o v . 15
____d o ______
U sed p assen ger
m o b ile s .
a u to
A l l s e l l e r s _____
95
N o v . 16
N o v . 21
T u rn ed ,
sh ap e d ,
and
a llie d w o o d p r o d u c t s .
M a n u fa c tu re rs
96
____ d o _____
____ d o ______
A n t im o n y
m e ta l a n d
o x id e ,
and
s o d iu m
P ro d u ce rs,
e x p o rte rs
p o rte rs.
a n t im o n a t e .
97
N o v . 19
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N o v . 24
P a c if ic N o r t h w e s t lo g s . .
P ro d u ce rs
p o rte rs.
_
__
_
d e a le r s ,
a n d im
and
ex
_
E s t a b lis h e s d o lla r -a n d -c e n t c e ilin g s o n 5 3
g ra d e s o f w r it in g p a p e r a n d s e ts fo r t h
p ro c e d u r e f o r d e t e r m in in g c e ilin g p r ic e s
o f o t h e r f in e p a p e r .
I n g e n e r a l, p r ic e s
a r e s t a b iliz e d a t t h e le v e ls p r e v a ilin g
d u r in g J a n . 2 5 - F e b . 2 4 , 1 9 5 1 .
E s t a b lis h e s s p e c if ic c e ilin g s f o r s a le s b y
m e a t p a c k e r s a n d t h e ir b r a n c h h o u s e s ,
w h o le s a le r s , h o t e l s u p p ly h o u s e s , p e d
d le r s a n d o t h e r d is t r ib u t o r s .
E s t a b lis h e s c e ilin g p r ic e s , c e ilin g m a r k
u p s , a n d c e ilin g fe e s f o r s a le s o f c o n
s t r u c t io n
s e r v ic e s
and
s e r v ic e s
in
v o l v i n g t h e s a le s o f m a t e r ia ls a n d t h e ir
in s t a lla t io n
and
e r e c t io n .
A p p lie s to
s e r v ic e
s a le s
under
lu m p -s u m ,
co stp lu s f ix e d fe e , a n d c o s t - p lu s f ix e d fe e
w it h
g u a ra n te e d
lim it
co n tra cts;
to
s a le s o n a t im e a n d m a t e r ia ls o r a n
h o u r ly r a t e b a s is ; a n d t o s a le s o f it e m s
o r m a t e r ia ls a n d e q u ip m e n t t o g e t h e r
w it h c o n s t r u c t io n s e r v ic e s r e q u ir e d to
in s t a ll o r e re c t.
P e r m it s a p p lic a t io n o f
c u r r e n t c o s t o f la b o r , m a t e r ia ls , a n d
e q u ip m e n t .
D o e s n o t co v e r co n stru c
t io n s e r v ic e s f o r in s t a lle d s a le s b y t h e
m a n u f a c t u r e r o f c e r t a in f a b r ic a t e d m a
t e r ia ls a n d e q u ip m e n t o r d e fe n s e a g e n c y
co n tra cts.
E s t a b lis h e s d o lla r s - a n d -c e n t s c e ilin g s f o r
s a le o f e a c h m o d e l, b o d y s t y le , lin e o r
s e r ie s o f e a c h m a k e o f u s e d ( 1 9 4 0 - 5 0 )
a u t o m o b ile .
P r o v id e s fo r a 2 -p e r c e n t
r e d u c t io n
each
c a le n d a r
q u a rte r
to
a llo w f o r d e p r e c ia t io n a n d lis t s p r ic e s
f o r s p e c if ie d it e m s o f e x t r a , s p e c ia l, o r
o p t io n a l e q u ip m e n t .
Se ts
fo rth
p r ic in g
fo r m u la s .
P e r m it s
c e ilin g s o n p r e - K o r e a n p r ic e -d e t e r m in
in g m e th o d s (J a n . 1 -J u n e
2 4 , 1 9 5 1 ),
u s in g c o s t e le m e n t s a s o f J u l y 3 1 , 1 9 5 1 .
E s t a b lis h e s c e ilin g s f o r d o m e s t ic a n d im
p o rte d
a n t im o n y
m e ta l
at
$ 0 .5 0
a
pound.
S e t s f o r t h c e ilin g s , o n a d e
liv e r e d b a s is , o f a n t im o n y o x id e a n d
s o d iu m a n t im o n a t e .
C o v e r s n in e s p e c ie s o f lo g s p r o d u c e d in
th e
P a c ific
N o rth w e st.
E s t a b lis h e s
s p e c if ic d o lla r s - a n d -c e n t s c e ilin g s b a s e d
o n le v e ls p r e v a ilin g
d u r in g
Ja n .
2 5 F e b . 24, 1951.
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1952
R E P O R T
OF
E SA
55
A D M IN IST R A T O R
Major Provisions of CPR’s Adopted in November 1951—Continued
C PR
No.
Date issued
Effective
date
98
N o v . 29
D ec.
16
99
____ d o ______
D ec.
4
V a r io u s ir o n
p ro d u cts.
and
ste e l
C ru d e
and
r e f in e d
n a t u r a l g ly c e r in e .
Scope of provision
Distribution level
Commodity covered
R e s e lle r s ,
fin d e r s ,
b ro k e rs
o r in t e r
m e d ia r ie s .
P r o d u c e r s ____
____
E s t a b lis h e s c e ilin g s f o r a w id e v a r ie t y o f
ir o n a n d s te e l p r o d u c t s , in c lu d in g in
d u s t r ia l ir o n a n d s te e l p r o d u c t s , m e r
c h a n t t r a d e w ir e a n d t u b u la r p r o d u c t s ,
o il c o u n t r y t u b u la r g o o d s , a n d r e u s a b le
p ip e a n d in d u s t r ia l s te e l p r o d u c t s .
F ix e s
d o lla r s -a n d -c e n t s
c e ilin g
fo r p ro
d u cers
o f cru d e
and
r e fin e d
n a tu ra l
g ly c e r in e w h e n s o ld in a m o u n t s o f 1 0
p o u n d s o r m o re .
S u p p le m e n ta r y R e g u la tio n s
22 2. _
N o v.
9
N ov.
9
V a r i o u s 2 ____ ___
__________
M a n u f a c t u r e r s _______
P e r m it s m a n u f a c t u r e r s o f c e r t a in p r o d u c t s
to
re q u e st
p r ic e
c e ilin g
a d ju s t m e n t s
b a s e d o n c e r t a in c o s t in c r e a s e s u p to
J u ly
3 0 3 _ _ _____d o _____ _____d o _____
M a c h in e r y a n d
go o d s.
a llie d
Resignation Report of
The ESA Administrator
and indirect controls are effectively
checking inflationary pressures, according to Eric
Johnston’s report1 issued in late November 1951,
when he resigned as Administrator of the Eco
nomic Stabilization Agency. However, he cau
tioned that complacency should not set in, be
cause inflationary forces will become stronger as
the mobilization program continues. In addition,
the report outlined many steps necessary to build
up economic defenses; presented the important
keys and mechanics of stabilization; and analyzed
the major effect of direct and indirect control
measures.
Four “ keys to stabilization” are outlined by
Mr. Johnston in the report. They are (1) in
creased production; (2) restrictions on the demand
for goods; (3) curbed costs of production and
distribution; and (4) maintenance of confidence
in the stabilization program in order to increase
savings for investments.
The balanced program of both direct and in-
D irect
1 Strong Dollars, Economic Stabilization Agency, Washington, D . C.,
November 30. 1951.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
do
__
_
26, 1951.
D o.
direct controls advocated by the retiring Adminis
trator includes tax revenues on a pay-as-we-go
basis; credit restrictions strong enough to prevent
unnecessary expansion of purchasing power;
allocation policies that assure the flow of raw
materials to essential production and that elimi
nate less essential business spending; and price
and wage controls that hold down costs without
disrupting essential production.
Indirect controls maintained under the defense
program were supported by Mr. Johnston. He
stated that they “ weaken the inflationary pressures
before they actually get into the economic battle
lines,” and in the long run they “ carry the greatest
burden of assuring a stable defense economy.”
Wages and Prices
Stability in industrial relations and the pres
ervation of collective bargaining to its fullest pos
sible extent were stressed as basic necessities to
an effective wage stablization program. In addi
tion, correction of wage inequities and achievement
of maximum defense production are required,
according to Mr. Johnston. He stated, however,
“there are some who believe these objectives are
so completely antagonistic that it is futile to try to
56
W A G E
C H R O N O LO G Y
NO.
6
M O N T H LY
L A B O R
reconcile them. I think we must reconcile them.
There is a sensible middle path and we have been
moving along it.”
“Under wage stabilization so far,” the report
continues, “the movement of wages generally in
the economy has been moderate and well-con
tained.” In the retiring ESA executive’s opinion,
wages have been proceeding at a normal moderate
pace since the advent of control.
“Price controls,” according to Mr. Johnston,
“play a necessary role in preventing excessive
increases in living costs and in defense costs.”
He vigorously opposed frozen and unchanging
prices and favored a policy which would “stabilize
the general price level while keeping individual
prices in fair relationship and allowing for the
price flexibility necessary to bring out production.”
Inflationary pressures will be increasing severely
during the next 2 years, according to the report.
“There is no place for complacency in America
today. We are not yet economically prepared for
what may well be a prolonged period—-perhaps a
lifetime—of this economic war.” Mr. Johnston
concluded, however, that although direct controls
are proving effective in holding down inflation,
they “are not fundamental long-range tools of
economic defense,” and for such long-range
economic safety “we must depend primarily on
improved production and distribution methods
and on strengthened fiscal and monetary policies.”
Wage Chronology No. 6:
Armour & Company
and August 11 in 1951 and 1952). In addition,
they were subject to a reopening as of August 11,
1951, on any matter not specifically covered by
their terms.
Negotiations, which were reopened February 11,
1951, resulted in a general wage change, supple
mented by a widening of the spread between
the wage-rate brackets. The Wage Stabilization
Board approved the general increase on May 8,
and the intraplant inequity adjustments on June
28, 1951. Both increases were retroactive to
February 9, 1951, the date agreed upon by the
parties.
This supplement reports the changes negotiated
in 1950 and 1951.
Supplement No. 2
N
agreements between Armour & Co. and the
United Packinghouse Workers of America (CIO)
and the Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher
Workmen of North America (AFL) were signed in
August 1950. These agreements replaced the
two 1949 master agreements (Supplement No. 1), 1
which were terminated as of August 11, 1950;
they are to remain in effect until August 10, 1952.
They provided for a wage increase and for two
reopenings based solely on the issue of a general
wage-rate adjustment (once between February 11
e w
1 See M onthly L abor R eview , June 1949 (p. 650) and October 1950 (p. 474)
and Wage Chronology Series Vol. I, Bulletin 970, U . S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
A—General Wage Changes
E ffe c t iv e d a te
A ug.
by
Feb.
by
11, 1950 (U P W A
a gre e m e n t o f sam
9, 1951 (U P W A
a gre e m e n t o f F e b
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
and M C B W ;
e d a te ).
and M C B W ;
. 8 , 1 9 5 1 ).
A p p lic a t io n s , e x c e p tio n s , a n d o th e r
r e la t e d m a t t e r s
P r o v is io n
1 1 c e n t s a n h o u r i n c r e a s e ____
9
____ ___
c e n t s a n h o u r g e n e r a l in c r e a s e ; p r e
v io u s s p r e a d o f 3 c e n t s in jo b ra t e s
w id e n e d t o 3 % c e n t s .
In c r e a s e s re
s u lt in g f r o m w id e n e d jo b - r a t e s p r e a d
r a n g e d f r o m 0 .5 c e n t s a n h o u r i n t h e
jo b - c la s s o n e s te p a b o v e th e b a s ic o r
u n s k ille d la b o r c la s s t o a m a x im u m
o f 15 ce n ts a n h o u r.
In
acco rd an ce
w it h
O rd e rs o f W a g e
S t a b iliz a t io n B o a r d , M a y 1 8 ,1 9 5 1 , a p
p r o v in g a n a c r o s s - t h e -b o a r d in c r e a s e
o f 9 ce n ts a n h o u r a n d Ju n e 28, 1951,
a p p r o v in g a n in c r e a s e in t h e jo b - r a t e
s p r e a d fr o m 3 c e n t s to 3]4 c e n t s a n
h o u r.
Th e
jo b - r a t e in c r e a s e s a v e r
a g e d a p p r o x im a t e ly 2 .3 c e n t s a n h o u r .
R E V IE W ,
JA N U A R Y
1952
W A G E
CH R O N O LO G Y
NO.
7
57
Male Unskilled (Common Labor) Hourly Wage Rates 1949-51
E f f e c t iv e d fit e
P la n t lo c a t io n
B a l t i m o r e , M d _____
C h i c a g o , 111 _
C o l u m b u s , O h io _ _ _
D e n v e r , C o lo
E a s t S t. L o u is ,Ill_ _
E a u C l a i r e , W i s ___
In d ia n a p o lis , In d _ _
Je rs e y C it y , N . J_ _
K a n s a s C iit y ,K a n s _
M a so n C it y , Io w a .
M i l w a u k e e , W i s ___
N ew Y o rk , N . Y__
.N o r th
B e rg e n ,
N . J
P e o r i a , 111
P i t t s b u r g h , P a _____
R e a d in g , P a
S io u x C i t y , Io w a _ _
S o u th
O m a h a ,
N ebr
S o u th S t. Jo se p h ,
M o _
S o u th
S t.
P a u l,
M in n _
Effective date
U n io n
P la n t lo c a t io n
O ct. 31,
1949
A u g . 11,
$1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
1.
1.
1.
1.
260
260
260
260
M
U
M
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
C B
P W
C B
P W
P W
P W
P W
P W
P W
P W
P W
P W
W
A
W
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
$1. 150
U
M
M
M
U
P W
C B
C B
C B
P W
A
W
W
W
A
1. 1 5 0
1. 1 5 0
1. 1 5 0
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
1. 1 5 0
1. 1 5 0
1950
1. 2 6 0
U n io n
F e b . 9,
1951
$1. 350
1. 3 5 0
1. 3 5 0
1. 3 5 0
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
1.
1
1.
1.
1.
350
350
350
350
350
L o s A n g e le s , C a lif
P o r t la n d , O re g
S a n
F r a n c is c o
C a lif_
1. 1 5 0
1. 2 6 0
1. 3 5 0
U P W A
1. 1 5 0
1. 2 6 0
1. 3 5 0
U P W A
1. 1 5 0
1. 2 6 0
1. 3 5 0
A u g . 11,
F e b . 9,
1950
1951
$1. 250
1. 2 0 0
$1. 360
1. 3 1 0
$1. 450
1. 4 0 0
M C B W
M C B W
1 1. 2 9 0
1. 4 0 0
1. 2 0 0
1. 3 1 0
1. 4 9 0
1. 4 0 0
U P W A
1. 1 5 0
1. 2 6 0
1. 3 5 0
G r e e n B a v , W is
H u ro n , S. D a k
M C B W
M C B W
M C B W
1. 1 5 0
1. 1 5 0
1. 1 5 0
1. 2 6 0
1. 2 6 0
1. 2 6 0
1. 3 5 0
1. 3 5 0
1. 3 5 0
Sp o kan e , W ash
Fa rg o , N . D a k
G ra n d F o rk s, N
D a k
F o rt W o rth , T e x
U P W A
1. 1 2 5
1. 2 3 5
F o rt W o rth (R a tlif f e ) T e x
1. 3 2 5
U P W A
1. 1 2 5
1. 2 3 5
1. 3 2 5
O k la h o m a
O k la
U P W A
1. 1 2 5
1. 2 3 5
1. 3 2 5
U
U
M
M
U
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
C it v .
A t la n t a , G a _ _
U P W A
U P W A
M C B W
O ct. 31,
1949
B ir m in g h a m , A la _
M e m p h is , T e n n
L e x i n g t o n , K y ______
T if t o n , G a _ __
P W
P W
C B
C B
P W
A
A
W
W
A
090
090
070
070
035
200
200
180
180
145
290
290
270
270
235
1 Effective Dec. 5, 1949.
Wage Chronology No. 7:
Swift & Company
Supplement No. 2
C ontracts between Swift and Co. and the United
Packinghouse Workers of America (CIO), the
Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Work
men of North America (AFL), and the National
Brotherhood of Packinghouse Workers (CUA),
became effective on August 11, 1950, and will con
tinue 2 years until 1952. They superseded the
October 1949 (Supplement No. 1)1 multiplant
collective bargaining agreements terminated in
August 1950. The agreements provided for a
wage increase and for two reopenings based solely
on the issue of a general wage-rate adjustment
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(once between February 11 and August 11 in
1951 and 1952). In addition, the contracts were
subject to reopening as of August 11, 1951, on any
matter not covered specifically by their terms.
Negotiations were reopened under the contract
and agreement was reached on a general wage
change, supplemented by widening of the spread
between wage-rate brackets within plants, in
February 1951. The Wage Stabilization Board
approved the general increase on May 8, and the
intraplant inequity adjustments on June 28, 1951.
Both increases were retroactive to February 9,
1951, the date agreed upon by the parties.
This supplement reports the changes negotiated
in 1950 and 1951.
1 See M onthly Labor Review, July 1949 (p. 25) and October 1950 (p. 476)
and Wage Chronology Series Vol. I, Bulletin 970, U . S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
58
W A G E
C H R O N O LO G Y
NO.
7
A—-General Wage Changes
E ff e c t iv e d a te
A p p lic a t io n s , e x c e p tio n s , a n d o th e r
r e la t e d m a t t e r s
P r o v is io n
A u g u st 11, 1950 (U P W A , M C B
and
N B P W ;
by
a gre e m e n t
sa m e d a te ).
F e b . 9, 1951 (U P W A , M C B W
a
N B P W ; b y a gre e m e n t of F e b .
1 9 5 1 ).
W
of
11 c e n t s a n h o u r in c r e a s e .
nd
8,
9 c e n t s a n h o u r g e n e r a l in c r e a s e ; p r e v
io u s s p r e a d o f 3 c e n t s in jo b r a t e s
w id e n e d t o 3
cents.
In c r e a s e s r e
s u lt in g f r o m w id e n e d jo b - r a t e s p r e a d
r a n g e d f r o m 0 .5 c e n t s a n h o u r in t h e
jo b - c la s s o n e s te p a b o v e th e b a s ic
o r u n s k ille d la b o r c la s s t o a m a x im u m
o f 15 ce n ts a n h o u r.
In
acco rd an ce
w it h
O rd e rs o f W a g e
S t a b iliz a t io n B o a r d , M a y 18, 1 9 5 1 ,
a p p r o v in g g e n e r a l in c r e a s e o f 9 c e n t s
a n h o u r a n d J u n e 2 8 , 1 9 5 1 , a p p r o v in g
a n in c r e a s e
in
th e jo b -r a t e s p re a d
fro m 3 ce n ts to 3 % ce n ts.
T h e jo b r a t e in c r e a s e s a v e r a g e d a p p r o x im a t e ly
2 .3 c e n t s a n h o u r .
Male Unskilled (Common Labor) Hourly Wage Rates 1949-51
E ff e c t iv e d a te
P la n t lo c a t io n
P la n t lo c a t io n
S e p t. 12,
1949
B a l t i m o r e , M d _____
C a m b r id g e , M a s s .
C h i c a g o , 111 _
C h ic a g o ,1 1 1 . ( H a m m o n d p la n t ).
C h i c a g o ,
111.
(O m a h a
P ackin g C o .).
C l e v e l a n d , O h i o ____
C o l u m b u s , O h i o ___
D e n v e r , C o l o _______
D e s M o in e s , Io w a _
H a l l s t e a d , P a . 1 ____
H a r r i s b u r g , P a _____
H a r r is o n -K e a r n y ,
N . J.
Je rs e y C it y , N . J_ _
K a n s a s C it y , K a n s .
M i l w a u k e e , W i s ___
N a t i o n a l C i t y , 111.
N e w a rk , N . J
N ew H aven, Co n n .
N ew Y o rk , N . Y__
O m aha, N e b r.
S t. L o u is , M o
S t . P a u l , M i n n _____
S i o u x C i t y , I o w a __
S o m e r v ille , M a s s . .
M
U
U
U
C B
P W
P W
P W
W
A
A
A
N B P W
$1.
1.
1.
1.
150
150
150
150
A u g . 11,
1950
$1.
1.
1.
1.
260
260
260
260
$1.
1.
1.
1.
350
350
350
350
1. 2 6 0
1. 3 5 0
B P W
C B W
P W A
P W A
P W A
P W A
P W A
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
150
150
150
150
025
150
150
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
260
260
260
260
135
260
260
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
350
350
350
350
225
350
350
U P W A
N B P W
U P W A
M C B W
U P W A
U P W A
U P W A
U P W A
N B P W
U P W A
U P W A
U P W A
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
N
M
U
U
U
2 U
U
U n io n
F e b . 9,
1951
1. 1 5 0
1 Plant covered for first time by 1951 agreement (U PW A).
2 Formerly N B P W .
3 Effective Dec. 5, 1949.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E ffe c t iv e d a te
U n io n
S e p t. 12,
1949
S o u th S t. Jo se p h , M o .
S p r in g fie ld , M a s s
L o s A n g e le s , C a lif
N o rth
P o r t la n d ,
O re g .
S o u th S a n F ra n c is c o , C a lif .
S p o k a n e , W a s h ..
A u g . 11,
1950
F e b . 9,
1951
N B P W
U P W A
U P W A
M C B W
$1.
1.
1.
1.
M C B W
3 1. 2 9 0
1. 4 0 0
1. 4 9 0
U P W A
1. 2 0 0
1. 3 1 0
1. 4 0 0
1. 2 6 0
1. 2 6 0
1
1
350
350
1
1
1.
1.
1
350
350
325
350
350
150
150
250
200
$1.
1.
1.
1.
260
260
360
310
$1.
1.
1
1.
350
350
450
400
E v a n s v ille , In d
_
M a r s h a llt o w n ,
Io w a .
O g d e n , U t a h 4_
P e r r y , Io w a
S c o t t s b lu ff, N e b r_ _
W a te rto w n , S. D a k .
W in o n a , M i n n . .
U P W A
N B P W
1. 1 5 0
1. 1 5 0
U
U
M
M
U
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
D a l l a s , T e x _ _ ____
F o rt W o rth , T e x
U P W A
N B P W
1. 1 2 5
1. 1 2 5
1. 2 3 5
1. 2 3 5
1
1
325
325
A t l a n t a , G a _ ____
L a k e C h a r le s , L a _
M o n tg o m e ry , A la .
M o u lt r ie , G a __
N a s h v i l l e , T e n n __
O c a l a , F l a ____
S a n A n t o n io , T e x .
U
M
M
U
M
M
N
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1
1
290
215
1.
1
1
1
1.
235
235
290
200
265
P W
P W
C B
C B
P W
A
A
W
W
A
P W A
C B W
C B W
P W A
C B W
C B W
B P W
125
150
125
150
150
090
015
035
035
090
000
065
5 1.
1.
1.
1.
1
260
260
235
260
260
200
125
145
145
200
110
175
4 Plant covered for first time by 1949 agreement (M C BW ).
3 Effective N ov. 13, 1950. All other rates adjusted to metropolitan area
rates, resulting in a general increase averaging more than 3 cents an hour.
Technical Note
Short-Run Differences Between
The WPI and CPI
I n periods of rapid price changes, the Bureau of
Labor Statistics wholesale (WPI) and consumers’
price indexes (CPI), which in the long run show
similar movements, may diverge considerably,
and may even move in opposite directions, as
exemplified by the July and September 1951
figures.1 The reasons that short-run variations
in the index movements may be expected include
(1) the differences in composition of the two
indexes; (2) the time lags between primarymarket price changes for the raw, semimanufac
tured, and manufactured goods included in the
WPI and the retail-market price changes for the
finished goods included in the CPI; and (3) the
technical difficulties of incorporating into the
indexes the prices of goods which are sold only at
certain seasons.
Therefore, there is little reason to expect the
two indexes to move together except over the
long range, when a general rise (or decline) in the
level of prices would be reflected in practically any
price index that might be developed.
Nevertheless, a comparison of movements in
the two indexes over a long period of time and over
many selected short periods will show considerable
similarity. There are several reasons for this.
The first and most obvious is that long-run changes
in the level of the WPI involve a somewhat similar
change in prices paid by retailers. A second rea
son is that common cost factors may be the basis
for similarity of price movement between com
modities with relatively more obscure relation
ships in the productive and distributive process.
For example, the price movement of a textile
i The levels of the two indexes may also differ considerably. The differ
ences in base periods (1926 for the W PI, and 1935-39 for the CPI) largely ex
plain differences in level. The two indexes w ill continue to be on different
bases even after the January 1952 revision of the W PI, which w ill place it on
a 1947-49 base.
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machine may resemble that of an automobile,
because the manufacturers of both pay the same
prices for steel and labor. A third reason for
similar index movements is that high retail prices
generally coincide with high consumer income;
the latter in turn generally coincide with a high
level of industrial activity, which is ordinarily
associated with high industrial prices.
Differences in Composition
The WPI and CPI differ in what they measure.
The CPI is designed to measure the average
changes in the retail prices of a fixed, specific,
market basket or shopping list of goods and
services bought by families of wage earners and
moderate-income workers in large cities. It is
not intended to measure all retail prices. The
WPI, by contrast, is a sample of the universe of
prices at the primary-market level.
Moreover, the WPI is an index of the prices in
primary markets of commodities at various stages
in the productive process and includes commodi
ties only. The CPI includes the prices of all the
different kinds of things for which consumers spend
money—rents, medical and dental care, utilities
(such as telephone service), transportation ex
penses (such as carfare and auto repairs), laundry,
motion pictures, beauty and barber shop services,
as well as the purchases of such commodities as
food, wearing apparel, and housefurnishings.
Rents and services alone account for almost a
third of the index.
The prices in the CPI for other-than-commodity
items are not directly affected by short-run price
changes of commodities in the WPI. Since World
War II, rents and the prices of most services have
shown a long-term upward movement associated
with a generally high national income level.
Rents in the October 1951 index were 4.7 percent
higher than they were a year earlier, and 25.3 per
cent above the September 1946 figure. Medical
59
60
D IF F E R E N C E S
B E T W E E N
expenses, which have almost as much weight in
the index as housefurnishings, rose 5.1 percent
between September 1950 and September 1951 and
27.0 percent compared with September 1946.
(One exception to this rising trend in the cost of
services is motion-picture admissions, which had
decreased 1.7 percent from March to September
1951, but were still 8.2 percent higher than in
September 1946.)
This gradual upward movement in the prices of
services in a period of prosperity is matched by a
corresponding downward trend during recession.
(Consumers spend a higher proportion of income
for the purchases of services when they are pros
perous than they do when their purchasing power
decreases.) Month-to-month fluctuations in pri
mary-market prices for commodities do not
measurably affect the price of services in the
short-run. But, continuing increases or decreases
in commodity prices—by changing the proportion
of consumer income available for services—do have
a long-run effect on the prices of these services.
In contrast to the CPI, which contains slowmoving elements that tend to dampen the monthto-month fluctuations of the index, certain com
ponents of the WPI intensify its variability.
These are the raw materials, such as cotton and
wheat, priced on the organized commodity ex
changes; these price quotations are subject to
day-to-day and even hour-to-hour fluctuations—
many of them of speculative origin.
In addition, differences exist in the price struc
tures of those commodities which appear as
finished products in primary-market prices cov
ered by the WPI and the identical commodities
which appear as retail prices in the CPI. Not all
retail sales include the same amount of distribu
tion cost. If such costs enter the final selling
price by way of a conventional mark-up on whole
sale cost, a change in the wholesale price will have
a more than proportional effect on the retail price.
However, the rigidities in overhead costs, which
enable a retailer to expand sales considerably
without increasing his total overhead (and some
times prevent a proportional reduction in over
head when sales decline), may tend to reduce the
effect at retail of a wholesale-price change. The
commodity and its marketing pattern determine
whether the net effect on the retail price will be
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W P I
A N D
CPI
M O N T H LY
L A B O R
greater, equal to, or less than the change at
wholesale.
Even for commodities for which retail prices
accurately and promptly reflect wholesale-price
changes, the total effect of such price changes on
the CPI may differ. This is true because the
same commodity may have a relative importance
substantially greater (or smaller) in the CPI than
in the WPI.
For example, the relative importance of the
price of automobiles in the WPI is more than
twice that in the CPI. Thus the same percentage
change in automobile prices in a given month for
the two indexes would have a greater effect on the
total WPI than on the total CPI. Conversely,
the relative importance of men’s wool suits in the
CPI is more than twice that in the WPI. Again,
on the assumption of simultaneous and equivalent
price increases at wholesale and retail, any change
in the price of men’s suits would influence the
CPI much more than the WPI.
Even when the prices of the same or related
commodities move differently in the two indexes,
these differences may not be reflected in the over
all indexes. For example, when reductions in the
retail prices of such items as radios, television
sets, and refrigerators are substantial, the CPI
may not decline; or when the cotton-exchange
quotations rise by the legal limit for several days
in a row (as they did in November when a lowered
crop estimate was released by the U. S. Depart
ment of Agriculture), the WPI may not rise. On
the contrary, the spectacular price changes are
often not important enough in the total to change
the direction of the commodity group index of
which they are a part, and still less the direction
of the total index.
Differences in the Time Lag
No consistent time lag exists between the
change in price of a raw material and that of a
finished product in the primary markets. Simi
larly, there is no consistent time lag between the
change in price of the finished product in the pri
mary market and the change in its retail selling
price to the individual consumer. These lags
may vary from a few hours to many months.
At one extreme, the price of tomatoes at whole-
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1952
D IF F E R E N C E S
B E T W E E N
sale at 4:00 a. m. in New York’s Washington
Market is reflected at retail all over New York
City when the stores open at 9:00 a. m. the same
morning. If commodities such as this had enough
weight in each index, the CPI and the WPI would
exhibit closely similar movements.
The prices of other commodities can be traced
at various levels of fabrication—from raw material
to finished product—each of which represents a
substantially longer lapse of time in the process of
production and distribution. A selected group
of raw wool specifications, for example, rose 69
percent between January and September 1950,
largely as a result of the Korean War. The in
creased cost of raw wool was not reflected in wool
fabric prices, however, until April 1951, when a
selected group of wool fabrics (which represents
the movements of wool fabrics at primary-market
levels) rose 48 percent above the January 1950
level. In turn, a corresponding group of woolapparel items at the clothing manufacturers’ level
reflected the increased cost of fabrics in July and
August 1951, and the retailer passed on the rise
when the fall line appeared in the stores in Sep
tember—a full year after the rise in price of the
raw material.
As the raw wool moved closer to the finished
product, its price formed a smaller proportion of
the total cost at each stage of fabrication. Finally
the price increase in a comparable group of retail
wool items was only about 27 percent compared
with the 69 percent rise in raw wool at wholesale,
already mentioned. Thus, autumn 1951 apparel
prices, far from reflecting recent declines in rawwool prices, are the first which fully reflect the
price rises that followed the start of Korean
hostilities. (Similarly, woolen apparel which came
on the market in the fall of 1950 largely reflected
relatively low pre-Korean prices and wage levels,
and partially the recession conditions of 1949-50.)
Another example: hides and skins in the WPI
dropped by 29.4 percent from March to October
1951. Leather, representing the first stage of
processing, dropped 15.1 percent; and shoes, 0.1
980410 — 52-
5
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W P I
A N D
61
CPI
percent. Shoe prices at retail, despite distress
sales during the summer of 1951 owing to con
sumer resistance to the higher prices, did not
decline as a result of lowered leather prices, but
in fact rose 2.2 percent between March and
September.
Seasonal Commodities
Certain commodities, which are sold for seasonal
use, raise a technical problem in the indexes.
To illustrate, a fur-trimmed coat or an overcoat
appears in the stores late in the summer or early
in the fall. In addition to the time lag in the
production and distribution process which clearly
affects prices of such commodities, the problem of
incorporating the prices of such goods in the
index must be met in order to account for price
changes between the end of one season and the
beginning of the next. There is no real market
price during the off season, and yet price changes
are accruing during the period when the item is
off the market. This is true, if for no other
reason than that end-of-season prices are generally
lowered in order to dispose of seasonal mer
chandise, and early season prices tend to be as
high as the traffic will bear.
Bureau of Labor Statistics practice is to in
corporate these accruing price changes at the
time when they are realized in the m arket2—that
is, at the beginning of the new season. Naturally,
this point is later for the CPI than for the WPI.
Also, this practice may result in a decided jump
in the particular index involved, rather than a
gradual change. Consequently, in the month
when such a change enters into the CPI a diver
gence may be created from the WPI, and vice
versa.
— B etti C. G oldwasser
D iv is io n
o f P r ic e s a n d C o s t o f L iv in g
8 This procedure is paralleled in many practices in the business and financial
world. The conventional accounting and financial practices of marking up
inventories at the time replacement goods are purchased, and treating capital
gains as occurring at the date of realization, are examples.
c o m m e r c e o r “ in a n y c lo s e ly r e la t e d p r o c e s s o r o c c u p a t io n
d ir e c t ly
e s s e n t ia l
co m m e rce ; a n d
w as
Recent Decisions
of Interest to Labor'
so
to
(2 )
sh o rt
as
th e
th e
to
p ro d u c tio n ”
“ p e r io d
be
‘d e
of
s p e n t in
m in im is ’
goods
o v e r t im e
and
fo r
w o rk
u n w o rth y
of
c o n s id e r a t io n .”
O n a p p e a l, t h e c o m p a n y a r g u e d t h a t o n e p u r p o s e o f t h e
1949 A m e n d m e n t to th e F L S A
s e c t io n
3
(j).
T h is
w as
w a s to r e s t r ic t th e s c o p e o f
a p p a re n t,
it
c la im e d ,
fro m
th e
c h a n g e in w o rd s fr o m e m p lo y m e n t “ in a n y p ro c e s s o r o c c u
p a t io n n e c e s s a r y to t h e p r o d u c t io n t h e r e o f ” t o e m p lo y m e n t
“ in a n y c lo s e ly r e la t e d p r o c e s s o r o c c u p a t io n d ir e c t ly e s s e n
t ia l
to
th e
p ro d u c t io n
t h e r e o f.”
It
c o n c lu d e d
th a t
th e
c a f e t e r ia e m p lo y e e s w e r e n o t so e n g a g e d .
Th e
c o u r t d is a g r e e d .
e m p lo y e e s
engaged
in
It
n o te d t h a t fu r n is h in g fo o d to
th e
p r o d u c t io n
of goods
fo r
com
Wages and Hours 2
m e r c e w a s a s im p o r t a n t a s f u r n is h in g p o w e r f o r m a c h in e s .
A U n ite d
S t a t e s C o u rt o f A p p e a ls in R ic h m o n d , V a ., h e ld 3 t h a t e m
p lo y e e s w h o w o r k e d in a c o m p a n y c a fe te r ia w ere e m p lo y e d
in a n o c c u p a tio n “ c lo s e ly r e la te d ” a n d “ d ir e c tly e s s e n t ia l”
to t h e p r o d u c tio n o f g o o d s for c o m m e r ce ; t h e y w e re , th e r e
fo re, s u b je c t t o th e F a ir L a b o r S ta n d a r d s A c t as r e c e n tly
a m e n d e d . T h is is th e first a p p e lla te c a se in w h ic h th e
a m e n d e d c o v e r a g e p r o v isio n s w e re a p p lie d . A c c o r d in g ly ,
t h e c a fe te r ia e m p lo y e e s w ere h e ld to be e n t it le d to u n p a id
o v e r tim e c o m p e n s a tio n , t o g e th e r w it h liq u id a te d d a m a g e s
a n d a t t o r n e y ’s fe e s.
T h e c a fe te r ia e m p lo y e e s c la im e d t h e y w e re r eq u ire d to
w o r k 10 m in u te s in e x c e ss o f 8 h o u rs e a c h d a y (or 50 m in
u t e s o v e r tim e e a c h w e e k ). T h e r efo r e, o n A p ril 2 4 , 1951,
t h e y s u e d th e ir e m p lo y e r , t h e E . I. D u P o n t d e N e m o u r s &
C o ., fo r u n p a id o v e r tim e c o m p e n s a tio n (a m o u n tin g to
$ 2 ,1 0 6 ) fo r s e r v ic e s ren d e re d d u rin g t h e p r e c e d in g 2 y e a rs,
liq u id a te d d a m a g e s, a n d r e a s o n a b le a tt o r n e y fe e s. T h e
e x tr a 10 m in u te s w o rk p e r fo r m e d b y t h e s e e m p lo y e e s , th e
c o u r t s t a t e d , “ c o n s t it u t e d a n in te g r a l p a r t o f th e ir p r in c ip a l
a c t iv i t i e s .” T h e y w o r k e d a t a fe n c e d -in p la n t in C h ester
field C o u n ty , V a ., w h er e o th e r e m p lo y e e s , w h o w ere e n
g a g e d in th e p r o d u c tio n o f g o o d s for in t e r s t a te c o m m e r ce ,
h a d t o e a t a t t h e c o m p a n y ’s c a fe te r ia . T h e la t t e r w e re
n o t a llo w e d to le a v e d u r in g t h e ir w o r k s h if t e x c e p t for
illn e s s or o th e r g o o d r ea so n .
T h e d is tr ic t c o u r t, w h ic h first h e a r d t h e c a se , h a d
d ism iss e d th e e m p lo y e e s ’ c o m p la in t o n t w o g r o u n d s: (1)
T h e y w e re n o t e n g a g e d in t h e p r o d u c tio n o f g o o d s fo r
t h e y n e e d n o t le a v e t h e p la n t is a n e f f e c t iv e s t e p in m a in
Fu rth e r,
F L SA
C overage o f C o m p a n y C a fe te ria E m p lo y e e s .
1 Prepared in the U . S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor.
The cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant
decisions believed to be of special interest. N o attempt has been made to
reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of
labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in
which contrary results may be reached, based upon local statutory provisions,
the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the
issue presented.
2 This section is intended merely as a digest of some recent decisions in
volving the Fair Labor Standards Act and the Portal-to-Portal Act. It is
not to be construed and may not be relied upon as interpretation of these
acts by the Administrator of the Wage and Hour D ivision or any agency of
the Department of Labor.
H a w k i n s v. E . I . D u P o n t d e N e m o u r s & C o . (C. A. 4, N ov. 5, 1951).
8
62
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
“ th e
f e e d in g
o f e m p lo y e e s
c o n v e n ie n t ly
so
th a t
t a in in g p r o d u c t io n .”
T h e re
w a s n o s u b s t a n t ia l d is t in c t io n , th e
c o u rt sta te d ,
b e t w e e n t h e s e c a f e t e r ia e m p lo y e e s a n d t h e “ c o o k s , c o o k e e s ,
a n d b u ll c o o k s in is o la t e d lu m b e r c a m p s o r m in in g c a m p s ,
w h e r e t h e o p e r a t io n o f a c o o k h o u s e m a y in f a c t b e ‘c lo s e ly
r e la t e d ’ a n d
th e
‘d i r e c t l y e s s e n t i a l ’ o r i n d e e d , i n d i s p e n s a b l e t o
p r o d u c tio n
p r e t a t iv e
W age
and
B ecau se
of
goods
B u lle t in
H o ur
fo r
is s u e d
D iv is io n ,
a ll e m p lo y e e s
c o m m e r c e .”
by
th e
U .
S.
o f th e
(F ro m
A d m in is t r a t o r
D e p a rtm e n t
p la n t w e re
of
In t e r
of
th e
L a b o r .)
c o n fin e d
to
th e
p r e m is e s d u r in g t h e ir w o r k s h if t , it c o u ld b e f a ir ly s a id t h a t
th e
c a fe t e r ia
and
d ir e c t ly
e m p lo y e e s ’
e s s e n t ia l
a c t iv it ie s
to
th e
w e re
c lo s e ly
p r o d u c tio n
of
r e la t e d
goods
fo r
co m m e rce .
W i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e c o m p a n y ’s s e c o n d d e f e n s e t h a t t h e
am ount
o f o v e r t im e
w o rk e d
w a s in s ig n ific a n t , th e
a p p e l
la t e c o u r t s a id t h a t t h e q u e s t io n c o u ld o n ly b e d e t e r m in e d
b y a n e x a m in a t io n
o f a ll th e f a c t s in
d e t a il.
It
th e re fo re
o rd e re d th e ca se re m a n d e d to th e d is t r ic t c o u r t fo r a t r ia l
o n t h e m e r it s .
G u a ra n te e d
W age
C o n tra cts
In
In va lid .
g r a n t in g
an
in
ju n c t io n s o u g h t b y th e S e c r e t a r y o f L a b o r a g a in s t a c o m
p a n y fo r v io la t in g th e p r o v is io n s o f th e F a i r L a b o r S t a n d
a rd s
A ct,
as
am ended,
h e ld 4 t h a t t h e
a
U n it e d
g u a ra n te e d
S ta te s
w e e k ly w a g e
c a s e v io la t e d t h e p r o v is io n s o f s e c t io n
c it e d
7
w a s t h a t t h e e m p lo y e e s ’ d u t ie s d id
D is t r ic t
C o u rt
c o n t r a c t s in
(e ).
Th e
t h is
re a so n
n o t n o r m a lly
or
u s u a lly r e q u ir e ir r e g u la r h o u rs .
Th e
S e c r e t a r y ’s
c o m p la in t
c o m p a n y w a s e n g a g e d in
f a ile d
s in c e
pay
it s
Ja n u a ry
to
25,
a lle g e d :
in t e r s t a t e
e m p lo y e e s
1950, an d
th e
(1 )
Th e
co m m e rce ;
m in im u m
lu m b e r
(2 ) i t h a d
h o u r ly
a ls o t h e o v e r t im e
ra te
co m p en sa
t io n a s r e q u ir e d b y s e c t io n 7 o f t h e a c t s in c e S e p t e m b e r 2 4 ,
1949; and
Th e
v is io n s
(3 ) i t h a d f a ile d t o k e e p p r o p e r r e c o r d s .
c o m p a n y , th e c o u r t fo u n d , w a s s u b je c t to th e p ro
of
th e
a ct;
but
it
had
not
c o m p lie d
o r ig in a lly
b e c a u s e i t b e lie v e d i t w a s e x e m p t a s a n a g e n t o f t h e U n it e d
S ta te s
and
o p e ra te d
under
th a t
b e lie f.
B u t,
4 Tobin v . Beechwood Lumber Co. ( N . D . G a ., S e p t. 1 ,1 9 5 1 ).
a fte r
th e
D E C ISIO N S
U n it e d
S ta te s
S u p re m e
C o u r t ’s
d e c is io n
U n i t e d S t a t e s C a r t r id g e C o .5 o n
M ay
w as
th e
d e t e r m in e d
th e
com pany;
a d v e r s e ly
it
w as
d e c is io n ,
on
S e cre ta ry
r e c e iv e d
if
p r e v io u s
th e
M ay
la n g u a g e
p lia n c e .”
t ia lly ,
th e
o f th e
except
tra cts.
w it h
b e lie f
th e
O n
co u rt
2,
re sp e ct
in t e r e s t e d
to
th e
of
of
t h is
1950,
th e
th e e ffe ct t h a t
w a iv e d ,
com pany
p r a c t ic e
S e cre ta ry
A u gu st
w e re
“ be
th e
v.
P o w ell
and
c o m p a n y ’s r e p ly t o
v io la t io n s
IN T E R E ST
8 , 1 9 5 0 , t h is q u e s t io n
by
1950.
T h e re a fte r,
it
in
w o u ld ,
fu tu re
c o m p lie d
gu a ra n te e d
in
com
su b sta n
w age
con
T h e s e w e r e s ig n e d in M a r c h 1 9 5 1 , a b o u t 3 m o n t h s
a fte r th e
t io n
in fo r m e d
17,
a lle g e d
to
in
OF
S e c r e t a r y ’s c o m p l a i n t w a s f i l e d , o n
th a t
th e y
am ended
w e re p e r m it t e d
a ct.
T h a t
s e c t io n
u n d e r s e c t io n
p r o v id e s
th a t
co n tra ct
ye a r.
B u t on Ju n e
to
t e r m in a t e
in
O cto b e r
of th a t
30, th e
c o m p a n y p u t in t o
e ffe c t a u n ila t e r a l
n o t if ie d t h e e m
p l o y e e s o f t h e u n i o n ’s r e f u s a l t o a c c e p t t h e o f f e r e d in c r e a s e .
O n J u l y 1 2 , t h e c o m p a n y in f o r m e d it s e m p lo y e e s t h a t t h o s e
w ho
w e re
on
v a c a t io n
d u r in g
r e c e iv e t h e ir h o lid a y p a y .
a
h o lid a y
w eek
w o u ld
a ls o
A s t h e c o u r t s ta t e d , “ t h e u n io n
d id n o t p r o t e s t t h is d is p o s a l o f t h e g r ie v a n c e ,” a n d n e g o t ia
On
e m p lo y e r
w as
in c r e a s e o f 1 0 c e n t s a n h o u r , a f t e r i t h a d
7
an
w h ic h
N e g o t ia t io n s b e g a n o n J u n e 1 5 ; t h e u n io n r e q u e s te d
a n h o u r ly in c r e a s e o f 1 6 c e n t s , w h ic h t h e c o m p a n y r e fu s e d .
t io n s
o f th e
63
L A B O R
1 9 4 8 , t h e u n io n r e q u e s t e d a r e o p e n in g o f t h e w a g e c la u s e in
th e
th e a ssu m p
(e )
TO
c o n t in u e d
th ro u g h
J u ly ,
A u g u st,
and
S e p te m b e r.
O c t o b e r 5, th e c o m p a n y g a v e a n o t h e r u n ila t e r a l w a g e
in c r e a s e
of
5
ce n ts
an
h o u r,
an
o ffe r
m ade
at
th e
la s t
s h a ll n o t b e d e e m e d in v io la t io n o f th e o v e r t im e p r o v is io n s
m e e t in g o f t h e p a r t ie s w h ic h , t h e c o m p a n y e x p la in e d t o it s
o f th e
e m p lo y e e s , w a s a ls o t u r n e d d o w n b y t h e u n io n .
act w hen
an
e m p lo y e e
is h ir e d
p u rs u a n t to
a
con
Th e
t r ia l
p ro te ste d
th e
t r a c t , “ if t h e d u t ie s o f s u c h e m p lo y e e n e c e s s it a t e ir r e g u la r
e x a m in e r
h o u r s o f w o r k , a n d t h e c o n t r a c t o r a g r e e m e n t (1 ) s p e c if ie s
c o m p a n y ’s a c t io n .
O n O c t o b e r 19, a ft e r a c o n c ilia t o r h a d
fa ile d
p a r t ie s
a r e g u la r r a t e o f p a y o f n o t le s s t h a n t h e m in im u m
ra te
.
.
. and
c o m p e n s a t io n
at
not
le s s
th a n
o n e -h a lf t im e s s u c h r a t e f o r a ll h o u r s w o r k e d
4 0 in a n y w o r k w e e k , a n d
of
pay
fo r
not
m o re
(2 ) p r o v id e s
th a n
60
a
h o u rs
h o u r ly
one
and
co u rt
r e q u ir e
ir r e g u la r
v io la t e d
w age
fo u n d
th e
h o u rs,
th e se
th e
and
o v e r t im e
c o n t r a c t d id
t io n 7 (e ).
th a t
p r o v is io n s
a c t u a lly
e m p lo y e e s .
c o n t r o lle d
th e
d u t ie s
act
d id
not
th e re fo re
s in c e
of
B o a r d ’s r u l i n g
th e
a t t it u d e
had
g ra n te d
th e
re fu se d
w age
by
by
u n la w fu l
t io n s .
in
an
b e d e r iv e d f r o m
th e s a la r y
u n f a ir
N a t io n a l
S u p re m e
a
th e
a
in
A ct,
R e la t io n s
(T a f t - H a r t le y )
in g
th e
and
th a t th e
u n i o n ’s
and
a
S ta te s
o f th e
by
A c t , in
Th e
th e
had
accept
of
had
co u rt,
n e g o t ia
A p p e a ls
N a t io n a l
th e
h o w e v e r,
th e
w age
an
Lab o r
M anagem ent
o f g o o d - f a it h
n o t if ie d
not
n o t c o m m it t e d
Lab o r
v.
in c r e a s e s
a s im ila r c a s e w h ic h
a lo n g h is t o r y
and
N L R B
u n io n
C o u rt
v io la t io n
com pany
B o a rd ,
of
u n ila t e r a l w a g e
had
b e n e f it s .
to
case
co m p an y
am ended
re fu sa l
th e
r u le w a s
c o lle c t iv e - b a r g a in in g
U n it e d
h e ld 7 t h a t a
h o lid a y
th a t
R e la t io n s
in
com pany
in
p r a c t ic e
Lab o r
C o u rt
M illsf
w hen
t h a t th e p a r t ie s h a d
A
W a g e In crea se G ran ted.
R e la t io n s
in v o lv e d
a ls o
1937
b a r g a in e d
to
“ w it h o u t
th e
com pany
c o n s u lt in g
or
g iv in g
w e re
u n i o n ’s
th e
fir s t
g iv e n
to
o ffe re d
th e
a c t io n .
w age
to
th e
e m p lo y e e s
Th e
in c r e a s e s
th e
d id
not
co u rt
c o u ld
c ir c u m s t a n c e s a n d
u n io n ,
w it h
be
te rm e d
th o u g h t th a t
Th e
b a r g a in in g
c o u r t a ls o
on
th e
stre sse d th e fa c t th a t
u n io n ’s
dem ands
w as
not
stre sse d
1948,
c o lle c t iv e ly
th e
s t r ik e
co m p a n y , th ro u g h
had
begun
le t t e r s a n d
but
b e fo re
it
m e e t in g s , e n t ic e d
ended
th e
s t r ik e r s t o r e t u r n to t h e ir jo b s .
19 o f th e
I t c o n t in u e d , h o w e v e r , to
m e e t w it h t h e u n io n u n t il M a r c h 2 8 , 1 9 4 9 , w h e n it r e fu s e d
a m e e t in g o n t h e g r o u n d s t h a t t h e u n io n
se n te d
th e
e m p lo y e e s .
o f f ic ia lly
c a lle d
r e p la c e d
30
On
o ff th e
o f th e
13,
but
th e
s t r ik e ,
s t r ik e r s
r e in s t a t e a n y o f t h e m .
A p r il
w it h
new
n o lo n g e r r e p r e
1949,
th e
co m p an y,
w o rk e rs,
u n io n
h a v in g
re fu se d
to
T h e c o u r t, u n lik e th e B o a r d , fo u n d
t h a t t h is w a s a n e c o n o m ic s t r ik e t h r o u g h o u t a n d t h a t t h e
com pany
s t r ik e r s
w as
s in c e
c o m p le t e ly
t h e ir
ju s t if ie d
p la c e s
had
in
been
not
f ille d
r e in s t a t in g
w it h
new
th e
em
p lo y e e s .
b a r g a in
e m p lo y e e s o f
in c r e a s e s
and
h o lid a y c o n c e s s io n s .
Fro m
“ a h a r d e n in g o f
Fu rth e r,
p r e c lu d e d .
th e
as
th e
e x t e n t m a d e .”
fu rth e r
S u b s e q u e n t ly ,
la b o r
been
re fu se d
t h e y w e re in “ c o m p lia n c e w it h t h e r e q u e s ts o f th e u n io n t o
th e
im p a s s e
C h ic a g o
th e n
u n d e r th o se
C ro m p to n -H ig h la n d
re a ch e d
and
how
A fte r
w e re
in c r e a s e s
it ,
“ u n ila t e r a l”
th e
49
I n r e f u s in g t o u p h o ld t h e B o a r d ’s r u lin g , t h e c o u r t s t a t e d
th a t
u n d e rsta n d
L e g a lity o f U n ila tera l
by
in c r e a s e s
In s t e a d , th e e m p lo y e e s ’ w e e k ly c o m p e n s a t io n
Labor Relations
u p h e ld
th e
com pany h ad
n e g o t ia t o r s .”
of
r e c e iv e d e a c h w e e k .
e s t a b lis h e d
o f th e
w as th a t th e
e x p la n a t io n
s h o u ld
in v o lv in g
n o t ic e t o t h e u n io n .”
t h e ir
p r o v is io n s o f s e c
c o m p e n s a t io n
Th e
th e
“ r e g u la r r a t e ”
s t r ik e
t h e w a g e in c r e a s e s b e fo r e t h e r e h a d
ra te s
w a s a lw a y s th e c o n t r a c t s a la r y ; th e r e fo r e , th e c o u r t r u le d
th a t th e
a
w o r k e r s w a s c a lle d .
th e
on
A lt h o u g h t h e a g r e e m e n t s p e c if ie d h o u r ly r a t e s ,
never
agree,
not
to b a r g a in c o lle c t iv e ly w it h t h e u n io n s in c e i t h a d a w a r d e d
th e
th e
had
excess of
com pany
of
n o t c o m e w it h in
th e
u n io n
g u a ra n ty
b ase d
th e
h e lp
th e
in
e m p lo y e e s ’
th a t
to
th a t
w e e k ly
so s p e c if ie d .”
Th e
fo u n d
T w en ty-five
a
novel
Year
case,
th e
C lu b— D is c rim in a tio n
Q u a rte r
C e n tu ry
by
C lu b
E m p lo y e r.
of
a
In
com pany
r e fu s e d t o g iv e a n e m p lo y e e m e m b e r s h ip ( a n d t h e 1 0 s h a r e s
th e
w it h
com pany
g re a t
and
th e
su ccess.
u n io n
In
« 339 U . S. 497.
« 337 U. S. 217, ret), den. 337 U . S. 950.
N L R B v. B r a d l e y W a s h f o u n t a i n C o . (C. A. 7, N ov. 1,1951).
7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
had
Ja n u a ry
o f s t o c k t h a t w e n t w it h it ) , b e c a u s e h e h a d p a r t ic ip a t e d in
a 1 3 -w e e k s t r ik e a n d h a d th e r e fo r e in t e r r u p t e d h is 2 5 y e a r s
o f s e r v ic e .
T h is
n a to ry
a
8U n it e d
and
a c t io n ,
v io la t io n
th e
o f th e
S h o e M a c h in e r y C o r p .
N L R B
h e ld ,8 w a s
d is c r im i
L M R A .
(96 N L R B No. 197, N ov. 2, 1951).
64
D E C ISIO N S
OF
IN T E R E S T
T h e Q u a r t e r C e n t u r y C lu b h a d b e e n e s t a b lis h e d in M a y
th e
th o se
t h e ir
e m p lo y e e s
w ho
have
th e
com m o n
bond
of
lo n g
I t w a s f in a n c e d a lm o s t c o m p le t e ly b y t h e c o m
pany and
c lu b b u s in e s s w a s t r a n s a c t e d o n c o m p a n y p r o p
e r t y a n d t im e .
In
S e p t e m b e r 1 9 2 6 , t h e b o a r d o f d ir e c t o r s
M O N T H LY
L A B O R
H o w e v e r,
1 9 2 6 b y t h e e m p lo y e e s “ t o p r o m o t e g o o d fe llo w s h ip a m o n g
s e r v ic e .”
TO
th e
L M R A
B o a rd
w hen
u n io n
it
fo u n d
th a t th e
L A B O R
com pany
v io la t e d
q u e s t io n e d t h e e m p lo y e e s c o n c e r n in g
m e m b e r s h ip
and
d is c h a r g e d
32
u n io n
m en,
i n c l u d i n g a ll u n io n o f f ic e r s , j u s t a f t e r t h e u n io n n o t if ie d t h e
com pany
of
m a in in g
it s
m a jo r it y - r e p r e s e n t a t io n
e m p lo y e e s h a d
to
w o rk
c la im .
o v e r t im e
Th e
re
u n t il a fte r th e
a u t h o r iz e d t h e c o m p a n y p r e s id e n t t o p r e s e n t 1 0 s h a r e s o f
e le c t io n , t h e B o a r d n o t e d , w h e n t h e jo b s w e r e q u ic k ly fille d .
s to c k to
T h e c o m p a n y o ffe re d n o r e a l e x p la n a t io n o f t h e d is c h a r g e s .
each
e m p lo y e e w it h
S e b a s t ia n , a
c o m p a n y e m p lo y e e , w e n t o n s t r ik e
h is t w e n t y -f if t h
c lu b
y e a r o f s e r v ic e
m e m b e r s h ip
and
$420.
Th e
c lu b ,
sta te d
th a t
h is
u n a u t h o r iz e d
th e
2 5 o r m o re y e a r s o f s e r v ic e .
in
a
10
le t t e r
in
to
w ro te
of sto ck
th e
w as
s e r v ic e .
h im s e lf
w a s th e re fo re
sh a re s
m e m b e r s h ip
b re a k
e m p lo y e e
th e
and
com pany
re fu se d
O n
to
th e n
th e
M o r e o v e r , a m a n a g e r ia l a g e n t h a d s a id t h a t t h e c o m p a n y ’s
d e n ie d
p o lic y
w o rth
w h o le
of
18,
an
1950,
th e
c lu b
d is c r im in a t io n .
a llo w e d
b re a k s
in
s e r v ic e
S h o r t ly
o f w o r k , o r a b s e n c e s w it h le a v e o f m a n a g e m e n t .
but
w as
b r e a k s in
m ade
b e tw e e n
s e r v ic e , t h e
v o lu n t a r y
B o a rd
u p h e ld
and
n o t e d , s in c e
N o
d is
in v o lu n t a r y
so m e m e n w e re
A
com pany
in
In
U n la w fu l.
it s
e s t a b lis h e d
a u n a n i
p r in c ip le s
a fte r it
d id
w h ic h
re fu se d
w a s o v e r, th e
to
r e h ir e
B o a rd
r u l e d , 10
o f a n u n f a ir la b o r p r a c t ic e w it h in t h e m e a n in g
T h e s t r ik e la s t e d f r o m
b e c a u s e o f illn e s s , w a r s e r v ic e , t e r m in a t io n , la y - o f f f o r la c k
t in c t io n
N L R B
s t r ik e r s lo n g a f t e r t h e s t r ik e
o f th e L M R A .
th e
g o v e rn e d ,
b e e n o u t o n a la w f u l u n f a ir - la b o r - p r a c t ic e s t r ik e is u n la w f u l
w a s g u ilt y
th a t
w as
m o t iv a t io n s .
t h a t d is c h a r g e o f o r r e f u s a l to r e e m p lo y s t r ik e r s w h o h a v e
a n d p u rp o s e o f th e in t e r r u p t io n — p a r t ic ip a t io n in a s t r ik e .”
out
d is c h a r g e s
p r e s id e n t
B o a r d a g r e e d w it h t h e t r ia l e x a m in e r t h a t t h e r e a l
p o in t e d
or
a n t iu n io n
R e f u s a l to H i r e S t r i k e P a r t i c i p a n t s
m o u s r u lin g ,
re a s o n f o r r e f u s in g S e b a s t ia n m e m b e r s h ip w a s “ th e n a t u r e
It
la y -o ffs
p a rt, b y
re fu se d b e ca u se h e
co m p an y
d id n o t h a v e t h e n e c e s s a r y c o n t in u o u s s e r v ic e .
Th e
r e g a r d in g
o r in
p r e s id e n t ,
becau se
Se p te m b e r
r e q u e s t in g h is s t o c k , b u t h e w a s a g a in
d u r in g
not
r e in s t a t e
Se p te m b e r 6 an d
t e r m in a t io n
A u g u s t 6 u n t il S e p t e m b e r 3, 1 9 4 7 .
ended,
th e
com pany
any
of
th e
re su m e d
s t r ik e r s .
o p e r a t io n s
In
fa c t,
on
O c to b e r 15, 1949, th e c o m p a n y se n t o u t
n o t ic e s t o
a b o u t 2 0 0 e m p lo y e e s .
N o
ch a rg e s
d r a f t e d a n d o t h e r s e n lis t e d v o lu n t a r ily w h ile a c c u m u la t in g
w e r e f ile d b y t h e s e e m p lo y e e s w it h in t h e 6 m o n t h s a llo w e d
t h e ir 2 5 y e a r s o f s e r v ic e .
b y th e a c t; th e re fo re , a n y
A lt h o u g h ,
in
th e
B o a r d ’s
m e n t o f c o n t in u o u s s e r v ic e
in t e r fe r in g
w it h
th e
o p in io n ,
w as not
th e
c lu b ’s
r e q u ir e
r ig h t s , it
a c t io n
u n io n
co n ce rte d
a c t iv it y .
T h is
w a s t r u e , t h e B o a r d t h o u g h t , w h e n a n e m p lo y e e h a d a lm o s t
T h e B o a r d a ls o h e ld t h a t t h e g if t o f s h a r e s w a s a b a r g a in is s u e
Th e
B o a rd
m e n t”
and
not
a
g r a t u it y
th o u g h t th e
and
hence
as
th e
g if t w a s a
s u b je c t
o p e n in g s
th e n
to
com pany
“ c o n d it io n
c la im e d .
o f e m p lo y
fo r
file d
m a n p a n e l o f th e N L R B
A
U n la w fu l.
th re e -
u n a n im o u s ly o rd e re d 9 a c o m p a n y
t o r e in s t a t e e m p lo y e e s w h o w e re d is c h a r g e d a f t e r a r e p r e
s e n t a t io n
bonus
e le c t io n ,
p a y m e n ts
and
lo s t
to
o ffe r th e m
b ecause
o f th e
w h ic h
th e se
ch a rg e s
m en
w it h in
w e re
th e
q u a lif ie d .
a llo t t e d
6
Th e
m o n th s,
e m p lo y e r ,
in
a n s w e r in g
th e
u n io n ’s
a lle g a t io n s ,
a n d w a s s u b v e r t i n g t h e B o a r d ’s p r o c e s s e s b y h a r a s s i n g h i m .
T h is
w a s e s p e c ia lly tr u e , h e
c o n t in u e d , s in c e m o s t o f t h e
s t r ik e r s n o w h a d o t h e r jo b s .
n e g o t ia t io n .
In terferen ce— D isc h a rg es
and
s t a t e d t h a t th e u n io n w a s a t t e m p t in g t o r e v iv e a d e a d c la im
D is a g r e e in g
E m p lo y e r
1948
a lle g in g d is c r im in a t o r y r e f u s a l t o h ir e .
Th e
r e a c h e d t h e 2 5 -y e a r p o in t .
a b le
M a rch
n e w jo b s , b u t t h e c o m p a n y re fu s e d to h ir e t h e m , a lt h o u g h it
had
in
B e tw e e n
“ nec
e m p lo y e e s
e n g a g in g ”
c h a rg e s o n t h is p a r t ic u la r c o m
b a rre d .
J a n u a r y 1 9 5 0 , a p p r o x im a t e ly 8 5 fo r m e r s t r ik e r s a p p lie d f o r
e s s a r ily h a d a t e n d e n c y t o r e s t r a in , c o e rc e , a n d d is c o u r a g e
fro m
w e re
of
“ fo r th e p u rp o se ”
e m p lo y e e s ’ s t a t u t o r y
pany
back
pay
and
e m p lo y e r ’s
any
d is c r im
w it h
th e
c o m p a n y ’s
p o s it io n ,
th e
B o a rd
p o in t e d o u t t h a t t h e e m p lo y e e s ’ c o m p la in t n o w h e r e a lle g e d
th a t
th e
t e r m in a t io n
n o t ic e s
w e re
sta tu to ry
v io la t io n s .
T h e r e f o r e , t h e e m p lo y e e s w e re o n ly t r y i n g t o p r o v e t h a t t h e
com pany
sou gh t
had
new
d is c r im in a t e d
e m p lo y m e n t .
a g a in s t
Th e
th e m
B o a rd
w hen
n o te d :
“ Th e
th e y
d is
c r im in a t o r y c o n d u c t t h e r e b y a lle g e d c o n s t it u t e s a s e p a r a t e
in a t io n .
B e fo re
th e
u n io n -r e p r e s e n t a t io n
e le c t io n ,
th e
com pany
a n d in d e p e n d e n t v io la t io n o f t h e a c t d is t in c t f r o m
any un
h a d s e n t le t t e r s to a ll it s e m p lo y e e s s t a t in g t h a t t h e y s h o u ld
la w f u l c o n d u c t w h ic h m a y h a v e b e e n im p lic it in t h e e a r lie r
v o t e “ n o ” s o a s to p r o t e c t t h e ir jo b s a n d f a m ilie s fr o m t h e
t e r m in a t io n s o f e m p lo y m e n t .”
th re a ts
of
u n io n - c a lle d
s t r ik e s .
B u t
th e
le t t e r s
a ls o
e x p r e s s ly s t a t e d t h a t t h e c o m p a n y w o u ld n o t d is c r im in a t e
a g a in s t a n y
o f it s
e m p lo y e e s , n o
Th e
fo u n d
th a t
B o a rd
th e se
m a tte r h o w
sta te m e n ts
th e y
w e re
v o te d .
p r iv ile g e d
F in a lly ,
th e
B o a rd
sta te d
th a t
th e
act
e m p lo y e r s a c o n t in u in g d u t y t o r e f r a in f r o m
a g a in s t
a p p lic a n t s
s t r ik e a c t iv it y .
or
fo rm e r
e m p lo y e e s
im p o s e s
upon
d is c r im in a t in g
because
o f t h e ir
I f , i t c o n t i n u e d , t h e c o m p a n y ’s a r g u m e n t
fr e e s p e e c h , s in c e t h e c o m p a n y h a d m a d e it c le a r t h a t t h e r e
w a s f o llo w e d o r a llo w e d , t h e e ffe c t w o u ld b e t o p e r m it t h e
w o u ld
p e r m a n e n t b la c k lis t in g
be
no
d is c r im in a t io n
in v o lv in g
t h e e m p lo y e e s ’ jo b
o f s t r ik e r s .
s e c u r it y .
« D in io n
C o il C o .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(96 N L R B N o. 215, N ov. 19, 1951).
io
T e x tile 'M a c h in e W o r k s
(96 N L R B No. 195, N ov. 5, 1951).
REVIEW, JANUARY 1952
D E C IS IO N S
OF
IN T E R E S T
Unemployment Compensation
Actively Seeking Work.
p o p u la t io n ,
w ho
p re fe re n c e
in
knew
A
e m p lo y m e n t
in
fe w
to
a
v illa g e
of
lo c a l in d u s t r ie s
t h e ir
r e g u la r
500
gave
e m p lo y e e s ,
No Conflict Between Vacation Clause and Reemployment
Statutes. T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s C o u r t o f A p p e a l s f o r t h e
S e v e n th
s e le c t e d r e g u la r e m p lo y m e n t o n a f is h in g b o a t , w h ic h t o o k
c e r t a in
h im a w a y fr o m h o m e 8 m o n t h s in th e y e a r.
fro m
S u p e r io r
w o rk
C o u rt
h e l d 11 t h a t
w h e n a t th e e n d
w o rk
o n ly
in
h is
he
w as
not
T h e D e la w a r e
a c t iv e ly
s e e k in g
o f t h e f is h in g s e a s o n h e lo o k e d
hom e
65
L A B O R
Veterans’ Reemployment Rights
r e s id e n t
th a t th e
TO
to w n .
C o n s e q u e n t ly ,
fo r
he
w as
d e n ie d u n e m p lo y m e n t b e n e fit s .
C i r c u i t 16 r e c e n t l y
v e te ra n s
a
a f f ir m e d
v a c a t io n
m il it a r y s e r v ic e .
a
f ix e d
day
o r w it h in
a
year
d e n y in g
th e y
re tu rn e d
w e re
c o n t a in e d
v a c a t io n
to J u n e 3 0 ; e lig ib ilit y r e q u ir e d
on
ju d g m e n t
a g re e m e n ts
1940, a n d
Th e
a
1946, w hen
V a c a t io n
a n n u a lly , b e g in n in g in
id e n t ic a l p r o v is io n s :
in
m ade
s u b s t a n t ia lly
ra n
fro m
J u ly
1
1 y e a r ’s s e n i o r i t y a n d w o r k
fix e d
w eek
a t th e
end
o f th e
v a c a t io n y e a r ; a n d v a c a t io n a llo w a n c e s w e r e 1 o r 2 w e e k s ’
Constitutionality of Good Cause Proviso.
sta tu te
p r o v id e s
of
In d ia n a
th e
upon
good
th a t
a
re fe re e
E m p lo y m e n t
cau se
show n,
or
th e
S e c u r it y
w a iv e
or
A n
In d ia n a
pay
(d e p e n d in g
R e v ie w
B o a rd
J u ly
D iv is io n
“ m ay,
t io n s .
m o d ify ”
th e
d is q u a li
in
A
1945
s t r ik e
ra n
f ic a t io n f o r b e n e fit s o f a n i n d iv id u a l w h o le f t w o r k v o lu n
agre e m e n t
t a r ily
gro ss
to
m a rry
or
b eca u se
o b lig a t io n s .
In
th e
Su p re m e
C o u rt
o f a u t h o r it y
w as
In d ia n a
d e le g a t io n
h o ld in g
of
m a r it a l o r
t h is
sta tu te
sta te d
to o
d o m e s t ic
u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l , 12
th a t
b ro a d .
r u le o r s t a n d a r d t o b e f o llo w e d in
o th e r
th e
It
a tte m p te d
f u r n is h e d
no
d e t e r m in in g w h e n to s e t
a s id e t h e d is q u a lif ic a t io n .
A p p e a ls
h e l d 13 t h a t
a
1 or 2
sto re
c le r k
A la b a m a
w ho
C o u rt
le f t w o r k
of
not
P e tty
le a v e
fo r
good
cau se
co n n e cte d
w it h
w o rk
th e
w o rk .
