Full text of Monthly Labor Review : January 1951, Vol. 72, No. 1
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Monthly
T jiib o r
RJBUC liBRARV
Review
JANUARY
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1951
V O L . 72
NO.
Analysis of Strikes, 1927-49
Twelfth Convention of the CIO
W age Movements, 1939-49
Labor-Management Relations: Cement Industry
U NITED
STATES D EPAR TM EN T
Maurice J. Tobin, Secretarli
BUREAU
OF L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S
OF LABO R
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
M aurice J. T obin , Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E w a n C l a q u e , Commissioner
A r y n e s s J o y W i c k e n s , Deputy Commissioner
Assistant Commissioners
H erman B . B yer
H e n r y J. F it zg e r a l d
C h a r l e s D . St e w a r t
H. M. D outy, Chief, Division of Wage Statistics
W. D uane Evans, Chief, Division of Interindustry Economics
R ichard F. Jones, Chief, Division of Administrative Services
E dward D . H ollander, Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
Hersey E. R iley, Chief, Division of Construction Statistics
B oris Stern, Chief, Division of Industrial Relations
Samuel H. T hompson, Chief, D ivision of Productivity and Technological Developm ent
F aith M. W illiams, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
Seymour L. W olfbein, Chief, Division of Manpower and Em ploym ent Statistics
W itt B owden, Chief, Office of Labor Economics
P aul R . K erschbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
Samuel W eiss, Chief, Office of Statistical Standards
M orris W eisz, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
Inquiries should be addressed to
The Editor, M onthly Labor Review
Bureau o f Labor Statistics, W ashington S5, D . C.
The printing o f this publication has been approved by the Director o f the Bureau o f the Budget
(October 9, 1950)
For sale by the Superintendent o f Documents. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. - Price 40 cents a copy
Subscription price per year—$4.50, domestic; $5.75, foreign
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0/
Monthly Labor Re *
U N IT E D STATES D E P A R TM E N T OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Lawrence R. K lein,
Chief, Office of Publications
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FEB i
CONTENTS
PUBLIC II8R4RV
Special Articles
1
8
13
17
1951
Analysis of Strikes, 1927-49
Twelfth Convention of the CIO
Wage Movements—An Analysis of 1939-49 Experience
Labor-Management Relations in the Cement Industry
Summaries o f Studies and Reports
22
24
27
30
33
37
40
42
45
50
52
52
53
53
Housing and Population in Metropolitan Areas
Holiday Provisions in Union Agreements, 1950
Development of British Industrial Relations
Trade-Union Movement in Vietnam
75-Cent Minimum Wage: Effects on Fertilizer Industry
Automotive Parts: Wage Structure, March-April 1950
Local City Truck Driving: Union Scales, July 1, 1950
Building Trades: Union Scales, July 1, 1950
Standards Advocated by Labor Legislation Conference
Drugs, Medicines, and Cosmetics: Plant Workers’ Earnings, May 1950
Women Workers—Employment Trends, 1900 to 1950
Bell Mission Recommendations on Philippine Labor
Emergency Procedures for Civil Service Personnel
Summary of Industrial Relations Activities
Technical Note
56
Consumer Expenditure Study, 1950: Field Methods and Purposes
Departments
in
60
65
67
74
The Labor Month in Review
Recent Decisions of Interest to Labor
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Publications of Labor Interest
Current Labor Statistics (list of tables)
j_ k|
.:
January 1951 • Voi. 72 • No. 1
A Book for the Times
An Analysis o f World War I I Policies on Wage
Stabilization and Dispute Settlem ent
The Bureau of Labor Statistics is pleased to announce the timely
availability of its Bulletin 1009— Problems and Policies of Dispute
Settlement and Wage Stabilization During World War II.
This 400-page volume analyzes the policies which guided the op
erations of the National Defense Mediation Board, the National
War Labor Board, and the National Wage Stabilization Board.
The problems encountered and objectives sought by these agencies
are reviewed critically and in the light of the equally important
problems and objectives of efficient manpower allocation.
The study was developed at the behest of the National Security
Resources Board. The principal planning and editorial review of
the publication was under the direction of three University of Illinois
Department of Industrial Relations professors: W. Ellison Chal
mers, Milton Derber, and William H. McPherson. The 10 chapter
titles—with authors— are:
1. Voluntarism and Compulsion in Dispute Settlement— W. Ellison Chalmers.
2. The Principles of Dispute Settlement— Milton Derber.
3. The Development of Wage-Price Policies— H. M . Douty.
4. An Appraisal of W age Stabilization Policies— John T. Dunlop.
5. Relation of W age Control to Manpower Problems— John B. Parrish.
6. Tripartitism— William H. McPherson.
7. Jurisdiction— Jack G. Day.
8. The Distribution of Authority and its Relation to Policy— Clark Kerr.
9. Problems of Case Processing— E m m ett B. McNatt.
10.
Enforcement— Benjamin Aaron.
This study may be obtained only through the Superintendent of Documents,
Washington 25, D. C.
The supply is limited.
n
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The price, 75 cents.
The Labor Month
in Review
T he upward movement of prices and wages con
tinued in December 1950. The first mandatory
price and wage orders froze December 1 prices and
wages in the passenger automobile industry until
March 1, 1951, pending the working out of con
trol policies and the organization of administrative
machinery. A mediated agreement in the dis
putes of railroad operating employees was re
jected by the unions. Employment changes were
mainly seasonal but were influenced by conversion
plans and scattered shortages of materials. The
manpower program included plans for regional
and area labor-management committees. Unions
organized a United Labor Policy Committee.
Following announcements of price increases on
passenger automobiles, it froze prices at December
1 levels until March 1, 1951. The price order was
followed on December 22, upon recommendation
by the Wage Stabilization Board, by a freezing of
wages in the industry until March 1. “ Fair
standards” for voluntary price control published
on December 19 requested that prices generally be
stabilized at substantially the December 1 levels,
subject to the specified standards. It was widely
assumed that mandatory general regulation of
both prices and wages awaited the formulation of
policies and the organization of administrative
machinery.
The price and wage orders applying to the auto
mobile industry were particularly significant
because of the prevalence in that industry of
collective agreements which provide for flexible
wage adjustments. Officials of some of the
companies and of the United Automobile Workers
and other unions expressed grave concern over the
effects certain proposed price and wage stabiliza
tion policies might have on these contractual
arrangements.
Continued Rise of Prices and W ages
Employment and the Manpower Program
Prices continued their advance. The Novem
ber consumers’ price index reached a new peak,
0.5 percent above the October level and 3.2 per
cent higher than in June. After November 15,
food prices advanced sharply, contrary to seasonal
trends. The general index of wholesale prices
rose 2.3 percent in the 4 weeks ending January 2,
reaching a new peak 12.6 percent above the May
24-June 24 average.
There were many scattered wage increases
which included some voluntary reopenings of
wage contracts and some additions to the already
large number of agreements with cost-of-living
escalator clauses and annual improvement factors.
Thus, the Chrysler Corp. on December 11, for the
second time in 1950, voluntarily modified its
contract with the United Automobile Workers by
bringing it substantially into fine with the General
Motors and Ford agreements. Cost-of-living and
improvement factor clauses were included and the
contract period was extended to August 31, 1955.
The Price-W age Stabilization Program
The Economic Stabilization Agency on Decem
ber 17, 1950, issued its first price control order.
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The rapid rise in employment during recent
months showed signs of leveling off in November
and December. Some lay-offs were attributed to
scarcity of materials. Nonfarm employment in
November was at almost the same level as in
October. Changes in the industry distribution of
employment were mainly of a seasonal nature.
The December labor force report reflected a sharp
seasonal drop in farm employment and a rise,
largely seasonal, of 354,000 in nonfarm employ
ment. The number unemployed was 2,229,000,
virtually the same as in November.
Preparation for expanded defense production,
still largely in the planning stage, included arrange
ments for setting up management-labor manpower
committees in 13 regional centers, conforming to
the general plan for defense agencies, and in all
labor-market areas in which significant manpower
problems exist or may arise. These committees,
together with the national committee, will em
phasize the working out of programs of labormanagement cooperation to reduce job shopping,
prevent labor pirating, promote maximum utili
zation of manpower resources, and aid in developiii
IV
T H E L A B O R M O N T H IN R E V I E W
ing needed community facilities such as transpor
tation, housing, and childcare.
The United Labor Policy Committee
The need of unions for collaboration during the
national crisis brought about the formation in
mid-December of the United Labor Policy Com
mittee. The committee of 14, representing the
AFL, CIO, Machinists, and the Kailway Labor
Executives Association, includes the heads of
these groups.
Unions have contended that public agencies
should have a larger representation of union
officials at the higher policy-making levels. The
United Labor Policy Committee, however, will
have no direct relationship to any Government
agency. It is designed for the purpose of working
out agreements among unions as to major public
policies, particularly in such fields as manpower,
production, wages, prices, and the appointment
of union officials to public posts.
An early step taken by the committee was the
presentation to the President of the committee’s
views on economic stabilization. Wage stabiliza
tion, the committee stated, calls for removal of
limitations on the control of prices, especially of
foods and housing. It was asserted that the
invalidation of existing collective agreements, such
as those providing for future wage adjustments,
would lead to industrial unrest and defeat the aim
of stabilization. Contractual and legal arrange
ments for premium pay should be held inviolate
because they provide a stimulus for lengthening
the workweek and increasing production. The
Wage Stabilization Board, the committee further
stated, should be made more than an advisory
group and be given explicit authority in its field.
Railroad Labor-M anagem ent Disputes
Negotiations by unions of operating employees
with the railroad companies, beginning in 1949,
had been accompanied by the rejection of emer
gency board recommendations, strike notices for
August 28 by the unions of conductors and train
men, and the taking over of the railroads by the
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Government on August 27. Unrest among yard
men over the long-deferred settlement led in
mid-December to brief scattered walkouts.
Renewed mediation efforts brought about a
3-year agreement on December 21, retroactive to
October 1, with representatives of the engineers
and the firemen and enginemen, as well as the
conductors and the trainmen. The agreement
included compromise wage increases, a few changes
in rules, a cost-of-living escalator clause, and
certain conditional clauses relating to a deferred
40-hour week for yardmen, some additional rules
changes for roadmen, and an improvement factor.
The disputes remained unsettled, however, because
the unions directed their negotiators to seek better
terms.
Other Labor Developments
The President, on January 10, 1951, signed a
bill authorizing unions covered by the Railway
Labor Act to bargain collectively for a union shop
and check-off of dues. This right, limited by the
requirement of union shop elections, is available
to other unions under the Labor Management
Relations Act.
Work stoppages in December, as in recent
earlier months, were generally small and of short
duration. The Deere & Co. strike, by members
of the United Automobile Workers, lasted 107
days and involved about 13,000 workers. It was
ended on December 16 by an agreement on sub
stantial wage increases.
The president of the International Association
of Machinists announced on January 4 that the
members of his union had voted by a large ma
jority to reaffiliate with the AFL. Earlier
negotiations had adjusted long-standing juris
dictional disputes with the International Brother
hood of Carpenters.
The International Confederation of Free Trade
Unions adopted early in December a Southeast
Asia program recommended by an ICFTU mission
of last fall. The program calls for ICFTU
information and advisory centers, labor colleges,
active participation in UN work in that region,
and measures to combat reactionary labor policies.
Analysis of Strikes, 1927-49
A study of trends by periods,
significance of their statistical measurement,
and changes in strike causes and characteristics
I. The Significance of Strike Statistics
I t is virtually a truism that strikes have
received an undue share of attention in com
parison with other aspects of the collective
bargaining process. The directness and drama
which are attendant upon strike action are
largely responsible. This is intensified where
public inconvenience or actual hardship may
follow from such action.
Strikes historically have been as much an effort
to obtain recognition from employers as to main
tain or improve wages and working conditions.
With the establishment of collective bargaining,
the character of the strike has been sharply altered.
The virtual class warfare which frequently accom
panied the strike for recognition has given way
to the orderly conducted strike for improved
working conditions of the current period. Prob
ably of even greater significance is the fact that,
while the opportunity for strike action is assumed
in every collective-bargaining negotiation, the
vast majority of all agreements are reached with
out such recourse. For the strike is an implicit
part of the democratic process of collective
bargaining. With both sides usually anxious to
avoid any stoppage, concession and compromise
are facilitated.
The occurrence of strikes, therefore, does not
necessarily reflect a breakdown of the collectivebargaining process. The absence of work stop
pages over an extended period of time may or
may not reflect the existence of sound bargaining
relationships. An understanding of the signifi
cance of a particular strike, therefore, requires close
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scrutiny of the particular facts and forces sur
rounding that specific situation.
It is equally necessary in examining strikes as a
whole to consider the broad forces that may ac
count for the strike movement. A sharp rise in
the number of strikes and workers involved may
reflect the immediate unstabilizing effects of rapid
economic changes, despite the general prevalence
of continued stability in collective-bargaining re
lationships. This was the situation shortly after
the outbreak of the Korean war. On the other
hand, a sharp decline in the number of strikes
and workers involved may mask a generally un
healthy relationship, such as existed in the 1920,s.
Comparative equality in the levels of strike ac
tivity may hide the fact that the basic character
of strikes has been altered; for example, major
differences surrounded the causes of strike activity
following the First and Second World Wars.
The factors surrounding the incidence of work
stoppages have changed substantially over the past
two decades. While general economic conditions
have been the constant broad determinants, the
impact of other factors has been substantial.
These include the growth and extension of union
organization, the widespread establishment of col
lective bargaining with consequent changes in the
attitudes of management and labor, and govern
mental labor policies in peace and war.
II. The Trends in Strike Statistics
The three basic statistical measures of strikes
used by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are (1)
the number of strikes, (2) the number of workers
1
2
A N A L Y S IS
directly involved in these strikes, and (3) the
number of man-days of idleness occurring in these
strikes. The first two measures are best adapted
to use for trend comparisons, particularly when
consideration is given to changes in the work
force. The third measure is particularly sensi
tive to the effect of the few large stoppages which
may occur in a particular year. It does provide,
however, a partial measure of the impact of
strikes on the economy in any year.
This analysis of strike statistics deals primarily
with data collected by the Bureau from 1927 to
1949. Strike statistics for the years 1880 to 1926
are incomplete (no data were collected between
1906 and 1913). Since 1927, coverage has been
more complete for all strikes involving at least
six workers and lasting at least one shift. The
“ man-days idle" measure was also developed
beginning in 1927.
OF S T R IK E S
MONTHLY LABOR
and welfare practices of the so-called American
Plan.
Diverse factors accounted for the strikes in coal,
textiles, clothing, and construction. In the “ de
pressed" coal and textile industries, the unions
fought against wage reductions. Clothing workers
sought to protect themselves against nonunion
competition. Boom conditions in building con
struction made for a high level of strike activity.
1930-34. Sharp changes took place in strike ac
tivity in the depression years. The first 3 years
were marked by relatively slight strike activity;
but, as wage reductions became more widespread
in 1931 and 1932, strike activity increased. The
number of strikes doubled and workers participat1 .— Average number and indexes of work stoppages,
workers involved, and man-days idle, by period and year
T able
W ork stoppages
The 1920’s.
Rising living costs, employment,
and union membership brought the number of
strikes and strikers during the First World War
and immediate postwar years to the highest
levels on record up to that time. The annual
average of workers in 1919-20 stoppages was
2.8 million (table 1), approximately 13 percent of
all nonagricultural employees— even now a record.
The depression period 1921-22 showed a drop of
approximately 50 percent in strike activity, al
though there was a substantial increase in the
number of strikes against wage reductions (see
chart 1).
The continued drop in strike activity which
marked the twenties contrasted with the rise
which had normally accompanied periods of rela
tive prosperity. The yearly average dropped
sharply after 1923, and by 1927-29 was 700 a year,
one of the lowest levels on record. Despite several
widespread strikes in the bituminous-coal indus
try, and increased strikes in clothing and textiles,
the number of workers involved continued small
throughout this prosperous period. However, the
strikes were hard-fought during 1927-29, averag
ing over 25 days, a level which has not since been
exceeded.
A number of factors apparently explain the un
usual strike picture from 1923 to 1929. Real
wages rose, while employment continued at high
levels. A successful open-shop drive was accom
panied by the spread of employee representation
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Year
Workers involved
Man-days idle
Number
Index
(1935-39
= 100)
Number
(thou
sands)
Index
(1935-39
= 100)
1917-18 ____
1917___
1918___
3,902
4,450
3,353
136
155
117
1,235
1,230
1,240
109
109
110
1919-20 ____
1 9 1 9 .- 1920___
3, 521
3,630
3,411
123
127
119
2,810
4,160
1,460
249
370
130
1921-22 ____
1921___
1922___
1,749
2, 385
1,112
61
83
39
1,355
1,100
1,610
120
98
143
1923-29 ____
1923.. _.
1 9 2 4 ....
1925___
1 9 2 6 ....
1 9 2 7 -.-.
1 9 2 8 -...
1929.—
1,053
1, 553
1,249
1,301
1,035
707
604
921
37
54
44
45
36
25
21
32
443
757
655
428
330
330
314
289
39
67
58
38
29
29
28
26
« 14, 717
1 87
26, 200
12,600
5,350
155
75
32
1930-34 ____
1930.—
1931 . . . .
1932.—
1933 —
1934___
1,168
637
810
841
1,695
1,856
41
22
28
29
59
65
698
183
342
324
1,170
1,470
62
16
30
29
104
130
11, 442
3,320
6,890
10, 500
16,900
19,600
68
20
41
62
100
116
1935-39 ___
1935.—
1936.—
1937.—
1938___
1939 —
2,862
2,014
2,172
4.740
2, 772
2,613
100
70
76
166
97
91
1,130
1,120
789
1,860
688
1,170
100
99
70
165
61
104
16, 900
15, 500
13, 900
28,400
9,150
17, 800
100
91
82
168
54
105
1940-41 _____
1940 —
1 9 4 1 ....
3,398
2,508
4,288
119
88
150
1,468
577
2,360
130
51
210
14. 850
6, 700
23,000
88
40
136
1942-45 ____
1 9 4 2 ....
1 9 4 3 ....
1944 . . . .
1945 —
2 4,107
2, 968
3, 752
4, 956
4. 750
144
104
131
173
166
2 2,103
840
1,980
2,120
3, 470
186
75
176
188
308
16,100
4,180
13, 500
8,720
38, 000
95
25
80
51
224
1946-49 ____
1 9 4 6 ....
1 9 4 7 ....
1948 —
1949___
3, 926
4. 985
3,693
3,419
3,606
137
174
129
119
126
2,940
4,600
2,170
1, 960
3, 030
260
408
192
173
268
58,800
116, 000
34,600
34,100
50, 500
348
684
205
202
299
Number
(thou
sands)
Index
(1935-39
= 100)
1 Average for 1927-29. N o data on man-days available prior to 1927.
2 Average number of work stoppages and workers involved are not affected
significantly if August 1945 is used.as the end and_beginning of the 1942-45
and 1946-49 periods, respectively.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
A N A L Y S IS OF S T R IK E S
ing more than quadrupled in 1933 and 1934, follow
ing enactment of the National Industrial Recovery
Act and the beginnings of economic recovery.
Section 7a of that law, by encouraging union or
ganization, ultimately resulted in organization of
the mass-production industries. Union demands
for recognition, frequently accompanied by wage
and other proposals, became the predominant
issue in work stoppages, and remained so until 1942.
The work stoppages of 1930 to 1932 were pri
marily efforts at union survival in the face of
unprecedented unemployment, declining member
ship, and falling real wages. Again, it was in the
areas where union organization had been long
established that the defensive strikes were most
frequent: coal, textiles, clothing, and construc
tion. With unions on the defensive, opposition
to wage decreases was a growing issue in strikes,
while demands for union recognition were hardly
pressed. The average duration of strikes declined
considerably, as the diminished financial resources
of unions precluded extended support for striking
workers.
Strikes and workers involved in strikes in 1933
and 1934 increased sharply throughout American
industry generally. While the larger strikes of
10,000 strikers and over continued to be dominated
by the coal, clothing, and textile industries, there
were also large maritime and steel strikes. Sig
nificantly, the construction industry, suffering
from more prolonged depression, was the out
standing exception to the general trend.
1935-39. With the acceleration of economic
recovery after 1935, the average number of strikes
doubled and the number of workers involved was
increased by approximately 60 percent. Eco
nomic recovery alone, however, did not account
for this upsurge. Employer resistance to collec
tive bargaining continued high, with many
employers ignoring the National Labor Relations
Act until its constitutionality was determined in
April 1937. The spreading organization drives,
following the break-off from the American Federa
tion of Labor of the Congress of Industrial Or
ganizations in 1936, intensified strike activity.
The high level of strike activity during this
period should not obscure the significance of
the simultaneously expanding character of collec
tive bargaining. General Motors Corp., followed
by the other automobile producers with the
exception of the Ford Motor Co., recognized the
United Automobile Workers after the prolonged
strikes in 1937. Even more significant was the
Chart 1. Trends in W ork Stoppages
THOUSANDS
MILLIONS
UNITED S TA TES -DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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3
MILLIONS
4
A N A L Y S IS
action of the United States Steel Corp. in recog
nizing the Steel Workers Organizing Committee.
Although other companies in the industry followed
suit, a prolonged and bitter strike against the
so-called “ Little Steel” companies failed to pro
duce similar results.
Statistical averages for the period 1935-39 are
largely controlled by the peak level of strike ac
tivity during 1937. More than 4,700 strikes
occurred, doubling the average of the other years
during this period, and exceeding the previous peak
period of 1917. The 1.8 million workers involved
had been exceeded only in 1919.
The sitdown strike came into vogue in 1936 and
was used in about a tenth of the strikes during
1937. Its use occasioned sharp criticism from
large segments of the general public. During
1938-39, sitdown strikes dropped sharply, and
during 1940, none occurred.
The drop in strike activity following 1937 was
the product of a combination of factors. The busi
ness recession during late 1937 and 1938, coupled
with the public reaction against the widespread
strike activity of the preceding year, temporarily
restrained organizing drives. Equally important,
however, was the effect of union recognition by
major mass-production corporations. Energies
during the remainder of the period were concen
trated on developing the rules and machinery to
govern the day-to-day relationships of collective
bargaining.
With the growing disposition to develop effec
tive collective bargaining, strikes continued at re
duced levels during 1939-40 despite the upswing
in business activity.
1940-41. The sharp impact of inflationary devel
opments on industrial relations was particularly
apparent during the defense period. By contrast
with the following year, strike activity was
especially low during 1940, a year of stable prices,
albeit one of increased business activity and
employment.
It was to be expected that the wage issue would
figure more prominently in strikes during this
period. Nevertheless, union recognition, either
alone or in combination with wages, was still
a prominent issue in about half the stoppages.
1942-45.
Industrial relations during World War
II were shaped by (a) the necessity for continuous
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OF S T R IK E S
MONTHLY LABOR
and maximum production, recognized by labor
and management in the no-strike, no-lockout
agreement in December 1941; and (b) the pres
ence of the voluntarily established, tripartite
National War Labor Board. Hence, wartime
industrial disputes contrasted sharply with those
of prewar days. But even these restraints failed
to prevent substantial numbers of work stoppages.
The immediate reaction to the war was a sharp
decline in strike activity. But in 1943 and 1944,
strike activity rose appreciably. The very pres
ence of the NWLB, although it constantly sought
to encourage collective bargaining, tended to
encourage disputes and strikes in situations where
one party or the other felt that this was the only
way to bring a dispute to the Board’s attention.
The disputing parties looked to the Board to sus
tain their respective positions. In other cases,
strikes represented workers’ protests against
Board orders or their efforts to induce employers
to comply with such orders. Other strikes sought
to speed Board action on pending cases.
The effect of the Board and its policies is demon
strated clearly in the changed character of the
issues in strikes. The union security issue
stepped down from its former predominant role
as a result of the Board’s maintenance-of-member
ship policy. By the end of the war, security was
involved in only about a sixth of all strikes.
Strikes over wage and fringe items continued to
play a major role throughout the war. Many
strikes were called to obtain wage increases in
excess of the Little Steel Formula, as prices con
tinued to increase. Firm wage-stabilization pol
icies caused a shift in emphasis from demands for
higher wage rates to demands for “ fringe” adjust
ments (e. g., payment for vacations, holiday pay,
and shift differentials) as the war continued.
Evidence of war tension was furnished by the
sharp rise in stoppages (to about a third of the
total) over questions of intraplant working con
ditions and policies. The presence of new and
untrained supervisors and workers, crowded work
rooms, long hours, and multiple shift arrange
ments became more frequent causes of conflict.
Although the numbers were high during the
war, the average duration of strikes declined. The
annual average duration was less than 8 days,
compared with 20 or more days for prewar years.
This reflects the frequent unauthorized stoppages,
which usually were quickly terminated through
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1 95 1
A N A L Y S IS O F S T R IK E S
the efforts of union officials and of governmental
mediation agencies.
19^6-49. Industrial relations during the recon
version period after World War II were influenced
by factors not present during the 1917-20 period.
The extent of the military establishment, civilian
manpower utilization, industry mobilization, and
wartime economic controls, and the necessity for
maintaining controls in the reconversion period,
were far greater. The second National War Labor
Board participated in wartime industrial relations
to a degree not attempted by its predecessor.
Furthermore, in 1945, some 15 million workers
were organized in strong trade-union organizations,
whereas in 1920 there were only about 5 million
organized workers. Management attitudes toward
trade-unions had changed since the open-shop days
of the 1920’s.
Economic uncertainty, coupled with release
from wartime pressures to settle disputes amica
bly, made for considerable unrest. On the labor
side, reconversion brought cut-backs and unem
ployment and reduction in take-home pay. Man
agement faced forecasts of an early postwar
recession with substantial unemployment and
uncertainty over continuance of price controls.
In such an environment, there was limited oppor
tunity for the effective operation of free collective
bargaining.
These forces underlay the 1945-46 wave of
strikes. Almost immediately after VJ-day, the
character of work stoppages changed markedly.
Strikes lasted longer. The strike wave reached
its peak during January and February 1946, when
over 1,125,000 workers were involved in strikes
in the steel, automobile, electrical, and meat
packing industries, and the tide did not subside
until June.
Reconversion was rapid and successful. Al
though strike activity declined sharply, it was
greater than before the war. This reflected con
tinued prosperity and rapidly rising prices. The
minor recession in 1949 did not alter the trend
in strike activity. Its effect was felt, rather, in
the shift from wages to pensions as the leading
issue in many important negotiations.
Wages and related matters have predominated
as issues in postwar strikes, although in varying
forms. Thus, the wage demands which were
major issues during 1946 were guided largely by
920504— 51-------2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5
labor’s drive to offset actual and anticipated
declines in take-home pay. But from the end of
1946 to 1948, after the easing and subsequent
abandonment of price controls, demands for higher
pay to match rising living costs became more
frequent. However, the brief decline in business
conditions in the first half of 1949 caused in
creased unemployment and a moderation of drives
for higher pay. Instead, there were increased
proposals— and some strikes— for the establish
ment by employers of pension and social insurance
plans.
There are two factors connected with postwar
strikes which augur well for stable labor relations.
Chart 2. W ork Sto p pages in Relation to Em ploym ent
6
A N A L Y S IS O F S T R IK E S
The union organization and recognition issue,
which declined in relative importance during the
war years, has continued to be of lesser importance
since the war. Furthermore, there has been com
paratively little violence in the large strikes of
recent years in contrast to the events of former
decades. The parties now apparently recognize
the strike as a concomitant of a continuing collec
tive-bargaining relationship.
Chart 3. A v e ra g e Duration of Strikes
M ONTHLY LABOR
during the twenties and early thirties, but remains
substantially below that of the 1919-20 postwar
period.
Data on workers involved 1 in strikes, shown in
table 1, indicate that the average annual number
rose to peak levels in 1919-20, dropped sharply
during the twenties, and continued a steady rise
thereafter to the peak levels of the current post
war period.
Viewing the number of strikers as percentages
of nonagricultural employment, the following
results are obtained (see table 2 and chart 2): the
proportion (13 percent) of workers engaged in
strikes was highest in 1919-20. The annual aver
age ratio ranged from 4.3 to 7.8 percent, except
during the 1920’s, when the ratio was 1.8 percent.
Table 2.—
W ork stoppages and workers involved in relation
to total nonagricultural employment and man-days idle
in relation to estimated total working time, by periods
W ork stoppages
Period
Statistical Analysis. The causes of strike activity
during the past two decades, as described above,
preclude the easy conclusions which statistical
analysis alone may indicate. A proper statistical
perspective on strikes takes account of changing
employment levels. This has been done below by
considering strikes and number of workers in
volved in strikes in relation to the changing levels
of nonagricultural employment. Similarly, the
data on man-days idle have been considered in
relation to the changing levels in estimated total
working time of nonagricultural workers.
The average annual occurrence of strikes during
the recent war and postwar years has substantially
exceeded that of the immediate prewar years (see
table 1) and was approached only in 1917-20, a
period of substantially smaller employment and
union organization.
Table 2 shows that the strike rate has remained
fairly constant in recent years. It averaged about
100 strikes per million workers in the period from
1935 to 1945, and dropped to 91 between 1946 and
1949. This rate is substantially higher than that
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1916________
1917-18_____
1919-20_____
1921-22_____
1923-29_____
1930-34_____
1935-39_____
1940-41_____
1942-45_____
1946-49_____
Per 1
million
nonagri
cultural
employ
ees
Workers involved
As per
cent of
Index
Index
total non
(1935-39
agricultur (1935-39
= 100)
= 100)
al em
ployment1
(3)
(3)
Man-days idle
As per
cent of
estimated
total
working
time 3
Index
(1935-39
= 100)
(3)
131
70
36
46
98
100
101
91
134
71
37
47
100
102
103
93
<?)
12.9
5.6
1.8
4.4
4.3
5.5
6.2
7.8
300
130
42
102
100
128
144
181
« 0 .28
.30
.31
.27
.32
.95
90
97
100
87
103
306
1 Annual percentages are weighted by number of workers involved in each
year.
3 Annual percentages are weighted by man-days idle in each year. N o
data available prior to 1927.
3 Incomplete data are available for nonagricultural employment prior to
1919.
« 1927-29.
The data on man-days idle, first collected in
1927, show no great variations in the annual
averages for the periods used until the most recent
period. During 1946-49, however, the rate rose
more than threefold over previous levels.
Table 3.—
Average duration of strikes, by periods
Period
1927-29 3_____________
1930-34______________
1935-39________________
1940-41_______________________
1942-45_____________________
1946-49_________________
Average
duration in
calendar
days 1
25.2
19.0
22. 5
19.3
7. 8
23.6
Index
(1935-39=
100)
112
84
inn
86
35
105
1 Average duration in each year is weighted by the total number of strikes
in each year.
3 N o data available prior to 1927.
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1 95 1
7
A N A L Y S IS O F S T R IK E S
Man-days idle directly involved in strikes appear
insignificant when viewed in the perspective of the
total estimated working time of nonagricultural
workers. Man-days idle due to strikes have never
accounted for as much as 1 percent of total working
time, with the exception of 1946 when approxi
mately 1.5 percent was affected.
Strike duration has fluctuated with the changing
factors which determine strike levels. (See table
3 and chart 3.) Strikes in the most recent period
have tended to be shorter than those occurring in
1927-29, approximately equal in length to those
occurring in 1935-39, and of greater duration than
those in the depression, prewar, and war years.
— J oseph
P.
G
o ld ber g
and B
e r n a r d
a b r o p f
D iv isio n o f In d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s
1 W hen any group of workers participates in separate and distinct work
stoppages during a year, the numbers involved are counted separately for
each strike. A significant, although unusual, instance occurred in 1949 when
three near industry-wide bituminous-coal stoppages occurred, which account
ed for approximately 1,125,000 of the total of 3,030,000 involved in all stoppages.
“ It became obvious to the management of our company that no mass
production could long be carried on unless there was increased purchasing
power by the great masses of people. To us this meant there must be in
creases in wages and shortening of hours. This became the very fixed con
viction of our management. The more difficult question was as to how this
should be accomplished, and we arrived at the conclusion that collective
bargaining by employer and employee . . . was the only means by which,
under our system, any adjustment in the equitable distribution of income
could be accomplished. We realized the difficulty of this method, but we
felt that if this method did not accomplish the desired end, then the present
capitalistic system would collapse . . . There is a further and more selfish
reason as to why we took the step which we did in cooperating with the organi
zation of our plants. We felt that if the present economic system was to
continue, it was inevitable that in the future there should be the organization
of labor, and that real collective bargaining would eventually be made effec
tive.”
— S ta t e m e n t o f H . M . R o b e r ts o n , G e n e ra l C o u n s e l, B r o w n a n d W illia m s o n T o b a c c o
C o r p ., in S e n a te C o m m itt e e o n E d u c a tio n a n d L a b o r , 7 4 t h
Hearings on a National Labor Relations Board, 1 9 3 5 , p . 2 1 8 .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Y
C o n g re s s , 1 st S essio n ,
Twelfth Convention
of the CIO
n d o r s e m e n t of a strong foreign policy to combat
communism abroad, coupled with a critical review
of the Nation’s defense efforts at home, character
ized the work of the twelfth constitutional conven
tion of the Congress of Industrial Organizations,
held in Chicago, November 20-24, 1950.
Impressed but undeterred by defeats of laborendorsed candidates in the recent national elec
tions, the approximately 600 delegates reiterated
their conviction to continue an aggressive political
action campaign and prepare for the 1952 presi
dential race. They likewise expressed the hope
that the steps toward labor unity, launched in
mid-1950, would move forward toward the coveted
goal of a combined and united American labor
movement.
Internally, peace and harmony prevailed. The
CIO’s expulsion during the year of 11 dissident
left-wing affiliates eliminated the vitriolic debates
of preceding years. With but one exception, all
of the 62 resolutions before the convention were
adopted without dissent.1
These resolutions ranged in scope from proposals
for the international control and inspection of
atomic energy plants to the installation of electric
voting devices in both Houses of Congress. Some
restated previous CIO declarations on such topics
as organizing the unorganized, better housing,
and support for cooperatives and farm-labor unity.
By and large, however, the resolutions and their
accompanying analyses dealt with labor’s concern
with current economic and social issues, sharpened
by the Korean crisis.
For the most part, the speakers addressing the
convention uttered few discordant notes. Senator
Paul Douglas of Illinois, however, speaking to the
delegates on the first day, urged certain “ reforms”
by labor, as well as by employers, in revising the
Taft-Hartley Act. He also questioned the sweep-
E
8
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ing character of the CIO endorsed national health
insurance bill.
Former Secretary of the Treasury Henry J.
Morgenthau, Jr., spoke against wage controls and
for an excess profits tax. He, as well as Secretary
of the Interior Oscar L. Chapman, was critical
of recent price-profit trends and urged expansion
of plant capacity—particularly in the steel indus
try. Secretary of Labor Maurice Tobin hailed
labor’s role in securing recent improvements in
social security and urged continued support of
the Government’s efforts to contain communism.
In the most penetrating and provocative address
to the convention, Dr. Mordecai Johnson, presi
dent of Howard University, Washington, D. C.,
analyzed Communist philosophy and practice.
He pleaded for an end to colonial exploitation by
the European democracies and immediate, positive
measures by the United States and the United
Nations to improve the economic and social con
ditions of millions of families in Asia and Africa.
W. Stuart Symington, chairman of the National
Security Resources Board, declared that in fram
ing mobilization policies “ labor has a position
right along with industry, agriculture, and the
public” and that “ the mobilization plans of this
country will only be successful to the degree that
all of the people in all segments of the economy
have a say in those decisions.”
This latter point— adequate labor participation
in the formulation of defense policies— dominated
much of the delegates’ convention discussion.
Speaker after speaker emphasized the workers’
vital interest in contributing to the development
of Government measures for full production,
“ equitable” stabilization, avoidance of conversion
unemployment, and a firm foreign policy.
International Affairs
As in preceding years, the CIO adopted a com
prehensive foreign policy declaration. This year,
however, with the Communist-expelled unions no
longer present, complete unanimity prevailed.
Nevertheless, the discussion was lengthy and at
times critical. Lack of national unity among
political leaders at home, in the face of the threat
of Soviet imperialism, was castigated by the CIO
president, Philip Murray. Presidents Reuther,
of the United Automobile Workers, and Potofsky,
of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers, stressed
9
CIO C O N V E N T IO N
the need for greater consultation with organized
labor “ at the highest policy-making levels” to
assure, for example, that ECA aid advances the
living standards of the workers of the Marshall
plan countries rather than the profits of employers,
or the recartelization of German industries.
The “ spiritual contribution” of American labor
to the cause of freedom was stressed by President
Truman in a message to the convention. “ The
labor movement in this country,” the President
declared, “ is a symbol of our concept of freedom.
It can speak directly to the working people of
other lands. By its example it can show that a
free and democratic society is the best hope of the
worker everywhere. More than any other ele
ment in our country, the labor movement can
refute the lies of Communist propaganda about the
nature of our society, and our objectives in the
world.”
In its 10-point “ foreign policy declaration”
the CIO—
(1)
R e a ffir m e d
"c o m p le t e su p p o rt o f ou r g o v e rn
m e n t an d th e U n it e d N a tio n s in th e stru g g le a g a in st
C o m m u n is t a g gressio n in K o r e a ” ;
(2)
D e c la r e d t h a t th e U n it e d N a tio n s m u s t h a v e
m ilita r y fo rc es c o n tin u o u sly in rea din ess so th a t it can
“ o p p o se s tr e n g th w ith str e n g th , in ord er t h a t n e g o tia
tio n m a y b e c o m e p o ssib le ” ;
(3)
E n d o rse d “ all sincere e fforts to o b ta in general
d is a r m a m e n t, in c lu d in g in te r n a tio n a l co n tr o l o f a to m ic
e n e r g y w ith fu ll p ow ers o f in sp e c tio n ” ;
(4)
U r g e d “ a ffirm a tiv e a c tio n fo r p e a c e ,” in c lu d in g
e lim in a tio n o f p o v e r ty a n d soc ial in ju stic e b y e x p a n sio n
o f th e P o in t F o u r P ro g ra m fo r u n d e r d e v e lo p e d c o u n
trie s w ith th e a c tiv e a id o f A m e r ic a n la b o r ;
(5)
R e a ffir m e d s u p p o r t fo r th e E u ro p e a n R e c o v e r y
im p r o v e d d istr ib u tio n o f n a tio n a l in c o m e ,”
a n d th e
p ro m o tio n o f p la n s fo r la b o r re a llo c a tio n a n d e m ig ra
to
d ea l
w ith
th e
“ u rg e n t
su rp lu s
and
ag en cies, th e E C A ,
v a rio u s c o m m issio n s a n d sp ec ialize d
(9)
D e fe n d e d
th e
S ta te
a g en cie s” ;
D e p a r tm e n t
fr o m
“ th e
irre sp o n sib le a n d u n s u b s ta n tia te d a t ta c k s o f M c C a r t h y i s m ,”
A s ia ,
a n d ca lle d u p o n i t t o reassure p e o p le s o f
A fr ic a ,
and
S o u th
A m e r ic a
th a t
th e
U n ite d
S ta te s s u p p o rts th e rig h t o f fu ll n a tio n a l fre e d o m an d
s e lf-g o v e r n m e n t a n d o p p o se s c o lo n ia lis m
a n d im p e
r ia lis m ; a n d
(1 0 )
D e p lo r e d ,
a n d id e a ls”
“ as
d a n g e ro u s
to
d e m o c r a tic
th e g ra n tin g o f e c o n o m ic aid t o
u n ity
S p a in
a n d A rg e n tin a .
Fraternal greetings, and a brief résumé of the
work of the International Confederation of Free
Trade Unions, was delivered by Gust DeMuynck,
assistant general secretary of the ICFTU. He
was the only foreign speaker to address the con
vention.
Mobilization and Domestic Policies
Full support of a “ well-planned, well-organized,
and well-implemented” mobilization program was
expressed. CIO spokesmen, however, made it
abundantly clear that they were not satisfied
with the current defense efforts described as “ hap
hazard” and “ uncoordinated.” Opposition was
also voiced to existing, or proposed restrictions
on credit, housing, and scarce materials such as
copper and aluminum.
A telegram sent to the Secretary of Commerce,
approved by the convention, typified the CIO’s
views that orders curtailing the use of metals
will—
. . . a r b itra rily sla sh p ro d u c tio n a n d e m p lo y m e n t
w ith o u t a n y tie -in to d efe n se p ro d u c tio n , w ith o u t a n y
P r o g r a m b u t ca lle d fo r " b o l d n e w p olicies to e n cou rag e
tio n
m e n t in re p re se n ta tio n u p o n U N
p o p u la tio n
re la te d p la n t o assure in cre a se d s u p p ly o f th e s e sca rce
m a te ria ls, a n d w ith o u t a n y p r o g r a m t o a llo c a te th e
re d u ce d c iv ilia n s u p p ly to th o se u ses t h a t are v ita lly
im p o r ta n t to p re serv e th e s tr e n g th an d v ig o r o f th e
n a tio n ’ s e c o n o m y .
p r o b le m in E u r o p e ” ;
(6)
W e lc o m e d th e S c h u m a n P la n fo r th e in d u stria l
The telegram continued:
in te g r a tio n o f W e s te r n E u r o p e , b u t w a rn ed t h a t th e
su cc ess o f th e p la n d e p e n d s u p o n tr a d e -u n io n p a r tic i
p a tio n ,
th e
str e n g th e n in g
of
d e m o c r a tic
fo rc es
in
L a b o r y ie ld s t o n o on e in its d e te r m in a tio n t o p ro
m o te th e q u ic k e s t p o ssib le e c o n o m ic m o b iliz a tio n t o
W e s t e r n G e r m a n y , an d th e rid d a n c e o f N a z i in flu en ces
m eet
in a ll so c ia l a n d e c o n o m ic a c tiv itie s ;
grou p h as a gre a te r s ta k e in th e su ccess o f th is p r o
(7)
H a ile d th e e x p a n sio n o f A m e r ic a n in fo r m a tio n
th e
gram .
needs
of
th is
em ergency.
No
e c o n o m ic
N o e c o n o m ic g rou p ca n , o r w ill, c o n tr ib u te
sou rce s a b ro a d t o c o u n te ra c t th e “ R u ssia n p ro p a g a n d a
m o re
m a c h in e ,” a n d c a lle d u p o n th e d e m o c ra c ie s t o re fu te
w ork e rs w e re p re se n t a n d in th e in te r e s t o f e ffe c tiv e
th e H itle r ia n te c h n iq u e o f th e “ re p e a te d lie ” b y th e
n a tio n a l m o b iliz a tio n , w e ask t h a t y o u a v e r t th e th r e a t
“ re p e a te d tr u t h ” ;
o f m a s s u n e m p lo y m e n t a n d e c o n o m ic d islo c a tio n b y
(8)
P ro p o se d
p a r tic ip a tio n
by
m en
and
w om en
to
s e ttin g
its su ccess.
aside
your
On
b e h a lf o f th e
a lu m in u m
o rd er an d
m illio n s
h o ld in g
of
in
tr a in e d in th e ra n k s o f la b o r in th e "p la n n in g , p o lic y ,
a b e y a n c e y o u r c o p p e r ord er u n til a n a tio n a l co n fe r
and
en ce o f la b o r a n d m a n a g e m e n t fr o m
o p e r a tio n a l d iv isio n s o f th e
S ta te
D e p a r tm e n t
a n d th e fu ll u tiliz a tio n o f th e A m e r ic a n la b o r m o v e
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
th e in d u strie s
a ffec te d can b e ca lle d to w ork o u t w ith y o u a ra tio n a l
10
CIO C O N V E N T IO N
a n d realistic p ro g ra m to m e e t th e p r o b le m o f m a te ria ls
in sh o rt s u p p ly .
As “ practical suggestions” for a coordinated
mobilization program, the delegates endorsed a
series of resolutions calling for an expansion of
plant capacity, enactment of a “ vigorous” excess
profits tax, and elimination of existing loopholes
in the income tax law; control over commodity
speculation; and full utilization of the Nation’s
manpower resources on a voluntary, democratic
basis. The wage-price provisions of the Defense
Production Act of 1950 were termed “ grossly
inequitable and totally unworkable.”
Any thought of a wage “ freeze” was rejected.
President Murray informed the delegates that,
in light of the “ fabulous profits” of industry and
increases in rents and other living costs, the CIO
could not subscribe to the simultaneous control
of prices and wages. As part of the organiza
tion’s policy to cooperate in all mobilization
measures, Mr. Murray announced that Walter
Reuther, president of the United Automobile
Workers, had been appointed to represent the
CIO in production matters; Jacob Potofsky,
president of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers,
would handle manpower problems; L. S. Buckmaster, president of the United Rubber Workers,
prices; and Emil Rieve, president of the Textile
Workers Union, “ all matters pertaining to wages
and wage stabilization.”
These CIO representatives, Mr. Murray told
the convention, must be given a role in “ building
up our national defense program. We are not
interested in jobs,” he continued, but “ we want
men placed in positions on the policy-making
level. . . .” Jobs of a “ window dressing” nature
“ behind which people can do as they please and
use the good name of the CIO” will be promptly
rejected, Mr. Reuther asserted. He also declared
that labor was willing “ to sit down with industry
and government and all other functional economic
groups on the basis of full democratic partnership
in the mobilization of America’s productive
effort.”
Political and Legislative Action
Labor’s defeats in the recent elections were not
minimized. But, as Jack Kroll, chairman of
CIO’s Political Action Committee asserted, trade
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M ONTHLY LABOR
unions are not deterred by lost strikes and lock
outs, defeats in NLRB elections, and political
setbacks and have “ always bounced back and
bounced back hard.” Mr. Murray, in comment
ing upon the balloting, voiced the opinion that
the voters had expressed themselves not upon
serious domestic issues but upon worrisome inter
national developments and unfounded charges
of communism in high places. He characterized
the campaign as “ diabolical,” replete with dis
tortion and demagoguery. “ McCarthyism,” ac
cording to Mr. Reuther of the UAW, was “ the
most important single factor in the election.”
Other speakers felt that labor, without any
effective voice in the selection of candidates, had
been forced to support “ political hacks” and
lukewarm followers of their legislative program.
Some were critical of their own efforts. They
declared that the election showed that the Ameri
can voter will not blindly be influenced by “ breast
beating.” “ party slogans and labels,” or “ cam
paigns based upon dollars alone.” These expres
sions were not dissimilar to those of Senator
Douglas, who urged a broader cooperative base for
joint political action. Only in a few States, he
warned, is it possible for any candidate to win
“ if he is exclusively a candidate of labor.”
All union spokesmen agreed, however, that even
greater energies had to be expended. To this end
the delegates unanimously approved the continued
collection of voluntary contributions of at least
$1 a year from each CIO member. The CIOPAC was authorized “ to cooperate as broadly as
possible” with other union groups, farmers, con
sumers, small-business men, professional and
white-collar workers.
The CIO’s noncompromising attitude toward
repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act, and particularly
the injunction provisions of thelaw, was reaffirmed.
Amendment of the law was rejected. Repeal or
“ drastic amendment” of the 1950 Subversive
Activities Control Act was urged so as “ to do
away with unworkable 'registration,’ the dan
gerous listing of defense facilities, and discrimina
tion against aliens.” President Truman was
urged to appoint a national commission of out
standing citizens to recommend measures “ that
will fully protect the democratic rights of every
individual while guaranteeing the necessary meas
ure of national security.”
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1 95 1
CIO C O N V E N T IO N
Labor Unity
Rapprochement between AFL and CIO—
increasingly manifest during the past 2 years—•
moved somewhat closer to realization since the
CIO’s last convention. President Murray ex
pressed the hope that conferences between the
two groups, begun in the summer of 1950, could
be resumed within a month or two. He cautioned
patience and tolerance in trying to work out “ the
manifold extremely difficult details” of achieving
unity among all bona-fide labor groups, AFL,
CIO, miners, and railroad brotherhoods. The
adopted resolution directed the CIO Unity Com
mittee to continue efforts “ looking forward to
the attainment of the cherished goal of every
union member: the attainment of organic unity
of all American labor.”
Internal Union Developments
Within the CIO, the outstanding development
of the year was the expulsion of a group of 11
Communist-dominated unions. This action, be
gun at the 1949 Cleveland convention which
expelled the United Electrical, Radio and Machine
Workers and the Farm Equipment and Metal
Workers, was completed by the CIO’s Executive
Board during 1950. Each of the 9 remaining
accused unions was accorded a separate hearing
by a specially appointed trial committee. None
of the ousted organizations appeared at the
Chicago convention to appeal the executive
board’s decision which was ratified by the dele
gates.2 As a result of this step, the CIO president
declared the Communist movement in America
had been given the most serious setback in all its
history and “ is travelling its last mile in our labor
movement.”
The unions and the dates of their expulsion
were:
The United Electrical, Radio & Machine Workers;
November 2, 1949.
The United Farm Equipment Workers; November
2, 1949.
Mine, Mill & Smelter Workers; February 15, 1950.
United Office & Professional Workers; February
15, 1950, effective March 1, 1950.
United Public Workers; February 15, 1950, effec
tive March 1, 1950.
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11
Food, Tobacco & Agricultural Workers; February
15, 1950, effective March 1, 1950.
American Communications Association; June 15,
1950.
International Fur & Leather Workers Union;
June 15, 1950.
International Longshoremen’s & Warehousemen’s
Union; August 29, 1950.
Marine Cooks & Stewards; August 29, 1950.
International Fishermen & Allied Workers; August
29, 1950.
Organizational lines were regrouped as the leftwing unions were dropped. The International
Union of Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers
(IUE), chartered by the 1949 convention, waged
a full-fledged and generally successful fight to
secure the members and contracts formerly held
by the UE. By the end of its first year, it reported
a membership of approximately a quarter of a
million and bargaining representation for better
than 300,000 workers. Two organizing commit
tees also were created by the CIO. The Govern
ment and Civic Employees Organizing Committee
(to replace the ousted United Public Workers)
was chartered March 1, 1950. By convention
time it had claimed over 35,000 members. The
Insurance and Allied Workers Organizing Com
mittee (to cover a portion of the jurisdiction form
erly held by the United Office and Professional
Workers) was created May 1, 1950. It, too,
reported some successes.
The United Steelworkers and the United Auto
mobile Workers, according to the CIO president
have “ absorbed practically all of the mine, mill,
and smelter workers.” Reflecting these and other
gains, each of these giant unions reported a current
membership of 1 million or slightly higher.3 Part
of the jurisdiction formerly covered by the Food,
Tobacco and Agricultural workers has been as
sumed by the Retail, Wholesale and Department
Store Union; other portions have been reorganized
by the Brewery Workers and the Packinghouse
Workers. In the South, the United Transport
Service Employees, primarily an organization of
railroad “ red caps” and dining-car employees, has
scored successes in recruiting tobacco, fertilizer,
and cannery workers. Elsewhere the Communi
cations Workers of America and the American
Radio Association wrested units from the expelled
American Communications Association. Fisher-
12
C IO C O N V E N T IO N
men on the West Coast, as well as locals of other
ousted unions, refused in a number of cases to
leave the CIO and were granted local industrial
union charters.
These widespread efforts by the CIO to recap
ture blocs of formerly affiliated members, coupled
with gains among a number of regular CIO unions,
prompted Mr. Murray to inform the delegates at
the opening session that the CIO “ is numerically
stronger than it was 12 months ago.” 4
Philip Murray was reelected president for his
eleventh term by acclamation. Also returned to
office for another year were Secretary-Treasurer
James B. Carey and eight of the CIO’s nine vice
presidents. John Green, president of the Indus
trial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers,
who had served as a vice president since 1942 was
not a candidate for reelection. His place was filled
by Michael Quill of the Transport Workers Union.
i The Utility Workers Union expressed objection to the breadth of a reso
lution “ Principles of T V A ” which their spokesmen construed as a possible
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endorsement of the eventual nationalization of the utility industry. After
debate, President Fisher of the Utility Workers expressed general concurrence
in President Murray’s interpretation of the proposed resolution. It was then
adopted by a voice vote with several dissents.
J The National Union of Marine Cooks and Stewards submitted a written
request for review by the convention of its expulsion but did not appear in
support of its appeal. Despite the fact that the request was received after
the deadline specified by the C IO constitution (10 days prior to the opening
of the convention) the committee on appeals waived this technicality and
after review of the union’s claims recommended that the appeal be denied.
The convention unanimously adopted this recommendation.
3 The U A W ’s average dues-paying membership was 1,118,046 in September
1950.
4 M r. Murray stated that the explusion of the 11 unions resulted in the
removal from membership in the C IO of “ a total of about 850,000 to 900,000
members.” During the past year, he continued, the C IO had recaptured
“ approximately 70 percent” of all the members belonging to the expelled
unions (Daily Proceedings, November 20,1950, p. 19). The report of the CIO
Organization Department, submitted as a part of the President’s Report to
the Congress of Industrial Organizations (p. 13), states that the expulsions
“ resulted in an immediate loss to the CIO of approximately 675,000 members,
based upon the representation of these organizations at the Cleveland con
vention in 1949.” In the absence of detailed and consecutive annual reports
of the total membership, or per capita payments, of affiliated unions to the
C IO it is impossible to analyze accurately the effect of the explusions upon the
over-all membership of the C IO which, as in preceding years, was simply
expressed in general terms.
— N
elson
M. B
o r tz
D iv is io n o f In d u s tria l R e la tio n s
W age Movements—
A n Analysis of
1939-49 Experience
industries. The influence of these factors can be
eliminated in some types of index construction by
proper weighting. Various measures of earnings,
on the other hand, are affected by these factors
(including, of course, changes in the rates them
selves), and also by the effect of premiums that
may be incorporated in the wage structure and
by changes in hours worked or paid for.2 Real
rates or earnings are additionally affected by
changes in the level of consumer prices.
Manufacturing
T h e i n f l u e n c e o f W o r l d W a r i i and subsequent
postwar economic adjustments dominated wage
movements in the decade ending in 1949. Wage
trends during this period provide background for
developments since the beginning of the defense
emergency growing out of Korea.
Except for 1939-40, high level employment was
sustained throughout the period. Consumer prices
advanced steadily from 1941 until August 1948;
the subsequent decline to the end of 1949
amounted to about 4 percent. During most of
the period and in most industries, business profits
were exceptionally high, especially when measured
as a percentage of net worth. National money
income advanced from $72.5 billion in 1939 to
$223.5 billion in 1948 and dropped to $216.8
billion in 1949.1 Trade-union membership in
creased sharply, and union influence was consoli
dated in a number of basic industries.
Under these circumstances, beginning roughly
in the spring of 1941, wages were propelled up
ward. This upward movement was markedly
restrained by the wartime economic stabilization
program; with the collapse of wartime controls,
however, large increases in money rates occurred.
In addition, gains occurred in supplementary
wage practices which required additional money
outlay by employers.
It is necessary to differentiate between the more
important measures of “ wages.” Wage rates (or
straight-time hourly earnings of incentive work
ers) represent the price of labor per unit of time
(e. g. hour or week). Average rates in an industry
or group of industries may be influenced by
changes in the occupational composition of the
labor force or in its distribution among plants or
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From 1939 through 1949 weekly and hourly
money earnings (both including and excluding
premium overtime pay) in manufacturing as a
whole more than doubled (table 1). Average
hourly wage rates approximately doubled. Annual
money earnings of manufacturing wage earners
rose by about 150 or 160 percent between 1939
and 1948, the latest year for which such informaT
able
1 .— Indexes of hours, earnings and wage rates in
manufacturing for selected periods ,x 1 9 8 9 -4 9
[Average for 1939=100]
Average weekly
earnings
Period
Actual
1939: Average___________
1941: January---------------1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
October___________
October________
October________ .
January_________
A p r i l ____________
October------------- February_________
October___ _______
October___________
September_______
October___________
January__________
September________
100.0
109.8
111.7
131.4
163.0
188.0
196.7
199.1
197.5
171.7
170.1
192.7
216.8
231.2
233.0
232.6
229. 4
228.5
233.5
234.9
Real
100.0
108.9
110.2
119.5
136.2
150.2
154.5
155.6
154.4
132.4
130.4
128.9
131.6
131.7
133.4
135.3
134.5
133.9
136.9
139.4
Average
Gross hourly
Urban
Average average earn
weekly hourly ings (ex wage
earn
clusive rates 1
hours
ings
of over
time)
100.0
104.5
103.4
109.3
115.6
120.4
120.7
120.4
119.6
110.3
107.4
107.4
107.7
105.6
106.1
104.8
103.7
102.9
105.0
105.6
100.0
105.1
107.9
120.2
141.1
156.1
162.9
165.2
164.9
155.6
158.3
179.3
201.3
219.0
219.6
222.0
221.2
222.0
222.3
222.4
100.0
100.0
104.9
115.3
132.5
144.7
151.0
153.2
153.4
149.3
152.8
173.5
194.6
213.0
212.8
216.0
216.1
216.9
216.3
216.1
101.8
119.1
127.4
132.6
133.8
134.8
138.0
143.9
160.2
178.6
194.6
194.6
196.8
199.3
1 Periods selected include October of each year since 1941 because data on
urban wage rates are available for this month. (September was substituted
for October in 1949 because the latter month reflects the temporary influence
on earnings of the steel work stoppage.) The following special dates were
selected for specific reasons: January 1941 represents the base period of the
“ Little Steel” formula; in October 1942 the Wage Stabilization Act became
effective; January 1945 represented the wartime peak in hours and earnings;
April 1945 was the period closest to V E -day for which urban wage rate data
are available; February 1946 was the date of Executive Order 9697 under
which the wage-price policy was modified, permitting greater flexibility in
increases; September 1948 was chosen to show changes over the last year in
the period. December 1949 data are presented to provide a picture of wages
the Gild of 1949.
2 The data for periods prior to 1947 represent changes in occupational wage
rates for time workers and in straight-time hourly earnings for incentive
workers; from April 1947 to April 1948 the series measures these certain ele
ments plus the effect on earnings of changes in the occupational structure
of the individual establishments. Data from 1939 to April 1943 and April
1948 to September 1949 are estimated.
13
14
W AG E M OVEM ENTS
tion is available.3 The advance in real terms—
that is, money rates or earnings adjusted for
changes in consumers’ prices—was much less
striking. For example, real weekly earnings in
manufacturing were about two-fifths higher at
the end than at the beginning of the period.
The earnings movement varied appreciably
from time to time within the 1939-49 period, and
experience in the entire interval illustrates vividly
the effect of divergent trends in different measures
and components of earnings and other factors in
workers’ welfare that may occur with varying
conditions.
World War II. During the war, weekly and'gross
hourly earnings rose much more rapidly than the
rise in hourly earnings exclusive of overtime
premium pay; in turn this latter increase of
hourly earnings increased more rapidly than
hourly rates. The lengthening of the workweek
resulted in larger weekly pay envelopes and
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M ONTHLY LABOR
gross hourly earnings were increased by premium
payments for overtime.4 Aside from these effects
of the lengthening of the workweek, hourly earn
ings were influenced by wartime shifts of workers
to higher paying jobs and industries and by the
larger proportion of workers employed on night
shifts and receiving shift premium pay; therefore,
hourly earnings, excluding overtime pay, also rose
rapidly.
Wage rates increased at a slower pace. Whereas
only about a third of the total rise in hourly
rates in manufacturing industries that took place
between 1939 and 1949 occurred during the war,
about tliree-fourths of the entire increase in weekly
earnings and half the change in gross hourly earn
ings came before the war ended (actually beforp
VE-day).
Real wages (weekly earnings adjusted by the
Bureau’s consumers’ price index) lagged behind
weekly earnings measured in dollar terms but
were higher at the start of 1945 than at any
Trend of Earnings in Manufacturing and Consumers' Prices
1939 = 100
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
W A G E M OVEM ENTS
subsequent time.6 Annual money earnings, influ
enced not only by all of the factors affecting
weekly earnings but by steadier employment
throughout the year, rose even more than weekly
earnings.
15
P e r c e n t o f changes fr o m
V E -d a y to
V J -d a y to
S ep tem b er
S ep tem b er
1949
1949
A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a rn in g s______
R e a l w e e k ly e a r n in g s . _
18. 3
36. 3
_____
-1 1 . 3
3. 6
G ro ss a v e ra g e h o u rly e a r n in g s .
34. 8
42. 6
41. 1
44. 8
47. 8
45. 7
A v e r a g e h o u rly e arn in gs, e x -
The postwar period. The very late war period and
the postwar years saw the reverse situation with
respect to relative changes in various earnings
measures. During this period (beginning about
VE-day) wage rates in manufacturing rose more
than straight-time hourly earnings which were
held down somewhat by shifts to lower wage
occupations and industries. These earnings in
turn rose more than gross hourly and weekly
earnings which were pulled down by a reduction
in hours worked and a decline in pay for late
shift work at premium rates. In addition the
rise in annual earnings was presumably held
down somewhat by a decline in the number of
workweeks during which the average worker was
employed.
With the marked reduction in hours im
mediately after VE-day, both weekly and gross
hourly earnings declined; these earnings continued
to fall until after February 1946, when a combina
tion of relatively stable hours and a rise in hourly
rates of pay resulted in a resumption of the up
ward movements in earnings. The decrease in
weekly earnings amounted to 13.9 percent be
tween April 1945 and February 1946. During the
rest of the postwar period covered, both gross
weekly and hourly earnings rose about as much as
hourly rates.
Hourly earnings excluding premium pay for
overtime also declined somewhat for a few months
late in 1945 because of some shifts in employment
away from the higher wage industries and perhaps
because of some decline in the proportion of
workers in the higher paid occupations. How
ever, this drop was of very short duration.
Real wages declined, first with the reduction in
money earnings after VE-day and later with the
rapid rise in prices following June 1946. This
decline was halted late in 1946 when the rise in
weekly earnings began to exceed the increase in
the consumers’ price index, but in 1949 real wages
were well below their VE-day level.6 The changes
in the period from VE-day and from VJ-day to
September 1949 can be summarized as follows.7
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e lu d in g p r e m iu m
o v e r tim e
p a y -------------------------------------------E s tim a te d
average
h o u rly
w a g e r a t e s . ___________ _______
The year 1949. Wage movements in 1949 con
trasted sharply with those in the immediately
preceding years. Money earnings were more
stable than in any year since 1940. Real wages
rose more than other earnings measures. Some
rise (roughly 2 % percent) also occurred in wage
rates, but hourly and weekly earnings were
comparatively stationary. Gross weekly and
hourly earnings were kept down by a slight reduc
tion in hours worked and straight-time hourly
earnings iDcreased less than hourly rates of pay
because of shifts in employment from higher to
lower wage industries. (This interindustry shift
explains the fact that earnings in all manufactur
ing rose less than those for durable and nondurable
goods separately).
Changes in various measures of earnings from
September 1948 to September 1949 follow :8
P ercent
o f change
A v e r a g e w e e k ly earn in gs, all m a n u fa c tu r in g , _
+1. 0
R e a l w e e k ly e arn in gs, all m a n u fa c tu r in g _______
+3. 9
G r o s s a v e r a g e h o u rly earn in gs, a ll m a n u fa c tu r
i n g ----------------------------------------------------------------------------G ro ss
average
h o u rly
ea rn in g s,
g o o d s ______________________________________________
G ro ss
average
h o u rly
earn in gs
h o u rly
e arn in gs,
+1. 6
n o n d u r a b le
g o o d s ----------------------------------------------------------------------A vera ge
+1. 5
d u ra b le
+1. 8
e x c lu d in g p re m iu m
o v e r tim e p a y , all m a n u fa c tu r in g _______________
+1. 6
E s tim a te d h o u rly w a g e ra te s, all m a n u fa c tu r
i n g _____________________________________________________
+2. 4
Supplementary wage practices. Although there is
no index measuring the influence of provisions for
paid vacations, sick leave, retirement pensions,
and other supplementary wage benefits on work
ers’ welfare, these and other benefits were sub
stantially extended in the war and postwar years.
There was great emphasis on “ fringe” benefits
during the latter stages of the wartime wage
stabilization program. This was followed by a
16
W A G E M OVEM ENTS
shift in emphasis in collective bargaining toward
increasing rates of pay in the immediate postwar
period. Again in 1949 efforts were renewed to
liberalize and expand supplementary wage bene
fits, especially in the pension and insurance fields.
Variations among industries. Over the entire war
and postwar period the extent and rate of wage
and earnings changes, of course, varied among
manufacturing industries. Considering the entire
period, the percentage increase in both average
weekly and gross average hourly earnings was
higher in nondurable-goods than in durable-goods
industries.9 The rise in weekly, and to some
extent, in hourly earnings, occurred at an earlier
date in durable-goods production, which includes
many of the industries immediately related to the
war effort. Part of this difference in the rate of
change during the early war years was traceable
to the greater lengthening of the workweek in
durable-goods production and the resultant in
crease in overtime pay, rather than to a difference
in the extent of wage rate changes as such.
The rise in wage levels for some of the very
lowest wage industries was apparently affected
somewhat by the minimum wage under the FanLabor Standards Act, which went into effect in
1938 and was raised to 40 cents an hour during
the war. However, for the most part, these
advances were overshadowed by the effect of
defense expenditures and war orders from foreign
countries even in the 1939-41 period.
Differences in the amount of increase in gross
hourly earnings changed the rank of certain
industries when arranged according to industry
wide average hourly earnings. Among the most
striking changes was the rise in relative wage levels
in the cotton-goods industry (cotton manufac
tures excluding small wares). For example, in
1939 average hourly earnings in this industry
were about 11 cents lower than those in boot and
shoe manufacture, whereas in 1948 average hourly
earnings of cotton-goods workers exceeded those
of boot and shoe workers by 1 cent.
Nonmanufacturing and “ W hite Collar” W orkers
Between 1939 and 1949 the percentage increase
in gross hourly and weekly earnings in most
nonmanufacturing industries was below that for
manufacturing, and in some cases it was substan
tially lower. Notably smaller increases were re
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
corded for railroads, telephone and other public
utilities, and for wholesale and retail trade.
Percentage increases in weekly earnings in anthra
cite mining and in quarrying were considerably
above the average for all manufacturing as was
the increase in average hourly earnings in quarry
ing. However, in several of the mining industries
the increases in gross hourly and weekly earnings
were somewhat below the average for manufac
turing. During 1949 there was a slight decline in
average hourly earnings and a substantial drop in
weekly earnings in a number of mining industries.
The decrease in weekly earnings in coal mining
between October 1948 and September 1949 is
explained by the 3-day week in September.
Limited data available for clerical and profes
sional employees indicate that these categories of
salaried workers lagged behind wage earners in
terms of increases in weekly earnings. The index
of clerical and professional weekly earnings pub
lished by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York 10
shows a rise in average weekly salaries of 78 per
cent between 1939 and 1949. Annual salary scales
of firemen and policemen in large cities rose by
roughly 50 percent during this period.11
— L il y M a r y D a v id and R u th W. B e n n y
D iv is io n o f W a g e S ta tis tic s
1 Data from National Income Division, U. S. Department of Commerce,
as published in Survey of Current Business, July 1950.
2 This latter factor does not significantly affect average hourly earnings
exclusive of premium overtime pay, as estimated for manufacturing by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
2 See Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census Current Population
Reports on Consumer Income, Series P-60, N o. 6.
4 Average weekly hours rose from about 38 in 1939 to a peak of 45.6 in
December 1944.
* The concept of changes in “ real earnings” measured in the customary
way is rather tenuous for the war period. Due to wartime controls on con
sumption and the absence of many consumer goods, the wartime advance
was, at least in part, fictitious. The proportion of ineome saved during the
war increased substantially; these savings were largely spent in the postwar
period at higher price levels. 6 See note 5.
7 September 1949 is used here because September or October has been used
in the series measuring changes in wage rates. The picture would not be
essentially changed by substitution of December 1949 for September. V E day and VJ-day are represented by April 1945 and September 1945. April
1945 is the last full payroll period reported before the end of the war in Europe
in M ay; August 1945 data are not used because those for the week of VJ-day
were affected by the two-day national holiday.
8 Information for December 1949 would not alter the picture appreciably.
September was used instead of October or November 1949 in order to remove
the influence of the steel strike on average earnings data. A more detailed
discussion of wage developments during 1949 is presented in Bureau of
Labor Statistics Wage Movements Bulletin, Series 3, Number 3.
11Measured in terms of cents, the increases were greater in durable-goods
manufacture.
10 This index includes data for Government workers who are excluded from
all other information presented here. See Federal Reserve Bank of New
York, Research Department, Domestic Research Division Indexes of Hourly
and W eekly Earnings in Nonagricultural industries.
11 M o n th ly L a b or R eview , June 1950, page 633 or Bureau of Labor Statistics
Wage Movements Bulletin, Series 3, Number 2.
Labor-Management
Relations in the
Cement Industry
introduced throughout the industry during 1950.
Both employers and unions have laid considerable
stress upon plant working conditions, particularly
as regards safety measures. The cement indus
try, in turn, has enjoyed an excellent safety record.
Average hourly earnings in the cement industry
have doubled from 1939, reaching $1.38 in 1949
as compared with $1.40 for all manufacturing
industries. Average weekly earnings in 1949
($57.49) exceeded those for all manufacturing
($54.92) chiefly because of higher average weekly
hours in cement, 41.6 as compared with 39.2 in
all manufacturing.
Industry Characteristics
is almost completely
unionized, with all but 6 of the 149 Portland ce
ment plants 2 active in 1949 operating under signed
collective-bargaining agreements. Extensive un
ion organization has developed only within the
last 15 years, chiefly through the United Cement,
Lime and Gypsum Workers International Union
(AFL), which represents 82 percent of the union
ized plants. Other unions in the industry include
two affiliates each of the AFL and CIO, and two
independent unions.
Amicable labor-management relations have,
on the whole, prevailed in the cement industry.
From 1939 through 1946, the number of cement
workers involved in work stoppages was negligible,
in contrast to the general rise in work stoppages
in all industry, particularly in the immediate post
war period. In 1947, however, about a fifth of
the workers in the industry were involved in two
general stoppages covering most of the companies
operating along the eastern seaboard. As was the
case in many disputes of this period, wages and
fringe benefits were the principal issues.3
In almost all instances employers have recog
nized the unions involved as the sole and exclusive
bargaining agents for their workers. The union
shop is not, however, prevalent in the industry.
Paid vacations are the rule in the industry, 2
weeks being generally granted after 5 years’
service. A few agreements grant an additional
week after 20 or 25 years’ service. On the other
hand, paid holidays, now frequent in most indus
tries, are generally lacking. Although few agree
ments in 1949 provided insurance or pension
benefits, these benefits have been increasingly
T he
cement
in d u st r y
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Relatively small and homogeneous, the cement
industry employed about 36,000 production work
ers in 1949. Cement products are fairly well
standardized in all plants, the method of produc
tion is similar, and the size of the establishment
varies little— about 60 percent of the plants employ
between 100 and 250 employees.4
There is, however, a degree of concentration of
ownership in the industry. The six largest pro
ducers, each operating 8 to 13 plants, together ac
counted for 40 percent of the total number of
active plants in 1949.
The industry extends from coast to coast, but
is concentrated in the Lehigh Valley of Pennsyl
vania where it was first developed. Cement mills
are highly mechanized and most workers are semi
skilled or unskilled.
Development of Union Organization
Few cement workers were organized prior to
the enactment of the National Recovery Act in
1933, although the manufacture of Portland ce
ment on a commercial basis dates back to 1872.
In a concerted organizing drive among cement
workers during 1934 the American Federation of
Labor chartered about 30 Federal Labor Unions.
The first signed agreements were concluded in
1935. Representatives of most of these locals
formed a National Council of United Cement
Workers under the AFL in August 1936. The
following year, the scope of the Council’s juris
diction was extended to cover workers in lime and
gypsum plants. In 1939, the Council was granted
an international union charter on an industrial
17
18
L A B O R R E L A T IO N S I N
basis, with jurisdiction over all workers in the
processing of cement, lime, gypsum and allied
products in the United States and Canada, and
assumed its present name— the United Cement,
Lime and Gypsum Workers International Union.
In November 1949, the union reported that 23,500
of its 33,000 members were in the cement industry.
Pattern of Collective Bargaining 6
Despite the fact that each of the large companies
and some of the smaller ones operate more than one
plant, collective bargaining agreements are, with
few exceptions, negotiated on an individual plant
basis.6
The bargaining position of the United Cement,
Lime and Gypsum Workers International Union
has been strengthened in the past 10 years. In
1938, when locals were affiliated with the National
Council of United Cement Workers, three out of
Chart 1. Union Security and C h e c k -O ff Provisions in
C o llective Bargaining A greem ents in Cement In
dustry 1
UNION SECURITY
CHECK-OFF
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
1 Based upon on analysis of 47 agreements in the 1938 study and 62 agree
ments in the 1949 study.
every five agreements recognized the union as the
collective bargaining agent for its members only.7
At the present time, the union is recognized in
virtually every agreement as the authorized bar
gaining representative for all employees, members
as well as nonmembers.
Yet between the two periods no marked rise
occurred in the proportion of agreements which
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CEMENT
MONTHLY LABOR
require union membership as a condition for con
tinued employment, either through union-shop
or maintenance-of-union membership provisions.
(See chart 1).
Check-off arrangements, whereby dues alone,
or dues and other assessments are deducted by
the company and transmitted to the union are
found in about 60 percent of the agreements
analyzed, covering a similar proportion of workers.
In 1938, less than 30 percent of the agreements
contained check-off clauses.
All 62 agreements have provisions relating to
seniority. Generally, however, factors other than
length of service, such as ability, skill, and experi
ence, are also considered in relation to lay-off,
rehire or promotion.
About 40 percent of the agreements state that
when all the factors constituting ability are equal,
seniority (length of service) shall be the deter
mining factor in lay-offs. A few base reductionin-force on length of service alone. The majority,
however, although listing a variety of factors in
addition to service, do not indicate clearly the
weight to be attached to length of service. Vir
tually all of the agreements stipulate that rehiring
shall be in reverse order of lay-off.
In general, the agreements require that vacan
cies and jobs which offer opportunity for promo
tion be posted. A majority provide that both
the union and the company consider the qualifi
cations of applicants for the job. Ability or other
qualifications are given primary consideration in
two-thirds of the agreements. When these are
relatively equal as among competing candidates,
those with the longest service are given preference.
With few exceptions, the agreements permit
time off, without pay, for union business. Where
indicated, the maximum leave granted is most
often 30 days, although up to one year is allowed
in some instances. Such leave is generally granted
“ without loss of seniority.” A few agreements,
however, including some of those granting a year’s
leave, specifically provide for accumulation of
seniority.
Seniority is generally retained during leave
occasioned by illness or injury. In a few cases,
seniority is cumulative during the leave period.
Only a few agreements place limitations on the
maximum period during which seniority can be
maintained during absences resulting from illness
or injury.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
L A B O R R E L A T IO N S I N C E M E N T
Hours, W ages, and Working Conditions
Although the majority of agreements stipulate
an 8-hour day and a 40-hour week, a number of
agreements provide for the adjustment of the
work hours to the “ volume of business/’ subject
to mutual agreement between the company and
the union. These usually specify that:
E x c e p t in e m erg e n cie s, th e c o m p a n y w ill c o n d u c t
its
o p e ra tio n s on
a b a sis o f n o t m o re th a n 8 -h o u r
sh ifts , w ith 4 0 hou rs as th e m a x im u m w e e k , or n o t less
th a n 6 -h o u r sh ifts w ith 3 6 h ou rs as th e m in im u m w ee k .
Production workers in the cement industry are
almost invariably paid on an hourly basis. In
the packing, shipping and bag departments, how
ever, the rates for most of the operations are on a
piece basis. In addition, certain operations in the
latter departments are often set on a “ contract”
basis. Under this method of payment, a crew of
men, usually consisting of three or more, are paid
a flat group rate for the performance of certain
tasks, regardless of the time involved.
Virtually all of the agreements guarantee a
minimum payment, usually equal to 3 or 4 hours’
pay at the employee’s regular rate, to all employees
who report for or who are called to work at the
usual hours, but find no work available. As far
back as 1938, similar provisions were common in
the industry.
Clauses safeguarding the customary or regular
earnings of workers temporarily assigned to lower
rated jobs are found in all but two agreements.
Virtually all call for continued payment of the
employee’s regular rate of pay. Only a few set
a maximum time limit during which a transferred
employee would continue to receive his regular
rate of pay during a temporary transfer.
19
troduced into the industry until World War II.
With few exceptions, workers now receive a 4-cent
hourly differential for work on the second shift,
6 cents for work on the third.
Nine out of ten agreements assure employees a
minimum payment if called back to duty after
completing a day’s assignment or if called to work
outside their regular shift. In the majority of
cases, the guarantee is for 3 hours (at time and
one-half) even though fewer hours may actually
be worked.
Related W age Payments
In 1938, somewhat more than 70 percent of
the agreements provided for vacation with pay.
With one exception they followed a uniform plan
of 1 week’s vacation after 1 year’s service.
In 1949 every agreement provides for paid
vacations. With one exception, where a uniform
plan of 2 weeks’ vacation after 1 year’s service is
in effect, the widely accepted pattern in the indus
try is that of graduated vacations based on length
Chart 2. P a id V a c a tio n Provisions in C o lle ctive Bar
gain in g A greem ents in Cement Industry 1
Premium Payments
Time and a half is paid for overtime work in
excess of 8 hours daily or 40 weekly. Although
kilns must be operated on a continuous 24 hour,
7 day per week basis, premium payment for work
on Saturday or Sunday or on the sixth or seventh
day of the workweek is seldom specified in the
agreements analyzed.
Every agreement contains references to shift
operations. Night shift premiums were not in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 Based upon an analysis of 47 agreements in the 1G38 study and 62 agree
ments in the 1949 study.
20
L A B O R R E L A T IO N S I N
of service. Most agreements provide for 1
week’s vacation after 1 year’s service, 2 weeks
after 5 years. A few grant an additional week
after 20 or 25 years’ service. (See chart 2.)
Paid holidays for production workers, now gen
eral throughout most industries, are not charac
teristic of the cement industry. None of the
agreements analyzed contains such a provision.
The observance of unpaid holidays, commonly
six, was, however, universal. For work on the
holiday, the premium payment is usually 1% the
regular rate of pay.
At the time of the survey only eight agreements
mader eference to pension or benefit plans and, of
these, two were somewhat detailed. Most of
these were employer sponsored rather than estab
lished through collective bargaining.8
Safety M easures
Emphasis on safety is stressed both by the union
and management. Union-or-joint-safety commit
tees are known to exist in 4 out of every 5 cement
mills. Among 40 basic industries studied by the
National Safety Council, the cement industry has,
over a period of years, ranked as one of the 8
safest. In 1947, the injury frequency rate was 45
percent below the rate for all 40 industries sur
veyed by the Council.
This record has been achieved despite the fact
that the men are often exposed to conditions which
may affect their health, such as irritation of the
respiratory tract, irritation of the skin and eyes,
and clogging of the ears. Because of these possi
ble health hazards, complete medical examina
tions, in some instances including X-rays, are
provided for in two out of every three agreements
analyzed. Most of them specify both preem
ployment and periodic examinations.
Adjustment of Disputes
It is the stated policy of the U. C. L. G. W. I. U.,
the leading union in the industry, as well as of the
other unions, to adhere to peaceful settlements of
disputes and grievances. The Cement Workers
Union constitution also stresses settlement at
early stages of the grievance procedure between
local union representatives and plant management.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CEMENT
MONTHLY LABOR
If necessary, a representative of the International
union may also participate.
All of the agreements contain a clause outlining
the grievance procedure, which generally consists
of three or more appeal steps. The first usually
involves the employee, with or without his union
representative, and the foreman. At the final
stage prior to arbitration, negotiations are gener
ally handled by an International union representa
tive (with or without local representatives) and a
top company official. In a few instances, the
final step calls for the establishment of a Joint
Board composed of an equal number of representa
tives of management and the union. If the Board
fails to resolve a dispute, the members select an
impartial chairman and thus form an Arbitration
Board for final settlement.
Relatively few agreements impose time limits
for the presentation or processing of grievances,
although many state that they are to be handled
expeditiously. All but a few also require that the
grievance be submitted in writing at some stage
of the procedure.
A few agreements specifically provide for pay
ment for time spent by plant committee represent
atives in grievance activity. A few others state
explicitly that time so spent would not be com
pensated.
Virtually all of the agreements in this study
provide for arbitration of unsettled disputes
whereas only 75 percent of the agreements in the
1938 study contained similar provisions. In four
out of every five agreements, either party on its
own initiative is free to refer a disputed issue to
arbitration. In the other cases, the mutual con
sent of both parties is required.
Arbitration can be invoked primarily in disputes
involving the interpretation or application of terms
of the agreements. In a few instances, “ unsettled
disputes,” grievances arising out of wage demands
or over the application of seniority are explicitly
considered arbitrable. One-fourth of the agree
ments specify that the arbitrator has no authority
to add to or otherwise alter the terms of the agree
ment. None grants the arbitrator authority to
settle terms of a new agreement. In fact, a few
expressly insure against such action.
Every agreement providing for arbitration calls
R E V IE W , JA N U A R Y
1 95 1
L A B O R R E L A T IO N S IN
for the selection of the arbitrator or board on an
ad hoc basis, that is, each time arbitration is re
quested. When the parties themselves are unable
to agree upon the selection of an individual arbi
trator, an impartial agency, either public or pri
vate, is designated to make the appointment in
one out of every four agreements. Expenses in
cident to the services of the arbitrator are shared
jointly by the union and management in a majority
of cases.
“ No strike” clauses were found in 56 agreements,
one-third of which contain unqualified prohibitions
on work stoppages. In the remaining agreements
work stoppages are generally banned until the
parties have utilized and exhausted every means of
settling the issue. As a whole, the industry has
been characterized by relatively peaceful industrial
relations.
With few exceptions agreements in the industry
are negotiated for a period of one year and are
automatically renewed from year to year unless
21
CEMENT
modification or termination notice is given by
either party. Four-fifths of the agreements in the
sample are scheduled to expire in March or April.
— A
n n a
i A more detailed report is in preparation.
* Portland cement accounts for 98-99 percent of the total output of all
cement plants.
Of 155 hydraulic cement mills active in 1949, 149 produced
Portland cement almost exclusively.
> Some work stoppages occurred in 1950, primarily over wages and fringe
issues. The largest of these occurred in New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio.
< Size of plants by production workers is not available.
‘ Based upon an analysis of 62 agreements current in 1949, covering some
what less than half the plants in the industry, which employed about 16,000
production workers or almost half of those employed in the industry during
1949. Although most agreements cover both cement mills and quarries
operated in conjunction with the mills, this study is concerned primarily
with provisions affecting mill workers.
« A t its 1948 convention, the U . C. L . G. W . I. U . adopted a resolution
favoring nation-wide negotiation of agreements. A s a step in that direction,
it suggested experimentation on a local or district basis.
J U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, C ollective B a r
g aining by F ed eral L a b or U n io n s in the C em en t In d u s tr y , Serial N o. R 831,1938.
8 T h e V o ic e o f the C e m e n t, L im e G y p s u m and A llie d W o r k e rs , official
journal of the Cement Workers Union (A F L ), reports that non-contributory
retirement plans have been established in m any plants in the industry
during 1950.
Recent Alum nae Report on Em ploym ent, b y R u t h E . S a lle y .
S ch o o l a n d S o c ie ty , L a n c a ste r , P a ., J u n e 1 7 , 1 9 5 0 .)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
e r c o w it z
D iv isio n o f In d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s
A 1949 survey of recent graduates of Hunter College, covering women in
the classes of June 1946 through June 1948, showed that 79 percent of the
respondents were employed. (Replies were received from about half of
those who were sent questionnaires.)
Teaching held first place. Next most frequently reported occupations
were secretary-stenographer, social worker, laboratory technician or research
assistant, clerk, dietitian or food manager, accountant-bookkeeper, librarian,
journalist, personnel worker, statistician or social research worker, and
advertising-publicity worker. Median monthly salary reported in 1949 for
the classes of June 1946 and June 1948 was $206.
— D a t a are fr o m
B
(In
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Housing and Population in
Metropolitan Areas
R e sid e n tia l
b u ild in g
a c t iv it y ,
which
after
1945 made important inroads in the housing deficit,
varied considerably in different metropolitan areas
when related to population size and population
growth.
During World War II, there was very little
residential building except in war production
areas. But from January 1946 to March 1950,
more than 3% million new permanent nonfarm
dwelling units were started throughout the Nation.
Bureau of Labor Statistics’ surveys show that
about two-fifths of this new housing was built in
15 metropolitan areas.1 These areas, in both 1940
and 1950, accounted for about 28 percent of the
total United States population and of the number
of dwelling units standing.
Each of the areas gained in both population and
housing between 1940 and 1950, but showed
marked differences when postwar homebuilding is
related to housing needs resulting from population
size and growth.
Pittsburgh, with the least population increase
(5.9 percent), ranked third in the postwar nonfarm
homebuilding rate (number of dwelling units
started per 1,000 increase in population), and
Boston, with an 8-percent population increase,
ranked fifth. San Francisco, about the same size
in 1950 as Boston and Pittsburgh, was one of the
fastest growing areas, with a 51-percent increase
in population over the decade. Yet a lower ratio
of postwar nonfarm homebuilding to population
increase prevailed in San Francisco than in any
other area for which the Bureau had data for the
full 1946-50 period. For Cleveland, starts data
are available only from January 1948, but even
this area, in the shorter time span, surpassed San
22
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Francisco in the amount of new postwar housing
per 1,000 population increase.
The smallest city, Miami, experienced the
greatest relative increase in population and in
number of dwelling units standing. Between 1940
and 1950, Miami’s population increased 82.5 per
cent and its housing supply more than doubled.
This area ranked eighth in actual number of new
dwelling units started (61,560), but had a higher
postwar homebuilding rate, in relation to size and
population growth, than any of the metropolitan
areas surveyed.
New York and Los Angeles, with widely vary
ing rates of population growth, were fairly close
in the actual volume of new postwar housing put
under construction. Builders in the New YorkNortheastern New Jersey metropolitan area
started 319,410 new nonfarm dwelling units dur
ing the period January 1946-March 1950. Almost
as many units (300,830) were started in the Los
Angeles area, which has only about a third the
population of New York. But in Los Angeles,
where there was a 48.8-percent population in
crease, the in-migrant housing need was greater
than in New York where population increased
only 10 percent. As a result, New York ranked
second and Los Angeles sixth among the areas in
the ratio of new postwar housing to population
increase. For each 1,000 new inhabitants, 270
new permanent nonfarm dwelling units were
started in New York and 210 in Los Angeles.
Replacement demand probably accounted for a
larger portion of new residential construction in
New York, since in 1950 this area had more than
double the number of dwelling units standing in
Los Angeles.
In Chicago, 102,520 new dwelling units were
added to the housing supply in the postwar period,
but almost as many were built in Detroit which
has about half the population of Chicago. Simi-
H O U S IN G IN M E T R O P O L I T A N A R E A S
larly, more new nonfarm housing was started in
Washington after 1945 than in Philadelphia,
which has more than double the population of
Washington. But Detroit had a 25-percent pop
ulation increase between 1940 and 1950 compared
with 13.5 percent for Chicago, and Washington a
50.6-percent increase compared with Philadel
phia’s 14.4 percent.
Two southern areas, Atlanta and Dallas, had
about the same population in 1950, and about the
same number of dwelling units standing. But
Dallas was second only to Miami in rate of popula
tion growth, while Atlanta ranked eighth among
the 15 areas. Again, Dallas ranked second in
relative increase in dwelling units standing, and
Atlanta ranked eighth. When considered over
Population and dwelling units standing in 1 95 0 and postwar rate o f permanent nonfarm housebuilding in the United States
and 15 metropolitan areas
Dwelling units standing2
Population 1
New permanent nonfarm dwelling units
started in the Jan. 1946-Mar. 1950 period
Metropolitan area
1950
United States________________________________________
Percent
increase
from 1940
Percent
increase
from 1940
Number
Percent starts
are of 1940-50
increase in
units standing
Number per
1,000 popula
tion increase,
1940 to 1950
150,555,592
14.3
46,151,170
23.6
3,755,100
42.5
199
664,033
2,354,507
5,475,535
1,453,556
610,852
560,361
2,973,019
4,339, 225
488,689
12,831,914
3,660,676
2, 205,544
2, 214, 249
726,464
1, 457,601
28.2
8.1
13.5
14.7
53.3
37.4
25.1
48.8
82.5
10.0
14.4
5.9
51.5
43.9
50.6
191,189
676,030
1,656,173
448,912
1%, 628
181,999
862,241
1,529,901
183,461
3,970,725
1,053, 915
629,840
743,194
254, 245
425,888
36.0
13.3
19.6
23.1
63.6
41.9
33.5
51.4
102.8
16.0
20.4
17.1
50.0
38.8
60.1
36,050
42,020
102,520
2 21,620
36,160
25,350
100, 530
300,830
61,560
319,410
72,460
32,950
83,110
2 15,440
87,460
71.3
53.1
37.7
2 25.6
47.3
47.2
46.4
57.9
66.2
58.2
40.6
35.8
33.6
2 21.7
54.7
247
237
158
2 116
171
166
169
211
279
273
157
268
111
2 70
179
1 Source: U . S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
2 Housing starts data unavailable prior to January 1948.
Data cover farm, as well as nonfarm, population and dwelling units standing.
the decade, housebuilding volume differed sharply
in these 2 areas. During the defense and war
years, new housing activity in Dallas was roughly
twice that for Atlanta. After 1945, builders
started about the same number (36,000) of new
permanent nonfarm units in each area. Thus,
the increase in Atlanta’s housing supply resulted
very largely from postwar construction, while in
Dallas the increase was spread more evenly
between the war and postwar periods.
Differing rates of housing activity in the war
and postwar periods are reflected still further in
some other areas. New nonfarm residential
construction after 1945 accounted for 66 percent
of the 1940-50 increase in the number of dwelling
units standing in Miami, and close to 60 percent
in New York and Los Angeles. Over half of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1950
Boston’s and Washington’s increased housing
supply resulted from new postwar construction,
and for Denver and Detroit, the proportion was
almost half. But in Pittsburgh and San Fran
cisco, only about a third of the 10-year increase
in dwelling units standing resulted from new
construction started after 1945.
— M a r y F. C a r n e y
Division of Construction Statistics
* The 15 metropolitan areas included in the B LS Area Housing Survey
are: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los
Angeles, M iam i, New York-Northeastern New Jersey, Philadelphia, Pitts
burgh, San Francisco-Oakland, Seattle, and Washington, D . C.
For Cleve
land and Seattle, housing starts information is not available prior to January
1948. The 15 areas are Standard Metropolitan Areas as defined for use in
the 1950 Census.
24
H O L I D A Y P R O V IS IO N S I N A G R E E M E N T S
Holiday Provisions
in Union Agreements, 1950
W age p a y m e n t to workers for specific holidays
not worked has become common practice under
collective bargaining. More than two and a half
million workers benefited from paid holidays under
about three-fourths (73.4 percent) of 2,316 current
collective bargaining agreements analyzed in a
recent Bureau of Labor Statistics study.1 A
Bureau study in 1949 revealed that two-thirds of
464 agreements examined granted paid holidays.2
Salaried workers—most of whom are not
covered by labor-management contracts—have
long enjoyed the benefits of paid holidays. For
production workers, however, the practice has
become prevalent only since World War II. As
part of its program to stem inflationary forces set
in motion at the outbreak of World War II, the
Government placed restrictions on the granting of
wage rate increases. However, to compensate for
Chart 1. P a id H o lid a y s Provided in 1,701 C o lle ctive B argaining A greem ents, 1 9 5 0
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
such restrictions, certain fringe benefits to workers
were permitted. Among these were paid holiday
benefits which, in many cases, were incorporated
in collective bargaining agreements. In general,
such plans, once adopted, tended to remain a
permanent feature of agreements subsequently
concluded.
