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C E R T IF IC A T E
T h is p u b lica tio n is issu e d p u r su a n t to th e
p rovision s o f th e su n d ry c iv il a c t (4 1 S ta ts,
1 4 3 0 ) a p p ro v ed M arch 4, 1921.
Contents
Special a rtic le s :
T he check-off in collective ag re e m e n ts_______________________________
W ages of early A m erican b u ild in g -tra d e s w o rk ers____________________
A d m in istratio n of w orkm en’s com p en satio n law s in 10 South A m erican
co u n tries_____________
In d u s tria l and lab o r conditions :
P re sid e n t’s conferences for c o n tin u ed in d u s tria l pro g ress___________ _
A nnual re p o rt of th e S ecretary of L abor, 1929_______________________
M eeting of In te rn a tio n a l A ssociation fo r Social Progress, 1929________
R ussia— P enalties fo r breach of la b o r d iscipline______________________
S outh A frica— L ab o r conditions a n d e m p lo y m e n t____________________
E m ploym ent of th e older w o rk er:
Age of a p p lican ts for w ork in re la tio n to ease of p la c e m e n t_____________
G asoline sta tio n s op erated by m en over 60 y ears of ag e_______________
New Y ork— P roposed su rv ey on em p lo y ers’ a ttitu d e to w a rd em ploy
m e n t of older w ork ers____________________________________ _______
H ealth and in d u stria l h y g ien e:
P rev en tio n of cancer due to lu b ric a tin g oils___________________ ______
New tre a tm e n t fo r ra d iu m p o isoning________________________________
R ecent d eath from ra d iu m p o isoning________________________________
In d u s tria l a c c id e n ts :
A ccidents in selected m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u stries in 1928_______________
R u m an ia— A ccidents in th e oil in d u stry , 1919 to 1928________________
W orkm en’s c o m p e n s a tio n :
R ecent com pensatio n re p o rts—
Illin o is________________________________________________________
N ew Je rse y ____________________________________________________
South A frica— M iners’ p h th isis_____________________________________
la b o r law s and court decisions :
In ju n c tiv e pow ers of c o u rt invoked to cu rb sm all-loans business______
E m ployer held liable in d e a th of em ployee rep airin g his own au to m o
bile--------------------------------------------------------------------______________ __
C o o p eratio n :
Progress to w ard fe d e ra te d a ctio n by consum ers’ co o p erativ e societies.
P ro gram of th e cred it unio n m o v e m e n t______________________ ’______ . _
C ooperative p u rch asin g of gasoline an d m o to r oil in th e U n ited S ta te s .
W orkers’ education and tra in in g :
P roblem s an d tre n d s in in d u stria l ed u catio n , 1926 to 1928_______ ____
A pplication of psychology to business a n d in d u s try __________________
C alifornia— W orkers’ e d u catio n in 1929_____________________________
O klahom a— W orkers’ ed u c a tio n ____________________________________
C hina— M ovem ent fo r e d u catio n of th e p eople______________________
L abor organizations an d co n g resses :
T rade-union a c tiv itie s in th e electric-pow er in d u s try _________________
T h irte e n th In te rn a tio n a l L ab o r C onference__________
F ran ce— N atio n al congress of th e G eneral C onfederation of L a b o r____
G erm any— L ab o r union m em bership, 1925 to 1928__________________
L abor tu r n o v e r:
L abor tu rn o v e r in A m erican factories, N ovem ber, 1929______________
In d u s tria l d is p u te s :
S trikes an d lockouts in th e U n ited S ta te s in N ovem ber, 1929________
C onciliation w ork of th e D e p a rtm e n t of L ab o r in N ovem ber, 1929___
W ork of U nited S ta te s B oard of M ediation, 1928-29_________________
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IV
CONTENTS
Care of th e a g e d :
Care of th e aged in th e U n ited S ta te s _______________________________
T rad e-u n io n actio n on old-age pensions in 1929--------------------------------Y ugoslavia— O ld-age a n d in v a lid ity in su ran ce fo r jo u rn a lists________
L abor ag reem en ts, aw ard s an d d e c is io n s :
A w ards a n d decisions—
R ailw ay clerks— N ew Y ork, Chicago, & St. Louis R a ilro a d ______
A greem ents—■
F ran ce— C ollective ag reem en ts in 1928________________________
H o u sin g :
B uilding p erm its in p rin cip al cities, N ovem ber, 1929______ ___ ______
W ages and h o u rs of la b o r:
Salaries in th e police d e p a rtm e n ts of p rin cip al cities_________________
R ecent changes in w ages a n d h o u rs of la b o r________ ‘__ _____________
Ohio— W ages an d h o u rs of la b o r in m ines a n d quarries, 1928________
F ran ce— V acatio n s w ith p a y ______________________ ________ _______
G erm any—-E arn in g s a n d h o u rs of la b o r of m e ta l w orkers, O ctober,
192S_"______________________ '_________ . ________________________
G reece— W ages in th e m in in g in d u s try in 19 2 8 -______ _______ _____ 1
H u n g ary — W ages in S eptem ber, 1929---------- ______-------- — --------Ja p a n — D aily w ages in T okyo, Ju n e, 1929--------------------------------------S pain—-W age ra te s of farm la b o re rs------- _ 1-------------------------------------T ren d of em p lo y m en t:
S u m m ary fo r N ovem ber, 1929____________________________________ _
E m p lo y m en t in selected m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u strie s in N ovem ber, 1929.
E m p lo y m en t in coal m in in g in N ovem ber, 1929____________ ___"____
E m p lo y m en t in m etallifero u s m in in g in N ovem ber, 1929______ _____
E m p lo y m en t in q u a rry in g an d no n m etallic m ining, in N ovem ber, 1929_
E m p lo y m en t in pu b lic u tilitie s in N ovem ber, 1929__ _______ _ _____
E m p lo y m en t in w holesale a n d re ta il tra d e in N ovem bei’, 1929____ 163
E m p lo y m en t in ho tels in N ovem ber, 1929__________ _:_______ ______
E m p lo y m en t in canning a n d p reserv in g in N ovem ber, 1 9 29--- -'___ _t
E m p lo y m en t on Class I steam i-ailroads in th e U n ited S ta te s ________
C hanges in em p lo y m en t a n d p a y rolls in vai-ious S ta t e s ._____________
M assach u setts— U n em p lo y m en t am ong organized b u ild in g -trad es
w o rk ers_______________________________________________________ _
W holesale and re ta il p r ic e s :
R etail prices of food in th e U n ited S t a t e s . . _________________________
R etail prices of coal in th e U n ited S ta t e s .__ _ --------------------------------C om parison of retail-p rice changes in th e Ignited S ta te s a n d in foreign
c o u n trie s. _____ _____ _____________ _______________________________
Index nu m b ers of w holesale prices in N ovem ber, 1929__________ _
Cost of liv in g :
L iving sta n d a rd s on th e fa rm _______________________________ ____ u_
R ussia— P roblem of feeding th e w age e a rn e rs_______________________
Im m ig ratio n an d em ig ratio n :
S tatistics of im m ig ratio n fo r Octobei', 1929__________________ ______
R esolution fo r u n ifo rm ity in m ig ratio n s ta tis tic s -__ ______________ _
N ew Y ork— A ctiv ities of th e S ta te division of aliens, 1928____ ______
P ublications relatin g to la b o r:
Official—-U nited S ta te s .___ _______________________________________
Official— F oreign co u n trie s________________ ________________________
U nofficial_____________________________ __________________________ _
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This Issue in Brief
. The "check-off” as a means off collecting union dues exists in a con
siderable number of industries besides bituminous coal mining, with
which the idea is usually associated. Page 1.
An upward tendency in the frequency and severity of accidents in
manufacturing industries (except iron and steel) is revealed by a
survey by the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the year 1928, covering
3,181 establishments and 1,138,557 full-year workers in 32 States.
Sixty-two per cent of the workers are in States reporting all accidents.
Seventeen industry groups in the 26 States reporting all accidents
show increases in frequency rates and 12 show decreases; 17 show
increases in severity rates and 12 show decreases. Largest increases
m frequency and severity, respectively, are noted in the manufacture
of stamped and enameled ware, and steam fittings, apparatus, and
supplies. Massachusetts and North Dakota show greatest reductions
in accident frequency and severity rates, respectively, while Kansas
and Nebraska show greatest increases in these rates. Page 54.
A new survey of the cost of living in the United States and a study of
migratory labor in the Pacific Coast States are among the recommenda
tions approved in the annual report of the Secretary of Labor for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1929. This publication, in which are
reviewed the activities of the various bureaus and other services of
the Department of Labor for the 12 months covered, is summarized
on page 39.
A report on the salaries paid in the police departments of principal
American cities is presented in detail in an article beffinnins* on
page 118.
Outstanding developments in industrial education in the United
States in 1926-1928 are: An appreciable increase in the total number
of different specific industrial courses offered in the public schools, a
greater tendency to regard vocational-industrial training as a cooper
ative activity with industry, an increase in part-time school attendance
laws, a growing recognition that the supervision of courses in indus
trial arts calls lor special qualifications and training, and the later age
at which young people are entering into full-time employment.
Page 79.
The finding of jobs for older men becomes of greatest difficulty after
the fifty-fourth year, according to a study by the Massachusetts
Department of Labor and Industries. On the other hand, the highest
percentage of placements occurred among male applicants between
45 and 54. Among female applicants, there was a larger percentage
of placements of those 35 and over than of those under 35, but it is
pointed out that of these older women, a large proportion was placed
in domestic service and a relatively small proportion in manufacturing
establishments. Page 49.
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VI
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
A new treatment for radium 'poisoning, involving the adminstration
of parathyroid extract, offers hope of relief to persons suffering from
this horrible disease. More experimentation will be necessary,
however, before the full possibilities of the treatment can be known,
Page 51.
The workmen's compensation systems of 10 South American countries
are analyzed from the standpoint of administration in an article
beginning on page 15. All 10 of these countries utilize existing
machinery to make awards in compensation matters, when employer
and employee fail to reach an agreement. In Brazil, Chile, Colombia,
Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay, such cases are brought before the
civil courts. In Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Venezuela disputes
concerning compensation are passed upon by existing executive
authorities.
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MONTHLY
LABOR RE VI E W
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
vol . 30, n o .
l
W A S H IN G T O N
January , 1930
T h e C h eck-off in C ollective A g reem en ts
HE “ check-off” is an arrangement under which the employer
agrees to deduct from the wages due to each union employee,
who signs a written authorization, the amounts that may be due from
month to month from such employee to the union for regular dues,
special assessments, or fines. The aggregate amount thus collected
from the individual employees is then paid over by the employer
to the treasurer of the local union.
Provision for the check-off system of collecting union dues appeared
in the earliest agreements between the bituminous coal operators and
the miners’ union. It seems to have been abandoned in some of the
districts for a few years, but the provision appears again in the
agreements of 1890, and continues to be a part of the agreements in
the bituminous fields to the present date.
Although the mining industry is the best known example of the
“ check-off” system, the collective agreements received by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics show that provision for the check-off is
made in many other trades, such as bakers; barbers; brickmakers;
cleaners, dyers, and pressers; retail clerks; window-glass cutters;
hotel and restaurant employees; meat cutters; street-railway em
ployees; teamsters and chauffeurs; carpenters; cement finishers; hod
carriers and laborers; lathers; painters; plasterers; plumbers; roofers;
and sheet-metal workers.
The provision for the check-off appears frequently in the agree
ments of teamsters and chauffeurs. In many of these agreements
there is a provision that the employer shall hold the employee’s
receipt book for dues during the term of employment. In other
agreements, if a nonunion teamster or chauffeur is employed, the
employer agrees to deduct a given amount from each day’s pay until
the full amount of initiation fee has been deducted and the new
employee automatically becomes a member of the union.
In the building-trades agreements the check-off generally covers
only the collection of initiation fees when nonunion men are employed.
In a few cases, however, the employer has agreed to deduct the
amount of union dues, assessments, and fines when written authori
zation is given by the employee. In at least one case, it is provided
that if a nonunion man holding a permit card from the union is
employed, the employer is held responsible for the permit fee for each
day that such man is employed.
1
[1]
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2
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
A few of the trade agreement provisions for the check-off are given
below:
Bakery and confectionery workers.—The purpose of the provisions in
these agreements seems to be to guarantee the payment of the
initiation fee. Two agreements provide, respectively, as follows:
E m ployer shall re ta in tw o d a y s’ p a y of a n y jo u rn e y m a n n o t y e t a m em b er of
th e union; th e tw o d a y s’ p a y to be re tu rn e d to em ployee w hen he joins th e union.
E m ployer agrees, a fte r being notified b y u n io n of th e new em ployee’s ap p lic a
tio n for m em bership being filed, to hold $5 of said b a k e r’s first w eek’s p a y to w ard
his in itia tio n fee.'
Journeyman barbers.—Two agreements of barbers have the follow
ing provisions:
T h e em ployer is em pow ered a n d req u ired to collect from em ployees n o t y et
m em bers of th e union, o u t of first w eek’s salary , one-half of a n y adm ission fee
charged b y local a n d tu r n such a m o u n t o ver to th e sec re ta ry of th e union.
If a new em ployee m ak in g a p p lic a tio n fo r m em b ersh ip h as n o t th e necessary
a m o u n t for in itia tio n fee, th e em ployer agrees to p ay th e a m o u n t a n d d ed u ct
sam e from p a y of such em ployee.
Brickmakers.—Three agreements of brickmakers provide for the
check-off, as follows:
T he m a n u fa c tu re r fu rth e r agrees to check off all in itia tio n fees, dues, fines,
a n d assessm ents each m o n th , p ro v id ed th a t th e local u n io n o r th e business ag e n t
of th is o rg an izatio n su b m it a list in d u p licate to th e m a n u fa c tu re r, a rran g ed
according to y a rd s wdien necessary, a t le a st 10 d ay s p rio r to p a y day.
T h e p a rty of th e first p a r t agrees to check off all in itia tio n fees, dues, fines,
a n d assessm ents each m o n th a n d p ay th e financial sec re ta ry of th e local on th e
la s t d a y of each m o n th .
T h e co m p an y agrees to check off all in itia tio n fees, dues, fines, or assessm ents,
pro v id ed local u n ion su b m its a list in d u p licate to th e c o m p an y show ing a m o u n t
d ue on th e 15th of said m o n th .
Auto and hardwood finishers.—One agreement of these workers and
their employers specifies that “ a nonunion man hired shall make ap
plication for membership and shall give order on his wages to party of
the second part for his initiation fee to be paid at the rate of $1 per
day until paid in full, when he shall be initiated.”
Carpenters.-—1The following appears in an agreement of a carpenters’
district council: “ The party of the first part agrees to recognize pay
orders when properly signed by new applicant in his employ, when
presented by the representative of the carpenters’ district council.”
Cementfinishers.—In one agreement of cement finishers the employer
guarantees the payment of permits or privilege cards issued by the
union to nonunion employees.
Hod carriers and building laborers—In two agreements of laborers
the employer agrees to recognize all pay orders presented by the
business agent or steward if signed by employees; in a third, the
employer agrees to deduct the initiation fee when employing a non
union man.
Lathers.—Two agreements of lathers provide as follows:
If nonunion la th e r is em ployed he m u st agree t h a t $1 p er d a y of his w ages be
p a id to stew ard to ap p ly on his in itia tio n fee u n til full a m o u n t is p aid.
E m p lo y er agrees to recognize all orders for dues, assessm ents, etc., to th e
union.
Painters, paper hangers, and decorators.—Under four agreements of
painters, “ Employers agree to recognize pay order when signed by
men in their employ and presented by representative of the union,”
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[2 ]
THE CHECK-OFF ÏN COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS
3
while four other agreements provide for the collection of the initiation
fee from men working on permit, the employer agreeing to withhold
$2 per day for each day worked until the full amount has been paid.
Three agreements contain, respectively, the following provisions:
C o n tra c to r em ploying an y person on a p e rm it from th e business a g e n t shall
be held responsible for th e p e rm it m oney while such person is in his em ploy.
If nonm em ber is em ployed th e em p lo y er shall d em an d $10 d eposit o r shall
hold o u t $10 from th e first tw o d a y s’ p ay a n d $2 each d ay w orked th e re a fte r
u n til in itia tio n fee, etc., is paid. T his m u st be p aid to stew ard o r business
agent. All a p p lican ts to sign o rd er for sam e.
E m p lo y er m u st d ed u ct 50 per cen t of each d a y ’s w ages on all new ap p lic a n ts
until in itia tio n fees are p aid an d m u st p ay sam e to business ag en t. A p p lican t
m u st sign order.
Operative plasterers.—The following appears in one agreement of
these workers: “ If nonunion man is employed he must become
affiliated with local. Foreman to collect the initiation fee at the rate
of $2 per day deducted from such employee’s wages until the full
amount is collected.”
Plumbers, steam jitters, and gas Jitters.—In one plumbers’ agreement,
“ Employer agrees to recognize pay order when signed by new appli
cant in his employ and presented by union representative.”
Slate, tile, and composition roofers.—Under one agreement of the
roofers, the employer pledges himself to honor all orders for money
due the local when issued by the business agent or financial secretary
and signed by the debtor.
Sheet-metal workers.—Two agreements of sheet-metal workers have
the following provisions:
E m plo yers are to honor orders for m oney due th e local w hen
shop stew ard.
W hen a m an goes to w ork in a shop a n d owes local in itia tio n ,
business ag en t or shop stew ard shall secure a w ritte n o rd er from
th e em ployer to cover his w ages a n d ta k e o u t w h a t is agreed on
to th è em ployee.
p resen ted by th e
dues, or fines th e
th e em ployee on
a n d p a y th e re s t
Retail clerks.—The following appears in two agreements of retail
clerks :
F irm agrees t h a t if any m em b er of unio n em ployed by i t shall a t a n y tim e du rin g
th e life of th is agreem ent be in a rre a rs fo r one m o n th o r m ore in p a y m e n t of dues
or assessm ents, t h a t upon notice in w ritin g to t h a t effect from secretary to w ith
hold from th e wages due such m em ber a su m of m oney ecpial to such a rre a rs a n d
ap p ly sam e to p a y m e n t of u n p a id dues o r assessm ents.
Should th e local re q u e s t it, th e em p lo y er agrees to d e d u c t from th e wages of
clerks who a re m em bers o r eligible to m em bership a n y a m o u n ts due th is union for
in itiatio n fees, dues, fines, p e rm it fees, or assessm ents w hich th e union can n o t
collect a n d tu r n such dedu ctio n s over to financial secretary .
Cleaners, dyers, and pressers.—An agreement of cleaners, dyers, and
pressers contains the following provision:
E m ployers au th o rized an d d irected to d e d u c t from th e first w eek’s p a y in each
m onth, a n d in no case la te r th a n th e 10th of th e m o n th , th e a m o u n t of union dues
th a t are to be p aid by such in d iv id u al to th e union. L ist of such em ployees will
be furnished by shop ch airm a n 10 d ay s before such p ay day , w ith am o u n ts to be
deducted. T his m oney to be tu rn e d over to shop ch airm an a n d he shall receip t
for sam e. All m em bers to sign th is ag reem en t as in d iv id u als a n d live up to it.
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[3]
4
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Window-glass cutters.—The following provision appears in the
agreements of the Window Glass Cutters’ League :
C om pany shall ded u ct from th e earnings of all c u tte rs a n d th e ir ap p ren tices all
dues, fines, a n d assessm ents t h a t m ay be im posed by officials of W indow G lass
C u tte rs’ League, sam e to be fo rw ard ed to th e se cretary a t league headquarters..
Hotel and restaurant employees.—Two agreements of hotel and
restaurant employees provide as follows:
E m ployer agrees to collect a n d p a y to local all in itia tio n fees of p a rtie s a p p ly in g
for m em bership, sam e to be d e d u cte d fro m wages of such p a rtie s a t ra te of $2.50
p er week, a n d agree to em ploy only unio n help.
E m p lo y er agrees to a c cep t signed orders on all em ployees to th e a m o u n t of $10
or such o th e r a m o u n t less th a n $10 for m em b ersh ip in itia tio n , re in sta te m e n t,
fines, dues, or assessm ents, a n d p a y sam e to th e se cretary or business a g e n t of
local.
Meat cutters and butcher workmen.— The following provisions appear,
respectively, in three agreements of meat cutters:
R ep resen tativ e of local shall be privileged to collect a n y a rre a ra g e of dues or
fines from th e em ployer.
If nonunion m en are em ployed th e y m u s t h av e a w orking p e rm it from th e union,
a n d em ployer agrees to d e d u c t $1 o u t of each d a y ’s w ages a n d p a y sam e u pon
receipt to th e local.
M em bers n o t a tte n d in g m eetings a n d n o t p ay in g dues shall give th e p ro p rie to r
th e rig h t to check off from his p a y fo r dues, or m em b er will lose his job.
Street-railway employees— Three street-railway agreements have
the following provisions:
T h e com pany agrees to check off all dues, fees, a n d assessm ents p a y a b le to
th e union.
M em bers in leav in g th e service m u s t fu rn ish co m p an y w ith sta te m e n t of dues
or assessm ents due th e union, w hich a m o u n t th e co m p an y shall d ed u ct from th e ir
pay.
U pon p ro p er orders signed b y th e m em bers of th e association, th e co m p an y
will, u n til otherw ise ordered, d e d u c t from th e ir p a y on th e 5 th d a y of each m o n th ,
th e a m o u n t of association dues a n d assessm ents th e y so a u th o riz e th e com pany
to d ed u ct, a n d p a y th e sam e over to th e financial se cretary of th e division.
W hen th e em ployees a n d o th e r m em b ers of th e association leav e th e service of
th e com pany, th e co m p an y sh all req u ire a n d th e em ployees agree to fu rn ish a
s ta te m e n t from th e financial sec re ta ry of th e association sta tin g th e a m o u n t of
dues a n d assessm ents th e n d u e to d a te , a n d in t h a t e v e n t th e co m p an y shall
d ed u ct th e am o u n t d u e th e association fro m th e p a y of said em ployee.
Teamsters and chauffeurs.—Twenty-three agreements of teamsters
and chauffeurs make some provision for the collection of union dues
through the check-off system. A few of the provisions of individual
agreements are given below:
E m ployers agree to h o n o r all o rd ers given b y officers of th e un io n fo r p a y m e n t
of dues o r in itia tio n fees w hen signed b y p ro p e r persons.
E m p lo y er agrees to a c c e p t a n y o rd e r fo r p a y m e n t of dues n o t exceeding th e
a m o u n t d ue em ployee a n d p a y sam e to th e business a g en t. E m p lo y ee w ill be
in fo rm ed t h a t a n y th in g in excess of $6 p e r w eek m u st be his v o lu n ta ry a ct.
E m ployer agrees to d e d u c t all dues o r a p p licatio n s w hen signed o rd ers a re
presen ted . If m an is n o n u n io n , he agrees to d e d u c t $1 p e r d ay u n til his in itia tio n
fee is deducted.
If n o nunion m a n is h ired , he shall sign ag re e m e n t a u th o riz in g em p lo y er to p a y
union in itia tio n fee a n d to d e d u c t such a m o u n t from his salary .
On o r a b o u t th e 10th of th e m o n th it shall be com pulsory on p a r t of em p lo y er
to exam ine th e due books of each em ployee. If un io n dues are n o t p a id for c u r
re n t m o n th , em ploy er shall be d u ly b o u n d to d e d u c t th e m o n th ly dues fro m c u r
re n t w eek’s p a y . If m ore th a n one m o n th due, he sh a ll collect one m o n th ’s
dues each w eek u n til all are p a id a n d shall re m it a m o u n t to union.
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E m ployer agrees to collect all union dues each m onth from m em bers in his
em ploy, a n d shall collect 50 cen ts p e r d ay from m em bers in a rre a rs; 50 cents
p e r day from m en who are n o t m em bers, such a m o u n t to a p p ly on in itia tio n fee.
M em bers to leave receip t books w ith em ployer to be sta m p e d by unio n official.
All m oney to be tu rn e d over to un io n n o t la te r th a n one w eek a fte r 1st of m on th .
E m ployer shall o b tain m em b er’s union dues book a n d re ta in as long as m an is
in his em ploy. All dues shall be d e d u c te d from p a y a n d fo rw ard ed to union
secretary . If em ployee is in a rre a rs for dues o r in itia tio n fee, firm shall d ed u ct
and forw ard to secretary $10 p er w eek u n til full a m o u n t is p aid . E m ployee
m u st sign o rd er au th o rizin g em ployer to d e d u c t for dues, etc? E m p lo y er will
n o t re ta in em ployee w ho refuses to sign o rd e r fo r union dues to be d educted.
If em ployee does n o t belong to u n io n , th e em ployer m u s t h a v e em ployee sign
ap p licatio n for m em bership before he is allow ed to go to w ork. E m p lo y er m u st
d ed u ct 5 cen ts p er h our from his p ay fo r each a n d ev ery h o u r he w orks u n til to ta l
a m o u n t of his in itia tio n fee is dedu cted , w hen due book will be fu rn ish ed a n d
em ployer shall d ed u c t m o n th ly dues.