A
g ro u p
w e re
S u p e r io r
C o u r t h e l d 14 t h a t t w o c o l l i e r i e s u n d e r c o m m o n o w n e r s h i p
n e cte d
by
an
e s t a b lis h m e n t
u n d e rg ro u n d
C o a l w a s tra n sp o rte d fro m
e s s in g
and
th e re
s u p e r in t e n d e n t ,
re co rd s.
c o llie r y
It
at
one
a t th e
“ due
to
a
la b o r
d is p u t e
o n ly
one
and
a
m in e
d if f e r e n t
becam e
o th e r, th e y
sto p p a g e
p r e m is e s a t w h ic h
of
at
w o rk ,
th e
Y o rk
w e re
o p e ra te d
b re a k e r,
one
one
set
lo c a l
of
as
con
one.
u n e m p lo y e d
w h ic h
o p e r a t in g
a c c o u n t in g
m in e r s a t e a c h
u n io n .
w e re d is q u a lif ie d
W hen
b ecause
th e
of
a
a s u n e m p lo y e d
e x is t s
b eca u se
of
a
f a c t o r y , e s t a b lis h m e n t o r o t h e r
[th e y w e re ] la s t e m p lo y e d .”
Refusal of Suitable Work.
N ew
and
im m a t e r ia l t h a t th e
to
. . .
passage
th e y
o n e m in e to t h e o t h e r f o r p r o c
p a y r o ll,
w a s h e ld
b e lo n g e d
w o rk e rs
s t r ik e
w as
one
w hen
S u p re m e
Th e
A p p e lla t e
th e
a s a f in is h e r a n d
at
She
w eek.
Th e
fo r
th e
v e te ra n s
of
fo rm e r
o t h e r w is e
1 9 4 6 r e c e iv e d n o p a y , if t h e y w e re
in
1
th a t
and
le s s v a c a t io n
y e a r.
pay
o p e r a t iv e
Th o se
D ecem ber
th a n
1,
r e t u r n in g
1945,
t h a t p r o v id e d
w hen
th e y
w e re
b ro u g h t
s u it ,
c la im in g
to
r e c e iv e d
under
in d u c t e d
and
D iv is io n
o f th e
of
v e te ra n s
e it h e r
to
v a c a t io n s
under
th a t
th e
th e y
co n tra cts
v a c a t io n s
e a rn e d
b y
e m p lo y e e s
not
in
m ilit a r y
T h e y c o n te n d e d t h a t th e 1 9 4 6 a g r e e m e n t v io la t e d
r e e m p lo y m e n t
sta tu te s
by
d is c r im in a t in g
in
e ffe ct
T h e v e t e r a n s h a d file d a m o t io n f o r f u r t h e r in f o r m a t io n
fro m
th e
e m p lo y e r .
s u p p ly in g t h is a n d
ju d g m e n t
d e c id in g
C o u rt
Th e
on
th e
th e
fa c ts
is s u e
e n te re d
v e te ra n s
Th e
e m p lo y e r f o r m a lly
o b je c t e d
to
a t t h e s a m e t im e m o v e d f o r s u m m a r y
th e n
b e fo re
o f s u p p ly in g
su m m a ry
a p p e a le d ,
th e
ju d g m e n t
u r g in g
co u rt.
in f o r m a t io n ,
a g a in s t
th a t
th e re
th e
th e
w e re
W it h o u t
D is t r ic t
ve te ra n s.
fa c ts
in
d is p u t e r e q u ir in g a t r ia l a n d t h a t , o n t h e le g a l q u e s t io n s ,
t h e s u m m a r y ju d g m e n t s h o u ld h a v e b e e n f o r t h e v e t e r a n s .
T h e s e v e t e r a n s w e r e n o w o r s e o ff t h a n o t h e r e m p lo y e e s o n
le a v e ,
but
r e m a in e d
s a id ,
th e y
w e re
c o n t in u o u s ly
do
not
w o rse
on
p ro te ct
th e
o ff
th a n
jo b .
v e te ra n s
e m p lo y e e s
Th e
a g a in s t
w ho
sta tu te s,
t h is
ty p e
th e
of
d is c r im in a t io n .
C o u r t h e l d 15 t h a t a f u r f i n i s h e r , w h o
f o r r e fu s in g w o r k
a
1945
th a t
1946.
p e rce n ta g e s
a g a in s t v e t e r a n s a s a g ro u p .
co u rt
w a s la s t e m p lo y e d a t $ 5 0 a w e e k , d id n o t h a v e g o o d c a u s e
$40
year
m eant
n e g o t ia t io n s
m id -M a r c h
s u b s t it u t e d
th e
e ffe c t iv e in t h e y e a r e a c h w a s in d u c t e d o r to t h e e q u iv a le n t
th e
s in g le
T h is
J u ly
e n t it le d
s e r v ic e .
a
1946
co n tra ct
on
1946 v a ca
u p to 1 9 4 6 .
of
P e n n s y lv a n ia
th e
to
c a le n d a r
p o s it io n s
a g re e m e n ts
a p p ly in g to a v e r a g e m e n o r w o m e n , n o t th e s u p e r s e n s it iv e .
Th e
th e
e f f e c t iv e
b ecau se
ir r it a t io n s a r e a p a r t o f n o r m a l w o r k in g c o n d it io n s ,
c o n s t it u t e d
to
b e tw e e n
t h e c o u r t s t a t e d , a n d s t a n d a r d s o f r e a s o n a b le n e s s a r e t h o s e
Meaning of “Establishment. ”
in
fro m
fo r
ra te
y e a r, e x c e p t fo r
N ovem ber
w ee ks’ p a y .
re sto re d
o f p e t t y ir r it a t io n s in h e r r e la t io n s w it h t h e s to re m a n a g e r
d id
a r is in g
re a ch e d
e a r n in g s
a t th e
v a c a t io n
e lig ib le f o r v a c a t io n in
th e
Th e
s e n io r it y )
fro m
s u b s t a n t ia lly
Good Cause for Voluntary Quit.
on
1 f o llo w in g th e
w as
s e w e r o n la d ie s ’ c o a t s
r e a s o n a b ly
f it t e d
by
t r a in in g
a n d e x p e r ie n c e f o r t h e w o r k o ffe re d , a n d t h e w a g e w a s t h e
p r e v a ilin g w a g e fo r t h a t w o rk .
A lt h o u g h th e f u ll u t iliz a
t io n o f s k ills is d e s ir a b le , t h e c o u r t s t a t e d , i t is n o t t h e t e s t
f ix e d b y t h e s t a t u t e .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11 Williams v. Unemployment Compensation Commission (Del. Super. O t.
Aug. 8, 1951).
12 State of Indiana ex rel. Standard Oil Co. v. Review Board (Ind. Sup. Ct.,
Oct. 11,1951).
13 Department of Industrial Relations v. M ann (O. A. Ala., Oct. 31, 1950)
14 Neidlinger v. Board of Review (Pa. Super. Ct., N ov. 15, 1951).
13 Matter of De Bryne (N . Y . Sup. Ct., App. D iv., Sept. 19, 1951).
13 Foster v. General Motors Corp. (C. A. 7, Oct. 17,1951).
66
D E C IS IO N S
Th e
co u rt
e x is t e d ,
d a v it s
of
a p p e a ls
because
th e
p r o v in g
or
even
a gre e m e n t w as m a d e
Th e
e m p l o y e r ’s
ab se n ce
fo u n d
v e te ra n s
in
th a t
had
c h a r g in g
bad
a ffid a v it s
d is p u t e
file d
under
fa it h
m u st
no
not
c o u ld
be
know n
of
IN T E R E S T
fa c t
c o u n t e r - a f fi
o a th
th a t
th e
o r w a s d is c r im in a t o r y .
be
deem ed
o f c o u n t e r - a f fid a v it s , e v e n t h o u g h
n e g o t ia t io n
OF
o n ly
to
th e
tru e
in
th e
a s s ig n e d
h im
to
so m e
a d ja c e n t t e r r it o r y
e m p l o y e r ’s
f in a l
o ffe r
sta te d
d r a w in g
w as
accou nt
u n io n
fu tu re
th e
O t h e r le g a l is s u e s w e re a n a ly z e d b y t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a ls
V a c a t io n p a y is n o t g u a r a n t e e d to a r e t u r n in g
im m e d ia t e
if
it
w as
at
g re a te r
a re tu rn
c o lle c t iv e - b a r g a in in g
d is m is s e d h is c la im
a g re e m e n t.
S in c e
v a c a t io n
pay
Th e
in
a
a ll fe a s ib le .
h is
h is o ld
Th e
p r e -in d u c t io n
t e r r it o r y
v e te ra n
in
th e
re fu se d
to
h is s t a t u t o r y
r e q u ir e
u n le s s
p o s it io n
in v a lid a t e d
by
bad
fa it h
or
by
d is c r im in a t io n
a g a in s t v e t e r a n s a s s u c h — n e it h e r o f w h ic h
t h is ca se .
w a s s h o w n in
T h e u n io n is le g it im a t e ly in t e r e s t e d in t h e b e s t
fo r
it s
m e m b e rs
as
a
w h o le .
P u r s u it
of
th e
o n ly
th a t
or
one
r e e m p lo y m e n t r ig h t s .
th e
v e te ra n
w h ic h
be
a ffo rd s
g iv e n
“ lik e ” th o s e o f t h e fo r m e r p o s it io n .
Kivo
v.
th e
18 o n
C o u rt
w h ic h
of
th e
v e te ra n
A p p e a ls
but
Loeb case
h e ld
b e c a u s e in t h e
of
co u rt
co sts
a g a in s t
case w a s re v e rse d
b e ca u se th e s ta tu te
by
th e
u n su c c e ssfu l v e t
th e
co u rt
of
a p p e a ls ,
Th e
to o
e x p r e s s ly p r o h ib it s it .
ve te ra n
vague
Th e
co n te n d e d
and
co u rt
th e n e w
not
o f e q u a l s e n io r it y , s t a t u s , a n d p a y .
g e n e ra l
th a t
to
c o n s id e r e d
m eet
t h is
sta tu s,
to
w as
fo rm e r
and
in
h is
by
case,
o ffe re d w a s n o t
e m p l o y e r ’s
sta tu to ry
o b je c t io n
pay
Loeb
r e a f fir m e d
r u le
p o s it io n
th e
sta tu te s
T h e d e c is io n in
r e lie d
m e n t o f s o m e s e c t io n s o f v e r y la r g e g r o u p s o f e m p lo y e e s .
t h is
Th ese
e it h e r h is
s e n io r it y ,
g e n e r a l in t e r e s t m a y n a t u r a lly p r o d u c e u n f a v o r a b le t r e a t
a w a rd
T h e D is t r ic t C o u r t
a n d t h e v e t e r a n a p p e a le d .
T h e C o u r t o f A p p e a ls h e ld t h a t t h e v e t e r a n w a s m is t a k e n
a s to
is n o t a n in c id e n t o f e m p lo y m e n t , t h e a g r e e m e n t c o n t r o ls
A n
p e r m it
e m p lo y m e n t
th a n
to
t o h is o ld t e r r it o r y , a n d b r o u g h t s u it .
v e t e r a n b y t h e s t a t u t e s a n d h is c la im is d e t e r m in a b le u n d e r
e ra n s , in
w o u ld
t e r r it o r y n o t d e s ig n a t e d b u t c o n v e n ie n t t o h is h o m e , a t a
d r a w in g a c c o u n t , a n d
and
w h ic h
t o liv e a t h is h o m e a n d m ig h t p a y e v e n b e t t e r .
c o n fe r , e x c e p t in c o n n e c t io n w it h im m e d ia t e r e a s s ig n m e n t
a s f o llo w s .
co n tra ct
L A B O R
th e fa c t s a s to
e m p lo y e r .
th e
TO
o ffe r
w as
r e q u ir e m e n t s .
u n t e n a b le
b eca u se
a n y d e t a i l e d d e f i n i t i o n h a d b e e n p r e v e n t e d b y t h e v e t e r a n ’s
Position with “Like” Seniority, Status, and Pay Complies
With Statutes. T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s C o u r t o f A p p e a l s f o r t h e
r e f u s a l to d is c u s s a n y a lt e r n a t iv e a s s ig n m e n t .
Seco n d
C i r c u i t 17 a f f i r m e d
p a y t o t h e p r e i n d u c t i o n p o s i t i o n w o u l d f u l f i l l t h e e m p l o y e r ’s
ve te ra n
r e in s t a t e d
in
a
d e c is io n
r e fu s in g
to
o rd e r
a
h is f o r m e r , e x c lu s iv e s a le s t e r r it o r y .
a s s ig n m e n t
o b lig a t io n .
P r io r t o h is in d u c t io n , th e v e t e r a n h a d s e r v e d s a t is f a c t o r ily
a
in
w it h
an
c a t io n
e x c lu s iv e
fo r
le t t e r s a n d
s a le s t e r r it o r y f o r
r e s t o r a t io n
to
t h is
t e le g r a m s e x c h a n g e d
19 m o n th s.
p o s it io n
w as
H is
a p p li
t im e ly .
In
o v e r a 1 6 -d a y p e r io d , t h e
m eans
th e
to
a
p o s it io n
an
s a le s m e n
e m p l o y e r ’s
r e a s o n a b le
in
A n o ffe re d
s e n io r it y ,
sta tu s,
and
T h e c o u r t in t e r p r e t e d th e f in a l o ffe r a s m e r e ly
o f s e e k in g
o th e r
equal
o p p o r t u n it y
w h o se
r ig h t s
a s s ig n m e n t s
s u g g e s t io n ,
th e
of
to
d is c u s s
m ig h t
be
t e r r it o r y .
c o u r t h e ld , w h ic h
c o n d it io n s
a ffe c te d
T h is
th e
w as
by
a
v e te ra n
e m p lo y e r e x p re s s e d r e lu c t a n c e to r e a s s ig n t h is t e r r it o r y to
s h o u ld n o t h a v e a n s w e re d b y a r e f u s a l to d is c u s s a n y b u t
th e
h is f o r m e r p o s it io n .
ve te ra n
but
r e p e a t e d ly
in v it e d
h im
e m p l o y e r ’s e x p e n s e t o d i s c u s s t h e s i t u a t i o n .
in
g e n e ra l
te rm s
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
su gge ste d
th a t
th e
to
com e
at
th e
T h e e m p lo y e r
v e te ra n
m ig h t
be
17 Major v . Phillips-Jones Corp. (C . A . 2, N o r . 1, 1951).
« 169 F. 2d 346, 1948.
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
e ffe ct
u p h o ld in g
a
lo w e r
c o u r t ’s
d e c is io n
th a t
e m p lo y e e s
w h o r e fu s e t o c r o s s p ic k e t lin e s o f a u n io n o t h e r t h a n t h e ir
ow n
a re
not
u n d e r th e
e n g a g in g
Lab o r
s u b je c t to
in
a
p ro te cte d
co n ce rte d
a c t iv it y
M a n a g e m e n t R e la t io n s A c t a n d
d is c ip lin e
by
t h e ir e m p lo y e r .
m ay be
(S o u r c e :
Lab o r
R e la t io n s R e p o r t e r , v o l. 2 9 , N o . 9 , D e c . 3 , 1 9 5 1 , L R R
pp.
5 1 a n d 5 7 .)
November 28
T he A dm inistra tor
th e
November 14, 1951
U .
S.
h o u r ly
ra te ,
(f o r m e r ly
T he S a lary S ta biliza tio n B oard
of
G e n e ra l S a la r y
S t a b iliz a t io n
a n n o u n c e d th e is s u a n c e
R e g u la t io n
4 , r e la t in g
to
s t o c k o p t io n s a n d s t o c k p u r c h a s e p la n s a d o p t e d o n O c t o b e r
30,
1951.
It
p e r m it s
(s u b je c t
to
c e r t a in
c o n d it io n s )
th e
d iv is io n
r e le a s e
31,
N ov.
N o . 224, N o v .
14,
1951, a n d
F e d e r a l R e g is t e r ,
S S B
v o i.
16,
1 7 , 1 9 5 1 , p . 1 1 6 8 6 .)
O n N o v e m b e r 29, th e S S B
m it s
(S o u rc e :
a d o p te d G S S R
5 , w h ic h p e r
w a g e a d ju s t m e n t s f o r s a le s e m p lo y e e s u n d e r c e r t a in
c o n d it io n s .
(S o u rc e :
F e d e r a l R e g is t e r ,
v o i.
16,
N o . 235,
ce n ts)
th e
W age
Lab o r
Ja n u a ry
and
28,
1952,
f o r e m p lo y e e s in
je w e l
c u t t in g
H o u r
e s t a b lis h e d
and
th e
D iv is io n
a
of
of
m in im u m
ce n ts
4 2 }£
in d u s t r ia l je w e l
p o lis h in g
in d u s t r y
in
R ic o , u n d e r p r o v is io n o f th e F a ir L a b o r S t a n d a r d s
A ct.
(S o u rc e :
F e d e r a l R e g is t e r , v o l. 1 6 , N o . 2 3 4 , D e c . 4 ,
1 9 5 1 , p . 1 2 2 2 4 .)
g r a n t in g o f s t o c k o p t io n s t o e m p lo y e e s , p r o v id e d t h e p r ic e
is a t le a s t 9 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e m a r k e t v a lu e .
of
e f f e c t iv e
30
of
P u e rto
o f th e
D e p a rtm e n t
O n
D ecem ber
6,
th e
A d m in is t r a t o r
p ie c e r a t e s , e f f e c t iv e J a n u a r y
to
0 .3 0
ce n ts
per
do zen
s c a llo p s
h a n d -c u t
m a c h in e -e m b r o id e r e d
w o rk
fa b r ic a t e d
and
R ic o .
(S o u rc e :
t e x t ile
F e d e ra l
o rd e re d
m in im u m
1 4, 1 9 5 2 , r a n g in g fro m
fo r
s c a llo p s
p ro d u cts
R e g is t e r ,
0 .1 6
h o m e w o rk e rs
in
th e
in d u s t r y
v o l.
16,
w ho
n e e d le
in
P u e rto
N o . 240, D e c.
1 2 , 1 9 5 1 , p . 1 2 5 0 3 .)
D e c . 5 , 1 9 5 1 , p . 1 2 2 7 0 .)
November 29
November 15
R oger
T he W age S ta biliza tio n B oard
m ous
a d o p t io n
t io n .
of an
(S o u rc e :
W SB
th e
u n a n i
“ e q u a l-p a y - fo r -e q u a l- w o r k ”
r e s o lu
r e le a s e
annou nced
140, N o v .
16,
1 9 5 1 ; fo r d is
w as
P utnam ,
L .
sw o rn
z a t io n
Y o rk
in
as
fo rm e r
m ayor
A d m in is t r a t o r
A g e n c y , to
su cceed
E r ic
of
o f th e
S p r in g fie ld ,
M a s s .,
E c o n o m ic
S t a b ili
Jo h n sto n .
(S o u r c e :
N ew
T im e s , N o v . 3 0 , 1 9 5 1 .)
c u s s io n , s e e p . 4 1 o f t h is is s u e .)
O n N o v e m b e r 1 9 , t h e W S B a d o p t e d a r e s o lu t io n p r o v id
in g
p ro ce d u re s to
w o rk
and
b e fo llo w e d
in c e n t iv e - w a g e
fo r a p p ro v a l o f n e w
p la n s .
(S o u rc e :
W SB
p ie c e
r e le a s e
1 4 1 , N o v . 2 0 , 1 9 5 1 .)
O n
a m e n d m e n t to G W R
Se p t.
C h r is t m a s
(S o u r c e :
1951)
T he P r e s id e n t ,
a
N o v e m b e r 27, th e
M L R
December 3
W SB
u n a n im o u s ly
a p p ro v e d
1 4 (se e C h r o n . it e m f o r J u l y
p e r m it t in g
o r y e a r-e n d
e m p lo y e r s
b o n u s n o t to
to
exceed
an
19, 1951,
g iv e
a
$ 4 0 in
1951
v a lu e .
F e d e r a l R e g is t e r , v o i. 1 6 , N o . 2 3 5 , D e c . 5 , 1 9 5 1 ,
C o m m it t e e
r e v ie w
on
e x is t in g
b y
E x e c u t iv e
O rd e r
G o v e rn m e n t
p r a c t ic e s
of
10308,
C o n tra ct
c o n t r a c t in g
e s t a b lis h e d
C o m p lia n c e
a g e n c ie s
of
to
th e
G o v e r n m e n t r e la t in g t o a n t i- d is c r im in a t io n c la u s e s a n d t o
m ake
r e c o m m e n d a t io n s
(S o u rc e :
to
im p r o v e
F e d e r a l R e g is t e r , v o l.
t h e ir
e n fo rc e m e n t.
16, N o . 2 3 6 , D e c . 6, 1951,
p . 1 2 3 0 3 .)
p . 1 2 2 7 1 .)
O n D e ce m b e r 5, th e W S B
lim it e d
w a g e a d ju s t m e n t s to
a d o p te d G W R
18 p e r m it t in g
c o r r e c t in t r a - p la n t in e q u it ie s
in v o lv in g in d iv id u a l jo b r a t e s a n d th e e n t ir e jo b - r a t e s t r u c
tu re .
(S o u rc e :
Fe d e ra l
R e g is t e r ,
v o i.
16,
N o.
240,
D ec.
1 2 , 1 9 5 1 , p . 1 2 5 1 0 .)
it e m
and
and
W a s h in g t o n , D .
L a bor L eg isla tio n
on
C . , w it h
S ta te
la b o r o f f ic ia ls
(S o u rc e :
se e p . 1 2 o f t h is is s u e .)
and
A ir l in e W age B oard
A ir lin e
N ov.
o rd e rs.
(S o u rc e :
(s e e
C h ro n .
1951) ap p ro v e d
S t a b iliz a t io n
R e g u la t io n
c o r p o r a t in g p r o v is io n s o f p r e v io u s ly is s u e d
r e g u la t io n s
in
U . S . D e p t , o f L a b o r r e le a s e , D e c . 4 , 1 9 5 1 ; f o r d is c u s s io n ,
fo r S e p t. 28, 1 9 51 , M L R
e ra l R a ilr o a d
T h e 18th A n n u a l C o n fe r e n c e
convened
a n d r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s o f o r g a n iz e d la b o r a t t e n d in g .
November 21
T he R ailroad
December 4
Fe d e ra l
W SB
G en
1, in
and S S B
R e g is t e r ,
v o i.
1 6 , N o . 2 3 3 , D e c . 1, 1 9 5 1 , p . 1 2 1 9 6 .)
December 11
T he U .
S.
th a t
th e
b ro u g h t
November 26
T h e U n it e d S ta tes S u pr e m e C ourt refu sed to review th e
case of N L R B v. I l l i n o i s B e l l T e l e p h o n e C o . , th ereb y in
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
S u pr e m e C ourt
d e n ie d r e v ie w
o f tw o se p a ra te
c a s e s , t h e r e b y in e ffe c t , u p h o ld in g d e c is io n s o f lo w e r c o u r t s
P u b lic
th e
th e
sta tu te
of
lim it a t io n s
G o v e rn m e n t
under
a p p lie s
th e
to
s u it s
W a ls h -H e a le y
C o n t r a c t s A c t a n d t h a t t h e t im e lim it s t a r t s a s o f
d a te
t io n s
2 -y e a r
by
o f th e
a lle g e d
R e p o rte r,
v o l. 2 9 ,
p . 29 an d W H
v io la t io n .
N o.
(S o u rc e :
13, D e c .
17,
Lab o r
1951, 29
p . 1 5 8 2 .)
67
R e la
A n a l.,
Developments in
Industrial Relations1
November 1951 the opening of negotia
tions in the basic steel industry and the appoint
ment of emergency boards to recommend settle
ments in the wage-rules and union-shop disputes
involving the Nation’s railroads were leading
developments in industrial relations.
D
u r in g
Significant Negotiations
and
A lu m in u m .
Negotiations that will
affect not only the steel industry but also the
Nation’s entire economy began on November 27,
1951, between the United States Steel Corp. and
the United Steelworkers (CIO). Bargaining ses
sions with other major steel companies, including
Bethlehem, Republic, and Jones and Laughlin,
opened a day later.
At these meetings efforts were initiated to reach
new agreements in the basic steel industry in
order to replace contracts which expire Decem
ber 31, 1951, and cover more than half a million
workers. Negotiators were concerned with 22
union proposals including a “substantial,” but
unspecified, wage increase, a union shop, a guar
anteed annual wage, revision of the incentive
system, time-and-a-half pay for Saturday work
and double time for Sunday, increased nightshift differentials, and liberalized vacation, holi
day, and severance pay benefits.
Before negotiations started, Benjamin F. Fair
less, president of U. S. Steel Corp., declared that a
voluntary wage agreement was unlikely. He
stated that the negotiations would involve “broad
questions of public policy which are beyond the
scope of collective bargaining in these days of
wage and price control.”
S te e l
1
Prepared in the Bureau's D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations.
Beginning with the current presentation, this section covers developments
in industrial relations for a calendar month.
68
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The United Steelworkers announced on Novem
ber 12, 1951, that a “mutually satisfactory agree
ment” had been reached in the “wildcat” strike
which began on October 27 and finally affected all
operations at the Ensley, Fairfield, and Bessemer,
Ala., steel plants of the Tennessee Coal, Iron &
Railroad Co.2 The terms were not made public.
The same bargaining program submitted by the
Steelworkers to the steel industry was also pre
sented to the Aluminum Co. of America in negotia
tions which opened November 28 and immediately
recessed until December 11. The existing con
tract was due to expire at the close of November,
but was extended to the termination date of the
steel-industry contracts at the end of the year.
R a ilr o a d s .
An emergency board was appointed
by the President on November 6, 1951, to in
vestigate and recommend a settlement of the pro
tracted wages-rules dispute involving the Nation’s
major railroads.2 This action led to the immediate
postponement “until further notice” of a strike
affecting four major carriers which had been
scheduled for November 8 by the Brotherhood of
Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen (Ind.).
Union representatives withdrew from the board’s
hearings on November 27, following a criticism of
the board’s appointment and the official records
of some of the board’s members.3 In addition
they claimed there was no reasonable expectation
that the board’s recommendations would be
acceptable to the union.
Another operating union involved in the dis
pute—the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers
(Ind.)—announced on November 29 that it had
requested Presidential appointment of an emer
gency board to hear its case. Although the union
expressed doubt that a “realistic” settlement
would be recommended, it stated that the emer
gency board was the union’s only available avenue
for settlement, because of the Government’s
control of the railroads.
Another emergency board 4 was established by
the President on November 15, 1951, to investigate
2See December issue of M onthly Labor Review (p. 715).
3Board members consist of Carroll R . Daugherty, professor of economics,
Northwestern University, Chicago, chairman; Andrew Jackson, N ew York
attorney; and George Cheney, arbitrator, San Diego, Calif.
D avid L. Cole, Paterson, N . J., chairman; George B. Osborn, professor
of law, Stanford University, Calif.; and Aaron Horvitz, arbitrator and
consultant, New York City.
4
IN D U S T R IA L
the union-shop dispute involving most of the
Nation’s railroads and 17 nonoperating brother
hoods representing about 1 million workers. The
action followed unsuccessful efforts by the Na
tional Mediation Board to settle the dispute and
the unions’ request for a board. Three major
railroads—New York Central, Baltimore and
Ohio, and Great Northern—had already negotiated
union-shop agreements.
New contract negotiations
between the United Electrical, Radio & Machine
Workers (Ind.) and the General Electric Corp.
continued during November 1951.
At the Westinghouse Electric Corp., the UEW
membership authorized a strike, provided negotia
tions involving some 17,000 employees failed.
The union rejected an offer of wage increases
ranging from 4% to 10 cents an hour and 3 weeks’
vacation after 15 years’ service. Similar offers
were made to the International Union of Elec
trical, Radio and Machine Workers (CIO), cover
ing some 43,000 members, and to the International
Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (AFL) for
about 5,500 workers.
The Federation of Westinghouse Independent
Salaried Unions reached a tentative agreement in
late November providing monthly wage increases
that ranged from $7.80 to $17.35 for about 13,000
employees.
E le c tr ic a l
P r o d u c ts .
C o m m u n i c a t i o n s . —Wage increases ranging from
$2 to $5 a week for approximately 17,000 downState plant employees are provided in a contract
reached November 5, 1951, between the New
York Telephone Co. and the United Telephone
Organizations (Ind.). A similar settlement involv
ing about 5,000 down-State accounting employees
was negotiated by the Telephone Employees
Organization (Ind.) on November 14. Approxi
mately 900 up-State commercial employees repre
sented by the Telephone Commercial Employees
Association (Ind.) received increases of $2 to $4
weekly. These 1-year agreements are subject to
ratification by the unions’ memberships.
The Communications Workers of America (CIO)
is reportedly awaiting contract reopenings next
February with Bell Telephone System subsidiaries
9 8 0 4 1 0 - 52-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
R E L A T IO N S
69
for the negotiation of union proposals providing
for higher wage increases than those accepted by
the independent unions.
T e x tile s .
A contract providing an hourly wage
increase of 8 cents for some 900 employees at the
A. D. Julliard and Co.’s Rome and Aragon, Ga.,
plants establishes a basis for negotiations with
other southern mills, according to an announce
ment by the Textile Workers Union of America
on November 24. The settlement provides addi
tional cent-an-hour increases for each 1.32 points
rise in the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ c o n sum ers’
price index. It was regarded by the union as the
first major break in the wage dispute which in
volved some 45,000 southern textile workers in a
5-week strike last spring.5
A week earlier, the union’s General Executive
Council had criticized the adjournment of a
special Federal mediation panel which had sought
to aid negotiations 5 and urged the President to
certify the dispute to the WSB.
M e ta ls .
Settlement of most of the
labor disputes involved in the recent industry
wide copper and nonferrous metals strike was
reported on November 5, 1951, by the Presidential
board of inquiry in this case.6 The International
Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers (Ind.)
subsequently announced the negotiation of agree
ments in all but one of the remaining disputes.
N o n je r r o u s
A 2-year contract was reached on
November 21 between the Committee for Com
panies and Agents-Atlantic and Gulf Coasts and
the Masters, Mates and Pilots (AFL). Major
terms of the settlement had been agreed on tenta
tively in early October,7 but final settlement was
delayed pending employers’ agreement to increase
(from 25 cents a man-day to 50 cents) payment
to the union’s pension and welfare fund. Under
the agreement, some 3,000 deck officers were
granted contract terms equal to those obtained by
5,000 deck officers in late September through
M a r itim e .
8See June issue of M onthly Labor Review (p. 711).
8See October issue of M onthly Labor Review (p. 471).
TSee November issue of M onthly Labor Review (p. 591).
70
IN D U S T R IA L
negotiation with the Pacific Maritime Association.
Negotiations between the Committee and the
National Maritime Union (CIO) commenced on
November 23 under a wage-review clause pro
vided in the existing contract.8 Major union
objectives are reported to include pension-fund
contributions by employers equal to those granted
to the Masters, Mates and Pilots (AFL); a 1.8percent increase in basic pay and overtime rates
previously disallowed by the WSB; and an addi
tional 1.4-percent wage increase to compensate
for recent cost-of-living advances.
Maritime Strike Threat
Immobilization of West Coast shipping was
threatened by two impending walkouts of the
International Longshoremen’s and Warehouse
men’s Union (Ind.). According to the union, the
strikes will be called if (1) the WSB rejects a
pension plan negotiated with the Pacific Maritime
Association for waterfront workers and (2) if
union members screened from Army-Navy work
under the Coast Guard security program are
denied employment on nonmilitary ships. How
ever, no strike dates had been set by the end of
November.
Wage Stabilization Board Actions
The WSB announced several new policies
affecting existing health and welfare plans,
intraplant inequities, bonus payments, and the
principle of “ equal pay for equal work.”
The Board announced an interim policy per
mitting approval of some changes in existing
health and welfare plans. The policy allows a
tripartite subcommittee to approve, by unani
mous action, petitions in which a company (1)
seeks to extend an existing health and welfare
plan to other company plants or to additional
smaller employee groups within the same plant
and (2) requests approval of improvements in an
existing plan which will result in a relatively
small change in benefit levels. The Board is cur
rently considering majority and minority reports
8See August issue of M onthly Labor Review (p. 192).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
R E L A T IO N S
M O N T H LY
L A B O R
recommending final policy on health, welfare,
and pension plans.
Regarding disputes voluntarily submitted for
a final and binding decison, the Board announced
on November 4, that it would not accept them,
unless it is assured that production will be con
tinued, or if interrupted, will be resumed. In
addition, it will not take jurisdiction in a dispute
voluntarily submitted for recommendations unless
it is satisfied that the making of such recommen
dations will lead to final settlement. The policy
statement implements the Executive Order that
gave the Board jurisdiction over disputes threaten
ing an interruption of work affecting national
defense where “ the parties to any such dispute
jointly agree to submit such dispute to the Board
for recommendation or decision, if the Board
agrees to accept such dispute.”
A resolution supporting the principle of “ equal
pay for equal work” without regard to sex, race,
color, or national origin was announced on
November 15 in line with the Board’s policy of
fostering maximum production and promoting
sound working relations. The policy provides
for approval of increases in wages to equalize
pay for comparable quality and quantity of
work on the same or similar operations in the same
establishments.
With labor members dissenting, the Board
announced on November 20 the adoption of a
resolution approving new or revised piece work
and other incentive wage plans which meet speci
fied conditions. Except for minor adjustments
in existing plans authorized last July by General
Wage Regulation 15, employers have been barred
from establishing new incentive plans since wage
controls became effective.
Employers were authorized to pay any employee
without Board approval, a 1951 Christmas or yearend bonus not exceeding $40 in value, even though
a smaller bonus or no bonus was paid in 1950, by
an amendment to GWR 14 on November 27.
Bonus payments need not be offset against the
10-percent general wage adjustment permissible
under General Wage Regulation 6.
A resolution permitting limited wage increases
to correct intraplant inequities was also adopted.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1952
IN D U S T R IA L
71
R E L A T IO N S
It provides that the total effect of the increases
on the level of rates must not exceed 1 percent;
corrections must not involve more than 30 per
cent of the employees; and there must be a sys
tematic grading of jobs as evidence that the
increases are bona fide corrections of inequities.
The majority report of a special panel estab
lished to study the special problems of commis
sion earnings was released. Dissenting opinions
of some members of the panel were also issued.
Board approval was given on November 29 to
13-cent hourly wage increases recently negotiated
by the United Rubber Workers (CIO) for some
100,000 workers employed by the “Big Four”
rubber companies.6
Application of the cost-of-living policy and other
General Wage and Salary Stabilization Regula
tions was extended to an estimated 1,600,000 rail
road and airline employees on an interim basis.
This action was taken by the Railroad and Airline
Wage Board.7
The Salary Stabilization Board issued Regula
tion 4 on November 14 affecting stock option and
stock purchase plans for employees. General
Salary Order 6 issued on November 21 establishes
a formula to enable employers to eliminate inter
plant inequities and to maintain historical rela
tionships between salaried employees and wage
earners.9
8
President Truman named Roger L. Putnam to succeed Eric Johnston
as Economic Stabilization Administrator, effective December 1. Prank M .
Kleiler replaced Peter Seitz as Disputes Director of the W SB.
“When the representatives of a great national industry or of the leading
and ‘pattern making’ firms in such an industry enter into negotiations with
the representatives of a great nationally organized union, the industry negotia
tors are burdened with a responsibility which extends far beyond the limits
of their own enterprises. Wage movements in leading and basic industries
have far-flung effects upon the entire national economy. . . . In a very
real sense, the industry or employer representative in the United States of
whom we speak has the responsibility for legislating, in large part, the economic
future of his country. . . . regardless of what appears to him to be an oppor
tune and appropriate resolution of the dispute between his company and its
own workers.
“Nor is the leader of a nationally organized union as free to make his
accommodation with the large employing establishments or the industry
with which he deals, as is the local union leader. . . . The union leader in
the nationally important labor-management dispute must see to it that his
leadership does not suffer by contrast with that of other union leaders. Fur
ther, if he makes concessions . . . he is generally in danger of being charged
with weakening the bargaining position of other unions. . . .”
— C y ru s
S . C h in g , d ir e c t o r ( I n
R e p o rt, F is c a l Y e a r 1950.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
F e d e r a l M e d ia t io n a n d C o n c ilia t io n
W a s h in g t o n , 1 9 5 1 ).
S e r v ic e , T h i r d
A nnual
f o r m a n a g e r ia l e m p lo y e e s f r o m
Publications
of Labor Interest
t h o s e f o r o t h e r e m p lo y e e s
is a ls o e n d o r s e d .
— L il y M a r y D a v i d .
Les Syndicats aux États-Unis—Leur Force et Leur Origi
nalité. B y P i e r r e W a l i n e . P a r i s , L i b r a i r i e A r m a n d
C o lin ,
1951.
F o n d a t io n
T h is
E ditor’s N o t e —Correspondence regarding publications to which
reference is made in this list should be addressed to the respective publishing
agencies mentioned. Data on prices, if readily available, were shown with
the title entries.
Listing of a publication in this section is for record and reference only and
does not constitute an endorsement of point of view or advocacy of use.
Fre n ch
r e a lis t ic ,
191
w o rk
and
p p .,
b ib lio g r a p h y .
c o n t a in s p r o b a b ly
u n b ia s e d
c h a r a c t e r is t ic s
of
re p o rt
th e
on
v ie w
s e c re ta ry -g e n e ra l o f th e
A s s o c ia t io n
In d u s t r ie s
M r.
Fra n ce .
la b o r le a d e r s f r o m
Cost of “Fringe” Benefits for Employees— Report on a Survey
and Some Pointers on Survey Methods. N e w Y o r k ,
In d u s t r ia l R e la t io n s
C o u n s e lo r s , In c . ,
b ib lio g r a p h y ; p ro c e s se d .
1951.
3 2 p p .,
( In d u s t r ia l R e la t io n s M e m o
and
in d u s t r ia lis t , th e
o f M e ta l a n d
W a lin e
is
a ls o
tre n d
s a la r ie s b y
to w a rd
s u p p le m e n t in g
o t h e r b e n e f it s c o u p le d
a ll o v e r t h e w o r ld , in c lu d in g t h e U n it e d
Th e
book,
A m e r ic a n
h o w e v e r,
la b o r
d is p la y s
m ovem ent
a
p e n e t r a t io n
w h ic h
is
m u ch
m e e t in g s .
F o r in s t a n c e , in w r it in g o n u n io n s a n d
m oney
t h e fre e e n t e r p r is e s y s t e m in t h e U n it e d S t a t e s , M r . W a lin e
re c e n t
s a y s : “ A m e r ic a n u n io n s n o t o n ly d e fe n d p r iv a t e e n t e r p r is e
w it h
o f fre e e n t e r p r is e a g a in s t p la n n in g , c o n t r o ls a n d
of
e m p lo y e r
e x p e n d it u r e s
fo r
su ch
n a t io n a liz a t io n ,
T h e p re s e n t s u r v e y c o v e r e d a r e la t iv e ly s m a ll
ra cy .
n u m b e r o f f ir m s (5 9 , e m p lo y in g 5 3 4 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s ) , a n d is o f
have
in t e r e s t p r im a r ily
in c r e a s e d
p r o v is io n s .
t h is
fo r it s
c o m p a r a t iv e ly
know n
of
fo r
su rv e y
b a s ic
d is c u s s io n
fie ld
and
and
A
on
U n it e d
B u re a u
B a s ic
has
Ir o n
S ta te s,
of
a ls o
and
m e th o d s
by
S t a t is t ic s
b e n e f it s
been
th e
p r e s e n t in g
Lab o r
S t e e l,
in
m o s t w id e ly
a re th o se
s u p p le m e n t a r y
ste e l in d u s t r y
S tru ctu re :
Th e
t h is f ie ld
o f th e
1949.
o f e x p e n d it u r e s
ir o n
W age
C o m m e rce
1947
of su rv e y
o f stu d y .
o f t h e o t h e r s u r v e y s in
Cham ber
d a ta
new
in
th e
p u b lis h e d
Ja n u a ry
in
1951
A s t h e I n d u s t r ia l R e la t io n s C o u n s e lo r s ’ r e p o r t in d ic a t e s ,
t h e f ir m s s u r v e y e d w e re c o m p a r a t iv e ly p r o g r e s s iv e in t h e ir
b e n e fit
p r o v is io n s ,
th a t
th e
f ir m s
r e p r e s e n t a t iv e
w ay
in
so
th a t
“ w e re
o f th e
p r o v id in g
t h e ir
e x p e n d it u r e s
cannot
ch o sen
as
b e in g
s e c to r o f in d u s t r y
e m p lo y e e s
w it h
in
so m e
th a t
be
I t sta te s
has
p r o t e c t io n
d e g re e
le d
th e
a g a in s t
s e c u r it y a n d h e a lt h c o n t in g e n c ie s a n d in a f f o r d in g a d e q u a t e
t im e o ff fo r r e la x a t io n a n d r e h a b ilit a t io n .”
th e
.
. .
th e
sp e cte d ,
sy ste m
and
in
. .
by
r e g im e
o fte n
s id e
ve ry
th e
a s s is t e d
c a p it a lis t ic
have
t e c h n ic a l
g e n e r a l, a
p r o d u c t iv it y .
e n t e r p r is e
th e
On
t a k e n , in
th e y
th e
. Th e
re a so n
U n it e d
S ta te s
th e
u n io n s
c o m p a n ie s d id n o t c o m p r is e
T h e fa ct th a t
a b a la n c e d s a m p le , h o w
e v e r , p r e s e n te d t a b u la t io n p r o b le m s t h a t r e d u c e t h e v a lu e
T h e r e p o r t r e c o m m e n d s t h a t f u t u r e s u r v e y s in t h is fie ld
th e
lie s
p r o v id e s fo r th e
p a rt
b u re a u c
u n io n s
a t t it u d e
to w a rd
th a t th e
p r iv a t e
is
a cce p te d ,
in
th e
re
fa ct th a t
w o rk e rs
n o t o n ly
c o n s id e r a b le a d v a n t a g e s , b u t a ls o p o s s ib ilit ie s o f a d v a n c e
m ent
w h ic h
p e r m it
th e m
b e tte r
th a n
a n y w h e re
e ls e
to
b e c o m e b o s s e s t h e m s e lv e s .”
In
w r it in g
on
u n io n s
c o n n e c t io n s
b etw een
R e p u b lic a n
and
u n io n s
have
and
p o lit ic s ,
s c a le , a n d
In
in
a u th o r
says:
to
u n io n s
a tte m p te d ,
th e
“ Th e
th e
and
at
in f lu e n c e
a u th o r
th e
th e
le a s t
tw o
of
of
p o lic y
not
says:
th e
p a r t ie s ,
hand,
on
a
. .
u n io n s ,
u n io n s
U n it e d
th e
ge n e ra l
p a rty .
A m e r ic a n
A m e r ic a n
of
b ig
o th e r
c re a te a t h ir d
in flu e n c e
in t e r n a l
th e
e v e n fe w e r s t r u c t u r a l
O n
th e lo n g r u n , to
a n a ly z in g
lim it e d
th e
D e m o c r a t ic .
never
.”
th e
is
not
S ta te s.
It
c a r r ie s a c o n s id e r a b le w e ig h t o v e r t h e c o n d u c t o f A m e r ic a n
d ip lo m a c y
and
in
su ch
in t e r n a t io n a l w o r k
a s is c a r r ie d o n
b y th e E C A . ”
Th ese
a re
but a
u n d e r s t a n d in g
o f t h e d a t a p r e s e n te d , e v e n f o r t h e m o re a d v a n c e d f ir m s .
ta k e n
A m e r ic a n
fa v o r a b le
“ T h e r e a re n o p e r m a n e n t lin k s a n d
(S e r ie s 2 , N o . 8 1 ).
c o n s id e r e d r e p r e s e n t a t iv e o f i n d u s t r y a s a w h o le .
th e
th a n
c o u ld b e o b t a in e d b y t h e c a s u a l m e e t in g w it h la b o r le a d e r s
a g a in s t
s iz e
in t o
deeper
to
th e
Fre n ch
A s su ch , he no d o u b t
in c r e a s e s in s u c h m e a s u r e s h a s le d t o a n u m b e r o f a t t e m p t s
m e a su re
M in in g
th e
S ta te s.
at IL O
$1.
lo n g -t e r m
w ages
and
m ovem ent
I t is p a r t ic u la r ly im p o r t a n t
o f t h e f a c t t h a t it s a u t h o r is a n
in
m o s t c o n c is e ,
h a d e x c e lle n t o p p o r t u n it y t o b e c o m e w e ll a c q u a in t e d w it h
Special Reviews
Th e
d e la
d e v e lo p m e n t
t r a d e -u n io n
e m p lo y e r r e p r e s e n t a t iv e o f t h e I L O .
1 2 3 .)
th e
th e
A m e r ic a n
w r it t e n in a f o r e ig n la n g u a g e .
in
(C a h ie r s
N a t i o n a l e d e s S c ie n c e s P o l i t i q u e s , 2 2 .)
fe w
o f th e
s a m p le s t o
A m e r ic a n
in d ic a t e
M r.
W a lin e ’s
la b o r m o v e m e n t a n d
th e
p r e c is io n w it h w h ic h h e d e s c r ib e s i t in h is b o o k .
— B o r is S t e r n .
p r o v id e d a t a b y in d u s t r y a n d p e r h a p s e v e n b y la b o r m a rk e t.
I t r e c o m m e n d s t h a t s e p a r a t e f ig u r e s b e p r e s e n t e d f o r e a c h
d is t in c t t y p e o f b e n e fit a n d t h a t m o r e d e t a il b e p r o v id e d o n
b e n e f it s ,
heavy.
su ch
as
D a ta
on
p e n s io n s ,
p e n s io n
e x p e n d it u r e s f o r f u t u r e
th a t
cover a
fo r
co sts
w h ic h
s h o u ld
e x p e n d it u r e s
be
se p a ra te d
a n d fo r p r io r s e r v ic e .
r e p r e s e n t a t iv e
cro ss
s e c t io n
In
of an
in t o
w it h
a
g iv e n
ty p e
of
b e n e fit ,
a v e r a g e s f o r a ll c o m p a n ie s s u r v e y e d .
72
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
in
Arizona’s Agricultural Workers.
su rv e y s
S e c u r it y
in d u s t r y ,
s e p a r a t e a v e r a g e c o s t f ig u r e s s h o u ld b e p r e s e n t e d f o r t h o s e
c o m p a n ie s
Agricultural Labor
a re
a d d it io n
S e p a r a t io n
to
o f d a ta
C o m m is s io n
C o m p e n s a t io n
A n a ly s is
of
D iv is io n ,
A r i z o n a ’s
a g r ic u lt u r a l e m p lo y m e n t ,
fo r
of
P h o e n ix ,
A r iz o n a ,
1951.
19
y e a r-ro u n d
w it h
u n e m p lo y m e n t -in s u r a n c e
p p .;
p ro ce sse d .
and
lo n g -r a n g e
co v e ra g e
E m p lo y m e n t
U n e m p lo y m e n t
m ig r a t o r y
co st
of
e s t im a t e s
a g r ic u lt u r a l
73
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
w o rk e rs.
s a t io n
E x tra cte d
D i v i s i o n ’s
m ent
fro m
th e
lo n g - r a n g e
In s u r a n c e
in
U n e m p lo y m e n t
f in a n c e
stu d y ,
L e g is la t u r e ,
S e n a te ,
and
C o m m it t e e
p a r t ia l
on
m ent
1951.
376
re p o rt”
A g r ic u lt u r e
of
of
and
p p .,
th e
m ap s,
J o in t
L iv e s t o c k
ch a rts.
L e g is la t iv e
1950.
M e y e rs.
A u s t in ,
U n iv e r s it y
3 3 p p . (In t e r -A m e r ic a n
P a p e rs,
In c lu d e s
of
Texas,
V I.)
an
a n a ly s is
of
th e
a v a ila b le
r e s id e n t
la b o r
“ w e tb a ck s”
th ro u g h
in t e r n a t io n a l
on
Sa u n d e rs
U n iv e r s it y
of
Texas,
(In t e r -A m e r ic a n
R e p o rt
of
a
to
d is c o v e r
h a rv e st
th e
E .
1951.
92
in v e s t ig a t io n
w ho
have
num ber
se a so n ,
O ls n
Le o n a rd .
p p .,
so m e
of
of
“ w e tb a ck ”
cro sse d th e
at
peak
th e
t h e ir
p e r t in e n t
t h e ir e ffe c ts o n e m p lo y m e n t o f S p a n is h
and
p r e v a ilin g
A u s t in ,
ch a rts,
ille g a lly
a t t it u d e s
in
th e
of
m ap.
M e x ic a n
b o rd e r—
th e
co tto n -
c h a r a c t e r is t ic s ,
s p e a k in g
v a lle y
to w a rd
c it iz e n s ,
th e
“ w e t
b a c k s .”
Information Concerning Entry of Mexican Agricultural
Workers to United States. W a s h i n g t o n , U . S . D e
p a rtm e n t of L a b o r, B u re a u
o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r it y ,
Fa rm
1951.
N ew
Y o rk ,
p p .,
e t c .,
and
O x fo rd
b ib lio g r a p h y .
P a in t s th e p ic t u r e
c o n d it io n s ,
o f th e
P la c e m e n t
te x ts
S e r v ic e ,
of
th e
12
am endm ent
pp.
e t c .;
U n iv e r s it y
R ev.
ed.
O s lo ,
sh o w s
N o rg e s
a c c o m p lis h m e n t s
and
(se e
M o n t h ly
b e tw e e n
Lab o r
th e
U n it e d
R e v ie w ,
w ea kn e sses
K o o p e r a t iv e
L a n d s f o r e n in g ,
1951.
198
1 9 5 0 o p e r a t io n s o f t h e v a r io u s lo c a l c o o p e r a
th e
N o r w e g ia n
t a ile d
and
C o o p e r a t iv e
s t a t is t ic s
a re
p u r c h a s in g — a f f ila t e d
W h o le s a le
g iv e n
fo r
(N .
each
Law
S ta te s
S e p te m b e r
K .
w it h
L .).
a s s o c ia t io n
D e
in
th e
th re e g ro u p s .
Report of the Commissioner for Cooperative Development,
Singapore, 1950. S i n g a p o r e , 1 9 5 1 . 8 p p . 5 0 c e n t s ,
G o v e r n m e n t P u b lic a t io n s B u r e a u , S in g a p o r e .
S t a t is t ic s
fo r
th e
41
s u m e r s ’, a n d h o u s in g )
t iv e
U n io n ,
and
a
lo c a l
c o o p e r a t iv e s
a n d th e
g e n e ra l
S in g a p o r e
acco u n t
of
(c r e d it ,
U rb a n
th e
co n
C o o p e ra
sta tu s
of
th e
C o lo n y .
Industrial Health and Hygiene
Je a n
78,
D a r ic .
S t a t is t ic s ,
1951
In d ia ,
e n u m e r a t e s c o n d it io n s f o r s u c c e s s .
t iv e s — d is t r ib u t iv e , b a k e r y ,
P u b lic
of
P re ss,
$ 4 .2 5 .
Forbrukersamvirket i Norge 1950— Virksomheten til Lag.
8 2 d C o n g r e s s ) t o t h e A g r ic u lt u r a l A c t o f 1 9 4 9 , th e m ig r a n t
agre e m e n t
o f re a l
Mortality, Occupation, and Socio-Economic Status.
Free.
(P u b lic
v a lu e
o f c o o p e r a t iv e s o f a ll t y p e s in
m o v e m e n t; a n d
la b o r
M e x ic o
o f n e t e a r n in g s
v a r io u s k in d s o f a s s o c ia t io n s in t h is C r o w n
C o n t a in s
1951.
(M is c e lla n e o u s R e p o r t 1 5 0 .)
pp.
E d u c a t io n : O c c a s io n a l P a p e r s , V I I . )
f ie ld
la b o r e r s — a lie n s
and
d iv is io n
402
R e p o rt on
L y le
D iv is io n ,
a g a in s t th e b a c k g r o u n d o f g e o g r a p h y , s o c ia l a n d e c o n o m ic
a g re e m e n ts.
The Wetback in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas.
B y
A d m in is t r a t io n ,
S e r v ic e
The Cooperative Movement in India— Its Relation to a
Sound National Economy. B y E l e a n o r M . H o u g h .
fo r c e a n d o f s o m e o f t h e c o m p lic a t io n s in v o lv e d in t h e u s e
of
C r e d it
and
p ro p e rty .
C a lc u t t a ,
E d u c a t io n : O c c a s io n a l
R e se a rch
D e t a ile d r e p o r t fo r th e 2 0 a s s o c ia t io n s c o v e r e d , in c lu d in g
in fo r m a t io n
P r o b le m s .
Labor Requirements and Labor Resources in the Lower Rio
Grande Valley of Texas. B y E a s t i n N e l s o n a n d
W a s h in g t o n , U . S . D e p a r t
Fa rm
5 8 p p ., m a p ; p r o c e s s e d .
1950.
F r e d e r ic
A g r ic u lt u r e ,
C o o p e r a t iv e
A r iz o n a .”
The Recruitment and Placement of Farm Laborers in
California, 1950 (With Special Consideration and
Recommendations Concerning Proposals for Extension
of Unemployment Insurance). [ S a c r a m e n t o ] , C a l i f o r n i a
“ S p e c ia l
sen a n d Ja n e L . Sce a rce .
Com pen
“ U n e m p lo y
and
(V it a l
1951,
R e v ie w s
p . 3 0 1 ), a n d a s ta n d a rd w o rk c o n tra c t.
W a s h in g t o n ,
H e a lt h
S e r v ic e ,
1951.
13
m ade
S e c u r it y
N a t io n a l
O f f ic e
p p .,
S t a t is t ic s — S p e c ia l
s t u d ie s
F e d e ra l
in
b ib lio g r a p h y ;
R e p o rts,
Fra n ce ,
V o l.
G re a t
B y
A gency,
of
V it a l
p ro ce sse d .
N o.
1 0 .)
B r it a in ,
33,
and
t h e U n it e d S t a t e s o f m o r t a lit y a s r e la t e d t o o c c u p a t io n .
Nonoccupational Disability in General Motors.
Cooperative Movement
M .
r a t io n ,
Cooperative Digest Yearbook and Directory of Farmer
Cooperatives. I t h a c a , N . Y . , R o y H . P a r k , I n c . ,
1951.
805
pp.
1 st
ed.
1951.
of
La b o r,
B u re a u
2 1 p p . ( B u ll. 1 0 3 0 .)
of D o cu m e n ts,
of
Lab o r
W a s h in g t o n .
of
Lab o r
U .
S.
D e p a rtm e n t
S t a t is t ic s ,
(B u ll.
1 0 2 4 .)
30
m e n ts,
W a s h in g t o n .
1951.
ce n ts,
99
of
p p .,
La b o r,
of
D ocu
Handbook on Major Regional Farm Supply Purchasing
Cooperatives, 1949 and 1950. B y M a r t i n A . A b r a h a m -
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
th e
P e rso n n e l R e se a rch
G e n e ra l
fro m
t h is
M o to rs
G e n e ra l
S e c t io n ? ],
B y
Ja m e s
M o to rs
C o rp o
1951.
18
p a p e r,
M e d ic a l
w h ic h
w as
C o n fe re n c e ,
p p .,
p re se n te d
A t la n t ic
N . J . , A p r il 2 3 , 1 9 5 1 , is g iv e n in t h is is s u e o f t h e
L a b o r R e v ie w
at
C it y ,
M o n t h ly
(p . 3 8 ).
Chromate Dermatitis in Railroad Employees Working With
Diesel Locomotives. B y J o h n R . W i n s t o n , M . D . , a n d
E d m u n d N . W a ls h , M . D .
(In J o u r n a l o f t h e A m e r i
can
B u re a u
b ib lio g r a p h y .
S u p e r in t e n d e n t
M ic h .,
S t a t is t ic s ,
1 5 c e n t s , S u p e r in t e n d e n t
Organization and Management of Consumers’ Cooperatives.
W a s h in g t o n ,
[ D e t r o it ,
c h a rts; p ro ce sse d .
In f o r m a t io n
$25.
Developments in Consumers’ Cooperatives in 1950—A
Record of the Year’s Events. W a s h i n g t o n , U . S .
D e p a rtm e n t
G ille n .
M e d ic a l
A s s o c ia t io n ,
1 951, p p . 1 1 3 3 -1 1 3 4 .
C h ic a g o ,
N ovem ber
17,
4 5 c e n ts.)
C a lls a t t e n t io n to c a s e s o f c h r o m a t e d e r m a t it is r e s u lt in g
fro m
co n ta ct
w it h
d ie s e l-lo c o m o t iv e
t a in in g
s o d iu m
b ic h r o m a t e .
one
g r o w in g
im p o r t a n c e ,
of
c o n t r o l.
P o in t s
and
r a d ia t o r
f lu id
out
h a za rd
m akes
th e
s u g g e s t io n s
co n
as
fo r
74
The
P U B L IC A T IO N S
I n d u s tria l
H e a lth
M o v e m e n t w ith
B y
D e r m a to s e s .
Jo h n
E r ic
S p e c ia l
O F
R e f e r e n c e to
D a lt o n ,
M .D .
LA B O R
S h ip s
(In
IN T E R E S T
fo r
U.
V ic to r y :
S.
F r e d e r ic k
O cto b e r
H o p k in s
n o te s.
1951, p p .
7 9 9 -8 0 7 ,
b ib lio g r a p h ic a l fo o t
4 5 c e n t s .)
S ta te s
fo r
d e a lin g
p r o t e c t io n
w it h
t im e
o f w o r k e r s ’ h e a lt h ,
lo s t
and
c o n s id e r s
co sts
r e v ie w s
in v o lv e d
e f f e c t iv e
in
d is a b ilit y ,
and
in d u s t r y .
G e n e r a l p r o b le m s o f in d u s t r ia l d e r m a t o s e s a re
m e d ic a l
p ro g ra m s
In c lu d e s
of
W o lfs ie ,
M .D .
H y g ie n e
and
P o is o n in g
in
A .M .A .
(In
O c c u p a t io n a l
B y
I n d u s try .
A r c h iv e s
M e d ic in e ,
of
J.
C h ic a g o ,
The
H .
N o
D e s c r ib e s a id s a n d p r o c e d u r e f o r p la n t e m e r g e n c y t r e a t
R a n d le .
N a tio n a liz a tio n
B y
C o a l.
H o u g h to n
C o .,
1951.
J u le s B a c k m a n
and
A . L .
p p . 2 0 6 -2 1 8 .
G it lo w .
B y
G e o rg e
W .
of
U n der
U n ite d
Z in k e .
A s s o c ia t io n ,
W .
E m p lo y m e n t,
S o u th e rn
(In
C o lle c tiv e
S te e lw o r k e r s
W a s h in g t o n ,
1951.
95
pp.
of
H .
B .
N a t io n a l
(C a s e
H ou rs
9 .)
Lab o r
I n d u s tr y , [C a n a d a ].
(In
O cto b e r
G a ze tte , D e p a rtm e n t
1951,
pp.
1 3 5 9 -1 3 6 1 .
6 8 p p ., c h a r t s .
W o r ld
F o r e ig n
(In
C o m m u n is t
M in is t r y
of
w it h
I n d ia — A n
La b o r,
(P u b lic a t io n
9 .)
Lab o r
[N e w
A n a ly s is .
B u re a u ,
1951.
D e lh i],
186
pp.
p r in c ip le s
g o v e r n in g
th e
m a k in g
of a w a rd s
1951.
E m p lo y m e n t, E d u c a tio n , a n d E a r n in g s o f A m e r ic a n M e n o f
W a s h in g t o n ,
of
Lab o r
45
U .
S.
S t a t is t ic s ,
ce n ts,
D e p a rtm e n t
1951.
48
of
p p .,
S u p e r in t e n d e n t
of
La b o r,
ch a rts.
D ocu
m e n ts , W a s h in g t o n .
of
1 9 4 6 -1 9 4 9 .
W a s h i n g t o n , B ’n a i B ’r i t h
1951.
2 8 p p .; p ro c e sse d .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
422 pp.
K in g d o m
£1
Is . n e t.
o f la b o r
in t e r e s t
W a g es, 1 9 4 1 -1 9 5 0 :
A
H and
M o n t r e a l, P r in t in g
fo r
M o n tre a l a n d
In
D is t r ic t ,
B y
C IO
to
of
on
C e r ta in
Lab o r
on
th e
of
L a b o r-M a n a g e m e n t
Lab o r and
P u b lic
W e lf a r e ,
W a s h in g t o n ,
( S e n a t e D o c . 8 9 .)
re p o rts
in v e s t ig a t e
d o cu m e n t,
R e p o rt
U n io n s .
and
of
c o m m it t e e s
th e
cases
of
d e s ig n a t e d
n in e
c h a r g e d w it h C o m m u n is t d o m in a t io n .
to
M ic h a e l
Y o rk , O cto b e r 1951,
S e n a to r
sta te s
“ th e
c h a ir m a n
re p o rts
o f C o m m u n is t s t r a t e g y a s
a
th e
u n io n s
I n h is in t r o d u c t io n
H u m p h re y ,
th a t
b y
a ff ilia t e d
of
illu m in a t e
th e
th e
c o n s p ir a c y to s u b v e r t
t h e u n io n s a s d e m o c r a t ic in s t it u t io n s a n d t o c o n v e r t th e m
in t o b a s e s f o r t h e e x t e n s io n o f C o m m u n is t p o w e r .”
C o m p u ls o r y
U n io n
R .
M e m b e r s h ip
M e m b e r s h ip
M o r r is .
N .
C ., J u ly
P a r tic ip a tio n
P u b lic
th e
H .
7 2 -8 2 .
A m e r ic a n
E lls w o r t h
B y
P o lic y .
E c o n o m ic
1951, pp.
in
B y
U n io n .
and
S o u th e rn
(In
J o u r n a l,
$ 1 .2 5 .)
F lin t
G la s s
S t e e le .
(In
S o u th e r n E c o n o m ic J o u r n a l, C h a p e l H ill, N . C ., J u ly
1 9 5 1 , p p . 8 3 -9 2 .
U s in e s
et
S y n d ic a ts
P a r is ,
Les
$ 1 .2 5 .)
d ’A m é r i q u e .
É d it io n s
B y
M ic h e l
O u v r iè r e s ,
1951.
C r o z ie r .
186
p p .,
b ib lio g r a p h y .
R e p o r t o f F o llo w - U p S t u d y o f E c o n o m ic S ta tu s o f C h e m is tr y
G r a d u a te s
S t a t io n e r y
$ 1 .5 0 .)
133 p p .
W o rkers’
1 0 2 7 .)
s u b je c t s
R e s p o n s ib ilitie s .
C o m m it t e e
th e
Ja m e s
Industries and Occupations— Selected Reports
(B u ll.
on
A ff a ir s , N e w
D o m in a tio n
C h a p e l H ill,
B u re a u
M .
6s. 6d .
in in d u s t r ia l d is p u te s .
S c ie n c e .
and
A u tu m n
1951.
U . S . S e n a t e , 8 2 d C o n g r e s s , 1 s t S e s s io n .
n a tu re
in
H .
C o .,
W . K . H a n c o c k .)
C o m m it t e e
L a b o r 's
s u b c o m m it t e e ,
2 5 c e n t s .)
I n d u s tria l A w a r d s
C .,
W a r , U n it e d
D is tr ic t.
1951.
P re se n ts
C o lle c tiv e A g r e e m e n ts , M a n u f a c t u r i n g
O tta w a ,
W o r ld
W orked,
P a r it y
p p . 1 1 2 -1 2 2 .
P la n
S tu d y
$ 2 .2 5 .
of
La b o r,
Law
(In
N .
d e a ls w it h la b o r r e la t io n s
London,
Seco n d
o f M o n tr e a l a n d
R o ss.
Y o r k , C la r id g e P u b lis h in g C o r p ., 1 9 5 1 .
S e c u r ity P r o v is io n s in
C o u rt.
in f o r m a t io n
R e la t io n s ,
N ew
I n d u s trie s .
D u rh a m ,
$ 1 .2 5 .)
d u stry
A m e r ic a n
A m e r ic a .
S e le c t e d b y S a m u e l
S a g a s o f S tr u g g le — A L a b o r A n th o lo g y .
D e a ls
o f B r itis h
S u b c o m m it t e e
1 2 8 p p ., illu s .
m anpow er
B a r g a in in g :
$ 1.
C o lt o n .
th e
N . C ., O cto b e r 1951,
M in n e q u a P l a n t o f C o lo r a d o F u e l a n d I r o n C o r p o r a tio n
n in g
of
Labor Organization and Activities
P eace
L o c a ls
S.
$ 1 2 .5 0 .
b o o k o f U s e f u l F a c ts a b o u t L a b o r i n th e P r i n t i n g I n d u s
$ 1 .2 5 .)
I n d u s tr ia l
illu s .
U .
is in c lu d e d .
$6.
E c o n o m ic J o u r n a l, C h a p e l H ill,
Jo h n s
m ap s,
A d m in is t r a t io n ,
a n a ly s is
P r o b le m s ,
(H is t o r y o f th e
B y C . W il
M ifflin
ch a rts,
O f f ic e a n d L o n g m a n s , G r e e n a n d
tr y
Two
and
B y
m in in g .
E v o l u ti o n o f N a t i o n a l M u l t i - E m p l o y e r C o lle c tiv e B a r g a i n in g .
and
d is c u s s io n
C i v i l S e r ie s , e d it e d b y
B o sto n ,
W ar
th e
II.
B a lt im o r e ,
p p .,
C o m m i s s i o n , N o . 1 .)
C o n s id e r a b le
7 4 0 p p ., b ib lio g r a p h y , fo r m s .
of
on
under
W ar
in n a t io n a liz e d in d u s t r ie s , w it h p a r t ic u la r re fe re n c e to c o a l
Industrial Relations
C a u ses
R e p o rts
W o r ld
o th e rs.
881
O n e a r t ic le in t h is s y m p o s iu m
m e n t, a n d g iv e s r e p o r t s o f t y p ic a lly s e v e re c a s e s.
B y
and
1951.
C o n te m p o ra ry
$ 1 .)
C o lle c tiv e B a r g a in in g — P r i n c ip l e s a n d P r a c tic e s .
S h ip b u ild in g
in
in
In d u s t r ia l
v e m b e r 1 9 5 1 , p p . 4 1 7 - 4 2 5 , d ia g r a m , illu s .
so n
Lan e
1 9 51 , p p . 5 5 5 -7 5 1 .
C y a n id e
of
L A B O R
p r o b le m s f a c e d b y t h e in d u s t r y .
b r ie f ly d is c u s s e d .
T r e a tm e n t
C .
M a r it im e
s t u d ie s
in d u s t r ia l
H is to r y
C o m m is s io n
P re ss,
(H is t o r ic a l
T r a c e s d e v e lo p m e n t o f o r g a n iz e d a c t iv it ie s in t h e U n it e d
A
M a r itim e
J o u r n a l o f th e A m e r ic a n M e d ic a l A s s o c ia t io n , C h ic a g o ,
27,
M O N T H LY
B y
R o b e rt
S h o ste ck .
V o c a t io n a l S e r v ic e
25 cen ts.
B u re a u ,
P o litic s
and
Jo h n
R e lig io n
N o rm a n .
R e v ie w ,
$ 1 .2 5 .)
It h a c a ,
in
(In
N .
th e
I ta lia n
Labor
In d u s t r ia l a n d
Y .,
O cto b e r
M o v e m e n t.
Lab o r
1951,
B y
R e la t io n s
pp.
7 3 -9 1 .
REVIEW, JANUARY 1952
P U B L IC A T IO N S
OF
Medical Group Practice in the United States.
H u n t,
M .D .,
and
M arcu s
W a s h in g t o n , F e d e r a l S e c u r it y
S e r v ic e ,
1951.
lic a t io n 7 7 .)
70
p p .,
S.
B y
G .
ch a rts.
2 5 c e n t s , S u p e r in t e n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s ,
re su m e
of
b o th
p u b lis h e d
and
unpub
In d u s t r ia l
M e d ic in e
and
S u rg e ry ,
C h ic a g o ,
1 9 5 1 , p p . 4 4 4 -4 4 6 , b ib lio g r a p h y .
56
p p ., fo r m s .
S te p h e n H a b b e .
C o n fe re n c e
(S t u d ie s
S . W h it t e n , In c . , 1 9 5 1 .
in
N ew
B o a rd ,
P e rso n n e l
In c .,
P o lic y ,
9 2 p p ., c h a r t s , f o r m s , p la n s .
S u rg e ry ,
C h ic a g o ,
Se p te m b e r
1951,
Employees’ Financial Problems.
N a t io n a l
O cto b e r
7 5 c e n t s .)
pp.
4 0 8 -4 1 0 .
D e s c r ip t io n
of
th e
jo in t
n o n p r o f it
p ro g ra m
of
and
th e
N a t i o n ’s
te m b e r
1951, p p .
H e a lt h ,
1 1 1 2 -1 1 1 7 .
70
N ew
Y o rk ,
Sep
c e n ts.)
A ffa ir s ,
p ro ce sse d .
of
A venue
B u re a u
pp.
of
(P e rs o n n e l
$1.
su rv e y
of com pany
p o lic ie s
Small
Industry.
A la b a m a ,
B u s in e s s A m in is t r a t io n , B u r e a u
1951.
under
w it h
58 p p .
of
p r o b le m s
of
of
A la .,
C o m m e rce
and
o f B u s in e s s R e s e a r c h ,
( P r i n t e d S e r ie s , N o . 1 3 .)
sp ee ch es
U n iv e r s it y
U n iv e r s it y ,
School
d e liv e r e d
o f A la b a m a
d e v e lo p in g
at
fo u r
c o n fe re n ce s
a u s p ic e s .
so u n d
One
h e ld
p a n e l d e a lt
p e rso n n e l
p ro g ra m s,
p a r t ic u la r ly in th e s m a lle r p la n t s .