In 1936, the National Industrial
Conference Board, in a survey of 446 companies,
found that only 9 percent granted paid holidays
to their production workers.3 In a similar study
in 1946, the Board stated that of 240 companies
surveyed, 40 percent granted paid holidays.
T able
1 . — Percentage
o f agreements with paid
provisions, by major industry group 1
Major industry group
Total...... ................. ......... ...............................................
Number of
agree
ments
holiday
Percent of
agreements
with paid
holiday
provisions
2,316
73
1,574
77
Electrical machinery.................... __ . . . . _______ __
Rubber products______________________ . . . _______
Paper arid allied products__________________________
Chemicals and allied products_____________________
Leather and leather products_______ _____ _________
Professional and scientific instruments____________
Apparel____
_
. _
_________________ . . .
Petroleum and coal products________________ _____ _
Tobacco ...................... ..
. _____________________ . . .
Food and kindred products _______________________
Machinery, except electrical________________________
Textile mill products____ __________________________
Fabricated rrietal products_________________________
Printing and publishing____________________________
Transportation e q u ip m e n t ..______________________
Furniture and finished wood products____________
Primary metal industries__________________ _____ __
Stone, clay, and glass products_____________________
Lumber and timber basic products.. _____________
Miscellaneous 2. . . _______________________________
65
43
70
62
52
23
89
27
14
146
157
141
166
60
77
48
111
123
52
48
97
95
94
92
91
91
90
89
86
84
83
83
82
78
75
73
61
32
25
83
N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g
742
65
Com m unications... _______________________ _______
Utilities: electric and gas___________________________
Wholesale and retail trade__________________ ______
Mining, crude-petroleum and natural-gas produc_________________________ . _ .
t i o n ... .
Transportation______________________________________
Hotels, restaurants, and services 3___________ __ . .
Construction______________________________________
Miscellaneous 4____ . ______________ _ _ ________
28
106
130
93
89
85
52
179
182
47
18
66
61
53
6
66
M a n u fa c tu r in g
1 Includes agreements which allow paid holidays exclusively and both paid
and unpaid holidays.
2 Includes jewelry and silverware, musical instruments, toys, athletic
goods, ordnance and ammunition.
3 Includes financial, insurance, and other business services, personal serv
ices, automobile repair shops, amusement and recreation establishments,
medical and other health services, and hotels and restaurants.
4 Includes farming, fishing, educational institutions, nonprofit member
ship organizations, and government establishments.
In manufacturing industries paid holidays were
provided by more than 75 of each 100 agreements
covered in the present survey. In nonmanu
facturing industries, 65 of each 100 agreements
provided pay for specific holidays not worked.
Paid holiday clauses were included in more than
90 percent of the contracts in 7 major manu-
facturing industries and by between 80 and 89
percent of the contracts in 7 others.
Among the eight major groups of nonmanu
facturing industries, the communications industry
is the only group with more than 90 percent of the
contracts providing paid holidays. In two other
nonmanufacturing industries between 80 and 89
percent of the contracts provided paid holiday
benefits (table 1).
Paid holiday provisions were most common in
New England, where they were included in 88 per
cent of the agreements studied. Other regions
where paid holidays were granted by a large
proportion of the agreements were the Middle
Atlantic States (85 percent), West North Central
States (75 percent), East North Central States
(71 percent), and South Atlantic States (71 per
cent) .
The number of holidays with pay varies, but
more than half of the agreements specified 6 such
holidays per year (chart 1). The most frequently
designated paid holidays are: New Year’s Day,
Memorial Day, July 4th, Labor Day, Thanksgiv
ing Day, and Christmas. In a sample of 300
agreements selected at random from the 2,316
included in the survey, these 6 holidays were
granted in various combinations by 278 agree
ments.
Thanksgiving was
the most frequently
mentioned holiday in the 300 contracts studied.
The frequency of the 6 standard paid holidays in
the 300 agreements was: Thanksgiving, 298;
T able
2.— Agreements 'providing both paid and unpaid
holidays
Paid holidays
Number
of agree
ments
with
paid and
unpaid
holidays
Unpaid holidays
2 paid holidays-----3 paid holidays____
4 paid holidays-----5 paid holidays____
6 paid holidays-----7 paid holidays____
8 paid holidays-----9 paid holidays-----10 paid ho lid a ys..-
22
27
55
31
33
123
13
6
2
2
49
2
3
4
5
70
77
62
58
35
5
21
11
21
3
3
1
3
3
15
46
1
3
22
11
36
6
41
5
2
10
3
1
Other
7
6
1
Total number of
363
2
54
1
2
20
2
2
2
6
11
14
1
1
2
2
2 49
1 Number of unpaid holidays not clearly indicated.
.
2 Of this group, 33 agreements allow paid holidays only to specified classi
fications and unpaid holidays to others; 9 agreements allow 5*4, 614, 714, or
814 paid holidays and 3 or fewer unpaid holidays; 3 agreements graduate
the number of paid and unpaid holidays on the basis of length of service;
and 4 agreements grant a different number of holidays for different groups
of workers.
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25
H O L I D A Y P R O V IS IO N S I N A G R E E M E N T S
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1951
Christmas, 296; Labor Day, 296; July 4, 296; New
Year’s, 295; Memorial Day, 285.
Other holidays mentioned infrequently in the
300 contracts sampled were: Patriots’ Day, Ad
mission Day, Christmas Eve, Rosh Hashana, Yom
Kippur, Easter Sunday, Bunker Hill Day, Jeffer
son Davis Day, Mardi Gras Day, Pioneer Day,
San Jacinto Day, May 1st, and Franklin D.
Roosevelt’s birthday.
Chart 2. P a y Rates for H o lid a y s W o rke d , 1 9 5 0
RATE OF PAY
Percent of Agreements
U N ITE D STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Specific reference in agreements to holidays
observed— even though employees are not remu
nerated for time off—is considered desirable to
workers for two reasons: First, to make it clear
that no penalty is attached to absences on the days
specified; secondly, when employees are requested
to work on such days they usually receive more
than the pay rate allowed for work on a normal
day.
Table 2 indicates the number of paid and unpaid
holidays allowed in agreements which provide
for both types of holiday. As in agreements pro
viding solely for paid holidays, 6 was the number
of unpaid holidays most frequently granted. Of
363 agreements, 123 provided 6 paid holidays. Of
these 123 agreements, 46 specified 1 unpaid
holiday, 36 mentioned 2 unpaid holidays, 10 listed
3, 20 designated 4, 6 authorized 5, and 1 referred
to 6.
Of the 1,701 agreements stipulating paid holi
days, 92 percent, or 1,565 agreements, provided
premium pay for work performed on the specified
holidays. Similarly, 90 percent of the 887 agree-
26
H O L I D A Y P R O V I S I O N S IN A G R E E M E N T S
M ONTHLY LABOR
T able 3.— Prem ium rates for holiday work, by industry
Unpaid holidays
Paid holidays
Major industry group
Number of
agreements
providing
premium
pay rates
1
Premium pay rates: regular rate times.
Number of
agreements
providing
premium
pay rates
Percent of agreements with rates
specified
1H
2
2ki
3
Percent of agreements with rates
specified
m
Other
Total
1,564
9
66
16
6
3
806
58
Manufacturing............. .................................................
Food and kindred products.............................................. .
Tobacco............................ ................... ................................... ..
Textile mill products----------------- -----------------------------Apparel and other finished textile mill products_____
Lumber and timber basic products..................................
Furniture and finished wood products_______________
Paper and allied products............... .....................................
Printing and publishing...................................................... .
Chemicals and allied products............................................
Petroleum and coal products.............................................
Rubber products..---------- ------------------------ ------------------Leather and leather products..............................................
Stone, clay, and glass products..........................................
Primary metal industries................................... .................
Fabricated metal products...................................................
Machinery, except electrical................................................
Electrical machinery......... ........... .........................................
Transportation equipment...................................................
Professional and scientific instruments........ ...................
Miscellaneous 3. ........................................................................
1,125
114
11
106
32
13
34
65
45
57
24
41
35
37
69
136
127
62
58
20
39
9
11
68
68
100
38
38
62
76
46
55
71
88
90
23
76
80
82
81
76
78
55
64
15
9
7
11
1
1
609
43
60
60
1
37
28
15
12
25
29
23
8
3
37
16
6
4
6
19
3
30
13
3
100
88
2
6
5
10
6
10
5
17
10
8
5
2
N onmanufacturing......................................................
Mining, crude-petroleum and natural-gas production.
Construction........................................................................... Transportation........................................ .................................
C ommun ications------------------------------------ -------------------Utilities: electric and g a s .....................................................
Wholesale and retail trade........................................ - .........
Hotels, restaurants, and services > . . .................................
Miscellaneous4.............................................. ...........................
440
34
3
100
25
92
94
82
10
18
2
8
16
4
30
15
22
20
1
22
31
15
9
17
2
2
4
3
34
3
4
7
3
2
13
10
6
11
4
3
14
17
10
62
94
67
45
92
66
64
55
60
3
8
3
9
7
2
87
18
42
26
25
10
50
79
60
60
62
15
104
51
60
48
5
29
5
19
50
80
78
49
30
23
60
21
40
53
33
27
197
19
45
61
52
90
9
76
1
2
1
10
13
17
49
3
2
1
6
8
39
(')
17
68
8
3
7
2
Other
"è
66
0
5
5
13
2
33
1 Less than 0.5 percent.
2 Includes jewelry and silverware, musical instruments, toys, athletic goods,
ordnance, and ammunition.
a Includes financial, insurance, and other business services, personal services,
automobile repair shops, amusement and recreation establishments, medical
and other health services, and hotels and restaurants.
4 Includes farming, fishing, educational institutions, nonprofit member'
ship organizations, and government establishments.
ments with unpaid holiday clauses provided
premium holiday pay for work done (chart 2).
It is apparent from table 3 that, while double
time is most frequently provided for work on paid
holidays, time and a half is the pay rate most
commonly granted for work on unpaid holidays.
Although 8 percent of the contracts with paid
holidays provided for time and one-half, the agree
ments did not always state clearly whether time
and one-half was to be paid in lieu of, or in addition
to, straight time allowed for holidays not worked.
The following clause illustrates this:
percent or more stipulated twice the regular rate
of pay for time worked on such days. In other
words, employees called to work on holidays re
ceived an additional day’s pay for work performed.
In 8 of these major industry groups, double time
for holidays worked was provided by 80 percent or
more of the contracts.
Corresponding information for work on days
T h e fo llo w in g leg a l h o lid a y s shall b e o b se r v e d w ith
p a y : N e w Y e a r ’ s D a y , D e c o r a tio n D a y , In d e p e n d e n c e
D a y , L a b o r D a y , T h a n k s g iv in g D a y , a n d C h r istm a s
D ay.
*
*
*
T h e E m p lo y e r agrees to p a y fo r all
w o rk p e r fo rm e d on su c h leg a l h o lid a y s a t th e ra te of
tim e an d o n e -h a lf th e re g u la r ra te o f p a y .
Table 3 indicates for major industry groups the
premium rates specified when employees perform
work on designated paid holidays. Of the con
tracts in 20 of the 28 major industry groups 60
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i Agreements included in this study were in effect during all or some part of
1950. Employment data were available for 1,705 agreements covering
3,963,000 employees. Of the 1,701 agreements providing paid holidays em
ployment data available for 1,247 covered 2,632,036 employees.
The American Federation of Labor, the Congress of Industrial Organiza
tions, and unafflliated unions, respectively, negotiated 50, 38, and 12 percent;
of the agreements. Tw enty major manufacturing and 8 nonmanufacturing
industries were represented.
3
Premium Pay, Holiday and Shift Provisions in Selected Union Agree
ments, 1948-49, U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, p. 17.
3 See National Industrial Conference Board, Personnel Practices Governing
Factory and Office Administration, 1936, p. 16; and Studies in Personnel
Policy N o. 75, Vacation and Holiday Practices, 1946, pp. 16-17. Because
the N IC B reports do not distinguish between companies whose workers are
covered by collective bargaining agreements and those whose workers are not.
so covered, it is not possible to compare their findings with conclusions pub
lished in this survey. The N IC B studies do reveal clearly that the granting
of paid holidays was relatively rare in 1936.
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1951
B R I T I S H I N D U S T R I A L R E L A T IO N S
designated as unpaid holidays is also shown in
table 3. By and large it will be noted that most
agreements tended, as might be expected, to pay
somewhat lower premium rates for work performed
on unpaid holidays. Thus, the rate of time and
one-half the regular rate was most frequently speci
fied, occurring in 60 percent or more in 15 of the
28 industry groups.
— I r v in g R u b e n s t e in and R ose T heodore
D iv is io n o f In d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s
Development of
British Industrial Relations
E dito r ’ s N o te .—Since
'production depends on in
dustrial harmony, in large measure, the machinery
and methods that Britons employ to maintain
amicable labor-management relations is of wide
interest. Sir Godfrey Ince,1 Permanent Secre
tary, Ministry oj Labor and National Service,
recently presented an address on British labormanngement relations, from which the following
condensed account is derived.
O n e of th e most strikin g factors in British
industry today is the high degree of responsibility
accepted by both trades-unions’ and employers’
organizations. The Government, since the early
years of this century, has aimed to develop that
responsibility and to assist the parties in creating
their own system of collective bargaining and
settlement of disputes.
The Trades Union Congress and the British
Employers’ Confederation represent respectively
the great mass of organized workers and the
organized employers. The Government consults
representatives of these organizations on questions
affecting labor through its National Joint Advisory
Council (established in 1939), on which the man
agement boards of the nationalized industries are
also now represented. All the difficult war labor
problems were taken up by the Government
through the Council, and the country’s manpower
was mobilized for war purposes to the highest
possible degree. The transition from a war to a
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27
peace economy was effected with a minimum of
friction and progress made towards economic
rehabilitation through increased production and
increased productivity.
Development of Collective Bargaining
By 1850, the first stage in the struggle of unions
for recognition by employers and their associations
was over, and the establishment of more stable
relationships began. A rapid development in
the several trades and industries of both workers’
and employers’ organizations followed the removal
of legal disabilities by the Trades Union Act of
1871. After the turn of the century, unions began
to amalgamate into larger and more powerful
organizations, paralleled by the organization of
employers. Since 1868, the trade-union movement
has been centralized in the Trades Union Congress.
It has no power to instruct affiliated unions, but.
has a considerable influence on matters of general
labor policy. The centralization of employers’
organizations developed much later, the British
Employers’ Confederation being founded in 1919.
Again, the affiliated employers’ federations re
tained their autonomy, but the BEC, like the
TUC, exercises considerable influence on labor
matters.
Collective bargaining grew with the develop
ment of these organizations. Some unions, par
ticularly the more powerful craft unions, secured
two types of agreements with employers: (1)
establishing joint machinery for dealing with dis
putes by conciliation and in some cases by arbitra
tion; and (2) determining rates of wages, hours o f
work, holidays, overtime, piece work, allowances,,
work allocation, employment of apprentices, and
working conditions generally. These collective
agreements have become a most important part
of the regulation of terms of employment. British
industrial relations rest on a sound foundation
because of the parallel development of joint ma
chinery for dealing with disputes and of the stand
ard-setting agreements. In its origins this was a.
spontaneous growth within industry itself, not
inspired or even explicitly encouraged by the
Government.
Development of Conciliation
A Royal Commission, broadly reviewing the
situation in 1891, made recommendations which
28
B R I T I S H I N D U S T R I A L R E L A T IO N S
brought in the State as a third party for the first
time, in the Conciliation Act of 1896. This act
placed on a government department the respon
sibility to foster voluntary agreements in industry
and gave powers to assist in the settlement of trades
disputes. These powers, subsequently transferred
to the Ministry of Labor and still operative, in
clude those: (1) to inquire into the causes and
circumstances of a dispute; (2) to bring the parties
to a dispute together; (3) to appoint a conciliator,
or board, on the application of either side; and
(4) to appoint an arbitrator on the application of
both parties.
Up to the time of World War I conciliation
officers intervened officially, only at the request
of one of the parties. Since then, both employers
and workers have unreservedly accepted them as
friends and counselors. Conciliation officers oper
ate mainly behind the scenes, in daily contact
with unions and employers’ representatives, and
often prevent disputes coming to a head. If,
however, the department considers it in the public
interest to intervene, it does so, and in these
circumstances intervention is welcomed.
No action is taken by the department concilia
tion officers unless and until existing joint nego
tiating machinery has been fully used. The Gov
ernment believes in preserving the authority of
recognized negotiating machinery and the funda
mental principle of industrial self-government.
The 1896 act also enabled the State to provide
facilities for arbitration, but left industries free to
make their own arrangements as they preferred.
Disputes are not referred to arbitration under the
act until full use has been made of the regular
joint negotiating machinery, and then only at
the request of and with the consent of both parties.
The W hitley Report
The recommendations of the Whitley Commit
tee,2 made at the end of World War I, did not
introduce anything particularly new, but gave
precise form and meaning to the industrial rela
tions system which had developed, and pointed
the way towards more rapid progress on traditional
lines. Effect has been given in the succeeding
years, to each of the committee’s major recom
mendations: (1) the setting up of joint industrial
councils; (2) the statutory regulation of wages in
badly organized trades; (3) the appointment of a
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M ONTHLY LABOR
permanent court of arbitration, and (4) the setting
up of works committees representative of the
management and workers in individual establish
ments.
The joint industrial councils, representing both
sides of an industry, were intended to meet regu
larly to discuss not only questions of wages and
working conditions, but also employment, appren
ticeship, training, and welfare. A considerable
number were established after World War I, some
with lasting success, others only temporary. How
ever, during World War II, about 70 new ones
were created. By the end of 1949, there were 123
councils. Their regular meetings to discuss mat
ters not in dispute, have helped employers’
associations and trade-unions to think of their
problems in common, and to see each other as
partners rather than as bitter rivals. These
councils are one of the factors contributing to
the British record of industrial peace: in the years
1946-49, days lost through industrial disputes
numbered one-twentieth of those lost in 1919-22.
Statutory regulation of wages was first intro
duced in certain “ sweated” trades in 1909. The
Whitley Committee recommended trade-board
machinery for industries with little or no organ
ization, instead of solely in trades with low wage
levels, and this was incorporated in the 1918 Act.
Trade Boards were renamed Wages Councils by
an act of 1945 which gave them wider powers,
but retained the same general principles and
preserved their tripartite nature. Each council
has an equal number of employer and labor
representatives, and a smaller number of inde
pendent members (including the chairman) who
represent the general consumer and the public
interest. The process of fixing the m inim um
wage is, however, essentially a matter of collec
tive bargaining, with the addition that the
councils’ decisions have statutory force. This is
of great assistance in industries with many small
scattered units which are difficult to organize
adequately. In 1950, there were 65 Wages
Boards and Councils. Wages Councils are an
intermediate stage in the development of volun
tary collective bargaining which is the ultimate
aim.
A permanent court of arbitration, recommended
by the Whitley Committee, was created by the
Industrial Courts Act of 1919. It consists of
an independent president, a representative of
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1951
B R I T I S H I N D U S T R I A L R E L A T IO N S
employers and one of workers. While submission
of a case to the court requires the consent of both
parties, its awards are invariably accepted by the
parties. This act also empowered the Minister to
appoint Courts of Inquiry for formal investiga
tions of disputes. Although without power to
make recommendations, the courts reach conclu
sions which almost invariably form the basis for
an agreed settlement between the parties.
A few works committees existed in Great
Britain prior to World War I. Some of those
set up during that war survived the interwar
period, although general conditions were not
conducive to the success of joint consultation.
However, World War II, demanding the highest
possible rate of production, favored establishment
of joint consultative machinery at the plant level.
Many joint production committees, as they were
then called, functioned well during the war years.
While they were allowed to lapse at the end of the
war, it soon became obvious that the production
need was as great as ever, and the National Joint
Advisory Council then sought to reverse the trend.
It recommended that joint consultation should
retain its voluntary and advisory character and
should not deal with questions normally dealt
with through ordinary joint negotiation channels,
and that each industry should develop its own
types of machinery. National agreements were
reached in 26 industries, some of which have
circulated a model agreement to constituent
firms. Agreement in principle was reached in
14 others to be implemented at local discretion.
Today the emphasis is less on the committees’
direct effect on production and more on their
effect on the human factor, and on the possibility
of creating a spirit of genuine cooperation between
employers and workers in the factories. Joint
consultation is seen as a vital element in personnel
management and as a tool for fashioning a real
industrial democracy.
World War II Changes
To prevent wartime strike losses, the Condi
tions of Employment and National Arbitration
Order of 1940 introduced arbitration at the re
quest of one party only and prohibited strikes and
lock-outs unless the dispute had been reported to
the Minister 3 and had not been referred by him
920504— 51-------3
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29
for settlement within 21 days of the notification.
Every care was taken, however, to fit these al
most unprecedented provisions into the existing
framework of industrial relations. The order
itself resulted from recommendations of the
National Joint Advisory Council. Compulsory
arbitration was resorted to only when no adequate
voluntary machinery existed for the settlement of
a particular dispute or when the voluntary ma
chinery had been fully used without success.
Furthermore, to prevent prejudicing the position
of the Industrial Court for voluntary arbitration,
a National Arbitration Tribunal was established
to hear cases referred for compulsory arbitration.
An equally important section of the order re
quired employers to observe the terms and condi
tions settled by collective agreement for the dis
trict of the trade concerned, thus greatly reinforc
ing the authority of existing negotiating machin
ery and encouraging establishment of new ma
chinery where none had formerly existed. The
order was not revoked at the end of hostilities, as
expected; with the full consent of the TUC and
the BEC, it remains in force and is frequently
used. The Government has given assurance that,
when either side asks it, the order will be repealed.
Although compulsory settlement of disputes
was accepted, State control of wages was not.
From time to time, the Government issued state
ments on the economic position. For example,
one, in February 1948, made clear that no further
general increase in the level of personal incomes
was justified without at least a corresponding
increase in productivity. The trade-unions ac
cepted a policy of voluntary wage restraint within
the framework of collective bargaining and free
negotiation, and the employers voluntarily re
stricted increases in distributed profits. [This
stabilization policy was maintained throughout
1949 and during most of 1950.]
i
Sir Godfrey Ince, K . O. B., K . B. E., entered the Ministry of Labor as a
career civil servant in 1919 and has served under successive governments:
Conservative, Labor, Coalition. During World W ar II he was the M in
istry’s Director-General of Manpower. In the interwar period he admin
istered the British unemployment insurance system, and acted as adviser
on this subject to the governments of Australia and New Zealand.
J A committee representing employers, labor, and the public, chaired by
the Speaker of the House of Commons, which was appointed by the govern
ment in 1916 to inquire into causes of industrial unrest and report on methods
of assuring industrial peace. See Joint Industrial Councils in Great Britain,
M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1939 (pp. 1046-1054), or Serial No. R . 932.
a This means in effect giving notice of a deadlock which would otherwise
lead to a strike or lock-out.
30
T R A D E -U N IO N S IN
Trade-Union Movement
in Vietnam
i e t n a m , the only country in the Indochinese
Federation 1 with sizable workers’ organizations,
has three distinct trade-union movements. Two
of these movements are in areas controlled
by the Bao Dai Government. The larger consists
of various non-Communist trade-unions which
were started by French workers and are gen
erally affiliated with European trade-union federa
tions. The smaller group comprises the Chinese
guilds and mutual protection associations, which
in some instances have assumed trade-union char
acteristics. The third movement, organized and
directed by Communists in the areas of Vietnam
controlled by the rebel Ho Government, claims a
much larger membership than either of the other
movements. No unbiased data are available to
substantiate or disprove this claim.
V
Bao Dai Area Trade-Unions
2
Although French workers in Indochina, as
French citizens, have exercised the right to form
unions since the end of World War II, no legisla
tion dealing with the right of Indochinese workers
to organize has yet been put into effect. A freedom-of-association decree issued in 1945 during
the Japanese occupation, was never recognized by
the current regime and was repealed in August
1950. The Labor Code of 1947 for Indochina,
which provided for the formation of unions, was
not promulgated by the French High Commis
sioner of Indochina. The Vietnam Government
delegate to the Geneva ILO Conference in June
1950 stated that3 freedom of association is already
recognized in practice, and that the Government
intends to sanction trade-union activities by
measures based upon international conventions.
Actually, freedom of association was curtailed by
Ordnance No. 10 of August 1950. It provides
that no association (or trade-union) may operate
without permission of the Ministry of Interior or
local government authorities, and that they may
refuse permission without indicating any reason.
Unions in areas controlled by Bao Dai are
generally affiliated with either (1) the French Con
fédération Générale de Travail—Force Ouvrière
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V IE T N A M
MONTHLY LABOR
(CGT-FO) ; (2) the Confédération Française
des Travailleurs Chrétiens (CFTC) (3) the Con
fédération Internationale des Syndicats Chrétiens
(CISC), or (4) the French Communist-led Con
fédération Générale du Travail (CGT). The
unions affiliated with the CGT-FO and the
Christian unions enjoy full official recognition and
cooperate closely with the Labor Inspectorate on
wage problems and labor-law enforcement. Those
affiliated with the CGT operate clandestinely
because of their proclaimed sympathy for Viet
Minh.
Two Frenchmen organized the unions affiliated
with the CGT-FO. One of these, a trade-union
organizer, went to Indochina in June 1947, with
authorization from the French Ministry of Over
seas Affairs, to start trade-unions among European
employees. He founded the Association of Labor
Unions of Civil Servants in Indochina, which
affiliated with the CGT-FO.
Leaders of the CGT-FO movement in Indochina
set up, on June 27, 1948, a Departmental Federa
tion of Trade Unions.4 This federation consisted
of the Association of Labor Unions of Civil
Servants in Indochina, the Professional Associa
tion of French Commercial Employees in Cochinchina, the Union of Agents of Air France, the
Labor Union of the Personnel of the Saigon
Arsenal, and the Labor Union of the Merchant
Marine Officers in Indochina. The CGT-FO
formally opened its headquarters in Saigon on
August 1, 1948.
The initial organizing drive was primarily
concerned with employees of the governmentoperated railroads. Organizers claimed that the
Association of Labor Unions of Civil Servants in
Indochina, which apparently includes railroad
workers, had 2,100 members, including both
Europeans and Indochinese, in June 1948. Mem
bership of the CGT-FO unions was estimated by
the Labor Inspectorate at about 4,800 at the end
of 1949. Included were 3,500 Europeans and
1,000 Indochinese in the civil-service union, and
300 French workers in private industry and
commerce, members of the Professional Group of
French Employees of Cochinchina.5
The Christian trade-union movement has organ
ized two groups. The larger is affiliated with the
CFTC, and consists of 4,000 Indochinese and
1,600 French civil servants. The other group is
affiliated directly with the CISC,6 and claimed,
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
T R A D E -U N IO N S I N
in August 1950, that it had organized about 3,000
Asiatics, including Vietnamese, Chinese, and
Indians, in commerce, industry, the liberal pro
fessions, and agriculture.
The Indochinese branch of the Communist-led
CGT, formed at a congress held at Hanoi in
October 1945, was organized by two groups: (a)
French Communist sympathizers, formerly mem
bers of the CGT in France and collaborators with
the left-wing resistance movement, and (b) Indo
chinese who had formerly had some contact with
the French labor movement. The CGT, however,
was able to attain a membership of only a few
hundred. At the second CGT congress, held in
June 1946 in Hanoi, the organization came under
control of the Association of Workers for National
Salvation, and merged with the newly established
Viet Minh trade-union movement. In the Frenchcontrolled sections of South Vietnam, particularly
in the Saigon-Cholon area, the CGT has organized
some groups aligned with the French parent union.
These groups cooperate closely with the Viet
Minh trade-union movement in calling strikes and
committing acts of sabotage. CGT membership
at the end of 1949 was estimated by the Labor
Inspectorate at 400.
In March 1949, the CG T’s effort to attain
official recognition, similar to that enjoyed by
the CGT-FO and the Christian trade-unions, was
unsuccessful. Its application for admission to the
wage commission of the Labor Inspectorate was
rejected.
Unaffiliated trade unions in Vietnam are the
Mutual Association of French Employees of Com
merce and Industry of Cochinchina with 1,600
members; the Society of Mutual Assistance of
Cochinchinese Employees of Commerce and Indus
try, with 250 members; and two groups whose
membership is not known—Employees of Com
merce, Industry, Agriculture, and Liberal Profes
sions and a union of writers and journalists of
South Vietnam. The Employees of Commerce,
Industry, Agriculture, and Professions received
some official recognition in 1950, when a member
of its directing committee was selected as workers’
delegate to the ILO Conference in Geneva, and
also invited by the Government to represent
workers’ interests at the Labor Inspectorate.
Considerable trade-union activity has also been
reported among the Chinese, who were said to have
had more than 70 trade-unions before World War
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31
V IE T N A M
II. Most of these were concentrated in the
Saigon-Cholon area. Since 1948, reports indicate
that these unions have been infiltrated by Com
munist agents, who have caused the French
authorities some concern. Little more is known
about these unions because of the secretive nature
of their operations.
Viet M inh Trade-Unions
7
The immediate forerunner of the present Viet
Minh trade-union movement was the Association
of Workers for the National Salvation of Vietnam.
It was founded in 1941 as the trade-union branch
of the Viet Minh League for Vietnam’s Independ
ence— a left-wing anti-Japanese resistance group—
and was predominantly political and nationalistic
in character. Its membership included not only
workers but also employers and other individuals
in favor of Vietnamese independence.
As soon as the Republic of Vietnam was pro
claimed, following the Japanese surrender, the
Association of Workers decided to bring then*
trade-union movement into the open and to
extend it throughout the country. This was to
be done under a decree on freedom of association
for trade-unions, issued on July 5,1945, during the
Japanese occupation. The decree provided that
persons engaged in the same occupations, those
in commercial enterprises producing related prod
ucts, and those in professions might associate in
local unions without specific authorization from
the Government, if their founders were of good
character and if they filed with the Government
certain documents—for instance their constitu
tion and a list of the charter members. Such
unions were granted juridical status, with the
right to purchase, contract, bring civil suit, and
form federations by banding together with similar
local unions.
A preparatory committee composed of officials
of the association proposed, in March 1946, the
establishment of a federation of labor to be organ
ized along the lines of the Communist-led French
CGT. Accordingly (in May 1946), the Tong Cong
Doan Vietnam (TCD) or General Confederation
of Trade Unions of Vietnam was formally con
stituted. This organization is also frequently
referred to as Tong Lau Doan (TLD) or General
Confederation of Labor.
The supreme body of the TLD is the National
32
T R A D E -U N IO N S IN
Trade Union Congress (also referred to as the All
Vietnam Trade Union Conference), composed of
representatives of local and regional trade-union
councils and national federations. Although the
congress is supposed to meet every 2 years, its
first meeting was not held until January 1950.
The Central Executive Committee, or Vietnam
Trade Union Council, which meets every 6 months,
is the policy-making group of the TLD between
congresses.
For permanent administration of the TLD,
there is a standing committee, or permanent
executive bureau. With the exception of the
chairman, who is also chairman of the TLD, these
officials are elected by the Central Executive
Committee from its own members.
An inspection committee or control commission
for the enforcement of TLD policies is composed
of five members elected by the congress from
those who are not members of the Central Execu
tive Committee.
According to the WFTU Milan report of 1949
the local TLD unions are grouped into feder
ations of similar character and into regional
trade-union councils. Each unit has its functions
outlined by the TLD and is autonomous only
within the narrow limits prescribed by the
TLD. Workers pay fixed monthly dues of 60
Indochinese cents (about 3 cents in U. S. currency),
divided evenly among the industry federation, the
regional trade-union council, and the TLD. It
is not known how local unions are financed.
According to the usual Communist pattern, local
unions must apply to the parent organization for
the funds they require.
At the end of 1948, the TLD claimed a member
ship of 255,000, of which 20 percent were said to be
factory workers. In August 1949, it reported to
the WFTU a membership of 258,000 workers.
The reliability of these figures is doubtful.
National centers among the Communist unions
usually inflate membership figures for publicity
purposes, and the WFTU apparently does not ac
tually have figures on paid-up membership since
it does not receive per capita fees from the affili
ated unions.
A preparatory congress, convened in July 1949
by the TLD Executive Committee, decided to or
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V IE T N A M
MONTHLY LABOR
ganize all civil servants and government employees
into a civil servants union within the TLD, and to
expedite formation of civil servants’ unions accord
ing to branches of activity, e. g., education, public
health, agriculture, etc.8 (A number of local civil
servants’ unions, such as the Association of the
Public Officials of South Vietnam, were formed
since August 1945, in various parts of the country.
These affiliated directly with the TLD, rather than
through a national union of civil servants.) This
preparatory congress also called upon the civil
servants of the Bao Dai Government to disrupt
and sabotage the French Administration.
Activities of the TLD are closely coordinated
with the political objectives of the Viet Minh
through Hoang Quoc, who is both chairman of
the TLD and general secretary of the Viet Minh
Party. Currently, under civil war conditions,
the TLD is engaged primarily in mobilizing the
workers to support the Viet Minh war effort and
in attempting to interrupt production by precipi
tating strikes in the French-occupied areas.
While the Viet Minh radio reports success in its
campaign to promote labor disputes in the area
controlled by Bao Dai, official statistics of the Bao
Dai Government show but few labor disputes or
work stoppages.
In Viet Minh territory, the TLD has operated
much as do trade-unions in the so-called “ people’s
democracies” in order to boost production. Work
ers who greatly exceed their production quotas are
given the honorary title of “ hero of production.”
The TLD, as reported by the foreign radiobroad
casts of the Ho government, indoctrinates its
members with Communist principles, teaches them
to read and write, publishes a periodical called
Lao Dong, and organizes partisan groups ofworkers
who give part of their time to military duties;
and promotes “ spare time” public works projects.
The TLD in May 1946 declared itself to be in
complete agreement with the W FTU ’s principles
and constitution. However, it was January 1,
1949, before the WFTU executive committee
decided to recognize and register affiliation of the
TLD. The Vietnam confederation sent Nguyen
Tuy Tinh, a member of the railway union and the
TLD, as international representative to the Milan
WFTU congress in June 1949. At the congress
M IN IM U M
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1951
W A G E : F E R T IL IZ E R IN D U S T R Y
he was elected a permanent member of the WFTU
general council, and a delegate to the Peiping
conference in November 1949.
— A
l ic e
W.
S
h u r c l if f
D iv is io n o f F o re ig n L a b o r C o n d itio n s
1 Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, which are Associated States in the French
Union, also form the Indochinese Federation.
2 Based primarily upon unpublished U. S. Foreign Service reports.
3 Vietnam was accepted as a member of the IL O at this conference.
4 Similar to the FO trade-unions existing in each “ department” in France.
» The former colony of Cochinchina is now the southern region of Vietnam,
and is officially called “ South Vietnam.”
6 For an account of the C F T C , see M onthly Labor Review, July 1949 (p. 8).
7 Available information on the Viet M inh trade-union movement stems
largely from Viet M inh and Communist dominated sources, which slant
their releases to further their own ends. While every attempt has been made
in this article to eliminate from such releases incorrect or slanted informa
tion, it must be recognized that the material presented has not been verified
by impartial observers and m ay not be accurate in all details. The main
sources of information here presented are World Federation of Trade Unions,
Report of Activity, 1945-1949, Milan 1949, pp. 204-206; Vietnam News Agency
(Ho Government), Foreign Radio Broadcasts during 1948, 1949, and 1950;
and Bulletins of the Vietnamese-American Friendship Association, New
York, 1949 and 1950.
3 Broadcast of the Vietnam News Agency (Ho Government), June 24,1950.
75-Cent M inim um W age:
Effects on Fertilizer Industry 1
T h e m o d e r a t e e f f e c t of' the 75-cent minimum
hourly wage under the Fair Labor Standards A c t 2
on earnings of workers in the fertilizer industry
was almost entirely concentrated in the Southern
States, where large numbers of workers had been
employed below that rate, an industry survey
shows. This study is one of a series undertaken
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in order to eval
uate the influence of the new minimum. Although
the law is directly applicable to establishments
engaged in interstate commerce, its terms have
also influenced the wages of workers in intrastate
plants.
Difficulties in isolating factors other than the
75-cent minimum— merit, length of service, gen
eral wage changes, and labor turn-over—make it
impracticable to determine the complete effect of
the higher minimum on average earnings in the
industry. However, the Bureau estimates that
the minimum accounted for approximately half
of the 5-cent advance in hourly earnings in the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
33
fertilizer industry between its two survey dates,
spring of 1949 and spring of 1950.
Earnings of workers who received less than 75
cents an hour were primarily affected by the
advance in the minimum to that level. These
earnings in many instances were increased only
to 75 cents, which substantially enlarged the
grouping of earnings at that wage level.
In addition to raising lower paid workers, the
minimum wage law indirectly affected the earnings
of some higher paid workers. Employers evi
dently increased the pay scale of these workers
in order to preserve some of the occupational
differentials that had existed before the earnings
of the lower paid workers were increased. Further
adjustments of this type may occur over a longer
period of time than was covered by the survey.
In combination the minimum wage law and
general wage changes are factors which accounted
for most of the increase in the average hourly
earnings of workers in the fertilizer industry. The
remainder of the increase can be attributed to the
competitive nature of the labor market and to
certain characteristics of the industry— such as its
extreme seasonality—which exert influences on the
wage structure that are difficult to evaluate.:
The extent of unionization, location of plants,
and the type of operation are factors affecting
wages in the industry. Since they remained con
stant between 1949 and 1950, however, their con
tribution to the over-all increase in average hourly
earnings was negligible.
Changes in Average Earnings
Straight-time average hourly earnings of workers
employed in the fertilizer industry increased from
92 cents in the spring of 1949 to 97 cents in the
spring of 1950. Regionally,3 the increases in
earnings varied from 1 cent in New England to 8
cents in the Middle Atlantic States. In the
Southeast, where about 40 percent of the workers
are employed, earnings increased 6 cents per hour.
It is difficult to trace the origin of all these
increases. Production is seasonal; firms custom
arily lay off large proportions of workers after
the season and rehire the same or new workers
during the next season. Presumably the hiring
rates of new workers are affected by other influ
ences in addition to changes in the Fair Labor
Standards Act. As far as can be ascertained only
34
M IN IM U M .
W A G E : F E R T IL IZ E R
1 cents of the 5-cent increase can be attributed
to general wage changes in the industry which
were granted before the effective date of the new
minimum. Some of these increases may have
been granted in anticipation of the higher minimum
rate, but the extent to which this was a factor
cannot be measured.
Most of the increases in earnings in all regions,
except the Border States, Southeast, and South
west were the result of general wage changes
largely unrelated to the higher minimum rate,
as well as the payment of higher rates on a selection
Percentage Distribution of Fertilizer W orkers, South
east R e gion , Spring 1 9 4 9 and 1 9 5 0
Percent
o f Workers
BY STRAIGHT-TIME AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS
AND TYPE OF MARKET
IN D U S T R Y
MONTHLY LABOR
basis to newly hired employees. In the three
above-named regions, however, there is little
evidence of general wage adjustments in 1949.
Actually, employment conditions in the South
east were rather depressed in the latter part of
1949 and early 1950. Thus, the 6-cent increase
reported for the region probably results mainly
from the increased minimum wage.
Data were also obtained separately for firms
engaged in interstate and intrastate commerce.4
Earnings in both segments on a Nation-wide
basis increased by the same amount between the
two payroll dates studied. Regionally, however,
there was considerable variation between the
two types of firms. Intrastate establishments
showed smaller increases in the Southeast and
Middle Atlantic regions. Elsewhere interstate
firms’ earnings increased less than those in intra
state business.
Effect on Earnings at Lower Pay Levels
40
45
50
55
60
45
50
55
60
65
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
65
70
70
75
Cents per Hour
75
80
85
90
95
80
85
90
95
IOO
Nearly a fourth of the workers in the Nation’s
fertilizer industry averaged less than 75 cents an
hour in the spring of 1949; a year later, only
about 5 percent of the workers received average
rates below this amount (table 1). One of the
marked immediate effects of the new 75-cent
minimum wage, therefore, was a concentration of
earnings about the 75-cent rate. In 1949 the
earnings of only about 10 percent of the workers
were within the 75 to 77%-cent range; in the spring
of 1950, however, the earnings of nearly a fourth
of the workers were concentrated in this interval.
Since other regions employed relatively few
workers earning less than 75 cents an hour in the
1949 period, this concentration was primarily
limited to the Southeast, Southwest, and Border
regions. In the Southeast, for example, nearly
45 percent of the workers earned less than 75 cents
an hour in 1949; while the earnings of only about
10 percent of the workers in 1950 were below this
amount. The increased concentration of earnings
within the 75 to 77^-cent interval in this region
was quite pronounced, increasing from about 17
percent in 1949 to nearly 43 percent in 1950.
Of the 7 States comprising the Southeastern
region, Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi were
most affected by the law. Over two-thirds of the
fertilizer workers in Alabama earned less than
75 cents in 1949. In 1950, only about 10 percent
were earning amounts lower than this amount
M IN I M U M
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
to about 56 percent in 1950 (see chart). About
7.5 percent of the workers in 1949 averaged
between 75 and 77% cents an hour as compared
with over 32 percent in 1950.
with about 55 percent grouped at the 75-cent
interval.
Over 41 percent of the workers in Mississippi
and approximately 56 percent of the workers in
Georgia earned less than 75 cents in 1949. After
the effective date of the minimum, only 1 percent
of the workers in Mississippi and over 15 percent
of the workers in Georgia remained below 75 cents.
Although workers engaged in intrastate com
merce are exempt from the provisions of Federal
minimum wage legislation, a substantial number
of plants in intrastate commerce made wage
adjustments on or within a few days of the effec
tive date of the new minimum. Evidently the
law was an influencing factor in these increases.
Earnings of lower-paid workers were most affected
by these wage adjustments.
Nearly half the workers in intrastate plants
received hourly averages below 75 cents in 1949;
in 1950 the proportion had been reduced to about
30 percent. Where the effects of the minimum
were most pronounced—in the Southeast region—
intrastate plant workers earning less than 75 cents
an hour were reduced from over 83 percent in 1949
T able
35
W A G E : F E R T IL IZ E R IN D U S T R Y
Influence on Earnings at Higher Levels of Pay
As employers increased the rates of sub
minimum workers in conformance with the law,
it became necessary to increase rates of workers
already earning 75 cents or more. While it was
difficult to determine the complete effect of these
increases, in areas most affected by the law,
workers earning more than 75 cents in 1949 had
increases in excess of those that can be attributed
to general wage increases made without reference
to the higher minimum wage (see table 2). It can
be inferred that the minimum wage law was
indirectly responsible for most of this increase.
In the Southeastern States, for example, in
creases to workers in higher paying occupations
such as working foreman, chambermen, and main
tenance mechanics amounted to from 3 to 4 cents
between the two periods— substantially in excess
1 .— Percentage distribution o f all plant workers in fertilizer establishments by straight-time average hourly earnings,
United States and selected regions, M a r c h -A p ril 1949 and A p r i l -M a y 195 0
Average hourly
earnings 1 (in
cents)
75.0-79.9____________
United
States 2
1950
1949
0.7
.3
1.8
.8
.3
.7
.3
23.8
0.8
.2
5.2
2.8
3.0
4.9
6.9
10.0
New Eng
land
1950
1950
1949
0.3
Border
States
1950
1.1
0.1
0.1
1.1
.6
.3
.4
.4
75.0-77.4______
77.5-79.9______
23.1
.7
9.3
.7
.4
80.0- 84.9____________
85.0- 89.9____________
90.094.9_____
95.0- 99.9____________
100.0104.9_ _
105.0- 109.9__________
110.0114.9___
115.0119.9___
120.0124.9___
125.0129.9____
130.0134.9___
135.0139.9___
140.0144.9 _ _
145.0149.9___
150.0- 159.9__________
160.0- 169.9__________
170.0 and over___
9.9
7.6
5.8
6.5
5.1
6.2
5.0
3.9
4.6
4.6
2.5
2.2
1.8
1.7
2.2
.8
.9
9.4
6.8
4.8
6.2
7.3
7.5
3.5
3.5
4.7
3.7
2.2
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.3
.4
.9
14.3
3.7
24.7
10.1
8.7
3.6
7.6
3.8
8.4
4.8
3.0
3.1
1.4
.4
1.2
.5
T otal_________
100.0
100.0
100.0
Num ber of workers _ 29, 696 31, 309
A v e r a g e h o u r ly
earnings.1_________ $0. 97 $0. 92
1949
M iddle A t
lantic
968
$1.02
4.8
7.6
11.7
Southeast
1949
1950
1949
0.1
1.6
.4
3.8
1.5
.6
1.6
.6
44.0
1.6
.4
9.9
6.0
5.7
8.4
11.8
17.8
2.1
.1
.2
4.7
2.6
4.5
1950
1949
M iddle W est
1950
1950
1949
1.6
.9
2.2
.2
.7
.8
42.2
1.7
.5
8.3
1.7
5.9
7.2
20.6
9.9
0.1
0.3
(3)
.7
1.1
0.6
1.4
1.4
42.1
.1
9.2
.7
9.1
13.4
2.1
9.7
6.8
2.6
1.5
1.3
1.7
.4
.4
.4
.8
.2
.6
.3
.1
12.0
3.2
.8
11.0
9.1
2.1
1.6
1.1
1.0
.3
.5
.8
.2
.4
.1
4.8
7.6
10.5
1.2
3.5
1.0
42.9
1.1
16.7
1.1
.3
.7
16.5
3.8
18.7
7.4
9.5
17.9
5.8
6.0
2.7
3.7
4.4
.6
.6
1.1
.5
8.7
2.3
4.7
5.4
9.3
4.7
4.0
2.1
5.5
17.6
7.3
8.0
3.1
4.1
6.2
1.3
.9
10.6
4.2
5.5
5.3
8.5
6.5
2.6
1.5
18.9
11.3
4.8
2.6
1.7
2.0
3.6
.5
.5
6.5
3.9
2.9
16.5
4.5
22.4
13.4
4.9
1.4
1.8
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.7
.6
.7
5.0
3.4
2.6
19.5
15.6
20.8
5.7
1.8
1.5
2.0
1.8
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.4
.2
.5
16.1
12.7
8.2
3.0
1.6
.9
.7
.6
.4
.5
.4
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
(3)
13.9
11.9
6.0
1.7
1.4
.8
.6
.5
.2
.4
.3
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
(3)
.2
1.0
1.0
6.3
9.4
5.9
9.5
10.9
17.9
10.1
7.4
2.6
5.2
3.0
4.3
2.5
2.5
.6
.7
1.2
5.5
10.5
12.3
8.7
13.1
13.7
9.0
5.3
2.7
4.4
3.2
3.3
1.7
3.3
6.1
8.6
6.0
1.4
12.1
23.6
.6
16.9
5.4
13.1
1.1
2.1
.8
5.7
8.8
7.5
.9
31.8
20.3
3.1
3.5
2.7
11.6
.6
.6
.3
.3
.3
.5
.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1,001
$1.01
2, 728
$1.17
2,860
$1.09
4, 785
$1.03
4, 924 12, 614 13, 735
$1.00
$0. 80
$0. 74
5,008
$1.22
Southwest
1949
1.1
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Includes data for M ountain region in addition to those regions shown separately.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Great Lakes
5, 391
$1.20
654
$1.07
637
$1.03
3 Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.
Pac iflc
1950
1949
0.3
.3
0.5
,2
5.9
.2
7.9
1.4
8.3
9.4
6.9
11.6
5.1
3.7
1.9
6 6
18.7
2.3
9.6
7.9
7.7
1.8
9.4
11.3
7.1
13.5
3.4
7.4
7.2
7.4
4.7
1.5
9.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1,930
1,975
648
595
$0.85
$0. 79
$1.33
$1. 28
36
M IN IM U M
W A G E : F E R T IL IZ E R IN D U S T R Y
of the effects of general wage increases reported in
that region. This effect on the earnings of higher
paid workers tended to diminish as average rates
increased. The minimum wage law had very
little effect on the earnings of workers receiving
over $1.00 an hour in 1949. About 5 percent of
the workers in the Southeast earned averages of
$1.00 or more in 1949; in 1950 about 6 percent of
these workers earned this amount. Nearly all of
this increase can be attributed to general wage
increases.
Since a large proportion of the workers in the
fertilizer industry are employed in lower paying
jobs, the increase in the earnings of the higher paid
workers increased average earnings for the industry
to only a minor extent.
MONTHLY LABOR
the higher minimum rate on nonwage items than
on the wage structure. Because of its extreme
seasonality, the fertilizer industry presents special
difficulties. However, since the adjustments in
wages made necessary by the 75-cent minimum
were moderate for substantial segments of the
industry, the pressure for other adjustments
probably would not be as strong as might other
wise be the case.
Hours oj work— The new minimum apparently did
not affect scheduled hours of work appreciably.
There was a slight reduction in the length of the
normal workweek, but the great majority of the
workers in each period were employed on work
schedules of 40 hours. The slight reduction
could reflect seasonal or fortuitous factors.
Other Effects of Higher Minimum
Mechanization— Field representatives reported that
The effects a higher minimum wage may have
on an industry depend upon a number of factors.
These include the size of the necessary adjustment
in wages, the demand for the product of the in
dustry, profit levels, and the ability to substitute
machinery for labor.
It is even more difficult to assess the influence of
a substantial number of plants had installed laborsaving equipment. About 25 percent of the
establishments visited reported such installations
within 6 months prior to the study. Belt con
veyors and improved sewing machines were most
frequently mentioned. Employers also reported
that measures had been taken to increase the
operating efficiency of their plants.
T able 2.— Straight-time hourly earnings 1 of workers in selected occupations in fertilizer establishments, United States and
selected regions, 1949 and 1950
United States 2
Occupation
Baggers_______________
Bag printers_______________
Bag sewers, hand_____
Bag sewers, m achine.Batch w e ig h e r s ...___
Burner men____
Carpenters, maintenance..........
Chambermen . . .
Conveyor tenders____
Den diggers.. __________
Laborers, acid-making depart
m en ts.. ___
Laborers, dry-mix departments___
Laborers, wet-mix departments___
Maintenance m e n ...
Mechanics, maintenance..
Millers___
Mixers, dry mixing.
Mixers, superphosphate
Shovelers, h a n d ... .
Stowers, bag. _____
Truck drivers_____________ _____ _
Truckers, hand___
Truckers, power .
W atchm en _. _
Working foremen, processing de
partments_________
Num ber of
workers
Average hourly earnings in—
Average hour
ly earnings
M iddle
Atlantic
Southeast
Great Lakes3
Southwest
Pacific
1950
1949
1950
1949
1950
1949
1950
1949
1950
1949
1950
1949
1950
1949
1950
1,589
251
151
780
652
130
204
257
286
313
1,649
254
193
845
689
146
210
253
233
360
$0.92
.95
.70
.89
.94
1.13
1.30
1.05
.95
.91
$0.88
.92
.65
.86
.90
1.03
1.22
1.00
.91
.87
$0. 95
(4)
(4)
.94
.97
(4)
0)
(4)
(4)
(4)
$0. 90
(4)
(4)
.93
.92
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
$0.99
1.06
.81
.98
1.07
(4)
1.43
1.26
.93
.99
$0.98
1.03
.66
.97
1.05
(4)
1.34
1.23
.90
.95
$0. 78
.84
.65
.81
.80
.96
1.12
.89
.81
.78
$0. 72
.80
.59
.74
.74
.84
1.11
.85
.77
.73
$1.19
1.25
(4)
1.19
1.16
1.18
1.46
1.27
1.18
1.20
$1.16
1.21
(4)
1.21
1.13
1.20
1.45
1.24
1.22
1.19
$0. 81
(4)
(4)
.80
.78
(4)
(5)
(4)
(4)
(4)
$0. 77
(4)
(4)
.76
.74
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
$1.28
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
$1.26
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
454
4,660
1, 257
581
399
309
849
387
1,438
1,912
804
2, 732
1,587
668
475
5,370
1,206
532
426
326
879
384
1,612
2,004
778
3,089
1,585
634
.96
.88
.96
1.18
1.28
1.00
.92
1.03
.80
.87
.91
.83
.96
.84
.90
.85
.91
1.16
1.28
.93
.87
.98
.74
.81
.86
.77
.92
.78
0)
1.01
(4)
1.07
(4)
(4)
1.02
(4)
(4)
.99
1.11
1.00
1.18
.89
(4)
.97
(4)
1.09
(4)
(4)
1.00
(4)
(4)
.92
1.10
.86
1.09
.84
1.02
.91
1.02
1.17
1.41
1.09
1.03
1.14
.90
1.00
1.01
.94
1.04
.90
1.00
.89
1.00
1.17
1.34
1.06
1.01
1.12
.87
.97
.95
.91
1.01
.87
.80
.76
.80
.98
’ 1.10
.83
.77
.86
.72
.76
.73
.73
.82
.77
.77
.71
.75
.93
1.07
.75
.70
.80
.67
.70
.68
.66
.76
.69
1.18
1.11
1.16
1.44
1.51
1.25
1.23
1.26
1.06
1.20
1.21
1.09
1.21
1.03
1.11
1.08
1.14
1.41
1.56
1.22
1.21
1.23
1.02
1.17
1.19
1.06
1.19
1.01
(4)
.79
.84
1.08
(4)
(4)
.84
.94
.76
.77
.85
.76
.82
.80
(4)
.73
.85
.94
(4)
(4)
.77
.86
.65
.70
.75
.71
.73
.65
(4)
1.18
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
1.29
(4)
1.41
1.28
1.29
(4)
1.42
(4)
(4)
1.14
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
1.25
(4)
1.33
1.22
1.27
(4)
1.33
(4)
845
823
1.21
1.19
1.26
1.22
1.33
1.33
1.04
1.00
1.43
1.40
(4)
(4)
1.47
1.42
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Includes data for other regions in addition to those shown separately.
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Border
States
1949
3 Occupational data were not furnished by five plants employing about 900
workers in the Great Lakes region.
4 Insufficient data to warrant presentation of an average.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
A U T O M O T IV E P A R T S — W A G E
Older workers-—The new minimum had not affected
the hiring policies of establishments with respect
to older workers. It was expected that there
might be some change in this respect. However,
at the time of the study only a very small number
of plants reported changes in their hiring policy
with respect to the age of the worker.
Related Wage Practices
Data on supplementary benefits were collected
only for the 1950 period.
More than 75 percent of the workers were
employed in establishments that provided 1
week’s paid vacation after a year’s service. About
two-thirds of the workers were in establishments
providing 2 weeks after 5 years.
Life insurance plans were reported in establish
ments employing over 40 percent of the workers.
Retirement pensions were reported by plants
employing 18 percent of the workers.
Fewer than 15 percent of the workers were
employed on second or third shifts. The bulk of
these employees were in complete fertilizer and
superphosphate plants. About half the employees
working on extra shifts received a wage differen
tial—usually from 5 to 10 cents an hour.
— L . E a r l L e w is
D ivision of Wage Statistics
1 This article presents a brief analysis of summary data obtained from a
survey of wages and related factors in the fertilizer industry. This is the
second of a series of surveys designed to measure the effects of the increase in
the minimum wage rate in low-wage industries. A comprehensive report will
be presented by the Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions and will
be based on results of all the surveys.
The study was limited to establishments with 8 or more workers. From
more than 660 establishments employing over 32,000 workers within this size
limitation, a sample of 326 establishments employing more than 21,000 workers
was carefully selected to represent the industry.
Straight-time wage rates or earnings (excluding premium overtime and
shift differential pay) were obtained for workers in selected occupations and
for all workers regardless of occupation. Information on selected supple
mentary wage benefits was also collected.
The industry was defined to conform with Standard Industrial Classifica
tions 2871 and 2872 which include plants manufacturing complete fertilizers,
plants which purchase acid and then follow the same operations as manu
facturers of complete fertilizers, and plants engaged in mixing fertilizers from
purchased fertilizer materials.
Representatives of the Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions
research staff participated in planning the survey. Collection of the data was
under the immediate supervision of the Bureau’s Regional Wage Analysts.
2 The Fair Labor Standards Act became effective October 24,1938, requiring
a minimum hourly wage of 25 cents and overtime payment after 44 hours per
week. Subsequent changes in the minimum affecting the fertilizer industry
were as follows:
October 24, 1939________________________
30-cent m inim um____
October 24, 1940____________________ ________ ___do_______________
February 7,1944________________________ 40-cent minim um____
January 25,1950 ________________________ 75-cent m inim um____
920504— 51------ 4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
42 hours.
40 hours.
37
STRUCTURE
Automotive Parts:
Wage Structure, M arch-April 1950
o t e .— This is the second of two articles
on wages and related practices in the automobile
industry. The first article appeared in the
September 1950 issue and covered passenger car
and truck manufacturing establishments.
E d it o r ’ s N
A considerable d ifferen ce exists between the
wage structure of the automobile parts industry
and that in the motor vehicle industry it feeds.
The major difference is a wider dispersion of rates
in the parts industry in each occupation as well
as in the industry as a whole. This greater dis
persion results from several factors: a large number
of firms manufacturing a wide assortment of prod
ucts; a wide distribution of firms geographically;
much greater variation in size of establishments;
and a much more pronounced use of incentive
methods of pay.
The difference in the wage structure between
the two industries is evident in the distribution of
individual workers’ rates. While over 60 percent
of the plant workers in the motor vehicle industry
earned between $1.50 and $1.70 per hour, no
such marked concentration of rates was found in
automotive parts. The interquartile range of the
rate distribution for the vehicle industry, for
example, was only 14 cents as compared to 35
cents for the parts industry. Only a few of the
workers in the vehicle industry earned less than
$1.20 per hour, but about 8 percent of the parts
workers earned less than that amount. However,
a greater proportion of workers in the parts indus
try also earned $2 or more, 8.2 percent in contrast
to 4.6 percent.
3 Regions referred to include the following States:
E n g la n d — Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,
N ew
New
Hampshire,
Rhode Island, Vermont.
M id d le A tla n tic — N e w Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania.
B ord er States— Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, W est Virginia.
S ou theast— Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Tennessee.
G reat L a k es— Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin.
M id d le
W e st — Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South
D a k ota .
S ou th w est — Arkansas, Louisians, Oklahoma, Texas.
M o u n t a in — Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, W y o
ming.
P a cific — California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington.
4 Interstate commerce is defined by Section III B of the Fair Labor Stand
ards Act as commerce “ . . . among the several States or between any State
and any place outside thereof.” Classification of establishments in this
survey was made on the basis of the firms’ own opinion.
38
A U T O M O T IV E P A R T S — W A G E
Incentive pay was much more common in the
parts industry, almost half of the workers being
employed in plants having an incentive wage
system. Since incentive pay systems tend to
widen the rate distribution, this factor probably
accounts for the greatest difference between the
two industries. For comparable work, incentive
workers typically had higher average earnings than
time workers in the parts industry. Usually the
difference ranged from 10 to 20 percent but there
were many instances in which it materially ex
ceeded the latter figure.
The great number of firms in the parts industry
and their wide variation in size also contributed
to the divergency of rates. Notably in time-rated
jobs and in the less skilled occupations, higher
rates were generally found in large establishments.
No consistent differential for occupations in which
incentives were widely used or in highly skilled
T able 1.— Percentage distribution
o f all plant workers
in automotive parts and accessories establishments, by
straight-time average hourly earnings 1 and type of product,
United States, M arch— A p ril 1950.
Average hourly
earnings 1 (in cents)
Total
Body
and
body
parts
Chassis
parts
Engine
parts
.3
.3
.5
.7
1.5
1.5
1.8
3.0
5.8
5.8
5.8
MONTHLY LABOR
jobs prevailed among establishments of different
sizes. Nevertheless, even for these categories of
occupations, the larger firms generally paid the
higher rates. The most consistent difference in
wage rates existed between establishments located
in large and small cities. Plants located in com
munities of less than 25,000 population typically
had lower average rates by occupation than plants
in larger cities.
For the parts industry as a whole, as defined for
this survey, average straight-time hourly earnings
of plant workers amounted to $1.57 in MarchApril 1950. Plant workers engaged in the manu
facture of bodies and body parts averaged $1.61;
chassis parts, $1.60; engine parts, $1.49; and truck
trailers, $1.44. The lower general level of rates for
workers in the engine parts division, as compared
with the body and chassis divisions, appears to re
flect the greater proportion of light jobs found in
enginemanufacture. Average rates for comparable
jobs differed very little among these three divisions.
Average rates in truck trailer establishments, in
contrast, were distinctly lower than the average for
comparable occupations in the other divisions.
Truck
trailers
Occupational Averages
75.0-79.9______________
80.0-84. 9______________
85.0-89.9______________
90.0-94.9__________
95. 0-99.9 .... ........... ........
100.0-104. 9____________
105.0-109. 9____________
110.0-114. 9____________
115.0-119.9____________
120.0-124.9____________
125.0-129.9____________
130.0-134.9____________
0.3
.2
.2
.5
.5
1.1
1.2
1.6
1.9
2.9
5.1
5.2
(2)
0.2
.1
.2
.3
.6
.4
.8
1.4
1.6
2.0
2.3
0.1
1.5
2.0
1.8
3.1
4.9
6.6
1.1
.4
.4
1.3
.6
1.7
1.6
2.1
2.4
4.1
9.1
6.5
135.0-139.9____________
140.0-144.9____________
145.0-149.9____________
150. 0-154. 9____________
155.0-159.9____________
160.0-164. 9____________
165.0-169.9____________
170.0-174.9......................
5.0
6.6
9.9
8.6
8.5
6.7
5.0
6.0
3.3
7.0
9.7
11.2
14.7
9.2
5.7
7.5
4.7
6.1
8.5
7.7
4.7
5.9
5.5
6.3
7.0
6.5
11.9
6.7
6.5
5.2
3.8
4.1
11.7
13.8
11.4
8.7
10.0
7.0
1.7
4.0
175.0-179. 9____________
180.0-184.9____________
185.0-189.9____________
190.0-194. 9____________
195.0-199. 9____________
200.0-204. 9____________
205.0-209.9____________
210.0-214.9____________
3.6
3.3
2.8
2.4
2.7
1.7
2.5
.9
3.2
2.5
2.1
1.8
3.6
1.2
5.0
.6
4.1
4.0
3.8
3.3
2.7
2.7
1.7
1.4
3.4
3.2
2.2
1.9
1.7
1.1
.9
.5
.9
1.6
1.2
.4
.2
.1
.1
.1
215.0-219.9____________
220.0-224.9____________
225.0-229.9____________
230.0-234.9____________
235.0-239.9____________
240.0-244. 9____________
245.0-249. 9____________
250.0 and over________
.6
.6
.5
.3
.2
.2
.1
.6
.4
.3
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.9
.8
.7
.5
.3
.3
.2
1.1
.3
.7
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
.4
Total____________
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of workers___
Average hourly rates'.
290, 769
$1.57
90, 762
$1.61
114,069
$1. 60
80, 345
$1.49
5, 593
$1.44
.1
.2
.2
.6
1.0
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
STRUCTURE
0.1
(2)
(2)
(2)
In general, skilled maintenance workers in the
parts plants were paid about $1.75 an hour. Tool
and die and patternmaker jobs averaged just
under $2. Relatively unskilled laboring jobs
generally averaged beteeen $1.30 and $1.40.
Average rates for semiskilled production jobs
depended largely on whether incentive or time
rates predominated; workers in most occupa
tions in this group averaged between $1.45 and
$1.70 an hour.
Earnings in comparable occupations in the
motor vehicle industry were generally higher than
in automotive parts, but the amount of the differ
ence depended on the type of work and the method
of wage payment. Rates for skilled workers were
generally only 5 to 8 cents higher, but the differ
ential for unskilled workers was more often about
10 cents. The difference in the semiskilled pro
duction jobs depended largely on the predominant
method of wage payment. Average straight-time
earnings in the parts plants for occupations paid
predominantly on an incentive basis were often as
high and sometimes higher than earnings in com
parable occupations in the motor vehicle industry.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
Table 2.—
A U T O M O T IV E P A R T S — W A G E
39
STRU CTU RE
Average straight-time hourly earnings 1 for selected occupations in automotive p a r t s a n d a c c e s s o r ie s establishments by
type of product, United States, M a r c h -A p ril 1950
Occupation and grade
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
rates
Number
of
workers
Truck trailers
Engine
Chassis
Body
Average
hourly
rates
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
rates
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
rates
142
1,349
175
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
43
(2)
$1.65
1.45
1.46
_ _____
Assemblers, class A _________ . _ ____________
Assemblers, class B ___
_ ______ _
______
Assemblers, class C ___ ______ .
___ __ ______ _____
. . . _______
_ ___
Assemblers, bench.__ . . . ______
Assemblers, body set-up (gun welding)___________ ______
Assemblers, conveyor_____ _____________ . . .
. .. ...
Carpenters, maintenance___________ ________ _____________
Checkers, receiving and shipping_____. . . . . .
_______
Crane operators, electric bridge___________________________
Craters, packers, boxers and sawyers_____________________
(2)
(2)
(2)
6,850
2,378
7,634
238
1,394
364
1,843
(2)
(2)
(2)
$1.48
1.58
1. 70
1. 76
1.48
1.55
1.45
688
3, 787
9,965
(2)
(2)
(2)
187
754
454
1,777
$2.00
1.69
1.44
(2)
(2)
(2)
1.68
1.46
1.53
1.42
(3)
2,971
12, 238
(2)
(2)
(2)
140
617
52
1,091
0
$1.67
1.32
(2)
(2)
0
1.69
1.46
1.47
1.28
D ie makers (excluding leaders)__________ . . . ___________
Die try-out men_______ . .
__________ __________
. .
...
_______
Electricians, maintenance ________ __
Guards. . . . ________ _______ . . . . . ____________________
Helpers, maintenance__________ _____. . . . . . .
...
...
Inspectors, class A . . . . . _ .
______ . . . . . . ________ .
Inspectors, class B ____
_______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ .
Inspectors, class C _____ _ _______ ____ _________ . . . .
Janitors______________________
. . .
Machine operators, tool and die_________________________
Material handlers__________________ ___ ______ __________
. __________ ________ . .
Mechanics, maintenance_____
Millwrights_________ _______________________________________
Molders, machine_______________________ ________________
1,481
707
709
546
115
219
1,343
1,119
1,483
367
4,237
712
639
111
1.91
1.90
1.84
1.43
1.52
1.74
1.63
1.48
1.34
1.87
1.42
1.83
1.76
1.78
1,140
246
839
714
386
795
2,600
3, 774
2,179
952
2,920
1, 215
883
284
2,02
1.78
1.77
1.34
1.42
1.67
1.57
1.40
1.29
1.84
1.38
1. 74
1.72
1.82
991
135
597
458
208
222
2,350
2,610
1,471
933
1,829
789
633
464
2 .0C
1.83
1.76
1.30
1.39
1.69
1.46
1.33
1.25
1.78
1.31
1.80
1.70
1.80
0
0
0
0
Pipefitters... ___ __
________________ ________ __
Punch-press operators, heavy, double-crank or toggle___
Punch-press operators, light and m edium .. _____________
Sheet-metal workers, maintenance___ _________ . . . _____
Stock chasers_______________ __
____________________ _____
Tool crib attendants----------------- -------------- --------------------Tool and gauge grinders (tool room )_________
. . -----Tool makers (excluding leaders)__________________________
Truck drivers_____ __ . . . . . . . . . . _____________
Truckers, power_______________ ________________________
348
3,952
6,851
54
1,009
411
87
1,032
649
1,048
1.80
1.63
1.55
1.80
1.49
1.48
1.97
1.91
1.53
1.44
363
1,331
5,880
145
947
570
333
1,370
449
1,213
1.74
1.69
1.61
1.74
1.37
1.43
1.86
1.94
1.46
1.45
242
418
3, 444
175
707
505
299
763
224
548
1.74
1. 57
1. 47
1.74
1.41
1.44
1.88
1. 89
1.45
1.43
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Data not collected.
Related W age Practices
Almost a third of the workers in the automotive
parts industry were employed on second or third
shifts and practically all received a shift pay
differential. Most common premiums were 5
cents or 5 percent additional for second shift work
and 10 cents or 7.5 percent for third shift. These
practices were similar to those found in the motor
vehicle establishments.
Paid vacations were given to all except 1 percent
of the workers after 1 year’s service, usually (80
percent) 1 week. About half of the workers
received more than 1 week after 3 years’ service
and over 95 percent received two or more weeks
vacation after 5 years’ service. Vacation prac
tices were similar to those in the motor vehicle
branch, but methods of computing vacation pay
varied considerably.
Paid holidays were granted to about threefourths of the plant workers in the parts industry.
The usual number was six per year. Paid holidays
or extra pay in lieu of holidays were granted by all
motor vehicle establishments.
Nonproduction bonuses, such as Christmas,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0
0
0
0
0
0
@
0
1. 65
1.15
26
45
0
51
34
1.60
1.49
0
0
1.13
67
0
0
1.46
0
0
0
34
29
39
47
39
1. 63
1.63
L 74
1* 35
1.34
3 Insufficient number of workers to justify presentation of an average.
year-end or profit-sharing, were given to about
one out of every six workers. These plans were
not found in the vehicle industry.
Insurance plans partially financed by the com
pany were in effect in most establishments and
about 80 percent of the workers were eligible for
some type of coverage. Life and health insurance
were the most common types, but over 40 percent
of the plant employees were eligible for partici
pation in hospitalization plans. Pension plans
were in force in plants employing about 12 percent
of the workers.
Both insurance and pension plans were more
prevalent in the motor vehicle industry. But
hospitalization insurance plans were more com
mon in the parts industry.
— J am es
F.
W
alker
D ivision of Wage Statistics
1 The parts survey covered establishments with 51 or more workers pri
marily engaged in the manufacture of automobile bodies and body parts,
chassis parts, engine parts, and truck trailers. Excluded from the study were
glass, textile, and rubber products, and storage batteries. Parts plants of
vehicle manufacturers were considered in the vehicle industry except those
primarily manufacturing for sale.
2 Earning figures are straight-time average hourly earnings, excluding
premium pay for overtime and night work.
40
T R U C K D R IV IN G :
Local City Truck Driving:
Union Scales, July 1, 1950 1
a g e
scales
of organized local motortruck
drivers and helpers advanced 3.5 percent or 5
cents an hour, between July 1, 1949, and July 1,
1950, according to an annual survey2 of these
scales by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The
average union hourly scales on July 1, 1950, were
$1.60 for drivers and $1.34 for helpers; the com
bined average was $1.56.3
Scale increases effective during the year ending
July 1, 1950, were less widespread than in the
preceding 12-month period. Slightly over half
of the drivers and helpers had advances between
July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950, whereas four-fifths
received upward adjustments in the previous
year.
The standard workweek declined slightly during
the year, averaging 42.0 hours on July 1, 1950.
The typical straight-time workweek consisted of
40 hours and prevailed for seven-tenths of the
drivers and helpers included in the survey.
"W
Trend in Union W age Scales
The 3.5 percent increase in union scales for
drivers and helpers between July 1, 1949, and
July 1, 1950, advanced the index of union hourly
rates to 195.9 (June 1, 1939=100), to record the
smallest annual increase since the close of World
1.— Indexes of union hourly wage rates and weekly
hours for local motortruck drivers and helpers, 1 9 3 6 -5 0 1
T able
[June 1, 1939=100]
Drivers and helpers
Drivers
Helpers
Year
Wage
rates
1936: M a y 15
1937: M ay 15
1938: June L
1939: June 1_
1940: June 11941: June 1_
1942: July 1.
1943: July 1.
1944: July 1
1945: July 11946: July 1.
1947: July 1.
1948: July 1_
1949: July 1_
1950: July 1_
88.5
94.4
97.8
100.0
102.0
106.1
113.6
119.8
122.6
125.2
139.3
160.8
175.1
189.3
195.9
Hours
101.8
100.9
100.9
100.0
99.1
98.5
98.8
98.6
98.5
98.3
96.3
94.0
93.2
92.9
92.2
Wage
rates
0)
94.5
97.9
100.0
102.1
105.9
113.1
119.2
121.9
124.5
138.4
159.9
173.9
188.0
194.2
Hours
(2)
100.8
100.8
100.0
99.2
98.5
98.6
98.4
98.3
98.1
96.1
93.6
92.9
92.6
92.0
Wage
rates
(2)
94.2
97.5
100.0
102.0
107.0
116.4
123.0
126.8
129.8
145.5
166.8
184.9
199.0
207.8
Hours
(2)
101.2
101.2
100.0
98.7
98.1
100.0
99.8
99.8
99.7
97.5
95.8
94.5
94.0
93.3
1 Index series designed to show wage-rate trends over a period of years;
year-to-year changes in union scales are based on comparable quotations for
each driver and helper classification weighted by the respective union mem
bership for the current year.
N ot computed separately for 1936.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
U N IO N S C A L E S
M ONTHLY LABOR
War II in 1945; an 8 percent rise occurred in the
previous year. Increases of 11, 15, and 9 percent,
respectively, were achieved during the 3 years
following VJ-day. These upward movements in
levels of union scales during the last 5 years have
accounted for nearly three-fifths of the total ad
vance since 1939.
Between July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950, union
scales for all motortruck drivers, included in the
cities studied increased 5 cents an hour and for
helpers 6 cents an hour. These gains amounted
to 3.3 percent for drivers and 4.4 percent for
helpers. Slightly over half of the unionized driv
ers and nearly two-thirds of the helpers had
upward adjustments in their wage scales since
July 1, 1949, whereas four-fifths of the drivers and
helpers received higher scales in the previous 12
months.
Of those receiving scale advances in the year
ending July 1, 1950, about 4 of every 5 had adjust
ments ranging from 5 to 15 cents. The typical
advance was for 5 or 10 cents an hour, although
increases varying from less than 5 to more than
40 cents were provided in individual contracts.
Some drivers in each of the 77 cities covered by
the survey received wage increases between July
1, 1949, and July 1, 1950. The extent of these
increases ranged from an average of less than 1
percent in Butte, Mont., Manchester, N. H., and
Spokane, Wash., to 15 percent in Wichita. In 47
cities, the advance averaged between 5 and 10
cents an hour; in 24 cities, it amounted to less
than 5 cents. Average increases for drivers in
5 cities— Grand Rapids, Indianapolis, St. Louis,
Wichita, and Youngstown— exceeded 10 cents.
In 6 of the 71 cities in which union helpers were
covered, the scales in effect on July 1, 1949, still
prevailed. In the majority of the cities, increases
averaged between 4 and 9 cents an hour, although
in Cleveland, Grand Rapids, and Youngstown
they exceeded 10 cents.
The extent of postwar adjustments is indicated
by a comparison of the union scales in effect on
July 1, 1950, with those existing on July 1, 1945.
On the earlier date nearly half of the drivers and
almost three-fourths of the helpers had scales of
under $1 an hour, and less than 1 percent of the
drivers and helpers received as much as $1.5'"'
and $1.25, respectively. In 1950, however, onl}
1 percent of the drivers and 5 percent of the
helpers had hourly scales of less than $1, while
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1951
T R U C K D R I V I N G : U N IO N S C A L E S
nearly 75 percent of the drivers had scales of at
least $1.50 and a similar proportion of the helpers
were covered by contracts stipulating $1.25 or
more.
City and Regional Rate Differentials
In addition to city and regional differentials
that exist for motortruck drivers and helpers,
there are wide variations in wage scales among
the various classifications of commodities hauled
as well as in sizes and types of trucks operated
within individual cities. Sound intercity com
parisons, or Nation-wide combinations of rates
based on commodities handled, industry, and/or
size and type of truck, are not possible because of
the variations in classifications and terminology
used among the cities.
Table 2 illustrates the variations and relation
ship that exist between the rates of union drivers
and helpers in six important cities in different
sections of the Nation.
Table 2.—
41
of cities of 1 million or more inhabitants and were
progressively lower with decreasing size of city.
.
.
Cities with population of—
1,000,000 and over____________
500.000 to 1,000,000__________
250.000 to 500,000____________
100.000 to 250,000____________
40.000 to 100,000_____________
A v er a g e h ou rly rate*
D riv ers
H e lp e r s
$1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
693
568
558
370
342
$1. 414
1. 347
1. 321
1. 218
1. 022
*Based on all rates in effect on July 1,1950; individual rates weighted by
number of union members reported at each rate. Excludes drivers
paid on a mileage or commission basis.
Among individual cities, however, New York
and Chicago ranked fifth and sixth respectively,
and Philadelphia twentieth, while Phoenix, Ariz.,
in the group of smallest sized cities ranked twelfth.
Averages for helpers followed a similar pattern,
although here again the highest city levels were not
confined to the largest size population group.
Indexes of Union Hourly Wage Rates and Weekly
Hours for Motortruck Drivers
Intracity and intercity differentials in union
hourly wage rates of local motortruck drivers and helpers
in 6 typical cities, J u ly 1, 1950
Motortruck drivers 1
Helpers
City
Atlanta____
Boston_____
Chicago____
Dallas_____
New Y o rk .,
San Francisco_____
Lowest
rate
Highest
rate
Differ
ence
Lowest
rate
Highest
rate
$0. 755
.995
1.260
.990
.895
$1.600
2.145
2.240
1.574
2.340
$0.845
1.150
.980
.584
1.445
$0. 900
.906
1.000
.865
$1,000
1.631
1. 866
1.300
2.063
$0.100
.725
.866
.300
1.198
1.475
2. 439
.964
1.025
1.913
.888
1. 000
Differ
ence
1 Excludes those paid on a mileage or commission basis.
On July 1, 1950, average union scales for drivers
varied from 99 cents an hour in Charlotte, N. C., to
$1.84 in Oakland, Calif. The average scale
exceeded $1.50 in 22 cities and ranged from $1.25
to $1.50 in 36; levels of less than $1.10 existed in
5 cities.
Union scales for helpers averaged highest in
Oakland, Calif. ($1.71), and lowest in Jacksonville,
Fla. ($0.73). In four additional West Coast
cities—Portland, San Francisco, Seattle, and
Spokane—scale levels also exceeded $1.50 an hour.
In nine other southern cities, helpers’ scales
averaged below $1.00.
When the cities were grouped according to size,
average rates for drivers were highest in the group
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Average wage scales for both drivers and helpers
were highest on the Pacific coast and lowest in the
Southeast region (see table 3). In each classifica
tion, the differential was 58 cents. The Middle
Atlantic and Great Lakes regions were the only
other regions in which wage levels for both drivers
42
B U IL D IN G
T R A D E S : U N IO N S C A L E S
M ONTHLY LABOR
and helpers equaled or exceeded the national
averages. Only in the Southeast and Southwest
were hourly averages for drivers below $1.25 and
only in the Southeast was the wage level for
helpers less than $1 an hour.
Building Trades:
T able 3.—
workers advanced 4.4 percent in the 12 months
ending July 1, 1950, to reach a new peak, as
construction activity continued at record levels.1
On July 1, 1950, union scales averaged $2.29 an
hour for all building-trades workers, $2.45 for
journeymen, and $1.65 for helpers and laborers.2
The wage scales of 70 percent of the union con
struction workers were raised by contract nego
tiations effective during the year, as compared
to about 55 percent in the preceding 12 months.
Straight-time weekly hours showed practically
no change during the year, averaging 39.3 for all
building trades. The most common straighttime work schedule was still a 5-day, 40-hour
workweek, and affected about seven of every
eight union building-trades workers.
Average union wage rates of motortruck drivers
and helpers, by region, J u ly 1, 195 0 1
Average rate per hour—
Region
Drivers and
helpers
Drivers
Helpers
$1.56
$1.60
$1.34
1.40
1.62
1.36
1.13
1.58
1.48
1.16
1.39
1.74
1.43
1.67
1.40
1.17
1.60
1.49
1.20
1.40
1.75
1.28
1.39
1.20
.96
1.41
1.33
1.05
1.22
1.54
i The regions used in this study are:
New England— Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire,
Rhode Island, Vermont.
Middle Atlantic— New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania.
Border States— Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland,
Virginia, W est Virginia.
Southeast— Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Tennessee.
Great Lakes— Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin.
Middle W est— Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South
Dakota.
Southwest— Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas.
Mountain— Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, N ew Mexico, Utah,
Wyoming.
Pacific— California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington.
Standard W orkw eek
The standard workweek for motortruck drivers
and their helpers averaged 42.0 hours on July 1,
1950, compared with 42.2 hours on July 1, 1949.
A definite trend from the 48-hour to the 40-hour
straight-time workweek is evident from the 8percent reduction in the average work schedule
since 1939. On July 1, 1945, 48 hours was the
typical workweek for two-fifths of all drivers and
helpers while only three-tenths had a 40-hour week.
However, on July 1, 1950, seven-tenths had a
straight-time workweek of 40 hours and a fifth
were covered by contracts which stipulated work
weeks of 48 hours or more.
— J am es P . C o r k e r y
D iv is io n o f W a g e S ta tis tic s
i Mimeographed listings of union scales by type of truck and commodity
hauled are now available for any of the 77 cities included in the survey.
Detailed information will be given in a forthcoming bulletin.
* Information in this report is based on union scales in effect on July 1,
1950, covering over 250,000 drivers and 40,000 helpers in the local trucking
industry in 77 cities ranging in population from 40,000 to over 1,000,000.
Over-the-road drivers and local city drivers paid on a mileage or commission
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Union Scales, July 1, 1950
H o ur ly w a g e scales of union building-trades
Trend of Union W age Scales
The index of hourly scales rose 77.8 percent
between June 1, 1939, and July 1, 1950; journey
men advanced 73.2 percent while helpers and
laborers moved upward 110.8 percent (table l).3
The Bureau’s consumers’ price index, during the
same period, showed an increase of 75 percent.
Average scales for journeymen, who constituted
four-fifths of the workers studied, advanced
slightly less than consumers’ prices, while helpers
and laborers had increases substantially exceeding
the rise in prices.
Four-fifths of the rise since June 1939 occurred
after July 1945. Since then minimum union
scales of construction trades workers advanced
53 percent. This was substantially less than the
basis were excluded from the study. Data were obtained primarily by mail
questionnaire and from regional representatives of the International Brother
hood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America
( A F L ); in some cities data were obtained from local union officials b y Bureau
representatives.
Union scales are defined as the minimum wage rates, or maximum schedule
of hours (before payment of premium overtime) agreed upon through collec
tive bargaining by employers and trade-unions. Rates in excess of the nego
tiated minimum, which m ay be paid for special qualifications or other rea
sons, are not included.
3
Average scales, designed to show current levels, are based on all union
rates leported for the current year; individual rates are weighted by number
of union members working at the rate. These averages are not measures
for yearly comparisons, because of annual changes in union membership and
in classifications studied.
R E V IE W , JA N U A R Y
B U I L D I N G T R A D E S : U N IO N S C A L E S
1 95 1
63 percent increase for a somewhat similar period
following World War I (May 15, 1918, to May 15,
1923).
The extent of wage adjustments since YJ-day
is reflected by a comparison of wage scales in effect
on July 1, 1945, and July 1, 1950. On the earlier
date over half of the union journeymen were em
ployed at scales ranging from $1.50 to $1.80 an
hour, but fewer than 2 percent had scales falling
T a b l e 1 .— Indexes of union scales o f hourly wages and weekly
hours in the building trades, selected years 1 9 0 7 -5 0
[June 1, 1939=100]
M inim um hourly wage
rates
M axim um weekly
hours 1
Date
Jour
All
trades neymen
Helpers
Jour Helpers
All
and
and
trades neymen
laborers
laborers
1907:
1913:
1918:
1919:
1920:
1921:
1922:
M ay
M ay
M ay
M ay
M ay
M ay
M ay
15___________
15___________
15___________
15___________
15___________
15___________
15___________
29.3
36.1
45.3
51.9
70.0
71.3
66.9
29.7
36.9
45.9
52.4
70.1
71.4
67.3
27.3
31.8
42.6
49.3
71.5
72.2
65.7
124.3
118.2
116.3
115.7
115.1
115.0
115.0
123.8
118.0
116.2
115.7
115.2
115.1
115.2
126.1
118.3
116.3
115.2
114.5
114.5
114.2
1926:
1931:
1933:
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
M a y 15___________
M a y 15___________
M a y 15___________
June 1___
______
________
June 1.
June 1_____ __
July 1_____________
88.3
97.3
80.8
100.0
101.6
105.3
111.9
88.7
97.8
81.4
100.0
101.4
105.0
110.9
84.9
92.9
75.7
100.0
102.0
106.8
117.5
114.9
108.5
106.2
100.0
99.9
106.8
101.1
115.1
108.5
106.2
100.0
100.0
100.5
101.8
113.9
108.1
105.2
100.0
99.4
99.7
98.8
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
112.7
113.6
116.0
129.3
147.9
163. 5
170.3
177.8
111.5
112.4
114.4
126.8
144.6
159.4
166.1
173.2
118.9
120.3
125.9
146.3
171.1
192.7
199.8
210.8
101.0
101.2
101.2
100.2
100.1
100.1
100.2
100.3
102.0
102.2
102.2
101.1
100.9
101.0
101.1
101.2
98.1
98.1
98.1
97.4
97.4
97.3
97.3
97.3
1_____________
1_____________
1_ .
1_____________
1_____________
1_____________
1___ . _ ___
1_____________
43
and 9 cents for helpers and laborers. The ad
vance amounted to 4.4 percent for all construction
workers, 4.2 percent for journeymen and 5.5 per
cent for helpers and laborers.
Seventy percent of the union journeymen and
75 percent of the helpers and laborers in building
construction had their wage scale increased by
contract negotiations. Three-fifths of the journey
men received increases ranging from 5 to 15 cents
an hour and one-seventh received 25- to30-cent in
creases. Of the helpers and laborers receiving
increases between July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950,
about three-fourths had adjustments ranging from
5 to 15 cents and a fifth from 20 to 25 cents an
hour.
Wage developments during the year covered
by the survey undoubtedly were related to the
generally prosperous condition of the industry.
Building construction activities rose to record
levels in 1950 and during the first 8 months of
the year expenditures for new construction were
about 20 percent greater than in a corresponding
period of 1949.4 The Bureau’s index of wholesale
prices in building materials in July 1950 was
about 77 percent above July 1945, and nearly 10
percent higher than July 1949.
Trend of Union Hourly Wage Scales in Building Trades
1 Before overtime rate was effective.
within this range 5 years later. On July 1, 1945,
about 6 percent of all journeymen were working
under agreements with negotiated scales of $2 or
more an hour; 5 years later all but 6 percent of the
journeymen had scales of at least $2, with a ma
jority of them being covered by contracts stipulat
ing hourly scales ranging from $2.20 to $2.60. At
the close of World War II, over 40 percent of the
helpers and laborers had wage scales of less than
$1 an hour, and only two-tenths of 1 percent had
scales as high as $1.50 an hour. In July 1950, less
than 4 percent had negotiated scales under $1 and
over 70 percent had an hourly scale of at least
$1.50; for a sixth of the helpers and laborers, the
contract scale was $2 or more an hour.
During the year ending July 1,1950, union scales
advanced 10 cents an hour on the average for all
building-trade workers, 10 cents for journeymen
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Hourly W age Scales, July 1, 1950
Wage scales in building construction are de
signed, at least in part, to offset irregularity of
employment and to compensate for other condi
tions that are not encountered by factory workers
44
B U IL D IN G
T R A D E S : U N IO N S C A L E S
of comparable skill. The hourly wage scales of
construction-trades workers are generally higher
than those in other industries.
Scales for journeymen averaged $2.45 an hour
on July 1, 1950, and ranged from $2.23 an hour for
paperhangers to $2.84 for stonemasons. Other
trades which averaged over $2.70 an hour included
lathers ($2.78), plasterers ($2.80) and bricklayers
($2.83).
Helpers’ and laborers’ scales averaged $1.65
and varied from $1.35 for composition roofers’
helpers to $1.97 for terrazzo workers’ helpers.
Except for building laborers, who averaged $1.55
an hour, all other classifications had hourly scales
averaging $1.72 or more.
City and Regional Variations
Since scale negotiations in the building construc
tion industry are generally conducted locally, wage
scales have always varied from city to city except
where union jurisdiction covers broad geographic
areas or several adjacent towns. The general
level of wages in a locality and the extent of
unionization also influence variations in scales.
A rise in construction activity in an area, with a
resultant demand for skilled workmen, may also
be a contributing factor in scale advances.
Scales for individual journeymen crafts varied
widely among the 77 cities covered in the survey.
Carpenters, for example, ranged from $1.65 an
hour in Portland, Maine, and Charlotte, N. C.,
to $3 in New York City on July 1, 1950.
Within cities, union scales for the 24 journeymen
trades showed considerable variation. The differ
ential and range of union scales of journeymen
trades within typical cities is illustrated in the
following tabulation.
C ity
S ca le range
Atlanta____________
Boston_____________
Chicago____________
Dallas______________
New York__________
San Francisco______
$1.
2.
2.
1.
2.
2.
50-$2.
10- 2.
4 5 - 2.
75- 3.
4 5 - 3.
0 8- 3.
60
85
90
12%
25
00
D iffe r e n c e
C en ts p er
hou r
P ercent
110
75
45
137%
80
92
73
36
18
79
33
44
For the nine helper and laborer classifications
the differences between the high and low scales
were narrower than those for journeymen in each
of the above cities except Chicago and San Fran
cisco. In the latter cities differences were 33 and
68 percent, respectively, and in the other four
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M ONTHLY LABOR
cities they ranged from 13 percent in Boston to
62% in Atlanta.
Wage scales of organized journeymen in the
construction trades averaged at least $2 in all
except six, of the survey cities and ranged from
$1.80 in Portland, Maine, to $2.96 in New York
City. Newark and New York were the only
cities in which helpers and laborers averaged in
excess of $2 an hour. There the respective
averages were $2.19 and $2.13.
Except for a few cities, there was no consistent
relationship between the scale levels of journey
men and helpers and laborers. Pittsburgh, for
example, had the highest average scale for journey
men in the 500,000 to 1,000,000 population size
group, but was sixth for helpers and laborers.
Cleveland ranked first for helpers and laborers
but third for journeymen.
When the cities included in the survey are
grouped according to population, it is obvious that
the average hourly wage scales are typically
higher in the larger metropolitan centers, and that
the average scale ranked in descending order
according to the city-size grouping. Highest
average scales for both journeymen and helpers
and laborers were in the largest sized group of
cities and lowest in the smallest. The difference
between the average scales of journeymen and of
helpers and laborers in each city size closely
approximates the over-all national 80-cent differ
ential. Average hourly scales of journeymen and
helpers and laborers by population group are as
follows:
C ities w ith p o p u la tio n of—
1,000,000 and over_______________
500.000 to 1,000,000_____________
250.000 to 500,000_______________
100.000 to 250,000_______________
40.000 to 100,000________________
Journeym en
$2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
62
50
29
20
12
H e lp e r s and
laborers
$1. 86
1. 72
1. 54
1. 39
1. 33
On a regional basis, average union hourly wage
scales for all building-trades workers on July 1,
1950, ranged from $1.87 in the Southeast to $2.58
in the Middle Atlantic States. Only two regions
— Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes— had levels
exceeding the national average of $2.29. Thirty
of the seventy-seven cities studied were in these
two regions.
Levels of union scales for all journeymen trades
combined ranged from $2.08 in the Southeast to
$2.80 in the Middle Atlantic. Except for lathers
and paperhangers, the average scale for each of
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
the 24 journeymen trades studied were highest in
the Middle Atlantic region. The lowest level for
each trade was generally in the Southeast region.