Wages of Early American Building-Trades Workers 1
Seventeenth Century
UILDING, in the earliest days of colonial settlement, was not
important, and skilled building mechanics were few, especially
in the southern colonies. There were 2 bricklayers, 4 carpenters,
and 1 mason among the first settlers at Jamestown in 1607, but later,
in 1609 and 1610, the Virginia Co. of London advertised, apparently
without results, for building-trades men to emigrate to the colony.
The rough structures of plank or log which housed the first Virginia
settlers were probably erected without the aid of skilled builders.
At any rate, no mention is made of definite wages paid building-trades
workers prior to 1624, when the price of bricklaying was fixed at 40
pounds of tobacco ($2.43) per thousand bricks.
Scarcity of artisans of all trades persisted throughout the early
history of Virginia. The Virginia Co. repeatedly issued broadsides
advertising for mechanics and offered special inducements, such as
grants of town properties for home building; and planters frequently
wrote home to their agents directing that carpenters, bricklayers,
and masons be dispatched to the colony under terms considerably
more advantageous to the worker than those customarily offered for
plantation labor. Later, after the Colonial Assembly ‘ was estab
lished, a law was enacted (1661-62) which exempted “ handicrafts
men from taxation. Although short-lived, this legislation suggests
the lengths to which the colony found it necessary to go in its effort to
secure an adequate supply of skilled craftsmen.
The indenture system, which seems to have been almost exclusively
followed in the southern colonies, was not a satisfactory method of
maintaining a supply of mechanics. If a craftsman had completed
his apprenticeship before emigrating, his term of indenture was gen
erally brief—four years at the most—and upon its expiration his place
had to be filled by another craftsman, often with the attendant ex-
B
1Extracts from Chapter 4 of U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui. No. .499 (History of wages in the United
States from colonial times to 1928), together with some additional new data. Conversion of colonial currency into the American equivalent as given in this article is based upon the following values: New England
and Virginia shillings,. 16.7 cents; Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland shillings, 13 3 centsNew York and North Carolina shillings, 12.5 cents. F orthe period 1710-1750, conversion of Massachusetts
currency is based upon varying standards following constant depreciation in the value of colonial natier
money. (Bui. No-. 499, eh. 2, “ Money and money equivalent.”)
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
pense increased by special inducements. Frequently, indentured
mechanics became planters themselves when their terms were out.
These difficulties resulted in the adoption by the planters of a practice
of training their negro slaves, whose terms of service did not expire,
in the crafts necessary for the self-contained community which a
tobacco plantation became. Accordingly, the building industry as
such can hardly be said to have existed in the South of the colonial
period, and information about it is rare.
While not leaving so specific a record to show it, the northern
colonies undoubtedly suffered with the southern in the matter of
scarcity of building-trades workers. On the other hand, there are
quite early stories which suggest how the building problem was
handled. The southern colonists settled on widely scattered planta
tions and had slight need for towns—in fact, opposed them. In the
North, particularly in New England, the town was the important
factor in colonial development.
The records of the town of Dedham, Mass., show that in 1637,
within a few years of its founding, a committee was “ choesen to
contrive the Fabricke of a meetinghouse to be in length 30 foote
& 20 foote in breadth & between the upper & nether sill in ye studds
12 foote, the same to be girte, and to order men to worke upon the
same in all workes as they are severally apted accordingly. As also
to proportion the same worke and wages in all cases.”
Daily wages in Massachusetts probably were at the time 3 shillings
(73 cents) a day. An agreement, dated 1629, between the Massa
chusetts Bay Co. and Richard Claydon, carpenter, specifies that the
emigrant’s debt to the company was to be discharged by crediting
him with 3s. a day for his work for the company. In 1630 the Colonial
Court ordered that “ carpenters, joyners, bricklayers, sawers, and
thatchers shall not take above 2s. [48.6 cents] a day.” If “ they
have meate and drinke” the 2s. rate was cut to 16d. (32 cents).
Nevertheless, the rate apparently remained around 3s. a day, for
three years later Governor Winthrop said that because carpenters
and masons were receiving 3s. a day, on account of the scarcity of
workmen, “ it grew a general complaint which the court, taking
knowledge of, as also of some further evils which were springing out
of the excessive rates of wages, they made an order that carpenters
masons, etc., should take but 2s. a day.”
The pay of bricklayers in New York in the year in which Dedham
built its meeting house, 1637, was 80 cents a day.
Occasional items of record in the ensuing 10 years indicate, in most
instances, somewhat lower rates. Mechanics engaged in the con
struction of Fort Charles and Fort James, on the Virginia coast, in
1643, were paid the equivalent of Is. 2d. (19.5 cents) a day in tobacco,
the rate being 7 pounds per day, a pound of which at this time “ did
not exceed two pence” in value. Bricklayers in Plymouth Colony
were still working at the legal rate of 2s. a day, which the Plymouth
Colony Court had undertaken to maintain even after the Massa
chusetts Bay Colony had abandoned the effort to control wages by
legislation. The New Amsterdam rate remained about the same,
that is, 2 florins, or 80 cents a day, for skilled men, and 40 to 50 cents
for day laborers.
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Dedham, Mass., built a schoolhouse in 1648, “ the lengthe 18 foot
being 14 foot beside the chimney, the wideness 15 foot, the studd
9 foote betwixt the joynts, one floor of joyce: 2 convenient windows
in the lower roome and one in the chamber, the plancher layed, the
stayers made, the sides boarded feather-edged and rabbited, the
doors made and hanged.” The total cost of construction was
£17 6s. lOd. ($57.80), of which the builder received £11 3d. ($36.70)
for his worke about ye schoole house.
Laborers working under
him were paid Is. 8d. (28 cents) a day.
A few scattered records complete the available data for the seven
teenth century. Under date of September 26, 1673, Hendrick Van
Borsum of New Amsterdam contracted “ to serve the Honorable
Governor as Carpenter for the period of the current year commencing
to-morrow; for which service he shall receive a salary of fl. 30 a month
[equal to $12. E d .] without board. * * * but whenever he
shall be sent to work without the city he shall be provided with
victuals.” Salem, Mass., built a town hall in 1677 and paid the
carpenter £20 ($66.67), one-third in money and two-thirds in provi
sions for his work.
A building contract entered into in Henrico County, Va., in 1679,
called for the erection of a house 40 feet long and 20 feet wide, clapboarded and roofed, with a chimney at either end,“ the upper and lower
floors to be divided respectively into two rooms by a wooden parti
tion.” The house was to be finished in seven months, and the owner
agreed to pay the builder “ twelve hundred pounds of tobacco in cask.”
Tobacco was probably worth about 2d. a pound, and 1,200 pounds
converted into American money would amount to $33.60. A few
years later a carpenter in a neighboring county agreed to build a house
of similar dimensions for £9 sterling, or $43.74.
The usual rate of pay for building craftsmen in New Jersey in
1680-1685 was 2s. (40 cents) a day; in Amboy, “ where building was
active,” mechanics received 2s. 6d. (50 cents) a day. “ The houses
building at Amboy in 1683 are described as usually 30 feet long, 16
feet wide, 10 feet between joints, with double chimney of timber
and clay ‘as the manner of this country is to build/ and cost about
£50 [$200] each.”
In Pennsylvania in 1698, according to a history of the colony pub
lished in that year. “ Carpenters, both House and Ship, Bricklayers,
Masons, either of these Trades-Men will get between Five and Six
Shillings [$1 and $1.20] every day constantly. Brickmakers have
twenty shillings [$4] a thousand for their Bricks at the Kiln,” and
“ Plasterers have commonly eighteen pence [30 cents] a yard for
Plastering.”
Eighteenth Century
A g r a d u a l differentiation in building trades and in the rates paid
different crafts becomes evident from the beginning of the eighteenth
century. As wealth accumulated in the mercantile centers and on the
plantations, building began to develop along more pretentious, or at
least more substantial, lines. The generic “ carpenter” who did
practically all the building in the colonial period, was joined by the
brick and stone mason, the ornamental-iron worker, the painter and
paper hanger, the plasterer, the cabinetmaker and the wood carver.
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By the middle of the century such homes as Mount Vernon and
Monticello, in Virginia, and the Harrison Gray Otis mansion, in Bos
ton, were being erected, calling for the highest degree of skilled
craftsmanship in various lines. Some figures showing the remunera
tion of these crafts have come down to us, often not as actual wages,
as we understand the term, but rather in accounts of work done on
a piece or job basis. Unfortunately there are few data which would
enable us to translate the job basis to a time basis and thus get a
clearer idea of what the sums received meant in terms of a day’s work.
Rates of pay of carpenters, bricklayers, and building laborers are
given by the day in the accounts of public building in Massachusetts
during the first quarter of the century, beginning at 3s. 6d. and 3s. 8d.
(58.4 and 61 cents) for carpenters and 4s. (66.7 cents) for bricklayers
in 1701. In 1712, carpenters working on the Boston town hall were
getting 5s. (83.3 cents) a day, “ all cash,” and bricklayers 6s. ($1) a 1
day. Common labor was usually paid 2s. 6d. (42 cents) a day.
In New York during this period “ handicraftsmen such as Car
penters, Joyners, Masons, and Bricklayers may earn at least 5 shil
lings New York money [62.5 cents] every day they will work,” and
common laborers “ may earn 2 shillings and 3 pence [28 cents] NeKv
York money.” Rates in South Carolina in 1710 were: Bricklayers, 6s.
($1), carpenters and joiners, 3s. to 5s. (50 to 83.3 cents); “ alabourer
hath from 1 shilling and 3 pence to 2s. [21 to 33.3 cents] a day, with
Lodging and Diett.”
For the years between 1710 and 1730 there is very little information,
such figures as are found showing slight change from the earlier record.
Money inflation had begun by 1730 and rates began to rise, particu
larly in New England. Virginia money, however, maintained a fairly
even standard, and the higher rate of 3s. (50 cents) a day for carpen
ters in 1731 undoubtedly represents an actual increase in wages.*
A “ skilful carpenter” in South Carolina in the same year “ is not
ashamed to demand his 30s. per day besides his Diet, and the Oommon wages of a Workman is 20s. a day provided he speaks English.1
* * * But this is Carolina money,” which at that time was;
worth about 3 cents a shilling in American money.
The following is “ an account of work done ” by a carpenter in York
County, Va., in 1733, as given in a manuscript account book:
£
T o 30 squares of shingling a t 4/5 [73.7 cents]—__---------------- 6
T o a sash fram e an d sash es_____ ______ ___ ____.-------------- T o 1 d a y ’s w ork m yself a n d T h o m as a t 3/ [50 cents], 7 d a y s’
w ork D aniel a t 2/6 [42 cents] a n d 7 d a y s M a tt a t 1/8 [28
c e n ts ]__________________________________________________ 1
T o p u ttin g in 71 diam o n d p an es of glass a t 2d. [2.8 cents]
To p u ttin g in 5 sash p an es of glass a t 3d. [4.2 cents]_______
T o p a in tin g 80 y ard s o u tside house a t 10 d. [14 cents]_____ 3
s.
d.
15 00 [$22.50]
14 00
[$2.33]
14 00 [$5.67]
11 10 [$1.97]
1
3; [$0.2lj
6
8 [$11.11]
An Irish immigrant to New York wrote to his family in Ireland, in
a letter dated November 7, 1737, that masons and carpenters in New
York City “ get 6 shillings [75 cents] a day.”
The rate on public works in Massachusetts from 1735 to 1740, as
shown by records in the State archives, was 12s. (45.6 cents) a day
for “ master workmen” in all trades, 7s. 9d. (30 cents) for “ hands,”
and 7s. to 7s. 6d. (27 to 29 cents) for laborers. Twelve shillings in
the inflated currency of the time, however, were “ equal to only 3
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WAGES OF EARLY BUILDING-TRADE WORKERS
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shillings 4 pence of Former Times” ; and, Dr. William Douglass, an
early economist, declared, “ even this is further reduced by obliging
him to take one-half in Shop Goods at 25 per cent or more Advance
over the Money Price; this Iniquity still grows by reducing the
Goods part to the least vendable, the Shopkeeper refusing to let them
have Provisions, West India Goods, or Goods of Great Britain that
are in demand.”
Stonemasons were paid 15s. (57 cents) per perch, and 3s. 6d.
(13.3 cents) was paid for a square yard of “ finish plaistering.” John
Simpson billed the provincial “ Committee on Repair of ye Powder
House” for labor at the rate of 14s. (53 cents) per day each for him
self and two of his assistants, and 12s. (45.6 cents) per day for the
rest of his crew. The bill suffered a substantial disallowance at the
hands of the House of Representatives before payment, however,
because of “ overcharge on daye’s work.”
Interior painting of the Province House was charged for in 1737
at the rate of 3s. (11.4 cents) a “ yard” (square jmrd) for “ bright
red,” 2s. (7.6 cents) for “ lead colour,” and 12d. (3.8 cents) for prim
ing. By 1741 prices on the same work had advanced to Is. 6d.
(5.4 cents) for priming, 10s. (36 cents) for “ vermillion,” 5s. (18 cents)
for “ light blue,” 3s. 6d. (12.6 cents) for “ pearl colour,” and 8s. (29
cents) for green. The House reduced the rate on the green room 2s.
a yard before approving the bill. The price for painting in Virginia
at this time was lOd. (14 cents) for outside work and 12d. (16.7
cents) for inside, “ painting over three times.” A day’s work was
worth 3s. (50 cents).
Masons repairing one of the fortifications in Boston Harbor in
1740 received 10s. (36 cents) a day “ and found,” board being rated
at 20s. (72 cents) a week. Masons’ “ attendants” received 5s. (18
cents) a day and board.
Carpenters’ rates in Salem, Mass., in 1743 were 13s. 6d. a day
and in Virginia 3s., but in this instance the southerner apparently
had the advantage, since, converted into the American equivalent,
13s. 6d. in inflated Massachusetts paper currency was worth less than
40 cents, while in stable Virginia money 3s. amounted to half a
dollar. Philadelphia carpenters at this "time were earning 4s. 6d.
(59 cents) a day.
Rates continued to soar in Massachusetts until 1750, when “ lawful
money” was established. After that, workmen on public construc
tion were paid at the following rates and subsistence, which remained
fairly constant up to the Revolution:
Per day
B rick lay ers-----------------------------------------------------------6s.
($1. 00)
B rick lay ers’ h elp ers--------------------------------- ______ 4s. 8d. ($0. 78)
1 L a b o rers--------------------------------------------------------------4s. ($0. 667)
C a rp e n te rs--------------------------------------------4s.
($0,667)
L ab o re rs---------------------------------------------------------------2s.
($0. 333)
Building-trades rates in Pennsylvania from 1750 to 1775 were:
Bricklayers, 5s. 6d. and 6s. (72.6 and 80 cents); bricklayers’ helpers,
3s. 6d. to 5s. (46 to 66.7 cents); carpenters, 5s. to 6s. (66.7 to 80
cents); painters, 6s. (80 cents); and unskilled labor, 2s. 6d. to 3s.
(32.6 to 40 cents) a day. These are the usual rates given in various
manuscript accounts in the library of the Historical Society of Penn
sylvania. Lower rates also appear, especially in the Norris and
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Stiegel account books, in which, in the decade between 1756 and
1766, masons’ rates are given as 3s. 6d. and 4s. (46 and 53 cents) a
day, 4s. being the summer rate. An agreement with a carpenter,
dated 1758, has the memorandum: “ Hitherto, William says, he
charged 5s. [66.7 cents] a day, but now offers to work at 4s. [53 cents]
a day and find himself.” A plasterer received only 2s. 6d. (32.6
cents), the rate for common labor, while shingle roofing paid 3s. (40
cents) a day.
A contract for shingle making in Pennsylvania in 1763 calls for
8,000 shingles at 25s. ($3.33) and one-half gallon liquor per thousand,
“ but if any are found to be bad, to be deducted out of his wages,
or if the above number should not come to hand.”
In North Carolina at the same time “ artificers” received “ from 3
to 4 shillings a day [37.5 to 50 cents], common labour 2s. [25 cents].”
An advertisement in the Boston Gazette of November 6, 1760,
calls for “ a person who understands cutting slate to cover houses
who will agree for one month or as many days as he will work this
Fall and pay him 40s. O T [old tenor] or 4s. sterling [97 cents] per
day, he finding himself; and if he wants to Board he may agree very
reasonable with the Tenants who live nigh the works.”
After the Revolution, from 1785 to the close of the century, the
rates paid skilled building-trades workers in Philadelphia were 7s.
6d. ($1) for carpenters; 6s. and 6s. 5d. (80 and 85 cents) for painters,
and 6s. (80 cents) for plasterers. Five shillings (66.7 cents) a day
was paid for whitewashing.
The Report of a Committee Appointed to Explore in the Western
Waters in the State of New York for the Purpose of Prosecuting the
Inland Lock Navigation, published in Albany in 1792, gives an esti
mate for the construction of a canal in the western part of New York.
The number of workmen required and the daily rate of wages to be
paid on the job, the duration of which was estimated as 160 days,
would be, according to the committee’s calculations, 40 carpenters,
10 masons, 5 miners, 1 blacksmith, 2 lime burners, and 8 “ overseers”
at 9s. ($1.13); 200 laborers at 4s. (50 cents); a “ master carpenter”
and a “ master mason” (superintendent), each at 13s. ($1.63); 11
cooks at 4s.each; and “ a clerk of the cheque,who is also to deliver the
provisions and tools and keep all accounts,” at 10s. ($1.25).
Time costs for part of the operation were estimated thus: “ Re
moving the blown stone and earth out of the canal, supposing 100
cubic feet removed by one man in one day, it will require 3,500 oneman day’s work, at 4s. [50 cents] per day. -* * * The whole of the
dyking to be made by two parallel walls of 4 feet thick. A man will
lay of such work 60 cubic feet per day.”
Government Building
The close of the century found public construction actively under
way in various places. The Federal Government began in 1793 the
erection of the United States Capitol and other buildings, and the
laying out and development of the District of Columbia, and two
years later Massachusetts began to build its new statehouse. The
Virginia scale for skilled building-trades men, as shown in Thomas
Jefferson’s manuscript accounts, was, in 1796-97, 6s. a day ($1);
for helpers, 4s. (66.7 cents); and for laborers, 2s. 6d. (42 cents), and
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probably those rates prevailed on the Government work in the Dis
trict of Columbia. McMaster says that “ hodcarriers and mortar
mixers, diggers and choppers, who from 1793 to 1800 labored on the
public buildings and cut the streets and avenues of Washington
received $70 a year, or if they wished, $60 for all the work they could
do from March 1 to December 20. (They were of course found, but
not clothed.) The hours of labor were invariably from sunrise to
sunset.”
Data dealing with the cost of constructing the Massachusetts State
capitol appear in voluminous detail in the account books of the period
in the State archives. The administrative end of the work was ap
parently intrusted to a committee, composed largely of members of the
two houses of the State legislature. Charles Bulfinch, the architect
who designed the building, was also a member of the committee.
Whereas to-day an undertaking of that nature is turned over to a
building contractor who handles the administrative work as well as
the materials and labor, it was much more complicated than that in
Massachusetts in 1795. Each material dealer billed the committee
for the amount of material delivered, no matter how small, and a
dozen different carters presented bills for delivery, often in form and
writing so illiterate as to make their deciphering difficult.
Carters charged 6s. ($1) a load. The price of bricks seems to have
been fixed at $9 a thousand, and bricks were sold to the committee
at that price by a variety of dealers. The masonry was apparently
contracted for by a firm of mason contractors, whose accounts were
presented on a printed billhead, in a businesslike manner more like
present-day bookkeeping than the countless little statements on torn
scraps of paper which represent other classes of participants in the
undertaking. The mason contractors charged the State $5 a thou
sand for laying brick and $1.33 a perch for setting stone, but paid
their bricklayers and stonemasons $1.50 per day.
A dollar and a half a day was the standard rate for most of the
skilled trades. Common or “ general labor” received 6s. to 8s.
($1 to $1.33) a day. The “ master mechanics” and foremen received
$2. The cabinetmakers who built the mahogany bookcases, the
tables, the Speaker’s chair, etc., were also paid $2.
Piece prices are given for lathing and plastering at 25 cents per
square yard; those for ornamental stucco work run from Is. (16.7
cents) a foot for straight molding to 3s. 6d. (58 cents) for the most
elaborate design; the price charged by the wood carver for the
Corinthian capitals was $70 each for the 23-inch columns and $50
for the 3b-inch columns, while the pine cone on the top of the
dome was $25. The columns range from $3 to $10 each for turning,
depending upon the diameter.
The bill for painting reads thus:
T o p ain tin g S ta te H ouse th re e tim es over, 10,822 £
s
d
sq u are yards, a t 1/6 [25 cents]__________ __________ 811 13
0 [$2,705.50]
T o p ain tin g th e D om e o ver th e fo u rth tim e, 9h> d a y s’
w ork, a t 9s. [$1.50]_____________________________ _
86046
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5
6
[$14.25]
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Nineteenth Century
W a g e s rose steadily with the opening of the new century, after
Federal and State Governments had begun really to function and
the new Republic to find itself. “ It is impossible/’ McMaster
states, “ to read the many memorials which for 20 years (1790-1810)
had been coming to Congress, without noticing the general com
plaint of the high price of wages. To us, when we consider the long
hours of labor and the cost of living, these wages seem extremely
low.” John Jay calls the wage demands of mechanics and laborers
at this period “ very extravagant.”
The carpenters of Boston in 1800 “ chose a large and respectable
committee out of their number” to formulate a new scale of piece
rates to take the place of the 1774 “ book of prices” which, “ not
considering that they were calculated upon a scale which bears no
proportion to the price of other labor now, and which is by no means
an equivalent compensation for the service, in reference to the raised
price of the necessaries of life,” was still in general use.
From about 1810 sources of information become numerous, and
data from these various sources are on the whole consistent. They
show enough uniformity to justify the conclusion that by that time
wage standards had become fairly fixed for the respective crafts,
and suggest about the same differences between geographic localities
and trades that we find to-day.
McMaster reports that rates for all classes of work differed “ in
each of the three great belts along which population streamed west
ward.” They were highest in the New England and New York
area, as far west as Ohio, and lowest in the South, with the territory
west of Ohio holding the middle ground. In each of these belts,
wages were lower on the seaboard than inland.
Although Monticello, Thomas Jefferson’s home in Virginia, was
built in 1770-1772, most of the entries in his account books dealing
with building costs and rates paid building-trades men cover a later
period, 1800-1815. He gives not only rates, but a compilation of
“ observations,” to use his own term, and data concerning both time
and money costs in building which are worth reproducing substan
tially as he wrote them. Most of these entries, when dated at all,
run from 1810 to 1815.
J e ff e r s o n ’s N o te s o n B u il d i n g
B r i c k .— A dem icord of e a rth (4-foot cube) m akes 1,000 bricks. A m an will
tu r n u p 4 such cubes, or even 5, a day. T h e price fo r tu rn in g u p is Is. [13.3
cents] (M aryland) th e cube, o r 1,000 bricks, th e lab o rer finding him self.
A m an m oulds 2,000 bricks a day. H is a tte n d a n c e is a m an to tem p er, one
to w heel th e m o rta r to him , a n d a boy to b e a r off (P h ila d e lp h ia ).
A t G eorgetow n in 1792 a b rick m ak er for 2 } i dollars th e th o u sa n d m ade th e
bricks, tu rn in g u p th e clay a n d finding him self e v e ry th in g except w ood to b u rn
a n d p lan k s to cover th em .
T he brickw ork is a b o u t o n e -th ird of th e w hole cost, th e c a rp e n te r s m aterial
a n d iron-m ongery o n e-th ird , th e c a rp e n te r’s w ork o n e-th ird .
1 8 1 4 .— Chisolm a n d tw o ap p re n tic e s (one of th e m a new beginner) lay 1,600
bricks 3»dciy.
S t o n e .— P av in g o r o th e r sto n e c u t a t 8d. [11.2 cents] th e superficial foot, th e
block being found, a n d provisions.
.
T h e price for layin g stone is 2s. 6d. [42 cents] p er p erch in a n 18-inch wall. In
A u g u sta it is 2s. [33.3 cents]. Such stone w ork is ch eap er th a n brick in th e
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WAGES OF EARLY BUILDING-TRADE WORKERS
13
p ro p o rtio n of £1,056.4 to £581.5 [$3,520.67 to, $1,937.50]. E v e ry th in g calc u lated
accu rately b y a w orkm an a t G eorgetow n, h is brick w ork com ing to $9.60 per
th o u sa n d a n d his sto n e w ork $2 p e r perch, including th e co st an d carriag e of
ev ery th in g , even of th e ro u g h stone. A m a n lays generally 3 p erch a day, an d
even 5 in a v ery th ic k wall.
W o o d .— T he saw m ills over th e m o u n ta in s saw for 20s. [$3.33] th e th o u sa n d ,
or one-half fo r th e o th er.