W a s h in g t o n ,
1951.
U .
S.
3 0 p p ., fo r m s .
C iv il
S e r v ic e
15 ce n ts, S u p e r
in t e n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s , W a s h in g t o n .
p p .;
Western Personnel Management and Industrial Relations
Directory, with Principal Organization Listings, Includ
ing Company Executives Who Are Primarily Interested
in This Field, 1951-52. B e r k e l e y , C a l i f o r n i a P e r s o n
R e se a rch
n e l M a n a g e m e n t A s s o c ia t io n , 1 9 5 1 . 9 5 p p .; p ro c e s s e d .
M a x w e ll G r a d u a t e S c h o o l o f C it iz e n s h ip
P u b lic
of
C o m m is s io n ,
Attitudes of Scientists and Engineers About Their Govern
ment Employment. S y r a c u s e , N . Y . , S y r a c u s e U n i
v e r s it y ,
and
U n iv e r s it y
Selecting Supervisors.
Occupations
21
S u r v e y , N o . 6 .)
q u e s t io n n a ir e
Mobilization
Te xts
H e a lt h
W a s h in g t o n ,
1951.
f in a n c ia l p r o b le m s .
th re e
The UAW-CIO and the Problem of Medical Care. B y
H a rry
B e ck e r.
(In A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l o f P u b l i c
of a
In c .,
w it h r e s p e c t t o h e lp in g e m p lo y e e s s o lv e o r a v o id p e r s o n a l
7 5 c e n ts.)
c o m p a n ie s .
A ffa ir s ,
P o lic ie s F o r u m
R e s u lt s
Industrial Dental Health Program Sponsored by the Co
operative Service, Wyomissing, Pennsylvania. B y
H a rry H . D o u g h e rty .
(In I n d u s t r i a l M e d i c i n e a n d
1950.
A v a ila b le
S y ra cu se
2
v o ls .,
fro m
223
and
W a s h in g t o n
U n iv e r s it y ,
1785
and
429
M a ssa ch u se tts
$5.
N W .
Effect of Defense Program on Employment Outlook in
Engineering. W a s h i n g t o n , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f
La b o r,
B u re a u
of
Lab o r
c h a rts ; p ro ce sse d .
S u p p le m e n t
to
S t a t is t ic s ,
1951.
10
p p .,
B u ll.
Prices and Price Control
Retail Prices of Food [in the United States], 1949.
in g t o n , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u
Fre e .
968,
E m p lo y m e n t
O u t lo o k
fo r
S t a t is t ic s ,
ce n ts,
E n g in e e r s .
Effect of Defense Program on Employment Situation in
Elementary and Secondary School Teaching. W a s h
in g t o n , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f L a b o r
S t a t is t ic s ,
1951.
14
pp.
15
ce n ts,
S u p e r in t e n d e n t
B u lle t in
972,
E m p lo y m e n t
O u t lo o k
fo r
E le m e n t a r y a n d S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l T e a c h e r s .
Mining Occupations.
35
p p .,
M o n o g ra p h
D e x te r
C o .,
ed.
$3.
D e p a rtm e n t
illu s .
( C a n a d ia n
of
La b o r,
O c c u p a t io n s ,
In c .,
20
p p .,
The Price of Price Controls.
C o m m e rce
o f th e
D e p a rtm e n t,
R e p o rt
of
th e
U n it e d
1951.
ch a rts.
(B u ll.
of D o cu m e n ts,
53
W a s h in g t o n ,
S ta te s,
1 0 3 2 .)
Cham ber
E c o n o m ic
p p ., b ib lio g r a p h y .
C h a m b e r ’s
15
W a s h in g t o n .
C o m m it t e e
50
on
of
R e se a rch
ce n ts.
E c o n o m ic
Le Nouvel Indice Général des Prix de Gros, [FranceJ— Base
100 en 1949. (In B u l l e t i n M e n s u e l d e S t a t i s t i q u e ,
In s t it u t
N a t io n a l
de
la
É c o n o m iq u e s , P a r is , N e w
S t a t is t iq u e
et
des
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Y o rk ,
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L in g e n fe lt e r a n d
H a rco u rt,
B ra ce
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R ev.
Rent in the Netherlands.
M in is t r y
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R e c o n s t r u c t io n
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D e p a rtm e n t,
H o u s in g .
[T h e
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1951.
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30,
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a p p r a is a l
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C o n tra cts
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D e p a rtm e n t
S ta n d a rd s
A ct,
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A lp h e n
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N .
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Beneficiaries Who Exhausted Unemployment Benefits in
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1952
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1949-1950.
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M in n e a p o lis ,
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P re ss,
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S ta n d a rd s,
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M in n e s o t a
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1951.
266
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A n d e r s o n ’s li f e
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A n d e rso n
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U n i
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e x p e r ie n c e
as
a
o r g a n iz e r , a n d t h e d ir e c t o r
Workers: Ready, Willing, Able.
In d u s t r y ,
N ew
Y o rk ,
O cto b e r
15,
(In
1951,
a r t ic le s o n
je c t s
p e r io d ic a l c o n s is t s o f a s y m p o s iu m
v a r io u s a s p e c t s o f t h e
tre a te d
in c lu d e
w age
Fren ch
p o lic ie s ,
eco nom y.
tre n d s
in
of
Sub
w ages
and
s o c ia l s e c u r it y , a n d p o p u la t io n d e v e lo p m e n t s .
Arbetsgivare— Arbelstagare.
o f th e
s u g g e s t io n s ,
S t o c k h o lm ,
u s e o f w o m a n p o w e r in
la r g e ly
on
W o r ld
o f p la n t p o lic ie s t o
d e fe n se w o rk ,
W ar
II
e x p e r i
needs of w om en
B y
L JU S ,
G o ra n
S m it h
1950.
326
and
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H is t o r ic a l a c c o u n t o f la b o r c o n d it io n s
4 0 -4 3 ,
in fo r m a t io n
b ase d
e n c e , fo r a d a p t a t io n
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M o d e rn
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D is c u s s io n
w it h
re p o rt
g iv e n
La France Économique en 1948—1949—1950.
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illu s .
30,
c o s t o f liv in g , th e la b o r m o v e m e n t , la b o r le g is la t io n , p r ic e s ,
sto ry
Women
of
W a s h in g t o n ,
C o .,
$ 3 .5 0 .
fa c to ry
N ovem ber
S u p e r in t e n d e n t
Labor Offices in the United States and in Canada, June 1951.
There is a Right Job For Every Woman.
v e r s it y
m o b ili
W a s h in g t o n , [U . S . E c o
t h is
a re
California
C o n t in u a t io n
Lab o r
to
of
of
E S A
u n d e r t h e t it le o f L a b o r in
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104 pp.
(B u ll.
W a s h in g t o n .
as
ce n ts,
h ig h lig h t s
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F r a n c is c o ,
D iv is io n
W ash
D o cu m e n ts,
th e
Handbook
S u m m a r iz e d in t h is is s u e o f t h e M o n t h ly L a b o r R e v ie w
Th e
of
San
m ap.
of
on
A g e n cy ],
25
M o n t h ly L a b o r R e v ie w
in g t o n , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , W o m e n ’s B u r e a u ,
2 3 8 .)
ch a rts.
a d m in is t r a t o r
Fre e .
Part-Time Jobs for Women—A Study in 10 Cities.
a r t ic le s
B y E r ic Jo h n sto n .
S t a b iliz a t io n
p p .,
Som e
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in c lu d e s
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1951.
Fre e .
Emergency Provisions of State Laws Regulating the Hours of
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s y m p o s iu m
z a t io n a n d s t a b iliz a t io n a n d o n m a n p o w e r p r o b le m s .
Community Problems Relating to the Increased Employment
of Women in Defense Areas. W a s h i n g t o n , U . S .
In c .,
$ 2 ($ 1 t o m e m b e r s
o f A c a d e m y ).)
Case Studies in Equal Pay for Women.
w ood.
H .
t h e A m e r ic a n A c a d e m y
o f P o lit ic a l a n d S o c ia l S c ie n c e , V o l. 2 7 8 , P h ila d e lp h ia ,
fo r e m
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1951.
1 9 4 7 -5 0 .
E d it e d b y B e n ja m in
co ve re d
on
p o stw a r
in c lu d e
w ages
e c o n o m ic
and
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in
S w e d e n , w it h
c o n d it io n s .
c o lle c t iv e
S u b je c t s
a g re e m e n ts,
s t r ik e s , a n d v a c a t io n s w it h p a y .
The Integration of Refugees into German Life.
w o rk e rs.
N a t io n a l P la n n in g A s s o c ia t io n , 1 9 5 1 .
W a s h in g t o n ,
1 0 9 p p ., c h a r t s .
75 cen ts.
Miscellaneous
R e p o rt on
t h e p r o b le m s
of an
e s t im a t e d
9 ,4 0 0 ,0 0 0
re f
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m e n t o f C o m m e r c e , B u r e a u o f F o r e ig n
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309
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O f f ic e
$ 1 .5 0 ,
of
B u s in e s s
S u p e r in t e n d e n t
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D o m e s t ic
E c o n o m ic s ,
of
1951.
D o cu m e n ts,
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w o rk e r,
h o u r ly
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a n d w e e k ly e a r n in g s , la b o r t u r n - o v e r ,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
fo r t h e ir
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and
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p o lit ic a l lif e .
in t o
Th e
W est
G e rm an
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T e c h n ic a l A s s is t a n c e C o m m is s io n o n th e
In t e g r a t io n o f th e R e fu g e e s in th e G e r m a n R e p u b lic .
Stalin’s Slave Camps— An Indictment of Modern Slavery.
B r u s s e ls ,
In c lu d e s s t a t is t ic s o f e m p lo y m e n t , w e e k ly h o u r s w o r k e d
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T ra d e
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Current Labor Statistics
A.
—Employment and Payrolls
Table A -l: Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Table A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division
and group
Table A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
Table A-4: Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing industries
Table A-5: Federal civilian employment and payrolls, by branch and agency group
Table A-6: Civilian Government employment and payrolls in Washington, D. C.,
by branch and agency group
Table A-7: Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
Table A-8: Employees in manufacturing industries, by States 1
Table A-9: Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance pro
grams, by geographic division and State
B.
—Labor Turn-Over
Table B -l:
Table B-2:
Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing
industries, by class of turn-over
Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups
and industries
C.—Earnings and Hours
Table C -l:
Table C-2:
Table C-3:
Table C-4:
Table C-5:
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected
industries, in current and 1939 dollars
Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1939 dollars
Average hourly earnings, gross and exclusive of overtime, of produc
tion workers in manufacturing industries
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 1
1 T h i s t a b le is in c lu d e d q u a r t e r ly in t h e M a r c h , J u n e , S e p t e m b e r , a n d D e c e m b e r is s u e s o f t h e R e v ie w .
N o te .—
B e g in n in g w it h
V o lu m e
7 4 , t a b le s in t h e A
t o t a k e in t o a c c o u n t t h e e lim in a t io n o f t w o t a b le s .
78
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
s e c t io n
have
b ee n re n u m b e re d
c o n s e c u t iv e ly ,
C U R R E N T
D.
L A B O R
ST A T IST IC S
79
—Prices and Cost of Living
Table D -l:
Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities,
by group of commodities
Table D-2: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city, for
selected periods
Table D-3: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city and
group of commodities
Table D-4: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by group, for selected periods
Table D-5: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by city
Table D-6: Average retail prices and indexes of selected foods
Table D-7: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities, for selected
periods
Table D-8: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
E. —Work Stoppages
Table E -l:
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F. —Building and Construction
Table F -l:
Table F-2:
Table F-3:
Table F-4:
Table F-5:
Expenditures for new construction
Value of contracts awarded and force-account work started on fed
erally financed new construction, by type of construction
Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by
type of building
New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, by general
type and by geographic division
Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling
units started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds
N o t e . — E a r l i e r f ig u r e s in m a n y o f t h e s e r ie s a p p e a r in g in t h e f o llo w in g t a b le s a r e s h o w n in t h e H a n d b o o k o f L a b o r
S t a t is t ic s ,
1950
E d it io n
(B L S
B u lle t in
1 0 1 6 ).
F o r c o n v e n ie n c e in
r e fe r r in g t o t h e h is t o r ic a l s t a t is t ic s ,
t h e t a b le s in t h is is s u e o f t h e M o n t h ly L a b o r R e v ie w a r e k e y e d t o t h e a p p r o p r ia t e t a b le s in t h e H a n d b o o k !
M LR
Handbook
table
table
A - l______ ________A-13
(A -!
I A-3
A-2
------------1A -4
U -8
(A-3
A -3______ _______ A-4
IA-7
A-4_______ _______ A-6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M LR
table
A -5______
A -6______
A -7______
A -8______
A -9______
B - l ______
B -2 ______
C - l ______
C - 2 __________
Handbook
table
_______ A-9
_ None
_______ A-2
_______ A-2
_______ A-14
_______ B - l
_______ B-2
_______ C -l
_
N one
M LR
table
C -3 ______
C -4 ______
C -5 ______
D - l ______
D -2 ____
D -3 ______
D -4 _____
D -5 ______
Handbook
table
_______ C-4
_______ C-3
_______ C-2
________D - l
_______ D -2
D -4
f D -2
M LR
table
D -6 ______
D -7 ______
D -8 ______
E - l ___
F - l ___
F -2 ___
F -3 ___
F -4
[D -3
F - 5 __________ ____________
None
_______
table
None
________D -5
None
_______ E -2
_______ H - l
_______ H -4
________H -6
_______ H -6
1 -1
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
80
M O N T H LY
L A B O R
A: Employment and Payrolls
T a b l e
A -l: Estimated Total Labor Force Classified by Employment Status, Hours Worked, and Sex
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1 (in thousands)
Labor force
1951
N ov.
Oct.
Sept .2
Aug.
July
June
1950
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N o v .2
Total, both sexes
Total labor force 3-------------------------------------Civilian labor force-----------------------------------U nemployment_____________ ________
Unemployed 4 weeks or le ss..- . . . __
Unemployed 5-10 weeks___ _____ .
Unemployed 11-14 weeks____ _____
Unemployed 15-26 weeks-------- . . . .
Unemployed over 26 weeks-------- . . .
E m ploym ent--._____________________ Nonagricultural. . . . . .
Worked 35 hours or m o r e ...____
Worked 15-34 hours___________
W orked 1-14 hours «
. _
W ith a job but not at work 0____
Agricultural____________
. . . ----Worked 35 hours or more------- __
Worked 15-34 hours__________ _
Worked 1-14 hours 5---------- _
W ith a job but not at work 0____
0
0
63,164
1,828
1,072
390
130
114
12 2
61,336
54,314
43, 708
6,832
2 ,10 2
1,672
7,022
4, 660
1,840
332
190
0
63,452
1,616
944
330
126
126
90
61,836
54,168
43,040
7,488
1,922
1,718
7, 668
6,090
1,270
228
80
63,186
1,606
1,004
280
128
78
116
61, 580
54,054
29, 204
20,070
1,818
2,962
7, 526
5, 724
1,436
224
142
0
0
64, 208
1,578
870
390
1,1 2 2
408
92
102
104
112
62, 630
54,942
43, 656
5,080
1,558
4,648
7,688
5, 658
1, 592
238
200
0
64,382
1,856
100
134
62, 526
54, 618
42,312
4, 898
1,570
5,838
7,908
6 ,110
1,468
206
124
0
63,783
1,980
1,216
358
141
150
116
61,803
53, 768
44,088
5,061
2,082
2, 537
8,035
5, 960
1,699
280
97
0
62,803
1,609
862
342
91
163
153
61,193
53, 753
45,055
4,931
2,071
1,697
7, 440
5, 799
1,335
215
91
61, 789
1,744
825
366
173
237
145
60,044
53,400
43,996
5, 651
2,185
1,567
6, 645
4,809
1,351
239
246
0
0
0
64,674
65,453
62,325
2,147
966
502
215
298
167
60,179
53, 785
44,053
5,476
2,311
1,945
6,393
4, 412
1,418
268
297
61,313
2,407
1,039
640
276
241
213
58, 905
52,976
42, 911
5, 806
2,236
61, 514
2, 503
1,184
677
208
251
183
59,010
52,993
43, 505
5, 561
2,251
1,676
6,018
3,895
1,467
308
348
62, 538
2,229
1,153
498
167
217
194
60,308
54,075
44,177
63, 512
2,240
1,240
475
147
175
204
61, 271
53, 721
43, 546
6,417
2,331
1,427
7, 551
5, 487
1,594
306
163
2,0 2 2
5,930
3,790
1,415
370
353
6,002
2,319
1,577
6,234
3,983
1,505
348
399
Males
Total labor force 3------------------------- ------------
0
0)
0
Civilian labor force------------ . -----------------Unem ploym ent------- -------------. --------Em ploym ent_______________ __________
Nonagricultural. _ ---------------- . . .
Worked 35 hours or m o r e _____
Worked 15-34 hours----------------Worked 1-14 hours 6----- ------ . .
W ith a job but not at work 6-----Agricultural--------------- . . . ----Worked 35 hours or more__ ____
Worked 15-34 hours_______ ____
Worked 1-14 hours 5— ----------W ith a job but not at work 6_ _
43, 346
43, 522
890
42, 632
36, 756
31, 206
3, 654
780
1,116
5,876
5,110
554
142
70
43, 672
842
42.830
37,050
22,174
12, 240
760
1,876
5,780
4,810
690
154
126
1,0 0 2
42.344
36,616
31,102
3, 540
834
1,140
5, 728
4,280
1,074
216
158
0
44,720
956
43,764
37, 604
31, 554
2, 726
656
2 , 668
6,160
5,128
724
132
176
0
0
44, 602
1,098
43, 504
37, 234
30, 492
2,614
608
3, 520
6 , 270
5,346
680
12 2
12 2
0
44,316
1,167
43,149
36,862
32,021
2, 578
815
1,448
6 , 287
5,301
724
175
87
3, 508
950
42, 558
36, 596
32.184
2, 457
893
1.062
5,962
5,107
619
156
80
0
0
43,182
1.028
42,154
36, 349
31,420
3,029
897
1,003
5,805
4, 583
859
165
198
43,379
1,277
42,102
36,463
31, 346
2,877
975
1,265
5, 639
4,226
939
0
0
45, 644
45,934
43,093
1,659
41, 433
36,072
31,054
2, 947
961
43, 535
1,459
42,076
36, 585
31,308
3, 217
998
1,062
5,491
3,751
1,134
268
338
44,019
1,309
42, 710
36, 554
31,175
3,447
980
952
6,156
4,982
842
255
42,894
1, 594
41,300
35, 980
30, 284
3,355
984
1,357
5.320
3,644
1,077
300
298
0
0
0
0
19, 030
19, 519
18, 607
716
17, 890
17, 051
12, 576
2 , 622
1,288
564
840
226
492
74
48
18, 946
870
18,077
17, 322
12, 707
2, 599
1,336
680
754
186
4/9
48
42
18,419
813
17, 605
16, 996
12, 627
2,451
1, 252
665
610
146
338
70
55
18, 421
844
17, 577
16, 921
12,451
2, 614
1,290
566
656
171
401
55
29
19,003
770
18, 232
17,490
12,869
2,785
1,321
515
743
232
371
80
61
19, 493
931
18, 561
17J 67
12,371
2,970
1,351
475
1,395
505
752
106
30
220
1,1 10
5,362
3,724
1,066
253
319
200
133
Females
Total labor force 3_______________________ _
Civilian labor force______ ____________ ._
U nemployment________________ _____
Employm ent______________________
Nonagricultural________ ________
Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours________ . . .
Worked 1-14 hours 5__ . . . ____
With a job but not at work 0---Agricultural-.-_______________ ____
Worked 35 hours or more__ ____
Worked 15-34 h o u r s ___________
Worked 1-14 hours 5____________
With a job but not at work 0____
0
19,818
826
18, 992
17, 698
1 2 , 606
3,292
1,268
532
1,294
380
766
116
32
(0
19,930
726
19,204
17,412
11,834
3,834
1,142
602
1,792
980
716
86
10
0
19, 514
764
18,750
17,004
7,030
7,830
1,058
1,086
1,746
914
746
70
16
0
12 ,1 0 2
2,354
902
1,980
1, 528
530
1 Estimates a; e subject to samplnig variation which may be large in cases where
the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller estimates
should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in institutions.
Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add to group
totals.
2 Census survey week contains legal holiday.
3 Total labor force consists of the civilian labor force and the Armed Forces.
4 Beginning with January 1951, data on net strength of the Armed Forces
and total labor force are not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0
19, 488
622
18,866
17, 338
868
106
24
0
0
19,780
758
19,022
17, 384
11,820
2, 284
962
2,318
1,638
764
788
84
19, 467
813
18, 654
16,906
12,067
2,483
1,267
1,089
1,748
659
975
105
2
10
19, 294
659
18, 635
17,157
12,871
2,474
1,178
635
1,478
692
716
59
11
5 E x clu d es p ersons engaged on ly in incidental u n p a id fam ily w ork (less than
15 hours); these p ersons are classified a s n ot in the lab o r force.
0 Includes persons who had a job or business, but wh q did not work during
the census week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute or
because of temporary lay-off with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of lay-off. Does not include unpaid fam ily workers.
Source: U . S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
R E V IE W ,
JA N U A R Y
T able
81
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
1952
A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1
[In thousands]
A n n u al
average
1950
1951
In d u stry grou p an d in d u stry
N ov.
T o ta l em ploy ees__________________________
M ining. __ _________ ______ ____ _________
M e t a l __________________________________
Iron
___________ ________ _________
________________ - ________
C opp er
L e a d an d z i n c ______________________ A n thracite
. . ________________
Contract construction______
..
-----------
A u g.
J u ly
922
105.2
39.0
28.8
20.0
906
105.1
38.3
29.0
20.3
N ov.
1950
1949
927
105.0
38.5
28.8
20.3
915
103.3
37.6
28.5
19.9
911
103.8
36.9
28.9
20.2
924
105.3
36.4
29.2
21.6
930
105.8
36.5
29.3
21.6
932
105.2
36.2
29.3
21.4
937
104.4
35.9
29.0
21.0
938
102.5
36.1
28.4
20.3
904
101.0
35.5
28.1
19.7
932
100.1
33.7
27.3
20.6
68.3
65.5
70.2
70.3
67.6
72.2
72.8
72.7
73.0
74.3
75.1
77.3
369.6
359.4
378.4
377.2
381.9
396.3
402.3
402.8
404.8
404.3
375.6
399.0
263.5
266.6
269.5
267.8
264.8
258.4
254.6
250.2
251.5
253.3
256.7
254.8
255.3
259.0
m s
109.2
109.8
108.2
108.3
105.9
103.1
99.6
97.1
98.0
98.3
101.9
97.4
96.4
2,571
2,318
2,158
505
208.6
296.3
447
183.0
264.1
428
178.1
250.3
108.0
2,637
2,750
2, 761
2, 809
2,754
2,686
2, 598
2,471
2, 326
2,228
2,281
2,403
541
234.1
306.6
549
239.2
309.8
568
247.7
320.5
556
242.5
313.8
540
232.6
307.7
508
213.5
294.2
460
181.3
278.6
394
149.5
244.0
371
134.8
235.8
383
141.1
242.1
428
164.0
263.8
2,241
2,198
947
963
945
2,146
2,090 2,011
1,932
1,857
1,898
1,975
2,066
925
892
848
807
763
798
839
892
1,871
1,727
797 ■ 753
974
245.8
124.4
1,263 1,265 1,278 1,253 1,221 1,198 1,163 1,125 1,094 1,100 1,136 1,174 1,074
312.7 306.8 305.7 300.1 297.3 ' 291.3 289.3 284.7 282.6 287.4 290.4 294.0 270.6
179.8 187.5 189.9 183.0 175.0 167.6 155.9 146.7 130.2 123.0 132.8 147.4 132.5
155.2 153.3 154.0 149.9 145.6 142.1 139.1 138.3 139.0 138.7 140.0 138.7 128.6
Special-trade, con tractors
_ ___ _____
P lu m b in g an d h e atin g________________
P ain tin g an d decoratin g______
_____
E lectrical w ork
_ _ _______ -- -
614.8
Other special-trade contractors_______
617.2
628.4
620.1
602.7
596.6
578.4
555.5
541.7
550.4
572.4
593. 9
125.1
479.0
541.7
15,861 15,940 16,020 16,008 15, 813 15,956 15,853 15,955 16,022 15,978 15,784 15, 789 15,765 14, 884
Durable goods 2---- ------------------------ 8, 944
Nondurable goods 3------------------------ 6,917
59.9
Food and kindred products----------------- 1,567
Meat p r o d u c ts..___________ ______
Dairy "products.___________________
Canning and preserving ____ . . . .
Grain-mill products_________________
Bakery products____________________
Sugar
_________ -- ___________
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages .
_____ ___________
Miscellaneous food p r o d u cts__
___
92
Textile-mill products
-------------- -------- 1,231
____________
Yarn and thread mills
Broad-woven fabric m ills ___________
Knitting m ills__
.
___________
Dyeing and finishing textiles . _____
Carpets, rugs, other floor covering _ _
Other textile-mill products___ _____
Apparel and other finished textile
products_. ------- . . . ----------------- 1 ,1 2 0
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats. _. .
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing
__ ___ ____ . ________
W omen’s outerw ear__ ____ . . . .
Women’s, children’s undergarments..
M illinery__
.
_________________
Children’s outerwear
_________ . .
Fnr p-nnds and miscellaneous apparel
Other fabricated textile products_____
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
D ec.
67.9
2, 212
See footnotes at end of table.
Ja n .
367.1
946
Dumber and wood products (except
furniture;------------------------------------Logging camps and contractors____
Sawmills and planing m ills__
___ _
M illwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products. _________
Wooden containers ________________
M iscellaneous wood p r o d u c ts.______
Feb.
66.8
2,209
Tobacco manufactures_________________
Cigarettes ______ _ ________________
Cigars
______ ___________ ________
Tobacco and snuff _ _____________
Tobacco stemming and redrying_____
M ar.
366.6
G en eral con tractors_____________________
Ordnance and accessories______________
A p r.
371.0
916
104.7
39.1
28.4
19.8
B u ild in g con stru ction ____________ _____
--------------- --
M ay
911
105.2
38.6
28.5
20.8
N o n b u ild in g con stru ction ___________ ___
H igh w ay an d street_______ _________
O ther n on bu ild in g con stru ction ___ _
M an ufacturin g----
Ju n e
916
106.0
C ru d e petroleum an d n atu ral g as produ ctio n . ____________________________
N o n m etallic m in in g an d q u arry in g -------
Sept.
46,736 46,841 46,921 46,724 46,432 46, 567 46, 226 45,998 45,850 45,390 45, 246 46, 595 45,873 44,124 43,006
__
B itu m in o u s-coal________________________
Oct.
789
8,922
7,018
57.5
8,902
7,118
53.7
8,878
7,130
50.8
8,839
6,974
46.5
8,998
6,958
42.3
8 ,975
6,878
40.1
9,003
6,952
37.7
8,969
7,053
35.5
8,877
7,101
33.3
8,742
7,042
30.8
8,717
7,072
29.7
8,664
7,101
29.0
8,008
6,876
14,148
7,465
6,681
24.7
24.8
1,634 1,714 1,698 1,615 1,532 1,478 1,466 1,476 1,478 1,499 1,534 1, 576 1,542 1,523
299.4 298.3 295.1 299.3 296.7 291.2 291.6 295.3 299.4 312.8 315.2 305.7 295.6 288.6
143.2 149.7 156.4 158.3 157.5 150.4 143.7 139.1 135.2 134.4 137.1 139.6 144.5 146.2
258.7 349.6 332.8 252.7 179.6 162.7 153.3 150.0 152.5 157.0 168.5 197.4 202.9 207.1
130.8 131.9 132.1 131.6 128.7 123.1 126.1 126.4 127.4 127.5 124.6 125.2 123.9 12 0 .6
289.7 288.1 288.3 288.2 286.6 284.6 286.2 287.5 285.7 286.3 288.1 290.9 285.9 281.7
32.7
34.5
51.8
29.1
44.8
30.1
28.8
31.8
44.6
29.7
30.1
29.6
28.6
30.3
96.9
99.5
92.1
97.2
99.4 10 0.6 106.1 1 1 0 .2
95.2
89.8
105. 6 10 1.0
87.5
90.5
220.9 227.1 232.0 232.2 224.1 2 1 1 .8 2 10 .0 213.4 211.7 2 1 2 .2 2 1 2 . 1 215.4 216.3 211.4
140.6 137.8 136.2 135.4 139.0 134.5 134.5 138.1 137.6 136.1 137.7 139.8 138.5 137.6
96
26.4
41.9
11.7
16.1
96
26.1
41.1
11.9
17.1
91
26.0
39.9
11.7
13.3
81
26.0
39.0
11.7
4.4
83
25.7
40.6
11.9
4.4
1 2 .1
25. S
41.2
12.3
94
26.6
44.5
13.0
9.3
8 .8
1 0 .1
81
25.4
39.4
83
25.6
40.8
85
25.7
42.0
87
25.8
42.3
88
25.9
41.2
90
26.1
42.3
91
26.3
43.3
1 2 .1
1 2 .1
12 .2
1 2 .1
12 .0
1 2 .0
4.8
4.9
6.7
4.4
8.5
9.4
88
1,231 1,231 1,247 1,262 1,301 1,302 1,309 1,319 1,365 1,352 1,352 1,355 1,297 1,224
161.8 164.1 164.8 164. 5 168. 6 171.0 171.2 172.5 174.3 172.0 170.7 171.5 162.0 149.3
577.0 581.5 592.7 605.8 619.9 605.8 599.1 596.6 636.1 633.0 633.9 637.5 616.1 581.9
230.7 226.4 230.9 230.1 235. 5 241. 4 250.1 256.1 256.2 252.0 254.0 253.9 242.8 231.4
86.4
89.7
93.3
93.5
93.3
89.4
94.0
94.6
83.6
83.2
84.0
8 8 .1
87.6
85.1
58.9
62.4
60.6
62.4
62.4
62.2
62.2
49.2
55.6
58.6
61.0
49. 5
48.6
50.7
126.4 127.1 126.0 126.9 133.1 135.8 140.3 137.8 141.7 138.9 137.3 136.7 125.7 116.0
1,138 1,155 1,167 .1 , 1 1 0 1 ,1 2 0 1,118 1,168 1,229 1,237 1,190 1,184 1,175 1,159 1,136
143.7 151.2 152.8 142.9 149.5 148.9 152.0 155.3 155.4 152.7 151.9 151.2 148.3 141.5
271.6
283.4
99.3
17.1
61.8
94.4
141.2
65.4
94.9
148.1
95.9
154.3
277.7
352.7
107.4
26.3
70.0
94.4
152.9
269.6
338.1
103.6
24.3
67.3
88.7
146.0
269.5
329.9
106.6
21.4
65.6
92.2
146.5
271.8
308.4
110 . £
18.4
65.2
97.4
151.7
263.2 257.8
320.3 328.6
98.9
105.4
22.3
22. C
63.4
66.5
8
8 .2
89.6
143.5 135.8
144.8
62.8
102. 5
1,2.4
65.3
101.4
142.5
803
77.7
471.1
810
80. £
474.9
818
76.8
481.8
813
77.3
477.0
838
80.7
488.7
828
815
78. C 70.3
482.0 473.7
785
56.1
457.1
800
69.8
459.0
804
69.5
460.8
817
72.4
471.1
838
77.5
484.3
792
67.9
461.6
736
61.4
431.7
115.7
77.5
61.1
115.4
77.3
61.0
118.4
78.0
62.9
115. £
80.3
62.1
12 2 .6
122.5
82.0
63.5
123. C 12 2 .8
83.2
83.5
65.0
64.8
126.2
82.8
64.2
128. C 129. £
82. c
81.5
63.8
63.9
124. E
77.7
60.8
110. 5
73.3
59.0
64.0
2 1.6
2 1 .6
82.4
63.2
280.2
301.5
105.7
281. £
339.8
107.8
25.4
10 2 .8
2 1.2
257. C 256.2
320.1 329.8
97.6
97.5
263.4
289.5
97.0
16.8
64.9
98.1
140.3
251.2
305.9
94.6
19.7
65.0
92.1
138.6
256.3
305.7
99.7
20.0
123.4
82.5
64.8
6 8 .1
82
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T a b l e
M O N T H LY
L A B O R
A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1—Con.
[In thousands]
1951
Industry group and industry
--------I N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
Annual
average
1950
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
1950
1949
Manufacturing—Continued
Furniture and fixtures........ .................. ....... 340
Household furniture..............................................
Other furniture and fixtures________________
337
230.0
107.2
334
333
225.9 223.9
108.4 108.8
331
223.7
106.9
334
226.0
108.1
349
240.5
108.6
366
256.0
109.5
374
265.0
109.1
373
265.1
107.6
370
262.9
106.8
374
266.5
107.0
376
270.5
105.8
357
255.5
101.5
315
Paper and allied products______________ 487
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills__________
Paperboard containers and boxes___________
Other paper and allied products____________
489
246.9
132.5
109.8
491
248.6
131.9
110.9
494
248.1
132.5
113.0
493
247.1
133.0
113.1
500
248.8
136.5
114.7
497
246.0
137.4
114.0
500
245.5
139.1
115.7
498
242.2
139.3
116.0
496
242.2
139.4
114.7
496
242.4
139.5
114.3
499
244.5
140.9
113.8
500
242.8
141.9
114.9
472
235.8
128. 5
107.7
447
226.9
117.1
103.1
P rin tin g, pu blish in g, an d allied in du stries
N e w sp a p e rs__________________________
P eriod icals____________________________
B o o k s________________________________
C om m ercial p rin tin g_______________
L ith og rap h in g ________________________
O ther p rin tin g an d p u b lish in g ________
768
298.9
54.4
50.8
205.7
42.3
115.9
763
298.6
53.7
51.0
203.5
41.8
114.5
759
298.5
53.5
50.3
762
299.7
52.4
49.1
206.3
41.1
113.6
759
299.7
52.6
48.9
204.8
41.1
757
297.1
52.8
49.1
204.8
41.3
760
297.1
52.8
49.3
206.9
41.1
758
296.7
52.8
48.8
206.2
40.9
1 1 2 .1
1 1 2 .2
1 1 2 .8
1 1 2 .8
758
295.5
53.0
48.1
207.3
40.8
113.2
765
298.9
53.1
48.6
207.4
42.0
114.5
759"'
295.9
53.3
48.4
205.3
42.4
113.7
743*
293.3
52.1
46.7
40.9
113.9
758
299.1
52.2
49.0
204.2
40.4
112.9
40.7
108.9
727
282.5
53.4
44.6
197.1
41.1
108.0
762
C hem icals an d allied p ro d u cts _________
In d u stria l inorganic ch em icals_______________
In d u stria l organic ch em icals_________________
D ru g s an d m edicin es________________________
P ain ts, p igm en ts, an d fille rs_______ ______ . . .
F ertiliz ers___________________________________
V egetable an d an im al oils an d fa ts___________
O ther chem icals an d allied p ro d u c ts_________
766
84.0
232.2
107.7
75.1
32.4
65.6
168.6
764
84.4
234.3
108.1
75.6
32.8
60.6
168.0
753
84.1
233.3
108.3
76.9
30.6
49.9
169.4
744
84.0
230.9
107.3
76.9
29.9
47.5
167.9
742
82.6
229.0
106.0
76.5
31.4
47.9
168.6
742
81.4
225.6
105.5
76.5
36.4
49.1
167.7
749
81.0
224. 2
105.3
76.3
40.1
51.7
170.6
748
80.1
221.7
104.8
76.0
42.4
53.4
169.3
738
79.4
216.9
103.7
75.5
39.9
55.1
167.5
729
78.5
214.5
724
77.6
213.9
101.3
73.8
32.9
59.2
164.8
720
77.1
211.3
686
664
P ro d u cts of p etroleum an d co al ________
267
P etroleu m refining______ ____ _______________
C oke an d b y p ro d u c ts_______________________
Other petroleum an d coal p ro d u cts__________
267
214.1
266
213.6
267
214.0
266
213.7
263
210.4
2 2 .1
260
207.7
2 2.0
31.1
30.7
2 2 .2
30.4
2 2 .2
30.5
2 2.0
30.9
2 1.6
258
205. 7
21.5
30.7
257
204.7
21.4
30.5
256
204.1
21.3
30.1
254
202.3
21.3
30.1
2 0 1.6
2 1.2
31.2
30.8
29.5
245
198 7
19 5
27.1
R u b b e r p ro d u cts_______
T ires an d inner tu b e s..
R u b b e r footw ear______
O ther ru bber p rodu cts
270
270
115.7
31.0
123.0
272
117.5
30.9
123.6
272
116.5
30.9
124.5
271
115.0
30.4
125.7
273
114.3
31.2
127.7
272
30.8
128.3
270
111.7
30.3
128.4
271
112.5
30.6
128.3
273
114.6
30.8
128.0
273
115.1
30.1
127.5
272
116.1
29.1
127.0
272
117.2
28.5
126.6
252
110.9
25. 6
114.9
234
106 6
26 4
100.5
Leather and leather products
Leather_________________
Footwear (except rubber)..
Other leather products____
353
359
42.3
224.4
92.3
366
42.0
231.1
92.9
382
44.8
244.0
92.8
374
46.0
237.0
90.7
382
47.3
244.6
90.5
369
47.6
232.7
88.9
392
49.1
247.4
95.9
410
50.6
259. 6
99.3
413
51.8
261.7
99.2
403
51.8
256.8
94.5
398
51.9
251.7
94.0
399
51.8
248.4
98.6
394
50. 5
252.3
91.1
388
49. 7
251.0
87.2
Stone, clay, and glass products______ ____
556
Glass and glass products................................... .
561
147.0
43.3
92.9
57.0
103.3
117.5
563
148.9
43.5
93.2
57.3
103.3
116.3
564
148.5
44.0
93.4
57.7
103.8
116.1
557
141.8
43.8
93.2
57.4
104.1
116.7
562
147.2
43.4
92.9
59.2
102.5
116.7
560
148.3
42.7
91.1
60.4
559
148.8
42.4
89.7
61.0
100.5
116.1
554
146.9
42.3
88.5
61.1
99.3
116.0
547
143.9
41.9
87.5
60.9
97.4
115.6
548
143.8
42.0
548
144.6
42.4
87.2
60.8
98.2
114.3
550
145.6
42.7
512
133.5
42.1
82.4
57 9
92. 2
103.5
484
768
C em en t, h y d rau lic....................................................
Structural clay products___________________
Pottery and related products_______________
Concrete, gypsum , and plaster p ro d u cts______
O ther stone, clay, an d glass p ro d u c ts................
Primary metal industries______________ l, 342
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills__________________________ ________
Iron an d steel fo u n d r ie s ............ ......... " "
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals___________________________
1,342
652.8
279.1
1,345
656.3
280.4
2 0 2 .2
1,352
659.8
280.7
1,341
656.5
277.9
1,357
655.0
285.3
30.4
1 1 2 .8
10 1.0
116.4
1,347
648.7
284.1
1,344
644.8
282.6
1,341
643.4
279.9
1,331
640.1
274.8
1 0 1 .1
73.1
37.5
57.6
166.3
8 8.2
60.4
97.8
115.3
1,327
640.3
270.8
254
1,318
638.1
267.5
200.8
71.5
2 0 0 .1
10 0 .2
73.7
32.1
60.9
164.6
95.8
71.4
34.0
54.5
158.3
254
201.5
245
194.6
2 1.2
20.8
88.6
60.9
98.3
113.7
1,301
635.6
262.5
1,2 2 0
614.1
231.8
220 .0
94.6
68 4
192 1
92 3
67 3
34 3
56 1
153.0
12 2 .6
41.8
79.8
57.5
84.6
97.1
1,1 0 1
550.4
217.0
56.2
55.8
56.8
55.5
56.8
55.4
56.4
56.6
56.8
56.9
56.6
54.8
54.6
52.3
99.7
104.9
149.2
97.3
105.8
149.4
97.8
108.4
148.3
98.0
106.8
146.6
1 0 1 .2
100.0
11 1.1
103.1
110.9
146.5
104.0
110.7
146.0
104.3
110.7
144.4
104.3
104.1
109.6
141.8
102.9
106.6
138.9
96.9
93.0
129.8
87.0
75.8
118.4
982
990
48.6
154. 4
991
51.1
155.6
996
50.9
158.0
991 1,019 1,026 1,033 1,031 1,0 2 2 1,016 1,018 1,017
49.4
49.0
49.7
49.4
48.9
48.2
50.7
51.4
50.2
156.6 161.6 163.4 165.0 167.1 168.3 168.4 168.8 168.0
933
48.4
156.9
859
45.8
142.3
p lu m b ers’ su p p lies__________ ____
F ab ricate d stru ctu ral m etal p ro d u cts_______
M e tal stam p in g, coating, an d en gravin g_______
O ther fab ricated m etal p ro d u cts_____________
150.0
234.3
170.3
232.5
149.7
233.0
168.7
233.3
151.0
233.0
169.0
234.0
152.2
227.9
174.7
229.7
150.6
201.4
169.8
206.1
132.0
198.5
147.9
192.4
R ollin g, draw ing, an d alloyin g of non-
ferrous metals______________________ ____
N onferrous foun dries_______ ________________
O ther p rim ary m etal in d u stries_____________
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipment)___________________
T in can s an d other tin w are___________
C u tlery , hand tools, an d h ardw are____ I I ____
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
M ach in ery (except electrical)___________ 1,616
E n gin es an d tu rb in es_______________________
A gricu ltu ral m ach inery an d tracto rs____ I . . I .
C o n stru ction an d m in in g m a c h in e ry ...
M etalw orkin g m ach in ery___________________
Special-in d ustry m ach in ery (except
m etalw orkin g m ach in ery)_________________
G eneral in d u strial m ach in ery_______________
Office an d store m achines an d d ev ices..
S ervice-in du stry an d household m a
ch in es____________________________ ________
M iscellan eou s m ach in ery p a rts____________
See footnotes a t end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
109.9
148.8
157.9
227.3
185.7
236.6
147.5
159.1
229.8
188.2
236.0
161.6
228.1
192.6
236.4
162.7
225.9
192.3
234.5
160.4
222.7
190.8
232.0
1 1 0 .1
144.1
158.6
220.4
187.4
230.0
161.2
219.8
186.6
230.3
163.4
219.3
185.6
230.7
1,605 1,579 1,573 1,597 1,611 1,598 1,592 1,579 1,557 1,528 1,492 1,459 1,352 1,311
93.9
93.3
94.6
91.8
92.1
90.2
88.8
85.7
83.8
83.2
81.3
78.8
72.5
72.6
186.6 167.9 169.7 194.7 195.8 193.1 193.1 192.1 189.7 186.8 175.4 164.4 172.4 181.3
124.6 124.0 1 2 2 . 1 1 2 1 . 1 120.7 118.2 117.0 117.0 115.5 114.0 112.4 110.9 100.7 101.3
292. 3 289.8 286.1 293.5 294.3 289.6 287.0 282.6 277.2 268.1 259.4 251.5 2 2 0 .2 208.7
197.6 196.3 197.3 196.8 197.9 197.7 197.1 194.8 192.8 188.5 183.4 180.6 167. 6 171.8
236.1 234.4 233.0 230.1 228.7 227.6 226.8 224.1 219.0 216.4 2 1 2 .2 207.1 188.5 186.4
107.5 106. 5 105.3 102.5 105.0 104.4 103.3 102.3 101.4 10 0.0
99.2
97.9
90.9
90.6
159.9 160.9 162.7 164.5 173.2 176.9 179.7 184.1 184.8 181.7 182.6 185.5 176.2 145.4
206.9 205.8 202.4 201.9 203.0 200.3 199.2 195.9 193.0 188.9 186.1 182.4 162.7 153.2
R E V IE W ,
T able
JA N U A R Y
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
1952
A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1—Con.
[In thousands]
1951
Annual
average
1950
Industry group and industry
Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery______________ __
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus_______ ____ _____ _ _______
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
Communication equipment_________
Electrical appliances," lamps, and miscellaneous products. ______________
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
1950
1949
955
954
943
927
914
932
930
941
944
931
924
936
929
836
759
375. f
82.8
348. 5
375.7
82.5
336. 5
374 1
81. 2
323.2
372 9
80 6
313.6
37fi 3
81 5
324.6
369 9
81 7
327.5
80 8
343.6
79 4
353! 4
317.3
295.2
347.3
345.1
355.9
147.1
148.6
148.6
146.4
150.0
150.9
151.9
152.3
152.6
151.8
153.3
Transportation equipment_____________ 1, 526
A u t o m o b ile s .____________________
Aircraft and parts___________. . . ____
Aircraft.. ____ ___ ______ _ _ .
Aircraft engines and parts_________
Aircraft propellers and parts____ __
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent-.
Ship and boat building and repairing. _
Ship building and repairing A
Boat building and repairing_______
Railroad equipm ent__T
. . . . _____
Other transportation equipm ent______
154.1
1,494 1, 509 1,497 1,490 1,525 1,513 1,520 1,527 1,493 1,425 1,404 1,380
788. 4 812. 3 812. 4 819 1 875 0 891 4
496. 7 492. 5 486.3 471 3 451 7 428 5 41 5 9 400 0
341.8 330. 6 330.6 319. 7 304 9 289 1 281 7 971 4 258 2
88.4
98.6
81 1
77 2
74 6
70 4
95.4
92. 9
89. 6
84. 5
6^
11. 5
8
11.8
10 5
10 2
9 5
9 4
9 3
10. 5
10. 4
10 5
9 1
41 9
51.8
42 9
40 5
37 8
35 2
54.7
49.8
46.7
48. 3
44. 4
33
119.4 117.8 114.4 115.4 112.4 109.1 108 6 109 5 108 9
96 5
91 Q
88
75
106.8 105.0 101. 2 101.1
93 8
95 0
94 4
82 4
77 8
94 3
97. 7
12. 6
12.8
14 8
14 8
14 5
14 5
14 1
14. 3
14 1
13.2
14. 7
13
73 9
70 1
65
77.7
74.8
68 6
62 2
66 3
66 1
72.4
72 9
74.4
11.4
11.3
13 2
13 2
12 3
13 1
13
11.1
10.8
11. 2
10.8
11 9
139.8
1,273
4
Q
6
9
5
4
Q
6
8
28
84
71
13
69
11
128.3
1,212
1
7
4
4
26 2
100 3
88 2
2
4
76 1
10 9
q
Instruments and related products_____
311
Ophthalmic g o o d s ..............
Photographic apparatus. ___________
Watches and clocks_________________
Professional and scientific instrum ents.. —
309
27. 3
62.2
35.1
184.2
306
27.1
62.5
34.2
181.8
302
27 3
62.3
33. 9
178.3
298
27 5
59. 3
33. 2
178.4
299
27 8
60. 6
34.1
176.5
297
27 9
59.1
34. 0
175.5
295
98 0
58. 6
34 5
173.4
290
97 8
57.8
34 2
170.0
286
97 £
57 0
34 0
167.4
280
97 2
55 6
33 3
164.1
280
277
250
238
55 5
33 9
164.0
55 1
33 7
161.1
51 3
30 1
143M
52 R
31 4
127.1
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
Toys and sporting goods_____________
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions____
Other miscellaneous manufacturing
industries____________________
469
475
72.4
52.8
468
48.0
73.6
52.4
465
48. 5
73. 2
53.4
460
48. 5
70.8
52.3
479
50. 5
75 1
54.3
487
52. 8
77 2
56.1
500
54 9
78 9
60.8
508
56 8
78 0
64.5
504
58 2
76 1
65.1
489
57 3
71 5
62.0
500
57 5
75 8
6L 5
508
58 2
82 0
64.3
459
54 8
73 3
58.2
426
55 4
*7
296. 4
294.2
290.3
288 4
298 9
300 4
305 6
308 6
304 5
298 3
305 2
303 1
272 3
243 8
Transportation and public utilities________
4,167
Transportation. ____________________ 2,914
Interstate railroads._____ ___________
Class I railroads___ ______________
Local railways and bus lines.. ...........
Trucking and warehousing... _ _____
Other transportation and services____
Air transportation (common carrier).
Communication__________ _ ______ 699
T elep hone_______________________
Telegraph... . __________________
Other public utilities__ _ ____________
554
_____
Gas and electric utilities.
Electric light and power utilities____
Gas utilities____ ."_____
______
Electric light and gas utilities combin ed ... _______________________
Local utilities___________________ ___
4,167
2,917
1,441
R 272
' 141
640
695
697
648.4
47.5
553
528.2
235.5
118.4
4,178
2,926
1,458
R 286
' 141
630
697
84.5
696
647.7
47.4
556
530.3
235. 5
118.7
4,161 4,137 4,132 4,112 4,082 4,072
2,921 2,911 2,909 2,893
2,858
1,468 1, 463 1,463 1, 451 1,429 1, 428
1,296 1, 290 1, 287 R 274 R 253 R 253
'144
145
144
'143
144
144
'626
624
616
624
619
620
669
669
691
684
672
678
76.9
75.1
81.4
79.4
78.5
76.1
675
671
687
680
678
637.3 630.4 629.0 625.9 622.6 618.4
48.4
47.9
48.3
48.8
47.8
48.3
545
544
546
553
546
545
527.2 521.0 519.8 519.1 519.9 521.0
234.9 232.4 231.9 231.5 232.3 232.0
118.3 116.1
115.6 115.6 115.8 116.4
4,125
2,908
1,460
1,277
' 145
622
681
74.6
670
620.3
48.6
547
522.2
232.5
117.2
174.3
24.9
176.1
25.3
177.3
26.2
176.4
25.9
174.0
25.5
172. 5
24.9
172.3
25.4
172.0
24.6
171.8
24.7
172.6
24.8
172.5
24.6
172.7
24.7
Trade_______ _. . _____________
Wholesale trade_______________________
Retail tr a d e ______________ . . . _______
General merchandise stores__________
Food and liquor stores... __________
Automotive and accessories dealers___
Apparel and accessories stores________
Other retail trade____________ ______ _
9,871
2,611
7,260
1,545
1,277
748
567
3,123
9, 774
2, 596
7,178
1,485
1,270
754
548
3,121
9,641
2,596
7,045
1,399
, 260
757
500
3,129
9, 667
2, 594
7,073
1,407
1,268
756
512
3,130
9, 732
2, 581
7,151
1,458
1,270
750
548
3,125
9, 683
2, 568
7,115
1,475
1,271
742
550
3,077
9, 627
2,579
7,048
1,453
1,264
739
542
3,050
9,713
2,590
7,123
1,512
1,264
736
574
3,037
9, 554
2, 593
6,961
1,431
1,257
735
515
3,023
9, 592
2,587
7,005
1,459
1,244
743
523
3,036
10, 443
2,616
7,827
2,052
1,264
753
642
3,116
9, 896
, 618
7, 278
1,654
1,242
746
565
3,071
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
467
10,024
2,626
7,398
1,649
1,289
755
585
3,120
86.1
4,190 4,176
2,929 2,918
1,468 R 468
R 297 R 296
141
'142
621
614
695
698
81.5
83.7
700
698
651.5 648.2
48.5
47.7
561
560
534.7 533. 7
237.1 237.5
120.3 119.8
1
2,866
668
68
5 7 .7
4,123 4,010 3,979
2,911 2,801 2,756
1,465 1,390 1,367
R 292 R 220 1,191
' 145
148
158
584
548
617
679
684
684
74.4
74.2
76.7
664
663
614.8 614.8 632.2
52.5
48.0
47.2
546
537
548
523.5 520.6 512. 0
233.2 234.0 233.5
117.6 114.9
686
2
171.6
25.2
24.6
9, 524 9,438
2,544 2, 522
6,980 6,916
1,493 1,480
1,209 1,198
676
728
554
536
3,014 3,008
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
84
T a b l e
M O N T H LY
L A B O E
A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group
Con.
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1950
1951
Industry group and industry
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
1950
1949
688
1,854
449
63.9
662
679
1, 839
446
63.4
657
673
1, 831
441
62.0
653
675
1,828
439
61.3
655
673
1,820
436
61.1
651
672
1,812
427
59.6
646
680
1, 763
416
55.5
619
672
4, 745
445
354.4
153.0
249
4,682
435
351.3
150.4
243
4,657
432
350.9
145.1
240
4,666
429
353.6
145.8
242
4,694
430
353.3
146.8
242
4,723
433
353.1
149.2
243
4, 761
456
353.5
147.5
241
4,782
464
352.2
146.9
237
Finance_________ _____________________
Banks and trust companies_____ ___ ___
Security dealers and exchanges________
Insurance carriers and agents___
___
Other finance agencies and real estate -
1,901
1, 898 1, 894
467
466
63.6
63.3
681 680
685
686
1,914
471
64.3
690
689
1,908
471
64.3
682
691
1, 893
460
63.8
671
698
1, 874
452
63.8
663
695
1,865
451
63.9
662
Service ______ ________________________
Hotels and lodging places___ _________
Laundries .
_____ . . .
______
Cleaning and dyeing plants__________
M otion pictures__________ _ .
4,733
4, 772
438
361.3
158.9
244
4,834
474
363.5
157.4
247
4,839
507
364.5
153.3
245
4,852
510
368.9
157.6
245
4, 835
478
364.8
161.3
248
4, 789
452
359. 5
158.7
249
6,497 6,532 6, 544 6,401 6,356 6,377 6,377 6,292 6,217 6 ,12 2 6, 088 6,376 6,037 5,910 5,811
Government________________
. _____
Federal 5____________ _______ . . . ___ 2,325 2,322 2,336 2,330 2,313 2,271 2,244 2 ,2 0 1 2,146 2,085 2,027 2,333 1,980 1,910 1,900
4,172 4,210 4, 208 4,071 4, 043 4,106 4,133 4, 091 4,071 4,037 4,061 4,043 4,057 4,000 3,911
State and lo ca l 6____
. ___.
. .
i The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ series of employment in nonagricultural
establishments are based upon reports submitted by cooperating establish
ments and therefore, differ from employment information obtained by
household interviews, such as the M onthly Report on the Labor Force
(table A -l), in several important respects. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’
data cover all full- and part-time employees in private nonagricultural estab
lishments wno worked during, or received pay for, the pay period ending
nearest the 15th of the month; in Federal establishments during the pay
period ending just before the first of the month; and in State and local govern
ment during the pay period ending on or just before the last of the month,
while the M onthly Report on the Labor Force data relate to the calendar
week which contains the 8 th day of the month. Proprietors, self-employed
persons, domestic servants, and personnel of the Armed Forces are excluded
from the BLS but not the M R L F series. These employment series have
been adjusted to bench-mark levels indicated by social insurance agency
data through 1947. Revised data in all except the first f o u r columns w ill be
identified by asterisks the first month they are published.
8 Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; primary
metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery,
and transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical
machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products;
and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
3 Includes: food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied prod
ucts; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied prod
ucts; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; and leather and
leather products.
< Data by region, from January 1940, are available upon request to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
« Fourth class postmasters (who are considered to be nominal employees)
are excluded here but are included in table A-5.
6 Excludes as nominal employees paid volunteer firemen, employees hired
to conduct elections, and elected officials of small local governments.
All series may be obtained upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Requests should specify which industry series are desired.
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1952
T a ble
A :
E M P L O Y M E N T
A N D
85
P A Y R O L L S
A-3 : Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1
[In th o u san d s]
1951
A n n u al
average
1950
In d u stry grou p an d in d u stry
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
J u ly
Ju n e
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
Feb.
Ja n .
D ec.
Nov.
1950
1949
M ining:
M e ta l_________ ___ ___ __________ _
Iron
_____ ___ ____
C opp er
- - - - - - _ L e ad an d zinc___
_ _
_________
A n th rac ite— _
B itu m in ous-coal-
___ -
_________
92.6
34.5
24.8
18.1
- _
__ _________
C ru d e petroleu m an d n atu ral gas produ ction:
P etroleu m an d n atu ral gas production
(except con tract services)_________
N o n m etallic m in in g a n d q u arryin g
M a n u fa c tu r in g ___________
__ _________ _____
D u rab le goods A- ___
N o n d u rab le goods A-
___ _____
O rdnance and accessories_______________
48.6
Food an d k in dred p ro d u c ts_____________ 1,183
M e a t p rod u cts
D airy p ro d u c ts___ _______________
C an n in g an d preservin g______________
G rain-m ill p ro d u cts— A ______________
B a k e rv p rod u cts
S u g ar---- - - - - - - - - - _
_ _
C onfectionery an d related p r o d u c t s ..L e v era vcs
M iscellan eous food p ro d u c ts__________ —
T o b acco m a n u factu res_____ ____________
C igarettes_______________
C ig a r s_______________________ . . . . .
T o b acco an d sn u ff______
________
T ob acco stem m in g an d re d ry in g ..
85
Textile-m ill p ro d u cts____________________ 1,133
..
Y arn an d th read m ills__ _________
Broad-w oven fabric m ills________
K n ittin g m ills........... . ........................
D y ein g an d finishing textiles_____ ____
C arp ets, ru gs, other floor coverings— _
O ther textile-m ill p ro d u cts____________
A p parel an d other finished textile produ c ts_________________________________
M e n ’s an d b o y s’ su its an d coats . . .
M e n ’s an d b o y s’ fu rn ish in gs an d w ork
cloth in g..................... ...............................
________ . .
W om en’s o u te rw e a r...
W om en’s, ch ildren ’s u n d ergarm en ts__
M illin ery . . . _________ A ____
C h ild ren ’s outerw ear _________
F u r goods an d m iscellaneous ap p arel .
O ther fabricated textile p ro d u cts______
L u m b e r an d w ood p ro d u cts (except furn itu r e ).— . ________________________
Loggin g cam p s an d con tractors___
Saw m ills an d p lan in g m ills___
M illw ork, plyw ood, an d prefabricated
stru ctu ral w ood p ro d u cts_______
W ooden containers ___ ______
M iscellan eous w ood p r o d u c t s .. .
___
F u rn itu re an d fix tu res________________ _
H ousehold fu rn itu re ____________ .
Other fu rn itu re an d fix tures___________
See footnote a t end of tab le.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
999
726
291
.......
92. 6
35.0
25.0
17.3
92. 5
34.3
25.3
17.6
92.6
34. 6
25. 1
17.6
91.3
33.8
24.9
17.4
91. 7
33 1
25.3
17.6
93. S
32 6
25.6
19.0
93 6
32 7
25. 7
19.0
93.2
32. 6
25. 7
18. 7
92 7
32. 4
25. 5
18 4
90 Ç
32 6
24. 9
17.7
89 4
31.9
24 8
17.2
89 0
30 4
24 3
18.1
62.8
63.8
64.2
61. 6
66.0
66.1
63.6
67.9
68 4
68 4
68 5
69 8
70 6
72 8
342.4
341.7
345. 2
334. 6
353.4
353.1
357.4
372.2
377.0
377.4
380.6
379.6
351.0
373.4
127.4
95.3
129.3
95. S
132.9
96.5
131.9
94.6
129.9
94.8
126.0
93.0
124.9
90. 2
124.0
86.8
123.2
84. 7
122.7
85. 2
124.7
86.0
124.1
89. 4
125.7
85.2
127.1
83. 7
12, 892 12,991
7,295
5,597
91. £
35.0
24.7
17.1
7,292
5, 699
46.9
13,083
7, 282
5,801
43.4
13,069 12, 885 13,064 12,993 13,108
7, 261
5,808
41.3
7,226
5,659
38.0
7,409
5,655
33.9
7,406
5,587
32.2
7,445
5,663
30.3
13,189 13, 186 13, 018 13, 056 13, 044 12,264 11, 597
7,428
5,761
28.7
7,371
5,815
27.0
7, 256
5,762
25.0
7, 254
5,802
23.6
7,210
5,834
23.3
6, 622
5,642
19.8
6,096
5.501
20.2
1,247 1,323 1,307 1,225 1,146 1,099 1,085 1,096 1,099 1,120 1,155 1,196 1,168 1,172
236. 8 235. 0 233.1
235. 5 233.2 229.2 229. 2 233.3 237. 7 250.8 253.7 244.3 235. 9 231.3
102.1
107. 7 114.2 116. 2 115.6 109. 5 103.1
94. 6
96.9 100.4 104.4 107. 9
99. 0
95.2
232.5 322.0 304.5 226.1
180.8
153. 9 136.9 128.0 124.6 127. 2 131.6 142.7 171.4 176.9
98.2
98.7
99.2
98.7
95.4
95.4
93.2
96.9
91.1
93.8
95.2
94.2
93.1
95.3
194.4 192. 5 192.3 192. 2 192.0 189.5 189 7 190. 0 188 3 187 8 190. 4 193.4 191.5 191. 2
39.0
25.4
24. 9
24.3
24.7
24.8
24. 4
23. 5
23.8
39.9
46. 5
29. 9
28. 5
27.0
88.4
78.2
71.2
73.6
89.4
73.1
80.3
82.6
83.8
93. 5
83.1
83.0
84.3
75.3
150.3 155. 6 160. 5 160.9 155.1
145.3 143.4 146.6 145.4 146.8 146.1
148. 8 149.1
150. 6
105.6 101.7
99.4 101.7
99.9
99.1
99.2 102.8 102.4 101.7 102.6 104.4 102.6 103.8
89
24.0
39.8
10.2
15.1
89
23. 7
38.9
10.3
16.1
84
23.6
37.7
10.2
12.2
75
23.7
36.9
10.2
3.7
76
23.3
38.4
10.3
3.6
74
22. 9
37.2
10.4
3.6
76
23.1
38.6
10.5
4 .0
78
23.3
39.9
10.7
4 .2
80
23. 3
40.1
10.5
5.9
80
23.3
39.0
10.6
7.4
83
23. 5
40.2
10.5
8.3
84
23. 7
41.2
10.5
8.3
81
23.3
39.1
10.8
7.8
87
24.1
42.4
11.5
9 .0
1,134 1,136 1,152 1,167 1,205 1,206 1,214 1,223 1,269 1,257 1,258 1,262 1,206 1,136
150. 8 153.3 154.0 153.6 157.8 160.1 160. 2 161. 8 163.6 161.5 159.9 160. 9 151.8 140.3
545.3 550. 6 561. 2 573. 7 587.7 574.3 567.3 564.4 604.3 602.0 603.5 606.3 585. 6 551.4
210.4 206.9 211. 5 210. 3 215. 7 221. 6 230.3 236.4 235.9 232.1 233.9 233.9 223.6 213.4
83.4
83.3
80.1
76.9
74.9
73.4
84.4
83.3
73.3
78.1
79.2
77.6
83.9
74.3
54.9
55.0
53.3
51.2
41. 5
54.5
40.6
41.2
43.1
53.2
54.3
54.6
47.7
50.7
110.9 111.7 110.5 111.8 117.9 120.4 125.0 122.6 126.5 123.7 122.7 122.3 111.9 102.8
1,018 1,036 1,047
131.0 138.3 139.2
990 1,000
129.3 135.4
998 1,047 1,106 1,115 1,070 1,064 1,056 1,042 1,022
135.0 138.2 141.0 141.1 138.4 137.4 137.0 134.3 128.1
237.9
269.0
89.2
18.9
58.6
90.7
122.6
239.2
283.9
87.2
19.2
57.1
90.6
120.4
238.0
294. 5
87.0
19.0
59.7
89. 5
119.7
233.1
271.0
84.2
17.1
59. 4
80.1
116.0
245.2
255.4
86.6
14.3
59.2
85.8
117.6
252.9
249.1
88. 9
14. 6
56. 3
82. 7
118.6
26.1.1
267.4
94.9
17.5
59.5
83.1
125.4
262.7
305.1
97.2
22.8
62.1
84. 2
131.3
258.8
317.4
97.0
23.7
64.2
82.6
130.4
251.0
303.3
93.1
21.7
61.8
76.9
124.0
251.2
296.2
96.1
18.9
59.9
80.3
124.4
253.3
274.8
100. 5
15.9
59.6
85.3
130.0
245.3
286.8
95.2
19.4
60.7
78.4
121.7
239.8
294.3
89.4
19.5
58.0
76.5
115.8
739
73.9
438.6
745
77.1
441.7
754
72. 9
449.0
748
73.3
443.2
773
76. 7
455.9
764
74. 2
449.2
752
66. 5
442. 5
722
52.1
426.0
736
65.4
427.8
739
64.9
429.4
754
67.9
440.0
773
73.0
452.3
730
63.5
431.1
676
57.6
401.3
100.4
71.5
54.9
100.0
71.3
55.0
103.0
72.3
56.7
100. 7
74.4
55.9
107.3
76. 6
56.8
107.2
76.2
57.3
107.7
76.3
58.5
107.4
77.4
58.7
107.1
77.3
58.4
110.3
76.9
57.9
112.4
75.8
57.4
113.8
76.5
57.4
108.5
72.2
54.8
95.7
67.9
53.1
289
201.0
87.9
285
196.3
89.1
285
195.2
89.4
284
195. 9
87.8
286
197.3
89.0
301
211.4
89.7
317
226.8
90.5
326
236.1
90.0
324
235.4
88.5
321
233.7
87.6
326
238.4
87.1
327
241.5
85.7
311
227.9
82.6
272
194.8
77.6
86
A :
T a ble
E M P L O Y M E N T
A N D
MONTHLY LABOR
P A Y R O L L S
A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1951
Annual
average
1950
Industry group and industry
Manufacturing—Continued
Paper and allied produ cts_______ ___
Pulp, paper, and paperboard m ills ___
Paperboard containers and boxes___
Other paper and allied products______
N ov.
Oct.
411
415
Sept.
Aug.
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
1950
1949
404
205.1
109.8
89.8
90.6
92. 3
517
515
152.6
35.4
37.0
167.3
32.5
90.2
509
150. 5
35.2
36.4
165.8
31.8
89.6
507
151.0
34.0
35.3
166.8
31.4
88 . 5
512
152.2
33. 7
35.9
168.8
31.9
89.4
510
151.9
34.6
35.7
167.8
32.1
87.7
510
150.6
35.4
36.0
167.9
32.2
87.5
512
150.0
35.6
36.3
169. 7
32.2
87.7
510
149.6
35.2
36.1
169. 5
31.8
88.0
88.6
518
152.4
35.0
36.7
171.1
32. 9
89.9
Chemicals and allied products.. .
Industrial inorganic chemicals
Industrial organic chem icals..
Drugs and medicines__ . _
Paints, pigments, and fillers__________
Fertilizers _
Vegetables and animal oil and fats
Other chemicals and allied products
542
545
61.2
173. 7
70.0
48.0
25. 7
52. 5
114.2
543
61.4
174. 6
70.0
48.6
25. 8
47.9
114.4
531
61.1
173.8
70.2
49.7
23. 8
37.9
114.5
526
61.0
172. 3
70. 3
50.2
22. 9
35.6
114.0
528
60.4
171. 5
70.1
50.0
24. 7
36.3
115.2
531
59.4
169. 5
70.1
49.8
29. 6
37.6
115.1
538
59.2
168. 4
69. 7
49.8
33.4
40. 3
117.0
539
58.6
166. 7
69. 3
49.6
35. 6
42.1
116.8
532
58.1
163. 3
49.5
33. 2
43.9
115.4
526
57.3
162 8
66. 9
47. 5
30 9
45. 5
115.1
524
57.1
161.9
67. 4
48. 3
26. 5
47. 6
114. 7
521
56. 5
160 2
66. 4
48.2
25. 7
49.6
114.6
496
52 9
151.8
62 7
46 8
27.8
43 8
110. 3
485
52. 3
145.8
60. 8
43. 3
28 6
46.1
108.4
Products of petroleum and coal
Petroleum refining .
Coke and byproducts...
Other petroleum and coal products
198
198
153. 7
19.0
24.9
197
153. 6
19. 2
24. 5
198
154.0
19.4
24.2
198
154. 3
19. 3
24.3
198
153. 8
19.1
24.8
194
150.8
18.7
24.4
194
150. 2
18. 6
24.8
192
149. 0
18. 5
24.5
191
148. 2
18.4
24.3
190
147.1
18. 5
24.3
191
147. 3
18. 4
25.0
191
147 5
18. 4
24.6
185
142.8
18 1
23. 9
188
148. 8
16. 9
Rubber products_______
Tires and inner tu bes..
Rubber footwear
Other rubber products.
215
215
90. 5
25.4
99.3
218
92.3
25. 3
217
90. 0
24.8
10 2 . 2
220
220
88.3
25.4
106.0
219
87.4
24.8
106. 3
220
88. 3
222
222
222
203
87 8
186
83.6
25.0
106. 3
90.6
25. 3
106. 3
222
10 0. 1
218
91. 5
25. 2
101. 2
Leather and leather products
L eather... . . .
Footwear (except rubber)
Other leather products
314
320
37.8
201.3
80. 5
327
37.4
208.3
81.2
343
40.0
221. 3
81. 2
336
41.5
215.0
79. 3
344
42. 7
79.3
331
42 8
210.4
77.4
353
44.4
224.9
84.1
371
45.9
237.0
87.6
Stone, clay, and glass products
Glass and glass products .
Cement, hydraulic_______
Structural clay products
Pottery and related products
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone, clay and glass products
476
482
129.0
37.1
84. 3
51.4
87.2
92. 6
485
130. 3
37.4
84. 9
51.6
87.0
93.3
484
130.1
37. 7
85.0
51.9
87.8
91. 4
478
124. 3
37. 5
84.8
51.6
87.8
91.8
485
129. 8
37.3
84. 8
53.3
87.0
92.8
484
131.1
36. 5
83. 0
54. 6
85.8
92.8
483
132. 0
36. 3
81.7
55.2
85.4
92.8
479
130.1
36. 2
80.3
55.3
84.3
92. 9
Primary metal industries.. .