T able
45
L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N C O N FE R E N C E
bricklayers’ tenders. Whereas only 1 percent of
the construction workers had a straight-time work
week of 30 hours, about a fifth of the plasterers
and plasterers’ laborers were on this schedule.
2 .— Average union scales in the building trades, by
region,1 J u ly 1, 1950
— John
All trades
Journey
men
Helpers and
laborers
United States__________________________
$2. 29
$2.45
$1.65
N ew England_______ _
____- - _
Middle Atlantic_______________________
Border S t a t e s ...______________________
Southeast_____________________ ________
Great Lakes___________________________
Middle W est------- --------------------------------Southwest_____________ __________ . . .
--------M o u n ta in ... __
...
. .
Pacific____ _____ . ---------------------- . .
2.15
2.58
2.16
1.87
2.34
2.23
2.01
2.01
2.21
2. 30
2.80
2.39
2.08
2.46
2.38
2.22
2. 28
2.31
1.65
1.87
1.42
1.01
1.75
1.66
1.19
1.58
1.68
Region
i The regions used in this study include: N e w E n g la n d — Connecticut,
Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont;
M id d le A tla n tic — New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; B order States —
Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and W est
Virginia; S outheast — Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Tennessee; G reat L a k es— Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; M id d le W e st— Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; S ou th w est— Arkansas, Louisi
ana, Oklahoma, and Texas; M o u n ta in — Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,
N ew Mexico, Utah, and W yom ing; P a cific — California, Nevada, Oregon,
and Washington.
Regional levels of all helper and laborer classi
fications combined were as high as $1.87 in the
Middle Atlantic and as low as $1.01 in the South
east. In five of the nine helper and laborer classi
fications studied in the Middle Atlantic region,
the level exceeded $2 an hour. Plasterers’ labor
ers and bricklayers’ tenders in the Pacific region
also had levels above $2. Building laborers and
composition roofers’ helpers in the Southeast,
with average scales of 97 and 92 cents, respectively,
were the only classifications below $1 an hour.
Standard Workweek
Changes in straight-time weekly hours between
July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950, increased the aver
age straight-time workweek in the building trades
to 39.3 hours and raised the index a tenth of 1
percent to 100.3. Only three journeymen crafts—
lathers, plasterers, and plumbers—were affected
by revisions in work schedules. Probably because
of the amount of work available for these crafts in
a few areas the number of hours at straight time
increased from 30 to 35 or 40 per week to more than
offset the decreases from 40 to 35 hours a week.
About seven of every eight building construction
workers had a 40-hour standard workweek on
July 1, 1950. A 35-hour work schedule prevailed
for about a fifth of the bricklayers, lathers,
painters, and plumbers, and for over a third of the
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F.
L a c is k e y
D iv is io n o f W a g e S ta t is tic s
1 Information was based on scales in effect on July 1, 1950, and covered
660,000 journeymen and 165,000 helpers and laborers in 77 cities ranging in
population from 40,000 to over 1 million. Data were obtained primarily from
local union officials by mail questionnaire; in some cities local union officials
were visited by Bureau representatives for the desired information. M im eo
graphed listings of union scales by trade are available for any of the 77 cities
included in the survey. A forthcoming Bureau bulletin will contain detailed
information on the industry.
Union scales are defined as the minimum wage rates or maximum schedules
of hours agreed upon through collective bargaining between trade-unions and
employers. Rates in excess of the negotiated minimum which may be paid
for special qualifications or other reasons are not included.
2 Average scales, designed to show current levels, are based on all scales
reported for the current year in the cities covered, individual scales are
weighted by the number of union members reported at the rate. These
averages are not measures for yearly comparisons because of annual changes in
union membership and in classifications studied.
2 In the index series, designed for trend purposes, year-to-year changes in
union scales are based on comparable quotations for each trade in consecutive
years weighted by the number of union members reported at each quotation
in the current year.
4 Bureau of Labor Statistics’ series on expenditures for new construction
Standards Advocated by
Labor Legislation Conference
A t t e n t io n of t h e Seventeenth National Con
ference on Labor Legislation was focused on
development of the Nation’s human resources for
peace and against aggression. The conference,
which met November 29-December 31, 1950, in
Washington, D. C., was attended by delegates
from 40 States, Alaska, Puerto Rico, and the
District of Columbia.
Secretary of Labor
Maurice J. Tobin, termed the conference a
“ forum, where State labor officials and labor
leaders come together to exchange experiences,
discuss problems of labor law, and seek common
ground on improved labor standards.”
President Truman in his message to the con
ference asserted that its ingenuity and experience
could help guide the Nation in “ those policies and
practices which will speedily gear our productive
machine to maximum efficiency.”
The Executive Director of the Office of Defense
Manpower in the U. S. Department of Labor, Mr.
46
L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N
Robert C. Goodwin, pointed out that the defenseprogram structure, as being planned, would be
built on top of a high-level civilian economy and
would tax the Nation’s manpower resources.
Committees were appointed to consider and
report, respectively, upon Industrial Safety and
Health; Special Problems of Women and Young
Workers; Labor Standards and Working Condi
tions; Training; Recruitment and Utilization.
Summaries of their reports as adopted by the con
ference follow.
Industrial Safety and Health
In view of the emergency faced by the Nation,
prevention of wastage of vital manpower through
job accidents, always urgent, was given additional
emphasis. Accident waste in 1949 in terms of
actual working time lost amounted to 39 million
man-days— the equivalent of idleness by 130,000
workers for a full year. The 15,000 deaths and
1,600 permanent total disabilities made a perma
nent reduction in the working force; and the
nearly 80,000 permanent partial disabilities had
a similar effect because of reduced efficiency of
the victims (largely amputees).
As almost all work-connected injuries are pre
ventable, the current problem was that of “ carry
ing the know-how and practice of prevention” to
the many establishments not yet “ doing an effec
tive safety job.” The President’s Conference on
Industrial Safety found that in general establish
ments with a poor safety performance are too
small to employ technicians as do the large estab
lishments having low injury rates. It was sug
gested that States furnish the multitude of small
employers with a service reasonably equivalent
to that provided by the large employers’ full-time
safety personnel. Providing such a service would
require, the conference stated, basic legislation
to insure more adequate and uniform codes and
standards; injury statistics; continuing State
safety programs; direct plant safety service by
State personnel.
Attention was called to the many variations
between safety codes of the individual States, and
to the Bureau of Labor Standards report that
about a third of our States and Territories have
no rule-making authority.
The conference recommended review of existing
safety codes as to their adequacy in the light of the
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CONFERENCE
MONTHLY LABOR
national emergency, with assistance by the
Bureau of Labor Standards technical services.
Completion of the analysis of codes being made
by that Bureau, in cooperation with the Inter
national Association of Governmental Labor
Officials committee on machine guarding, was
urged. This would make available for all States
an objective comparison between State and
American Standards Association safety codes.
Collection and analysis of injury data, the
conference stated, should be planned to give
plant size and type of operation, with other infor
mation. Conformance with the American Stand
ards procedure for accident reporting was recom
mended.
Study by the Bureau of Labor Standards and
the States to determine how many visits to
establishments by an inspector would give a
minimum of service was recommended. States
were advised to renew efforts to secure an adequate
number of technicians. To meet the industrial
safety needs of an emergency period, the con
ference recommended that the U. S. Department
of Labor, through its Bureau of Labor Standards,
provide, upon request, competent safety tech
nicians to assist State labor departments.
Special Problems of W om en and Young W orkers
In view of anticipated trends in employment
of married women, the conference urged that the
States which have set legislative standards for
working women maintain and improve them.
Also, those States which do not have such stand
ards should establish them.
Minimum standards should include, the con
ference stated, a weekly rest day, a basic 40-hour
week with a maximum 48-hour week, a night
rest period of 11 hours including the period from
midnight to 7 a. m., and adequate periods for
meals. Suitable lunchroom, rest-room, and toilet
facilities, good ventilation and lighting, and re
lated needs, should be provided by employers to
maintain health and efficiency.
The conference urged avoidance of sex dis
crimination in wages. It advocated strengthen
ing of existing State equal-pay laws and renewing
efforts to obtain enactment of adequate legisla
tion, State and Federal. Equal-pay provisions in
union contracts were also recommended.
Provision in the Federal Fair Labor Standards
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N C O N FE R E N C E
Act for a $1 minimum wage and establishment of
minimum-wage safeguards for workers who do not
now have them were recommended. Combina
tion of the merits of both the statutory-rate and
the wage-board methods in new State minimumwage legislation was recommended.
Government defense contracts should prohibit
discrimination against workers on account of race,
sex, age, creed, or color, the conference stated.
It also recommended adoption of legislation
prohibiting discharge or other discrimination
against any person because of filing a complaint
against his employer or giving testimony or infor
mation of alleged violation of a State labor law.
Off-the-job safeguards for women workers will
be needed, the conference stated. Defense-plant
expansion in new areas will raise problems of
housing and feeding the employees recruited.
The conference urged that special attention be
given to community programs for adequate hous
ing, transportation, child care through the day,
visiting nurses, and other measures. It suggested
that the Women’s Bureau study absenteeism
among women workers with particular reference
to their special home responsibilities and health
factors.
To let boys and girls— the future workers and
citizens of our Nation—rush into jobs to produce
an ounce of service now at the cost of a pound of
contribution to the future, would be a costly
blunder, the conference stated. A 16-year min
imum age for any employment during school
hours and for employment in manufacturing and
mechanical establishments at any time is more
important than ever, it was stated. Such a
standard is needed to give all children opportunity
for a basic education and development of good
citizenship and vocational competence.
In the States unable to stem the rush of im
mature youth into jobs, State labor commissioners
and labor organizations should endeavor to secure
adequate legislation.
State labor departments and labor and other
citizen groups were urged to support the U. S.
Department of Labor in enforcement of the new
Fair Labor Standards Act provisions concerning
agricultural work by children, and to aid States
in enforcing their standards. Expansion of voca
tional guidance and placement services for young
people through the public employment services
was recommended.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
47
The conference commended the President’s
appointment in June 1950 of a Commission on
Migratory Labor. It urged Federal and State
legislation to give effect to the Commission’s rec
ommendations so that migratory workers may
receive the benefits and services of which they
have been deprived.
Labor Standards and Working Conditions
To obtain maximum efficiency for “ the long
pull ahead,” the conference stated, sound labor
standards and good working conditions are essen
tial. State labor departments and the U. S.
Department of Labor, it believed, should cooperate
in a program of development and promotion of
standards for working conditions and protection
from industrial injuries. Adherence to the follow
ing standards was recommended:
(а) A basic 8-hour day and 40-hour week, with
time and a half for overtime and with premium
pay for Sundays and holidays.
(б) At least one scheduled day of rest in seven.
(c) A meal period of not less than 30 minutes,
in the middle of the worker’s shift; and appropriate
rest periods.
(d) Increase of the minimum wage to $1; exten
sion of coverage to employees not now protected
by the law. Enactment by all States of minimumwage legislation (1) to cover all workers, with no
exception; (2) to provide a flat statutory mini
mum hourly rate of at least 75 cents, with wageboard authority to set rates higher than the statu
tory minimum and, under proper safeguards, to
modify rates for learners, apprentices, and handi
capped workers; and (3) to provide for “ time and
a half for hours in excess of 8 a day and 40 a
week.” Amendment of State laws which cover
only women and minors to include men and to
incorporate the foregoing standards.
(e) Provision by law in every State for full wage
payment by cash, check, or voucher, at least as
often as semimonthly; for prompt payment of a
worker separated from the payroll; for State labor
department aid, when necessary, in the collection
of wages due; penalties for employer violation of
the law and additional liability in the amount of
10 percent of the unpaid wages.
(/) Conservation of manpower through preven
tion of accidents, by cooperative endeavor of labor
departments, Federal and State, labor groups,
management, and other public and private organ-
48
L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N
izations; use of labor-management safety commit
tees; adaptation or strengthening of State laws in
order that safety codes and rules may be made by
labor departments; better cooperation between
Federal and State departments of labor in admin
istration of safety provisions of the Longshoremen
and Harbor Workers’ Act.
(g) Safeguarding our youth resources, being
watchful against pressures to break down existing
protective measures. The highest contribution
youth could make to the defense program, the
conference believed, would be to continue their
education at least through high school.
Training
Current unemployment conditions were com
pared by the conference with those existing prior
to World War II, when, it was stated, the reserve
labor pool amounted to 10 million workers. Less
than 2 million persons capable of taking jobs were
estimated to be currently unemployed . This figure
includes those moving from one job to another and
those temporarily without employment.
Training plans, the conference believed, should
be based on either an expected 10 or 15 year semi
emergency period, or an all-out emergency.
Only about a fourth of the apprentices needed
to maintain the normal skilled force were estimated
to be currently employed. Therefore the confer
ence recommended that the Federal Bureau of
Apprenticeship, State apprenticeship agencies, in
ternational unions, and employer organizations be
requested to give full opportunities to members
of minority groups for apprenticeship training and
upgrading, without discrimination. It also recom
mended publicizing the need for more apprentice
ship, and expanding the staffs of the Bureau of
Apprenticeship and the State apprenticeship
agencies to care for the indicated increase in the
program.
Should an all-out emergency occur, withdrawing
from 10 to 15 million men from the work force for
military service, other methods would be neces
sary. If the supply of skilled workers were in
sufficient, “ an accelerated program for training
persons in single-skill or multiple-skill jobs would
have to be put into operation.” It was empha
sized, however, that “ if a satisfactory complement
of skilled workers can be trained, only a minimum
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CONFERENCE
MONTHLY LABOR
amount of training at less than the apprenticeship
level will be needed.”
Continued voluntary promotion of apprentice
ship and other on-the-job training, thus avoiding
resort to a national service act, was recommended.
Safety training, it was stated, should be empha
sized in negotiations with management and labor
on training programs. Furthermore, it should be
included in all training plans.
Employers whose apprentices are drafted, the
conference suggested, “ should be urged to take on
replacement apprentices at the lowest age bracket
recognizing that applicable legal requirements . . .
Federal and State . . . should always be observed.
The Selective Service System and local draft
boards should authorize deferments for such new
apprentices until such time as apprentices already
inducted have served the required time and have
returned to their work.”
An agreement between the U. S. Department of
Labor and the State labor departments, outlining
procedures and methods for achieving necessary
coordination in training activities, was recom
mended. Staff training facilities of the Bureau of
Apprenticeship, the conference stated, should be
made available, upon request, to State apprentice
ship agencies that have field staffs and wish to co
operate in the defense manpower effort under
General Order No. 48 of the Secretary of Labor.
Recruitment and Utilization
Needs of the Armed Forces, of defense produc
tion, and of supporting civilian activities, “ can be
adequately met only if all.. . sources of labor sup
ply are tapped, effective means are adopted to
prepare and utilize groups not readily assimilated,
and those employed are utilized at their maximum
skills. . . . Major emphasis must be placed upon
attracting individuals not now in the labor force.
. . . proper coordination of recruitment activities,
training programs, and actions to insure maximum
utilization are essential if production goals and
Armed Forces requirements are to be met.”
Information necessary for an accurate determi
nation of labor needs and a realistic estimate of
labor supply should be obtained through establish
ment and full support of a program to ascertain
(a) the demand and supply situation by broad
occupational categories; (b) needs of the Armed
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N C O N F E R E N C E
Forces as related to community labor supply, with
indication of timing and number of inductions ; (c)
information concerning contract and subcontract
awards, so that in affected communities action may
be initiated to meet the anticipated labor demand.
The conference recommended (a) cooperation by
Federal and State governments to promote maxi
mum use of the public employment service by
workers and employers; (6) provision by Congress
of adequate funds for establishment and mainte
nance of facilities and staff for execution of man
power programs; (c) legislation, State and Federal,
concerning licensing and regulation of private em
ployment agencies and labor contractors; (d) co
ordination of recruitment and placement activities
of other groups with work of the employment
service; (e) return of administration of the public
employment offices to a Federal system; ( /) if and
when such federalization occurs, administration
of the service by the Department of Labor.
Failure of defense production to provide needed
material on schedule, because of loss of key
personnel to the armed services, must be avoided
when possible, the conference stated. It recom
mended, therefore, that the Selective Service
system provide such occupational deferment as
may be necessary, and that effective deferment
policies be instituted. To insure adequate con
sideration of labor-supply factors in allocation of
defense contracts and subcontracts, establish
ment of appropriate relations and procedures
between the manpower and the procurement
agencies and prime contractors was recommended.
To avoid unnecessary and undesirable move
ment of workers, the conference recommended
avoidance by employers of labor pirating and
indiscriminate advertising, and by newspapers and
advertisers of publicity that would encourage
harmful labor turn-over and migration.
The conference urged that employers be en
couraged to plan their job structures “ in such a
way that jobs are diluted and divided to enable
. . . individuals to be quickly trained and
assimilated into the production forces” and also to
“ assure the fuller use of skills of those workers
already employed.”
It was recommended that in recruitment of
women, efforts be directed first toward bringing
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
49
into the labor force those without important
family responsibilities, including young single
women, older age groups, and part-time workers.
No recruitment should be made of youth that is
contrary to Federal or State laws.
The Department of Labor, State governments,
and other “ public and private agencies and organ
izations interested,” it was stated, should imme
diately combine efforts to train sufficient place
ment officers, especially qualified to place handi
capped persons in suitable employment.
Valuable skills of older people not currently
employed provide a resource, the conference
stated, and to attract such workers back into the
labor market, publicity should be given to the need
for those skills. Persons on retirement lists have
skills which should be used in the training of
others. Study and action should be initiated, it
was said, to preserve retirement rights of such
workers upon their return to employment.
Since maximum mobility of the labor force is
essential, the conference recommended adjust
ment of private pension programs in order that
workers may not lose such rights by transfer to
other employment.
Establishment of appropriate labor-manage
ment committees, for assistance to the manpower
mobilization agencies at Federal, State, and local
levels, was recommended.
Resolutions
Eighteen resolutions were adopted by the con
ference. Among the objectives sought were addi
tional safety measures for railroad workers ; estab
lishment of additional agencies and services for the
handicapped; elimination of barriers to the em
ployment of older workers; and continuance of
social-security benefits to workers called into the
armed services. One resolution recommended
national legislation to provide “ protection, med
ical care, and indemnity to the workmen of this
country and their dependents” in case of injury
and death caused by atomic attack upon indus
trial areas. Such attacks might be extensive
enough, it was pointed out, to exceed the resources
of established insurance systems to meet their
financial obligations.
50
E A R N I N G S IN D R U G S A N D
Drugs, Medicines, and Cosmetics:
C O S M E T IC S
M ONTHLY LABOR
about 10 percent of the industry’s plants and less
than 17 percent of its workers. Only about 8
percent of the medicinal chemical workers earned
less than $1.00 per hour while in plants manu
facturing pharmaceuticals for the public over a
third of the plant workers earned less than this
amount.
Earnings varied not only by industry branch
but also by region.3 The highest regional wage
level ($1.30) for all branches of the drug and
medicine industry was found in the Great Lakes
region; earnings in the Southeast averaged 86
cents per hour. Over 70 percent of the plant
workers in the Southeast States were earning less
than $1.00 an hour as compared with about 12
percent in the Great Lakes region.
The Middle Atlantic region was heavily repre
sented in all of the branches covered by the study.
Almost half of the workers in the drug and medi
cine industry were located in these States and
averaged $1.28 per hour. Nearly two-thirds of
the workers, averaging $1.42 an hour, in the
medicinal chemicals branch were located in this
region.
Plant W orkers’ Earnings, M a y 1950
P l a n t w o r k e r s in selected branches of the drug
and medicine industry had straight-time average
hourly earnings of $1.26 in May 1950.1 During
the same period, plant workers in establishments
manufacturing perfumes, cosmetics and other
toilet preparations averaged $1.06 an hour.2
Drugs and Medicine
Among the three branches of the drug and
medicine industry covered, the largest group of
workers were engaged in the manufacture of
pharmaceuticals for the medical professions.
Earnings in this branch, with more than half of
the plants and about three-fifths of the workers in
the industry, were $1.29 an hour— 20 cents higher
than for workers in plants manufacturing pharma
ceuticals for the public. The highest wage level
($1.40) was found in the medicinal chemical
branch of the industry, which accounted for only
1. _ Percentage distribution of plant workers (excluding learners and apprentices ) in selected branches of the drug and
medicine industry by straight-time average hourly earnings f United States and selected regions, M a y 1950
T able
United States 2
Average hourly earnings 1
(in cents)
Total
Under 75____ ____________ .
75 and under 80_______________
80 and under 85. __________ . .
85 and under 9 0 -, _ _ ____. .
90 and under 95-.
95 and under 100- _______.
100 and under 105-. ______
105 and under 110__________
110 and under 115_ ______
115 and under 120 ____
120 and under 125______
125 and under 130___________
130 and under 135________
135 and under 140__________
140 and under 145_ ______
145 and under 150_______
150 and under 155___ _______
155 and under 160______
160 and under 165___
165 and under 170_________
17C and under 175______
175 and under 1 8 0 - . - _______
180 and over_______ _____
Total__________________
Number of establishments____
Number of workers .
Median rate.- . _ ___
Pharma
Inorganic
ceutical
and
prepara
organic
tions
medicinal
(pro
chemicals
fessional)
M iddle Atlantic
Pharma
ceutical
prepara
tions
(public)
0.1
5.8
2.9
3.3
3.4
4.5
5.5
4.9
5.0
5.3
7.6
6.6
5.0
5.5
4.9
5.1
5.4
5.1
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
5.8
0 2
1.7
.8
.7
4.5
6.4
4.9
3.7
3.8
4.8
7.5
4.3
6.3
8.1
4.9
14.0
7.2
3.6
2.3
2.1
1.7
6.5
0.1
5.2
2.3
2.6
3.3
3.9
4.6
4.1
5.0
5.7
8.5
6.0
5.3
6.4
4.8
6.4
4.0
5. 7
3.5
2.3
2.1
1.8
6.4
11.9
5.7
7.3
5.8
6.0
7.8
7.2
6.1
5.2
6.7
7.9
4.5
2.4
2.6
1.5
2.7
1.7
1.2
.8
.7
.9
3.4
3.8
2.0
3.0
2.9
5.4
5.5
5.4
6.0
5.9
6.1
6.6
5.4
5.1
5.0
6.4
6.6
4.9
2.9
2.1
1.9
1.3
5.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
413
40.734
$1.26
37
6,857
$1.40
235
25. 290
$1.29
141
8, 587
$1.09
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Includes data for other regions in addition to those shown separately.
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Total
Pharma
Inorganic
ceutical
and
prepara
organic
tions
medicinal
(pro
chemicals
fessions)
Great Lakes
Pharma
ceutical
prepara
tions
(public)
Total
Pharma
Inorganic
ceutical
and
prepara
organic
tions
medicinal
(pro
chemicals
fessions)
Pharma
ceutical
prepara
tions
(public)
.7
.6
5.5
5.7
3.1
3.7
3.0
5.1
8.8
4.3
6.7
5.7
5.2
19.7
5.3
2.3
2.6
1.9
1.7
8.3
4.3
2.1
2.6
3.4
5.5
4.7
5.6
6.3
7.3
6.2
5.1
5.7
5.1
5.5
8.1
2.5
5.5
3.5
2.2
2.2
1.4
5.2
7.4
4.9
7.7
4.2
5.1
8.3
8.2
8.0
5.2
7.3
8.3
6.1
2.7
1.9
1.7
2.4
2.4
1.6
1.0
.6
.7
4.3
0.2
2.8
2.3
2.3
2.5
2.0
5.0
4.9
4.1
5.5
10.4
7.9
5.5
7.5
4.2
5.3
5.1
5.8
3.4
2.2
2.0
2.2
6.9
0.4
2.9
2.1
1.6
2.8
17.7
19.8
6.8
10.4
4.4
7.6
5.7
4.7
2.6
3.9
1.7
1.6
1.1
.7
.6
.3
.6
0.2
2.5
1.8
2.1
1.9
1.7
3.9
2.6
3.4
4.3
11.3
7.3
5.6
8.7
4.5
6.0
5.6
6.9
4.1
2.7
2.4
2.5
8.0
6.8
4.5
3.9
5.6
3.1
5.0
9.7
6.6
9.3
7.9
11.5
4.7
2.5
3.4
2.3
4.3
1.9
1.3
.5
1.0
1.3
3.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
175
19,355
$1.28
21
4. 538
$1.42
93
11,739
$1.27
61
3,078
$1.13
107
14,213
$1.30
9
961
$1.12
68
11,073
$1.36
30
2,179
$1.18
0.1
E A R N IN OS IN D R U G S A N D
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
accounted for only about 1 percent of the total
workers in the industry.
Toilet Preparations
About three-fifths of the workers in the toilet
preparations industry were employed in the
Middle Atlantic States. Their average earning—
$1.11— was the highest average for the industry,
32 cents higher than that of workers in the South
east States. More than 90 percent of the plant
workers in the Southeast were earning under 95
cents per hour in this industry, but this region
T able 2.— Percentage distribution o f plant workers ( exclud
ing learners and apprentices) in the perfumes, cosmetics and
other toilet preparations industry by straight-time average
hourly earnings,1 United States and, selected regions, M a y
1950
Average hourly earnings1
(in cents)
M id
New
United
Great
Eng dle A t
Lakes
States2
land lantic
M id
dle
W est
Pacific
under 1 5 5 ____________
under 160----- . --------under 165___ _________
under 1 7 0 - - _______ .
under 175_____________
under 180______ over__________________
(8)
11.0
4.4
8.7
8.0
8.5
7.9
5.8
8.1
6.9
3.5
5.6
3.4
2.8
3.2
1.5
2.0
1.1
1.3
.7
.8
1.4
3.4
1.9
1.2
15.3
10.7
14.3
7.5
8.1
6.0
8.7
4.2
2.8
2.9
1.4
1.3
1.0
1.9
1.1
.3
.1
.1
1.0
8.2
10.5
3.3
6.7
6.9
7.0
7.5
6.0
8.4
8.0
4.0
6.1
4.0
3.6
4.5
1.7
2.4
1.3
1.7
1.0
1.2
.9
3.3
0.1
7.6
8.1
11.2
9.4
8.1
11.1
5.3
9.4
4.0
3.3
7.2
3.4
2.5
1.2
1.3
1.5
.6
.9
.3
.5
.6
2.4
16.2
5.1
10.3
13.2
9.0
6.3
4.4
11.1
6.5
1.4
2.2
.6
1.1
.8
.7
.6
.4
.7
.1
.1
8.3
.9
2.4
4.2
7.3
5.5
14.5
11.2
4.8
5.5
5.7
3.1
7.0
3.8
2.2
3.5
2.4
1.6
2.2
2.0
2.4
.5
.9
7.3
Total___________________
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
211
Number of establishments----Number of workers----------------- 11, 670
Median rate___________________ $1.06
9
931
$1.04
104
6,850
$1.11
46
1,867
$1.03
17
995
$0.98
19
546
$1.10
75 and under 80_______________
80 and under 85_____
___ . .
85 and under 90-_______ __ - 90 and under 9 5 _ . _______
95 and under 100___ _________
100 and under 105-----------------105 and under 110---------- - 110 and under 115_____________
115 and under 120___ --120 and under 125-------------------125 and under 130_____
130 and under 1 3 5 ____________
135 and under 1 4 0 - - ----- --------140 and under 145_____________
150 and
155 and
160 and
165 and
170 and
175 and
180 and
51
C O S M E T IC S
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Includes data for other regions in addition to those shown separately.
3 Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.
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M inimum Rates
Although over half of the plants reporting data
in the drug and medicine industry employed
workers at 75 cents an hour or less, these rates
applied to relatively few workers. In fact, only
about 6 percent of the workers earned less than
80 cents per hour at the time of the survey. The
toilet preparations industry had a slightly smaller
proportion of plants with workers earning 75
cents an hour or less, but a larger proportion of
workers (about 11 percent) earning less than 80
cents an hour.
— A. N. Ja r r e ll
Division of Wage Statistics
1 Based on a mail questionnaire study of establishments employing 10 or
more workers, whose major activity was the manufacture of one or more of
the following: (1) bulk organic and inorganic medicinal chemicals and their
derivatives; (2) drugs and medicines in pharmaceutical preparations such as
ampuls, tablets, capsules, ointments, solutions and suspensions for human
and veterinary use. Plants in this branch were asked to specify whether they
were producing pharmaceuticals primarily for the professions or for the
public.
2 Included in this group were plants whose major activity was manufactur
ing perfumes, cosmetics, or other toilet preparations such as hair dyes, tonics
and dressings; bath salts, manicure preparations, tooth paste, tooth powder,
etc.
3 Th e regions used in this study include:
New England— Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New
Hampshire,
Rhode Island, and Vermont;
M iddle Atlantic— New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania;
Southeast— Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Tennessee;
Great Lakes— Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin;
M iddle W est— Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South
Dakota;
Pacific— California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington.
52
EM PLOYMENT
TREND S AM ONG
Women W orkers—
Employment Trends, 1900 to 1950
o m e n in the United States are tending more
and more to perform the dual function of worker
and homemaker, according to the Women’s Bureau
of the U. S. Department of Labor.1 Nearly half
(46 percent) of all women workers in 1949 were
married and living with their husbands. Almost
43 percent of this group of workers were mothers
of children under 18 years of age. Of another
group (those widowed, divorced, or separated
from their husbands) who constituted about a
fifth of all women workers, 26 percent were
mothers of children under 18. Working mothers
constituted over a fifth of all mothers of children
under 18.
A striking change in the past decade has been
a downward trend in the proportion of women
workers in domestic service. Eighteen percent
were in that field in 1940, only 10 percent in 1950.
Also remarkable has been the rise in median
age of employed women. In 1940, it was 31.9
years, and only 22 percent were aged 45 and
over; in 1950, the median age was 36 years, and 30
percent were 45 years of age and over.
More than a fourth of all women working in the
spring of 1950 were in clerical occupations. Nearly
a fifth were operatives or semiskilled factory
workers. More than two-fifths were in service,
professional, domestic service, or sales work. The
remainder, in the order of numerical importance,
were employed in managerial, agricultural, craft,
and laborer occupations.
W
Labor-Force Participation, 1900 to 1950
While the total labor force in the United States
more than doubled in the last 50 years, the num
ber of working women more than tripled, increas
ing from 5.1 million to 18.1 million. Only 18 per
cent of gainful workers in 1900 were women, but
29 percent of the labor force in 1950 were women.
The 19.6 million women workers employed during
World War II composed 36 percent of the civilian
labor force.
The proportion which the labor force formed of
the total population was the same (55 percent) in
1900 and in 1949. A change took place, however,
in the proportions of men and women who were
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W OM EN
MONTHLY LABOR
workers. Over 30 percent of all women were in
the labor force in 1949, as compared with 20 per
cent in 1900. The increase came largely from
greater participation of those between 35 and 64
years of age.
Age levels of women workers varied from those
of men workers. A higher proportion of the former
were under 25 years and a higher proportion of the
latter were 45 years or over. However, the gen
eral age trend during the last 50 years was the
same for both sexes. In 1950, considerably smaller
proportions of both men and women workers were
in the younger age group; considerably larger
proportions were 45 years of age or older. This
accentuated the age trend in the population.
1
U . S. Department of Labor, W om en’s Bureau: W om en as Workers (A
Statistical Guide), and Facts on Older W om en Workers (prepared for the
Conference on Aging, August 13-15,1950, Washington, D . C .). Washington,
1950.
Bell M issio n Recommendations
on Philippine Lab or1
L abor recom m endations formed an important
part of the report submitted to the President by
the Economic Survey Mission to the Philippines
(Bell Report). Labor improvements, which the
Bell Report held to be essential, are as follows:
(1) Establishment of minimum wages for agri
cultural and nonagricultural workers.
(2) Stimulation of free-trade unions.
(3) Revision of the Workmen’s Compensation
Act to include adequate coverage and benefits.
(4) Provide a system of unemployment insur
ance for nonagricultural workers and a commis
sion to propose relief program for the aged.
(5) Public employment service to be made
nation-wide in scope.
(6) Personnel and fund increases in the Labor
Department.
Broadly, the report contains an analysis of the
present economic difficulties facing the Philippines
and recommendations for measures which, in the
opinion of the Mission, the Philippine Govern
ment must take to prepare a sound foundation for
economic stability.
1
Report to the President of the United States by the Economic Survey
Mission to the Philippines, Washington, D . C ., October 9, 1950.
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1951
I N D U S T R I A L R E L A T IO N S A C T I V I T I E S
Emergency Procedures
for Civil Service Personnel
p e c i a l p e r s o n n e l p r o c e d u r e s for civil service
employees were established by Executive Order
No. 10180 of November 13, 1950, in the interest
of national defense.1 The President ordered that
new appointments as well as promotions and
transfers should be nonpermanent, in general. He
further specified that nonpermanent appointees
would be excluded from the operation of the Civil
Service Retirement Act of 1930, as amended, un
less eligible for retirement benefits because of
continuity of service or by reinstatement, or other
wise. Nonpermanent appointees will be covered
automatically by the retirement provisions of
the Social Security Act of 1935, as amended in
1950.
The Civil Service Commission was granted
authority to regulate releases of employees from
one agency to another, and to keep civil service
examinations on a continuous open basis, to the
maximum extent possible.
New appointees were made subject to nonpermanent status as of December 1, 1950, for such
time as the President deems it to be necessary.
However, permanent appointments were author
ized for presidential appointees and postmasters,
for others in unusual circumstances, and for per
sons selected for such appointment prior to De
cember 1, 1950.
Promotions, transfers between agencies, and
reemployment were ordered to be made non
permanent as of September 1, 1950. This ruling
is also to continue as long as the President finds
it to be necessary. Reassignment of an employee
on a permanent or nonpermanent basis is dis
cretionary with the head of the agency concerned.
S
Civilian Recruitment for Government Agencies 2
By an agreement (December 15, 1950) between
the U. S. Department of Labor and the Civil
Service Commission, Public Employment Service
of the Labor Department will recruit civilian
manpower for Government agencies when Civil
Service examinations do not yield a sufficient
supply.
1 Federal Register, vol. 15, N o. 222, November 15,1950 (p. 7745), and Public
Law 734, August 1950 (p. 53).
2 U. S. Department of Labor Press Release, B E S 51-2606, December 21,
1950.
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53
Summary of
Industrial Relations Activities1
h e
c o n t in u in g
and widespread movement for
increased wages was climaxed in late November
by the wage agreement between U. S. Steel Corp.
and the United Steelworkers of America (CIO).
Similar agreements involving other important steel
producers followed almost immediately.
T
Principal Negotiations
Steel. The United Steelworkers of America
(CIO) concluded agreements with the Nation’s
two largest steel producers—U. S. Steel Corp.
and Bethlehem Steel Corp.— and won union shop
elections at 9 steel producing companies during
November.
The U. S. Steel Corp. agreement, reached on
November 30 after 6 weeks of intermittent nego
tiations, provided for wage increases averaging
16 cents an hour effective December 1. From a
minimum of 12% cents an hour in the lowest wage
classification the increases were graduated to 28
cents an hour in the highest. Workers in the
southern mills of the Tennessee Coal, Iron and
Railroad Co. received an additional 4% cents an
hour which reduces the North-South area differ
entials in U. S. Steel subsidiaries to 10 cents.
The expiration date of the current contract,
December 31, 1951, remains unchanged.
Only a few hours after the U. S. Steel agree
ment was approved, the Bethlehem Steel Corp.
agreement, providing for similar wage increases,
was reached. Agreements with Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp., Republic Steel Corp., Youngstown
Sheet and Tube Corp., and Allegheny Ludlum
Steel Corp. followed quickly, incorporating terms
similar to those in the U. S. Steel agreement.
While wage negotiations were proceeding in
November, the National Labor Relations Board
was conducting union-shop elections at operations
of nine steel producing companies, in accordance
with the Labor-Management Relations Act of
1947. A majority of employees in each plant
voted affirmatively, thus permitting the union to
bargain for the union shop in these plants. In
the case of Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp.—largest
of U. S. Steel Corp. operating subsidiaries and
largest producer involved in the elections—nearly
54
I N D U S T R I A L R E L A T IO N S A C T I V I T I E S
63.000 of the 82,000 workers eligible to vote ap
proved the union shop by approximately 3 to 1.
Other companies in which union-shop elections
were held included: National Tube Co., AlleghenyLudlum Steel Corp., American Steel & Wire Co.,
American Bridge Co., Jones & Laughlin Steel
Corp., Crucible Steel Co., and Sharon Steel Corp.
In late October, the NLRB conducted a repre
sentation election for employees of Weirton Steel
Co. at Weirton, W. Va. The Independent Steel
workers Union defeated the United Steelworkers
of America (CIO) in this election by a vote of
7,291 to 3,454. All but 267 of the eligible voters
cast ballots.
Telephone. Approximately 17,000 Western Elec
tric Co. employees in 43 States and 16,000 workers
employed by the Michigan Bell Telephone Co.
went on strike on November 9 as the result of
failure to reach agreement on wages and contract
duration. The strike continued and the workers
engaged in intermittent picketing of telephone
plants and offices untif November 19, when the
companies and the Communications Workers of
America (CIO) agreed on new contracts.
Wage increases averaging 11.3 cents an hour
for installation workers, 10.3 cents an hour for
warehousemen and maintenance workers, and
10.1 cents an hour for production workers at the
company’s Haverhill, Mass., plant are provided
for in the Western Electric Co. agreements. All
the agreements are 15-month contracts, expiring
February 15, 1952.
The Michigan Bell agreement increased wages
of Detroit employees from $3 to $5 a week. Area
differentials between Detroit and smaller commu
nities were decreased by the reclassification of
63 towns. This raised wages by as much as $9
a week in some areas.
Television and Radio. On November 19, agreement
was reached on an initial 2-year contract by the
4 major television networks and the Television
Authority. The Authority represents approxi
mately 25,000 entertainers belonging to 5 branches
of the Associated Actors and Artists of America
(AFL)— Actors Equity Association, American
Federation of Radio Artists, American Guild of
Musical Artists, American Guild of Variety Artists
and Chorus Equity Association. Minimum pay
scales for entertainers and limitations on the show
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
ing of film recordings of programs, are provided
in the agreement.
Among the agreement’s terms were the following
minimum pay ranges: (1) actors, $50 to $170 per
show, depending upon the number of lines to be
spoken, the length of the show, and the number of
rehearsal hours required; (2) vaudeville specialty
acts, $200 for a single performer to $475 for four
performers; (3) sportscasters, $200 for each de
scription of a major event or $550 a week for seven
events of the same sport. The agreement also
provides that no film recording of live shows can
be shown a second time in any area “ without the
written consent of the authority.”
A tentative agreement was also reached by
the major radio networks and the American Fed
eration of Radio Artists. It provides for an in
crease of 15 to 20 percent in the minimum pay
rates of 5,000 radio actors and announcers.
Clothing. Approximately 60,000 members of the
International Ladies Garment Workers’ Union
(AFL) in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut
were awarded a pay increase of $5 a week, effective
November 20, by Sol A. Rosenblatt, impartial
chairman of the women’s coat and suit industry
in New York. The union and the employers had
referred their dispute to Mr. Rosenblatt after
they failed to reach a settlement through nego
tiations. Hourly workers’ wages were raised 14%
cents an hour; piece workers’ increases will be
computed on a fixed percentage basis.
David Dubinsky, ILGWU president, indicated
that the award would serve as a guide in obtain
ing cost-of-living pay increases for 370,000 other
members of the union in the garment trades and
industries in the union’s jurisdiction across the
Nation.
Other Developments. Approximately 1 million
workers received cost-of-living wage increases,
following a Bureau of Labor Statistics announce
ment in November that the Consumers’ Price
Index had risen from 172.5 to an all-time high
of 174.8 between July 15 and October 15. Pri
marily affected were more than 600,000 workers
in the automobile industry who are covered by
labor agreements containing escalator clauses.
These automobile workers received wage increases
of 3 cents an hour, effective December 1.
On November 12, the Timken Roller Bearing
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1951
I N D U S T R I A L R E L A T IO N S A C T I V I T I E S
Co. and the United Steelworkers of America
(CIO) reached agreement on a 10-percent wage
increase for 16,000 workers in 6 Ohio plants.
No reopening provisions are contained in the
agreement which will be effective until July 1952.
A reduction in the basic monthly hours of work
from 225 to 210 without a change in monthly pay
was recommended for 1,800 Pullman conductors
by a Presidential emergency board early in No
vember.2 This would effect a wage increase of ap
proximately 10 cents an hour if accepted by the
Pullman Co. and the union— the Order of Railway
Conductors (Ind.).
The Westinghouse Electric Corp. and the
United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers
(Ind.) reached agreement on a new contract which
raised wages 10 cents an hour, retroactive to
September 18, for 19,000 workers in 21 plants.
Effective for 1 year from November 1, it may be
reopened for wage negotiations 5 months from the
beginning date.
Labor Union Affairs 8
A 1-day legislative rally was held in Washington,
D. C., November 28 by representatives of eight
unions which were expelled from the CIO during
the past year on charges of following the Com
munist party line instead of CIO policy.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
55
The eight unions participating were the Inter
national Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s
Union; the Fur and Leather Workers; the Mine,
Mill and Smelter Workers; the American Com
munications Association; the United Public Work
ers; the United Electrical Workers; the Distrib
utive, Processing and Office Workers; and the
Marine Cooks and Stewards.
During the conference, Harry Bridges, head
of the Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s
Union, proposed that the executive boards of the
participating unions meet in Washington or Chi
cago in the near future and prepare to work
together at the top level as well as locally. He
also suggested that the unions discuss plans for
pooling their resources, but continue to operate as
independent organizations.
The legislative program adopted by the unions
included: price and rent controls; “ no wage
freeze” ; repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act, the
McCarran Subversive Activity Control Act, and
the Magnusson port security law; an excess
profits tax; and fair employment practices legis
lation.
1 Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Industrial Relations.
Members of the Board: Judge Ernest M . Lipton, Supreme Court of
2
Missouri, chairman; Prof. I. L. Scharfman, University of Michigan; and
Angus Monroe, Dallas, Tex., attorney.
3 A detailed account of the CIO convention which took place in November,
appears on p. 8 of this issue.
Technical Note
Consumer Expenditure Study, 1950:
Field Methods and Purposes 1
C ollection of consumer expenditure information
in 91 cities throughout the country was recently
started by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and will
continue for about 3 months. More than 1,000
interviewers began knocking at doors of over
17,000 city families and single consumers who have
been selected, according to the most scientific
sampling techniques, to represent all consumers
in urban America. Questions asked include a de
scription of family composition and living arrange
ments and the maximum possible detail on
financial experience for the year 1950.
Consumers are asked to recount their expendi
tures in 1950 for food, clothing, housing, transpor
tation, recreation, etc. The Bureau wants to
know the detail of these expenditures in prices and
quantities for many of the thousands of things
that make up the American way of living. And,
in order to evaluate and analyze this information
properly, data are also gathered on the family
income, savings, and credit used during that year.
Need for the Survey
This extensive survey of consumers’ expenditures
is an essential step in the over-all revision of the
Bureau’s Consumers’ Price Index 1which measures
changes in prices of goods and services commonly
bought by moderate-income families in large
cities. The index is in essence a ratio between
the current cost of a specified “ market basket”
of goods and services and the average cost of the
same “ market basket” in the base period, 1935-39.
The “ market basket” currently priced for the
indexes is based on records of purchases of moder
ate-income city families for a 1-year period in
1934—36. In the past 15 years, consumer incomes,
prices, the kinds of things available to consumers,
56
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
and the consumption habits of American families
have changed greatly. Expenditure surveys
made by the Bureau in seven cities (including
Richmond which the prevent survey omits)2 be
tween 1947 and 1950 provide accumulated evi
dence of such changes. Compared with the mid1930’s families use less butter and more margarine;
and less flour and bread and more ready-to-eat
cereals, cakes and pies, more ice cream, soft drinks,
fresh fruit, and canned fruit juices. Frozen foods
have become commonplace; ice and ice boxes
have given way to mechanical refrigeration; tele
vision sets are owned by almost every third
family in cities which have well-established trans
mitting facilities. City families spend a greater
proportion of their income for automobile trans
portation, medical and personal care, recreation
and other less urgent needs than formerly; a
somewhat smaller part of the total goes for food,
housing, and clothing.
Changes of this kind make it necessary to check
the “ market basket” of goods and services now
used in the Consumers’ Price Index and are the
immediate reason for this survey. On the basis
of the survey results, the content of the “ basket”
will be revised. The uses of the survey data,
however, go beyond the adjustment of index
weights.
Through analysis of the survey data, business
men may learn where they are likely to find their
best customers; welfare workers may obtain
information in planning family budgets and
determining relief allowances; manufacturers may
find a clue to the amount and kinds of unsatisfied
wants— the kinds of goods and services consumers
demand. Summaries of the survey results will be
of help in estimating the levels of industrial
operation affecting labor requirements, the re
placement requirements of durable goods, the
need for new housing, the effect of soldier bonuses
on the economy, and in dealing with many other
important problems.
CON SUM ER E X P E N D IT U R E
Confidential Nature of Data
Consumer expenditure information is collected
on a purely voluntary basis and is treated as
strictly confidential, in line with general Bureau
policy. No one but sworn agents sees the report
for an individual family, and the identity of the
family is never disclosed. The Bureau itself does
not want to know the family name or the first
names of any of the members—the name of the
family interviewed does not appear on any
schedule form. No figure obtained from any
family is made available to other Government
agencies for taxation or regulatory purposes.
The results are published in the form of averages
for large groups of families. For its analytical
work, the Bureau calculates averages for families
of the same type, same size, same income level,
and living in the same kind of community. Study
of these figures yields information on the differ
ences in living patterns of American families,
and ultimately will reflect changes that have
occurred since the last comprehensive Bureau
survey in the 1934-36 period.
Content of Schedules
The schedule forms and collection methods for
the 1951 survey were develped out of long experi
ence with this type of study. In the spring of
1950, the Bureau tested its schedule and the
training and field collection aspects of the survey
in Memphis, Tenn. The results in Memphis were
used in determining the final design of this survey.
The schedule in use has 26 major sections.
General information on the family composition,
living arrangements and facilities, as well as on
home owners’ expenses for repairs and improve
ments, receipts from roomers and boarders, etc.,
is requested in the first eight sections. The
following 10 sections are devoted to detailed infor
mation on expenditures for such groups as fuel,
light, and refrigeration; miscellaneous household
expenses; housefurnishings and equipment; food;
clothing; medical and personal care; recreation,
reading, and education; and travel and trans
portation. Questions on income, taxes, savings,
and debts cover the last eight sections of the
schedule. Information on income is recorded,
according to its source. Savings data are intended
to show the change over the calendar year and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
STUDY
57
not the total amount saved by the family or the
single consumer who supplies the figures.
A supplementary questionnaire, covering food,
household supplies, tobacco, and drugs and per
sonal care items purchased in a 7-day period, has
been prepared to provide more detailed informa
tion on expenditures of families who buy food and
prepare it at home. This schedule is divided into
three parts: (1) food items, (2) household supplies
and tobacco, and (3) personal care and drug items.
Sample Selection
The families and single consumers to be included
in this survey were carefully selected to be repre
sentative of all consumers in the urban areas of
the United States. This is possible, of course,
under modern sampling methods which provide a
way of finding out about consumers in general by
interviewing a comparatively small number of
them.
In drawing the sample for the present survey,
great care was taken to insure proper geographic
coverage of cities, and within cities, a good cross
section of the population. All cities with popula
tions 1,000,000 and above were taken into the
sample. Cities below 1,000,000 were ranked by
size and classified according to their climate,
population density, and the general income level
of the community. Very small cities were further
classified by a measure of their distance from
important market centers. Within each classifi
cation group, cities were selected at random.3
The list of cities 4 selected, which is arranged by
States, follows:
Alabama — B ir m in g h a m , D e m o p o lis .
Arizona — P h o e n ix , T u c s o n , G le n d a le .
Arkansas — L itt le R o c k , C a m d e n .
California — L o s A n g e le s , S a n F r a n c is c o -O a k la n d , S a n
Jose, B a k e rsfie ld , S a n ta C r u z, L o d i, A n tio c h .
Colorado— * D e n v e r , G r a n d J u n c tio n .
Connecticut— H a r tfo r d , M id d le t o w n .
Delaware— W ilm in g t o n .
District of Columbia — * W a s h in g to n .
Florida — M ia m i.
Georgia— A tla n t a .
Idaho — S a n d p o in t.
Illinois — C h ic a g o , B lo o m in g to n , A n n a .
Indiana — In d ia n a p o lis , E v a n s v ille , G a r r e tt.
Iow a— D e s M o in e s , S h e n a n d o a h , G rin n e ll.
Kansas — W ic h ita , S alin a.
Kentucky — L o u is v ille , M id d le s b o r o .
Louisiana — N e w O rlea n s.
M a in e — P o r tla n d , B a n g o r .
58
CON SUM ER E X P E N D IT U R E
M aryland — B a ltim o r e , C u m b e r la n d .
Massachusetts — B o s to n .
M ichigan — * D e t r o it .
M innesota— M in n e a p o lis -S t. P a u l.
M ississip p i — J a ck so n .
M issou ri— S t. L o u is, K a n s a s C it y .
M ontana — B u t te .
Nebraska — O m a h a , G r a n d Isla n d .
Nevada — E lk o .
N ew Hampshire — * M a n c h e s te r , L a c o n ia .
N ew Jersey — N o r t h Jersey area, W a s h in g to n .
N ew M exico — A lb u q u e r q u e .
N ew York — N e w Y o r k , C o o p e r sto w n .
North Carolina — C h a r lo tte , F a y e t te v ille .
North Dakota — G r a n d F o r k s.
Ohio — C le v e la n d ,
C in c in n a ti,
Y o u n g s to w n ,
C a n to n ,
N ew ark , R av en n a.
Oklahoma— O k la h o m a C it y , S h a w n e e , M a d ill.
Oregon — P o r tla n d , R o se b u r g .
Pennsylvania — P h ila d e lp h ia -C a m d e n ,
P ittsburgh,
S c ra n to n , N a n t y -G l o .
Rhode Island — P ro v id e n c e .
South Carolina — C h a rle sto n .
South Dakota — S io u x F a lls.
Tennessee — * M e m p h is , C o lu m b ia .
Texas — * H o u s to n , P e c o s, D a lh a r t .
Utah— S a lt L a k e C it y , O g d e n .
Vermont — B a r r e .
Virginia — N o r fo lk -P o r t s m o u t h , L y n c h b u r g , P u la sk i.
W ashington — S e a ttle .
W est Virginia — H u n t in g t o n -A s h la n d , C h a rle sto n .
W iscon sin — M ilw a u k e e , M a d is o n .
W yom in g — C h e y e n n e , R a w lin s .
*In sample design but has previously been surveyed (1947-49).
The following tabulation shows the total num
ber of cities in the United States classified by
population size, together with the number of
cities included in the sample:
C itie s w ith p o p u la tio n o f—
1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 a n d o v e r __________
240.000 to 1,000,000 ________
30.000 to 240,000 ___________
U n d e r 30,000_______________
N u m b e r o f cities in —
U nited
S tates
S a m p le
13
42
216
2, 527
1 13
2 21
3 30
33
1 Tw o already surveyed.
J Three already .surveyed.
3
One already surveyed.
In each city, families and single consumers to
be interviewed were drawn at random from lists
of addresses provided by BLS dwelling unit sur
veys for the large cities, and by the Bureau of the
Census for small towns for which dwelling unit
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M ONTHLY LABOR
surveys were not available. Addresses in the
lists were arranged by their location in the city,
by race of occupant, by tenure of occupant (owner
or renter), by rent paid (for tenants), and by the
number of persons in the dwelling and the income
class of the occupants, to the extent that such
information was available. In drawing the sample
units, the distribution of these characteristics
(race, tenure, rent, etc.) in the total population
of the city was duplicated in the sample.
The number of addresses selected varies from
65 in small places to over 600 in New York City.
A subsample of 1,000 families was selected in 47
sampling points for a panel study of individual
family patterns of expenditures over a period of
time. Data thus obtained will be dynamic and
will indicate how families react in their buying
to changes in income, prices, or other economic
or noneconomic factors. Moreover, the panel
will serve to check the validity of the index weights
over time; it therefore plays a major part in the
maintenance of the index.
Conduct of Survey
The field work started in January is to be cen
trally directed from Washington through the
Bureau’s five regional offices. Work in each city
is the direct responsibility of a survey supervisor
hired and trained specifically for the purpose.
These supervisors were recruited from all over the
country by the Washington office and by the
regional directors of the Bureau’s regional offices.
Seventy-five supervisors were selected and given
5 weeks of training during which they were taught
the Bureau’s interviewing and editing methods.
In the training program the most recently de
veloped techniques, combining lectures and dis
cussions with auditive and visual aids, were
utilized.
Each supervisor was assigned between 65 and
250 interviews. In large cities like New York
or Chicago, when the number of interviews exceeds
250, two or more supervisors are being employed.
On the other hand two or three cities’ surveys,
in which the number of interviews is small, have
been combined and assigned to one supervisor.
The functions of the supervisor cover (1) recruiting
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1 95 1
CON SUM ER E X P E N D IT U R E
and training the interviewers, (2) directing the
collection work, and (3) checking and editing the
schedules, before transmitting them to Washing
ton.
Interviewers are recruited in each city surveyed,
and are trained for 6 days before their interview
work begins. They are assigned a list of addresses,
where they will obtain the required information
from the housewife or other persons able to answer
their questions.
The use of elaborate and sound sampling tech
niques, careful selection and training of supervisors
and interviewers, and constant control and review
ing in the process of collection are essential to this
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
STUDY
59
enterprise. Its success, however, depends in
great part on the cooperation given by the public.
1 Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Prices and Cost of Living.
2 See a previous technical note, Revision of the Consumers’ Price Index,
in the M onthly Labor Review for July 1950 (p. 129); also reprinted as Serial
No. R. 2003.
2 The technique known as the Latin Square, which has been followed for
the selection, is to be described in detail in a technical note in a forthcoming
issue of the M onthly Labor Review.
4
It is important not to consider this as the list of cities to be included in
the revised Consumers’ Price Index. The exclusion of a city from the above
list does not preclude its inclusion in the revised Consumers’ Price Index—
and vice versa. The city characteristics used in the selection of this list are
those which are related to and have some effect on consumer expenditure
patterns. The index cities are used as pricing points to obtain information
on the movements of prices over time; they will be selected according to the
result of experimental pricing studies currently in progress. These studies
are to be described in future issues of this journal.
The
e m p lo y e e s
o f th e
ca fe te ria w ere h e ld n o t to
be
e m p lo y e e s o f th e ste e l c o m p a n y , sin ce th e y w ere fo u n d n o t
to b e s u b je c t t o th e d ire ctio n of th e c o m p a n y e x c e p t in
Recent Decisions
d ire c tly in d e te r m in in g th e p e rio d w h en p la n t e m p lo y e e s
of Interest to Labor1
Portal A ct— “ Good Faith” Defense.
w ere to b e se rv e d .
T h e C h a ir m a n o f th e
N a tio n a l R a ilw a y L a b o r P a n e l ru le d th a t e m p lo y e e s w o r k
in g a t a “ m o d ific a tio n ” ce n te r o f an airlin e c o m p a n y w ere
s u b je c t to th e R a ilw a y L a b o r A c t a n d e x e m p t fr o m th e
F a ir L a b o r S ta n d a r d s A c t .
E ig h t h
T h e C o u r t o f A p p e a ls fo r th e
C ir c u it h e ld 4 t h a t th is w a s a n
“ a d m in is tr a tiv e
ru lin g ” o f a n “ a d m in is tr a tiv e a g e n c y ” w ith in th e m e a n in g
o f th e g o o d fa ith d efe n se p ro v is io n s o f th e P o r t a l-t o -P o r t a l
A c t.
Wages and H o u rs2
S e c tio n 9 o f t h a t a c t, w h ic h a p p lie s to th e p e r io d
p rio r to M a y 1 4, 1 9 4 7 , re lie ve s an e m p lo y e r fr o m lia b ility
F e d e ra l d is
fo r v io la tio n s o f th e F L S A w h en su ch v io la tio n s are in g o o d
tr ic t c o u rt h e ld 3 t h a t th e e m p lo y e e s o f a ca fe te ria c o m p a n y
fa ith in c o n fo r m ity w ith a n d in re lian c e u p o n a n y a d m in
o p e ra tin g o n th e p re m ise s o f a ste e l c o rp o ra tio n w ere n o t
is tr a tiv e ru lin g o f a n y a g e n c y o f th e U n ite d S ta te s .
Coverage— Em ployees o f Plant Cafeteria .— A
D u r in g W o r ld W a r I I th e c o m p a n y , b e sid es o p e r a tin g an
w ith in th e co v e ra g e o f th e m in im u m w a g e a n d o v e r tim e
c o m p e n sa tio n p ro v isio n s o f th e F a ir L a b o r S ta n d a rd s A c t
airlin e ,
of
S u c h p la n e s w ere la te r u se d in c o m b a t.
1938.
S in ce th e ste e l c o m p a n y e m p lo y e e s w ere n o t
“ m o d ifie d ”
arm y
p la n e s
ce rta in
p ro d u c e d
else w h ere.
T h e com p an y
c o m p e lle d t o p a tr o n ize th e c a fe te ria a n d c o u ld , a n d m a n y
s o u g h t ru lin g s fr o m
d id , go to se v e ra l o th e r n e a r b y re sta u ra n ts, th e ca fe te ria
w h e th e r m o d ific a tio n -c e n te r e m p lo y e e s w ere c o v e re d b y
G o v e r n m e n t a g en cie s a s to
e m p lo y e e s w ere h e ld n o t to b e “ n e c e ssa r y ” t o th e p r o d u c
th e R a ilw a y L a b o r A c t a n d , th e r e fo r e , e x e m p t fr o m th e
tio n o f g o o d s fo r c o m m e rc e w ith in th e m e a n in g o f th e a c t
F L S A u n d er its s e c tio n 13 (a) ( 4 ) .
p rio r t o its a m e n d m e n t in 1 9 4 9 .
as
The
ste e l c o m p a n y ’ s p la n t w a s lo c a te d in a to w n
1 2 ,0 0 0
n e ar L o s A n g e le s.
of
T h e r e w ere th re e re sta u ra n ts
in c o n c lu s iv e ,
th e
com pany
R e g a r d in g th e se ru lin g s
s e g r e g a te d
m o d ific a tio n
a c tiv itie s fr o m airlin e a c tiv itie s so as to ta k e th e fo rm e r o u t
o f th e e x e m p tio n a n d a llo w p a y m e n t o f o v e r tim e c o m p e n s a
a c ro ss th e stre e t fr o m th e m a in p la n t g a te d u rin g 1 9 4 5 an d
tio n
1 9 4 6 , th e p e rio d fo r w h ich w a g e s w ere alle ge d t o b e d u e.
N a tio n a l R a ilw a y L a b o r P a n e l, d is a p p ro v e d th e p a y m e n t
T h e c o u rt s ta te d t h a t, fo r an e m p lo y e e o p e ra tio n t o be
to
e m p lo y e e s .
H ow ever,
th e
C h a ir m a n
of
th e
o f s u c h o v e r tim e o n th e g r o u n d t h a t th e e m p lo y e e s w ere
“ n e c e ssa r y ” t o th e p ro d u c tio n o f g o o d s fo r c o m m e rc e , th e
c o v e re d
o p e ra tio n n e ed n o t b e in d isp e n sa b le — in t h a t th e go o d s
c o m p a n y p a id n o o v e r tim e fo r h o u rs w o rk e d o v e r 4 0 a
co u ld n o t h a v e b e e n p ro d u c e d
w eek.
w ith o u t su ch
o p e ra tio n .
I n th is case, h o w e v e r, th e c o u rt h e ld t h a t th e fu rn ish in g of
f o o d to th e ste e l p la n t ’s e m p lo y e e s w as to o r e m o te fr o m
th e p ro d u c tio n o f g o o d s b y
s id ere d
“ n e c e ssa r y ”
FLSA.
C a se s
in te g ra te d
th e r e to w ith in
h o ld in g
w ith
su ch e m p lo y e e s t o be c o n
p la n t
p ro d u c tio n
th e
m e a n in g
o f th e
d istin g u ish e d
th e
R a ilw a y
Labor
A ct.
A c c o r d in g ly ,
th e
M o d ific a tio n -c e n te r e m p lo y e e s s u b s e q u e n tly su e d
th e c o m p a n y fo r o v e r tim e c o m p e n s a tio n .
A
F ederal
e m p lo y e e s .
d is tr ic t
c o u rt
p e r m itte d
re c o v e r y
by
th e
I t h e ld t h a t th e e m p lo y e e s w ere e n g a g e d in
th e p r o d u c tio n o f g o o d s fo r c o m m e r c e .
I t also h e ld th e
be
m o d ific a tio n a c tiv itie s to o r e m o te fr o m carrier a c tiv itie s fo r
b e ca u se
th e e m p lo y e e s to b e e x e m p t fr o m F L S A b e c a u se o f co v e ra g e
c a fe te ria e m p lo y e e s
w ere
by
to
th e y in v o lv e d p la n ts in w h ich e m p lo y e e s h a d n o r e a d y
b y th e R a ilw a y L a b o r A c t .
a c ce ss t o o th e r e a tin g p la ce s.
w a s u p h e ld b y th e c o u rt o f a p p e a ls , in v ie w o f a re c e n t
T h e ca fe te ria -c a n te e n w as o p e ra te d u n d e r a “ le a se h o ld ”
U n ite d
In th e se re sp e c ts th e d ec isio n
S ta te s S u p r e m e C o u r t d ecision 8 t h a t e m p lo y e e s
c o n tr a c t w ith th e ste e l c o m p a n y .
U n d e r th is c o n tr a c t th e
w o rk in g for a c o s t-p lu s -fix e d -fe e c o n tr a c to r in a g o v e r n m e n t -
c a fe te ria w a s p e r m itte d
a t no
o w n e d m u n itio n s p la n t w ere c o v e re d b y th e F L S A .
to
use,
co st,
a
b u ild in g
But
I n re tu rn , th e ca fe te ria o p e ra to r
th e c o u rt o f a p p e a ls re v ersed th e d is tr ic t c o u r t d ec ision to
a g re e d t o serve m e a ls o n ly t o th e p la n t e m p lo y e e s a n d th e ir
th e e ffe c t t h a t th e g o o d fa ith d efe n se o f th e P o r ta l A c t w as
v isito r s, a n d to p a y e x p en se s o f o p e ra tin g th e ca fe te ria.
n o t a p p lic a b le .
e re c te d b y th e c o m p a n y .
C a fe te ria p ro fits w ere lim ite d b y th e a g re e m e n t to 10 p er
cent
of
gross
in c o m e .
The
ca fe te ria
w as
a v a ila b le
to
T h e d is tr ic t c o u rt h a d h e ld s e c tio n 9 in a p p lic a b le o n th e
g r o u n d t h a t th e ru lin g b y th e C h a ir m a n o f th e N a tio n a l
e m p lo y e e s on a n y o f th e th re e 8 -h o u r sh ifts m a in ta in e d b y
R a ilw a y L a b o r P a n e l w a s n o t th e ru lin g o f an a g e n c y , a n d
th e p la n t.
w a s u n a u th o r iz e d .
O th e r th a n t h a t , th e a g re e m e n t d id n o t p re
E x e c u tiv e O rd e r 9 2 9 9 re q u ire d carriers
t o file n o tic e o f p ro p o se d c h a n g e s in w a g e ra te s w ith th e
scrib e th e h ou rs w o rk e d b y ca fe te ria e m p lo y e e s.
T h e d istric t c o u rt h e ld t h a t th e a g re e m e n t b e tw e e n th e
C h a ir m a n o f th e R a ilw a y L a b o r P a n e l.
I f he h a d re a so n
s te e l c o m p a n y a n d th e ca fe te ria o p e ra to r w as in fa c t a
t o b e lie v e th e p ro p o s e d c h a n g e d id n o t c o n fo rm w ith th e
lea se a n d n o t a licen se or a jo in t a d v e n tu r e , d esp ite th e
s ta n d a r d s
p ro v isio n lim itin g p ro fits.
s ta b iliz a tio n ord er) a n d su ch c h a n g e w a s n o t m o d ifie d to
I t w as p o in te d
o u t th a t , a t
p re scrib e d
in
E x e c u tiv e
O rd e r
9250
(w a g e
steel
c o n fo r m to th e s ta n d a r d s , th e ch a irm a n w a s to d e sig n a te
c o m p a n y w as b o u n d t o re im b u rse th e c a fe te ria fo r o p e ra t
th re e m e m b e r s o f th e P a n e l as a n E m e r g e n c y B o a r d to
in g losses.
in v e s tig a te th e c h a n g e .
le a st,
no
fo rm a l a g r e e m e n t e x iste d
60
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
by
w h ic h
th e
T h e d is tr ic t c o u rt h e ld t h a t th e
D E C IS IO N S O F I N T E R E S T TO L A B O R
c h a irm a n sh o u ld
n o t h a v e d is a p p r o v e d th e p a y m e n t o f
o v e r tim e to m o d ific a tio n c e n te r e m p lo y e e s u n til he h a d a p
61
tra in in g or e xp erien ce, an d w ere n o t co n su lte d as to c h a n ge s
in p ra ctic es.
p o in te d an E m e r g e n c y B o a r d to in v e s tig a te th e m a tte r .
T h e trial c o u rt w a s h eld t o h a v e erred in re fu sin g to
P o in tin g o u t th a t th e E x e c u tiv e ord er called fo r a p p o in t
p e r m it th e e m p lo y e r to p le a d th e “ g o o d f a it h ” d efe n ses
m e n t o f an e m e r g e n c y b o a rd w h en th e p ro p o se d ch a n ge
p ro v id e d b y se ctio n s 9 a n d 11 o f th e P o r ta l A c t (e n a c te d
w as n o t m o d ifie d to c o n fo rm t o th e p re scrib e d s ta n d a rd s,
o n ly 5 d a y s b e fo re th e e n tr y o f ju d g m e n t)
th e
e v id e n c e in s u p p o rt o f su ch p le a d in g s.
c o u rt o f
a p p e a ls
h e ld
th a t
th is
w as
w h en th e w a g e ch a n ge s w ere m o d ifie d .
not
n e ce ssary
S u c h a m o d ific a
tio n w as h eld to h a v e ta k e n p la ce w h en th e airline c o m
a n d to offer
D e fe n s e s
u n d er
th e P o r ta l A c t , th e c o u rt o f a p p e a ls p o in te d o u t, co u ld b e
raised a n y tim e b efore th e e n tr y o f final ju d g m e n t.
p a n y a b a n d o n e d its p la n fo r p a y in g o v e r tim e .
Enforcement— False Inform ation Act.
W ar Plant Em ployees.
A
1947
c o u rt h e ld e m p lo y e e s o f a
ju d g m e n t
of
a
c o st-p lu s-fix e d -fe e
d istr ic t
c o n tr a c to r
cu tion
u n d er th e
F a lse
I n a crim in a l p ro se
I n fo r m a tio n
A c t,
th e
C o u rt
of
A p p e a ls fo r th e F ifth C irc u it 8 h e ld t h a t th e G o v e r n m e n t
o p e ra tin g a g o v e r n m e n t-o w n e d m u n itio n s p la n t w ere en
m u s t allege an d p r o v e t h a t th e e m p lo y e r g iv in g th e fa lse
title d to o v e r tim e c o m p e n sa tio n u n d er th e F L S A .
in fo r m a tio n t o a W a g e a n d H o u r D iv is io n in sp e c to r, w as
The
E ig h th C irc u it C o u r t o f A p p e a ls rev ersed th e low er co u rt
an d h e ld t h a t e m p lo y e e s o f su ch p la n ts w ere n o t c o v e re d
by
th e
a c t.
The
a p p e lla te
c o u rt d id
not
co n sid er th e
s u b je c t to th e F a ir L a b o r S ta n d a rd s A c t .
T h e F a lse I n fo r m a tio n A c t m a k e s it a crim e k n o w in g ly
or w illfu lly to fa ls ify or co n ceal a m a te ria l fa c t , or m a k e
v a lid ity o f th e o th e r a r g u m e n ts m a d e b y th e e m p lo y e r on
any
a p p e a l.
w ith in th e ju risd ic tio n o f a n y d e p a r tm e n t or a g e n c y o f
W h e n th e U n ite d S ta te s S u p re m e C o u r t rev ersed
th e c o u rt o f a p p e a ls, it h eld 6 su ch e m p lo y e e s t o b e co v e re d
b y th e a c t an d r e m a n d e d th e case fo r d isp o sitio n o f th e
q u e stio n s le ft o p e n b y th e a p p e lla te c o u r t’s decision .
fa lse
s ta te m e n ts
or re p re se n ta tio n s
in
any
m a tte r
th e U n ite d S ta te s .
T h e G o v e r n m e n t a lleged th a t a n e m p lo y e r falsified an d
co n ce a le d a m a te ria l fa c t , th e tru e b asis o f e m p lo y m e n t o f
A m o n g th e o th e r q u e stio n s raised b y th e e m p lo y e r on
a n a m e d e m p lo y e e , th e s a m e be in g a m a tte r w ith in th e
a p p e a l fr o m th e d istric t c o u rt w ere w h e th e r (1) th e e m
ju risd ic tio n o f th e W a g e an d H o u r D iv is io n o f th e D e p a r t
p lo y e e s ’ a lle g a tio n s as to
th e n u m b e r o f o v e r tim e hou rs
w o rk e d w ere su ffic ien tly d efin ite, (2) th e tim e so w ork e d
m ent
of
L ab or.
The
e m p lo y e r ’s
d efe n se
w as
th a t
th e
in d ic tm e n t d id n o t allege th a t he w as s u b je c t t o th e F a ir
w as p r o v e d to be c o m p e n sa b le w ith in th e m e a n in g o f th e
L a b o r S ta n d a rd s A c t .
P o r ta l-t o -P o r ta l
w as
a n d H o u r in sp e c to r in a p re lim in a r y in v e s tig a tio n t o d e te r
on a 4 8 -h o u r a n d n o t a 4 0 -h o u r b a sis, (4) th e e m p lo y e e s
m in e co v e ra g e , th e G o v e r n m e n t co n te n d e d , w as su fficien t
A c t,
w ere e x e m p t as
(3)
th e
e m p lo y e e s ’ w o rk w e e k
a d m in istra tiv e
e m p lo y e e s,
an d
(5)
th e
G iv in g fa lse in fo r m a tio n to a W a g e
an d in a n y e v e n t, th e in d ic tm e n t h a d in f a c t alle ge d th a t
trial c o u rt erred in refu sin g to p e r m it th e e m p lo y e r t o
th e e m p lo y e r w as s u b je c t to th e F L S A .
p le a d th e g o o d -fa ith d efen ses o f th e P o r ta l A c t .
re je c te d th e se a r g u m e n ts a n d u p h e ld th e e m p lo y e r.
T h e low er co u rt
T h e e m p lo y e e s ’ cla im fo r o v e r tim e w as b a se d in p a r t on
T h e a p p e lla te c o u rt su sta in e d th e lo w er c o u rt on th e
a 3 0 -m in u te lu n ch p eriod a n d on p eriod s b e fo re a n d a fte r
first p o in t, s ta tin g t h a t th e s ta tu t e m a d e “ m a te r ia lit y ” of
th e re g u la r sh ift,
th e fa lse in fo r m a tio n an essen tia l in g re d ien t o f th e offen se.
du rin g w h ich th e e m p lo y e e s w ere r e
q u ired to p e r fo rm ce rtain d u tie s.
to
e m p lo y e e s im m e d ia t e ly
com p an y
w o u ld
pay
fo r
A p a m p h le t, d istr ib u te d
a fte r hiring,
th e
s ta te d
3 0 -m in u te
th a t th e
lu n ch
p eriod .
A n o th e r c o m p a n y b u lle tin sta te d th a t w o rk in g tim e w o u ld
be gin 3 0 m in u te s p rio r to th e b e g in n in g o f th e sh ift.
th e lig h t o f th e se fa c ts , th e co u rt o f a p p e a ls h eld 7
In
th a t
th e e m p lo y e e s h a d su ffic ien tly sh o w n th e e x a c t n u m b e r o f
o v e r tim e
th a t
h ou rs
su ch
tim e
fo r
w as
w h ich
c o m p e n sa tio n
c o m p e n sa b le .
w as
H o w ever,
due
th e
r e m a n d e d th e case to th e d istr ic t c o u rt to g iv e
p lo y e e s
an
o p p o r tu n ity
to
p le a d
th e
th e
I n fo r m a tio n w a s h eld n o t to b e “ m a te r ia l” u n less th e e m
p lo y e r w ere s u b je c t to th e F L S A .
T h e c o u rt also p o in te d
o u t t h a t th e fa lse s ta te m e n t, t o b e p u n is h a b le , h a d
to
con cern a m a tte r w ith in th e ju risd ic tio n o f an a g e n c y o f
th e U n ite d S ta te s .
T h e s ta te m e n t co u ld n o t co m e w ith in
th is c a te g o ry , th e c o u rt h e ld , u n le ss th e e m p lo y e r w ere
s u b je c t to th e a c t.
an d
H o w e v e r , th e case w as s e n t b a c k to th e lo w e r c o u rt for
c o u rt
a tria l on th e issues raised b y th e in d ic tm e n t— i. e. w h e th e r
em
th e m a tte r s ch a rg ed in th e in d ic tm e n t w ere m a te ria l an d
c o m p e n s a b ility
of
w ith in th e ju ris d ic tio n o f th e W a g e a n d H o u r D iv is io n .
su ch w o rk so as to c o m p ly fo r m a lly w ith th e P o r ta l A c t .
C o n tr a d ic to r y e v id e n ce e x isted as to w h e th e r e m p lo y
m e n t w a s on a 4 8 -h o u r or a 4 0 -h o u r w eek ba sis.
T h e re
Labor Relations
Discharge for Failure to Cross Picket Line.
T h e N a tio n a l
w as a s ta te m e n t to th e e ffec t th a t e m p lo y m e n t wTas on a
L a b o r R e la tio n s B o a r d u p h e ld 9 a trial e x a m in e r ’ s d ecision
4 0 -h o u r ba sis m a d e b y th e e m p lo y e r w h en th ese e m p lo y e e s
t h a t an e m p lo y e r h a d v io la te d s e c tio n 8
w ere
h ou rs a
a m e n d e d N a tio n a l L a b o r R e la tio n s A c t b y d isch a rg in g an
w eek w ere d o c k e d fo r th e n u m b e r o f hou rs less th a n 4 0 .
e m p lo y e e w h o re fu sed t o cross a p ic k e t line in th e p e r
In v ie w o f th is e v id e n c e , th e trial c o u r t’s d ecision cou ld
fo rm a n c e o f his d u tie s.
h ired .
E m p lo y e e s
w o rk in g
less
th a n
40
n o t be said to b e cle arly e rron eou s as to require reversal.
T h e co u rt o f a p p ea ls h eld th a t th e a d m in is tr a tiv e e x e m p
tio n d id n o t a p p ly t o s a fe ty e n gin eers.
T h e y , said th e
(a)
(3)
o f th e
P a r t o f th e d u tie s o f a clerk e m p lo y e d b y a b ro k era g e
firm
Y ork
co n siste d
S to c k
in s u b s titu tin g on
th e
floor o f th e
N ew
E x c h a n g e fo r th e firm ’ s re g u la r floor clerk
c o u rt, h a d n o rig h t to in stru c t o th e r e m p lo y e e s as to th e ir
d u rin g his a b sen c e a n d d u rin g b u s y p erio d s.
c o n d u c t, e x c e p t in e m erg e n cie s, h a d o n ly slig h t te ch n ical
h a d o th e r d u tie s in th e firm office, w h ic h w as o u tsid e th e
920504— 51----- 5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T h is clerk
M ONTHLY LABOR
D E C IS IO N S O F I N T E R E S T TO L A B O R
62
A t th e tim e t h a t th e sto c k e x
c o n ta in e d a p ro v isio n t h a t all p re sen t e m p lo y e e s m u s t b e
c h a n g e w as p ic k e te d b y a lo c a l o f th e In te r n a tio n a l U n io n
co m e m e m b e rs o f th e u n io n im m e d ia te ly a n d t h a t n e w
s to c k e x c h a n g e b u ild in g .
o f O ffice E m p lo y e e s ( A F L ) , th e e m p lo y e e , a u n io n m e m
w ork ers m u s t jo in w ith in 2 8 d a y s o f b e g in n in g e m p lo y
b e r, re fu se d t o cross th e p ic k e t line w h en a sk e d b y h is e m
m e n t.
p lo y e r s to p e r fo rm his d u tie s as a relief floor clerk.
o f th e a m e n d e d N L R A .
S h o r tly
T h is a g re e m e n t c le a rly v io la te d se ctio n 8 (a)
(3)
a fte r th e strik e e n d e d he w a s d ism isse d fr o m his e m p lo y .
T h e u n io n ’ s re q u e st to th e e m p lo y e r t o sign th is ag ree
T h e tria l e x a m in e r fo u n d t h a t th e d isch a rge w a s d ue t o his
m e n t w as h eld n o t “ p er se ” a v io la tio n o f se ctio n 8 (b) (2 )
re fu sa l to cross th e p ic k e t lin e, a lth o u g h th e e m p lo y e r s
o f th e a m e n d e d N L R A .
c la im e d t h a t th e e m p lo y e e ’ s d isch a rg e w a s fo r b u sin e ss
fr o m ca u sin g or a tte m p tin g to cause d isc r im in a tio n in e m
re a so n s.
p lo y m e n t .
T h e tria l e x a m in e r h e ld th e e m p lo y e e ’s re fu sa l t o cross
th e p ic k e t lin e t o be c o n c e rte d a c tiv ity p r o te c te d b y se c
tio n 7 o f th e N L R A , n o t o n ly b e c a u se o f th e e m p lo y e e ’s
T h is se ctio n p ro h ib its a u n io n
B u t th e u n io n ’ s e x e cu tio n o f su ch a g re e m e n t
w as h e ld to b e m o re th a n p ersu asio n , a n d to v io la te su ch
p ro v isio n .
A s t o th e d isch a rge o f th e e m p lo y e e in q u e s tio n , th e
m e m b e r sh ip in th e u n io n , b u t b e ca u se o f th e p o ssib le e ffec t
u n io n w as h e ld t o h a v e v io la te d se ctio n 8 (b)
o f th e strik e on his o w n w o rk in g co n d itio n s.
sistin g on su ch d isch a rge as a c o n d itio n for e n d in g th e
T h a t he w as
th e o n ly u n io n m e m b e r in his firm w a s h e ld im m a te r ia l in
str ik e .
t h a t h e w a s a c tin g in c o n c e rt w ith fe llo w m e m b e rs in th e
b o th
exchange.
liab le for b a c k p a y d ue th is e m p lo y e e .
T h e tria l e x a m in e r p o in te d o u t t h a t co n ce rted
W ith
tw o
m e m b e rs
th e e m p lo y e r an d
d issen tin g,
th e
(2) b y in
B o ard
h e ld
th e u n io n jo in t ly a n d se v e ra lly
W h ile th e e m
a c t iv it y w as n o t co n fin ed t o p r o x im a te e m p lo y e r -e m p lo y e e
p lo y e r d isch a rge d th e e m p lo y e e o n ly a t th e u n io n ’ s in sis t
re la tio n sh ip s.
en ce th e B o a r d p o in te d o u t t h a t in fa c t, th e e m p lo y e r , a n d
C a s e s 10 h o ld in g
d isch a rge
o f p erson s for
e n g a g in g in a “ p a r tia l str ik e ” t o b e leg a l w ere d istin g u ish e d
o n ly th e e m p lo y e r , c o n tro ls th e hiring an d d isc h a rg in g o f
on th e g ro u n d t h a t in th o se cases th e m e a n s u sed o r o b je c t
e m p lo y e e s .
s o u g h t w ere illegal a n d c o n s titu te d a u n ila te ra l a t t e m p t b y
u su r p a tio n o f th a t co n tr o l w here su ch u s u r p a tio n w o u ld
e m p lo y e e s t o fix th e ir o w n w o rk te r m s .
re su lt in d isc r im in a tio n in v io la tio n o f th e a c t.
a
p ic k e t lin e,
it w a s
p o in te d
o u t,
R e fu s a l t o cross
re p re se n te d
a
tim e -
T h e tria l e x a m in e r p o in te d o u t t h a t se ctio n 8 (b ) (4) o f
B o ard , to
resist
T h e case
w as h eld a n a la g o u s t o t h a t o f jo in t to r t-fe a s o r s b e in g m a d e
jo in t ly
h o n o re d m e th o d o f a ssistin g c o n c e rte d u n io n a c tio n .
I t w a s his d u ty , said th e
and
d u ress.
se v e ra lly
liab le
a lth o u g h
on e
a c te d
under
M a k in g th e u n io n s o le ly liab le , th e B o a rd sa id ,
th e L M R A , p r o h ib itin g ce rta in se c o n d a ry strik es a n d b o y
w o u ld e n c o u r a g e e m p lo y e r s t o y ie ld to su ch u n io n p re s
c o tts , e x p re ssly e x c e p te d fr o m its p ro v isio n s a re fu sa l b y
sures.
a n y p erson t o e n te r u p o n th e p re m ise s o f a n y e m p lo y e r
T h e d isse n tin g op in io n stressed th a t se c tio n 10 (c) p r o
(o th e r th a n his ow n ) if th e e m p lo y e e s o f su ch e m p lo y e r
v id e d for b a c k p a y t o b e req u ired o f th e e m p lo y e r or la b o r
w ere e n g a g e d in a strik e ra tifie d or a p p r o v e d b y a rep re
o r g a n iz a tio n , as th e case m a y b e , re sp on sib le fo r th e d is
s e n ta tiv e
of
su ch
e m p lo y e e s
w hom
re q u ire d to re co g n ize u n d er th e a c t.
th e e x a m in e r sa id ,
to
th a t
e m p lo y e r
is
I t w o u ld be a b su rd ,
p e r m it a u n io n
to
e n c o u ra g e
its
c r im in a tio n su ffered b y th e e m p lo y e e .
The
th e r e b y give n d iscretio n t o assign lia b ility .
B oard
w as
T h e d isse n tin g
m e m b e r s th o u g h t t h a t th e e m p lo y e r ’ s co n tr o l o v e r h irin g
e m p lo y e e s n o t t o cross a p ic k e t line a n d y e t to a llo w an
a n d firing s h o u ld be v ie w e d in th e lig h t o f th e e c o n o m ic
e m p lo y e r to d isch a rg e su ch e m p lo y e e s fo r re fu sin g to d o so.
p ressu re crea te d b y th e strik e.
T h e B o a r d a ffirm e d th e op in io n o f th e
tria l e x a m in e r
w ith o u t in te r p r e tin g se ctio n 8 (b) ( 4 ) , e x c e p t to sta te t h a t
Interference— Prohibition of Union Solicitation on Com pany
n e ith e r th a t se ctio n n or a n y o th e r a m e n d m e n ts to th e a c t
Property.
h a d d e p r iv e d an e m p lo y e e o f h is rig h t t o e n g a g e in th is
lite ra tu re on c o m p a n y p r o p e r ty d oe s n o t c o n s titu te in te r
fo r m o f co n ce rted a c tiv ity .
feren ce in v io la tio n o f th e N L R A w h en th e s m a ll size o f
A n e m p lo y e r ’ s ru le a g a in s t d istr ib u tio n o f u n io n
th e p la n t e n ab le s th e u n io n t o d istrib u te su ch lite ra tu re
Union Security — Discrimination— Back P a y.
The N L R B
to e m p lo y e e s o u tsid e th e p la n t g a te , th e N L R B r u le d .12
co n sid ered 11 th e re sp e c tiv e liab ilitie s o f a n e m p lo y e r and
T h e B o a rd d istin g u ish e d th is case fro m a p re v io u s d ec i
a u n io n fo r d isc r im in a tio n a g a in s t n o n u n io n w ork e rs and
sion 13 h o ld in g p ro h ib itio n o f u n io n so lic ita tio n on p la n t
w ork e rs d isch a rge d a t th e re q u e st o f th e u n io n .
p r o p e r ty -was a v io la tio n o f th e N L R A .
D u r in g a strik e arisin g fr o m failu re o f a u n io n an d an
T h e d istin c tio n
w as t h a t in th a t case th e e m p lo y e r ’s p la n t w as lo c a te d on
e m p lo y e r t o agree on th e a m o u n t o f w a g e in crease in th e
a large tr a c t o f la n d a n d e m p lo y e e s b o a r d e d b u se s in sid e
n e g o tia tio n o f a n e w c o n tr a c t, a strik in g e m p lo y e e , fin d in g
t h a t tr a c t a n d su ch b u se s d id n o t s to p a t th e g a te w a y t o
t h a t a u n io n lea d er h a d in c o rr e c tly sta te d th e a m o u n t o f
th e p r o p e r ty , so th a t th e u n io n h a d a lm o s t n o ch a n ce t o
p a y increase th e e m p lo y e r w as w illin g t o g r a n t, in q u ire d in
c o n ta c t th e e m p lo y e e s .
re g ard to disaffilia tio n o f th e p la n t e m p lo y e e s fro m th e
in te r n a tio n a l
u n io n .
U pon
d isc o v e rin g
th is,
th e
u n ion
I n th e in s ta n t case th e e m p lo y e r ’s p la n t w as on p ro p e rty
50 x
1 2 0 fe e t w ith o n ly on e e n tra n c e .
boarded
d isch a rge o f th is e m p lo y e e w as a co n d itio n p re c e d e n t t o
T h e re fo re th e u n io n h a d a m p le o p p o r tu n ity to d is tr ib u te
s e ttlin g th e strik e.
lite ra tu re t o e m p lo y e e s as th e y le ft th e p la n t p r o p e r ty .
T h e e m p lo y e r a t first d e m u rre d , b u t
b u se s
acro ss
th e
stree t
fro m
T h e e m p lo y e e s
a g e n t d ire ctin g th e strik e in fo r m e d th e e m p lo y e r t h a t th e
th e
p la n t
g a te .
fin a lly agreed to rehire th e e m p lo y e e a fte r th e strik e for one
h o u r an d th e n fire h im .
T h e e m p lo y e e sta te d t h a t he d id
Economic vs. Unfair Labor Practice Strike.
R e v e r s in g an
n o t w a n t to b e th e cause o f p ro lo n g in g th e strik e a n d w o u ld
N L R B d ec ision , 14 a F e d e ra l co u rt o f a p p e a ls h eld 15 th a t
p e r so n a lly tr y to w ork o u t a s e ttle m e n t.
a n e m p lo y e r ’ s s ta te m e n t t h a t e m p lo y e e s e n g a g e d in an
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T h e n e w c o n tr a c t
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1 951
D E C IS IO N S O F I N T E R E S T TO L A B O R
economic strike would be replaced if they did not return
to work, did not convert an economic strike into an unfair
labor practice strike. Therefore, upon the ending of the strike
the strikers were not entitled to get their old jobs back
where they had been “permanently” replaced.
T h e c o u rt h e ld th a t th e e m p lo y e r co u ld h a v e rep laced
th e
e c o n o m ic
strik ers w ith o u t g iv in g th e m
any
n otice .
G iv in g th e m n o tic e , a n d th u s an o p p o r tu n ity for re in sta te
m e n t , d id n o t, th e co u rt h e ld , c o n stitu te a n y in terferen ce
w ith th e e m p lo y e e s ’ rig h t to o rga n ize.
w h ic h th e e m p lo y e r sta te d th e strikers w o u ld be rep laced
u n le ss t h e y c a m e b a c k b y a ce rtain d a te w as n o t th e cause
lo n g e d ,
said
th e
co u rt,
by
th e
T h e strik e w as p ro
u n io n ’s
in sisten ce
th a t
c e rtain u n io n m e m b e r s — “ se co n d m ille r s” — be in clu d e d in
th e b a rg a in in g u n it.
T h e u n io n d id n o t recede fro m th is
d e m a n d u n til a lm o s t tw o m o n th s a fte r th e e m p lo y e r se n t
th e lette r.
B oard
m o re
th a n
6
ch arge w as filed w ith
m o n th s
a fte r th e
u n fair la b o r
p ra ctic e occu rre d th e c o u rt h eld t h a t th e u n io n ’s charge
w as n o t
w ere to o
fe w
b a rred
by
th e
6 -m o n th
s ta tu te
p ro v id e d in th e a m e n d e d N L R A .
in d is tin c t t o
be
C h a ir m a n H e r z o g d isse n te d , a s se rtin g t h a t p e r m ittin g
th e frin g e g r o u p a se p a ra te e le ctio n g a v e its m e m b e r s a
ch a n ce to d ecid e w h e th e r th e y cu r re n tly w ish to b e in clu d e d
w ith
e m p lo y e e s in th e
w h e lm e d b y
large r u n it w ith o u t b e in g o v e r
th e m e m b e r s in th e
larger u n it.
M em ber
R e y n o ld s also d isse n te d .
Commerce.
T h e N L R B asse rte d 19 ju ris d ic tio n o v e r a fra n
ch ised a u to m o b ile d ea ler a lth o u g h th e b u sin e ss w as lo c a lly
o w n e d a n d n o cars w ere so ld b y th e d ea ler o u tsid e th e S ta t e .
The
d ea ler
had
an
a g re e m e n t
w ith
G e n e ra l
M o to r s
C o rp o r a tio n g iv in g h im th e e x c lu siv e p riv ileg e o f se llin g
C h e v r o le ts in
F o w le r,
C a lif., s u b je c t t o ce rtain c o n tr o ls
as t o lo c a tio n , se rv ice , fa cilities, e tc .
In so ru lin g th e B o a r d s ta te d t h a t, th o u g h lo c a lly o w n e d ,
of
lim ita tio n s
system
d e v o te d t o th e m a n u fa c tu r e a n d d is tr ib u tio n o f
a u to m o b ile s .
I t m u s t th e re fo re b e co n sid ered as an in
te g r a l p a r t o f a m u lti-S t a t e e n te rp rise o v e r w h ich th e B o a rd
h a d p r e v io u s ly exe rcised 20 ju ris d ic tio n .
T h e a m e n d e d charge
w as h e ld to re la te t o th e origin al ch a rg e, w h ich w as filed
w ith in th e 6 -m o n t h p eriod .
Decisions of State Courts
Connecticut— Fair
Refusal to Bargain. A n e m p lo y e r ’s p r o tr a c te d litig a tio n o f
issues p r e v io u sly d e c id e d a n d its recou rse t o c o u rt p ro
ce e d in g s, w h e n c o u p le d w ith re fu sa l t o e n g a g e in co lle ctiv e
b a rg a in in g as to w age s, h ou rs, or co n d itio n s o f e m p lo y m e n t,
w as an u n fa ir la b o r p ra c tic e w ith in th e m e a n in g o f section
8 (a) (5) o f th e a m e n d e d N L R A .
S o ru led 16 th e N L R B on
O c to b e r 2 4 , 1 9 5 0 .
B e c a u se o f o th e r a c tio n s sh o w in g a re fu sa l to b a rg a in — •
strik ers
Em ploym ent
Practices.
In
th e
first
d ecision in te r p r e tin g th e S ta te fa ir e m p lo y m e n t p ra c tic e
la w a C o n n e c tic u t lo w e r c o u rt u p h e ld 21 th e fin d in g s o f
th e S ta te In te rr a c ia l C o m m is s io n t h a t a n e m p lo y e r h a d
v io la te d th e a c t b y re fu sin g t o hire an in d iv id u a l b e ca u se
o f his race.