*
,
T w o m aw lers a n d 3 riv ers will riv e 750 pine slabs a day , of 14 feet long, a n d
double t h a t n u m b er 6 feet long. E v e ry slab clears a b o u t 4 inches, t h a t is to
say, 30 slabs properly clap p ed clear 10 feet.
A n o th er e stim ate is t h a t 3 m en will g et only 450 slabs a d ay if 6 feet long a n d
5 inches broad.
T o rive a n d draw 500 shingles is a com m on d a y ’s w ork. A m a n m ay jo in t
3,000 a day .
^
F o u r m en g o t o u t an d o u t 600 c h e stn u t pales a day , 7 feet long, fo r th e garden.
P a i n t .— V enetian blinds. T h e u p h o lste re r’s p a r t costs 2 dollars a n d th e
p a in tin g (by a coach p ain ter) a F ren ch crow n [ab o u t $1].
F resco 'p a in tin g .— Schneider charges a dollar a y a rd he finding p ain ts, or 8s.
[$1.33] a day, p a in t, &c., fo u n d him . H e can do half a y a rd a n hour.
C a r p e n tr y . — Ju n e, 1812: Jo h n n y H em in g a n d Lewis m ad e a se t of V enetian
blinds, w ith fixed slats, i. e., 2 p air, 3 feet 3 inches sq u are, in 6 days, sp littin g
o u t th e sla ts from com m on p lan k w ith a handsaw . Say a w indow a week.
M arch 21, 1814: Jo h n n y H em ing b egan th e b ody of a la n d a u J a n u a ry 12 a n d
finished it th is d ay , being 9 weeks a n d 5 days. 'H e h a d n o t m ore help from
Lewis th a n m ad e u p fo r his ow n in te rru p tio n s. T h e sm ith w ork em ployed th e
2 sm ith s p erh ap s o n e-th ird of th e sam e tim e.
A panelled door is done in 5 days, all th e stuff being p reviously p la n e d up.
A Boston painter’s bill in 1814 reads as follows:
To
To
To
To
To
To
2 d a y s’ w o rk ___________________________ ______________ _______ _____ $3. 75
hanging 7 x/i rolls of p a p e r . ______________ _______ _ _ _________ _ ____ _
3. 50
hanging 10% rolls of p ap er, a t 50 c e n ts a ro ll______________ ____ _____ 5. 25
w h itin g ceiling_____ ______________ ___ __________________ ___ _______
1. 00
p in k w ashing th e sides______________________________________________
2. 00
w h itin g a n d p in k in g 3 u p p e r ch am b e rs a t 4s. [66.7 cents] e a c h . ______ 2. 00
Masons’ wages had advanced in Massachusetts from $1.50 a day in
1795-1800, when the statehouse was under construction, to $2 in 1815
when Boston was building an almshouse and paying that rate for the
brickwork, with bricks at $1 per 100, an advance of $1 per thousand
over the price paid by the State for the capitol. Plastering at the alms
house was 50 cents a square yard, and slate roofers received $2 a day.
This rate is higher, however, than the prevailing rate at the time.
Official statistics of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor
show an average rate of $1.21 for masons over the entire State.
Across the State line, in Rhode Island, a manufacturing concern was
building a road and a bridge connecting two factories. Foremen on
this job received $1.75 a day, masons and carpenters, $1.50, and
laborers, 6s. ($1). Carting was $2.50 for man and team.
A contemporary historian gives presumably authentic daily rates
for carpenters and bricklayers in several States for the period 18151817, as follows:
B r ic k la y e r s . — $1.50 in N ew Y ork a n d S o u th C aro lin a; $2 in P e n n sy lv a n ia ;
$1 in O hio; a n d $3 p er M. in D istric t of C olum bia.
C a rp e n te r s. — $1.50 p e r d a y in M aine a n d N ew Y ork a n d $1 in Ohio.
Another contemporary writer quotes a general average for the
whole country in the following decade as $1.45 for carpenters and
$1.62 for masons.
In 1832 carpenters in Boston were offered $2 a day to break a
strike for a 10-hour day. In New York in 1836 they were getting
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$1.75, and in that year the Philadelphia carpenters struck for $1.50
per day from March 20 to November 20 and $1.25 for the remainder
of the year. The rate at the time of the strike was $1.25 from April 1
to November 1, and $1.12% for the winter.
Nails
T h a t nails should have been a really serious problem in any age
seems almost fantastic now. Nevertheless the need for nails played
an important part in colonial economics, and the value attached to
their possession can be appreciated when one realizes that in early
Virginia nails were a part of a planter’s estate, listed in inventories
and mentioned in wills. Throughout the first century of settlement
evidently, all the nails used by the colonists were imported, and so
valuable were they that, Philip A. Bruce relates in his Economic
History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century—Sm all landow ners, in d esertin g th e ir hom es w ith a view to m ak in g a s e ttle '
m e n t elsew here on m ore fe rtile soil, w ere in th e h a b it of b u rn in g th e ir c a b in s
w hen a b an d o n ed , in o rd e r to secure th e n ails b y w hich th e p la n k s w ere h eld
to g eth er, a n d so general d id th is h a b it becom e t h a t in 1644-45 i t w as p ro v id ed
by law , as a m ean s of d estro y in g th e m o tiv e fo r se ttin g th e houses o n fire, t h a t
each p la n te r, w hen he gave u p his dw elling, sh o u ld be allow ed, a t p u b lic expense,
as m an y nails a s tw o im p a rtia l m en sh o u ld calc u late to be in th e fra m e of th e
d eserted residence.
After the manufacture of iron commenced in the Colonies, slitting
mills were established which cut bar iron into nail rods, and the manu
facture of nails became a widespread industry. It was a common
practice for “ country people to erect small forges in their chimney
corners and in winter, and in evenings, when little other work can
be done, great quantities of nails are made, even by children. These
people take the rod iron of the merchant and return him the nails
and in consequence of this easy mode of barter the manufacture is
prodigiously great.” Advertisements of nails for sale in large or
small quantities are pretty sure to be found in the early newspapers.
Factory production began to displace the home manufacture of
hand-wrought nails after 1790, with the introduction of a nail-cutting
machine. Within a few years many machines for making nails were
patented and put into operation, and “ the occupation of making
nails in the chimney corner met with a serious check.”
Thomas Jefferson ran a nail factory on his Monticello plantation,
which must have been an enterprising business, to judge from the
many entries in his account books of purchases of nail rods in large
quantities. The work was done by slaves. It was Jefferson’s practice
to work negro boys between 16 and 19 years of age in the “ nailery,”
under the supervision of an overseer. In 1803 he was paying the
overseer £10 ($33.33) a year for his services as superintendent of the
nailery, in addition to wages paid him for other duties about the
plantation. Jefferson decided to change that method, however,
and “ from the commencement of the ensuing year he is to have 2
per cent on all the nails sold instead of the 10 pounds.”
In 1781 nail makers in one of the early factories in Massachusetts
were paid 48 cents a day. By 1817 this rate had more than doubled
and in the manufacture of tacks the workers were paid $1 a day.
The piece rate in tack factories was 2.8 cents per thousand in 1822, by
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which time the day rate had increased to $1.25. Daily earnings of
pieceworkers in a Pennsylvania nail factory in 1832 were $1 to $1.50.
Processes and earnings in a nail factory in Salem, Mass., in 1810,
are given thus by Dr. William Bentley, after a visit to the works:
T he h eading m achines are con triv ed to su p p o rt b y tw o levers th e n ail ag ain st
an im m ovable cap. * * * T he rollers for th e iro n -slittin g m ill are pow erful.
T he c u ttin g m achines are of different sizes, w ith different m otions. T h e larg er
m achine is fed by tongs led by a pulley. T h e sm aller is fed by h a n d a n d can
give 1,400 strokes in a m in u te. T he m achine for h ead in g is n o t used since
th e first experim ent, as it is fo u n d h ead in g is done b e tte r b y h a n d th a n a n y
m achine as y e t in v en ted b o th as to tim e a n d goodness of execution. B oard for
th e w orkm en can be h a d a t 15s. [$2.50] a week, a n d th e m en w ho h ead h av e
a b o u t a n average of 5s. [83.3 cents] p er h u n d red w eig h t a n d can e a rn from 6s. to
9s. [$1 to $1.50] a day.
Administration of Workmen’s Compensation Laws in Ten South
American Countries
Summary
DIGEST of the administrative features of workmen’s compensation laws of 10 South American countries—Argentina, Bolivia,
Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and
Venezuela—is here presented. Both the original laws, enacted to
provide compensation for workers injured or diseased as a result of
their employment and the various decrees and regulations subse
quently passed for the purpose of clarifying basic legislation and aiding
administrative interpretation, are considered.
Both industrial accident and occupational diseases are compensable
under the laws of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Para
guay, and Venezuela. The law of Bolivia specifically excludes from
compensation, however, cases due to deliberate misconduct of the
worker, and that of Chile injuries caused by the worker himself or
due to force majeure not connected with the work; while that of
Paraguay provides that only those occupational diseases are compen
sable which have arisen from the work done during the year preceding
disability. The laws of Colombia, Peru, and Uruguay cover only
industrial accidents. That of Colombia excludes from compensation
accidents caused by force majeure foreign to the work or due to the
fault of the worker, while that of Uruguay excludes those deliberately
caused by the worker, or due to force majeure (which the employer
must prove).
Administration.—The 10 South American Republics here con
sidered utilize existing machinery to make awards in compensation
matters when employer and employee fail to reach an agreement.
Six of these countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, and
Uruguay) provide that employers or employees shall bring their
cases before the civil courts for adjudication. The laws in the other
four countries specif}7-that parties to a dispute concerning a compensa
tion decision shall lay their differences before the executive author
ities, i. e., the National Department of Labor in Argentina and Bolivia,
the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare in Ecuador, and the respec
tive executive authorities in the various States of Venezuela. The
Argentine law empowers the Department of Labor to mediate, and
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provides that disputes which can not be settled by mediation shall be
taken before the district judge and tried by summary proceedings.
Under the terms of the Bolivian law the decisions of the Department
of Labor are final. The law of Ecuador provides for court inter
vention in specific instances. In "Venezuela a case may be appealed
by either party to the Minister of the Interior, whose decision is
final, but if either employer or employee does not wish to submit a
case to arbitration in this manner it may be appealed in court.
Once a compensation case has been decided on by the legally
designated court or executive authority, appeal and damage suits
are variously handled. Thus, in Peru, acceptance of rights under
the compensation law constitutes a waiver of rights under the com
mon law, and in Uruguay no further rights accrue to the claimant
unless he can prove fraud. In Brazil, Ecuador, and Paraguay,
acceptance of rights under the compensation law does not exclude
certain rights under the common law. The right to appeal, on the
other hand, is specifically provided for in the laws of Chile, Peru, and
Uruguay. The Chilean law makes special provision that appeals in
compensation cases shall take precedence over other cases on the
docket.
.
In some laws (namely, those of Argentina, Paraguay, and Peru) it
is specified that action in compensation cases may be taken in forma
pauperis, thus saving injured workers from the heavy expense
ordinarily incurred in court trials.
Reporting oj accidents.—All the countries, with the exception of
Venezuela, have written into their compensation laws or regulations
provisions requiring the employer, the employee, or his representative,
or both, to notify some official of the labor office, or judicial or political
system, of each accident that occurs. In some instances reports of
accidents are transmitted to the local police or judicial authorities
and through them to headquarters. In cases in which local author
ities receive the first notice of accidents, as in Brazil, Chile, Ecuador,
and Peru, they must verify the facts contained in the original accident
report filed with them before submitting their reports to the proper
authorities.
Time limits within which accident reports must be hied by employ
ers vary from immediate notice up to 30 days. The Peruvian law
demands immediate notice, the laws of Argentina and Colombia
require notice within 24 hours, that of Ecuador within 48 hours, that
of Bolivia within 3 days, that of Chile and Uruguay within 5 days,
and that of Paraguay within 30 days. When employees are required
to report on accidents, they are held within widely varying limits,
from a notice within 24 hours to the employer in Venezuela to one
within 30 days to the judicial authorities in Argentina.
It is provided that accident reports be furnished to the authorities
in detail, since they serve as the basis for awards in compensation
matters. In general these reports contain the name and address of
the injured, his dependents, and his heirs in case of death, the name
of the employer, the occupation and wage rate of the injured, the
nature of injury and probable duration of disability, and the names
of witnesses. Physicians’ certificates are a part of the accident report;
in certain countries provision is made for a further medical exami
nation by a physician appointed by the court when dispute arises
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SOUTH AMERICAN WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION LAWS
17
in the course of trial, in which case the report of the physician so
appointed forms the basis of the compensation award.
Determination of compensation.—Benefits vary according- to the
degree of disability sustained as a result of accident. In some
cases the law lays down a schedule of compensation covering specific
injuries or specifying the degree of disablement of certain injuries.
In other instances the judicial or executive authority whose duty it
is to make an award must determine from the physician’s report,
accident reports, testimony, etc., what degree of injury a claimant
has sustained and therefore to what rate of compensation he is
entitled.
The Peruvian law authorizes the judge to decrease the compensa
tion if the accident has resulted from a careless act on the part of the
injured, and to increase it if carelessness by the employer is proved,
subject, however, to the minimum and maximum amounts fixed by
the law. In Ecuador the judge may decrease the compensation if it
is proved that the employer is financially unable to pay the benefits
for which he is liable. Special power is also given in certain countries
to compensate injured employees, who for some reason are not paid
wages, on the basis of the current rate of wages paid for similar work.
Calculation of wages paid partly or wholly in kind instead of in money
is specifically covered in the compensation legislation of Chile, Ecuador,
Paraguay, and Uruguay. In Chile and Ecuador the civil court, in
Paraguay the judge of the court of claims, and in Uruguay the local
justice of the peace is given the power to determine the value of pay
ments in kind in cases in which employer and employee can not come
to an agreement.
Provisions relating to payment of compensation benefits.—Not all the
countries considered have specified the intervals at which compensa
tion benefits are to be paid, but the laws of Brazil, Chile (in cases of
temporary disability), Ecuador (temporary disability), and Paraguay
provide that payments shall be made each week, or on the regular
pay day, or “ promptly,” while those of Bolivia, Peru, and Uruguay
provide for monthly payments, as does Ecuador also in cases of
permanent disability to perform the regular work. In Chile, annuities
for fatal cases must be paid monthly.
Lump-sum payment of compensation to heirs in case of death is
provided for in Bolivia, Brazil, and Ecuador, and in Bolivia and
Ecuador also for permanent total disability.
Compensation paymrmts have preference over the other indebted
ness of employers in those countries where this point is legislated
upon (Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru). The law of Paraguay
provides that failure to pay promptly compensation benefits exposes
the employer’s property to attachment.
Security of payments— Eight of these 10 countries permit
employers to insure their compensation risks with an insurance
company, mutual association, or the Government fund, while the other
countries (Paraguay and Venezuela) have no provision on this point.
Three of the laws (those of Brazil, Chile, and Peru) state that the cost
of insurance must be borne entirely by employers.
The laws of Argentina, Ecuador, and Peru require that in case of
such insurance, the benefits under the policy must not be less than
those provided by the law.
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Insurance companies writing compensation insurance are subject
to the supervision of the authorities in the respective countries in
which they operate. Some laws have additional safeguards, such as
that insuring companies invest a certain sum in Government bonds,
that they deposit securities as a guaranty of financial responsibility,
that they open their books for inspection, etc. Certain laws—i. e.,
those of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Peru—require the carriers to
keep the compensation funds separate from other funds.
Where there is a special Government fund, as in Bolivia, that fund
is subject to the direction of the Department of Labor and is held on
deposit in the National Treasury.
A discussion of the administrative provisions for enforcing work
men’s compensation laws in the various countries is given below.
Argentina 1
I n d u s t r i a l accidents, whether arising out of and in the course
of the employment or due to a fortuitous circumstance or force
majeure connected with the work, are compensable in Argentina.
Occupational diseases are also compensable.
A d m in is tr a tio n .—Workers who believe that they are entitled to
compensation may carry the matter to the National Department of
Labor, which may intervene and require the employer to pay it. On
the other hand, an employer who thinks that the accident was caused
intentionally or through culpable negligence on the part of the worker
(which would exempt him from liability), also may notify the National
Department of Labor. In all cases of known dispute the depart
ment is required to offer its services as mediator in order to effect a
settlement. Disputes which it can not settle may be taken to the judge
of the district in which the industrial accident occurred or in which
the defendant resides, and he shall be competent to hear in summary
proceedings any action brought for the recovery of compensation.
Workers and employees may choose between bringing a special
action for compensation under the compensation law or an action
under the common law for fraud or negligence on the part of the
employer. However, both are exclusive, and the initiation of one of
them or the acceptance of any sum thereunder constitutes in itself a
surrender of the rights under the other.
In addition to his right of action against the employer or contractor,
the injured worker, or his representatives, has, under the Civil Code, a
right of action against a third party for damages for injury caused
by him. This action may be brought by the employer at his own
expense and in the name of the worker or his beneficiaries, if the
latter do not initiate the same within eight days after the accident.
Actions must be brought within one year after the accident.
The injured worker or his dependents have the right of proceed
ing in forma pauperis in the case of legal proceedings to obtain
compensation.
In cases of accidents incurred in the service of the National Gov
ernment, legal proceedings may be brought without previous claims
being made through administrative channels.
i Law of Oct. 11, 1915, and decree of Jan. 14, 1916.
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Reporting of accidents.—Workers injured in industrial accidents, or
their beneficiaries, must notify the nearest judicial or police authority
of the accident within 30 days thereafter, under penalty of a 25 per
cent reduction in the compensation, except in case of force majeure or
of other impediment duly proved. Employers must give a similar
notice within 24 hours from the occurrence of the accident or from
the time that they become cognizant thereof, which will be presumed
to be within the following 24 hours when they were not present at
the place where the accident occurred. An employer who fails to
give the notice is liable to a fine of from 50 to 100 pesos.
Accidents occurring in the national capital are reported to the
police of the precinct or to the National Department of Labor, while
those occurring in the Federal territories and Provinces are reported
to the police authority of the locality or to the justice of the peace.
The police authorities in the Federal capital and national territories,
upon being notified of an accident, must on the same day send notice
to the National Department of Labor and to the employer of the
injured worker.
*
.,
,
In reporting the accident the name, nationality, age, salary, occu-;
pation, and status of the injured worker and the place and hour of
the accident, as well as the apparent causes thereof, must be stated,
on a form provided by the National Department of Labor.
. ,
When a serious accident occurs, inspectors of the National Depart
ment of Labor must visit the scene of the accident and deliver a
report to the court when required.
In case of an accident causing immediate death, the employer shall
give notice to the National Department of Labor, setting forth the
pertinent facts. He must also notify the department in writing as
soon as he has begun to carry out his obligations in regard to his
liability for the accident; in this notice the interested parties, either
personally or by their representatives, must signify their agreement.
Notice must also be given the department of the intention to pay the
compensation, specifying the amount, arid the provision of law per
taining thereto.
If an injured worker has not returned to work within four days
after the accident, the employer must deliver to the National Depart
ment of Labor a medical certificate in which the condition of the
injured worker and the probable consequences of the accident are
shown, as well as the time in which it will be possible to know the
result. When an employer appoints a physician to attend the in
jured worker he must within 48 hours forward to the National Depart
ment of Labor the name and address of the same. If the employer
does not select a physician, it is understood that the one attending
the injured employee is acting for the employer.
Physicians are required to issue a certificate when the accident
occurs, when the cure is effected, when a cure has been effected but
the worker is still disabled, and when death occurs. A signed and
certified copy of such certificates must be furnished by the employer
to the National Department of Labor, if requested. If a worker
does not agree with the certificates, either because he does not con
sider himself cured or because he disagrees with the classification of
the disability, he may name physicians in order that, with the con
currence of the medical inspector of the National Department of
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Labor and the employer’s physicians, another examination may be
made and a certificate issued, signed by the attending physicians, in
which the consensus is shown.
S e c u r ity o j •pa ym en ts .—Employers may insure their compensation
risk either with ordinary insurance companies or with a mutual
association, provided the benefits are not less than those fixed in the
law. In case of an accident, the employer, insurance company, or
employers’ (mutual) association must deposit, in the name of the
injured worker or his beneficiaries, the amount of the compensation
in a special division of the national annuity and pension fund which
invests the money in Government bonds and pays monthly the pen
sions due the beneficiaries. Employers or insurers must also deposit
in a special fund called the “ Guaranty fund” the following: Death
benefits, if the deceased worker leaves no dependents; pensions the
beneficiaries of which have died without heirs; any amount due as
compensation to foreigners who have left the country; fines imposed
for failure to comply with the compensation law; gifts from private
parties; and subsidies given by the State. The resources of this
fund can be used only for the expenses of the accident division and
to pay any compensation benefits left unpaid by insolvent employers
Both ordinary insurance companies and employers ’ (mutual) asso
ciations must be licensed by the Executive Authority of the Nation
or of the Provinces and must be organized in conformity with the
general insurance regulations. The workmen’s compensation busi
ness must be kept entirely separate from any other business of the
carrier.
A workman may make complaint to the National Department of
Labor against an insurance company which has failed to pay com
pensation due. The National Department of Labor is charged with
strict oversight of any institution which writes workmen’s compensa
tion insurance. In case of proved irregularities indicating the com
pany’s failure to comply with the requirements, the Executive
Authority may, upon recommendation of the labor department,
revoke the license of an offending company.
Bolivia 2
B o t h industrial accidents and occupational diseases arising from
the employment are compensable in Bolivia, except when due to
deliberate misconduct or violation of rules.
A d m in is tr a tio n .—In case of delay in compensation payments or
if dispute arises as to the proper payment due an injured person the
National Department of Labor has the right to make a final decision
in the matter.
In fatal cases the Department of Labor is charged with the duty of
giving an opinion, on the basis of the police investigation that is regu
larly made, as to whether the case should be opened for proof within
eight days.
Employees earning more than 3,600 bolivianos a year have the right
to compensation up to that sum without prejudice to sums receivable
2Law of Jan. 19, 1924; regulations, July 21, 1924; and decrees of July 21, 1924; June 7, 1926; Mar. 20, 1926;
and May 24, 1927.
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from any action that they may take at common law. It is not stated
whether persons earning smaller sums have similar rights.
Actions at law in workmen’s compensation must be brought within
a year after the occurrence of the accident.
Reporting of accidents.—Employers and the police authorities in
the district where an accident takes place are required to report the
details of each accident to the Department of Labor within three
days of its occurrence. This report must contain the attending
physician’s certificate; the name, the age, occupation and wage of
the injured worker; conditions under which the accident occurred;
the condition of the injured; the kind of injury sustained; and
information as to the compensation payable and as to whether the
injured person or his heirs (if he has died) are satisfied therewith.
For failure to fulfill these requirements a fine is imposed.
The police authorities (or the mayor) are empowered to make a
special investigation for the purpose of ascertaining the facts in a.
case. In case of a fatal accident, the police officer makes further
inquiry as to the conditions in the case and the names of relatives
and dependents and reports his findings to the Department of Labor.
Each employer is required to keep three books—a register showing
the name, date of employment, address, age, (civil) estate, and
nationality of workers, a book showing work done, and a third showingdate, name, and occupation of injured, kind of accident, and com
pensation paid in each case of accident.
Determination and payment of compensation.—Compensation to
injured workmen is based upon (1) a fixed scale for certain injuries;
and (2) in case of injuries not covered by the scale, upon the decision
of a physician chosen jointly by the parties.
Benefits are based upon the earnings of the injured as well as the
severity of the injury. The wages of the injured are calculated on
the basis of payment in money and kind and payments in the nature
of a bonus for skill or speed or overtime are also included up to a
maximum of 3,600 bolivianos a year.
Payment of compensation must be made at the end of each month
either by receipt or voucher in accordance with the civil law of
Bolivia, and a notice thereof must be sent to the Department of
Labor. Commutation of benefits into a lump sum is directed in case
of death and permanent disability.
Compensation benefits are not subject to waiver or attachment,
nor may they be diminished by any agreement.
Security of payments.—All establishments having a capital of more
than 100,000 bolivianos must provide accident insurance for their
workers. An employer may insure his risk with a commercial insur
ance company which conforms to certain requirements or with the
fund administered by the Government.
Employers who delay in making compensation payments or who
fail to pay the benefits specified in the law are subject to investigation
and fine by the National Department of Labor. In such cases the
fine accrues to the injured workman or his heirs, without prejudice to
any further amounts due as compensation benefits.
Any compensation payments held in the guaranty fund and un
claimed at the end of one year are delivered to the National Treasury
to be used to pay compensation to the injured employees of firms
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adjudged bankrupt. To effect payment from the special funds the
Department of Labor must present an estimate as a basis for payment.
Brazil3
B o t h industrial accidents and occupational diseases are compen
sable in Brazil.
A d m in is tr a tio n . —All cases originating under the provisions of the
workmen’s compensation law of Brazil are subject to hearing before
judges of the civil court in the particular locality where the accidents
occur (except in case of accidents to Government employees, in which
case the matter goes before a Federal judge). Within 12 days
following the date of the accident the judge must render a decision.