1,154
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills__________
Iron and steel foundries...
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals____
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals______
Nonferrous foundries..
Other primary metal industries.............
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipment)_____
Tin cans and other tinware
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware____
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies______ _
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving.
Other fabricated metal products__
802
Machinery (except electrical)_________ 1,247
Engines and turbines____ _
Agricultural machinery and tractors__
Construction and mining machinery . .
Metalworking machinery. _____ '.
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)__________
General industrial m achinery... _____
Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry and household ma
chines__________ .
Miscellaneous machinery parts_______
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,155
112 .1
M ay
518
152.7
35. 5
36.6
169.0
32.9
91.4
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Newspapers________________________
Periodicals... _________ . . .
Books_______________
Commercial printing________ ______
Lithographing__________ ____ .
Other printing and publishing_______
419
214.6
112.0
June
418
213.5
112.4
92.5
2 12 . 6
112 .1
417
214.5
July
1,159
1,165
569.2
248.1
572.3
249. 6
574.7
249. 6
1,155
426
214.9
116.4
94.3
424
213.0
117.0
94.3
427
212.4
118.7
95.4
424
209.1
119.0
95.6
423
209.3
119.1
94.5
423
209.2
119.6
94.5
428
212.3
121.3
94. 5
427
210.7
94.3
88.8
382
197.6
99.6
85.2
510
148.9
34.6
35.8
170.0
31.7
515
150.3
35.0
36.6
170.2
33. 3
89.6
503
148. 6
34. 7
35. 7
166.6
31. 7
85. 8
495
141.2
36.0
36.4
164.4
31.9
85.3
89.9
25.7
104. 7
2 2 1. 8
1,172
1,162
1,161
1,159
68.6
91. 3
24. 9
105. 8
92.1
23 9
105. 7
374
47.0
238.9
87.6
364
47.3
234. 2
82.8
359
47.3
229.1
82.9
473
127. 5
35. 9
79 5
55.1
82.8
92.2
473
127. 5
35. 9
79.8
54.7
83.0
91. 8
474
127. 7
36.3
79.4
55.1
83.5
91. 6
1,153
1,149
1,142
571. 6
247.1
571.8
253. 7
565.0
252. 5
561.6
251. 5
561.1
249. 4
558.8
244. 9
559.0
240.7
556.4
238.0
12 2 . 0
93.4
23. 2
105. 0
20.6
2 2 .0
21.6
94 3
80.9
360
47.2
225. 8
86 . 9
355
45.9
229.4
79. 7
347
45.1
226.2
75.8
477
128. 9
36. 7
80.5
55. ]
84.4
91.1
441
117. 3
36.0
74.8
52. 3
78.7
81. 8
416
106.8
36.0
72 5
52.2
72.4
75.6
1,126
1,053
940
553.6
232.8
535.6
204.0
476.7
188. 9
47.4
47.0
47. 7
46. 8
47. 8
46.4
47. 2
47.4
47.3
47. 2
47.0
45.4
45 4
43.3
80. 5
85.9
123.4
78. 7
87.8
123.8
79. 3
90. 5
122.9
79. 8
88. 2
121. 6
83.1
91. 5
124.1
81. 9
93.2
123.2
84. 9
93.3
122.5
85. 9
93.4
86. 8
122 .0
120.8
87.1
94. 5
120.5
87. 2
93. 9
119.3
85. 9
91.3
116. 9
80 7
78.8
108.4
70.6
63.3
97.1
810
42.4
128.0
812
44.9
129.9
817
44. 8
132.3
813
43. 2
130.9
843
43. 5
136.6
850
42. 9
138.1
859
43.1
140.3
858
42. 7
141.7
852
42.1
143.7
847
44. 2
144.0
852
45.4
143.7
850
44. 2
142.9
776
42. 8
132.7
701
39. 9
118. 4
120.9
181.1
143.2
194.4
120. 7
179.6
141.7
195.0
121.8
12 2 .8
180. 8
142.1
195.2
177. 1
147.3
191.3
128. 4
176. 9
158. 8
198.3
130.1
178. 5
161.9
198.0
132. 8
177. 7
166.4
198.3
133. 9
176.4
166.1
197.0
132. 0
174. 6
164.5
195.4
129. 9
173. 2
161.5
193. 7
133.2
173. 2
161.6
194. 6
135. 3
171. 7
160.9
195. 2
123. 9
156. 5
146.9
173. 0
106.0
152.3
125.8
159.0
94.2
1,240 1,216 1,209 1,235 1,252 1,242 1,239 1,231 1,215 1,192 1,163 1,133 1,040 1,0 01
69. i
69. 5
53.9
70. £
68. 6
69.3
67. S
67. C 65.7
64.0
63.7
61.9
60.3
54. 5
144.4 127. 1 127. 4 151. 5 153.1 151.6 151.8 151.0 149.7 146.5 135.4 124.8 133. 5 142.4
94.2
87.8
72.4
94.1
91.8
90. 7
88.9
87.3
86.3
84. 7
83.8
82.3
90.8
73.0
230.6 228.1 224. 5 232.1 232. 8 227.9 226. 7 222.9 218.4 211.3 204.4 197. 2 169.0 157.9
149. 4
171.2
90.3
149.0
169.3
89. 5
150.0
168.0
88.3
149. 4
166.8
150.2
166.8
88.5
149.8
165.7
88.0
150.0
164.7
86.9
149.0
162.7
86.2
86.0
147.3
158.8
85.4
143.9
157.7
84.2
140.5
154.5
83.2
137.6
150.1
81.9
123. 5
166.1
123. 7
165.9
125.0
162.7
128.4
161.5
137.3
163.2
141.5
161.1
144.1
160.1
148.4
157. 7
148. 7
156.1
146.8
153.0
147.9
151.1
151.2 143.2 115.4
148.0 1 130.0 1 120 .4
126.6
134.3
75.6
131.1
132.3
75.4
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1952
T
able
A -3 :
A :
E M P L O Y M E N T
A N D
87
P A Y R O L L S
Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1951
Annual
average
1950
Industry group and industry
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
1950
1949
M an u fa c tu r in g —Continued
Electrical machinery__________________
719
Electrical generating, transmission, dis
tribution, and industrial apparatus________
Electrical equipment for vehicles___ ________
Communication equipment_________________
Electrical appliances, lamps, and mis
cellaneous products______________________
Transportation equipment_____________ 1,213
Automobiles________________________
Aircraft and parts___________________
Aircraft___________________________
Aircraft engines and parts__________
Aircraft propellers and parts_______
Other aircraft parts and equipment-Ship and boat building and repairing-Shipbuilding and repairing_________
Boat building and repairing________
Railroad equipment_________________
Other transportation equipm ent______
Instruments and related products______
Ophthalmic goods___________________
Photographic apparatus_____________
Watches and clocks__________________
Professional and scientific instruments..
230
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w a r e..
Toys and sporting goods.—,._________
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions____
Other miscellaneous manufacturing in
dustries___________________________
718
710
696
684
704
707
718
724
7)6
711
724
721
636
552
272.4
67.5
260.4
273.1
67.5
250.3
271.6
275.0
67.0
241.2
270.0
67.1
247.2
266.4
238.5
271.1
65.6
229.5
261.5
66.1
262.1
64.6
273.2
258.3
63.9
269.5
255.8
63.4
267.8
257.2
63.0
278.3
254.4
61.8
278.4
229.7
56.0
237.0
210.7
49.0
191.8
117.7
119.4
119.4
117.7
121.2
122.2
123.6
123.9
124.4
124.0
125.4
126.2
113.3
100.8
1,194 1 , 2 1 2 1,198 1,187 1,237 1,233 1,243 1,253 1,233 1,175 1,160 1,139 1,044
656.0 679.0 675.1 684.0 738.1 752.4 774.1 793.4 790.6 767.3 767.3 760.4 713.5
363.8 360.8 357.1 346.6 332.7 317.9 309.3 298.9 287.6 264.2 251.9 239.3 201.8
249.5 242.3 243.7 236.6 225.6 216.2 211.3 204.1 195.4 177.3 170.0 161.4 135.7
62.3
69.1
66.6
64.6
62.8
59.4
57.1
55.1
53.9
51.3
48.5
46.3
39.1
8.3
8.0
7.4
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.5
6.7
6.5
6 .2
6.1
5.9
5.4
41.4
43.7
39.4
38.1
36.8
34.8
33.5
33.0
31.8
29.4
25.7
27.3
21.5
104.0 102.8
99.3 100.5
97.9
94.7
94.3
95.6
94.9
82.7
78.7
76. 1
71.4
92.9
91.5
87.6
87.7
84.7
81.5
81.1
82.7
82.1
70.3
64.4
66.3
60.2
11.1
11.3
11.7
12 .8
13.2
13.2
13.2
12.9
12 . 8
12.4
12.4
11.2
11.7
60.9
59.9
57.4
47.2
59.2
58.3
55.5
54.1
48.5
52.1
51.9
51.7
47.9
9.6
9.5
9.3
9.0
9.0
9.3
10.0
11.3
11.4
10.4
11.2
11.8
9.7
987
643.5
188.5
126.6
37.4
5.3
19.2
85.0
75.0
228
225
66.1
224
221
2 2 .2
22.1
2 2 .2
44.0
29.7
131.9
44.5
29.0
129.3
44.9
28.6
128.0
22.5
42.2
28.1
128.5
390
38.6
62.5
44.1
390
38.9
63.8
43.6
388
39.4
64.1
44.3
383
39.4
61.8
44.3
244.5
243.6
240.6
237.4
. 1 See footnote 1, table A-2. Production workers refer to all full- and parttime employees engaged in production and related processes, such as fabrieating, processing, assembling, inspecting, storing, packing, shipping, main
tenance and repair, and other activities closely associated with production
operations.
T
able
223
43.0
28.6
127.6
23.1
42.8
29.2
125.7
218
22.9
42.5
28.9
123.4
215
22.5
42.0
28.8
121.9
211
2 2 .2
400
41.1
65.5
45.7
409
43.3
67.6
47.5
422
45.3
69.4
51.9
429
47.2
68.9
55.1
427
48.2
67.0
55.9
247.8
251.0
255.7
258.0
255.5
22.6
44.0
28.9
127.6
222
22.8
221
40.9
28.9
119.2
40.7
28.8
117.8
37.3
25.5
103.0
177
21.9
38.4
26.6
90.1
413
46.9
62.3
52.8
424
47.2
66.7
52.1
432
47.8
73.0
54.9
385
44.5
64.2
49.2
354
45.0
59.8
48.3
250.6
257.6
256.4
227.2
200.5
40.9
28.3
119.6
2 11
22 .0
209
10 .0
61.0
9.2
186
21.8
20.6
2 See footnote 2, table A - 2 .
3 See footnote 3 , table A-2.
A-4: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment and Weekly Payrolls in Manufacturing
Industries 1
[1939 average—100]
Period
1939: Average______ _____
1940: Average______________
1941: Average______________
1942: Average______________
1943: A verage...____ _______
1944: Average______________
1945: Average_____________
1946: Average__________ . . .
1947: Average _ ___________
Employ
ment
100.0
107.5
132.8
156.9
183.3
178.3
157.0
147.8
156.2
1 See footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Weekly
payroll
100.0
113.6
164.9
241.5
331.1
343.7
293.5
271.7
326.9
Employ
ment
Weekly
payroll
1948: Average______________
1949: Average______________
1950: Average______________
155.2
141.6
149.7
351.4
325.3
371.7
1950: November___________
December____________
1951: January_____________
February___ ________
159.2
159.4
158.9
161.0
414.6
426.0
424.0
430.0
Period
Period
1951: March_______________
April__________ ______
M ay_________________
J u n e ... . . ________ _
July_________________
August_____
______
Septem ber.. . . ______
October__________ . . .
November_____ _____
Employ
ment
Weekly
payroll
161.0
160.0
158.6
159.5
157.3
159.5
159.7
158.6
157.4
435.0
433.2
428.4
434.3
422.8
429.4
437.4
432.7
88
A :
T a ble
E M P L O Y M E N T
A N D
MONTHLY LABOR
P A Y R O L L S
A-5: Federal Civilian Employment and Payrolls, by Branch and Agency Group
[In thousands]
Executive 1
Year and month
Legislative
All branches
1
1 otai
Defense
agencies 2
Post Office
D epartm ent 3
Judicial
All other
agencies
Employment—Total (including areas outside continental United States)
1949: Average_________________________
1950: Average------------- ---------------- - ---
2,100. 5
2,089. 5
2,089. 2
2,068. 6
899.2
837.5
511.1
521.4
678.9
709.7
8 .1
3.6
3.8
1950: November_____________ . .
December___ _________ _______ -
2,152.0
2, 508.9
2,139. 9
2,496.9
970.0
995.9
482.2
811.8
687.7
689.2
8 .2
8 .1
3.9
3.9
1951: January__________________ _____
February.. ---------- ------------------- March____________ _______ ___
April_______ _________ _______
M ay. ____________________ _____
June____________ _______ - July____________________________
August- _ ________ _____ _ -September______________________
October. _____
________ ____
November___- ______________ _ _
2, 204.3
2, 265. 5
2, 332. 3
2, 385. 5
2,432. 6
2,462. 3
2, 503. 4
2, 521. 3
2,528.7
2, 514.9
2, 516.9
2,192. 3
2, 253. 5
2, 320. 2
2, 373. 5
2, 420. 5
2, 450.1
2, 491. 0
2, 509.3
2, 516.7
2, 502. 8
2, 504.8
1,017.3
1,076.8
1,133. 4
1,180. 0
1 , 212.1
1, 237. 5
1, 265.3
1,267.7
1, 277. 2
1, 279. 4
1, 287. 4
486.5
487.1
489.0
488.4
492.1
491.2
489.4
495.5
496.0
495.7
496.2
688.5
689.6
697.8
705.1
716.3
721.4
736.3
746.1
743.5
727.7
721.2
8 .1
8 .1
8 .2
8 .1
8. 2
8 .1
8 .1
8 .2
8 .2
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
7.7
8.3
8.5
Payrolls--T otal (including areas outside continental United States)
1949: Average__________ ___________ 1950: Average_________________________
$558, 273
585, 576
$553,973
580,792
$231,856
235,157
$129,895
135, 300
$192,222
210, 335
$2,870
3, 215
$1,430
1, 500
1950: November____ ______________
December_______________________
621, 491
672, 724
616,609
667,988
273, 633
275, 681
129,869
185, 732
213,107
206, 575
3,292
3, 207
1, 590
1, 529
1951: January_____ ____________________
February________________ _______
March__________________________
April______________________ ____
M ay____________________________
June__________ _________________
Ju ly.- -- - ____ _______
A u g u s t ..___________
_______
September-.. __________________
October - - - - - ______________
November_______________________
680,926
638,193
706,184
687,876
742, 529
721, 693
735,991
769,173
707, 508
857, 429
829,658
676,007
633, 514
701, 569
683, 273
737,428
716,681
731,168
764,167
702, 576
851, 725
824,243
310,738
303,042
345, 685
337,876
370, 700
360,686
364, 256
385, 852
347,046
402, 013
386,149
132,037
129, 603
133, 342
129, 796
131, 353
131,156
133, 044
130,860
134, 916
169,963
171,109
224,232
200,869
222,542
215,601
235, 375
224,839
233,868
247, 455
220, 614
279, 749
266,985
3,249
3,182
3, 261
3,197
3,338
3, 379
3,195
3,257
3, 213
3, 445
3, 589
1, 670
1,497
1, 354
1,406
1, 763
1,633
1,628
1, 749
1,719
2,259
1 , 826
7.7
Employment—Continental United States
1949: Average_________________________
1950: Average___ _____________________
1,921.9
1,930.5
1,910. 7
1, 918. 7
761.4
732.3
509.1
519.4
640.2
667.0
8 .1
3.5
3.7
1950: November_______________________
December______________________ _
2 , 000.3
2,352.8
1, 988.3
2,340.9
862.9
885.6
480.4
808.9
645.0
646.4
8 .2
8 .1
3.8
3.8
2,047.4
2,105.0
2,169.3
2,219.9
2,263.9
2, 290. 5
2,329.8
2,349.0
2,355.3
2,341. 5
2,344.0
2,035.5
2,093.1
2,157.3
2 , 208.0
2, 251.9
2, 278.4
2,317.5
2,337.1
2,343.4
2,329.4
2,332.0
905.1
961.0
1,015.5
1,059. 7
1,089.8
1,113.3
1,141.2
1,156.1
1,164.4
1,166.1
1,174.0
484.7
485.3
487.1
486.6
490.3
489.3
487.5
493.4
494.0
493.6
494.1
645.7
646.8
654.7
661.7
671.8
675.8
8 .1
8 .1
8 .2
8 .1
8 .2
1951: January_________________________
February________________________
March__________________________
April____________ ___ _ _ __ _ _
M ay____________________________
June______________________ ______
July____________________________
August______ ___________________
September______ _______________
October ____ ___________________
November_________________ _
•
687.6
685.0
669.7
663.9
8 .1
8.1
8 .2
8 .2
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.9
3.8
688.8
8.3
8.5
Payrolls--Continental United States
1949: Average___________________ ____
1950: Average___________ ____ _________
$519,529
549,328
$515, 269
544,587
$203,548
211,508
$129, 416
134,792
$182,305
198, 287
$2,870
3,215
$1,390
1,526
1950: November_______________________
December___
_ _ _______
583,978
634,578
579,140
629,886
248,667
250,324
129,413
185,044
201,080
194,518
3,292
3,207
1,546
1,485
1951: January_____ _
_ ____________
February______________ ____ _____
March__________________________
April______________ ____
M ay____________________________
June____________________________
July------------------------------------------August___________________
September _- _______________ _
October
_________
_________
November____ _________ ________
641, 330
601,374
664,389
648, 017
698) 694
677Ì 493
693^ 405
724,164
665'. 042
818, 307
792;191
636,455
596,736
659,812
643, 454
693;638
672¡ 525
688; 626
719, 202
66O; 153
812', 658
786', 827
292,875
277,870
317,140
310,605
340; 465
330; 332
337; 591
357,459
320 ', 781
397,746
364', 662
131,549
129,123
132,847
129,310
130,850
130,613
132, 500
130, 329
134 ; 356
169', 257
170,394
212,031
189, 743
209,825
203,539
222,323
211,580
218,535
231,414
205,016
263', 655
251,771
3,249
3,182
3,261
3,197
3,338
3,379
3,195
3,257
3, 213
3, 445
3,589
1,626
1,456
1,316
1,366
1,718
1,589
1,584
1,705
1,676
2,204
1,775
1 See footnote 2, table A - 6 .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 See footnote 3, table A - 6 .
3 Includes fourth class postmasters, excluded from table A-2.
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1952
T a ble A -6 :
A :
E M P L O Y M E N T
A N D
89
P A Y R O L L S
Government Civilian Employment and Payrolls in Washington, D . C.,1 b y Branch and
Agency Group
[In thousands]
Federal
Year and month
District of
Total
Columbia
government government
E xecutive 2
Total
All agencies
Defense
agencies 3
Post Office
Department
All other
agencies
Legislative
Judicial
Employment
1949: Average__________________
1950: Average___________________
241.8
242.3
19.5
222.3
20.1
222.2
214.0
213.4
70.4
67.5
8 .2
8 .1
135.4
137.8
8 .1
0.6
.7
1950: November ------------------------
247.9
256.2
20.4
20.3
227.5
235.9
218.7
227.1
72.4
74.1
7.6
12.7
138.7
140.3
8 .1
8 .1
.7
.7
20.6
233.2
238.4
244.3
248.2
251.3
252.4
260.4
261.3
258.0
253.7
252.8
224.4
229.6
235.4
239.4
242.4
243.4
251.2
252.5
249.2
244.8
243.9
74.8
77.4
80.2
82.2
83.6
83.9
87.7
88.7
87.4
7.8
7.7
7.7
7.8
7.8
7.7
7.9
7.9
7.8
7.7
7.9
141.8
144.5
147.5
149.4
151.0
151.8
155.6
155.9
154.0
150.5
149.3
8 .1
8 .1
8 .2
8 .1
8 .2
.7
.7
8.3
8.5
.7
8 .1
8 .1
8 .2
8 .2
.7
.7
.7
.7
$2, 791
2,937
$43, 500
46, 955
$2,870
3,215
$240
286
December_________________
1951: January................................ .......
February___ ______________
M arch______ _______
. ..
April______________________
M a y ______________________
June________________ _____
July_______________________
August____ _____________
September_____ . . . . . . ____
October.. _____________ . . .
Novem ber. ______________
253.8
258.8
264.6
268. 5
271.4
272.9
280 3
281.1
278.0
274.0
273.5
20.4
20.3
20.3
20.1
20.5
19.9
19.8
20.0
20.3
20.7
86.6
86.7
7.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
Payrolls
1949: Average___________________
1950: Average___________________
$75,570
81,602
$5,050
5,321
$70,520
76, 281
$67,410
72, 780
$21,119
1950: N ovem ber_________________
December_____ . . . _____
85,380
85,285
5, 796
5,558
79, 584
79, 727
75,991
76, 228
24,545
24, 786
2,888
3,835
48,558
47,607
3,292
3,207
301
292
1951: January___________________
February__________________
M arch____________________
April_________ ___________
M a y ______________________
June______________________
91,052
84,018
93,837
91,887
104,400
94,102
96,344
102,943
89, 868
119,319
114,826
5,923
5, 431
5,578
5,618
5,883
5, 623
4,474
4,591
5,435
6, 264
6 ,449
85,129
78,587
81,564
75,120
84, 709
82, 781
94,863
84,798
88,374
94, 766
80,905
109,252
104,433
26, 543
25,725
29, 403
28, 739
31,082
29,480
30, 893
35,357
28, 258
37,085
35,433
2,944
2,828
2,949
2,855
2,946
2, 839
2. 937
2,975
2,860
4,096
4,086
52,077
46, 567
52.357
51,187
60,835
52, 479
54,544
56. 434
49,787
68.071
64,914
3,249
3,182
3, 261
3,197
3,338
3,379
3,195
3,257
3, 213
3,445
3,589
316
285
289
291
316
302
301
329
J u l y ___________________________
August-. ________
September_________________
October___________________
November ________________
88, 259
86, 269
98, 517
88,479
91,870
98,352
84,433
113. 055
108,377
1 Data for the executive branch of the Federal Government also include
areas in Maryland and Virginia which are within the metropolitan area, as
defined by the Bureau of the Census.
2 Includes Government corporations (including Federal Reserve banks
and mixed-ownership banks of the Farm Credit Administration) and other
activities performed by governmental personnel in establishments such as
navy yards, arsenals, hospitals, and force-account construction. Data which
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22,888
315
358
355
are based mainly on reports to the Civil Service Commission are adjusted to
maintain continuity of coverage and definition.
3 Covers civilian employees of the Department of Defense (Secretary of
Defense, Army, Air Force, and N avy), National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics, Canal Zone Government, Selective Service System, National
Security Resources Board, National Security Council, War Claims Com
mission.
90
A :
T a ble A -9 :
E M P L O Y M E N T
A N D
MONTHLY LABOR
P A Y R O L L S
Insured Unemployment Under State Unemployment Insurance Programs,1 by Geographic
Division and State
[In thousands]
1951
Geographic division and
State
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
853.0
859.8
939.2 1 , 00 1.6
N ew England_______ . . . . . --------M aine___ __________________
N ew Hampshire_____ _______
Vermont________ _____ - -----Massachusetts— _________ .
Rhode Island___ _____ _ _____
Connecticut____________ _____
105.8
7.4
106.4
7.5
8.0
8 ,2
1.9
52.1
22.4
14.0
17
52.7
14.5
110.5
7.4
7.3
1.5
54.1
22.5
17.7
M iddle Atlantic__________________
New York . . . . . . . - . . . N ew Jersey_____ ____________
Pennsylvania--------------------------
304.2
183.9
46.2
74.1
298.6
178.2
42.9
77.5
East North Central------------- --------Ohio__________________ - _ Indiana_________ ______ _ -Illinois_____________________ Michigan-------- . . - -------------W isco n sin .______ . . .
. . .
158.7
32.7
13.3
54.6
50.6
7.5
W est North Central. . . . .
------ _
M innesota----------------------- -----Iowa__________ . . . -------------Missouri------ . . . . . . --------- .
North Dakota________
_____
South Dakota------------- ----------Nebraska----------- . . ------ -----Kansas_________ ____ _______
34.4
.5
2.7
2.9
4.3
South Atlantic. ------------- . ---------Delaware----------------- . . . . . .
M a r y la n d ..------ . . .
District of Columbia
. . . .
Virginia. . ------- . . .
------West Virginia_______ .
-----North Carolina___ . ------ -----South Carolina__ _ . . . -------Georgia------- ------ ----- -------------Florida______________ - -------
83.2
94.7
Continental United States--------------
6.0
2.5
22.4
.1
.2
1.0
6.7
1.2
M ay
April
Mar.
934.7
949.9
932.1
904.2 1,025.1 1,144. 6 1,045.0
111.7
8.5
7.0
1.5
56.2
112 .6
122.2
99.8
2 2 .2
22.1
16.3
12.9
12.5
9.9
1.5
65.5
19.9
12.9
315.1
189.0
42.9
83.2
344.8
215.5
46.5
82.8
327.2
204.7
46.7
75.8
311.7
190.4
48.8
72.5
299.7
183.9
43.1
72.7
268.1
163.2
36.1
158.0
30.4
15.1
62.1
44.5
5.9
184.3
31.8
191.0
33.4
22.9
76.8
51.1
6.8
158.6
28.4
17. 6
74.3
32.5
5.8
158.8
27.0
17.0
78.3
30.6
5.9
150.9
27.7
14.9
72.9
27.8
7.6
30.8
6.3
2.4
18.3
31.5
6.7
35.2
7.2
3.2
18.2
31.9
7.0
3.1
18.2
39.0
.1
.2
.6
.2
.2
.6
.2
.2
.2
52.2
18.4
4.8
20.3
1.9
1.1
6.5
1.4
2 0. 1
70.6
55.1
6.7
2.8
16.7
.7
5.5
.3
.7
2.4
107.0
1.2
8.5
1.5
10.5
10.4
31.0
10.5
15.4
18.0
112.7
1.2
58.3
14.9
22.7
13. 2
7.5
63.5
16.4
25. 5
13.9
7.7
37.8
5.4
15.9
7.4
8.5
24.2
9.0
11.4
13.8
8.5
28.5
9.6
13.8
17.1
East South Central.. . ------- ------K en tu ck y ____ .
------ -----T en nessee------- --------------------Alabama________ _____________
M ississippi___________________
51.8
13. 5
21.5
54.7
13.5
22.7
11.6
12.2
West South Central----------------------Arkansas------- -- -------------------Louisiana____ . . . . . ----------Oklahoma____. . . . . . . . . -------- - ---------Texas_________ .
29.1
4.9
30.2
4.5
11.1
12.1
5.3
7.8
8 .1
35.8
5.3
14.4
6.5
9.6
M ountain. ----------- -------------------M ontana__________ . . . --------Idaho.
-------------- . . --------W yom ing____________________
Colorado__________ _________
N ew Mexico___ ._ ---------------Arizona__________________ ____
U tah_________________________
N evada________________ _____ _
6.7
6.7
.6
Pacific__ . _____________________
W ashington___________________
Oregon__________________ ____
California___ ______ __________
5.2
8 .2
6.3
5.5
9.2
7.6
1.4
59.4
10.7
1.5
12. 7
11.7
30.6
11,0
16.1
17.2
11.6
351.4
217.5
51.3
82.6
133.7
30.0
11.4
52.6
29.8
9.9
176.4
39.9
14.4
61.0
33.5
9.6
9.5
68.8
20.6
6 .2
2 0. 2
3.2
7.1
12.2
58.5
16.4
60.0
17.9
2 2 .0
2 2 .6
60.7
17.7
22.4
13.4
7.2
13.4
6.7
12.9
6.6
9.7
42.7
7.1
17.6
7.5
10.5
8.0
9.1
8.9
11.3
.8
1.0
1.1
.8
2.0
.7
.7
1.7
1.3
.7
.9
.3
1.4
.3
1.5
2.0
1.2
.2
1.1
1.0
2.0
1.5
1.1
2.0
1.8
1.1
1.8
1.6
.6
.5
.6
.7
.7
1.0
78.9
79.9
9.6
6.3
64.0
88.7
10.3
6.4
72.0
96.0
9.3
5.9
80.8
101.1
113.5
8.7
5.0
99.8
6.7
3.9
90.5
.9
.4
1.8
1.2
2.1
1.9
7.5
47.1
8.6
18.4
8.9
11.2
16.6
3.9
1.9
.8
2.1
1.6
2.3
59.7
15.8
68.2
49.8
10.3
58.6
23.3
8.3
384.6
135.2
30.9
134.3
62.0
70.3
21.4
7.4
24.2
3.1
2.4
4.8
7.0
65.6
19.3
7.0
24.3
2.4
48.5
34.7
2.1
1.1
2.1
94.3
1.9
13.2
3.3
8.7
14. 2
18.0
9.4
14.1
11.5
68.1
39.9
14.1
8 .2
11.5
7.8
66.0
65.0
14.3
25.8
15.1
9.8
13.9
8 .2
10 .8
52.3
9.5
19.6
10.7
12.5
61.7
12.7
22.4
12.7
13.9
54.0
25.3
6.9
4.4
1.5
2.3
30.3
7.3
5.9
1.9
3.1
2.3
3.1
4.7
28.6
3.8
1.7
127.2
14.2
167.3
25.4
18.3
123.6
104.8
8.0
13.7
17.7
15.9
25.0
14.3
2 .8
1.2
8 .2
3.8
4.1
6.4
21.8
2.1
2 .6
1.1
113.1
28.5
9.4
57.5
1.6
11.2
8.0
11.2
10.9
3.4
89.6
1.3
41.9
6.9
129.0
30.2
1.1
14. 2
9.3
174.9
6.8
5.8
178.0
36.4
13.3
8.3
2.7
6.6
11.2
65.9
6.8
200.7
40.9
14.7
76.5
54.8
13.8
1.0
11.6
2.1
17.5
7. 2
10.5
7.5
1,855. 7
637.4
361. 3
78.5
197.6
1.1
12.1
5.4
782.8
77.4
10.3
319.0
226.2
35.4
57.4
1.2
11.0
11.0
20.1
895.3
354.1
257.8
38.7
57.6
83.5
10 .6
Oct.
355.1
238.4
41.1
75.6
72.6
24.8
Oct.
39.6
3.6
1.7
9.1
Nov.
35.6
6.3
10.3
78.0
1.5
12. 5
10.3
25.5
9.1
15.5
11.4
2.1
10.2
1949
10.2
2.4
.7
.9
7.6
60.5
55.1
13.1
90.9
.1
10. 8
281.1
171.8
40.0
69.3
1.0
98.0
.6
.7
89.0
11.4
6.3
1.7
49.0
9.3
11.3
3.8
4.9
.2
.9
5.8
1.7
49.8
10.5
13.6
1.2
91.6
Dec.
75.8
7.9
4.6
1.3
41.1
9.2
11.7
6 .2
4.2
1.1
2.1
38.0
5.5
15.6
7.2
9.7
6.8
64.0
7.6
1.1
i Prior to August 1950, monthly data represent averages of weeks ended in
specified months; for subsequent months, the averages are based on weekly
data adjusted for split weeks in the month and are not strictly comparable
with earlier data. For a technical description of this series, see the April
1950 M onthly Labor Review (p. 382).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11.2
3.5
19.9
.5
.4
11.2
Feb.
Jan.
June
21.8
July
1950
11.1
18.1
11.1
13.7
6 .2
6 .2
1.6
3.1
2.0
12 . 0
4.3
22.9
1.3
8.6
6.8
2.9
20.0
.3
.5
12.8
4.9
22.2
28.4
5.5
58.7
13.8
5.0
31.5
2. 6
16.2
.2
.3
1.0
4.8
3.2
.8
2.8
85.5
1.4
70.4
69.8
11.2
2. 8
8.5
2.7
5.6
9.4
14.5
8.3
9.7
10.9
7.7
13.0
16.8
8.7
12.9
11.0
57.5
13.6
22.2
13.8
7.9
43.8
8.4
13.9
9.2
12.3
19.8
3.7
4.3
.9
2. 5
1.7
3. 2
4.4
1.9
2.8
2.0
179.6
28.8
19.9
130.9
193.2
31.2
22.4
139.6
167.9
26.2
17.9
123.8
2.4
1.5
.8
46.6
12.0
16.9
12.3
5.4
36.0
6 .2
20.2
1.0
7.7
2.6
5.3
10.4
12.6
8.8
7.6
13.8
42.9
11.5
14.5
12.1
4.8
34.8
5.2
12.4
7.0
.2
.4
1.7
6 .1
163.3
3.4
27.2
4.3
15.9
27.9
26.2
14.8
19.0
24.6
97.4
25.8
31.2
31.5
8.9
64.2
10.3
22.5
11.7
7.6
10.5
10.2
19.2
13.4
1.9
10.2
1.2
27.9
2.0
.9
.3
1.7
.4
2.1
1.2
2.6
1.9
1.3
133.8
19.0
13.7
10 1.1
12.2
2 .1
2.6
.7
7.4
1.0
2.6
2.0
1.5
5.6
5.5
1.0
2.0
98.8
11.7
7.6
79.5
246.8
36.4
21.1
189.3
Figures may not add to exact column totals because of rounding.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employm ent Security.
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1952
B :
L A B O R
91
T U R N -O V E R
B: Labor Turn-Over
T
able
B -l: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Manufacturing Industries, by
Class of Turn-Over 1
Class of turn-over and year
Total separation:
1951___________________________
1950___ __ _ _ _______ ______
1949_____ ____________________
1948___________________________
1947 ___________________________
1946. . . . __ ________ ______
1939___________________________
Quit:
1951_____________________ ______
___________
1950__1949______ . __________________
1948___________________________
1947___________________________
1946__________ . . . . . .
___
1939 3__________________________
Discharge:
1951___________________________
1950 ____ .
_____ _ _ . . .
1949____ . .
. . . . . . ____
1948___________________________
1947___________________________
1946... . . . . . . . . ___ _. .
1939___________________________
Lay-off:
1951___________________________
1950...
.
..............................
1949.— . . . _______________ ____
1948___________________________
1947___________________________
1946_____ _____ ____ _ ________
1939___________________________
Miscellaneous, including military:
1951___________________________
1950____ ______ ____ . . . . . . .
1949___________________________
1948___________________________
1947___________________________
1946___________________________
Total accession:
1951___________________________
1950_________ _______ ____ _ ._
1949____________________ _____
1948___________________________
1947___________________________
1946 ____ . . . ___
1939___________________________
Jan.
4.1
3.1
4. 6
4.3
4.9
6.8
3.2
2.1
1.1
1.7
2.6
3. 5
4.3
.9
.3
.2
Feb.
Mar.
3.8
3.0
4.1
4.2
4.5
6.3
4.1
2.9
4.8
4.5
4.9
2 .6
3.1
2.1
1.0
2.5
Apr.
6.6
2. 8
4.8
4.7
5.2
6.3
3.5
1.4
2.5
3.2
3.9
3.5
4.2
2.7
1.3
1.7
3.0
3.7
4.3
.6
.8
.8
.3
.2
1.2
1.6
2.8
.3
.2
.4
_2
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.3
.4
.4
.5
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.4
.4
.1
.1
.8
1.0
.8
1. 7
2.5
1.7
2.3
1.2
.9
2. 6
.7
.6
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
4.6
3.6
3.0
4.0
5.1
7.1
3.3
4.5
3.5
2.9
4.0
5.1
6.7
2.9
6.0
8.5
4.1
3.1
6.8
2.4
3.5
4.2
.7
2.5
1.7
1.5
2.9
3.1
4.0
.7
1.4
2.9
3.1
4.6
.7
.4
.3
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
3.3
1.8
2.2
4.5
3.2
2.9
3.9
5.0
2. 8
1.6
1.6
2.8
.1
1.7
1.9
5.2
3.6
3.2
4.6
4.4
2.9
3.8
4.4
4.6
5.8
3.3
.1
.9
.5
4.3
3.0
4.3
4.5
4.7
5.7
3.3
.1
1.8
2.2
1.4
.5
.1
.1
.1
July
4.8
3.1
5.2
4.3
5.4
6.3
3.5
.4
.4
.3
1.2
.8
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
June
.3
.4
.4
1.0
1.2
2. 8
1.2
1.0
1.4
2. 8
1.2
i Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing indus
tries as indicated by labor turn-over rates are not comparable with the changes
shown by the Bureau’s employment and payroll reports, for the following
reasons:
(1) Accessions and separations are computed for the entire calendar month;
the employment and payroll reports, for the most part, refer to a 1 -week pay
period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
(2) The turn-over sample is not so large as that of the employment and
payroll sample and includes proportionately fewer small plants; certain
industries are not covered. The major industries excluded are: printing,
publishing, and allied industries; canning and preserving fruits, vegetables,
and sea foods; women’s, misses’, and children’s outerwear; and fertilizers.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4.6
M ay
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.5
2.7
1. 8
Aug.
5.3
4.2
4.0
5.1
5.3
6.6
3.0
3.1
3.4
2.1
4.3
4.1
4. 5
5.0
6.3
2.9
2.7
1.5
1.1
3.6
4. 7
.9
.3
.4
2.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.3
.4
.4
.4
.2
.2
.1
.1
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.2
.6
1.8
1.2
.8
.7
2.5
2.1
.4
.4
.3
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
4.5
4.4
3.5
4.1
4.8
4.9
4.8
4.4
5.7
5.5
6.7
3.9
4.2
4.7
3.5
4.7
4.9
7.4
4.2
4.4
5.0
5.3
7.0
5.1
4.5
6.6
Dec.
3.8
4 0
4 1
4 0
4. 9
3.0
3 fi
3 2
4 3
3 7
4 5
3.5
2.1
1. 2
2.2
17
9
17
2 3
3 0
.7
2 2.4
.8
.4
.4
.4
N ov.
2 4.5
3.9
4.5
5.3
.4
3.3
Oct.
3.4
4.0
5.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
6 .1
2.8
1.8
.6
2.1
1.0
1.0
.6
2.5
5.1
4.9
4.2
5.4
5.9
6.9
3.1
2.9
1.0
.9
2.5
Sept.
2.8
2. 7
3. 7
.8
.3
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.1
.2
.2
1.3
.7
2 1.3
.8
2.3
1.1
Í2
J2
^4
4
.i
13
1.2
2.5
1.4
1.0
1. 6
1.0
1.8
,7
2. 0
2. 2
.9
1.0
2.0
2.7
.4
.4
.1
2.4
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.i
4.3
5.7
4.1
5.1
5.9
7.1
2 4.3
5.2
3.7
4.5
5.5
6 .2
5.9
4.0
3.3
3.9
4.8
5.7
4.1
3.0
3. 2
2.7
3. 6
4. 3
1. 8
1.0
.9
.9
6.8
.8
3
1
2 .8
(3)
Plants are not included in the turn-over computations in months when
work stoppages are in progress; the influence of such stoppage is reflected,
however, in the employment and payroll figures. Prior to 1943, rates relate
to production workers only.
2 Preliminary figures.
3 Prior to 1940, miscellaneous separations were included with quits.
N ote: Information on concepts, methodology, and special studies, etc., is
given in a “Technical Note on Labor Turn-Over,” October 1949, which is
available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
B :
92
T a ble B -2 :
L A B O R
MONTHLY LABOR
T U R N -O V E R
Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Industries 1
-
Separation
Oct.
1951
Sept.
1951
Oct.
1951
Sept.
1951
Oct.
1951
Sept.
1951
Oct.
1951
Total accession
M ise., incl.
military
Lay-off
Discharge
Quit
Total
Industry group and industry
Sept.
1951
Oct.
1951
Sept.
1951
Oct.
1951
Sept.
1951
M a n u f a c tu r i n g
Nondurable goods 3------------------------------Ordnance and accessories _____________
ar>d kindred products________ ___
Meat products ___________________
Grain-mill products_____________ - Bakery products _________________
Beverages*
Malt liq u o r s__________________
Tobacco manufactures- ___________ ____
Cigarettes ____ ____________ __
Ciears
______ ___________________
Tobacco and snuff. ________________
Textile-mill products
_____________
Yarn and thread mills.
__
. _
Broad-woven fabric mills___ _____ .
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber____
_________
Woolen and worsted
Knitting mills _ .
_______________
Full-fashioned hosiery _________
Seamless hosiery___________ ___
Knit underw ear.____ ________
Dyeing and finishing textiles ______
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings___
Apparel and other finished textile products
_____________________________
M en’s and boys’ suits and c o a ts ____
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing._ __ ___________________
Lumber and wood products (except furn itu r e )________ ____________ _____
Sawmills and planing mills _
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products__________
Furniture and fixtures__ _______________
Household furniture
___________
Other furniture and fixtures_________
Paper and allied p r o d u cts..____________
* Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes____
Chemicals and allied products__________
Industrial inorganic chemicals_______
Industrial organic chemicals_________
Synthetic fibers________________
Drugs and m edicin es______________
Paints, pigments, and fillers__ ___ _
Products of petroleum and coal. _ _______
Petroleum refinin g_________________
Rubber products . .. _________________
Tires and inner tubes _. ____ ____ _
Rubber footwear___________________
Other rubber products______________
Leather and leather products___________
Leather _____
_________________
Footwear (except rubber)___________
Stone, clay, and glass products__________
Glass and glass products____________
Cement, hyd rau lic________________
Structural clay products__ __________
Pottery and related products________
Primary metal industries_______________
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills . .
____ _______________
Iron and steel foundries____________
Gray-iron foundries____ . . . _ ._
Malleable-iron foundries________
Steel foundries________ _ ______
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and zinc.. .
___
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
copper ___ __ ____________
Nonferrousfoundries. . . .....................
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings---------------See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.5
.3
0.4
.4
4.7
3. 6
4.5
4.1
.2
.4
.2
.2
.3
.5
4.0
4.8
4.9
4.4
5.4
2.8
1.6
6.9
7.0
6. 4
5.8
1.7
5.2
4.2
6.5
2.7
3.8
3.3
3.9
3.9
4.4
3.2
2.9
6.7
6 .5
7.1
5.8
3.8
4.5
4.0
4.0
4.5
3.1
2 .8
2 .6
4.5
4.4
5.2
5.2
2.5
2.3
3.2
3.0
0.4
.3
0.4
.3
2.9
5.4
4.6
3.2
6.9
7.0
7. 1
1.8
.3
.5
.5
.4
.4
.6
1.8
2.5
3.6
3.4
2.4
4.4
3.5
4.7
4.2
.3
.3
.4
1.0
.8
1.1
.6
1.9
5.2
.6
3.3
2.4
.3
.2
2.1
2. 8
.4
.5
.3
.7
.4
.5
1.2
2 .6
.1
2.1
1.0
.8
1.2
.8
1.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.5
.7
.5
.5
.7
.7
.5
.7
.7
.4
.3
6 .1
4.8
6.0
5.9
4.6
5.6
4.0
4.8
5.3
7.0
5.7
5.6
5.9
3.4
3.5
3.3
3.3
3.5
8.4
5.1
3.1
6.7
3.7
5.4
5.8
5.4
4.9
9. 2
4.9
5.4
4.5
4.6
4.0
5.5
2 .8
2.9
2.1
1.5
2.7
1.6
2. 0
1.7
2.2
2.3
.8
2.1
1.9
2.2
2.2
.5
.7
.8
1.7
3.6
2.3
2.4
1.7
.2
.6
.5
.3
.3
2 .6
2. 8
1.3
2.7
2.7
2.7
3.0
1.5
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
2.1
.3
.3
3.4
3.6
.2
.3
1.3
1.7
1.1
1.5
1.7
1.4
2 .6
4.6
2.5
2.3
4.4
.9
1.2
1.5
(4)
1.8
.2
2.4
3.7
2. 0
.9
.9
1.4
7.1
1.9
2.4
1.5
1.3
1.6
2.0
.5
2.9
.3
1.7
2.7
1.1
4.9
5.1
5.8
5.6
2.8
2.6
.1
.1
1.2
2.0
5.2
6 .2
3.7
4.2
.2
.3
1.2
1.6
6 .1
6.9
10.9
6.5
4.1
7.8
3.9
5.1
6.5
5.3
.4
.5
.4
.4
.4
.5
1.4
.7
1.1
1.2
5.2
6.3
5.9
6.7
4.7
3.9
5.9
3.1
3.9
3.1
2.3
2.4
4.2
2.0
.3
.5
3.4
3.3
4.2
4.3
4.0
3.2
2.9
3.8
1.1
2. 0
1.3
1.8
.7
.8
1.4
3.8
2 .6
9.0
5.7
4.9
5.1
5.1
4.7
4.0
3.0
6 .2
2.2
2.2
2.6
5.4
1.2
2.6
3.7
2.2
3.0
.3
1.8
1.2
2. 0
.2
.3
.5
.5
.4
.3
.3
.4
.3
.4
.4
(4)
.1
.1
.1
.4
2.3
1.0
(4)
1.6
2. 8
1.9
4.0
3.4
3.5
3.7
3.3
2.2
1.6
1.4
.9
.4
1.0
1.8
.6
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
2.4
1.4
2. 8
.3
.3
.1
.2
.2
.3
.3
(4)
«
.2
.2
.2
4.5
4.9
4.8
4.1
4.9
4.0
4.1
5.2
4.9
5.9
2 .6
4.0
5.5
4.4
4.1
1.9
3.0
2.3
2. 8
.3
.3
1.8
2.6
5.2
4.7
5.7
5.6
3.4
5.6
5.5
5. 5
5.6
3.6
3.1
4.0
4.1
4.0
3.4
4.4
4.4
.2
.7
.2
.6
.4
.7
.9
.5
2.4
3.9
1.3
2. 0
.1
2.8
2.8
5.9
6.9
1.3
2.9
1. 5
3.1
4.1
5.1
2.4
3.0
4.0
5.7
3.6
2 .6
8.8
6.0
4.8
6 .1
2.9
2.3
3 .3
1.6
1.9
2.4
3 .7
2.1
1.8
3.2
3.1
3.3
4.3
2. 7
2.1
.3
.2
2.3
.7
.6
.7
1.1
.6
2.1
.7
.2
3.7
.5
1.3
1.2
.8
1.9
.8
.3
1.3
.5
.2
.3
.6
.2
.6
.5
.6
.1
.1
.2
.1
.3
.3
4.2
2.5
3.0
3.1
.1
.2
.2
3.9
.2
1.8
2.8
.1
.1
4.6
4.6
5.8
9.7
5.7
12.7
5.9
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.3
.4
.4
.4
.4
.3
.3
.3
.4
3.0
6.7
7.6
4.7
.2
2.2
2.1
1.8
1.5
1.5
.2
.5
.4
.5
.4
.2
.3
.2
.6
.6
.1
1.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.7
.5
.1
.2
.2
.1
1.0
1.2
.3
.9
2.2
.6
.3
.3
.2
.3
.1
.2
.3
.3
.5
.3
.4
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
2.0
1.6
6.5
1.7
.7
.4
.3
.2
.3
1.1
1.0
2.1
.5
.7
.3
.6
.2
.2
.5
.4
.3
.2
.3
.4
.6
.2
1.4
(4)
.3
3.0
.5
(4)
.4
1.3
.7
.3
.3
.5
.1
5.9
7.1
3.5
2.7
2.5
3.2
2.2
3.2
1.8
2.1
2.4
1.2
3.8
3.0
4.5
4.3
3.5
3.9
3.7
3.9
5.6
3.0
4.9
2.4
3.3
3 .3
3.7
2.5
5.3
4.3
5.0
.2
2.5
5.9
5.5
4. 6
6.9
.4
.5
1.9
3.0
1.2
.2
2 .6
3.5
3.1
4.6
3.7
3.7
4.4
3.5
2.6
.3
6.0
1.0
.2
.6
.7
.3
2. 0
2.7
1.7
1.9
4.3
2.9
3.5
.1
.2
.8
2.6
2.1
3.6
.3
.4
.3
.3
.7
1.3
.5
.4
.5
.3
.4
.3
.3
.2
.1
.6
.8
4.0
.2
1.3
4.7
(4)
.3
1.4
1.7
3.4
3.0
2.1
2 .6
.5
6.6
.8
2 .8
.4
.6
.5
2.5
4.7
2.0
.5
1.0
1.8
.3
.6
.3
.7
1.0
1.1
.4
.3
5. i
4.4
4.0
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1952
T a ble B -2 :
B :
L A B O R
93
T U R N -O V E R
Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Indus
tries ^C ontinued
Separation
Total
Industry group and industry
Oct.
1951
Manufacturing—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transportation
equipment)_____________________ ____
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware___
Cutlery and edge tools_______
Hand tools_____________________
Hardware______________________
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies___________
Sanitary ware and plumbers’
su p p lies____
__________
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not
elsewhere classified ____ _ . .
Fabricated structural metal products^.
M etal stamping, coating, and engraving....................................... ...........
Machinery (except electrical)____ _______
Engines and turbines_______________
Agricultural machinery and tractors...
Construction and mining machinery. _
Metalworking machinery___________
Machine tools ___ ______ ______
Metalworking machinery (except
machine tools)-----------------------Machine-tool accessories_________
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)________
General industrial m a c h in e r y .____
Office and store machines and devices..
Service-industry and household machines ._ ______________ ______
Miscellaneous machinery parts__ _
Electrical m achinery__________________
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus ___________________ _______
Communication eq u ip m en t________
Radios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipm ent.. ----------Telephone and telegraph equipm ent________ . -------------------Electrical appliances, lamps, and
miscellaneous products___________
Transportation equipment______________
Automobiles.
___ _______________
Aircraft and parts__________________
Aircraft----------------------------------Aircraft engines and parts____
Aircraft propellers and parts . . . .
Other aircraft parts and equipment- . . ----------- ------------Ship and boat building and repairing..
Railroad equipm ent______________
Locomotives and parts__________
Railroad and street cars_________
Other transportation equipm ent------Instruments and related products..............
Photographic apparatus_____________
Watches and clocks_________________
Professional and scientific instruments________________ _______ ___
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware...
Nonmanufacturing
Metal mining__________________ _____ _
. ___________
Iron______________
Copper__________ . . . ----------------Lead and zinc______________________
Anthracite m in in g ..___________________
Bituminous-coal mining________________
Communication:
Telephone.............................. ....................
Telegraph.................................. ....... .........
5.2
4.2
3.0
3.6
4.8
Sept.
1951
5.7
4.8
3.6
4.4
5.3
Oct.
1951
Sept.
1951
2. 6
2.5
1.6
2.3
2.9
0.4
.4
.3
.3
.4
Sept.
1951
Oct.
1951
0.4
.5
.7
.4
.4
1.8
.9
.9
.6
1.0
Sept.
1951
1.7
.9
.5
.9
Oct.
1951
Sept.
1951
0.4
.4
0.4
.3
.2
.1
1.0
.4
.5
.4
.4
Oct.
1951
Sept.
1951
4.3
3.2
1.4
2.5
4.0
4.3
3.6
3.6
3.2
3.7
6 .2
6.8
2.4
3.7
.5
.5
2.9
2.3
.4
.3
3.9
4.4
5.7
6.9
2.3
3.4
.4
.4
2. 6
2 .8
.4
.3
2.9
2.7
6.9
5.4
6.6
2.5
3.0
4.1
3.5
.6
.6
.6
3.4
1.5
1.7
5.4
1.2
.4
.3
.2
.2
5.2
5.3
6.4
5.5
6.0
6.0
2.4
2.6
.8
2.2
2. 0
2.8
.3
.4
.5
2.5
4.2
4.7
5.3
4.0
4.1
4.1
.3
.4
.5
2. 6
3.7
3.0
.6
.1
.6
.6
5.3
4.1
4.9
4.6
3.8
4.4
.6
.4
.4
.5
.5
.5
G)
4.0
3.3
3.3
G)
2.9
2. 6
2.5
3.2
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.2
G)
3.3
5.1
3.1
2.5
3.7
.3
.5
4.1
3.3
3.0
4.1
4.0
3.5
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.7
2.7
2.7
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.5
4.4
1.5
2.4
2.4
1.8
3.0
2.9
3.2
4.4
3.3
5.1
2 .8
2. 6
1.7
.5
.2
3.2
4.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.4
.8
.9
8.3
9.3
.4
.6
4.8
6 .2
.4
.9
.3
3.9
*6.7
4. 5
7.9
8. 5
5.7
3.9
3.8
5.4
3. 2
7.4
7.6
7.3
3.6
G)
G)
8.7
6.9
11.7
6.4
ö. 3
G)
8 .1
.2
2.4
1.6
.4
.3
.4
.4
.5
.3
.3
1.8
2.8
(4)
«
(4)
.1
2.1
3.4
1.9
3.5
G)
3.0
4.1
4.3
4.3
4.9
2 .8
5.4
4.2
1.1
2.6
G)
(9
2.0
3.0
2.8
2.8
3.2
6 .1
G)
2.2
G)
1.1
2.0
0)
1.8
2.5
2.4
3.9
2.0
5.9
3.9
5.5
4.2
1.9
4.8
3.6
.7
6.0
3.0
2.9
3.2
2.7
1.6
G)
G)
(0
2 .2
3.0
1.3
1.9
(5)
2.2
2.0
(5)
.7
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.1
(4)
.4
.6
.1
.3
5.0
3.1
5.0
5.1
1.3
1.7
.2
.2
.2
.2
(4)
1.1
.1
.5
.5
.1
.2
(4)
.5
.3
.9
G)
G)
.8
.9
.4
.6
.3
.5
.5
.3
1.0
4.3
.4
.4
.4
.3
.5
.4
.4
1.0
.5
.3
.4
1.2
1.8
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
.2
G)
.1
.1
1.0
G)
1.3
.2
.2
.4
.2
.3
.1
.2
.1
.1
3.2
.1
(4)
G)
G)
(4)
G)
(4)
(4)
.3
.1
G)
G)
.1
.4
.3
1.9
3.4
1.9
2.6
1.6
.6
.9
.7
1.0
.2
.2
.4
.3
3.1
3.0
1.9
4.2
4.5
3.6
.4
.3
.5
.5
.6
2.4
.2
.5
.2
.2
.2
2.6
G)
2. 8
8 .1
.3
.6
.4
6 .2
6 .2
G)
3.2
6.9
.6
5.2
G)
.4
.7
1.5
.5
.7
5.4
5.7
5.9
4.3
4.5
3.1
2.3
3.4
5.5
2.5
3.2
4.1
5.0
1.8
.6
.1
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.9
.5
.3
.5
(5)
.8
.2
.6
.9
4.1
4.0
4.3
.5
.5
.3
.1
4.6
3.2
3.7
3.8
.6
3.5
11.0
3.7
3.9
3.4
.1
3.2
5.2
.3
.3
.5
.7
.5
.3
.4
.1
1.7
(5)
3.9
5.1
1.2
3.2
1.8
4.3
5.9
.4
.5
3.9
2 .8
.3
.2
.2
.2
.6
G)
G)
2. 8
4.2
4.6
4.7
.3
.4
.5
.9
G)
.2
.1
.2
.2
.6
.4
.4
.5
4.9
5.2
5.2
.2
.1
5.2
1.7
3.4
3.6
2.4
1.4
.3
.4
5.8
5.1
5.4
4.5
G)
.4
.3
2.1
1.5
.2
.1
.1
.7
.5
.4
.6
.5
3.8
(5)
2.2
i See footnote 1, table B -l. Data for the current month are subject to
revision without notation; revised figures for earlier months will be indicated
b y footnotes.
9 8 0 4 1 0 — 52--------7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3.2
3.1
2.3
2.7
3.5
Oct.
1951
Mise., incl.
military
Lay-off
Discharge
Quit
1.7
.9
1.0
1.2
.6
.3
.3
.1
.3
.2
.2
G)
G)
.2
.2
(4)
.1
.4
1.5
.6
.8
.9
.7
.6
3. 6
3.1
3.1
1.2
2. 6
4.3
4.1
2. 9
4.2
5.2
1 .9
6. 2
6. 4
G)
.3
.2
6.4
2. 3
7.1
6. 9
1.3
.3
.3
2.1
G)
G)
2 See footnote 2, table A-2.
3 See footnote 3, table A-2. Printing, publishing,
and allied industries are excluded.
.4
.4
7.9
3.0
3.5
.2
.2
G)
G)
5.7
2.3
2.0
2.5
4 Less than 0.05.
6 N ot available,
94
G: E A R N IN G S
A N D
MONTHLY LABOR
H O U R S
C: Earnings and Hours
T able
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1
Mining
Metal
Year and month
Iron
Total: Metal
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w k lj.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Coal
Copper
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Lead and zinc
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Anthracite
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Bituminous
Avg. Avg.
Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn
hours
ings
ings
1949: Average___ __ $61.55
1950: Average______ 65. 58
40.9 $1. 505 $58. 91
42.2 1.554 61.96
39.7 $1.484 $63. 96
40.9 1.515 72.05
42.3 $1.512 $64.79
45.0 1.601
. 64
66
41.4 $1. 565 $56. 78
41.6 1.602 63.24
30.2 $1.880 $63. 28
32.1 1.970 70.35
32.6
35.0
1950: October______ 69.84
November___ 69. 92
December____ 73.53
43.9
43.0
43.9
1.591
1.626
1.675
66.53
63.77
70. 51
43.4
41.6
42.3
1.533
1.533
1.667
75.68
78.78
79.82
46.4
46.1
47.2
1.631
1.709
1.691
71.95
73.01
75.34
42.8
42.3
43.2
1.681
1.726
1.744
75. 59
60. 85
65.14
37.2
31.0
32.8
2.032
1.963
1.986
72.99
73. 27
77. 77
36.1
36.4
38.5
74.33
73.46
72.83
74.62
74. 96
70.89
72.32
75.74
74.65
74.95
43.7
43.7
43.3
44.0
44.2
41.8
42.0
44.5
43.1
43.7
1.701
1.681
1.682
1.696
1.696
1.696
1.722
1.702
1.732
1. 715
70.31
70. 98
69. 22
73.31
75.48
65.19
67.58
75.92
72.35
72. 63
41.8
42.5
41.3
43.2
44.4
38.3
39.2
44.4
41.7
42.7
1.682
1.670
1. 676
1.697
1.700
1.702
1.724
1.710
1.735
1.701
82.21
78.49
77.89
76. 82
76.00
75.36
75.86
76. 88
78.36
77. 57
47.3
46.5
46.5
46.0
45.7
45.4
44.6
45.9
46.2
45.9
1.738
75.34
74.17
74.30
77. 96
76. 23
76.20
76.85
76. 78
75.74
75.80
43.1
42.8
43.0
43.7
42.9
43.2
43.1
43.7
42.5
42.9
1.748
1.733
1.728
1.784
1.777
1.764
1.783
1.757
1.782
1.767
71.33
1. 675
1.670
1.663
1.660
1.701
1.675
1.696
1.690
66. P5
35.9
30.2
23.1
1.987
2.207
2.194
2.185
2. 215
2. 224
2. 252
2. 225
2.216
76. 63
75.67
74. 66
75.63
73.86
77. 67
73. 71
77. 23
81.99
80.66
37.6
34.1
33.6
33.9
33.3
34.8
32. 7
34.9
36.7
36.4
1951: J a n u a r y .----February____
March_______
April..
M a y .. ______
June________
July_________
August______
September___
October. . . .
1.688
M ining—C ontinued
50. 68
47.20
. 67
68.94
79.50
58. 52
60. 72
66
21.6
30.1
31.0
35.3
26.3
27.4
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.941
2.010
2.022
2.013
2.020
2.038
2. 219
2.222
2. 231
2.218
2.232
2. 254
2. 213
2.234
2.216
Contract construction
Crude petroleum and
natural gas production
N onbuilding constructio n
Nonmetallic mining
Petroleum and
and quarrying
natural gas production
(except contract
services)
Total: Contract con
struction
Total: Nonbuilding
construction
Highway and street
Other nonbuilding
construction
1949: Average......... $71.48
1950: A verage.......... 73.69
40.2 $1.778 $56.38
40.6 1.815 59. 88
43.3 $1.302 $70. 81
44.0 1.361 73.73
37.8 $1. 874 $70.44
37.2 1.982 73.46
40.9 $1.723 $65. 65
40.9 1.796 69.17
41.5 $1. 583 $73. 66
41.1 1.683 76.31
40.5
40.7
$1.820
1.875
1950: October______ 77. 67
N ovem ber___ 76.21
December____ 75.58
41.4
40.6
40.2
1.876
1.877
1.880
64.03
63. 31
62.12
45.8
44.9
43.5
1.398
1.410
1.428
77.92
77. 52
77.36
38.5
38.0
37.3
2. 024
2.040
2.074
77. 65
75.42
75.58
42.5
40.9
40.2
1.827
1.844
1.880
73.32
70.91
69.49
42.8
41.2
39.8
1. 713
1.721
1.746
80. 92
78. 59
79.46
42.3
40. 7
40.5
1.913
1.931
1.962
76.90
77.15
76.69
80.30
78.30
78.74
83. 32
78.15
83. 20
78. 02
40.6
40.5
40.6
41.2
40.4
40.4
42.1
40.2
42.0
40.3
1.894
1.905
1.889
1.949
1.938
1.949
1.979
1.944
1.981
1.936
61.96
60. 77
63.74
65.88
67.22
67.82
68.84
69. 59
70.49
71.89
43.3
42.0
43.6
45.0
45.7
45.7
45.8
46.3
46.1
47.2
1.431
1.447
1.462
1.464
1.471
1.484
1.503
1.503
1.529
1.523
77. 61
75.47
76. 99
79.36
81.62
82.41
83.73
84.46
85.11
86.40
37.1
35.7
36.3
37.4
38.3
38.4
39.0
39.1
38.9
39.4
2.092
2.114
74. 70
72.20
74.19
78.26
81.26
81.48
84.81
85.27
84. 52
. 57
39.4
37.7
38.5
40.3
41.8
41.3
42.9
42.7
41.8
42.5
1.896
1.915
1.927
1.942
1.944
1.973
1.977
1.997
66.10
38.1
37.3
38.1
40.4
42.4
41.7
43.6
43.4
42.2
43.6
1.735
1.765
1.769
1.768
1.785
1.812
1.817
1.841
1.876
1.881
79. 80
75. 80
78.25
82. 65
85.16
85.98
89.21
89. 51
88.64
90.16
40.2
37.9
38. 7
40.2
41.3
41.0
42.4
42.2
41. 5
41.7
2. 000
2. 022
2.056
2. 062
1951: January_____
February____
M a r c h ..___
April. _ ____
M ay__ ?_____
June____ ____
July-------------A ugust.._ . . .
September___
October______
2.121
2.122
2.131
2.146
2.147
2.160
2.188
2.193
86
2.022
2.037
65.83
67.40
71.43
75.68
75. 56
79.22
79. 90
79.17
82.01
1.985
2.097
2.104
2.121
2.136
2.162
Contract construction—Continued
Building construction
Special-trade contractors
Total: Building con
struction
General contractors
Total: Special-trade
Plumbing and heating
contractors
Painting and"
decorating
Electrical work
1949: Average______ $70.95
1950: Average............ 73. 73
36.7 $1.935 $67.16
36.3 2.031
. 56
68
36.2 $1.855 $75. 70
35.8 1.915 77. 77
37.2 $2. 034 $78. 60
36.7 2.119 81.72
38.6 $2.037 $70. 75
38.4 2.128 71.26
35.7 $1.982 $86. 57
35.4 2.013 89.16
1950: October........... 77. 87
N ovem ber___ 78. 07
December........ 77. 80
37.4
37.3
36.7
2.082
2.093
72. 71
72.94
71.69
37.0
36.8
35.7
1.965
1.982
2.008
81.95
82.00
82.24
37.8
37.7
37.4
2.168
2.175
2.199
84. 65
85.08
86.53
38.9
39.1
39.1
2.176
2.176
2.213
76.62
74.93
74.60
36.8
36.2
35.9
. 082
2. 070
2. 078
2
1951: January_____
February____
M arch_______
April.................
M ay..................
June________
July_________
August..........
September___
October........ .
36.7
35.3
35.8
36.8
37.5
37.7
38.1
38.2
38.2
38.6
2.135
2.157
2.163
2.167
2.182
2.194
2.195
2.207
2.233
2.235
68. 75
72. 56
36.1
34.0
34.5
36.0
36.9
36.9
37.3
37.5
37.4
38.4
2.010
2.022
82. 51
81.49
2.027. 82.95
2.027 84.48
2.039
. 60
2.040 88.32
2. 045
. 97
2.047 89.94
2.080 90. 91
2.084 91.06
37.1
36.3
36.8
37.3
37.9
38.3
38.6
38.7
38.8
38.8
2.224
2.245
2. 254
2. 265
2. 285
2. 306
2.305
2.324
2.343
2.347
86. 60
85.99
88.93
38.8
38.1
38.9
38.8
39.4
39.5
39.6
39.4
39.5
39.9
2. 232
2.257
2.286
2.295
2.330
2. 332
2.328
2.345
2.359
2.366
74.41
75.44
74.91
77.40
79. 24
79.68
79. 24
80. 33
79. 96
81.99
35.2
35.4
35.2
36.1
36.6
36.7
36.4
36.2
36.0
36.8
2.114
2.131
2.128
2.144
2.165
2.171
2.177
2.219
. 221
2.228
78.35
76.14
77.44
79. 75
81.83
82. 71
83.63
84.31
85.30
. 27
86
See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.120
69.93
72.97
75.24
75. 28
76. 28
76. 76
77. 79
80. 03
86
88
89. 05
91.80
92.11
92.19
92. 39
93.18
94.40
2
39.2
38.4
$2. 211
2.322
94. 04
95.01
96.44
39.2
39.1
39.9
2.399
2.430
2.417
98. 77
97.42
98.74
98.72
39.7
39.0
39.4
39.6
40.3
40.7
40.7
40.9
41.4
40.9
2.488
2.498
2. 506
2.493
2. 534
2. 548
2. 544
2. 553
2. 595
2. 586
102.12
103. 70
103. 54
104.42
107.43
105. 77
R E V IE W ,
T a b l e
JA N U A R Y
1952
C: E A R N IN G S
A N D
95
H O U R S
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Contract construction—Continued
Building construction—Continued
Special-trade contractors—Continued
Year and month
Other special-trade
contractors
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
1949: Average______ $71.39
1950: Average______ 74. 71
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Plastering and lath
ing
Masonry
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
36.1 $1.979 $68.72
35.8 2.087 70.85
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnmgs
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
35.7 $17. 59 $69. 66
35.3 1.827 74. 92
37.8
38.6
$1,844
1.941
77.36
80.53
72.06
35.6
37.3
33.3
2.173
2.159
2.164
93.07
87.49
93.14
36.2
34.9
35.7
1951: January___ _ 77. 87
76.32
February___
March. . . . . . 78.10
April___ _____ 80.84
M ay_________ 82.29
.Tune
85.28
July_________ 86.86
87.90
August___ . . .