T h e a c t m a k e s it an u n fa ir e m p lo y m e n t p ra c tic e fo r an
e m p lo y e r , e x c e p t in case o f a b o n a fide o c c u p a tio n a l q u a li
re d u c tio n o f p iece ra te s w ith o u t c o n su ltin g th e u n io n an d
so lic itin g
in n u m b e r a n d to o
in d e p e n d e n tly o rg a n ize d .
th e bu sin e ss w as an e sse n tia l e le m e n t in a N a tio n -w id e
A lt h o u g h th e u n io n ’s a m e n d e d
th e
w as to e x c lu d e fr o m co lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g frin g e e m p lo y e e s
w ho
C o n tr a r y t o th e
B o a r d , th e c o u rt h e ld t h a t a le tte r se n t t o th e strikers in
fo r th e p r o lo n g a tio n o f th e strik e .
63
in d iv id u a lly
to
re tu rn
to
w o rk — th e
B o a rd fo u n d it u n n e ce ssa ry t o ru le o n th e v a lid ity o f th e
trial e x a m in e r ’s failu re t o fin d th a t th e in stitu tio n o f c o u rt
p ro ce ed in gs in itse lf c o n s titu te d in terfe re n ce w ith u n io n
a c tiv itie s in v io la tio n o f se ctio n 8 (a) (1) o f th e a c t.
But
th e B o a r d d id find t h a t su ch a c tio n w as in e x tric a b ly p a r t
of th e e m p lo y e r ’s re fu sa l to b a rg ain .
fica tio n or n e ed , t o refu se to hire a n y in d iv id u a l b e ca u se
o f ra ce , co lo r, re ligiou s creed , or n a tio n a l a n c e s try .
In th is case th e e m p lo y e r re fu sed to e m p lo y o n e D r a p e r ,
a 2 3 -y e a r o ld
N e g r o w h o h a d a n sw e re d th e e m p lo y e r ’ s
n e w sp a p e r a d v e r tis e m e n t
E x p e rie n c e
u n n e c e s s a r y .”
fo r
“ b oys,
The
18
y e a rs
e m p lo y e r
or over.
to ld
D raper
t h a t th e a d v e r tis e d jo b w as ta k e n , b u t s h o r tly th e r e a fte r
h ired fo u r w h ite a p p lic a n ts , a g e d fr o m 1 8 t o 2 3 , as d ish
w ash ers or fo u n ta in
m e n in ic e -c re a m sto res.
T h e first
o f th e se w as e m p lo y e d 2 % h ou rs a fte r D r a p e r ’ s in te rv ie w .
Appropriate Unit — “ Fringe ” Groups.
O v e rru lin g a n u m
b er o f p re v io u s d e c isio n s,17 th e N L R B ru le d 18 t h a t a sm a ll
“ frin g e ” g ro u p o f clerical e m p lo y e e s in a p la n t sh o u ld b e in
c lu d ed in th e sa m e b a rg a in in g u n it w ith p ro d u c tio n a n d
m a in te n a n c e
e m p lo y e e s ,
a lth o u g h
th e se
e m p lo y e e s
had
n e v e r b e fo re b e e n c o v e re d b y c o n tr a c ts b e tw e e n th e p e ti
tio n in g u n ion a n d th e e m p lo y e r .
T h e B o a r d ’s p re v io u s
p ra ctic e h a d b e e n t o c o n d u c t a se lf-d e te r m in a tio n e le ctio n
a m o n g th e e m p lo y e e s in th e frin g e gro u p as to w h e th e r th e y
w ish ed to b e lo n g to th e larger u n it.
In th is ca se, th e frin ge
gro u p c o n siste d o f 8 clerical e m p lo y e e s n o t co v e re d b y th e
p re v io u s b a rg a in in g h is to r y d a tin g since 1 9 3 7 .
In c lu s io n o f th e frin g e g ro u p in th e larger u n it w as h eld
T h e e m p lo y e r ’s m a n a g e r to ld th e in v e s tig a to r o f th e In te r
ra cia l C o m m is s io n t h a t D r a p e r ’ s a p p lic a tio n w as re fu sed
b e ca u se th e jo b w as filled , D r a p e r w as to o o ld a n d th e
w a g e s w ere to o lo w fo r a m a n o f h is ag e.
D r a p e r w as
fo u n d b y th e C o m m is s io n t o be c a p a b le o f fu lfillin g th e
d u tie s o f th e jo b fo r w h ich h e a p p lie d .
T h e C o m m is s io n
fo u n d t h a t th e e m p lo y e r h a d re fu sed h im th e jo b b e ca u se
o f his race a n d ord ered th e e m p lo y e r t o e m p lo y h im .
P u rsu a n t t o th e a c t, th e e m p lo y e r a p p e a le d fr o m th e
C o m m is s io n ’ s ord er.
T h e c o u rt h e ld t h a t th e in fere n ce s
d ra w n b y th e C o m m is s io n fr o m th e e v id e n c e w ere re a so n
a b le a n d t h a t its fin d in gs w ere b a s e d on s u b s ta n tia l e v i
d en c e.
I t h e ld t h a t th e fa c t t h a t D r a p e r w as n o t m a d e a
t o be th e m o s t e fficien t a n d p ra c tic a l m e th o d o f in su rin g
p a r ty t o th e p ro ce e d in g s w as n o t m a te ria l.
all e m p lo y e e s in th e sa m e circle o f c o m m o n in te r e st e q u a l
co u rt h e ld t h a t th e c o m m is s io n ’ s ord er t h a t th e e m p lo y e r
H o w e v e r , th e
be n e fits fr o m co lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g a n d e q u al o p p o r tu n ity
cease fr o m re fu sin g to hire D r a p e r b e m o d ifie d t o “ cease
t o se le ct re p re se n ta tiv e s.
to refuse t o hire D r a p e r b e ca u se o f h is ra c e ” if he s h o u ld
T h e e ffe c t o f th e p re v io u s p o lic y
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
64
D E C IS IO N S O F I N T E R E S T TO L A B O R
ag ain a p p ly fo r e m p lo y m e n t.
th e
e m p lo y e r ’s
re fu sal
to
I t p o in te d o u t t h a t since
hire
D rap er,
c irc u m sta n c e s
T h e fa c t t h a t e m p lo y m e n t o f b a rm a id s m ig h t lo w e r w a g e
sca le s w as h eld n o t to ju s t if y a m o n o p o ly in f a v o r o f b a r
m ig h t h a v e ch a n g e d so t h a t th e p o sitio n s o u g h t w as no
te n d e r s .
lo n g er v a c a n t or D r a p e r m ig h t n o t n o w desire su ch a jo b .
th e liq u o r d isp e n sin g b u sin e ss w as h e ld n o t a g r o u n d fo r
A lle g e d d e tr im e n t to th e p u b lic m o ra ls a n d to
a c tio n b y th e u n io n , b u t a s u b je c t fo r c o n sid e ra tio n b y th e
M issou ri — Injunction— State v s. Federal Jurisdiction.
The
M is s o u r i S u p re m e C o u r t u p h e ld 22 an in ju n c tio n g r a n te d
le g isla tu re .
T h e u n io n h a d p ro d u c e d in su fficien t e v id e n c e
t o s u p p o r t its c la im s a n d h a d n o t sh o w n t h a t th e e m p lo y
b y a lo w er c o u rt re strain in g p ic k e tin g a n d o b stru c tio n o f
m e n t o f b a rm a id s w as m o re d e tr im e n ta l in th e se re sp e c ts
a ro a d le a d in g to a co al m in e .
th a n
T h e fa c t th a t th e p ic k e tin g
m ig h t v io la te th e F e d e ra l L a b o r -M a n a g e m e n t R e g u la tio n s
th e
e m p lo y m e n t
p e n s in g liq u o r.
o f w aitre sses a t
r e s ta u ra n ts
d is
W h ile th e S ta te la b o r la w s a n d o th e r law s
A c t p ro v isio n s a g a in st p ic k e tin g fo r a clo se d sh o p w a s h e ld
d id n o t e x p re s s ly c o v e r d isc r im in a tio n on a c c o u n t o f se x ,
n o t to p r e v e n t a S ta t e co u rt fr o m ta k in g ju risd ic tio n .
th e c o u rt p o in te d o u t t h a t th e p rin c ip le a g a in s t d isc rim i
I t w a s alle ge d in th e p e titio n fo r th e in ju n c tio n th a t
m em bers
o f th e
U n ite d
M in e
W ork ers
th e r o a d le a d in g t o th e m in e
had
b y p a r k in g
cars
on
th e
r o a d t o o b s tr u c t traffic a n d b y w a lk in g in c row d s on th e
ro a d .
T h e su p re m e c o u rt h e ld t h a t th e o b stru c tio n o f a p u b lic
ro ad su c h as th a t le a d in g to th e m in e cou ld b e e n jo in e d
a s a p u b lic n u isa n c e .
th e c o u rt
I t w as n o d efe n se to th e in ju n c tio n ,
h e ld , t o s h o w th a t
p r iv a te p r o p e r ty
w as also
b e in g p r o te c te d or t h a t th e a c ts fo r w h ic h a n in ju n c tio n
w as s o u g h t w ere a lso v io la tio n s o f th e cr im in a l la w .
S in ce
th e issu e h a d n o t b e e n ra ise d in th e a n sw e r t o th e p e titio n
fo r in ju n c tio n , th e u n io n co u ld n o t n o w arg u e t h a t it co u ld
n o t b e su e d as a n e n tit y , b u t o n ly b y su it a g a in st its in d iv id
u al m e m b e r s .
T h e c o u rt a lso
h eld
t h a t th e
S ta te
la w
p e r m ittin g class su its (a g a in st re p re se n ta tiv e s o f a class o f
p erson s) p e r m itte d th e su it a g a in s t th e u n io n itse lf.
N ew
York— Picketing to Compel Discrim ination Against
W om en Enjoined. A
N ew
Y ork
tria l c o u rt
h e ld 23 th a t
p ic k e tin g t o c o m p e l an e m p lo y e r t o cease e m p lo y in g fe m a le
b a rte n d e rs w as fo r a n u n la w fu l o b je c t a n d e n jo in a b le .
T h e p ic k e tin g w as p e r fo rm e d b y a u n io n o f m a le b a r
te n d e r s, m e m b e r sh ip in w h ich w as clo se d t o w o m e n .
u n io n d e m a n d e d in e ffec t th a t
th e
e m p lo y e r ’s
The
p la c e be
u n io n iz e d a n d t h a t sh e d isch a rg e a ll th e b a rm a id s th e n in
her e m p lo y a n d re p la c e t h e m w ith m a le b a rte n d e rs.
I n h o ld in g th e p ic k e tin g illeg a l, th e c o u rt p o in te d to a
p re v io u s d ecision 24 o f th e N e w Y o r k C o u r t o f A p p e a ls th a t
a clo se d u n io n m a y n o t la w fu lly d e m a n d a clo se d s h o p .
A
u n io n w h ich a r b itra r ily den ied m e m b e r sh ip t o a ce rta in
p erson o r class o f p erson s c o u ld n o t la w fu lly p r e v e n t th e ir
e m p lo y m e n t, t h a t c o u rt h e ld , b o th b e c a u se o f th e d u t y o f
a b a rg a in in g re p re se n ta tiv e t o re p re se n t a ll e m p lo y e e s in
th e b a rg a in in g u n it w ith o u t d isc r im in a tio n , a n d b e c a u se o f
th e lia b ility o f o n e in te n tio n a lly in ju rin g a n o th e r p erson
w ith o u t excu se.
T h e d isc r im in a tio n in th is case w as h e ld t o b e u n ju s tifie d .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
n a tio n w as n o t lim ite d t o in sta n c e s sp e c ific a lly c o v e re d .
o b str u c te d
1 Prepared in the U . S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor.
The cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant
decisions believed to he of special interest. N o attempt has been made to
reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of
labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in
which contrary results m ay be reached, based upon local statutory provi
sions, the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts
to the issue presented.
2 This section is intended merely as a digest of some recent decisions involv
ing the Fair Labor Standards Act and the Portal-to-Portal A ct. It is not
to be construed and m ay not be relied upon as interpretation of these acts
by the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division or any agency of the
Department of Labor.
3 T ip to n v. B e a r l S p rott C o. (D ., S. D . Cal., Oct. 18, 1950).
I N o rth w est A ir lin e s , I n c . v. J a ck son (C. A . (8th), N ov. 6, 1950).
s P o w e ll v. U . S . Cartridge C o. 339 U . S. 497, M o n th ly L a b or R ev iew , July
1950, p. 133.
6 See note 5.
7 U . S . Cartridge C o. v. P o w e ll (C. A . (8th), Oct. 26, 1950).
8 XJ. S . v. M o o r e (C. A . (5th), N ov. 8, 1950).
9 I n re de Cordova (91 N L R B No. 187, October 25, 1950).
10 I n tern a t. U n io n , U . A . W . v. W is c o n s in E R B , 336 U . S. 245.
II I n re A c m e M a ttr e s s C o ., I n c . (91 N L R B No. 169, October 18, 1950).
12
I n re N e w p o r t N e w s C h ildren’ s D re s s C o ., I n c . (91 N L R B No. 230,
November 6,1950).
18 N a tio n a l L a b or R ela tio n s B o a rd v . L e T o u rn ea u C o ., 324 U . S. 793.
14 I n re K a n s a s M illin g C o. (86 N L R B N o. 136), M o n t h ly L a b or R ev ie w ,
January 1950, p. 65.
15 K a n s a s M illin g C o. v. N a tio n a l L a b or R ela tio n s B oa rd (C. A . (10th),
November 9, 1950).
14 I n re A tla n ta M e ta llic C asket Co. (91 N L R B N o. 188, October 24, 1950).
17 I n re P etersen <5c L y tle (60 N L R B 1070).
18 I n re W a tero u s C o. (92 N L R B No. 29, November 15, 1950).
19 I n re B a xter Bros. (91 N L R B No. 233, November 6, 1950).
20 I n re B orden C o ., 91 N L R B No. 109, M o n th ly L a b or R eview , December
1950, p. 717.
21 D ra p e r v. C lark D a ir y , I n c . (Conn Super. C t., New Haven County,
October 10,1950).
22 State o f M is s o u r i, e x rel. A lta i v. Thatch (M o. Sup. C t., November 13,
1950).
28 W ils o n , doing b u sin ess as R oya l P h ea sa n t R esta u ra n t v. H a c k e r (N . Y .
Sup. C t., Trial Term, Erie Co., November 13,1950)
24 C lark v. C u rtis (297 N . Y . 1014), M o n th ly L a b or R eview , November 1948,
p . 523.
m e m b e r , w a s d is c r im in a to r y .
(S o u rc e :
L a b o r R e la tio n s
R e p o r te r , 2 7 L R R M , p . 1 0 5 7 , N o v . 2 7 , 1 9 5 0 .)
Chronology of
T he C ongress
I nd ustrial O rg anizations opened its
of
1 2 th a n n u a l c o n v e n tio n a t
Recent Labor Events
C h ic a g o ,
111.
(S o u rc e :
N ew
Y o r k T im e s , N o v . 2 1 , 1 9 5 0 , a n d C I O N e w s , N o v . 2 7 , 1 9 5 0 ;
fo r d iscu ssio n , see p . 8 o f th is issu e .)
*
November 27
T he Secretar y
of
L abor issu e d a n o rd er, e ffe c tiv e J a n u
a r y 6 , 1 9 5 1 , p r o h ib itin g e m p lo y m e n t o f m in o rs b e tw e e n
th e a g es o f 1 6 a n d 1 8 y e a r s in o c c u p a tio n s (e x c e p t clerical
and
November 13, 1950
a u x ilia r y
c o a l),
jo b s )
q u a rrie s,
c la y
c o n n e c te d
p its ,
w ith
sand
m e ta ls m ills a n d w a sh e r p la n ts .
T he P resid en t , b y E x e c u tiv e O rd e r N o . 1 0 1 8 0 , e s ta b
m in e s
and
(o th e r
gravel
th a n
o p e ra tio n s ,
(S o u rc e : F e d e r a l R e g is
te r , v o l. 1 5 , N o . 2 3 7 , D e c . 7 , 1 9 5 0 , p . 8 6 8 0 .)
lish e d sp e c ia l p e rso n n e l p ro ce d u res fo r c iv il se rv ice w orkers
d u rin g th e e x istin g e m e r g e n c y .
(S o u rc e : F e d e ra l R e g iste r ,
T he A cting A dministrator o f th e U. S . D e p a r t m e n t of
v o l. 1 5, N o . 2 2 2 , N o v . 1 5 , 1 9 5 0 , p . 7 7 4 5 ; fo r d iscu ssio n ,
L a b o r ’s W a g e a n d H o u r D iv is io n e sta b lis h e d m in im u m
see p . 5 3 o f th is issu e .)
h o u rly w a g e s in P u e r to R ic o o f 4 5 c e n ts fo r th e gen era l
d iv is io n an d 5 3 c e n ts fo r th e h e a v y p ro d u c ts an d in d u s tr ia l
November 14
d iv isio n
of
th e
m e ta l
p la s tic s ,
m a c h in e r y , in s tr u m e n t,
tr a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t, a n d allied in d u strie s, e ffe c tiv e
T he N atio n a l L abor R elations B oard , in th e case o f
J a n u a r y 1, 1 9 5 1 .
Alliance
2 3 2 , N o v . 3 0 , 1 9 5 0 , p . 8 1 8 4 .)
W are,
In c.,
and
International
Brotherhood
of
(S o u rc e : F e d e ra l R e g is te r , v o l. 1 5 , N o .
Blacksmiths’, Drop Forgers, and Helpers ( A F L ) , ru le d th a t
O n N o v e m b e r 2 8 , a m in im u m h o u r ly w a g e o f 4 0 c e n ts
th e u n io n ’s e le c tio n e e rin g fr o m so u n d tr u c k s w ith in h e arin g
w a s a p p r o v e d fo r th e s tr u c tu ra l c la y a n d m isc e lla n e o u s
o f p o llin g p la c e
h ou rs w a rra n ts s e ttin g
c la y p r o d u c ts d iv isio n o f th e c la y a n d c la y p r o d u c ts in
R e la tio n s
d u s tr y in P u e r to R ic o , e ffe c tiv e J a n u a r y 1, 1 9 5 1 .
a sid e
e le c tio n .
d u rin g e le c tio n
(S o u r c e :
Labor
R e p o r te r ,
27
L R R M , p . 1 0 4 0 , N o v . 2 0 , 1 9 5 0 .)
November 17
November 28
T he N L R B , in th e ca se o f John Hancock M utual Life
Insurance Co., a n d Samuel Kohen, ru le d t h a t re fu sa l to
hire a fo rm e r su p e r v iso r fo r a n o n su p e rv iso r y jo b , b e ca u se
he te s tifie d a g a in s t th e e m p lo y e r a t a n N L R B h e a rin g , is
d is c r im in a to r y .
(S o u r c e :
F e d e ra l R e g is te r , v o l. 15, N o . 2 3 3 , D e c . 1, 1 9 5 0 , p . 8 2 1 7 .)
(S o u r c e :
Labor
R e la tio n s
R e p o r te r ,
27
L R R M , p . 1 0 5 8 , N o v . 2 7 , 1 9 5 0 .)
L e f t - w i n g U n io n s e xp e lle d fr o m th e C I O
co n fe re n ce h e ld in W a s h in g to n , D .
a g re e d a t a
C ., t h a t t h e y w o u ld
s e t u p a n “ in fo r m a l w o rk in g a llia n c e .”
(S o u r c e : L a b o r
R e la tio n s R e p o r te r , v o l. 2 7 , N o . 9 , 2 7 L R R , p . 4 9 .)
A fter 1 6 Y e ar s , th e A m a lg a m a t e d
C lo th in g
W ork ers
( C I O ) a n d th e P a lm B e a c h C o . sig n e d th e ir first c o lle c tiv e
November 19
b a rg a in in g a g re e m e n t, p ro v id in g p a y in creases o f 13 p e r
F our M ajor N etw o r k s a n d th e te le v isio n a u th o r ity
c e n t an d c o m p a n y -fin a n c e d so c ia l w e lfa re c o v e ra g e u n d e r
(re p re se n tin g 5 A F L affiliates) n a r ro w ly a v e r te d a strik e
th e A C W p la n .
w ith a 2 -y e a r a g r e e m e n t— th e first in th e in d u s tr y .
(S o u r c e : C I O N e w s , D e c . 4 , 1 9 5 0 .)
E n te r
ta in e rs w ere g r a n te d in cre ase d fees a n d p r o te c tio n in th e
T he 9 - member W age S tabilization B oard to o k th e o a th
use o f K in e s c o p e re co rd in g s o f liv e sh o w s.
o f office (see C h r o n . ite m fo r O c t. 9 , M L R
(S o u r c e : A F L
N o v . 1 9 5 0 ).
(S o u r c e : U . S . D e p t , o f L a b o r P ress S erv ic e, w e e k o f D e c .
W e e k ly N e w s S erv ic e, N o v . 2 1 , 1 9 5 0 .)
4 , 1 9 5 0 .)
A merica ( C I O ) e n d e d
O n D e c e m b e r 6 , th e S e n a te c o n firm e d M a y o r M ic h a e l
an 1 1 -d a y strik e (see C h r o n . ite m fo r N o v . 9 , 1 9 5 0 , M L R ,
V . D iS a lle o f T o le d o , O h io , as D ir e c to r o f P rice S ta b iliz a
D ec.
tio n .
T he C om m unication W
1950)
orkers of
a g a in s t th e
in c lu d in g 9 - to
m o n th c o n tr a c t.
W estern
E le c tr ic
Co.
on
te rm s
1 4 -e e n t h o u rly w a g e in cre ase a n d a
15-
(S o u r c e : C o n g re ssio n a l R e c o r d , v o l. 9 6 , N o . 2 0 1 ,
D e c . 6 , 1 9 5 0 , p . 1 6 3 6 0 .)
(S o u rc e : C I O N e w s , N o v . 2 7 , 1 9 5 0 ; for
d isc u ssio n , see p . 5 4 o f th is issu e .)
Novem ber 20
November 29
T he 17 th A n n u a l C onference on L a b o r L e g is la tio n
c o n v e n e d in W a s h in g to n , D . C ., w ith S ta te la b o r officials
T he N L R B , in th e case o f Depew Paving Co., In c. an d
an d re p re s e n ta tiv e s o f o rg a n iz e d la b o r a tte n d in g .
Napoleon Sargent, ru led t h a t d isch a rg e o f e m p lo y e e , a fte r
U . S . D e p t , o f L a b o r release S 5 1 - 6 9 5 , N o v . 2 9 , 1 9 5 0 ; fo r
lea rn in g th r o u g h q u e stio n in g h im t h a t h e w a s n o t a u n io n
d iscu ssio n , see p . 4 5 o f th is issu e .)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(S o u r c e :
65
66
CHRONOLOGY OF LA B O R E V E N TS
November 30
th e e m p lo y e e s fo r th e n e x t y e a r .
(S o u rc e : L a b o r R e la
tio n s R e p o r te r , 2 7 L R R M , p . 1 1 0 3 , D e c . 11, 1 9 5 0 .)
U nited
Steelw o r k er s
of
A merica
(C IO )
sig n ed
an
a g re e m e n t w ith U . S . S te e l C o r p . an d B e th le h e m S te e l C o .
fo r an a v e r a g e h o u r ly w a g e increase o f 16 c e n ts.
December 7
(S o u rc e :
C I O N e w s , D e c . 4 , 1 9 5 0 .)
T he D ress Joint B oard of th e In te r n a tio n a l L a d ie s ’ G a r
m e n t W o r k e r s ’ U n io n ( A F L ) a p p r o v e d w a g e in creases o f
December 3
$ 3 to $ 5 a w e e k fo r d re ssm a k e rs in th e N e w Y o r k m e tr o
p o lita n area.
T he
M id -C en tu r y
C h ild re n
and
Y o u th
W hite
H ouse
con ven ed
at
C onference
W a s h in g to n ,
D.
(S o u rc e :
N ew Y ork
T im e s , D e c . 8 , 1 9 5 0 .)
on
C.
December 11
(S o u r c e : N e w Y o r k T im e s , D e c . 4 , 1 9 5 0 .)
T he C hrysler C orp . an d th e U n ite d A u to m o b ile W o r k e r s
December 4
( C I O ) a n n o u n c e d re p la c e m e n t o f a 3 -y e a r a g re e m e n t w ith
a 5 -y e a r c o n tr a c t (see M L R , A u g u s t 1 9 5 0 , p . 2 2 0 ) , raisin g
T he N L R B , in th e case o f Salant and Salant, Inc. an d
p en sion s to $ 1 2 5 a m o n th (fo rm e rly $ 1 0 0 ) , a n d p ro v id in g
Amalgamated Clothing Workers o f Am erica (C IO ), ru led
c o s t-o f-liv in g w a g e a d ju s tm e n ts , a n a n n u a l w a g e im p r o v e
th a t m e re p o stin g o f n e u tr a lity n o tic e fo r
m e n t fa c to r , a n d a m o d ifie d u n io n s h o p .
1 m o n th
on
p la n t b u lle tin b o a r d s d oe s n o t re lie ve e m p lo y e r o f re sp o n
s ib ility fo r a n tiu n io n a c tiv itie s o f su p e r v iso rs.
(S o u r c e : C I O
N e w s , D e c . 1 8, 1 9 5 0 .)
(S o u rc e:
L a b o r R e la tio n s R e p o r te r , 2 7 L R R M , p . 1 0 9 7 , D e c .
11,
1 9 5 0 .)
T he
NLRB,
in
th e
case
of
Textile
Workers
Union of
Am erica (C IO ) a n d N ew Jersey Carpet M ills, In c., re v e rsin g
a y e a r -o ld d ec ision
(see C h r o n . ite m
fo r D e c .
10,
1949,
T he N L R B , in th e ca se o f Great Lakes Carbon Co. an d
M L R , J a n . 1 9 5 0 ), ru le d t h a t a n e m p lo y e r m u s t b a rg a in
International Chemical Workers, Local 1 (A F L ), ru le d t h a t
w ith a u n io n t h a t h as fa ile d to file n o n -C o m m u n is t affi
w h en a u n io n se rv e s n o tic e o f its desire to m o d if y a la b o r
d a v its u n d e r th e
c o n tr a c t w ith an e m p lo y e r , th e a u to m a tic re n e w a l o f th e
sa id , a t tim e o f re fu sa l t o b a rg a in , t h a t th e re fu sa l w a s
a g re e m e n t is su sp e n d e d ,
based
and
th e
board
m ay
o r d e r an
e le c tio n to d e te r m in e th e b a rg a in in g re p re se n ta tiv e s fo r
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
on
T a ft-H a r tle y
n o n c o m p lia n c e
A c t u n less th e e m p lo y e r
w ith th e la w .
(S o u r c e : U . S .
L a w W e e k , v o l. 1 9 , N o . 2 3 , D e c . 19, 1 9 5 0 , p . 2 2 5 6 .)
d ifferen ce
U n ite d
b e tw e e n
S ta te s
u n ion
p ra ctic e s
c o n ce rn in g
th e
in
closed
B rita in
shop
and
th e
in
th e
lies
su ccess w ith w h ich th e T ra d e s U n io n C o n g re ss h as c o m
Publications
p ose d ju ris d ic tio n a l d isp u te s, so th a t in te ru n io n rivalries
are less fre q u e n t a n d less re le n tle ssly p u rsu e d th a n in th e
U n ite d S ta te s .
of Labor Interest
S in ce th e 1 9 3 9 d ecision on th e closed sh op
in S w e d en , cited in th e b o o k , th e S w e d ish L a b o r C o u r t h as
tw ic e re v ersed itse lf.
In 1 9 4 5 it h eld a clo s e d -s h o p c o n tr a c t
leg al on th e th e o r y th a t a w o rk e r co u ld b e lo n g t o tw o
u n io n s s im u lta n e o u s ly .
in frin g ed
on
an
th r e a te n in g t o
I n 1 9 4 8 it h eld th a t an e m p lo y e r
e m p lo y e e ’ s
fr e e d o m
h a v in g a clo s e d -s h o p c o n tr a c t.
regarding publications referred to in
this list should be addressed to the respective publishing agencies mentioned.
Data on prices, if readily available, were included with the title entries.
E d i t o k ’s
N o t e . — Correspondence
th e
c o u rt
h e ld
o f a s so c ia tio n b y
d isch a rg e h im fo r re fu sal to jo in a u n ion
th a t
a
B u t in y e t a n o th e r case,
p r o s p e c tiv e
e m p lo y e e co u ld b e
req u ired , as a co n d itio n o f e m p lo y m e n t, t o jo in th e u n io n
h a v in g th e c o n tr a c t.
T h e p ic tu re o f c o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g in F ra n c e also h as
u n d ergo n e a ra d ical a n d re c e n t c h a n ge .
Special Review
a
The Right to Organize and Its L im its: A
Comparison of
Policies in the United States and Selected European
Countries.
A ft e r th e b o o k
w a s w ritte n , a la w w a s p a s s e d (in F e b r u a r y 1 9 5 0 ) a m e n d in g
B y K u rt B raun.
I n s tit u tio n , 1 9 5 0 .
W a s h in g to n , B r o o k in g s
331 p p.
$3.
1 9 4 6 a c t w h ich h a d b e e n la rg e ly in o p e ra tiv e b e c a u se
w a g e ra tes w ere fixed b y th e S ta te .
T h e n e w a c t restores
c o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g on w a g e s ; it requ ires c o n c ilia tio n an d
p ro v id e s fo r v o lu n ta r y
te r m s
a r b itra tio n
o f d isp u te s o v e r th e
— Jea n A . F l e x n e r .
o f la b o r a g re e m e n ts .
A c o m p a r a tiv e a n d h isto rica l re v iew o f th e p olicie s a n d
p ra ctic e s o f u n io n s a n d e m p lo y e r s ; o f le g isla tio n a n d o f
Cooperative M ovem ent
c o u rt d ec ision s in th e U n ite d S ta te s a n d ce rtain foreign
co u n tries,
p rin c ip a lly
G reat
B r ita in ,
F ra n c e ,
G erm an y,
The Cooperative League o f the United States: Its Program
a n d S w e d e n ; a n d o f s ta n d a rd s se t b y I L O c o n v e n tio n s on
and Purpose.
C h ic a g o ,
fre e d o m o f a sso c ia tio n a n d rig h t to o r g a n ize .
U S A , [1 9 5 0 ? ].
14 p p .
T h e b o ok ’s
c h ie f c o n tr ib u tio n is its su r v e y o f E u ro p e a n d e v e lo p m e n ts ,
w h ich are n o t w ell u n d e r sto o d in th e U n ite d S ta te s a n d on
w h ic h
in fo r m a tio n
E x a m p le s
of
is
so m e tim e s
in te re stin g
not
d ifferen ces
very
Cooperatives P a y Their Taxes.
co u n tries
Rules
of
Order: A
s a m e b a rg a in in g u n it, so m e tim e s p ra c tic e d in E u r o p e , as
Co-ops.
c o n tr a s te d
cu ltu re ,
r e p re s e n ta tiv e
d ifferen ces
in
th e
by
se le ctio n
m a jo r it y
u n io n
of
v o te
se c u rity
a
in
sin g le
th e
b a rg a in in g
U n ite d
a r r a n g e m e n ts ;
th e
Credit
recu rrin g a g re e m e n ts b e tw e e n fe d e ra tio n s o f u n io n s a n d
U n ite d
S ta te s,
on
gen eral p rin c ip le s
g o v e rn in g re la tio n s b e tw e e n th e tw o g rou p s.
and
Procedure
W a s h in g to n ,
R u ra l
U.
S.
E le c trific a tio n
D e p a r tm e n t
of
A g r i
A d m in is tr a tio n ,
1950.
Unions
in
Canada,
1949.
By
J.
E.
O ’ M eara.
sio n , M a r k e tin g S ervic e, 1 9 5 0 .
1 9 p p ., illus.
I n a d d itio n t o re v ie w in g th e 1 9 4 9 o p e ra tio n s o f cred it
u n io n s in C a n a d a , th e re p o rt c o m m e m o r a te s th e 5 0 t h y e a r
O n so h ig h ly co n tr o v e r sia l a s u b je c t, q u e stio n s o f in te r
p r e ta tio n
Parliamentary
O tta w a , D e p a r tm e n t o f A g r ic u ltu r e , E c o n o m ic s D i v i
e m p lo y e r s ’ a sso c ia tio n s in E u ro p e , fo r w h ich th e re is no
c o u n te rp a r t in th e
Simplified
C h ic a g o ,
22 pp.
16 p p.
S ta tes;
and
B y J erry V o o r h is .
o f th e
Recommended for Use in Business M eetings of R E A
in c lu d e c o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g b y gro u p s o f u n io n s in th e
w ith
League
C o o p e r a tiv e L e a g u e o f th e U S A , [1 9 5 0 ? ].
ac ce ssib le.
b e tw e e n
C o o p e r a tiv e
e m p h a sis w ill in v a r ia b ly arise.
W h ile it
is u n d o u b te d ly tru e th a t, as th e a u th o r sa y s, th e N a tio n a l
sin ce th e first cred it u n io n in N o r t h A m e r ic a w a s s ta rte d
b y A lp h o n s e D e s ja r d in s in L e v is , Q u e b e c , a n d g iv e s an
a c c o u n t o f th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e m o v e m e n t.
L a b o r R e la tio n s [W a g n e r] A c t e x te n d e d th e p o w e r o f a
u n io n to b a rg a in fo r w ork e rs o th e r th a n its ow n m e m b e r s
in th e u n it fo r w h ic h it is se le c te d as b a rg a in in g a g e n t, he
o m its a n y m e n tio n o f th e fa c t t h a t th e a c t b r o u g h t a b o u t
w id e r
re c o g n itio n
of
u n io n s
and
p r a c tic a lly
e lim in a te d
au th o r’s
e m p h a sis
upon
Cooperativas de Electrificación Rural en
Sergio C a r v a llo H e d e r ra .
d ifferen ces
b e tw e e n
a ttitu d e s in G r e a t B rita in a n d th e U n ite d S ta te s to w a r d
th e close d sh o p , fo u n d u n d er th e h e a d in g (p . 2 2 7 ) “ B ritish
S ociales, S ección de C o o p e r a tiv a s , 1 9 5 0 .
s ta tis tic a l
and
tect’ s Office, 1 9 3 5 -4 9 .
sin ce
n e ith e r
co u rts
nor
P a r lia m e n t in B r ita in h a v e re je c te d th e closed sh o p an d
th e d e c la ra tio n o f th e M in is te r o f L a b o r d o e s n o t h a v e th e
fo rc e o f la w .
th e
B r itish u n io n s a im t o a c h ie v e a n d en fo rce
1 0 0 p e r c e n t u n io n sh o p .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P e rh a p s th e g r e a te st real
d a ta
2 3 pp.
about
th e
ru ral
Swedish Cooperative Union and Wholesale Society’s Archi
b u n d e t,
d e b a ta b le ,
o th e r
a s s o c ia tio n .
U n io n
is
By
P an
e le c tric ity c o o p e r a tiv e s in C h ile , w ith b y la w s fo r su ch an
G o v e r n m e n t R e je c t e d th e A m e r ic a n T y p e o f C lo se d a n d
S h o p ,”
Chile.
W a s h in g to n , U n ió n
a m e r ic a n a , D e p a r ta m e n t o de A s u n to s E c o n ó m ic o s y
C o n ta in s
re p re se n ta tio n b y c o m p a n y u n io n s.
The
Las
illu s.
1949.
2
S to c k h o lm , K o o p e r a tiv a F o r -
v o ls .,
164
and
190
p p .,
p la n s,
In E n g lis h .
C o m p o s e d a lm o s t e n tir e ly o f p ictu re s o f d w e llin g s a n d
o th e r b u ild in g s d esig n e d b y th e a r c h ite c tu r a l se rv ice of
K o o p e r a tiv a F o r b u n d e t.
67
68
MONTHLY LABOR
P U B L IC A T IO N S OF L A B O R IN T E R E S T
Economic and Social Problems
Related Instruction: A K e y to Apprentice Training in Con
struction.
Economic Fluctuations in the
B y L a w re n c e R . K le in .
Son s,
I n c .,
1950.
174
United States,
N ew
p p .,
1 9 2 1 -1 9 4 1 .
Y o r k , J o h n W i le y &
c h a rts.
(C o w le s
Com
m issio n fo r R e se a rc h in E c o n o m ic s M o n o g r a p h N o .
1 1 .)
$4.
W a s h in g to n ,
C ham ber
of
C o m m e rc e
of
th e U n ite d S ta te s , C o n s tr u c tio n an d C iv ic D e v e lo p
m e n t D e p a r tm e n t, 1 9 5 0 .
20 pp.
Approved Technical Institutes.
sin ger.
10 cen ts.
C o m p ile d b y J. S . N o ff -
W a s h in g to n , N a tio n a l C o u n cil o f T e c h n ic a l
S c h o o ls, 1 9 5 0 .
5 6 p p ., illu s.
2 5 cen ts.
T h e a u th o r d iscu sses e c o n o m e tric m o d e ls fo r fo re c a stin g
a n d fo r a n a ly z in g th e e ffec ts o f p ro p o se d or a lr e a d y e x istin g
p o lic y .
H e con sid ers b a sic c o n c e p ts, d a ta , a n d to o ls o f
a n a ly sis re q u ire d .
A g g r e g a te s n e ce ssa ry fo r a n a ly sis are
d eriv e d fr o m th e orie s o f th e firm , h o u se h o ld , a n d m a rk e t.
T h ree
s ta tistic a l m o d e ls
are
co n sid ered
in
so m e
d e ta il:
a s y s t e m w h ose c o m p o n e n ts are th e d e m a n d fo r co n su m e r
a n d p ro d u c e r g o o d s a n d la b o r p o w e r ; a s y s t e m d e p e n d in g
ch iefly u p o n m o n e y flo w s; a n d a la rg e , str u c tu ra l m o d e l
re fle ctin g th ir ty -o n e
v a ria b le s, b o th real a n d m o n e ta r y .
T h e ac id te s t o f th e u tilit y o f a n y m o d e l is w h e th e r it is
su ite d to e x istin g d a ta .
K le in calls fo r
m o re reliab le d a ta
or b e tte r m e a su r e m e n ts o f e x istin g d a ta fo r m a n y c a te
gories su ch as s to c k o f c a p ita l, in v e n to r ie s, a c tiv itie s o f
g o v e r n m e n t,
h o u sin g
e x p e n d itu re s,
ca sh
b a la n c e s,
and
Principles and
Y ork,
R o n a ld
1950.
M oore.
N ew
Y ork,
B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e se a rc h , I n c .,
ch a rts.
(O c c a sio n a l P a p e r N o . 3 1 .)
v ie w e d
average
h ou rs
a g ric u ltu ra l
as
in
m ost
tr u s tw o r th y .
m a n u fa c tu r in g ,
e s ta b lish m e n ts,
p ric es, a n d p e rso n a l in c o m e .
1950.
9 6 p p .,
C o .,
1950.
R e v . ed.
577
p p .,
N ew
b ib lio g
$ 4 .2 5 .
fo r C o n tin u a tio n S tu d y , 1 9 5 0 .
1 8 -2 0 ,
3 9 p p .; p ro ce ssed .
(In In te r
n a tio n a l L a b o r R e v ie w , G e n e v a , J u ly 1 9 5 0 , p p . 1 - 1 8 .
5 0 c e n ts.
D is t r ib u te d in U n it e d S ta te s b y W a s h in g
to n B r a n c h o f I L O .)
Labor
Education
in
Germany.
By
E le a n o r
G.
C o it.
F r a n k fo r t, O ffice o f th e U . S. H ig h C o m m is s io n e r fo r
O ffice
of
Labor
A ffa ir s,
1950.
57
p p .;
(V is itin g E x p e r t Series, N o . 1 6 .)
Employment and Unemployment
T h ese
e m p lo y m e n t
u n e m p lo y m e n t,
M anpow er Planning for National Emergency.
M e t r o p o lit a n
$ 1 .5 0 .
in clu d e
in
non-
w h o lesa le
M e t h o d s are d esc rib e d fo r
m a k in g use o f th e in d ic a to rs in a m a n n e r w h ich , in th e
v ie w o f th e a u th o r , m a y p ro v id e h e lp fu l sig n s o f a p p r o a c h
in g recession or r e v iv a l a n d fa c ilita te p r o m p t re co g n itio n
o f su ch a d e v e lo p m e n t, b u t o fte n n o t w ith o u t co n sid era b le
u n c e r ta in ty .
L ife
In s u ra n c e
S ervic e B u r e a u , 1 9 5 0 .
M axim um
Utilization
Bibliography.
of
C o .,
N ew Y ork,
P o lic y h o ld e r s
6 8 p p ., fo rm s .
Em ployed
M anpow er— Selected
P rin c e to n , N . J ., P rin c e to n U n iv e r s ity ,
In d u s tria l R e la tio n s S e c tio n ,
O c to b e r
1950.
7 p p .;
p ro ce ssed .
Causes o f Unemployment in the Coal and Other Specified
Industries.
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 5 0 .
22 pp.
(S e n a te R e
p o r t N o . 2 0 4 2 , 8 1 s t C o n g ., 2 d S ess.)
T h e S e n a te h earin gs on th e s u b je c t h a v e b e e n p u b lis h e d
u n d er th e sa m e title as th e re p o rt.
Policies and Controls in a W ar-Burdened E conom y.
of
W e lty
N a tio n a l
T h e in d ic a to r s se le c te d fo r s tu d y c o n sist o f 2 1 m a jo r
series
D.
Supervisory Training in European Countries.
G erm an y,
H.
By
M in n e a p o lis , U n iv e r s ity o f M in n e s o ta , C e n te r
p ro ce sse d .
G e o ffre y
Guidance.
Continuation Course in Industrial Nursing, M a y
w a g e s a n d p ro fits, as w ell as fo r im p r o v e m e n ts in social
By
P ress
ra p h ies, fo r m s .
a c c o u n tin g a n d in d u stria l classificatio n .
Statistical Indicators of Cyclical Revivals and Recessions.
Techniques of
L e fe v e r , A rc h ie M . T u rr e ll, H e n r y I . W e it z e l.
C o m m itt e e
on
E c o n o m ic
P o lic y ,
C o m m e r c e o f th e U n it e d S ta te s .
2 1 p p ., c h a rts.
R ep ort
Cham ber
of
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 5 0 .
2 5 c e n ts.
D er Produktionsfaktor Arbeit in Westdeutschland. B y B r u n o
(In
G le itz e .
V ie r te lja h rs h e fte
zu r
W ir ts c h a fts fo r *
s c h u n g , D e u ts c h e s I n s tit u t fü r W ir ts c h a fts fo r s c h u n g ,
B e rlin ,
J a h rg a n g
1950,
D r itt e s
H e ft,
pp.
1 8 3 -2 0 4 ,
c h a rts.)
Social
Stratification
1 9 4 0 -1 9 5 0 .
and
M obility
B y A le x In k e le s.
in
the Soviet U nion :
D e a ls w ith th e d e v e lo p m e n t a n d c h a ra c te r o f u n e m p lo y
(In A m e r ic a n S o c io
m e n t, a n d th e m a n p o w e r reserv es a v a ila b le , in w e ste rn
lo g ic a l R e v ie w , N e w Y o r k , A u g u s t 1 9 5 0 , p p . 4 6 5 - 4 7 9 .
G erm an y.
$ 1.)
D e sc r ib e s th e soc ial s tr a ta w h ich h a v e b e c o m e a p p a r e n t
Housing and Construction Activity
in S o v ie t s o c ie ty , a n d c o n clu d e s, w ith cita tio n o f su p p o rtin g
fa c ts , t h a t “ d u rin g th e w a r d ec a d e forc es w ere se t in m o tio n
Construction — 194 8 in Review.
w h ich m a y in tim e a c t se rio u sly t o re str ic t soc ial m o b ility
m ent
of
L ab or,
a n d t o tr a n sfo r m th e p re se n t p a tte r n o f s tr a tific a tio n in to
4 9 p p ., c h a rts.
B u reau
(B u ll.
W a s h in g to n , U . S . D e p a r t
of
N o.
Labor
9 8 4 .)
S ta tis tic s ,
1950.
3 0 c e n ts, S u p e r
in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g to n .
a m u c h m o re close d class s y s t e m .”
A n n u a l re p o rt o n c o n str u c tio n a c t iv it y a n d e m p lo y m e n t.
Education and Training
Effect o f Recent Econom ic Trends Upon Construction.
Ew an
Apprenticeship P a ys Dividends.
W a s h in g to n ,
U . S. D e
p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f A p p r e n tic e sh ip , 1 9 5 0 .
15 p p .
F re e .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
L ab or,
C la g u e .
B u re a u
p ro ce ssed .
W a s h in g to n ,
of L abor
U.
S.
S ta tis tic s ,
By
D e p a r tm e n t
1950.
10
of
p p .;
F re e .
S u m m a r y o f ad d re ss b y C o m m is s io n e r o f L a b o r S t a t is -
R E V IE W , JA N U A R Y
P U B L IC A T IO N S OF L A B O R IN T E R E S T
195 1
tic s a t c o n fe re n ce o f b u ild in g p r o d u c ts e x e c u tiv e s, W a s h
in g to n , N o v e m b e r 1 0, 1 9 5 0 .
Reappraisal of Goals.
P h ila d e lp h ia , P a ., P h ila d e lp h ia H o u s in g A sso c ia tio n ,
3 6 p p ., ch a rts, m a p s , p la n s, illu s. 5 0 c e n ts.
Reading List on H ousing in the United States.
B y J. J. F o rb e s a n d o th ers.
5 6 p p .; p ro ce ssed .
reau o f M in e s , 1 9 5 0 .
333 pp.
(B u ll. N o . 4 7 8 .)
65
ce n ts, S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g to n .
E in A rzt Erlebt die Industrie.
W a s h in g to n ,
U . S. H o u s in g a n d H o m e F in a n c e A g e n c y , O c to b e r
1950.
Review o f Literature on Dusts.
W a s h in g to n , U . S . D e p a r tm e n t o f th e In te rio r, B u
H ousing Today and Tomorrow— A
1950.
69
g a rt,
E rn st
K le tt
B y H a n s K e lln e r .
V e rla g ,
grap h ica l fo o tn o te s .
1949.
196
S tu tt
p p .,
b ib lio
8 .8 0 D M .
T h e a u th o r, w h o h as b e e n a f a c to r y p h y s ic ia n fo r 2 0
R e v . ed .
y e a rs, re p o rts on 3 2 cases in w h ich p s y c h o lo g ic a l fa cto rs
w ere re sp on sib le fo r illness a m o n g
Industrial Accidents and Accident Prevention
W ork
Inju ries
in
Construction,
1 9 4 8 -4 9 .
W a s h in g to n ,
U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis
tic s ,
1950.
35
p p .,
c h a rts.
(B u ll.
No.
te x tile w o rk e rs,
and
p re sen ts p ro p o sa ls fo r a n e w o r ie n ta tio n o f fa c t o r y m e d ic a l
1 0 0 4 .)
25
an d p sy c h o lo g ic a l serv ices w h ich w o u ld ta k e a c c o u n t o f
p s y c h o lo g ic a l d ifficulties o f w ork ers.
Industrial Relations
c e n ts, S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g to n .
Apprentice Joe Learns Construction Safety.
W a s h in g to n ,
U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta n d
a rd s
and
B ureau
of
A p p r e n tic e sh ip ,
1950.
12 p p .
10 ce n ts, S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g to n .
Lost-T im e Accident Pattern in M arin e
Corps Activities.
{In S a fe t y R e v ie w , U . S. N a v y D e p a r tm e n t, Office o f
In d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s , W a s h in g to n , O c to b e r 1 9 5 0 , p p .
4 -9 .
1 5 ce n ts, S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h
T h e d a ta are fo r civ ilian e m p lo y e e s o f th e M a rin e C o rp s.
Safety in the M in in g Indu stry.
E a s t , J r., R . G . W a r n c k e .
B y D . H a r r in g to n , J. H .
W a s h in g to n , U . S. D e p a r t
m e n t o f th e In te rio r, B u re a u o f M in e s ,
p p ., m a p , c h a rts.
(B u ll. N o . 4 8 1 .)
1950.
102
4 0 ce n ts, S u p e r
tic s,
1950.
28
p p .,
in d u s tr y b r a n c h , a n d re la te d p ro b le m s.
Code for
A m e r ic a n
Industrial
S o c ie ty
3 1 p p ., illus.
(B u ll.
No.
of
Power
Trucks.
M e c h a n ic a l
September 1950.
L ab or,
N ew
E n g in e e rs,
p ro ce ssed .
of
Labor
S ta tis tic s ,
1950.
p p .;
B y M u rray
{In A m e r ic a n Jo u rn a l o f E c o n o m ic s an d
E d e lm a n .
S o c io lo g y , N e w Y o r k , O c to b e r 1 9 5 0 , p p . 5 1 - 6 0 .
Grievance Procedures in Nonunionized Companies.
Y ork,
N a tio n a l
1950.
4 7 p p ., ch a rts, fo rm s .
In d u s tria l
C o n fe re n ce
Hum an Relations in Industry.
M oore.
I n c ., 1 9 5 0 .
1950.
Industrial Peace in
( A S A B 5 6 .1 — 1 9 5 0 .)
B o a rd ,
$ 1 .)
N ew
I n c .,
(S tu d ie s in P erson n e l
By
B u rle ig h B . G a rd n e r
C h ic a g o , R ic h a rd D . Irw in ,
4 3 1 p p ., b ib lio g r a p h y .
Our
Tim e.
N e w Y o r k , M a c m illa n
By
R e v . ed.
H ubert
C o ., 1 9 5 0 .
$5.
S o m e rv e ll.
2 2 4 p p ., b ib lio g
$ 2 .5 0 .
National Labor P olicy: Taft-Hartley After Three Years, and
the Conference on the Relation of Environment to W ork,
[Library o f Congress ], November 6 -1 0 , 1950.
F u lle r.
29 pp.
C o m p ile d
W a s h in g to n , L ib r a r y o f C o n
L im it e d free d istrib u tio n .
the Next Steps.
B y E m ily C la rk B r o w n .
to n , P u b lic A ffa ir s I n s titu te , 1 9 5 0 .
ra p h y .
(R e p o r t N o . 6 .)
W a s h in g
8 0 p p ., b ib lio g
5 0 cen ts.
P ro fe sso r B r o w n h as s u m m a riz e d m u c h o f th e research
a n d m a n y o f th e co n clu sion s w h ich ap p ea re d orig in a lly in
th e co m p re h en siv e v o lu m e w h ich she w ro te w ith th e la te
Guide for Selection of Equipm ent for Radioactivity Labora
{I n N u c le o n ic s, N e w Y o r k , N o v e m b e r 1 9 5 0 ,
pp. R 1 -2 4 .
20
F ree.
Y ork,
A Bibliography of W ritings by the Speakers Participating in
G ra c e H .
20
W a s h in g to n , U . S . D e p a r tm e n t of
B u re a u
ra p h y , ch a rts.
gress, 1 9 5 0 .
1 0 0 3 .)
Cost of Living Wage Adjustments in Collective Bargaining,
a n d D a v id G .
Industrial Hygiene
tories.
ch a rts.
ce n ts, S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g to n ,
P o lic y , N o . 1 0 9 .)
in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g to n .
D e a ls w ith a c c id e n t s ta tistic s a n d a c c id e n t ca u ses, b y
by
W a s h in g to n ,
U . S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis
Government and Labor-Management Relations.
in g to n .)
Safety
A na lysis o f W ork Stoppages During 1949.
$ 2 .)
P ro fe sso r M illis-— F r o m th e W a g n e r A c t t o T a f t - H a r t le y
{see M o n t h ly
Labor
R e v ie w ,
S e p te m b e r
1950,
p.
3 7 5 ).
S he e m p h a size s th e n e ed fo r te s tin g th e re su lts o f th e
T h e in tr o d u c tio n t o th e list p o in ts o u t t h a t “ w ith p ro p e r
op e ra tio n o f th e T a f t - H a r t le y la w d u rin g th e la s t 3 years
te c h n iq u e a n d su ita b le e q u ip m e n t, th e p o te n tia l h a z a rd s
a g a in s t th e
a n d c o n ta m in a tio n [by r a d io a c tiv e m a te ria ls] ca n b e h eld
G e n e ra lly , in th is
to th e d esired m in im u m .”
w a n tin g , an d s u g g e sts m a n y ch a n ge s d esig n e d to b rin g it
Pathological
and
Physiological
Factors
Involved
Treatment of Silicosis in Coal M in es.
G ord on ,
M .D .,
and
H u r le y
L.
M o t le y ,
By
in
the
B u rge ss
M .D .
{In
A . M . A . A rc h iv e s o f In d u stria l H y g ie n e a n d O c c u p a
tio n a l
373.
M e d ic in e ,
C h ic a g o ,
$ 1 .)
920504— 51------6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
O c to b e r
1950,
pp.
365-
e le m e n ts
o f a so u n d
te s t, she fin ds
n a tio n a l la b o r p o lic y .
th e T a f t - H a r t l e y
law
in to line w ith su ch a n a tio n a l la b o r p o lic y .
Personal and Social Adjustment in In du stry: A n Outline
of Suggested Problems and Methods of Research.
R o b e r t W . H it e s .
B u r e a u o f B u sin e ss R e s e a rc h , 1 9 5 0 .
ra p h ie s.
By
C o lu m b u s , O h io S ta te U n iv e r s ity ,
6 2 p p ., b ib lio g
(R e s e a r c h M o n o g r a p h N o . 6 1 .)
M ONTHLY LABOR
P U B L IC A T IO N S O F L A B O R IN T E R E S T
70
The Crossley Strike.
C o n g re ss,
(In M a n c h e s te r
B y H . A . T u rn er.
E n g la n d , S e p te m b e r 1 9 5 0 , p p . 1 7 9 - 2 1 6 .
T h is
6s.)
T h e s to r y a n d b a c k g r o u n d o f a strik e in v o lv in g 1 ,0 0 0
b ib lio g r a p h y ,
e d u c a tio n
en g in e e rin g
co lle c tiv e
d iffic u lty
of
c e n te r.
The
a c c o u n t illu str a te s th e
en su rin g h a r m o n io u s
re la tio n s
w ith in
th e
p la n t in an in d u s tr y o p e ra tin g u n d er a n o ld a g re e m e n t.
I n th is case, th e e m p lo y e r s ’ side w a s t ig h t ly
R e s e a rc h
S e c tio n ,
J u ly
1950.
p re p a re d
fo r
O ffice
164
th e
of
N aval
R e s e a rc h , D e p a r tm e n t o f th e N a v y , in clu d e s referen ces on
w ork e rs a n d 6 w e e k s’ lo st tim e in a n im p o r ta n t B r itis h
tr a d e s
N avy
p p .; p ro ce ssed .
S c h o o l o f E c o n o m ic a n d S o cia l S tu d ie s, M a n c h e s te r ,
and
tr a in in g ,
b a rg a in in g ,
e m p lo y m e n t,
and
e c o n o m ic
u n io n iz a tio n
of
s ta tu s ,
v a rio u s
c a te
gories o f scien tific p erson n e l.
Earnings, Personnel, and Hours Worked in Transportable
o rg a n ize d
Goods
a n d r e lu c ta n t t o con ce d e a n y e n c ro a c h m e n t on m a n a g e r ia l
T rade
f u n c tio n s ; th e la b o r side w a s c o m p o se d o f a loo se fe d e ra tio n
S ta tis tic a l O ffice, D u b lin , S e p te m b e r 1 9 5 0 , p p . 1 7 6 -
of
u n io n s,
so m e
of
w h ich
a s s u m in g lo ca l lea d ersh ip .
had
m ilit a n t
sh o p
ste w a rd s
A n im p o r ta n t leg a l g a p in th e
G o v e r n m e n t’ s c o m p u lso r y a r b itra tio n a n d n o -s tr ik e ord er
Industries,
178.
J o u rn a l
[Republic
an d
of
Ireland].
S ta tis tic a l
(In Iris h
B u lle tin ,
C e n tr a l
4 d .)
D a t a are fo r M a r c h a n d June 1 9 5 0 an d O c to b e r of 1 9 3 8
and 1948.
is a lso re v e a le d .
[Reports to Congress of Postal,
Labor Relations in London Transport.
By H. A.
C le g g .
N e w Y o r k , A u g u s tu s M . K e lle y , I n c ., 1 9 5 0 .
International,
188 pp.
T e le g r a p h
$ 2 .5 0 .
and
Telegraph and
J u ly
1949.]
T e le p h o n e
Telephone
[B ern e ,
P o s ta l,
I n te r n a tio n a l,
1950?]
V a r io u s ly p a g e d ; p ro ce ssed .
A p a in sta k in g a n d d e ta ile d re v ie w o f L o n d o n p a sse n g e r
tr a n s p o r t
Zurich,
b e fo re
and
o w n e rsh ip in 1 9 3 3 .
a fte r its
u n ific a tio n
under
p u b lic
E x a m in e s th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f n e g o
tia tin g m a c h in e r y , e a rn in g s, h ou rs,
strik es,
and
w elfare
a r ra n g e m e n ts b y th e L o n d o n P a sse n g e r T r a n s p o r t B o a rd .
T h e a u th o r c o n c lu d e s t h a t th e re h as b e e n n o g r e a t im p r o v e
A series of re p o rts, b a s e d on rep lies to q u e stio n n a ire s
se n t
to
u n io n s,
d ea lin g
w ith
c o n d itio n s
te le g ra p h , a n d te le p h o n e services
in
th e
p o s ta l,
of d iffe re n t co u n tr ie s .
S u b je c ts c o v e re d in clu d e w age s an d h o u rs, p en sio n s, s ta ff
p a r tic ip a tio n
in
a d m in is tra tio n , e m p lo y m e n t
of w o m e n ,
a n d s ta tu s o f te le p h o n e e n gin eerin g w ork ers.
m e n t in la b o r re la tio n s u n d e r p u b lic ow n e rsh ip a n d t h a t
th e
e x p e c ta tio n s
o f th e
a d v o c a te s
o f p u b lic
h a v e n o t b e e n c o m p le te ly fu lfilled .
ow n e rsh ip
Labor and Social Legislation
H o w e v e r , la b o r re la
tio n s in th e in d u s tr y w ere fa ir ly g o o d a ll a lo n g a n d th e
Provisions of Federal Law Enacted for W ar and Em ergency
im p r o v e m e n ts in tro d u c e d b y th e B o a r d a p p e a r n o w t o be
Periods.
p ro d u c in g so m e c o n str u c tiv e c h a n ge s in a ttitu d e s .
L ib r a r y
By
of
O c to b e r
Industries and Occupations— Selected Reports
Economic Status of Dietitians , 1949.
1950.
B y L ily M a r y D a v id ,
C h ic a g o ,
In d u s tria l
A s s o c ia tio n ,
1950.
40
p p .;
C o n fe re n ce
B oard
A ffa ir s
B y M ir ia m C iv ic .
B u sin e ss
C o n fe re n ce
Appraisal
of
N a th a n ie l
W o llm a n .
L a b o r S ta tis tic s .
N ew
of Library
cia tio n , 1 9 5 0 .
S e rv ic e ,
(P u b lic
3 5 c e n ts.
M a r y D a v id , U . S. D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f
Status
R e fe re n ce
p ro ce ssed .
B o ard ,
R ecord,
I n c .,
N a tio n a l
N ew
Y ork,
N o v e m b e r 1 9 5 0 , p p . 4 4 0 - 4 4 4 , m a p .)
p p ., m a p , ch a rt.
Economic
W a s h in g to n , U . S .
L e g is la tiv e
State M in im u m Wage Laws in Action.
(In
D ie te tic
46
B u ll. N o . 8 8 .)
U . S. D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r , B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s .
A m e r ic a n
M a r g a r e t F e n n ell.
C o n g re ss,
Personnel,
1949.
By
L ily
C h ic a g o , A m e r ic a n L ib r a r y A s s o
An
N ew
M exico
Legislation.
By
U n iv e r s ity
of
M e x ic o , D e p a r tm e n t o f G o v e r n m e n t, D iv is io n
o f R e se a rc h , M a y 1 9 5 0 .
1 1 7 p p ., m a p , ch a rt, fo r m .
Labor
A lb u q u e r q u e ,
6 5 p p . (P u b lic a tio n N o . 2 4 .)
5 0 c e n ts.
Economic Status of the Legal Profession in Chicago.
L eonard
K e n t.
(In Illin o is L a w
R e v ie w ,
By
C h ic a g o ,
Cent A n s de Législation Sociale en Belgique.
C o rn e z .
J u l y -A u g u s t 1 9 5 0 , p p . 3 1 1 - 3 3 2 .)
By
B ru ssels, E d itio n s “ L a b o r ” , [1 9 4 8 ? ].
E m ile
61 p p .
T ra c e s th e e v o lu tio n of la b o r a n d soc ial leg isla tio n in
T h e s ta tistic s on in c o m e are fo r 1 9 4 7 .
B e lg iu m .
Survey on Personnel Practices, Wages, and Salaries, M u n ic
ipal
Public
W orks
Departments,
[J u ly
1,
1949].
C h ic a g o , A m e r ic a n P u b lic W o r k s A sso c ia tio n ,
5 3 p p . ; p ro ce sse d .
(S p e c ia l R e p o r t N o . 1 2 .)
1950.
Curso de Derecho del Trabajo.
B y E u g e n io P érez B o t ija .
M a d r id , E d ito r ia l T e c n o s , 1 9 5 0 .
572 pp.
2d. ed.
T e x t b o o k o n la b o r law , p re p are d b y a m e m b e r o f th e
$2.
fa c u lty o f th e U n iv e r s ity o f M a d r id .
Personnel and
Relationships in
Education, and Recreation,
School Health,
[1 9 4 8 -4 9 ].
Physical
W a s h in g to n ,
N a tio n a l E d u c a tio n A s so c ia tio n o f th e U n ite d S ta te s ,
R e se a rc h D iv is io n , 1 9 5 0 .
2 9 p p ., ch a rts.
B u ll., Y o l. X X V I I I , N o . 3 .)
(R e s e a r c h
5 0 c e n ts.
In c lu d e s d a ta on e m p lo y m e n t in th e fields sp ecifie d , a n d
and
Jack
W e in e r .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W a s h in g to n ,
1914■
3 8th
B y M a b e l H . E lle r
U.
Jewish Labor in
U. S. A . : A n Industrial, Political, and
Cultural H istory of the Jewish Labor Movem ent, 1882—
o n a v e r a g e salaries o f fu ll-t im e p erso n n e l.
Scientific Personnel — A Bibliography.
Labor Organizations
S.
L ib r a r y
of
1950.
By
M e le c h
S tr e e t),
T rad e
E p s te in .
U n io n
N ew
Y ork
S p o n so rin g
4 5 6 p p ., b ib lio g r a p h ic a l f o o tn o te s .
T h is b o o k
(2 2
W est
C o m m itt e e ,
$ 5 .5 0 .
d eals w ith th e e a r ly sta g e s o f tr a d e -u n io n
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1 951
d e v e lo p m e n t a m o n g J ew ish w ork ers a n d th e ir role in th e
h is to r y
of
th e
A m e r ic a n
71
P U B L IC A T IO N S O F L A B O R IN T E R E S T
la b o r
m o v e m e n t.
The
s to r y
Significant
Temporary
Disability
Insurance
Data,
1949.
(In L a b o r M a r k e t a n d E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity , U . S .
b e g in s w ith th e first J ew ish m a ss m ig ra tio n t o th e U n ite d
D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r , B u re a u o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u
S ta te s in th e e ig h ties an d c o n v e y s th e sp irit an d th e social
r ity , W a s h in g to n , O c to b e r 1 9 5 0 , p p . 2 1 - 2 6 .
ro m a n tic is m
S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g to n .)
t h a t m o tiv a te d th e e a r ly Jew ish la b o r p io
3 0 ce n ts,
neers, w ith o u t g lo ssin g o v e r th e failu re s, fe u d s, an d sp lits
C o v e rs o p e ra tio n s u n d er law s o f C a lifo rn ia , N e w J e rse y ,
t h a t c h a ra c te rize d th e h isto ry o f Jew ish la b o r u p to 1 9 1 4 .
a n d R h o d e Is la n d , a n d th e F e d e ra l R a ilr o a d U n e m p lo y
T h e w o rk w as sp o n so re d b y a n u m b e r o f re p re se n ta tiv e s
m e n t In su ra n c e A c t.
fr o m o u ts ta n d in g u n io n s, su ch as th e In te r n a tio n a l L a d ie s ’
G a r m e n t W o r k e r s a n d th e A m a lg a m a t e d C lo th in g W o r k
ers o f A m e r ic a .
A c o m p a n io n b o o k b y th e sa m e a u th o r ,
co v e rin g d e v e lo p m e n ts 1 9 1 4 to d a te , is in p re p a ra tio n .
H istory o f Oil Workers International
Union
(C IO ).
Railroad Retirement Board Disability Annuities. B y S . C .
(In A . M . A . A r c h iv e s o f In d u s tria l
W erch , M .D .
H y g ie n e a n d O c c u p a tio n a l M e d ic in e , C h ic a g o , O c to b e r
1950, p p. 3 7 4 -3 8 9 .
By
$ 1 .)
D e s c r ib e s th e B o a r d ’s p ro ce d u res a n d e x p erien ce in d is
H a r v e y O ’ C on n or.
D e n v e r , C o lo ., th e U n io n , 1 9 5 0 .
a b ility
x iv , 4 4 2 p p ., illus.
$3.
a n n u itie s u n d e r th e R a ilr o a d R e tir e m e n t A c t .
e v a lu a tio n
in
co n n ec tio n
w ith
a p p lic a tio n s
fo r
A b o u t o n e -fo u r th o f th is h isto ry is d e v o te d to re co u n tin g
Report of the Special [Massachusetts] Com m ission Established
th e co lo rfu l sto r y o f th e e fforts to e sta b lish th e O W I U in
to M ake an Investigation and Study Relative to the
an in d u s tr y “ o u ts ta n d in g fo r in d u stria l fe u d a lis m .”
Establishment and Administration o f Cash Sickness
W it h
th e d iscu ssio n o f o r g a n iz a tio n s o th e r th a n th e O W I U , a
Compensation.
ro u n d e d s to r y e m e r g e s.
D o c u m e n t N o . 2 5 7 5 .)
T h e re m a in d e r o f th e b o o k p re
B o s to n , 1 9 5 0 .
2 3 1 p p ., c h a rt.
(H o u s e
s e n ts c o m p a c t h istories o f affiliate d lo ca ls, b a se d la r g e ly
The National Health Service in England and Wales.
u p o n m a te ria l s u b m itte d b y u n io n m e m b e rs.
In te rn a tio n a l
The Labor
Union Link Between Canada and the United
States.
By
Labor
P au l
R e la tio n s
H.
R e v ie w ,
1950, pp. 4 4 -5 4 .
D e s c r ip tio n
of
(In
N orgren .
I th a c a ,
In d u stria l
N.
Y .,
an d
of
th e
tie s
b e tw e e n
th e
AFL
In c lu d e s a
in te r n a tio n a l
u n io n s
d erive
fr o m
a ffiliatio n w ith large o r g a n iz a tio n s in th e U n ite d S ta te s,
a n d th e ir e ffe c ts on C a n a d ia n w a g e ra tes a n d la b o r in c o m e .
Labor
Unions
and Politics in Britain and France.
S id n e y L e n s.
By
(In F o reig n P o lic y R e p o r ts , F o reig n
P o lic 3r A s s o c ia tio n ,
I n c .,
1 9 5 0 , p p .. 1 3 0 - 1 4 0 .
5 0 c e n ts.
G eneva,
N ew
Y ork,
N ovem ber
1,
D is tr ib u te d in U n ite d S ta te s
b y W a s h in g to n B r a n c h o f I L O .)
katchewan. B y
F re d erick
D.
M o tt,
in
Ontario.
Youth.
By
A lic e H a n s o n
Cook.
F r a n k fo r t, O ffice o f th e U . S . H ig h C o m m issio n e r for
p ro ce ssed .
O ffice
of
Labor
A ffa ir s,
1950.
38
p p .;
Programs
S tiv e r , M . D .
(In C a n a d ia n J o u rn a l o f P u b lic H e a lth ,
T o r o n t o , O c to b e r 1 9 5 0 , p p . 4 0 3 - 4 1 5 .
Role of the Unions in Contemporary Society.
B y E d w in E .
(In In d u stria l a n d L a b o r R e la tio n s R e v ie w ,
Ith a c a , N . Y . , O c to b e r 1 9 5 0 , p p . 3 - 1 4 .
$ 1 .2 5 .)
W a s h in g to n , U . S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f
L a b o r S ta tis tic s , 1 9 5 0 .
9 p p .; p ro ce ssed .
O c c u p a tio n a l
tio n ,
C h ic a g o ,
A r c h iv e s
Facts on Older W om en Workers. W a s h in g to n , U . S . D e p a r t
p ro ce ssed .
feren ce
p re p a re d
w as
M e d ic in e ,
In d u stria l
A m e r ic a n
S e p te m b e r
1950,
Industrial
H y g ie n e
M e d ic a l
pp.
and
A s s o c ia
2 4 5 -2 7 9 ;
also
re p rin te d .)
P re s e n te d a t 1 0 th a n n u a l co n gress on in d u stria l h e a lth
sp o n so re d b y A m e r ic a n
M e d ic a l A s s o c ia tio n , N e w
York,
F ebru ary 20, 1950.
Industrial
F e d e ra l
Dental
19 p p ., c h a r ts ;
F re e .
fo r
N a tio n a l
p u b lish e d
in
(A
C o n fe re n ce
on
A g in g ,
b rief artic le o n th e co n
th e
M o n t h ly
Labor
R e v ie w ,
O c to b e r 1 9 5 0 , p . 4 8 9 .)
R e v ie w , U . S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f E m
Health Plans for
of
D ie te tic A s s o c ia
tio n , W a s h in g to n , O c to b e r 1 7 , 1 9 5 0 .
p lo y m e n t
(In
F re e .
Problems of the Older Worker. (In E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity
M edical Care and Sickness Insurance
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Em ploym ent Problems of Older Workers. B y E w a n C la g u e .
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on Prepayment
W.
Older W orkers and the Aged
R ep ort
u n io n s a n d in re la tio n t o o th e r y o u th gro u p s.
S ym posium
By
5 0 ce n ts.)
m e n t o f L a b o r , W o m e n ’s B u re a u , 1 9 5 0 .
(V is itin g E x p e r t Series, N o . 1 7.)
S tu d y o f th e a c tiv itie s o f tr a d e -u n io n y o u th w ith in th e
W itte .
Prepaid
M .D .
M edical-Care
tic s a t 3 3 d a n n u a l m e e tin g o f A m e r ic a n
G erm an y,
(In
1950,
S u m m a r y o f ad d re ss b y C o m m is s io n e r o f L a b o r S ta tis
2 5 c e n ts.)
Bavarian Trade Union
J u ly
Prepaid Medical Care Under Government Auspices in Sas
o r g a n iz a tio n a l
d iscu ssio n o f a d v a n ta g e s an d d isa d v a n ta g e s w hich C a n a
se c tio n s
R e v ie w ,
O c to b e r
$ 1 .2 5 .)
a n d th e C I O a n d C a n a d ia n m e m b e r u n io n s.
d ia n
pp. 4 4 -5 7 .
Labor
S e c u rity ,
W a s h in g to n ,
U.
D ecem ber
S.
1950,
E m p lo y m e n t
pp.
3 -1 6 .
S ervic e,
15
ce n ts,
S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g to n .)
S ix articles b y d iffe re n t w riters.
W ho's Too Old to W ork l
U n iv e r s ity
In d u s tria l
ch a rts.
of
B y R ich a rd C . W ilc ock .
Illin o is,
R e la tio n s ,
(B u lle tin
I n s tit u te
1950.
Series,
V o l.
of
U rb an a,
Labor
and
2 7 p p ., b ib lio g r a p h y ,
4,
N o.
3 .)
F re e
to
re sid e n ts o f Illin o is, 10 c e n ts t o oth ers.
Care— A
S e c u rity
Bibliography.
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P u b lic
D iv is io n o f In d u stria l H y g ie n e , 1 9 5 0 .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W a s h in g to n ,
H e a lth
12 p p .
S e rv ic e ,
D e s c r ib e s th e e m p lo y m e n t p ro b le m s o f w ork e rs o v e r 4 5
y e a r s o f ag e, a n d ou tlin e s e fforts w h ich h a v e b e e n m a d e ,
a n d p ro p o se d , to s o lv e th e m .
M ONTHLY LABOR
P U B L IC A T IO N S O F L A B O R IN T E R E S T
72
Planning the Older Years.
C la r k T ib b i t t s .
P ress, 1 9 5 0 .
S y m p o s iu m
e c o n o m ic
la b o r ’ s
E d it e d b y W ilm a D o n a h u e an d
248 pp.
sta k e
in
T h om pson .
466 pp.
$ 2 .5 0 .
o f p a p e rs o n su ch s u b je c ts as social a n d
p ro b le m s
The Regulatory Process in O P A Rationing.
A n n A r b o r , U n iv e r s ity o f M ic h ig a n
of
e m p lo y m e n t
e m p lo y m e n t
and
of
old e r
w ork ers,
re tire m e n t,
cu ltu ra l
a c tiv itie s a n d h o u sin g d e v e lo p m e n ts fo r old e r p e o p le , an d
R ep ort
112 p p.
on
th e
P re ss, 1 9 5 0 .
A d m in is tr a tiv e ru le m a k in g in th e ra tio n in g p ro cess is
p ro b le m s o f a d m in is tr a tiv e d ecision m a k in g .
Rent
Control in the Em pire
N ew
Y ork,
State.
(In
N ovem ber
C o lu m b ia
1950,
pp.
Law
9 7 8 -9 8 8 .
$ 1.)
Report of the Joint Committee of the Senate and H ouse of
1950.
B y V ic to r A .
C row n
$ 5 .7 5 .
R e v ie w ,
O tta w a ,
Y o r k , K in g s
d escrib e d as a n illu stra tio n o f th e general processes a n d
b r o a d e n in g h orizon s in g e r o n to lo g y .
Commons on Old Age Security, June 28, 1950.
N ew
A n a ly z e s
th e
N ew
Y ork
S ta te
r e n t-c o n tr o l
la w
and
p o in ts o u t its d e fe c ts.
o p e ra tio n
and
e ffec ts
of
th e
o ld -a g e
s e c u rity le g isla tio n in C a n a d a , a n d on p o ssib le a lte r n a tiv e
Social Security
m e a su re s, w ith s ta te m e n ts b y o rg a n iz a tio n s a n d in d iv id
u als a n d o th e r re la te d in fo r m a tio n .
A
su m m ary
o f th e
H ow M u ch Social Security Can W e A fford ?
J. C a lh o u n .
c o m m it t e e ’s fin din gs w as p u b lish e d in th e L a b o r G a z e tte
cia tio n ,
o f th e C a n a d ia n D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r fo r A u g u s t 1 9 5 0
I n c .,
1950.
38
pp.
P r o b le m s Series, N o . 4 3 6 .)
(p . 1 1 4 2 ).
Revision o f Social
Personnel M anagem ent
B y L eonard
N e w Y o r k , A m e r ic a n E n te rp rise A s s o
( N a t io n a l
E c o n o m ic
5 0 c e n ts.
Security Act.
P h ila d e lp h ia ,
P errin , F o r s te r & C r o s b y , I n c ., 1 9 5 0 .
T ow ers,
6 pp.
In d ic a te s th e ch a n g e s, in clu d in g d ec re ase d c o s ts , w h ich
The Management of Personnel and Labor Relations.
G o rd on
S.
W a t k in s
and
o th e rs.
N ew
M c G r a w -H i ll B o o k C o ., I n c ., 1 9 5 0 .
r a p h y , c h a rts, fo r m s .
Y ork,
By
e tc .,
th e
1950
International
ance Rating Program. N e w Y o r k , In d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s
I n c .,
1950.
21
p p .,
to
th e
S ocial
S e c u rity
A ct
m ay
9 7 4 p p ., b ib lio g
R e v . e d . $ 5 .7 5 .
M easuring Supervisory A bility— A Case S tu d y: I , Perform
C o u n se lo r s,
a m e n d m e n ts
m a k e in p r iv a te p e n sio n p la n s.
c h a r ts ;
(In d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s M e m o N o . 1 1 9 .)
p ro ce ssed .
Survey
of
Social
Security— Comparative
A n a lysis and Sum m ary o f National Laws.
G eneva,
In te r n a tio n a l L a b o r
O ffice,
1950.
(S tu d ie s
and
Series,
No.
R e p o r ts ,
N ew
236 pp.
2 3 .)
$ 1 .5 0 .
D is
tr ib u te d in U n ite d S ta te s b y W a s h in g to n B r a n c h o f
$1.
IL O .
A n a ly s is o f a n oil c o m p a n y ’s exp erie n ce in use o f th e
“ fo r c e d -c h o ic e ”
ra tin g m e th o d o f m e a su r in g s u p e r v is o ry
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I n s tit u to
p e r fo rm a n c e .
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: G ord on.
I th a c a ,
C o rn e ll
U n iv e r s ity ,
5 2 p p ., illu s.
P a u l J.
N ew
Y ork
(E x te n s io n B u ll. N o . 7 .)
tio n ,
D e a ls
Sw eden.
144
pp.
(R e se a r c h
R eport
Labor
U.
S.
S ta tis tic s ,
D e p a r tm e n t
Labor
1950.
12
p p .;
Behavior
and more . . . January 1, 1950.
eral P o w e r C o m m is s io n , 1 9 5 0 .
of
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v a rio u s
fo rm s
1950.
58
Wage
Rates
C ream er.
o f so c ia l
pp.
During
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in su ra n ce
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No.
R e s e a rc h ,
Business
Y ork,
I n c .,
(O c c a sio n a l P a p e r N o . 3 4 .)
W a s h in g to n , F e d
6 2 p p ., m a p s , c h a rts.
S ta tis tic s ,
E c o n o m ic
Typical Residential Electric Bills, Cities o f 2 ,5 0 0 Population
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T id e n s
in
1 0 0 8 .)
3 5 c e n ts, S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g to n .
of
F re e .
2 5 c e n ts.
th e
S to c k h o lm ,
4 .7 5 kr.
W a s h in g to n , U . S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f
W a s h in g to n ,
of
w ith
M ic h a n e k .
285 pp.
Occupational Wage Survey, Philadelphia, P a ., M a y 1950.
Gas and Electricity Price Changes and Residential Bills, 84
B ureau
E rn st
W ages and Hours of Labor
Prices and Price Control
L ab or,
1950,
Series,
$ 2 .5 0 , p a p e r ; $ 3 , c lo th .
p ro ce ssed .
By
F ö r la g , 1 9 4 9 .
P rin c e
B y H e le n B a k e r a n d R o b e r t R . F ra n c e .
1949.
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t o n , N . J ., P rin c e to n U n iv e r s ity , In d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s
Cities,
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B y F r a n tis e k C e r n y .
B u lle tin o f th e In te r n a tio n a l S ocial S e c u rity A s s o c ia
ment Stores— A n A n a lysis o f Developments and Prac
1950.
C a iro , M in is tr y o f
p p . 1 - 1 0 .)
Personnel Adm inistration and Labor Relations in Depart
N o . 8 1 .)
1950.
52 pp.
Social Insurance in Rumania.
m e th o d s in v o lv e d in
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B o gota,
S ociales,
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s e ttin g u p a su p e r v iso ry d e v e lo p m e n t p r o g r a m fo r a re ta il
tices.
S eg u ro s
F re e to re sid e n ts o f
N e w Y o r k S ta te , 15 c e n ts to oth ers.
C a se s tu d y o f th e re se arch a n d
de
The Egyptian Social Security Scheme.
S ta t e S ch o o l o f In d u stria l a n d L a b o r R e la tio n s , 1 9 5 0 .
64 pp.
C o lo m b ia n o
Cycles.
N a tio n a l
1950.
66
B ureau
p p .,
By
of
c h a rts.
$1.
O n th e ba sis o f a d e ta ile d s tu d y o f w a g e ra te s a n d a v e r
ag e
h o u rly
earn in gs
in
th e
U n it e d
S ta te s
and
G reat
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1 95 1
73
P U B L IC A T IO N S O F L A B O R IN T E R E S T
B r ita in , th e a u th o r c o n firm s th e w id e ly a c c e p te d v ie w t h a t
in th e se se rv ice s in d iffe re n t co u n tries w ere p re s e n te d t o
w a g e s la g b e h in d ch a n g e s in b u sin e ss a c t iv it y a n d e m p lo y
th e J u ly 1 9 4 9 co n gress o f th e In te r n a tio n a l (see referen ce
m e n t.
Som e
o f th e
cau ses
o f th e
c o m p a r a tiv e ly
slo w
c h a n g e s in w a g e ra te s are a lso d iscu sse d .
Effects of M in im u m Wage in Southern Sawmills.
W ash
in g to n , U . S. D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r, B u r e a u o f L a b o r
S ta tis tic s , 1 9 5 0 .
re p rin te d
1 9 5 0 .)
5 p p ., ch a rts.
fr o m
M o n t h ly
(Serial N o . R . 2 0 0 5 ;
Labor
u n d e r In d u s trie s a n d O c c u p a tio n s — S e le c te d R e p o r ts in th is
issue o f th e M o n t h ly L a b o r R e v ie w , p . 7 0 ) .
R e v ie w ,
S e p te m b e r
M iscellaneous
The Dynam ics of State Campaigns for Fair Em ploym ent
Practices
F re e .
ca g o ,
A n a ly s is o f w a g e -stru c tu re c h a n ge s arisin g fr o m a p p lic a
D u n lo p
and
and
Construction
A r th u r
D.
Industry.
H ill.
W age
A d ju s t m e n t
B o ard
J ohn
C a m b r id g e ,
H a r v a r d U n iv e r s ity P ress, 1 9 5 0 .
The
By
166 p p .
fo r
th e
o th e r s.
1950.
M a s s .,
b u ild in g
The
and
38 pp.
Welfare
N ew
$ 1 .7 5 .
ag en cie s,
R e
la rg e ly
E d it e d
H.
b ib lio g r a p h y .
s ta b iliz a tio n
C h i
and
1950.
3 9 p p .; p ro ce ssed .
B y O sc a r R . E w in g a n d
2 5 c e n ts.
State.
Y ork,
c o n s tr u c tio n in d u s tr y is d esc rib e d in th e b o o k as th e m o s t
w age
of
T r a in in g
N e w Y o r k , L e a g u e fo r In d u s tr ia l D e m o c r a c y ,
d is tin c tiv e
am ong
U n iv e r s ity
Freedom and the Welfare State.
T.
$ 3 .5 0 .
C h ic a g o ,
E d u c a tio n ,
5 0 cen ts.
and M arch 1950.
Building
on
search in R a c e R e la tio n s ,
tio n o f th e 7 5 -c e n t m in im u m w a g e b e tw e e n th e fa ll o f 1 9 4 9
The Wage Adjustment Board: Wartime Stabilization in the
Legislation.
C o m m itt e e
W.
by
H erb ert
W ils o n
(R e fe r e n c e
C o .,
S h e lf,
L.
M arx,
1950.
V o i.
212
22,
Jr.
p p .,
N o.
4 .)
b e ca u se u n io n a n d in d u s tr y lea d ers p la y e d a d ec isive role
in th e p o lic y m a k in g a n d th e d a y -t o -d a y d ecision s o f th e
B oard .
Labor Problems
T a y lo r .
T h e a u th o r s sta te t h a t th e ir first o b je c t iv e w as to
T h e y also s o u g h t to h ig h
U n iv e r s ity ,
N ovem ber
3 6 .)
1950.
31 p p .
In d u stria l
4 pp.
R e la tio n s
S e c tio n ,
R e fe re n c e s,
No.
15 c e n ts.
(N S R B
fo rm s , illu s.
U n it e d S ta te s in 1 9 4 9 , c o n ce rn in g th e A m e r ic a n w o rk e r’ s
p u rc h a sin g
field s.
a n d p r o d u c tio n in c e n tiv e s .
Ltfnnstellingen, 1949.
O slo , S ta tis tis k S e n tr a lb y r a , 1 9 5 0 .
(N o r g e s O ffisielle S ta tis tik k X I , 2 6 .)
Wages P olicy in N orway.
C le g g .
By
J.
The
In m an .
(I n
F la n d e r s.
In s tit u te
of
a c tiv itie s ,
By
B u lle tin
of
L o n d o n , F a b ia n S o c ie ty , 1 9 5 0 .
P o st-W a r Italy.
O x fo rd ,
E n g la n d , J u ly a n d A u g u s t 1 9 5 0 , p p . 1 9 5 - 2 4 2 .
3 s. 6 d .)
T h e a r tic le o n N o r w a y in clu d e s b a c k g r o u n d m a te ria l on
By
co n d itio n s ,
B y H ugh
40 pp.
(R e
2 s.
R o y J e n k in s a n d oth ers.
F a b ia n S o c ie ty , 1 9 5 0 .
th e
S ta tis tic s ,
w o rk in g
I n te r im re p o r t o f a F a b ia n research g r o u p .
Wages P olicy and Full Em ploym ent in
A lla n
u n io n
se a rch Series, N o . 1 4 1 .)
Development o f Wages P olicy in the Netherlands.
U n iv e r s ity
pow er,
Labor in Nationalized Indu stry , [Great Britain].
2 kr.
R e p o r t on w a g e s in N o r w a y in 1 9 4 9 .
By
and ex
V ie w s o f a F re n c h p r o d u c tiv ity t e a m , w h ic h v is ite d th e
5 0 c e n ts.
B a s e d on d a ta fo r 1 9 4 7 a n d 1 9 4 9 fu rn ish e d b y c o m p a n ie s
Britain.
10 ce n ts , S u p e rin
b o m b ’s “ tru e d a n g e r s ”
in m a n u fa c tu r in g , tr a d e , fin an c e, p u b lic u tility , a n d o th e r
O x fo r d
1 3 0 .)
Première M issio n aux É ta ts-U nis de la Construction
Électrique.
P aris, L e c r a m , 1 9 5 0 .
1 9 5 p p ., d ia g ra m s ,
W a s h in g to n , C h a m b e r o f C o m m e r c e o f th e
P . S . P els.
W a s h in g to n , U . S . N a tio n a l
D oc. N o.
D e s c r ib e s th e a t o m ic
The Nonwage Labor Costs of Doing
16 p p ., c h a rts, q u e stio n n a ire .
Postwar
6 0 8 p p .,
$ 6 .6 5 ($ 5 t o s c h o o ls ).
p la in s th e n e ce ssa ry s te p s t o e scap e th e m .
U n it e d S ta te s , E c o n o m ic R e se a rc h D e p a r tm e n t, 1 9 5 0 .
138 p p .
G u ilfo r d
Enquête en Vue de VAccroissement de la Productivité [par la]
Wage Supplem ents:
Business.
A lb io n
te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g to n .
P rin c e to n , N . J .,
(S e le c te d
By
S e c u rity R e so u rc e s B o a rd , C iv il D e fe n s e O ffice, 1 9 5 0 .
o f a n o th e r n a tio n a l e m e r g e n c y .
P rin c e to n
2d ed.
Survival Under Atom ic Attack.
lig h t th e exp erie n ce o f th e p a s t fo r its v a lu e in th e e v e n t
Wage Stabilization in a Defense Econom y.
Labor Law .
b ib lio g ra p h ie s, c h a rts.
p ro v id e an a c c o u n t a n d an a n a ly sis o f th e w a g e sta b iliz a
tio n p r o g r a m in th e in d u s tr y .
and
N e w Y o r k , P r e n tic e -H a ll, I n c ., 1 9 5 0 .
1 4 3 .)
49 pp.
London,
(R e s e a r c h S eries, N o .
2s. 6d.
R e p o r t on e c o n o m ic co n d itio n s b y a F a b ia n d ele g a tio n
w h ich v is ite d I t a ly in th e fa ll o f 1 9 4 9 a t th e in v ita t io n o f
th e Ita lia n G o v e r n m e n t .
T h e p a m p h le t is in fo u r se c tio n s :
tr a d e -u n io n s a n d c o lle c tiv e -b a r g a in in g m a c h in e r y ; t h a t on
The
th e
th e N e th e r la n d s d escrib es th e w o rk o f th e F o u n d a tio n o f
I ta lia n A g r ic u ltu r e , a n d N o t e s on th e S ta n d a r d o f L iv in g .
L ab or— a
jo in t
la b o r -m a n a g e m e n t
o r g a n iz a tio n
I ta lia n
E conom y,
O r g a n iz a tio n
of
I n d u s tr y ,
w h ich
a ssists th e g o v e r n m e n t in se ttle m e n t o f d isp u te s a n d in
w a g e s ta b iliz a t io n ; t h a t on G r e a t B r ita in e x a m in e s im p li
c a tio n s o f fu ll e m p lo y m e n t fo r tr a d e -u n io n w a g e p olicies.
K orea : A n Annotated Bibliography of Publications in W est
ern
Languages.
Jon es
and
R o b in
C o m p ile d
L.
by
W in k le r .
H e le n
D u d e n b ostel
W a s h in g to n ,
U.
S.
L ib r a r y o f C o n g re ss, R e fe re n c e D e p a r t m e n t , A u g u s t
Hours
of
W ork
in
E g g e n b e r g e r.
and
T e le p h o n e
the
P .T .T .
Services.
By
A lb r e c h t
(In “ P o s t B u lle t in ,” P o sta l, T e le g r a p h
I n te r n a tio n a l,
B e rn e ,
M arch
1950;
4 3 p p ., p ro c e sse d .)
A series o f re p orts on h ou rs a n d o th e r w o rk in g c o n d itio n s
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1950.
1 5 0 p p .; p ro ce ssed .
T h e L ib r a r y o f C o n g re s s a lso h a s a s s e m b le d tw o o th e r
b ib lio g ra p h ie s on K o r e a , on e o f R u s s ia n -la n g u a g e p u b lic a
tio n s a n d o n e o f p u b lic a tio n s in th e la n g u a g e s o f th e F a r
E a s t.
Current Labor Statistics
A.— Employment and Payrolls
76
Table A - l :
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
77
Table A - 2 :
worked, and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division
81
Table A - 3 :
and group
Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
83
Table A - 4 :
Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
84
Table A -5 :
Table A -6 :
85
Table A - 7 :
Federal civilian payrolls by branch and agency group 1
Civilian Government employment and payrolls in W ashington, D . C .,
Table A -8 :
Table A -9 :
by branch and agency group
Personnel and pay of the military branch of the Federal G overnm ent2
Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected S ta te s3
Table A -1 0 :
Table A - l 1:
Employees in manufacturing industries, by S ta te s3
Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance pro
86
manufacturing industries
Federal civilian employment and payrolls, by branch and agency group
grams, by geographic division and State
B.— Labor Turn-Over
87
Table B - l :
M onthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing
88
Table B - 2 :
industries, by class of turn-over
M onthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups
and industries
C.— Earnings and Hours
90
Table C - l :
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
105
Table C -2 :
Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected
106
Table C -3 :
industries, in current and 1939 dollars
Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production
106
Table C -4 :
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1939 dollars
Average hourly earnings, gross and exclusive of overtime, of produc
Table C -5 :
tion workers in manufacturing industries
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
employees
industries for selected States and areas3
1 B e g in n in g w ith th is issue p a y r o ll d a ta in ta b le A - 6 h a v e b e e n co m b in e d w ith ta b le A - 5 .
2 B e g in n in g w ith S e p te m b e r 1 9 5 0 issu e , o m itte d fo r s e c u rity re a so n s.
s This table is included quarterly in the M a r c h , J u n e, S e p te m b e r , a n d D e c e m b e r issues of the Review.