Cooperating with him are police officials who report on accidents
and representatives of the district attorney’s office who render legal
assistance to injured persons.
Actions originating under the law must be brought within two
years after the accident. This law does not exclude criminal pro
ceedings if the employer is guilty of an offense covered by the ordi
nary criminal law.
R e p o r tin g o j a cc id e n ts. —Every industrial accident sufficiently
severe to cause a worker to leave his work must be reported to local
police officials by the employer, the worker himself, or some other
person. The law further provides that a police official must imme
diately visit the place at which the accident occurred and the place
to which the injured person has been removed, to obtain necessary
facts.
Employers are required to communicate with the insurance carrier
within 24 hours of an accident, reporting the accident and its attend
ant circumstances.
Five days from the date of the accident the employer is obliged to
submit proof to the police that he has provided the injured person
with all necessary medical and pharmaceutical assistance and hospital
care.
He must also furnish a physician’s certificate stating the condition
of the injured person, the probable outcome of the accident, and the
time in which it will be possible to know the result.
On the same day the police authorities are required to report their
findings in the case.
If either the employer or worker desires a further report on the
latter’s physical condition during the course of the judicial proceedings
the judge is empowered to designate a physician to make an examina
tion in the presence of the attending physician. In case of a difference
of opinion between these two physicians, the judge must designate a
third physician whose report then forms the basis upon which the
award is made.
D e te r m in a tio n a n d p a y m e n t o j c o m p e n sa tio n . —Compensation is
fixed according to a scale laid down in the law, classified by degree of
injury, and on the basis of the findings in the case as reported by the
police and physicians.
Sums due injured persons by way of compensation are privileged
and free from attachment or seizure. Such sums have a preferential
3 Act No. 3724, Jan. 15, 1919; and regulative decree No. 13493, Mar. 5, 1919, and No: 13498, Mar. 12, 1919.
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claim on the funds of the respective establishments in which accidents
occur.
The law provides that compensation shall be paid in the establish
ment in which the accident occurs, the daily allowances to be paid at
weekly intervals. If an accident occurs in a transportation enter
prise payment is made at the head office of the enterprise.
In case of death the benefits are paid in a lump sum.
Security of 'payments.—Employers may insure their liability for
compensation and for medical, hospital, and pharmaceutical care
with a duly authorized commercial insurance company or with a
mutual association that conforms with the legal requirements.
In no case may an employer make any deduction from the wages
of his employees to cover the expenses of insurance or dues.
In case of the failure of the employer or insurance carrier to fulfill
the obligations under the law the injured employee or his repre
sentatives may appeal to the office of the district attorney which
must enforce the law.
The workmen’s compensation business must be kept entirely sepa
rate from the other business of the insurance carrier.
The Government is empowered to revoke the authority granted
to any carrier to write compensation insurance if the company fails
to comply with the law.
Chile4
T h e workmen’s compensation law of Chile provides that compen
sation shall be paid for industrial accidents and for occupational
diseases arising out of or in the course of employment. Liability
of the employer or contractor in charge of work for another does
not preclude the subsidiary liability of the proprietor. Injuries due
to force majeure not connected with the work or those caused inten
tionally by the worker himself are not compensable.
Administration.—Compensation cases are handled by the judges
of the civil court. Having received reports covering a case, the
judge shall order that the parties be informed of the proceedings,
and that they or their representatives be summoned to a hearing
which shall take place on the fifth working-day following the last
notification. At the hearing the judge shall invite the parties to
come to an agreement, and if such is reached in accordance with the
law, he must, within five days, pass upon it and the compensation
due.
The judge is empowered to appoint guardians for legally incapable
persons, including minors who have a right to compensation but
have no guardian. He may by judicial procedure levy fines for nonobservance of the provisions of this law. After paying a fine, however,
a violator may appeal the case before the j udge who has imposed it,
In cases involving dispute between employer and employee as to
choice of attending physicians the civil judge is empowered to settle
the matter by summary proceedings. Appeals are not admitted
against decisions issued, including the final decree, without a stay
depriving the lower court of jurisdiction.
Action under the civil law is necessary to recover damages from
an employer above the maximum allowed under the compensation
4 Law No. 4055, Sept. 8, 1924; decree law No. 379, Mar. 19, 1925; and regulations No. 238,
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provisions. Similar recourse to the civil law is necessary against
third parties who are liable in accidents. It is specified in this con
nection that the employee or employer may bring action against a
third party without diminishing the responsibility of the employer
but with the understanding that the employer is released from
liability up to the amount of damages a third party may pay.
Actions to enforce the payment of compensation or annuities
payable under the law must be brought within two years after the
accident.
Reporting oj accidents.—Within five days after an accident, em
ployers or their representatives are required to report to the civil
judge of the locality where the accident occurred each case which
causes death or disability. A similar report may be made by the
injured worker or any person in the locality. In reporting the acci
dent the following items are to be included: The names and addresses
of the employer of the injured person and of the witnesses of the
accident, as well as the age, wage, and civil status of the worker;
the time, place, and circumstances under which the accident occurred;
the nature of the injuries; a certificate by the attending physician;
the name and address of the insurance carrier (if any). If the report
is not properly made, the employer is subject to fine.
Except in cases of temporary disability in which the injured
person has submitted a medical certificate or has taken no action
in the matter, the judge, either personally or through a representative,
upon being informed of the accident, must proceed immediately to
the place where the accident occurred and investigate the case as
regards the following points: (a) The cause, nature, and circumstances
of the accident; (6) the names of the employer and the injured person;
(c) the nature of the injuries; (d) the names of the persons entitled
to compensation and the date and place of their birth; (e) the earn
ings of the injured person; (/) name and address of the company
with which the employer is insured.
.>
The attending physician must issue a certificate when the accident
occurs, when recovery is effected, when the injured dies, etc. In
case either worker or employer is not satisfied with the physician’s
classification of the injury, the judge shall decide the matter on the
basis of information furnished by the court physician.
Determination and payment oj compensation.—Injuries are com
pensated for in accordance with a fixed schedule, but in cases not
covered by the schedule the degree of disability (and therefore the
compensation payable) may be agreed upon by the employer and
employee, or failing that by the civil judge.
Payment for temporary disability may be made to an injured
worker daily or on the pay day adopted in each industry or enter
prise, provided that these pay days are not less frequent than every
15 days. Annuities payable in case of death must be paid monthly.
Except in cases covering payment of compensation in excess of that
granted by the law and which employer and employee have agreed
to, a different form of payment from that established by law, such as
payment in kind or in lump sum, instead of the regular periodic
annuities, is not allowable.
Compensation benefits may not be waived, ceded, or attached, and
are preferred claims against the employer in case of bankruptcy and
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upon the fire insurance policy in case of loss of the employer’s property
by fire.
W ages paid other than in money shall be fixed by agreement of the
interested parties or by the judge.
Security oj 'payments.—Employers may insure their risk with a
mutual association, a Chilean insurance company, or an organization
meeting the requirements laid down in the regulations governing
insurance companies.
Employers who do not insure their employees in one of these ways
and in whose employ a worker meets his death or sustains a permanent
injury are obliged to (1) deposit a sum equal to the annuity or pension
due in the accident section of the National Savings Bank (Caja
Nacional de Ahorros) plus an amount equal to 5 per cent of the capital
representing the annuities and pensions he is required to deposit (the
latter becoming part of a special guaranty fund) or (2) take out a
pension in the amount owed, with a national pension company'
delivering to this company the capital representing the annuities.
This insurance may also be effected in a Chilean insurance company,
provided the latter has capital of not less than 1,000,000 pesos. If
the employer contracts for a pension in this way, the carrier shall
issue a pension certificate to the injured person or other persons
entitled to the pension.
The guaranty fund shall be used to meet compensation payments
defaulted upon by employers or carriers. The National Savings
Bank is empowered to take action in such cases against the offenders,
to compel the reimbursement of sums paid by it in com pensation.
No deductions may be made from an employee’s wages toward the
payment of the insurance or compensation cost.
The insurance carrier must effect complete separation of its work
men’s compensation business from any other insurance written by it.
If a carrier fails to carry out its obligations under the law, au
thorization to write accident insurance may be revoked or suspended.
Colombia 5
T he Colombian law provides compensation for industrial accidents
except in cases where the injury was due to the fault of the worker or
to force m ajeure not connected w ith the work.
Administration.—Disputes arising under the act come before the
judge of the municipality in which the accident occurred. The pro
cedure in cases involving municipal employees follows the general
rules.
The law further charges governors, intend ants, commissioners,
inspectors, and other Government agents with the duty of seeing that
the provisions covering compulsory collective insurance be strictly
observed and of notifying the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce
of any infraction of law.
Actions under the act must be brought within one year.
Reporting oj accidents.—Employers are required to report to the
local judge each accident within 24 hours following its occurrence.
The employer’s statement must give the hour and place of the
accident, the cause, witnesses, the name and wage rate of the injured
s Laws No. 57, Nov. 15, 1915; No. 37, Nov. 19, 1921; and No. 32, June 17, 1922; decrees No. 502, Mar. 28'
1923, and No. 682, Apr. 25, 1924.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
person, the place to which he has been removed, the names of attend
ing physicians, the name of the insurance carrier.
If death results from accident the employer is obligated to give
immediate notice to the judge, certifying as to the above information
and stating whether death occurred instantly.
Determination of compensation.—Specific rates of compensation are
laid down by the law according to the degree of injury. The degree
of incapacity and the consequent awards are determined on the basis
of the medical findings.
Security of payments.—Establishments with a pay roll of 1,000
pesos or more per month are required to take out, at their own expense,
collective life insurance on all employees earning less than 2,400
pesos annually, in an amount ecpial to a year’s salary for each worker.
The insurance may be carried in a commercial insurance company.
Where a commercial policy is taken out by an employer he must
provide each of his employees with a certificate giving the details of
the policy held on his account. Enterprises with a capital of 50,000
pesos or over may be granted permission to act as self-insurers, upon
providing proper guaranties.
Ecuador 6
B o t h industrial accidents and occupational diseases are compen
sable under the Ecuador compensation law.
Administration.—The Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare of
Ecuador is charged with the enforcement of the law providing for
compensation for workers injured or suffering from disease as a
result of their employment. The courts, however, are empowered
to intervene in certain cases of dispute regarding benefits. The law
states that the court may so act: (1) When the amount of com
pensation due to a worker paid in kind is at issue; or (2) when a
worker is entitled to compensation for a disease that has developed
gradually but only in part in his present employment, and the pro
portional rate to be paid by the present employer can not be agreed
upon; or (3) when the financial position of the employer is such that
a rate of compensation payment lower than that for which he is
liable is justified.
Employees may sue at common law (1) to recover compensation at
a higher rate than that provided by the law, but which an employer
has agreed to pay; and (2) recover damages from a third party who
caused an accident. In the latter case the suit may be brought by
the injured person or by the employer for him, the employer being
released from liability up to the amount recovered from the third
party.
Actions under the terms of the law must be brought within one
year after the accident.
Reporting of accidents.—Under penalty of a 25 per cent reduction
in compensation, the injured person, or his heirs in case of his death,
must, within 48 hours of an accident (unless due cause for delay can
be shown) give notice to the labor inspector in the locality where an
accident occurs or to the highest police official if there is no labor
inspector. The employer must likewise report within 48 hours of
6 Law of Oct. 6, 1928.
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receiving notification of an accident, under penalty of fine, Both
notices must contain information on the causes of the accident, the
number of persons injured, the place of the accident, nature of
injuries, persons entitled to compensation, and the daily and annual
wages of the injured persons.
A police official^ receiving such notification must verify the facts
and transmit the information to the labor inspector. The latter in
turn submits a monthly report of accidents in his district to the
Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare.
Determination and payment of compensation.—Compensation is
determined on the basis of wages and the disability caused, i. e.,
temporary, permanent partial, permanent total, or death. The law
does not lay down a fixed schedule of compensation for specific
injuries.
In case of wages in kind, if their value can not be agreed upon by
employer and employee, the court is empowered to determine it,
taking into consideration the value of the services rendered, the
rates of wages of persons doing similar work, and the circumstances
under which the work is carried on.
The court may decrease the compensation in cases in which it is
proved that the employer is financially unable to pay the compensa
tion for which he is liable.
Compensation payments must be paid on the same days and at the
same intervals that an injured worker has been accustomed to receive
his wages, if he sustains temporary disability; monthly in advance
for injuries producing permanent partial or permanent total disability
to perform the regular work; and in a lump sum for injuries producing
either permanent total disability to perform any work, or death.
Compensation benefits are not subject to waiver or attachment.
In cases of bankruptcy they constitute preferred claims.
Security of payments.—An employer may insure his liability under
the workmen’s compensation act in any insurance company legally
established in accordance with the provisions of the Commercial
Code. In no case, however, may the benefits so secured be less than
those provided by the compensation law.
Paraguay 7
T h e compensation law of Paraguay provides compensation for
accidents arising as a result of the employment, or fortuitous event,
or force majeure connected with the work. The employer is liable
for compensation even though the employee works under the direction
of a middleman or contractor.
Certain occupational diseases are also compensable, provided they
arose from the work which the injured was doing during the year
preceding disability. In cases of diseases contracted gradually, the
respective employers are liable for a proportionate amount of the
compensation. When the proportional amount to be paid by an
employer can not be agreed upon, it is fixed by arbitrators.
Administration.—All claims for workmen’s compensation must be
brought under the civil law and in forma pauperis. Both parties are
required to bring charges and defenses in their declarations and answers
7
Law No. 926.
86046°— 30
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and inclose all documents and the facts on which they base their
claims.
The injured person may take action against a third party in con
formity with the Civil Code, or the employer may take this action for
the injured person or his heirs if they have not done so within eight
days after the accident. The employer is exempt from liability up to
the amount recovered from the third party. Eight of action to
demand payment for compensation expires one year from the date
of accident, except in case of injured minors.
The Executive Authority of Paraguay is vested with the right of
issuing the necessary regulations for enforcement of the law.
Reporting oj accidents.—Employers are obligated to give notice of
accidents to the nearest judicial authority within 30 days in cases of
death or manifest permanent or temporary total disability of workers.
As a basis for such notice a record must be taken stating the circum
stances under which each accident occurs. Violations are punishable
by fines of varying amounts.
Further reports on accidents are furnished to the court as outlined
in the section o n ‘‘Administration.”
Determination and payment of compensation.—Compensation is
determined according to whether the injury produces temporary total,
permanent partial, or permanent total disability or death. The
Executive Authority for Paraguay has the power to determine, by
means of regulations, what injuries shall be classed as permanent,
total, or temporary.
The “ average wages” used in calculations of compensation pay
ments must include any payments in kind and profit-sharing or other
bonuses. In case all or part of the wages are paid in kind, the com
pensation benefits payable are subject to settlement by the judge of
the court of claims.
The law specifies that compensation for injuries must be paid
promptly and that failure to do so exposes the employer’s property to
attachment. No mention is made of what constitutes promptness
or how payments shall be made. Compensation payments are not
subject to attachment, transfer, or waiver.
In cases of occupational disease the worker is entitled to receive
15 per cent of the total award as a first payment; when the total sum
due amounts to less than 10,000 pesos it must be paid in a lump sum.
Security of payments.—The law is silent as to insurance of the com
pensation risk by the employer.
P eru 8
U n d e r the Peruvian law an employer is responsible for compensa
tion for accidents occurring to his employees during the performance
of the work or as a direct result of it.
Administration.—The State Department is charged with the enforce
ment of the law.
The law provides benefits for those workers and employees whose
annual wages do not exceed 120 gold libras. Employees whose annual
earnings exceed that amount may choose between acceptance of
benefits under the compensation law (in which case benefits are
8 Law No. 1378 of Jan. 20,1911; decrees of July 4,1913, and July 11,1914; and Law No. 2290 of Oet. 20, 1916
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limited to 120 gold libras) or of suing under the common law. Ac
ceptance of rights under the workmen’s compensation law implies a
waiver of rights to damages under the common law.
Recovery of damages from third parties and for illicit acts of the
employer must be effected under the common law. In case of thirdparty suits, the liability of the employer is reduced by the amount
recovered from the third party. Action to recover compensation
under the compensation law must be taken within one year from the
date of injury.
If an accident involves only a temporary disability and the em
ployer meets his obligations under the law, no official intervention
takes place. In a more serious accident the employer or the worker
may request the judge of the lower court or justice of the peace to
investigate in order to determine the character and degree of liability
arising. (In case of accidents in mines, metallurgical works, or refin
ing plants the mining deputation or delegation acts for the judge of
the lower court.) The judge then names physicians and technical
experts, on petition, to determine the facts in the case, 10 days being
allowed for such investigation. At the expiration of this time
employer and employee are ordered to -appear before the court and
a decision is handed down. If the investigation is not finished in the
time allotted, the judge must issue a report stating the reason and
assigning a new term of three days. A second failure to complete a
case furnishes sufficient cause to “ challenge” him.
^If on the day of the court appearance or on the following day one
of the parties to the dispute requests a trial the judge is empowered
to allow 10 legal days, at the end of which time he makes an award in
the case.
Appeal of cases may be made within three days, but in matters
involving payment of temporary compensation or funeral and
medical expenses, award is ordered notwithstanding the appeal.
The appeal court has power to order investigation of a case even
though neither party requests such action. Decision on appealed
cases must be rendered within 10 days.
In every case there is opportunity for an extraordinary appeal, which
must be made within three days from the time that the appeal court
makes an award. Awards upon extraordinary appeal are made by
the Supreme Court after having received the documents and without
any proceedings other than review. Sentence having been passed,
its execution may be asked under the Civil Code of Judicial Procedure.
An injured person or his beneficiaries may exercise the privilege of
insolvency without having passed through bankruptcy proceedings
and are thus freed from the necessity of hiring legal assistance.
Transactions regarding rights to compensation must, be approved
by a judge to be valid.
Revision of awards of compensation may be requested within a
term of three years. Appeals for this purpose must be made before
the first session of the Supreme Court. If a revision is granted, the
documents in the cases must be sent to the judge who originally
rendered the decision. No appeal is allowed from the award granting
or denying revision.
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The judge has the right to make provisional awards of compensa
tion, up to 50 per cent of the compensation granted by the law for the
type of disability sustained, at any stage in the proceedings.
Claims of injured persons for compensation, medical attendance,
medicine, and funeral expenses have preference over claims of other
creditors, and in case of bankruptcy or judicial settlement the judge
must order immediate payment of amounts due employees, for deposit
in specified banks.
The judge has the power to levy fines upon physicians and employers
for failure to comply with certain rulings in the prosecution of com
pensation cases.
Reporting oj accidents.—Notice of the occurrence of an accident
must"be given by the employer to the highest political authority in a
locality, within three days of its happening. The notice must give
the name and address of the employing enterprise, the name and ad
dress of the injured, the time, nature, and circumstances of the acci
dent, the character of the injuries, names and addresses of witnesses,
the name of the insurance company and the value of the policy if the
injured was insured, a certificate from the attending physician, and
the probable duration of disability. A similar report may be made by
the injured person, or his representatives or heirs, within one year
from the date of the accident.
The decree of July 11, 1914, specifies that the person in charge when
an accident occurs must immediately notify the political and judicial
authorities in the nearest place. The authorities notified must ascer
tain the facts and send telegraphic statements at once and detailed
statements within 48 hours, apprising the State Department of the
accident, its origin, name and address of the injured, character of
injuries, and all other facts deemed necessary.
Within 30 days of an accident the authorities must send further
notice to the State Department stating how the law has been applied.
Mining delegates who act to adjudicate compensation for mine acci
dents are required to submit similar information.
Railway and maritime accidents must be reported, respectively, to
the highest political or maritime authority in the Provinces traversed
by the railway and in the ports at which vessels dock. These author
ities are then responsible for submitting reports to the State Depart
ment, as above.
DetermÍ7iation and payment oj compensation.—Compensation is fixed
according to a scale laid down in the law and based upon the degree of
disability sustained. The duty of making rules for classifying in
dividual injuries as to whether constituting permanent total or tem
porary partial disability, etc., devolves upon the Executive Authority.
The compensation may be reduced when, in the opinion of the judge,
an accident has resulted from an inexcusable act of the injured and
increased 50 per cent when injury results from lack of safeguards
which the employer is required to furnish or from criminal negligence
on his part. In either case, the award made must fall within the
minimum and maximum rates set by the Executive Authority. Pro
visional compensation, up to 50 per cent of the total compensation
allowed under the law for the kind of injury sustained, may be granted
by the judge at any stage of a trial.
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Compensation must either be paid monthly or the total sum due
a worker may be placed in a savings bank at the legal rate of interest
and at the disposition of the injured person or his heirs.
Compensation benefits are not subject to waiver or attachment,
except for articles of prime necessity, and then only up to one-third
of the benefits.
Security' of payments. Employers may substitute individual or
collective insurance on their employees for their direct obligation to
pay compensation as outlined in the law. If they choose to carry
insurance they must insure their employees either in a company or
ganized under the Code of Commerce; in a mutual association; or in
the fund authorized by Law No. 1378 of January 20, 1911, which the
Executive Authority was directed to organize, the purpose of which
is to insure exclusively against industrial accidents, subject to the
State authority as regards revision and approval of rates.
The workmen s compensation operations of insurance carriers must
be kept separate from the other operations.
No deductions are allowable to employers from wages to meet insur
ance payments nor may any employer insure his employees for
amounts less than the benefits to which they are entitled under the
compensation law.
Uruguay 9
T he law of Uruguay provides for compensation for industrial
accidents (but not for occupational diseases), except in cases in which
the accident was deliberately caused by the worker or in which it was
due to force majeure foreign to the work. _ In the latter case, however,
the employer must prove that the accident occurred through the
cause mentioned.
Administration. In lawsuits or disputes arising between an
employer and an employee or his heirs, the departmental judge (juez
letrado departmental) has jurisdiction to render a decision on the
basis of the report of the summary inquiry made by the justice of the
peace of the district in which the accident occurred. An appeal
ficun his decision may be taken to the court of appeals, whose decision
ls ™ al: The procedure in such cases is that established bv the Code
of Civil Procedure for actions for possession.
If the two parties come to an agreement, the justice of the peace
must prepare a document to be signed by them, describing the accident
and fixing the compensation due the injured worker. The agreement
shall be invalid if the legal adviser of the national labor office has
not had a part therein and the document must be signed by him, or
by the fiscal agent (or his representative) if the accident occurred
outside the capital.
cases in which death results after the compensation has been
decided upon and in those in which the disability becomes greater or
less, the injured worker or his lawful heirs, and also the employer,
may demand a revision of benefits. Proceedings for revision may be
instituted not later than a year following the final decision or the
agreement of the parties before the justice of the peace, and may be
renewed each year until the disability is declared final and unchange9 Law of Nov. 26, 1920.
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able. The procedure followed is that for actions for possession, and
the case must be brought before the departmental judge.
Proceedings may be instituted by the worker to obtain an increase
of the annuity and by the employer to obtain a decrease in or relief
from the obligations imposed upon him by the first decision or by
the agreement entered into before the justice of the peace.
Action for injury caused by a third party may be brought by the
injured worker, by the employer at his own expense and in the name
of the injured worker or his lawful heirs, or by the employer and
employee jointly.
In controversies concerning compensation that require the inter
vention of an attorney to defend the worker’s rights, the national
labor office must furnish one.
The worker is entitled to bring an action directly against the
insurer under the provisions of the Civil Code.
Right to actions for compensation lapses twelve months after the
date of the accident.
Workmen have no further, rights against the employer than those
provided by the compensation law unless there has been fraud on
the part of the latter.
Reporting oj accidents.—Every accident which incapacitates a
worker for more than three days must be reported to the justice of
the peace of the district by the employer before the fifth day.
The injured worker or his representatives may also report it to
the same magistrate within two weeks.
An employer who, having knowledge of the occurrence of an
accident to one of his workers, fails to report it to the justice of the
peace, is liable to a fine which is greatly increased in case of a second
offense.
Employers who insure their workers against industrial accidents in
the State Insurance Bank must notify the bank of the accident
within 48 hours after it happens, and the bank then makes the proper
report.
If the worker has not returned to work within two weeks after the
accident, the employer is required to present to the justice of the
peace to whom the report of the accident was made a medical certifi
cate showing the worker’s condition, the probable consequences of
the accident, and the approximate date when the final result may be
known. The report must contain the name and address of the
employer, the location of the establishment, the time of the accident,
its nature, the surrounding circumstances, the nature of the injuries,
the name, address, age, and civil status of the injured worker, and
the names and addresses of witnessses who were present at the
accident or had knowledge thereof.
Immediately after the presentation of the report the justice of the
peace must commence a summary inquiry, taking the testimony of
the injured employee if his condition permits and also that of the
employer and the witnesses. He must make inspections in cases
requiring attention and order any technical investigations and
medical examinations that may be necessary. In case of death, and
on the petition of the party concerned, he must order an autopsy to
be performed within 48 hours.