September___ 88.86
October___ _ 88.36
35.9
34.8
35.5
36.4
36.9
37.6
38.3
38.5
38.6
38.3
2.169
2.193
75.19
66. 22
34.3
30.5
33.4
35.1
35.7
34.4
37.4
37.1
37.7
37.2
2.192
2.171
2.186
2.208
2 . 208
2.245
2.245
2. 252
2.241
2.266
87.89
90.88
89. 44
92.87
93.31
92.10
91.38
91.18
90.46
89.05
34.4
34. 9
34.4
35.8
36.0
35.6
35.5
35.8
35.7
35.1
2.230
2.268
2.268
2. 283
2.302
2.307
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
mgs
36.6 $1,837 $62.86
37.0 1.8 88 64.49
2.131
2.137
2.161
73.01
77. 50
78.83
77. 23
83.96
83.55
84.49
84.30
Avg.
hrly.
earnmgs
34.9 $2.301 $67.14
35.0 2.477 69.86
37.1
37.0
36.2
2.20 0
2 . 221
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Excavation and foun
dation work
33.8 $2.033 $80.39
33.9 2.090 86. 70
79.06
79.07
78.23
1950: October______
November___
December____
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Roofing and sheetmetal work
Carpentry
2. 571
2.507
2.609
71.17
72.80
70.92
37.4
37.8
35.8
1.903
1.926
1.981
68.19'
67.64
66.36
36.8
36.6
35.6
1.853
1.848
1.864
78.40
79. 97
80.39
38.6
38.3
38.5
2.031
2.088
2.088
2. 555
2. 604
71.71
64.98
64.52
70.85
72.16
73.70
76.76
77. 73
79.44
79. 65
36.2
32.8
32.9
35.8
36.5
37.0
37.7
37.3
37.4
37.1
1.981
1.981
1.96]
1.979
1.977
1. 992
2.036
2.084
2.124
2.147
66. 65
64. 58
65.25
68. 95
71.14
71.11
73.63
73. 51
75. 97
77.32
35.3
33.9
34.0
35.8
36.9
36.6
37.8
37.6
38.1
38.2
1.905
1.919
1.926
1. 928
1.943
1.948
1.955
1.994
2.024
1.8 88
81.37
81.28
77.88
78.19
82.23
80.80
83.15
85. 82
83.94
84.25
38.6
37.2
36.6
37.9
39.9
39.3
40.7
41.2
40.2
40.6
2.108
2.185
2.128
2.063
2 . 061
2. 056
2.043
2.083
2.088
2.075
2 . 600
2. 594
2.592
2. 587
2.574
2.547
2.534
2. 537
Manufacturing
Total: Manufac
turing
Durable goods 2
Food and kindred products
Total: Ordnance and
accessories
Total: Food and kin
Meat products
dred products
39.5 $1. 469 $51. 41
41.2 1.537 54. 71
38.8 $1.325 $58. 76
39.7 1.378 64.79
66.39
66. 34
68. 32
42.1
41.8
42.2
1.577
1.587
1.619
56. 58
57.19
58.44
40.3
40.3
40.5
1.404
1.419
1.443
67.65
68.18
69. 30
69.68
69.60
70. 27
68. 79
69. 55
70. 67
70.84
41.5
41.6
41.9
42.0
41.8
41.8
40.9
41.3
41.5
41.6
1.630
1. 639
1.654
1.659
1.665
1.681
1.682
1. 684
1.703
1.703
58. 53
58. 32
58.40
58.16
57.93
58.47
58. 48
57.91
58. 56
58.00
40.2
40.0
40.0
39. 7
39.3
39.4
39.3
39.1
39.3
38.9
1.456
1.458
1.460
1.465
1.474
1.484
1.488
1. 481
1.490
1.491
1949: Average______ $54.92
1950: Average______ 59.33
39.2 $1.401 $58.03
40.5 1.465 63.32
1950: October_____ 61. 99
N ovem ber___ 62.23
December____ 63.88
41.3
41.1
41.4
1. 501
1.514
1. 543
1951: January_____
February
M arch..'_____
April________
M ay ___ _____
June_________
July_________
A ugust______
September___
October______
41.0
40.9
41.1
41.0
40.7
40.7
40. 2
40.3
40.6
40.4
1.555
1.561
1.571
1.578
1.586
1. 599
1. 598
1. 596
1.612
1.614
63.76
63. 84
64. 57
64.70
64. 55
65. 08
64.24
64.32
65.45
65.21
Nondurable goods 3
40.0 $ 1 . 469 $53. 58
41.8 1.550 56.07
41.5 $1. 291 $57. 44
41.5 1.351 60. 07
41.5
41.6
$1. 384
1.444
68. 34
68.64
70. 53
43. 2
43.4
42.5
1.589
1. 625
1.608
56.83
58. 07
59.85
41.6
41. 9
42.3
1.366
1. 386
1.415
61. 24
65.49
69.92
40.8
43.4
45.2
1.501
1.509
1.547
69.55
70.92
72.71
70. 97
72.45
71.02
73.10
73. 71
77. 37
76.31
42.0
42.7
43.1
42. 7
43.2
42.4
43. 1
43.9
44.8
44.6
1. 656
1.661
1.687
1 . 662
1.677
1.675
1.696
1.679
1. 727
1. 711
60.11
59.04
59.12
59. 66
60.40
61.80
61.65
61.15
61.90
61.72
41.8
41. 0
41.0
41.2
41.6
41.9
42.2
42.0
42.6
41.9
1.438
1.440
1.442
1.448
1.452
1.475
1.461
1.456
1.453
1.473
65. 83
60. 25
61.92
62. 91
63.90
67.88
68. 26
67. 48
68. 46
67. 28
42.8
39.9
40.6
41.2
41.6
41.8
41.8
41.3
41. 9
41.3
1.538
1.510
1.525
1.527
1.536
1.624
1.633
1.634
1.634
1.629
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
M eat packing
Sausages and casings
Dairy products
41.9 $1,371 $54. 61
42.4 1.434 56.11
41.5 $1.398 $57.44
41.6 1.465 60.80
1950: O ctob er_____ 62.23
November___ 66. 55
December........ 71.48
40.7
43.3
45.5
1.529
1.537
1.571
60.78
65.58
67.23
41.4
43.2
43.8
1.468
1.518
1.535
56.74
56. 62
57. 68
44.5
44.1
44.3
1.275
1.284
1.302
1951: January_____
February____
March___ _
April________
M ay .......... .......
June_________
July_________
August _____
September___
O ctober..........
43.0
39.9
40.6
41.1
41.5
41.7
41.7
41.2
41.9
41.0
1.557
1.534
1. 552
1.555
1.567
65. 84
61.04
64.37
64.17
64.17
66. 51
67.50
67. 69
67. 95
66. 62
42.7
40.0
42.1
41.4
41.4
42. 2
42.8
42.6
42.1
41.9
1. 542
1. 526
1.529
1.550
1.550
1.576
1.577
1.589
1.614
1. 590
59. 09
59.45
59. 98
59. 67
60. 52
61.11
62.02
60. 70
62.10
60. 65
44.1
44.1
44.4
44.3
45.1
45.4
45.4
44.9
45.0
44.3
1.340
1.348
1.351
1.347
1.342
1.346
1.366
1.352
1.380
1.369
61.21
63.01
63. 91
65.03
69. 47
69.81
69.09
69. 97
68. 51
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.6 6 6
1.674
1.677
1.670
1.671
Ice cream and ices
Canning and preserv
ing
45.3 $1. 239 $55.00
45.6 1.258 57.29
44.9 $1.225 $43. 77
44.1 1.299 46.81
38.8
39.3
$1.128
1.191
57.58
57.91
58.90
45. 7
45.1
45.2
1.260
1.284
1.303
58.74
58. 76
60. 79
44.1
43.4
44.5
1.332
1.354
1.366
49.05
48.06
46.82
40.5
38.6
37.4
1.245
1. 252
60.89
61. 56
63. 75
62. 56
64.34
64. 26
65. 47
63. 70
64.73
62.02
45.0
45.1
46.5
45.9
47.0
46.8
46.8
46.7
46.4
45.3
1.353
1.365
1.371
1.363
1.369
1.373
1.399
1.364
1.395
1.369
61.82
62.01
61.66
61.66
61.27
61.46
63. 57
62. 32
63.80
62. 88
44.8
44.2
44.2
44.2
44.4
44.6
45.7
44.9
44.9
44.5
1.380
1.403
1.395
1.395
1.380
1.378
1.391
1.388
1.421
1.413
49.41
48. 84
48.64
50. 39
48.88
49. 25
49.20
53.00
53.38
55.22
38.3
37.8
37.5
38.7
38.1
38.6
40.8
41.7
42.7
41.9
1.290
1.292
1.297
1.302
1 . 283
1. 276
1.206
1.271
1.250
1.318
44.8 $1. 219 $56.13
44.5 1.261 57. 36
1949: A verage.-. _ - $58.02
1950: Average______ 60. 94
66. 95
Condensed and evap
orated milk
1 .2 1 1
96
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e
M O N T H LY
L A B O R
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M an u factu rin g—C ontin ued
F o o d an d k in dred p ro du cts—C ontin u ed
Y e a r an d m onth
G rain-m ill p rodu cts
A vg.
w kly .
earn
in gs
1949: A verage_____
1950: A v erage_____
$56. 94
59.02
1950: O cto b er..........
N o v em b er__
D ecem ber___
1951: Ja n u a r y _____
F e b ru a ry ____
M a rc h .............
A pril________
M a y ________
J u n e .................
J u l y _________
A u g u st______
S ep tem b er___
O ctober...........
A v g.
hrly.
earn
in gs
A vg.
w kly .
hours
F lo u r an d other
grain-m ill p rodu cts
A vg.
w kly .
earn
in gs
A v g.
w kly .
hours
A v g.
hrly.
earn
ings
P repared feeds
A v g.
w kly .
earn
in gs
A v g.
w kly .
hours
A v g.
hrly.
earn
in gs
B a k e ry p ro d u cts
A v g.
w kly .
earn
in gs
A v g.
w kly .
hours
S u gar
A v g.
A v g.
hrly. w kly .
earn earn
in gs
in gs
A v g.
w kly .
hours
C an e-su gar refining
A v g.
hrly.
earn
in gs
A v g.
w kly .
earn
in gs
A v g.
w kly .
hours
A vg.
h rly.
earn
in gs
43.8 $1.300 $58.91
43.3 1.363 60.95
44.7 $1.318 $54.98
44.1 1.382 57. 21
46.2 $1.190 $51. 67
45.3 1.263 53.54
41.7 $1. 239 $56.01
41.5 1.290 59.94
42.4 $1.321 $56. 62
43.0 1.394 61.83
42.1
43.0
$1.345
1.438
59. 97
59. 78
63.60
43.3
42.7
44.2
1.385
1.400
1.439
60. 85
61.42
66. 55
43.4
43.5
45.8
1.402
1.412
1.453
59.89
59.00
61.10
46.0
44.7
45.6
1.302
1.320
1.340
54.19
54.47
55.04
41.4
41.3
41.6
1.309
1.319
1.323
56.90
61.10
63.43
41.9
45.7
45.7
1.358
1.337
1.388
56. 83
57.29
67.67
39.6
40.4
45.6
1.435
1.418
1.484
64.92
63.58
62. 71
63.16
64. 75
65.13
68.14
68.09
68. 51
69.22
44.8
43.7
43.1
43. 5
44.5
44.4
45.7
45.3
45.4
45.3
1.449
1.455
1.455
1.452
1.455
1.467
1.491
1.503
1.509
1.528
68. 02
65.03
62. 88
62. 57
63. 36
64.00
68. 54
69. 76
71.21
70.18
46.4
45.0
44.0
44.0
44.4
44.6
46.5
46.6
47.0
46.2
1.466
1.445
1.429
1.422
1.427
1.435
1.474
1.497
1.515
1.519
61.42
59. 98
59.83
62.10
64.36
66. 31
67. 40
65.85
68. 35
65. 89
45.6
44.2
43.8
45.0
46.4
47.3
47.7
46.8
47.9
46.5
1.347
1.357
1.366
1.380
1.387
1.402
1.413
1.407
1.427
1.417
54. 68
55.49
55.32
56. 37
57.24
57.93
58.15
58.07
58. 73
58.16
41.3
41.5
41.5
41.6
41.9
42.1
42.2
41.9
42.1
41.6
1.324
1.337
1.333
1.355
1.366
1.376
1.378
1.386
1.395
1.398
60. 36
61.93
58.82
59.72
65. 66
63. 76
62. 77
58.42
63. 58
55.16
40.4
40.8
39.4
40.0
42.8
41.0
41.0
39.0
41.8
38.2
1.494
1.518
1.493
1.493
1.534
1. 555
1.531
1.498
1. 521
1.444
63.87
63.08
61.06
59.60
73.60
66.41
63.14
59.15
63.80
57.37
42.1
40.8
40.2
39.6
47.0
41.9
41.4
39.2
42.0
38.3
1.517
1.546
1.519
1.505
1.566
1.585
1.525
1.509
1.519
1.498
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
F o o d an d k in dred p ro du cts— C ontin u ed
C onfectionery an d
related p rodu cts
B eet su gar
....
1950: A v e ra g e ..
_____
—
N o v e m b e r.
—
1951: J a n u a r y ._
F e b ru a ry
M a rc h __
A p ril____
M a y ____
J u n e .........
J u ly -----A u g u st.
Septem be
O ctober. .
—
—
—
$56.09
58.69
42.3 $1.326 $45.12
42.5 1.381 46.72
Confectionery
B ev erages
B o ttle d soft drin k s
M a lt liqu ors
40.0 $1.128 $42.63
39.9 1.171 44.81
39.8 $1.071 $64.21
39.9 1.123 67.49
41.0 $1.566 $48.40
41.0 1.646 49.12
43.8 $1.105 $69.46
42.9 1.145 72.66
41.1
40.8
$1.690
1.781
57.35
64.07
62.06
42.8
47.6
45.1
1.340
1.346
1.376
49.00
48.15
47.71
41.0
40.5
40.4
1.195
1.189
1.181
47.19
47.10
47.30
41.0
41.1
41.6
1.151
1.146
1.137
68.14
67.81
68.78
41.0
40.9
40.6
1.662
1.658
1.694
49.92
50.30
50.36
43.0
43.1
42.9
1.161
1.167
1.174
72.48
73.02
74.01
40.2
40.5
39.9
1.803
1.803
1.855
57.24
61.51
55.71
61.95
51.14
60. 76
64.20
58. 91
64.06
54. 73
38.6
40.6
36.7
40.7
33.8
39.3
40.1
38.3
40.7
37.8
1.483
1.515
1.518
1.522
1. 513
1.546
1.601
1.538
1.574
1.448
49.49
49.31
48.82
49.00
49.93
51.64
49.71
50.23
52.50
51.53
40.4
39.7
39.5
39.2
39.5
40.5
38.9
39.8
41.6
40.9
1.225
1.242
1.236
1.250
1.264
1.275
1.278
1.262
1.262
1.260
48.33
47.44
47.00
46.84
47.83
49.04
47.10
47.48
49.52
49.04
41.1
39.9
39.7
39.1
39.3
40.2
38.7
39.5
41.2
40.8
1.176
1.189
1.184
1.198
1.217
1.220
1.217
1.202
1.202
1.202
71.61
71.13
72.35
71.97
73.75
75.21
75.64
75.13
75.38
72.46
41.2
40.3
40.9
40.5
41.2
41.9
42.0
41.9
41.9
40.8
1.738
1.765
1.769
1.777
1.790
1.795
1.801
1.793
1.799
1.776
50. 25
50.53
50.74
51.72
53.45
54.62
56.16
54.89
53.56
52.72
42.8
42.5
42.6
42.6
43.7
44.3
45.4
44.7
43.4
43.0
1.174
1.189
1.191
1.214
1.223
1.233
1.237
1.228
1.234
1.226
75.93
76.45
78.27
76.99
79.30
80.57
81.42
80.53
81.28
77.24
40.3
39.9
41.0
40.5
41.3
41.9
42.1
41.9
42.2
40.4
1.884
1.916
1.909
1.901
1.920
1.923
1.934
1.922
1.926
1.912
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
F o o d an d k in d red p rod u cts—C ontin u ed
D istilled , rectified,
an d blended liqu ors
1949: A verage1950: O ctober.
--
D ecem ber.
1951: J a n u a r y .. .
—
--
A p r il...
-M a y ...
J u n e ...
J u ly ....
A u g u st.
S ep tem b er. .
O ctober.
$57.00
61.94
M iscellan eou s food
p rodu cts
39.2 $1.454 $52.17
40.3 1.537 54.99
T o b acco m an ufactu res
T o ta l: T o b acco
m an ufactu res
C igarettes
C igars
T o b acco an d sn u fl
41.9 $1.245 $37.25
42.2 1.303 41.08
37.1 $1.004 $46.33
37.9 1.084 50.19
37.7 $1. 229 $32.41
39.0 1.287 35.76
36.7 $0.884 $39.10
36.9
.969 42. 79
37.2
37.7
$1. 051
1.135
64.95
65.31
66.46
40.8
41.6
41.8
1.592
1.570
1.590
56.06
56.44
56.85
42.6
42.5
42.3
1.316
1.328
1.344
41.21
42.45
43.72
38.3
37.8
38.9
1.076
1.123
1.124
45.10
50.07
54.11
35.4
37.9
40.2
1.274
1.321
1.346
39.35
39.50
38.40
39.0
38.5
38.1
1.009
1.026
1.008
44.24
42.97
44.77
38.5
36.6
38.1
1.149
1.174
1.175
73.85
69.83
67.23
68.10
67. 78
69. 79
68. 50
68.18
67.53
70.29
43.8
41.2
39.9
39.5
39.5
40.6
39.8
39.8
39.4
40.7
1.686
1.695
1.685
1.724
1.716
1.719
1.721
1.713
1.714
1.727
58. 54
59.08
58.14
57.78
57.20
58.22
59. 21
58.66
59. 94
59.47
42.3
42.2
42.1
41.3
41.3
41.5
41.7
41.4
41.8
42.0
1.384
1.400
1.381
1.399
1.385
1.403
1.420
1.417
1.434
1.416
44.12
43.17
42.03
42.58
42.49
44.49
44.03
44.08
44.94
45.45
38.7
37.9
36.8
36.8
36.6
37.9
37.6
38.5
39.7
39.8
1.140
1.139
1.142
1.157
1.161
1.174
1.171
1.145
1.132
1.142
55.20
52. 76
48.57
50. 59
51.41
55.37
53.70
55. 79
55.86
55.40
40.5
39.4
36.3
37.2
37.8
40.3
39.2
40.4
40.1
39.8
1.363
1.339
1.338
1.360
1.360
1.374
1.370
1.381
1.393
1.392
38.09
38.10
37.91
37.72
36. 70
37.50
37.83
38. 94
40.49
41.36
37.6
37.5
37.2
36.8
35.8
36.3
36.8
37.7
38.6
39.2
1.013
1.016
1.019
1.025
1.025
1.033
1.028
1.033
1.049
1.055
45.68
45. 25
44.62
44.27
43.56
46.85
44.99
46.76
48.27
46.85
38.1
37.8
37.0
36.5
36.0
38.4
37.0
38.3
38.9
37.6
1.199
1.197
1.206
1.213
1.210
1.220
1.216
1.221
1.241
1.246
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
R E V IE W ,
T able
JA N U A R Y
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
1952
C -l: Hours
and
97
Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c
tu r e s— C o n .
Y e a r a n d m o n th
T o b a c c o s te m m in g
a n d r e d r y in g
T e x tile -m ill p r o d u c ts
T o ta l: T e x tile -m ill
p r o d u c ts
Y a rn a n d th r e a d
m ills
B r o a d -w o v e n fab ric
m ills
Y a r n m ills
C o tto n , s ilk , s y n
th e tic fiber
U n i t e d S ta te s
A vg.
w k ly .
ear n
in g s
1949: A v e r a g e ___
1950: A v e r a g e ___
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
$34. 20
37. 59
3 8 .3
3 9 .4
$0.893
.9 5 4
1950: O c to b e r ___
N ovem b er.
D e c e m b e r ..
37. 37
34. 53
38. 52
4 1 .2
3 5 .6
4 0 .0
1951: J a n u a r y ___
F e b r u a r y ..
M a r c h ..........
A p r i l . . .........
M a y ..............
J u n e ..............
J u l y ----------A u g u s t ____
S e p te m b e r .
O c to b e r ___
38.79
35.85
37.81
38.84
41.72
43.07
41.00
34.99
37.43
39. 47
39.7
3 4 .7
3 5 .3
35.8
3 8 .0
3 8 .8
3 6 .8
3 7 .5
4 2 .2
4 2 .9
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
h o urs
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
$44.83
48.95
3 7 .7
3 9 .6
$1.189
1.2 3 6
$40. 51
45.01
3 6 .4
3 8 .9
$1.113
1.157
$40. 55
45 .0 9
3 6 .3
3 8 .8
.9 0 7
.9 7 0
.9 6 3
52 .5 8
53.1 9
53. 57
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
1. 295
1.307
1.313
49.3 3
49. 57
49.9 0
4 0 .2
40 .3
4 0 .6
1.227
1.230
1.229
49 .1 6
49. 61
49 .9 0
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .5
1.229
1.234
1.2 3 2
.977
1.033
1.071
1.085
1.098
1.110
1.114
.9 3 3
.8 8 7
.9 2 0
53. 59
53 .9 4
53. 34
52.8 7
51.37
51.07
49. 58
48.0 8
48. 74
49.29
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .5
3 9 .9
3 8 .8
3 8 .6
3 7 .7
3 6 .7
3 6 .9
3 7 .2
1.320
1.322
1.317
1.325
1. 324
1.323
1.315
1.310
1.321
1.325
49. 61
50. 02
49.94
49. 64
48. 05
47 .7 8
4 6 .7 0
44.8 9
4 5 .5 2
46. 01
40 .5
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
40.1
3 9 .0
3 8 .5
3 7 .6
3 6 .2
3 6 .3
3 6 .9
1. 225
1.232
1. 233
1.238
1.2 3 2
1. 241
1.242
1.240
1. 254
1.247
49.73
49.98
50. 02
49. 93
48. 39
47.81
4 6 .9 2
44. 94
45.67
46. 38
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
3 8 .9
3 8 .4
3 7 .6
36 .1
3 6 .3
37.1
1.231
1.234
1.235
1.2 4 2
1.244
1.245
1.248
1.245
1.258
1.250
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
$1.117 $44. 48
1.1 6 2 4 9 .2 8
3 7 .5
40.1
$1.186
1.229
$42.89
4 8 .0 0
3 7 .2
4 0 .1
$ 1 .153
1.1 9 7
53.17
53. 68
54. 36
4 0 .9
41.1
4 1 .4
1.300
1.306
1.313
5 2 .2 9
52. 62
53. 33
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
41 .7
1 .2 6 6
1. 271
1. 279
54. 39
5 4 .2 2
5 3 .7 2
53. 95
52. 67
52.10
50. 25
48. 30
48. 75
48.77
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
3 9 .9
3 9 .5
3 8 .3
37.1
3 7 .1
3 7 .0
1.317
1.316
1.304
1.319
1.320
1.319
1.312
1.302
1.314
1.318
53.37
53.5 4
53. 29
52. 64
51.57
50. 63
48. 74
46 .5 9
47 .2 7
47. 36
4 1 .6
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .0
4 0 .1
3 9 .4
3 8 .2
3 6 .8
3 6 .9
3 7 .0
1. 283
1. 284
1 .2 8 4
1. 284
1. 286
1. 285
1.276
1 .2 6 6
1.281
1. 280
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
T e x tile -m ill p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d
C o tto n , s ilk , s y n t h e t ic fib er — C o n tin u e d
F u ll-fa sh io n e d h o sie r y
W o o le n a n d w o r s te d
N o r th
K n it t in g m ills
S o u th
1949: A v e r a g e .............. $46. 36
1950: A v e r a g e _______ 51.23
3 8 .0
4 0 .5
1950: O c to b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
55. 94
56.16
56.37
41. 5
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
1.3 4 8
1.350
1.355
1951: J a n u a r y _______ 56. 61
F e b r u a r y ______ 57.08
M a r c h ______ .
56.02
A p r i l - __ - __
54. 96
M a y ___________ 54.13
J u n e ___________ 54.25
J u l y ___________ 51.60
A u g u s t ________ 48.82
S e p te m b e r ____ 51.09
O c to b e r , ____
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .6
3 9 .6
38.0
3 5 .9
3 6 .6
1.364
1.372
1.373
1.374
1.367
1.370
1.3 5 8
1.360
1.396
$1. 220 $41.92
1.265
47.0 8
U n it e d S ta te s
3 7 .0
4 0 .0
$1.133
1.177
$51.19
54.01
3 8 .9
3 9 .8
$1,316
1.357
$41.47
44.1 3
3 6 .8
3 7 .4
$1.127
1.180
$52. 09
53.63
3 7 .5
3 7 .9
51.2 5
51.50
52.4 6
4 1 .3
41 .3
4 1 .8
1.241
1.2 4 7
1.255
56.30
58.08
58.39
39.1
4 0 .0
40.1
1.440
1.452
1.4 5 6
47.6 7
47. 91
47.2 4
3 9 .2
3 8 .7
38.1
1.216
1.238
1.240
57.87
58. 73
57.41
3 9 .5
39.1
3 8 .4
1. 465
1. 502
1.495
52. 25
52.46
52.33
52.04
50.90
4 9 .7 2
47. 86
45.9 9
46.05
4 1 .6
41 .7
4 1 .6
41 .4
4 0 .3
39 .4
3 8 .2
3 7 .0
3 6 .9
1.2 5 6
1.258
1.258
1.257
1.263
1.262
1.253
1.243
1.248
58.88
57.10
57.28
58.69
57.35
58.16
57. 47
55.84
56.39
55.53
4 0 .3
3 9 .3
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
3 9 .2
3 9 .7
3 9 .2
3 8 .3
38.1
3 6 .8
1.461
1.453
1.432
1.460
1.463
1.465
1.466
1.458
1.480
1. 509
47. 94
49.24
48.5 4
46. 76
45.04
45.18
44. 57
44. 44
44.84
46.17
3 7 .9
3 8 .8
38.1
3 6 .7
3 5 .3
3 5 .6
3 5 .4
35 .3
3 5 .5
3 6 .3
1. 265
1.269
1.274
1.274
1.276
1.269
1.259
1.2 5 9
1.263
1.272
59.2 5
61.11
60.45
57.16
55.14
54.01
54.01
53. 75
54. 30
55.68
3 8 .3
3 9 .2
3 8 .6
3 6 .5
35.1
3 4 .8
3 5 .3
3 5 .2
3 5 .4
3 6 .3
1.547
1.559
1.566
1. 566
1.571
1.552
1.530
1.527
1.534
1.534
N o r th
$1.389 $53. 98
1.4 1 5
54.25
3 6 .9
3 7 .7
$1.463
1.439
58. 52
60.2 9
57.87
3 9 .3
39.1
3 7 .8
1.489
1. 542
1.531
61.01
63.05
63.1 7
59.19
56.70
55.18
54.48
54. 32
55.12
3 7 .5
3 8 .4
38.1
3 5 .7
3 4 .2
3 4 .0
3 4 .2
3 4 .4
3 4 .6
1.6 2 7
1.6 4 2
1.658
1.658
1.658
1.623
1.593
1. 579
1.5 9 3
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
T e x tile -m ill p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d
F u ll-fa sh io n e d h o
s ie r y — C o n tin u e d
S o u th
$1. 317 $31. 45
1.396
34. 94
3 8 .2
3 8 .2
1950: O c to b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
57.18
57.47
57. 28
3 9 .6
3 9 .2
39.1
1.444
1.466
1.4 6 5
1951: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h _________
A p r i l . - _______
M a y ......................
J u n e ___________
J u l y ___________
A u g u s t ________
S e p te m b e r ____
O c to b e r _______
57. 65
59. 38
58.12
55. 65
53.84
53. 39
53.83
53. 41
53. 55
3 8 .9
3 9 .8
3 8 .9
3 7 .2
3 5 .7
3 5 .5
36.1
3 5 .7
3 5 .7
1.482
1.492
1.494
1.496
1.508
1.504
1.491
1.496
1.500
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
K n it o u terw ea r
N o r th
U n it e d S ta te s
1949: A v e r a g e _______ $50. 31
1950: A v e r a g e _______ 53. 33
S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
S e a m le ss h o sie r y
K n it u n d e r w e a r
S o u th
3 5 .5
3 5 .8
$0. 886
.9 7 6
$35.06
38.12
3 7 .7
3 8 .2
38 .0 8
38.31
37.6 5
3 7 .7
3 7 .6
3 6 .8
1.010
1.0 1 9
1.023
40. 35
41.59
41.2 5
39.1
3 9 .5
39.1
1.032
1.053
1.055
37 .5 9
37. 65
3 6 .9 8
37 .4
3 7 .2
3 6 .4
1.005
1.012
1.016
37.7 3
38.7 9
38.17
3 5 .4 6
34.31
35.8 0
35.3 9
35.3 2
35.64
37.52
3 6 .6
3 7 .3
3 6 .6
34.1
3 2 .8
3 4 .0
3 4 .0
3 3 .7
3 4 .2
3 5 .5
1.031
1.040
1.043
1.040
1.046
1.053
1.041
1.048
1.042
1.057
40. 93
41.90
41.70
41.37
40. 51
40. 26
38.20
39. 71
41.32
3 8 .4
3 8 .8
3 8 .5
3 8 .2
3 7 .3
3 6 .8
3 5 .5
3 6 .6
3 7 .7
1.066
1.080
1.083
1.083
1.086
1.094
1.076
1.085
1.096
37. 21
38.1 5
37. 47
34. 30
32.94
34. 87
34. 85
34.4 2
34. 57
3 6 .3
3 7 .0
3 6 .2
3 3 .3
3 1 .8
33 .4
3 3 .7
33.1
3 3 .6
1.025
1.031
1.0 3 5
1.030
1.036
1.044
1.034
1.040
1.029
$0. 930 $30. 78
.9 9 8
34.37
35.1
3 5 .4
$0. 877 $40. 96
.971
43.73
38.1
3 8 .6
$1.075
1.133
$36.34
39.60
3 6 .2
3 7 .5
$1,004
1.056
46 .4 3
46 .1 0
45.4 2
4 0 .2
39 .4
3 8 .2
1.1 5 5
1.170
1.1 8 9
43 .4 3
43. 06
43.11
3 9 .7
3 9 .0
3 8 .8
1.094
1.104
1.111
4 7 .4 6
48. 30
47. 93
48.0 3
46.3 7
46.41
45.26
46.27
4 6 .5 6
4 7 .5 9
3 8 .9
3 9 .4
3 9 .0
3 8 .8
3 8 .2
3 8 .2
3 7 .5
3 7 .8
3 7 .7
38.1
1.220
1.226
1.229
1.238
1.214
1.215
1.207
1.224
1.235
1. 249
43 .1 3
4 4 .2 9
44.1 2
43. 55
41.2 7
41.9 9
40. 55
40. 91
41.65
42.4 7
3 8 .3
3 9 .4
3 8 .8
3 8 .3
3 6 .3
3 6 .8
3 5 .6
3 5 .7
3 6 .0
3 6 .3
1 .1 2 6
1.124
1.1 3 7
1.137
1.137
1.141
1.1 3 9
1.1 4 6
1.157
1.170
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
98
T able C - l :
M O N T H LY
L A B O R
Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
A p p a r e l a n d o th e r
fin is h e d t e x t ile
p r o d u c ts
T e x t ile - m ill p r u d u c ts — C o n tin u e d
Y ea r a n d m o n th
D y e in g a n d fiin s h in g
te x tile s
W o o l c a r p e ts, r u g s,
a n d carpet yarn
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
$1.278 $56.80
6 2 .3 3
1 .3 1 7
3 9 .5
4 1 .5
$1.438
1.5 0 2
$56. 23
6 2 .7 2
3 8 .7
41.1
66. 46
6 6 .8 2
67.2 8
4 2 .6
4 2 .4
42 .1
1.5 6 0
1 .5 7 6
1. 598
66. 36
66. 63
66.9 0
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .4
65. 91
67. 25
66 .4 9
64 .7 6
61.3 8
59. 48
58. 43
58. 59
59.4 9
60.3 3
4 1 .4
41. 9
4 1 .4
4 0 .4
3 8 .7
3 7 .6
37.1
3 7 .2
3 7 .7
3 8 .7
1.592
1. 605
1.606
1.6 0 3
1.586
1.582
1.575
1.5 7 5
1.578
1.5 5 9
65. 65
66. 30
65. 08
62.83
58. 51
56. 43
54. 92
54.46
55.81
58. 48
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 0 .3
3 9 .0
3 6 .8
3 5 .6
3 5 .0
3 4 .8
3 5 .5
3 7 .2
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
1949: A v e r a g e - - - $51. 50
53.8 7
1950: A v e r a g e _____
4 0 .3
4 0 .9
56.26
1950: O c to b e r _
N ovem b er
— 58.1 9
D e c e m b e r ____ 58.88
4 1 .4
4 1 .8
4 2 .0
1.3 5 9
1 .3 9 2
1.4 0 2
59.13
60 .1 2
58.19
56.18
54.40
55. 97
52.5 6
51.01
53.1 5
55.1 2
4 1 .7
4 2 .4
4 1 .3
3 9 .7
3 8 .5
3 9 .5
3 7 .3
3 6 .0
3 7 .4
3 8 .6
1.4 1 8
1.4 1 8
1.409
1.4 1 5
1.413
1.4 1 7
1.4 0 9
1.4 1 7
1.421
1.4 2 8
1951: J a n u a r y ____
February . . _
M arch — _
A p r ilM a y __________
J u n e ________
J u l y ___________
A u g u s t _______
S e p te m b e r ____
O c to b e r _____
C a r p e ts , r u g s, o th e r
flo o r c o v e r in g s
O th e r t e x tile -m ill
p r o d u c ts
F u r -fe lt h a ts a n d h a t
b o d ie s
T o ta l: A p p a r e l a n d
o th e r fin is h e d t e x
t ile p r o d u c ts
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
$1.453 $47.89
1.5 2 6
52. 37
3 8 .9
4 0 .6
$1.231
1.2 9 0
$49.21
51.0 5
3 5 .3
3 5 .9
$ 1 .394
1 .4 2 2
$41.89
43. 68
3 5 .8
3 6 .4
$ 1.170
1 .200
1.5 8 0
1.594
1.6 1 6
5 4 .7 7
55.8 8
56. 59
4 0 .9
4 1 .3
4 1 .7
1.3 3 9
1.3 5 3
1 .3 5 7
50.4 8
5 1 .9 8
56 .8 3
3 5 .5
36.1
3 8 .4
1 .4 2 2
1.4 4 0
1.4 8 0
45. 51
44. 50
45. 88
3 7 .3
3 6 .9
3 6 .5
1 .220
1.206
1 .257
1.6 1 3
1 .6 1 7
1.6 1 5
1.611
1.590
1.5 8 5
1. 569
1.5 6 5
1.5 7 2
1.5 7 2
56. 83
56.11
56. 62
55.70
54. 51
54. 55
53.70
52. 32
53. 95
54.14
4 1 .6
4 0 .9
4 1 .3
4 0 .6
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
3 9 .2
3 8 .3
3 8 .9
3 8 .7
1.3 6 6
1.3 7 2
1.371
1 .3 7 2
1.373
1.3 7 4
1.370
1.3 6 6
1.3 8 7
1.399
58.0 8
59. 45
55.43
50.6 9
4 9 .4 2
51.73
50. 38
4 7 .1 8
49. 75
49. 77
3 8 .8
3 9 .4
37.1
3 3 .5
3 3 .8
35 .0
3 4 .2
3 3 .2
3 2 .2
3 3 .4
1 .4 9 7
1 .5 0 9
1.4 9 4
1.5 1 3
1.4 6 2
1.4 7 8
1.4 7 3
1.421
1.5 4 5
1.490
4 7 .4 2
4 8 .3 8
4 7 .2 7
44. 97
43. 56
44. 05
45.1 0
46.11
45. 89
43. 57
3 6 .9
3 7 .5
3 7 .4
3 6 .5
3 5 .3
3 5 .3
3 5 .4
3 5 .8
3 5 .6
3 4 .5
1 .285
1 .290
1 .2 6 4
1 .2 3 2
1.234
1.248
1.274
1.288
1.289
1.263
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
A p p a r e l a n d o th er fin is h e d te x tile p r o d u c ts— C o n tin u e d
M e n ’s a n d b o y ’s
s u it s a n d co a ts
M e n ’s a n d b o y ’s fu r
n is h in g s a n d w o rk
c lo th in g
S h irts, co lla rs, a n d
n ig h tw e a r
$0. 920 $33.37
.9 9 0
36. 26
3 6 .0
3 6 .7
$0. 927 $34. 91
.9 8 8
39.43
3 5 .7
3 7 .8
1949: A v e r a g e _______ $46. 67
1950: A v e r a g e _______ 50. 22
3 4 .7
3 6 .9
$1.345
1.361
$33.30
36. 43
3 6 .2
3 6 .8
1950: O c to b e r _______ 51 .7 7
N ovem b er
— 52.57
D e c e m b e r ____ 55. 57
3 7 .9
3 7 .9
3 7 .7
1.366
1.387
1.474
38. 38
38. 53
38. 59
3 8 .3
3 7 .7
3 7 .0
1.002
1.022
1.043
38.0 2
3 9 .3 5
3 9 .4 2
3 8 .4
3 8 .2
3 7 .4
.9 9 0
1.030
1.054
40.91
40.3 2
40.41
3 8 .7
3 8 .0
3 6 .8
1951: J a n u a r y . ______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h . ._ . . .
A p r il. . ______
M a y ______. . .
J u n e __________
J u ly ___________
A u g u s t _______
S e p te m b e r ___
O c to b e r ..............
3 7 .6
3 8 .0
3 8 .6
37 .5
3 6 .3
3 6 .0
3 6 .2
3 5 .0
3 5 .1
3 2 .4
1. 469
1.482
1.480
1.464
1.468
1.468
1.459
1.473
1.488
1.471
39.11
39.6 8
40.17
38. 96
3 7 .2 8
36. 82
36.1 5
36. 99
37. 67
36. 92
3 7 .0
3 7 .4
3 7 .9
3 7 .0
3 5 .5
3 5 .0
3 4 .4
3 5 .3
3 5 .5
3 4 .8
1.057
1.061
1.060
1.053
1.050
1.0 5 2
1.051
1.048
1.061
1.061
39.0 9
39. 87
40.05
39.15
3 6 .9 6
35.9 7
35. 30
3 6 .4 7
37.91
37 .7 7
3 6 .6
3 7 .3
3 7 .5
3 7 .0
3 4 .9
3 4 .0
3 3 .4
3 4 .5
3 5 .3
3 5 .2
1. 068
1.069
1. 068
1.058
1. 059
1. 058
1 .0 5 7
1.0 5 7
1.074
1.073
41.78
43. 08
43.6 9
42 .3 7
3 8 .8 6
39.2 8
38. 61
39.1 3
3 9 .3 8
36. 22
3 7 .4
3 8 .6
3 8 .8
3 7 .9
3 5 .1
35 .1
35.1
3 5 .0
3 5 .0
3 2 .6
55. 23
56. 32
57.13
54.90
53. 29
52.85
52 .8 2
51.56
52. 23
47.6 6
W o m e n ’s o u te r w e a r
W o r k sh ir ts
S ep a ra te tro u sers
$0. 978 $27. 44
31.3 4
1.043
35 .5
3 5 .9
$0.773
.8 7 3
$49. 69
49. 41
3 4 .7
3 4 .7
$1.432
1.424
1.057
1.061
1.098
32. 95
32.18
3 3 .1 0
3 6 .9
3 5 .6
3 5 .9
.8 9 3
.9 0 4
.9 2 2
50. 94
48. 37
51.84
3 4 .7
3 4 .6
35 .1
1.468
1.398
1. 477
1.117
1.116
1. 126
1.118
1.107
1.119
1.100
1.118
1.125
1. I l l
33. 38
33.0 5
34.91
33.51
3 3 .5 6
3 2 .8 8
3 2 .6 2
32. 42
31. 54
32. 37
3 6 .2
3 6 .2
3 7 .7
3 6 .5
3 6 .4
3 5 .9
3 5 .3
3 5 .2
34 .1
3 4 .4
.9 2 2
.9 1 3
.9 2 6
.9 1 8
.9 2 2
.9 1 6
.9 2 4
.921
.9 2 5
.941
55.01
56.08
52.49
48.3 7
47. 30
47. 52
52.35
53.45
51.3 5
4 7 .1 4
3 6 .0
3 6 .7
3 5 .9
35 .1
3 4 .3
3 3 .8
3 4 .9
3 5 .4
3 4 .3
3 2 .6
1 .528
1.528
1.462
1.378
1.379
1. 406
1.500
1.510
1.497
1. 446
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
A p p a r e l a n d o th er fin ish e d te x tile p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d
W o m e n ’s s u its , co a ts,
a n d sk ir ts
W o m e n ’s d resses
H o u s e h o ld a p p a rel
1949: A v e r a g e ............ $47.20
1950: A v e r a g e ........... 48.0 9
3 4 .4
3 4 .8
$1. 372 $32. 23
1.382
34.6 6
3 6 .5
36 .1
$0.883
.9 6 0
$66. 38
63.7 7
3 3 .8
3 3 .6
1950: O c to b e r ______
N o v e m b e r ___
D e c e m b e r ___
47.66
47.3 7
49.81
3 3 .8
3 4 .2
3 5 .2
1.410
1.385
1.415
36.4 3
36.6 4
35. 58
3 7 .4
3 7 .5
3 5 .9
.974
.9 7 7
.991
66. 25
60.1 2
67.07
3 3 .8
32 .1
3 4 .2
1.960
1.873
1.961
1951: J a n u a r y .- .
F e b r u a r y ___
M a r c h _______
A p r il_________
M a y _________
J u n e __________
J u ly ___________
A u g u s t _______
S e p te m b e r ___
O c to b e r _______
51.91
52.5 6
52.2 0
50. 65
49.4 6
48. 92
48.9 6
52.1 6
51.05
47.6 6
3 5 .9
3 6 .3
3 6 .3
35 .1
3 4 .3
3 4 .5
3 5 .4
3 5 .8
3 4 .4
3 2 .8
1.446
1.448
1.438
1.443
1.442
1.418
1.383
1. 457
1.484
1. 453
36. 60
39. 74
39.8 9
39.1 3
38. 00
3 7 .2 2
34. 48
37.1 9
37. 65
36. 42
3 6 .2
3 8 .7
3 8 .8
38 .1
3 7 .0
36 .1
3 4 .0
3 6 .5
3 6 .8
3 5 .5
1.011
1.027
1.028
1.027
1.027
1.031
1.014
1.019
1. 023
1. 026
72.20
73. 39
62.86
53. 79
55.15
55. 71
68.43
66. 97
63. 49
56.20
3 5 .6
3 5 .8
3 2 .4
30. 6
32 .1
3 1 .0
3 4 .2
3 3 .5
32.1
2 9 .3
2.028
2.050
1.940
1.758
1.718
1. 797
2.001
1.999
1.978
1. 918
S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W o m e n ’s a n d c h il
d r e n ’s u n d e r g a r
m e n ts
U n d erw ear and
n ig h tw e a r , e x c e p t
co r sets
M illin e r y
3 6 .6
3 6 .9
$0.978
1.0 4 0
$34. 08
36. 55
3 6 .1
3 6 .4
$0.944
1.004
$53. 55
54. 21
3 5 .3
3 5 .2
$1.517
1.540
41.7 6
40. 96
39. 28
39 .1
38 .1
3 6 .3
1.068
1.075
1.082
40.1 6
39. 25
37.1 0
3 8 .8
3 7 .6
3 5 .5
1.035
1.044
1.045
53.2 7
47. 53
51 .8 2
3 5 .0
3 1 .6
3 3 .8
1 .522
1.504
1.533
40. 85
42. 81
42. 21
40. 88
38. 27
38. 99
38.41
39. 55
41.03
41.7 7
3 6 .9
3 8 .5
3 8 .2
3 6 .8
3 4 .6
3 5 .0
3 4 .6
3 5 .5
3 6 .6
3 7 .0
1.107
1.112
1.105
1. I l l
1.106
1.114
1.110
1.114
1.121
1.129
38. 34
40.8 4
40.2 5
39. 77
37.3 8
38. 52
38. 56
38. 66
40. 03
40. 95
36 .1
3 8 .2
3 7 .9
37 .1
3 5 .0
3 5 .8
3 5 .7
3 5 .9
3 7 .0
3 7 .5
1.062
1.069
1. 062
1.072
1.068
1.076
1.080
1.077
1.082
1.092
61 .6 0
68. 84
62.07
52. 94
45. 91
49. 42
57 .6 6
59.35
61.18
52.77
3 8 .0
41.1
3 8 .6
3 4 .2
3 1 .0
3 2 .9
3 5 .9
3 6 .5
3 6 .9
3 3 .4
1.621
1.675
1.608
1.548
1.481
1.502
1.606
1.626
1. 658
1. 580
$1. 964 $35. 79
1.898
3 8 .3 8
R E V IE W ,
T able
JA N U A R Y
C -l: Hours
and
99
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
1952
Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
Lumber and wood
products (except
furniture)
A p p a r e l a n d o th er fin is h e d te x tile p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d
sar and month
Children’s outerwear
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Fur goods and mis
cellaneous apparel
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Other fabricated
textile products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Curtains and
draperies
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Textile bags
Avg. Avg.
Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex
cept furniture)
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$51. 72
55.31
40. 6
41.0
$1. 274
1.349
Average. _ . _ $37.06
Average. ___ 38. 98
36.3 $1 . 021 $42.05
36.5 1.068 43.45
36.0 $1.168 $39. 74
36.7 1.184 42.06
38.1 $1. 043
38.2 1 . 1 0 1
October______ 40.48
N ovem ber___ 39. 29
December____ 40. 26
37.0
37.0
36.3
1.094
1.062
1.109
47.91
46. 05
45.09
38.7
37.5
36.9
1. 238
1.228
1 .2 2 2
43.45
42. 86
43.55
39.0
38.1
38.3
1.114 $39. 82
1.125 38.31
1.137 39. 29
38.4 $1.037 $44.19
36.8 1.041 43.30
37.6 1.045 43.90
39.6 $1.116
38.9 1.113
39.2 1 .1 2 0
58.83
57.03
57. 59
41.9
41.0
41.4
1.404
1.391
1.391
January_____
February____
M arch_____
April________
M ay________
June__ _ . . .
July-------------August______
September___
October______
36.9
37.1
36.5
36.8
35.9
36.1
36.5
36.2
35.8
34.6
1.143
1.151
1.117
1. 107
1. 124
1. 133
1.146
1.149
1.164
1.156
44. 58
44.98
45.60
44. 88
44.82
46.14
43. 61
46.28
46.65
45.63
36.1
36.9
37. 1
36.7
36.0
36.5
36.4
36.5
36.7
35.9
1.235
1. 219
1.229
1.223
1.245
1.264
1.198
1.268
1.271
1.271
44.23
44.12
44.05
43.15
42.81
44. 59
43.48
44.03
44.32
44.48
38.7
38.6
38.3
37.1
36.5
37.5
37.1
37.7
37.4
37.6
1.143
1.143
1.150
1.163
1.173
1.189
1.172
1.168
1. 185
1. 183
37.9
37.6
36.4
36.0
35.2
35.7
35.3
35.7
35.1
35.9
39.4
39.2
39.0
37.4
36.8
37.6
37.8
38.9
38.1
38.0
55. 73
56.13
55. 58
58.95
59. 72
61.51
57. 43
60. 49
60. 95
61.61
40.5
40.5
40.6
41.4
41.5
41.9
39.8
40.9
40.5
41.1
1.376
1.386
1.369
1.424
1.439
1.468
1.443
1.479
1.505
1.499
42.18
42. 70
40. 77
40.74
40.35
40. 90
41.83
41. 59
41.67
40.00
39.83
39.93
38. 44
38.12
37. 21
38. 27
38.05
37.49
37.14
37.98
1.048
1.062
1.056
1.059
1.057
1.072
1.078
1.050
1.058
1.058
44.64
44.73
45.16
43.12
42. 65
44.03
44. 00
45. 94
45.11
45.37
1.133
1.141
1.158
1.153
1.159
1. 171
1.164
1.181
1.184
1.194
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t fu r n itu r e )— C o n tin u e d
Logging camps and
contractors
Sawm ills and planing mills, general
Sawmills and plan
ing mills
United States
1949: Average_____ $61.31
1950: Average............ 66.25
39.1 $1.568 $52.37
38.9 1.703 54.95
1950: October_____ 70.31
November___ 65.40
December........ 66.87
38.8
37.2
38.9
1.812
1.758
1.719
58. 56
56. 53
56.83
41.8
40.7
41.0
1.401
1.389
1.386
61.99
64.10
57. 93
71.10
71.64
77.10
62.55
74.57
70.81
77.11
37.3
38.2
36.3
39.0
39.0
41.7
35.7
40.2
38.8
42.0
1.662
1.678
1.596
1.823
1.837
1.849
1.752
1.855
1.825
1.836
54.84
55.30
55.06
58.49
59. 22
60.92
57.46
60.29
60. 79
60.68
40.0
39.9
40.1
41.1
41.3
41.5
39.6
40.6
40.1
40.4
1.371
1.386
1.373
1.423
1.434
1.468
1.451
1. 485
1.516
1.502
1951: January_____
February____
M arch_______
April_______
M ay ________
June________
July_________
August______
September___
O ctober_____
40.6 $1. 290 $53.06
40.7 1.350 55.53
South
Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
structural w ood
products
West
40.6 $1.307 $35.66
40.5 1.371 38.90
42.1 $0.847 $67.12
42.1
.924 70.43
38.8 $1. 730 $55.06
38.7 1.820 60. 52
41.9
43. 2
$1.314
1.401
59.34
57.15
57.49
41.7
40.5
40.8
1.423
1.411
1.409
41.25
40.34
40.79
43.6
42.6
42.8
.946
.947
.953
74. 82
72.96
73. 68
39.4
38.5
38.7
1.899
1.895
1.904
63. 71
63.12
64.84
44.0
43.5
43.9
1.448
1.451
1.477
55.54
56.00
55.58
59.16
59.95
61. 79
58.17
61.06
61.52
61.38
39.9
39.8
39.9
41.0
41.2
41.5
39.6
40.6
40.0
40.3
1.392
1.407
1.393
1.443
1.455
1.489
1.469
1.504
1.538
1.523
40.11
40.05
40.34
41.82
41.81
41.12
40.62
41.02
41.37
42.0
41.5
41.8
42.8
43.1
42.0
41.7
41.9
41.7
.955
.965
.965
.977
.970
.979
.974
.979
.992
70. 73
71.71
69.94
75.61
75.62
79.31
72.38
77.57
78.36
37.5
37.9
37.3
39.4
39.1
40.4
37.1
39.1
38.0
1.892
1.875
1.919
1.934
1.963
1.951
1.984
2.062
1.886
63.47
63.88
64. 71
65.04
65.32
65.48
63.56
64.79
42.8
42.9
43.2
43.3
43.2
42.8
41.6
42.1
42.3
42. 8
1.483
1.489
1.498
1.502
1.512
1.530
1.528
1.539
1.581
1.584
66.88
67.80
M anufacturing—C ont inued
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t fu r n itu r e )— C o n tin u e d
Wooden containers
Millwork
1950: Average.
$54. 23
59.05
Wooden boxes, other
than cigar
42.2 $1.285 $41. 90
43.2 1.367 46.03
40.6 $1.032 $42.48
40.7 1.311 46.56
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu re s
Miscellaneous wood
products
41.0 $1.036 $44.16
41.5 1 . 1 2 2 47.07
Total: Furniture
and fixtures
Household furniture
40.7 $1.085 $49.48
41.4 1.137 53.67
40.1 $1. 234 $47.04
41.9 1.281 51.91
39.8
41.9
$1.182
1.239
1950: October_____
November___
December___
61.81
61.52
61.89
43.9
43.6
43.4
1.408
1.411
1.426
48. 74
48. 50
48.43
41.8
41.7
41.5
1.166
1.163
1.167
49.31
49.16
49.43
42.8
42.6
42.8
1.152
1.154
1.155
49.80
50.07
50.16
42.6
42.5
42.4
1.169
1.178
1.183
56.27
56.87
56. 77
42.6
42.6
42.3
1.321
1.335
1.342
54.57
55.30
54.78
42.7
42.7
42.2
1.278
1.295
1.298
1951: January_____
February____
M arch______
A p r il........... .
M ay...............
June................
July________
60.09
60.15
61.19
62.13
62.32
62.08
60.54
62.14
63.22
64.50
42.2
41.8
42.2
42.7
42.6
42.2
41.1
42.1
42.4
43.0
1.424
1.439
1.450
1.455
1.463
1.471
1.473
1.476
1.491
1.500
48.31
47.72
48.51
48.70
49.27
50.46
48.63
48. 87
49. 77
50.13
41.4
41.1
41.5
41.8
41.9
42.3
40.9
41.0
41.2
41.6
1.167
1.161
1.169
1.165
1.176
1.193
1.189
1.192
1.208
1.205
49.37
49.26
49.62
49.64
49.82
50.35
49.27
48. 74
49.55
50.23
42.6
42.8
42.7
42.9
42.8
42.6
41.3
41.2
41.5
42.0
1.159
1.151
1.162
1.157
1.164
1.182
1.193
1.183
1.194
1.196
50.51
50.23
50. 54
51.49
51.72
52.26
50.75
51.29
52. 58
52.00
42.2
42.1
42.4
42.8
42.5
42.8
41.7
41.9
42.1
41.7
1.197
1.193
1.192
1.203
1.217
56.93
58.15
58.67
56.96
56. 28
56.03
55. 74
57. 53
58.50
58.62
41.8
42.2
42.3
41.1
40.4
40.4
39.7
40.8
41.2
41.4
1.362
1.378
1.387
1.386
1.393
1.387
1.404
1.410
1.420
1.416
54. 75
55.78
56.37
54.04
52.96
52.64
51.91
53.64
55.46
55.77
41.7
42.0
42.1
40.6
39.7
39.7
38.8
40.0
40.9
41.1
1.313
1.328
1.339
1.331
1.334
1.326
1.338
1.341
1.356
1.357
A u g u s t ............
September__
October.........
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 .2 2 1
1.217
1.224
1.249
1.247
100
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e
M O N T H LY
L A B O R
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu re s— C o n tin u e d
W o o d h o u s e h o ld
fu r n itu r e , e x c e p t
u p h o lste r e d
Y e a r a n d m o n th
W o o d h o u s e h o ld fu r
n itu r e , u p h o lste r e d
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts
M a ttr e ss e s a n d
b e d sp r in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w K ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
$43. 68
1949: A v e r a g e ____
1950: A v e r a g e .............. 48.39
4 0 .0
4 2 .3
$1.092
1.144
$50.18
56.35
3 8 .9
4 1 .4
1950: O c to b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r .........
51.39
51.58
50.87
4 3 .4
4 3 .2
42 .5
1.184
1.194
1.197
60. 49
60. 65
60.43
4 2 .9
4 2 .5
4 2 .2
1.410
1.427
1.432
57. 69
61.70
60.74
40 .8
42 .0
4 1 .8
1.414
1.469
1.453
1951: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h _______
A p r il___ __ _ _
M a y __________
J u n e __________
J u ly ___________
A u g u s t ________
S e p te m b e r ____
O c to b e r_______
51.06
52.31
52.11
50. 84
49.73
49.45
47.50
50.10
50.80
51.46
4 2 .2
4 2 .7
4 2 .4
4 1 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
3 8 .9
4 0 .6
4 1 .0
4 1 .6
1.210
1. 225
1.229
1.228
1.228
1.230
1.221
1.234
1. 239
1.237
57.0 6
58. 92
59.6 8
55.88
53.91
55.11
54.37
55. 59
58.39
60.3 5
3 9 .9
4 1 .0
41 .3
3 8 .7
37.1
3 7 .8
3 7 .6
3 8 .5
4 0 .3
4 1 .0
1.430
1.437
1.445
1.444
1.453
1.458
1.446
1.444
1.449
1.472
61.02
59.70
64. 24
58.00
57. 29
56.47
58.84
57. 97
62.1 2
61.6 6
4 1 .4
4 0 .5
4 2 .6
3 9 .7
3 9 .0
3 9 .6
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
1.474
1.474
1.508
1.461
1.469
1.426
1.501
1.475
1.530
1.530
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
$1. 290 $51.69
1.361
57 .2 7
3 9 .7
4 1 .2
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
O th er fu r n itu r e
a n d fix tu r e s
T o ta l: P a p e r a n d
a llie d p r o d u c ts
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
$1. 302 $55.47
1.390
58.53
4 0 .7
4 1 .9
$1.363
1.397
$55.96
61.14
4 1 .7
4 3 .3
61.24
61.25
62. 34
4 2 .5
4 2 .3
4 2 .7
1.441
1.448
1.460
63.2 7
64.9 2
66.44
4 4 .0
4 4 .1
4 4 .5
1.438
1.472
1.493
63.00
64.33
64.63
64. 52
64.20
63.8 2
64.30
65.92
65.12
65.06
4 2 .2
4 2 .6
4 2 .8
4 2 .5
4 2 .1
4 2 .1
4 1 .7
4 2 .5
4 1 .8
4 2 .0
1.493
1.510
1.510
1.518
1.525
1.516
1.542
1.551
1.558
1.549
65.9 6
65.3 6
66.16
66.3 8
6 5 .9 2
65. 56
65.44
64. 84
65. 57
66.0 7
4 3 .8
4 3 .4
4 3 .7
4 3 .7
4 3 .4
43 .1
4 2 .8
4 2 .6
4 2 .8
4 2 .9
1.506
1.506
1.514
1.519
1.519
1.521
1.529
1.522
1.532
1. 540
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
P u lp , p a p e r, a n d
p a p e r b o a r d m ills
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
$1. 342 $59.83
65.0 6
1.412
4 2 .4
4 3 .9
$1.411
1.482
67.20
69.00
70.63
44 .5
4 4 .4
4 4 .9
1.510
1. 554
1.573
70. 89
70.49
70.80
71.3 7
70. 96
70. 84
71.73
70.38
71 .0 7
72 .1 6
4 4 .7
4 4 .5
4 4 .7
4 4 .8
4 4 .6
4 4 .3
4 4 .5
4 4 .1
4 4 .2
4 4 .6
1.586
1.584
1.584
1.593
1. 591
1.599
1.612
1.596
1.608
1.618
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s - -C o n t in u e d
P ap erboard con
ta in e r s a n d b oxes
O th er p a p e r a n d
a llie d p r o d u c ts
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u str ie s
T o ta l: P r in tin g , p u b
lis h in g , a n d a llie d
in d u str ie s
1949: A v e r a g e ______ $52. 45
1950: A v e r a g e ______ 57.96
4 1 .2
4 3 .0
1950: O c to b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
61.18
62.16
63.70
4 4 .4
4 4 .4
4 4 .7
1.3 7 8
1.4 0 0
1.425
57.11
59. 07
60. 26
4 2 .4
4 2 .9
4 3 .2
1.347
1.377
1.395
74. 22
74. 52
76.4 2
3 9 .0
3 9 .2
3 9 .8
1.903
1.901
1.920
1951: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ________
A p r i l _______ _
M a y __________
J u n e _________
J u ly ---------------A u g u s t _______
S e p te m b e r ____
O c to b e r _______
61.89
61.80
63.17
62.74
61.38
60. 05
58.59
58. 92
59. 64
59. 51
43 .1
4 2 .8
4 3 .3
4 3 .0
4 2 .1
4 1 .5
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
41 .1
4 0 .9
1.436
1.444
1.459
1.459
1.458
1.447
1. 443
1.444
1.451
1.455
60.07
58.83
59. 91
59.82
59. 99
6 0 .1 5
58.95
59.39
59. 76
59.53
4 2 .6
4 1 .9
42 .1
42 .1
42.1
4 2 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
1.4 1 0
1.404
1.423
1.421
1.425
1.4 2 2
1.424
1.431
1.440
1.4 4 5
74. 22
74.23
75.7 4
75.78
75.66
75 .8 2
75. 50
75. 54
77.66
76. 27
3 8 .9
3 8 .4
3 8 .9
3 8 .9
3 8 .7
3 8 .8
3 8 .6
3 8 .7
3 9 .2
3 8 .6
1.9 0 8
1.933
1.947
1.948
1.955
1.954
1.956
1.952
1.981
1.976
$1. 273 $51.07
1.348
55.48
4 0 .6
4 2 .0
$1. 258 $70. 28
1.321
72.98
3 8 .7
3 8 .8
N ew sp a p ers
$1. 816 $78.37
1.881
8 0 .0 0
P e r io d ic a ls
B ooks
3 7 .3
3 6 .9
$2.101
2.168
$70.21
74.1 8
3 8 .9
3 9 .5
$1.805
1.878
$61.07
6 4 .0 8
3 8 .6
3 9 .1
$1. 582
1.639
81.0 7
82.2 9
8 5 .4 2
3 6 .8
3 7 .2
38 .1
2.2 0 3
2.2 1 2
2.2 4 2
77.33
76.07
76.81
4 0 .4
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
1.9 1 4
1.916
1.9 3 0
64.1 6
64.5 2
66.3 3
39 .1
39 .1
3 9 .6
1.641
1 .650
1 .675
79 .1 2
79.96
82.13
82 .9 8
83.49
8 3 .1 6
82.3 6
8 2 .2 9
85.24
84. 59
3 5 .8
3 6 .0
3 6 .6
3 6 .8
3 6 .7
3 6 .7
3 6 .3
3 6 .3
3 6 .9
3 6 .7
2. 210
2. 221
2.2 4 4
2.255
2.2 7 5
2.2 6 6
2.269
2.267
2.3 1 0
2.3 0 5
77.95
79.23
78.56
77.34
75.9 3
77. 70
79.6 4
8 0 .3 2
83.2 3
8 0 .2 0
4 0 .1
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
3 9 .4
3 8 .9
3 9 .3
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
4 0 .7
3 9 .8
1.944
1.971
1.9 6 9
1.963
1.952
1.977
2.0 0 6
2.0 0 8
2.0 4 5
2.0 1 5
66.6 0
66.21
67.4 3
68.0 5
67.99
68.99
66. 20
68.2 8
68.9 8
66 .6 8
3 9 .5
3 8 .9
3 9 .5
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
4 0 .3
39.1
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
3 9 .2
1 .6 8 6
1 .702
1.707
1.714
1.704
1 .712
1 .693
1.707
1.716
1.701
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u s tr ie s — C o n tin u e d
C o m m e r c ia l p r in tin g
1949: A v e r a g e —
1950: O c to b e r .
--
—
1951: J a n u a r y ___
M archA p r il- ...
M a y ___
J u n e ___
J u ly .....
A u g u st.
O c to b e r .
...
—
L ith o g r a p h in g
$69. 44
72.34
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
73.78
73.42
75.60
3 9 .9
40 .1
4 1 .0
1.849
1.831
1.844
76.0 9
74.89
74. 95
4 1 .4
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
1.8 3 8
1.831
1.828
74. 58
73.24
75. 52
74. 76
74.60
74.86
74. 86
74. 77
76.91
74.86
4 0 .6
3 9 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
4 0 .5
3 9 .4
1.837
1.859
1.874
1.869
1.879
1.881
1.881
1.874
1.899
1.9 0 0
73.7 9
75.33
74.8 5
76. 52
74. 79
75.9 5
76.42
77.0 9
78.46
76.10
3 9 .8
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
3 9 .7
40.1
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .8
4 0 .2
1.854
1.874
1.862
1.8 9 4
1.884
1.894
1.901
1.913
1.923
1.893
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1. 749 $69.17
1.813
73. 04
3 9 .3
4 0 .0
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts
O th er p r in tin g a n d
p u b lis h in g
$1. 760 $62.66
1.826
65.18
T o ta l: C h e m ic a ls
a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts
I n d u s tr ia l in o r g a n ic
c h e m ic a ls
3 8 .7
39.1
$1.619
1.667
$58.63
62.67
4 1 .0
4 1 .5
65. 69
66.59
67.33
3 9 .5
3 9 .9
40 .1
1.663
1.669
1.679
64. 55
65. 52
66.43
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
42.1
1.537
1.560
1. 578
71.13
71.91
72.5 9
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
1.718
1.737
1. 745
67.31
66. 81
68.17
67. 60
67. 69
67.11
66.44
65.96
67.71
67.31
3 9 .9
3 8 .8
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .2
3 8 .9
3 8 .8
3 9 .3
3 9 .0
1.687
1.722
1.739
1.720
1.718
1.712
1.7 0 8
1.7 0 0
1.723
1.726
66. 99
67.1 7
67. 54
67.8 4
68.14
68. 72
69.01
68 .1 8
68.39
6 8 .2 2
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
1.595
1.607
1.6 1 2
1.623
1.634
1.648
1.659
1.643
1.6 4 0
1 .6 3 2
73.13
73.79
73. 65
73.69
74.53
75.5 0
76. 36
76.03
76.14
76.73
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 2 .0
42.1
4 1 .7
4 2 .0
1.7 7 5
1.778
1.779
1.7 8 0
1.783
1.8 0 2
1.818
1.8 0 6
1.826
1.827
$1. 430 $63.90
1.510
67 .8 9
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
I n d u s tr ia l o rg a n ic
c h e m ic a ls
$1. 574 $60.83
65. 69
1.660
3 9 .5
4 0 .6
$1. 540
1.618
6 7 .9 8
69.3 4
6 9 .7 5
4 0 .9
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
1.662
1.683
1.693
70.11
70.2 6
71.1 5
71.8 2
72.0 7
72.48
73 .0 6
71.67
72 .6 2
71.0 3
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .2
1.710
1.722
1.727
1.739
1 .745
1.755
1.769
1.748
1 .780
1.767
R E V IE W ,
T a b l e
JA N U A R Y
101
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
1952
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
C h e m ic a l a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d
Y e a r a n d m o n th
P la s tic s , e x c e p t s y n
t h e t ic r u b b e r
S y n t h e t ic ru b b e r
S y n t h e t ic fibers
A vg.
w k ly .
ear n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
1949: A v e r a g e . - $60.36
1950: A v e r a g e ---------- 65.54
4 0 .4
4 1 .8
$1.494
1.568
$66. 74
71.93
3 9 .8
4 0 .8
1950: O c to b e r . .
N ovem b er . .
D e c e m b e r ____
67.83
69.20
70.43
4 2 .0
4 2 .4
4 2 .3
1.615
1.6 3 2
1.665
72.16
76.63
76.03
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
41.3
1.760
1.860
1.841
60.45
61.10
61.26
3 9 .2
3 9 .6
3 9 .7
1951: J a n u a r y .. . .
F e b r u a r y ____
M a r c h _______
A p r i l ...
M a y ____
J u n e . . . --------J u ly ___________
A u g u s t _______
S e p te m b e r . .
O c to b e r _______
72.08
70. 72
71.61
72. 21
72.20
72.15
73.91
72.36
74.93
72.35
4 2 .7
4 1 .5
4 2 .0
42.3
42.1
4 1 .9
4 2 .6
4 1 .9
4 2 .6
4 1 .2
1.688
1.704
1.705
1.707
1.715
1.722
1.735
1.727
1.759
1.756
75.19
76.97
77.1 2
78.00
78.87
78.40
79.3 2
79.1 2
78.13
76. 22
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
41.1
41.1
4 0 .4
3 9 .8
1.852
1.882
1.881
1.884
1.896
1.903
1.930
1.925
1.934
1.915
61.61
61.39
62.29
62.81
63.08
62. 69
63.32
62. 53
63. 54
62.15
3 9 .7
3 9 .3
3 9 .5
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
39.1
3 8 .6
A vg.
w k ly .
ea rn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
$1. 677 $55. 20
58.40
1.763
3 8 .6
3 9 .3
A vg.
h r ly .
ea rn
in g s
D r u g s a n d m e d ic in e s
P a in ts , p ig m e n ts ,
a n d fillers
F e r tiliz e r s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
$1.430 $56.60
59. 59
1.486
4 0 .4
4 0 .9
$1.401
1.457
$59. 78
64.80
4 1 .0
42.3
$1.458
1.532
$44. 72
47.00
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
$1.075
1.138
1.542
1. 543
1.543
61.1 2
62. 00
62 .7 5
41.3
41 .5
4 1 .5
1.480
1.494
1.512
67.45
66. 79
66.90
4 2 .8
42.3
42.1
1.576
1. 579
1. 589
46.8 0
47.31
48.7 2
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
41. 5
1.147
1.154
1.174
1.552
1.562
1.577
1.5 8 2
1.585
1.583
1.603
1.587
1.625
1.610
161.60
61.96
62 .2 8
63.0 8
62.17
62. 36
61.63
62.00
61.8 6
63.56
$41.4
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .2
41.3
4 0 .2
4 0 .6
40 .3
4 0 .9
f l . 488
1.493
1.497
1.509
1.509
1.510
1.533
1.527
1.535
1.554
68. 61
69 .0 5
69 .0 7
68. 79
68.83
68. 54
68.84
68.35
68.1 9
68.47
4 2 .8
4 2 .6
42 .4
42.1
42.1
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
1.603
1.621
1.629
1.634
1.635
1.632
1. 647
1.6 3 9
1.655
1.6 6 2
49 .9 6
48.4 2
50. 56
50. 98
53.29
52.96
54.36
52.67
54.15
52. 96
42.3
4 1 .0
42. 7
4 2 .2
4 2 .8
4 2 .0
42 .6
4 1 .6
4 2 .5
4 2 .0
1.181
1.181
1.184
1.208
1.245
1.261
1.276
1.266
1.274
1. 261
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
P r o d u c ts of p e tr o le u m a n d co a l
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d
V e g e ta b le a n d a n i
m a l o ils a n d fa ts
O th er c h e m ic a ls a n d
a llie d p r o d u c ts
S o a p a n d g ly c e r in
T o ta l: P r o d u c ts of
p e tr o le u m a n d coal
P e tr o le u m r e fin in g
C o k e a n d b y p r o d u c ts
1949: A v e r a g e - ..........- $51.12
1950: A v e r a g e ............. 53.46
4 7 .2
4 5 .5
$1.083
1.175
$60.67
64.41
4 0 .8
4 1 .5
$1.487
1.552
$66.54
71.81
4 0 .9
4 1 .7
$1.627
1.722
$72.36
75.01
4 0 .4
4 0 .9
$1.791
1.834
$75.33
77.93
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
$1.874
1.929
$61.07
62.85
3 9 .3
3 9 .7
$1.554
1.583
1950: O c to b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ..........
54.41
55.58
56.72
4 7 .6
4 6 .9
4 6 .8
1.143
1.185
1.212
66.2 4
66.8 9
68.75
4 1 .9
4 1 .7
42.1
1.581
1. 604
1.633
74.59
75.85
77.82
42 .5
4 2 .4
4 2 .9
1.755
1.789
1.814
77.71
78.3 2
78.3 2
41 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
1.868
1.901
1.901
80.93
81.6 4
81.0 3
41 .1
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
1.969
2.006
1.991
6 3 .6 8
6 3 .6 0
67.54
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
1.584
1.5 9 0
1. 680
1951: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h .................
A p r il....................
M a y . . ..............
J u n e .................
J u l y ___________
A u g u s t ________
S e p te m b e r ____
O c t o b e r .............
56.90
56.36
56.28
58.39
59. 22
60.43
61.59
59.81
58.51
58.70
4 6 .0
4 4 .8
4 3 .9
44.4
4 3 .9
4 4 .3
44.5
4 4 .4
4 8 .0
4 9 .2
1.237
1.258
1.282
1.315
1.349
1.364
1.384
1.347
1.219
1.193
69.13
70.05
69.96
68.68
68.0 2
68.14
68.68
68.19
69.51
69 .9 3
4 2 .0
42 .3
42 .3
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
1.646
1.656
1.654
1.643
1.639
1.646
1.659
1.651
1.675
1.685
76.83
79.36
79.64
75.87
74.05
75.48
76.40
75.91
77.04
77.60
4 2 .4
4 3 .2
4 3 .0
4 1 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
4 1 .2
41.1
1.812
1.837
1.852
1.837
1.824
1.850
1.868
1.856
1.870
1.888
79.5 8
78.44
78.93
81.33
81.31
81.2 0
84.06
80.55
83.01
81.03
4 1 .0
40 .6
4 0 .6
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 1 .8
4 0 .6
4 1 .4
4 0 .7
1.941
1.932
1.944
1.974
1.988
1.995
2. Oil
1.984
2.005
1.991
82.95
81.2 8
81.89
84.8 7
84.77
84.76
87 .9 4
83. 70
8 6 .5 2
84.11
4 0 .7
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 1 .6
4 0 .2
4 1 .2
4 0 .3
2.038
2.022
2.037
2.075
2.093
2.098
2.114
2.082
2.100
2.087
68 .8 2
69.63
68 .0 8
68.96
69.1 2
70 .4 2
70.88
6 8 .7 7
69.3 2
67 .9 8
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
3 9 .4
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
40.1
40 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .1
3 9 .0
1.712
1.732
1.728
1.7 2 4
1.728
1.756
1.750
1.741
1.773
1.743
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
P r o d u c ts o f p e tr o
le u m a n d coal— C o n .