74
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CURRENT L A B O R STATISTICS
75
D.— Prices and Cost of Living
107
Table D - l :
108
Table D - 2 :
109
Table D - 3 :
110
111
Table D —4:
112
Table D - 5 :
Table D - 6 :
113
Table D - 7 :
114
Table D - 8 :
Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities, by
group of commodities
Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city, for
selected periods
Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city and
group of commodities
Indexes of retail prices of foods, by group, for selected periods
Indexes of retail prices of foods, by city
Average retail prices and indexes of selected foods
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities, for selected
periods
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
E.— Work Stoppages
115
Table E - l :
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F.— Building and Construction
117
116
Table F - l :
Table F -2 :
118
Table F -3 :
119
Table F -4 :
120
Table F -5 :
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Expenditures for new construction
Value of contracts awarded and force account work started on federally
financed new construction, by type of construction
Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by
type of building
New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, by general
type and by geographic division
Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling
units started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds
A : EM PLO YM E N T AND
76
PAYROLLS
M ONTHLY
LABOR
A: Employment and Payrolls
T able
A - l : Estimated
T o ta l
Labor Force Classified by Employment Status, Hours Worked, and Sex
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1 (in thousands)
1949
1950
Labor force
N o v .2
Oct.
Sept. 2
Aug.
July 1
June
M ay
Apr.
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N o v .2
Total, both sexes
Total labor force *.........................................- .........
65,453
65,438
65,020
66, 204
65,742
66,177
64,108
63, 513
63,021
63,003
62,835
63, 475
64, 363
Civilian labor force---------- --------- ---------------------Unem ploym ent.- ------------------------------ Unemployed 4 weeks or less--------------Unemployed 5-10 w eek s-------------------Unemployed 11-14 weeks-------------------Unemployed 15-26 weeks-------------------Unemployed over 26 weeks----------------Em ploym ent..................... - ............. - ........... .
N onagri cultural_____________________
Worked 35 hours or more------------Worked 15-34 hours______________
Worked 1-14 hours 1--------------------W ith a job but not at work *------Agricultural________________ ______ ____
Worked 35 hours or more________
Worked 15-34 hours______________
Worked 1-14 hours 4______________
W ith a job but not at work *-------
63, 512
2,240
1,240
475
147
175
204
61,271
53, 721
43, 546
6,417
2,331
1,427
7,551
5,487
1, 594
306
163
63, 704
1,940
955
420
128
183
257
61, 764
53, 273
42, 720
7,023
1,999
1,531
8,491
6,547
1,611
245
88
63, 567
2,341
1,107
464
201
272
299
61, 226
53,415
28,042
20,827
1,984
2,561
7,811
5,259
2,028
356
170
64,867
2,500
1,051
679
221
266
285
62,367
54,207
43,835
4, 583
1,545
4,246
8,160
6,170
1,475
295
223
64, 427
3,213
1,514
754
249
334
361
61,214
52,774
25,072
19, 201
1,650
6, 852
8,440
6,348
1,695
238
158
64,866
3, 384
1,629
664
181
474
439
61,482
52, 436
43,117
5,153
1,843
2,323
9,046
6, 975
1,739
246
88
62,788
3,057
1,130
634
252
559
481
59, 731
51, 669
43,033
5,149
1,949
1,537
8,062
5,970
1,613
292
187
62,183
3,515
1,130
686
521
705
475
58,668
51,473
41,143
6, 552
2,183
1,597
7,195
5,125
1,603
318
250
61, 675
4,123
1. 229
1,143
580
722
449
57, 551
50, 877
41, 334
5, 715
2. 102
1,725
6,675
4, 551
1,575
255
295
61,637
4,684
1,583
1,456
547
650
448
56,953
50, 730
41, 433
5,271
2,085
1,941
6,223
4,334
1,271
300
317
61,427
4,480
1,956
1,171
418
542
396
56,947
50,749
40,839
6,251
1,974
1,686
6,198
3,979
1,459
329
431
62, 045
3,489
1,399
971
302
456
361
58,556
51, 783
42, 260
6,126
2,049
1,349
6, 773
4, 778
1, 511
297
189
62, 927
3, 409
1,686
771
257
460
335
59,518
51,640
36,766
11,383
1,991
1,501
7,878
6,205
1,256
238
179
Males
Total labor force * . ..................................................
45,934
45,978
46.155
47,132
47,000
46,718
45,614
45,429
45, 204
45,115
45,102
45,174
45,515
Civilian labor force-----------------------------------------U nem ploym ent-.----------------- --------------------E m p lo y m e n t-------------- ----------------------------Nonagricultural----------------------------------Worked 35 hours or more_________
Worked 15-34 hours...................... .
Worked 1-14 hours *--------------------W ith a job but not at work •____
Agricultural----------------------------------------Worked 35 hours or more............ .
Worked 16-34 hours______________
Worked 1-14 hours 4------------- ------W ith a job but not at work •____
44,019
1,309
42, 710
36, 554
31,175
3,447
980
952
6,156
4,982
842
200
133
44, 268
1,172
43,096
36, 507
30,826
3,823
800
1,058
6,589
5,605
756
146
82
44, 726
1,482
43, 244
36,877
21,103
13, 273
817
1,683
6,367
4,875
1,131
219
143
45,818
1,664
44,154
37,455
31,800
2, 508
654
2, 494
6,699
5, 573
764
181
183
45, 708
2,126
43,582
36,605
18,905
12,762
732
4, 207
6,977
5,789
899
162
126
45,429
2, 200
43.229
36,216
31,523
2,605
756
1,332
7,013
6,031
743
162
78
44,316
2,130
42,186
35, 597
30,860
2,829
874
1,034
6, 589
5,339
895
186
170
44,120
2,628
41, 492
35,220
29, 722
3,483
999
1,017
6,272
4,891
925
251
205
43,879
3,002
40, 877
34,890
29, 562
3,156
958
1,214
5.987
4,380
1,146
188
274
43,769
3,426
40.343
34, 698
29,336
2, 909
922
1,531
5.645
4,176
942
228
298
43, 715
3, 262
40,453
34,880
29,108
3,711
904
1,157
5, 573
3,817
1,094
262
399
43, 765
2,472
41,293
35,369
30,077
3,424
884
984
5, 924
4, 497
1, 017
234
177
44,099
2,316
41,783
35, 484
26, 629
6,922
870
1,064
6,299
5,335
638
152
173
Females
Total labor force*---------------------- ----------------------
19, 519
19, 460
18,865
19,072
18,742
19,459
18, 494
18,084
17,817
17,888
17,733
18, 301
18,848
Civilian labor force............ .....................................
Unemployment_________ _________ ________
Em ploym ent.....................................................
N onagricultural---------------------- ----------Worked 35 hours or more________
Worked 15-34 hours........................
Worked 1-14 hours A .......................
W ith a job but not at work 1 ___
Agricultural---------------------------------------Worked 35 hours or more________
Worked 15-34 hours________ _____ _
Worked 1-14 hours 4 ____________
W ith a job but not at work 4____
19,493
931
18,561
17,167
12,371
2,970
1,351
475
1,395
505
752
106
30
19,436
768
18,668
16, 766
11,894
3,200
1,199
473
1,902
942
855
99
6
18,841
859
17,982
16, 538
6,939
7, 554
1,167
878
1,444
384
897
137
27
19,049
836
18,213
16, 752
12,035
2,075
891
1,752
1,461
597
711
114
40
18,719
1,087
17,632
16,169
6,167
6, 439
918
2,645
1,463
559
796
76
32
19,437
1,184
18, 253
16, 220
11, 594
2, 548
1,087
991
2,033
944
996
84
10
18,472
927
17,545
16,072
12,173
2,320
1,075
503
1,473
631
718
106
17
18,063
887
17,176
16,253
11, 421
3,069
1,184
580
923
234
578
67
45
17. 796
1,121
16,674
15, 987
11, 772
2, 559
1,144
511
688
171
429
67
21
17,868
1,258
16, 610
16,032
12,097
2,362
1,163
410
578
168
329
72
19
17, 712
1,218
16,494
15, 869
11,731
2,540
1,070
529
625
162
365
67
32
18,280
1,017
17,263
16, 414
12,183
2,702
1,165
365
849
281
494
63
12
18,828
1,093
17, 735
16,156
10,137
4,461
1,121
437
1,579
870
618
86
6
1 Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in cases
where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller
estimates should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in institu
tions. Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add
to group totals.
2 Census survey week contains legal holiday.
* Total labor force consists of the civilian labor force and the Armed Forces.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4 Excludes persons engaged only in incidental unpaid family work (loss than
15 hours); these persons are classified as not in the labor force.
5 Inelud&s persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during
the census week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute or
because of temporary lay-off with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of lay-off. Does not include unpaid family workers.
Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
A : EM PL O Y M E N T AND
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
T able
77
PAYROLLS
A -2 : Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1949
1950
Industry group and industry
N ov.
Total employees_______________________ _____
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
Apr.
M ay
M ar.
Feb.
922
103.3
36.6
28.4
20.5
946
101.8
36.1
28.0
20.0
940
99.9
35.4
27.9
19.2
939
98.5
33.8
28.0
19.1
938
98.4
33.9
27.8
19.0
1949
1948
595
97.9
33.6
27.7
IS. 8
861
97 7
34.0
27.6
18.4
917
89.3
28.8
26.5
17.3
940
96.6
33.1
27.1
18.4
932
100.1
33.7
27.3
20.6
981
105.1
36.6
27.8
21.7
936
102.9
941
101.9
36.8
28.2
19.8
74.3
75.0
75.3
73.6
75.3
76.1
75.3
76.9
75.9
75.6
76.3
76.7
77.3
80.0
402.5
407.2
406.9
407.8
382.1
410.4
413.1
419.0
422.9
82.6
347.7
419.7
400.9
399.0
438.2
255.0
258.1
261.2
261.9
258.9
253.9
251.4
249.2
249.8
251.1
253. 4
254.8
259. 0
257.5
Crude petroleum and natural gas pro-
950
102.5
37.0
28.2
20.0
N ov.
42,125 43,694 42, 784 43,006 44,201
45, 756 45,899 45,689 45,080 44, 096 43,945 43, 311 42, 926 42,295 41,661
946
103.0
37.0
28.3
20.4
Dec.
Jan.
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying......... .
101.2
102.3
103.1
103.4
101.3
100.0
97.3
94.5
90.2
88.6
88.9
93.6
95.7
96.4
100.1
Contract construction________________________
2,537
2,620
2,615
2,629
2, 532
2,414
2,245
2,076
1,907
1,861
1,919
2,088
2,244
2,156
2,165
529
228.0
301.3
536
232.4
303.7
548
240.0
307.5
519
228.8
290.4
493
213.5
279.3
442
182.4
260.0
389
150. 2
238.4
328
118.3
210.0
312
110.4
201.9
327
117.1
209.6
378
147."
230.7
447
188.4
258.4
428
178.1
250.3
416
172.1
243.8
2,091
2,079
2,081
2,013
1,921
1.803
1,687
1,579
1,549
1,592
1,710
1.797
1,727
901
903
905
870
827
766
702
651
641
663
733
778
753
797
985
249.3
117.1
120.2
498.7
928
908
242.6 . 241.7
104.5 100.6
118. 6 118.0
461.9 447.2
929
249.7
97.6
119.5
462.3
977 1,019
257. 9
254.3
113. 2 127.2
125.1
125. 5
484.2 508.6
974
245.8
124.4
125.1
479. 0
952
239.7
125.2
124.3
463.1
1,176
1,143
1,094 1,037
1,190
1,176
267.4
296.0
292.9
285.7 278.7
257.1
158.3
149.8
140.0
126.7
157.7
157.1
133.7 131.0 127.6 122.0
136.8
135.1
597.9 583.5
558.6 530.8
591.1
599.0
Manufacturing------------------------------------
.
15,707
Durable goods2_______________ _____ 8,647
Nondurable goods3------------------------- 7,060
Ordnance and accessories-------------------------Food and kindred products. ___________
Tobacco manufactures------------------------------
27.4
1,587
90
Tobacco stemming and redrying---------Textile-mill products_____________________ 1,355
Apparel and other finished textile products . .
. ____ _______ ________ ____ 1,158
15,819
8,612
7,207
27.2
15,682
8, 425
7,257
26.7
15,450
8, 294
7,156
25.0
23.7
94
26.0
43.1
12.4
12.4
95
27.1
41.7
12.5
13.5
89
25.6
40.7
12.1
10.8
82
26.1
38.9
11.8
5.4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7, 548
6,614
23.2
22.8
14,103
7,418
6,685
22.4
13, 807 14,146
13, 997 13, 980 14,031
7, 324
6,673
7, 342
6, 638
21.8
7,303
6, 728
21.3
7,050
6,757
21.6
21.8
7,465
6,681
24.8
15,286
8, 315
6,970
28.1
82
25.4
39.5
12.0
5.1
83
25.5
39.7
12.1
5.7
83
25.5
39.3
12.4
5.5
85
25.4
40.9
12.6
5.9
88
25.5
42.3
12.7
7.4
92
26.3
42.4
12.8
10.8
94
26.8
43.2
12.9
10.7
96
26.9
45.5
12.9
10.2
94
26.6
44. 5
13.0
10.1
100
26.6
48.3
13.7
11.2
1,144
1,162
1,146 1,156
1,136
1,180
1,119
1,174
1,091
1,097
1,093
1,222
1,218 1,208
154.4
143.5 140.7
130.6 141.5
148.5 143.2
146. C 149.2 148.9
152.4 140.6
153.2
151.5
273. £
331.8
113.1
22.7
68.7
101.6
156.5
273.3
340.4
110.5
23.3
68.5
99.0
151.6
270.4
340.3
105.9
23.7
68.5
96.2
150.1
249.3
299. 1
95.8
20.2
67.2
86.6
137.9
255.1
281.3
98.9
17.8
65.3
88.6
137.8
256.0
285.2
101.3
18.9
62.6
85.4
137.9
258.6
305.2
105.5
20.7
63.6
82.6
136. £
262.2
338.9
107.1
26.5
68.4
83.6
138.4
260.8
348. 2
106.3
26.5
68.5
82.8
137. £
258.5
334.9
102.3
24.2
65.6
80. C
137.3
264.5
330.1
104. 4
22.3
64.5
90. C
139.1
269 6
313.7
108.5
18.5
65.8
95.9
141.7
257.8
328.6
98.9
22.3
63.4
88.2
135.8
269.1
342.4
97.4
22.9
59.5
90.1
125.6
845
76.1
492.3
850
76.5
497.7
845
78.8
494.5
812
76.2
474.6
803
73.7
467.3
784
67.4
459.1
753
59.2
439.8
738
59.3
429.8
713
49.2
416.1
702
45. C
411.2
744
61.5
433.9
753
63.7
442.7
736
61.4
431.7
812
72.8
472.9
130.1
82.8
64.0
130.2
81.4
63.9
129.5
79.7
62.0
124. £
77.5
59.2
124. 4
77.9
59.5
122. C
75.5
59.9
120.2
74.4
59.8
117.2
73.2
58.8
116.8
73. C
57.7
116.7
72.6
56.8
117.4
73.7
57.1
116.3
73.0
56.9
110.5
73.3
59.0
119.5
81.8
65.2
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
See footnotes at end of table.
23.7
7,809
6,604
1,272 1,273 1,265 1, 274 1,272 1,224 1,362
1,264
1, 252 1,261
1,250
1,347 1,316
1,356
158.5
156.1
149.3
159. 4 157.8
157.7
177.6
164.4
156.4
153.3
154.7
171.0
169.6
156.7
604.2 600.6 597.8 604.1 601.9
581.9 645. 7
602.9
602.8
625.9
601.5
610.
4
638.3 637.7
247.8 231.4 249.0
239.8 241.1
241.7 244.7
246.9 228.4 230.9 231.6 236.1
256.6 253.0
89.5
86.4
89.3
89.5
89.9
90.0
89.8
86.4
86.4
88.3
89.2
84.9
93.2
92.3
58.8
58.1
58.9
60.5
60.3
59.3
64. S
59. S
60.9
60.5
59.8
58.1
61.3
61.6
118.6 116.0 135.2
117.9
117.8 119.6 121.2 119.3 119.1
129.2 120.3
119.8
135.5
133.0
Lumber and wood products (except fur-
Miscellaneous wood products----------------
7, 964
6,702
1,432 1, 491 1,539
1,432 1,420 1,409
1, 523 1, 536
1, 519 1,461
1,617
1,648
1, 738 1,718
271.2
296.6 295.8
292.6 286.3 282.7 285.3 288.7 301.3 307.6 298.3 288.6
301.8 296.9
132.4 133.7
136.3 146.2 147.7
141.4 136.6
134.1
142.2 149.6 156.4 158.7 156.5 148.7
222.0
133.6 141.0
161. 2 185.2 207.1
177.0 152. 3 144.9 133.9
261.2 352.7 329.1 250.4
120.9 122.9 120. 6 117.7
119.3 119.8
121.2 120.2 120.1
128.0
128.7 128.6 125.9 124.3
277.9 277.3 280.0 286.0 281.7 282.9
287.7 289 3 283.7 286.7 284.6 282.4
291.6 289.4
42.5
49.3
34.5
26.9
28.9
32.7
28.9
34.4
33.5
29.4
27.0
27.1
48.5
30.6
109.4
100.2
99.5
104.7
96.9
90.6
94.5
96.7
102.1
90.4
88.6
113.3
110.2
90.0
218.6
198.2 199.2 205. 4 211.3 211.4
206.0 205.1
240.1
234.2 224.8 212.8
218.0
229.9
139.9 137.6 141.3
133.2 132.3 135.4
135.5
134.1
135.3
144.3
143.4
141.8 140.4
145.8
M en ’s and boys’ furnishings and work
838
14,162
14, 777 14, 666 14,413
7.978
6, 799
1.749
78
T
A : EM PLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
able
M ONTHLY LABOR
A -2 : Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1— Con.
[In thousands]
1949
1950
Annual
average
Industry group and industry
N ov.
Manufacturing— Continued
Furniture and fixtures.-.
_
377
. . .
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
1949
1948
348
247 0
100 9
378
270.6
107.5
375
268. Í
107.0
367
262.1
104.9
350
249.5
100.0
349
249.8
99.5
348
248. 5
99.4
347
248.8
98.6
344
247. c
97.1
341
244.9
96.
333
238.
95.1
332
236.8
95.
327
232. 6
94.1
315
n
94 6
222
__ - -
493
490
241. 4
139.9
108.9
488
241. c
137.1
109.1
479
238.6
131.7
109.1
465
234. f
123.4
106.4
467
235. 2
124. 2
107.6
459
231.8
121.3
105.7
458
230.6
121.3
105.6
455
230. 2
120. 5
104.7
453
229. í
120. 0
103. 7
451
228.4
119 8
102. 5
455
229. 0
123.1
102. 7
458
229 3
125 6
102 8
447
226 9
117 1
103 1
470
Printing, publishing, and allied industries..
750
751
289.«
52.8
48.3
204.7
42.3
112.9
745
293.2
51. 5
48.5
200.0
41.1
110.2
741
292.7
51.8
47.8
198.8
40.5
108.9
739
295.1
51.7
46.2
198.1
40.0
108.2
739
295. (
51.4
46.3
199.6
40.0
106.8
736
293. £
51.6
46.0
197.9
40. 0
106.2
735
293. 5
51. 5
45.3
198.9
39. 9
105. 7
734
291.6
52. 0
45. 2
199.2
40.1
106.3
732
289. 5
52.1
44.8
198. 5
40.1
106. 7
730
285. 7
52.3
45.0
200.4
40.1
106 8
739
288.6
53. 0
45. 2
201. 5
42. 2
108 1
736
288
52
45.
198
42
108
727
282
53
44
197
41
108
725
8
9
7
0
2
1
5
4
6
1
1
0
719
76.1
208.6
99.2
73.2
33.2
62.4
165.8
700
69.2
206.7
98.0
73.5
33.0
54.2
165. 2
684
68.3
203.6
96.7
73.5
29.6
48.7
164.0
669
70.3
199.8
95.9
72.7
28.3
46.8
155.6
670
72. £
198.4
94.2
71.5
30.2
48.2
154.9
671
71.4
195.7
93.1
69. 7
36.2
50.0
154.4
675
70.5
194.1
93.4
69.1
41.6
53. 2
153.4
671
69.4
191.9
91.1
68.9
40. 9
55.3
153. 0
665
68. 8
189. 5
91.4
68.3
38. 5
56. 2
152.4
658
65. 8
187.9
94.6
67.6
32. 5
59. 2
150.3
660
66.6
187. 8
94.6
67.1
30. 7
62.1
151. 5
662
66.3
187.0
94.1
67 6
30.3
63 4
153. 5
664
68
192
92
67
34
56
153
4
1
3
3
3
1
0
Paper and allied products...
716
Chemicals and allied products_______
699
70 9
210 3
89 5
Products of petroleum and coal________ __
Petroleum refining ___ __ __ _ __
Coke and byproducts ____
250
251
198.4
21.5
31.2
250
197.4
21.4
31.2
254
200. 5
21.4
32. 5
241
189.0
21.1
30.5
239
187.8
21.1
30.1
236
186.2
20. 7
28.6
234
185.7
20.5
27.8
241
194. 8
19. 7
26. 9
242
195.1
19.6
26.8
242
195. 4
20. 2
26.3
243
195.6
20. 4
27. 0
245
197.3
18. 7
28. 7
245
198. 7
19. 5
27 1
250
199 1
20 0
Rubber products__________________ __
Tires and inner t u b e s .. __
Rubber footwear____ _________ __
Other rubber products__________________
271
269
115.1
28.0
125.5
265
115.2
26.9
122.9
258
112.8
25.7
119.1
249
111.3
24.1
113.6
247
110.8
24.2
112.4
241
108.1
23.9
108.8
238
106.6
24.1
107.4
237
106.3
24. 2
106.1
236
105. 8
23.6
106.2
234
105.0
24.9
104.1
234
104.3
27. 0
102.7
233
103. 5
27. 0
102.4
234
106.6
26.4
100.5
259
121 1
29 6
107.9
390
407
51.4
253.7
102.2
411
51.8
259.3
100.0
409
51.1
260.4
97.5
390
49.5
252.8
88.1
382
49.6
247.2
84.9
374
49. 5
240.4
83.8
379
49. 5
244.3
85.4
396
50. 0
257.4
88.4
395
50.1
257.4
87.9
388
49.4
254.9
83.2
382
49.4
247.2
85.5
372
49. 7
232.4
90.2
388
49. 7
251.0
87.2
410
54 2
260.1
95.4
553
546
143.6
43.0
87.8
58.2
99.4
113.7
533
134.4
42.3
87.7
58.9
98.2
111.2
532
137.9
43.3
87.2
57.4
98.3
107.4
512
130.8
41.7
85.2
55.3
95.5
103. 5
511
134.4
42.6
83.0
56.0
93.9
101.4
501
131.7
42.2
80.2
57.6
90.0
99.4
487
128.8
41. 5
76.0
57.6
86.4
77.1
478
124.8
40.6
75. 5
58.0
84.0
94. 7
475
123.9
41. 0
75.2
57.6
83.6
94.1
469
121.7
41. 7
75.2
56.1
81.4
93. 2
479
122.7
42.2
77.4
57.0
85.1
94. 3
477
123.2
40.6
76.6
57.6
86.1
93.1
484
122.6
41.8
79 8
57 5
84.6
97 1
514
135.9
40 9
83 4
Leather and leather products____________
Leather., _ _
. _____ _
Footwear (except rubber)______________
Other leather products_________________
Stone, clay, and glass products...
__
Glass and glass products______________
Cement, hydraulic____ ______ __ _
.
Structural clay products
_ _ _ _
Pottery and related products____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products
Primary metal industries_____
_ _ _ .
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
m ills ... . . .
_____________
Iron and steel foundries_______________
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals___ ______
_________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous m etals.________
_ ____
Nonferrous foundries...
_________ __
Other primary metal industries..
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment). _______ __ ___
Tin cans and other tinw are.. . .
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware. . . .
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies..
____
______
Fabricated structural metal products
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving
Other fabricated metal products___ __
Machinery (except electrical)___________
Engines and turbines__________________
Agricultural machinery and tractors. .
Construction and mining machinery.
Metalworking machinery______________
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)
.
General industrial machinery_________
Office and store machines and devices
Service-industry and household machines ___ . . . . _____ ________
Miscellaneous machinery parts_______
See footnotes at end o f table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—
__
—
1,302 1,293
1,277
1,256
1, 222
1,216
1,190
1,171
1,144
1,137
1,121
1,112
891
1.101
87.8
1,247
635.5
256.8
632.1
251.3
630.5
241.2
621.4
229.7
616.4
227.7
606.3
220.8
599.2
215.7
583.3
208.6
587. 5
203.6
584.8
198.3
580.4
198.8
392.3
195.8
550 4
217.0
259.3
56.0
55.1
55.1
54.3
55.2
54.6
54. 2
54. 4
54.1
51.1
49.6
46.2
52.3
55.6
102.4
104.9
137.3
101.9
100.7
136.2
99. 5
96.0
133.9
96.0
92.1
128.7
96.2
91.4
129.2
95.1
87.3
126.1
93. 2
84.3
124.1
92.4
83.3
121.6
90.6
80.8
120. 8
89 0
79.0
119.0
88 1
78.4
117.1
76. 9
74.4
105.4
87 0
75 8
118.4
13o! 7
1,007 1,012
51.4
166.4
994
55.3
163.0
972
55.8
156.7
929
51.3
153.0
923
48.6
156.2
894
45. 5
154.3
876
44.6
152. 5
863
43. 5
151. 2
851
41.8
147.3
846
41. 2
145.2
841
42.1
142. 9
820
43 8
139.1
859
45 8
142.3
976
164.0
217.0
185.0
227.9
164.3
209.8
182.9
218.8
158.8
210.3
179.3
211.5
147.2
201.3
172.7
203.1
148.1
198.0
170.7
201.2
144.4
192.4
162.6
194.8
143. 9
190.3
156.3
188.0
140.4
187.6
152.9
187. 7
137.8
185.1
152.1
187.0
133.0
186. 2
151.2
188. 9
136.8
186. 2
147.0
186.1
138.3
178.9
141.6
178. 2
132. 0
198 5
147.9
192 4
165 8
215 9
172.2
219 0
154.4
1,458 1,433
1 , 373
1,374
1,343
1,341
1,328
1,307 1, 283
1,261
1,238
1,229
1,209
1,311
1,533
70.2
73. 5
73.1
72.8
73.6
74.8
70.9
68.7
P6.5
66.7
65.9
66.4
72.5
83.8
145.3
168.0
179.5
180.1
180.5
180. 7 180. 5 177. 5 175. 2 171. 0 168. 3 162. 7 181.3
191 3
99.1
98.1
109. 7 106.0
101.6
95.9
95.4
95.2
91. 3
122 6
93.4
90. 6
89. 2 101.3
243.4
234.8 222.1
212.0 212.3
207.2
204.5 201.6
198.4
196.0
195.6
196.7
208.7
239.5
178.6
202.7
96.0
173.9
197.4
94.7
168.6
191.7
90.8
165.3
185.0
89.5
165.4
182.8
89.3
162.7
181.3
88.4
160.8
178.8
88.0
158. 7
175.7
87.0
157.1
174.0
85.4
155. 9
172.8
84. 7
156.6
173.1
86.2
157. 0
173.2
87. 5
171.8
186.4
90.6
201.9
209.8
109.1
182.8
178.3l
179.5
171.3
178.6
166.3
178.8
160. 5
180.8
158.5
181. 5
156.2
175.6
152.6
169.3
149.3
163. 9
147.0
155. 2
143.9
149.3
142.9
139. 0
138.5
145. 4
153.2
191 3
183.4
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
T able
A : EM PLO YM E N T AND
79
PAYROLLS
A -2 : Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1— Con.
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1949
1950
Industry group and industry
N ov.
Manufacturing— Continued
Electrical machinery----- ------------------------Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa-
925
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
1949
1948
911
878
853
817
810
800
791
779
772
762
762
750
759
869
334.3
75.2
348.5
325.4
73.4
329.6
323.9
70.9
318.1
313.8
70.0
297.0
308.2
68.9
296.1
306.7
67.8
289.4
303.3
66.6
287.6
300.0
65.1
283.2
298.1
65.5
279.7
294.4
65.1
276.7
294.5
64.9
275.5
289.2
59.1
275.7
295.2
64.5
271.1
332.9
69.0
312.2
153.4
149.6
139.6
136.2
136.6
136.5
133.7
130.5
128.8
126.0
126.9
125.7
128.3
154.8
Electrical appliances, lamps, and misTransportation equipment-----------------------
Instruments and related products------------
1,112
1,112
1,212
1,122 1,100
1,091
1,305
1,269
1.374 1,387
1,363
1,297
1,197
1,263
1,347
703.2
893.4
862.4
697.1
769.0
720.3
698.9
689.0
797.4
923.6
912.0 907. 9 883.7
792.8
252.5
252.3
256.4
253.9
252.4
251.9
255.6 228.1
299.2 285.1
259.3
253.3
251.7
272.8
167.0
166.8
169.7
170.5
169.0
167.9
166.5
204.1
194.7 183.7
172.8
166.1
166.8
151.7
51.2
52.1
50.2
50.5
51.8
54.5
52.4
50.7
50.7
50.6
54.1
52.8
50.1
46.7
7.9
7.9
8.5
8.2
7.8
7.9
8.0
8.0
8.1
8.1
8.1
7.7
7.4
7. 5
26.2
26.2
26.3
27.0
32.1
29.8
26.0
26.8
27.3
27.3
26.9
26.0
22.4
27.5
85.3
89.2
80.9
80.0
79.9
80.2
81.2
79.4
82.8
100.3
86.7
81.2
91.7
140.7
66.4
66.2
72.3
74.8
88.2
74.3
76.3
67.4
66.7
68.3
70.0
68.9
124.2
78.4
10.5
12.1
12.4
14.5
13.8
13.2
11.9
11.2
10.5
12.9
13.8
10.5
16.4
13.3
64.2
65.3
64.0
63.0
63.5
61.6
58.4
59.2
60.6
76.1
61.3
60.1
84.8
61.8
10.9
9.6
11.6
13.5
13.2
11.1
10.7
9.6
9.1
11.6
7.7
10.1
16.6
12.9
273
270
26.2
54.4
32.8
156.6
264
25.6
53.7
31.6
152.8
252
25.1
52.8
28.0
146.0
242
24.8
51.0
27.8
138.1
243
24.8
50.1
28.1
139.8
238
24.8
49.1
28.0
136.5
238
25.0
48.5
28.5
133.7
234
25.1
48.2
28.9
131.5
232
25.1
48.1
29.3
129.7
233
25.1
48.3
30.3
129.2
234
25.2
48.8
31.4
128.1
234
25.6
49.1
31.9
127.7
238
26.8
52.6
31.4
127.1
260
28.2
60.3
40.8
130.5
513
510
58.1
84.4
66.3
491
57.1
81.0
64.1
471
55.4
78.9
61.1
430
51.1
71.5
52.1
439
52.8
72.6
52.4
434
52.7
70.3
51.4
435
52.7
69.5
53.1
433
53.2
67.2
56.5
429
54.4
63.8
59.4
420
54.2
61.7
56.7
436
56.2
66.8
58.4
455
57.5
76.4
63.5
426
55.4
68.7
57.7
466
60.3
80.8
62.3
301.1
289.2
260.0
259.8
256.5
251.3
246.9
254.6
257.9
243.8
262.8
Professional and scientific instruments.
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Other
miscellaneous
manufacturing
Transportation and public utilities.. . . . .
Transportation___________________________
T.ocal railways and bus lin es..
... ...
Air transportation (common carrier)**.
Communication_____ _______ _____ _____ _
Other public utilities________
_________ .
Trade. __ ._ __________ _________________ __
Wholesale trade_________________ ________
Retail trade .
___ . . . . . . ______ __ . . .
General merchandise stores__________
Food and liquor stores___ __ _________
Automotive and accessories dealers____
Apparel and accessories stores__________
Other retail trade______ . _____________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
276.0
254.8
261.3
4,114
4,135
4,138
4,120
2,902 2, 915 2, 912 2, 891
1,462
1, 457
1,441
1,291
l ’ 284 1, 272
145
146
146
621
620
614
689
687
690
76.9
75.2
74.5
664
670
671
671
620. 7 621.6 622. t
47.9
48.0
47.2
548 550
555
558
525.1
529.4
531.7
233.9 236.6
238.6
24.8
25.4
25.9
4,062
2,839
1,414
l' 246
' 148
589
689
75.7
667
619.5
46.7
556
530.4
238.4
25.7
4,023
2,813
1,407
F 240
' 147
577
682
74.6
662
614.6
46.7
548
522. c
235.2
25.6
3,885
3,928
2,685
2, 733
1,356
1,296
i; 135 1, 188
’ 149
150
562
554
673
678
74.6
73.7
659
657
609.2
610.7
46.9
46.9
541
538
512.5
515.8
232.5 231.4
25.0
25.3
3,841
3,873
2,682
2,651
1,315
1,290
1,123
i;i4 8
' 152
'151
545
550
664
666
74.2
73.6
654
654
607. C 606.7
46.2
45.7
536
537
511.5
510.6
232.1
232.0
25.1
25.0
9,880
2, 61f
7,26¿
1.628
1,239
746
565
3,086
9, 390
2, 528
6,862
1,372
1,203
746
501
3,040
9,411
2, 502
6,909
1,411
1.205
733
536
3,024
9, 326 9,346
2,479 2, 477
6,847 6,869
1,412
1,466
1,204
1,200
714
706
533
545
2,984 |2,952
9,206
2,484
6, 722
1,392
1,192
699
519
2,920
9,786
2,621
7,145
1,540
1,219
743
557
3,086
9,660
2,613
7,047
1,477
1,210
744
540
3,076
9,474
2, 582
6,892
1,387
1,200
749
491
3,065
3, 930 3, 892 3, 979 4,151
3,869
2,756
2,934
2,676 2,732 2,689
1,333
1,281
1,367
1,316
1,517
1,191
1,149
1,114
1,148
1,327
154
155
163
' 153
158
566
540
571
548
566
679
682
684
687
667
75.2
74.5
75.8
76.7
77.9
660
665
696
657
686
609.1
611.7 615.5
632.2 634.2
48.2
47.1
47.7
52.5
60.8
521
538
538
536
537
511.5
513. C 513.5
512. C 497.0
232.8 233.5
226.4
232.0 232.7
24.8
24.6
24.6
24.6
23.7
9,152 9, 246
2,495
2,511
6,657 6, 735
1,392
1,360
1,185
1,187
700
701
496
513
2,916 |2,942
10,156
2,542
7,614
1,987
1,217
717
632
3,061
9, 607
2,538
7,069
1,590
1,208
704
560
3,007
9,438
2,522
6,916
1,480
1,198
676
554
3,008
9,491
2,533
6,958
1,470
1,195
634
577
3,081
80
A : EM PLOYM EN T AND PAYROLLS
T able A -2 :
M ONTHLY LABOR
Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1— Con
[In thousands]
1950
Annual
average
1949
Industry group and industry
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
1949
1948
Finance......................... ................................... .
Banks and trust companies___________
Security dealers and exchanges_______
Insurance carriers and agents_________
Other finance agencies and real estate.
1,821
1,822
433
60.7
652
676
1,827
433
60.9
654
679
1,837
435
61.4
658
683
1,831
432
61.3
652
686
1,827
427
60.0
646
694
1,812
421
59.2
640
692
1,803
420
58.2
639
686
1,791
419
57.7
637
677
1,777
416
57.2
634
670
1,772
415
56.1
630
671
1,770
416
55.4
630
669
1,766
415
55.1
627
669
1,763
416
55.5
619
672
1,716
403
57.9
589
665
Service___________________ ______ _
Hotels and lodging places____
Laundries___________________
Cleaning and dyeing plants.
M otion pictures______________
4,724
4,757
441
355.6
150.8
244
4,817
476
357.4
149.6
246
4,827
512
358.6
147.1
244
4,841
515
363. 4
151.6
245
4,826
482
362.1
155.9
249
4,790
451
353.7
150.1
236
4,757
441
347.4
146.1
236
4,708
431
345.5
141.3
236
4,696
430
345.0
139.7
236
4,701
428
346.9
141.1
235
4,738
443
346.7
142.7
238
4,768
444
347.7
144.7
238
4,782
464
352.2
146.9
237
4,799
478
356.1
149.9
241
Government.........
Federal_______
State and local.
6,037
6,039
6,004
5,793
5,741
5,832
5,769
5,900 5,915
5,742
6,041
5,777
5,783
5,811
5,613
1,980 1,948
1,841
1,916
1,820 1, 851 1, 890 1, 939 1,802 1,800
1,804 2,101
1,823
1,902
1, 827
4,057 4,091
4,088 3,952 3, 921 3, 981 4, 010 3,976 3,967
3,942 3,973 3, 940 3, 960 3, 911 3, 786
1 The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ series of employment in nonagricultural
establishments are based upon reports submitted by cooperating establish
ments and, therefore, differ from employment information obtained by
household interviews, such as the M onthly Report on the Labor Force
(table A - l ) , in several important respects. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’
data cover all full- and part-time employees in private nonagricultural estab
lishments who worked during, or received pay for, the pay period ending
nearest the 15th of the month; in Federal establishments during the pay
period ending just before the first of the month; and in State and local govern
ment during the pay period ending on or just before the last of the month,
while the M onthly Report on the Labor Force data relate to the calendar
week which contains the 8th day of the month. Proprietors, self-employed
persons, domestic servants, and personnel of the Armed Forces are excluded
from the B LS but not the M R L F series. These employment series have
been adjusted to bench-mark levels indicated by social insurance agency
data through 1947. Revised data in all except the first fo u r columns will be
identified by asterisks the first month they are published.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; primary
metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery,
and transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical
machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products;
and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
3 Includes: food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied
products; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied
products; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; and leather and
leather products.
4 Data by region, from January 1940, are available upon request to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
*New series; employment data are available from January 1945.
**New series: employment data are available from January 1947.
All series m ay be obtained upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Requests should specify which industry series are desired.
A : EM PLO YM E N T AND
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
T able
81
PAYROLLS
A -3 : Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1949
1950
Industry group and industry
N ov.
Sept.
Oct.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
M ining:
M etal___________
Iron___________
Copper..............
Lead and zinc.
90.2
33.2
24.6
17.3
91.3
33.4
24.9
17.9
90.8
33.4
24.8
17.5
91.4
32.9
24.9
18.0
90.0
32.4
24.7
17.4
88.5
31.8
24.8
16.7
87.2
30.3
24.8
16.6
Anthracite...........
69.9
70.5
70.8
69.2
70.8
71.6
Feb.
M ar.
Apr.
Jan.
86.2
30.4
24.5
16.0
Dec.
86.1
30.6
24.0
16.1
N ov.
77.9
25.4
23.4
15.0
1949
89.0
30.4
24.3
18.1
1948
94.7
33.6
25.0
19.2
87.3
30.5
24.7
16.6
86.9
30.2
24.7
16.5
70.7
72.3
71.4
71.1
71.8
72.1
72.8
75.8
60.0
322.5
392.7
375.4
373.4
413.1
127.1
Bituminous-coal
381.1
381.7
383.0
357.6
385.0
387.9
393.8
398.4
Crude petroleum and natural gas pro
duction:
Petroleum and natural gas production,
126.1
128.4
130.3
129.7
127.7
124.2
123.5
123.3
123.3
122.9
123.9
124.7
127.1
85.0
82.4
78.3
77.3
76.7
80.1
82.8
83.7
87.6
11,841
11,597
11,549
11,460
11,449
11,504
11,289
11,597
12,717
Manufacturing.
Durable goods *____
Nondurable goods 3
Ordnance and accessories.
Food and kindred products..................
M eat products........................................ .
D airy products........................................
Canning and preserving........... ..........
Grain-mill products................... ..........
Bakery products............ .......................
S u g a r ..._____________________________
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages___________________________
Miscellaneous food products.............
Tobacco manufactures.......................
Cigarettes________________________
Cigars____________________________
Tobacco and snuff_______________
Tobacco stemming and redrying.
Textile-mill products...............................
Yarn and thread mills_____________
Broad-woven fabric mills......... .........
Knitting mills______________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles______
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings.
Other textile-mill p ro d u cts..............
13,011
7,202
5,809
22.3
1,207
83
1, 263
Apparel and other finished textile pro
ducts_____________ __________ _________ 1,040
M e n ’s and boys’ suits and coats_________ _____
M e n ’s and boys’ furnishing and work
clothing___________________ __________________
W om en’s outerwear_____ _______ ______________
W om en’s, children’s undergarments_________
M illinery...................... ......... ............... ......... ............
Children’s outerwear...... ........................................ .
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel_________
Other fabricated textile products........................
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)------------------ ------------------------ -----773
Logging camps and contractors_______________
Sawmills and planing mills___________________
M ill work, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood p ro d u cts..________________
Wooden containers......... ...................... .................
Miscellaneous wood products..............................
Furniture and fixtures...............
Household furniture.............
Other furniture and fixtures.
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
90.3
89.6
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying...........
328
13,016
13,133
7,181
5,952
7,016
6,000
22.1
21.5
90.6
12,802
6,900
5,902
20.1
88.8
12,151
6, 597
5,554
19.0
87.6
12,066
6,596
5,470
18.9
6, 456
5,385
18.6
6,195
5, 402
6, 070
5,479
18.3
5,982
5, 478
17.9
17.4
6, 000
5,449
16.9
5,961
5,543
17.1
5, 719
5, 570
17.3
6, 096
5,501
20.2
6, 909
5,808
23.9
1,172
1,197
1,185
1,139
1,078
1,231
1,141
1, 090 1,065 1, 060 1,055
1,351
1,331
1,266
242.2
215.8
231.3
231.5 243.7 251.0
228.3
235.2 235.8
227.4
223.3
234.8
232.0
239.6
107.9
98.9
111.0
95.1
96.1
96.7
99.1
108.2
102.8
116.1
114.4
101.2
106.8
113.7
180.8
195.3
159.8
135.6
109.8
116.5
109.3
302.1
126.8
119.9
324.9
222.8
150.6
234.8
93.6
96.9
95.3
93.2
95.0
92.1
92.0
95.9
92.2
91.4
99.3
97.7
94.6
97.8
191.2
195.5
194.7
186.1
189.8
187.6
192.6
191.0
190.0
192.2
193.9
190.7
196. 5 194.2
28.5
30.0
44.7
24.9
38.1
22.7
22.6
22.9
24.4
29.9
24.7
28.8
26.0
43.7
83.0
85.9
95.3
90.5
84.6
80.9
78.4
74.6
85.4
72.7
73.6
73.8
96.2
93.0
146.2
150.6
161.4
141.3
134.4
135.3
139.4
146.4
140.9
169.3
163.5
156.5
150.2
159.8
108.1
106.1
103.8
101.3
98.1
99.4
100.7
104.1
99.4
98.4
107.9
103.3
106.4
106.1
87
23.6
41.0
11.0
11.2
88
24.6
39.6
11.1
12.3
82
23.1
38.6
10.7
9.8
75
23.4
36.8
10.4
4.5
75
22.8
37.3
10.5
4.2
76
22.8
37.6
10.6
4.9
76
22.9
37.2
11.0
4.7
78
22.7
38.7
11.0
5.1
81
22.8
40.2
11.1
6.4
85
23.8
40.3
11.3
9.7
87
24.3
41.2
11.5
9.5
89
24.4
43.6
11.4
9.2
87
24.1
42.4
11.5
9.0
93
24.3
46.2
12.2
10.2
1,136
1,275
1,184
1,187
1,177
1,183
1,183
1,172
1,224
1,160
1, 174 1,162
1,255
1,263
140.3
168.5
147.0
148.5
148.5
149.4
144.5
148.7
146.5
146.4
154.4
143.0
160. 6 159.1
551.4
615. 3
571.8
573.9
567.9
570.5
574.0
572.7
579. f
572.8
570.8
606. 5 594.6
607.6
213.4 231.4
226.6 229.7
222.5 222.8
221.4
209.4
217.9
211.7 212.8
233. 3 227.1
236.1
80.4
76.9
80.0
80.5
79.9
80.3
80.0
75.4
76.7
78.8
76.7
82.5
79.6
83.1
57.2
51.2
50.4
51.3
51.8
52.8
53.0
53.7
52.7
52.4
51.0
53.3
54.0
54.3
121.7
102.8
105.2
105.7
105.8
107.8
106.3
104.4
104.5
106.6
106.5
115.4
121.2
119.3
1, 098 1,089
1,101
138.2
138.8 ' 137.3
981
126.9
976
134.6
1,049
1,022
1,028
1,040
1,032
1,065
1,058
976 1,003
128.1
140.1
117.6
127.3
130.3
135.2
135.5
131.7
129.0
256.1
297.3
102.0
20.1
62.7
89.0
134.5
255.0
305.3
99.7
20.6
62.6
87.4
130.1
252.0
306.6
95.9
20.9
62.6
85.1
128.1
231.9
265.6
85.8
17.6
61.1
75.9
116.0
237.8
247.9
88.6
15.3
59.2
77.2
115.8
238.6
253.5
91.1
16.4
57.0
74.4
115.8
241.3
271.6
95.4
18.0
58. C
71.8
115.4
244.9
305.4
97. C
23.8
62.6
72.6
116.6
243.6
315.2
96.5
23.4
62.7
72.1
116.2
240.9
302.4
92.5
21.4
59.7
69.1
115.9
246.8
296.1
94.5
19.4
58.7
78.7
118.3
251.3
279.5
98.2
15.6
60.1
84.2
121.6
239.8
294.3
89.4
19.5
58.0
76.5
115.8
250.7
308.7
88.7
20.2
54.7
78.5
107.5
781
71.7
460.3
786
72.0
466.4
783
74.4
464.6
750
71.4
443.9
741
69.4
436.8
723
62. Í
429.8
692
54.7
409.9
677
54.8
399.3
652
45.0
385.7
642
40.9
381.1
682
57.2
403.5
692
59.6
412.6
676
57.6
401.3
752
69. 5
442.0
114.1
77.2
57.6
114.2
76.1
57.6
113.7
74.1
55.8
109.1
72.1
53.1
108.5
72.4
53.5
106.2
69.9
54.0
104.4
69.]
54.0
101.7
67.9
53.5
101.2
67.6
52.4
101.6
67.2
51.2
101.9
68.1
51.5
100.7
67.4
51.4
95.7
67.9
53.1
105.0
76.0
59. 2
329
241.6
86. S
327
239.8
86.9
319
234.2
85.2
303
221.8
80.7
303
222.3
80.4
302
221. ‘
81.2
303
222. (
80.7
301
220.9
79.9
297
218.2
78.7
289
211.7
77.6
289
211.0
78.1
283
206.5
76.6
272
194.8
77.6
306
221.6
84.1
82
A : EM PLOYM EN T AND
T
a b l e
PAYROLLS
M ONTHLY LABOR
A -3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries ^C ontinued
[In thousands]
1950
Annual
average
1949
Industry group and industry
Manufacturing— Continued
Paper and ailied products___________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Paperboard containers and boxes,.
Other paper and allied products...
N ov.
Oct.
423
420
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
1949
1948
89.9
418
209.9
118.0
90.2
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Newspapers.._____ _____________________
Periodicals...................................... ...............
Books______________________
Commercial printing_____ _____________
Lithographing__________________________
Other printing and publishing_________
512
514
149.0
35.2
36.5
170.3
33.2
89.3
509
151.0
35.2
37.2
166.4
32.5
87.0
504
149.6
34.5
36.4
165.0
31.8
86.2
499
149.6
34.1
34.6
164.4
31.2
85.4
500
150.1
33.7
35.3
165.7
31.2
84.1
497
498
147.7
149.3
35.0
34.5
34.9
35.1
164.9
164.1
30.9
31.1
83.6
83.2
496
146.4
35.2
35.2
165.3
31. C
83.3
495
145.3
35.1
34.9
164.6
30.8
84.1
493
142.0
34.5
35.0
167.2
30.7
83.9
501
145.2
34.8
35.8
167.8
32.7
85.1
500
495
145. C 141.2
35. C
36.0
36.5
36.4
165.1
164.4
32.8
31.9
85.3
85.3
501
133.5
37.3
38.6
165.5
35.1
91.0
Chemicals and allied products________
Industrial inorganic chemicals______
Industrial organic chemicals________
Drugs and medicines________________
Paints, pigments, and fillers________
Fertilizers____________________________
Vegetable and animal oil and f a t s ...
Other chemicals and allied products.
520
524
55.8
159.0
65.6
48.8
26.9
51.7
115.8
506
49.7
157.7
64.8
48.8
26.6
43.7
115.0
491
48.9
154.8
63.4
48.6
23.3
38.2
113.8
479
51.2
151. 5
62.5
47.7
36.2
108.1
482
54.1
150.0
61.8
46.9
23.9
37.6
108.1
490
485
52.8
53.4
147.8
146.0
61.0
60.6
45.5
45.1
35.6
29.9
39.6
42.7
106.9
107.6
487
52.3
144.9
58.1
44.9
34.9
44.9
106.8
485
52.2
144.0
58.7
44.7
32.5
45.8
106.7
480
50.2
143.7
61.7
43. 7
26.5
49.0
104.9
484
51.3
143.7
61.9
43.6
24.9
51.9
106.2
485
51.2
142. S
61.5
43.8
24.6
53.1
108.2
485
52.3
145.8
60.8
43.3
28.6
46.1
108. 4
520
54.7
164.4
59.9
46.9
30.2
46.6
117.6
Products of petroleum and coal__________
Petroleum refining______________________
Coke and byproducts__________________
Other petroleum and coal products____
190
191
147.0
18.6
25.1
189
145.1
18.8
25.3
193
147.4
18. 7
26.4
182
138. 5
18.5
24.9
181
137.8
18.5
24.5
177
136.1
18.1
23.2
176
135.6
17.9
22.3
182
142.8
17.0
21.8
183
144.0
16.8
21.8
184
145.4
17.4
21.3
188
185
145.7
147.6
17.6
15.9
22.1
24.1
188
148.8
16.9
22.0
192
148.9
17.5
25.3
Rubber products________
Tires and inner tubes..
Rubber footwear______
Other rubber products.
219
91.7
22.8
104.2
215
91.9
21.8
101.2
208
89.6
20.7
98.0
199
194
85.9
19.1
191
84.0
19.3
87.2
189
83.4
19.4
86.2
188
83.1
18.8
86.3
187
82.6
20.1
84.5
187
82.1
22.1
83.1
186
81.3
22.2
82.8
186
83.6
21.6
80.9
209
96.2
24.6
88.1
Leather and leather products
Leather_____________________
Footwear (except rubber)..
Other leather products____
367
46.7
230.8
89.6
371
47.1
236. 5
87.8
Stone, clay, and glass products...... .............
Glass and glass products_______________
Cement, hydraulic______ _______ _______
Structural clay products_________ ______
Pottery and related products__________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products
Other stone, clay, and glass products___
473
128.3
37.0
79.6
52.4
84.7
91.2
460
118.1
36.5
79.5
53.1
84.2
88.7
210.2
120.1
Primary metal industries_________________
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills............................ ............................... ..
Iron and steel foundries........................
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals______ __________________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals.......... ....................... ...........
Nonferrous foundries_____________
Other primary metal industries________
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipment)______________________
Tin cans and other tinware____________
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware____
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies_______________
Fabricated structural metal products, _
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving
Other fabricated metal products_______
1,116
Machinery (except electrical)........... .......... 1,130
Engines and turbines__________________
Agricultural machinery and tractors,,.
Construction and mining machinery..
Metalworking machinery______________
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)___________
General industrial machinery__________
Office and store machines and devices...
Service-industry and household ma
chines_________________________________
Miscellaneous machinery parts...............
See footnotes at end o f table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
396
204.1
104.6
87.5
399
204.8
105.7
88.9
392
201.7
103.1
86.9
391
200.7
103. 4
86.6
389
200.2
102.6
86.2
386
199.5
101.4
85.4
385
199.2
101.4
84.2
390
200.2
105.3
84.8
393
200.6
107.7
84.8
382
197.6
99.6
85.2
405
210.8
104.6
89.4
22.1
200
88.3
19.2
92.8
19.3
92.0
370
46.6
237.3
85.8
351
44.9
229.8
76.6
343
45.0
224.3
73.7
335
44.9
217.5
72.8
341
357
45.0
45.5
221.5
234. 5
74.6
77.3
357
45.5
234.5
76.7
348
45.0
231.4
71.9
343
44.9
223.7
74.2
332
45.2
208.0
78.5
347
45.1
226.2
75.8
368
49.6
234.8
83.5
459
121.7
37.1
78.9
51.8
84.3
84.9
440
114.4
35.6
77.0
49.8
81.5
81.7
441
118.3
36.5
75.5
50.6
80.2
80.0
432
115.9
36.0
72.8
52.2
76.4
78.3
419
112.8
35.4
68.6
52.3
73.5
75.9
410
108.9
34.5
68.5
52.7
71.3
73.9
408
108.2
35.0
68.3
52.2
71.3
73.2
403
106.2
35.8
68.6
50. 7
69.5
72.6
412
107.1
36.4
70.5
51.6
73.1
73.7
411
107.7
34.8
69. 7
52.2
73.9
72.5
416
106.8
36.0
72.5
52.2
72.4
75.6
448
119.6
35.5
76.5
55.5
76.4
84.6
1,086
1,054
88.0
1, 050
88.8
1, 026
1, 007
982
978
963
955
743
940
538.1
200.2
529.3
193.5
522.5
188.1
506.9
182.1
512.3
177.1
510.5
172.0
506.6
172.2
324.8
169.4
476.7
188.9
45.1
46.0
45.5
45.2
45.4
45.3
42.5
41.2
38.3
43.3
46.8
79.5
78.0
106.8
80.1
77.4
108.0
78.9
73.5
105.1
77.1
70.7
103.3
76.5
69.8
101.2
75.0
67.8
100.0
73.7
66.0
97.9
72.8
65.9
95.8
62.6
62.4
85.0
70.6
63.3
97.1
86.0
73.2
109.1
814
50.2
132.4
773
45.5
129.1
769
43.1
132.6
742
40.1
130. 7
722
39.0
129.2
709
38.0
127.6
698
36.3
123.7
693
35.9
121.2
688
36.6
119.3
666
38.2
115.6
701
39.9
118.4
812
42.2
131.6
131.9
165.1
155.8
178.1
120.4
121.9
154.3
148.1
169.2
118.6
148.5
140.5
163.6
117.7
145.8
134.4
155.6
114.0
142.7
131.2
155.8
112.3
140.6
130.4
155.1
107.4
141.5
129.6
157.0
111.1
142.2
124.8
153.7
113.0
133.6
119.8
145.8
106.0
152.3
125.8
159.0
137.1
168.7
148.6
183.8
1, 111
1,060
1,056
1,032 1,033
1,022 1. 003
55.2
56.6
52.2
54.7
55.5
53.4
56.0
129.1
140.0
107.1
140.5
141.2
141.5
142.4
81.0
78.1
73.7
71.6
70.4
68.4
68.3
190.1
170.6
181.7
161.5
162.6
158.3
155.4
981
51.1
139.5
68.1
152.0
960
48.9
137.4
66.5
149.2
937
48.8
133.2
64.4
146.5
929
48.0
130.6
63.7
146.4
908 1.001
1,203
48.4
53.9
63.9
125.0
142.4
151.7
62.3
72.4
91.1
145.9
157.9
186.6
551.6
226.8
847
1,104
410
207.4
113.1
89.9
542.5
551.8
221.9
550.4
213.3
202.1
46.7
45.9
45.8
85.9
89.5
115.2
85.4
85.4
114.0
83.1
81.7
111.7
850
45.7
141.7
837
49.8
138.3
137.3
171.5
161.0
193.1
137.3
165.8
159.1
186.4
158. 0
149.9
170.0
1,083
536.8
230.9
136.1
146.6
80.4
132. 3
141.8
79.2
127.4
136.9
75.6
124.3
131.3
74.3
124.6
130.1
74.2
122.7
128.8
73.5
120.9
125.9
73.2
119.0
123.3
72.0
117.7
121.6
70.5
116.8
120.4
69.9
117.3
121.2
71.1
117.4
121.2
72.2
131.1
132.3
75.4
158.6
154.3
93.0
148.7
144.1
146.0
137.8
145.3
133.4
145.5
128.1
147.9
126. 5
148.7
124.1
143.3
120.4
137.8
118.2
132.6
115.7
124.0
112.5
118.7
111.5
109.1
106.8
115.4
120.4
156.3
147.5
A : EM PLO YM EN T AND
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
T able
83
PAYROLLS
A -3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1— Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1949
1950
Industry group and industry
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
Manufacturing— Continued
721
Other
miscellaneous
1949
708
677
655
620
615
606
595
580
573
561
559
546
238.0
59.5
257.5
236.5
57.2
247.8
226.6
56.0
227.5
221.9
55.1
227.1
221.5
53.7
219.9
217.1
52.5
217.2
213.0
50.9
211.6
211.4
50.7
207.3
207.8
50.4
202.5
207.6
49.8
200.6
202.4
43.8
200.4
125.5
122.2
113.1
109.8
110.7
Electrical appliances, lamps, and mis-
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
N ov.
246.7
61.0
274.9
Electrical generating, transmission, dis-
1,135
Dec.
1948
656
552
210.7
49.0
191.8
251.4
54.6
224.4
100.8
125.5
110.6
108.1
104.8
103.3
100.6
100.8
99.3
1,045
1,132
1,118
1,070
1,078
1,151
780.9 756.7 764.7 736.3
795.3
786.5
185.2
186.6
219.4
199.0
188.1
208.8
124.4
134.8
126.3
125.1
150.6
143.7
37.4
38.9
38.9
37.0
36.0
37.3
5.2
4.9
5.1
5.3
5.5
5.7
20.4
19.3
19.5
19.3
24.2
22.3
67.2
67.9
79.0
68.3
74.3
76.3
55.6
55.2
56.1
63.5
65.1
67.5
12.0
11.2
11.5
11.8
12.7
10.8
48.2
47.7
48.8
47.5
49.3
50.1
9.4
9.1
11.0
9.8
11.7
11.5
899
595.3
184.9
123.4
36.1
5.3
20.1
66.6
55.4
11.2
43.5
8.6
879
575.6
184.0
122.2
36.0
5.4
20.4
66.9
56.9
10.0
44.2
8.0
872
567.1
184.0
122.4
35.7
5.4
20.5
67.6
58.5
9.1
45.4
7.5
978
675.4
184.3
122.9
35.8
5.4
20.2
66.1
57.5
8.6
46.1
6.1
896
585.1
184.0
122.7
36.0
5.4
19.9
69.0
60.5
8.5
49.9
8.1
898
582.1
183.7
122.3
36.7
5.4
19.3
71.3
62.8
8.5
50.6
10.1
987 1,031
657.6
643.5
166.6
188.5
111.5
126.6
33.6
37.4
4.9
5.3
16.6
19.2
123.2
85.0
109.3
75.0
13.9
10.0
69.6
61.0
9.2
14.5
206
204
21.2
40.2
28.1
114.5
198
20.7
39.5
27.0
111.1
187
20.2
38.5
23.4
105.3
178
19.9
37.0
23.4
98.1
180
20.0
36.5
23.7
100.2
176
20.1
35.4
23.6
97.0
174
20.2
34.8
24.1
94.8
172
20.2
34.6
24.4
93.2
171
20.3
34.5
24.7
91.8
172
20.2
34.7
25.6
91.4
173
20.3
35.3
26.8
91.0
174
20.8
35.3
27.2
90.3
177
21.9
38.4
26.6
90.1
200
23.8
45.4
35.0
95.4
439
436
48.1
75.2
57.1
417
47.1
72.0
54.8
399
45.5
69.8
52.0
358
41.4
62.5
43.9
367
42.5
63.6
44.1
362
42.1
61.5
43.0
363
42.0
60.6
44.7
361
42.3
58.0
48.0
356
43.7
54.5
50.0
345
43.8
52.3
46.9
361
45.4
57.4
48.2
381
46.8
67.3
53.1
354
45.0
59.8
48.3
394
49.6
71.5
53.9
255.3
243.0
232.0
210.2
217.1
215.2
215.4
212.9
207.5
202.2
209.5
213.8
200.5
219.4
manufacturing
1 See footnote 1, table A -2. Production workers refer to all full- and parttime employees engaged in production and related processes, such as fabri
cating, processing, assembling, inspecting, storing, packing, shipping, main
tenance and repair, and other activities closely associated with production
operations.
3 See footnote 2, table A -2 .
3 See footnote 3, table A -2 .
* New series; data are available from January 1947.
Table A-4: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment and Weekly Payrolls in Manufacturing
Industries1
[1939 average = 100]
Period
Em ployment
ion o
107 5
1.^2 8
156 9
1RS 3
178 3
157 0
147.8
1 See footnote 1 tables A -2 and A -3.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W eekly
payroll
100 0
113 6
164 9
241 5
331 1
343. 7
293.5
271.7
Period
Employ
ment
156.2
155.2
141.6
137.8
140. 4
139.8
139.9
141.0
W eekly
payroll
326.9
351.4
325.3
313.9
329.3
329.2
330.0
333.5
Period
1950: April___________________
M a y ------- --------- ------------June____________________
July___________________
August_________________
September_____________
October_____ _____ _____
November_____________
Employ
ment
141.6
144.5
147.3
148.3
156.3
158.9
160.3
158.8
W eekly
payroll
337.2
348.0
362.7
367.5
394.4
403.4
415.8
84
A : EM PL O Y M E N T AND
T
a b le
PAYROLLS
MONTHLY LABOR
A -5: Federal Civilian Employment and Payrolls, by Branch and Agency Group
Executive1
Year and month
All branches
Legislative
Defense
agencies *
Total
Post Office
Department
Judicial
All other
agencies
Employment— Total (including areas outside continental United States)
1948: A verage.. __________________________
1949: Average__________ _______ ______ _____
2,066,152
2,100,407
2,055,397
2,089,151
916,358
899,186
470,975
511,083
668,064
678,882
7,273
7,661
3,482
3,595
1949; Novem ber_____________________ _____
December____________ __________ ____
1,999, 681
2, 288,367
1,988,079
2, 276,635
814, 848
799, 888
497,814
804, 038
675, 417
672, 709
7,992
7,954
3.610
3, 778
1950: Jan u ary ........................................ ...........
February...................... ......... ................. .
M arch_____________ _______ __________
April_________________________________
M a y .. ___________ . . . ______
June_________________________________
July__________________________________
A u g u s t______________________________
Septem ber______________ .
October______ _____________ _______
November____ _____
. . . . .
1, 976,093
1,970,815
1, 970, 603
2,110, 903
2, 061, 939
2,022,117
1,986, 705
2,005,398
2, 083, 218
2,117, 391
2,151,912
1, 964,246
1,959,063
1,958,806
2,099, 036
2, 050,132
2,010, 286
1,974, 902
1,993,427
2,071,351
2,105, 391
2,139,927
791,048
782,788
776, 324
773,711
775, 769
780,614
778, 745
806,029
887, 267
932, 322
970,024
503,106
503, 815
504,420
503,916
501.911
497,394
491, 823
487,101
485, 006
483, 842
482,197
670,092
672,460
678,062
821,409
772,452
732,278
704, 334
700,297
699, 078
689,227
687,706
8, 063
7,986
8,048
8,102
8,048
8,063
8,031
8,146
8,032
8,146
8,131
3,784
3,766
3,749
3,765
3', 759
3,768
3,772
3,825
3, 835
3,854
3,854
Payrolls (in thousands)— Total (including areas outside continental United States)
1948: Total_____
1949: Total_____
$6, 223, 486
6,699,270
$6,176, 414
6, 647,671
$2, 660, 770
2,782, 266
$1,399,072
1, 558,741
$2,116, 572
2, 306, 664
$30, 891
34,437
$16,181
17,162
1949: November.
December.
567, 296
610,344
562, 539
605, 564
230, 206
218,404
131, 577
186,462
200, 756
200,698
3,137
3,160
1,620
1,620
1950: Jan u ary ...
February..
M arch........
April______
M a y ______
June______
J u ly ...........
August____
September.
October___
November.
553,090
521,041
583,186
539,430
577,915
573,659
551,510
618, 049
601,454
613,359
622,160
548,372
516, 525
578,339
534,757
573,026
568,889
546,806
613,138
596,537
608, 511
617, 278
214,670
198,064
225,091
192,199
220,044
221,123
212,778
259, 451
261, 527
267, 622
274, 750
132,177
131,085
133,461
131,117
130,361
131, 202
129,803
130,361
128, 764
129, 665
130, 707
201,525
187,376
219,787
211,441
222,621
216,564
204, 225
223,326
206, 546
211,224
211,821
3,148
3.083
3,222
3, 232
3,246
3, 214
3,206
3, 277
3,200
3,250
3,292
1,570
1,433
1, 625
1,441
1,643
1,556
1,498
1,634
1,717
1,598
1,590
Em ploym ent— Continental United States
1948: A v era g e...
1949: A v era g e...
1,846, 840
1,921, 903
1,836.158
1,910,724
734,484
761,362
469, 279
509,184
632,395
640,178
7,273
7,661
3,409
3, 518
1949: November.
December.
1,843,246
2,134, 592
1,831, 721
2,122, 937
700,374
688, 599
495,963
801,008
635,384
633,330
7,992
7,954
3,533
3,701
1950: Jan u ary ...
February..
M arch____
April______
M a y ______
June______
July.............
August____
September.
October___
November-
1, 825,245
1, 820.625
1,821,470
1,959, 746
1, 910, 210
1,871,293
1,839.477
1,861,043
1, 935, 928
1.968. 258
2,000, 202
1,813,475
1, 808,950
1,809, 750
1,947,956
1, 898, 480
1,859, 539
1,827, 751
1,849,149
1, 924,138
1,956, 335
1,988,294
683, 018
675,316
670, 546
668,180
670, 049
674, 597
677,181
707,114
785, 282
828,284
862,905
501, 257
501.969
502, 571
502,025
500,017
495, 505
489,922
485,248
483,154
481.987
480,359
629,200
631, 665
636,633
777,751
728,414
689,437
660,648
656, 787
655, 702
646.064
645.030
8,063
7,986
8,048
8,102
8,048
8,063
8,031
8,146
8,032
8,146
8,131
3,707
3,689
3| 672
3; 688
3,682
3,691
3,695
3, 748
3,758
3, 777
3,777
Payrolls (in thousands)— Continental United States
1948: Total_____
1949: Total_____
$5, 731,115
6, 234, 345
$5,684, 494
6,183, 230
$2, 272, 001
2, 442, 580
$1,394, 037
1,552,992
$2,018, 456
2,187, 658
$30,891
34, 437
$15, 730
16,678
1949: November.
December.
523, 694
573,588
518, 979
568, 849
196, 868
193,321
131, 088
185, 796
191, 023
189, 732
3,137
3,160
1, 578
1,579
1950: Jan u ary ...
February..
March____
April...........
M a y ______
June............
July.............
August____
September.
October___
November.
516, 707
488,138
546,866
506, 707
541,195
536,052
516,924
580, 732
563,900
576,183
584,246
512,032
483, 662
542,061
502,074
536,351
531,325
512, 261
575,867
559,029
571,385
579,408
189,825
176,371
201,071
171,555
196, 249
196,921
191,109
235,435
237,332
243,233
249, 586
131,669
130, 599
132,969
130,629
129,841
130, 704
129,316
129,870
128, 278
129, 206
130, 275
190,538
176,692
208,021
199,890
210, 261
203, 700
191,836
210,562
193,419
198, 946
199. 547
3,148
3,083
3.222
3,232
3,246
3,214
3,206
3,277
3,200
3, 250
3, 292
1,527
1,393
1,583
1,401
1, 598
1, 513
1,457
1, 588
1, 671
1,548
1,546
1 See foonote 2, table A-7.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
:See footnote 3, table A-7.
R E V IE W , JA N U A R Y
85
A : EM PLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
1 95 1
Table A-7: Civilian Government Employment and Payrolls in Washington, D. C.,1 by Branch and
Agency Group
Federal
Year and month
Total
government
District of
Columbia
government
Executive »
Total
All agencies
Defense
agencies *
Post Office
Depart
ment
Legislative
Judicial
All other
agencies
Employment
1948: A v erage______________________
1949: Average_______________________
231, 239
241,812
18, 774
19, 511
212, 465
222,301
204,601
214,026
68, 509
70,461
7,826
8,164
128,266
135,401
7,273
7,661
591
614
1949: November____________________
D ecem ber.._______ ___________
240,095
244,467
20,420
20,031
219,675
224,436
211,064
215,840
66,121
65,860
7,891
12,888
137,052
137,092
7,992
7, 954
619
642
1950: January............ .............................
February.......................................
M arch_____________ _____ _____
April................................ ...............
M a y __________________________
June_______ ______ ____________
July-----------------------------------------August_______________________ _
September____________________
O ctober.. ___________
_____
Novem ber____________________
238, 935
238, 713
238,933
239, 754
240,066
238,710
239,119
240,678
243, 738
244,893
247, 938
20,110
20,245
20. 168
20, Oil
20, 227
20, 038
19, 772
19, 767
20,000
20,194
20,420
218,825
218,468
218, 765
219, 743
219,839
218,672
219. 347
220, 911
223, 738
224, 699
227,518
210,106
209, 817
210,056
210, 980
211,130
209, 947
210, 650
212, 037
214,979
215, 821
218,657
65,699
65,456
65,445
65,380
65, 603
64,766
65,179
66,139
69. 289
70, 765
72,395
7,859
7,643
7,786
7,853
7, 826
7, 742
7,715
7,669
7,607
7,531
7,631
136,548
136, 718
136, 825
137, 747
137, 701
137.439
137, 756
138, 229
138,083
137, 525
138,631
8,063
7, 986
8,048
8,102
8,048
8,063
8,031
8,146
8,032
8,146
8,131
656
665
661
661
661
662
666
728
727
732
730
Payrolls (in thousands)
1948: Total_______ _____ _______ _____
1949: T o ta l.
...................... .................
$817, 554
906,842
$54, 248
60, 602
$763,306
846,240
$729,791
808,918
$233, 589
253,433
$31,298
33,488
$464,904
521,997
$30,891
34, 437
$2,624
2,885
1949: Novem ber. ________ _________
December_________ _________ _
79, 552
80,004
5,528
5, 503
74, 026
74, 501
70,621
71,068
21, 561
21, 274
2,809
3,829
46, 251
45,965
3,137
3,180
268
273
1950: January................................ .......
February_____________________
M arch................... ............... .........
April................................................
M a y ..... ............. ......... ......... .........
June................... ....................... .
July________________ __________
August________________________
September_______ ____________
October_______________________
November____________________
80, 747
73,142
83,331
74,469
84,018
82,733
77, 713
85, 472
82, 280
84,657
85,951
5,531
5, 218
6,699
5,029
5,705
5, 590
4,192
4. 514
5,347
5,680
5,801
75,216
67,924
77,632
69,440
78,313
77,143
73, 521
80, 958
76, 933
78,977
80,150
71, 787
64,586
74,132
65,944
74, 785
73,656
70, 043
77,372
73,415
75,424
76, 557
22,673
19,387
22, 744
20,416
22,607
22,186
21.398
24,459
24,951
24,495
25,035
2,868
2,787
2,926
2,786
2,872
2,867
2, 755
2, 918
2,856
2,892
2,906
46, 246
42, 412
48,462
42,742
49,306
48,603
45,889
49,995
45,608
48, 126
48, 616
3,148
3,083
3,222
3,232
3,246
3,214
3,206
3,277
3,200
3, 250
3,292
281
255
278
264
282
273
272
309
318
303
301
1 Data for the executive branch of the Federal Government also include
areas in Maryland and Virginia which are within the metropolitan area,
as defined b y the Bureau of the Census.
2 Includes Government corporations (including Federal Reserve Banks
and mixed-ownership banks of the Farm Credit Administration) and other
activities performed by Government personnel in establishments such as
navy yards, arsenals, hospitals, and force-account construction. Data,
which are based mainly on reports to the Civil Service Commission, are
adjusted to'maintain continuity of coverage and definition.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
* Covers civilian employees of the Department of Defense (Secretary oi
Defense, Army, Air Force, and N avy), National Advisory Committee
for Aeronautics, the Panama Canal, Philippine Alien Property Administra
tion, Philippine W ar Damage Commission, Selective Service System,
National Security Resources Board, National Security Council, W ar
Claims Commission.
86
A : EM PLO YM E N T AND PAYROLLS
T able
M ONTHLY LABOR
A - l l : Insured Unemployment Under State Unemployment Insurance Programs,1 by Geographic
Division and State
[In thousands]
1950
Oct.
Sept.
845.7 1,063. 2 1,388. 4 1, 521.1
Aug.
July
June
1948
1949
Geographic division and
State
M ay
April
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Oct.
1,855.7
813.4
Continental United States...................
782.8
1,700.3
1,908.8
2,112.1
New England.............................................
M aine_______________ ____________
New Hampshire.......................... ..
Vermont_____________ _____ _______
Massachusetts............ .......................
Rhode I s la n d ...................................
Connecticut __________ __________
65.9
6.8
5.8
1.1
35.6
6.3
10.3
74.5
5.2
6.5
1.4
42.1
8.4
10.9
105.0
7.4
8.8
2.1
55.8
13.7
17.2
155.3
10.1
10.8
3.1
85.3
20.1
25.9
186.5
13.0
12.9
3.4
107.1
26.6
23.5
224.6
19.6
15.6
4.0
124.8
33.6
27.0
225.1
22.7
16.3
4.6
123.6
25.9
32.0
162.5
17.5
13.1
4.6
78.0
15.4
34.0
181.5
19.5
12.3
5.5
89.6
16.3
38.3
202.8
21.8
13.1
6.1
101.4
19.2
41.2
191.2
20.9
12.9
5.5
99. 2
17.1
35.6
180.9
16.9
12. 2
4.0
95.1
17.4
35.3
174.9
11.2
10.9
3.4
89 6
20.2
39.6
86.6
5.8
5.4
1.4
44.7
13.9
15.4
M iddle Atlantic...................................... .
New York________________________
New Jersey..........................................
Pennsylvania_________ ___________
319.0
226.2
35.4
57.4
318.4
221.6
34.3
62.5
369.1
242.2
44.6
82.3
478.4
311.0
60.7
106.7
495.4
307.4
68.1
119.9
481.5
269.2
79.6
132.7
526.0
292.2
84.9
148.9
594.2
319.3
88.3
186.6
622.2
343.1
92.1
187.0
685.5
379.1
101.5
204.9
678.3
385.9
91.4
201.0
663.7
378.3
84.4
201.0
637.4
361.3
78.5
197.6
288.3
201.3
37.3
49.7
East North Central..................................
Ohio....................................... ...............
Indiana________________ ________
Illinois. _________________________
Michigan_____________________ . .
W iscon sin ... ____
____ ______
113.1
28.5
9.4
57.5
12.8
4.9
133.6
32.3
7.9
71.3
16.1
6.0
178.4
41.0
8.9
103.6
18.2
6.7
218.4
57.5
13.1
117.5
22.0
8.3
242.4
65.0
14.5
128.6
24.6
9.7
304.0
81.6
19.2
147.6
42.7
12.9
373.4
103.5
26.7
148.1
75.9
19.2
417.6
130.9
34.6
133.2
94.6
24.3
462.3
146.9
38.6
148.4
98.6
29.8
477.9
157.4
38.8
158. 4
89.3
34.0
510.9
141.6
40.3
141.1
150.7
37.2
462.0
144.9
37.1
133.4
114.5
32.1
384.6
135.2
30.9
134.3
62.0
22.2
116.0
23.5
12.0
48.7
26.4
5.4
W est North Central_________________
Minnesota_______________________
Iowa............... ................... ...................
Missouri_____ __________________
North D akota.. ________________
South Dakota____________________
Nebraska______________ _________
Kansas___________ ________ _______
28.4
5.5
2.6
16.2
.2
.3
.8
2.8
29.2
6.3
3.5
15.2
.2
.3
.9
2.8
38.8
8.3
4.5
20.0
.3
.4
1.3
4.0
49.0
10.8
4.8
25.5
.4
.4
1.9
5.2
57.4
13.1
5.1
29.7
.7
.5
2.3
6.0
77.7
23.2
6.2
34.6
2.2
1.0
3.3
7.2
101.7
32.8
8.9
39.3
3.7
1.9
5.4
9.7
124.9
37.8
13.5
44.5
4.6
2.9
8.4
13.2
140.6
40.1
15.8
50.2
4.8
3.5
9.5
16.7
130.8
34.7
15.2
50.2
3. 8
3.0
7.9
16.0
93.6
24.0
10.0
41.1
1 9
1.8
4.5
10.3
73.3
16.8
6.6
39.0
.6
.7
2.2
7.4
58.7
13.8
5.0
31.5
.2
.4
1.7
6.1
28.5
6.1
2.6
16.3
.1
.1
.8
2.5
South Atlantic_______________________
Delaware_____ ____ __________
M arylan d................... ................... ..
District of Columbia___________ _
Virginia____________ _____________
W est Virginia.________ _________
North Carolina________________
South Carolina_____ __________
Georgia.._____ _ ___________ .
Florida______________ _______ ____
69.8
1.0
7.7
2.6
5.3
10.4
12.6
8.8
7.6
13.8
85.3
.9
10.3
3.0
7.2
13.4
15.1
9.6
8.9
16.9
113.0
1.2
16.1
3.4
13.7
16.7
19.0
11.4
12.4
19.1
157.8
1.8
22.1
4.0
22.1
21.8
30.8
15.8
18.9
20.5
165.5
1.9
25.3
4.1
24.1
24.1
33.7
15.4
21.1
15.8
167.7
2.3
29.1
4.6
18.9
23.4
36.7
14.8
23.2
14.7
164.0
2.7
29.3
5.9
15.7
21.8
37.3
14.4
22.8
14.1
172.2
3.5
25.1
6.5
20.9
26.2
34.1
15.5
25.0
15.4
181.1
3.8
29.6
6.6
21.6
27.6
32.5
15.9
26.5
17.0
180.3
3.8
31.8
5.0
20.6
28.7
30.3
15.8
24.7
19.6
168.3
3.8
30.8
4. 4
18.2
25.4
27.7
16.5
22.2
19.3
161.4
3.2
28.6
4.3
15.8
28.2
26.7
15.1
19.5
20.0
163.3
3.4
27.2
4.3
15.9
27.9
26. 2
14.8
19 0
24.6
67.2
1.0
8.5
2.7
5.7
7.1
13.2
7.0
8.6
13.4
East South Central_______
Kentucky_____________________
Tennessee_____________ ______
Alabam a__________________
M ississippi.................. ..............
42.9
11.5
14.5
12.1
4.8
48.9
12.4
16.5
14.2
5.8
62.1
15.3
22.2
16.9
7.7
78.8
19.4
27.3
22.1
10.0
87. 4
22.3
32 .6 .
21.9!
10.6
99.5
24.8
36.8
25.4
12.5
105.4
25.2
40.1
25.9
14.2
116.8
29.7
41.9
28.3
16.9
122.9
30.7
45.0
28.6
18.6
113.2
26.7
42.5
27.1
18.9
100.2
25.2
37.5
25.6
11.9
101.1
26.6
35.4
30.1
9.0
97.4
25.8
31.2
31.5
8.9
43.5
8.9
19.2
11.2
4.2
West South Central_____________
Arkansas.......... ........... ...
_ .
Louisiana_________
Oklahoma_________
Texas________________________
34.8
5.2
12.4
7.0
10.2
41.5
6.9
14.3
8.0
12.3
52.1
7.7
18.1
9.8
16.5
62.8
9.4
21.3
11.4
20.7
69.9
10.4
22.5
12.6
24.4
83.4
14.0
25.8
14.8
28.8
95.0
17.6
29.9
16.9
30.6
107.6
19.9
33.4
19.2
35.1
116.4
23.2
36.4
21.7
35.1
100.4
20.4
30.0
20.1
29.9
73.3
13.3
23.5
14.8
21.7
63.7
10.8
21.6
12.7
18.6
64.2
10.3
22.5
12.2
19.2
23.2
3.3
7.9
4.8
7.2
M ountain......................................
Montana____________ .
Idaho_____________ . .
W yom ifig____________________
Colorado___________ _______
New Mexico_____________ .
Arizona........... .................
U t a h .............................
Nevada......... ......... ............... ..
10.2
1.2
.9
.3
1.7
1.0
2.6
1.5
1.0
11.2
1.0
1.0
.3
2.1
1.2
2.9
1.7
1.0
14.6
1.4
1.4
.4
3.2
1.6
3.4
2.1
1.1
18.6
1.9
1.7
.7
4.2
2.0
3.6
3.1
1.4
20.5
2.5
1.5
.9
4.7
2.2
3.6
3.5
1.6
27.8
4.6
3.0
1.4
5.6
2.7
4.2
4.3
2.0
37.9
8.2
5.6
2.0
5.6
3.4
4.7
5.9
2.5
53.9
11.8
9.8
3.2
7.0
4.4
5.8
8.6
3.3
65.7
13.3
12.8
3.9
8.6
5.0
7.1
11.1
3.9
60.1
11.3
11.7
3.1
8.5
4.3
7.0
10.3
3.9
39.2
6.0
7.2
1.6
6.1
3.2
5.8
6.5
2.8
29.4
3.0
3.5
.9
6.7
2.2
5.5
5.2
2.4
27.9
2.1
2.6
.7
7.4
2.0
5.6
5.5
2.0
9.0
.6
.5
.2
1.3
.6
2.8
2.1
.9
Pacific..................... ............. ...............
Washington______________
Oregon ___________ ______ ______
C alifornia......... ........................... .
98.8
11.7
7.6
79.5
103.2
11.1
6.4
85.7
129.9
13.2
7.5
109.2
169.4
15.6
9.6
144.2
196.1
16.5
8.3
171.3
234.2
23.9
12.3
198.0
280.4
36.0
20.6
223.8
362.7
54 3
35.0
273.4
432.9
82.6
57.1
293.2
430.1
87.4
56.8
285.9
345.3
62.9
36.3
246.1
284.3
48.0
27.7
208.6
246.8
36.4
21.1
189.3
151.3
17.9
7.5
125.9
2,325.9 2,380.9 2,200.0 2,019.9
1 Average of weeks ended In specified months. Figures m ay not add to exact column totals because of rounding.
For a technical description of this series, see the April 1950 M onthly Labor Review (p 382).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
R E V IE W , JA N U A R Y
87
B : L A B O R T U R N -O VE R
1 951
B: Labor Turn-Over
T able B - l : Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Manufacturing Industries, by
Class of Turn-Over 1
Class of turn-over and year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
M ay
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total accession:
1950
1949____________________ ___________
1948 ___________________ _______ ____
1947................................- ................... —
1946
............................................... - 1945 _______________ ______ _________
103Q
3 6
3.2
4 0
6.0
8 5
7.0
4.1
3. 2
2.9
3.9
5.0
6.8
5.0
3.1
3.0
3.0
4.0
5.1
7.1
4 9
3.3
3.5
2.9
4.0
5.1
6.7
4 7
2.9
4.4
3.5
4.1
4.8
6,1
5.0
3.8
4.8
4.4
6.7
5.5
6.7
5.9
3.9
4.7
3.6
4.7
4.9
7.4
5.8
4 2
6.6
4.4
5.0
5.3
7 0
5 9
5.1
5.7
4.1
6.1
5.9
7 1
7.4
6.2
»5 .3
3.7
4. 5
6.5
6. 8
8.6
5.9
3.3
3.9
4.8
5.7
8.7
4.1
3.2
2.7
3.0
4.3
6.9
2.8
Total separation:
1950
1949.. _____________________ _____ _
1948 ........................ ............................. 1947 ..................................................... —
1946 .......................................................
1945 . .
.................. ........................... .
1939 .................................................... ..
3.1
4.0
4.3
4.9
6.8
8.2
3.2
3.0
4.1
4.2
4. 5
6.3
6.0
2.6
2.9
4.8
4.6
4.9
6.6
6.8
3.1
2.8
4.8
4.7
5.2
6.3
6.6
3.5
3.1
6.2
4.3
6.4
6.3
7.0
3.5
3.0
4.3
4.5
4.7
5.7
7.9
3.3
2.9
3.8
4.4
4.6
6.8
7.7
3.3
4.2
4.0
6.1
5.3
6.6
17.9
3.0
4.9
4.2
5.4
5.9
6.9
12.0
2.8
» 4 .3
4 1
4.5
5.0
0.3
8.6
2.9
4.6
4.1
4.0
4.9
7.1
3.0
3.2
4.3
3.7
4.5
5.9
3.5
Quit: *
1950
1949 ................— ........... ................... .
1948....................................................... —
1947...........................................................
1940
_____ ______________________ _
1945...........................................................
1939
_____________ __________ ____
1 1
1.7
2.6
3.5
4.3
4.6
.9
1.0
1.4
2.5
3.2
3.9
4.3
.6
1.2
1.0
2.8
3.5
4.2
6.0
.8
1.3
1.7
3.0
3.7
4.3
4.8
.8
1.6
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
4.8
.7
1.7
1.5
2.9
3.1
4.0
5.1
.7
1.8
1.4
2.9
3.1
4.6
5.2
.7
2.9
1.8
3.4
4.0
5.3
6.2
.8
3.4
2.1
3.9
4.5
5.3
6.7
1.1
» 2 .7
1. 5
2.8
3.0
4.7
5.6
.9
1. 2
2.2
2.7
3.7
4.7
.8
.9
1.7
2.3
3.0
4.0
.7
Discharge:
1950
1949............................... ... .......................
1948_____________ ________ __________
1947_________________ _________ _____
1940_________ ______________________
1945........................................................ .
1939 ...................................... ...............
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.7
.1
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.7
.1
.2
.3
.4
.4
.4
.7
.1
.2
.2
.4
.4
.4
.0
.1
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.0
.1
.3
.2
.4
.4
.3
.7
.1
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
.6
.1
.4
.3
.4
.4
.4
.7
.1
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.0
.1
» .4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.5
.2
.2
.4
.4
.4
.5
.2
.2
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1
Lay-off:
1950
1949......................................................... .
1 9 4 8 . . . ......... .......................... .......
1947......... ............................................... .
1946................................................. .........
1945_______________ ________ ________
1939»
1 7
2.5
1.2
.9
1.8
.0
2.2
1.7
2.3
1.2
.8
1.7
.7
1.9
1.4
2.8
1.2
.9
1.8
.7
2.2
1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.4
.8
2.0
1.1
3.3
1.1
1.4
1.5
1.2
2.9
.9
2.6
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.7
2.5
.6
2.1
1.0
1.0
.6
1.5
2.5
.6
1.8
1.2
.8
.7
10.7
2.1
.7
1.8
1.0
.9
1.0
4.5
1.0
» .8
2.3
1.2
.9
1.0
2.3
1.8
2.5
1.4
.8
.7
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.2
.9
1.0
1.3
2.7
Miscellaneous, including m ilitary:3
1950
1949.
____________________________
1948 . . ___________________________
1947________________________________
_______________________
1946.
1945 ________________________________
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.3
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
» .4
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
i Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing indus
tries as indicated b y labor turn-over rates are not comparable with the
changes shown b y the Bureau’ s employment and payroll reports, for the
following reasons:
(1) Accessions and separations are computed for the entire calendar month;
the employment and payroll reports, for the most part, refer to a 1-week pay
period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
(2) The turn-over sample is not so extensive as that of the employment
and payroll survey and includes proportionately7 fewer small plants; certain
industries are not covered. The major industries excluded are: printing,
publishing, and allied industries; canning and preserving fruits, vegetables,
and sea foods; women’s, misses’ and children’s outerwear; and fertilizers.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(3)
Plants are not included in the turn-over survey in months when work
stoppages are in progress; the influence of such stoppage is shown in the
employment and payroll figures. Prior to 1943, rates relate to production
workers only.
2 Preliminary figures.
2 Prior to 1940, miscellaneous separations were included with quits.
N ote : Information on concepts, methodology, and special studies, etc., is
given in a “ Technical Note on Labor Turn-Over,” October 1949, which is
available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
88
T
B : L A B O R T U R N -O VE R
a b l e
M ONTHLY LABOR
B -2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Industries 1
Separation
Total accession
Total
Quit
Industry group and Industry
Oct.
1950
Sept.
1950
Oct.
1950
Sept.
1950
Oct.
1950
Discharge
Sept.
1950
Oct.
1950
M ise., incl.
military
Lay-off
Sept.
1950
Oct.
1950
Sept.
1950
Oct.
1950
Sept.
1950
M a n u fa c tu r in g
Durable goods3____________________________
Nondurable goods3_________________________
6.0
4.0
6.4
4.6
Ordnance and accessories__________________
3.9
4.6
2.2
2.3
1.2
Food and kindred products_______________
Meat products_________________________
Grain-mill products___________________
Bakery products...... ............... ............. .
Beverages:
M alt liquors_______________________
4.7
4.0
(5)
5.9
5.9
3.6
5.8
5.0
4.8
4.4
(5)
6.8
6.1
5.0
5.3
2.8
2.0
3.6
(6)
2.8
3.2
5.8
9.8
1.8
Tobacco manufactures_____________________
Cigarettes______________________________
Cigars___________ _____ _________ _______
Tobacco and snuff............ ...........................
3.1
1.2
4.6
2.1
4.3
2.3
5.0
6.1
3.8
3.4
3.7
4.9
3.6
3.3
3.9
3.2
Textile-mill products______________________
Yarn and thread mills________________
Broad-woven fabric mills______________
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber______
Woolen and worsted______________
Knitting mills_________________________
Full-fashioned hosiery____________
Seamless hosiery__________________
K nit underwear___________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles__________
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings...
4.1
4.8
4.0
4.0
3.2
3. 7
3.0
4.3
3.8
4.1
3.2
4.4
5.6
4.1
4.1
3.6
4.8
3.5
5.7
5.8
3.9
2.5
3.3
3.8
3.5
3.3
3.8
3.1
2.6
2.7
3.5
2.6
2.1
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts______________________________________
M en ’s and boys’ suits and coats______
M en ’s and boys’ furnishings and
work clothing________________________
4.9
3. ö
5.1
4.0
5.8
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)____________________________________
Logging camps and contractors________
Sawmills and planing mills____________
Millwork, plywood, and prefabri
cated structural wood products____
4.9
7.4
4. 5
Furniture and fixtures____________________
Household furniture___________________
Other furniture and fixtures__________
4.6
3.7
5.2
4.6
2.9
2.4
3.6
3.2
0.4
.3
0.4
.3
0.9
.7
1.7
.6
.4
4.0
3.1
3.2
3.6
.4
.5
.1
.4
.4
.4
.5
0)
1.5
1.9
.4
(s)
4.9
.4
.4
3.3
4.1
.3
.4
2.2
.9
2.9
2.8
2.5
1.1
3.4
2.6
.3
.2
.3
.4
.2
.3
.2
.2
1.2
2.1
.5
1.5
.7
1.6
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.3
.1
.2
3.9
4.1
3.9
3.9
4.6
3.7
3.7
3.5
3.9
3.1
3.1
2.2
2.4
2.3
2.4
1.1
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.9
1.5
1.1
2.8
3.1
2.8
2.9
2.2
3.1
3.2
2.8
3.3
1.9
1.9
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.3
.2
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.1
.1
.4
.3
.2
.6
.8
.6
.4
2.1
.3
.1
.3
.2
.5
.3
.5
.5
.5
.4
1.6
.3
.2
.5
.1
.3
.5
.3
.3
.3
.2
.4
.2
.2
.1
.2
.3
.5
.3
.3
.3
.3
.5
.1
4.3
3.2
5.2
4.6
3.6
2.6
4.1
2.7
.3
.1
.3
.2
.3
.3
.7
1.6
.1
.2
.1
.1
5.7
4.8
5.3
4.2
4.6
.3
.3
.3
.3
6.5
9.1
6.