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33
The justice of the peace must endeavor to secure proof of: (cr) The
cause, nature, and circumstances of the accident; (b) the persons
injured in the accident, where they can be found, and the place and
date of their birth; (c) the nature of the injuries; (d) the beneficiaries
in case of death and the date and place of birth of these; (e) the daily
and annual wages of the injured workers; and (f) in the case of
apprentices or workers under age, he must also endeavor to secure
proof of the wages of ordinary workers employed in the same estab
lishment or in similar ones in the locality.
The summary inquiry shall be begun with the knowledge of the
parties concerned, who may demand any judicial proceedings they
may consider necessary.
Justices of the peace are required to send, every month, to the
National Labor Office, detailed notes of the investigations of indus
trial accidents, of their results, and of the proceedings arising there
from.
Determination and 'payment of compensation.—Compensation bene
fits are based upon the degree and duration of the injury.
Payment of compensation for industrial accidents must be made
monthly, and benefits may not be transferred or attached.
The basic wages used in computing compensation benefits must
include any tips or bonuses habitually received by the worker. If
the wage is paid partly or wholly in kind, the average value of the
commodities in the locality is used. Any disputes as to the basic
wage are decided by the justice of the peace.
Security of payments.—Employers may fulfill their obligations
under the law by taking out insurance with the State Insurance
Bank, which then assumes all the rights and obligations of the
employer under the law, but it may hold the employer responsible
when he has not complied with existing laws and regulations concern
ing the prevention of industrial accidents. All employers who do not
take out insurance with the State bank must, within 10 days after
the compensation has been decided, deposit in the State bank an
amount equal to the annuities owed, which shall be calculated accord
ing to the tables adopted by the bank.
Venezuela 10
T h e law of Venezuela provides for compensation for industrial
accidents or diseases arising out of and in course of the employment,
regardless of fault on the part of either employer or employee.
Administration.—The executive authorities of the States and
governors of the Federal district or national territories are empowered
to act as arbitrators to adjust differences that may arise hi fixing
compensation for injury incurred owing to occupational hazards
when cases are voluntarily submitted to them by employers or
workers. The decision of the arbitrator may be appealed by either
of the parties to the Minister of the Interior, whose decision is final.
_If the parties fail to agree to submit the question to arbitration,
either one has the right of appeal to the court. Right of action for
Although Venezuela has no separate workmen’s compensation law, as have the other South American
Republics, its labor law, passed on July 23, 1928, and the regulative decree thereof, dated Aug. 13, 1928,
contain several chapters dealing exclusively with workmen’s compensation.
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claiming compensation terminates at the end of one year counting
from the date of the accident.
Reporting of accidents.—A worker who is injured as the result of an
industrial accident or who contracts an occupational disease must
notify, if he is able, the owner of the enterprise, the manager, or person
in charge of the work within 24 hours after it occurs. If he fails to
do this within the period stipulated, the latter will be exempt from
responsibility as regards the medical, surgical, and pharmaceutical
service.
No reports are, apparently, required of the employer.
Security of payments.—No mention is made in the Venezuelan law
as to whether employers may insure their compensation risks.
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President’s Conferences for Continued Industrial Progress
OLLOWING the recent panic in the stock market, the President
of the United States announced on November 15, 1929, that he
had been “ during the past week engaged in numerous conferences
with important business leaders and public officials with a view to the
coordination of business and governmental agencies in concerted
action for continued business progress. ” 1 He also stated that he
was calling, for the middle of the next week, “ a small preliminary
conference of representatives of industry, agriculture, and labor to
meet with the Secretaries of the Treasury, Agriculture, Commerce,
and Labor, together with the chairman of the Federal Farm Board,
to develop certain definite steps.” The remaining paragraphs of
this call to collective industrial action read as follows:
F
F o r instance, one of th e resu lts of th e sp ecu lativ e p eriod th ro u g h w hich we
h av e passed in re c e n t m o n th s h a s been th e diversion of c a p ita l in to th e se c u ritj'
m a rk e t, w ith consequent lagging of th e co n stru ctio n w ork in th e c o u n try . T he
p o stp o n em en t of co n stru c tio n d u rin g th e p a s t m o n th s, in cluding n o t only b u ild
ings, railwaj^s, m erc h a n t m arin e, a n d pub lic u tilities, b u t also F ed eral, S tate, an d
m unicipal public w orks, p rovides a su b s ta n tia l reserve fo r p ro m p t ex p an d ed
action. T h e situ a tio n is fu rth e r assu red b y th e exceptionally stro n g , cash position
of th e large m a n u factu rin g in d u stries of th e co u n try .
T h e m agnificent w orking of th e F ed eral reserve sy stem a n d th e in h e re n tly
sound condition of th e b a n k s h av e alre a d y b ro u g h t a b o u t a decrease in in te re st
ra te s a n d a n assurance of a b u n d a n t cap ital— th e first tim e such a re su lt has been
so speedily achieved u n d e r sim ilar circum stances.
In m a rk e t boom s w e develop o v eroptim ism w ith a corresponding reverse in to
overpessim ism . T h ey are eq u ally un ju stified , b u t th e sad th in g is t h a t m an y
u n fo rtu n a te people are d raw n in to th e v o rtex of th ese m o v em en ts w ith trag ic
loss of savings a n d reserves. Any lack of confidence in th e econom ic fu tu re or
th e basic stre n g th of business in th e U n ited S ta te s is foolish. O ur n a tio n al
cap acity fo r h a rd w ork a n d in tellig en t cooperation is am ple g u a ra n ty of th e
fu tu re.
M y ow n experience h as been, how ever, t h a t w ords are n o t of a n y g re a t im p o r
tan ce in tim es of econom ic d istu rb an ce . I t is a ctio n t h a t cou n ts. T h e e sta b lish
m e n t of cre d it sta b ility a n d am ple c a p ita l th ro u g h th e F ed eral reserve sy stem
an d th e d e m o n stratio n of th e confidence of th e a d m in istra tio n by undertakingta x red u ctio n w ith th e cooperation of b o th p o litical p artie s, speak m ore th a n
w ords.
T he n ex t p ra c tic a l step is th e organizing a n d co o rd in atin g of a fo rw ard m ove
m e n t of business th ro u g h th e re v iv a l of c o n stru ctio n a ctiv ities, th e stim u la tio n
of ex p o rts a n d of o th er leg itim a te business expansion, especially to ta k e such
actio n in concert w ith th e use of o u r new pow ers to assist ag ricu ltu re. F o rtu
n ately , th e sound sense, th e cap acity , a n d readiness fo r cooperation of o u r business
leaders a n d g o v ern m en tal agencies give assu ran ce of actio n .
Conference with railway executives.—The first of the preliminary
industrial conferences held, by the President at the White House met
i This article is based on mimeographed statements secured from the White House; New York Times,
Nov. 27, 1929; United States Daily, Nov. 23 and Nov. 26, 1929; and The Week’s Work, Dec. 7, 1929, and
press release (both issued by the Chamber of Commerce of the United States).
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MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW
on November 19. In addition to the President, the Secretary of the
Treasury, and the Secretary of Commerce, this session was attended
by representatives of the American Railway Association, various
important railroads, and the United States Chamber of Commerce. #
The railway representatives unanimously agreed to cooperate in
maintaining employment and business progress. It was also stated
that they would give consideration to possibilities of expansion.
Several days later the President received a message from the American
Railway Association, representing approximately 97 per cent of the
total operating revenues and approximately 91 per cent of the total
railway mileage in the United States, stating that the roads had
already arranged for capital expenditures amounting up to October 1
of this year to $1,247,792,000 for Class I railways, of which
$673,972,000 remained on that date to be expended. This figure
of $1,247,792,000 compares with a capital program of $902,307,000
for the same period of 1928, an increase of over 38 per cent. _
The same message estimated that steel-rail deliveries in 1930
would approximate 2,500,000 tons—a considerable increase over 1929.
According to a statement issued by the White House under date of
November 22, “ This program will assure larger employment in the
railway-equipment industry next year than in 1929 and a very sub
stantial addition to the railway demands for steel.”
Conferences with industrial and business leaders.—At the meeting
on the morning of November 21, the 22 industrial and business
leaders present unanimously agreed that “ there was no reason why
business should not be carried on as usual. ” A preliminary survey
of a number of industries indicated that in 1930 construction activi
ties could be expanded even over 1929. The conferees decided to
establish a definite organization under a committee representing the
various industries and sections of the business community, to follow
up the President’s program in the various industries.
T h e m em bers of th e g ro u p agreed to a c t as a te m p o ra ry ad v iso ry c o m m ittee
w ith th e S ecretary of C om m erce w ho w as a u th o riz e d to a d d to th e co m m ittee.
M r. Ju liu s B arnes, c h a irm a n of th e c h am b e r of com m erce, w as ask ed to c re a te a n
executive co m m itte e fro m m em bers of th is gro u p a n d th e v ario u s tr a d e o rg an i
zations w ho could assist in expansion of co n stru c tio n a n d m ain te n a n c e of em
p loym ent. A definite can v ass will be m ad e of th e d ifferent in d u stria l fields to
develop th e a m o u n t of such co n stru ctio n .
The President was authorized by the employers in attendance at
this conference to state for them individually that they would not
initiate any wage-reduction movement and that they strongly recom
mended that the country as a whole take this attitude.^ “ They con
sidered that aside from the human considerations involved, the
consuming power of the country will thereby be maintained.”
Labor conference.—The conferees with the President on the after
noon of November 21 included the Secretary of Labor and the
official representatives of the American Federation of Labor, and the
international organizations of miners, men’s garment workers, car
penters, and the four railroad brotherhoods. As a result of this
meeting the representatives of labor authorized the President to state
that they strongly recommended that “ np movements beyond those
already in negotiation should be initiated for increase of wages, and
that every cooperation should be given by labor to industry in the
handling of its problems.” The purpose of this declaration, as well
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INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR CONDITIONS
37
as that authorized by the employers, the White House statement
explains, is to maintain stability of employment.
Conference on construction.—Leaders of the construction industry
who conferred with the President and the Secretary of Commerce
on November 22 pledged themselves to cooperate in such building
programs as may be launched without dislocating conditions within
the industry.
The Federal Government has given assurance that notwithstanding
the promise of a cut of $160,000,000 in taxes, it will be in a position
to expend an additional $175,000,000 in its program for public build
ing, thus increasing the total to $423,000,000 to be used over a period
of years.
A program has also been put forward by the Government to stimu
late the construction of 40 mail-carrying steamships at a cost of
$250,000,000. Money to aid in the construction is available in a
Federal fund from which advances may be secured at attractive
interest rates by steamship companies which guarantee to build
vessels in accordance with governmental requirements.
Agricultural conference.—The representatives of four national agri
cultural organizations in session with the President and the Secre
tary of Agriculture on November 25 promised their aid in support
of the Chief Executive’s program for the stabilization of the indus
trial situation and the mobilization of the economic power of agri
culture. The general opinion expressed was that “ Confidence has
been gaining in agriculture and that the morale of agriculture is now
better than it has been for years past. ”
Exclusive of short-crop areas, agriculture was reported as genu
inely improved. In this connection it was also stated that higher
income has expanded the purchasing power in 1929.
T h e conferees also favo red a n im m ed iate extension of th e ro a d p ro g ram w ith
special em phasis of fa r-to -m a rk e t roads. T h e opinion also w as expressed t h a t
a g ric u ltu ra l prices w hich h a d suffered in sy m p a th e tic a ctio n in th e stock m a rk e t
h av e now begun to recover, a n d th a t th e efforts of th e F a rm B oard in stabilizing
those prices h a v e been very helpful.
Telegrams to governors.—In pursuance of his plans for strengthening
the existing economic situation arid making provision for the absorp
tion of any unemployment that might be occasioned by present
disturbed conditions the President sent telegrams to all the State
governors, inviting their cooperation arid that of municipal, county,
and other local officials through the speeding up and adjustment of
road, street, public building, and other construction of this type in
such manner as to further employment.
The President publicly announced that the State, county, and
municipal governments were responding in the most gratifying way.
An examination of available copies of replies to his telegrams dis
closes the fact that huge sums of money are to be spent on public
works in 1930. The Governor of New York reported that he expected
to “ recommend to the legislature, which meets January 1, a muchneeded construction program for hospitals and prisons. This
program will be larger than ever before and will be limited only by
estimated receipts from revenues without increasing taxes. ”
The Governor of Pennsylvania replied: “ I shall do all in my
power to carry into effect your comprehensive plans for the support
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of the business situation of the country and the relief of unemployed
labor. The appropriations at the recent session of the legislature
make possible in Pennsylvania a construction program for highways
and public buildings of about $155,000,000. This will be judiciously
distributed throughout the State keeping in view labor conditions.
I shall take immediate steps to ascertain from local authorities the
extent of their plans for public improvements and shall urge full
cooperation with the Federal Government under your leadership. ”
The President has requested the Secretary of Commerce to handle
the detailed measures in connection with the cooperation of the
governors in the matter of public-construction projects.
Conference with 'public utility officials.—The last of this series of
White House sessions in the interest of continued prosperity took
place on November 27, the presidents or other representatives of
street-railway companies of Baltimore, Chicago, Cincinnati, Louis
ville, Omaha, Council Bluffs, and Washington, D. C., and of 24
other public-utility organizations being present.
At that meeting the president of the National Electric Light Asso
ciation reported that “ The electric light and power, manufactured
and natural gas, and electric-railway utilities contemplate the ex
penditure of $1,400,000,000 during 1930 for new construction and
expansion of facilities, an increase over the corresponding expendi
tures for 1929 of $110,000,000. In addition to this amount, they
will spend to maintain existing properties $410,000,000.”
More detailed statements were also presented, one of them giving
the results of a recent survey made at the suggestion of the president
of the American Electric Railway Association, which indicated that
“ this industry, which during 1929 is spending approximately
$1,000,000 a "day for maintenance, betterments, and extensions,
expects to maintain or exceed this rate of expenditure during 1930.
Conference called by the Chamber of Commerce of the United States.
Upon the initiative of President Hoover, the United States Chamber of
Commerce called a meeting for December 5 in W ashington, D. C., to
which 400 delegates, representing more than 300 trade organizations,
were invited. The opening address was delivered by the President
himself, who explained the purpose of this assembly. He said in
part:
T his b odv rep resen ts th e in d u strie s of th e U n ite d S tates. Y ou h av e been
in v ite d to create a te m p o ra ry o rg an izatio n fo r th e p u rpose of sy stem atically
spreading in to in d u s try as a w hole th e m easures w hich h av e been ta k e n b y som e
of o u r leading in d u stries to c o u n te ra c t th e effect of th e re c e n t p an ic m th e stock
m a rk e t. T h ere h a s necessarily been som e u n em p lo y m en t, s ta rtin g w ith diversion
of ca p ita l from th e channels of business in to th e sp ecu latio n , a n d a fte r th e break
by som e red u ctio n in th e d e m a n d for luxuries a n d sem ¡necessities from th o se who
m e t w ith losses. B u t th e larg e effect w as to c reate u n d u e pessim ism , fear
u n c e rta in ty , a n d h e sita tio n in business. T hese em otions, being em otions, if
th e y h ad been allow ed to ru n th e ir course w ould, b y feeding on them selves,
create difficulties. T h e A m erican m in d is p ro n e to re v e rt to prev io u s occasions
when- we w ere m u ch less able to organize to m e e t such situ atio n s.
T hese are p o te n tia l difficulties w hich can n o t be cu red w ith w ords. It we
could do so, th e m ere st descrip tio n of th e fu n d a m e n ta l sta b ility of o u r v a st
organism of p ro d u c tio n a n d d istrib u tio n , to u c h e d w ith th e lig h t of th e fu tu re of
th e U n ited S tates, w ould cure it in s ta n tly . T h e cure fo r such sto rm s is a c tio n ;
th e cure for u n em p lo y m en t is to find jobs.
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39
After referring to various lines of action recently taken for the
purpose of assuring employment and removing the fear of unem
ployment, the President closed his remarks as follows:
T h e v ery fa c t chat you gentlem en come to g e th e r for th ese b ro ad purposes
rep resen ts a n ad v an ce m th e whole conception of th e relatio n sh ip of business
to pu b lic w elfare. You re p resen t th e business of th e U n ited S tates, u n d e rta k in g
th ro u g h y o u r ow n v o lu n ta ry a ctio n to c o n trib u te so m ethin g v ery definite to th e
a d v an cem en t of sta b ility a n d progress in o u r econom ic life. T h is is a fa r crv
rom th e a rb itra ry and. dog-eat-dog a ttitu d e of th e business w orld o f som e th irty
°5+i? u years a S?, .A n d th is is n o t d ic ta tio n o r in terfe ren ce b y th e G o v ern m en t
w ith business. I t is a re q u e st from th e G o v ern m en t t h a t ‘you cooperate in
p ru d e n t m easures to solve a n a tio n a l problem , A g re a t resp o n sib ility a n d a
g re a t o p p o rtu n ity re s t upo n th e business a n d econom ic org an izatio n of th e
co u n try . T h e ta s k is one fitte d to its fine in itia tiv e a n d courage.
e^i? i ™u s\ a g re a t resp o n sib ility for sta b ility a n d p ro sp e rity rests w ith
goodWoldew?erd ^ w o rL
"° deSire *° Prea°h '
1 may' howCTer' “>“ «<>“ »>«
1 o carry out the Presidential counsel the conference, after hearing
reports from, the representatives of 32 basic industrial and trade
groups, authorized the appointment of an executive committee by
c Ti1S f Tarnes chairman of the board of the Chamber of Commerce
ol the United States to secure and collate more detailed reports and
o formulate measures for the eradication of whatever weaknesses in
the national economic structure such reports might disclose,
A largei general committee, which may include as many as 50
members, was also authorized by the conference, such members to
serve as contact men between the executive committee and trade
associations and commercial groups. The personnel of the general
committee will be announced later.
A n n u a l Report of the S ecretary of Labor, 1929
T
HE Secretary of Labor in his annual report for the fiscal year
1928-29 reviews the work of the various bureaus and other serv
ices of the United States Department of Labor. A brief account of
some of these activities is given below.
Bureau of Labor Statistics
I n addition to its regular continuing surveys of certain topics of
major interest and value to labor, such as wages and hours of labor
strikes and lockouts, trend of employment, prices, cost of living’
nidustnai accidents, labor legislation, workmen’s compensation, and
building operations, the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the 12-month
period covered by the Secretary’s report carried on a number of rather
extensive special investigations. Included in the subjects of such
studies were the hazards of spray painting, radium poisoning, publicservice retirement systems, and the care of the aged in the United
States._ Among the wage studies referred to above are those coveringwages m this^ country from colonial times, wages of common street
labor in municipalities of the United States, and rates of wages in
foreign countries.
f T^10^ eventLeth Congress appropriated additional funds for the use
of the bureau in extending its employment surveys, which now cover
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MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
over 31,000 establishments having more than 5,000,000 employees.
While the reports based on these surveys give valuable information
on employment conditions they do not show the extent of unemploy
ment. The Department of Labor has again and again emphasized
the need for a country-wide unemployment survey, and such a survey
is to be made in connection with the Federal census of 1930. The
facts thus secured and the bureau’s figures, as noted above, will
constitute a fairly accurate barometer of unemployment and employ
ment conditions in this country. The bureau has also undertaken a
number of studies of employment stabilization.
Arrangements have also been made by the bureau to take over the
turnover surveys formerly carried on by the Metropolitan Life
Insurance Co., summaries of which have been published quarterly
in the Monthly Labor Review.
The Secretary of Labor approves the recommendations of the
United States Commissioner of Labor Statistics: For a resurvey of
the cost of living, to be made on somewhat broader lines than the
investigation of 1918; that the United States Bureau of Labor Statis
tics be made a clearing house for accident statistics and that in this
connection there should be a complete linking up of the States with
that office; that the bureau should be immediately placed in a posi
tion to cooperate more effectively with State organizations willing
to assist in establishing a substantial basis for a labor turnover index
by industries; and that a study of migratory labor in California,
Oregon, and Washington State be made.
Conciliation Service
D u r i n g the year covered in the report 522 strikes, lockouts, or
disputes were referred to the department for adjustment. These
controversies occurred in 28 different States and the District of Colum
bia. The greater number of these were centered in the northern
industrial States—Pennsylvania having 139, New York, 98; Massa
chusetts and New Jersey, 41 each; Illinois, 36; Indiana, 34; and Dela
ware, Maine, and Oregon, 1 each. The work of the Conciliation
Service for 1928-29 as compared with the preceding year is shown in
the following statement:
1927-28
Cases
1928-29
307
57
53
61
385
40
76
21
T o ta l________________________________________ 478
522
A d ju ste d ___________________
U nable to a d ju s t___________
P en d in g ------ ---------------------U nclassified________________
Employment Service
E v e r y month this service collects data on employment from all
sections of the country and issues a bulletin in which comment is
made on conditions in each State and in approximately 590 industrial
centers.
,r
In order to facilitate cooperation with State agencies, directors of
public employment, offices are designated as representatives of the
United States Employment Service, usually with only the minimum
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INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR CONDITIONS
41
compensation necessary under the law which forbids the Federal
Government accepting voluntary unpaid service. The following
statement of the Director General of the United States Employment
Service is quoted by the secretary:
T o m eet th e changing co n d itio n s a n d to give m ore effective service, th e several
S ta te s now co operating w ith th e U n ite d S ta te s E m p lo y m e n t Service sh o u ld place
m ore m oney a t th e disposal of th e ir p ublic em p lo y m en t services. P ractically
all offices a re u n d erm an n e d a n d m an y a re in a d e q u a te ly housed in un d esirab le
locations. M an y of th e offices of th e co o p eratin g service a re u n a b le to give
p ro p e r a tte n tio n to higher class placem ents, b y reaso n of th e lack of facilities
i t is a m a tte r of m uch re g re t th a t th e p ublic em p lo y m en t offices in m an y of
th e co o p eratin g S ta te s h a v e m ad e no ad v a n c e o r fo rw ard m o v em en t in th e
d ev elo p m en t of th e em p lo y m en t service in th e ir S ta te s. In fact, som e S ta te s
in stead of m ak in g progress, h av e lo st g round, a n d som e h av e ceased to function
ow m g to th e legislatures of th e ir respective S ta te s failing to m ak e a p p ro p ria tio n s
1to m a in ta in th e sam e.
^ No independent employment offices are maintained by the United
States Employment Service except those which supply seasonal farm
labor in the larger agricultural sections of this country. This work
is carried on strictly as a Federal operation. According to the report
of the farm labor division, 541,280 men were recruited for seasonal
harvesting during the calendar year 1928.
The United States Employment Service cooperates with the junior
placement offices in 31 cities arid 16 States. In the fiscal year 1928-29
over 31,300 juniors were placed in employment. Proposals have
been made to establish special employment services for the boy and
girl graduates of Indian schools and for ex-service men.
United States Housing Corporation
D u r i n g the year under review the United States Housing Corpora
tion collected $1,142,089.19 from the sources listed below:
D isposal of p ro p e rtie s --------------------------------------------- $929, 938. 41
Operation of properties_____________________________
8 837 7 1
Interest on loan s------------ ---------------------------------- - I _ 203,’ 313. 07
Disbursements on account of appropriations affecting the above
collections amounted to 4.93 per cent of their total. Attention is
called, to the fact that the amount realized in operation and interest
$212,150.78, was $155,866 in excess of expenditures.
The receipts from the operation of the Government Hotels at
Washington, D. C., in the same fiscal year, which totaled $288,737.49,
are not included in the preceding statement. These receipts amounted
to $7,/56.12 more than disbursements in connection, with the opera
tion of the hotels. This excess, however, can not be regarded as
profit as neither interest nor amortization has been calculated.
Bureau of Immigration
T h e Commissioner General of Immigration reports that 279,678
immigrant aliens entered and 69,203 emigrant aliens departed from
the country during the fiscal year. These figures represent the per
manent or real immigration and emigration of the year. The number
of immigrant aliens admitted was 27,577 less in the fiscal year 1928-29
than in the preceding 12 months, the decrease being due mainly to a
decline hi immigration from Canada and IVIexico, The immigration
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
from Europe was practically the same in volume in the two years.
The admissions in the year ended June 30, 1929, were less than in
any year since 1918 and 1919. The Secretary expresses the convic
tion that the restrictive immigration policy of the United States has
contributed more to the greater stabilization of employment in this
country than all other causes combined and holds that the need for
continuing that policy is clearly obvious.
In a brief discussion of immigration legislation in 1929, the Secre
tary analyzes the act of March 2 of that year, which provides that
under certain circumstances an alien resident of the United States
concerning whose admission to the country no record is available,
may secure registration. Referring to the law of March 4, 1929,
which not only makes reentry after deportation a felony punishable
by fine and imprisonment but provides that any entry without
inspection shall be a misdemeanor, the Secretary states that this
measure in some particulars is the most drastic general immigration
law ever enacted. This legislation was modified somewhat by an
act of June 24, 1929. The Secretary repeats in his report a recom
mendation already made by him to the chairman of the Senate Com
mittee on Immigration that the act “ shall not apply to any alien
arrested and deported before March 4, 1929, in pursuance of law, in
whose case prior to his reembarkation at a place outside the United
States, or his application in foreign contiguous territory for admission
to the United States, the Secretary of Labor has granted such alien
permission to reapply for admission.”