O th er p e tr o le u m a n d
co a l p r o d u c ts
T o ta l: R u b b e r
p r o d u c ts
T ir e s a n d in n er
tu b e s
$61.18
66.78
4 2 .9
4 4 .7
$1.426
1.494
$57.79
64.4 2
3 8 .3
4 0 .9
$1.509
1.575
$63.26
72.48
3 6 .4
3 9 .8
1950: O c to b e r ____
N ovem b er.
D e c e m b e r ..
69.94
69.15
69.67
4 5 .8
4 4 .9
4 4 .6
1.527
1.540
1.562
66.29
66.5 2
68.7 6
4 1 .9
41 .5
4 1 .6
1.582
1.603
1.653
73.1 2
73.70
76.21
4 0 .2
40 .1
3 9 .9
1951: J a n u a r y ___
F e b r u a r y ...
M a r c h ..........
A p r il........... ..
M a y ..............
J u n e _______
J u ly _______
A u g u s t ____
S e p te m b e r .
O c to b e r ___
68.08
67.68
68.97
69.10
69.73
67. 69
69.09
70.68
72.19
72.67
4 3 .7
43 .3
43. 9
43 .9
4 4 .3
43. 2
43. 7
4 4 .4
44 .7
4 4 .8
1.558
1.563
1.571
1.574
1.574
1.567
1.581
1.592
1.615
1.622
66. 78
63.3 7
65.88
65.96
68.56
71.27
70.81
69 .5 2
70.39
68 .3 7
4 0 .4
3 8 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
41 .3
4 1 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
40.1
1.653
1.629
1.647
1.649
1.660
1.701
1.727
1.708
1.721
1.705
73.69
66.95
71.40
70.15
75.9 2
82.44
83.67
82.07
82.2 4
78.53
3 8 .4
3 5 .5
3 7 .6
3 7 .0
3 9 .4
41 .7
4 1 .4
4 1 .2
41.1
3 9 .8
1949: A v e r a g e .
1950: A v e r a g e .
S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
9 8 0 4 1 0 — 52------- 8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r
p r o d u c ts
R u b b e r p r o d u c ts
R u b b e r fo o tw ea r
$1. 738 $48. 94
52. 21
1.821
3 8 .6
40.1
1.819
1.838
1.910
56.0 0
54.5 2
59.3 4
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
4 2 .6
1.919
1.886
1.899
1.896
1.927
1.977
2.021
1.992
2.001
1.973
57.53
55.8 7
58.17
59.8 2
61.48
59.98
54.6 8
57.04
56.0 2
56. 28
4 1 .6
4 0 .6
4 1 .4
42.1
42 .9
4 2 .3
3 9 .0
4 0 .8
40.1
4 0 .0
O th er r u b b e r
p r o d u c ts
T o ta l: L e a th e r a n d
le a th e r p r o d u c ts
$1. 268 $54.38
1.302
59 .7 6
4 0 .1
4 2 .2
$1.356
1.416
$41.61
44. 56
3 6 .6
3 7 .6
$1.137
1.185
1.327
1.298
1.393
62.48
62.71
64.2 9
4 3 .3
4 2 .6
4 2 .8
1.443
1.472
1.502
46.0 4
45. 94
47. 26
3 7 .8
¿7. ô
3 8 .3
1.218
1. 225
1. 234
1.383
1.376
1.405
1.421
1.433
1.418
1.402
1.398
1.397
1.407
63.0 6
61.95
63.13
63.81
64.09
64.47
63.29
6 1 .4 2
63. 22
6 2 .2 2
4 1 .9
4 1 .3
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 2 .5
4 2 .0
41.1
4 0 .3
4 1 .0
4 0 .4
1.505
1.500
1.514
1.523
1.508
1. 535
1.540
1.524
1.542
1.540
48.3 0
49.4 3
48.73
46.65
45.3 8
46.9 0
47 .1 2
46 .1 9
45.95
45.55
3 8 .7
3 9 .2
3 8 .4
36 .5
3 5 .4
3 6 .7
37.1
3 6 .4
3Ö. 9
35. 5
1.248
1.261
1.269
1.278
1. 282
1.278
1.2 7 0
1.269
1.2 8 0
1. 283
102
T able
0: EARNINGS AND HOURS
C -l: Hours
and
M O N T H LY
L A B O R
Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1 Con.
—
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d
F o o tw e a r (e x c e p t
ru b b e r)
Y e a r a n d m o n th
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts
O th er le a th e r
p r o d u c ts
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earnin g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earnin g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earnin g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earnm gs
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
1949: A v e r a g e ___
1950: A v e r a g e ___
$54.11
57.21
3 8 .9
3 9 .7
$1.391
1.441
$39.35
41.99
3 5 .9
3 6 .9
$1.096
1.138
$41.10
44.8 5
3 7 .5
3 8 .5
1950: O c to b e r ___
N ovem ber,
D e c e m b e r ,.
59.44
59. 79
61.17
40 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
1.475
1.480
1.503
42.7 6
42. 23
44.0 2
3 6 .7
3 6 .0
3 7 .4
1.165
1.173
1.177
47. 64
47. 96
48. 06
3 9 .5
3 9 .7
3 9 .3
1.206
1.208
1.223
1951: J a n u a r y ___
F e b r u a r y ...
M a r c h _____
61. 58
62. 52
60. 71
60.49
59. 71
60.30
59.44
58.94
58.87
60. 22
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
3 9 .6
39 .1
3 8 .6
3 8 .8
3 8 .5
3 8 .1
3 8 .3
3 8 .8
1. 513
1.540
1.533
1.547
1. 547
1. 554
1. 544
1. 547
1.537
1. 552
45.88
46.9 9
46.43
43 .6 5
41. 70
4 3 .7 9
44. 39
43 .2 9
42. 73
41.81
3 8 .3
3 8 .8
3 7 .9
35 .4
3 3 .9
3 5 .6
3 6 .3
3 5 .4
3 4 .6
3 3 .8
1.198
1.211
1.225
1.233
1.230
1.230
1.223
1.223
1.235
1.2 3 7
47. 89
4 8 .82
48. 52
47.27
47.43
48. 24
47.85
47.8 8
48.2 8
47.8 0
3 8 .9
3 9 .4
3 9 .0
3 8 .0
37. 7
38. 5
3 8 .4
3 8 .3
3 8 .2
3 8 .0
1.231
1.239
1.244
1.244
1. 258
1.253
1.246
1. 250
1.264
1.258
April_____
M a y _______
J u n e _______
J u l y _______
A u g u s t ____
S e p te m b e r .
O c to b e r ___
A vg.
h r ly .
earnin g s
T o ta l; S to n e , c la y ,
a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts
G la ss a n d g la ss
p r o d u c ts
G la ss co n ta in e r s
A g.
w k ly .
earnin g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earnm gs
A vg.
w k ly .
ea rnin g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earnin g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea rnin g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earnm gs
$1. 096 $54. 45
1.165
59.20
3 9 .8
4 1 .2
$1.368
1.437
$56. 71
61. 58
3 9 .0
4 0 .3
$1. 454
1. 528
$53.80
56 .3 6
3 9 .3
3 9 .8
$ 1 .369
1.416
63.11
63.6 6
63 .6 0
4 2 .5
42 .3
4 2 .2
1.4 8 5
1. 505
1. 507
65. 66
67.03
6 5 .8 9
4 1 .4
41 .3
4 1 .0
1.586
1.623
1.607
61 .1 9
59. 94
60. 29
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .9
1.496
1.480
1. 474
63.48
63.1 5
64. 53
65.0 9
65.11
65. 25
65.0 4
64. 74
65.4 9
65. 75
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
41 .9
42 .1
4 1 .9
41 .8
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .8
1.5 2 6
1.529
1.540
1.546
1. 554
1.561
1. 571
1. 560
1.578
1.573
6 6 .1 0
6 5 .0 4
6 6 .1 7
66.91
65.81
65. 97
67 .1 4
63 .1 9
65 .8 4
65 .8 9
4 0 .6
40 .3
4 1 .0
41.3
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .9
4 0 .4
1.628
1.614
1. 614
1.620
1.629
1.633
1.662
1.612
1.650
1.631
6 0 .9 5
58.8 2
59. 84
61 .3 2
60 .5 3
59.89
61.4 4
58. 45
63 .9 9
65. 41
4 0 .5
3 9 .5
4 0 .0
41.1
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
4 0 .5
39 .1
41.1
4 2 .5
1.505
1.489
1.496
1.492
1.502
1. 501
1. 517
1.495
1.557
1.539
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d
P r e sse d a n d b lo w n
g la ss
C e m e n t, h y d r a u lic
S tr u c tu r a l c la y
p r o d u c ts
3 9 .0
40.5
$1. 275
1.338
$49.57
53.75
4 1 .8
4 2 .9
$1.186
1.253
B r ic k a n d h o llo w
tile
S ew er p ip e
P o t t e r y a n d r e la te d
p r o d u c ts
$48.61
52.1 7
3 9 .2
3 9 .7
3 6 .4
3 7 .5
$1.342
1.391
1949: A v e r a g e _______ $50.30
1950: A v e r a g e _______ 53. 71
3 8 .6
3 9 .7
$1.303
1.353
$57.49
60.13
41 .6
4 1 .7
1950: O c to b e r ..............
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
58.24
61.15
58.84
41.1
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
1.417
1.477
1.435
61.5 9
62.10
62.43
4 1 .9
42.1
4 1 .9
1.470
1.475
1.490
57.73
57 .86
58.25
4 1 .8
41.3
4 1 .4
1.381
1.401
1.407
57. 77
57.51
57.16
4 4 .2
4 3 .7
4 3 .5
1.307
1.316
1.314
55.05
54.1 4
53.9 8
40 .3
3 9 .2
3 9 .2
1.366
1.381
1.377
55.91
57.4 7
56.8 4
3 9 .4
3 9 .8
3 8 .8
1.419
1.444
1.465
1951: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ________
A p r il_______. . .
M a y __________
J u n e __________
J u ly ----------------A u g u s t . . ............
S e p te m b e r ____
O c to b e r _______
57.10
57.14
58.55
57. 96
56. 25
56.34
60.16
56.56
57.67
56.17
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
4 0 .9
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
3 9 .2
1.431
1.4 3 2
1.428
1.417
1.424
1.430
1.471
1.432
1.449
1.433
62.45
62.9 3
64.0 8
64.08
65.35
65.71
65.7 8
66.7 2
66.6 8
66.3 9
4 1 .3
4 1 .7
42.1
41 .8
42 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .4
4 2 .2
4 1 .7
42.1
1.512
1.509
1.522
1.533
1.556
1.572
1.589
1.581
1.599
1.577
59.0 0
57.65
59.93
60. 78
61.68
61.51
60.9 6
61.6 3
62.2 3
63.5 2
4 1 .2
4 0 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
42.1
4 1 .9
41.5
4 1 .9
41 .6
4 2 .4
1.432
1.427
1.451
1.461
1.465
1.468
1.469
1.471
1.496
1.498
55 .8 8
54. 24
57.34
58. 94
6 0 .0 2
59. 25
58.4 9
58.71
59.0 4
59.91
4 2 .3
41.5
42 .6
4 3 .4
44 .0
43 .6
4 3 .2
4 3 .2
4 3 .0
4 3 .6
1.321
1.307
1.346
1.358
1.364
1.359
1.354
1.359
1.373
1.374
56.50
54. 86
56.00
57.31
58.9 0
57 .4 7
55.57
59 .3 0
60 .2 0
63 .0 9
4 0 .3
3 9 .3
3 9 .8
4 0 .3
41.1
4 0 .3
3 8 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .0
4 1 .7
1.402
1.396
1.407
1.422
1.433
1.426
1.436
1.457
1.505
1.513
57.05
57.6 9
58.6 4
58.65
57.2 6
57.04
55.3 7
57.0 4
57.0 3
57.8 0
3 8 .6
3 8 .9
3 9 .3
3 9 .1
38.1
3 7 .8
36 .5
3 7 .4
3 7 .3
3 7 .8
1.478
1.483
1.4 9 2
1.500
1.503
1.509
1.517
1.525
1.529
1.529
$1.382 $49,73
1.442
54.19
$1. 240 $48.85
1.314
52.1 6
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d
C o n c r e te , g y p s u m ,
a n d p la s te r p r o d u c ts
C o n c r e te p r o d u c ts
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u str ie s
O th e r s to n e , c la y ,
a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts
T o ta l: P r im a r y
m e ta l in d u str ie s
B la s t fu rn a ces, s te e l
w o r k s, a n d r o llin g
m ills
1949: A v e r a g e ___
1950: A v e r a g e ___
$57. 77
62. 64
4 3 .8
4 5 .0
$1,319
1.392
$59.31
61.15
4 3 .8
4 3 .9
$1,354
1.393
$54. 72
60. 94
3 9 .2
4 1 .4
1950: O c to b e r ____
N ovem ber.
D e c e m b e r ..
66.38
65. 57
66. 23
4 6 .0
45. 6
4 5 .8
1.443
1.438
1. 466
64.0 9
63. 64
65.19
4 4 .6
4 4 .1
4 4 .9
1.437
1.443
1.452
65. 79
66.55
67.03
4 3 .2
43.1
4 3 .3
1.523
1.544
1.548
69. 81
70.14
74.3 6
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
42 .3
1.666
1.678
1.758
68. 87
69.03
75. 21
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
41 .1
1.688
1.692
1.830
1951: J a n u a r y ___
F e b r u a r y ...
M a r c h ..........
A p r il..............
M a y _______
J u n e _______
J u l y ................
A u g u s t ____
S e p t e m b e r ..
O c to b e r ____
64.68
66. ¿7
66. 74
67. 80
68. 26
69.13
69.14
70.34
70. 57
70. 78
4 4 .3
44. 2
4 5 .0
45. 5
45. 6
45. 9
45. 7
46. 4
46. 4
46. 2
1.460
1.479
1.483
1.490
1.497
1. 506
1. 513
1. 516
1.521
1.5 3 2
63.3 2
63.19
65. 61
66.14
67.51
67. 80
69. 07
69. 49
69.81
69.6 4
4 3 .4
4 2 .9
4 4 .3
44. 6
4 5 .4
4 5 .5
4 6 .2
4 5 .9
4 6 .2
4 6 .0
1.459
1.473
1.481
1.483
1.487
1.490
1.495
1.514
1.511
1.514
67. 25
66. 96
67. 76
67. 85
68. 72
68 .2 9
67 .3 2
67. 93
67.69
67. 48
4 3 .0
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
42. 5
4 2 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
1.564
1.583
1. 602
1.604
1.617
1.626
1.6 2 6
1.629
1.631
1.630
74. 42
73.12
75.11
75.70
75.02
76.03
74. 76
73. 70
74. 89
74.37
4 1 .6
4 1 .1
4 1 .8
4 2 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
41 .1
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
1.789
1.779
1.797
1.798
1.799
1.819
1.819
1.802
1.831
1.814
76.41
7 4 .1 6
77.35
77.9 2
76.90
78. 70
77.64
75.2 5
76. 75
74. 96
4 0 .6
4 0 .0
41 .3
4 1 .6
41 .1
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .2
4 0 .1
4 0 .0
1.882
1. 854
1.873
1.873
1.871
1.901
1.903
1.872
1.914
1.874
S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le ,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1, 396 $60.78
1.472
67.24
3 8 .3
4 0 .8
$1. 587 $63.04
1.648
67. 47
3 8 .3
3 9 .9
I r o n a n d s te e l
fo u n d r ie s
$1. 646 $55.09
1.691
65 .3 2
3 7 .2
4 1 .9
$1. 481
1.559
70.04
69.23
72.37
4 3 .8
4 3 .0
4 4 .1
1.599
1.610
1.641
71.6 6
71.4 8
73.31
72.93
72.4 6
72. 08
70. 22
70. 85
71.3 6
71.86
4 3 .3
4 2 .8
4 3 .3
43 .1
4 2 .8
4 2 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 2 .0
1.655
1.670
1. 693
1.692
1.693
1.696
1.688
1.691
1.703
1.711
R E V IE W ,
T a b l e
JA N U A R Y
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
1952
103
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u str ie s — C o n tin u e d
G ra y -iro n fo u n d ries
Y e a r a n d m o n th
M a lle a b le -ir o n
fo u n d ries
A vg.
w k ly .
ear n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
h ou r s
1949: A v e r a g e ___ $54.38
1950: A v e r a g e _______ 6 5 .06
3 7 .5
42.3
1950: O c to b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
70. 26
69.18
71.97
44.3
43.4
4 4 .4
1. 586
1.594
1.621
69 .1 8
6 9 .2 8
72. 03
4 2 .6
4 2 .5
4 3 .6
1.624
1.630
1.652
1951: J a n u a r y . . . . .
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ________
A p r il__________
M a y __________
J u n e __________
J u l y __________
A u gu st
____
S e p te m b e r ____
O c to b e r _______
70. 63
69. 90
72.17
70. 88
70. 75
70. 47
68.15
68.81
68. 64
69.93
4 3 .6
4 2 .7
4 3 .4
42.8
4 2 .7
4 2 .5
4 1 .3
41.5
4 1 .2
4 1 .7
1.620
1. 637
1.663
1.656
1.657
1.658
1.650
1.658
1.666
1.677
71.5 2
70. 89
73.40
74.73
73.23
71.20
69 .3 7
71.39
71.46
71.43
4 2 .7
4 2 .5
43 .1
4 3 .4
4 2 .5
41.3
40 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .4
41.1
1.675
1.668
1.703
1.722
1. 723
1. 724
1.696
1. 716
1. 726
1.738
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
$1.450 $54. 30
1.538
65. 46
3 5 .7
41 .3
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
S te e l fo u n d ries
P r im a r y s m e l t i n g
and
r e fin in g
of
n o n fe rro u s m e ta ls
P r im a r y s m e l t i n g
and
r e fin in g
of
co p p er, le a d , a n d
z in c
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
$1. 494 $58.99
1.554
62.3 7
40.1
4 0 .9
$1. 471
1.525
$61. 95
6 3 .9 7
41.3
4 0 .9
$1. 500
1 .5 6 4
P r im a r y r e fin in g of
a lu m in u m
A vg.
w k ly .
ea rn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
$1. 521 $56. 73
1.585
65.43
3 7 .3
41.1
$1. 521
1.592
$60. 36
63. 71
4 0 .4
4 1 .0
69.38
69.17
72.31
4 2 .8
4 2 .2
4 3 .3
1.621
1.639
1.670
66. 40
67. 73
69.47
4 1 .5
4 1 .0
4 1 .7
1.600
1.652
1.666
65. 01
66. 30
67. 97
41 .7
4 0 .9
4 1 .6
1.559
1.621
1. 634
67. 23
68. 84
70.01
4 0 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .7
1. 664
1 .6 7 9
1 .6 7 9
73.19
74. 48
74.61
75. 65
74.90
76. 29
74. 45
74.99
75. 67
76.02
4 2 .8
4 3 .2
43.1
4 3 .4
42 .8
4 3 .3
42.3
42 .9
42 .8
42 .9
1. 710
1.724
1. 731
1.743
1.750
1. 762
1.760
1. 748
1. 768
1. 772
70. 67
69.18
69.1 4
70.18
70.18
70. 73
69. 90
70.46
69 .3 2
71.15
4 1 .5
41.3
41.3
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 0 .9
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
4 2 .0
1.703
1.675
1.674
1.675
1.679
1.688
1. 709
1. 702
1.699
1.6 9 4
69.93
68. 06
68. 72
70. 01
69.3 5
69. 72
68. 26
69 .8 4
68. 66
71.27
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
41 .5
4 2 .2
41 .8
41 .7
4 0 .2
41 .4
4 0 .7
4 2 .4
1.6 8 5
1.6 5 2
1.656
1.659
1.659
1.672
1.698
1.687
1.687
1.681
69. 41
69. 21
6 9 .6 6
71.1 9
71.0 6
72. 63
72. 93
71.39
70. 70
71.39
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
41.1
41 .8
41 .7
4 2 .4
42 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
1.6 9 3
1.688
1 .6 9 5
1 .7 0 3
1. 704
1. 713
1. 720
1.716
1. 716
1. 716
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u str ie s — C o n tin u e d
R o lli n g , d r a w in g ,
a n d a llo y in g of
n o n fe r r o u s m e ta ls
R o llin g , d r a w in g ,
a n d a llo y in g of
co p p er
1949: A v e r a g e ____ __ $58. 05
1950: A v e r a g e _______ 66.75
3 8 .7
4 1 .9
$1. 500
1.593
$59.29
70. 24
3 8 .5
4 2 .7
1950: O c t o b e r .. . . .
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
68.05
69.18
72.46
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 3 .0
1.628
1. 659
1.685
70.22
71.48
76.08
42.1
4 1 .8
4 3 .9
1951: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ...
.
A p r i l . . . ___ __
M a y __________
J u n e ___
J u l y ___________
A u g u s t... . .
S e p te m b e r ____
O c to b e r . ____
67.98
68.30
68.21
68.09
67.91
69.37
68. 76
67.15
67.43
68.57
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
40.7
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
40.9
4 0 .4
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
4 0 .5
1.662
1.674
1.676
1.677
1.681
1.696
1.702
1.683
1.690
1.693
68 .8 7
69 .5 2
70.05
70.14
69 .1 5
72.22
71.92
69. 53
69.44
70.3 6
4 0 .8
40 .7
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
40 .3
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .6
R o llin g , d r a w in g ,
a n d a llo y in g of
a lu m in u m
N o n fe r r o u s fo u n d ries
O th er p r im a r y m e ta l
in d u str ie s
$1. 562 $63.34
1.630
71.27
$1. 540 $56. 21
59. 99
1.645
3 8 .9
40 .1
$1. 445
1.496
60. 92
67. 65
3 9 .0
4 1 .5
1.668
1.710
1.733
63.59
64.43
66.01
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
1.574
1.587
1.614
72.29
72.80
75.47
4 2 .8
4 2 .8
4 3 .6
1.689
1.701
1.731
1.688
1.708
1.717
1.715
1.716
1.736
1.733
1.721
1. 723
1.733
64.68
64.96
64. 08
62. 83
63.99
63.29
62.33
62.17
63.40
64.20
40.1
40.1
3 9 .7
3 9 .0
3 9 .4
3 8 .9
3 7 .8
3 8 .4
3 8 .8
3 9 .9
1.613
1.620
1.614
1.611
1.624
1.627
1.649
1.619
1.634
1.609
72. 33
72. 70
73.12
73. 52
73.85
73.57
71.43
72. 73
75. 46
75. 97
42.1
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
4 2 .3
4 2 .2
4 1 .8
4 0 .7
4 1 .3
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
1.718
1.731
1.741
1.738
1.750
1.760
1. 755
1.761
1.784
1. 796
Ir o n a n d ste e l
forgings
39.1
4 1 .9
$1. 620
1.701
$63.18
74.09
3 8 .2
4 1 .6
$1. 654
1.781
75.17
76. 65
77.60
4 3 .3
4 3 .8
4 3 .4
1.736
1.750
1.788
80. 29
8 2 .8 6
81.11
4 3 .4
44.1
43 .4
1.8 5 0
1.879
1.869
77.94
76.83
78.17
79. 22
78.9 0
80.31
78.32
78. 51
79.15
80. 41
4 2 .8
42.1
4 2 .3
4 2 .8
4 2 .6
42 .9
4 2 .2
42 .3
41 .9
4 2 .5
1.821
1.825
1.848
1.851
1.852
1.872
1.856
1.856
1.889
1.892
82.3 4
81.49
83.8 7
85. 78
84.41
85.91
82.15
83.22
83.7 8
86. 70
4 3 .2
4 2 .6
4 3 .5
4 3 .9
4 3 .4
4 3 .7
42 .3
42 .7
4 2 .4
4 3 .5
1.906
1.913
1.928
1.954
1.945
1.966
1.942
1.949
1.976
1.993
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts (ex ce p t o rd n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , a n d tr a n sp o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t)
W ir e d r a w in g
T o ta l: F a b r ic a te d
m eta l p ro d u c ts
(e x c e p t o rd n a n c e,
m a c h in e r y , a n d
tr a n s p o r ta tio n
e q u ip m e n t)
1949: A v e r a g e ______ $63. 66
73.79
1950: A v e r a g e _____
3 9 .2
4 2 .9
3 9 .6
4 1 .4
1950: O c to b e r ___ __
N o v e m b e r ___
D e c e m b e r ____
77.00
78.80
80.36
4 4 .2
4 5 .0
4 4 .4
1.742
1.751
1.810
66. 66
66.2 0
68. 26
4 2 .3
4 1 .9
42 .4
1.576
1.580
1.610
1951: J a n u a r y ______
February
.
M a r c h _______
A p r il__________
M a y ________ .
J u n e __________
J u ly ___________
A u g u s t ______
S e p te m b e r . _ .
O c to b e r ______
81.95
79. 42
79.15
80.46
79.35
80.44
81.00
79.09
79.63
78.90
4 4 .2
4 3 .0
4 2 .6
4 3 .4
4 2 .8
4 2 .9
43. 5
4 2 .8
4 2 .4
42.1
1.854
1.847
1. 858
1.854
1.854
1.875
1.862
1.848
1.878
1.874
67.80
68.1 8
69. 55
69.51
69.18
69.43
67.9 8
68.6 8
69.89
70.39
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
42.1
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
4 1 .7
1.622
1.635
1.652
1.655
1.655
1.661
1.658
1.663
1.680
1.688
See fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1. 624 $57. 82
63.42
1.720
T in ca n s a n d o th er
tin w a r e
C u tle r y , h a n d to o ls ,
a n d h a rd w a r e
C u tle r y a n d ed g e
to o ls
$1. 271 $54. 54
1.332
61.31
4 0 .4
4 1 .6
$1.392
1.464
$54.82
61.01
3 9 .3
4 1 .5
$1.395
1.470
$50.84
55. 54
4 0 .0
4 1 .7
60. 56
58.85
63.07
4 1 .0
4 0 .2
4 2 .1
1.477
1.464
1.498
64. 99
64.09
67.1 2
4 2 .9
4 2 .0
4 3 .0
1.515
1.526
1.561
60. 71
60. 56
62. 57
4 3 .9
43.1
4 3 .6
1.383
1.405
1.435
63.26
63.3 6
64.07
63.95
64.83
64.95
66.68
69.69
72.35
69.34
4 1 .0
4 0 .2
40 .4
40 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 1 .6
4 2 .7
4 3 .3
4 1 .9
1.543
1.576
1. 586
1. 583
1.589
1.592
1.603
1.632
1.671
1.655
65.44
66.25
66. 49
66.4 0
66.33
67.13
65.47
65.8 4
66.4 6
66.8 6
4 2 .0
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
41.1
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
1. 558
1.570
1.583
1.581
1.583
1.6 0 6
1.593
1.598
1.613
1.619
60.9 9
61.7 2
60.4 0
61.21
60.11
60. 55
58.65
59 .1 8
60.69
60.00
4 2 .5
4 2 .8
4 2 .0
42 .3
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 1 .4
4 0 .9
1.435
1.442
1.438
1.447
1.438
1.459
1.441
1.454
1.466
1.467
$1.460 $56.24
1. 532 60. 90
H a n d to o ls
3 8 .6
4 1 .2
$1,413
1 488
66.13
67.31
68.5 9
4 2 .8
4 2 .9
4 3 .3
1.5 4 5
1.569
1.584
68. 51
69. 74
70. 58
70.42
70.31
70. 39
68. 50
69.3 2
68.93
69.60
4 2 .9
43.1
43 .3
4 3 .2
4 2 .9
4 3 .0
42.1
4 2 .5
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
1.597
1.618
1.630
1.630
1.639
1.637
1.627
1.631
1.649
1.661
104
T able
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
M O N T H LY
L A B O R
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t o rd n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , a n d tr a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ) — C o n tin u e d
Y e a r a n d m o n th
H e a t in g a p p a r a tu s
(e x c e p t e le c tr ic ) a n d
p lu m b e r s ’ s u p p lie s
H ardw are
A vg.
w k ly .
ear n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
h r ly .
hours
1949: A v e r a g e .........
1950: A v e r a g e ____
$56.28
6 2 .6 5
3 9 .3
4 1 .6
$1.432 $ 5 7.04
63.91
1.506
3 8 .7
41 .1
1950: O c to b e r _____
N ovem ber. D e c e m b e r .. .
6 5 .8 2
6 3 .9 7
6 8 .0 9
4 2 .6
41 .3
4 2 .8
1.545
1.5 4 9
1.591
6 8 .0 9
6 7 .2 7
6 8 .8 8
4 2 .4
4 1 .6
4 2 .1
1951: J a n u a r y ____
F e b r u a r y ___
M a r c h ______
A p r il________
M a y ............ ..
J u n e .................
J u l y ..................
A u g u s t -------S e p t e m b e r ..
O c to b e r ..........
65.41
6 6 .1 4
66.41
66.41
6 6 .2 4
6 7 .5 6
6 6 .1 4
6 6 .3 0
6 6 .7 5
67.5 3
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
1.580
1.590
1.6 0 4
1.6 0 4
1.600
1.6 3 2
1.621
1.621
1.636
1.639
6 8 .8 5
6 9 .6 0
70.8 9
7 0 .2 2
6 9 .6 7
69. 50
6 7 .4 0
6 7 .2 3
6 9 .6 0
6 9 .9 7
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .9
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 ,2
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
S a n ita r y w a re a n d
p lu m b e r s ’ s u p p lie s
O il b u r n e rs, n o n
e le c tr ic h e a tin g a n d
c o o k in g a p p a r a tu s,
n o t e lse w h e r e
c la ssifie d
F a b r ic a te d s tr u c
tu r a l m e ta l p r o d u c ts
S tr u c tu r a l s te e l a n d
o r n a m e n ta l
m e ta lw o r k
A vg.
w k ly .
ea rn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
$1.474 $59. 79
6 7 .6 4
1.555
3 8 .5
4 1 .6
$1.553
1.626
$55.45
61.2 0
3 8 .8
4 0 .8
$1.429
1.500
$59.90
63.2 9
4 0 .5
41 .1
$1.479
1.540
$60.91
63.2 3
41.1
41 .3
$1.482
1.531
1.6 0 6
1.617
1.636
72.41
72 .8 5
74 .1 3
4 3 .1
4 2 .6
4 3 .1
1.680
1.710
1.7 2 0
6 5 .2 0
6 3 .6 7
65 .4 9
4 1 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .5
1.5 5 6
1.553
1.5 7 8
65 .9 3
66. 25
6 7 .8 7
42 .1
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
1.566
1.570
1.616
6 4 .8 5
6 5 .8 0
6 7 .5 5
4 2 .0
42 .1
4 1 .7
1.544
1.563
1.620
1.663
1.6 7 7
1.6 9 2
1.692
1.691
1.687
1.7 0 2
1.685
1.710
1.715
74.0 7
75.40
76. 75
76.3 5
75.4 5
76.01
74.13
70.9 2
7 5 .8 4
74.9 7
4 2 .4
4 2 .6
4 2 .9
4 2 .7
4 2 .2
4 2 .8
4 1 .0
3 9 .8
4 1 .4
4 0 .9
1.747
1.770
1.789
1.788
1.788
1.776
1.8 0 8
1.782
1.832
1.833
6 5 .2 8
66.1 3
6 7 .5 2
6 6 .6 7
6 5 .7 3
6 4 .8 0
6 2 .3 4
6 4 .2 4
6 5 .0 8
6 6 .4 6
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .5
4 1 .0
4 0 .6
40.1
3 8 .6
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .8
1.6 0 4
1.613
1.627
1.6 2 6
1.619
1.616
1.6 1 5
1.610
1.619
1 .6 2 9
6 9 .1 7
6 9 .4 3
70. 51
71.8 6
71.5 7
71.4 4
6 9 .9 3
71.9 5
73.1 0
73.0 6
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
4 2 .4
4 2 .7
4 2 .7
4 2 .6
4 1 .7
4 2 .7
4 2 .9
4 2 .8
1.6 3 9
1.653
1.663
1.683
1.676
1.677
1.677
1.685
1.704
1.707
6 8 .6 4
6 8 .6 4
6 9 .4 7
71.0 2
71.5 3
72.2 0
70.1 7
72.8 9
73.61
73.1 0
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
4 1 .7
4 2 .0
4 2 .5
4 2 .8
4 1 .4
4 2 .8
43 .1
4 2 .6
1.646
1.658
1.666
1.691
1.683
1.687
1.695
1.703
1.708
1.716
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
M a n u fa e tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t o r d n a n c e m a c h in e r y a n d tr a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ) — C o n tin u e d
M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t
electrica l)
M etal stamping
coating and
engraving
Total: Machinery
(except electrical)
Boiler-shop products
Sheet-metal work
Stamped and pressed
metal products
1949: Average.- _ . . $59. 78
1950: Average_____ 62.16
40.2 $1. 487 $57. 60
40.6 1.531 62.14
39.7 $1.451 $58. 54
41.1 1.512 64.22
1950: October_____
November__
December___
65.00
65.92
68.15
41.4
42.2
42.2
1.570
1.562
1.615
65. 77
64. 96
. 81
42.6
41.8
42.1
1.544
1.554
1.587
66. 77
68. 71
67.05
41.8
41.5
42.1
1.604
1.609
1.632
68. 60
68.64
70.64
41.7
41.6
42.2
1. 645
1.650
1.674
1951: January_____
February____
M arch_______
April________
M ay------------June . . . _ .
July..................
August____
September___
October___ .
68.02
41.6
41.8
42.3
42.7
42.5
42.4
42.3
42.8
43.6
43.4
1.635
1.654
1.659
1.674
68. 83
66.70
1.657
1.672
1.704
1.694
68
41.3
42.1
41.9
42.8
42.2
41.7
41.0
41.6
41.4
42.3
1.615
1.635
1.647
. 666
1.671
1.673
1.673
1.684
1.698
1.721
67.93
67.86
69.56
68.14
67.43
. 67
66.74
67.06
. 68
69.33
41.6
41.2
41.6
40.8
40 4
40.8
39.4
39.8
40.4
40.4
1.633
1.647
1.672
1.670
1 669
1.683
1.694
1.685
1.700
1.716
69. 51
69. 76
71.47
70.23
92
71.07
. 69
68.76
70.58
71.18
41.5
41.3
41.6
41.0
40.4
41.2
39.5
39.7
40.4
40.4
1.675
1.689
1.718
1.713
1.706
1.725
1. 739
1.732
1.747
1.762
69. 14
70.18
71.48
70.89
70. 72
70. 09
71.56
74.29
73. 52
1.668
1.668
66
69.01
71.30
70. 52
69. 76
. 59
70. 05
70. 30
72.80
1
68
68
39.5 $1.482 $60. 30
41.3 1.555 66.15
68
68
Other fabricated
metal products
39.7 $1.519 $58.38
41.5 1.594 64.76
39.5 $1.478 $60.44
41.7 1.553 67. 21
39.5
41.8
$1. 530
1.608
. 66
67.85
70. 01
68
42.7
42.3
42.9
1.608
1.604
1.632
71.00
72. 03
74.20
42.9
43.0
43.7
1.655
1.675
1.698
68.75
68.84
71.05
71.47
70. 76
70.89
69.47
69.22
70.10
71.49
42.0
41.9
42.8
43.0
42.5
42.6
41.6
41.6
41.9
42.4
1.637
1.643
1.660
1.662
1.665
1.664
1.670
1.664
1.673
74.47
75.08
76. 43
76.78
76.30
76.65
75. 42
75.94
77.16
43.4
43.5
43.8
43.9
43 6
43.5
43.0
43.0
43.2
43.4
1.716
1. 726
1.745
1.749
1.750
1.762
1.754
1.766
1.786
1.792
1.686
77. 77
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C on tin u e d
M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l)— C o n tin u e d
E n g in e s a n d
tu r b in e s
A g r ic u ltu r a l
m a c h in e r y
a n d tra cto rs
A g r ic u ltu r a l
m a c h in e r y
(e x c e p t tra cto rs)
T ra c to rs
C o n s tr u c tio n a n d
m in in g
m a c h in e r y
M e ta lw o r k in g
m a c h in e r y
1949: A v e r a g e ______ $63.13
1950: A v e r a g e ______ 69. 43
3 8 .9
4 0 .7
$1.623
1.706
$61.11
64.60
3 9 .3
40.1
$1. 555
1.611
$61.86
66.09
3 9 .2
4 0 .3
3 9 .5
4 3 .2
$1.547
1.656
1950: O c t o b e r _____
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ___
69.48
74. 57
78.29
4 0 .0
4 2 .2
4 3 .4
1.737
1.767
1.804
64.8 2
67.51
70. 79
3 9 .5
4 0 .4
4 1 .4
1.641
1.671
1.710
65. 27
69. 50
73.68
3 8 .9
41 .1
4 2 .1
1.678
1.691
1.750
64.0 0
64.69
66.78
4 0 .2
3 9 .4
4 0 .5
1.592
1.642
1.649
69.9 6
70. 31
71.70
4 3 .7
4 3 .4
4 3 .8
1.601
1. 620
1.6 3 7
77.83
78.23
8 0 .5 8
4 5 .2
4 5 .3
4 6 .1
1.722
1.727
1.748
1951: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ________
A p r il__________
M a y __________
J u n e _____. . .
J u l y ___________
A u g u s t _______
S e p te m b e r ____
O ctober
77.81
77.81
80. 56
80.44
79. 38
79.91
77. 05
78.91
78.86
79.93
4 2 .8
4 2 .8
4 3 .5
4 3 .6
4 3 .0
43.1
4 1 .9
4 2 .4
41 .9
4 2 .2
1.818
1.818
1.852
1.845
1.846
1.854
1.839
1.861
1.882
1.894
71.84
71.28
73.06
73. 69
73.29
74.21
73.36
72.41
74.91
74.20
41 .1
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
41.1
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
3 9 .7
40.1
4 0 .7
1.748
1.747
1.782
1. 793
1.792
1.810
1.798
1.824
1.868
1.823
74.70
73. 50
74. 52
75.74
75.73
75.73
75.13
74.85
78.64
77.15
4 1 .8
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
3 8 .6
4 0 .0
4 1 .3
1.787
1.784
1.822
1.834
1.838
1.847
1.837
1.939
1.966
1.868
68.0 6
68. 47
71.23
71.25
70.39
72 .5 4
71.66
70. 64
72. 52
71.69
4 0 .2
40 .3
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
41 .1
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
1.693
1.699
1.733
1.742
1.738
1.765
1.7 5 2
1.740
1.795
1.779
73.0 6
74.18
74.13
75.62
75.63
74. 61
73.63
74.94
74.86
74.87
4 3 .8
44.1
4 4 .1
4 4 .8
4 4 .7
4 4 .2
4 3 .7
44. 5
4 4 .4
4 4 .3
1.668
1.682
1.681
1.688
1.692
1.688
1.685
1.684
1.6 8 6
1.690
81.31
8 2 .9 9
83.6 9
84.8 7
8 5 .0 7
85.0 8
83. 57
85.2 3
86. 30
89.16
4 6 .2
4 6 .7
4 6 .7
47.1
4 7 .0
4 6 .8
4 6 .3
4 6 .5
4 6 .5
4 7 .4
1.760
1.777
1.792
1.802
1.810
1.818
1.805
1.833
1.856
1.881
S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1. 578 $59.93
62. 57
1.640
3 9 .3
3 9 .8
$1. 525 $58. 74
1.572
65. 97
3 9 .8
4 2 .4
$1.476 $61.11
1.556
71.54
R E V IE W ,
T a ble
JA N U A R Y
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
1952
105
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M anufacturing—C ontinued
M achinery (except electrical)—C ontinued
Y ear a nd m o n th
M achine tools
Avg.
w kly. wAvg.
kly.
earn hours
ings
1949: A v e ra g e...
1950 A verage___
1950: O ctober___
N ovem ber..
D ecem ber..
$59.15
69. 72
_ 76.78
_ 77.51
- 80.86
1951: Ja n u a ry ___
81.78
F e b ru a ry . _. _ 82.65
M arch ____ _ 82.90
A pril............
84.13
M a y .......... .
84. 38
J u n e ............
83. 99
J u ly ______
81.84
A ugust____
84.64
_
S e p te m b e r..
83. 43
O ctober___
88. 44
M etalw orking m a
c h in e r y (e x c e p t
m achine tools)
Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. Avg.
earn earn w kly.
ings
ings hours
M achine-tool acces
sories
Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. Avg.
earn earn w kly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Special-industry m a
c h in e r y (e x c e p t
m etalw orking m a
chinery)
Avg.
w kly.
earn
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
General industrial
m achinery
Avg.
w kly. wAvg.
kly.
earn
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Office a nd store m a
chines a nd devices
Avg.
w kly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
40.3 $1. 503 $59. 53
41.9 1.569 66.33
39.5 $1. 507 $62. 53
41.9 1.583 66. 95
39.5
41.1
$1. 583
1.629
Avg.
wkly.
hours
39.3 $1. 505 $61.85
43.2 1.614 70.54
39.8 $1. 554 $64.16
42. 7 1.652 74. 69
39.7 $1. 616 $60. 57
43.5 1.717 65.74
45.7
45.7
46.9
1.680
1.696
1.724
73.12
73. 69
76.51
43.6
43.4
44.2
1.677
1.698
1.731
82.72
81.26
82.30
45.6
45.6
45.9
1.814
1.782
1. 793
69.49
70. 86
73.25
43.0
43.1
44.1
1. 616
1.644
1.661
71.39
72.23
74.49
43.8
43.8
44.5
1.630
1.649
1. 674
70.89
71.11
73. 27
42.3
42.2
42.9
1. 676
1.685
1.708
47.3
47.5
47.4
47.8
47.7
47.4
46.9
47.1
46.3
47.7
1.729
1.740
1. 749
1.760
1. 769
1.772
1.745
1.797
1.802
1.854
76. 91
79.83
80. 28
82. 58
82.17
82. 08
80. 95
81.00
83.95
86.86
43.5
44.6
44.7
45.7
45.6
45.4
44.8
44.9
45.6
47.0
1.768
1.790
1.796
1.807
1.802
1.808
1.807
1.804
1.841
1.848
82.62
84.17
85. 69
86. 76
87.05
88.27
86. 25
87.46
91.34
92.20
45.8
46.4
16.8
47.1
46.8
47.0
46.0
46.4
47.5
47.7
1.804
1.814
1.831
1.842
1.860
1.878
1.875
1.885
1.923
1.933
73.80
74.59
75.15
76.01
74. 55
75. 37
74.00
73.14
74.39
74.09
43.9
43.9
44.1
44.5
43.8
44.0
43.4
43.0
43.2
42.9
1.681
1.699
1.704
1.708
1.702
1.713
1.705
1.701
1.722
1.727
74.32
75.19
75. 71
77.15
77. 59
78.00
75. 04
76. 56
78.06
77.61
44.0
44.1
44.2
44.7
44.8
44.8
43.4
44.0
44.1
43.7
1.689
1.705
1. 713
1. 726
1.732
1.741
1.729
1.740
1.770
1.776
71.82
72.46
72.97
73.01
73.08
73.46
72. 57
73.67
74.38
75.00
42.1
42.4
42.3
42.2
42.0
42.0
41.4
41.6
41.6
41.9
1. 706
1. 709
1. 725
1. 730
1. 740
1. 749
1. 753
1. 771
1. 788
1. 790
M anufacturing—C ontinued
M achinery (except electrical)—C ontinued
C om puting machines
an d cash registers
1949: Average.
$67.87
71.70
Typew riters
39.9 $1,701 $56.04
40.9 1.753 62.08
Service-industry and Refrigerators and airhousehold machines
conditioning units
M iscellaneous m a
chinery parts
39.0 $1,437 $60.66
41.5 1.496 67.26
39.7 $1,528 $59. 98
41.7 1.613 66.42
39.0 $1, 538 $57.59
41.1 1.616 66.15
Ball and roller bear
ings
38.6 $1,492 $57.53
42.0 1.575 68.55
38.1
42.5
$1, 510
E613
76.00
73.89
77.42
42.2
41.3
42.4
1.801
1.789
1.826
67.14
69.61
69.07
43.4
44.0
43.8
1.547
1.582
1.577
70.60
70.26
69.76
42.3
41.6
41.4
1.669
1.689
1.685
67.73
68.45
66.29
40.8
40.5
39.6
1.660
1.690
1.674
70.46
71.30
73.78
43.6
43.5
44.1
1.616
1.639
1.673
72.44
74.90
77.29
43.9
44.4
44.7
1.650
1 687
1.729
1951: J a n u a ry _____ 75.90
F e b ru a ry ____ 76.90
M arch _______ 77.75
A pril................. 77.48
M a y ________ 77.81
J u n e .................. 78.19
77.87
79. 22
A ugust..
80.40
Septem b
O ctober.
80.81
41.5
42.0
41.8
41.7
41.5
41.5
40.9
41.5
41.4
41.4
1.829
1.831
1.860
1.858
1.875
1.884
1.904
1.909
1.942
1.952
67.47
68.23
68.44
68.03
68.54
68.35
67.20
67.49
67.58
68.67
42.7
43.1
43.1
43.0
43.0
42.8
42.0
42.0
42.0
42.6
1.580
1.583
1.588
1.582
1.594
1.597
1.600
1.607
1.609
1.612
68.45
70.88
73.98
71.36
69.28
69.67
70.04
69.54
71.54
71.57
40.5
41.4
42.2
41.2
40.3
39.9
40.0
39.6
40.6
40.3
1.690
1.712
1.753
1.732
1. 719
1.746
1.751
1.756
1.762
1.776
65.69
68.59
73.82
68.87
67.23
67. 24
69. 24
68.72
70.60
70. 70
39.1
40.3
41.8
39.9
39.2
38.6
39.5
39.2
40.0
39.9
1.680
1.702
1.766
1.726
1.715
1.742
1.753
1.753
1.765
1.772
74.58
73.26
74.60
75.07
74.64
74.22
72.85
73.49
74.09
74.91
44.0
43.4
43.7
43.9
43.7
43.0
42.5
42.7
42.8
43.1
1.695
1.688
1.707
1.710
1.708
1.726
1. 714
1.721
1.731
1.738
78.00
73.23
77. 92
77.31
76. 78
78.17
75.97
77.39
77.39
77. 79
44.7
42.7
44.3
44.1
43.8
43.6
42.8
43.6
43.7
43.7
1.745
1. 715
1.759
1. 753
1.753
1.793
1. 775
1.775
1. 771
1. 780
N o v e m b e r___
M anufacturing—C ontinued
M achinery (except
electrical)—Con.
M achine shops (job
a n d repair)
Electrical m achinery
T otal: Electrical m a
chinery
Electrical generat
ing, transmission,
distribution, and
industrial appa
ratu s
M otors, generators,
transform ers and
industrial controls
Electrical equipm ent
for vehicles
C om m unication
equipm ent
1949: A verage............ $58. 70
1950: Average_____ 65.18
39.0 $1.505 $56.96
41.7 1.563 60.83
39.5 $1.442 $59.61
41.1 1.480 63.75
39.5 $1. 509 $61.30
41.1 1. 551 64.90
39.7 $1.544 $59.16
41.1 1.579 66. 22
39.1 $1.513 $53. 56
41.7 1.588 56.20
39.5
40.9
$1.356
1.374
1950: O ctober............ 68.79
N ovem ber___ 69.54
D ecem ber____ 72.63
43.1
42.9
44.1
1.596
1.621
1.647
64.12
64.33
65.15
42.1
41.8
41.9
1.523
1.539
1.555
67.35
68.48
69.03
42.2
42.3
42.3
1.596
1.619
1.632
68.36
69.13
69.68
42.2
42.1
42.1
1.620
1.642
1.655
70.44
67.89
69.85
42.9
41.5
41.9
1.642
1.636
1.667
59.02
58.83
59.76
41.8
41.2
41.5
1.412
1.428
1.440
1951: J a n u a ry ..........
F e b ru a ry .........
M arch ..............
A pril.................
M a y ..................
J u n e .............. .
J u ly ..................
A ugust.............
Septem ber___
O ctober.......... .
43.7
44.3
43.3
43.4
43.4
42.6
42.2
42.4
42.4
42.7
1.684
1.686
1.682
1.698
1.708
1.709
1.704
1.707
1.738
1.746
64.42
64.80
65.34
65.58
66.57
67.15
66.13
66.34
67.94
68.56
41.4
41.3
41.3
41.3
41.5
41.5
40.4
40.8
41.4
41.5
1.556
1.569
1.582
1.588
1.604
1.618
1.637
1.626
1.641
1.652
68.38
68.72
70.18
70.06
71.57
71.91
70.87
72.11
73.31
73.81
41.9
41.7
42.1
42.0
42.4
42.4
41.3
42.0
42.3
42.3
1.632
1.648
1.667
1.668
1.688
1.696
1.716
1.717
1.733
1.745
69.60
69.60
71.40
71.23
73.10
73.53
72.18
73.58
74.91
75.74
41.8
41.6
42.1
42.0
42.6
42.6
41.2
41.9
42.2
42.5
1.665
1.673
1.696
1.696
1.716
1.726
1.752
1.756
1.775
1.782
66.22
65.36
66.97
67.97
68.00
67.58
70.02
68.88
69.95
69.97
40.5
39.9
40.2
40.7
40.5
39.8
40.9
40.0
41.0
40.8
1.635
1.638
1.666
1.670
1.679
1.698
1.712
1.722
1.706
1.715
60. 22
60.61
60.58
60.60
61.05
62.05
60.34
60.34
62.84
63.62
41.3
41.2
41.1
41.0
41.0
41.2
39.7
40.2
41.1
41.1
1.458
1.471
1.474
1.478
1.489
1.506
1.520
1.501
1.529
1.548
73.59
74.69
72.83
73.69
74.13
72.80
71.91
72.38
73.69
74.55
See footnotes a t end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
106
T a b l e
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
M O N T H LY
L A B O R
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M anufacturing—C ontinued
E lectrical m ach in ery—C on tin u ed
Y ear an d m on th
R a d io s, p h o n o
grap h s, television
sets, an d eq u ip
m ent
Teleph on e an d tele
graph eq u ip m en t
A vg.
w kly.
earn
ings
A vg.
w kly.
earn
ings
A vg.
w kly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
w kly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Electrical appliances,
lam p s, an d m iscel
lan eous p ro du cts
A v g.
w kly.
earn
ings
1949: A verage______ $50. 68
1950: A v erage............ 53.85
39.5 $1. 283 $61. 43
40.7 1.323 65. 84
39.3 $1. 563 $56. 52
40.1 1.642 61.58
1950: O c to b e r ........... 57. 03
N o v em b er____ 56. 32
D ecem ber____ 56. 96
41.6
40.9
41.1
1.371
1.377
1.386
67.61
70.39
71.93
40.8
40.9
41.6
1.657
1. 721
1. 729
1951: J a n u a r y ______
F e b ru a ry _____
M a rc h ...............
A p ril_________
M a y _________
J u n e _________
J u l y __________
A u g u st_______
S ep tem b er___
O ctober.............
40.8
40. 5
40.4
40.1
40.2
40.4
39.2
39.9
40.9
41.0
1.405
1.415
1.414
1.415
1.428
1.446
1.463
1.435
1.456
1.473
71.31
72. 97
75.79
77. 33
76. 85
76.28
76. 27
76.24
79.16
81.24
41. 1
41. 6
42.6
43.3
43.2
43.0
42.8
43.1
44. 2
44.2
1.735
1. 754
1. 779
1. 786
1.779
1.774
1. 782
1.769
1. 791
1.838
57.32
57.31
57.13
56.74
57. 41
58. 42
57. 35
57. 26
59. 55
60. 39
T ran sp o rtatio n eq u ip m en t
A v g.
w kly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
T o ta l: T ran sp o rta
tion eq u ip m en t
A v g.
w kly.
earn
ings
A v g.
w kly.
hours
A v g.
hrly.
earn
ings
A u tom obiles
A v g.
w kly.
earn
ings
A v g.
w kly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A ircraft an d p arts
A v g.
w kly.
earn
ings
A v g.
w kly .
hours
A v g.
h rly.
earn
ings
39.5 $1.431 $64. 95
41.0 1.502 71.18
39.2 $1. 657 $65.97
41.0 1.736 73. 25
38.9 $1. 696 $63. 62
41.2 1. 778 68.39
40.6
41.6
$1. 567
1. 644
65. 71
66.18
67. 14
42.2
42. 1
42.2
1.557
1. 572
1.591
73. 02
71. 78
75.18
41.0
40.1
41.4
1. 781
1.790
1.816
75. 21
72.76
76. 28
41.1
39.5
40.9
1.830
1.842
1.865
70.18
71.78
75. 08
41.9
42.4
43.3
1.675
1.693
1.734
64. 80
65.38
65. 07
65. 52
65. 44
66. 62
64. 55
64.28
65. 61
66. 06
41.3
41.3
40.9
41.0
40.8
41.2
39.6
40.0
40.5
40.7
1.569
1. 583
1. 591
1. 598
1. 604
1. 617
1.630
1.607
1.620
1.623
72. 06
74. 05
75. 73
74.81
74. 97
75. 14
74. 33
76. 36
77. 77
77. 06
39.9
40.8
41.2
40.9
40.9
40.4
39.9
40.9
41.3
40.9
1.806
1.815
1.838
1.829
1.833
1. 860
1. 863
1.867
1. 883
1.884
71.48
74. 29
76.13
74. 52
74.90
74. 88
73.30
76.31
77. 88
77.34
38.7
39.9
40.3
39. 7
39.8
38.9
37.9
39.5
40.0
39. 7
1.847
1.862
1.889
1.877
1.882
1.925
1. 934
1.932
1.947
1.948
76.78
75. 86
77. 35
77.13
77. 22
77.31
77. 48
77. 48
79. 56
77.58
43.7
43.3
43.9
44.0
43.9
43.8
43. 7
43.6
44.1
43.1
1.757
1. 752
1. 762
1.753
1.759
1.765
1.773
1.777
1.804
1.800
M an u factu rin g— C ontinued
T ransportation equipm ent—C ontinued
A ircraft engines an d
p arts
A ircraft
A ircraft propellers
an d p arts
O ther aircraft p arts
an d equ ip m en t
1949: A verage____
$62.69
1950: A verage............. 67.15
40.5 $1.548 $65.24
41.4 1.622 71.40
40.7 $1. 603 $66.83
42.1 1.696 73.90
41.0 $1.630 $65.08
42.4 1.743 70.81
1950: O ctober______
N o v e m b e r___
D ecem ber____
69.17
68.72
72.08
42.1
41.5
42.6
1.643
1.656
1.692
69.48
80.82
83.01
39.7
45.0
44.8
1.750
1. 796
1.853
81.17
80. 67
88. 54
44.6
43.3
45.9
1.820
1.863
1.929
77.08
75.91
79. 57
43.6
43.6
44.6
1.768
1.741
1.784
1951: J a n u a r y _____ 74. 52
F e b ru a ry _____ 73.49
M a rc h _______ 75.04
A p ril_________ 74.43
M a y _________ 74.69
J u n e _______ _ 75.00
J u l y ------------- 75.78
A u g u st_______ 75.86
S e p te m b e r..
77.92
O ctober______ 76.91
43.2
42.7
43.5
43.5
43.3
43.3
43.4
43.3
43.9
43.5
1.725
1. 721
1. 725
1.711
1.725
1.732
1.746
1.752
1.775
1.768
82.94
83.49
86.19
86.80
86.67
88.06
86. 24
84.00
86.99
82. 22
45.1
45.3
45.7
46.0
46.2
46.3
45.7
44.8
45.4
42.8
1.839
1.843
1.886
1.887
1.876
1.902
1.887
1.875
1.916
1.921
87.11
90.01
90. 42
90.38
87.68
90.77
92.16
90.49
87.33
86.33
45.3
46.3
46.3
46.9
46.0
47.3
48.1
47.5
45.2
44.8
1.923
1.944
1.953
1.927
1.906
1.919
1.916
1.905
1.932
1.927
80.06
78.10
79. 34
79.25
78. 45
77.43
76.00
75.84
77.53
79.46
44.8
44.1
44.2
44.1
43.9
43.5
42.6
42.7
43.0
43.3
1.787
1. 771
1.795
1. 797
1.787
1.780
1.784
1.776
1.803
1.835
S h ip an d b o at b u ild
ing an d repairing
40.4 $1.611 $61. 67
41.7 1.698 63.28
S h ip b u ild in g an d
repairing
38.0 $1. 623 $61.88
38.4 1.648 63.83
37.8
38.2
$1.637
1.671
62.89
64.47
66.67
38.3
38.7
39.9
1.642
1.666
1.671
63.23
65.08
67.34
38.0
38.6
39.8
1.664
1.686
1.692
64.24
68.80
68.78
68.31
68.46
70.42
71.59
71.96
71.48
73.69
38.7
40.4
40.2
39.9
39.8
40.1
40.4
40.2
40.0
40.4
1.660
1.703
1.711
1.712
1.720
1.756
1.772
1.790
1.787
1.824
64.73
69.41
69. 33
68. 92
68. 96
71.04
72.40
72. 66
72.06
74.58
38.6
40.4
40.1
39.7
39.7
40.0
40.4
40.1
39.9
40.4
1.677
1.718
1.729
1.736
1.737
1.776
1.792
1.812
1.806
1.846
M anufacturing—C ontinued
In stru m en ts an d
related p ro du cts
T ransportation equipm ent—C ontinued
B o a t bu ild in g an d
repairing
R ailro ad eq u ip m en t
1949: A v e ra g e ._____ $54.84
1950: A v erage______ 55.99
40.5 $1.354 $63.54
40.6 1.379 66.33
1950: O ctober............ 57.12
N o v e m b e r___ 56.54
D ecem ber......... 58.06
41.3
40.1
40.8
1.383
1.410
1.423
1951: J a n u a r y ______
F e b ru a ry _____
M a rc h _______
A p ril_________
M a y ..................
J u n e _________
J u l y - .............. .
A u g u s t ______
S ep tem b er___
O ctober______
40.4
39.0
39.9
40.6
40.0
39.3
40.4
40.2
40.6
40.1
1.458
1.480
1.491
1.473
1.491
1.490
1.505
1.514
1.537
1.549
58.90
57. 72
59.49
59.80
59. 64
58. 56
60.80
60.86
62.40
62.11
See footnotes a t en d of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Loco m o tiv es an d
p arts
R ailro ad an d street
cars
39.2 $1. 621 $65.47
39.6 1.675 70.00
39.3 $1. 666 $61. 70
40.3 1.737 62.47
69.04
69. 51
72.52
40.0
40.2
40.9
1.726
1.729
1.773
74.74
73.53
76.39
41.0
40.4
40.7
1.823
1.820
1.877
62.86
65.36
67. 98
38.9
40.1
41.0
1.616
1.630
1.658
72.41
71.16
75.13
77.36
76. 55
75. 64
75.82
77.05
76.33
77.16
41.0
40.8
41.1
41.5
41.2
40.3
40.7
40.7
40.6
41.0
1.766
1.744
1.828
1.864
1.858
1.877
1.863
1.893
1.880
1.882
75. 96
75.35
82.40
83.27
80.36
79. 75
82.43
82.45
82.38
83.64
40.6
41.7
42.3
42.1
41.4
40.3
41.8
41.6
41.9
42.2
1.871
1.807
1.948
1.978
1.941
1.979
1.972
1.982
1.966
1.982
67.90
66. 97
68.06
70.74
72.90
71.69
70. 98
71.20
70.01
69. 52
41.1
39.7
40.2
40.7
41.0
40.3
39.9
39.6
39.2
39.3
1.652
1.687
1.693
1.738
1.778
1.779
1.779
1.798
1.786
1.769
O ther tran spo rtatio n
eq u ip m en t
T o ta l: In stru m en ts
an d related p ro du cts
39.7 $1.451 $55.28
41.9 1.538 60.81
39.6
41.2
$1,396
1.476
69. 86
70.73
71.96
43.5
44.4
44.5
1.606
1.593
1.617
64.77
65.47
66.75
42.5
42.4
42.6
1.524
1.544
1.567
66.14
67.48
69.08
64.70
65. 81
68.43
66.85
67.82
68.29
70. 96
41.7
42.2
43.2
41.0
41.0
42.4
41.7
42.1
42.0
42.9
1.586
1.599
1.599
1.578
1.605
1.614
1.603
1.611
1.626
1.654
65.79
67.06
67.64
68.55
68.78
69.44
68.18
68. 51
70.01
70.13
41.8
42.2
42.3
42.5
42.3
42.6
41.8
41.9
42.3
42.3
1.574
1.589
1.599
1.613
1.626
1.630
1.631
1.635
1.655
1.658
38.9 $1. 586 $57. 60
38.9 1.606 64.44
R E V IE W ,
T a b l e
JA N U A R Y
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
1952
107
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Miscellaneous m anu
facturing industries
Instruments and related products—Continued
Year and month
Ophthalmic goods
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Photographic
apparatus
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn wkly.
ings hours
Watches and
clocks
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn wkly.
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Professional and sci
entific instruments
Total: Miscellaneous
manufacturing in
dustries
Avg.
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
hrly.
wkly. earn
earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly.
earn wkly.
ings hours
1949: Average__________________________ $47.04
1950: Average_____________________ _____ 50.88
39.6 $1.188 $59.91
40.7 1.250 65.59
39.7 $1. 509 $49. 53
41.2 1.592 53.25
39.0 $1. 270 $57. 01
39.8 1.338 63.01
1950: October___________________________ 54.13
. _______ ____ _ 54. 50
November___
December_________________________ 55.70
41.7
41.6
42.1
1.298
1.310
1.323
69. 22
69.60
70. 85
42.0
41.8
42.2
1.648
1.665
1.679
58. 06
59. 47
59.40
41.8
42.0
41.6
1.389
1.416
1. 428
55.47
55. 66
55.61
56.23
55. 60
56. 07
55.41
55.23
56.17
56.13
41.8
41.6
41.5
41.5
40.7
40.9
40.3
40.2
40.5
40.5
1.327
1.338
1.340
1.355
1. 366
1.371
1.375
1.374
1.387
1.386
70. 56
72. 76
71.99
73. 24
73. 77
72.82
73.04
71.93
72. 98
73.23
41.8
42.3
42.1
41.9
42.2
41.8
41.5
41.6
41.8
41.8
1.720
1.710
1.748
1.748
1.742
1.760
1.729
1.746
1.752
1.688
55. 61
58. 77
60. 40
60.49
61.07
59. 78
57. 66
59.70
59.79
59. 21
38.7
41.1
41.8
41.6
41.8
41.0
40.1
41.0
40.7
40.2
1.437
1.430
1. 445
1.454
1.461
1.458
1.438
1.456
1.469
1. 473
1951: January- _________________________
February_________________________
M a rc h ... _ ___. . . ___________ . . .
April__________________________
M ay ___ ___________________ ______
June . . .
. . . ________________
July______________________________
August_________________ . . . _____
September________ ______________
October______________ _____ _______
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
39.7 $1.436 $50. 23
41.7 1.511 54.04
39.9
41.0
$1. 259
1.318
67. 57
69.18
43.0
42.9
43.1
1.553
1. 575
1.605
56. 98
57.01
57. 50
42.3
42.2
41.7
1.347
1.351
1.379
68.43
69.11
70.03
71.12
71.10
72. 73
71.06
71.57
73. 57
73.87
42.5
42.5
42.6
43.1
42.7
43.5
42.5
42.5
43.1
43.2
1. 610
57.37
58.41
58.18
58. 03
57. 39
57. 85
56. 46
56. 82
57. 63
58.10
41.3
41.6
41.5
41.3
40.7
40.8
39.9
40.1
40.5
40.6
1.389
1.404
1.402
1.405
1.410
1.418
1.415
1.417
1.423
1.431
66. 78
1.626
1. 644
1.650
1.665
1.672
1.672
1. 684
1.707
1.710
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued
Jew elry , silverw are,
an d p lated w are
Jew elry an d
findings
Silverw are an d
p late d w are
T o y s an d sp o rtin g
goods
1949: A v e ra g e .. __________________________ $55.06
1950: A v erage_____________________________ 59.45
41.4 $1.330 $51. 33
42.8 1.389 54. 25
40.8 $1. 258 $58. 30
41.6 1.304 64. 08
42.0 $1.388 $47. 00
43.8 1.463 50. 98
1950: O c to b e r.. __________________________
N o v e m b e r_______________ _______ .
D e c e m b e r _________________ . . . ._
65.06
65.19
63. 52
44.9
44.9
43.9
1.449
1.452
1.447
59.03
58. 37
58.14
43.5
43.4
43.0
1. 357
1.345
1.352
70.93
71.56
68.48
46.3
46. 2
44.7
1. 532
1. 549
1. 532
1951: J a n u a r y ____________________________ 62. 29
F e b ru a ry . ________ _____ __________ 64.08
M arch . . . . . . . . . .
...
_ . 62. 93
A pril
62. 46
M a y __ _____________________________ 61.45
61.23
J u n e __ ______________________ . . .
J u l y _________________________________ 58. 59
59.
25
A u gu st __________________________ .
Sep tem b er__________________________ 61.62
O ctober____ _ . _ . . . . . _________ 62. 06
43.2
43. 5
42. 9
42.4
41.3
40.9
39.4
39.5
41.0
40.8
1.442
1.473
1.467
1.473
1.488
1.497
1.487
1.500
1.503
1. 521
58.32
59.79
58. 73
57. 93
56. 58
56. 61
54. 43
55.28
57.42
58.98
43.2
43.2
42.9
42.1
41.0
40. 7
39.3
39.6
41.4
41.3
1.350
1.384
1.369
1.376
1.380
1.391
1.385
1.396
1.387
1.428
66. 27
68. 20
66. 95
66.40
65. 49
64.90
61.94
62. 69
65.28
64.68
43.2
43.8
43.0
42. 7
41. 5
41.0
39.4
39.4
40.6
40.3
1.534
1. 557
1.557
1. 555
1.578
1. 583
1.572
1.591
1.608
1.605
M an u factu rin g—Con.
39.1 $1. 202 $46.06
40.4 1.262 49. 52
39.3
40.0
$1,172
1.238
53. 42
53. 90
53. 49
41.7
41. 4
40.4
1.281
1. 302
1.324
51. 40
52. 66
53. 41
40.6
41. 3
41.4
1. 266
1.275
1. 290
53.20
54. 10
54. 06
53.48
52. 10
52. 68
52.13
52. 72
53. 56
53.92
40.0
39.9
39.9
39.7
39.0
39.2
38.7
39.2
39.5
39.5
1.330
1.356
1.355
1.347
1.336
1.344
1.347
1. 345
1.356
1.365
53. 58
54. 24
53.44
53.13
53.45
54.40
53.44
52. 63
53. 61
54.00
40. 9
41. 5
40.7
40. 1
39.8
40.0
39.5
38. 9
40. 1
40.0
1.310
1.307
1.313
1.325
1.343
1.360
1.353
1.353
1. 337
1.350
T ran sp o rtatio n an d p u b lic u tilities
M iscellan eous
m an ufactu rin g
in du stries—C on.
C o m m un ication
C lass I railroads 1
O ther m iscellaneous
m an ufactu rin g
in du stries
1949: A verage
. ___________________ ___ $51. 20
1950: A v e r a g e _______________ _________ - 54. 91
C o stu m e jew elry,
b u tto n s, n otion s
40.0 $1,280 $61. 73
41.1
1.336 63.20
L o cal railw ays an d
b u s lines 5
Teleph on es 6
Sw itch b o ard op erat
in g e m p lo y e e s7
43.5 $1,419 $64. 61
40.8 1. 549 66. 96
44.9 $1.439 $51. 78
45.0 1.488 54. 38
38.5 $1,345
38.9 1.398 $46. 65
37.5
$1.244
57. 75
57.30
58. 25
42.4
42.1
41.7
1.362
1. 361
1.397
64. 54
64. 63
63.00
41.8
41.4
40.0
1. 544
1.561
1. 575
67. 77
68.26
69. 96
45.3
45.6
46.3
1.496
1.497
1.511
56.18
54. 04
56. 30
39.4
38.0
39.1
1.426
1.422
1.440
49.00
44. 93
47. 37
38.4
36.0
37.3
1.276
1.248
1.270
58. 37
59. 34
59. 54
59. 34
58.83
Ju n e
.