5.6
9.0
5.4
6.8
9.9
6.9
3.8
5.9
3.6
5.4
7.8
5.5
.3
.6
.2
.4
.7
.3
1.2
1.8
1.4
.6
.8
.7
.3
.7
.2
.4
.6
.4
4.1
5.8
4.3
5.5
2.9
4.2
.4
.3
.7
.5
.3
.5
6.8
7.4
5.3
8.2
9.0
6.2
5.7
5.8
5.5
7.1
7.5
6.3
4.3
4.3
4.4
5.7
6.1
4.9
.6
.7
.3
.7
.7
.4
.5
.5
.4
.2
.2
.5
.3
.3
.4
.5
.5
.5
Paper and allied products_________________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes..........
3.9
2. 7
6.3
4.9
3.3
6.9
3.5
2.6
5.2
4.7
3.8
5.9
2.4
1.7
3.6
3.6
2.8
4.6
.3
.2
.6
.4
.2
.7
.4
.3
.5
.3
.3
.2
.4
.4
.5
.4
.5
.4
Chemicals and allied products____________
Industrial inorganic chemicals________
Industrial organic chemicals__________
Synthetic fibers___________________
Drugs and medicines___________ _____ _
Paints, pigments, and fillers..................
2.7
3.3
2.3
2.1
2.6
2.3
3.0
3.2
2.8
2.0
2.7
2.6
2.2
3.1
1.7
1.6
1.6
2.0
2.8
3.4
2.3
2.0
2.8
4.1
1.1
1.8
.8
.6
.9
1.1
1.9
2.1
1.5
1.0
1.9
2.9
.2
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.4
.2
.1
.1
.4
.5
.5
.3
.3
.1
.2
.3
.4
.2
.3
.4
.4
.4
.4
.5
.6
.5
.5
.4
.5
.4
.6
.4
.4
Products of petroleum and coal___________
Petroleum refining____________________
1.6
1.1
1.9
1.2
1.4
.9
2.2
1.5
.9
.4
1.4
.9
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
.3
.4
.5
.5
Rubber products__________________________
Tires and inner tubes______________
Rubber footwear______________________
Other rubber products________________
5.1
3.0
6.0
6.8
4.9
2.8
8.3
6.1
4.0
2.3
5.8
5.2
4.2
2.3
5.6
5.4
2.9
1.4
.3
.1
.2
.5
.3
.1
.2
.4
.1
.1
.4
4.0
3.4
1.7
4.9
4.6
.4
Leather and leather products_____________
Leather___________________________
Footwear (except rubber)______________
3.6
3.0
3.2
4.2
4.4
4.0
2.5
4.1
4.4
4.6
4.2
4.6
2.8
1.6
2.9
3.5
2.8
3.5
.3
.3
.3
.2
.1
.2
8tone, clay, and glass products____________
Glass and glass products______________
Cement, hydraulic_________________ I ’ "
Structural clay products______________
Pottery and related products................
4.7
6. 4
2.4
4.2
3.9
5.0
5.5
2.6
5.2
4.8
3.4
4.0
2.6
3.3
3.1
4.2
4.6
3.4
4.5
3.9
2.3
2.4
1.7
2.8
2.2
3.0
2.8
2.6
3.7
3.0
.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
Primary metal Industries_______ _________
Blast furnaces, steel works, and roll
ing mills_____________________________
Iron and steel foundries____________
Gray-iron foundries_______________
Malleable-iron foundries__________
Steel foundries___________________ "
Primary smelting and refining of
nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and zinc___________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
copper___________________________
Nonferrous foundries_________________
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings____________
4.7
5.0
3.7
4.3
2.4
3.0
.4
.4
2.7
8. 5
7.8
9.2
9.9
3.2
8.2
8.1
8.5
8.1
2.7
5.4
5.7
5.4
4.7
3.5
5.9
6.4
6.7
4.7
1.6
4.0
4.1
4.5
3.4
2.4
4.6
4.8
5.6
3.7
.2
.8
1.0
.6
.5
.2
.7
.9
.6
.6
2.8
3.3
3.0
3.4
2.2
2.3
.3
.4
2.3
8.7
2.6
9.3
1.8
6.3
3.0
6.6
.9
4.3
2.0
5.1
.2
.7
7.1
6.4
4.4
4.1
2.8
3.1
.5
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5. 5
4.4
(5)
«
0)
0)
.4
.8
.4
.8
.4
1.1
0.7
.8
0.4
.3
0.5
.3
.4
.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.5
.6
.3
( 4)
2 .0
2.1
.8
.9
(5)
(<)
.2
.2
.1
.1
.6
.5
.1
(4)
.1
.3
.4
.4
.4
.3
.7
1.0
.7
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
.4
.4
.2
.3
.4
.4
.4
.7
.1
.1
.2
.9
.1
.2
.1
.6
.5
.2
.4
.4
.3
.3
.6
.6
.2
.2
.2
.1
.3
.2
.3
.4
.1
.2
.7
.4
.4
.2
.5
.3
.3
.4
.2
.1
.2
.4
.5
.2
.6
.3
.9
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.5
.2
.7
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.5
.6
.5
.2
,7
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
89
B : L A B O R T U R N -O VE R
T a b le B -2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Indus
tries 1— Continued
Separation
Total accession
Quit
Total
Industry group and Industry
Oct.
1950
Sept.
1950
Oct.
1950
Sept.
1950
Sept.
1950
Oct.
1950
Oct.
1950
Sept.
1950
Oct.
1950
Mise., incl.
military
Lay-off
Discharge
Sept.
1950
Oct.
1950
Sept.
1950
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C ontinued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation
^Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware----Hardware______________________
Heating apparatus (except electric)
Sanitary ware and plumbers’
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not elseFabricated structural metal prod-
Agricultural machinery and tractors..
Construction and mining machinery..
Metalworking machinery (except
Special-industry machinery (except
Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry and household maMiscellaneous machinery parts----------Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa-
appliances,
lamps,
Professional and scientific instruMiscellaneous manufacturing industries—
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
0.6
.4
.4
.3
.4
0.7
.3
.5
.2
.3
0.5
.3
.1
.1
.4
0.5
.5
.3
.6
.5
0.5
.5
.3
.5
.5
5.9
7.6
5.7
5.9
3.6
4.4
.8
.8
.7
.2
.6
.5
7.4
4.7
4.9
3.1
3.6
.7
.7
.2
.1
.7
.5
5.7
7.9
6.7
7.0
4.2
5.2
.9
1.0
1.0
.3
.6
.5
5.5
3.0
3.7
.6
.5
.9
.8
.5
.5
4.5
.5
.4
1.3
.7
.6
.5
.5
.6
.2
.4
.4
.3
.7
.2
.9
.5
.8
.8
.4
.3
.5
.5
.6
.8
6.5
5.0
4.9
6.3
6.3
6.1
3.9
5.1
5.3
2.1
5.4
7. 5
8.0
5.7
6.9
4.0
5. 6
7. 8
8.9
3.8
3.2
4.2
3.1
3. 6
3.2
3.9
4.0
4.7
4. 2
3. 8
3.5
2.2
2.1
2.6
2.5
2.2
2.8
2. 5
2.2
2.7
.7
.4
.1
.1
.2
.3
4.9
9.7
4.1
8.9
3.2
5.5
3.4
5.0
2.3
3.5
2.5
3.2
.3
1.0
.3
.8
.2
.9
.3
.7
.4
.1
.3
.3
5.2
5.9
4.4
5.1
5.3
4.1
3.0
3.7
2.7
3.7
3.4
2.6
1.9
2.4
1.6
2.3
2.4
1.5
.6
.6
.2
.4
.4
.2
.2
.4
.7
.7
.2
.5
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
3.1
5.5
5.0
6.3
2.9
3.9
4.1
3.9
1.7
2.2
2.5
2.7
.1
.5
.3
.5
.5
.7
.6
.3
.6
.5
.7
6.1
6.5
4.0
4.1
2.6
2.9
.5
.4
.5
.4
.4
4.7
7.3
5.3
8.1
2.6
4.1
3.1
4.7
1.8
2.8
2.2
3.4
.2
.6
.2
.6
.2
.3
.3
.4
.4
.4
.4
5.7
5.6
3.9
3.7
.9
.9
.5
.6
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.3
9.6
1.5
2.0
.8
1.4
.1
.1
.2
.2
.4
.3
5.7
5.9
6.0
4.8
3.5
3.7
.7
.3
1.4
.3
.4
.5
9.3
9.1
7.6
7.7
6.3
5.0
7.6
7.0
8.3
8.7
7.1
4.5
6.4
6.4
3.2
3.5
2.1
2.5
7.1
7.1
4.3
4.8
3.0
2.2
3.3
3.7
2.4
2.6
1.5
1.7
4.2
4.9
3.0
3.3
2.0
1.4
.5
.5
.3
.3
.3
.3
.5
.5
.3
.3
.3
.4
2.1
1.6
.2
.2
.1
.1
1.9
1.2
.5
.6
.2
.1
.5
.6
.3
.4
.2
.4
.5
.5
.5
.6
.5
.3
7.6
8.5
14.2
5.9
6.8
4.9
4.5
2.7
(5)
10.0
3.0
11.6
2.9
3.7
16.7
6.6
2.1
11.6
3.3
1.9
(5)
1.4
1.4
1.0
1.7
2.6
3.3
1.8
1.2
2.4
2.4
.5
.7
1.0
.2
.1
.3
.3
(4)
(5)
7.7
1.0
9.9
.3
.1
12.1
4.1
.2
8. 4
.3
.3
6.3
7.2
5.4
3.5
.3
.3
.5
.6
.5
.3
4.0
(5)
2.0
5.3
2.8
5.0
2.8
(5)
1.6
3.2
2.9
3.0
1.7
(5)
1.3
2.3
2.2
2.3
.6
.3
.2
.1
4.6
6.7
3.3
3.5
2.1
2.5
.3
.2
.6
7.7
5. 9
8.1
5.8
4.5
4.4
5.0
4. 5
3.3
3. 9
3.6
3. 6
.3
.4
.5
.1
3.7
3.9
3.2
2.6
5.9
2.9
5.4
5.7
3.6
4.3
3.1
2.9
7.3
4.6
7.3
6.7
5.5
3.0
5.6
5.5
.2
.2
.3
.2
.5
.1
.1
.5
.5
1.0
(4)
.5
1.4
1.6
1.5
2.1
1.1
1.6
.1
2.7
2.3
2.7
2.9
2.0
2.0
.1
«
(5)
.3
.2
.2
.6
.2
(5)
.2
.2
(4)
(s)
.6
.4
.5
.3
.1
.4
.5
.3
.4
.3
.4
.6
.4
.4
.5
.7
.3
.3
.5
.5
.6
.4
.8
.8
1.3
.4
.1
.2
.2
.3
.3
.5
.3
.3
(5)
.3
.3
(5)
r
Communication:
0)
(-)
2.1
2.4
«
(5)
i See footnote 1, table B -l . Data for the current month are subject to
revision without notation; revised figures for earlier months will be indi
cated by footnotes.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.5
.5
.4
.3
.6
6.1
N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g
Telegraph------------ -------------------------
3.9
3. 5
2.9
2.7
4.2
3.1
Aircraft propellers arid parts..........
Other aircraft parts and equip-
Other transportation equipment --------
3.2
2.9
1.9
2.3
3.6
1.6
and
Ship and boat building and repairing..
5.5
4.7
3.7
3.6
5.5
4.9
4.2
3.1
3.4
5.0
10.3
Telephone and telegraph equipElectrical
6.6
6.9
6.6
7.0
6.9
6.2
Metal stamping, coating, and en-
Radios, phonographs, television
5.6
6.2
4.6
6.1
6.9
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.6
2.2
1.8
(5)
(5)
1.8
1.4 1
(5)
( 5)
m
.1
.1
.1
(5)
(5)
» See footnote 2, table A -2.
» See footnote 3, table A -2 . Printing, publishing,
and allied industries are excluded.
.3
.5
«
(s)
4 Less than 0.05.
‘ N ot available.
.4
.4
90
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
MONTHLY LABOR
C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1
Mining
Metal
Year and month
Total: Metal
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Iron
Copper
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
1948: Average............ $60.80
1949: Average............ 61.55
42.4 $1.434 $58.32
40.9
1.505 59.06
41.3
39.8
1949: October_______
November____
December____
59.63
52.73
62.32
40.1
35.7
41.6
1.487
1.477
1.498
54.46
38.78
58.85
35.5
26.6
40.2
1.534
1.458
1.464
1950: January______ 63. 71
February.......... 62.81
M a r c h ............. 61.81
April__________ 62.90
M a y _________
63.11
June....... ........... 63.40
July---------------- 63.17
August.............. 64. 48
September____ 63. 97
October............ 68.01
42.0
41.9
41.1
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.1
41.9
40.8
42.8
1.517
1.499
1.504
1.512
1.517
1.524
1.537
1. 539
1.568
1.589
58.68
59.62
57.57
59.62
59.33
60.75
61.51
60. 97
58.93
63.41
39. 7
40.5
38. 9
40.2
39.9
40.8
40.9
40.7
39.0
41.8
1. 478
1.472
1.480
1.483
1.487
1.489
1.504
1.498
1.511
1.517
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Coal
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Lead and zinc
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
45.2 $1. 456 $61. 37
42.3
1.512 64. 79
41.3
41.4
59.20
59.70
64.26
40.3
40.2
42.5
1.469
1.485
1.512
61.95
61.99
67.68
40.7
40.7
43.3
1.522
1.523
1.563
71.96
68.49
68.58
68.13
69. 42
69. 55
67.95
71.53
70. 56
75. 07
45.4
44.3
44.3
43. 9
44.5
44.3
42.9
44.9
44. 1
45.8
1.585
1.546
1.548
1.552
1.560
1.570
1.584
1. 593
1.600
1.639
65.18
63.38
63.45
63.55
63. 71
63.38
62.96
64.73
67.02
71.32
42.3
41.7
41.8
41.4
41.4
40.5
39. 7
41.1
40.4
42.2
1.541
1.520
1.518
1.535
1.539
1.565
1.586
1. 575
1.659
1.690
$1,412 $65.81
1.484 63.96
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Mining—Continued
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1950: January___
February...
M arch_____
April_______
M a y _______
June_______
July_______
August____
September.
October____
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
36.8 $1,809 $72.12
30.2
1.880 63.28
38.0
32.6
$1 898
1.941
75.81
67.94
42. 22
39.2
35.7
22.0
1.934
1.903
1.919
63.10
68.17
48. 74
31. 9
34.1
25.4
1 978
1 999
1.919
44.60
40.23
80.01
57.25
68.81
64.94
68.59
65. 77
68. 45
75. 59
23. 9
20.6
41.5
29.0
34.7
32.6
34.8
33.2
34.5
37.2
1.866
1.953
1.928
1.974
1.983
1.992
1.971
1.981
1.984
2.032
47. 36
49.83
78.75
72. 79
68.37
69.92
69.68
71.04
71. 79
72.65
24. 5
25.4
39.2
36.0
34.1
34.7
34.6
35. 5
35. 7
36.2
1 933
1 962
2. 009
2.022
2 005
2.015
2.014
2. 001
2. 011
2.007
Nonbuilding construction
Petroleum and
natural gas production
1949: October____
Novem ber.
Decem ber..
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Contract construction
Nonmetallic mining
and quarrying
$66.68
71.48
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1. 486 $66.57
1.565 56.78
Crude petroleum and
natural gas production
1948: Average___
1949: Average___
Bituminous
Anthracite
Total: Contract con
struction
Total: Nonbuilding
construction
40.0 $1,667 $55.31
40.2
1. 778 56.38
44.5 $1,243 $68.25
43.3
1.302
70.81
38.1
37.8
73.87
71.20
71.52
41.2
40.0
40.0
1. 793
1. 780
1.788
57.77
55. 77
55.08
44.2
42. 7
42.4
1.307
1.306
1.299
72.06
70.12
69. 75
38.3
37.1
36.4
1.881
1.891
1.917
76.24
71.88
70.88
Ì 4. 41
70.88
71.08
75.59
71.01
73.24
77.31
41.8
40.0
39.8
41.2
40.0
40.0
41.6
40.3
40. 6
41.3
1.824
1.797
1.781
1.806
1.772
1.777
1.817
1.762
1.804
1.872
53.36
54.36
55.37
58.03
59.45
60.39
60.92
61.74
62.09
63. 70
41.4
41.4
41.6
43.6
44.4
44.9
44.6
45.2
44. 7
45.4
1.289
1.313
1.331
1.331
1.339
1.345
1.366
1.366
1.389
1.403
68. 01
66.89
68.59
70.93
72.74
73. 76
74.06
75.96
75.61
77.72
35.2
34.3
35.1
36.6
37.3
38.0
37.9
38.6
37.6
38.4
1.932
1.950
1.954
1.938
1.950
1.941
1. 954
1.968
2.011
2. 024
$1. 790 $66.61
1.874
70.44
Highway and street
Other nonbuilding
construction
40.6 $1,639 $62.41
40.9
1. 723 65.65
41.6 $1,500 $68.67
41.5
1.583
73.66
40.0
40.5
$1.716
1.820
72.71
69.90
68.15
41.8
39.9
38.3
1.741
1. 754
1. 777
68.37
65.30
60.75
42.3
40.6
37.0
1.617
1.610
1.644
75.83
72. 96
72. 76
41.4
39.4
39.2
1.831
1.852
1.855
65.56
66. 94
68.34
71.41
71.71
73.75
73.70
76.48
75. 21
76. 54
37.4
37.8
38.7
40.9
40.7
42.0
41.5
42.7
41.3
42.1
1.753
1. 771
1.766
1.746
1.762
1.756
1. 776
1.791
1.821
1.818
58.43
61.96
63.68
66.54
68.06
69.86
69.31
73. 88
70.89
73. 40
35.5
37.3
38.2
40.7
41.0
42.6
41.5
44.0
41.6
43.0
1.646
1.661
1.667
1.635
1.660
1.640
1.670
1.679
1. 704
1.707
69.57
69.50
70.76
74.33
74.20
76.84
77.19
78.33
78. 58
79.06
38.5
38.0
38 9
41.0
40 5
41.6
41.5
41.6
41.1
41.5
1.807
1.829
1.819
1.813
1.832
1.847
1.860
1.883
1.912
1.905
Contract construction—Continued
Building construction
Special-trade contractors
Total: Building con
struction
1948: Average___
1949: Average___
$68.85
70.95
1949: October___
November.
December..
1950: January___
February...
M arch_____
April______
M a y ----------June_______
July_______
August____
September.
October____
General contractors
Total: Special-trade
contractors
Plumbing and heating
37.3 $1.848 $64.64
36.7
1.935 67.16
36.6 $1,766 $73.87
36.2
1.855
75.70
38.0 $1. 946 $76.83
37.2
2.034
78.60
39.2 $1. 960
38.6
2.037
71.80
70. 21
70.26
36.9
36.1
35.8
1.944
1. 947
1.964
67.89
66.34
65.99
36.5
35.7
35.1
1.861
1.856
1.880
76.51
74.81
75.15
37.5
36.4
36.5
2.041
2.053
2.057
80.32
78.12
80.19
38.9
37.5
38.7
2. 064
2.085
2.071
68.76
67.00
68.83
70.70
72.93
73.82
74.02
75. 99
75. 62
■77.90
34.8
33.7
34.5
35.6
36.5
37.0
36.9
37.6
36.6
37.4
1.976
1.988
1.995
1.986
1.998
1.995
2.006
2.021
2.066
2. 083
63.58
61.60
63.80
65.98
67.87
68.33
68. 77
70.87
70.72
73.00
34.0
32.8
33.9
35.3
36.1
36.6
36.6
37.2
36.1
37.0
1.870
1.878
1.882
1.869
1.880
1.867
1.879
1.905
1.959
1.973
73.49
71.00
72.59
74.49
76. 95
77.92
78.16
79. 72
79.40
81.62
35.5
34.3
34.9
35.9
36.8
37.3
37.2
37.8
37.0
37.7
2. 070
2.070
2.080
2.075
2.091
2.089
2.101
2.109
2.146
2.165
78.32
75.65
78.02
78.78
81.14
82.64
80. 45
81. 56
83.19
83. 96
38.0
36.9
37.6
37.8
38.4
39.0
38.0
38.6
38.3
38.6
2.061
2.050
2.075
2.084
2.113
2.119
2.117
2.113
2.172
2.175
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Painting and
decorating
569. 77
70.75
71.41
Electrical work
36.3 $1. 925 $83.01
1.982 86.57
35.7
39.8
39.2
$2.084
39.0
38.2
39.2
2.215
2.233
2.217
86.88
38.7
38.7
37.0
37.1
37.8
38.4
37.9
38.7
39.0
39.2
2.245
2.263
2.260
2.287
2.280
2.280
2.285
2.304
2.366
2.374
2.001
69.40
35.7
34.5
34.8
1.996
1. 997
86.49
85.28
86.85
67.49
67.16
66.30
66.61
69. 06
69.15
71.62
73. 33
72. 78
76. 27
33.9
33.8
33.5
34.3
35.0
35.3
36.1
36.3
35.8
36.6
1.991
1.987
1. 979
1.942
1.973
1. 959
1.984
2.020
2.033
2.084
87.58
83.62
84.85
86.18
87.55
86.60
89.16
92. 27
93.06
68.88
2. 211
R E V IE W , JA N U A R Y
T
able
C -l:
C: EARN INGS AND
195 1
91
HOURS
Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
Contract construction— Continued
Building construction— Continued
Special-trade contractors— Continued
Year and month
Other special-trade
contractors
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
1948: Average--------- $69. 65
1949: Average......... . 71.39
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Plastering and lath
ing
Masonry
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
36.9 $1. 888 $69. 61
1.979
68. 72
36.1
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
35.4 $1.969 $78. 52
33.8
2.033 80.39
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Roofing and sheetmetal work
Carpentry
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
36.1 $2.175 $67.98
34.9 2.301
67.14
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
37.9 $1. 792 $62.47
36.6
1.837 62.86
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Excavation and foun
dation work
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
36.5 $1. 710 $66. 44
1.759 69.66
35.7
38.9
37.8
$1. 709
1.844
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1949: October______
Novem ber___
December____
72. 26
70. 77
69.18
36.5
35.7
34.6
1.978
1.984
2.001
70.60
71.68
60.92
34.7
35.0
29.8
2. 035
2.047
2.044
81.11
74. 76
77. 50
35.0
32.5
33.5
2.316
2.302
2.311
68.46
69. 57
67.89
36.1
36.3
35.9
1.896
1.915
1.889
65. 96
63.73
61.30
37.1
35.9
34.1
1.777
1.775
1.799
72.22
69.46
66. 80
38.4
37.3
35.4
1.882
1.864
1.890
1950: January.......... .
February____
M arch_______
April.............. ..
M a y _________
June............ . . .
J u l y - ............ ..
A u gust........... .
September___
October______
67.87
64.12
67. 76
71.44
74.46
75. 81
76. 75
78. 57
76.31
79.27
33.4
31.6
33.1
35.0
36.2
36.8
36.9
37.7
36.2
37.2
2.032
2.029
2.047
2. 041
2.057
2. 060
2. 080
2.084
2.108
2.131
61.68
54.29
58.00
67.39
70.98
74.27
73. 91
76.50
70. 74
75.42
30.0
26.1
28.1
32.2
33.8
35.1
34.7
36.0
32.6
34.5
2.056
2. 080
2.064
2. 093
2.100
2.116
2.130
2.125
2.170
2.186
75. 57
75. 44
81.09
83. 66
88.86
90. 65
91.73
93.11
91.88
94.32
32.6
32.2
33.9
34.7
35.7
36.1
36.2
36.4
36.3
36.9
2.318
2.343
2.392
2.411
2.489
2. 511
2.534
2. 558
2.531
2. 556
66. 51
58.66
63.49
64.79
65. 58
67. 40
67. 90
70.50
71.44
71.14
35.7
32.0
34.3
36.5
36.7
37.3
37.7
38.4
37.9
37.7
1.863
1.833
1. 851
1.775
1.787
1.807
1.801
1.836
1.885
1.887
58. 50
53.64
57.99
61.64
65.05
65. 70
65.77
68. 50
65.70
68.60
32.3
30.0
31.9
34.3
35.9
36.6
36.4
37.7
36.4
37.2
1.811
1.788
1.818
1.797
1.812
1.795
1.807
1.817
1.817
1.844
65. 57
62.62
67.69
73.59
74.10
74. 74
73. 57
77. 26
74. 78
79.38
34.4
33.2
35.7
39.1
39.0
39.4
38.7
40.6
37.9
38.8
1.906
1.886
1.896
1.882
1.900
1.897
1.901
1.903
1.973
2.046
Manufacturing
Food and kindred products
Total: Manufacturing
1948: Average..........
1949: Average..........
$54.14
54.92
1949: October...........
Novem ber___
December____
55.26
54.43
56.04
39.7
39.1
39.8
1.392
1.392
1.408
1950: January-------February____
M arch.............
April...... .........
M a y .................
June.................
July..................
August—.........
Septem ber...
October...........
56.29
56.37
56. 53
56.93
57.54
58.85
59.21
60.32
60. 68
61.99
39.7
39.7
39.7
39.7
39.9
40.5
40.5
41.2
41.0
41.3
1.418
1.420
1.424
1.434
1.442
1.453
1.462
1.464
1.480
1.501
Durable goods *
Nondurable goods 5
Total: Ordnance and
accessories
$1. 278 $57. 20
1.325
58.76
Total: Food and kin
dred products
41.6 $1. 375 $51.87
40.0
1.469
53.58
40.5 $1. 410 $50. 61
39. 5 1.469
51.41
39.6
38.8
58.17
56. 82
59.19
39.9
39.0
40.1
1.458
1.457
1.476
52.47
52.07
52.69
39.6
39.3
39.5
1.325
1.325
1.334
59.97
59.82
60.85
40.3
40.2
40.7
1.488
1.488
1.495
53.83
54.16
54.57
59. 40
59.47
59.74
61.01
61. 57
62.86
63.01
64. 33
65.18
66.39
40.0
40.1
40.2
40.7
40.8
41.3
41.1
41.8
41.7
42.1
1.485
1.483
1.486
1.499
1. 509
1.522
1.533
1.539
1.563
1. 577
52.91
53.06
53.04
52.17
52.83
53. 92
54.73
55. 65
55. 52
56. 66
39.4
39.3
39.2
38.5
38.9
39.5
39.8
40.5
40.2
40.3
1.343
1.350
1.353
1.355
1.358
1. 365
1.375
1.374
1.381
1.406
60.70
60.88
61.31
61.43
61.66
61.90
64.92
66.12
68.30
69. 75
40.2
40.4
40.6
40.6
40.7
40.7
42.6
42.6
43.5
43.7
1.510
1.507
1.510
1. 513
1. 515
1.521
1.524
1.552
1.570
1.596
54.94
54.05
54.42
54.14
54. 90
56.01
56.94
56.19
56.14
56.43
40.1 $1.350 $57.11
39.2
1.401
58.03
M eat products
42.0 $1. 235 $58.37
41.5
1.291
57.44
43.3
41.5
$1. 348
1.384
41.7
41.6
41.4
1.291
1.302
1.318
56. 51
60.23
60.98
41.1
42.9
43.4
1.375
1.404
1.405
41.4
40.7
40.7
40.4
41.0
41.8
42.3
41.9
41.8
41.4
1,327
1.328
1.337
1.340
1.339
1.340
1.346
1.341
1.343
1.363
60.19
55.99
56.14
55.64
57.10
58.11
59.31
57.92
62.37
60.93
42.9
40.4
40.3
39.8
40.7
41.3
41.8
40. 7
41.5
40.7
1,403
1.386
1,393
1.398
1.403
1.407
1.419
1.423
1.503
1.497
Manufacturing— Continued
Food and kindred products— Continued
M eat packing
Sausages and casings*
Dairy products
Condensed and evap
orated milk*
45.4 $1.151 $54.17
1.219
56.13
44.8
42.5 $1.306 $52.26
54.61
41.9
1.371
56.89
61.03
61.99
40.9
42.8
43.5
1.391
1.426
1.425
58. 22
58.90
58.14
42.1
42.9
42.5
1.383
1.373
1.368
54. 76
53.95
54.29
44.2
43.9
44.1
1.239
1.229
1.231
55.29
54. 93
55.16
44.7
44.3
44.2
1.237
1.240
1.248
61.16
56.50
56.92
56.22
57. 55
58. 65
60. 01
58.48
63. 34
61.83
43.1
40.3
40.4
39.7
40.5
41.1
41.7
40.5
41.4
40.6
1.419
1.402
1.409
1.416
1.421
1.427
1.439
1.444
1.530
1.523
57.24
56.91
57.31
57.04
60.67
61.39
62. 60
60. 69
62. 75
61.10
41.6
41.3
41.2
40.6
43.0
43.6
43.9
42.8
42.6
41.2
1.376
1.378
1.391
1.405
1.411
1.408
1.426
1.418
1.473
1.483
55.67
54.88
54.63
54. 79
55.02
55. 85
57. 21
56.57
56.99
57.00
44.5
43.8
43.7
43.9
44.3
45.0
45.3
45.0
44.8
44.6
1.251
1.253
1.250
1.248
1.242
1.241
1.263
1.257
1. 272
1.278
56.09
55. 37
55. 57
56. 51
56. 61
58.02
58.86
58.16
58. 91
57.85
44.8
44.4
44.6
45.5
45.8
46.9
46.2
46.6
46.2
45.8
1.252
1.247
1.246
1.242
1.236
1.237
1.274
1.248
1.275
1.263
$59.15
58.02
1949: October_____
N ovem b er..
D ecem ber...
1950: January------F e b ru a ry ...
M arch...........
April..............
M a y ________
June...............
July________
August-------Septem ber..
October_____
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Canning and preserv
ing
44.8 $1.168 $42.63
44.9
1.225 43. 77
38.2
38.8
$1.116
1.128
57.48
55.03
55.82
45.4
43.5
44.2
1.266
1.265
1.263
45. 92
41.29
43.26
40.0
37.1
36.6
1.148
1.113
1.182
55.93
56. 50
56.44
56.10
56. 20
54.99
57. 49
57. 50
58. 61
59.19
43.9
44.0
44.2
44.0
44.5
43.3
44.6
44.2
44.4
44.5
1.274
1.284
1.277
1. 275
1.263
1.270
1.289
1.301
1.320
1.330
45.15
44. 94
44. 79
44. 32
45. 01
45.94
47. 73
47.91
47.14
48.84
38.2
37.7
36.8
36.3
37.2
38.9
41.4
40.6
41.1
40.4
1.182
1.192
1.217
1.221
1.210
1.181
1.153
1.180
1.147
1.209
46.3 $1,170 $52. 33
1.239
55.00
45.3
43.4 $1. 363 $55. 51
1.398
57.44
41.5
1948: Average-------1949: Average--------
Ice cream and ices*
92
T able
G: E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S
M ONTHLY LABOR
C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
Manufacturing— Continued
Food and kindred products— Continued
Year and month
Grain-mill products
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Flour and other
grain-mill products
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Prepared feeds
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Bakery products
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Sugar
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
42.4 $1.164 $52.04
41.7
1.239 56.01
41.8
42.4
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Cane-sugar refining*
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1. 245 $51.74
1.321
56.62
42.0
42.1
$1.232
1.345
1948: Average______ $54.53
1949: Average............ 56.94
44.3 $1. 231 $57. 23
43.8
1.300 58. 91
46.3 $1.236 $51.01
44.7
1.318 54.98
45.3 $1.126 $49. 35
46.2
1.190 51.67
1949: October_______
November____
December____
58.56
55.81
56.76
44.4
42.8
43.1
1. 319
1.304
1.317
62.88
57. 77
59.54
46.0
43.4
44.1
1.367
1.331
1.350
55.67
54.49
54.10
46.7
45.6
45.2
1.192
1.195
1.197
52.29
52.12
52.16
41.6
41.4
41.3
1.257
1.259
1.263
53. 71
60. 82
54.91
42.9
48.0
42.4
1.252
1.267
1.295
55.24
60.37
56.36
42.1
44.1
40.9
1.312
1.369
1.378
1950: January_______
February_____
M arch________
April_______ _
M a y _ _ ______
June_______ __
July__________
August_______
September____
October_______
56.46
55.48
56.83
55.82
56. 35
58.47
60.60
63. 65
60.17
58.86
42.9
42.0
42.6
42.1
42.4
43.9
44.3
45.4
43.1
42.5
1.316
1.321
1. 3.34
1.321
1.329
1. 332
1.368
1.402
1.396
1.385
60. 03
58.02
58.28
56.16
57.36
58. 51
61.86
67. 35
65.17
61.44
44.3
43.2
43.3
42.1
42.9
43.5
44.6
46.8
45.7
43.7
1.355
1.343
1.346
1.334
1.337
1.345
1.387
1. 439
1.426
1.406
53. 22
51.37
54.86
56. 06
55. 72
57.63
60. 96
57.62
59.36
59.93
44.5
42.7
44.6
45.5
44.9
46.7
47.7
45.3
45.8
46.1
1.196
1.203
1.230
1.232
1. 241
1.234
1.278
1. 272
1.296
1.300
52. 07
52.96
52.75
52.37
53.12
53.21
53.88
54.34
53.98
54.07
41.1
41.6
41.5
41.2
41.6
41.9
41.7
41.8
41.3
41.4
1.267
1.273
1.271
1.271
1.277
1.270
1.292
1.300
1.307
1.306
55.78
55.44
55.92
55.32
57.59
59.23
66.36
64.64
63. 57
56. 52
39.9
39.8
40.2
39.4
41.4
42.4
45.7
45.3
43.6
41.9
1.398
1.393
1.391
1.404
1.391
1.397
1.452
1.427
1. 458
1.349
56.42
55.36
56.84
55.00
61.11
62.12
73.01
71. 43
68.18
55.84
40.1
39.8
40.6
39.4
43.4
43.9
49.4
48.2
45.0
38.7
1.407
1.391
1.400
1.396
1.408
1.415
1.478
1.482
1.515
1.443
Manufacturing— Continued
Food and kindred products— Continued
Beet sugar*
Confectionery and
related products
Confectionery
Beverages
1948: Average______ $53.48
1949: A v erage_____ 56.09
41.3 $1. 295 $44.00
42.3
1.326 45.12
40.0 $1.100 $41.46
40.0
1.128 42.63
39.6 $1.047 $6L 43
39.8
64. 21
1.071
1949: October_______
November____
December____
53.14
61.42
54.16
43.2
48.9
41.6
1.230
1. 256
1.302
48. 52
45.86
45.35
42.6
40.8
40.6
1.139
1.124
1.117
44.83
43.44
42.98
41.7
40.9
40.7
1.075
1.062
1.056
64.40
63.60
63.12
40.5
40.1
39.7
1950: January______
February_____
M arch______
April_________
M a y __________
June__________
July__________
August____ __
September____
October_______
56.97
56.42
54.68
57.74
52. 25
54.29
56.37
56.01
59. 26
57.59
38.7
39.4
38.7
39.6
37.7
39.2
38.9
40.5
41.7
43.5
1.472
1.432
1.413
1.458
1.386
1.385
1.449
1. 383
1.421
1.324
45.59
45.26
45.19
43. 77
45.36
46.37
45.98
47. 99
49. 39
49.23
40.2
39.7
39.4
37.9
39.1
39.6
38.8
40.5
41.4
41.2
1.134
1.140
1.147
1.155
1.160
1.171
1.185
1.185
1.193
1.195
42. 75
42.60
42.92
41.59
43. 56
44.36
44.16
45.82
47.12
47.50
39.8
39.3
39.2
37.6
39.0
39.4
38.6
40.3
41.3
41.3
1.074
1.084
1.095
1.106
1.117
1.126
1.144
1.137
1.141
1.150
63.52
64.52
65.16
66.38
66. 71
68. 96
71.11
68.39
67.40
67.19
39.7
40.0
40.1
40.7
41.1
42.0
42.3
41.3
40.8
40.6
41.9 $1.466
41.0
1.566
Bottled soft drinks
$46. 26
48.40
44.1
43.8
1.590
1.586
1.590
49.37
48.24
46.07
45.0
43.7
42.0
1.097
1.104
1.097
1.600
1.613
1.625
1.631
1.623
1.642
1.681
1.656
1.652
1.655
46.67
46.98
46. 72
47. 90
48. 64
51.29
50.34
49. 78
49. 57
50.13
42.5
42.4
41.9
42.5
43.2
44.1
43.1
43.1
42.7
43.1
1.098
1.108
1.115
1.127
1.126
1.163
1.168
1.155
1.161
1.163
M alt liquors
$1.049 $66.40
1.105
69.46
42.0
41.1
$1. 581
1.690
69.33
67.52
68.14
40.1
39.3
39.8
1.729
1.718
1.712
68.52
69.32
70.42
72.19
72.82
74.95
77.86
73.25
72. 67
72. 50
39.7
40.0
40.1
40.9
41.4
42.2
42.9
40.9
40.6
40.3
1.726
1.733
1.756
1.765
1.759
1.776
1.815
1. 791
1.790
1.799
Manufacturing— Continued
Food and kindred products— Continued
Distilled, rectified,
and blended liquors
Miscellaneous food
products
Tobacco manufactures
Total: Tobacco
manufactures
1948: Average___ . . . $54.92
1949: Average___ . . . 57.00
40.5 $1.356 $49.74
39. 2 1.454 52.17
42.3 $1.176 $36.50
41.9
1. 245 37.25
38.1
37.1
1949: October_______
November____
December____
58. 30
62.28
56. 77
39.5
41.3
38.0
1.476
1.508
1.494
53. 38
53.13
53. 00
42.5
42.1
42.0
1.256
1.262
1.262
37.86
38.46
38. 76
38.2
38.0
38.0
1.012
1.020
1950: January____
February___
M arch______
April_______
M a y ________
June......... .
J u ly .............
August_____
September..
October_____
59.70
58.67
58. 45
57.66
57.47
59. 35
59. 51
39.8
38.5
39.2
38.8
38.7
39.7
39.2
41.8
40.1
39.1
1.500
1.524
1.491
1.486
1.485
1.495
1.518
1.579
1.548
1.571
53.21
52.65
53. 71
53.15
53.16
54.82
56.15
56. 50
56. 55
56.45
41.8
41.1
41.6
41.2
41.6
42.2
42.8
43.0
43.0
42.7
1.273
1.281
1.291
1.290
1.278
1.299
1.312
1.314
1.315
1.322
39. 25
38.48
39. 49
38.59
39.67
41.59
42.12
43.37
42.19
41. 22
38.0
36.2
36.7
35.5
36.7
38.3
38.4
39.5
39.1
38.1
1.033
1.063
1.076
1.087
1.081
1.086
1.097
1.098
1.079
1.082
66.00
62.07
61.43
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cigarettes
$0.958 $44.51
1.004 46.33
.991
Cigars
Tobacco and snuff
38.6 $1.153 $32.71
37.7
1. 229 32.41
37.6 $0.870 $37.21
36.7
. 884 39.10
37.7
37.2
$0.987
1.051
46.73
47.81
48. 53
37.9
38.9
38.7
1.233
1.229
1.254
33. 45
34.16
32. 60
37.8
38.0
36.8
.8 8 6
39.81
39.76
41.46
37.7
37.4
38.6
1.056
1.063
1.074
49.15
46.96
48. 65
48.41
47.99
51.21
52.50
57. 94
50. 53
44. 99
39.1
37.3
38.7
38.0
37.7
40.1
40.6
43.6
39.6
35.4
1.257
1.259
1.257
1.274
1.273
1.277
1.293
1.329
1.276
1.271
33. 25
33.87
33.71
31.38
34.49
35. 49
35.11
36.11
37. 53
39. 27
36.5
35.8
35.3
33.0
36.3
37.2
36.8
37.5
38.1
38.8
.911
.946
.955
.951
.950
.954
.954
.963
.985
1.012
40.69
40.04
40. 92
41.96
40.88
43.31
44.54
45. 77
44.23
43. 77
37.4
36.3
36.8
37.4
35.7
38.5
38.9
39.7
39.0
38.5
.885
.899
1.088
1.103
1.112
1.122
1.145
1.125
1.145
1.153
1.13 4
1.137
C: E A R N IN G S AND
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1951
T
able
C -l:
93
HOURS
Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
M anufacturing— Continued
Tobacco manufac
tures— Con.
Year and month
Tobacco stemming
and redrying
Textile-mill products
Total: Textile-mill
products
Y a m and thread
mills
Broad-woven fabric
mills
Y arn mills
Cotton, silk, syn
thetic fiber
United States
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
37.9 $1.093 $46.13
36.3
1.117 44.48
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
39.6 $1.165 $44.36
1.186 42.89
37.5
39.4
37.2
$1.126
1.153
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Average______ $34.24
Average_______ 34.20
40.0 $0.856 $45. 59
38.3
.893
44.83
39.2 $1.163 $41.49
37.7
1.189 40. 51
38.1 $1.089 $41.42
1.113 40. 55
36.4
October_______
November
December____
33.82
32.24
36.80
40.5
36.1
40.4
.835
.893
.911
47.04
47.20
47. 64
39.4
39.5
39.8
1.194
1.195
1.197
43. 00
43.46
44.08
38.5
38.8
39.5
1.117
1.120
1.116
42.97
43.46
43.98
38.4
38.7
39.3
1.119
1.123
1.119
47. 52
47. 76
48.40
39.6
39.8
40.3
1.200
1.200
1.201
46. 09
46. 56
47.19
39.6
39.9
40.4
1.164
1.167
1.168
January_______
February_____
M arch. . . ___
April_____ __
M a y __________
June__________
July___________
A u g u s t_______
September____
October_______
37. 58
35.34
39. 58
39.14
37.19
40.11
40.16
35. 21
39.11
37. 75
41.8
35.3
38.5
38.0
36.5
38.6
39.1
37.5
41.7
40.5
.899
1.001
1.028
1.030
1.019
1.039
1.027
.939
.938
.932
47.36
47.88
47.39
45. 51
45.63
46. 75
47. 27
49.33
50.02
52.62
39.4
39.6
39.2
37.8
37.9
38.7
39.0
40.5
40.7
40.6
1.202
1.209
1.209
1.204
1.204
1.208
1.212
1.218
1.229
1.296
43.67
43.84
42. 67
40.80
41.62
42.68
43.24
44. 96
46.16
49.16
39.2
39.0
38.0
36.4
36.9
37.8
38.2
39.4
39.9
40.0
1.114
1.124
1.123
1.121
1.128
1.129
1.132
1.141
1.157
1.229
43.60
43.88
42.60
40. 65
41.77
42. 79
43.36
45. 34
46. 68
49. 28
39.0
38.9
37.8
36.1
36.8
37.7
38.1
39.6
40.1
40.0
1.118
1.128
1.127
1.126
1.135
1.135
1.138
1.145
1.164
1.232
48.16
48.16
47.72
45.81
45.82
46.92
47. 52
49. 29
50.06
53.33
40.0
40.1
39.8
38.4
38.5
39.2
39.5
40.8
41.1
40.9
1.204
1.201
1.199
1.193
1.190
1.197
1.203
1.208
1.218
1.304
47.04
47.07
46. 88
44. 66
44.35
45.24
45.90
47.86
48. 86
52. 41
40.1
40.2
40.0
38.4
38.3
38.9
39.3
40.7
41.2
41.3
1.173
1.171
1.172
1.163
1.158
1.163
1.168
1.176
1.186
1.269
Manufacturing— Continued
Textile-mill products— Continued
Full-fashioned hosiery
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber— Continued
Woolen and worsted
38.0 $1.220 $41.92
$46.36
North**
United States
South*
North**
1948: Average___
1949: Average___
Knitting mills
37.0 $1.133
40.1 $1.308 $41.14
1.316 41.47
38.9
$52.45
51.19
37.5
36.8
$1.097 $52.85
1.127
52.09
38.8 $1.362
1.389 $53.98
37.5
1949: October___
Novem ber.
December__
48.62
49.73
49.73
39.5
40.2
40.5
1.231
1.237
1.228
45.30
45. 61
46.35
39.6
39.8
40.3
1.144
1.146
1.150
53.25
52. 51
53.37
39.8
39.6
40.1
1.338
1.326
1.331
43.68
43.28
42.34
38.9
38.4
37.6
1.123
1.127
1.126
55.02
54.86
53.15
39.5
39.1
37.8
1950: January___
F e b ru a ry..
M arch.........
April______
M a y .............
June.............
July_______
August........
September.
October___
49. 94
50.06
49. 57
47. 98
47. 74
48. 27
49. 03
50. 80
51.50
40.5
40.6
40.2
39.1
39.0
39.4
39.8
41.0
41.1
1.233
1.233
1.233
1.227
1.224
1.225
1.232
1. 239
1.253
46.04
46.20
46.00
43.70
43.40
44.31
45. 08
46.97
48. 00
39.9
40.1
39.9
38.2
38.1
38.7
39.2
40.6
41.2
1.154
1.152
1.153
1.144
1.139
1.145
1.150
1.157
1.165
52.92
52. 51
51.00
50.94
51.94
53. 36
53.51
54. 21
54.53
56. 46
39.7
39.6
38.9
38.8
39.5
40.3
40.2
40.7
40.6
39.1
1.333
1.326
1.311
1.313
1.315
1.324
1.331
1.332
1.343
1.444
41.73
43.38
43.55
40. 60
40.67
41.85
42. 77
45. 67
45. 59
47. 71
36.8
37.2
37.0
35.0
35.0
36.2
37.0
39.2
38.9
39.3
1.134
1.166
1.177
1.160
1.162
1.156
1.156
1.165
1.172
1.214
51.53
53.16
54. 25
49.02
49.76
50.62
52.06
54.94
54. 57
58.05
36.6
37.2
38.1
35.6
36.4
37.3
38.0
39.7
39.2
39.6
$1.463
1.393
1.403
1.406
56.56
56.46
54.54
38.5
38.1
37.0
1.469
1.482
1.474
1.408
1.429
1.424
1.377
1.367
1.357
1.370
1.384
1.392
1.466
53.10
55.65
55. 80
48.82
49. 90
50. 42
50. 73
55.06
54.25
36.0
37.2
37.5
35.4
36.4
37.4
37.3
39.7
39.4
1.475
1.496
1.488
1.379
1.371
1.348
1.360
1.387
1.377
Manufacturing— Continued
Textile-mill products— Continued
Full-fashioned ho
siery— Continued
1949: October___
Novem ber.
D ecem ber..
1950: January___
February...
M arch_____
A p ril...........
M a y .............
June.............
July_______
August........
September.
October___
K nit outerwear
$50.31
38.2
&1.317
$30.27
31.45
53.70
53.16
51.67
40.5
40.0
38.5
1.326
1.329
1.342
33.76
33.68
33.42
50.18
51.14
53.02
49. 09
49.61
50. 82
53.19
54.83
54. 58
37.2
37.3
38.7
35.7
36.4
37.2
38.6
39.7
38.9
See footnotes at end of table.
920504— 51---- 7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.349
1.371
1.370
1.375
1.363
1.366
1.378
1.381
1.403
32.92
34.50
33.29
31.78
31.17
33.13
33.36
37.11
36.98
38. 22
35.2 $0.860
$35.06
35.5
37.7 $0. 930 $30. 78
35.1
.877
$39. 75
40. 96
37.8
37.5
37.3
39.3
38.7
38.6
33.28
33.23
32.82
37.6
37.3
37.0
.885
.891
.887
42. 51
42.34
41.16
36.3
36.2
34.5
32.8
32.2
34.3
35.0
38.1
37.5
37.8
.896
.907
.953
.965
.969
.968
.966
.953
.974
.986
1.011
36. 71
36.03
36.21
35.78
36.88
36. 47
35. 90
36. 47
36.83
35.88
39.42
39.62
37.9
38.1
37.4
36.6
37.1
37.5
36.8
39.5
39.0
K nit underwear
South*
North*
United States
South**
1948: Average.
1949: Average.
Seamless hosiery
.934
.931
.938
.944
.968
.975
.981
.983
.982
.975
.998
1.016
32.40
34.11
32.65
31.01
30.11
32. 42
32.93
36.63
36.46
36.0
35.9
33.9
32.1
31.2
33.7
34.7
37.8
37.2
.900
.950
.963
.966
.965
.962
.949
.969
.980
41.47
42. 74
43.80
43.05
42. 75
43.42
42.14
43. 90
42. S2
45. 58
38.0 $1.046 $37.40
1.075 36.34
38.1
37.7
36.2
$0.992
1.004
39.8
39.5
38.4
1.068
1.072
1.072
38.78
37. 71
37.07
38.7
37.6
37.0
1.002
37.8
38.3
38.9
38.2
37.9
38.7
37.9
39.3
38.2
39.7
1.097
1.116
1.126
1.127
1.128
37.29
38.42
38.40
35. 71
35.26
36.30
38.31
41.17
42. 72
43. 66
36.7
37.3
37.1
34.5
34.0
35.0
36.8
39.4
40.0
39.8
1.016
1.030
1.035
1.035
1.037
1.037
1.041
1.045
1.068
1.097
1.122
1.112
1.117
1.121
1.148
1.003
1.002
94
T
G: E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S
able
C -l:
M ONTHLY LABOR
Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
Manufacturing— Continued
Apparel and other
f in is h e d t e x t ile
products
Textile-mill products— Continued
Year and month
Dyeing and finishing textiles
Carpets, rugs, other
floor coverings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
1948: Average_______ $51.00
1949: Average_______ 51.50
41.0
40.3
$1.244
1.278
$58.13
56.80
42.0
39.5
52.69
52.91
53.84
41.2
41.3
41.9
1.279
1.281
1.285
57.26
58. 57
59.99
39.9
40.7
41.4
52.03
53.37
52. 42
50.89
49. 25
51.18
50. 84
56.03
55. 68
56,13
40.3
41.5
40.7
39.6
38.3
39.8
39.5
42.9
42.5
41.3
1.291
1. 286
1. 288
1.285
1.286
1.286
1.287
1.306
1.310
1.359
60. 44
60. 80
60.99
59.15
60. 61
61.17
59.86
61.44
63.13
66. 87
41.4
41.5
41.6
40.4
41.2
41.5
40.5
41.4
42.0
43.2
November___
December____
February
__
A p r i l , , , ______
July__________
August_______
September____
Avg.
hrly.
earnmgs
W ool carpets, rugs,
and carpet yarn
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Other textile-m ill
products
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$1.393 $47. 96
1.453
47.89
39.7
38.9
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Fur-felt hats and hat Total: Apparel and
other finished tex
bodies
tile products
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$1.208 $49.17
1.231
49.21
36.5
35.3
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$1.384 $58.09
1.438 56.23
41.7
38.7
1.435
1.439
1.449
57.31
58.67
60.58
39.2
40.1
41.1
1.462
1.463
1.474
48. 87
48.18
49.64
39.6
39.2
40.1
1.234
1.229
1.238
45.55
45.86
50.55
33.3
32.9
35.7
1.368
1.394
1.416
1.460
1.465
1.466
1.464
1.471
1.474
1.478
1. 484
1.503
1.548
61.41
61.62
61.81
60. 48
61. 68
61.99
60.07
61.46
62.30
66.35
41.3
41.3
41.4
40.4
41.2
41.3
40.1
40.7
40.8
42.1
1.487
1.492
1.493
1.497
1. 497
1.501
1.498
1.510
1. 527
1.576
49.80
50. 91
49.75
49. 29
49. 95
51.44
51.92
53.16
53. 46
54.63
40.0
40.6
39.8
39.4
39.8
40.5
40.5
41.4
41.0
40.8
1.245
1.254
1.250
1. 251
1.255
1.270
1.282
1. 284
1.304
1.339
53. 44
53.03
44.84
40. 02
48. 72
52. 69
52.19
54. 44
50. 51
50.09
37.5
37.4
32.9
29.0
34.6
37.0
36.7
38.1
35.8
35.5
1.425
1.418
1.363
1.380
1.408
1.424
1.422
1.429
1.411
1. 411
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly,
earnings
$1.347 $42. 79
1.394
41.89
36.2
35.8
$1.182
1.170
42.63
40.38
41.82
36.5
35.7
35.9
1.168
1.131
1.165
42. 70
44. 48
43.50
40.80
41.27
41.89
43.22
46. 06
43. 25
45.85
36.0
36.7
36.4
35.2
35.7
35.8
36.2
37.6
35.8
37.4
1.186
1.212
1.195
1.159
1.156
1.170
1.194
1.225
1.208
1.226
Manufacturing— Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products— Continued
1949: October_______
Novem ber, , ,
December____
February, . . .
M arch________
July___________
September___
M en ’s and boys’
suits and coats
M en ’s and boys’
furnishings and
work clothing
$50.11
46.67
36.6
34.7
$1.369 $33.20
1.345 33.30
36.2
36.2
46.20
44. 48
46.64
34.3
32.9
34.7
1.347
1.352
1.344
34.35
33.82
33.82
37.5
36.8
36.8
.916
.919
.919
47. 72
49.88
50. 81
47.46
48.92
48.99
49.22
51.08
47. 72
51.73
35.4
37.0
37.5
35.5
36.7
36.7
36.9
37.7
35.4
37.9
1.348
1.348
1.355
1.337
1.333
1.335
1.334
1.355
1.348
1.365
33.63
35.64
35.62
35.00
35.29
35.55
35.34
37.43
37.08
38. 24
36.2
36.4
36.2
35.5
35.9
36.2
36.1
38.0
37.3
38.2
.929
.979
.984
.986
.983
.982
.979
.985
.994
1.001
Shirts, collars, and
nightwear
Separate trousers
W ork shirts
$0.989 $26. 49
27.44
.978
W om en’s outerwear
36.1 $0. 928 $35.31
.927 34. 91
36.0
35.7
35.7
34.30
34.78
34.52
37.4
37.6
37.2
.917
.925
.928
34.13
33.60
34.14
35.4
34.6
35.3
.964
.971
.967
28.27
28.22
27.58
37.1
36.7
35.4
.762
.769
.779
33.43
35.19
35.40
35.02
34.81
34. 82
34.55
36.71
37. 40
37.84
35.6
36.2
36.2
35.7
35.7
35.6
35.4
37.5
37.7
38.3
.939
.972
.978
.981
.975
.978
.976
.979
.992
.988
36.47
39.26
39. 77
39.33
39.81
39.34
38.52
40.08
37.84
40. 55
36.8
37.9
38.2
38.0
38.1
37.9
37.4
38.5
36.7
38.8
.991
1.036
1.041
1. 035
1.045
1.038
1.030
1.041
1.031
1.045
27.80
30. 55
30.43
29. 75
31.18
30.66
31.52
33. 00
32.60
32.56
35.6
35.4
35.3
34.0
35.8
35.4
36.1
37.8
36.8
36.5
.781
.863
.862
.875
.871
.866
.873
.873
.886
.892
$0. 917 $33.50
.920 33.37
35.7
35.5
$0. 742 $51. 49
.773
49.69
35.1
34.7
$1. 467
1.432
49.49
45.80
49.13
34.2
33.6
34.5
1.447
1.363
1.424
50.86
52.63
49.67
46.06
45.57
45.87
49.62
54.01
46.72
51.14
35.0
35.9
35.4
34.5
34.6
33.8
34.7
36.2
32.2
34.6
1.453
1.466
1.403
1.335
1.317
1.357
1.430
1.492
1.451
1.478
Manufacturing— Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products— Continued
W om en’s dresses
$48. 72
47. 20
November . ,
December____
February
...
July
________
August_______
September____
Household apparel
34.8 $1.400 $31.59
34.4
1.372 32.23
36.1
36.5
W o m e n ’ s su its ,
coats, and skirts
$0.875 $70.60
66.38
.883
W om en’s and children’s undergar
ments
35.0 $2.017
1.964
33.8
$35.32
35.79
36.6 $0.965
36.6
.978
U n d e rw e a r and
nightwear, except
corsets
$34.12
34.08
36.3
36.1
Millinery
$0. 940 $50.22
.944
53.55
34.8
35.3
$1.443
1.517
46.98
44.99
47.40
33.7
33.3
34.5
1.394
1.351
1.374
31.45
31.90
31.23
35.9
36.5
35.9
.876
.874
.870
64.88
58.38
63.67
33.0
30.6
33.3
1.966
1.908
1.912
38.10
37.45
36.36
38.6
38.1
36.8
.987
.983
.988
36.25
36.27
34.45
38.2
38.1
36.0
.949
.952
.957
53.68
43.81
50.35
35.6
29.5
34.7
1.508
1.485
1.451
48.30
48.89
49.37
49. 44
48.71
45.69
45.53
50.23
44.63
47.65
34.9
35.4
35.8
35.7
35.3
34.1
34.7
35.7
31.9
33.7
1.384
1.381
1.379
1.385
1.380
1.340
1.312
1.407
1.399
1.414
31.38
34.95
35.53
34.99
35.31
32.92
32. 27
34. 64
35. 50
36. 71
35.1
37.1
37.4
36.6
36.4
33.7
33.2
36.2
36.6
37.5
.894
.942
.950
.956
.970
.977
.972
.957
.970
.979
66.97
69.83
60. 70
51.19
50.13
58. 41
66. 46
73. 26
58.19
66.96
34.7
35.5
32.6
29.1
29.7
33.9
35.5
37.0
29.9
33.6
1.930
1.967
1.862
1.759
1.688
1.723
1.872
1.980
1.946
1.993
36.58
37.52
37.87
36.22
36.15
36. 43
37.13
40.04
40. 30
41.97
36.8
37.0
36.8
35.2
35.2
35.4
36.3
38.5
38.2
39.3
.994
1.014
1.029
1.029
1.027
1.029
1.023
1.040
1.055
1.068
34. 78
36.03
35.68
34.09
33.69
34. 25
35.60
38.24
38. 49
40. 42
36.5
36.5
36.0
34.3
34.1
34.6
36.0
38.2
38.0
39.4
.953
.987
.991
.994
.988
.990
.989
1.001
1.013
1.026
55.11
64.36
62.56
44.91
46.06
49. 72
50.62
62.08
55. 53
55. 68
36.4
40.2
39.2
30.7
31.7
33.1
33.7
38.8
34.9
36.2
1.514
1.601
1. 596
1.463
1.453
1.502
1.502
1.600
1.591
1.538
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1 95 1
T
a b l e
C: EARNINGS AND H OU RS
95
C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
Manufacturing— Continued
Lumber and wood
products (except
furniture)
Apparel and other finished textile products— Continued
Year and month
Children’s outerwear
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
1948: Average_______ $36. 72
1949: Average ______ 37.06
Avg.
hr] y
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Fur goods and mis
cellaneous apparel
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Other fabricated
textile products
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
36.5 $1. 006 $42. 21
36.3
1.021
42.05
36.7 $1.150 $38.49
36.0
1.168 39. 74
38.0 $1.013
38.1
1.043
Curtains and
draperies***
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Textile bags***
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex
cept furniture)
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$51 38
51. 72
40 6
1949: O c t o b e r ..___
Novem ber- . .
Decem ber---
37. 75
36.89
37. 07
36.9
36.6
36.2
1.023
1.008
1.024
45.31
43. 85
43. 57
38.4
37.7
36.8
1.180
1.163
1.184
40.62
38.73
39.36
39.1
37.9
37.7
1.039
1.022
1.044
54.17
52. 48
52. 66
1950: January____
February_____
M arch. ______
April___ ______
M a y __________
June__________
July___________
August_______
September____
October_______
38. 25
40. 28
38. 76
35. 97
37.46
38. 08
39.13
40.92
38.66
41.44
36.5
37.3
36. 5
35.3
36.4
36.3
36.6
37.2
35.7
37.6
1.048
1.080
1.062
1.019
1.029
1.049
1.069
1.100
1.083
1.102
40.23
40. 50
40.76
39. 33
41.70
42. 59
43.86
45. 84
44. 66
48.38
35.6
36.1
36.1
34.9
35.7
35.7
36.4
38.2
37.5
38.7
1.130
1.122
1.129
1.127
1.168
1.193
1.205
1.200
1.191
1.250
40. 99
40. 84
40.32
39.81
40. 77
42. 21
42. 61
43. 43
44.03
44.75
38.2
38.1
37.4
37.1
37.4
38.3
38.7
39.3
39.0
39.5
1.073
1.072
1.078
1.073
1.090
1.102
1.101
1.105
1.129 $37. 40
1.133
39.89
48. 02
50. 55
52. 24
53. 36
54. 38
56. 28
56. 27
58 30
57. 56
58.41
36.7 $1.019 $44.46
38.5
1.036 45.10
39.8 $1.117
40.2
1.122
41
41
5
1 274
7
41 0
41
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
3
39 2
39 8
40 4
40 7
40 7
1 280
1 275
1 225
1 270
1311
41 6
41
1
42 0
41.2
41.9
L 397
1.394
Manufacturing— Continued
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)— Continued
Logging camps and
contractors
Sawmil Is and planing mills, general
South**
United States
1948: Average_______ $60. 26
1949: Average_______ 61.31
38.7
39.1
1949: October_______
N ovem ber____
December____
65.00
61.58
62.13
40.6
39.2
39.8
1.601
1. 571
1.561
1950: January_______
February_____
M arch______
A p r i l...............
M a y ________ __
June__________
July___________
August_______
September____
October_______
50.23
54.86
62. 94
65.31
67.37
67. 85
68. 04
73.98
70. 50
69.91
37.4
37.6
38.4
39.2
39.7
39.7
39.4
41.1
39.3
39.3
1.343
1.459
1.639
1.666
1.697
1.709
1.727
1.8C0
1.794
1.779
Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
structural
wood
products
Sawmills and plan
ing mills
$1. 557 $51.83
1. 568 52. 37
West**
41.5 $1.249 $51.87
40.6
1. 290 53.06
41.4 $1. 253
40.6
1.307 $35.66
42.1
54.54
52. 89
52.31
41.6
41.0
40.8
1.311
1.290
1.282
55. 29
53.63
53. 04
41.6
41.0
40.8
1.329
1.308
1.300
36. 59
36. 94
36.29
43.0
43.2
42.3
.851
.855
.858
47. 38
50. 59
51.85
53.10
54.19
56. 08
55. 95
57. 95
57.22
58.41
38.3
39.4
40.1
40.5
40.5
41.6
40.9
41.9
40.9
41.9
1.237
1.284
1.293
1.311
1.338
1.348
1.368
1.383
1.399
1.394
47. 77
51.17
52.31
53. 73
54. 86
56. 95
56. 67
58. 49
57.49
58.62
38.0
39.3
39.9
40.4
40.4
41.6
40.8
41.6
40.4
41. 4
1.257
1.302
1.311
1.330
1.358
1.369
1.389
1.406
1.423
1.416
35.34
36.90
37.13
37. 97
38.11
39.19
38.98
40.13
39.67
40.9
40.5
40.8
41.5
41.6
42.5
42.1
43.2
42.2
.864
.911
.910
.915
.916
.922
.926
.929
.940
38.8
$1. 730
$54. 95
55.06
43 3
41.9
$1
1.314
70.15
66. 93
67. 67
40.2
38.8
39.3
1.745
1.725
1.722
57. 68
56.18
58.87
43.3
42.4
44.2
1.332
1.325
1.332
58. 34
64.14
66.43
67.82
69. 07
73. 93
72.74
74. 28
72.69
34.4
37.4
38.8
39.0
39.0
40.4
39.3
40.0
38.4
1.696
1. 715
1.712
1.739
1.771
1.830
1.851
1.857
1.893
56.14
57. 04
57. 74
59. 00
59. 25
61.27
59.85
61. 55
61.70
62.60
42.4
42.5
42.9
43.0
43.0
43.7
42.9
43.5
43.3
43.5
1.324
1.342
1.346
1.372
1.378
1.402
1.395
1.415
1.425
1.439
$0.847 $67.12
Manufacturing— Continued
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)— Continued
Millwork
Wooden containers
Wooden boxes, other
than cigar
Furniture and fixtures
Miscellaneous wood
products
1948: Average_______ $53.40
1949: Average_______ 54.23
43.2 $1. 236 $41. 57
42.2
1.285 41.90
41.4
40.6
1949: October_______
Novem ber____
December____
56. 51
55.94
57.82
43.4
42.9
44.1
1.302
1.304
1.311
43.38
42. 02
43.37
41.2
40.4
41.3
1.053
1.040
1.050
44. 73
42.92
43. 95
41.8
40.8
41.7
1.070
1.049
1.054
45.14
44. 96
44. 54
41.0
40.8
40.9
1950:. January_______
February_____
M arch________
April__________
M a y __________
June__________
July........ ..........
August_______
September____
October_______
56. 07
55. 76
56.49
57. 56
57.83
59. 69
58. 57
59.39
60.22
60. 35
42.9
42.4
42.7
42.7
42.9
43.7
43.1
43.1
43.2
43.2
1.307
1.315
1.323
1.348
1.348
1.366
1.359
1.378
1.394
1.397
41.27
42.82
42. 85
43.81
44.47
46.48
47.68
48.10
47.30
48.45
39.8
39.5
39.6
39.9
40.1
40.7
41.0
41.5
40.6
41.8
1.037
1.084
1.082
1.098
1.109
1.142
1.163
1.159
1.165
1.159
41.94
43.05
43.30
44.87
44.79
47.13
48.40
48. 57
47.41
49.29
40.4
39.9
40.2
41.2
40.9
41.6
41.8
42.2
41.3
42.9
1. 038
1.079
1.077
1.089
1.095
1.133
1.158
1.151
1.148
1.149
43.85
44. 69
44. 91
45.33
44.89
46.16
46. 88
48.35
49.14
49.41
40.3
40.3
40.5
40.8
40.3
41.1
41.3
42.3
42.4
42.3
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.004 $42.39
1.032 42.48
42.1
41.0
$1. 007 $44. 06
1.036 44.16
Total: Furniture
and fixtures
42.0 $1. 049 $48. 99
1.085 49.48
40.7
41.1
40.1
1.101
1.102
1.089
51.42
50. 72
52. 50
41.7
41.2
42.2
1.233
1.231
1.244
1.088
1.109
1.109
1.111
1.114
1.123
1.135
1.143
1.159
1.168
51.13
52. 29
52.17
51.67
51.50
52. 50
52.03
54. 87
55. 42
56.49
41.1
41.7
41.7
41.3
41.2
41.8
41.0
42.8
42.5
42.7
1.244
1.254
1.251
1.251
1.250
1.256
1.269
1.282
1.304
1.323
Household furniture
$1.192 $46.76
1.234 47.04
40.8
39.8
$1.146
1.182
49.74
48.86
50.88
41.9
41.3
42.4
1.187
1.183
1.200
49. 36
50. 87
50. 70
49. 85
50.14
50. 71
49.53
52. 91
53.85
54.78
41.2
41.9
41.9
41.2
41.4
41.7
40.6
42.7
42.6
42.7
1.198
1.214
1.210
1.210
1.211
1.216
1.220
1.239
1.264
1.283
M ONTHLY LABOR
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
96
T able C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
Manufacturing— Continued
Paper and allied products
Furniture and fixtures— Continued
Year and month
W ood household
furniture, except
upholstered
Avg.
w kly.
earnings
1948: A v era g e _____ $43.84
1949: Average............ 43.68
Avg.
w kly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
W ood household furniture, upholstered
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
41.2 $1. 064 $50.33
1.092 50.18
40.0
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Mattresses and
bedsprings
Avg.
wkly.
earnmgs
40.1 $1. 255 $50. 85
51.69
1.290
38.9
Avg.
w k ly
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Total : Paper and
allied products
Other furniture
and fixtures
Avg.
w kly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
40.1 $1. 268 $54. 59
1.302 55.47
39.7
41.7 $1. 309 $55. 25
40.7
1.363 55.96
42.8 $1. 291 $59.88
1.342 59. 83
41.7
44.0
42.4
$1.361
1.411
46.15
46.60
47.10
42.3
42.4
42.7
1.091
1.099
1.103
53. 83
55. 53
57.68
41.5
42.1
43.3
1.297
1.319
1.332
54.18
45. 97
53.85
41.2
36.4
40.7
1.315
1.263
1.323
55.91
55. 90
56.65
41.2
41.1
41.5
1.357
1.360
1.365
58.36
58.31
58. 09
43.1
43.0
42.9
1. 354
1.356
1.354
62.10
62. 09
62.09
43.7
43.6
43.6
1.421
1.424
1.424
46.08
46.70
47. 21
46. 40
47.17
47. 52
46.44
49.19
September____ 50.10
51.56
41.7
42.0
42.3
41. 5
42.0
42.2
41. 1
43.0
43.0
43.4
1.105
1.112
1.116
1.118
1.123
1.126
1.130
1.144
1.165
1.188
52.78
54.95
54.60
54. 42
54. 42
54. 54
52. 87
56. 66
58.15
60. 60
40.2
41.5
40.9
40. 7
40. 7
40.7
39.9
42.0
42.2
43.1
1.313
1.324
1.335
1.337
1.337
1.340
1.325
1.349
1.378
1.406
54. 54
57. 43
57.03
54. 28
53. 97
55. 57
54. 31
58. 42
59. 25
57. 29
40.7
41.8
41.6
40.0
39.8
40.8
39.7
42.3
41.9
40.4
1.340
1.374
1.371
1.357
1. 356
1.362
1.368
1.381
1.414
1.418
56.13
56.28
56.14
56. 52
55. 41
57. 60
58. 86
60. 24
59. 53
61.09
41.0
41.2
41.1
41.5
40.8
42. 2
42.1
43.0
42.1
42.6
1.369
1.366
1.366
1.362
1.358
1.365
1.398
1.401
1.414
1.434
57. 56
57.80
58.06
58. 20
58. 08
60. 03
61.36
62. 74
63.37
63. 62
42.2
42.5
42.6
42.3
42.3
43.0
43.3
44.0
44.1
44.0
1.364
1.360
1.363
1.376
1.373
1.396
1.417
1.426
1.437
1.446
61.62
61.71
61.89
62. 42
61.82
64. 21
65. 74
66.99
67.46
67.82
43.0
43.4
43.4
43. 2
43. 2
43.8
44.0
44.6
44.5
44.5
1.433
1.422
1.426
1.445
1.431
1.466
1.494
1.502
1.516
1.524
1949: O c to b e r .____
N ovem ber___
December-------
Manufacturing— Continued
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Paper and allied products--Continued
Paperboard con
tainers and boxes
1948: Average______ $50. 96
52.45
December____
July__________
September___
Other paper and
allied products
41.7 $1. 222 $49.48
41.2 1.273 51.07
Total: Printing,
publishing, and
allied industries
41.3 $1,198 $66. 73
40.6 1.258 70.28
39.3 $1.698 $74.00
1.816 78. 37
38.7
Books
Periodicals
Newspapers
37.6 $1.968 $69. 55
70.21
37.3
2.101
40.6 $1. 713 $57.43
1.805 61.07
38.9
38.7
38.6
$1. 484
1.582
56.20
56.20
55. 21
43.5
43.5
42.9
1.292
1.292
1.287
52. 54
52.11
51.99
41.4
41.0
41.1
1.269
1.271
1.265
71. 22
70.91
72. 27
38.6
38.6
39.3
1.845
1.837
1.839
80.06
79. 05
81.50
37.5
37.2
38.1
2.135
2.125
2.139
71.00
70.21
70. 67
38.8
38.6
38.7
1.830
1. 819
1.826
62.48
61.05
61.83
39.0
37.8
38.5
1.602
1.615
1.606
53.57
54.17
54. 77
54.03
54.74
56. 62
57. 70
59. 75
60. 73
61. 05
41.4
41.7
42.0
41.4
41.5
42.6
42.9
44.0
44.2
44.4
1.294
1.299
1.304
1.305
1.319
1.329
1.345
1.358
1.374
1.375
52.69
53.03
53.20
53. 27
53.35
54. 59
55. 36
56. 79
57.19
57.23
41.2
41.4
41.5
41.2
41.2
41.7
42.0
42.7
42.9
42.3
1.279
1.281
1.282
1.293
1.295
1.309
1.318
1.330
1.333
1.353
70.49
70.75
72.14
72.18
72. 64
72.72
72. 30
73.17
74. 71
74.49
38.5
38.2
38.6
38.6
38.7
38.7
38.5
38.9
39.3
39.1
1.831
1.852
1.869
1.870
1.877
1.879
1.878
1.881
1.901
1.905
76. 43
76. 38
78. 42
79. 88
81.05
80. 76
79. 20
78.84
82. 02
81.70
36.5
36.3
36.8
37.1
37.3
37.2
36.6
36.5
37.3
37.0
2.094
2.104
2.131
2.153
2.173
2.171
2.164
2.160
2.199
2.208
69. 94
72.15
74.12
72. 41
71.60
71.92
72.83
75.08
80.11
78.00
38.6
39.3
39.7
39.1
38.6
39.0
39.2
39.6
41.0
40.5
1.812
1.836
1.867
1.852
1.855
1.844
1.858
1.896
1.954
1.926
61.76
60. 50
62. 79
64.05
64.33
64.11
63.34
67.31
64. 66
64.05
38.1
37.3
38.5
39.2
39.3
39.5
39.0
40.5
39.5
39.1
1.621
1.622
1.631
1.634
1.637
1.623
1.624
1.662
1. 637
1.638
Manufacturing— Continued
Chemicals and allied products
Printing, publishing, and allied industries— Continued
commerciai printing
1948: Average............ $66. 33
1949: Average_______ 69. 44
juitnograpnmg
40.3 $1.646 $64.15
1.749 69.17
39.7
Other printing and
publishing
39.5 $1.624 $59.93
39.3
1. 760 62. 66
Total: Chemicals
and allied products
39.3 $1. 525 $56. 23
1.619 58.63
38.7
Industrial inorganic
chemicals
41.5 $1.355 $62.13
1.430 63. 90
41.0
Industrial organic
chemicals
40.9 $1. 519 $57.69
1. 574 60.83
40.6
40.4
39.5
$1.428
1.540
69.84
69.36
71.17
39.5
39.3
40.3
1.768
1.765
1.766
73.12
72. 36
70.89
40.6
40.7
40.6
1.801
1.778
1.746
62. 05
63. 73
64. 59
37.7
39.0
39.6
1.646
1.634
1.631
59. 51
59.43
59. 78
41.7
41.5
41.6
1.427
1.432
1.437
64. 55
64.68
64. 99
40.8
40.6
40.8
1.582
1.593
1.593
62.20
62. 44
62. 75
39.9
40.0
40. 2
1.559
1.561
1. 561
70. 80
70. 70
71.56
70.88
71.68
71.79
71.95
August_______ 72.38
September____ 73. 61
October_______ 73. 74
40.0
39.3
39.6
39.4
39.8
39.6
39.6
40.1
40.6
39.9
1.770
1.799
1.807
1.799
1.801
1.813
1.817
1.805
1.813
1.848
69. 03
70. 07
71.34
71.58
71.74
72. 23
73.11
76. 22
75. 75
75.89
38.5
38.8
39.2
39.2
39.7
39.6
33.8
41.2
41.1
41.4
1.793
1.806
1.820
1.826
1.807
1.824
1.837
1. 850
1.843
1.833
64. 48
64. 77
65.16
64.54
63.39
64.00
64. 58
65. 82
65.86
65. 97
39.2
38.9
38.9
38.9
38.3
38.6
39.0
39.2
38.9
39.6
1.645
1.665
1.675
1.659
1. 655
1.658
1.656
1.679
1.693
1.666
60.05
59. 96
60. 09
60.56
61.18
62. 39
62.99
63. 48
64.16
64.58
41.3
41.1
41.1
41.2
41.2
41.4
41.2
41.6
41.8
42.1
1.454
1.459
1.462
1.470
1.485
1. 507
1.529
1.526
1. 535
1.534
64. 64
65.12
65.48
65. 77
65. 85
65. 32
68.85
68. 97
68. 28
71.17
40.2
40.7
40.8
40.9
40.7
39.9
41.2
41.6
40.4
41.4
1.608
1.600
1.605
1.608
1.618
1.637
1.671
1.658
1. 690
1.719
63.63
62.64
62. 56
63.12
63.91
65.16
66. 02
65. 85
67. 56
67.89
40.3
40.0
40.0
40.1
40.5
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.8
40.9
1.579
1.566
1.564
1. 574
1.578
1.597
1.622
1.618
1.656
1.660
Novem ber____
December____
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
97
C: EARN INGS AND H OU RS
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1 95 1
T able C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
Manufacturing— Continued
Chemicals and allied products— Continued
Year and month
Plastics, except syn
thetic rubber
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Synthetic rubber
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1948: Average.- . . . . $58. 75
1949: Average_______ 60.36
41.4 $1,419 $62. 88
1.494 66. 74
40.4
1949: October____
November
December____
62.13
61. 80
61.55
41.2
40.9
40.9
1.508
1.511
1.505
68. 99
67. 78
68.27
40.7
40.2
40.3
1.695
1. 686
1.694
1950: January___ __
February____
M arch_____
April__________
M a y __________
June__________
July___________
A u g u s t ._____
September____
October_______
63. 84
61.96
62.36
62. 53
63.37
65.23
66.41
65. 07
07.53
67.96
42.0
40.9
41.0
41.0
41.2
42.0
42.6
41.5
42.5
42.0
1. 520
1.515
1. 521
1.525
1. 538
1.553
1. 559
1.568
1. 589
1.618
68.48
68. 22
68. 93
70.96
70. 48
70.78
72. 52
71.52
71.84
70. 91
39.7
40.2
40.5
41.4
41. 0
40.7
40.4
41.2
40. 2
40.8
1. 725
1.697
1.702
1. 714
1.719
1.739
1. 795
1.736
1.787
1.738
Synthetic fibers
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Drugs and medicines
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Paints, pigments,
and fillers
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Fertilizers
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
42.2 $1.384 $42.33
1.458 44. 72
41.0
41.5
41.6
$1. 020
1. 075
A vg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
39.5 $1.343 $53. 71
56. 60
38.6
1.430
40.6 $1.323 $58.40
59. 78
40.4
1.401
55. 63
56. 20
56.37
38.9
39. 3
39.5
1.430
1.430
1.427
57.16
57. 51
57. 21
40.6
40.7
40.6
1.408
1.413
1. 409
60. 90
60.43
60.80
41.4
41.0
41.0
1.471
1.474
1.483
43. 66
43.20
44. 76
40.8
40.3
41.1
1.070
1.072
1.089
56. 45
55. 99
55. 97
56. 52
57.35
57.76
57.81
58. 99
59.94
60.29
39.2
39.1
39.0
38.9
39.5
39.4
38.9
39.3
39.2
39.2
1.440
1.432
1.435
1.453
1.452
1.466
1.486
1. 501
1.529
1.538
57.37
58. 04
58. 53
58. 67
58. 75
59. 27
58. 47
59. 68
60.40
61.42
40.6
40. 7
40.9
40.8
40.8
41. 1
40.1
40.6
41.4
41.7
1.413
1.426
1.431
1.438
1.440
1.442
1.458
1.470
1. 459
1.473
61. 21
61. 98
62. 38
62. 89
63. 53
64. 91
64. 86
66. 99
67. 22
67.25
41.0
41.4
41.7
41.9
42.3
42.9
42.5
43.5
43.2
42.7
1.493
1. 497
1. 496
1.501
1.502
1.513
1.526
1.540
1.556
1.575
44.80
44.40
44. 84
46. 44
47. 92
49. 52
49. 20
47.83
47.89
46.27
40.8
40.7
41.1
41.8
41. 6
42. 0
41.8
41.2
41.5
40.8
1.098
1.091
1.091
1. I l l
1.152
1.179
1.177
1.161
1.154
1.134
39.9 $1. 576 $53.05
39.8
1.677 55.20
Manufacturing— Continued
Products of petroleum and coal
Chemicals and allied products— Continued
Vegetable and ani
mal oils and fats
1949: A v era g e______
$50.39
51.12
1949: October. . . .
November .
December____
51. 08
51.24
50. 86
1950: January. . . .
February____
M arch______ __
49. 89
50.71
50. 82
51.57
52. 82
53.87
55.46
55.11
54. 72
54.44
M a y __________
J u n e................
J u ly ... _.
September____
October_______
Other chemicals and
allied products
Soap and glycerin
41.3
40.8
49.5
49. 7
49.0
1.032
1. 031
1.038
62. 57
61.58
62. 02
41.6
41. 0
41.1
1.504
1.502
1. 509
47.2
45. 2
44.5
44.3
44.2
43.9
43. 6
44.3
45.6
47.5
1.057
1. 122
1.142
1.164
1.195
1.227
1. 272
1.244
1.200
1.146
62. 79
62.62
62. 87
62. 82
62.28
63.38
63.29
64.62
66.13
66. 29
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.3
41.0
41.4
41.1
41.8
42.2
41.9
1.524
1.520
1.526
1.521
1. 519
1.531
1.540
1. 546
1.567
1.582
Petroleum refining
Coke and byproducts
39.7
39.3
$1. 475
1. 554
61. 50
57.09
61.11
39.5
36.2
39.4
1. 557
1.577
1.551
61.93
61.17
58. 90
62. 60
61.85
62.73
63. 36
63.12
63.64
63.40
39.8
39.8
38.1
40.0
39.8
39. 7
39.6
39.8
39.8
40.1
1.556
1.537
1. 546
1. 565
1. 554
1. 580
1.600
1. 586
1.599
1. 581
40.3 $1. 788 $58. 56
40.2
1.874 61.07
42.0 $1. 569 $69. 23
40.9
1.627 72.36
40.7 $1. 701 $72. 06
40.4
1. 791 75.33
68. 97
67. 20
67. 56
41.9
41. 0
40.7
1.646
1.639
1.660
74. 09
72.12
71. 74
41.0
40.0
39.9
1.807
1.803
1. 798
76.13
75.44
74.83
40.3
40.0
39.7
1.889
1.886
1.885
68.14
68. 51
69. 50
68.88
68. 74
69. 96
69. 99
74. 08
75.08
74.98
40.9
41.1
41.2
40.9
40.7
41.2
41.0
42.7
43.0
42.7
1.666
1. 667
1.687
1.684
1.689
1.698
1. 707
1.735
1.746
1. 756
73.79
71.64
71.54
73.85
73.28
74.37
76. 09
73. 73
77. 28
77. 71
40.7
39.8
39.7
40.8
40.6
41.0
41.6
40.6
42.0
41.6
1.813
1.800
1.802
1.810
1.805
1.814
1.829
1.816
1.840
1.S68
77.41
74. 84
74. 88
77.11
75.73
76. 82
78. 93
75. 29
80. 45
81.00
40.7
39.6
39.6
40.5
39.9
40.2
41.0
39.4
41.6
41.2
1.902
1.890
1.891
1.904
1.898
1.911
1.925
1. 911
1.934
1.966
$1.402 $65. 90
1.487 66.54
47.4 $1. 063 $57. 90
47.2
1.083 60. 67
Total: Products of
petroleum and coal
M anuíacturing— C ontinued
Products of petro
leum and coal— Con.
Leather and leather
products
Rubber products
Tires and inner
tubes
Other rubber
products
Other petroleum and
coal products
Total: Rubber
products
1948: Average_______ $60. 59
61.18
44.1
42.9
39.0
38.3
1949: October______
November . .
December____
67.36
62.36
59.14
45.7
42.8
41.3
1.474
1.457
1.432
59. 57
57. 91
59.04
39.4
38.4
39.2
1.512
1. 508
1.506
64. 83
63.91
64.79
37.3
36.9
37.3
1.738
1.732
1.737
49.81
50. 51
50.23
39.1
39.9
39.8
1.274
1.266
1.262
57.06
54. 04
55.66
41.5
39.5
40.9
1.375
1.368
1.361
1950: J a n u a ry ._____
58.56
58. 94
60. 00
63. 00
67.44
69.13
70.38
71.82
69. 46
69. 54
41.3
41.3
41.9
43.3
45.2
46.3
46.7
47.5
46.0
45.3
1.418
1.427
1.432
1.455
1.492
1.493
1.507
1.512
1.510
1.535
60. 52
59. 90
59. 70
61. 76
64. 52
65. 08
65. 59
66.25
66. 74
67.38
39.4
39.2
39.3
40.0
41.2
41.4
41.2
41.8
42.0
42.3
1.536
1. 528
1. 519
1.544
1.566
1.572
1. 592
1. 585
1.589
1.593
67.70
67. 22
65.26
69.23
74. 60
74. 05
75. 22
76.01
75. 72
75.19
38.4
38.3
37.4
39.0
41.1
40.6
40.4
40.8
41.0
41.0
1.763
1.755
1.745
1.775
1.815
1.824
1.862
1.863
1.842
1.834
45. 87
43. 06
51.04
50. 36
50. 20
52.07
52.13
53.93
53.95
56.00
35.7
34.2
40.0
39.5
39.4
40.3
39.7
41.9
41.5
42.2
1.285
1.259
1.276
1. 275
1.274
1.292
1.313
1.287
1.300
1.327
57. 04
56.43
56.16
57.13
57. 92
59.23
59.08
60.13
61.68
62.89
41.3
41.1
40.9
41.1
41.7
42.4
42.2
42.8
43.1
43.4
1.381
1.373
1.373
1.390
1.389
1.397
1.400
1.405
1.431
1.449
April__________
M a y __________
June_________
July___________
Septem ber...
October_______
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.374 $56. 78
1.426 57. 79
$1. 456 $62.16
1. 509 63.26
Rubber footwear
37.2 $1. 671 $51. 75
36.4
1.738 48. 94
41.8 $1. 238 $52. 47
1.268 54.38
38.6
Total: Leather and
leather products
37.2
36.6
$1.120
1.137
41. 72
40.08
42.03
36.5
ÓÒ. 1
37.1
1.143
1.142
1.133
42. 90
44. 08
44.15
41.96
41. 56
43. 60
44. 73
46.49
45.68
46.16
37.7
38.1
37.9
35. 8
35.4
37.2
38.1
39.2
38.1
37.9
1.138
1.157
1.165
1.172
1.174
1.172
1. i /4
1.186
1.199
1.218
40.3 $1.302 $41. 66
1.356 41.61
40.1
98
C: EARN INGS AND H OU RS
M ONTHLY LABOR
T able C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
M anufacturing— C ontinued
Leather and leather products— Continued
Year and month
Footwear (except
rubber)
Leather
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wklyearnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Stone, clay, and glass products
Other leather
products
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Total: Stone, clay,
and glass products
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Glass and glass
products
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Glass containers
Avg.
wk!y.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
39.2 $1,379 $52. 05
39.0
1.454
53.80
39.7
39.3
$1,311
1.369
Avg.
wkly.
hours
1948: Average_______ $53. 26
1949: Average........... 54.11
39.6 $1.345 $39. 71
38.9
1.391 39.35
36.6 $1.085 $40. 49
35.9
1.096 41.10
37.7 $1.074 $53. 46
37.5
1.096
54.45
40.9
39.8
1949: O c to b e r ._____
November____
December____
55.09
54. 50
55. 50
39.1
38.9
39.5
1.409
1.401
1.405
38. 61
36.40
39. 20
35.1
33.3
36.2
1.100
1.093
1.083
42.72
41.66
42. 29
38.8
37.8
38.2
1.101
1.102
1.107
55. 51
55.28
55. 65
40.4
40.0
40.3
1.374
1.382
1.381
57.04
57.19
58.16
39.5
39.2
39.7
1.444
1.459
1.465
54.81
54.62
54.23
40.3
39.9
39.5
1.360
1.369
1.373
1950: January_______ 55.34
February_____ 55.29
M arch____. . .
54.89
A p r il... . . . . 54. 44
M a y . ________ 55. 00
June__________ 56. 57
July----------------- 56.73
August________ 58.40
September____ 58.76
October_______ 59.52
39.0
39.1
38.9
38.5
38.9
39.7
39.7
40.5
40.3
40.3
1.419
1.414
1.411
1.414
1.414
1.425
1.429
1.442
1.458
1.477
40. 77
42.22
42.15
39.18
38. 48
40.84
42. 53
44. 39
43. 32
42.79
37.4
37.8
37.4
34.7
34.2
36.4
37.7
38.8
37.6
36.7
1.090
1.117
1.127
1.129
1.125
1.122
1.128
1.144
1.152
1.166
42. 21
42. 90
43.73
42. 75
42. 58
44. 39
44.16
45. 70
45. 08
47.68
38.1
38.2
38.7
37.5
36.9
38.3
38.2
39.5
38.3
39.6
1.108
1.123
1.130
1.140
1.154
1.159
1.156
1.157
1.177
1.204
55.32
55. 56
55.70
56. 56
57. 28
58.12
58. 57
59. 40
60.94
62. 96
39.8
40.0
40.1
40.4
40.8
41.1
40.9
41.6
41.6
42.4
1.390
1.389
1.389
1.400
1.404
1.414
1.432
1.428
1.465
1.485
59.31
59.36
59.35
59. 58
59.78
59. 74
60.24
59.10
60. 92
65. 32
39.7
40.0
40.1
40.2
40.5
40.2
39.5
39.8
39.0
41.5
1.494
1.484
1.480
1.482
1.476
1.486
1.525
1.485
1.562
1. 574
55.28
54. 93
54. 79
55.42
54. 98
55. 23
55.40
53.31
53. 69
60. 52
39.6
39.6
39. 7
40.1
40.4
40.4
39.6
38.8
36.9
41.0
1.396
1.387
1.380
1.382
1.361
1.367
1.399
1.374
1.455
1.476
$1,307 $54. 06
1.368 56. 71
Manufacturing— Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products— Continued
Pressed and blown
glass
Cement, hydraulic
Structural clay
products
Brick and hollow
tile
Sewer pipe*
1948: Average_______ $47. 61
1949: Average_______ 50.30
38.8 $1. 227 $54. 76
38.6
1.303
57.49
41.9 $1. 307 $49. 57
1.382 49.73
41.6
40.4 $1.227 $49.05
39.0
1.275 49. 57
42.5 $1,154 $47. 96
41.8
1.186 48.61
1949: October_______
Novem ber____
December____
50. 62
51.28
51.63
39.0
38. 7
39.5
1.298
1. 325
1.307
59. 40
57. 66
57.81
42.1
41.1
41.5
1.411
1.403
1.393
49. 83
49. 59
49. 92
38.9
38.5
39.0
1. 281
1. 288
1.280
51.36
50. 53
49.39
42.8
42.0
41.4
1.200
1.203
1.193
1950: January_______
February_____
M a r c h . ___
April________ _
M a y __________
June......... .........