Bureau of Naturalization
T he records of the Bureau of Naturalization show that 224,728
aliens became citizens of the United States through naturalization
during the fiscal year 1929, compared to 233,155 in the previous year.
A declaration of intention, which is the first step toward citizenship,
was made by 280,645 aliens, compared to 254,588 in the fiscal year
1928. The courts denied citizenship to 11,848 petitioners during the
year because of inadequacy on their part, involving chiefly ignorance
of our institutions of government, unsatisfactory moral character,
insufficient residence, and incompetent witnesses. Continuance for
further hearing and consideration occurred in the cases of 37,781 peti
tioners. A total of 255,519 petitions were filed by the approxi
mately 2,200 courts exercising naturalization jurisdiction in conti
nental United States, Porto Rico, Hawaii, the Virgin Islands, and
Alaska, an excess of 15,198 over the previous year.
The nationalities principally represented among aliens who were
admitted to citizenship during the year, exclusive of Alaska, Hawaii,
Porto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, were as follows:
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INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR CONDITIONS
N u m b e r o f a lie n s a d m itte d to c it iz e n s h ip , by n a t io n a l i ty
I t a ly . _
B ritish E m pire:
Ireland
E ngland
C anada
Scotland
W ales
O thers
44, 843
_ 13, 162
_ 9, 697
_ 8, 223
_ 6, 218
514
_ 3, 200
P oland
R ussia
G erm any
C zechoslovakia
Greece .
Sw eden
__
41,
31,
18,
16,
9,
6,
5,
014
801
291
700
215
253
963
R u m an ia
Serbs, C ro ats, a n d Slovenes__
H u n g ary
A ustria
T u rk ey
N orw ay
L ith u a n ia
N eth erlan d s
D enm ark
Sw itzerland
F in lan d
F rance
S yria a n d th e L ebanon
B elgium __ _________ _
5,
5,
4,
4,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
817
573
824
154
610
311
249
100
095
931
447
240
089
013
No other nationalities contributed as many as 1,000 new citizens
during the year, the numbers ranging from Latvia, 853, and Spain,
808, to Afghanistan and Haiti, with 1 each.
The Secretary discusses the far-reaching effect on naturalization of
certain legislation passed by the Seventieth Congress and points out
that the major portion of the recommendations for legislative enact
ments that have been made by the Bureau of Naturalization from
year to year for the last four or five years have been accomplished
by these new laws.
Women’s Bureau
D u r i n g the fiscal year the Women’s Bureau completed several
studies of woman wage earners, including a survey of Florida, a study
of laundries, and one of employment trends in Ohio. I t consolidated
and published data collected by the bureau in various States and
at various times concerning negro women, and women employed in
5, 10, and 25 cent stores, which reports are important contributions
to the literature on these subjects. Statistics are being prepared
relating to women in meat-packing plants and in Hawaiian pineapple
canneries, output in relation to hours in various industries, conditions
in the cigar industry, existing and former scheduled hours in Indiana
industrial establishments, and domestic service questionnaires in
Philadelphia.
The year has been prolific in congresses or conferences of importance
to working women, in many of which the bureau has participated.
The work of public information has gone steadily forward during
the year. I t has included news releases on all new bulletins and
outstanding activities of the bureau, popular and technical articles
on the various problems connected with wage-earning women for
many types of magazines, the furnishing_of information to corre
spondents of newspapers and press associations and to editors of
periodicals upon request, eight radio talks, and the preparation and
circulation of popular exhibits.
Children’s Bureau
D u r i n g the past year the work of the Children’s Bureau has con
tinued along three general lines: (1) Scientific studies of child health,
child labor and vocational guidance, recreation, dependency, delin
quency, and neglect; (2) cooperation with State departments of
4
8G0460—30
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health under the maternity and infancy act in the development of
an educational program for the promotion of the health of mothers
and babies^ and with State departments of public welfare in the col
lection of information regarding children who are physically, men
tally, and socially handicapped; and (3) preparation and distribution
of popular material on maternal, infant, and child care and other
subjects.
With the close of the fiscal year 1929 Federal and State cooperation
in promoting the welfare and hygiene of maternity and infancy
under the act of November 23, 1921, came to an end.1 In extending
by two years the original 5-year period for which appropriations
were authorized, Congress declared in January, 1927, that after June
30, 1929, the act should be of no force and effect. During the fiscal
year 1929, 45 States and the Territory of Hawaii were cooperating
with the Children’s Bureau in accordance with the terms of the act.
A review of the annual reports of the States shows a great expansion
and improvement in the child-health work being done by the States
and by local units of government—county, city, and town—since
1922.
The most important survey during the fiscal year 1928-29 in the
field of maternal end child health was an investigation of every regis
tered maternal death during 1927 and 1928 in 13 States and in 2 States
for 1928 only. Included among other important investigations
carried on in the year 1928-29 was a survey of juvenile delinquency
in Maine, a study of the activities and functions of the children’s
bureau of the Minnesota State Board of Control, a study of the chil
dren of maintenance-of-way employees, and a study of workmen’s
compensation laws as they affect injured minors.
The number of courts cooperating with the Children’s Bureau in
its plan for the uniform recording of juvenile court statistics is
steadily increasing. On July 1, 1929, 150 courts had asked for the
statistical cards, and at least 100 may be expected to report for the
entire year 1929; 65 courts reported throughout the calendar year
1928 and 43 throughout the year 1927.
The annual report of the Children’s Bureau contains a valuable
summary of laws passed in 1929 relative to child welfare.
Cooperation in Industry
T h e Secretary holds that ‘‘there is great cause to rejoice over the
new human relationship between employers and workers, the two
principals in our productive forces.” He finds that both are now
interested in securing a full measure of production from mines, mills,
and factories, with a view to having more to divide among the pro
ducers themselves.
ith m ass p ro d u ctio n , skilled w orkers, a n d m o d ern m eth o d s of m an ag e m en t
th e w orker of to -d a y h as-b een en ab le d to p u rch ase n o t only th e n ecessities in
a b u n d an ce b u t of th e luxuries of life. H is children h av e b e tte r a d v a n ta g e s in th e
w ay of ed ucation. T h e th re e “ r ’s ” a re no longer considered a sufficient e d u c a
tio n a l eq u ip m en t. T h e h igh schools a n d colleges are filled w ith th e ch ild ren of
w age earners, a n d I look for th e w orker a n d his fam ily to go still fu rth e r forw ard,
keeping pace w ith th e ad v an ce in science, in v en tio n , ed u catio n , a n d recreatio n .
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45
Meeting of International Association for Social Progress, 1929
third general assembly of the International Association for
Social Progress was in session in Zurich from September 19 to 21,
T HE
1929. Official representatives from several governments and the
International Labor Office were in attendance. The principal sub
jects selected for discussion were: Family protection policy, the
school-leaving age, migration, and high real wages. Some ^of the
discussions and decisions of the meeting are given in Industrial and
Labor Information, October 14, 1929.
As regards family protection, agreement was reached on the matter
of providing allowances for members of the families of persons being
paid social-insurance benefits because of unemployment, accident,
sickness, invalidity, etc. The delegates accepted the principle of pro
viding various supplementary social services such as maternity pro
tection, aids to child welfare, educational facilities, housing, etc., for
persons with families. There was, however, quite a lack of
accord with reference to the principle of granting cash allowances
for the ordinary expenses arising from having children or other
dependents in the household and concerning methods for the provi
sion of such allowances. The British representatives advocated an
expansion of social services and objected to grants in cash. In
general, the representatives from central Europe were in favor of the
social-insurance system. In view of the remarkable development of
family allowance funds in Belgium and France, however, a compromise
was effected which recognized this scheme, under certain conditions,
pending the provision for such grants under social insurance. A large
number of delegates abstained from voting on this compromise.
The following recommendations were adopted as an educational
minimum:
1.
T h a t e n try in to th e p rim a ry school, o th e r th a n th e in fa n t d e p a rtm e n t
a n d th e n u rsery school, should be a t th e age of a t lea st 6 years, a n d a t m o st 7
years;
2.
T h a t th e m inim u m school-leaving age should be raised to 15 as soon as
possible, a n d t h a t i t should coincide w ith e n try in to em p lo y m en t;
3.
T h a t th e cu rricu lu m should be of a general c h aracter, w ith a p ra c tic a l
bias in th e Inst year;
4.
T h a t, to m eet th e econom ic needs of th o se p a re n ts w ho m ay be receiving
a low incom e, m ain ten an ce g ra n ts should be given a t an y ra te d u rin g th e la s t
school year;
5.
T h a t th e re should be com pulsory d a y tim e c o n tin u a tio n schools, as fa r as
possible, p rim a rily fo r v o catio n al in stru ctio n , b u t a c e rta in tim e should be set
a p a rt fo r p hysical d ev elo p m en t a n d teac h in g in citizenship;
6.
T h a t a tte n d a n c e should be com pulsory a t th e se classes fo r a m in im u m
period to be d eterm in ed upon, th e position of seaso n al tra d e s being specially
considered w hen th e period of a tte n d a n c e is fixed;
7.
T h a t th e co n tin u ed ed u catio n shall be fo r a p eriod of a t le a st th re e years,
or u n til a m inim um sta n d a rd of ed u catio n has been reach ed in th e case of b a c k
w ard o r negligent stu d e n ts;
8.
T h a t th e a tte n d a n c e shall be com pulsory, by legal enfo rcem en t if necessary,
u pon b o th em ployers a n d em ployed.
A decision was reached to send the above recommendations to the
International Labor Office with a view (1) to haying them placed as
soon as possible on the agenda of a future labor conference; and (2)
to the creation of a permanent committee to watch developments in
workers’ education and to act as an advisory body.
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The congress invited each of the association’s national sections to
prepare for the 1931 general assembly a report expressing its views on :
“ (a) Steps taken by the public authorities or trade-unions in their
respective countries with regard to the emigration, transit, or immi
gration of workers; (6) steps taken by the public authorities or tradeunions in other countries affecting the position of their nationals.”
The general discussion of the subject of high real wages was based
on a report in which attention was called to the relation between
greater productivity and wage increases and the opinion expressed
that such increases give a healthy stimulus to rationalization. The
importance of high wages in connection with the demand for com
modities was also emphasized. Recommendation was made for the
establishment of official statistics of real wages in every important
country and that such statistics be based on uniform methods decided
upon by international agreement.
A resolution was submitted in the report, which requested the
association to place the subject of high real wages on the program for
the next general assembly. Among the points brought out by one
of the representatives from France was the need for taking into
consideration social-insurance benefits when making comparisons
between the United States and the countries of Europe.
Penalties for Breach of Labor Discipline in Russia
HE Commissariat of Labor of the Soviet Union (U. S. S. R.)
approved a new list of penalties for breach of labor discipline by
T
wage earners in industry, on August 27, 1929,1 which replaces the
former list approved on July 19, 1927.
According to the new list, the management of an industrial estab
lishment has the right to impose penalties for any breach of labor
discipline, such as refusal to carry out obligations incurred under the
collective or individual labor contract, or any works rules, or regula
tions. The penalties inflicted are: Reprimand communicated to the
entire body of workers in the establishment and to the factory com
mittee; and dismissal. These punishments may be inflicted inde
pendently by the management of the establishments owned by the
Government, but in private establishments dismissal may not be
inflicted without consent of the joint committee, except when the
worker violates either the collective contract or a law by refusing to
accept work other than his usual duties.
Punishable offenses include absenteeism, tardiness, wasting time
by “ loafing, ” reading newspapers, unexcused absences or sleeping
during work time; performance of private work; drunkenness; con
duct prejudicial to production (fighting, hooliganism, etc.), gambling;
admission of outsiders to the work premises (if such is forbidden) ;
disobedience of orders, violation of safety regulations; failure to pro
duce an agreed amount of work or production of an unduly large
amount of spoiled work; damaging goods or machinery, etc.
1Izvestiia Narodnago Komissariata Teuda, No. 37, Sept. 12,1929, pp. 577-581.
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INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR CONDITIONS
47
Generally the first offense is punishable by reprimand, but a second
or third offense by dismissal. Any worker who commits more than
three offenses punishable by reprimand during the course of one year
is regarded as a habitual offender and may be dismissed. The
worker may also be dismissed if an offense normally giving rise to
reprimand leads to a serious consequence, such as stoppage of work,
damage of machines and tools, deterioration of material, lowering of
productivity of labor or production of inferior goods by a considerable
number of workers, etc.
The management may require the worker to pay the losses caused
by him, withhold his wages in cases of absenteeism or deliberate
refusal to work, or reduce or withhold altogether wages to cover losses
from spoiled product or from goods made from materials of obviously
poor quality if the worker has failed to draw the attention of the
management to the poor quality.
The accused worker must be_ given an opportunity to explain his
conduct, either orally or in writing.
A wage earner who has been either reprimanded or dismissed with
out reference to the joint committee may appeal to the committee
within 15 days. The^decision of the committee is final. In regard
to dismissal no notice is given and no compensation whatever is paid.
Labor C o n d itio n s and E m p lo y m en t in S o u th A frica
1927-28 issue of the Official Year Book of South Africa
contains some data regarding the general industrial situation in
T HE
that country. The situation is complicated by the presence, in the
working population, of two races—the white Europeans and the
colored natives. The latter greatly outnumber the former, and as
the report points out, in considering labor and industrial matters, the
native and Asiatic elements “ must be accepted as a qualifying and
in some cases a governing factor. ”
The development of the sugar industry in Natal was largely carried
out through the employment of imported Indian workers, and these
workers were also used by the tea planters and the railroads. The
gold mines of the Witwatersrand still depend upon native labor;
while in the industrial districts of the Cape Province, and to some
extent also in Natal, colored workers of mixed race have very largely
filled the demand lor unskilled labor. In many cases these workers
have qualified as semiskilled artisans and frequently have shown
themselves of equal skill with the European artisan. Practically all
the farms in the country employ native or colored labor.
. *'ui European workers have been employed in the better-paid jobs
m the skilled trades or the supervisory positions. The Europeans
who were unskilled have found themselves in active competition with
the natives. The former have a higher standard of living than the
natives, but have not always been able to command a rate of pay
which would enable them to maintain that standard.
T h e conditions th u s b ro u g h t in to b eing h av e affected in th e m o st m ark ed
degree every q uestion concerning la b o r in th e U nion a n d h av e in tro d u c e d social
and econom ic difficulties of a serious kin d , a n d of a ty p e n o t to be fo u n d in
countries possessing a less com plex racial stru c tu re . T h ere is, fo r exam ple,
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
in th e U nion a p o rtio n of th e p o p u latio n generally know n u n d e r th e so m ew h at
u n satisfacto ry nam e of p o o r w hites, w hose n u m b er, th o u g h n ev er acc u ra te ly
determ ined, is know n to be v ery considerable, a n d w hose presence in th e g re a t
in d u strial cen ters a n d o th e r u rb a n a re a s h a s been recognized a s c o n stitu tin g one
of th e g re a te st social problem s of th e U nion. T h e solu tio n of th is problem , in v o lv
ing specifically th e re h a b ilita tio n of a s u b s ta n tia l p ro p o rtio n of th e p o o r w h ite
class a n d in general its ab so rp tio n in th e n o rm al p ro d u c tiv e o ccu p atio n s of th e
co u n try , h a s becom e a m a jo r ta s k of G o v ern m en t policy in th e U nion.
As a result of these conditions sentiment has developed for the
increased employment of Europeans in work hitherto regarded as
suitable only for natives. Out of this the formulation of the Govern
ment’s “ civilized-labor policy” evolved, definitely committing the
Governm entto the substitution wherever practicable of white for
“ uncivilized” labor, on the ground that “ the employment of the
higher-grade capabilities in all classes of work will result in greater
and more permanent economic and social advantage.” Since 1924,
when the policy was announced, the different Government depart
ments have systematically endeavored to give effect to it, It is stated
that in the railway and harbor service the policy has had far-reaching
effects, and a wide field of employment has been thus opened to
European labor.
It is estimated that in the rural sections there are from 100,000 to
150,000 poor whites. An attempt has been made to provide for some
of these by giving them training in agriculture. Training farms have
been established for this purpose, to which “ rural unemployed capable
of benefiting from such training are drafted,” along with their families.
After training, these workers are placed as tenant farmers, or, if
they show themselves capable, are promoted to be independent farm
ers, certain loans being advanced by the Government to enable them
to make a start. Up to June 30, 1928, 556 persons had been trained and
placed, of whom 231 had gone on to qualify as independent farmers.
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EMPLOYMENT OF THE OLDER WORKER
Age of Applicants for Work in Relation to Ease of Placement
STUDY of the applicants for work through public employment
offices has been made by the Massachusetts Department of
Labor and Industries 1 in an attempt to find out what relation exists
between age and ease of securing employment. The statistics cover
a total of 15,453 male and 2,303 female applicants. Classification is
made by 10-year periods for males and for two groups of females,
namely, those under 35 years of age and those 35 and over according
to marital status. The statistical results of the study are given
below:
A
R E CO R D OE PL A C E M E N T OF A PPLICA N TS FOR E M P L O Y M E N T AT FOUR MASSA
CH U SETTS PUBLIC E M P L O Y M E N T O FFIC ES IN 1928
Male applicants
Age group
Female applicants
Age group
Number Number Per cent
regis
placed
placed
tered
Under 25 years..25 to 34 years___
35 to 44 years___
45 to 54 years___
55 to 64 years___
65 years and over.
5,247
4,789
3, 344
1, 576
448
49
2,890
2,650
1,828
938
192
14
55.1
55.3
54. 7
59.5
42.9
28.6
Total.
15, 453
8,512
55. 1
Single:
Under 35 years___
35 years and over..
Married:
Under 35 years___
35 years and over..
Total:
Under 35 years___
35 years and over..
Placement of Male
Number Number
regis placed Percent
placed
tered
6,080
961
2,025
473
33.3
49.2
1,076
1, 342
499
751
46.6
56.0
7,156
2,303
2, 524
1, 224
35. 3
53. 2
Applicants
I n view of the popular belief that discrimination against men occurs
after the age of 45, it is of interest to find that in the present instance
the highest percentage of placements occurred among applicants
between 45 and 54 (59.5 per cent of the total applicants in that age
group). The decided falling off in percentage of total applicants
past 55 years of age placed shows that men between 55 and 64 find
it increasingly difficult to find employment and those 65 and over
are still more hampered.
The report states that in the Springfield and Worcester employment
offices, where applicants for employment seek positions in the metal
trades, a larger proportion of those under 45 years of age were placed
than of those of 45 years and over. In Boston, where there is a
greater diversification of industries, the reverse was found to be true.
1 Bulletin of the Taylor Society, October, 1929, p. 222: “ Employment age limitations.”
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Placement of Female Applicants
T h e figures for female employees bring out the fact that a much
larger percentage of women 35 years of age and over was placed than
of those under 35. From this study it is concluded that discrimina
tion against women does not begin at age 35. However, the authors
bring up the point that of these older women a large proportion was
placed in domestic service and a relatively small proportion in manu
facturing establishments.
Consideration of the conjugal condition of the women shows no
discrimination against married women when figures for all four
employment offices are considered together. But in Boston, where
placement of employees in offices and stores is the main activity,
26.5 per cent of the single women under 35 years of age were placed
and 79.9 per cent of the single women 35 years and over, as com
pared with 19.6 per cent of the married women under 35 and 3.7
per cent of those 35 years and over.
Gasoline Stations Operated by Men Over 60 Years of Age
“ Smileage Gasoline” stations in California are operated
almost exclusively by men over 60 years of age, according to the
T HE
Service Letter of Industrial Relations, October 5, 1929, issued by the
National Industrial Conference Board (Inc.). The wages of the
employees, whose ages range from 45 to 85, are reported to begin at
$75 a month.
The owner is reported to consider the employment of older men good
business and not philanthropy. He is said to find them “ more cour
teous to customers, more careful in their care of the stations, with
more pride in their work, and more reliable than younger men.” The
writer of the article in the Service Letter comments that “ this merely
illustrates that there are undoubtedly fields where the very consid
erations which make it difficult to secure industrial employment may
turn out to be assets rather than liabilities.
Proposed Survey on Employers’ Attitude Toward Employment
of Older Workers in New York
SURVEY is to be made of employers in New York State to
ascertain their attitude on the question of the hiring of workers
over 45 years of age, according to a member of the New York Com
mission on Old Age Security, quoted in the American Federation of
Labor Weekly News Service for November 23, 1929. The survey
will be financed by funds privately contributed.
A
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[501
HEALTH AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
P rev en tio n of C ancer D u e to L u b rica tin g O ils
T is only within recent years that mule spinners’ cancer,1 appear
ing chiefly in British cotton mills, has been recognized as a separate
disease entity. Special committees have been appointed in Great
Britain to study the cause of epitheliomatous ulceration among mule
spinners and, according to a note in the Journal of the American
Medical Association, November 30, 1929, the Manchester committee
on cancer has obtained valuable new information on the causation
of malignant disease by the lubricating oils used in cotton mills.
Previous tests showing that certain of the crude oils, fuel oils, and
lubricating oils are capable of producing epitheliomatous ulceration
have been confirmed by the researches of the committee, and the
concentration of the cancer-producing principle is being investigated.
I t is said that the active principle of a pure artificial tar has been
concentrated to such an extent that a 5 per cent solution is more
powerful in the production of cancer than shale oil, the most dan
gerous of all the commercially used oils. Also two pure compounds
of known chemical constitution have been found capable of producing
tumors.
Further investigations are being made of the factors which change
a noncancer-producing substance into one capable of causing cancer.
Bitumen could not be shown to have any cancer-producing property,
but pitch was proved to be very active as a cancer-producing agent.
The researches of the committee have been directed toward the
destruction of the cancer-producing power of certain oils, in order to
make them safe for industrial use, and a purified oil has been obtained
which has as high a lubricating value as the crude untreated oil, and
when subjected to severe tests has failed to produce cancerous growths.
Until the committee is ready to submit the oil to the public, however,
the use of lubricating oils which contain no shale oil is recommended.
I
N ew T r e a tm e n t for R ad iu m P o iso n in g
NDUSTRIAL radium poisoning in the painting of watch and
clock dials with luminous paint was the subject of a recent field
study 2 by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In view of the deaths
which have occurred and the seeming hopelessness of the condition
of the living victims, the apparently favorable effects of a new treat
ment reported in the Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital3 is of
great interest.
I
1 See Labor R eview , N ovem b er, 1926, p p .
5 5 -5 7 ,
and Septem ber, 1928, p p . 27-45.
2 Labor Review, June, 1929, p p . 20-61; see also, May, 1926, p p . 18-31, and June, 1929, p p . 62-95.
8 Parathorm one in th e treatm ent of radium poisoning. A p relim in ary report, by F . B . F lin n , P h . D .,
and S. M. S eid lin, M . I), R ep rin ted from B u lle tin of th e Johns H op k in s H osp ital, N ovem b er, 1929,
p p . 269-275.
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[51]
51
52
M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W
The report deals with the results of the administration of Collip’s
parathyroid extract to three young women showing definite radio
activity as well as other evidences of the destructive effect of the
radium. The treatment was suggested by the work of J. C. Aub
and his coworkers, who used ammonium chloride for the purpose of
increasing the calcium elimination, and similar experiments in the
elimination of lead. The administration of ammonium chloride or
phosphoric acid was found to be very effective in the elimination of
calcium and lead, the method producing a temporary acidosis and
converting the insoluble calcium and lead salts into soluble ones,
thereby raising the excretion of these metals. A lowering of the
blood calcium in dogs was shown by MacCallum and Voegtlin to
follow parathyroidectomy and Collip showed that the injection of
his parathyroid extract raised the blood calcium and increased the
calcium excretion. Aub found that this was true for man as well as
animals and these findings suggested the treatment of the radium
victims by injections of parathyroid extract.
The cases subjected to treatment are those of young women who
worked with the radioactive paint before 1925 and before the danger
was generally recognized. The first case was that of a girl 24 years
of age who was suffering from slight general undernutrition; the
second, that of a married woman 25 years old who showed general
undernutrition, a cavity in the upper jaw which failed to heal after
the extraction of the teeth, and serious effects following upon the
birth of a child; and the third was that of a young girl 20 years old
whose jaw failed to heal after the extraction of a tooth and who when
she was admitted to the hospital showed slight general undernutri
tion, marked pallor, inability to open her mouth, and swelling of the
left side of the face, left lower jaw, and submaxillary lymph nodes.
The X-ray examinations of these patients ail showed characteristic
X-ray lesions of the skull—round, sharply circumscribed areas of
rarefaction, these lesions being similar to those found in a piece of
skull removed during the autopsy of a recent case of “ radium
poisoning.”