___________
______ 59. 22
J u ly
_____________ ______ __________ 57.85
A u gu st
_________________________ 58. 22
58. 83
S eptem ber
59. 22
O ctober
41.4
41.7
41.9
41.7
41.2
41. 3
40.4
40.6
40.8
40.9
1.410
1.423
1. 421
1.423
1.428
1.434
1.432
1.434
1.442
1.448
67.86
69.50
71.48
70. 99
71.80
73. 05
72.14
74. 66
42.2
41.2
42.0
40.8
41.1
41.2
40.3
42.3
1.608
1.687
1.702
1.740
1. 747
1.773
1. 790
1. 765
70. 23
70. 66
70.42
70. 92
72.17
72. 77
73.19
72. 72
72.86
72. 73
45.9
46.0
45.7
45.9
46.5
46.8
46.5
46.2
46.0
46.0
1.530
1.536
1.541
1. 545
1. 552
1.555
1.574
1.574
1.584
1.581
56.41
57. 58
56. 52
56.12
56. 59
58.12
59.30
58. 84
59. 93
59.90
38.9
39.2
38.9
38.7
39.0
39.4
39.8
39.2
39.4
39.1
1.450
1. 469
1.453
1.450
1.451
1.475
1.490
1. 501
1. 521
1.532
47. 78
49.09
47.80
47. 45
47. 42
49.26
50. 77
50. 03
51. 23
51.45
37.3
37.7
37.4
37.3
37.4
38.1
38.7
37.9
38. 2
37.8
1.281
1.302
1.278
1.272
. 268
1.293
1.312
1.320
1.341
1.361
1950: October
______
N ovem ber _________________________
D ecem ber
__ ___ _______ .
1951: Ja n u a ry _____________ . _________
F e b r u a ry ___________________________
M a r c h _________ ______ . . . . _____
A p ril
___________________ ________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
108
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
M O N T H LY
L A B O R
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Transportation and public utilities--Continued
Communication
Year and month
Line construction,
in s ta lla tio n , and
maintenance em
ployees 8
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Other public utilities
Gas
Telegraph «
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$62.85
64.19
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings
44.7 $1. 406 $63. 99
44.7 1.436 66.60
1Q4Q* Avftragft
_ _ ___ ___
1950: Average__________________________ $73.30
42.1 $1. 741
1950: October. _________________________ 75. 91
November________________________ 74.37
December------------- ----------------------- 77.72
42.5
41.5
42.8
1.786
1.792
1.816
64. 74
64.25
65.05
44.8
44.4
44.8
1. 445
1.447
1.452
77.13
79. 74
78. 47
77.69
79.49
June______________________________ 81.20
July______________________________ 82.78
August------------------------------------------ 82.58
83.87
September--------------- ------- ------ -October____ . . . ------------ ----------- - 83.54
42.4
43.1
42.6
42.2
42.9
43.1
43.0
42.9
43.1
42.6
1.819
1.850
1.842
1.841
1.853
1.884
1.925
1.925
1.946
1.961
64. 57
64.86
64.63
64.40
65. 97
65.44
71.23
70. 47
72.33
72.34
44.5
44.7
44.6
44.6
45.4
45.1
44.8
44.6
44.4
44.3
1.451
1.451
1.449
1.444
1.453
1. 451
1.590
1.580
1.629
1.633
1951: January__________________________
February_________________________
March____________________________
April_____________________________
and electric
utilities
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.5
$1. 527
68.68
69.18
69.97
71.31
41.8
41.6
41.7
1.655
1.682
1.710
64.86
70.14
1.625
1.643
1. 670
66.20
66.73
41.9
42.3
42.1
1.548
1. 565
1.585
70. 27
71.36
70.14
70. 38
70. 72
71.06
71.82
71.73
73.09
73.17
41.8
42.0
41.5
41.5
41.5
41.7
42.0
41.9
42.2
42.1
1.681
1.699
1.690
1.696
1.704
1.704
1.710
1.712
1.732
1.738
71.18
72.50
71.72
71.51
71.97
72.40
73.25
72. 96
74.12
73.11
41.7
42.1
41.7
41.6
41.6
41.8
42.1
42.1
42.4
41.8
1.707
1.722
1. 720
1. 719
1.730
1.732
1.740
1.733
1.748
1.749
68.15
70.04
67.19
. 71
66.91
66.99
67.44
67.48
69. 51
72.03
42.2
42.5
41.5
41.1
41.1
41.1
41.4
41.3
41.8
42.7
1.615
1.648
1.619
1.623
1.628
1. 630
1.629
1.634
1.663
1.687
66
Trade
Retail trade
Wholesale trade
1951: January-------------- ------ -----------------February. . . . . . ___. . . . . . .
M arch.. . --------------------- ------April___ . . _____________ . - . . .
M ay------------- ------------------------------Ju n e.. ---------- ------ -- . . . --------July----------------------------------------- -August— . . . ------------------------ . .
September. . . . --------------------------October. ------- ---------- . -------------
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.8
41.8
42.0
67.93
Electric light and gas
utilities combined
1950: October. _ ________________ _____
N ovem ber______ ______________ .
December . . _____ ______ _______
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
41.5 $1. 564
41.6 1.630 $63.37
Other public utilities—Con
41.6 $1.611
Avg.
Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Gas utilities
41.5 $1. 542 $64. 91
41.6 1.601 67.81
Transportation and
public utilities—
Con.
1949* A verage.____ _______ ______ _____ _
1950: Average-------------------------------- -------- $67. 02
Electric light and
power utilities
$57. 55
60.36
Retail trade (except
eating and drinking places)
40.7 $1.414 $45.93
40.7 1.483 47.63
D epartm ent stores
and general mailorder houses
40.4 $1.137 $34.87
40.5 1.176 35.95
36.7 $0. 950 $39.31
36.8
.977 41.56
37.8
38.2
$1.040
1.088
68.47
68.68
71.02
41.8
41.8
42.4
1.638
1.643
1.675
61.68
61.98
63.49
40.9
40.8
41.2
1.508
1.519
1.541
48.32
47.92
48. 31
40.3
40.0
40.7
1.199
1.198
1.187
36. 01
35.24
37.02
36.3
36.0
38.2
.992
.979
.969
42.03
41.24
45.05
37.9
37.8
40.7
1.109
1.091
1.107
70.64
70. 80
69.92
71.43
71.47
71.94
72.80
73.04
74. 32
73. 88
41.8
41.6
41.2
41.7
41.6
41.9
42.2
42.1
42.3
42.0
1.690
1.702
1.697
1.713
1.718
1.717
1.725
1.735
1.757
1.759
63.44
63.62
63.62
63.95
63.78
64.35
64. 55
64. 51
65.64
65.68
40.8
40.6
40.6
40.6
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.7
41.0
41.0
1.555
1.567
1.567
1.575
1.571
1.581
1.586
1.585
1.601
. 602
49. 85
49. 56
48.95
49.84
49.83
50.74
51.49
51.37
50.89
50.39
40.3
40.1
39.7
39.9
39.8
40.4
40.8
40.8
40.1
39.8
1.237
1.236
1.233
1.249
1.252
1.256
1.262
1.259
1.269
1.266
38.02
37.43
36.44
36. 98
36. 71
37.70
38. 51
38. 01
37.30
36.70
36.7
36.3
35.8
35.9
35.5
36.5
37.1
36.9
36.0
35.6
1.036
1.031
1.018
1.030
1.034
1.033
1.038
1.030
1.036
1.031
44.58
43. 70
43.05
43.39
43.49
44.23
44.81
44.27
44.33
43.72
38.2
37.8
37.6
37.5
37.3
38.0
38.1
37.9
37.6
37.3
1.167
1.156
1.145
1.157
1.166
1.164
1.176
1.168
1.179
1.172
1
Trade—C ontinued
Retail trade—Continued
Food and liquor
stores
1949: Average. ______ ___
. ______ $49.93
51.79
1950: Average______________ __________
Automotive and accessories dealers
40.2 $1.242 $58.92
40.4 1.282 61.65
Other retail trade
Apparel and accèssories stores
Furniture and appliance stores
Lumber and hardware-supply stores
45. 6 $1.292 $40. 66
45.7 1.349 40.70
36.7 $1.108 $53.30
36.5 1.115 56.12
43.4 $1.228 $51. 84
43.5 1.290 54.62
43.6
43.8
$1.189
1.247
1950: October. . ____ _ . . . .
November _ . ............. _. . _____
December .
__. . . .
51.80
52.40
52. 91
40.0
40.0
40.3
1.295
1.310
1.313
63.94
63.07
63. 53
45.9
45.8
46.0
1.393
1.377
1.381
40. 95
40.65
42.17
36.3
36.1
36. 7
1.128
1.126
1.149
57.68
57.90
60.18
43.5
43.5
43.8
1.326
1.331
1.374
56.93
55.98
56. 97
44.1
43.6
44.3
1.291
1.284
1.286
1951: January ______ _ _ . _________
February. _____________ ___ _____
March.
_ _ _ ________________
A pril.. ___ ___ _
_ __________
M a y ..
_________ _______ _____
June.
July
________ ____________
August
___
. _____ ____ ___
September
___
October____. . . _ . . . ____________
53.15
52.69
52.62
53.18
53.44
54. 72
55.44
55.23
54.20
54.13
39.9
39.5
39.3
39.6
39.7
40.5
41.1
41.0
40.0
39.8
1.332
1.334
1.339
1.343
1.346
1.351
1.349
1.347
1.355
1.360
64.48
65.16
65. 29
.34
45. 7
45. 5
45.4
45. 5
45.2
45. 6
45.3
45.3
45.3
45.3
1.411
1.432
1.438
1.458
1.465
1.470
1.477
1.483
1. 502
1.479
42.81
41.40
40. 75
41.09
41.44
42.25
42. 71
42. 47
42. 56
42.17
36.5
36.0
35.4
35. 7
35.6
36.2
36.5
36.8
36.1
35.5
1.173
1.150
1.151
1.151
1.164
1.167
1.170
1.154
1.179
1.188
58. 99
58. 31
58.49
59.18
59.38
59.13
59.62
59.47
60.43
60.63
43. 5
43.1
43.2
43.1
43.0
43. 0
43.2
43.0
43.1
43.0
1.356
1.353
1.354
1.373
1.381
1.375
1.380
1.383
1.402
1.410
56.68
56. 76
56.72
58.12
58.60
58.91
59. 67
59. 48
59. 69
60.46
43. 5
43.2
43.1
43. 6
43.8
43.8
44.2
43.9
43.7
44.0
1.303
1.314
1.316
1.333
1.338
1.345
1.350
1.355
1.366
1.374
See footnotes a t end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
66
66.22
67.03
66.91
67.18
. 04
67.00
68
R E V IE W ,
T a ble
JA N U A R Y
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
1952
109
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Finance 10
Banks
and
trust
com
panies
Year and month
Service
Security
Insur
dealers
and
ance
ex
carriers
changes
Hotels, year-round 11
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
earnings earnings earnings earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Cleaning and dyeing
plants
Laundries
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Motionpicture
produc
tion
and
distri
bution 10
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings
1949: Average___________ _____
1950: Average__ _ ___________
$43. 64
46. 44
$68.32
81.48
$56.47
58. 49
$32. 84
33. 85
44.2
43.9
$0. 743
.771
$34. 98
35. 47
41.5
41.2
$0. 843
.861
$40.71
41.69
41.2
41.2
$0. 988
. 012
$92.17
92.79
1950: October_________ ____ ___
November____ _________
December_______________
47.78
48.18
48.66
84. 94
85. 62
87.24
58. 91
59. 27
60.60
34. 67
34. 74
35.16
44.0
43.7
43.9
.788
.795
.801
35. 79
35.86
36.38
41.0
40.8
41.2
.873
.879
.883
42.15
42.23
42.29
41.0
41.2
41.1
1.028
1.025
1.029
95. 08
95.68
98.39
1951: January_________________
February________ _
M arch... . . ___________
A p ril.. . . . _________ __
M ay___________ _
...
June____________________
July------------------------------A ugust__________________
September_____ _________
October ________________
49.28
49. 55
49. 70
50.08
50.11
50.06
50. 50
50.28
50.32
50.51
89. 87
90. 95
85. 96
84.12
81.78
80. 97
77. 67
79.14
81.83
84. 70
61.71
61.26
60. 96
60. 83
61.01
61. 71
62. 09
61.01
60. 90
60. 03
34. 89
35.04
34.68
34.90
35.02
35.24
35.46
35.29
35. 90
35.99
43.4
43.2
43.3
43.3
43.4
43.4
43.4
43.3
43.2
43.2
.804
.811
.801
.806
.807
.812
.817
.815
.831
.833
36.70
36.25
36. 85
37.32
37. 96
38. 06
37. 83
37. 38
37. 95
37.99
41.0
40.5
40.9
41.1
41.4
41.5
41.3
40.9
41.3
41.2
.895
.895
.901
.908
.917
.917
.916
.914
.919
.922
43.35
41.78
44.14
44.90
45. 90
45. 45
44.26
42. 56
44.51
44.36
41.4
40.1
42.0
42.4
43.1
42.6
41.6
40.3
41.4
41.5
1.047
1.042
1.051
1. 059
1. 065
1.067
1.064
1.056
1.075
1.069
f82. 94
'80.74
84. 56
84. 94
83.63
83. 55
84.13
83.32
83. 21
84.37
1
These figures are based on reports from cooperating establishments cover
ing both full- and part-time employees who worked during, or received pay
for, the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. For the mining,
manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants industries, data
relate to production and related workers only. For the remaining industries,
unless otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees and working
supervisors. All series are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics. Such requests should specify which industry series are desired.
Data for the th ree current months are subject to revision w ithout notation;
revised figures for earlier months will be identified by asterisks the first
month they are published.
2 Includes: ordnance and accessories; lum ber an d wood products (except
furniture); fu rn itu re and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; prim ary
m etal industries; fabricated m etal products (except ordnance, m achinery,
a nd transportation equipm ent); m achinery (except electrical); electrical m a
chinery; transportation equipm ent; instrum ents and related products;
miscellaneous m anufacturing industries.
Includes: food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied prod
ucts; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied prod
ucts; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; leather and leather
products.
4 D ata relate to hourly rated employees reported b y individual railroads
(exclusive of switching and term inal companies) to the In terstate Commerce
Commission. A nnual averages include any retroactive paym ents made,
which are excluded from m onthly averages.
8 D ata include privately a n d m unicipally operated local railways and bus
lines.
3
T a ble
8
Through M ay 1949 the averages relate mainly to the hours and earnings of
employees subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act. Beginning with June
1949 the averages relate to the hours and earnings of nonsupervisory employ
ees. Data for June comparable with the earlier series are $51.47, 38.5 hours,
and $1,337.
Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating room instructors, and
pay-station attendants. During 1950 such employees made up 46 percent of
the total number of nonsupervisory employees in telephone establishments
reporting hours and earnings data.
8 D ata relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. D uring 1950 such employees
m ade up 25 percent of the total num ber of nonsupervisory employees in
telephone establishm ents reporting hours and earnings data.
8 D ata relate m ainly to land-line employees, excluding employees com
pensated on a commission basis, general and divisional headquarters per
sonnel, trainees in school, and messengers.
10 D ata on average weekly hours and average h ourly earnings are n o t avail
able.
11 M oney paym ents only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips, n o t included.
fN ew series beginning w ith m onth and year shown below; not comparable
w ith d ata shown for earlier periods:
D r u g s a n d M e d ic i n e s —January 1951; comparable January data for old series
are $63.48, 41.3 hours and $1,537.
M o t i o n p i c t u r e p r o d u c ti o n a n d d is tr ib u tio n —January 1951; comparable Jan
uary data for old series are $97.01.
7
C-2: Gross Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Selected Industries, in Current
and 1939 Dollars 1
M an u factu rin g
B itu m in ou scoal m ining
L au n d ries
Y ear an d m on th
M an u factu rin g
B itu m in ouscoal m ining
L au n d ries
Y ear an d m onth
C urrent 1939 C urrent 1939 C urrent
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
1939:
1941:
1946:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1
1939
dollars
A v erage___________
A v e ra g e .. ________
A v erage___________
A v e r a g e ....................
A v erage__________
A v erage__________
$23. 86
29.58
43.82
54.14
54.92
59. 33
$23. 86
27.95
31.22
31.31
32.07
34.31
$23. 88
30. 86
58.03
72.12
63.28
70.35
$23. 88
29.16
41.35
41.70
36.96
40.68
$17.69
19.00
30.30
34.23
34. 98
35.47
$17.69
17.95
21.59
19.79
20.43
20. 51
1950: O ctober___________
N o v e m b e r________
D ecem ber_________
61.99
62. 23
63. 88
35.09
35. 07
35. 51
72.99
73. 27
77. 77
41.32
41.29
43.23
35.79
35.86
36.38
20.26
20.21
20. 22
1
These series indicate changes in the level of weekly earnings prior to and
after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined from the
Bureau’s Consumers’ Price Index, the year 1939 having been selected for the
base period. Estimates of World War II and postwar understatement by
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C urrent 1939 C urrent 1939 C urrent 1939
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
1951: J a n u a r y .-_ ______ $63. 76
F e b r u a r y ___
63. 84
M a r c h ___ .
64. 57
A p ril—. -_ _ _
64. 70
M a y __________ _
64. 55
- -.
J u n e _______
65.08
J u l y _______________
64.24
A u g u s t .. _ _ _____
64.32
Septem b er 2_______
65. 45
O ctober 2_______ _ 65.21
$34.92
34.52
34. 79
34.84
34.61
34.93
34.42
34.47
34. 86
34.59
$76. 63
75. 67
74. 66
75.63
73. 86
77. 67
73. 71
77.23
81.99
80.66
$41.97
40. 92
40.22
40.72
39.60
41.69
39.50
41.38
43.68
42.78
$36. 70
36.25
36. 85
37.32
37. 96
38.06
37.83
37.38
37.95
37.99
$20.10
19.60
19.85
20.10
20.35
20.43
20.27
20. 03
20.22
20.15
the Consumers’ Price Index were not included. See the M onthly Labor
Review, March 1947, p. 498. Data from January 1939 are available upon
request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Preliminary.
2
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
110
T a ble
M O N T H LY
C-3: Gross and Net Spendable Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Manufactur
ing Industries, in Current and 1939 Dollars 1
N et spendable average weekly
earnings
N et spendable average weekly
earnings
Gross average
weekly earnings
Period
1941: January__________
1Q4fv .T a n n a r y
July
1946: June_____________
1939 •
1940 •
1941 •
1949’
1943*
1 Q44 •
1945 •
1940*
A v p rag p
A v p .ra g p
A v p .ra g p
A y p rag p .
A vp.ragp.
A y p rag p .
A vp.ragp.
A vp.ragp.
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
Average___. . . , , ,
Average____
Average______ . . .
Average__________
100
Cur
1939
rent
dollars dollars
$26. 64
47 50
45 45
43.31
111.7
199.1
190. 5
181.5
$25. 41
39. 40
37.80
37. 30
$25.06
30. 76
28. 99
27. 77
$26.37
45.17
43. 57
42. 78
$26. 00
35. 27
33. 42
31. 85
23 86
25 20
29 53
30 65
43 14
46 03
44 39
43 82
49. 97
54.14
54. 92
59.33
0
105 6
124. 0
153 6
180. 8
193.1
186 0
183. 7
209.4
226.9
230. 2
248.7
100
23. 58
24. 69
28. 05
31. 77
36. 01
38 29
36. 97
37. 72
42. 76
47. 43
48. 09
51. 09
23. 58
24. 49
26. 51
27. 08
28. 94
30. 28
28. 58
26. 88
26.63
27.43
28.09
29. 54
23. 62
24.95
29. 28
36. 28
41.39
44. 06
42. 74
43. 20
48.24
53.17
53.83
57. 21
23. 62
24. 75
27. 67
30. 93
33.26
34. 84
33. 04
30. 78
30.04
30.75
31.44
33. 08
Index
Amount (1939=
)
Worker with
no dependents
100
Cur
rent
dollars
Worker with
3 dependents
Cur
1939
rent
dollars dollars
1939
dollars
1950: October__________
N ovem ber________
December______ -
61.99
62. 23
63.88
259.8
260.8
267.7
52.16
52.35
53. 67
29. 53
29. 50
29.84
59.20
59.40
60. 75
33. 51
33.47
33. 77
1951: January__________
February_________
M arch., . . . ___
April_____ . ____
M ay_____________
June__________ . .
July_____________
August . . . .
September 2_____
October 2_________
63. 78
63. 84
64. 57
64.70
64. 55
65.08
64.24
64. 32
64.45
65. 21
267.2
267.6
270.6
271.2
270.5
272. 8
269.2
269.6
274.3
273.3
53.49
53. 55
54.13
54. 23
54.11
54.53
53. 87
53.93
54. 82
54.63
29. 29
28. 96
29.16
29. 20
29. 01
29. 27
28. 87
28.90
29. 20
28. 98
60. 56
60. 62
61. 21
61.31
61.19
61'. 62
60. 94
61.01
61.92
61. 72
33.17
32. 78
32.98
33.01
32. 81
33.07
32. 65
32. 69
32.98
32.74
gross average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing
industries w ithout direct regard to marital status and family composition.
The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative
changes in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers. That series
does not, therefore, reflect actual differences in levels of earnings for workers
of varying age, occupation, skill, family composition, etc. Comparable data
from January 1939 are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Preliminary.
2
Average Hourly Earnings, Gross and Exclusive of Overtime, of Production Workers in
Manufacturing Industries 1
Durable
goods
Manufacturing
Excluding
overtime
Period
Gross
amount
Gross
Index
Amount (1939=
)
100
Average____
Average, , ,
Average, _,,
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Avpragp,
Average____
Period
1939
dollars
i N et spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, social security and income taxes for which
the specified type of worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability
depends, of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker
as well as on the level of his grossincome. N et spendable earnings have
therefore, been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker
with no dependents: (2) A worker with 3 dependents.
The computation of net spendable earnings for both factory worker with
no dependents and the factory worker with 3 dependents are based upon the
T a ble C -4 :
Gross average
weekly earnings
Worker with
3 dependents
Worker with
no dependents
Cur
rent
dollars
Index
Amount (1939=
)
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949'
1950:
L A B O R
$0. 729
.853
.961
1.019
1.023
1.086
1.237
1.350
1. 401
1.465
$0. 702
.805
.894
.947
.963
1.051
1.198
1.310
1.367
1.415
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
Nondurable
goods
Gross
110.9 $0.808 $0. 770 $0. 640
.723
127. 2
.947
.881
141.2 1.059
.803
.976
.861
149.6 1.117 1.029
.904
152.1
. I ll 2 1.042
166.0 1.156
1.015
189.3 1.292 1. 250 1.171
207.0 1.410 1.366 1.278
216. 0 1. 469 1.434 1.325
223.5 1.537 1.480 1.378
1
1.122
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Excluding
overtime
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
Period
$0. 625
.698
.763
.814
2. 858
.981
1.133
1.241
1. 292
1.337
1950: October____
Novem ber,,,
December
1.501
1.514
1.543
1.442
1.456
1.479
1951: January____
February___
March_____
April______
M ay
_
J u n e ,,____
July_______
August ___
September 3.
October 3___
1.555
1.561
1.571
1.578
1.586
1.599
1.598
1.596
1.612
1.614
1.497
1.504
1.511
1.518
1.528
1.540
1.646
1.542
1.554
1.556
O vertim e is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for at
time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings exclusive of
overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on holi
days. Comparable data from January 1941 are available upon request to
the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Durable
goods
Manufacturing
Gross
amount
Gross
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
Gross
227.8
230.0
233.6
1.577
1.587
1.619
1.508
1.521
1.545
1.404
1.419
1.443
1.358
1.372
1.393
236.5
237.6
238.7
239.8
241.4
243.3
244.2
243.6
245.5
245.8
1.630
1.639
1.654
1.659
1.665
1.681
1.682
1.684
1.703
1.703
1.565
1.573
1.582
1.587
1.596
1.611
1.622
1.619
1.635
1.634
1.456
1.458
1.460
1.465
1.474
1.484
1.488
1.481
1.490
1.491
1.409
1.414
1.415
1.422
1.432
1.441
1.444
1.441
1.445
1.450
Index
Amount (1939=
)
100
2
3
Eleven-month average.
period.
Preliminary.
Nondurable
goods
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
August 1945 excluded because of VJ-holiday
R E V IE W ,
JA N U A R Y
111
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
1952
D : Prices and Cost of Living
T a b l e
D -l: Consumers’ Price Index1 for Moderate-Income Families in Large Cities, by Group of
Commodities
[1935-39=100]
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration
Year and month
All items
Food
Apparel
Total
1913:
1914:
1915:
1916:
1917:
1918:
1919:
1920:
1921:
1922:
1923:
1924:
1925:
1926:
1927:
1928:
1929:
1930:
1931:
1932:
1933:
1934:
1935:
1936:
1937:
1938:
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
Average________________
Average------- ---------------Average________________
Average------- -------------Average________________
Average________________
Average______ ______ Average________________
Average_____ - -----------Average________________
Average-----------------------Average___________ ____
Average________________
Average------- ---------------A verage... -----------------Average________________
Average____________ --Average------ --------- -------Average________________
Average_____ _________ A verage-.. -. ------- -----Average_______________
Average________ ______
A verage..- - . ------------Average-----------------------Average__________ _____
Average________________
Average________________
Average________________
Average____________ . . .
Average---------- -----------Average_______________
Average______________ .
Average___ __________
Average___ - . ------------A verage.. -------------- . .
Average________________
A verage.. . . . . ----------January 15__ . -----------June 15. .
___________
November 1 5 ... . _____
December 15____________
1951: January 15_____________
J a n u a r y 15 ____________
February 15____________
F e b r u a r y 15 ___________
March 15_______________
M a r c h 1 5 _______________
April 15________________
A p r i l 15 ______________
M ay 15 ... -------------------M a y 1 5 ---------- --------------June 1 5 ________________
J u n e 15 . _. . . . _______
July 15........................... .......
J u l y 15 ______________ _
August 1 5 ... __________
A u g u s t 15
______ _____
September 15___________
S e p t e m b e r 1 5 ____________
October 15. _______ . .
O ctober 1 5 . .. . _________
November 15. _________
N o v e m b e r 1 5 ____________
1
70.7
71.8
72.5
77.9
91.6
107.5
123.8
143.3
127.7
119.7
121.9
122.2
125.4
126.4
124.0
122.6
122.5
119.4
108.7
97.6
92.4
95.7
98.1
99.1
102.7
100.8
99.4
100.2
105.2
116.6
123.7
125.7
128.6
139.5
159.6
171.9
170.2
171.9
168.2
170.2
176.4
178.8
181. 5
79.9
81.8
80.9
90.8
116.9
134.4
149.8
168.8
128.3
119.9
124.0
122.8
132.9
137.4
132.3
130.8
132.5
126.0
103,9
86.5
84.1
93.7
100.4
101.3
105.3
97.8
95.2
96.6
105.5
123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
159.6
193.8
210.2
201.9
204.5
196.0
203.1
210.8
216.3
221.9
Housefurnishings
Rent
69.3
69.8
71.4
78.3
94.1
127.5
168.7
201.0
154.8
125.6
125.9
124.9
122.4
120.6
118.3
116.5
115.3
112.7
102.6
90.8
87.9
96.1
96.8
97.6
102.8
102. 2
100.5
101. 7
106.3
124.2
129.7
138.8
145.9
160.2
185.8
198.0
190.1
187.7
185.0
184.6
194.3
195.5
198. 5
92.2
92.2
92.9
94.0
93,2
94.9
102.7
120.7
138.6
142.7
146.4
151.6
152.2
150.7
148.3
144.8
141.4
137.5
130.3
116.9
100.7
94.4
94.2
96.4
100.9
104.1
104.3
104.6
106.4
108.8
108.7
109.1
109.5
61.9
62.3
62.5
65.0
72.4
84.2
91.1
106.9
114.0
113.1
115.2
113.7
115.4
117.2
115.4
113.4
112.5
111.4
108.9
103.4
100.0
101.4
100.7
100.2
100.2
99.9
99.0
99.7
102.2
105.4
107.7
109.8
110.3
112.4
110.1
121.2
121.1
113.6
126.4
131.0
129. 4
130. 9
132. 5
132.9
133.2
133.9
137.5
140.6
140.0
139.1
142.5
142.8
143.3
1 4 4 -5
Gas and
electricity
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
0
0
0
0102.8
100.8
99.1
99.0
98.9
98.0
97.1
96.7
96.1
95.8
95.0
92.3
92.0
94.3
96.7
96.8
96.7
96.8
96.8
96.8
97.2
Other
fuels
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 98.4
99.8
101.7
101.0
99.1
101.9
108.3
115.1
120.7
126.0
128.3
136.9
156.1
183.4
187.7
194.1
193.1
189.0
200.8
201.7
202.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.2
100.4
104.1
110.0
114.2
115.8
115.9
115.9
125.9
135.2
141.7
147.8
145.5
147.0
151.3
151.5
152.0
122.2
125.6
136.4
145.8
159.2
184.4
195.8
189.0
190.2
184.7
184.8
201.1
203.2
207.4
50.9
51.9
53.6
56.3
65.1
77.8
87.6
100.5
104.3
101.2
100.8
102.2
102.6
101.4
103.2
103.8
104.6
105.1
104.1
101.7
98.4
97.9
98.1
98.7
101.0
101.5
100.7
101.1
104.0
110.9
115.8
121.3
124.1
128.8
139.9
149.9
154.6
156.5
155.1
154.6
159.2
160.6
162.1
1 9 9 .7
202. 0
1 2 6 .0
134.0
143.9
97.2
201.8
1 5 2 .9
226.0
204.5
152.8
209.7
163.2
1815
m .o
2 0 3 .2
1 2 6 .8
1 4 5 .7
9 7 .2
2 0 4 -7
1 5 3 .5
I 6 4 .8
184.5
226.2
203.1
134.7
144.2
97.2
205.0
154.4
2 1 1 .4
210.7
164.3
m . 4
204.6
1 2 7 .3
1 4 6 .3
9 7 .2
2 0 5 .7
184. 4
m .6
203. 6
135.1
2 0 5 .2
1 2 7 .7
204. 0
135.4
2 2 6 .7
205. 7
1 2 8 .0
226.9
204. 0
135.7
1 8 5 .5
2 2 7 .0
2 0 5 .5
185. 5
227.7
203. 3
1 8 5 .8
2 2 7 .5
184.6
1 8 4 .5
185.4
1 8 5 .4
185.2
225.7
824.6
227.4
2 0 4 .9
164.8
2 0 2 .3
1 5 6 .0
214-6
1 6 6 .3
203.7
157.6
212.4
165.0
97. 4
143. 6
97.1
201.6
202.8
1 2 8 .3
1 4 5 .1
9 7 .2
136.2
144.0
97.2
1 4 5 .7
1 2 8 .8
9 7 .2
2 0 3 .4
154.4
1 5 7 .6
1 6 6 .3
1 6 6 .8
204.2
157.8
2 0 4 .0
1 5 7 .8
144.4
97.3
204. 9
157.8
1 3 0 .0
1 4 6 .3
9 7 .3
138.2
144.6
146.8
97.4
205.8
156.3
9 7 .4
2 0 6 .3
1 5 6 .3
97.4
206.3
156.3
210.8
211. 1
212.8
210.4
212.0
210.8
1 4 7 .0
9 7 .4
2 0 6 .7
1 5 6 .3
2 1 2 .5
186.6
227.3
209. 0
137.5
1 8 6 .5
2 2 6 .3
2 1 6 .7
187.4
229.2
208.9
211.0
1 3 0 .8
207.6
138.9
2 0 9 .9
1 3 1 .4
144.8
2 0 4 .8
1 5 7 .8
165.0
2 1 4.8
97.3
9 7 .3
144.2
164.6
2 1 2 .7
14 6 .0
136.8
1 2 9 .3
2 3 2 .1
1 6 6 .4
212. 5
1 4 4 -9
203;. 6
1 8 9 .3
2 1 4.8
156.0
202.4
205. 2
231.4
1 5 6 .0
97.3
2 2 6 .4
2 2 9 .2
1 6 6 .1
156.0
211.8
212.6
1 6 5 .8
214.1
143.6
227.0
188.6
2 1 2 .7
205.0
2 0 5 .5
185.5
1 6 3 .7
1 5 4 -4
96.9
9 7 .1
144.0
2 0 8 .9
1 5 4 -4
146.2
1 8 5 .6
1 8 7 .8
9 7 .2
165.4
166.0
1 6 7 .5
166.6
1 6 8 .1
168.4
169. 9
Mimeographed tables are available upon request showing indexes for each
of the cities regularly surveyed by the Bureau and for each of the major groups
of living essentials. Indexes for all large cities combined are available since
1913. The beginning date for series of indexes for individual cities varies from
city to city but indexes are available for most of the 34 cities since World
War I.
The Miscellaneous group covers transportation (such as automobiles and
their upkeep and public transportation fares); medical care (including pro
fessional care and medicines); household operation (covering supplies and
different kinds of paid services); recreation (that is, newspapers, motion pic
tures, radio, television, and tobacco products); personal care (barber and
beauty-shop service and toilet articles); etc.
Data not available.
2
3
N o t e .— T h e o l d s e r i e s o f I n d e x e s f o r 1 9 5 1 a r e s h o w n i n i t a l i c s i n t a b l e s D - l , D - 2 , a n d D - 5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
59.1
60.7
63.6
70.9
82.8
106.4
134.1
164.6
138.5
117.5
126.1
124.0
121.5
118.8
115.9
113.1
111.7
108.9
98.0
85.4
84.2
92.8
94.8
96.3
104.3
103.3
101.3
100.5
107.3
183.8
1 8 1 .6
The “Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in lar ge cities”
formerly known as the “ Cost-of-living index” measures average changes in
retail prices of goods, rents, and services purchased by wage earners and
iower-salaried workers in large cities.
U. S. Department of Labor Bulletin No. 699, Changes in Cost of Living in
Large Cities in the United States, 1913-41, contains a detailed description of
methods used in constructing this index. Additional information on the
consumers’ price index is given in the following reports: Report of the Presi
dent’s Committee on the Cost of Living (1945); Report of the Joint Com
mittee on the Consumers’ Price Index of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,
A Joint Committee Print (1949); Techniques of Preparing Major BLS
Statistical Series, U. S. Department of Labor Bulletin No. 993; and Interim
Adjustment of Consumers’ Price Index, U. S. Department of Labor Bulletin
.No. 1039. See also General Note, below.
fo r re fe re n ce .
Miscella
neous 2
Ice
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
112
T a b l e
M O N T H LY
L A B O R
D-2: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City,1 for Selected Periods
[1935-39=100]
C ity
N o v . 15 Oct. 15, S ep t. 15 A u g. 15, J u ly 15, Ju n e 15, M a y 15, A pr. 15, M ar. 15 F eb . 15, Ja n . 15, D ec. 15, N o v . 15 Ju n e 15,
1951
l'951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1950
1950
1950
N ov. 15,
1951
A verage-------------- ------ -----
188.6
187.4
186.6
185.5
185.5
185.2
185.4
184.6
184.5
183.8
181.5
178.8
176.4
170.2
1 8 9 .3
A tlan ta, G a ________________
B altim o re, M d _____________
B irm in gh am , A la __________
B osto n , M a s s______________
B u ffalo , N . Y ______________
C hicago, 111. _- - ________
C in cin n ati, O hio___________
C leveland , O hio______ ____
D en v er, C olo ------ ------------D etroit, M ic h ______________
H ou ston , T e x _________ ____
196.1
0
196.3
180.0
0
194.3
187.8
192.0
0
0
196.0
179.3
186.9
193.5
187.0
0
191.2
190.2
194.4
0
190.5
191.4
177.8
0
191.8
186.8
0
0
189.0
194.1
193.1
0
190.5
177.2
0
190.9
185.3
189.1
0
188.5
193.0
0
0
189.2
176.9
185.5
190.9
185.6
0
187.6
188.6
192.6
0
189.8
189.8
176.5
0
190.1
185.0
0
0
188.3
192.3
192.7
0
190.1
176.1
0
189.8
184.8
188.2
0
187.4
3 192. 5
0
0
189.9
175.5
183.3
189.1
184.6
0
187.0
186.7
192.5
0
188.6
190.6
175.8
0
189.1
184.4
0
0
187.0
192.4
187.5
0
189.8
175.5
0
188.5
183.9
186.2
0
186.2
191.0
0
0
188.2
173.5
180.8
185.4
182.3
0
184.9
184.2
190.1
0
183.1
183.9
171.2
0
183.4
178.4
0
0
181.3
186.1
3 180. 7
0
180.8
169.7
0
180.6
176.1
179.6
0
179.8
183.0
0
174.7
171.6
165.5
0
175.1
170.5
0
0
173.5
1 9 5 .4
Indianapolis, Ind. _______
Jacksonville, Fla__________
Kansas City, M o--------------Los Angeles, Calif_________
Manchester, N . H ________
Memphis, Term -. _______
Milwaukee, W is__________
Minneapolis, M inn_______
Mobile, Ala______________
N ew Orleans, La__________
N ew York, N . Y __________
(2)
(2)
(2)
189.6
(2)
(2)
195.3
(2)
0
0
187.2
0
189.9
0
183.1
0
0
0
186.6
0
0
192.3
0
0
188.9
187.8
0
0
186.1
0
187.8
0
183.6
0
0
0
186.3
0
0
190.9
0
0
188.5
3 187. 5
0
0
185.6
0
186.5
0
183.2
0
0
0
184.1
0
0
187.5
0
0
187.9
0
0
178.5
0
182.7
0
177.7
0
0
0
176.2
0
0
180.3
0
0
180.1
0
0
169.3
0
172.7
0
169. 1
0
0
0
1 8 8 .0
0
01 9 4 . 6
0
0
1 9 0 .9
Norfolk, V a_______________
Philadelphia, P a__________
Pittsburgh, P a____________
Portland, M aine__________
Portland, Oreg____________
Richmond, V a____________
St. Louis, M o_____________
San Francisco, Calif_______
Savannah, Ga____________
Scranton, P a_____________
Seattle, W ash____ ____ ___
Washington, D . C _______
191.7
189.1
192.0
(2)
(2)
(2)
1
(2)
191. 5
195.1
0
190.0
184.1
0
0
0
185.4
194.6
184.7
189.9
0
180.4
187.9
187.0
0
0
0
0
0
183.0
0
186.7
191.2
0
195.8
183.8
0
0
0
0
0
198.8
192.0
185.6
0
182.5
180.9
0
188.6
185.4
188.8
186.1
190.0
178.6
0
0
186.2
188.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
182.5
190.9
180.8
0
179.7
186.7
184.4
0
0
0
0
0
181.2
0
185.4
189.3
0
195.7
181.3
0
0
0
0
0
196.5
190.6
183. 5
0
180.5
181.4
0
188.3
186.4
187.8
185.6
187.8
176.4
0
0
185.0
188.4
0
0
0
0
The indexes are based on time-to-time changes in the cost of goods and
services purchased by moderate-income families in large cities. They do
not indicate whether it costs more to live in one city than in another.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0
0
0
0
0
0
182.4
191.4
180.0
0
178.5
185.6
182.9
0
0
0
0
0
180.6
0
185.9
186.7
0
194.1
181.2
0
0
0
0
0
195.5
190.4
181.9
0
180.4
0
185.6
186.0
175.7
0
0
185.2
188.7
0
0
0
0
180.8
187.1
185.4
185.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
180.8
188.3
179.2
184.4
0
175.6
181.3
180.6
0
0
0
0
0
177.8
0
181.0
183.4
0
190.4
179.8
0
0
0
0
0
189.2
185.6
177.1
0
175.4
0
178.1
180.2
171.3
0
0
178.8
181.5
0
0
0
0
173.2
179.3
174.1
178.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
173.1
183.1
173.5
175.8
176.3
168.2
0
167.0
0
169.1
171.8
164.4
0
0
168.8
172.4
0
0
0
0
0
1 9 7 .4
181. 3
0
1 9 5 .4
1 8 8 .3
1 9 1 .4
0
1 9 1 .8
1 9 3 .9
1 8 5 .3
1 9 0 .6
1 8 9 .6
1 9 3 .3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 8 8 .1
1 9 2 .7
1 8 5 .6
2 Indexes are computed monthly for 10 cities and once every 3 months for
24 additional cities according to a staggered schedule,
3 Corrected.
R E V IE W ,
JA N U A R Y
T a b l e
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
1952
113
D-3: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City and Group of
Commodities 1
[1935-39=100]
Fuel, electricity and refrigeration
Food
Apparel
B ent
Housefumishings
Total
City
Miscellaneous
Gas and electricity
Nov. 15, Oct. 15, N ov. 15, Oct. 15, N ov. 15, Oct. 15, N ov. 15 Oct. 15, N ov. 15, Oct. 15, Nov. 15, Oct. 15, Nov. 15, Oct. 15,
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
Average, ___________
231.4
229.2
207.6
Atlanta, Ga- _______
Baltimore, M d ______
Birmingham, Ala „ I _
Boston, M ass____ . . .
Buffalo, N . Y _____
Chicago, 111_________
Cincinnati, Ohio_____
Cleveland, Ohio______
Denver, Colo________
Detroit, M ich_______
Houston, Tex________
232.1
242.4
224.3
218.4
227.2
237.8
232.0
239.0
236.9
233.5
237.8
230.0
241.1
224.0
217.8
224.2
236.2
229.7
237.2
234.9
230.5
237.6
221.0
2(')20.8
Indianapolis, Ind_____
Jacksonville, Pla ____
Kansas City, M o . . .
Los Angeles, Calif____
Manchester, N . H ____
Memphis, T enn___Milwaukee, W is____
Minneapolis, M m n___
Mobile, Ala_ ____
N ew Orleans, L a_____
N ew York, N . Y _____
227.9
234.8
216.4
237.1
222.5
237.7
231.7
226.3
232.5
213.9
234.5
230.0
241.3
230.9
238.0
228.9
218.9
231.7
239.9
227.8
Norfolk, Ya_ ______
Philadelphia, Pa- ___
Pittsburgh, P a ______
Portland, M aine____
Portland, Oreg_______
Bichmond, Va__ __
St. Louis, M o................
San Francisco, C alif-..
Savannah, Ga_______
Scranton, P a _______
Seattle, Wash _.
Washington, D . C ____
231.9
228.6
235.2
216.4
251.8
219.1
242.2
240.7
241.7
229.8
238.1
228.1
230.0
227.1
233.5
215.8
246.9
218.4
239.3
235.6
240.7
227.2
234.8
228.0
221.2
222.8
194.4
(')
210.5
203.4
205.0
(>)
199.3
222.0
0)
(9
(>)
198.6
(9
(9
208.7
(9
(9
210.7
208.9
138.9
138.2
144.8
144.6
97.4
97.4
210.8
(9
(9
222.3
194.4
202.4
(9
(9
(9
(9
139.4
(9
(9
(9
162.1
143.0
(9
160.9
149.2
138.2
162.0
154.0
138.2
150.5
150.5
113.8
155.4
98.5
160.9
149.0
138.0
162.0
153.9
138.2
150.2
150.5
113.8
154.4
98.6
85.9
115.4
79.6
118.1
219.4
(i)
110.0
83.5
100.1
85.9
115.4
79.6
118.1
212.2
200.6
222.8
149.5
(9
200.3
(9
(9
(9
(9
147.5
(9
(9
169.9
199.8
(9
199.8
200.5
197.1
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
164.4
(9
(9
168.6
(9
145.8
(9
147.9
(9
133.2
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
161.8
142.5
132.2
98.7
168.3
141.7
151.8
141.9
130.5
113.2
144.6
161.4
143.4
129.8
98.7
167.9
141.6
151.3
141.3
130.5
113.2
144.7
84.5
84.8
70.3
93.0
111.4
77.0
99.2
77.7
84.8
75.1
102.9
93.0
110.9
77.0
99.2
77.7
84.9
75.1
102.9
159.5
150.5
146.6
157.5
134.5
148.8
143.4
97.5
168.8
161.6
132.2
149.3
159.6
149.9
150.7
157.4
134.5
148.8
143.4
92.1
164.5
161.6
132.2
149.3
99.9
104.2
109.2
107.8
93.9
104.2
114.5
107.9
93.9
211.2
206.0
(9
211.2
213.2
140.0
(9
196.0
202.4
238.0
2(901.6
159.1
130.1
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
214.3
207.5
226.4
239.3
(9
203.6
211.2
(9
(9
210.1
(9
(9
(9
(9
116.9
(9
(9
128.9
(9
153.2
153.7
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
165.4
156.7
126.1
(9
(9
(9
121.8
(9
(9
1 P rices of ap p a rel, hou sefu rm sh m gs, an d m iscellan eous goods an d services
are o b tain ed m on th ly in 10 cities a n d once every 3 m on th s in 24 ad d itio n al
cities on a staggered schedule.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
105.6
69.7
90.1
81.9
102.2
88.4
85.9
123.9
103.5
92.6
105.3
110.0
83.5
100.1
105.6
69.7
89.5
82.1
84.5
85.9
68.8
100.1
102.2
88.4
81.0
116.0
103.5
92.6
105.3
201.8
202.4
(1)
197.9
196.6
190.1
)
225.5
205.7
0
(0
(0
(1)
208.4
(i)
(0
215.6
0
(0)
206.0
201.7
205.6
217.2
213.9
(i)
(0
(0
(0
(0
187.1
(1)
213.5
220.4
210.4
168.4
166.6
0)
(0
202.2
202.2
179.5
(i)
168.1
162.9
(i)
(1)
167.8
161.3
172.0
171.2
167.7
211.7
198.0
197.0
(•)
237.8
225.6
205.0
193.2
(>)
197.4
208.4
216.3
(*)
0
(0
2(0
01.8
)
(i)
(!)
215.8
213.4
(0
206.2
225.1
(0
(«)
219.1
(i)
(i)
0)
(0
172.4
168.9
167.7
(!)
181.0
173.1
(i)
(i)
(i)
164.5
(!)
(1)
168.5
)
(i)
153.1
168.0
0
167.9
171.3
168.2
(i)
(1)
(i)
(i)
(i)
(‘)
155.4
175.6
170.6
(0
164.4
179.2
171.7
176.1
0168.0
)
162.1
159.7
(i)
(i)
(')
(0
(i)
166.7
(i)
167.5
166.5
(i)
172.9
154.3
(i)
(1)
173.8
(i)
(0
0)
B e n ts are su rv ey ed ev ery 3 m o n th s in 34 large cities on a staggered schedule,
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
114
M O N T H LY
LA B O R
D-4: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods,1 by Group, for Selected Periods
T a b l e
[1935-39=100]
Year and month
1939* Aypragp
1940* Ayprp^p
1941 ’ Avprp pp
December___
1Q43’ Aypragp
1Q4K- Ayprapp.
A
1P40*
Ayprapp
November___
1
1
047 *
948 *
1940*
1950*
Avpra.pp
Ayprfl.pp.
Avp.ragp.
Aypra.pp.
Ja.rma.ry
Thrift
November __
December----1951: January_____
February____
March
___
April_______
M ay________
J u n e .- - ____
July________
August______
September
October
November___
Cere Meats,
als
poul
All
and
try,
bakery
foods
and
Total
prod fish
ucts
19,4
137
139
Kfi
95
93
9fi
0
4
5
5
2
5
fi
5
7
6
6
5
4
8
101 2
117 8
127 1
79. 3
105 5
113.1
123 9
138 0
130 1
139 1
140 9
97 9
102.5
105 1
107 6
108 4
109 0
109 1
107. 5
126 0
133. 8
129. 9
131. 2
131.8
106. 5
109.7
122. 5
124.2
117. 9
118. 0
118.1
159 0
145. 6
187.7
125 0
122.1
140.6
193 8
210 2
201. 9
204. 5
196. 0
203.1
210.8
216.3
221.9
226.0
226.2
225.7
227.4
226.9
227. 7
227.0
227.3
229.2
231.4
1
105
115
107
82
94
93
96
Fruits and vegetables
Meats
Beef
and
veal
Chick Fish
ens
Pork
Lamb
93.8 101.0
94.6 99.6
94.8 110.6
Can
Fro
zen 2 Fresh ned Dried
Bever Fats Sugar
and
and
ages
oils sweets
129.4 136.1
127.4 141.7
131.0 143.8
84.9 82.3
95.9 91.0
93.1 90.7
101.4 93.8
169.5
210.8
169.0
103.5
94.5
92.4
96.5
173.6
226.2
173.5
105.9
95.1
92.8
97.3
124.8
122.9
124.3
91.1
92.3
91.6
92.4
175.4
152.4
171.0
91.2
93.3
90.3
100.6
131.5 126.2
170.4 145.0
164.8 127.2
112.6 71.1
95.5 87.7
94.9 84.5
92.5 82.2
175.4
120.0
114.3
89.6
100.6
95.6
96.8
112.2
138.1
136.5
161.9
153.9
164.4
171.4
103.2
110.5
130.8
168.8
168.2
177.1
183.5
104.2
111.0
132.8
178.0
177.2
188.2
196.2
97.9
106.3
121.6
130.6
129.5
130.2
130.3
106.7
118.3
136.3
158.9
164.5
168.2
168.6
101.5
114.1
122.1
124.8
124.3
124.7
124.7
94.0
108.5
119.6
126.1
123.3
124.0
124.0
106.4
114.4
126.5
127.1
126.5
126.5
126.6
165.1 168.8
147.8 147.1
198.5 201.6
182.4
183. 5
184.5
190.7
196. 7
182.3
140.8 190.4
127.5 172.5
167.7 251.6
139.6 152.1
125. 4 126.4
167.8 244.4
143.9
136.2
170.5
96.6 101.1
95.4 99. 6
94.4 102.8
88.9
88.0
81.1
99.5
98.8
99.7
110.8
114.4
123.6
124.7
118.7
118.4
118.5
100.1
103.2
120.4
119.9
112.2
112.6
112.6
106.6
108.1
124.1
136.9
134.5
136.0
136.4
102.1
100.5
122.6
146.1
151.0
154. 4
157.3
161 3
134. 0
203.6
150.8 150.5
120.4 121.2
197.9 191.0
148.2
114.3
207.1
163.9
139.0
205.4
174.0 236.2
162.8 219.7
188.9 265.0
155 4
170 9
169. 7
172. 7
169. 0
169. 8
177.6
177.7
217.1
246. 5
233.4
243. 6
219. 4
246. 5
250.3
253.4
214. 7
243. 9
229. 3
242. 0
217. 9
246.7
249.6
253.8
213.6
258. 5
241.3
265. 7
242.3
268.6
279.2
286.3
215.9
222.5
205.9
203.2
177.3
209.1
201.8
201.0
220.1
246.8
251.7
257.8
234.3
268.1
264.1
269.0
183. 2
203.2
191.5
183.3
158.9
185.1
180.1
179.3
271.4
312.8
314.1
308.5
301.9
295.9
336.6
340.3
186.2
204.8
186.7
184.7
184.2
177.8
192.8
194.0
200.8
208.7
201.2
173.6
152.3
148.4
205.4
249.4
199.4
205.2
208.1
199.2
204.8
209.3
195.7
203.9 100.0
201. 5
212.4
218.8
206.1
217. 2
224.3
195.9
207.3
166.2
158.0
152.9
146.0
143.3
142.7
153.2
155.3
263.5
246.8
227.4
228.5
223.9
222.9
242.2
248.8
186.8
205.0
220.7
312.5
299.5
296. 5
325.5
327. 5
197.5
195.5
148.4
144.3
135.2
140.1
152.9
158.5
180.0
174.0
176.4
179.9
178.9
174.3
184.6
184.9
185.4
187.1
187.5
188.3
188.2
188.4
189.0
188.7
189.4
189.4
190.2
263.6
270.1
272.2
272. 6
272.7
271.6
273.2
275.0
275.6
276.6
273.5
265.5
271.2
271.9
272.5
272.4
273.1
274. 2
276.6
277.6
281.0
278.6
300.9
307.0
308.0
309.5
308.7
308.8
310.3
310.1
310.7
317.0
317.3
210.2
215.2
215.4
213.7
213.4
214.4
215.3
222.6
224.3
223.8
215.8
273.6
279.7
280.5
284.2
289.1
292.5
292.2
292.0
292.2
293.7
295.6
184.3
193.2
198.9
198.5
198.9
191.3
195.3
194.4
195.1
188.7
184.0
345.3
347.8
351.2
351.7
353.1
356.3
353.3
356.4
353.2
353.2
351.1
202.6
204.4
204.6
204.1
203.5
203.9
205.1
205.9
206.4
207.9
210.4
191.5
179.8
195.2
191.2
198.4
201.2
211.5
225.8
239.3
243.4
241.8
214.1
224.3
217.1
214.8
221.6
219.9
218.5
208.9
205.1
210.8
223.5
100.2
100.8
101. 2
100. 2
99.6
98.8
98.8
98.0
97.5
97.5
95.9
220.0
233.4
220. 7
215.9
226.5
223.5
221.8
209.1
204.3
214.4
235.0
160.6
165.1
167.0
168.9
169.6
170.4
170.0
165.8
164.2
162.8
162.7
253.4
256.7
257.4
257.8
256.7
254.4
250.7
248.5
245.6
240.8
238.1
340.6
342.7
342.6
343.5
345.3
345.2
344.8
345.2
345.0
345.8
346. 6
171.5
176.5
177.3
178.3
176.7
175. 2
168.8
162.7
161.5
160.6
158.5
185.6
186.0
186.0
185.9
185.4
186.1
188.0
188.3
188.2
187.0
186.7
96. 6
95. 7
95. 8
m .i
The Bureau of Labor Statistics retail food prices are obtained monthly
during the first three days of the week containing the fifteenth of the month,
through voluntary reports from chain and independent retail food dealers.
Indexes of retail food prices in 56 large cities combined, by commodity
groups, for the years 1923 through 1949 (1935-39=100), may be found in Bulle
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Dairy
prod Eggs
ucts
Total
124.5
138.9
163.0
206.5
207.6
217.1
2 D .8
112.0
120.5
125.4
134.6
133.6
133.9
133. 4
tin No. 1032 “ Retail Prices of Food, 1949,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S.
Department of Labor, table 3, p. 7. Mimeographed tables of the same data*,
by months, January 1935 to date, are available upon request.
2 December 1950= 100.
R E V IE W ,
JA N U A R Y
1952
D :
T a b l e
P R IC E S
A N D
CO ST
OF
LIV IN G
115
D-5: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods, by City
[1935-39=100]
N ov.
1951
Oct.
1951
Sept.
1951
United States.
231.4
229.2
227.3
227.0
227.7
226.9
Atlanta, Ga_____
Baltimore, M d__
Birmingham, Ala.
Boston, M ass____
Bridgeport, Conn.
232.1
242.4
224.3
218.4
227.9
230. 0
241.1
224.0
217.8
227.4
232.1
238.3
213.9
224.3
231.4
238.0
217.3
215. 5
225.0
229.4
237.0
214 5
216.6
226.0
228.1
238.9
216.4
214.9
225.9
226.0
Buffalo, N . Y _______
Butte, M ont________
Cedar Rapids, Iowa L
Charleston, S. C _____
Cnicago, 111 . . . ..............
227.2
230. 2
240. 5
218.0
237.8
224.2
229. 2
237.8
217. 9
236. 2
221.5
228.5
235.1
220 . 6
232.3
2 2 2 .1
224.3
225.5
237.2
221.9
226.6
236.5
218.0
222.9
234.8
Cincinnati, Ohio...................
Cleveland, Ohio_________
Columbus, Ohio_________
Dallas, Tex_________ ____
Denver, Colo______ ____
232.0
239. 0
211. 4
236. 0
236. 9
229.7
237. 2
209. 6
233.8
234.9
Detroit, M ich.......
Fall River, M ass.
Houston, Tex____
Indianapolis, Ind.
Jackson, M iss .1 __
233.5
224. 2
237. 8
227. 9
227. 4
Jacksonville, F la ..
Kansas City, Mo__
Knoxville, Term.1..
Little Rock, Ark_.
Los Angeles, Calif.
City
2 2 0 .1
Aug.
1951
219.2
229.0
236.0
July
1951
June
1951
M ay
1951
Apr.
1951
Mar.
1951
227.4
225.7
226.2
226.0
221.9
216.3
210 .8
203.1
232. /
228.7
239.0
218.1
214.4
225.3
228.5
236.2
218. 3
224.1
236.8
220.5
213.3
226.9
224.0
237.1
213.8
224.1
223.4
231.8
219.8
209.1
220.9
217.0
226.4
212.3
204.1
214.6
208. 3
220. 5
203.0
201.5
209.1
195 4
215. 6
192. 2
196.1
204.0
<9.3/, £
9,1ft Q
9,9,fi R
9.9.0 3
2 2 9 .5
217.9
222.5
230.6
213.2
232.9
215.5
220.7
229. 2
208.9
225.1
207.5
215.8
225.9
203.2
205. 7
2 12 . 2
220 . 2
199. 0
203. 0
208. 6
188. 0
208.4
931 fi
p.3ff 1
91. t 1
917 3
239 . 4
205.1
931
9.3R
913
937
235.
2 12 .8
Feb.
1951
220.8
Jan.
1951
Dec.
1950
233.4
227.4
238.5
218.9
235.3
233.4
233.0
231.1
219.6
223.9
234.9
214.3
231.6
229.0
235.3
207. 8
233. 5
232.4
228.3
235. 7
207.3
230.9
231.6
229.2
236.7
207.6
227.0
230.6
226.9
236.3
208.5
227.9
232.6
227.1
235.6
207.3
228.9
232.3
226.0
231.8
206.1
228.7
229.9
225.8
233.3
207.1
229.9
230.5
226.9
232.7
206.7
228.7
229.0
223.7
227.4
200.7
225.9
227.8
223.6
230. 5
223. 2
237. b
226.3
229. 4
228.4
219. 7
239. 4
225. 4
227. 2
229.1
229.4
221.3
235.2
222.4
221.9
229.1
219. 2
237.1
223.3
223.2
227.3
219.8
238.3
228.8
219.2
238.5
228.3
237. 2
224. 3
224.8
2 2 1.6
2 2 2 .1
235.6
226.3
226.4
223.7
216.0
236.0
218.6
223.1
217.2
211.4
227.5
214.9
216.0
234.8
216. 4
25b. 2
225.4
237.1
232.5
213. 9
253. 7
224. 4
234. 5
234.7
2 12 . 2
254.9
223. 0
233.3
231.9
230.5
213.6
250.3
225.1
230.9
234.3
212.4
250.9
224.9
228.9
234. 8
253.1
222.9
232.3
233.8
213.7
251.7
223 6
232.7
253.4
226.8
229.8
231.5
210. 5
253.1
225.2
226.9
229.0
208.5
248.6
222.7
226.3
Louisville, K y _____
Manchester, N . H__
Memphis, T enn___
Milwaukee, W is___
Minneapolis, M inn.
218.6
222. 5
237. 7
231. 7
2 2 1. 2
216.7
2 22 . 8
238. 0
228. 9
218. 9
215.6
219.8
237.4
227. 9
215. b
214.8
221. 9
234. 7
229.2
217. 5
232.3
231.9
219.0
233.0
229.9
219.4
213.7
218.4
234.6
227.5
218.2
212.5
217.8
232. 9
224.8
217.6
214.6
217.6
233.8
226.9
217.7
214.5
218.9
230. 8
227.4
217.9
215.1
227.6
219.6
213.8
Mobile, A la._____________
Newark, N . J____________
N ew Haven, C onn..............
N ew Orleans, L a ___ _____
N ew York, N . Y _________
230. 0
228.3
229.1
225.3
219. 9
240.6
226.1
227.0
225.0
219.2
240.8
225. 5
229. 5
225.7
225.7
225.5
220.5
238.2
224.4
224.2
227.1
220.3
239. 5
226.4
225.7
224.2
218.1
240.2
224.9
223.8
223. 2
219.3
242.1
224.7
222.5
225. 5
220.4
241. 3
230. 9
231.7
226. 4
222.4
239. 9
227. 8
230.0
223. 3
235. 6
227.1
233. 5
229.1
219. 6
235. 6
224.1
231.0
229.1
Philadelphia, Pa__________
Pittsburgh, Pa____________
231.9
225.1
239. 5
228. 6
235.2
229.2
219. 6
241.2
227.9
217.0
237. 9
222.3
227.8
233.8
216.8
238.1
221.4
227.2
227.4
Portland, M aine..
Portland, Oreg__
Providence, R. I__
Richmond, Va___
Rochester, N . Y ._
216.4
251. y
233.3
219.1
226.3
215.8
246. 9
232.8
218. 4
222. 3
213. 2
247.9
228.3
217.7
2 10 .0
242.2
Norfolk, Va......................
Omaha, N ebr___ _____
P e o r ia , 111_______________
2 2 2 .1
St. Louis, M o .........................
St. Paul, M inn____ ____ _
Salt Lake City, U tah______
San Francisco, Calif_______
Savannah, Ga.....................
232. 5
240. 7
241. 7
Scranton, Pa_____________
Seattle, Wash............... .........
Springfield, 111___________
Washington, D. C........ .......
Wichita, Kans.L_________
Winston-Salem, N . C . 1___
229.8
238.1
241. 4
228.1
244.1
22Ü. 5
2 2 1.6
1 June 1940=100.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 2 1.0
228.9
2 2 1.0
233.6
2 1 1 .8
2 2 2 .2
235.2
223.3
22 2.6
216.0
2 2 1.6
2 2 1.6
238.8
226.5
2 1 1 .6
2 12 .8
249.8
225.2
230.9
215.5
2 2 1.0
2 1 1 .6
2 1 2 .2
2 2 2 .1
2 1 1 .6
220.8
220.6
220.0
239.8
227.0
236. 9
223. 2
232.0
229.1
219.1
239.8
223.6
232.9
230.3
229.4
219. .3
240.6
223.8
230.5
22 0 .2
215.9
247.4
228.9
215.9
218.9
217.0
251.2
231.8
216.5
221.5
213.9
251.5
229.6
216.4
222.9
252.1
229.1
216.7
220.9
209.6
248.6
229. 5
215. 9
217.8
210.5
250. 3
228.6
217. 4
218.2
247.4
230.8
218.3
216.2
239.3
220. 7
228.5
235. 6
240. 7
238.8
215.1
228.0
234.8
241.4
237.2
216.2
227.4
234.4
240.0
237.9
216.5
228.3
237.8
241.2
238.2
216.2
230.0
237. 4
239.6
238.4
215.1
228. 3
241.2
237.6
237.6
214.4
226.9
238.4
237.6
239. 4
214.1
227.9
241. 7
232.3
240.0
212.9
225. 6
235.3
231.5
227.2
234. 8
238. 6
228.0
242. 9
225.6
234.4
238.1
224.0
241.4
219.3
225.9
232. 7
237.9
225.5
233.8
238.6
221.9
238.2
220.3
225.7
233.0
238. 5
224.2
234.9
225.2
236.6
237.6
224.3
234.0
221.4
234.4
237.6
220.6
220.6
222.7
234.3
237.8
222.4
237.5
223.7
223.7
231.7
238.2
223.3
235.9
221.3
2 2 0 .1
220.0
22 2.6
237.8
220.7
2 2 2 .2
2 2 2 .2
234.1
220.4
231.1
216.4
236. 5
2 2 2 .2
2 1 1 .0
2 2 1.6
215.9
220.9
197.4
2 2 1 .1
1950
195. 5
214.8
210.7
217.8
191.1
213.1
216.0
213.5
206. 2
2 2 2 .1
208.8
1950
2 11. 2
183.9
201. 5
205.9
202. 9
200. 7
208.1
198.1
2 11. 6
2 0 1.0
223.1
203. 2
243. 6
217.1
218.0
215.3
198.1
235.0
211. 7
205.8
189. 2
223.1
203.3
198.0
207.4
218.3
213.0
2 1 2 .1
1951
fi
Q
/,
0
i
939 /,
9.93 3
9.1,0 1
9.9,0 3
2 2 8 .2
200.1
2 0 1.6
933
913
9X7
997
233.
3
Q
X
R
2
990 3
993 O
91,0 9
939 X
2 2 2 .9
2 0 0 .1
224.0
216.3
206.8
2 0 2 .1
192. 0
200 . 6
208. 3
206.6
194.1
2 2 1.0
213.2
215. 3
208.7
228.2
216.1
208.8
209.1
203.6
220.7
2 1 1 .3
203.3
199.8
212.9
203.7
939 X
997 1
999 /,
9 /ft 0
2 3 0 .8
225.2
213.7
233.4
217.7
222.4
214.8
209.8
226.9
212.9
218.0
203.6
224.4
206. 7
213.8
205. 9
197.2
216.8
201.4
207.5
933
993
943
997
4
4
2 3 4 .6
207.9
243.4
225.1
215.6
202.9
234.9
219.3
210.3
206.1
2 0 1.6
202.6
193. 0
219.1
207.9
195.2
196.4
91R 0
959 4
937 0
991 0
2 2 9 .0
234.0
210.5
229.7
2 2 1 .2
2 10 .2
2 2 2 .2
217.2
229.0
223.0
944. 5
991. 6
934.1
2 10 .0
2 2 0 .2
214.0
237.8
2 1 2 .2
238.0
229.8
217.7
230.2
233. 7
2 2 1 .2
231.1
217.6
2 1 0 .1
202.8
2 12 .1
225.7
231.7
216.7
230.0
214.1
2 10 .8
198.1
230.7
213.7
198.4
212.4
219.3
214.9
207.1
2 2 1.8
223.1
208.9
218.4
205.7
192. 5
202 . 2
2 1 1 .1
206.3
0
0
3 4 6 .4
2 4 3 .5
204.2
208.6
2 3 0 .5
236. 7
2 1 1 .8
9 4 I. 6
201.9
209.4
197.3
2 3 0 .8
2 4 5 .8
2 2 1 .8
116
D :
T able
Commodity
P R IC E S
A N D
CO ST
OF
M O N T H LY
L IV IN G
L A B O R
D-6: Average Retail Prices and Indexes of Selected Foods
Aver
age
price
Nov.
1951
Indexes 1935-39=100
Nov.
1951
Oct.
1951
Sept.
1951
Aug.
1951
July
1951
June
1951
M ay
1951
Apr.
1951
Mar.
1951
Feb.
1951
Jan.
1951
Dec.
1950
Nov.
1950
202.3
207.9
206.4
93.1
162.7
201.8
206.4
204.3
94.2
162.9
201.3
205.8
203.6
99.7
162.2
201.1
201.7
199.5
200.8
202.4
197.4
201.3
101.5
161. 5
101.6
102.2
160.2
159.1
196.3
192.5
200.5
100.7
154.5
192.5
191.7
197.8
101.3
162.0
200.9
194. 3
203.7
101.9
156.6
199.0
193. 9
201.8
202.3
197.8
200.4
101.3
161.3
201.8
203.9
191.9
190. 9
197.9
98.6
152.5
190.5
176.5
181.9
93.1
145.8
183.9
223.1
109.8
183.9
221.5
107.5
183.7
183. 4
214.9
108.6
183.4
213.5
106.9
182.8
213.2
107.3
182.7
214.9
107.9
182.8
213.7
106.0
183.0
182.2
209.8
103.1
172.0
171.9
211.6
201.8
100.0
202.8
163.9
191.7
107.9
183.5
215.8
107.1
334.6
308.2
338.5
108.6
217.6
332.7
306.4
337.4
108.9
218.7
323.3
290.6
327.7
108.6
216.1
323.2
289.5
327.1
108.6
215.1
323.1
290.0
327.0
108.4
215.9
322.2
289.5
327.2
106.5
215.8
320.9
289.0
327.1
106.5
216.9
320.3
294.6
326.2
106.2
219.7
318.0
292.8
324.1
106.4
218.8
317.6
294.2
323.2
105.7
217.5
312.3
288.0
315.0
104.4
297.6
273.3
298.1
286.4
266.0
286.9
287.9
264.1
279.2
100.0
201.0
196.6
181.8
271.2
June
1950
Cereals and bakery products:
C e n ts
52.2
Flour, w heat___ ____ .-5 pounds..
22.2
Corn flakes 1 ....... .........-.13 ounces.
9.7
Com meal____ :_________ pound.
16.7
Bice 2_____________________d o ...
17.9
Rolled oats 2_____ ____ 20 ounces..
Bakery products:
15.7
Bread, w h ite.. . _________ p ou nd..
23.2
Vanilla cookies 4______ 7 ounces..
50.7
Layer cake 5 6 ____ ____ pound.
M eats, poultry, and fish:
Meats:
Beef:
Round s te a k ................ . . . d o . . . 113.0
89.0
Rib r o a st..........................d o .:.
76.4
Chuck roast___________ do—
65.9
Frankfurters 5.................. do.
Hamburger 3__________ do----Veal:
Cutlets.................... . . . .. d o ----- 128.0
Pork:
C hops.. ______________do----- 82.1
Bacon, s lic e d ................... -d o--- 65.9
Ham, whole____________.d o --- 64.2
Salt pork__________
.d o - 37.7
Lamb:
Leg-------- ------ ------------- do----- 85.1
Poultry____ __________________ do----Frying chickens:
46.4
N ew York dressed 7____do----59.1
Dressed and drawn 7-----do----Fish:
Fish (fresh, frozen) 8-------------do. . .
( 9)
59.1
Salmon, pink 8_____ 16-ounce can ..
Dairy products:
B utter___ __________________ pound.. 82.6
59.1
Cheese, American process---------d o ...
M ilk, fresh (delivered)________ quart.. 23.8
22.4
M ilk, fresh (grocery)10. . ______ do—
Ice cream 8_________________ ...p in t — 31.1
14.4
M ilk, evaporated____ 14}4-ounce can ..
84.3
Eggs: Eggs, fresh_________________ dozen
Fruits and vegetables:
Frozen fruits:
55.6
Strawberries 8________ 16 ounces
22.6
Orange ju ice 8________ 6 ounces—
Frozen vegetables:
Peas 8____________ ___ 12 ounces— 24.1
Fresh fruits:
Apples___________________ pound.. 10.2
16.3
Bananas___________________ do--Oranges, size 200__________dozen.. 50.0
Fresh vegetables:
Beans, green_____________ pound— 26.4
Cabbage__________________ do—
Carrots__________________ bunch. . 15.7
Lettuce___________________ head— 19.2
Onions__________________ pound..