July____ ______
August________
September____
October_______
51.39
50. 90
51.29
49.87
50. 96
50. 27
49.93
51.61
56. 50
57.87
38.9
39.0
39.3
38.6
39.2
38.4
38.0
39.7
40.5
41.1
1.321
1.305
1.305
1.292
1.300
1.309
1.314
1.300
1.395
1.408
57. 55
57. 73
57.47
58.88
59.13
60. 27
61.30
61.13
61.70
61.78
40.9
41.5
41.2
41.7
41.7
42.0
41.7
42.1
41.8
42.0
1.407
1.391
1.395
1.412
1.418
1.435
1.470
1.452
1.476
1.471
49. 52
49.37
49. 90
52.37
53. 27
54.09
54.40
55. 27
55. 64
57.57
38.6
38.6
38.8
40.1
40.2
40. 7
40.9
41.4
41.0
41.6
1.283
1.279
1. 286
1.306
1.325
1.329
1.330
1.335
1.357
1.384
47.81
47.14
48. 26
51.27
54.16
54. 63
54.89
55. 71
55.43
57. 25
41.0
40.5
41.0
42.3
43.4
43.6
43.6
43.9
43.1
43. 7
1.166
1.164
1. 177
1.212
1.248
1.253
1.259
1.269
1.286
1.310
Pottery and related
products
40.0 $1.199 $49.46
39.2
1.240 48.85
38.7
36.4
$1.278
1.342
50. 00
47.73
49. 43
40.0
37.7
39.8
1.250
1.266
1.242
50. 71
50. 97
51.16
37.7
37.7
37.7
1.345
1.352
1.357
47.50
46.78
48. 30
50. 63
49. 96
54.85
54. 60
53. 85
54.24
55.13
38.4
38.0
38.0
40.8
38.4
41.3
41.3
40.4
40.3
40.3
1.237
1.231
1.271
1.241
1.301
1.328
1.322
1.333
1.346
1.368
48. 99
50. 00
50.37
50.26
50.46
48. 71
49.13
52. 59
53. 82
55.84
36.1
36.9
37.2
36.9
37.1
35.3
35. 5
38.0
38.5
39.6
1.357
1.355
1.354
1.362
1.360
1.380
1.384
1.384
1.398
1.410
Manufacturing— Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products— Continued
Concrete, gypsum.,
and plaster products
Concrete products
1948: A v erage........... $56.49
1949: Average_______ 57.77
44.8 $1.261 $56. 92
43.8
1.319
59. 31
44.4
43.8
1949: October_______
November____
December____
60. 26
59. 85
60.12
44.9
44.5
44.7
1.342
1.345
1.345
61.51
57.98
58.11
44.8
42.6
42.7
1.373
1.361
1.361
1950: January_______
February_____
M arch________
April__________
M a y __________
June__________
July---------------August________
September____
October_______
58.16
58. 55
59.13
59. 76
60. 75
62. 06
63. 06
64. 44
65. 25
66.68
43.6
43.6
43.9
44.1
44. 7
45.2
45.4
45. 7
45.5
45. 7
1.334
1.343
1.347
1.355
1.359
1.373
1.389
1.410
1.434
1.459
56.80
55. 71
57. 48
59.25
60. 20
61.07
60.78
62. 62
64. 01
64.10
42.2
41.3
42.2
43.5
44.3
45.1
44.2
44.6
44.7
44.3
1.346
1.349
1.362
1.362
1.359
1.354
1.375
1.404
1.432
1.447
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Primary metal industries
Other stone, clay,
and glass products
$1. 282 $55.10
1.354
54. 72
Total: Primary
metal industries
Blast furnances, steel
works, and rolling
mills
Iron and steel
foundries
41.0 $1. 344 $61.03
39.2
1.396 60. 78
40.1 $1. 522 $62.41
38.3
1. 587 63.04
39.5 $1. 580 $58. 45
38.3
1. 646 55.09
40.7
37.2
$1.436
1.481
55. 34
55.01
55. 36
39.5
39.1
39.4
1.401
1.407
1.405
58.35
57. 48
62. 92
37.5
36.4
39.4
1. 556
1.579
1. 597
55. 90
56. 48
64. 65
34.0
34.4
39.3
1.644
1.642
1.645
54. 80
53.83
57.22
36.9
36.3
38.3
1.485
1.483
1.494
55. 33
55. 69
55. 75
56. 22
58. 07
60. 09
60.17
62.20
64. 09
65. 43
39.3
39.3
39.4
39.4
40.3
41.7
41.3
42.4
42.7
43.1
1.408
1.417
1.415
1.427
1.441
1. 441
1.457
1.467
1. 501
1.518
63.79
63.48
62.40
65. 00
65. 57
66. 50
66. 95
67. 36
68.89
69. 72
39. 5
39.6
38.9
40.4
40.5
40.8
40. 7
41.1
41.2
41.8
1.615
1.603
1.604
1.609
1. 619
1.630
1.645
1.639
1.672
1.668
65.83
64. 81
61.84
66.08
65. 86
66. 63
67. 83
67. 37
69.12
68.61
39.3
39.3
37.5
40.0
39.7
39.8
39.9
40.1
40.0
40.6
1.675
1. 649
1. 649
1.652
1.659
1.674
1.700
1.680
1. 728
1.690
58.17
59.11
60.33
62. 37
63.19
64.72
64. 37
66.07
67. 61
70.37
38.7
39.2
39.9
40.9
41.3
42.0
41.8
42.6
42.9
43.9
1.503
1. 508
1.512
1.525
1.530
1. 541
1.540
1.551
1.576
1. 603
R E V IE W , JA N U A R Y
99
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
1 95 1
T able C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
Manufacturing— Continued
Primary metal industries— Continued
Year and month
Gray-iron foundries
Malleable-iron
foundries
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
1948: Average_______ $57. 46
1949: Average.......... - 54.38
40.9 $1.405
1.450
37.5
$59.19
54.30
1949: October_______
Novem ber____
December____
55.96
54.31
57.25
38.3
37.3
39.0
1.461
1.456
1.468
1950: January______ 57. 74
February_____ 58.91
M arch________ 59. 81
A p ril...............
62.03
M a y ................... 63.24
June__________ 64.08
July___________ *63.88
August_______ 66. 36
September____ 68. 19
October_______ 70. 76
39.2
39.7
40.3
41.3
41.8
42.3
*42.0
43.2
43.6
44.5
1.473
1.484
1.484
1.502
1.513
1.515
*1.521
1.536
1.564
1.590
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Steel foundries
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Primary
smelting
and refining of
nonferrous metals
Primary
smelting
and refining of
copper, lead, and
zinc
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$57.14
58.99
40.9
40.1
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Primary refining of
aluminum
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1,397 $58.95
1.471
61.95
41.4
41.3
$1. 424
1.500
40.4 $1.465 $59.93
1.521
56.73
35.7
40.6 $1.476 $58.22
1.521
37.3
60.36
41.0 $1.420
40.4
1.494
52.32
51.14
57.41
34.4
33.6
37.4
1.521
1.522
1.535
53.99
54.66
56.61
35.4
35.7
37.0
1.525
1.531
1.530
59.87
58.43
59.60
40.7
39.4
40.3
1.471
1.483
1.479
57.47
56.12
57.82
40.3
39.0
40.1
1.426
1.439
1.442
64.45
64.83
61.87
42.4
40.8
40.6
1.520
1.589
1.524
59.25
59. 25
61.70
63.25
63.28
65.87
64.80
66.32
68.55
70.18
38.3
38.6
39.6
40.6
40.8
41.9
41.3
42.0
42.5
42.9
1.547
1.535
1.558
1.558
1.551
1.572
1.569
1. 579
1. 613
1.636
57.75
59.83
60.61
62. 79
63.30
65.65
65.31
65. 73
66.00
69.63
37.6
38.7
39.1
40.3
40.6
41.5
41.6
41.6
41.3
42.9
1.536
1.546
1.550
1.558
1.559
1.582
1.570
1. 580
1. 598
1.623
62.07
60. 24
61.13
61.61
61.98
62. 54
62.83
63.15
64.35
65. 71
41.3
40.4
40.7
40.8
40.8
40.9
40.3
40.9
41.2
41.3
1.503
1.491
1.502
1.510
1.519
1.529
1.559
1.544
1.562
1.591
61.35
59.00
59. 79
60.38
60. 29
61.44
61.37
61.89
62. 95
63.96
41.4
40.3
40.7
40.8
40.6
40.8
39.9
40.8
40.9
41.4
1. 482
1.464
1.469
1.480
1.485
1.506
1.538
1.517
1.539
1.545
61.16
61.66
62. 25
62.03
62.73
62. 44
63.03
62. 87
63. 51
67. 23
40.8
41.0
40.9
40.7
41.0
41.0
41.0
40.8
41.0
40.4
1.499
1.504
1.522
1.524
1.530
1.523
1.538
1. 541
1. 549
1.664
Manufacturing— Continued
Primary metal industries— Continued
Rolling,
drawing,
and alloying of
nonferrous metals
1948: Average_______ $57.81
1949: Average_______ 58.05
Rolling,
drawing,
and alloying of
copper
40.2 $1.438 $60. 42
38.7
1.500 59.29
Rolling,
drawing,
and alloying of
aluminum
Nonferrous foundries
40.8 $1.481 $53.88
38.5
1.540 56.21
39.1
38.9
$1.378 $59.96
1.445 60.92
40.0
39.0
Other primary metal
industries
$1. 499 $63.08
1.562 63.34
Iron and steel
forgings
40.8 $1. 546 $55.16
39.1
1.620
63.18
40.8
38.2
$1. 597
1.654
1949: October_______
November
December____
61.84
63.57
62.28
40.5
41.2
40.6
1.527
1.543
1.534
64.69
65.44
66.32
41.1
41.6
42.0
1.574
1.573
1.579
57.41
58.55
54.67
39.4
39.8
37.7
1.457
1.471
1.450
62.33
61.93
63.20
39.5
39.1
39.9
1.578
1.584
1.584
62.93
60.97
65.97
38.8
37.8
40.5
1.622
1.613
1.629
60.06
59. 42
64.01
36.4
36.1
38.4
1.650
1.646
1.667
1950: January_______
February_____
M arch________
April ____ __
M a y __________
June_________
July__________
August_______
September____
October.............
61.97
63.29
64. 29
64.29
66.63
67. 75
67.76
68.48
65.10
68.34
40.5
41.1
41.4
41.4
42.2
42.8
42.4
42.8
41.2
41.8
1.530
1. 540
1.553
1.553
1.579
1.583
1.598
1.600
1. 580
1.635
64.53
66.30
66. 96
67.61
70. 72
72.26
73.46
73. 67
67. 56
69.60
41.1
41.7
41.9
42.1
43.2
43.9
44.2
44.3
41.4
41.8
1.570
1.590
1.598
1.606
1.637
1.646
1.662
1.663
1.632
1.665
57.37
57.91
59.54
58.53
58.73
58.26
57. 02
58. 51
57.64
63. 59
39.4
39.8
40.5
40.2
40.2
40.4
39.0
39.8
39.4
40.4
1.456
1.455
1.470
1.456
1. 461
1.442
1.462
1.470
1. 463
1. 574
62.73
62.29
63.04
64.03
65.36
66.52
64.27
66. 36
70. 45
72. 29
39.6
39.5
40.1
40.5
40.9
41.6
40.5
41.4
42.8
42.8
1.584
1.577
1.572
1.581
1.598
1.599
1.587
1. 603
1.646
1.689
65.44
67. 28
67.23
67. 61
69.68
70.39
70. 47
71.95
74. 09
75.13
40.0
40.8
40.4
40.8
41.6
41.8
41.6
42.2
42.8
43.3
1.636
1.649
1.664
1.657
1.675
1.684
1.694
1.705
1.731
1.735
64. 89
66.94
68.75
68. 80
72. 94
72.21
73.08
74. 63
77. 65
80.30
38.6
39.4
39.9
40.0
41.8
41.5
41.5
41.6
42.5
43.5
1.681
1.699
1.723
1.720
1.745
1.740
1.761
1.794
1.827
1.846
Manufacturing— Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)
Wire drawing
Total:
Fabricated
m e ta l p roducts
(except ordnance,
machinery,
and
t r a n s p o r ta tio n
equipment)
Cutlery and edge
tools
40.8
39.3
1.407
1.396
1.401
53.40
54. 41
56. 84
38.5
39.2
40.4
1.387
1.388
1.407
52.51
53.12
50.89
1.405
1.413
1.414
1.444
1.444
1.458
1.495
1.516
1.483
1.476
57.55
58. 20
58. 83
58.79
57.57
60.61
59. 57
61.03
63.11
64.48
40.5
40.7
41.2
41.2
40.6
41.6
40.8
41.6
42.1
42.7
1.421
1.430
1.428
1.427
1.418
1.457
1.460
1.467
1. 499
1.510
50.79
51.22
53.07
53. 49
52.16
54. 41
51.34
56. 08
57.09
60.71
1949: October_______
November - .
D ecem ber... .
66.67
64. 55
69.34
41.0
39.6
42.0
1.626
1.630
1.651
58.51
56.88
59.66
40.1
39.2
40.5
1.459
1.451
1.473
55.58
53.19
57.16
39.5
38.1
40.8
1950: January_______
February. __
M arch________
April__________
M a y ___ ____ __
June________ _
July___________
August___ . . .
September____
October_______
68.05
71.06
68.82
69.89
70.39
72.93
72.89
74.25
78.30
75. 78
40.6
42.2
40.7
41.6
41.6
42.4
42.6
43.5
45.0
43.6
1.676
1.684
1.691
1.680
1.692
1.720
1.711
1.707
1. 740
1.738
59.93
59.68
59.64
60. 56
60.89
62.87
62.55
64. 79
66. 00
66.79
40.3
40.3
40.3
40.7
40.7
41.5
41.1
42.1
42.2
42.3
1.487
1.481
1.480
1.488
1.496
1.515
1.522
1.539
1.564
1. 579
56.76
56.80
56.98
58.77
59.20
60.94
64.14
67.46
64.21
60. 66
40.4
40.2
40.3
40.7
41.0
41.8
42.9
44.5
43.3
41.1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cutlery, hand tools,
and hardware
40.9 $1,322 $54.22
1.392 54.82
40.4
40.5
39.2
See footnotes at end of table.
40.6
39.6
$1,396 $54.07
1.460 56.24
$62.17
63.66
1948: Average___ -1949: Average_____
$1.535 $56.68
1.624 57.82
Tin cans and other
tinware
$1.329 $51.13
50.84
1.395
Hand tools
41.3 $1.238
40.0
1.271
$56.07
54.54
40.9
38.6
$1,371
1.413
40.8
41.5
40.1
1.287
1.280
1.269
54.03
53.44
55.04
38.4
37.9
38.9
1.407
1.410
1.415
39.9
40.3
41.2
41.4
40.5
41.6
39.4
42.2
42.1
43.9
1.273
1.271
1.288
1.292
1.288
1.308
1.303
1.329
1.356
1.383
55.92
55.87
56. 77
57.32
58.20
59.16
59.38
63.11
65. 05
66.28
39.3
39.1
39.7
40.0
40.5
40.8
40.7
42.1
42.6
42.9
1.423
1.429
1.430
1.433
1.437
1.450
1.459
1.499
1.527
1.545
100
T
a b l e
C: EA RN ING S AND H OU RS
M ONTHLY LABOR
C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1— Con.
M anufacturing— C ont inued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)— Continued
Heating apparatus
(except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies
Hardware
Year and month
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
1948: Average______ $54. 26
1949: Average______ 56.28
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
40.4 $1.343 $57. 53
1.432 57.04
39.3
40.2
38.7
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Sanitary ware and
plumbers’ supplies
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1.431 $60.40
1. 474 59.79
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Oil burners, non
electric heating and
cooking aparatus,
not elsewhere
classified
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
40.4 $1.495 $55.80
38.5
1. 553 55. 45
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Fabricated struc
tural metal products
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
40.0 $1.395 $58.17
1. 429 59.90
38.8
Structural steel and
ornamental
metalwork
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.2 $1.412 $57. 68
40.5
1.479 60.91
41.2
41.1
$1.400
1.482
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1949: October_______
N o v e m b e r __
December
53.35
54.89
59. 20
37.6
38.6
40.8
1. 419
1.422
1.451
61.23
59.32
60.39
41.4
40.0
40.5
1.479
1.483
1.491
63.73
64.56
65.20
40.8
41.2
41.5
1.562
1.567
1.571
60. 01
56.24
57.15
41.7
39.3
39.8
1.439
1.431
1.436
59.45
57. 89
60.85
40.5
39.3
40.7
1.468
1.473
1.495
60.97
57. 95
63.34
41.7
39.5
42.2
1.462
1.467
1.501
1950: January______
February_____
M arch______ _
April____ _____
M a y __________
June__________
July__________
August_______
September___
October_______
60.19
61.04
61.15
60.71
58.87
62.93
61.88
61.91
64.27
65. 02
41.0
41.3
41.6
41.5
40.6
41.9
41.2
41.3
41. 9
42.3
1.468
1.478
1.470
1.463
1.450
1.502
1.502
1.499
1. 534
1.537
59. 23
59. 59
60.20
60.76
61.30
62.11
63. 28
65. 53
67.16
68.14
39.7
39.7
40.0
40.0
40.3
40.7
41.2
41.9
42.4
42.4
1.492
1. 501
1. 505
1.519
1.521
1.526
1.536
1.564
1.584
1.607
62.24
63.54
63.86
63.91
63.91
65. 27
67.43
67. 51
69.81
71. C4
40.0
40.5
40.6
40.4
40.4
41.1
41.7
41.8
42.7
43.0
1. 556
1.569
1.573
1.582
1.582
1.588
1.617
1.615
1.635
1.652
57.14
56.76
57.62
58.63
59.30
59.90
60. 20
64.20
65.28
66. 07
39.6
39.2
39.6
39.8
40.2
40.5
40.9
42.1
42.2
42.0
1.443
1.448
1.455
1.473
1.475
1.479
1.472
1.525
1. 547
1.573
60.30
59.81
60.38
61.31
61.66
62. 65
61.39
64. 22
65. 06
66.31
40.2
39.9
40.2
40.6
40.7
41.0
40.1
41.7
41. 6
42.1
1.500
1.499
1.502
1.510
1.515
1.528
1.531
1.540
1.564
1.575
61.51
61.01
61.43
62.09
62. 25
63.40
60.39
63. 63
63. 29
64. 55
41.2
40.7
40.9
41.2
41.2
41.6
39.6
41. 7
41. 1
41.7
1.493
1.499
1.502
1.507
1.511
1. 524
1. 525
1.526
1.540
1.548
Manufacturing— Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)— Continued
Machinery (except
electrical)
M etal stamping,
coating, and
engraving
Stamped and pressed
metal products
Total: Machinery
(except electrical)
$56.66
58.54
40.1
39.5
40.3
39.7
Boiler-shop products
1948: Average______ $58. 79
1949: Average______ 59. 78
Sheet-metal work
41.2 $1. 427 $56. 64
40.2
1.487
57.60
40.6 $1.395
1.451
39.7
$1.413 $58.39
1.482 60. 30
Other fabricated
metal products
$1. 449 $56.88
1.519
58.38
40.4 $1.408 $60. 52
39.5
1.478 60.44
41.2
39.5
$1. 469
1.530
1949: O ctob er______
Novem ber___
December____
59.82
58.97
59.18
40.2
39.5
39.4
1.488
1.493
1.502
55.41
57.98
58.28
38.8
40.1
40.0
1.428
1.446
1.457
58. 97
56.38
60.18
39.9
38.8
40.2
1.478
1.453
1.496
60. 61
57.82
62.18
39.9
38.7
40.4
1.519
1.494
1.539
59. 85
57.51
60. 56
40.3
39.2
40.7
1.485
1.467
1.488
60. 21
59.21
61.30
39.2
38.5
39.7
1.536
1.538
1.544
1950: January______
February_____
March ______
April _________
M ay. . . .
June_______ __
July___________
August_______
September____
October_______
58. 62
58.45
58.79
59.77
59. 60
61.22
61.52
62.35
64. 28
64. 56
38.9
39.1
39.3
39.9
40.0
40.6
40.5
41.1
41.5
41.2
1.507
1.495
1.496
1.498
1.490
1. 508
1.519
1. 517
1.549
1.567
58.93
58. 89
58.39
58. 76
60.40
60.28
61.04
63. 52
63. 27
65.34
39.9
40.2
39.8
40.0
40.7
40.4
40.8
41.9
41.3
42.4
1.477
1.465
1.467
1.469
1.484
1.492
1.496
1.516
1.532
1. 541
61.02
60.67
60.63
61.19
61.55
64.16
63. 58
65. 69
.66. 75
67.26
40.2
40.5
40.5
40.9
40.6
41.8
41.1
42.0
41.8
41.7
1.518
1.498
1.497
1.496
1.516
1.535
1.547
1.564
1.597
1.613
63.37
62.35
62. 59
62.92
63.55
66.31
65.46
67. 86
68. 96
68.76
40.7
40.7
40.8
41.1
41.0
42.1
41.3
42.2
42.0
41.6
1.557
1.532
1.534
1.531
1.550
1.575
1.585
1.608
1.642
1.653
61.51
60.47
59.14
61.16
62.43
64.82
63.94
66.17
67. 73
69.30
40.6
40.5
39.8
40.8
41.1
42.2
41.6
42.5
42.6
43.1
1.515
1.493
1.486
1.499
1.519
1.536
1. 537
1.557
1. 590
1.608
61.57
62. 55
63.34
64.33
65.09
65. 69
66. 35
67.98
69.23
71.21
39.8
40.3
40.6
41.0
41.3
41.5
41.6
42.3
42.5
43.0
1.547
1.552
1.560
1.569
1.576
1.583
1. 595
1.007
1.629
1.656
Manufacturing— Continued
Machinery (except electrical)— Continued
Engines and
turbines
1948: Average........... $63.50
1949: Average_______ 63.13
Agricultural
machinery
and tractors
Agricultural
machinery
(except tractors)
Tractors
40.5 $1. 568 $60. 59
38.9
1.623
61.11
40.5 $1.496 $62.05
39.3
1.555 61.86
40.5 $1. 532 $58. 62
39.2
1.578
59.93
40.4
39.3
Construction and
mining
machinery
$1.451 $60.33
1.525
58.74
Metalworking
machinery
42.1 $1.433 $62. 94
39.8
1.476 61.11
42.1
39.5
$1.495
1.547
1949: October_______
November____
December____
62.15
61.81
63.84
38.2
37.9
39.0
1.627
1.631
1.637
61.23
57. 61
60. 96
39.4
37.0
38.9
1.554
1.557
1.567
61.39
58.02
61.22
39.0
36.7
38.6
1.574
1.581
1.586
60. 70
57.00
60.48
39.7
37.4
39.3
1.529
1. 524
1.539
57.07
55.90
59. 34
38.8
37.9
40.2
1.471
1.475
1.476
60.41
59.44
61.73
38.8
38.4
39.7
1.557
1.548
1.555
1950: January______
February_____
M arch________
April__________
M a y __________
June__________
July....................
August_______
September____
October............
63.88
63.69
63.96
68. 72
68.79
68. 70
68.91
70.83
70.73
69.48
39.0
39.0
39.0
41.0
40.8
40.7
40.3
41.3
41.1
40.0
1.638
1.633
1.640
1.676
1.686
1.688
1. 710
1.715
1.721
1.737
61.58
63.24
62. 92
62. 96
63.88
63.84
63.88
65. 29
64.80
64. 97
39.1
40.0
39.6
39.7
40.1
40.2
40.1
40.3
40.6
39.4
1.575
1.581
1.589
1. 586
1.593
1.588
1. 593
1.620
1.596
1.649
61.92
64.28
63.92
64.68
65.49
65.16
65.08
67. 39
65.81
64.93
38.8
40.2
39.7
40.1
40.4
40.5
40.3
40.5
40.3
38.6
1.596
1.599
1.610
1.613
1.621
1.609
1.615
1.664
1.633
1.682
60.91
61.93
61.66
60.68
61.77
62.16
62.25
62. 36
62.18
64.24
39.4
39.8
39.5
39.1
39.7
39.9
39.8
40.0
40.3
40.1
1.546
1.556
1.561
1.552
1.556
1.558
1.564
1.559
1.543
1.602
60.28
61.36
62.36
63.11
63.70
65. 20
65. 06
66. 60
67. 71
70. 09
40.4
40.8
41.3
41.6
41.8
42.7
42.3
42.8
42.8
43.7
1.492
1.504
1.510
1.517
1.524
1.527
1.538
1.556
1.582
1. 604
61.42
63.86
65.10
67. 21
68.57
69. 81
71.16
73.42
74.51
79.09
39.4
40.6
41.1
41.8
42.3
42.8
43.1
44.2
44.3
45.9
1.559
1.573
1.584
1. 608
1.621
1.631
1.651
1.661
1.682
1.723
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
101
C: EARN INGS AND HOURS
R E V I E W , J A N U A R Y 1951
T able C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
Manufacturing— Continued
Machinery (except electrical)— Continued
Year and month
Machine tools
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
w kly.
hours
42.2 $1. 459 $62. 98
61.85
39.3
1.505
42.1
39.8
Avg.
wkly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Metalworking
machinery (except
machine tools)
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Machine-tool
accessories
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$1. 496 $65.21
1. 554 64.16
Special-industry
machinery (except
metalworking
machinery)
General industrial
machinery
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
41.8 $1. 560 $60. 62
39.-7 1. 616 60.57
42.3
40.3
$1.433
1.503
$59. 78
59.53
Avg.
wkly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
w kly.
hours
41.2 $1,451 $61.49
39.5
1.507 62. 53
41.1
39. 5
$1. 496
1. 583
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Office and store
machines and devices
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1948: Average_____
1949: Average_____
$61. 57
59.15
1949: October-------N o v em b e r...
December—
57. 64
57.34
59. 92
38.2
38.1
39.5
1.509
1. 505
1.517
61. 50
59. 48
62.53
39.5
38.2
39.8
1.557
1.557
1.571
64.85
63. 38
64.08
39.3
39.1
39.9
1. 650
1. 621
1.606
59.88
59. 97
61.72
39.5
39.4
40.5
1.516
1. 522
1. 524
59. 72
58. 29
59. 96
39.5
38.5
39.5
1.512
1. 514
1.518
62. 53
62. 77
64. 32
39.5
39. 5
40.0
1.583
1. 589
1. 608
1950: January-------February____
M arch_______
April________
M a y ............
June_________
July_________
August--------Septem ber..
October..........
59.66
61.86
63. 00
64. 69
65. 46
66. 58
66.88
71.16
74.69
79.37
39.2
40.3
40.8
41.6
41.8
42.3
42.3
44.2
45.1
46.8
1.522
1.535
1.544
1.555
1.566
1.574
1.581
1.610
1. 656
1.696
61.94
66.17
67.10
68. 95
69.69
70.10
71.87
73.01
72.15
74.18
39.3
41.2
41.6
42.2
42.6
42.9
43.4
44.3
43.1
44.1
1.576
1. 606
1. 613
1.634
1.636
1. 634
1. 656
1.648
1.674
1.682
63. 64
65.37
66.95
69. 56
72. 25
74.34
76.69
76.16
75.20
81.54
39.6
40.6
41. 1
41.8
42.8
43.6
44.2
44.0
43.9
45.5
1.607
1.610
1. 629
1. 664
1. 688
1.705
1.735
1.731
1.713
1.792
61.45
61.80
62. 26
62. 65
63.55
63. 91
63.92
65. 75
67.81
69. 62
40.4
40.5
40.8
41.0
41.4
41.5
41.4
42.2
42.7
43.0
1.521
1. 526
1.526
1. 528
1. 535
1.540
1.544
1.558
1.588
1.619
60. 04
59.93
60.93
62.01
63.89
64. 43
65. 99
66. 65
68.38
70.82
39.5
39.4
39.9
40.4
41.3
41.3
41.9
42.4
42.5
43.5
1.520
1.521
1. 527
1.535
1.547
1.560
1.575
1. 572
1.609
1. 628
63.84
63. 64
63.16
63.60
63. 96
64.52
65.85
67. 63
69.68
71.11
39.8
39.9
39.8
40.1
40.1
40. 5
40.9
41.8
42.0
42.3
1.604
1. 595
1.587
1. 586
1. 595
1. 593
1. 610
1. 618
1. 659
1. 681
Manufacturing— Continued
Machinery (except electrical)— Continued
Computing machines
and cash registers
Typewriters
41.2 $1. 615 $55. 65
56.04
39.9
1.701
Service-industry and
household machines
41.1 $1.354 $58.98
39.0
1.437 60. 66
Refrigerators and airconditioning units
40.4 $1.460 $58. 29
1. 528 59.98
39.7
Miscellaneous m a
chinery parts
39.9 $1. 461 $57. 62
1.538
57. 59
39.0
Machine shops (job
and repair)
40.1 $1.437 $58. 77
1. 492 58.70
38.6
40.2
39.0
$1. 462
1. 505
1. 493
1. 500
1. 509
56.81
55. 39
59. 67
38.1
37.1
39.7
1.491
1. 493
1. 503
1. 506
1.518
1.531
1.534
1.530
1.542
1.560
1. 578
1.600
1.610
59.86
60. 79
60. 42
61.92
62. 72
63.86
64.89
66. C6
65. 68
68. 57
39.8
40.1
39.8
40. 6
41.1
41. 6
41. 7
42.4
41. 7
43.1
1.504
1. 516
1. 518
1. 525
1. 526
1. 535
1. 556
1. 558
1. 575
1. 591
1948: Average----1949: Average-----
$66. 54
67.87
1949: October____
November .
Decem ber..
67.89
67. 91
69. 97
39.7
39.6
40.4
1.710
1. 715
1.732
56.85
56. 41
56.44
39.7
39.2
38.9
1. 432
1.439
1. 451
60.99
60. 49
62. 61
39.5
39.2
40.5
1. 544
1. 513
1.546
59. 32
58.01
61. 76
38.2
37.5
40.0
1. 553
1. 547
1. 544
58.08
58. 50
59. 45
38.9
39.0
39.4
1950: January___
February. _
M arch_____
April_______
M a y _______
June_______
July_______
August____
September.
October____
69. 60
68.84
68.05
68.56
69. 20
69. 58
71.07
72.19
74.74
76.09
40.3
10. 0
39. 7
40.0
40.3
40.5
40.8
41.3
41.8
42.2
1. 727
1. 721
1. 714
1. 714
1.717
1. 718
1. 742
1.748
1.788
1.803
55. 77
56. 41
56. 47
57. 41
58.19
58.33
60.63
63. 90
66.42
67.12
38.7
39.2
39.3
39.7
40.1
40. 2
41.3
42.8
43.3
43.3
1. 441
1.439
1.437
1.446
1.451
1. 451
1. 468
1.493
1. 534
1. 550
63. 24
63.87
66.14
65.88
67. 20
67. 55
67.17
66. 93
68. 47
70. 72
40.8
41.1
42.1
41.8
42.4
42.3
41.9
41.6
41.6
42.4
1. 550
1.554
1.571
1. 576
1.585
1.597
1. 603
1.609
1.646
1.668
62.16
63. 65
66.12
66. 29
68.50
68.02
67. 67
66. 22
65. 89
68. 23
40.1
40.7
41.9
41.8
43.0
42.3
41.8
40.8
40.2
41.3
1. 550
1.564
1.578
1. 586
1.593
1. 608
1. 619
1.623
1. 639
1.652
59. 64
61.18
62.01
63.05
62. 42
63. 22
65. 21
67. 54
68.32
70.20
39.6
40.3
40.5
41.1
40.8
41.0
41.8
42.8
42.7
43.6
M anufacturing— C on tinued
Electrical machinery
Total: Electrical
machinery
Electrical generating,
transmission, dis
tribution, and indus
trial apparatus
$1.388 $58.34
1. 442 59. 61
Motors, generators,
transformers, and
industrial controls
40.4 $1. 444 $59. 55
1.509
39.5
61.30
Electrical equipment
for vehicles
40.4 $1.474 $56. 77
1.544 59.16
39.7
Communication
equipment
39.7 $1.430 $52.10
53.56
1.513
39.1
39.8 $1.309 $48.53
1. 356 50.68
39.5
39.2
39.5
$1.238
1.283
1.351
1. 355
1.355
53.46
53. 52
53. 52
41.6
41.3
41.3
1.285
1.296
1.296
1.355
1. 356
i. 34/
1.339
i. 34i
1.346
1.344
1. 354
1.373
1.411
53.05
52.62
52. 54
52. 21
51.82
51.93
52.37
52.89
54. 79
57.12
41.0
40.6
40.6
40.6
40.2
40.1
40.5
40.5
41.1
41.6
1.294
1.296
1.294
1.286
1.289
1.295
1.293
1.306
1.333
1.373
1948: Average___
1949: Average___
$55. 66
56.96
40.1
39.5
1949: O ctober.. . .
Novem ber.
December..
57. 97
57. 36
58.63
40.4
40.0
40.6
1.435
1.434
1.444
59.89
59.67
61. 67
39.9
39.7
40.6
1.501
1.503
1. 519
61.51
61.06
63.57
40.1
39.7
40.8
1.534
1.538
1.558
59.95
52. 65
57. 90
39.7
35.1
38.5
1. 510
1. 500
1.504
55.66
55.69
55. 69
41.2
41.1
41.1
1950: January___
February. .
M arch_____
April.......... .
M a y ........... .
June........... .
July_______
August____
September.
October___
58.44
58.26
58. 44
58. 71
59.28
58.62
59. 44
60.15
61.63
63.92
40.5
40.4
40.5
40.6
40.8
40.4
40.6
41.0
41.5
42.0
1. 443
1.442
1. 443
1. 446
1.453
1. 451
1. 464
1.467
1.485
1. 522
60. 46
60.04
60. 51
60. 97
61.85
61.95
62. 52
64. 25
64.93
67.43
40.2
40.0
40.1
40.3
40.8
40.7
40.6
41.4
41.7
42.3
1. 504
1. 501
1.509
1. 513
1.516
1. 522
1. 540
1. 552
1.557
1. 594
62. 02
61.16
61.79
62.65
63.19
63.05
63.94
65.30
65. 54
68.58
40.3
40.0
40.1
40.6
40.9
40.6
40.7
41.3
41.4
42.2
1. 539
1.529
1.541
1. 543
1.545
1. 553
1.571
1.581
1. 583
1.625
60.19
61.38
63. 73
64. 78
69.12
66. 40
65.78
66.41
69. 01
70.48
39.7
40.3
41.3
41.9
43.8
42.0
41.4
41.9
42.6
42.9
1.516
1. 523
1.543
1. 546
1. 578
1.581
1.589
1.585
1.620
1.643
55.56
55. 32
54.82
54.23
53. 77
54.11
54. 43
55.11
56.70
58.84
41.0
40.8
40. 7
40. 5
40.1
40. 2
40. 5
40.7
41.3
41.7
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Radios, phonographs,
television sets, and
equipment
302
G: E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S
M ONTHLY LABOR
T able C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
Manufacturing— Continued
Electrical machinery— Continued
Year and month
Telephone and tele
graph equipment
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$59. 54
61. 43
40.7
39.3
1949: O ctober...
November.
December.
62.33
62.92
63.12
39.4
39.5
39.5
1.582
1.593
1.598
1950: January___
February...
M arch_____
April.......... .
M a y _______
June_______
July-----------August_____
Septem ber..
October____
63. 68
63. 63
62. 92
63. 75
64. 23
64. 64
64. 03
65. 44
67. 16
67. 65
39.7
39.5
39.2
39.4
39.6
39.8
39.6
40.0
40.7
40.8
1.604
1.611
1.605
1.618
1.622
1.624
1.617
1.636
1.650
1.658
1948: Average.
1949: Average.
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Transportation equipment
Electrical appliances,
lamps, and miscel Total: Transportation
equipment
laneous products
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
40. 2 $1.395 $61. 58
39. 5 1.431
64. 95
39. 0
39. 2
57.67
57. 71
58. 26
40.3
40.3
40.4
1.431
1.432
1.442
64. 75
61.92
65.31
39.1
37.3
38.9
1.656
1.660
1.679
59.09
58. 78
58. 68
60.34
60. 60
57. 62
60.30
59. 74
62.07
64. 97
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.8
41.0
39.6
40.5
40.5
41.0
41.7
1.459
1.455
1.456
1.479
1.478
1. 455
1.489
1.475
1.514
1.558
68.12
40.5
39.7
40.2
41.3
41.0
42.0
41.5
42.0
40.9
41.2
1.682
1.677
1.678
1.706
1.698
1.727
1.728
1. 735
1.770
1.779
463 $56. 08
563 56. 52
Avg.
wkly.
hours
66. 58
67.46
70. 46
69. 62
72.53
71.71
72.87
72.39
73.29
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$ 1.
Automobiles
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Aircraft and parts
Avg.
w kly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
38. 4 $1. 611 $61.21
38. 9 1. 696 63.62
41.0
40. 6
$1.493
1. 567
65.87
61.03
65.44
39.0
36.2
38.2
1.689
63.67
66. 69
66. 41
40.5
41.5
41.2
1.572
1.607
1.612
70.14
67.64
69. 08
73. 77
71.66
75.76
74.35
75.21
73.79
75. 76
40. 9
39. 6
40. 4
42. 2
41. 4
42. 8
42 . 1
42. 3
40. 5
41. 4
1. 715
1 . 708
1. 710
65. 20
65. 69
65. 29
64.96
65. 61
65.32
66.54
68.94
71.17
69.31
40.7
40.7
40.5
40.3
40.8
40.7
41.2
42.4
43.0
41.6
1.602
1.614
1.612
1.612
1.608
1.605
1.615
1.626
1.655
1.666
579 $61.86
65.97
1. 657
Avg.
wkly.
hours
1.686
1.713
1. 74s
1. 731
1. 770
1 . 766
1. 778
1. 822
1. 830
Manufacturing— Continued
Transportation equipment— Continued
Aircraft engines and
parts
Aircraft
1948: Average_____
1949: Average______
$60. 21
62. 69
1949: October______
Novem ber___
December___
1950: January______
February____
M arch.............
April_________
M a y _________
June_________
July__________
August_______
September___
October______
Aircraft propellers
and parts
Other aircraft parts
and equipment
Ship and boat build
ing and repairing
41.1 $1. 465 $63.40
40. 5 1. 548 65.24
40.9 $1. 550 $62.13
40.7
1.603 66.83
39.7 $1. 565 $63. 59
41.0
1.630 65. 08
41.0 $1. 551 $60.68
40.4
1.611
61.67
38.7
38.0
$1. 568
1.623
62.42
66.15
66.16
40.3
41. 5
41.3
1.549
1. 594
1.602
64.64
68.62
67.16
40.2
42.1
41.0
1.608
1.630
1.638
65.73
64. 27
67.53
40.5
39.6
41.3
1.623
1.623
1.635
69.17
67.90
67.16
42.1
41.2
41.2
1.643
1.648
1.630
59.11
56. 97
62.86
36.4
34.8
38.4
1.624
1.637
1.637
64.63
65. 00
64.36
64.24
64.68
64. 48
64. 99
68.29
70.18
68. 58
40.7
40. 6
40.3
40.2
40. 6
40. 5
40. 8
42.6
42.9
42.1
1.588
1.601
1.597
1. 598
1.593
1. 592
1. 6Ô3
1.603
1. 636
1.629
65.00
66. 34
66. 99
66.10
68.35
67.85
70. 92
70.94
74.55
69. 26
40.1
40.7
41.1
40.7
41.6
41.5
42.7
42.1
43.8
39.6
1.621
1.630
1.630
1.624
1.643
1.635
1.661
1.685
1.702
1.749
68. 88
70.18
66. 65
67. 06
63.85
67. 25
71.87
78.68
77.48
81. 03
42.0
41.6
40.2
40.3
39.1
40.2
42.2
44.4
43.8
44. 5
1.640
1.687
1.658
1.664
1.633
1.673
1.703
1.772
1.769
1. 821
67.40
67.81
67.97
67. 06
67. 73
67. 98
69. 04
68. 22
72.12
75. 86
40.9
41.0
40.8
40.4
40.9
40.9
41.0
40.8
42.5
43.4
1.648
1.654
1.666
1.660
1.656
1.662
1.684
1.672
1.697
1.748
61.46
61.16
62.53
62.08
63. 21
62.39
64.20
64.84
63.05
63.83
37.8
37.5
38.2
37.9
38.4
38.3
38.1
39.2
38.4
38.8
1.626
1.631
1.637
1.638
1.646
1.629
1.685
1.654
1.642
1.645
Manufacturing— Continued
Transportation equipment— Continued
Shipbuilding and
repairing
1948: Average______
1949: Average______
$61. 22
61.88
1949: October______
N ovem ber___
Decern ber___
1950: January...........
February_____
M arch_______
A p r i l............
M a y __________
June................. .
July---------------August_______
September___
October______
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Boat building and
repairing*
Railroad equipment
Locomotives and
parts
Railroad and street
cars
38.7 $1. 582 $51. 59
37.8
1.637
54. 84
39.5 $1. 306 $62.24
40.5
1.354
63.54
40.0 $1. 556 $63. 80
39.2
1.621 65.47
39.6 $1.611 $60. 82
39.3
1.666 61.70
40.2
38.9
$1. 513
1.586
59. 33
57.06
63.31
36.2
34.5
38.3
1.639
1.654
1.653
55.97
54. 94
56.21
41.0
40.4
41.0
1.365
1.360
1.371
62. 49
63.16
63.39
38.5
38.3
38.7
1.623
1.649
1.638
65.07
66. 48
65. 56
39.2
39.2
39.4
1.660
1.696
1.664
60.06
59. 75
61.18
37.8
37.3
38.0
1. 589
1. 602
1.610
61.74
61. 55
63. 30
62. 57
64. 02
62. 91
65. 04
65. 62
63. 73
64.40
37.6
37.3
38. 2
37.6
38.2
37.9
37.9
39.2
38.3
38.7
1.642
1.650
1,657
1.664
1.676
1.660
1.716
1.674
1.664
1.664
56. 00
54. 79
52.83
55. 08
55. 34
56. 62
56. 24
55.70
55.89
60.87
40.7
40.2
38.7
40.5
40.9
42.0
40.9
39.9
39.5
40.8
1.376
1.363
1.365
1.360
1.353
1.348
1.375
1.396
1.415
1.492
61.60
64.89
64. 21
64.52
64. 99
64. 56
64.40
65. 29
68.40
67.32
38.0
39.4
39.2
39.2
39.8
39.2
39.1
39.5
40.4
40.0
1.621
1.647
1.638
1.646
1.633
1.647
1.647
1.653
1.693
1.683
63.29
67.48
67. 42
67.46
68. 59
67.86
68.64
68. 68
72. 56
71.83
38.9
40.0
40.2
40.2
40.9
39.5
40.4
40.0
40.9
41.0
1.627
1.687
1.677
1.678
1.677
1.718
1. 699
1.717
1.774
1.752
59. 77
62.07
60.93
61.19
61.02
61.58
60.14
61.85
64. 24
62.39
37.1
38.7
38.2
38.1
38. 5
39.0
37.8
39.0
40.0
38.8
1. 611
1. 604
1. 595
1. 606
1. 585
1. 579
1. 591
1.586
1.606
1.608
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
103
G: E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S
T able C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
Manufacturing— Continued
Transportation
equipment— Con.
Year and month
Other transportation
equipment
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
_______________ _____ __________
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Total: Instruments
and related products
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Photographic
apparatus
Ophthalmic goods
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Watches and clocks
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
40.1 $ 1. 218
1.270
39.0
40.8 $1.425 $53.45
1.451
55.28
39.7
40.1 $1. 333 $45. 54
39.6
1.396 47.04
39.7 $1.147 $58. 64
1.188
59.91
39.6
40.5 $1.448 $48.84
1.509 49. 53
39.7
63.11
59. 99
55.43
42.1
40.1
38.2
1.499
1.496
1.451
56.08
56. 52
56.84
39.8
40.0
40.0
1.409
1.413
1.421
47. 60
47. 80
48. 20
40.0
40.1
40.2
1.190
1.192
1.199
60. 26
62.27
62.40
39.8
40. 7
40.6
1. 514
1.530
1.537
50. 69
51.18
50. 23
39.6
39.8
39.0
1.280
1.286
1.288
58. 67
60.03
58.13
58.58
60.22
61.06
60. 09
60. 30
74. 41
70. 34
41.0
40.4
39.2
39.5
40.2
40. 9
40.3
39.8
46. 1
43.5
1.431
1.486
1.483
1.483
1.498
1.493
1.491
1.515
1.614
1. 617
56.49
56.89
57.40
57. 52
58.34
58. 93
58.98
61.13
63. 90
65. 55
39.7
39.9
40.0
40.0
40.4
40.7
40.9
41.7
42.6
42.9
1.423
1.425
1.435
1.438
1.444
1.448
1.442
1.466
1.500
1.528
46.88
47.60
47.15
47. 63
49.74
51.21
51.13
52.17
52.12
54. 00
39.2
39.6
39.0
39.2
40.6
41.2
40.9
41.6
41.6
41. 7
1.196
1.202
1.209
1.215
1.225
1.243
1.250
1. 254
1.253
1. 295
61.60
61.95
62. 23
63. 05
63.21
63.53
63.32
65. 72
68. 74
69. 22
40.0
40.1
40.2
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.8
41.7
42.3
42.0
1.540
1.545
1.548
1.553
1.553
1.561
1.552
1. 576
1. 625
1.648
49.86
50.18
50. 57
50.01
49. 97
49. 72
51.25
51.98
55.24
58. 21
38.8
38.9
38.9
38.5
38.2
38.1
39.0
39.8
40.8
42.0
1.285
1.290
1.300
1. 299
1.308
1.305
1.314
1.306
1.354
1.386
$58.14
57.60
July
Instruments and related products
Manufacturing— Continued
Instruments and
related products—
Continued
Professional and
scientific instruments
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Total: Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries
Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware
40.1 $1.366 $50.06
39. 7 1.436 50.23
58.17
57.99
58.67
39.9
39.8
40.1
1. 458
1.457
1.463
51.44
51.70
52.23
40.7
40.9
40.9
1.264
1.264
1.277
58. 64
58. 71
59. 55
59. 59
60.42
61.08
60.82
63.11
66. 42
68.10
40.0
40.1
40.4
40.4
40.8
41.3
41.4
42.1
43.3
43.6
1.466
1.464
1.474
1.475
1.481
1.479
1.469
1. 499
1.534
1.562
51.78
51.62
51.82
51.94
52.47
52. 69
52.47
54. 87
55. 94
56.98
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.3
40.5
40.3
41.6
42.0
42.3
1.288
1.284
1.289
1.292
1.302
1.301
1.302
1.319
1. 332
1.347
Silverware and
plated ware
43.6 $1.313 $50. 47
41.4
1.330
51. 33
41.2 $1. 225 $62.38
1.258
58. 30
40.8
45.4
42.0
$1. 374
1.388
60.29
61.28
59. 69
44.2
44.6
43.6
1.364
1.374
1.369
54.19
54.44
54.44
42.7
42.7
42.1
1.269
1.275
1.293
65.85
67.23
64.13
45.6
46.3
45.0
1.444
1.452
1. 425
55. 52
55. 93
57.25
56.16
56. 40
56.00
56. 25
59. 98
63. 71
65.19
41.9
41.4
42.0
41. 2
41.5
41.3
41.3
43.4
44.9
44.9
1.325
1.351
1. 363
1.363
1.359
1.356
1.362
1.382
1.419
1.452
51.91
51.31
52.09
51.89
52. 50
51.55
50.12
53. 68
57.15
59.12
41.0
40.4
40.6
40.1
40.7
40.4
39.4
42.0
43.0
43.5
1.266
1.270
1.283
1.294
1.290
1.276
1.272
1. 278
1.329
1.359
58.40
60. 21
61.42
59. 74
59. 57
59. 74
61.10
65. 42
69. 86
70.93
42.6
42.4
43.1
42.1
42.1
42.1
42.7
44.5
46.7
46.3
1.371
1.420
1.425
1.419
1.415
1.419
1.431
1. 470
1.496
1.532
40.9 $1. 224 $57.25
39.9
1.259 55.06
57. 01
Jewelry and findings
Manufacturing— Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries— Continued
Toys and sporting
goods
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Costume jewelry,
buttons, notions
$1.178 $45.36
1.202 46.06
Other miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries
40.1
39.1
48.36
49. 45
47. 08
40.3
40.8
39.1
1.200
1.212
1.204
47. 48
46.18
46. 93
39.5
39.3
39.5
1.202
1.175
1.188
48. 06
48.47
49.24
49.88
49.84
49. 56
49. 27
51.90
52. 20
53. 50
39.3
39.6
39.9
39.9
40.0
39.9
39.7
40.9
41.1
41.6
1.223
1.224
1.234
1. 250
1.246
1.242
1.241
1.269
1. 270
1.286
47.24
47.24
47. 63
47. 54
47.58
47. 34
48.09
50. 55
50. 63
50.33
39.4
39.3
39.2
38.9
39.0
38.8
39.1
40.7
40.9
40.3
1.199
1.202
1. 215
1.222
1.220
1.220
1.230
1.242
1.238
1.249
Local railways and
bus lines 5
40.7 $1. 238 $60. 34
40.0
1.280 61.73
46.1 $1. 309 $61. 73
43.5
1.419 64. 61
46.1
44.9
$1.339
1.439
51. 55
51. 77
53.35
40.4
40.6
41.2
1.276
1.275
1.295
58.98
61.60
61.45
38.3
40.0
39.9
1.537
1.543
1.547
64. 31
64.17
65.10
44.2
44.1
44.5
1.455
1.455
1. 463
52.83
52. 59
52.46
52. 55
53.45
53.98
53. 67
55. 62
56. 78
57.83
40.3
40.3
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.8
40.6
41.6
42.0
42.4
1.311
1.305
1.305
1.304
1.323
1.323
1.322
1.337
1.352
1.364
61.69
62.37
63.73
61.69
61.75
64.19
61.19
65. 46
63.18
39.8
39.8
41.6
39.9
40.2
41.9
39.4
42.7
40.5
1.550
1.567
1.532
1.546
1.536
1.532
1. 553
1.533
1. 560
65.11
65.22
65. 53
65.90
66. 56
67.41
67. 47
66. 84
67.17
67.44
44.2
44.4
44.4
44.5
44.8
45.3
45.1
44.8
44.6
44.6
1. 473
1.469
1.476
1.481
1.486
1.488
1.496
1.492
1. 506
1.512
40.0 $1.134 $50. 39
1.172
51.20
39.3
$47. 24
47.00
Class I railroads4
104
MONTHLY LABOR
C: E A R N IN G8 AN D H OU RS
T able
C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1— Con.
Transportation and public utilities— Continued
Communication
Year and month
Telephone 6
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
A vg.
wkly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Other public utilities
Line construction, in
Switchboard
operating employees 7 stallation, and main
tenance employees 8
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
w kly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Gas and electric
utilities
Telegraph 8
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
44. 7 $1.348 $60. 74
44.7 1.406 63. 99
41. 8
41. 5
$1. 453
1. 542
Avg.
wkly.
hours
1948: A verage...
1949: A verage...
$48. 92
51.78
1949: O ctober...
53.29
54. 40
52.49
38.7
38.8
38.4
1.377 $46.35
1.402 48.04
1.367 44.42
37.2 $1. 246 $70.35
37.3 1.288 71.35
36.5 1.217 70. 89
41.6 $1.691
41. 7 1.711
41.8 1.696
62. 97
62. 05
62.23
44.5
43.7
43.7
1.415
1.420
1.424
65. 72
65. 03
66.04
41.7
41.5
41.8
1.576
1.567
1.580
53.13
53.69
52. 98
53.44
53. 72
54.19
54.96
54. 71
55. 76
56.33
38.5
38.6
38. 5
38.7
38.9
39.1
39.4
39.3
39.6
39.5
1.380
1.391
1.376
1.381
1.381
1.386
1.395
1.392
1.408
1.426
36.3
36.8
36.7
37.4
37.5
37.8
38.4
38.6
38.4
38.4
42.3
42.2
41. 6
41.6
41.8
42.0
42.1
41.7
42.9
42.5
62.84
62. 97
62.93
64.13
65.38
64. 21
64.13
63. 99
64. 49
64.55
44.1
44.1
44.1
44.6
45.4
44.9
45.0
45.0
44.6
44.7
1.425
1.428
1.427
1.438
1.440
1.430
1.425
1.422
1.446
1.444
66.09
65.08
64.81
65.17
65.17
65.99
66 52
65. 65
67. 34
67.19
41.7
41.4
41.2
41.3
41.3
41.5
41.6
41. 5
41.8
41.5
1.585
1.572
1.573
1.578
1.578
1. 590
1.599
1.582
1.611
1.619
November.
December.
1950: January...
February..
M arch____
April_____
M a y ...........
June______
July______
August___
September.
O ctober...
39.2 $1. 248
38.5 1.345
$60.26
62.85
44. 58
45.82
45.03
46.19
46. 20
46.61
47. 73
47. 90
48. 00
48. 96
1.228
1.245
1.227
1.235
1.232
1.233
1.243
1.241
1. 250
1.275
72.46
72.33
70. 55
70. 76
71.48
72.28
72.96
72. 64
76. 02
75.91
1.713
1.714
1.696
1.701
1.710
1.721
1.733
1. 742
1.772
1. 786
Transportation and
public utilities—
Continued
Trade
Other public
utilities— Continued
Retail trade
Ketail trade (except
eating and drinking
places)
Electric light and
power utilities*
1948: Average.. _
1949: A v erage...
$61. 70
64. 91
1949: O ctober...
November.
December.
1950: January...
February..
M arch____
April_____
M a y ______
June______
July______
August___
September.
O ctober.._
General merchan
dise stores
Department stores
and general mail
order houses
42.0 $1. 469 $55. 58
41.5 1.564 57. 55
40.9 $1.359 $43.85
40.7 1.414 45.93
40.3 $1.088 $33.31
40.4 1.137 34. 87
36.6 $0.910 $37.36
36.7
.950 39.31
37.7
37.8
$0.991
1.040
66. 55
65. 55
67.38
41.7
41.2
41.8
1.596
1.591
1.612
58.36
57. 86
58.20
40.9
40.6
40.9
1.427
1.425
1.423
46. 06
45. 63
45.83
40.4
40.1
40.7
1.140
1.138
1.126
34.65
34.30
36.12
36.4
36.3
38.1
.952
.945
.948
38.90
38. 75
42.12
37.4
37.4
39.7
1.040
1.036
1.061
66. 01
65.28
64.85
64. 97
65. 09
65.74
68.13
66. 39
68.09
67. 36
41.7
41.5
41.2
41.2
41.3
41.4
41.8
41.6
41.8
41.1
1.583
1.573
1.574
1.577
1.576
1. 588
1. 630
1. 603
1.629
1.639
58.14
58.27
58.56
58. 79
59.11
59.93
61.10
60. 90
60. 30
61.25
40.6
40.3
40.3
40.1
40.4
40.6
40.9
40.9
40.8
41.0
1.432
1.446
1.453
1.466
1. 463
1.476
1.494
1.489
1.478
1.494
46. 58
46.26
46.26
46.47
46.94
48.06
48. 99
48. 99
48.48
48. 24
40.4
40.4
40.3
40.2
40.4
40.9
41.2
41.1
40.4
40.3
1.153
1.145
1.148
1.156
1.162
1.175
1.189
1.192
1.200
1.197
35.68
35. 44
35. 04
34.66
35.49
36.60
37.32
37. 06
36.19
35. 78
36.9
36.8
36.5
36.1
36.4
37.2
37.7
37.4
36.3
36.4
.967
.963
.960
.960
.975
.984
.990
.991
.997
.983
40. 21
39. 85
39. 57
39.83
40.82
41.86
42. 58
42.33
42.15
41.71
37.9
37. 7
37.4
37.4
37.8
38.3
38.6
38.2
37.8
38.2
1.061
1.057
1.058
1.065
1.080
1.093
1.103
1.108
1.115
1.092
Trade— Continued
Retail trade— Continued
Food and liquor
stores
1948: Average___
1949: Average___
$47.15
49.93
1949: October___
November.
December.
1950: January___
February..
M arch____
April______
M a y ......... .
June______
J u ly ...........
August___
September.
O ctober...
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Autom otive and
accessories dealers
Other retail trade
Apparel and
accessories stores
Furniture and
appliance stores
Lumber and hard
ware-supply stores
40.3 $1.170 $56. 07
40.2 1.242 58.92
45.4 $1.235 $39.60
45.6 1.292 40.66
36.5 $1. 085 $51.15
36.7 1. 108 53.30
42.7 $1.198 $49.37
43.4 1.228 51.84
43.5
43.6
$1.135
1.189
50. 25
50.37
50.54
40.3
40.1
40.3
1.247
1.256
1.254
59.39
58.78
58,26
45.9
45.6
45.8
1.294
1.289
1.272
40.15
40.26
41.22
36.6
36.5
36.8
1. 097
1. 103
1. 120
53.38
54.32
56. 70
43.4
43.7
44.4
1.230
1.243
1.277
52.96
51.79
52.16
44.1
43.3
43.5
1.201
1.196
1.199
50. 68
50. 85
50. 76
50.93
50. 81
51.82
53.37
53.04
52.16
51.84
40.0
40.1
40.0
40.1
40.1
40.8
41.5
41.5
40.4
40.0
1.267
1.268
1.269
1.270
1.267
1.270
1.286
1.278
1.291
1. 296
58. 72
57. 76
59. 22
60.36
60. 50
62.29
63. 71
63. 66
63. 89
64. 07
45.8
45.3
45.8
45.8
45.9
45.9
45.7
45.6
45.7
45.8
1. 282
1.275
1.293
1.318
1.318
1.357
1.394
1.396
1.398
1.399
41.07
40. 07
39. 64
40.17
40.37
40.92
40. 77
40. 70
40. 25
40. 58
36.7
36.9
36.5
35.9
36.5
36.8
36.9
37.0
36.2
36.1
1. 119
1. 086
1. 086
1. 109
1. 106
1. 112
1. 105
1. 100
1. 112
1. 124
54.81
53.25
53.30
54. 21
54. 89
55. 67
56.16
57.03
58.25
57. 60
43.6
43.4
43.3
43.4
43.6
43.7
43.5
43.5
43.7
43.7
1.257
1.227
1.231
1.249
1.259
1.274
1.291
1.311
1.333
1.318
51.58
51.72
51.89
52.84
54.08
55. 06
55. 55
55.91
56. 32
56. 89
43.2
43.1
43.1
43.6
43.9
44.4
44.3
44. 2
44.0
44.1
1.194
1.200
1.204
1.212
1.232
1.240
1.254
1.265
1.280
1.290
105
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
T able C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees x— Con.
Service
Finance 10
Banks
and
trust
com
panies
Year and month
Security
Insur
dealers
ance
and
carriers
ex
changes
Laundries
Hotels, year-round 11
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
earnings
earnings
earnings earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
Avg.
wkly.
hrly.
earnings earnings
Avg.
Avg.
wkly.
hrly.
earnings earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Motionpicture
produc
tion
and
distri
bution 10
Cleaning and dyeing
plants
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings
1949: Average____________________
$41. 51
43.64
$66. 83
68.32
$54.93
56.47
$31. 41
32. 84
44.3
44.2
$0.709
.743
$34.23
34.98
41.9
41.5
$0. 817
.843
$39.50
40. 71
41.1
41.2
$0.961
.988
$92.27
92.17
December---------- ----------------
43. 94
43.96
43.95
71.25
72. 54
74.12
56.04
55. 89
56. 52
32. 84
33.13
33.24
44.2
44.0
43.8
.743
.753
.759
34.57
34.23
34. 77
41.1
40.9
41.2
.841
.837
.844
40.15
39. 96
40. 47
41.1
40.9
41.0
.977
.977
.987
94.38
91. 54
93.39
45.29
45. 52
45.37
45.83
45. 54
45. 42
46.34
46.36
46.80
47. 67
75.78
77. 61
80. 08
83.53
82.70
81.31
79.88
79. 09
79. 40
84.34
57. 78
57.68
57.19
58.16
58. 02
58. 06
59. 09
58. 81
58.41
59.29
33. 06
33. 51
33.07
33.26
33.34
33.33
33.51
33.92
33.96
34. 72
43.9
43.8
43.8
44.0
44.1
43.8
43.8
44.0
43.6
43.9
.753
.765
.755
.756
.756
.761
.765
.771
.779
.791
35.15
34. 39
34. 56
34.85
35. 74
36. 33
35.61
34. 83
35.89
35.79
41.5
40.8
41.0
41.0
41.7
42.0
41.5
40.6
41.3
41.0
.847
.843
.843
.850
.857
.865
.858
.858
.869
.873
40. 75
39.26
40. 40
40. 48
43.69
44.03
42. 02
40.16
42. 58
41.98
41.2
39.9
40.6
40. 4
43.0
43.0
41. 4
40.0
41.7
41.0
.989
.984
.995
1.002
1.016
1.024
1.015
1.004
1.021
1.024
87.82
88. 94
91.01
91.23
94.09
94.73
91.64
90. 70
92. 77
94.05
July
_________ _____
October....................................
i These figures are based on reports from cooperating establishments
covering both full- and part-time _ employees who worked during, or
received pay for, the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. For
the mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants
industries, data relate to production and related workers only. For the
remaining industries, unless otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory
employees and working supervisors. All series are available upon request
to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Such requests should specify which
industry series are desired. Data for the three current months are subject
to revision without notation; revised figures for earlier months will be identi
fied by asterisks the first month they are published.
* Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; primary
metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery,
and transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical
machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products;
miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
s Includes: food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied prod
ucts; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied prod
ucts; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; leather and leather
products.
* Data relate to hourlv rated employees reported by individual railroads
(exclusive of switching and terminal companies) to the Interstate Commerce
Commission. Annual averages include any retroactive payments made,
which are excluded from monthly averages.
5 Data include privately and municipally operated local railways and bus
lines.
6 Through M a y 1949 the averages relate mainly to the hours and earnings of
employees subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act. Beginning with June
1949 the averages relate to the hours and earnings of nonsupervisory employ
ees. Data for June comparable with the earlier series are $51.47, 38.5 hours,
and $1,337.
7 Data include employees such as switchboard operators, service assistants,
operating-room instructors, and pay-station attendants.
s Data include employees such as central office craftsmen; installation and
exchange repair craftsmen; line, cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers.
9 Data relate mainly to land-line employees, excluding employees com
pensated on a commission basis, general and divisional headquarters per
sonnel, trainees in school, and messengers.
10 Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not avail
able.
11 M oney payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips, not included.
*New series; data are available from January 1947.
**New series; data are available from January 1949.
***New series; data are available only from September 1950.
T able C -2 : Gross Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Selected Industries, in Current
and 1939 Dollars 1
Manufacturing
Bituminouscoal mining
Bituminouscoal mining
Laundries
Year and month
Year and month
1939 Current
1939 Current
Current
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
1939
dollars
Average___________
Average___________
Average___________
Average................. .
Average.....................
$23.86
29.58
43.82
54.14
54. 92
$23.86
27. 95
31.27
31.43
32.28
$23.88
30. 86
58.03
72.12
63.28
$23.88
29.16
41.41
41.87
37.20
$17.69
19. CO
30.30
34.23
34.98
$17. 69
17.95
21.62
19.87
20.56
1949: October- _________
November__ ___
December_________
55.26
54. 43
56.04
32.60
32.09
33.26
63.10
68.17
48. 74
37.22
40.19
28.92
34. 57
34.23
34. 77
20.39
20.18
20.63
1939:
1941:
1946:
1948:
1949:
Manufacturing
Laundries
1 These series indicate changes in the level of weekly earnings prior to and
after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined from the
Bureau’s Consumers’ Price Index, the year 1939 having been selected for the
base period. Estimates of World W ar II and postwar understatement by
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1939 Current
1939
1939 Current
Current
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
1950: January____________
February__________
M arch_____________
April_______________
M a y _______________
June_______________
July-----------------------August------------------September 2_______
October 2- _ ............
$56.29
56.37
56.53
56.93
57. 54
58. 85
59.21
60. 32
60.68
61.99
$33. 52
33.65
33.65
33.82
33.92
34.37
34.12
34.66
34.70
35. 25
$47.36
49. 83
78. 75
72.79
68. 37
69. 92
69. 85
71.04
71.79
72.65
$28. 21
29. 75
46.87
43.25
40. 31
40.83
40.15
40. 82
41.06
41. 31
$35.15
34.39
34.56
34.85
35.74
36.33
35.61
34.83
35.89
35. 79
$20. 93
20.53
20. 57
20.71
21.07
21.22
20. 52
20.01
20. 53
20.35
the Consumers’ Price Index were not included. See the M onthly Labor
Review, March 1947, p. 498. Data from January 1939 are available upon
request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
2 Preliminary.
106
G: E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S
MONTHLY LABOR
Table C-3: Gross and Net Spendable Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Manufactur
ing Industries, in Current and 1939 Dollars 1
N et spendable average weekly
earn ings
Net spendable average weekly
earnings
Gross average
weekly earnings
Worker with
no dependents
Period
Index
Amount (1939=
100)
1941: January_____________
1945: January..... .......... .......
J u ly ..............................
1946: June_________________
1939:
1940:
1941;
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
19491
Average_____________
Average........ ........... .
Average_____________
Average...... ........... ..
A v e r a g e .....................
Average_____________
Average_____________
Average_____________
Average_____________
Average_____ _______
Average_____________
Worker with
3 dependents
Cur
rent
dollars
1939
dollars
Cur
rent
dollars
1939
dollars
$26.64
47.50
45.45
43.31
111.7
199.1
190.5
181.5
$25. 41
39.40
37.80
37.30
$25.06
30.81
29.04
27.81
$26.37
45.17
43.57
42. 78
$26.00
35.33
33.47
31.90
23.86
25.20
29.58
36.65
43.14
46.08
44.39
43. 82
49.97
54.14
54. 92
100.0
105.6
124.0
153.6
180.8
193.1
186.0
183.7
209.4
226.9
230.2
23. 58
24.69
28.05
31.77
36.01
38. 29
36.97
37. 72
42.76
47.43
48. 09
23.58
24.49
26.51
27.11
28. 97
30.32
28.61
26. 92
26. 70
27. 54
28.27
23.62
24.95
29.28
36.28
41.39
44.06
42. 74
43.20
48.24
53.17
53.83
23.62
24.75
27.67
30.96
33.30
34.89
33.08
30.83
30.12
30.87
31.64
1 Net spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, social security and income taxes for which
the specified type of worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability
depends, of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker
as well as on the level of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have,
therefore, been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker with
no dependents: (2) A worker with 3 dependents.
The computation of net spendable earnings for both the factory worker with
no dependents and the factory worker with 3 dependents are based upon the
gross average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing
Gross average
weekly earnings
Worker with
no dependents
Period
Index
Amount (1939=
100)
1949: October.....................
November.............
December_________
$55. •JO
54. 43
56. 04
231.6
228.1
234.9
56.29
56.37
56.53
56. 93
57. 54
58. 85
59. 21
60. 32
60. 68
61.99
235.9
236.3
236.9
238.6
241.2
246.6
248.2
252.8
254.3
259.8
1950: January____
February___
M arch______
April..............
M a y .........
June..............
July...........
August____
September 2 .
October. 2 —
Worker with
3 dependents
Cur
rent
dollars
1939
dollars
Cur
rent
dollars
37
47. 67
49. 02
$ 28. 53
28.10
29. 09
$54.11
53. 41
54. 77
$31.92
31. 49
32. 50
48.94
49.00
49.13
49. 46
49. 95
51.03
51.32
52. 24
52. 54
52.16
29.15
29. 25
29. 24
29. 39
29. 45
29. 80
29. 57
30.05
30. 05
29.6b
54.70
54. 76
54.90
55. 23
55. 74
56.86
57.16
58. 11
58.41
59 20
32. 58
32. 69
32. 68
32. 81
32. 86
33.21
32.94
33.39
33.41
33.66
? to .
1939
dollars
industries without direct regard to marital status and family composition.
The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative
changes in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers. That series
does not, therefore, reflect actual differences in levels of earnings for workers
of varying age, occupation, skill, family composition, etc. Comparable
data from January 1939 are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
s Preliminary.
N o t e : October 1950 net spendable earnings data reflect increased tax
rates in accordance with the Revenue Act of 1950.
T able C -4: Average Hourly Earnings, Gross and Exclusive of Overtime, of Production Workers in
Manufacturing Industries 1
Manufacturing
Excluding
overtime
Period
Gross
amount
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
Durable
goods
Gross
Index
Am ount (1939=
100)
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average___
Average____
$0. 729
.853
.961
1.019
1. 023
1.086
1.237
1. 350
1.401
$0. 702
.805
.894
.947
J. 963
1.051
1.198
1.310
1.367
1949: October. . . .
N ovem ber...
D ecem b er...
1.392
1.392
1.408
1.353
1.357
1.368
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
Nondurable
goods
Gross
110.9 $0. 808 $0. 770 $0. 640
127.2
.947
.881
.723
141.2
1.059
.976
.803
149.6
1.117
1.029
.861
152.1
1.111 2 1.042
.904
166.0
1.156
1.122
1.015
189.3
1.292
1.250
1.171
207.0
1.410
1.366 1.278
216.0
1. 469 1.434
1.325
213.7
214.4
216.1
1.458
1.457
1.476
1.419
1.425
1.435
1.325
1.325
1.334
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
Period
$0. 625
.698
.763
. 814
2 . 858
.981
1.133
1.241
1.292
1950: January____
February___
M a r c h _____
April...............
M a y ________
June________
July________
August_____
September L.
October3____
1.287
1.289
1.296
1 Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for at
time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings exclusive of
overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on holi
days. Comparable data from January 1941 are available upon request to
the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Manufacturing
Durable
goods
Excluding
overtime
Gross
am ount
$1.418
1.420
1.424
1. 434
1.442
1. 453
1.462
1.464
1.480
1.501
Gross
Index
A m ount (1939=
100)
$1.380
1.382
1.385
1.392
1.399
1.404
1.413
1.408
1.425
1.442
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
Nondurable
goods
Gross
218.0 $1. 485 $1.445 $1.343
218.3
1.483
1.442
1.350
218.8
1.486
1.443
1.353
219.9
1.499
1.449
1.355
221.0
1. 509 1.459
1.358
221.8
1.522
1.465
1.365
223.2
1.533
1.478
1.375
222.4
1. 539
1.475
1. 374
225.1
1. 563 1. 499 1.381
227.8
1.577 1.507 1.406
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
$1.307
1.316
1.319
1.323
1.324
1.326
1.333
1.328
1. 335
1.360
* Eleven-month average. August 1945 excluded because of VJ-holidav
period.
J
* Preliminary.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
D : PR ICES AN D
107
COST O F L IV IN G
): Prices and Cost of Living
Table D - l : Consumers’ Price Index1 for Moderate-Income Families in Large Cities, by Group of
Commodities
[1935-39=100]
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration >
Year and month
All items*
Food
Apparel
Total
1913: Average....................... ...........
1914: July___________ ___________
Housefurnishings
Rent*
Gas and
electricity
Other
fuels
Ice
Miscella
neous *
70.7
71.7
79.9
81.7
69.3
69.8
92.2
92.2
61.9
62.3
(‘ )
(*)
(<)
«
(4)
<‘ )
59.1
60.8
50.9
52.0
December___________ _____
June_______________________
Average___________________
Average........... ............. .........
118.0
149.4
122.5
97.6
149.6
185.0
132.5
86.5
147.9
209.7
115.3
90.8
97.1
119.1
141.4
116.9
90.4
104.8
112.5
103.4
(«)
0)
(‘ )
(‘ )
(*)
(*)
(*)
(‘ )
(<)
(«)
(‘ )
121.2
169.7
111. 7
85.4
83.1
100.7
104.6
101.7
1939: Average...................................
August 15-......... - ________
1940: Average...................................
1941: Average___________________
January 1 ________________
December 15______________
99.4
98.6
100.2
105.2
100.8
110.5
95.2
93.5
96.6
105.5
97.6
113.1
100. 5
100.3
101.7
106.3
101.2
114.8
104.3
104.3
104.6
106.2
105.0
108.2
99.0
97.5
99.7
102.2
100.8
104.1
98.9
99.0
98.0
97.1
97.5
96.7
99.1
95.2
101.9
108.3
105.4
113.1
100.2
100.0
100.4
104.1
100.3
105.1
101.3
100.6
100.5
107.3
100.2
116.8
100.7
100.4
101.1
104.0
101.8
107.7
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
Average___________________
Average___________________
Average......... ....................... .
Average................................
August 15............................
116.5
123.6
125.5
128.4
129.3
123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
140.9
124.2
129.7
138.8
145.9
146.4
108.5
108.0
108.2
108.3
(«)
105.4
107.7
109.8
110.3
111.4
96.7
96.1
95.8
95.0
95.2
115.1
120.7
126.0
128.3
131.0
110.0
114.2
115.8
115.9
115.8
122.2
125.6
136.4
145.8
146.0
110.9
115.8
121.3
124.1
124.5
1946: Average............... ............... .
June 15_____________ _
..
November 15_____________
139.3
133.3
152.2
159.6
145.6
187.7
160.2
157.2
171.0
108.6
108.5
(')
112.4
110.5
114.8
92.4
92.1
91.8
136.9
133.0
142.6
115.9
115.1
117.9
159.2
156.1
171.0
128.8
127.9
132.5
1947: Average__________ ________
December 15_______ _____ _
159.2
167.0
193.8
206.9
185.8
191.2
111.2
115.4
121.1
127.8
92.0
92.6
156.1
171.1
125.9
129.8
184.4
191.4
139.9
144.4
1948: Average..................................
December 1 5 ................ ........
171.2
171.4
210.2
205.0
198.0
200.4
117.4
119.5
133.9
137.8
94.3
95.3
183.4
191.3
135.2
138.4
195.8
198.6
149.9
154.0
1949: Average___________________
November 1 5 .____________
December 15______________
169.1
168.6
167.5
201.9
200.8
197.3
190.1
186.3
185.8
120.8
122.0
122.2
137.5
139.1
139.7
96.7
97.0
97.2
187.7
190 0
191.6
141.7
146.6
145.5
189.0
185. 4
185.4
154.6
154 9
155.5
1950: January 15.......................... ..
February 15....... ...................
March 15_________________
April 15____________________
M ay 15............ .................. ..
June 15.............................. ......
July 15___ _______ ________
August 1 5 .................... ........
September 15_____________
October 15*____ _________
November 15____________
166.9
166.5
167.0
167.3
168.6
170.2
172.5
173.0
173.8
174.8
175.6
196.0
194.8
190.0
196.6
200.3
204.6
210.0
209.0
208.5
209.0
209.5
185.0
184.8
185.0
185.1
185.1
185.0
184.7
185. 9
190.5
193.4
195.0
122.6
122.8
122.9
123. 1
123.5
123.9
* 124. 3
• 124.6
124.8
125.0
125.4
140.0
140.3
140.9
141.4
138.8
138.9
139.5
140.9
141.8
143.1
143. 7
96.7
97.1
97.1
97.2
97.1
97.0
97.0
97.0
97.0
96.8
96 8
193.1
193. 2
194.4
195.6
189.1
189. 4
190.9
194.4
196.5
199.4
200.4
145.5
145.5
146. 6
146.6
146.6
146.6
146. 6
147.4
148.0
150.3
151.8
184.7
185.3
185. 4
185.6
185.4
185.2
186.4
189.3
195.4
199.8
202. 3
155.1
155.1
155.0
154.8
155. 3
155.3
156.2
158.1
158.8
159.5
160.5
1918:
1920:
1929:
1932:
1 The “ Consumers’ price Index for moderate-income families in large cities,”
formerly known as the “ Cost of living index” measures average changes in
retail prices of selected goods, rents, and services weighted by quantities
bought in 1934-36 by families of wage earners and moderate-income workers
In large cities whose incomes averaged $1,524 in 1934-36.
Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin 699, Changes in Cost of Living in Large
Cities in the United States, 1913-41, contains detailed description of methods
used in constructing this index. Additional information on the consumers’
price index is given in a compilation of reports published by the Office of
Economic Stabilization, Report of the President’» Committee on the Cost
of Living.
Mimeographed tables are available upon request showing indexes for each
of the cities regularly surveyed by the Bureau and for each of the major
groups of living essentials. Indexes for all large cities combined are available
since 1913. The beginning date for series of indexes for individual cities
varies from city to city but indexes are available for most of the 34 cities since
World War I.
* The group index formerly entitled “ Fuel, electricity, and ice” is now des
ignated “ Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration” . Indexes are comparable with
those previously published for “ Fuel, electricity, and ice.” The subgroup
“ Other fuels and ice” has been discontinued; separate indexes are presented
for “ Other fuels” and “ Ice.”
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
h
8 The miscellaneous group covers transportation (such as automobiles
and their upkeep and public transportation fares); medical care (including
professional care and medicines); household operation (covering supplies and
different kinds of paid services); recreation (that is, newspapers, motion
pictures, and tobacco products); personal care (barber- and beauty-shop
service and toilet articles); etc.
1 Data not available.
4 Rents not surveyed this month.
# Corrected.
*A correction in its indexes for rent has been made by the Bureau with
publication of the October 1950 data. This is to correct an error that has been
accumulating since 1910. (For a description of the source of this error, and
an earlier estimate, see M onthly Labor Review, July 1949, pp. 44-49, or Serial
N o. R . 1965.) The current estimate of the accumulated error to January
1950 reveals that the rent index was 5.7 percent too low. This would result
in a correction of 7.1 index p o in ts on the rent index, and 1.3 index p o in ts on
the all-items index, for October. The indexes in this table, however, have
not been corrected for this rent adjustment. Further information including
estimates for individual cities, was issued with the release of the October
indexes. A complete description, with full details of the estimates, will be
published in a forthcoming issue of the M onthly Labor Review.
/
108
D : PRICES AND
MONTHLY LABOR
C O ST O F L I V I N G
Table D -2 : Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City,1 for Selected Periods
[1935-39=100]
City
N o v .15, Oct. 15, Sept.15, Aug. 15, July 15, June 15, M ay 15, Apr. 15, Mar. 15, Feb. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15, N o v .15, June 15, Aug. 15,
1950
1949
1950*
1950
1950
1949
1950
1950
1950
1950
1946
1939
1950
1950
1950
Average_____________________
175.6
Atlanta, G a........ ................... ..
Baltimore, M d ______________
Birmingham, A l a ...............
Boston, M ass_______________
Buffalo, N . Y _______________
Chicago, 111.. ---------------------Cincinnati, Ohio-----------------Cleveland, Ohio------------------Denver, Colo________ ______
Detroit, M ich _______________
Houston, Tex............................
178.9
Indianapolis, Ind___________
Jacksonville, Fla____________
Kansas City, M o . ......... .........
Los Angeles, Calif--------- . . .
Manchester, N . H — _____
M em phis, Tenn------------------Milwaukee, W is. --------------Minneapolis, M in n ------------Mobile, Ala.......... ................... .
New Orleans, La-----------------New York, N . Y ___________
0
0
0
173.2
0
0
179.1
0
0
Norfolk, V a_________________
Philadelphia, Pa-----------------Pittsburgh, Pa_____ ________
Portland, Maine____________
Portland, Oreg--------------------Richmond, Va______________
8t. Louis, M o ----------------------San Francisco, Calif________
Savannah, G a______________
Scranton, Pa_______________
Seattle, W ash_______________
Washington, D . O . . ............
0
180.3
169.6
0
180.6
176.0
178.6
0
179.2
181.1
174.8
0
0
179.1
169.4
173.0
180.4
176.0
0
172.8
177.7
179.9
179.8
0
167.4
171.3
176.2
0
0
0
0
0
178. 5
172.1
171.0
177.0
174.1
178.9
173.8
179.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
173.7
180.8
171.9
0
0
183.4
171.6
0
0
181.6
0
0
0
173.8
0
173.0
172.5
170.2
168.6
167.3
167.0
166.5
166.9
167.5
168.6
133.3
98.6
176.6
0
174.3
171.1
166.2
0
176.4
171.2
0
0
174.2
173.1
169.3
0
169.0
163.3
0
0
167.7
162.3
166.3
172.9
167.3
165.7
169.5
171.9
0
170.1
168.4
162.0
0
172.9
167.9
0
0
168.3
172.9
168.3
0
166.4
160.7
0
172.0
167.2
168.7
0
168.1
172.0
0
0
166.9
161 5
164.8
172.3
167.7
0
164.5
168.5
172.8
0
170.9
168.4
162.7
0
173.2
167.8
0
0
169 1
173.2
170.5
0
170.5
164.0
0
175.3
168.3
170.3
0
169.8
173.3
133.8
135.6
136.5
127.9
132.6
130.9
132.2
135.7
131.7
136.4
130.5
98.0
98.7
98.5
97.1
98.6
98.7
97.3
100.0
98.6
98.5
100.7
178.1
179.7
168.2
177.7
168.4
179.8
175.5
180.2
174.4
176.0
175.4
179.8
175.1
177.9
0
0
175.7
168.4
172.0
179.2
173.4
0
169.5
176.2
175.1
0
0
169.5
0
177.2
0
0
0
0
169.1
0
0
175.7
0
0
178.7
168.0
175.1
0
166.1
168.2
173.1
0
0
0
0
0
170.0
0
176.7
0
166.7
0
169.9
0
169.2
167.4
0
167.0
0
0
0
166.7
0
0
170.9
0
0
171.5
165.4
170.9
0
161.1
166.9
167.1
0
0
0
0
0
164.5
0
174.8
0
165.9
0
169.4
0
167.1
166.2
0
164.0
0
0
0
166.1
0
0
167.6
0
0
170.6
163.7
170.6
0
160.6
166.9
167.1
0
0
0
0
0
163.7
0
175.5
0
165.4
0
170.8
0
167.4
167.4
0
164.9
0
0
0
166.6
0
0
168.4
0
0
173.3
165.8
131. 9
138. 4
129.4
136.1
134.7
134.5
131.2
129.4
132.0
138.0
135.8
98.0
98.5
98.6
100.5
97.8
97.8
97.0
99.7
98.6
99.7
99.0
177.2
172.3
176.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
171.8
175.2
168.9
0
171.5
174.9
0
179.2
168.1
0
0
177.2
0
0
0
0
169.7
173.4
164.5
0
0
169.7
173.1
0
0
0
0
170.9
167.1
172.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
167.3
171.8
165.2
0
166.0
170.1
0
174.8
161.9
0
0
170.9
0
0
0
0
166.0
169.5
163.7
0
0
167.4
172.3
0
0
0
0
167.1
165.1
169.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
163. 7
171.6
8 163.7
0
165.9
169.9
0
173.8
161.8
0
0
169.1
0
0
0
0
167.3
170.3
162.8
0
0
167.8
171.5
0
0
0
0
168.2
168.6
171.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
166.3
171.6
166.2
135.2
132.5
134. 7
128.7
140.3
128.2
131.2
137.8
140.6
132.2
137.0
133.8
97.8
97.8
98.4
97.1
100.1
98.0
98.0
99.1
99.3
96.3
100 0
98 3
0
0
0
182.4
173.2
172.9
0
170.3
0
173.6
177.7
167.9
0
0
175.0
176.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
• The Indexes are based on time-to-time changes in the cost of goods and
services purchased by moderate-income families in large cities. They do not
Indicate whether it costs more to live in one city than in another.
* Through June 1947, consumers’ price indexes were computed monthly for
21 cities and in March, June, September, and December for 13 additional
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0
175.3
169.7
170.1
0
171.4
172.4
0
cities; beginning July 1947 indexes were computed monthly for 10 cities and
once every 3 months for 24 additional cities according to a staggered schedule.
* Corrected.
•See note, table D - l , p. 107.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
D : PRICES AND
109
COST O F L IV IN G
Table D -3 : Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City and Group of
CommMities 1
[1935-39-100]
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration
Food
Apparel
Housefurnishings
Rent*
Total
City
N ov. 15, Oct. 15,
1950
1950
N ov. 15,
1950
Oct. 15, N ov. 15,
1950
1950
Oct. 15, N ov. 15,
1950
1950
Miscellaneous
Gas and electricity
Oct. 15, N ov. 15,
1950
1950
Oct. 15, N ov. 15,
1950
1950
Oct. 15, N ov. 15,
1950
1950
Oct. 15,
1950
Average________________
209.5
209.0
195.0
193.4
125.4
125.0
143.7
143.1
96.8
96.8
202.3
199.8
160.5
159.5
Atlanta, G a—
.
Baltimore, M d Birmingham, Ala______
Boston, M ass________
Buffalo, N . Y _________
Chicago, 111_______
Cincinnati, Ohio______
Cleveland, Ohio_______
Denver, Colo..........
Detroit, M ich......... .......
Houston, Tex_________
209.1
219.3
202.0
200.8
204.3
214.9
209.9
216.7
213.3
210.2
221.3
209.7
220.1
202.6
200.9
203.1
215.2
211.6
218.3
209.5
206.8
220.2
202.1
0
205.5
180.4
0)
201.1
194.2
196.0
(')
190.3
211.4
0
0
203.1
180.1
188.2
199.0
191.9
0)
194.4
188.8
209.6
128.9
0
171.8
0
0
0
0
131.3
0
0
147.8
0
0
0
0
126.0
0
0
0
127.5
131.1
0
152.1
147.6
138.7
160.9
152.8
135. 7
152.0
152.5
113. 5
157.7
98.5
152.0
146.6
138.7
159.7
152.2
135.7
152.0
150.0
113.3
157.2
98.4
83.4
111.8
79.6
116.9
110.0
83.5
101.1
105.6
69.6
90.0
81.8
83.4
112.3
79.6
116.8
110.0
83.5
101.1
105.6
69.2
89.9
81.8
206.2
0)
190.9
195.3
0
183.3
193. 5
183.4
0
215.1
193.4
0
0
189.4
194.8
195.6
183.8
190.3
0
233.6
213.9
189.2
167.3
0
155.4
156.6
0
162.0
161.4
158.8
0
174.1
161.7
0
(>)
153.5
156.3
163.5
161.6
160.6
0)
153.9
173.4
160.8
Indianapolis, Ind--------Jacksonville, F la______
Kansas City, M o ___
Los Angeles, Calif_____
Manchester, N . H__ _
Memphis, Tenn_______
Milwaukee, W is___
Minneapolis, M inn_ —
Mobile, A la ___________
New Orleans, L a ______
New York, N . Y ______
210.0
214.9
197.2
208.0
205.5
216.9
211.3
203.8
210.1
219.3
208.9
209.5
214.6
194.9
205.2
207.1
218.9
209.7
202.5
209. 5
219.8
207.2
(U
0)
0
187.7
0)
0
196.5
«
0)
204.8
193.3
191.3
0
186.9
186.0
187.6
0
(0
(0
0
0)
192.7
0
0
0
134.5
0
0
143.4
0
0
117.9
(?)
136.1
0
130. 2
0
117.7
0
0
0
0
0
109.1
164.1
147. 7
128.9
100.0
161.4
143.2
147.6
141.7
132.6
113.9
144.0
164.1
147.7
129.0
100.0
157.5
143.2
147.2
141.7
129.7
113.1
143.4
86.6
100.5
66.9
95.3
101.0
77.0
99.1
78.9
84.0
75.1
101.9
86.6
100.5
67.2
95.3
98.1
77.0
99.1
78.9
84.3
75.1
101.9
0
(0
0
198.4
0
0)
207.1
(0
0)
200.3
193.1
186.7
0)
187.0
196.0
206.6
0)
0
0
0)
0)
190.0
0
0
0)
158.5
0)
0
156. 5
0
0
151.2
164.3
166.4
0
158.4
156.8
150.8
0)
0
0)
0)
0
163.3
Norfolk, V a .............
Philadelphia, P a ..
Pittsburgh, P a____
Portland, M aine.—
Portland, Oreg____
Richmond, V a ____
St. Louis, M o _____
San Francisco, C a lif ...
Savannah, G a _________
Scranton, Pa__________
Seattle, W ash _________
Washington, D . O ____
210.7
204.3
212.2
197.1
229.4
200.9
221.1
223.5
215.5
205.3
219.0
206.9
211.5
205.0
214.1
197.9
227.0
201.8
220.0
222.2
216.8
204.7
214.5
205.4
186.8
192.2
224.1
0
(U
0
0
0
0
204.6
194.2
218.1
0
189.0
223.4
0)
193.1
193.6
0)
0
194.4
0
0
0
124.7
122.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
116.6
128.7
107.9
0
0
123.2
0
131.9
128.6
0
0
132.2
0
0
0
161.8
148.1
142.7
154.9
133.3
151.5
140.4
86.8
155.2
152.1
132.5
148.3
161.8
147.2
141.9
153.7
132.9
151. 5
141.6
86.8
154.0
151.4
132.2
147.8
106.4
104.2
103.3
105.5
93.9
109.4
88.4
76.5
108.6
98.3
92.5
105.5
106.4
104.2
103.3
105.6
93.9
109.4
88.4
76.5
108.6
98.3
92.5
105. 5
199.0
213.1
205.5
0)
0)
0
0
0)
0
182.7
210.5
215.5
0
211.0
204.1
0
196.4
215.1
0
0)
203.5
0)
0
0
159.6
155.1
159.4
0)
0
0
(0
0
0
150.9
167.9
164.5
C1
)
154.9
158.9
0
165.3
149.6
0)
0
164.9
0
0
(0
i Prices of apparel, housefurnishings, and miscellaneous goods and services
are obtained monthly in 10 cities and once every 3 months in 24 additional
cities according to a staggered schedule.
920504— 51---- 8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
s Rents are surveyed every 3 months in 34 large cities according to a staggered schedule,
* See note, table D - l , page 107.
110
D : PRICES AND
COST O F L IV IN G
M ONTHLY LABOR
T able D -4 : Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods,1 by Group, for Selected Periods
[
Year and month
1923:
1926:
1929:
1932:
1939:
Cere
als
Meats,
All
and
poul
foods bakery try,
Total
prod
and
ucts
fish
Average_______
Average_______
Average_______
Average_______
Average_______
August________
1940: Average_______
124.0
137.4
132.5
86.5
95.2
93.5
96.6
105.5
115.7
107.6
82.6
94.5
93.4
96.8
101.2
117.8
127.1
79.3
96.6
95.7
95.8
1941: Average_______
December____
1942: Average______
1943: Average_______
1944: Average_______
1945: Average_______
August________
105. 5
113.1
123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
140.9
97.9
102.5
105.1
107.6
108.4
109.0
109.1
1946: Average_______
June ________
November____
159.6
145.6
187.7
125.0
122.1
140.6
193^
9- = 100]
Meats
Beef
and
veal
Fruits and vegetables
Eggs
Lamb
Dairy
prod
ucts
Chick
ens
Pork
Fish
Fats
and
oils
Sugar
and
sweets
92.5
87.7
84.5
82.2
100.6
95.6
96.8
Bever
ages
Total
Fresh
Can
ned
136.1
141 7
143.8
82. 3
91.0
90.7
93.8
169.5
210 8
169.0
103. 5
94.5
92.4
96.5
173.6
226 2
173 5
105 fi
95.1
92.8
97.3
124 8
122 Q
124 3
91 1
92.3
91.6
92.4
175 4
152' 4
171 0
91 2
131 5
9 3 .3
9 5 .5
9 4 .9
Dried
96.6
95.4
94.4
101.1
99.6
102.8
88.9
88.0
81.1
99.5
98.8
99.7
93.8
94.6
94.8
101.0
99.6
110.6
129.4
127.4
131.0
84.9
95.9
93.1
101.4
106. 5
109.7
122.5
124.2
117.9
118.0
118.1
110.8
114.4
123.6
124.7
118.7
118.4
118.5
100.1
103.2
120.4
119.9
112.2
112.6
112.6
106.6
108.1
124.1
136.9
134.5
136.0
136.4
102.1
100.5
122.6
146.1
151.0
154.4
167.3
124.5
138.9
163.0
206.5
207.6
217.1
217.8
112.0
120.6
125.4
134.6
133.6
133.9
133.4
112.2
138.1
136.5
161.9
153.9
164.4
171.4
103.2
110. 5
130.8
168.8
168.2
177.1
183.5
104.2
126.0
133.8
129.9
131.2
131.8
132.8
178.0
177.2
188.2
196.2
97.9
106.3
121.6
130.6
129.5
130.2
130.3
106.7
118.3
136.3
158.9
164.5
168.2
168.6
101.5
114.1
122.1
124.8
124.3
124.7
124.7
94.0
108.5
119.6
126.1
123.3
124.0
124.0
106.4
114.4
126.5
127.1
126.5
126.5
126.6
161.3
134.0
203.6
150.8
120.4
197.9
150.5
121.2
191.0
148.2
114.3
207.1
163.9
139.0
205.4
174.0
162.8
188.9
236.2
219.7
265.0
165.1
147.8
198.5
168.8
147.1
201.6
182.4
183.5
184.5
190.7
196.7
182.3
140.8
127.5
167.7
190.4
172.5
251.6
139.6
125.4
167.8
152.1
126.4
244.4
143.9
136.2
170.5
180.0
107.5
111.1
111.0
90.3
100.6
1fi4 8
119 fi
1947: Average_______
193.8
155.4
217.1
214.7
213.6
215.9
220.1
183.2
271.4
186.2
200.8
199.4
201.5
166.2
263.5
186.8
197.5
1948: Average_______
210.2
170.9
246.5
243.9
258.5
222.5
246.8
203.2
312.8
204.8
208.7
205.2
212.4
158.0
246.8
205.0
195.5
174.0
1949: Average.............