The first case was treated with injections of Collip’s parathyroid
extract given intramuscularly every other day for a period of seven
weeks, and the electroscopio demonstration showed a loss of 45.6
per cent of radioactivity during that time. The second arid third
cases treated with the extract for the same length of time showed a
loss of 57.7 per cent and 50.5 per cent, respectively. In the latter
case, however, the improvement was judged on the basis of the gammaray determinations alone, as the electroscopio determinations of the
patient’s expired air could not be carried out with accuracy on
account of her inability to open her mouth. In all of the cases the
general condition of the patients showed improvement and there was
a considerable gain in weight.
While the report seems to hold out hope to the victims of radium
poisoning, the question has been raised whether in cases where the
radioactivity has been present for some years the bones ha ve not been
devitalized to such an extent that permanent improvement can not
be hoped for. It is considered, however, that the treatment should
be valuable in cases which are discovered, through periodic examina
tions, soon after they develop. Another angle of the case which is
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[52]
HEALTH AND IN D U ST R IA L H Y G IE N E
53
also engaging attention is the possibility that children born to mothers
suffering from radium poisoning may also be affected by the radium.
While not all of the children in these families have yet been examined,
the tests on some of them have shown radioactivity.
Recent Death from Radium Poisoning
fatality has been reported among the former employees
of the United States Radium Corporation. A newspaper re
ANOTHER
port 1 of December 9 states that an autopsy on the "body of
l
the young woman in question established radium poisoning as a
contributory cause of death, the femur and the spinal column showing
typical mesothorium or radium osteitis. This young woman was
one of the five former employees of the corporation receiving com
pensation under the terms of a settlem ent2 made in June, 1928.
Up to the present time a total of 24 fatalities, which were apparently
the result of poisoning from the radioactive materials, have been
reported.
1 T h e W orld (N ew Y ork ), D ec. 9, 1929.
2 See Labor R eview , Ju ly, 1928, p p. 42, 43.
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[63]
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
Accidents in Selected M anufacturing Industries in 1928
following table presents a very brief summary of the bureau’s
annual statistics of accidents in selected manufacturing industries
T HE
for the year 1928, including also summaries for the years 1926 and
1927. The iron and steel industry is not included, having been
treated separately in the Labor Review for October, 1929 (pp. 32-42).
All this information in detail to the end of 1927 is included in Bulletin
No. 490, recently issued by the bureau, and the detailed statistics for
1928 and 1929, including iron and steel, will appear in the next issue
of the bureau’s bulletin on industrial accidents in the United States.
The year 1925 was t|ie first year that an attempt was made to
collect comprehensive accident data covering manufacturing indus
tries, and while more than half a million full-year workers in nearly
1,300 establishments were included, the data covered only 11 States,
and because of this fact and to conserve space in the Review the
figures for that year have been omitted from the table. They
appear, however, in Bulletin No. 490.
Thirty-two States are included for 1928. This is an increase of
six over 1927, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Utah, and Wash
ington having been added. The number of industry groups, 29, has
not been changed and probably will remain more or less constant
from year to year. It should be stated, however, that considerable
difficulty was experienced in gathering accurate accident data cover
ing the various phases of the lumber industry. Heretofore an
attempt has been made to separate the records for planing mills and
sawmills, but with rather unsatisfactory result. This is chiefly due
to the fact that in many instances where planing-mill and sawmill
operations are carried on at the same point and under the same
management, accident reports are not clear as to whether the injury
occurred in the one or the other, and sometimes the location is
omitted altogether. This situation is further complicated when the
mills are located in the woods or near the source of supply. Accident
reports in such instances often do not state definitely whether the
injured man was working in the sawmill or swinging an ax in the
woods at the time of injury. In an effort to overcome this difficulty,
the lumber industry has been, for 1928 at least, renamed “ wood
industries.” Where possible the reports have been definitely classi
fied under planing mills, with the record for sawmill, woods, and
logging operations, either or all, as may be reported in various States,
placed under “ other.” The bureau, with the cooperation of industry
and the States, is now attempting to straighten out this matter so
that in the future the accident record will be more definitely classified.
It is hoped that logging and woods operations may be put into a
separate classification because of the greater hazard involved—
considerably greater than in either planing mills or sawmills.
54
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[54]
IN D U ST R IA L AC CIDENTS
55
Accident records for fertilizer manufacturing carried on in connec
tion with slaughtering and meat packing can not always be separated
from the latter. Where reports have not specifically stated that the
injury occurred in the fertilizer department they have been included
under slaughtering and meat packing. These instances, however,
are not numerous and do not materially affect the rates.
The number of full-year workers covered in 1928 was 1,138,557,
which is an increase of about 6 per cent over 1927; the number of
establishments covered was 3,181, or an increase of nearly 19 per cent
over 1927.
The industries have been grouped according to the extent of report
ing accidents in the States included in each industry group—a plan
inaugurated in Bulletin No. 490. In 1927 more than 56.6 per cent of
the full-year workers covered were in States reporting all disabilities
extending beyond the day of injury; in 1928 more than 62 per cent
were in such States. This is an index of the completeness of the
record.
From the following table it will be noted that while there were
in 1928 as compared with 1927 material reductions in accidents as
measured by the frequency rates in a number of industry groups,
there were altogether too many industries in which the number of
accidents per million man-hours increased. The severity rate, which
is based on time loss, tells the same story—a general increase in 1928
over 1927.
Considering the industries in the group of States reporting all
accidents, including 26 of the 32 States covered and therefore reason
ably representative of the entire number, there are 17 industries-which
show increases in total frequency rates and 12 which show decreases;
17 which show increases in total severity rates and 12 which show
decreases. Twelve industries show increases in the fatality frequency
rates, 15 show decreases, and 2 no change. Twenty-one industries
increased their permanent disability rates; 8 decreased them.
Sixteen industries made a gain in the temporary disability rates
and 13 reduced their rates. As to severity of injury the changes are
as follows: Fatalities—14 increases and 15 decreases; permanent
disabilities—20 increases and 8 decreases, 1 no change; temporary
disabilities—17 increases and 10 decreases, 2 no change. There was
an increase of 113.21 per cent in the total frequency rate in stamped
and enameled ware, and a decrease of 60.2 per cent in shipbuilding.
The severity rate in steam fittings, apparatus, and supplies increased
171.43 per cent, while in shipbuilding this rate decreased 48.6 per
cent. These are the greatest changes revealed in the table, and of
course their significance is modified by factors which can not here
be explained in detail, such as extent of reporting in the various
States, a very large number of fatalities in one year in a single industry
and a much smaller number in the other year, and the inclusion of
certain States in the group reporting all accidents in 1928 which are
not included in that group for 1927, etc.
The State making the greatest reduction in its accident frequency
rate was Massachusetts, with a reduction of 18.5 per cent. North
Dakota made the greatest reduction in its severity rate (90.37 per
cent). Kansas increased its frequency rate by 46.78 per cent and
Nebraska increased its severity rate by 107.83 per cent. Of 16
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[55]
56
M ONTHLY LABO E R E V IE W
States reporting for both years, in this general group, 12 show an
increase in the total frequency rate and 8 show an increase in the total
severity rate.
While the number of full-year workers covered in each State or in
each industry by no means represents the total employment, it is
believed that the sample presented here is a fairly reliable cross section
of each industry, and it is doubtful if the frequency and the severity
rates would be materially affected by an increase in the total man
hours. However, the bureau is striving to enlarge its work in this
connection from year to year in order to present data as accurate
and complete as possible.
For full explanation of accident rates and their method of computa
tion and for data covering each industry by State and each State
by industry for the years 1925, 1926, and 1927, reference is made to
Bulletin No. 490 issued by this bureau.
N U M B E R OP A C C ID E N T S A N D A C C ID E N T F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S FO R
S P E C I F I E D I N D U S T R I E S I N 1926, 1927, A N D 1928
[W here no figures are show n no accidents were reported. California reported no t e m p o r a r y d isabilities,
F req uency rates are based on 1,000,000 hours’ exposure; severity rates on 1,000 hours’ exposure]
P erm an en t d isa
b ility
D eath
In d u stry and year
Fullyear
Se N u m Fre Se
workers N u m qFre
uen ver ber of quen ver
ber of
ity
cy
ity
cy
cases
cases rate
rate rate
rate
T em porary d isa
b ility
N u m F re
quen
ber of
cy
cases
rate
T otal
Se N u m Fre S e
ver ber of quen ver
ity
ity
cy
cases rate
rate
rate
A ccidents for States reporting all disab ilities extending beyond day of injury
A gricultural im
plem ents:
1926
____
1927_______— .
1928__________
A u tom ob iles:
1926__________
1927__________
1928__________
A utom ob ile tires:
1926__________
1927 _________
1928__________
B oots and shoes:
1926__________
1927__________
1928__________
Brick:
1926__________
1927 i_________
1928 _________
Carpets:
1926
1927__________
1928__________
C hem icals:
1926 _
1927 i _________
1928__________
C otton goods:
1926 1927__________
1928__________
E le c tr ic a l m achinery:
1926__________
1927__________
1928____ _____
2
39
28
74
2.54
1.28
1.88
3.08
1.10
1.33
554 36.03 0.58
598 27.37 .46
1,082 27.48 .55
593 38. 57 3.66
632 28.92 3. 21
1,161 29.49 2.64
.71
.29
.35
180
142
278
2.12
.97
1.64
5.19
1.27
1.27
2,145 25. 21
1,852 12.03
3,733 22.02
.35
.23
.36
2,335 27.45 6. 25
2,001 13. 65 1.79
4,021 23.72 1.98
.06
.08
.07
.33
.46
.41
32
61
61
.59
.66
.59
.46
.51
.53
2,913 54.07
3, 771 40.95
3,733 36.21
.72
.73
.62
2,948 54.72 1.51
3,839 41.69 1.70
3,801 36.87 1.56
1
1
2
.02
.01
.02
.14
.05
.10
5
69
87
.11
.58
.75
.05
.47
.76
7.13
7.48
8.47
.09
.14
.18
322
962
1,074
4,703
13,497
11,874
3
9
8
.21 1.28
.22 1.33
.22 1.35
11
31
33
.78
.77
.93
1.67
.75
1.09
809 57.34
1,436 35.46
1,399 39.31
.92
.55
.73
823 58. 33 3.87
1, 476 36. 45 2.63
1,440 40.46 3.17
1,482
15; 321
14,091
1
4
.02
.09
.13
.57
12
25
.26
.59
.25
.67
3,117
8, .540
11, 938
5
18
.20 1.17
.50 3.01
2
17
48
.21
.66
1.34
44,194
56, 903
62, 880
6
5
.04
.03
.21
.16
23
57
81
18,137
60, 927
67,098
2
11
11
.04
.06
.05
.22
.36
.33
50
210
213
5,126
7,282
13,144
6
5
28,360
48,886
56,381
10
7
10
.12
.05
.00
17,951
30, 696
34, 271
3
7
7
14, 779
39, 763
38, 537
0. 27 1.65
.13 .76
316
892
985
19
214
231
.08
.11
.14
19
227
260
.06
.68
1.75
124 13. 26
308 12. 02
750 20.93
.25
.22
.51
126 13.47 .31
330 12.88 2.07
816 22. 77 5. 27
.17
.33
.43
. 14
.33
.36
1,171 8. 83
2, 258 13.23
2, 288 12.13
. 18
.27
.22
1,194 9. 00
2,321 13. 60
2,374 12. 59
1.03
1.15
1.06
.64
1.02
.86
1,095 21.13
2, 611 14.28
2,331 11.59
.37
.36
.33
1, 153 22.20 1.23
2,832 15.49 1.74
2, 555 12. 70 1.52
1 T h e record for K a n sa s, in clud ed hero, covers 6 m onths o n ly (Ju ly to D ecem ber).
[56]
4.31 .08
4.94 .49
6.15 1.38
4.31
4.66
5.47
2T h e record for O klahom a, in clud ed here, om its fatal cases.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7.26 .28
8. 07 .66
9.24 1.04
.32
.81.
.74
57
IN D U ST R IA L ACCIDENTS
N U M B E R OF A CC ID EN TS AND A C C ID EN T FR E Q U EN C Y AND SEV ERITY RATES FOR
S P E C IF IE D IN D U STR IE S IN 1926, 1927, AND 1928—Continued
¡Where no figures are shown no accidents were reported. California reported no t e m p o r a r y disabilities.
Frequency rates are based on 1,000,000 hours’ exposure; severity rates on 1,000 hours’ exposure]
P erm anent disa
bility.
D eath
Tem porary disa
b ility
T o ta l
1111
T?nll .T
In d u stry and year
year
workers N u m Fre Se N u m Fre Se
ber of quen ver ber ol quen ver
cy
ity cases
cy
ity
cases
rate rate
rate rate
N u m Fre Se N u m Fre Se
ber of quen ver ber of quen ver
cy
ity
cy
it y
cases
rate rate cases rate rate
A ccidents for States reporting all d isab ilities exten d in g beyond day of injury—C ontd.
Fertilizers:
1926__________
1927__________
1 9 2 8 --................
Flour:
1926__________
19271_________
1928 2_________
F o u n d ry and m a
chine shop p rod
ucts:
1926- ________
19271_________
1928 2...................
Glass:
1926___ _____1927- ________
1928 2- ...............
Hardware:
1926....... ......... ..
1927__________
1928 ________
Leather:
1926__________
1927__________
1928__________
M a ch in e tools:
1926__________
1927__________
1928__________
Paper and p ulp :
1926__________
19271_________
1928__________
Petroleu m refining:
1926__________
1927 i _________
1928 2 . . . .............
P ottery:
1926__________
1927__________
1928__________
Ship bu ildin g steel:
1926__________
1927__________
1928__________
Slaughtering and
m eat packing:
1926__________
1927 i _________
19282___ ______
Stam ped and en
am eled ware:
1926__________
1927__________
1928__________
Steam fittings, ap
paratus and sup.. plies:
1926__________
1927__________
1028__________
1,309
2,498
4,047
1
3
1C
0.26 1.54
.40 2.40
.82 4.94
2
7
26
0.51
.93
2.14
0.28
1.79
3.56
174 44.54 0.88
261 34.83 .66
462 38.02 .72
177 45.31 2.70
271 36.16 4.85
498 40.98 9.22
3,889
7,107
10,224
4
5
6
.34 2.06
.23 1.41
.20 1.17
15
25
34
1.29
1.17
1.11
1.94
.90
1.33
310 26. 57
477 22.37
894 29.14
.50
.41
.54
329 28.20 4.50
507 23. 77 2.72
934 30.45 3.04
27,069
72,963
72,189
17
38
29
.21 1.26
.17 1.04
.13 .80
85
338
365
1.05
1.54
1.68
1.05
1.33
1.35
3,193 39.32
6,356 29.05
6,009 27.64
.58
.51
.51
3,295 40.58 2.89
6,732 30.76 2.88
6,403 29.45 2.66
6,717
19,267
20,236
1
14
7
.05 .30
.24 1.45
.12 .69
17
24
25
.84
.42
.41
1.04
.35
.25
797 39.55
2,233 38.63
2,562 42.27
.49
.51
.54
815 40.44 1.83
2,271 39.29 2.31
2,594 42.80 1.48
886
3, 764
6,391
1
3
.09
.16
.53
.94
5
15
35
1.88
1.33
1.83
.73
1.02
1.19
75 28.22
330 29.22
451 23.54
.58
.44
.44
80 30.10 1.31
346 30.64 1.99
489 25.53 2.57
6,630
11,521
14,192
2
3
4
.12
.09
.09
.72
.52
.56
7
19
37
.42
.55
.87
.62
.41
1.11
187 11.27
948 27. 43
842 19.79
.26
.43
.30
196 11.81 1.60
970 28. 07 1.36
883 20.75 1.97
9,303
12, 207
15, 406
3
3
7
.11
.08
.15
.64
.49
.91
15
28
51
.54
. 76
1.10
.32
.70
.91
623 22.32
780 21.30
971 20.97
.25
.34
.42
641 22. 97 1.21
811 22. 14 1.53
1,029 22. 22 2.24
16, 770
26, 074
26, 822
7
18
13
. 14 .83
.23 1.38
. 16 .97
36
126
160
.72
1.61
1.98
.83
1.62
2.12
1, 562 31.05
2,224 28. 43
2,307 28.61
.51
.60
.59
1,605 31.91 2. 17
2, 368 30. 27 3.60
2,480 30.75 3.68
3,783
19, 951
24,818
25
25
.42 2.51
.34 2.01
6
67
58
.53
1.12
.78
.32
1. 12
.54
99 8. 72
1,979 33. 04
1,443 19.34
.20
.52
.45
105 9. 25 .5 2
2,071 34. 58 4. 15
1, 526 20.46 3.00
3,946
6,053
7,449
1
2
3
.08
. 11
.13
.51
.66
.81
2
6
7
.17
.33
.31
.36
. 18
.46
142 12.00
229 12.61
299 13.40
.25
.17
.26
145 12.25 1.12
237 13.05 1.01
309 13.84 1.53
745
6, 011
8, 361
5
3
. 28 1.66
. 12 .72
2
36
43
.89
2.00
1. 72
1.92
2.58
1.37
123 55. 03
798 44. 25
418 16.68
.96
.76
.48
125 55.92 2.88
839 46. 53 5.00
464 18. 52 2.57
19,809
36, 222
49, 383
8
15
18
.13
. 14
.12
.81
.83
.72
93
136
218
1. 56
1. 25
1. 46
1.50
1. 00
1.29
2,935 49.39
3,810 35.05
5,587 37. 43
.66
.54
.62
3,036 51.08 2.97
3, 961 36.44 2.37
5,823 39. 01 2.63
2,848
6,260
7,878
2
2
. 11 .64
.08
.51
25
34
54
2.93
1.81
2.28
2.10
1.10
1.29
175 20.48
234 12.46
669 28.30
.22
.29
.41
200 23.41 2.32
270 14.38 2.03
725 30.66 2.21
5,897
19, 396
14, 507
2
4
.03
.09
.21
7
.40
.46
1.45
.77
.27
1.33
966 54,60
1,630 28. 01
910 20.90
.57
.3 6
.4 0
973 55.00 1.34
1, 659 28.50 .84
977 22.44 2.28
.55
27
63
1 The record for Kansas, included here, covers 6 months only (July to December).
2 The record for Oklahoma, included here, omits fatal cases.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[57]
58
M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W
N U M B E R OF A CC ID EN TS AND A CC ID EN T FR E Q U EN C Y AND SEV E R IT Y RATES FOR
S P E C IF IE D IN D U STR IE S IN 1926, 1927, AND 1928—Continued
[Where no figures are shown no accidents were reported. California reported no t e m p o r a r y disabilities.
Frequency rates are based on 1,000,000 hours’ exposure; severity rates on 1,000 hours’ exposure]
Permanent disa
bility
Death
FullIndustry and year year
Fre
workers Num quen
ber o:
cy
cases rate
Temporary disa
bility
Total
Se
Fre Se Num Fre Se N um Fre Se
ver Num
quen ver
quen ver
of quen ver
ity ber
ity ber of cy ity ber of cy ity
cy
cases
rate
rate rate cases rate rate cases rate rate
A ccidents for States reporting all d isab ilities exten d in g beyond day oj injury—Contd.
Stoves:
1926_________
1927_________
1928_________
S tr u c tu r a l- ir o n
work:
1926_________
19271________
1928 2________
Wood industries:
Furniture—
1926_____
1927 i ____
1928 2____
Planing mills—
1926_____
1927_____
1928 2____
Other—
1926_____
1927_____
1928_____
Woolen goods:
1926_________
1927_________
1928_________
in d u s try
groups:
1926 i ________
1927 i ___
1928 2________
4, 379
7, 515
9, 653
l 0.04 0. 27
3 .10 .62
2!
25
36
1.60
1. 11
1.24
1. 92
1.04
.84
532 40. 50 0.62
1, 002 44. 44 .62
962 33. 19 .48
553 42.10 2. 55
1,028 45. 59 1.93
1, 001 34. 53 1. 94
12 2. 30
20 .75
65 2.1C
3. 78
.51
1.8C
358 68.70 1. 32
1,046 39. 43 .61
1,607 51. 91 1.01
382 73. 30 18.92
1,089 41.06 6. 32
1,687 54. 49 5. 72
1,737
8, 862
10, 315
12
23
15
2. 30 13. 82
.87 5. 20
.48 2.91
11, 726
21, 918
26. 185
5
8
.08 .46
. 1C .61
60
124
111
1.71
1.88
1.41
1.44
1.43
1.05
795 22.60
1,296 19. 70
1, 261 10. 01
.53
.30
.29
855 24.31 1. 97
1,425 21.66 2. 19
1,380 17. 52 1, 95
5,242
9,416
12, 327
3
9
6
. 19 1. 14
.32 1.91
. 16 .97
47 2.99
72 2. 55
127 3.43
2. 15
2.64
2.58
467 29.70
634 22. 44
1, 169 31. 56
.65
.57
.72
517 32.88 3.94
715 25.31 5. 12
1, 302 35.15 4. 27
5,302
13, 631
37,680
15
22
72
.94 5. 60
.54 3.23
.63 3.80
33 2. 07 3.28
130 3.19 3. 74
379 3. 34 3. 19
7, 757
15, 796
22, 258
1 G)
1 .02
.26
. 13
3
10
23
.01
.21
.35
.06
. 17
.29
1,012 63. 62 1.59 1,060 66. 63 10. 51
2,386 58.46 1. 25 2,538 62.19 8. 22
5, 589 49.18 1.05 6,040 53.15 8.04
252 10.84
444 9. 37
745 11. 18
.30
. 15
. 19
256 11.01
455 9.60
768 11.53
.62
.45
.48
A ll
■
283,172
608, 247
710, 535
94
250
308
855
1,896
2,817
24,002
43] 037
51, 689
24; 951
45. 183
54,814
A ccidents for State reporting only disab ilities extending beyond 5 days—Oklahoma
Brick: 1927______
Flour: 1927______
Foundry and machine-shop products: 1927______
Furniture: 1927__
Glass: 1927______
Lu mber—sawmills:
1927__________
Petroleum refining:
1927___________
Slaughtering and
meat packing: :
1927___________
S tru c tu ra l - iron
work: 1927_____
163 («)
201 (5)
220 (6)
62 (5)
656 (5)
2 3.03
3.18
30 61 51 1 02
21 34.90 ' 82
30
21 34.90
.82
45 6ft 16
1 5. 34 ! 09
17 8.64 .20
I
17
.20
5 24
64
S.
1,123
0)
3
. 89
1.16
56 16.62
.37
59 17. 51 1.53
1, 779
(*)
12
2. 25
1.71
107 20.04
.57
119 22.29 2. 28
1,140
(6)
1
.29
.09
59 17.25
.25
60 17.54
.34
117
( 5)
15 42.74
54
15 42.74
.54
All industry
g ro u p s:
1927_____
5,461
18
351
369
1The record for Kansas, included here, covers 6 months only (July to December).
s The record for Oklahoma, included here, omits fatal cases.
3Less than 0.01.
i Data for carriages and wagons industry group, which has since been discontinued, are included in
this total.
6Fatal cases are not reported.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[58]
59
IN D U ST R IA L ACCIDENTS
N U M B E R OF ACC ID EN TS AND A C C ID EN T FR E Q U EN C Y AND SEV E R IT Y RATES FOR
S P E C IF IE D IN D U STR IE S IN 1926, 1927, AND 1928—Continued
[Where no figures are shown no accidents were reported. California reported no t e m p o r a r y disabilities.
Frequency rates are based on 1,000,000 hours’ exposure; severity rates on 1,000 hours’ exposure]
Permanent disa
bility
Death
FullIndustry and year year
Fre
workers Num quen
ber of cy
cases rate
Temporary disa
bility
Total
Se N um Fre Se N um Fre Se
Se
Fre ver
ver Num
ber of quen ver ber of quen ver
ber of quen
ity
cy
ity cases cy ity cases cy
ity
rate rate
rate rate
rate cases rate rate
A ccidents for State reporting only disab ilities extending beyond 8 days—Maryland
1928
2,100
589
290
2 038
1,072
1,094
' 791
250
Automobile tires...
Boots and shoes__
Brick___________
Chemicals_______
Cotton goods____
Electrical goods__
Fertilizers_______
Flour___________
Foundry and ma
chine-shop prod
ucts___________
G lass..___ ______
Leather..................