90.2
P ota to es........................ 15 pounds..
12.1
Sweetpotatoes------------------pound.
21.9
Tomatoes 11 _______________ d o ....
Canned fruits:
34.1
Peaches....................... No. 2 ^ can..
38.5
Pineapple_________________ do—
Canned vegetables:
18.1
Corn 12_____________No. 303 can..
17.4
Tomatoes___________ No. 2 can..
21.0
Peas_______________No. 303 can..
9.9
Baby foods8. .......................... 4}4-4?4ounces..
26.6
Dried fruits, prunes__________pound..
15.7
Dried vegetables, navy beans— do—
Beverages:
86.9
Coffee________________________ do—
Cola drink 8_________ 6 -bottle carton.. 29.0
Eats and oils:
23.5
Lard._____ _______
pound.
36.6
Shortening, hydrogenated______ do—
36.8
Salad dressing_______
pint.
Margarine__________________ pound.
35.4
Uncolored 13_______________ do—
31.8
Colored 14_________________ do—
Sugar and sweets:
50.7
Sugar____________ _____ — 5 pounds.
23.8
Grape je lly 8______________________12 ounces.
66.6
8.1
8.1
1 Specification changed to 13 ounces
in December 1950.
2 July 1947=100.
3 February 1943=100.
4 Specification changed to 7 ounce t
in September 1951.
8 December 1950=100.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
319.5
319.6
220.0
320.1
319.8
319.1
317.2
315.4
196.6
203.7
311.9
202.8
101.5
155.2
105.8
212.1
101.0
153.4
308.6
308.0
300.2
286.7
281.1
228.1
175.9
224.9
186.7
216.6
171.9
212.7
184.5
221.8
174.8
204.9
183. 6
243.5
161.9
215.8
160.5
248.8
172.7
218.7
179.2
258.7
178.4
226.5
185.6
258.1
178.0
229.4
186.2
254.4
177.8
229.4
184.9
236.9
177.8
229.0
183.6
235.3
177.8
228.1
184.9
234.2
177.6
226.3
184.9
233.4
177.6
228.0
187.9
235.7
178.2
230.1
188.0
235.6
178.0
229.7
187.5
300.3
184.0
298.4
188.7
296.9
195.1
296.7
194.4
296.9
195.3
297.2
191.3
293.8
198.9
288.7
198.5
285.0
198.9
284.1
193.2
277.9
184.3
273.3
179.3
268.4
180.1
272.4
185.1
295.8
477.4
294.7
489.1
290.1
503.1
292.5
508.2
288.1
509.2
291.4
511.0
287.1
511.7
286.4
508.1
287.6
502.4
283.7
501.1
283.0
493.7
279.5
484.5
278.5
473.1
268.4
344.1
226.9
261.2
194.0
195.8
104.5
219.7
259.4
189.7
191.2
104.8
203.0
239.3
220.5
259.3
188.3
190.5
105.2
203.7
225.8
221.8
260.0
187.2
188.5
105.1
203.3
211.5
223.8
261.3
185.1
186.4
104.9
203.3
223.3
260.3
184.9
185.9
104.7
224.0
265.7
185.4
187.3
104.9
202.4
195.2
226.1
264.3
184.8
186.7
105.4
228.0
254.9
183.5
185.7
104.2
194.1
191.5
209.7
232.4
179.0
180.6
205.0
230.3
178.3
181.1
195.4
226.2
160.4
162.0
241.8
224.2
258.3
191.2
192.7
104.9
203.1
243.4
183.0
205.4
174.2
148.4
94.9
96.6
95.1
99.2
95.6
95.8
101. 5
97.4
103. 2
101.3
104.2
101.3
102.4
100.8
100.0
100.2
102.0
100.0
96.3
98.5
97.8
99.1
100.0
191.2
270.5
175.8
178.4
269.9
189.3
203.0
265.6
194.4
214.3
264.5
188.0
240.2
268.9
161.5
232.9
271.7
167.5
213.6
274.2
163.7
205.1
273.9
158.0
206.0
276.2
166.1
206.4
274.0
173.4
204.4
266.5
153.3
195.3
271.0
166.5
187.0
266.4
176.3
301.1
271.9
172.8
246.2
217.2
289.4
232.1
196.6
247.5
234.4
144.3
188.4
160.5
235.9
186.4
177.0
215.2
227.5
142.8
185.4
153.7
241.1
168.1
168.6
193.3
265.8
101.5
166.8
151.6
235.0
180.6
176.0
203.7
308.2
187.3
172.9
162.8
246.1
230.2
231.4
179.4
212.7
191.0
196.5
229.8
235.1
202.5
201.5
196.6
205.7
225.6
192.9
212.1
112.6
149.1
151.0
229.2
192.6
205.7
236.1
251.8
170.2
186.7
185.0
192.4
193.1
193.3
386.5
220.4
149.2
176.8
179.1
190.3
216.1
244.8
425.2
258.7
189.3
173.2
177.6
189.7
218.7
303.5
239.6
206.0
164.3
144.0
172.3
182.5
254.7
310.6
158.5
203.8
167.6
133.1
163.8
177.5
193.6
228.4
125.6
203.1
173.3
128.9
154.0
161.2
167.9
151.0
174.3
181.7
167.3
187.1
219.3
209.4
208.3
177.6
177.6
177.9
177.8
177.0
177.4
175.3
177.5
174.8
177.6
174.9
178.1
174.6
178.8
174.3
179.7
173.8
178.3
172.8
178.5
172.1
177.5
168.2
176.1
166.7
176.0
140.1
172.0
166.7
194.2
114.6
101.7
263.1
211.9
165.3
194.8
115.5
101.7
268.7
213.1
165.7
200.7
116. 9
101.7
274.9
216.8
165.4
209.0
117.8
101.7
275.1
220.9
164.9
228.0
119.2
101.7
274. 5
224.4
164.2
230.4
118.8
163.6
223.6
319.3
101.5
273.3
235.5
162.8
215.9
119.6
101.4
272.1
235.4
161.8
209.1
119.7
159.5
191.2
119.5
154.3
176.3
117.8
150.5
172.0
117.2
138.4
161.6
114.3
272.8
230.7
164.4
226.4
118.8
101.9
273.1
233.8
271.4
234.9
268.0
231.8
264.6
226.7
261.4
218.8
237.8
202.7
345.5
345.1
110.2
345.3
109.1
346.3
108.4
346.2
108.0
346.7
108.0
346.5
108.2
344.1
108.5
342.9
108.3
343.5
107.9
340.7
107.8
331.4
100.0
332.5
294.9
110.8
158.3
177.2
152.8
170.5
167.7
178.4
153.0
171.2
163.1
179.4
156.9
172.8
161.7
181.4
158.3
174.6
159.9
190.4
163.5
184.2
166.2
198.4
166.1
194.3
167.8
173.7
201.1
201.1
174.4
198.4
165.5
199.1
173.3
197.4
164.2
199.5
166.3
191.2
161.4
193.9
149.5
175.1
152.9
179.9
142.0
169.4
148.9
173.0
116.0
155.6
142.1
161.1
189.1
100.0
189.8
99.4
191.6
99.3
191.7
99.4
190.8
187.4
186.4
187.4
175.3
101.0
187.3
100.3
186.8
101.0
187.6
100.5
186.5
100.0
202.8
198.4
97.0
104.8
98.7
105.0
100.5
105.1
202.8
202.6
102.1
201.0
179.8
100.1
98.0
8 Priced in 46 cities.
7 Priced in 28 cities.
8 1938-39=100.
9 Average price not computed.
10 Specification revised in Novem
ber 1950.
11 October 1949=100.
201.2
219.7
265.7
185.6
186.9
105.2
203.2
191.2
164.8
197.8
165.8
199.9
186.7
101.5
100.8
100.8
100.2
100.0
183.7
249.4
100.0
100.0
12 No. 303 can of corn introduced in M ay 1951 in place of No. 2 can.
13 Priced in 9 cities beginning October 1951,12 cities September 1951,13 cities
August 1951, 16 cities April through July 1951, 18 cities January through
March 1951, and 19 cities August through December 1950. Priced in 56 cities
before that date.
. .
14 Priced in 37 cities August through December 1950, 38 cities January
through March 1951, 40 cities April through July 1951, 43 cities August 1951,
44 cities September 1951, and 47 cities beginning October 1951.
R E V IE W ,
T
JA N U A R Y
able
1952
D :
P R IC E S
A N D
CO ST
OF
117
L IV IN G
D -7: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1by Group of Commodities, for Selected Periods
[1926=100]
C h em
H ouseicals
furand
nishallied
ing
pro d
goods
u cts
A ll
com
m o d i
ties
ex
cept
farm
p ro d
u cts
A ll
com
m o d i
ties
ex
cept
farm
p ro d
u cts
an d
foods
A ll
com
m o d i
ties
F a rm
p ro d
u cts
Foods
H id es
an d
leather
prod
u cts
T ex
tile
p ro d
u cts
F u el
an d
ligh t
in g
m a te
rials
A v e rag e _____
J u l y _________
N o v e m b e r___
M a y . _______
A v e rag e _____
69.8
67.3
136.3
167. 2
95.3
71.5
71.4
150.3
169.8
104.9
64.2
62.9
128.6
147.3
99.9
68.1
69.7
131. 6
193.2
109.1
57.3
55.3
142.6
188.3
90.4
61.3
55.7
114.3
159.8
83.0
90.8
79.1
143.5
155.5
100.5
56.7
52.9
101.8
164.4
95.4
80.2
77.9
178.0
173.7
94.0
56.1
56.7
99.2
143.3
94.3
93.1
88.1
142.3
176.5
82.6
68.8
67.3
138.8
163.4
97.5
74.9
67.8
162.7
253.0
93.9
69.4
66.9
130.4
157.8
94.5
69.0
65.7
131.0
165.4
93.3
70.0
65.7
129.9
170.6
91.6
1932: A v e rag e _____
1939: A v erag e____
A u g u st-------1940: A v e rag e ...........
64.8
77.1
75.0
78.6
48.2
65.3
61.0
67.7
61.0
70.4
67.2
71.3
72.9
95.6
92.7
100.8
54.9
69.7
67.8
73.8
70.3
73.1
72.6
71.7
80.2
94.4
93.2
95.8
71.4
90.5
89.6
94.8
73.9
76.0
74.2
77.0
75.1
86.3
85.6
88.5
64.4
74.8
73.3
77.3
55.1
70.2
66.5
71.9
59.3
77.0
74.5
79.1
70.3
80.4
79.1
81.6
68.3
79.5
77.9
80.8
70.2
81.3
80.1
83.0
1941: A v erag e _____
D ece m b er___
1942: A v erag e _____
1943: A v erage _____
1944: A v erage ...........
87.3
93.6
98.8
103.1
104.0
82.4
94.7
105.9
122.6
123.3
82.7
90.5
99.6
106.6
104, 9
108.3
114.8
117.7
117.5
116.7
84.8
91.8
96.9
97.4
98.4
76.2
78.4
78.5
80.8
83.0
99.4
103. 3
103.8
103.8
103.8
103.2
107.8
110.2
111.4
115.5
84.4
90.4
95.5
94.9
95.2
94.3
101.1
102.4
102.7
104.3
82.0
87.6
89.7
92.2
93.6
83.5
92.3
100.6
112.1
113.2
86.9
90.1
92.6
92.9
94.1
89.1
94.6
98.6
100.1
100.8
88.3
93.3
97.0
98.7
99.6
89.0
93.7
95.5
96.9
98.5
1945: A v e r a g e ..
A u g u st______
105.8
105.7
128.2
126.9
106.2
106.4
118.1
118.0
100.1
99.6
84.0
84.8
104.7
104.7
117.8
117.8
95.2
95.3
104.5
104.5
94.7
94.8
116.8
116.3
95.9
95.5
101.8
101.8
100.8
100.9
99.7
99.9
1946: A v erage______
J u n e _________
N o v e m b e r___
1947: A v erage______
1948: A v erage______
1949: A v erage______
1950: A v erage ______
O c to b e r... _
N o v e m b e r___
D ecem b er___
121.1
112.9
139.7
152.1
165.1
155.0
161.5
169.1
171.7
175.3
148.9
140.1
169.8
181.2
188.3
165.5
170.4
177.8
183.7
187.4
130.7
112.9
165.4
168.7
179.1
161.4
166.2
172.5
175.2
179.0
137.2
122.4
172.5
182.4
188.8
180.4
191.9
208.6
211.5
218.7
116.3
109.2
131.6
141.7
149.8
140.4
148.0
163.1
166.8
171.4
90.1
87.8
94.5
108.7
134.2
131.7
133.2
135.3
135.7
135.7
115.5
112.2
130.2
145.0
163.6
170.2
173.6
178.6
180.4
184.9
132.6
129.9
145.5
179.7
199.1
193.4
206.0
218.9
217.8
221.4
101.4
96.4
118.9
127.3
135.7
118.6
122.7
132.2
135.7
139.6
111.6
110.4
118.2
131.1
144.5
145.3
153.2
163.8
166.9
170.2
100.3
98.5
106.5
115.5
120.5
112.3
120.9
131.3
137.6
140.5
134.7
126.3
153.4
165.6
178.4
163.9
172.4
180.2
184.5
187.1
110.8
105.7
129.1
148.5
158.0
150.2
156.0
169.3
173.0
178.1
116.1
107.3
134.7
146.0
159.4
151.2
156.8
163.5
165.1
169.0
114.9
106.7
132.9
145.5
159.8
152.4
159.2
166.9
168.8
172.4
109.5
105.6
120.7
135.2
151.0
147.3
153.2
161.5
163.7
166.7
1951: J a n u a r y ______ 180.1
F e b r u a ry .........
183.6
M a r c h ___ _
184.0
A p r il________
183.6
M a y . _______
182.9
181.7
Ju n e ................
J u l y _________
179.4
A u g u st______
178.0
S ep tem b er___
177.6
O ctober______ 4 178.1
N o v e m b e r___
178.3
194.2
202.6
203.8
202.5
199.6
198.6
194.0
190.6
189.2
4 192.3
195.2
182.2
187.6
186.6
185.8
187.3
186.3
186.0
187.3
188.0
4 189.4
188.8
234.8
238.2
236.2
233.3
232.6
230.6
221.9
213.7
212.1
4 208. 3
196.8
178.2
181.1
183.2
182.8
182.1
177.7
173.2
167.5
163.2
4 157. 7
159.5
136.4
138.1
138.6
138.1
137.5
137.8
137.9
138.1
138.8
4 138.9
139.1
187.5
188.1
188.8
189.0
188.8
188.2
187.9
188.1
189.1
191.2
191.5
226.1
228.1
228.5
228.5
227.8
225.6
223.7
222.5
223.0
223.6
224.6
144.5
147.3
146.4
147.9
145.7
142.3
139.4
140.1
140.8
141.1
138.7
174.7
175.4
178.8
180.1
180.0
179.5
178.8
175.3
172.4
171.7
172.0
142.4
142.7
142.5
142.7
141. 7
141.7
138.8
138.2
138.5
4 139.3
141.4
192.6
199.1
199.4
197.7
195.5
194.7
189.9
187.5
187.0
4 188. 7
189.6
185.0
187.1
187.5
187.1
186.4
180.0
174.0
170.0
168.8
168.3
168.7
173.1
175.5
175.8
176.1
176.2
175.5
175.1
174.4
174.2
174.3
174.1
176.7
179.2
179.3
179.2
179.0
177.8
176.0
174.9
174.8
174.8
174.4
170.3
171.8
172.4
172.3
171.6
170.5
168.6
167.2
4 167.0
166.7
166.9
Y e a r an d m on th
1913:
1914:
1918:
1920:
1929:
M etals
an d
m etal
pro d
u cts
B u ild
ing
m a te
rials
1 B L S w holesale price d ata, for the m ost p art, represen t prices in p rim ary
m arkets. T h e y are prices charged b y m an ufactu rers or producers or are prices
p revailing on organized exchanges. T h e w eekly index is calcu lated from 1day-a-week prices; the m on th ly index from an average of these prices.
M o n th ly indexes for the la st 2 m on th s are prelim in ary.
F o r a detailed description of the m eth od of calculation see U . S. D ep artm en t
of L ab o r B u lletin N o . 993, T ech n iqu es of P reparin g M ajo r B L S S tatistical
Series.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M is
cella
n eous
com
m o d i
ties
R aw
m a te
rials
Sem i- M a n u
m anufac
factu red
tu red
p ro d
articles
u cts
M im eograp h ed tab les are availab le, u p o n req u est to the B u reau , giving
m o n th ly indexes for m ajo r gro u p s of com m odities since 1890 an d for su b
groups an d econom ic grou ps since 1913. T h e w eekly w holesale price indexes
are av ailab le in su m m ary form since 1947.
4 C orrected.
118
D :
T a b l e
P R IC E S
A N D
CO ST
OF
M O N T H LY
L IV IN G
L A B O R
D-8: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group and Subgroup of Commodities
[1926=100]
1951
1950
1946
1939
June
Aug.
G roup and subgroup
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
Ju ly
June
M ay
Apr.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
' 178.1
177.6
178.0
179.4
181.7
182.9
183.6
184.0
183.6
180.1
175.3
171.7
112.9
75.0
189.2
181.6
227.8
257.1
86.0
166.9
162.3
188.0
170.3
160.4
141.9
258.4
280.2
97.9
162.5
212. 1
221.8
225.3
195. 5
180.6
163.2
164.7
196.5
190.6
180.4
233.1
262.8
89.4
166.7
154. 7
187.3
169.0
161.9
142.6
256.9
278.5
97.9
161.2
213.7
222.1
222. 1
203.8
180.6
167.5
165.0
206.0
194.0
178.0
233.9
263.4
91.5
173.1
137. 3
186.0
167.5
162.3
144.3
254. 6
275.2
101.1
158.5
221.9
222.4
250.7
216.8
180.6
173.2
164.8
218.8
110 .0
11 0 .1
11 1.2
198.6
178.6
235.8
265.1
94.4
180.4
137.1
186.3
163.4
162.3
146.3
255.2
275.4
104.3
160.8
230. 6
223.3
284.3
227.5
180.6
177.7
164.0
228.7
112.9
43.1
73.2
225.3
250.1
137.8
152.5
195.5
234.8
64.7
92.9
202.5
189.1
240.9
269.9
102.1
181.7
125.1
185.8
166.6
164.5
140.0
255.1
274.1
112.5
158.8
233.3
223.5
297.8
228.7
180.6
182.8
163.9
236.2
113.5
43. 1
85.2
243.7
249.2
138.1
152.8
195.6
234.8
64.8
93.3
202.6
192.0
238.2
268.0
94.3
182.8
117.0
187.6
173.0
166.3
142.4
255.2
274.8
107.1
159.0
238. 2
224.6
317. 8
229. 1
188.0
181.1
163.9
240.5
113.8
43.1
90.8
227.3
243.8
138.1
156. 5
197.5
234.1
66.4
92.2
119.4
188.1
194.2
186.6
222. 2
250.6
84.7
178.2
116.5
182.2
171.5
163.0
136.1
242.7
261.5
98.2
157.7
234.8
219.4
318.2
224.8
188.0
178.2
161.6
239.2
115.2
43.1
217.4
238.1
136.4
145.8
193.2
232.8
65.4
90.0
119.4
187.5
187.4
180.9
204.9
231.8
74.5
177.4
149.5
179.0
164.4
157.6
138.0
233.7
251.9
92.3
161.5
218. 7
209.3
277. 5
213.8
173.9
171.4
155.4
236.6
113.7
43.0
75.0
195.6
229.6
135.7
145.7
193.2
232.7
65.7
90.2
118.0
184.9
183.7
172.1
197.3
222.6
74.9
177.4
148.2
175.2
164.1
154.1
140.4
223.4
240.5
90.8
158.9
211.5
203.7
269.3
204.9
164.9
166.8
151.4
231.7
111.4
42.7
69.0
192.7
210.4
135.7
144.7
193.3
232.5
65.5
90.5
118.1
180.4
140.1
151.8
137.4
143.4
(2)
137.5
97.3
112.9
127.3
101.7
136.1
110.1
116.6
(2)
98.1
122.4
129.5
121. 5
110.7
115.2
109.2
120.3
139.4
75.8
30.2
(2)
112.7
112.3
87.8
106.1
132.8
133.5
67.2
79.6
64.0
188.2
199.6
185.6
234.8
263.6
96.5
181.0
128.6
187.3
164.9
163.6
146.5
257.2
276.3
113.5
160.7
232.6
223.8
293.8
228.2
180.6
182.1
164.0
234.1
113.4
43.1
76.3
244.5
247.0
137.5
151.0
195. 2
234.8
64.7
92.9
119.7
188.8
61.0
51.5
66.0
67.7
(2)
60.1
47.5
67.2
67.9
71.9
58.5
73.7
78.1
(2)
60.3
92.7
100.8
77.2
84.0
97.1
67.8
81.5
65.5
61.5
28.5
44.3
75.5
63.7
72.6
72.1
96.0
104.2
75.8
86.7
51.7
93.2
155.7
158.2
182.1
183.2
196.2
181.6
178.4
187.1
140.6
182.5
183.6
139.3
221.4
179.1
141.2
348.4
154.9
147.3
166.2
183.6
139.3
204.3
193.8
153.3
155.8
174.0
172.8
185.4
171.2
176.9
187.1
133.9
181.7
182.5
137.3
217.8
177.6
140.8
347.6
148.2
143.6
156.1
182.5
137.3
191.6
189.4
104.5
104.9
118.4
93.5
94.7
95.1
98.6
96.0
99.0
92.5
95.6
77.4
74.6
79.3
(3)
89.6
90.5
91.3
90.1
82.1
92.9
71.8
79.3
(3)
107.3
89.5
178.3
F arm products____________
G rains____ . . ___ --Livestock a n d po u ltry '.
L iv esto ck ' ______
P o u ltry r _____ -O ther farm p ro d u cts___
E g g s ' ---------------Foods-------- -----------------D airy p ro d u cts________
Cereal products- ------F ru its and vegetables.. .
M eats, poultry, fish . _
M eats '_ _______ _
P o u ltry r__________
O ther foods.. ----------H ides and leather pro d u cts..
S h o e s...
. . ---- -H ides a n d skins----------L eather.
Other leather products..
Textile products__________
Clothing______ _____ _
Cotton goods. ----------Hosiery and underwear.
Rayon and n y lo n ' -----S ilk '_________________
Woolen and worsted----Other textile products..
Fuel and lighting materials..
Anthracite---- -- ----------B ituminous coal. .
Coke . -----------------Electricity----------------G a s . . -----. . . ------ -Petroleum and products'
Metals and metal products..
Agricultural machinery
and equipm ent'. ---Farm m achin ery'..
Iron and steel-------------Steel mill products..
Semi-finished. . .
F in is h e d .____
Motor vehicles' _______
Passenger cars_____
------ -Trucks---Nonferrous metals_____
Plumbing and heating..
Plum bing' ________
Building materials------------Brick and tile-------------C em entf_____ ______
Lumber _________ ____
Paint, paint materials'..
Prepared p a in t' ___
Paint m aterials' ___
Plumbing and h eatin g..
P lum bing' ________
Structural steel___ . . .
Other bldg, materials. . .
Chemicals and allied products-------------------- -Chemicals__ ______.
Drug and pharmaceutical materials._______
Fertilizer materials____
Mixed fertilizers_______
Oils and fats__________
Housefurnishing goods..........
Furnishings____ ______
Furniture' ___________
Miscellaneous____________
Tires and tubes ' ______
Cattle feed____________
Paper and pulp_______
Paperboard. . . .
Paper___ _______
Wood pulp___ . . .
Rubber, crude. ______
Other miscellaneous___
Soaps and detergents
195.2
195.1
212.4
240.3
76.7
183.5
169.8
188.8
178.7
163. 8
151.6
251. 8
273.1
91.9
160.0
196.8
210.9
182.2
184.0
180.6
159.5
160.4
198.9
107.5
43.1
76.3
177.8
229.9
139.1
157.3
198.0
234.8
(2)
(2)
43.1
72.6
196.7
229.6
138.8
157.0
' 196. 9
234. 8
65.4
94.7
120.5
189.1
43.1
68.7
207.4
232.2
138.1
154. 9
194.9
234. 8
64.5
94.1
120.5
188.1
43. 1
71.1
218.2
239.6
137.9
153.5
194.6
234.8
65.4
93.8
120.4
187.9
189.0
203.8
188.0
241.2
270.4
101.1
184.3
124.7
186.6
170.3
164.5
139.9
254.5
273.7
108.7
160.0
236.2
222.0
313.0
229.2
188.2
183.2
163.9
239.9
113.5
43.1
90.8
240.2
246.1
138.6
156.1
197.1
234.5
65.1
93.8
120.3
188.8
159.1
' 161.0
186.0
186.2
196.2
185.0
191.3
2 0 2 .2
201.7
147.5
147.0
180.8
180.4
184.1
184.2
137.8
138.0
224.6
223.6
179.5
179.5
147.2
147.2
345.4
344.4
164.4
161.3
154.4
154.2
178.4
172.2
184.1
184.2
137.8
138.0
204.3
204.3
198.9
198.4
158.9
160.9
185.9
186.2
196.2
185.0
187.4
196.7
147.0
176.4
184.4
138.4
223.0
179.5
147.2
343.3
159. 8
153.9
169.2
184.4
138.4
204.3
198.4
158.9
160.9
185.9
186.2
196.2
185.0
185.0
193.7
147.0
175.3
184.6
138.8
222.5
179.5
147.2
342.8
158.0
153.9
165.5
184.6
138.8
204.3
198.2
158.9
160.9
185.9
186.2
196.2
184.9
184.6
193.7
145. 2
175.6
183.6
138.8
223.7
179.4
147.2
347.1
159.1
153.9
167.7
183.6
138.8
204.3
198.1
159.1
161.1
185.9
186.2
196.2
184.9
184.3
193.7
144.0
178.2
183.5
139.1
225.6
180.8
147.2
352.3
161.6
153.9
173.0
183.5
139.1
204.3
198.1
159.1
161.1
185.9
186.2
196.2
184.9
184.1
193.7
143.1
182.8
183.7
139.4
227.8
180.8
147.2
358.8
163.7
153.9
177.5
183.7
139.4
204.3
198.2
159.1
161.1
185.9
186.2
196.2
184.9
184.1
193.7
143.1
184.1
183.7
139.4
228.5
180.8
147.2
361.0
164.7
153.9
179.6
183.7
139.4
204.3
198.3
159.1
161.1
185.6
186.2
196.2
184.9
184.1
193.7
143.1
183.5
183.7
139.4
228.5
180.8
147.1
361.2
164.4
153.3
179.8
183.7
139.4
204.3
198.2
159.0
185.7
186.2
196.2
184.9
179.0
187.1
143.1
191.1
183.7
139.4
228.1
180.8
147.1
359.8
164.0
153.3
178.9
183.7
139.4
204.3
198.2
156.2
158.4
185.7
186.1
196.2
184.9
178.8
187.1
142.2
187.9
183.7
139.4
226.1
180.7
147.2
356.8
162.1
152.1
176.2
183.7
139.4
204.3
195.8
138.7
144.7
141.1
144.7
140.8
144.7
140.1
144.4
139.4
143.1
142.3
144.1
145.7
145.2
147.9
145.0
146.4
138.2
147.3
139.0
144. 5
138.1
139.6
136.1
135.7
134.3
96.4
98.0
74.2
83.8
184.1
184.6
117.8
109.3
139.8
175.3
18 8 .2
185.3
115.1
108.6
161.2
179.5
196.3
161.5
141.7
82.8
245.0
196.2
185.2
117.1
108.6
181.0
180.0
195.9
162.9
141.7
82.8
244.9
196.2
184.5
117.8
108.6
198.7
180.1
195.9
163.1
142.7
82.8
261.9
196.2
185.1
118.1
108.9
214.6
178.8
193.4
163.2
142.5
82.8
236.5
196.3
185.2
118.1
108.9
217.3
175.4
186.9
163.2
142.7
82.8
229.6
196.5
184.4
118.1
108.9
200.4
174.7
186.2
162.7
142.4
82.8
226.3
196.5
77.1
65.5
73.1
40.6
85.6
90.0
81.1
73.3
59.5
68.4
80.0
220.6
2 2 1.0
2 2 1.0
2 2 1.0
2 2 1.1
2 2 1.0
2 2 1.0
2 2 1.0
2 2 1.0
2 2 1.1
175.1
115.6
107.4
180.9
170.2
180.6
159.2
140.5
82.5
224.4
189.0
214.0
173.3
109.4
82.7
161.6
138.2
82.9
225.9
198.7
184.7
119.0
108.6
139.3
178.8
194.6
161.9
138.8
82.9
240.3
197.2
163.8
111.3
142.6
171.7
181. 8
161.1
' 139.3
82.9
245.1
200. 5
184.1
118.5
111.3
141.9
172.4
183.1
161.2
138.5
82.9
231.2
199.7
2 2 2.6
2 2 2.6
159.2
161.0
186.1
186.5
196.2
185.3
191.8
169.1
122.4
111.3
132.0
172.0
182.0
161.5
141.4
82.9
267.5
2 0 1 .1
2 2 0 .2
183.9
253.4
106.6
138.0
140.2
12 0 .2
182.9
253.4
106.6
135.5
140.2
181.6
253.4
106.6
135.5
140.2
180.2
253.4
106.6
135.7
142.8
178.1
253.4
106. 6
136.3
147.9
12 0 .0
173.5
273.8
135.1
136.7
153.6
173.5
273.8
135.1
136.7
154.1
See footnote 1, table D -7. 2 Not available. 3 Index based on old series not available.
t Revised indexes for dates prior to August 194« available upon request.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Feb.
« 192. 3
187.3
225. 2
255.2
79.3
« 172. 6
167.5
« 189. 4
173.8
161.3
' 143. 3
260.8
283.5
94.3
161.7
« 208. 3
'215.8
220.9
194.5
180.6
' 157. 7
' 163. 8
' 193.7
108.0
43.1
75.8
169.9
229.6
' 138.9
157.0
' 197.6
234.8
(2)
94.6
12 0 .6
120.5
191.5
191.2
All commodities__________
1
M ar.
12 0 .0
173.5
273.8
137.5
136.7
154.1
173.8
272.5
145.4
136.8
155.3
16 1.0
174.2
272.5
147.3
137.6
162.5
8 6 .1
174.2
272.1
148.4
137.1
157.8
146.1
136.6
152.3
1 1 2 .0
105.1
171.5
166.9
176.6
156.7
137.6
82.3
211.4
178.7
193.0
164.5
150.5
134.7
144.4
1 1 2 .2
11 0 .1
1 1 2 .2
108.9
112 . 8
135.5
142.8
104.3
99.2
106.0
(3)
129.9
121.3
10 2 .6
176.0
108.6
99.3
120.9
106.0
(3)
1 2 0 .1
86.6
1 0 2 .1
110.4
114.5
108.5
98.5
65.7
197.8
115.6
115.6
107.3
154.1
46.2
10 1.0
101.3
Revised series first used in index in M ay 1950.'Corrected.
6 6.2
83.9
69.6
34.9
81.3
78.9
'Revised
REVIEW, JANUARY 1952
E :
W O R K
STO PPA G E S
119
E: Work Stoppages
T able E -l: Work Stoppages Resulting From Labor-Management Disputes 1
Number of stoppages
Workers involved in stoppages
Man-days idle during month
or year
M onth and year
Beginning in
month or year
In effect dur
ing month
1935-39 (average)
1945
____
1946
____
1947
____
1948
____
1949
____
1950
____
2,862
4, 750
4, 985
3,693
3, 419
3,606
4,843
1950: O ctober...
November.
December.
550
329
218
801
605
423
1951: January 2...
February 2_.
March 2___
A p ril 2_____
M ay 2_____
June 2_____
July 2_____
A u gu st 2 ___
Septem ber2.
October 2__
November 2.
December 2_
438
345
353
363
432
389
440
490
430
470
300
200
588
544
535
534
611
600
630
690
660
670
550
500
1
All known work stoppages, arising out of labor-management disputes,
involving six or more workers and continuing as long as a full day or shift
are included in reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Figures on “work
ers involved” and “man-days idle” cover all workers made idle for one or
more shifts in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Beginning in
month or year
In effect dur
ing month
1.130.000
3, 470,000
4, 600,000
2,170, 000
1.960.000
3.030.000
2.410.000
197.000
200.000
61,100
238.000
199.000
131.000
162.000
164.000
189.000
276.000
210.000
200,000
240,000
70.000
55.000
Number
Percent of esti
mated work
ing time
16.900.000
38,000,000
116,000,000
34.600.000
34.100.000
50, 500,000
38.800.000
0.27
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
330.000
308.000
114.000
2, 590,000
2, 050,000
912,000
.32
.27
261,000
330.000
241.000
263.000
247.000
287.000
377.000
300.000
320.000
360.000
190.000
1,280,000
1.900.000
1, 730,000
1.910.000
1.820.000
1.790.000
1.880.000
2,600,000
2.420.000
2, 750,000
1.600.000
900,000
.16
.28
100.000
.12
.22
.25
.23
.23
.24
.31
.34
.32
.21
.12
measure the indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or indus
tries whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
2 Data for 1951 are not final although revisions have been made on basis of
most current information available.
120
F :
B U IL D IF G
A N D
M O N T H LY
C O N ST R U C TIO N
L A B O R
F: Building and Construction
T able F - l :
Expenditures for New Construction 1
[Value of work put in plae
Expenditures (in millions)
1951
Type of construction
D ec .2 N o v .3
Oct. 3 Sept .3 Aug .3 July 3 Ju n e 3 M a y 3 Apr .3 Mar .3 Feb .3
Jan .3
1950
1951»
1950
Dec.
Total
Total
Total new construction 4--------------- ------- $2 , 222 $2,495 $2,709 $2,827 $2, 843 $2, 797 $2,737 $2, 584 $2,388 $2,198 $1,969 $2.094 $2,234 $29,863 $27,902
Private construction----- ----------------------- 1, 521
Residential building (nonfarm) __ ____
809
N ew dwelling un its______________
715
Additions and alterations________
80
14
Nonhousekeeping 8_________ ____
Nonresidential building (nonfarm) 9___
320
Industrial_____ ________________
147
Commercial__ _____ _____ . . . . . .
69
Warehouses, office and loft
buildings _ _______________
31
Stores, restaurants and garages.
38
Other nonresidential building_____
104
Religious____________________
23
Educational_________________
25
Social and recreational. ............
7
Hospital and institutional 7___
32
Miscellaneous______________
17
Farm construction__________________
81
Public utilities___ _________________
305
Railroad_______________________
34
Telephone and telegraph______ __
32
Other public utilities____________
239
All other private 8___ ______________
6
Public construction_____________________
701
Residential building 9______ _______
66
Nonresidential building (other than
military or naval fa c ilitie s ).._______
260
Industrial_____ ____ ____________
86
Educational- ____________ ______
116
Hospital and institutional________
34
Other nonresidential________ _ _
24
M ilitary and naval facilities 10________
149
Highways__________________________
95
Sewer and water____________________
48
Miscellaneous public service enterprises 11 _ _________________________
11
Conservation and developm ent_____
68
All other pu blic 12__________ ______
4
1,692
915
815
86
14
343
155
75
32
43
113
26
26
8
34
19
92
336
38
35
263
6
1,805
945
840
91
14
393
178
83
1,899
954
845
93
16
451
36
47
132
32
32
9
36
23
108
353
38
37
278
45
55
149
42
32
6
202
100
12
37
26
130
358
35
40
283
6
1,614
862
785
61
16
400
143
128
1,586
902
830
55
17
378
129
12 1
12 2
48
72
155
42
30
14
39
30
134
343
33
43
267
5
882
49
48
83
154
41
29
15
38
31
126
326
31
42
253
5
858
48
47
83
144
38
26
15
37
28
113
305
31
42
232
5
797
45
45
80
132
35
26
15
34
45
83
129
35
26
16
32
22
20
46
75
128
35
27
18
31
17
76
226
47
75
127
37
28
19
30
13
72
229
26
34
169
5
508
29
71
247
28
35
184
5
513
30
298
74
128
48
48
22
1,915
968
860
91
17
465
190
48
60
153
43
32
13
38
27
140
357
34
43
280
6
1,879
959
855
88
803
69
904
67
928
63
927
55
269
85
118
38
28
148
170
54
289
92
125
40
32
137
250
58
302
93
134
39
36
312
95
134
42
41
108
280
62
308
89
132
43
44
260
64
305
80
130
47
48
75
250
65
14
74
5
20
21
78
7
23
82
23
84
6
23
80
7
8
8
77
12 2
275
60
1 Joint estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, TJ. S. Department of
Labor, and the Building Materials Division, U . S. Department of Com
merce. Estimated construction expenditures represent the monetary value
of the volume of work accomplished during the given period of time. These
figures should be differentiated from permit valuation data reported in the
tabulations for building authorized (tables F-3 and F-4) and the data on
value of contract awards reported in table P - 2 .
2 Preliminary.
3 Revised.
4 Includes major additions and alterations.
8 Includes hotels, dormitories, and tourist courts and cabins.
6 Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential
building are included under “ Public utilities.”
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,691
898
810
72
16
409
152
125
1,518
827
750
60
17
384
135
120
16
463
178
131
1,787
922
825
81
16
442
168
130
1,916
954
845
92
17
459
198
108
88
95
283
29
40
214
6
697
42
83
264
26
39
199
5
584
37
20
33
173
5
451
30
1,721 20,823
1,003 10, 915
923 9, 775
62
950
18
190
395 4,907
125 1,975
140 1,312
48
92
130
39
29
20
30
12
283
67
125
45
46
56
160
62
255
52
2 12
31
225
36
216
31
120
112
112
40
37
24
95
55
110
58
37
32
29
65
52
76
17
69
9
49
5
12
13
65
8
15
61
7
62
8
6
6
68
215
65
43
40
41
110
39
36
24
103
56
518
794
1,620
429
339
161
418
273
1,250
3,685
375
460
2,850
66
20, 789
12 , 600
11, 525
900
175
3,777
1,062
1,288
402
886
1,427
409
294
247
344
133
1,170
3,130
315
440
2,375
112
9, 040
600
7,113
345
3,318
880
1,486
496
456
1,045
2,225
703
2,402
224
1,163
476
539
177
2,350
671
210
186
860
79
886
96
7 Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
8 Covers privately owned sewer and water facilities, roads and bridges, and
miscellaneous nonbuilding items such as parks and playgrounds.
9 Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as
housekeeping units.
70 Covers all construction, building as well as nonbuilding (except for pro
duction facilities, which are included in public industrial building).
u Covers primarily publicly owned airports, electric light and power
systems, and local transit facilities.
I2 Covers public construction not elsewhere classified, such as parks, play
grounds, and memorials.
R E V IE W ,
T able
JA N U A R Y
1952
F :
B U IL D IN G
A N D
121
C O N ST R U C T IO N
F-2: Value of Contracts Awarded and Force-Account Work Started on Federally Financed
New Construction, by Type of Construction 1
Value (in thousands)
Conservation and
development
Building
Period
Total
new
construction 2
Nonresidential
Air
ports 3
Total
Residential
Total
Edu
ca
tional 4
Total
1935 .............. .
1936 _________
1937 _________
1938 _________
1939 _________
1940 _________
1941 _________
1942 _________
1943 _________
1944 _________
1945 _________
1946 _________
1947 _________
1948.......... ............
1949 _________
1950 _________
$1,478, 073 (7)
$442, 782
1, 533,439
561,394
(7)
990,410 (7)
344, 567
1,609,208
676, 542
(0
1, 586,604 $4,753 669, 222
2,316,467 137,112 1, 537,910
5,931, 536 499,427 4,422,131
7,871,986 579,176 6,226,878
2, 877,044 243,443 2,068,337
1,861,449 110,872 1,438,849
1,092,181 41,219 806,917
1, 502,701 15,068 617,132
1,473, 910 25,075 454,593
1,906,466 55, 577 543,118
2,174,203 49,317 880,101
2,706,650 54,461 1,278,263
1950: January___
February...
March____
April______
M ay______
June______
J u ly .............
A ugust........
September..
October___
N ovem ber..
D ecem b er..
129, 514
119,057
233, 791
169, 416
224,363
367,371
162, 239
178,355
181,316
240,426
150, 223
550,579
1951: January___
February...
March 11___
April______
M ay.............
June______
J u ly ...........
August-----September 11
October 42__
414,191
207, 755
431,085
287, 254
600,833
515, 269
259, 553
215,384
240,331
149,006
4, 827
2,533
$7,833 $434,949 (8)
63,465 497, 929 (8)
17, 239 327,328
(8)
31,809 644, 733 (8)
231,071 438,151
(8)
244,671 1,293, 239 (8)
322,248 4,099,883
(8)
565,247 5,661,631
(8)
405, 537 1,662,800 («)
117, 504 1,321,345
60, 535 746,382 (8)
452, 204 164,928 $14, 664
60,694 393,899 47, 750
47.198 495,920 1,424
46,800 833,301 1,041
15,445 1,262,818 3,123
7,341
4,196
5,345
5,852
5, 247
2,862
4,060
2,576
1,006
48,467
38,020
51, 294
66, 516
59,921
155, 460
59, 664
66,961
82, 757
145, 796
30, 588
472,819
213
127
1,059
3,453
1,605
5,847
634
60
1,284
9,412
10, 773
6,330
16, 691
36, 724
84, 911
37,475
15,491
13, 566
5,463
105, 651
92,825
279, 681
95,964
445,815
227, 221
107, 629
89,357
90, 917
43,839
846
916
39
3,008
1,791
451
282
64
8 , 616
200
233
730
210
46
48,254
37,893
50,235
63,063
58,316
149, 613
59,030
66, 901
81,473
145, 596
30,355
472,089
144
138
17
19,407
17,354
14, 534
21, 969
13, 688
7,766
8,007
1,450
12,957
643
676
114
104,805
96
91, 909
41
279, 642
179
92, 956 1,217
444, 024
128
226, 770
450
107,347
0
89, 293 4,715
90, 707 10,480
43, 793 9,184
14,818
15,388
42, 943
28,357
13, 946
23,862
5,941
9,135
23, 595
3,002
701
19,141
18,970
592
2,375
989
2,370
803
78
70
0
1,923
616
174
0
19
2
Total
lamation
River,
harbor,
and
flood
control
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
$126,270
211,607
201,274
387,863
811, 592
$438,725
189, 710
133,010
303,874
225,423
197,589
199,684
217,795
155,737
112,415
72,150
290,163
307,695
494,871
497,557
435,253
$158,027
73, 797
59,051
175,382
115,612
69,028
41,880
150,708
101,270
66,679
30,765
149,870
75,483
147, 732
184,803
195,845
$280,698
115, 913
73, 959
128Ì 492
109,811
128, 561
157^ 804
67; 087
54; 467
45; 736
4i; 385
140; 293
232, 212
347,139
312; 754
239,408
9,121
14, 727
8 , 566
18,215
18,884
60, 618
35, 907
27,291
22,760
19,154
20, 712
15,328
13, 261
6,321 26,147
1,259
4,415 29, 953
3,459 23,656 103, 559
2,585 20, 224 20, 572
2,537 23,207 68,100
25,880 53,426 80, 602
2,217 12,283 13,938
1,849 36,137 15, 910
1,580 44,176 16,046
1,234 124,546 19,630
1,853
7,112 32, 538
641 9 456,089
8,258
17, 993
7,087
69, 840
2,782
7,726
43, 720
10 , 600
8,364
9, 549
13,471
1,753
2, 960
14, 708
14, 687
23,802
9,387
13,354
21,487
4, 952
6, 765
22, 792
2,924
728 89,163 213,044 i°206,077
10,096 66,384 30,333 10,125
8 , 773 227, 747 45, 613 15,346
2 , 880 60, 502 101,498 10,803
2,149 9 427,801 43, 667
9,308
6,486 195, 972 29,848
9,214
1 ,1 0 2 100,304 16, 266 12,275
2,807 72,636 10,141
2,389
15, 656 40, 976 47,384
6,409
1,592 30,015 18,176
5,625
Other
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
$14, 281 $9,032 $5.249
101. 992 96,140
5,852
263, 296 168,616 94,680
355,541 123, 967 231, 574
389,848 118, 565 271,283
1 Excludes projects classified as “secret” by the military, but includes
projects for the Atomic Energy Commission. Data for Federal-aid programs
cover amounts contributed by both owner and the Federal Government.
Force-account work is done not through a contractor, but directly by a
government agency, using a separate work force to perform nonmaintenance
construction on the agency’s own properties.
2 Includes major additions and alterations.
3 Excludes hangars and other buildings, which are included under “ Other
nonresidential” building construction.
4 Includes projects under the Federal School Construction Program (Public
Law 815-81st Congress), which provides aid for school-building in areas affected
by Federal Government activities.
5 Includes post offices, armories, offices, and customhouses. Includes
contract awards for construction at United Nations Headquarters in New
York City, the principal awards having been for the Secretariat Building
(January 1949: $23,810,000), for the Meeting Hall (January 1950: $11,238,000),
and for the General Assembly Building (June 1950: $10,704,000).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
erans
28, 528
32, 081
23,100
40,184
32, 572
68, 384
43,914
28, 741
35, 717
19,797
21,388
15,442
20
Other
nonresi
dential
Hospitals and
institutio nal
110
Administrative
and
eral s
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
$9, 713
32, 550
29, 926
88,856
58,255
Highways
All
other 8
$381,037 $215,529
51i; 685 270,650
360; 865 151, 968
372, 238 256, 554
355; 701 331, 505
364;048 79,808
446,903 363,391
347,988 500,149
161,852 247,675
111; 805 87, 508
IOO; 969 70,926
534; 653 45,685
659; 645 26,902
767; 460 45,440
690; 469 56, 759
835; 606 103,067
8,154 41,027
22,866
42; 357
33, 719 61,032
17, 790 63; 462
60,374 80; 934
36, 882 U fi 416
3,338 77; 973
7, 546 83;316
6,497 73; 883
6,159 55; 632
30, 785 81,142
5,298 63,432
14, 548
4,812
6 , 921
5,768
15,308
3,379
5,064
6,967
20 , 208
30, 267
90, 695
34,359
20, 634
3,991
7,752
40,975
12, 551
10, 533
14, 757
28,223
15,035
15,421
75,446
22,416
10,859
21,106
17,398
75,551
59; 067
71,238
58,066
59, 206
97,843
75, 767
89,536
67,358
64; 130
9,046
6,194
9, 290
11, 525
11,212
8 Includes electrification projects, water-supply and sewage-disposal sys
tems, railroad construction, and other types of projects not elsewhere classi
fied.
7 Included in “All other.”
8 Unavailable.
8 Includes primarily construction projects for the Atomic Energy Com
mission.
10 Includes primarily steam-electric generating projects for the Tennessee
Valley Authority.
14 Revised.
12 Preliminary.
122
F :
T able F - 3 :
B U IL D IN G
A N D
M O N T H LY
C O N ST R U C TIO N
L A B O R
Urban Building Authorized, by Principal Class of Construction and by Type of Building 1
Number of new dwelling units—House
keeping only
Valuation (in thousands)
Privately financed
N ew residential building
Period
Housekeeping
Total all
classes 2
Privately financed dwelling units
Total
1 -family
2 -fam
ily 3
M ulti
family 4
$598, 570
2,114,833
2,885,374
3,422,927
3,724,924
5,803, 912
$478,658
1,830,260
2,361, 752
2, 745,219
2, 845,399
4,845,104
$42,629
103,042
151,036
181,493
132,365
179,214
1950: O cto b er---_____
November______
December______
870,325
707,673
781,384
428,078
341,335
345, 278
363,263
297,465
291, 219
12, 782
11,192
9, 297
52,033
32, 678
44, 762
1951: January_______
February______
March_____ _ A p r il_________
M ay___________
June___________
Julv___________
August_________
Septem ber 6------October 7_______
758,917
585,683
770,269
777,318
813,218
986.643
703,258
764,711
829,893
650,859
379,178
330,520
406, 763
420,085
457.664
388,187
342, 532
385,139
435,460
343,866
329, 624
294,756
356, 550
374,674
393,080
335,958
292,861
333,986
379,283
305,956
14,109
10,955
14, 580
19,005
14,466
15, 587
13,816
15,389
18,170
14,126
35,445
24,809
35,633
26,406
50,118
36,642
35,855
35, 764
38,007
23,784
i Building for which building permits were issued and Federal contracts
awarded in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken
in some smaller urban places that do not issue permits.
The data cover federally and nonfederally financed building construction
combined. Estimates of non-Federal (private and State and local govern
ment) urban building construction are based primarily on building-permit
reports received from places containing about 85 percent of the urban popula
tion of the country; estimates of federally financed projects are compiled from
notifications of construction contracts awarded, which are obtained from
other Federal agencies. Data from building permits are not adjusted to allow
for lapsed permits or for lag between permit issuance and the start of construc
tion. Thus, the estimates do not represent construction actually started
during the month.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N ew non
resi
dential
building
Addi
tions,
altera
tions,
and
repairs
Total
1 -fam
ily
$77,283 $296,933 $22, 910 $1, 510,688 $278,472 184,892 138,90S
181,531 355, 587 43,369 1,458,602 771,023 430,195 358,151
372, 586
42, 249 29,831 1, 713, 489 892,404 502, 312 393, 606
496, 215 139, 334 38,034 2,367,940 1,004,549 516,179 392, 532
747,160 285,627 39, 785 2,408,445 937,493 575,286 413, 543
779, 594 301,961 84, 508 3,127,769 1,090,142 796,143 623,330
$2,707, 573
4, 743,414
5, 563,348
6,972, 784
7,396,274
10,408, 292
1942194619471948.
19491950.
Publicly Nonfinanced housedwell
keeping
ing 5
units
2 -fam
ily 3
Pub
fi
M ulti licly
nanced
fam
ily 4
15,747 30,237
24,326 47, 718
33,423 75, 283
36,306 87,341
26,431 135,312
33,302 139, 511
95,946
98,310
5,833
15,114
32,194
34,363
14,460
29, 261
76,095
4,406
5,546
4,919
329,426
250,616
280,717
93,955
80,915
74,375
55, 210
44, 588
44,697
43, 761
36, 244
34,810
2,313
2,056
1,747
9,136
6,288
8,140
1,619
2,940
9,289
9,066
3,123
1,252
3,082
3,346
1,477
1, 454
3,685
4,100
7,684
4,880
270,314
174,050
263,920
234, 024
239,332
202,036
224,381
258,318
276, 757
199,-415
97, 236
69,660
90, 538
86, 558
107, 718
96, 545
102,66C
101,316
94,659
92,910
48, 786
39,749
50,668
50,494
54,626
47,057
41,657
47,182
50,449
42,109
39,346
32,962
41, 206
42,816
43,957
37,860
33,291
38,036
40,328
35, 552
2, 813
2,103
2 , 816
2,857
2, 514
2,629
2,396
2,669
2,995
2,439
6,627
4,684
6,646
4,821
8,155
6 , 568
5,970
6 ,477
7,126
4,118
972
1,039
579
3,343
836
35,007
3, 275
1,706
1,752
1,017
10 ,2 0 1
5,966
33,305
7,027
298, 421
30,00C
15,838
15,333
9, 788
Urban is defined according to the 1940 Census, and includes all incorporated
places of 2,500 inhabitants or more in 1940 and a small number of places,
usually minor civil divisions, classified as urban under special rule.
2 Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as well as new residential and
nonresidential building.
3 Includes units in 1 -family and 2 -family structures with stores.
4 Includes units in multifamily structures with stores.
5 Covers hotels, dormitories, tourist cabins, and other nonhousekeeping
residential buildings.
6 Revised.
7 Preliminary.
R E V IE W ,
T a b l e
JA N U A R Y
F :
1952
B U IL D IN G
A N D
123
C O N ST R U C TIO N
F-4: New Nonresidential Building Authorized in All Urban Places,1 by General Type and by
Geographic Division 2
V a lu a tio n (in th o u s a n d s)
G e o g ra p h ic d iv is io n a n d
t y p e of n e w n o n r e s i
d e n tia l b u ild in g
1950
1951
O c t.3
S e p t .4
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
M ar.
A pr.
Feb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
1950
1949
T o ta l
T o ta l
A ll ty p e s _ -------------------- $199, 415 $276, 757 $258,318 $224,381 $202, 036 $239,332 $234, 024 $263, 920 $174, 050 $270.314 $280, 717 $250, 616 $329, 426 $3,127, 700 $2, 408, 445
12, 916
13, 675
15, 652
193,386
10, 479
16, 463
115, 582
12, 881
16, 920
29, 751
14,093
12, 432
14, 405 3 0 ,839
16, 471
N e w E n g la n d ______
68, 678
20, 989
41, 909 36, 916
47, 556
516, 583
429, 042
26, 901
55,334
46,158
25, 785
24, 580 33, 578
M id d le A t la n t ic ____
30, 724 33,360
42,105
46,313
95, 545
675, 555
52, 623
85, 212
40, 620
63, 558
492,384
54, 828
70,433
E a s t N o r th C e n tr a l52, 943
64,015
66, 075
70, 940
21, 064
262, 737
11, 643
20, 627
17, 797
25, 098
16, 272
22, 682
12, 235
203, 409
W e s t N o r th C e n tr a l.
16, 628
18, 084
14, 894
17, 218 31, 787
17, 949 37, 526
26, 447
375, 803
27, 262
37, 650 25,316
17, 940
311, 540
19, 521
42, 089
23, 606
20,886
16, 582
25, 040
S o u th A t la n t ic -------6,087
11,347
144, 084
10, 826
7, 905
16, 440
4,999
5,4 3 6
5,6 6 2
17, 617
11, 823
133,377
E a s t S o u th C e n tr a l.
7,775
5,198
9,651
25, 949 35, 967
60, 882
388, 201
23,019
25,156
28, 016 34, 900
270, 407
W e s t S o u th C e n tr a l27,173
21, 605
27, 025
26, 943
20, 266 19, 743
9,636
8,9 2 9
6,955
112, 265
6,543
8 ,6 1 0
104,112
5,283
14, 554
4, 840
11, 282
12, 677
8 ,1 0 0
6, 957
M o u n t a in
9,101
49, 468
459,155
39, 265
51, 845
39, 708
348, 592
27, 462 41,889 32, 213
27, 965 31,354
25,304
3 2 ,172
51, 772
43,173
P a c ific - ____________
I n d u s tr ia l b u ild in g s 5. . .
N e w E n g la n d
-M id d le A t la n t ic -----E a s t N o r t h C e n tr a lW e s t N o r t h C e n tr a l.
S o u th A t la n t ic -------E a s t S o u th C e n tr a l.
W e s t S o u th C e n tr a lM o u n t a in _________
P a c if ic ___ ________ C o m m e r c ia l b u ild in g s 6.
N e w E n g la n d - .. - .
M id d le A t la n t ic -----E a s t N o r th C e n tr a lW e s t N o r th C e n tr a l.
S o u th A t la n t ic -------E a s t S o u th C e n tr a l.
W e s t S o u th C e n tr a l.
M o u n t a in .- P a c if ic ______________
C o m m u n it y b u ild in g s 7_
N e w E n g la n d ______
M id d le A t la n t ic -----E a s t N o r t h C e n tr a l.
W e s t N o r th C e n tr a l.
S o u th A t la n t ic .. . .
E a s t S o u th C e n tr a l.
W e s t S o u th C e n tr a l.
M o u n t a in __________
P a c if ic ______________
P u b lic b u ild in g s 8. . —
N e w E n g la n d ______
M id d le A t la n t ic ____
E a s t N o r th C è n tr a l
W e s t N o r th C e n tr a l
S o u th A t la n t ic _____
E a s t S o u th C e n tr a lW e s t S o u th C e n tr a l.
M o u n t a in ________
P a c ific ___
. -.
P u b lic w o r k s a n d u t ili t y
b u i ld in g s 9. . _N e w E n g l a n d . . . __
M id d le A t la n t ic ___
E a s t N o r th C e n tr a lW e s t N o r th C e n tr a l.
S o u th A t la n t ic .. . .
E a s t S o u th C en tra lW e s t S o u th C en tra lM o u n t a in ___________
P a c ific -- ________
A ll o th e r b u ild in g s 10___
N e w E n g la n d ...
M id d le A t la n t ic ___
E a s t N o r th C e n tr a l.
W e s t N o r th C e n tr a l.
S o u th A t la n t ic . - E a s t S o u th C e n tr a lW e s t S o u th C en tra l
M o u n ta in
P a c ific ______________
39, 829 34, 229 45,151
859
2,999
4,600
9,3 8 0
6,6 3 4
11, 473
22,165
12, 981
12, 049
1,169
3 ,8 8 7
1,526
1,016
2,9 5 0
1,008
982
1,590
1,048
3,246
1,048
1, 475
214
382
308
3,7 3 5
5,655
4 ,8 3 0
48, 651
91, 442
57, 280
1,651
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5, 947
12, 609
10, 734
6,523
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10, 525
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7,244
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13,126
1,899
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23, 667 21, 547
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1 B u ild in g for w h ic h p e r m its w e r e is s u e d a n d F e d e r a l c o n tr a c ts a w a r d e d
in a ll u r b a n p la ce s, in c lu d in g a n e s tim a te of b u ild in g u n d e r ta k e n in so m e
sm a lle r u rb a n p la ce s th a t d o n o t is s u e p e r m its. S u m s o f c o m p o n e n ts do n o t
a lw a y s e q u a l to ta ls e x a c tly b e c a u s e of ro u n d in g .
2 F o r scop e a n d source o f u r b a n e s tim a te d , se e ta b le F - 3 , fo o tn o te 1.
3 P r e lim in a r y .
4 R e v is e d .
5 I n c lu d e s factories, n a v y y a r d s, a r m y o rd n a n c e p la n ts, b a k e rie s, ic e p la n ts,
in d u str ia l w a r e h o u se s, a n d o th er b u ild in g s a t th e site of th e se a n d sim ila r
p r o d u c tio n p la n ts.
6 I n c lu d e s a m u s e m e n t a n d recrea tio n b u ild in g s , sto res a n d o th e r m erc a n tile
'4 b u ild in g s , co m m er cia l garages, ga so lin e a n d s e rv ice s ta tio n s, etc .
I
\
Digitized
) for FRASER
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10,629
2,476
679
1,095
1, 534
650
549
829
68
2, 749
15,996
757
1. 565
5,798
1,592
1,195
298
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8, 777
1,367
1, 551
1, 259
247
465
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1,289
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2, 586
12,496
1,506
1,195
3,007
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265
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612
2,331
24, 995 36, 675
26,646
1,678
1, 415
1, 062
4,194
11, 703
5, 705
8,566
8,074
9, 987
2,861
2,266
1, 696
677
1,495
3,1 6 8
375
1, 832
1, 972
1,172
2,612
903
440
789
481
4,673
4,9 5 0
3, 570
53, 922 103, 244 119, 091
7,244
4,945
3, 783
6, 506
14, 622
17, 727
7,277
18, 072
15,107
3 ,2 3 9
5,8 0 9
6,873
7,255
17,325
17, 467
1,644
7,065
4 ,2 0 8
9, 609
16,115
35, 996
1,132
2,424
3, 014
14,924
12,315
14, 560
70, 913
94, 835
98, 545
4,556
5, 773
6, 630
8,151
10, 470
7,959
18, 721
26, 000
14, 077
11, 277
3, 818
6,796
8,967
13, 753
15, 096
3,6 8 8
1,653
3 ,0 3 6
8,360
11, 239
17, 552
5, 895
3, 721
3, 756
6,835
12, 871
23, 643
6, 741
13,972
9, 226
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1,195
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2,4 9 5
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3,9 9 7
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1,621
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1,280
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27, 228 44,892
296, 803
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1,653
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6, 450
2,586
7,281
55, 679
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9, 619
23, 745
110, 829
77, 037
5,1 4 9
23,369
3, 077
15, 689
963
1, 017
17, 019
19,173
1,456
1,168
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190
4,3 7 0
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3, 936
39, 284
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95, 985 117, 952 1,122, 583
752,810
36, 668
2,115
5,343
53, 675
212, 645
28,391
37, 017
127, 040
201, 314
15, 971
17, 697
147, 620
8,3 3 5
94,104
5, 045
52, 907
8,553
11, 877
139, 990
106, 037
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3,3 4 4
46, 076
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14, 578
175,129
101, 025
47, 481
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3 ,3 0 8
25, 589
14,682
16, 453
152,169
119, 895
85, 024 118, 820 1, 200, 078 1, 018, 637
9, 025
107, 541
7, 238
43, 770
12, 862
169, 036
20, 957
179, 463
16, 401
37, 411
275, 029
201, 808
6,673
105, 603
10, 808
100, 282
179, 635
13,191
11,327
103, 666
3,860
62, 52$
3 ,4 3 8
71,114
12, 641
9, 257
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135,620
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4,164
43, 296
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9, 593
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122, 991
13, 291
134,891
19,225
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153,103
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558
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491
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119
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251
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16,036
760
2,148
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1, 26"
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2,420
14,235
161
551
10, 279
266
835
70
433
180
1,457
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6 ,0 8 '
2,50]
830
45'
4,040
986
3, 566
106,164
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16,868
26, 585
9 ,3 1 '
7,658
3,316
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2,702
19,597
207,247
9,109
22,177
52,285
25,451
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9, 52$
26.670
10,0 7 '
35,450
148,375
16,012
27, 651
22,302
11,387
23, 281
7, 223
11, 944
2, 566
26,059
131, 821
7,819
18,339
35,460
18.634
9,070
4,0 2 7
9,918
6, 228
27, 326
7 I n c lu d e s c h u rch es, h o sp ita ls , a n d o th er in s titu tio n a l b u ild in g s , sc h o o ls,
libra ries, etc.
8 I n c lu d e s F e d e r a l, S ta te , c o u n ty , a n d m u n ic ip a l b u ild in g s , s u c h a s p o s t
o ffices, co u r th o u se s, c it y h a lls , fire a n d p o lic e s ta tio n s, ja ils, p riso n s, a rsen a ls,
a rm o ries, a r m y barracks, etc.
9 I n c lu d e s railroad, b u s a n d a irpo rt b u ild in g s , ro u n d h o u se s, radio s ta tio n s,
g a s a n d e lectric p la n ts, p u b lic co m fo rt s ta tio n s , etc .
10 I n c lu d e s p r iv a te garages, sh e d s, s ta b le s a n d b a m s , a n d o th er b u ild in g
n o t else w h e r e cla ssified .
124
F :
T a ble F -5 :
B U IL D IN G
A N D
C O N ST R U C T IO N
Number and Construction Cost of New Permanent Nonfarm Dwelling Units Started, byUrban or Rural Location, and by Source of Funds 1
Number of new dwelling units started
Publicly financed
Privately financed
All units
Estimated construction cost
(in thousands ) 2
Period
Urban
Rural
non
farm
Total
non
farm
185,000
937,000
93,000
48,000
619, 500
271,300
45,600
138,700
662, 500
266,800
845,600
369,200
913, 500
406,700
436,300
988,800
568,200 1,352,200
752,000
45,000
369, 500
93,200
395,700
476, 400
510,000
556,600
785,600
185,000
43,000
250,000
45,500
266,800
369,200
403, 500
432, 200
566,600
0
0
86, 600
3,400
18,100
36,300
43,800
3,400
14,900
32,200
42,200
276,100
77,800
82,300
116, 000
420,400
131,300
145,700
143,400
393, 600
139,700
137, 800
116,100
262,100
100 , 800
82, 700
78, 600
165, 600
47,300
50, 800
67, 500
241,200
77, 000
82, 200
82,000
225,200
79, 500
79, 600
2,20 0
900
600
1,300
6, 400
900
0
200
1,1 0 0
400
153, 600
57, 700
48, 500
47,400
110, 500
30, 500
31,500
48, 500
179,200
54,300
63, 500
61,400
168,400
60, 200
58,200
50, 000
108, 500
43,100
34, 200
31,200
2 , 800
30, 500
31, 900
48, 700
179, 800
54, 600
63, 600
61, 600
168, 700
60,200
58,300
50,200
108, 600
43,100
34,200
31,300
147, 800
49, 600
47,000
51,200
192, 300
51,900
55,400
85, 000
(8)
45,900
45,900
(8)
112, 500
36,300
33,600
42, 600
137,400
44,300
45, 600
47, 500
(8)
44, 600
43,200
(8)
248,800
82, 200
76, 500
90,100
280,100
92,300
97, 600
90,200
265, 000
86, 800
88, 300
89, 900
137, 000
46,400
43,100
47, 500
148,400
48,300
52, 300
47, 800
(8)
42,300
45,100
(8)
111,800
35, 800
33,400
42, 600
131,700
44,000
45,300
42,400
(8)
44, 500
43, 200
(8)
11, 500
3, 700
4,100
3, 700
49, 600
3, 900
3,400
42,300
5, 600
3, 700
800
(8)
(8)
84,900
(8)
(8)
Urban
Rural
non
farm
937,000
1925___________________________
93,000
1933 3__________________________
706,100
19414__________________________
141,300
1944 5__________________________
670, 500
1946___________________________
849,900
1947__________________ _____ ___
931, 600
1948___________________________
1949___________________________ 1,025,100
1950 8__________________________ 1,396,000
752,000
45,000
434,300
96,200
403, 700
479,800
524,900
588,800
827,800
1950: First quarter______________
January_____________ —
February____ _ . .
M a r c h _______ _______
Second quarter-----------------April__________
___
M ay_____________ - . . .
June_________ ________
Third quarter . . .
. . . ___
July-----------------------------August-------- -------------September. . . . ______
Fourth quarter___________
October. . . ___________
Novem ber. ____________
December----- --------------
278,900
78, 700
82,900
117,300
426, 800
133,400
149,100
144,300
406,900
144,400
141,900
12 0 , 600
283,400
102, 500
87, 300
93, 600
167, 800
48,200
51,000
68, 600
247, 000
78, 800
85, 500
82, 700
238,200
84,200
83, 600
70,400
174,800
59,400
53,100
62, 300
1 1 1 ,1 0 0
1951: First q u arter____________
January___ ___________
February.. ____________
M arch.
. ___________
Second quarter----------- -----April___________________
M ay___________________
June___
_____________
Third quarter... . _______
July-----------------------------A u gu st 9______ . . . ____
September___ _ _______
260, 300
85, 900
80, 600
93, 800
329, 700
96, 200
132, 500
270, 600
90, 500
89,100
91,000
October 10_______________
86,000
Total
non
farm
10 1,00 0
Total
non
farm
1 The estimates shown here do not include temporary units, conversions,
dormitory accommodations, trailers, or military barracks. They do include
prefabricated housing units.
These estimates are based on building-permit records, which, beginning
w ith 1945, have been adjusted for lapsed permits and for lag between permit
issuance and start of construction. They are based also on reports of
Federal construction contract awards and beginning in 1946 on field surveys
in non-permit-issuing places. The data in this table refer to nonfarm
dwelling units started, and not to urban dwelling units authorized, as shown
in table F-3.
All of these estimates contain some error. For example, if the estimate
of nonfarm starts is 50,000, the chances are about 19 out of 20 that an actual
enumeration would produce a figure between 48,000 and 52,000.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
66,100
3,100
8,000
2 ,10 0
3,400
900
13,300
4, 700
4,100
4,500
21,300
1,700
4,600
15,000
Urban
Rural
non
farm
8,000
5,800
1,800
3,300
700
13, 000
4, 700
4,000
4,300
2 1 , 200
1,700
4, 600
14,900
10 , 800
Privately
financed
Publicly
financed
0 $4,475,000 $4,475,000
285,446
285,446
0
0
0
64,800
3,000
Total
21,800
100
0
0
3, 200
4,100
1,600
600
200
600
300
100
200
300
(7)
100
200
100
(7)
(7)
100
700
500
2,825,895 2,530,765
495,054
483,231
3,769, 767 3,713,776
5,642,798 5,617,425
7,203,119 7,028,980
7,702,971 7,374,269
11,788, 595 11,418,371
2,162,425
589, 997
637,753
934, 675
3, 564, 856
1, 093, 726
1,232,976
1,238,154
3, 564,953
1,253, 340
1,266,198
1,045,415
2,496,361
915, 895
762, 625
817, 841
2,138, 565
581,497
632, 690
924,378
3, 511, 204
1, 075, 644
1, 204,978
1,230, 582
3,446, 722
1,210, 745
1,230,238
1,005,739
2,321,880
902,190
724,876
694, 814
23, 800
8 , 500
5,063
10,297
53, 652
18,082
27,998
7, 572
118, 231
42, 595
35,960
39, 676
174,481
13,705
37,749
123,027
2,191,489
721, 014
681, 607
788, 868
2, 549,238
828,339
895,309
825, 590
2,434,302
791, 783
795, 624
846,895
102,485
34, 586
35,022
32,877
425,485
37,959
27,352
360,174
54,837
35,390
8,693
10, 754
749,875
10,273
5,700
300
300
5,100
(8)
1 ,1 0 0
3, 200
3,900
3, 700
43,900
3, 600
3,100
37, 200
(8)
3,600
800
(8)
(7)
(8)
2,293,974
755, 600
716, 629
821, 745
2,974, 723
866, 298
922, 661
1,185,764
2,489,139
827,173
804,317
857, 649
1 ,1 0 0
(8)
(8)
760,148
200
(0
100
0
0
$295,130
11,823
55, 991
25,373
174,139
328,702
370,224
2 Private construction costs are based on permit valuation, adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construc
tion costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for
individual projects.
3 Depression, low year.
4 Recovery peak year prior to wartime limitations.
5 Last full year under wartime control.
6 Housing peak year.
7 Less than 50 units.
8 N ot available.
9 Revised.
10 Preliminary.
U. s . GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFI CE: 1982
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1I
@FedFRASER