November___
December____
201.9
200. 8
197.3
169.7
169.2
169.2
233.4
229.1
223.2
229.3
226.4
220.0
241.3
248.5
245.2
205.9
189.7
178.3
251.7
242.0
236.1
191.6
184.5
179.5
314.1
300.6
299.0
186.7
186.4
186.2
201.2
207.8
178.0
208.1
202. 0
198.2
218.8
212 7
208.0
152.9
146.2
145.1
227.4
224 7
224.3
220.7
265.3
292.5
148.4
139. 7
136.7
176.4
178.9
178. S
1950: January............
February..........
M arch________
April__________
M a y __________
June__________
July---------------August________
September____
October_______
November____
196.0
194.8
196.0
196.6
200.3
204.6
210.0
209.0
208.5
209.0
209.5
169.0
169.0
169.0
169.3
169.6
169.6
171.3
175. 5
176.5
177.1
177.3
219.4
221.6
227.3
227.9
239.5
246.7
256.0
257. 5
257.8
250. 9
248.8
217.9
220.5
224.5
224.8
239.9
248.4
259.0
258.5
258.5
250.0
247.7
242.3
241.9
244.5
245.8
260.0
270.5
278.7
279.4
277.6
275. 7
275.7
177.3
184.0
188.9
185.9
204.2
210.4
227.7
225.7
229.2
209.6
201.7
234.3
238.6
246.7
252.1
262.7
268.6
269. 3
267.5
264.9
260.2
264.5
158.9
165.1
180.4
187.5
183.8
184.6
189.4
202.2
199.2
187.2
180.0
301.9
293.7
302.5
297.4
293.2
295. 3
296.6
302.5
311.4
328.8
336.5
184.2
183.6
182.4
179.3
177.8
177.1
179.5
182.7
185.2
190.6
191.5
152.3
141.1
150.2
150.5
144.4
149.1
164.3
183.1
193.0
207.2
206.5
204.8
199.1
195.2
200.5
206.5
217.2
220.8
194.7
184.6
187.0
193.3
217.2
210.0
204.8
211.8
219.6
233. 4
238.3
202.9
188.9
190.5
197.8
143.3
142.6
142.8
142.6
142.6
143.2
143.0
146.0
148.0
151.9
153.7
223.9
222.4
222.5
223.4
224.7
225.1
224.6
228.5
231.8
239.8
246.2
299.5
304.5
311.6
307.6
299.2
295 6
304. 4
328.8
336.7
343.9
333.3
135.2
133.5
134.2
135.2
137.3
139.6
141.3
158.9
159.0
154.6
154.6
178.9
178.0
176.9
175.2
174.6
174.3
176.0
187.7
187.5
186.3
185.8
1 The Bureau of Labor Statistics retail food prices are obtained monthly
during the first three days of the week containing the fifteenth of the month,
through voluntary reports from chain and independent retail food dealers.
Articles included are selected to represent food sales to moderate-income
families.
The indexes, based on the retail prices of 50 foods, are computed by the
flxed-base-weighted-aggregate method, using weights representing (1) rela
tive importance of chain and independent store sales, in computing city aver
age prices; (2) food purchases by families of wage earners and moderate-
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
income workers, in computing city indexes; and (3) population weights, in
combining city aggregates in order to derive average prices and indexes for all
cities combined.
Indexes of retail food prices in 56 large cities combined, by commodity
groups, for the years 1923 through 1948 (1935-39=100), m ay be found in Bulle
tin N o. 965, “ Retail Prices of Pood, 1948,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, U . S.
Department of Labor, table 3, p. 7. Mimeographed tables of the same
data, by months, January 1935 to date, are available upon request.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
D : PR ICES AN D
111
COST OF L IV IN G
Table D -5 : Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods, by City
[1935-39=100]
Oity
N ov.
1950
Oct.
1950
Sept.
1950
Aug.
1950
July
1950
June
1950
M ay
1950
Apr.
1950
M ar.
1950
Feb.
1950
Jan.
1950
Dec.
1949
N ov.
1949
June
1946
Aug.
1939
United States...........................-
209.5
209.0
208.5
209.0
210.0
204.6
200.3
196.6
196.0
194.8
196.0
197.3
200.8
145.6
93.5
Atlanta, Q a_______ _____ _
Baltimore, M d _ ----------------Birmingham, Ala___________
Boston, M a s s ______________
Bridgeport, C onn...................
209.1
219.3
202.0
200.8
209.2
209.7
220.1
202.6
200.9
209.8
211.6
221.1
206.9
199.6
206.9
212.3
221.2
204.9
202.2
210.0
205.0
223.9
201.9
204.2
212.6
197.5
218.7
195.0
198.4
206.8
194.7
211.0
193.1
191.7
201.8
192.6
206.1
189.6
188.4
197.8
193.8
206.5
189.8
187.7
197.0
190.0
205.0
184.5
184.8
192.5
192.5
206.6
186.4
186.6
195.5
194. 7
208.1
190.5
189.5
197.0
197.7
211.9
197.2
193.2
200.3
141.0
152.4
147.7
138.0
139.1
92.5
94.7
90.7
93.5
93.2
Buffalo, N . Y _ _ _ .....................
Butte, M o n t------------------------Cedar Rapids, Iowa 1_______
Charleston, 8. O ____________
Chicago, 111--------------------------
204.3
214.9
222.1
195.9
214.9
203.1
214.5
223.1
196.9
215.2
203.7
212.6
221.3
198.6
215.2
206.3
212.5
222.3
199.3
218.6
208.0
209.1
215.6
193.5
218.0
203.2
206.9
212.1
189.4
211.1
195.9
201.3
208.6
186.7
208.2
193.3
198.5
202.3
185.2
201.5
193.0
195.9
201.9
186.1
201.5
189.6
194.8
201.0
183.3
198.6
189.8
194.1
200.3
185.3
199.9
189.3
194.1
200.3
187.9
202.2
193.2
199.8
203.4
189.2
208.3
140.2
139.7
148.2
140.8
142.8
94.5
94.1
Cincinnati, Ohio____________
Cleveland, Ohio ---------------Columbus, O h io -.-................
Dallas, T ex___________ ______
Denver, Colo______________
209.9
216.7
191.2
212.4
213.3
211.6
218.3
192.7
212.2
209.5
213.3
215.9
193.4
214.5
205.5
213.2
218.1
194.2
213.8
210.9
212.9
219.4
192.9
207.9
208.6
206.9
213.7
186.3
202.0
207.0
202.9
206.3
183.3
199.8
203.8
196.7
203.1
179.1
196.3
198.6
197.9
201.6
179.0
196.3
198.9
196.8
201.8
177.7
197.6
196.2
197.4
202.6
177.2
198.4
196.8
197.3
203.2
179.3
201.9
196.2
198.7
206.0
180.8
205.0
200.2
141.4
149.3
136.4
142.4
145.3
90.4
93.6
88.1
91.7
92.7
Detroit, M ich __________
Fall River, M ass________
Houston, Tex---------- ----------- Indianapolis, Ind----------------Jackson, M iss.1- - ................ .
210.2
205.1
221.3
210.0
209.9
206.8
206.1
220.2
209.5
212.4
202.7
204.0
220.7
211.4
212.5
205.2
205.8
219.2
211.6
212.2
210.6
210.0
212.1
205.5
205.5
205.2
203.4
207.3
199.5
200.0
198.7
197.2
205.5
197.1
199.7
194.2
193. 7
205.1
192.6
198.0
190.8
192.3
208.3
193.0
196.7
190.4
190.7
205.6
191.2
196.1
191.8
191.9
207.7
192.3
199.9
193.4
193.8
210.5
194.5
204.5
195.5
198.1
212.7
196.9
206.5
145.4
138.1
144.0
141.5
150.6
90.6
95.4
97.8
90.7
Jacksonville, Fla— ......... .......
Kansas City, M o — ...............
Knoxville, Tennd----------------Little Rock, Ark --------------Los Angeles, C a l i f .................
214.9
197.2
233.3
210.1
208.0
214.6
194.9
234. 9
209.5
205.2
218.8
195.0
237.5
211.7
202.2
218.3
194.4
238.8
211.9
203.8
213.5
196.1
228.8
205.5
204.1
207.0
190.1
223.7
201.0
200.3
202.7
187.3
220.5
197.4
199.8
200.0
184.0
217.5
194.6
200.6
201.2
183.2
217.3
194.5
197.7
198.7
182.7
216.1
194.5
198.3
200.7
183.6
216.7
196.4
201.4
202.8
184.5
220.0
197.0
197.2
206.9
186.9
223.3
198.8
200.5
150.8
134.8
165.6
139.1
154.8
95.8
91.5
94.0
94.6
Louisville, K y ------- -------------Manchester, N . H ---------------M emphis, Tenn_. _________
Milwaukee, W ls _ . -------------Minneapolis, M in n ................
198.8
205.5
216.9
211.3
203.8
198.0
207.1
218.9
209.7
202.5
199.9
207.1
220.6
210.3
201.0
199.2
206.2
220.2
212.6
201.4
199.8
207.1
212.0
213.8
198.3
194.1
200.9
206.4
207.6
194.9
188.9
197.5
204.3
203.9
192.2
183.4
192.1
201.3
197.6
187.9
184.2
193.1
202.7
198.2
188.1
183.1
189.9
202.2
196.6
188.3
183.7
191.6
203.1
196.3
189.1
185.0
192.9
206.9
196.1
188.7
188.3
195.5
210.2
199.3
192.0
135.6
144.4
153.6
144.3
137.5
92.1
94.9
89.7
91.1
95.0
Mobile, A la— . _____________
Newark, N . J_______________
New Haven, Conn------------New Orleans, L a .. _______
New York, N . Y .
_______
210.1
205.3
202.4
219.3
208.9
209.5
204.0
203.6
219.8
207.2
211.2
201.8
202.1
223.3
207.3
212.4
202.2
203.2
225.6
203.5
205.3
206.5
206.3
218.3
209.9
201.1
203.2
201.3
211.6
204.3
199.5
197.2
195.7
209.3
200.1
199.1
193.4
191.5
209.3
197.1
198.6
192.0
191.1
207.9
195.7
194.8
190.3
189.6
206.9
195.3
196.4
192.4
190.6
209.6
195.9
201.3
196.1
193.1
211.7
198.8
203.6
198.6
» 198. 4
213.2
201.5
149.8
147.9
140.4
157.6
149.2
95.5
95.6
93.7
97.6
95.8
Norfolk, V a _____________ _
Omaha, Nebr_______________
Peoria, 111__ ______ ________
Philadelphia, P a __________
Pittsburgh, Pa — ................
210.7
203.5
225.2
204.3
212.2
211.5
201.9
226.3
205.0
214.1
215.9
203.3
225.5
206.5
213.0
217.3
204.4
226.8
206.1
212.5
211.7
201.6
226.2
205.9
213.2
207.0
199.1
220.4
201.5
209.1
202.2
197.3
214.3
194.6
205.9
197.0
190.8
208.8
191.5
200.5
197.9
190.4
208.2
191.9
198.7
195.0
188.9
206.9
189.5
198. 8
194.8
189.8
205.9
191.3
199.7
198.0
190.9
206.5
193.5
200.8
200.8
194.7
210.0
196.8
205.4
146.0
139.5
151.3
143.5
147.1
93.6
92.3
93.4
93.0
92.5
Portland, M aine------------------Portland, Oreg______ _______
Providence, R . I ------------------Richmond, V a ---------------------Rochester, N . Y ..................... .
197.1
229. 4
215.0
200.9
201.5
197.9
227.0
215.1
201.8
202.8
197.0
226.3
215.1
204.3
200.5
197.1
226.1
215.7
204.2
200.8
199.1
225.0
216.5
201.7
204.5
193.5
219.4
210.6
197.0
198.8
189.7
217.2
204.9
192.0
195.1
187.8
213.0
200.2
188.2
189.6
190.8
211.1
199.4
190.5
191.0
186.7
211.8
197.4
188.5
190.0
187.3
210.4
198.3
188.3
190.7
187.2
206.3
201.3
191.3
192.0
188.4
207.8
205.2
195.0
193.5
138.4
158.4
144.9
138.4
142.5
95.9
96.1
93.7
92.2
92.3
St. Louis, M o - ...................
St. Paul, M in n .
__________
Salt Lake City, U tah_______
San Francisco, C a l i f _______
Savannah, Q a_______________
221.1
198.7
211.8
223.5
215.5
220.0
197.5
209.8
222.2
216.8
220.5
195. 8
208.3
218.6
219.3
221.9
195.8
207.9
219.9
221.6
223.8
194.3
201.3
217.1
214.8
212.4
192.7
201.8
214.3
209.6
208.4
190.4
198.4
213.2
205.5
202.5
186.9
195.1
212.9
200.5
204.5
187.5
196.5
211.6
200.9
202.9
186.8
199.4
212.2
197.1
204.6
186.4
198. 7
214.3
197.0
206.2
186.0
196.6
210.1
201.8
208.6
187.9
202.0
212.9
207.1
147.4
137.3
151.7
155_5
158.5
93.8
94.3
94.6
93.8
96.7
Scranton, Pa______ _____ _
Seattle, W a s h ______________
Springfield, 111. „ ...........
Washington, D . C ...................
Wichita, Kans.1........................
Winston-Salem, N . C .i_____
205.3
219.0
220.4
206.9
217.8
205.8
204.7
214.5
220.6
205.4
217.7
207.4
205.8
210.6
220.0
204.7
217.0
207.2
207.4
212.6
222.6
206.0
220.2
206.3
211.0
211.3
223.5
207.0
216.6
200.7
205.1
208.6
214.3
204.1
210.4
197.5
199.6
206.8
209.0
198.4
207.6
192.9
192.6
205.2
202.0
193.3
204. 2
191.5
193.5
204.2
201.5
193.6
206.8
191.8
191.0
205.6
201.4
193.6
205.1
188.6
192.4
205.8
200.9
194.4
205.9
191.0
193.2
203.1
201.6
196.1
207.8
196.3
198.1
207.4
204.4
202.6
210.9
197.8
144.0
151.6
150.1
145.5
164. 4
145.3
92.1
94.5
94.1
94.1
> June 1940 = 100.
2
Estimated index based on half the usual sample of reports.
prices for New Haven.
920504— 51---- 9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Remaining reports lost in the mails.
95.1
92.3
Index for December 15 reflects the correct level of food
112
D : PR ICES AND
MONTHLY LABOR
COST OF L IV IN G
Table D -6 : Average Retail Prices and Indexes of Selected Foods
Commodity
Aver
age
price
N ov.
1950
C ereals and bakery products:
C en ts
Cereals:
49.5
Flour, w h e a t ..._____ . . . 5 pounds..
18.0
Corn flakes................. ...1 1 ounces..
9.4
Corn meal___________ ______pound..
17.5
Rice •_____ _____ _____
Rolled oats * ... ____ ...2 0 ounces._ 16.7
Bakery products:
14.7
Bread, white------------- ...........pound.
47.4
Vanilla cookies--------- .........___do____
M eats, poultry, and fish:
M eats:
Beef:
96.8
Round steak____ .............. do____
76.7
Rib r o a s t ............ ............ _do____
65.0
Chuck roast_____ ________do____
Hamburger *____ ________do____
60.6
Veal:
C u t le ts ................ .........— do____ 112.1
Pork:
73.0
Chops..................... ...............do____
66.5
Bacon, sliced____ ________do____
60.1
H am , whole_____ .............. do____
38.0
Salt pork________ .......... . . d o . . _
Lamb:
76.1
Leg______________ .............. do__
............ _do__
Frying chickens:5
45.4
58.3
Fish:
Fish (fresh, frozen)8. . ________do__
(8)
58.4
Salmon, pink 8........... 16-ounce can ..
Indexes 1935-39=100
N ov.
1950
Oct.
1950
Sept.
1950
Aug.
1950
July
1950
June
1950
M ay
1950
Apr.
1950
M ar.
1950
Feb.
1950
Jan.
1950
Dec.
1949
N ov.
1949
192.0
190.8
197.0
98.2
152.0
192.3
187.3
202.4
97.3
149.8
192.8
182.5
203.3
96.2
146.6
192.5
177.0
202.9
95.1
145.9
190.6
176.9
188.5
91.9
145.6
190.4
176.3
180.6
92.8
145.5
190.1
176.7
178.7
92.6
145.8
189.2
176.6
175.9
92.5
145.8
188.2
176.7
175.8
92.2
146.2
187.7
177.3
175.8
92.4
146.2
187.3
177.8
177.7
92.2
146.4
186.6
177.9
178.2
93.5
146.7
186.3
177.7
178.2
94.1
147.4
m
171.8
202.6
171.8
201.0
171.3
201.4
171.0
196.8
166.1
192.8
163.9
191.1
164.1
191.1
164.1
189.6
163.9
189.6
163.9
190.0
163.8
189.9
164.0
190.6
164.1
190.4
93.2
(4)
286.6
266.7
290.2
196.0
287.4
266.0
290.3
195.8
287.8
270.8
292.6
196.6
293.8
272.0
293.0
197.0
297.1
272.5
292.2
188.8
288.7
264.4
281.1
181.5
275.3
255.2
265.1
176.1
256.1
241.4
249.9
167.4
252.9
239.4
248.9
166.2
249.2
237.0
245.7
164.6
252.1
238.5
245.1
164.6
257.5
242.1
254.5
165.7
262.2
244.2
260.3
166.8
102.7
97.4
97.1
(4)
280.9
280.8
280.4
277.8
275.3
271.3
264.8
258.4
262.1
261.4
255.8
248.3
250.8
101.1
221.6
174.7
204.5
182.0
230.6
183.9
210.7
183.2
262.1
184. 5
233.9
181.7
254.0
181.9
236.7
178.4
270.3
171.6
230.4
164.5
244.8
162.1
216.0
160.3
239.4
157.5
206.9
152.5
207.3
154.2
193.5
148.3
210.6
155.0
198.0
152.2
201.4
154.6
195.2
149.9
186.9
154.7
192.5
153.2
182.7
160.8
194.2
169.0
201.6
170.7
195.1
181.8
90.8
80.9
92.7
69.0
268.7
180.0
264.4
187.2
269.1
199.2
271.7
202.2
273.6
189.4
272.9
184.6
266.9
183.8
256.2
187.5
250.6
180.4
242.4
165.1
238.1
158.9
239.9
179.5
245. 8
184.5
95.7
94.6
Aug.
1939
82.1
92.7
90.7
(s)
( 4)
( 4)
286.5
445.9
285.2
420.6
283.4
359.8
279.4
337.5
275.8
325.5
274.1
325.3
270.6
327.8
276.0
328.2
281.2
332.1
265.1
345.6
272.2
355.9
267.1
359.8
266.4
367.9
98.8
97.4
Butter...... ............................. ______pound
Cheese___________________ ...........__do__
M ilk , fresh (delivered).. .............quart
M ilk , fresh (grocery) io__ ............._do__
M ilk , evaporated_____ 14W-ounce can ..
Eggs: Eggs, fresh------------------ .......... .dozen
Fruits and vegetables:
Fresh fruits:
Apples............. ............. ..........pound
Bananas ----- --------Oranges, size 200 — .......... .dozen
74.6
52.2
21.8
20.6
13.0
71.5
205.0
230.8
178.0
180.7
182.7
206.5
204.1
228.7
177.1
179.8
182.6
207.2
198.8
229.3
170.4
174. 0
180. 8
193.0
197.8
228.3
167.4
169.8
177.6
183.1
195.5
226.3
164.1
165.5
173.8
164.3
195.4
226.2
160.1
161.6
174.1
149.1
196.0
227.7
160.5
162.5
174.1
144.4
197.5
228.9
161.7
165.0
174.4
150.5
200.6
230.1
165.4
168.4
174.9
150.2
201.5
230.7
166.9
169.7
174.8
141.1
201.8
231.1
167.9
170.2
175.1
152.3
201.9
232.2
171.1
173.4
175.7
178.0
201.3
232.4
171.3
174.2
178.1
207.8
84.0
92.3
97.1
96.3
93.9
90.7
9.9
16.1
50.0
189.0
267.0
176.4
191.4
261.9
190.1
231.1
247.1
173.9
240.
263.2
173.1
347.0
268.4
181.8
307.5
272.2
172.6
260.0
274.8
167.9
221.9
274.8
173.2
206.0
278.5
177.1
187.7
278.3
176.3
178.6
273.1
156.5
174.9
273.9
146.8
165.8
277.9
167.3
81.6
97.3
96.9
Beans, green .............. ...........pound..
Cabbage........................
Carrots......................... ______bunch
Lettuce....... ............. . ........ ...h e a d
Onions---------------------- ..........p o u n d ..
P otatoes____________ ..1 5 pounds
Sweetpotatoes.........— .......... pound .
Tomatoes 11________
Canned fruits:
P each es...................... .N o . 2 }6 can.
Pineapple-.................. - .........__do____
Canned vegetables:
C o r n ............................ . . . N o , 2 can ..
Tomatoes..................... . .. N o . 2 can ..
Peas12_______________ .N o . 303 can ..
Dried fruits: Prunes____ ---------pound..
Dried vegetables: N avy beans.-do___
Beverages: Coffee............... — ________do____
Fats and oils:
Lard........... ........... - ......... .
Hydrogenated veg. shortening 13_do___
Salad dressing----------------- ________ p in t..
Margarine ........................ ______pound._
________do____
24.6
4.6
10.9
14.5
5.3
56.0
8.4
25.9
225.7
122.4
202.7
174.8
127.9
155.2
161.1
170.1
153.3
123.1
177.2
159.4
133.5
164.6
158.4
133.4
157.1
131.0
179.4
155.7
148.7
179.9
183.6
82.6
142.6
140.0
180.2
151.7
174.8
204.2
216.0
116.0
164.3
157.1
195.2
140.7
197.0
217.4
196.4
217.9
153.9
173.0
181.5
167.5
186.3
220.6
207.4
212.8
211.4
172.4
178.3
189.5
161. 2
208.9
218.5
153.8
201.8
167.4
175.5
158.8
143.8
199.5
210.2
177.2
180.4
178.2
177.0
155.8
155.5
195.4
209.5
141.4
219.2
169.6
184.3
170.9
184.8
195.6
205.5
157.4
274.9
173.9
202.6
220.1
216.9
196.5
205.6
165.3
245.9
164.0
206.8
158.3
220.9
195.3
195.8
175.4
198.1
143.0
219.9
222.9
204.9
194.1
182.6
168.8
61.7
103.2
84.9
97.6
86.8
91.9
115.7
32.1
38.3
166. 5
176.5
164. 5
176.1
158.4
175.2
151.4
174.9
142.4
172.8
140.0
171.9
138.4
171. 9
138.6
173.1
139. 4
173.9
140.1
173.6
141.8
174.2
148.2
175.2
149.8
177.0
92.3
96.0
18.7
15.4
21.4
26.6
16.1
83.6
150.5
171.5
117.2
261.1
219.2
332.7
147.8
168.9
117.4
253.5
214.8
343.2
141.6
164.3
116.0
242.6
211.3
336.1
139.3
163.5
114.9
238.5
209.3
328.2
137.6
161.2
112.7
236.0
203.4
303.9
138.4
161.7
114.3
237.5
202.4
295.1
137.3
161.7
113.6
236.6
202.7
298.6
138.8
159.9
114.7
234.9
201.9
307.0
139.7
159.3
114.8
232.9
202.9
311.0
142.1
157.7
114.0
231.7
204.3
303.9
144.1
158.2
113.1
232.5
206.9
298.9
149.8
157.8
112.5
231.8
209.0
291.9
152.4
158.4
112.6
230.7
211.7
264.8
88.6
92.5
89.8
94.7
83.0
93.3
21.2
35.0
36.0
142.0
169.1
148.7
172.1
142.4
168.6
148.2
173.0
155.9
167.7
147.9
173.8
157.7
165.7
146.7
173.8
118.8
156.9
142.2
163.7
115.9
155.2
142.2
161.3
112.6
151.7
140.5
160.8
109.5
148.6
139.1
160.2
110.6
147.4
137.7
156.6
110.0
146.3
138.0
154.4
113.1
148.8
138.3
155.3
114.2
154.3
138.6
156.1
119.3
158.5
139.3
157.9
(15)
(!5 )
(15)
(ii)
(1 5 )
(1 5 )
(15)
('5 )
(15)
(1 5 )
( 4)
m
( 4)
( 4)
( 4)
( 4)
( 4)
( 4)
( 4)
( 4)
176.9
175.2
175.4
176.1
177.8
178.8
179.8
179.7
179.8
Sugar and sweets:
Sugar................ .....................
33.2
32.5
50.2
186.8
187.3
188.4
188.6
1 July 1947=100.
2 Index not computed.
3 February 1943=100.
4 Not priced in earlier period.
3 New specifications introduced in April 1949, in place of roasting chickens,
6 Priced in 29 cities.
7 Priced in 27 cities.
3 1938-39=100.
9 Average price not computed.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
( 4)
65.2
93.9
( 4)
93.6
95.6
70 Specification revised in November 1950.
11 October 1949=100.
12 N o. 303 can fancy grade peas introduced in April 1950, in place of N o. 2
can standard grade peas.
13 Formerly published as shortening in other containers.
14 Priced in 19 cities.
15 Priced in 50 cities prior to August 1950.
18 Priced in 37 cities.
R E V IE W , J A N U A R Y
D : PRICES AND
1951
113
COST OF L IV IN G
T a b l e D - 7 : Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group of Commodities, for Selected Periods
{1926=100]
Chem
Houseicals
fur
and
nish
allied
ing
prod
goods
ucts
56.1
56.7
99.2
143.3
94.3
93.1
88.1
142.3
176.5
82.6
68.8
67.3
138.8
163.4
97.5
74.9
67.8
162.7
253.0
93.9
69.4
66.9
130.4
157.8
94.5
69.0
65.7
131.0
165.4
93.3
70.0
65.7
129.9
170.6
91.6
73.9
76.0
74.2
77,0
75.1
86.3
85.6
88.5
64.4
74.8
73.3
77.3
55.1
70.2
66.5
71.9
59.3
77.0
74.5
79.1
70.3
80.4
79.1
81.6
68.3
79.5
77.9
80.8
70.2
81.3
80.1
83.0
103.2
107.8
110.2
111.4
115.5
84.4
90.4
95.5
94.9
95.2
94.3
101.1
102.4
102.7
104.3
82.0
87.6
89.7
92.2
93.6
83.5
92.3
100.6
112.1
113.2
86.9
90.1
92.6
92.9
94.1
89.1
94.6
98.6
100.1
100.8
88.3
93.3
97.0
98.7
99.6
89.0
93.7
95.5
96.9
98.5
104.7
104.7
117.8
117.8
95.2
95.3
104.5
104.5
94.7
94.8
116.8
116.3
95.9
95.5
101.8
101.8
100.8
100.9
99.7
99.9
115.5
112.2
130.2
145.0
132.6
129.9
145.5
179.7
101.4
96.4
118.9
127.3
111.6
110.4
118.2
131.1
100.3
98.5
106.5
115.5
134.7
126.3
153.4
165.6
110.8
105.7
129.1
148.5
116.1
107.3
134.7
146.0
114.9
106.7
132.9
145.5
109.5
105.6
120.7
135.2
Foods
Fuel
and
light
ing
mate
rials
Metals
and
metal
prod
ucts »
BuUding
mate
rials
71.5
71.4
150.3
169.8
104.9
64.2
62.9
128.6
147.3
99.9
68.1
69.7
131.6
193.2
109.1
57.3
55.3
142.6
188.3
90.4
61.3
55.7
114.3
159.8
83.0
90.8
79.1
143.5
155.5
100.5
56.7
52.9
101.8
164.4
95.4
80.2
77.9
178.0
173.7
94.0
64.8
77.1
75.0
78.6
48.2
65.3
61.0
67.7
61.0
70.4
67.2
71.3
72.9
95.6
92.7
100.8
54.9
69.7
67.8
73.8
70.3
73.1
72.6
71.7
80.2
94.4
93.2
95.8
71.4
90.5
89.6
94.8
1941: Average--------Decem ber..
1942: Average______
1943: Average--------1944: Average..........
87.3
93.6
98.8
103.1
104.0
82.4
94.7
105.9
122.6
123.3
82.7
90.5
99.6
106.6
104.9
108.3
114.8
117. 7
117.5
116.7
84.8
91.8
96.9
97.4
98.4
76.2
78.4
78.5
80.8
83.0
99.4
103.3
103.8
103.8
103.8
1945: Average______
August.............
105.8
105.7
128.2
126.9
106.2
106.4
118.1
118.0
100.1
99.6
84.0
84.8
1946: Average--------June_________
Novem ber. _
1847: Average---------
121.1
112.9
139. 7
152.1
148.9
140.1
169.8
181.2
130.7
112.9
165.4
168.7
137.2
122.4
172.5
182.4
116.3
109.2
131.6
141.7
90.1
87.8
94.5
108.7
Average--------July--------------November___
M a y --------------Average...........
69.8
67.3
136.3
167.2
95.3
1932: Average--------1939: Average--------August_______
1940: Average..........
Year and month
1913:
1914:
1918:
1920:
1929:
Semi- M anu
manufac
tored
facprod
tured
articles ucts 1
Raw
mate
rials
Tex
tile
prod
ucts
Farm
prod
ucts
All
com
modi
ties
ex
cept
farm
prod
ucts
and
foods3
M is
cella
neous
com
modi
ties
Hides
and
leather
prod
ucts
All
com
modi
ties 1
All
com
modi
ties ex
cept
farm
prod
ucts 1
1948: Average______
165.1
188.3
179.1
188.8
149.8
134.2
163.6
199.1
135.7
144.5
120.5
178.4
158.0
159.4
159.8
151.0
1949: Average___ _
November
December____
155.0
151.6
151.2
165.5
156.8
154.9
161.4
158.9
155.7
180.4
180.8
179.9
140.4
138.0
138.4
131.7
130.2
130.4
170.2
167.3
167.8
193.4
189.6
190.4
118.6
115.8
115.2
145.3
143.4
144.2
112.3
109.7
110.7
163.9
160.4
159.5
150.2
145.1
144.7
151.2
148.2
147.9
152.4
150.3
150.1
147.3
145.0
145.4
1950: January___
February____
M arch___
April____
M a y ______ _
June.......... — .
July__________
August____ .
September . . .
October______
N o v e m b e r...
151.5
152.7
152.7
152.9
155.9
157.3
162.9
166.4
169.5
169.1
171.6
154.7
159.1
159.4
159.3
164.7
165.9
176.0
177.6
180.4
177.8
183.7
154.8
156.7
155.5
155.3
159.9
162.1
171.4
174.6
177.2
172.5
175.2
179.3
179.0
179.6
179.4
181.0
182.6
187.2
195.6
202.9
° 208.5
211.6
138.5
138.2
137.3
136.4
136.1
136.8
142.6
149.5
158.3
c 163.1
166.0
131.4
131.3
131. 5
131.2
132.1
132.7
133.4
134.4
135.1
135.4
135.6
168.4
168.6
168.5
168.7
169.7
171.9
172.4
174.3
176.7
178.6
180.3
191.6
192.8
194.2
194.8
198.1
202.1
207.3
213.9
219.6
« 218.9
217.2
115.7
115. 2
116.3
117.1
116.4
114.5
118.1
122.5
« 128.6
o 132.2
135.5
144.7
145.2
145. 5
145.8
146.6
146.9
148.7
153.9
159. 2
o 163.8
166.8
110.0
110.0
110.7
112.6
114.7
114.7
119.0
124.3
127.4
131.3
137.6
159.8
162.4
162.8
162.5
166.3
167-7
175.8
179.1
181.8
180.2
184.4
144.8
144.3
144.1
143.9
145.6
148.4
152.9
159.2
165.7
169.3
173.0
148.2
149.1
148.9
149.4
152.2
153.5
158.0
161.2
164.0
163.5
164.9
150.5
151.1
151.0
151.2
153.7
155.2
159.8
163.7
166.9
166.9
168.6
145.8
145.9
146.1
146.4
147.6
148.8
151.5
155.5
159.2
161.5
163.5
1B LS wholesale price data, for the most part, represent prices in primary
markets. They are prices charged by manufacturers or producers or are
prices prevailing on organized exchanges. The weekly index is calculated
from 1-day-a-week prices; the monthly index from an average of these prices.
Monthly indexes for the last 2 months are preliminary.
The indexes currently are computed by the fixed base aggregate method,
with weights representing quantities produced for sale in 1929-31. (For a
detailed description of the method of calculation see “ Revised Method of
Calculation of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Wholesale Price Index,” in
the Journal of the American Statistical Association, December 1937.)
Mimeographed tables are available, upon request to the Bureau, giving
monthly indexes for major groups of commodities since 1890 and for subgroups
and economic groups since 1913. The weekly wholesale price indexes are
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
available in summary form since 1947 for all commodities; all commodities
less farm products and foods; farm products; foods; textile products; fuel and
lighting materials; metals and metal products; building materials, and
chemicals and allied products. W eekly indexes are also available for the
subgroups of grains, livestock, and meats.
! Includes current motor vehicle prices beginning with October 1946. The
rate of production of motor vehicles in October 1946 exceeded the monthly
average rate of civilian production in 1941, and in accordance with the an
nouncement made in September 1946, the Bureau introduced current prices
for motor vehicles in the October calculations. During the war, motor
vehicles were not produced for general civilian sale and the Bureau carried
April 1942 prices foward in each computation through September 1946.
0 Corrected.
114
D : PR ICES AND
COST O F L IV IN G
M ONTHLY
LABOR
T a b l e D - 8 : Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group and Subgroup of Commodities
[1926=100]
1949
1950
1946
1939
June
Aug.
Group and subgroup
N ov.
All commodities *.....................
171.6
Oct.
Sept.
169.1
169.5
Aug.
166.4
July
June
M ay
162.9
157.3
155.9
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
152.9
152.7
152. 7
151.5
151.2
151.6
112.9
75.0
159.4
165.4
180.3
199.7
89.7
144.2
94.6
159.1
161.3
179.9
200.6
81.4
144.9
87.3
154.7
160.2
170.5
192.0
66.7
142.6
86.0
154.9
160.9
167.0
187.0
71.1
145.0
99.1
156.8
156.4
169.6
188.3
0
148.2
132.5
140.1
151.8
137.4
143.4
0
137.5
97.3
61.0
51.5
66.0
67.7
0
60.1
47.5
Apr.
Farm products..........................
Grains___________________
Livestock and poultry r_
Livestock r__________
Poultry r ____________
Other farm products____
E g g s' ------------------------
183.7
172.1
197.3
222.6
74.9
177.4
148.2
177.8
165.3
198.7
223.8
77.1
167.4
141.0
180.4
166.5
211.3
237.5
85.3
164.4
128.8
177.6
167.7
217.3
243.8
90.2
155.3
110.1
176.0
173.5
215.8
242.5
87.6
151.8
103.8
165.9
169.3
197.5
222.4
77.2
145.0
91.3
164.7
172.3
194.6
218.5
79.6
143.7
85.4
159.3
169.6
178.0
197.9
84.0
144.2
90.7
Foods___ ___________ ______
Dairy products_________
Cereal products. _ _____
Fruits and vegetables...
Meats, poultry, fish * ___
Meats r. . .......... ..........
P oultryr....................
Other foods.......................
175.2
164.1
154.1
140.4
223.4
240.5
90.8
158. 9
172.5
160.8
153.8
« 129.5
223.7
240.8
90.2
156.4
177.2
154.7
155.5
131.0
241.0
259.5
99.0
158.7
174.6
148.0
154.9
132.0
240.2
258.3
103.5
154.1
171.4
141.8
151.2
137.0
240.7
260.1
97.9
145.1
162.1
135.9
145.6
140.5
223.7
241.4
91.5
133.1
159.9
138.0
146.0
139.2
217.1
234.0
90.0
130.9
155.3
141.1
145.9
137.6
200.6
214.7
89.9
129.3
155.5
144.8
145.6
134.9
200.0
213.6
92.7
129.8
156.7
147.5
144.8
138.2
201.6
216.3
86.8
129.6
154.8
148.8
144.3
134.3
194.5
208.3
83.1
131.0
155.7
154. 4
144.6
132.4
193.5
206.5
88.6
132.6
158.9
154.7
144.6
130.7
198.9
212.9
0
139.6
112.9
127.3
101.7
136.1
110.1
116.6
0
98.1
67.2
67.9
71.9
68 5
73. 7
78.1
0
60.3
Hides and leather products..
Shoes___________________
Hides and skins.......... .
Leather_________________
Other leather products..
211.6
203. 8
269.5
204.9
164.9
« 208.5
» 200.3
266.5
201.3
164.9
202.9
194. 8
264.7
196.8
151.3
195.6
191.4
238.2
192.3
151.3
187.2
185.8
219.8
185.3
143.1
182.6
184.8
202.1
180.6
143.1
181.0
185.0
194.4
179.3
143.1
179.4
184.3
187.2
179.1
143.1
179.6
184.3
190.4
177.9
143.1
179.0
184.3
188. 2
176.6
143.1
179.3
184.3
189.0
177.6
143.1
179.9
184.3
192.8
178.1
141.1
180.8
184.3
199. 5
177.0
141.1
122.4
129.5
121.5
110.7
115.2
92.7
100. 8
77. 2
84.0
97.1
Textile products____________
Clothing________________
Cotton goods____________
Hosiery and underwear.
Rayon and nylon r _____
Bilk r____________________
Woolen and worsted . . .
Other textile products__
166.0
151.4
231.1
109.4
42.6
69.0
190.6
210.4
« 163.1
147.7
225. 7
109.2
42.5
65.3
188.9
207.3
158.3
146.7
221.6
105.3
41.7
64.9
178.7
191.3
149.5
145.2
206.8
101.2
41.3
65.6
157.7
181.5
142.6
144.3
190.7
99.2
40.7
60.3
150.9
168.5
136.8
143.8
173.8
97.7
39.9
49.3
148.3
164.5
136.1
143.8
172.0
97.7
39.9
49.3
146.2
164.6
136.4
144.2
172.8
97.7
39.9
49.1
146.1
165.8
137.3
143.5
176.5
98.0
39.9
49.1
146.3
166.9
138.2
143.1
178.4
98.6
39.9
50.1
147.2
170.3
138.5
143.9
178.7
98.5
39.6
50.1
147.0
171.7
138.4
144.0
178.4
98.4
39.6
49.9
146.9
171.5
138.0
144.2
177.9
98.4
39.6
49.5
146.0
169.0
109.2
120.3
139.4
75.8
30.2
0
112.7
112.3
67 8
63! 7
Fuel and lighting materials.
Anthracite______________
Bituminous c o a l.............
Coke.....................................
Electricity...........................
G a s ... ________________
Petroleum and productsr.
135.6
144.7
193.2
232.5
0
0
118.1
135.4
143.9
193.3
231.1
0
88.9
118.0
135.1
142.8
193.1
225.6
65.6
89.0
117.8
134.4
142.1
192.5
225.6
65.5
88.1
116.8
133.4
141.0
191.9
225.6
67.0
88.3
115.5
132.7
140.1
192.1
225.6
67.0
87.3
113.9
132.1
139.2
192.6
225.6
66.6
87.2
112.6
131.2
142.6
193.4
225.6
67.8
86.8
109.5
131.5
141.9
198.5
224.7
67.9
88.3
108.6
131.3
139.3
196.7
223.7
69.6
87.4
109.4
131.4
139.3
196.2
222.2
68.9
85.0
109.4
130.4
139.3
194.1
222.2
69.6
87.2
108.5
130.2
139.3
192.4
222.2
70.3
88.3
108.5
87.8
106 1
132 8
133 fi
67. 2
79. 6
64.0
61.7
Metals and metal products2.
Agricultural machinery
and equipm entf______
Farm machinery T__
Iron and steel___________
Steel mill products___
Semi-finished_____
Finished..................
Motor vehicles r. .........
Passenger cars______
Trucks______________
Nonferrous metals______
Plumbing and heating ' .
Plumbing r ______________
180.3
178.6
176.7
174.3
172.4
171.9
169.7
168.7
168.5
168.6
168.4
167.8
167.3
112.2
153.1
155. 7
173.9
172.8
185.4
171.2
176.9
187.1
133.9
181.7
182.5
137.3
152.0
154.5
« 173.2
172.7
185.4
171.1
o 176.8
» 187.0
133.9
173. 3
177.2
132.0
150.3
152.7
172. 2
172.5
185.4
170.9
176.5
186.6
133.9
166.1
166.9
125.4
145.5
147.7
171.0
172.3
185.4
170.6
176.1
186.4
133.1
156.3
164.6
123.9
143.9
146.2
169.8
172.3
185.4
170.6
175.1
185.2
133.0
150.6
156.5
116.9
143.7
146.0
169.4
172. 2
185.4
170.4
175.1
185.2
133.0
148.4
156.3
116.7
143.7
146.0
168.5
171.8
184.9
170.1
175.1
185.2
133.0
136.3
156.4
116.6
143.4
145.8
168.9
171.7
184.7
170.1
175.1
185.2
132.7
128.9
154.7
143.1
145.6
169.0
171.7
184.7
170.0
175.1
185.2
132.8
127.2
151.9
143.1
145.7
168.8
171.7
184.7
170.0
175.6
185.7
133.0
128.1
148.7
143.0
145.6
165.4
167.6
178.1
166.3
176.7
186.7
134.7
129.2
154.6
Building materials__________
Brick and t i l e _________
Oementf...... ................. ..
Lumber_________________
Paint, paint materials
Prepared paint r
Paint materials ' ____
Plumbing and heating
Plumbing ’ ____ _____
Structural steel......... ........
Other bldg, m aterials...
217.2
178.5
140.6
345.9
148.1
143.3
156.1
182.5
137.3
191.6
189.1
218.9
« 178.1
140.2
358.4
” 145. 7
» 142.4
152.1
177.2
132.0
191.6
» 186.5
« 219. 6
168.7
136. 3
371. 5
145.9
« 142. 4
152.4
166.9
125.4
191.6
» 182. 5
213.9
167.8
135.5
357.6
142.4
141.3
146.2
164.6
123.9
191.6
178.7
207.3
167.4
135.3
338.0
138.6
138.6
141.3
156.5
116.9
191.6
177.4
202.1
164.3
134.9
322.6
137.7
138.5
139.5
156.3
116.7
191.6
175.0
198.1
163.9
134.9
310.8
136.8
138.5
137.6
156.4
116.6
191.6
172.7
194.8
163.4
134.9
299.4
136.7
138.5
137.3
154.7
0
191.6
172.0
190.4
161.9
134.5
285.2
139.6
138.5
143.4
154.6
(»)
185. 2
169.2
143.1
145.7
163.4
163.9
173.4
162.7
176.7
186.7
134.9
131.7
154.6
0
189.6
161.9
134.5
283.5
140.1
138.5
144.6
154.6
0
178.8
168.6
104. 5
104. 9
110 1
112 2
108 9
112 8
13fi. fi
142.8
104 3
99 2
106 0
0
129 9
121 3
102. 6
176 0
108. 6
99 3
120 9
106 0
191.6
172.2
192.8
163.2
134.9
292.1
139.0
138.5
142.2
148.7
0
191.6
171.1
143.0
145.7
167.3
171.1
182.2
169.7
176.5
186.7
133.8
128.6
151.7
0
191.6
163.5
134.8
287.5
139.0
138.5
142.2
151.7
0
191.6
170.5
( !)
( s)
194.2
163.3
134. 9
295.9
138.2
138.5
140.5
151.9
(5)
0
0
0
(fi)
120 1
118.4
Chemicals and allied products__________________ _____
Chemicals__________ . . .
Drug
and
pharmaceutical materials_____
Fertilizer m aterials____
Mixed fertilizers..............
Oils and fats____________
135.5
134.3
» 132.2
« 131.6
» 128.6
« 125.4
122.5
122.1
118.1
119.3
114.5
117.3
116.4
116.5
117.1
116.4
116.3
115.4
115.2
114.7
115.7
114.7
115.2
114.3
115.8
115.0
96 4
98 0
163.8
112.0
103.5
171.5
161.1
111.2
103.1
160.3
153.4
111.4
103.1
163.9
135.0
112.1
103.1
141.5
129.1
110.1
103.0
125.7
122.7
108.4
103.3
111.9
122.3
116.8
103.3
122.2
122.0
117.4
103.5
127.5
121.9
117.3
103.5
125.6
121.4
116.9
103.5
120.9
121.5
117.4
104.6
122.7
121.6
117.9
106.5
118.2
123.0
118.3
107.0
118.3
109 4
82 7
86 6
102.1
Housefurnishing goods...........
Furnishings.......... ........... .
Furniture r _____________
166.8
176.6
156.5
» 163.8
« 173.7
» 153.5
159.2
168.1
149.9
153.9
162.8
144.6
148.7
156.2
141.0
146.9
154.2
139.4
146.6
154.1
138.9
145.8
152.6
138.8
145.5
152.2
138.6
145.2
151.8
138.4
144.7
151.5
137.8
144.2
151.2
137.0
143.4
149.9
136.8
HO. 4
Miscellaneous...... .....................
Tires and tubes r ____
Cattle feed______________
Paper and p u l p ..............
P aperboard...______
P a p e r______________
W ood p u lp ...............
Rubber, crude__________
Other miscellaneous____
Soaps and detergents r. .
137.6
82.3
211.4
178.6
192.9
164.5
222.6
150. 5
134.7
144.6
131.3
78.1
199.6
173.4
184.3
159.4
222.6
131.5
130.5
0 143.3
127.4
77.4
203.8
167.1
171.6
157.3
201.8
114.7
127.8
° 140. 0
124.3
75.0
205.6
163.9
165.5
154.5
201.5
106.1
125.4
130.5
119.0
68.7
240.5
159.9
152.8
152.0
203.1
78.4
121.7
122.0
114.7
67.0
213.2
155.6
146.6
150.3
186.9
63.4
120.7
122.1
114.7
65.8
235.5
155.4
146.5
150.3
184.8
58.4
120.5
122.8
112.6
65.0
215.6
155.4
146.5
150.3
185.0
48.7
120.3
122.9
110.7
64.3
193.7
155.5
147.3
150.3
184.3
41.3
120.4
122.9
110.0
64.3
177.3
155.6
147.3
150.5
183.8
41.1
120.4
123.0
110.0
64.3
179.3
155.9
147.3
151.0
183.8
39.1
120.5
123.1
110.7
64.3
192.3
156.0
147.5
151.0
183.8
37.8
121.1
126.5
109.7
62.5
184.9
156.5
147.1
151.0
189.7
35.4
121.2
126.6
98 5
65 7
197. 8
115 6
115. 6
107.3
154. 1
114. 5
108.5
89.5
40.6
81.1
46 2
101.0
101.3
78.9
1 See footnote 1, table D-7. * See footnote 2, table D-7. * Not available. 4Index based on old series not available. Revised series first used in index
» Index based on old series not available. Revised series first used in index in May 1950.
» Corrected.
» Revised.
fRevised indexes for dates prior to August 1949 available upon request.
in December.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
E : W O R K STOPPAGES
115
E : Work Stoppages
T able E - l : Work Stoppages Resulting From Labor-Management Disputes1
Number of stoppages
Workers Involved In stoppages
M an-days idle during month
or year
M onth and year
Beginning
in month or
year
In effect dur
ing month
Beginning
in month or
year
1935-39 (average).
1945.
...................
1946.
....................
1947
....................
1948
.................... .
1949
.....................
2,862
4, 750
4,985
3,693
3, 419
3,606
1949: N ovem ber..
December...
197
170
388
323
56,600
45,500
1950: January
February»_
March *____
April *_____
M a y »______
June *______
July»_______
A u gu st»____
September».
October »___
N ovem ber».
225
210
260
400
450
425
425
560
525
525
250
340
325
400
550
650
650
650
800
800
800
575
185,000
75, 000
80,000
160, 000
325,000
260,000
225,000
350,000
275,000
180, 000
160, 000
1 All known work stoppages, arising out of labor-management disputes,
involving six or more workers and continuing as long as a full day or shift
are included in reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Figures on “ work
ers Involved” and “ man-days idle” cover all workers made idle for one or
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In effect dur
ing month
Number
Percent of
estimated
working time
16,900,000
38,000,000
116,000,000
34, 600,000
34,100,000
50, 500 000
fl 27
47
1 43
41
37
|fig
914,000
417,000
6, 270, 000
1, 350, 000
.93
.19
300,000
515, 000
530,000
300, 000
600,000
400,000
400,000
465, 000
460,000
300, 000
275, 000
2, 600,000
7,850, 000
3,750, 000
3,150, 000
3,000,000
2, 750,000
2, 900,000
2,900,000
3, 500,000
2, 450, 000
1, 750, 000
.38
1.27
.49
.47
.40
.36
.41
.35
.48
.30
.23
1,130,000
3,470', 000
4,600,000
2,170,000
1,960,000
3t 030,000
more shifts in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not
measure the indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or indus
tries whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
* Preliminary estimates.
116
F : B U ILD IN G AND
MONTHLY LABOR
CONSTRUCTION
F: Building and Construction
T able F - l : Expenditures for New Construction 1
[Value of work put In place]
Expenditures (In million»)
1950
Type of construction
Dec.2 N o v .3
Oct.3
Sept.3 Aug.3 J u ly 3
Total new construction 4~ --------- ---------------- $2, 235 $2, 554 $2, 750 $2,816 $2, 799 $2,676
Private construction.......................................... 1,686
980
Residential building (nonfarm).............
900
New dwelling units............................
62
Additions and alterations.................
Nonhousekeeping *------------------------18
392
Nonresidential building (nonfarm )«...
125
Industrial...... ............... ................ .......
138
Commercial----- --------------------------- Warehouses, office and loft
47
buildings__________ _____ ____
Stores,
restaurants,
and
91
garages —
------------ --- ------129
Other nonresidential building------39
Religious- ____________________
30
Educational___________________
20
Social and recreational.. ----29
Hospital and institutional7. . .
11
Miscellaneous-.................. ...........
66
Farm construction........................... .........
243
Public u tilities.......................... - ...............
24
Railroad______________________ _____
34
Telephone and telegraph--------------185
Other public utilities--------------------5
All other private 8----------- --------------------549
Public con struction.--------------------------------28
Residential building 8 ------------------------Nonresidential building (other than
209
military or naval facilities)---------- --29
Industrial________________ ________
110
Educational_______________________
37
Hospital and institutional------------33
Other nonresidential---------------------25
Military and naval facilities 10. ..............
155
Highw ays------ ----------------------------------55
Sewer and w ater..
------------ . . . . . .
Miscellaneous public service enter11
prises 11_________________________ _____
60
Conservation and development----------6
All other public 12----------------------- ------- --
M a y 3 Apr.3
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
$2, 535 $2, 282 $1,988 $1,750 $1,618 $1,712
Dee.
Total
1948
Total
$1,852 $22, 594 $21,572
1,262
717
655
51
11
252
70
77
1,298
742
680
51
11
257
69
79
1,401
806
730
61
15
267
68
86
16,204
8,290
7,280
825
185
3, 228
972
1,027
16,665
8,580
7, 500
925
155
8,821
1,397
1,253
2,006
1,237
1,135
84
18
379
111
135
2,072
1,306
1,195
94
17
352
101
121
2,074
1,310
1,200
93
17
332
90
114
1,998
1,253
1,145
93
15
325
84
116
1,883
1,171
1,065
92
14
306
78
46
42
39
35
31
28
26
24
25
27
28
28
321
352
101
135
40
30
22
30
13
74
277
28
40
209
7
669
31
93
133
39
29
23
30
12
88
295
29
40
226
7
744
30
82
130
38
28
23
29
12
106
301
30
43
228
7
744
28
79
128
37
26
24
30
11
116
305
30
45
230
11
725
27
85
125
35
25
23
30
12
113
296
29
45
222
66
109
30
21
19
29
10
100
267
27
41
199
13
593
28
52
102
28
20
17
27
10
88
253
26
40
187
11
506
28
52
103
28
21
17
27
10
79
235
21
38
176
9
437
28
50
105
29
22
51
109
31
23
678
24
82
118
33
23
21
30
11
108
285
28
42
215
13
652
28
18
26
10
75
209
16
32
161
9
356
26
25
10
74
216
22
30
164
9
414
35
58
113
32
24
21
24
12
75
246
23
37
186
7
451
34
706
1,229
360
269
262
202
136
1,292
3, 316
352
533
2,431
78
6,390
359
901
971
251
253
224
126
117
1,397
3,002
379
713
1,910
65
4, 907
156
221
30
112
40
39
26
240
59
230
31
114
42
43
28
290
62
214
22
108
40
44
22
310
60
205
19
102
40
44
16
305
58
196
18
98
37
43
10
275
56
191
16
94
39
42
10
250
55
187
17
90
40
40
8
210
54
178
13
87
40
38
9
145
52
170
11
84
40
35
8
100
49
154
7
79
38
30
9
55
46
155
7
80
37
31
9
90
49
158
9
80
40
29
12
117
49
2,056
177
934
477
468
137
2,129
619
1,301
196
618
223
264
158
1,856
535
17
67
8
20
76
8
20
82
8
21
85
8
18
91
8
17
92
9
15
82
9
13
73
8
11
62
9
10
49
7
12
13
60
8
203
792
95
185
629
87
11
no
1,689
1,035
940
82
13
274
73
92
1,482
1,313
882 , 741
675
800
55
70
12
11
249
248
69
70
77
76
1949
1,885
1,126
1,035
73
18
401
119
147
1 Joint estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, IJ. S. Department of
Labor, and the Office of Industry and Commerce, U . S. Department of Com
merce. Estimated construction expenditures represent the monetary value
of the volume of work accomplished during the given period of time. These
figures should be differentiated from permit valuation data reported in the
tabulations for building authorized (tables F -3 and F-4) and the data on
value of contract awards reported in table F-2.
2 Preliminary.
3 Revised.
* Includes major additions and alterations.
'Includes hotels, dormitories, and tourist courts and cabins.
« Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential
building are included under “ Public utilities.”
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June
1949
20
56
8
1 1ncludes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
s Covers privately owned sewer and water facilities, roads and bridges,
and miscellaneous nonbuilding items such as parks and playgrounds.
8 Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as
housekeeping units.
10 Covers all construction, building as well as nonbuilding.
11 Covers primarily publicly owned airports, electric light and power sys
tems, and local transit facilities.
13 Covers public construction not elsewhere classified, such as parks, play
grounds, and memorials.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
T able
F -2 : Value
of
F : BUILDIN G AND
117
CONSTRUCTION
Contracts Awarded and Force Account Work Started on Federally Financed
New Construction, by Type of Construction1
Value (in thousands)
Conservation and
development
Building
Period
Total
new
con
struc
tion 2
No n-resider tial
Air
ports 3
Total
Resi
den
tial
Total
H ispitals and
ir stitutior al
Edu
ca
tional 4
Total
1935
19361937.
193819391940.
194119429
1943“
1944“
1945“
1946“
1947“
1948“
1949“
Vet
erans
Other
$1,478,073
1,533,439
990,410
1, 609, 208
1, 586, 604
2,316, 467
5, 931, 536
7,871, 986
2, 877, 044
1, 861, 449
1, 092,181
1, 502, 701
1, 473, 910
1, 906,466
2,172,333
0
(7)
0
(7)
$4, 753
137,112
499,427
579,176
243, 443
110, 872
41, 219
15,068
25,075
55, 577
49,317
$442, 782
561,394
344, 567
676, 542
669, 222
1, 537, 910
4, 422,131
6, 226, 878
2,068,337
1, 438, 849
806, 917
617,132
454, 593
543,118
878, 231
$7,833
63,465
17, 239
31, 809
231,071
244, 671
322, 248
565, 247
405, 537
117, 504
60, 535
452, 204
60, 694
47,198
46,800
1948:“ January___
February..
M arch_____
April______
M a y _______
June_______
July_______
August____
September.
October___
Novem ber,
December.
136, 910
184,965
155,376
177,950
153,836
181, 347
151, 963
147,075
135, 771
180, 274
118,629
182,370
892
1, 586
5,675
3,850
5,634
4,930
5, 251
6,616
8,142
3,678
3, 792
5, 531
31,643
66, 662
72,158
26,879
59, 603
78, 600
21,859
24,398
28,692
77,644
22,117
32,863
149
3,084
1,159
10,330
463
19,602
272
7,059
66
785
2,374
1,855
31,494
63, 578
70, 999
16, 549
59,140
58, 998
21, 587
17,339
28, 626
76, 859
19, 743
31,008
306
164
257
12
468
92
6
4
31
0
84
0
8, 945
41, 781
59,417
5, 773
21, 783
19, 201
11,887
10, 453
18, 711
36,316
11,830
17,199
8,626
41. 557
56, 214
5,049
20,044
13, 876
1,697
872
13,287
6,498
436
460
319
224
3,203
724
1,739
5,325
10,190
9, 581
5,424
29, 818
11,394
16, 739
1949:« January___
February.-.
M arch_____
April_____
M a y _______
June_______
July_______
August____
SeptemberOctober___
November.
December..
97,047
5,520
101, 298
242
182, 992 4, 288
133, 535 4, 212
257,834 7, 233
325, 997 12, 262
142, 768 4, 818
272,671
3,385
171, 714 1,902
103,616 3,413
222, 263
790
160, 598 1, 252
40, 410
45,058
45,051
34,148
71,383
143,870
37,979
134, 548
82.101
36, 718
131,881
75,084
101
2, 535
4,602
4,498
6,245
23,017
821
49
446
672
9
3,805
40,309
42, 523
40,449
29, 650
65,138
120, 853
37,158
134, 499
81,655
36,046
131,872
71, 279
148
635
0
18
30
0
10
140
0
0
60
0
8,192
12, 651
26, 663
21,352
23, 649
64, 985
22, 756
43, 544
56,125
15,004
16,600
42,150
428
5,477
9, 612
1,204
1,045
14,814
202
25,492
26, 500
8,737
7,387
23,069
1950:“ January___
February...
M arch_____
April______
M a y _______
June_______
July_______
August____
SeptemberOctober____
126,308
112,191
203,476
151, 822
209,410
327,028
145,157
133,914
171, 590
230, 293
46, 513
35,443
26, 727
59, 780
51,413
122,303
46,410
26, 250
76, 475
137,725
109
127
1,036
3,406
1,493
5, 223
634
33
1,284
119
46, 404
35, 316
25, 691
56, 374
49, 920
117,080
45, 776
26, 217
75,191
137,606
144
138
20
70
0
1,430
616
174
0
19
27,477
30, 676
19, 901
35, 797
27, 558
41, 655
31,177
11, 595
33, 915
14,482
19,328
17,302
14,391
21,459
13,299
7,629
8,007
200
12,957
633
4,383
2,899
7,997
5, 556
3, 258
3,066
2,929
2,709
1,535
3,054
$434,949
0
497, 929
(8)
327,328
(8)
644, 733
(8)
438,151
(8)
1,293, 239
(8)
4, 099, 883
(8)
5,661, 631
(8)
1, 662,800
0
1,321,345
0
746,382
0
164,928 $14, 664
393,899 47, 750
495, 920 1,424
831, 431
1,041
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Other
nonresidential
Total
Rec
lama
tion
River,
har
bor
and
flood
control
High
ways
All
other8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
$9, 713
32, 550
29, 926
88,856
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
$126, 270
211, 607
201, 274
387,863
$438, 725
189, 710
133,010
303, 874
225, 423
197, 589
199, 684
217, 795
155, 737
112, 415
72,150
290,163
307, 695
494,871
497, 557
$158,027
73, 797
59,051
175,382
115,612
69,028
41,880
150, 708
101, 270
66, 679
30, 765
149, 870
75,483
147, 732
184,803
$280, 698
115,913
73, 959
128,492
109,811
128, 561
157, 804
67,087
54,467
45, 736
41, 385
140, 293
232,212
347,139
312, 754
$381,037
511, 685
360, 865
372,238
355, 701
364,048
446, 903
347, 988
161, 852
111,805
100, 969
534,653
659,645
767,460
690,469
$215, 529
270, 650
151, 968
256, 554
331, 505
79,808
363, 391
500,149
247, 675
87, 508
70, 926
45, 685
26, 902
45,440
56, 759
1,974
1,735
1,229
1,871
1,869
9,735
1,413
1,054
3,184
3,312
891
1,659
20, 269
19,898
10, 096
8,893
35,020
29, 970
8, 281
5, 828
6,700
37,231
6,938
12.150
54,115
65,119
22, 439
84,888
10, 495
24, 564
41, 947
22, 505
29,191
37,158
35, 409
67,041
4,876
1,229
6,639
56, 984
4,738
8, 887
1, 327
4, 269
2,959
19, 371
13, 895
22, 558
49, 239
63,890
15,800
27, 904
5, 757
15, 677
40, 620
18, 236
26, 232
17, 787
21, 514
44,483
47, 696
50,194
51, 582
58, 247
75, 645
68, 569
76, 428
91,310
65, 975
55, 747
51,972
74,095
2,564
1,404
3,522
4,086
2,459
4,684
6,478
2,246
3, 771
6, 047
5, 339
2,840
7, 764
7,174
17,051
20,148
22, 604
50,171
22, 554
18,052
29, 625
6, 267
9, 213
19,081
25,008
6, 961
22, 719
6,518
1, 747 12,039
949
7,331
13,658
27,801
10, 564 45,304
12,374
2,018
969 89, 846
538 24,992
16, 709
4,333
5,308 109, 904
1,045
28,084
15,141
24,032
84,342
39, 899
89, 536
80, 530
22,115
52,304
20, 679
12, 914
42,186
13,879
7,596
3,083
22, 546
18, 778
61, 537
26,603
6,822
12,375
10,179
1,091
5, 677
8, 516
7,545
20, 949
61, 796
21,121
27,999
53,927
15,293
39,929
10, 500
11,823
36, 509
5,363
34, 465
29,000
41,646
52,099
83, 769
80,348
75,448
79,020
63,035
49,910
38,100
63, 629
1, 511
2,966
7,665
3,177
5, 913
8, 987
2,408
3, 414
3,997
661
9,306
6,754
8,149
13,374
5, 510
14,338
14,259
34,026
23,170
11,395
20,958
13, 849
12,805
5,978
25, 578
1,052
3,450
25, 537
3,457
2,313 101, 266
2,364
18,143
19,063
2, 474
19,888
67, 473
25,187 48, 808 76,898
2,172
11, 811
13,474
1,732
12, 716 15, 516
1,532 39, 744 16,084
1,200 121, 905 19, 471
17, 933
7,087
69, 797
2,763
7,726
43, 620
10, 531
8,364
9, 762
13, 471
7,645 40, 998
18,450 42, 357
31, 469 61,026
16,300 63,453
59, 747 80,618
33, 278 110,963
2,943
77,869
7,152 83, 292
6,322
72,300
6,000
55,416
8,836
5,955
6,460
3.970
6, 648
13, 798
4,475
6,147
5,196
14, 627
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
$14, 281 $9,032
$5, 249
101, 992 96,140
5, 852
263, 296 168, 616 94, 680
353,671 123,967 229, 704
1 Excludes projects classified as “ secret” by the military. D ata for Federalaid programs cover amounts contributed by both owner and the Federal
Government. Force-account work is done not through a contractor, but
directly b y a government agency, using a separate work force to perform non
maintenance construction on the agency’s own properties.
2 Includes major additions and alterations.
3 Excludes hangars and other buildings, which are included under “ Other
nonresidential” building construction.
4 Includes educational facilities under the Federal temporary re-use edu
cational facilities program.
8 Includes post offices, armories, offices, and customhouses. Includes
Ad
minis
trative
and
gen
eral 5
contract awards for construction at United Nations Headquarters in New
York City, the principal awards having been for the Secretariat Building
(January 1949: $23,810,000), for the Meeting Hall (January 1950: $11,238,000),
and for the General Assembly Building (June 1950: $10,704,000).
8 Includes electrification projects, water-supply and sewage-disposal sys
tems, railroad construction, and other types of projects not elsewhere clas
sified.
7 Included in “ All other.”
8 Unavailable.
9 Revised to include construction projects for the Atomic Energy Com
mission.
118
F : B UILDIN G AND
MONTHLY LABOR
CONSTRUCTION
T able F -3: Urban Building Authorized, by Principal Class of Construction and by Type of Building1
Number of new dwelling units— House
keeping only
Valuation (in thousands)
New residential building
Period
Privately financed
Housekeeping
Total all
classes 2
Privately financed dwelling units
Total
1-family
2-fam
ily «
M ulti
family 4
Publicly Nonfinanced
house
dwell
keep
ing
ing 8
units
New nonresidential
building
Addi
tions,
altera
tions,
and
repairs
$77,283 $296,933 $22, 910 $1, 510,688 $278, 472
1, 458,602
771,023
181, 531 355, 587 43, 369
1, 712, 817 891. 926
372, 646
35,177
29, 831
496, 215 139, 334 38, 034 2, 367, 940 1, 004, 549
285, 625 39, 785 2,408,445 937, 493
747,161
Total
1-fam
ily
184, 892
430,195
503,094
516,179
575, 286
138, 908
358,151
393, 720
392, 532
413, 543
2-fam
ily «
Multifam
ily 4
15, 747 30, 237
24, 326 47, 718
34,105
75, 269
36,306 87, 341
26,431 135,312
Pub
licly fi
nanced
1942.....................................
1946____________________
1947........... ................... .
1948____________________
1949 8______ ____________
$2, 707, 573
4, 743, 414
5, 561, 754
6, 972, 784
7,396, 274
$598, 570
2,114,833
2,892.003
3,422, 927
3, 724, 926
$478,658
1,830, 260
2, 362,600
2, 745, 219
2,845,398
$42,629
103,042
156, 757
181, 493
132, 367
1949: October__________
Novem ber_______
December_______
681,409
620, 839
564,435
376, 838
353, 481
277, 622
297, 394
292,383
219, 701
13, 908
10, 639
9, 790
65, 536
50, 459
48,131
18, 987
18, 482
10, 350
3,635
2,661
4,669
198, 631
181, 684
216,189
83,318
64, 531
55, 604
57,355
52. 386
43,422
41,813
41, 581
31,410
2, 749
2,097
1,982
12, 793
8, 708
10,030
2, 254
2,005
1, 287
1950: January__________
February________
M arch_____ ____ _
April_________ __
M a y _____________
June_____________
July-------------------August— ______
September 7______
October 8_________
558, 374
572, 464
855, 618
920, 983
1,062, 337
1,011,211
1,060,627
1,088,854
837, 297
852,449
315, 529
352, 248
545, 665
577, 757
643, 989
613,848
590, 243
606, 244
440, 247
429, 240
243, 446
283,164
442, 035
482, 238
534, 758
518,377
512, 763
501, 245
375, 214
362,935
11,354
11, 888
21, 040
17, 778
20. 000
15,421
17,406
17, 590
13,518
12, 705
60, 729
57,196
82, 59C
77, 741
89,231
80,050
60,074
87, 409
51,515
53, 600
8, 564
1,506
9,197
13, 591
27, 995
6, 209
41, 998
34,442
33, 698
12,373
2, 421
2, 971
9,011
4, 725
31,184
5,092
7,935
8,690
6, 599
4, 406
166, 233
156,049
205, 704
237, 412
258,355
273,149
308, 622
324,827
258,195
314,357
65,627
59,690
86. 041
87, 498
100, 814
112,913
111,829
114, 651
98, 558
92,073
49,128
52, 818
79, 408
81, 207
88, 642
82,862
79, 589
79, 001
58,308
55, 212
36,041
40, 200
59, 785
63, 478
69,377
66,877
64, 613
61, 711
46, 498
43,734
2,287
2, 377
4, 209
3,203
3,859
2,828
3,130
3,018
2, 256
2, 287
10, 800
10, 241
15,414
14, 526
15, 406
13,157
11,846
14, 272
9, 554
9,191
868
177
1,135
1,626
3, 268
677
4, 590
3, 733
3,784
1,389
1 Building for which building permits were issued and Federal contracts
awarded in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken
In some smaller urban places that do not issue permits.
The data cover federally and nonfederally financed building construction
combined. Estimates of non-Federal (private and State and local govern
ment) urban building construction are based primarily on building-permit
reports received from places containing about 85 percent of the urban popula
tion of the country; estimates of federally financed projects are compiled from
notifications of construction contracts awarded, which are obtained from other
Federal agencies. Data from building permits are not adjusted to allowjfor
lapsed permits or for lag between permit issuance and the start of construc
tion. Thus, the estimates do not represent construction actually started
during the month.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
95, 946
98, 310
5,100
15,114
32,194
Urban, as defined by the Bureau of the Census, covers all incorporated
places of 2,500 population or more in 1940, and, by special rule, a small num
ber of unincorporated civil divisions.
2 Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as well as new residential and
nonresidentisl building.
2 Includes units in 1-family and 2-familv structures with stores.
4 Includes units in multifamily structures with stores.
5 Covers hotels, dormitories, tourist cabins, and other nonhousekeeping
residential buildings.
6 M onthly figures shown for 1949 are from the revised series. Revisions for
previous months in 1949 available from Division of Construction Statistics.
7 Revised.
8 Preliminary.
REVIEW, JANUARY 1951
T able
F -4:
F : BUILDING AND
CONSTRUCTION
119
New Nonresidential Building Authorized in All Urban Places,1 by General Tyyje and
Geographic Division 2
by
Valuation (in thousands)
Geographic division and
type of new nonresi
dential building
1950
Oct.4
Sept.«
Aug.
July
June
M ay
1949 3
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
1949
1948
Total
Total
All types_______
____ $314,357 $258,195 $324, 827 $308,622 $273,149 $258,355 $237,412 $205,704 $156,049 $166, 233 $216,189 $181. 684 $198, 631 $2,408, 445 $2,367, 940
15, 651
12, 701 21,082
12,586
19, 988
New England______
17,078
15,648
10,377
17,552
17,361
6, 493
13, 090
7,208
115, 582
148, 039
64, 550 45,232 42, 775 47,472 45,928
41,984 32,117 25, 617 20,195 32, 357 57, 807 35, 750 37, 368
Middle Atlantic____
429, 042
394, 583
92, 980 61,897 67, 251 61, 51C 63, 794
East North Central..
59,853 68. 708 47, 228 28,422
23, 663 40,528 28, 824 50,347
492, 384
511' 794
24,376 23, 630 27,348 25, 806 32, 526 24,91C 22,186
West North Central.
15,939
10,674
6.977
14,153
13, 844 15,356
203, 409
173,152
26, 675 27, 662 42,080 38,081
31,827
South Atlantic.. . . .
33, 23C 28, 515 26, 591
22,332 23. 464 21, 428 24, 776 25, 972
311, 540
269, 427
9,052
12,630
8,408
16, 570 12, 568
East South Central.
9, 264
10,483
10, 637 10, 506
12. 586 12, 891
11,632
8,027
133,377
100, 715
34,212 30,806 42,454 39,673 33,130
W est South Central.
27, 795 22,864
22,513
16,080 23, 529 17,386
18,419 24,130
270,406
274, 663
7,172
13, 453 15, 511
9, 518
9,413
M o u n ta in _________
6, 971
7 ,31C
16,307
5, 740
3,078
104,112
5, 344
10, 478 13, 843
&3,458
39, 689 34,406
53,695 50,110 31,272 36,931
Pacific______________
29,921
30,496
24, 548 23,219 28, 737 26, 591 26,082
348, 592
412,108
44,892 29,203 31,373
24, 575 20,893
29,604
industrial buildings 6._
18,962
1, 755
2,173
928
1, 558
1,282
1, 225
1,415
New England______
7, 281
4, 762 10, 972
4,308
3,927
5. 21£
2, 734
Middle Atlantic____
23, 745 13, 572 11,948
East North Central
7,005
9,077
6, 955
6, 217
2, 906
3,077
1,143
2, 223
1, 109
1,32£
W est North Central
2 ,20C
1,017
1,619
1,033
1,297
South Atlantic.. _ _
3,298
778
1,201
1,168
1,000
946
1,888
East South Central.
234
417
1, 708
2, 332
2,388
1,815
2, 025
W est South Central.
1,411
691
1,664
592
278
846
161
Mountain__________
288
1,420
33C
4,042
4,182
3,983
2, 751
Pacific _____________
3,302
2,363
2,990
90, 895 83,198
Commercial buildings 7_. 117,326 93, 691 124, 598 96,008 97,177
3, 270
5,343
5,700
5,170
6,327
New England______
4, 767
6, 241
36,391
14,293 18, 746 12, 599 16,498
Middle Atlantic.. .
12,825
13, 228
17,697
18,152 24, 797 20,370 20, 683 18,857
East North Central.
15, 242
8,335
10,336 10, 984
7, 720
W est North Central.
10,371
8, 813 10,780
11,877 10, 280 16, 071 12,397 13,016
South Atlantic_____
11,678
10, 904
3,344
4, 720
4,055
5, 255
East South Central.
4,060
3, 512
5,662
14, 578 10,613 21, 801 16,006 12, 645 11, 236 10,431
W est South Central.
6, 995
3, 308
4, 758
3,948
M ountain__________
3, 662
3,639
3, 425
16, 453 15, 505 17, 216 12, 543 11, 668
Pacific______________
9,631
11,469
Community buildings 8.. 112,055 104,091 124,698 131, 954 102, 798 111, 558 107, 270
11, 839 11,913
7, 238
3,520
New England______
8,301
5, 757
5, 437
17, 479 23, 973 15, 332 17,345 12,940
Middle Atlantic____
19,158
12, 297
20, 749 25,077 24, 783 24,807 42,280
35,308 21,001
East North Central
9, 993
10,085
7,777
8.125
W est North Central.
8, 585
7, 627
18, 525
11, 558 15,037 17, 243 20, 574
South Atlantic_____
18, 594 13,369
9,034
6, 030
3,438
2,281
8,328
East South Central
4,102
3, 749
5, 568
11, 952 13, 942 14,319 18, 795 14,177
W est South Central.
10, 600
7, 273
4, 706
1,709
3,871
6,563
M ountain__________
2.387
1,564
2,022
13, 287
9,998 24, 486 17, 926 10,311
Pacific . - ___
15,024 13,356
6, 788 15,459 24,044
4,050
4,530
Public buildings9______
5,438
5, 556
53
70
30
216
New England______
90
542
430
349
594
0
1,211
992
Middle Atlantic____
734
9,602
382
329
742
1, 561
East North Central.
663
33
3,411
683
111
30
61
262
West North Central
425
1,002
3, 820
555
372
952
South Atlantic_____
98
1,337
4,201
145
577
0
0
East South Central.
92
331
318
185
820
573
2,566
W est South Central.
145
954
1,859
247
250
186
0
Mountain______ . .
235
70
1,123
925 10, 885
743
604
Pacific_____________
2,862
1,130
2,098
Public works and utility
9, 954 11,365
14,235
7,432
buildings18. . ________
6,681
5,404
6,403
2, 769
161
941
491
New England______
49
569
249
1, 263
554
759
2, 955
Middle Atlantic____
1,385
1,334
325
1, 830
10, 279
607
1,759
East North Central.
424
1,111
2,348
606
266
622
2, 233
W est North Central.
318
760
1, 207
240
835
105
South Atlantic_____
1,281
592
623
540
225
70
494
370
East South Central
221
80
257
170
434
543
147
W est South Central
1,239
812
799
361
180
339
370
M ountain__________
41
406
474
2,490
1. 457
P a c i f i c ...______
1,536
3,246
488
480
1,359
21,800
19, 247 27,416
24,234 18,152 22,890
All other buildings 11
17,022
978
1,085
952
917
New England
1,086
1,124
776
2, 324
2, 250
1,899
2,389
Middle Atlantic . .
2, 405
1,792
2, 636
7, 545
5, 622
7,825
5,738
East North Central
6, 223
4, 512
4, 729
2,176
2,501
2,111
7,056
W est North Central.
2, 765
1, 674
1,870
3, 088
833
835
1,580
South Atlantic_____
1,489
1,164
1,656
511
454
755
605
East South Central.
554
1,102
345
3,647
4, 040
1,329
2,127
W est South Central.
3, 884
1,730
2,240
2, 611
762
1,448
1,063
Mountain_______
697
962
1,055
4, 536
2,779
3, 566
2,759
Pacific__________
3,786
2,962
2,846
1 Building for which permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded
in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some
smaller urban places that do not issue permits. Sums of components do not
always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
2 For scope and source of urban estimates, see table F-3, footnote 1.
3 M onthly figures shown for 1949 are from the revised series. Revisions for
previous months in 1949 available from Division of Construction Statistics.
4 Preliminary.
« Revised.
8 Includes factories, navy yards, army ordnance plants, bakeries, ice plants,
industrial warehouses, and other buildings at the site of these and similar
production plants.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
15, 353
431
3,000
5,457
844
1,019
1,264
851
349
2,139
85, 507
4,348
11,071
16, 952
8,209
11,642
3,395
10,144
5, 560
14,187
85,294
4, 977
9, 544
20,053
5,101
12, 588
5,155
8,798
9, 787
9.293
1,542
0
110
234
58
68
0
477
15
581
11,856
328
1. 406
4. 706
984
482
885
783
90
2,191
55, 559
1,379
10,059
9, 930
3, 454
10, 331
2, 893
6, 290
4,070
7,154
70, 844
15, 335
7,370
9,967
4, 458
8,320
6,352
8, 728
1,142
11,173
4,159
0
52
177
300
1,823
0
71
56
1,682
5, 558
236
532
2, 287
319
366
308
603
2
845
12, 450
385
1,360
2, 245
1,408
910
516
1,580
594
3,451
5,153
187
307
2,112
977
765
0
292
73
440
8, 478
324
1, 002
1, 531
501
611
375
1,916
309
1, 909
14 008 14, 882
190
321
3. 522
1, 804
4, 455
8, 442
709
785
864
1,179
416
753
1,262
308
113
135
2,454
1,178
61. 799 52,127
2, 089
1,785
22, 522 10, 388
7, 558 10,119
3.185
5, 818
5,411
6, 402
2,457
2,747
5, 207
10,006
1, 214
1, 483
8. 433
7,103
68. 718 109,200
4,622
14, 515
3 744 44, 000
10. 150 16, 354
3,188
2,503
15, 470
7, 344
9,381
5,392
9,105
7,061
7, 692
746
7, 512
9,137
2, 490 16, 223
2, 040
158
264
552
2, 792
268
1,571
192
1,748
369
18
0
146
126
799
54
6,845
771
10, 947
200
2, 250
3, 909
792
901
170
406
320
1,999
59, 369
1,883
9,618
9, 991
5, 014
9, 464
2, 756
9, 399
1,446
9,800
74, 548
3,110
20, 452
9,929
7,201
7, 050
5, 493
6, 451
8, 852
6,011
13, 518
185
1,393
332
313
5, 567
0
243
2,114
3,372
18, 789
203, 699
209
6, 450
5,111
40,386
5, 462
77,037
956
15,689
2, 520
19,174
180
8, 736
1.117
6, 859
242
4,370
2, 994
24, 999
752, 810
67, 528
2, 970
36, 668
127,049
9, 215
147, 620
16, 635
4,170
52, 907
106, 037
8, 438
36, 020
2, 879
101,025
11, 680
1,393
25, 590
119, 895
10,148
74,187 1,018, 637
586
43, 771
179, 463
14,109
21, 996
201, 808
6, 609
100, 281
103,666
7,464
71,114
4,116
7,499
135,620
59, 923
2, 940
122, 991
8, 869
153,103
11,635
154
4, 863
36,154
5, 792
8,156
1, 816
441
9, 560
50,313
1,377
0
6, 257
774
5,041
5, 436
28
1,253
27,322
299, 263
19, 839
65, 889
100, 034
15, 993
27, 776
9,054
15, 864
2, 770
42,044
926, 550
55, 560
133,219
177,322
72, 808
121, 552
39, 391
126,063
35,274
165,361
789, 833
47,255
154,655
154, 846
54,207
80, 384
36, 344
106, 205
34, 577
121, 360
74, 414
5, 966
8,680
11, 352
5, 438
8,875
8,936
6,132
3, 965
15,069
15, 474
3,615
544
920
1,735
4, 070
41
1,663
121
2,765
8,284
404
808
1, 899
747
685
241
957
538
2,004
11, 724
345
599
2, 031
922
1, 108
2, 320
1,034
126
3,232
11, 577
769
1,438
2, 632
1,115
687
888
887
985
2,177
11,424
2,135
513
390
329
5, 484
491
1,357
138
586
15, 068
1,155
2, 628
4, 050
1, 617
148,681
11,438
16,651
35, 809
13, 015
21,451
3, 750
12, 792
2,055
31, 721
129,197
7, 982
15, 490
32, 430
11,691
9. 390
3 240
7,606
4. 817
36, 552
8,968
430
823
361
150
204
638
3,982
333
2,049
10, 249
283
1,195
871
238
1,146
3,393
1,092
327
1,704
688
362
1,703
604
2,233
148, 375
16,012
27, 650
22, 302
11,337
23, 281
7, 223
11, 944
2, 566
26, 059
131, 821
7, 819
18, 339
35, 460
13, 634
9, 070
4,027
9. 918
6,228
27, 326
7 Includes amusement and recreation buildings, stores and other mercantile
buildings, commercial garages, gasoline and service stations, etc.
8 Includes churches, hospitals, and other institutional buildings, schools,
libraries, etc.
* Includes Federal, State, county, and municipal buildings, such as post
offices; courthouses, city halls, fire and police stations, jails, prisons, arsenals,
armories, army barracks, etc.
10 Includes railroad, bus and airport buildings, roundhouses, radio stations,
gas and electric plants, public comfort stations, etc.
11 Includes private garages, sheds, stables and bams, and other building
not elsewhere classified.
F : BUILDIN G AND
120
CONSTRUCTION
T able F -5: Number and Construction Cost of New Permanent Nonfarm Dwelling Units Started, by
Urban or Rural Location, and by Source of Funds 1
Num ber of new dwelling units started
Estimated construction cost
(in thousands) 2
Privately financed
All units
Publicly financed
Period
Urban
Rural
non
farm
Total
non
farm
Urban
Rural
non
farm
Total
non
farm
Urban
Rural
non
farm
937,000
1925________ _______________________
93,000
1933 8_______________________________
706,100
1941 * ______________________ - ......... 141, 800
19448 ____________________________
670, 500
1946________________________________
849,000
1947________________________________
931, 600
1 9 4 8 ...
_____________________
1949 «_______________________________ 1,025,100
752,000
45, 000
434,300
96, 200
403,700
479,800
524, 900
588,800
185,000
48,000
271,800
45, 600
266,800
369, 200
406, 700
436, 300
937,000
93,000
619, 500
138, 700
662, 500
845, 600
913,500
988,800
752,000
45,000
369, 500
93, 200
395,700
476, 400
510, 000
556,600
185,000
48,000
250,000
45, 500
266,800
369, 200
403, 500
432, 200
0
0
86, 600
3,100
8,000
3, 400
18,100
36,300
0
0
64,800
3,000
8,000
3, 400
14,900
32, 200
0 $4,475,000 $4, 475,000
285,446
285,446
0
2,825,895
2,530,765
21,800
495,054
483, 231
100
0 3,769, 767 3,713, 776
0 5,642, 798 5, 617,425
7,203,119 7,028,980
3,200
7,374,269
4,100
7, 702,971
Total
non
farm
Total
Privately
financed
Publicly
financed
0
0
$295,130
11,823
55,991
25,373
174,139
328,702
1948:
First q u a rte r.........................
January.. _________
F e b r u a r y _________
March_________ . . .
Second quarter________
..
April___ . _______
M ay____ ________
June________________
Third quarter______________
July------------------------August_____________
September___ . . .
Fourth quarter____ ________
October___________ _
November___
December_____ __ _
180,000
53, 500
50.100
76, 400
297, 600
99, 500
100,300
97,800
264,000
95,000
86, 700
82, 300
190,000
73,400
63, 700
52,900
103,000
30, 800
29,100
43,100
166,100
55,000
56, 700
54, 400
144, 200
52, 200
47, 700
44, 300
111,600
41,300
38,100
32, 200
77,000
22, 700
21,000
33,300
131, 500
44, 500
43, 600
43,400
119,800
42,800
39,000
38,000
78,400
32,100
25, 600
20, 700
177, 700
52, 500
48, 900
76,300
293, 900
98,100
99, 200
96, 600
259, 300
93, 700
85,100
80, 500
182, 600
71, 900
61,300
49, 400
100,800
29,800
28,000
43,000
164,600
54,600
56,100
53,900
140,100
51,000
46, 600
42, 500
104,500
39,800
35,800
28,900
76,900
22, 700
20, 900
33,300
129,300
43, 500
43,100
42, 700
119, 200
42, 700
38, 500
38, 000
78,100
32,100
25, 500
20, 500
2,300
1,000
1,200
100
3,700
1,400
1,100
1,200
4,700
1,300
1,600
1,800
7,400
1,500
2, 400
3, 500
2,200
1,000
1,100
100
1.500
400
600
500
4,100
1,200
1,100
1,800
7,100
1,500
2,300
3,300
100
0
100
0
2,200
1,000
500
700
600
100
500
0
300
0
100
200
1,315,287
383,634
368,985
562, 668
2, 287, 624
748,976
769,369
769, 279
2,113,496
750,977
720,523
641,996
1,486,712
573,950
498, 296
414,466
1, 296,612
374,984
359,420
562,208
2,252,961
736,186
758, 635
758,140
2,065,770
738,659
703,066
624,045
1,413, 637
560,347
471,336
381,954
18,675
8, 650
9,565
460
34,663
12,790
10,734
11,139
47, 726
12,318
17, 457
17,951
73,075
13,603
26, 960
32, 512
1949:
First quarter___________
_
J a n u a r y ...________
February................. .
March ________ . .
Second quarter.............. .........
April____
________
M ay........................... .
June_______________
Third quarter__________ . . .
J u ly .................... . .
August_________
September_________
Fourth quarter_________ . .
October____________
November_________
December.............. ...
169, 800
50,000
50,400
69, 400
279, 200
88, 300
95, 400
95, 500
298,000
96,100
99,000
102, 900
278,100
104,300
95,500
78,300
94, 200
29, 500
28,000
36, 700
157,300
49, 500
53, 900
53,900
171,600
53, 300
55, 900
62, 400
165, 700
60,000
56, 700
49,000
75, 600
20, 500
22, 400
32, 700
121,900
38, 800
41,500
41,600
126, 400
42,800
43,100
40, 500
112,400
44, 300
38,800
29, 300
159, 400
46,300
47,800
65, 300
267, 200
85,000
91, 200
91,000
289, 900
92, 700
96,600
100,600
272,300
101,900
93, 400
77,000
84,100
25,800
25, 500
32,800
147,800
46, 700
50,600
50,500
164, 500
50,100
54,300
60,100
160, 200
57, 700
54, 700
47,800
75,300
20, 500
22, 300
32,500
119,400
38,300
40, 600
40, 500
125, 400
42, 600
42,300
40, 500
112,100
44, 200
38, 700
29, 200
10, 400
3,700
2,600
4,100
12,000
3, 300
4,200
4,500
8,100
3,400
2, 400
2,300
5,800
2, 400
2,100
1, 300
10,100
3, 700
2, 500
3,900
9, 500
2,800
3,300
3, 400
7,100
3,200
1,600
2,300
5, 500
2,300
2,000
1,200
300
0
100
200
2,500
500
900
1,100
1,000
200
800
0
300
100
100
100
1, 287, 228
374,020
382, 778
530,430
2,120,637
666,969
733,967
719, 701
2, 222,103
710,341
743,389
768,373
2,073,003
776, 674
723,097
573,232
1,189,640
340,973
357, 270
491,397
2,007, 563
637,170
692,063
678,330
2,153,937
682,863
722, 208
748,866
2,023,129
756,712
704, 220
562,197
97, 588
33,047
25.508
39,033
113,074
29, 799
41,904
41,371
68,166
27,478
21,181
19,507
49,874
19,962
18,877
11,035
1950:
First quarter----------------------January.. _________
February___________
M a rc h ______________
Second quarter . . . -----------April_______________
M a y ---------------------June________________
167,800
48, 200
51,000
68, 600
247,000
78, 800
85, 500
82,700
111, 100
30, 500
31, 900
48,700
179, 800
54,600
63, 600
61,600
110, 500
30, 500
31, 500
48, 500
179,200
54,300
63,500
61,400
600
0
400
200
600
300
100
200
60, 200
58,300
(8)
79,600
79, 600
(8)
60, 200
58, 200
(9)
2, 800
900
600
1,300
6,100
2,100
3,300
700
12,700
4,600
4,100
4,000
2,200
900
200
1,100
5,500
1,800
3,200
500
84, 200
83, 600
(8)
276,100
77, 800
82,300
116,000
420,700
131,300
145,800
143, 600
388,600
139, 800
137, 800
111, 000
165,600
47,300
50,800
67, 500
241,500
77,000
82,300
82,200
July_________________
A u g u st8____________
S e p te m b e r .._______
278, 900
78, 700
82, 900
117, 300
426,800
133, 400
149,100
144.300
401.300
144, 400
141,900
115,000
4,600
4,000
(8)
0
100
(8)
2,162,636
589, 997
637, 753
934,886
3,564,158
1,093,920
1,233,672
1, 236,566
3,526,080
1, 253,102
1, 267,746
1,005,232
2,138, 565
581,497
632,690
924,378
3,511,204
1,075,644
1, 204,978
1,230,582
3,410,739
1, 210, 745
1, 230, 238
969, 756
24,071
8, 500
5,063
10. 508
52,954
18, 276
28,694
5,984
115,341
42,357
37, 508
35,476
October 10_____
103,000
101,600
(8)
1,400
(8)
920, 508
908,135
12,373
. .
0
(8)
•The estimates shown here do not include temporary units, conversions,
dormitory accommodations, trailers, or military barracks. They do in
clude prefabricated housing units.
These estimates are based on building-permit records, which, beginning
with 1945, have been adjusted for lapsed permits and for lag between permit
issuance and start of construction. They are based also on reports of
Federal construction contract awards and beginning in 1946 on field surveys
in nonpermit issuing places. The data in this table refer to nonfarm
dwelling units started, and not to urban dwelling units authorized, as shown
in table F-3.
All of these estimates contain some error. For example, if the estimate
of nonfarm starts is 50,000, the chances are about 19 out of 20 that an
actual enumeration would produce a figure between 48.000 and 52,000.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(8)
0
s Private construction costs are based on permit valuation, adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construc
tion costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for
individual projects.
3 Depression, low year.
3 Recovery peak year prior to wartime limitations.
6 Last full year under wartime control
6 Housing peak year.
7 Less than 50 units.
8 Revised.
* Not available,
10 Preliminary.
U. S . GOVERNMENT PRI NTI NG O F F I C E : I 9 S I
@FedFRASER