Paper and pulp__
Shipbuilding_____
Slaughtering and
meat packing__
Stamped and en
ameled ware___
Steam fittings, ap
paratus, and sup
plies__________
Stoves__________
S tr u c tu r a l- ir o n
work__________
Wood industries:
Furniture____
Planing mills. _
Woolen goods____
324
871
429
1, 214
880
2 0. 32 1.90
3
i
.49 2.94
.27 1.65
687
1 0.16
0.12
1 .31
5 1. 52
.09
.46
3
1.15
1.88
1
.27
.08
1
.49
.15
1
2
617
478
.54
1.39
. 16
.42
505
2
1. 32
.40
663
415
349
2
2
1. 01
1.61
1. 66
.72
21
.43
.28
16, 348
22.80
10. IS
33.31
12.27
13.68
13. 10
25. 71
18.64
0. 47
. 17
1. 57
.61
.51
.39
1.01
1. 11
147
18
29
78
45
48
61
14
30
58
6
54
35
30.87
22.21
4. 66
14. 82
13.27
1.02
.74
. 20
.49
.53
30
61
6
56
35
134 65.06 1. 51
35 17.01
686
All industry
groups___
144
18
29
75
44
43
61
14
6
.12
.73
.78
56 30. 27 .64
26 18. 13 . 58
36 23. 75
.53
40 20. 10 . 60
32 25. 72 . 67
17 16. 21 .51
987 20.12
.63
23.28
10.19
33.31
12.76
13.99
14.62
25. 71
18.64
2.49
. 17
1.57
3. 55
.60
.85
1.01
1.11
30.87 1.02
23. 36 2.62
4. 66 . 20
15. 36 2.22
13. 27 . 53
135 65. 55 1.66
35 17.01
.78
57 30. 81 . 80
28 19. 52 1.00
38 25.07
.93
42 21.11 2. 26
34 27. 33 1. 39
17 16. 21 .51
1,014 20.67 1.64
Accidents for States reporting only disabilities extending beyond 1 week
Agricultural implements:
1926_________
1927_________
1928_________
Automobiles:
1926_________
1927_________
1928_________
Automobile tires:
1926_________
1927 _
1928 Boots and shoes:
1926_________
1927 ___
1928 .
Brick:
1926_________
1927_________
1928________
Carpets:
1926_________
1927. ______
1928_________
Chemicals:
1926_________
1927_________
1928_________ j
9,881
8, 931
3,367
3 0.1C 0. 61
1 .04 .22
2 .IS 1. It
54 1.82
46 1. 72
1C .96
1. 55
1. 51
.42
499 16.83 0.43
347 12.95 .29
191 18. 91 .48
213, 978
179, 064
239, 763
4£
61
4S
.08
. 11
.07
.46
.68
.41
876
649
872
1.36
1. 21
1. 21
1.08
.90
.87
4, 875
3, 697
3,142
2
. 14
.82
23
7
14
1. 57
. 63
1. 49
1. 16
.85
.86
25, 942
6, 735
2,103
4
.05
.31
61
17
5
.78
. 84
.79
.53
.62
.82
8,000
6, 427
2,529
1
1
.04
.05
.25
.31
38
23
12
1.58
1. 19
1. 58
2.34
1. 38
3. 60
435 18.13
263 13.64
117 15.42
.48
.30
. 36
474 19. 75 3.07
287 14. 88 1.09
129 17. 00 3. 96
8,704
923
1,371
1
.04
.23
20
3
1
.77
1. 08
.24
.61
1. 37
.07
143 5. 48
28 10.11
21 5.12
.28
.21
.12
164 6.29 1. 12
31 11.19 1. 58
22 5.36 . 19
11, 523
8,804
6,491
6
12
3
.17 1.04
.45 2. 73
.15 .92
46
55
22
1.33
2.08
1.13
1. 71
1.84
1.61
382 11.05 .44
387 14. 65 .42
160 8. 21 .21
434 12. 55 3.19
454 17.18 4. 99
185 9. 49 2.74
86046°— 30-
-0
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
L59]
5,595
4, 491
5,117
556 18. 75 2.59
394 14. 71 2.02
203 20. 09 2.09
8. 72 .27
8. 36 . 22
7.11 .18
6, 520 10. 16 1.81
5, 201 9.68 1.80
6,038 8.39 1. 46
196 13. 80 .37
70 6. 31 . 16
102 10.82 .32
221 15.11 2. 35
77 6. 94 1. 01
116 12. 31 1.18
5. 77 .20
6. 48 . 15
2. 54 . 05
514 6. 60 1.04
148 7. 32 . 77
21 3. 33 .87
449
131
16
60
MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W
N U M B E R OF ACC ID EN TS AND A C C ID EN T FR E Q U EN C Y AND SEV ERITY RATES FOR
S P E C IF IE D IN D U STR IE S IN 1926, 1927, AND 1928—Continued
[Where no figures are shown no accidents were reported. California reported no t e m p o r a r y disabilities.
Frequency rates are based on 1,000,000 hours’ exposure; severity rates on 1,000 hours’ exposure]
Permanent disa
bility
Death
Industry and year
Fullyear
Fre
workers Num quen
ber of cy
cases rate
Temporary disa
bility
Total
Se N um Fre Se N um Fre Se
Se
Fre ver
ver ber of quen ver
ver Num
ber of quen
ber of quen
cy ity cases cy ity
ity
cy
ity
cases rate
rate rate
rate
rate cases rate rate
A c c id e n ts for S ta tes rep o rtin g only d is a b ilitie s e x te n d in g b e y o n d 1 w e e k — Continued
Cotton goods:
1926
1927
1928
Electrical machinery:
1926 1927
1928-......... ......
Fertilizers:
1926
1927
1928_________
Flour:
1926
1927
1928_________
Foundry and machine-shop products:
1926
1927
1928................
Glass:
1927
1928 .............. .
Hardware:
1926
1927
1928. ..............
Leather:
1926_________
1927_________
1928_________
Machine tools:
1926_________
1927_________
1928
Paper and pulp:
1926- _______
1927_________
1928_________
Petroleum refining:
1926 ________
1927. _______
1928 ________
Pottery:
1926 _______
1927 ________
1928- .
Shipbuilding, steel:
1926_________
1927_________
1928_________
Slaughtering and
meat packing:
1926_________
1927_________
1928. _______
Stamped and enameled ware:
1926_________
1927
1928..................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.31
.49
4.15
350 4. 79 0.13
48 4. 98 . 12
24 2.31 .07
4
1.74
1.12
1.64
1.74
1.09
1. 76
997
368
284
9.20
6.46
6.28
.49
.16
.15
1,190 10.99 2.51
433 7. 60 1.36
361 7.99 2.31
.31 1.84
.48 2.89
.65 3.91
2
.61
23 2. 77
6 3.91
2. 45
2.94
6. 45
46 14.11
167 20.14
22 14.34
.45
.51
.55
49 15.03 4.74
194 23. 39 6. 34
29 18. 90 10.91
1
1
.05 .27
.33 1.97
11 1.80
3 .14
1 .33
1.91
.05
.39
103 16.81
43 1.96
49 16.12
.74
.05
.41
114 18. 61 2.65
47 2.15 .37
51 16. 78 2.77
44,932
27, 295
22, 821
29
8
2
.22 1.29
.10 .59
.03 .18
418 3.10
246 3.00
167 2.44
2.65
2. 78
2. 44
2,845 21.11
1, 569 19.16
1,272 18. 57
.73
.49
.47
3,292 24. 43 4.67
1,823 22. 26 3. 86
1,441 21. 04 3.09
2, 558
2 ; 397
1
1 0.01 0.08
7 .07 .43
36,106
18,984
15,068
5
1
3
1,087
2,764
511
1
1
4
2,042
'953
1, 014
.05
.02
.07
.13
.28
.11
.40
188
64
74
.83
9
6
1.16
.83
1.83
.92
64 8. 24
70 9. 74
.21
.24
73 9. 40 2.04
77 10.70 1.99
3.86
3.35
2.89
2.08
3.26
1.38
86 9. 48 .28
86 7. 99 .20
36 9. 47 .19
121 13. 34 2. 36
122 11.34 3. 46
48 12. 62 3.15
1.98
1, 71
1.38
1.92
1. 97
1.34
406 13. 85
227 9. 25
77 5.89
.57
.21
. 14
466 15. 90 2. 90
270 11. 00 2. 42
96 7. 35 1. 94
48 2. 81
23 2.02
13 1.82
2.63
1.7C
1.27
252 14. 91
130 11.42
76 10.64
.51
.27
.24
301 17. 81 3. 49
155 13. 62 3 .0 2
89 12.46 1. 51
2.38
1.12
.91
2. 60
.72
.49
1,263 23. 85 .77
386 14. 91 .40
286 11. 30 .34
92 2. 3C 3.0C
69 2.40 2. 8£
81 3. 86 5.16
293 7. 33 . 27
140 4. 87 . 12
62 2. 95 .08
394 9. 86 4. 6 2
210 7. 30 3 .2 2
144 6.86 5 .5 3
132 11.14 .34
13. 61 .40
56 9. 25 .21
141 11.90 1. 51
105 14. 29 1.33
62 10. 24 2.95
1
.26 1.58
35
36
11
9,775
8,181
4,358
2
1
1
.07
.04
.08
.41
.24
.46
58
42
18
5,635
3,793
2,382
1
2
.06 .35
.18 1.05
17,649
8, 630
8,434
12
.23 1.36
.39 2. 32
.20 1.19
13,321
9,579
7,008
9
1
1
.25 1. 35
.03 .21
.05 .29
3,948
2,450
2,018
1
.08
5,196
5,765
1,493
4
5
4
.26 1.54
.29 1.73
.89 5 .3 6
3,023
586
1,267
3,
10
5
.51
25,088
7
2 0 ,8 6 8
11
1
.0 9
.1 8
.1 0
1.05
.61
10, 201
3
.If
. 5f
3,285
3,985
3,282
386
546
46
5.28 0.52
5. 62 1. 04
4.43 4.22
35 0. 48
55 .57
22 2.12
24, 360
32,389
3; 460
. 56
126
29
23
4 .7 3
3 .4 4
2 .0 2
10C
.99
.66
.95
2.71
32 2.05
28 1.82
12 2.68
1.45
.70
3.96
187 1 2 .00
232 13. 41
85 18.97
.59
.40
.64
223 14.31 3.58
265 15. 32 2.83
101 22.54 9.96
1.61
121
155 2.48
9 .91
1. 57
2.55
.37
1 ,201
1,292 17. IS
19.18
2Q9 21. 21
.39
.40
.53
1,420 18.88 2.52
1,367 21.84 4.00
219 22.22 1. 51
180
61
63
5. 88 .25
5. 35 .09
6.39 .14
236 7. 71 1.92
82 6. 86 .89
83 8. 42 1.34
8
5
6
5c
18
20
[ 60]
.68
1,401 26. 46
425 16. 42
314 12.41
.6 8
1 .7 c
1.51
2.03
1.08
. 8(
1.2 0
61
IN D U ST R IA L ACCIDENTS
N U M B E R OP A CC ID EN TS AND A C C ID EN T FR E Q U EN C Y AND SEV ERITY RATES FOR
, S P E C IF IE D IN D U STR IE S IN 1926, 1927, AND 1928-Continued
[Where no figures are shown no accidents were reported. California reported no t e m p o r a r y disabilities.
Frequency rates are based on 1,000,000 hours’ exposure; severity rates on 1,000 hours’ exposure]
Permanent disa
bility
Death
Temporary disa
bility
Total
FullIndustry and year year
Fre- Se Num Fre- Se
Fre- Se Num Fre- Se
workers Num ’ quen
um quen
ver
quen ver N
ver
quen ver
bero
of
cy ity bero
cy
ity ber
cy ity ber of cy ity
cases rate
cases
cases
rate
rate rate
rate rate cases rate rate
its for States reporting only disabilities extending beyond
week--C ontinued
S team fittin gs, ap
paratus,
and
supplies:
1926 ............
1927 __
1928 _______
3,411
1 0.06 0.34
1 . 10 .59
48 2. 75 2. 34
32 3.13 3.15
9 2. 74 1. 55
380 21.79 0.87
185 18.08 .42
44 13. 38 .33
429 24. 60 3. 55
218 21.31 4.16
53 16.12 1.88
2,079
1
1
. 11 .63
. 16 .95
12 1.27
9 1.42
7 2.74
1.16
1.94
5.64
146 15. 40 .52
60 9. 47 .23
48 18. 82 .61
159 16.78 2.31
70 11. 05 3.12
55 21. 56 6.25
2, 428
2, 274
1,448
7
2
2
.96 5. 77
.29 1. 76
.46 2. 76
28
30
19
3. 84 2. 85
4. 40 4. 22
4. 38 3. 30
215 29. 52 1.17
286 41.92 1.02
180 41.45 1.28
250 34.32 9. 79
318 46. 61 7. 00
201 46.29 7. 34
20, 745
20, 225
13, 903
3
1
1
.05
.02
.02
1.98
1.27
1.27
1. 72
.87
1.00
613
469
255
.23
.18
.15
739 11.88 2.24
547 9.02 1. 15
309 7. 41 1.29
8, 463
5, 215
1, 718
11
3
.43 2. 60
. 19 1. 15
78 3. 07
47 3.00
6 1. 16
3. 62
2. 78
.73
695 27.37 1.06
360 23. 01 .67
55 10. 67 .30
784 30. 87 7. 28
410 26.20 4. 60
61 11.83 1.03
7,121
9, 400
6, 517
9
16
9
.42 2.53
.57 3.40
.46 2. 76|
34
35
16
1. 59
1.24
.82
1. 63
1. 21
.53
867 40. 58 1.37
1, 052 37. 30 1.16
682 34.85 1.13
910 42. 59 5. 53
1,103 39.11 5. 77
707 36.13 4.42
23
18
19
1.34
.87
1.31
1.56
.94
1.64
Stoves:
1926 ................
1927 _____
1928 _______
S tr u c tu r a l-ir o n
work:
1926 ______
1927 ______
1928 _______
W ood industries:
F u r n itu r e -
1926 ___
1927 ___
1928 ___
P lan in g m ills
1926 __
1927 __
1928 .....
Other—
1926 __
1927 __
1928 __
W oolen goods:
1926 ______
1927 ____
1928 _____
A ll i n d u s t r y
groups:
1926 *_______
1927 ______
1928 _______
.29
. 10
.14
5,722
6,876
4,817
538, 836
415, 871
367, 913
173
150
87
123
77
53
2,694
1,853
1,534
75
67
42
9. 85
7.73
6.12
4. 37
3.25
2.91
.20
.08
.08
19, 129
13, 457
9, 701
98
85
61
5.71 1.76
4.12 1.02
4. 22 1.72
21, 996
15, 460
11, 322
1
Accidents for State reporting only disabilities extending beyond 10 days—Virginia
Boots and shoes:
1926_________
Brick: 1926______
Chemicals: 1926...
Cotton goods:
1926____ ____ _
Fertilizers: 1926....
Flour: 1926______
Foundry and ma
chine-shop prod
ucts: 1926_____
Furniture: 1926__
Leather: 1926____
Lumber—Planing
mills: 1926_____
L u m b e r —S a w
mills: 1926_____
Paper and pulp:
1926_________
Pottery: 1926____
S h ip b u ild in g ,
steel: 1926...........
1, 664
274
851
0. 40
1.25
3.46
0 . 86
.91
7.28
3.20 0. 06
8.75 .23
30.00 1.08
3.60 0. 92
10.00 1. 14
34.23 13.06
.56
.63
5.00
.87
.19
2.57
4.28
24. 38
.13
.85
4.84 1.00
27. 51 16. 52
25. 00 3.53
.45 2.79
2.73
2.94
4. 65
1.34
80 36. 36 .90
14 8.24 .27
11 36. 67 1.30
39. 54 8. 34
11.18 1.61
36. 67 1.30
2
0. 77 4.70
517
78
4
2.50 15.48
717
559
113
1
20.00
480
1
.71 4.16
2.86
3.22
30 21.43
.48
35 25. 00 7.86
3, 288
2
.20 1. 21
1.72
1.22
195 19.70
.69
214 21.62 3.12
14 11.67
2 4.00
.33
.05
11. 67
4.00
388
167
.33
.05
4, 233
2. . 16 .94
2.12
. 22 ;
3.28
1 Data for carriage and wagon industry group, which has since been discontinued, are included in this
total.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[6 1 ]
62
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
N U M BER OF A C C ID EN T S AND A C C ID EN T FR E Q U EN C Y AND SE V E R IT Y RATES FOR
S P E C IF IE D IN D U ST R IE S IN 1926, 1927, AND 1928— Continued
[Where no figures are shown no accidents were reported. California reported no t e m p o r a r y disabilities.
Frequency rates are based on 1,000,000 hours’ exposure; severity rates on 1,000 hours’ exposure]
Permanent disa
bility
Death
FullIndustry and year year
workers N um
ber of
cases
Fre
quen
cy
rate
•
Temporary disa
bility
Total
Se
Fre Se N um Fre Se N um Fre Se
ver Num
ber of quen ver ber of quen ver ber of quen ver
ity
ity cases cy
cy ity
cy ity
rate rate cases rate rate cases rate rate
rate
Accidents for State reporting only disabilities extending beyond 10 days—Virginia—Con.
Slaughtering and
meat packing:
1090
Stoves* 1926
S tr u c tu r a l- ir o n
53
73
-
43
W o o len g o o d s:
1926
____
446
All industry
g ro u p s:
1926_____
19,943
1 10.00 23. 76
7 35.00
. 62
8 80. 00
3.45
2. 30
.06
3
12
88
697
7 35.00
. 62
9 90.00 27. 21
3
2. 30
.06
797
Accidents for State reporting only disabilities extending beyond 2 weeks—Alabama
Cotton goods:
1926
1927
1928
Fertilizers:
1927
1928
Foundry and mschine-shop prod
ucts:
1926
1927, ___ _
1928
Shipbuilding,steel:
1927
1928
Slaughtering and
meat packing:
1926
1927
1928
Wood industries:
Sawmills—
1926- ___
1927_____
Other—1928__
All industry
groups:
1026
1927
1928
5 0.28 0. 29
4 .21 .06
.44
.32
5,917
6,353
8, 396
11
196
416
1
.80
1.92
6
7
3
.95
1.24
.70
. 21
250
437
2
1
2.67
.76
7. 75
.23
47
186
182
1
1. 83
.55
4
.58
.43
1. 37
.45
2,092
1,888
1, 438
1
1
1
2,312
2,182
1, 769
4
10, 368
ll[ 055
12] 638
4
1
2
0.18 1.06
. 14 .86
. 15 .92
.75 4.52
8 1. 22
8 1. 50
.84
.66
15
66
111
3. 48
3. 46
4.41
0.12
. 12
. 14
122
3
5
5.10
4. 00
. 28
. 11
6
102 16.19
54 9. 53
51 11. 82
22 29. 38
. 45
.34
.38
1 10. 00
. 15
.27
. 17
62
15 11.44
4
3
48 6. 96 . 14
78 11.92 .56
71 13. 38 .49
213
227
256
21
25
7.16
5.50
.92
.63
67
70
3. 76 0. 41
3. 67 . 18
4.85 .46
3
5.10 .28
4. 80 2.03
108 17. 14 1.29
62 10.95 2. 06
54 12. 52 . 39
24 32. 05
16 12. 20
8. 67
.86
1 10. 00
. 15
. 27
.72
4
4
7.16
7. 33
53 7. 68 1.43
87 13.29 2. 85
83 15. 63 5. 46
229
250
285
Accidents for States reporting only fatalities and permanent disabilities 6
Agricultural im
plements:
1,019
5
1926
614
6
1927
1
1, 223
1928
Automobiles:
6 0. 21 1.26 46
9, 555
1926
915
3
1927
1928_________
1,280
3
e California for the 3 years and Pennsylvania for 1926.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 62]
1. 64 0. 93
3. 26 2. 61
. 27 .08
1. 60
1.09
.78
1. 37
.51
.70
5
1. 64 0.93
3. 26 2.61
.27 .08
52
3
3
1.81 2.63
1.09 .51
.78 .70
6
1
63
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
N U M B E R OF A CC ID EN TS AND A C C ID EN T FR E Q U EN C Y 4N D SEV ERITY RATES FOR
S P E C IF IE D IN D U STR IE S IN 1926, 1927, AND 1928—Continued
[Where no figures are shown no accidents were reported. California reported no t e m p o r a r y disabilities.
Frequency rates are based on 1,000,000 hours’ exposure; severity rates on 1,000 hours’ exposure]
Permanent disa
bility
Death
Temporary disa
bility
Total
FullIndustry and yea
year
Fre- Se Num Fre- Se N um Fre- Se
workers Num quen
Num Fre Se
bero cy ver ber o quen ver ber of quen ver ber of quen ver
ity cases cy
ity cases
cy ity cases cy
ity
cases rate rate
rate rate
rate rate
rate rate
Accidents for States reporting only fatalities and permanent disab
Automobile tires:
1926_________
1927. ............
1928_________
Boots and shoes:
1926 ..............
Brick:
1926. _______
1927_________
1928_________
Carpets: 1926.___
Chemicals:
1926_________
1927_________
1928_________
Cotton goods:
1926_________
1928_________
Electrical machínery:
1926_________
1927_________
1928_________
Fertilizers:
1926_________
1927_________
1928.............
Flour:
1926_________
1928_________
Foundry and machine-shop products:
1926_________
1927_________
1928____ _____
Glass:
1926_________
1927_________
1928_________
Hardware: 1926__
Leather:
1926_________
1927_________
1928_________
Machine tools: 1926.
Paper and pulp:
1926______
Petroleum refining:
1926_________
1927_____ ____
1928..................
Pottery:
1926..................
1927_________
1928_________
Shipbuilding, steel:
1926_________
1927_________
1928_________
Slaughtering and
meat packing:
1926_________
1927________
1928_________
0. If
4,246
2,165
2,047
.15
0. 94
.92
12
4
1
0.94
. 62
. If
0. 63
.57
. 20
1. 57
.77 1.49
.16 .20
1.10
3, 539
6, 037
2,567
1,537
2,440
3
. 17 .99
.26 1. 56
.43 2. 60
1,166
373
382
1
]
.29 1. 72
.89 5. 36
2,539
913
1
.37 2.19
21,146
4
.06
201
. 38
250
17
.94
. 67
2
.43
.5 5
. 13
. 41
.26 1.56
2.73
.41
1
1
.29
.89
.09
. 45
.58 1. 81
1. 78 5. 81
3
1
. 39
.37
. 20
. 11
.39 .20
.74 2.30
21
2
. 33
. 22
.60
2. 67
2. 00
2.00
4
1.11 1.66
142
68
34
93
372
. 19 1. 12
.32 1. 95
. 16 .95
123
14
7
1. 35
2.27
1.10
1.11
1. 92
.38
1.54 2. 22
2. 59 3.87
1.27 1.33
4
.28 1. 66
. 51 3. 06
. 48 2. 89
14
.97
. 51
.97
. 15
1. 57
. 53
1. 25 2.63
1.02 3. 21
.48 2.89
1. 57 .53
. 15 .89
. 61 3. 61
9
3
. 67
1. 80
. 71
1. 67
. 52
. 78
. 21
.50
.82 1.41
2.41 4.39
.71 .21
3.34 10. 68
6,072
3, 927
3,937
2
1
1
2
12
15
20
277
249
943
1
1
30, 483
2,056
2,104
17
4,833
653
691
2,337
4, 510
554
471
196
2,501
3, 563
2,924
1,378
1,102
1, 424
1,163 .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2
1
1
1
1. 67 10.18
1
11
1
1
.27 1.59
4
.53
. 24
.80 1.83
. 66 3. 95
1. 27 7.64
1. 69 10.16
9
30
34
. 49
2. 55
2. 88
.22
1.44
1. 71
1.15 4.17
3. 82 9.08
4. 57 11.87
1. 07
. 11
4. 01 9.10
.70 2.23
.48
. 46
. 59
1.40 2.16
1.25 2. 51
2. 42 6. 40
.48
.60
1.41 3.29
.57 .60
1. 34
.35
8. 03
2.12
1. 68
3
3
4
.28
.34 2. 05
.97 5.81
2
.47
2. 81
2 2. 67
"1 . 35
12 1.12
8 . 91
6 1.45
4
2
[63]
.94
.57
64
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
N U M B E R OF A CC ID EN TS AND A C C ID EN T F R E Q U EN C Y AND SEV ERITY RATES FOR
S P E C IF IE D IN D U ST R IE S IN 1926, 1927, AND 1928—Continued
[Where no figures are shown no accidents were reported. California reported no t e m p o r a r y disabilities.
Frequency rates are based on 1,009,000 hours’ exposure; severity rates on 1,000 hours’ exposure]
Permanent disa
bility
Death
Industry and year
Fullyear
Fre
workers Num quen
ber of cy
cases rate
Se
Fre
ver Num
of quen
ity ber
cy
rate cases rate
Temporary disa
bility
Total
Se
Se Num Fre Se
Fre ver
ver Num
quen ver
of quen
ity ber of cy ity
cy
ity ber
rate cases rate rate cases rate rate
A c c id e n ts for S ta tes rep o rtin g o n ly fa ta litie s a n d p e r m a n e n t d is a b ilit ie s — Continued
Stamped and
enameled ware:
108
1926
1927 _______
410
1928
___
439
Steam fittings, ap
paratus and sup
plies:
2,173
1926. ______
1927
43
1928_________
26
Stoves:
1926
821
1927
. _
280
321
1928
S tr u c tu r a l- ir o n
work:
3, 374
1926
. ___
______
1927
647
334
1928
Wood industries:
F u rn itu re 1926 ___
3, 839
1927 ___
1,108
1928
___
1,056
Planing mills—
3,038
1926______
1927______
6, 371
1,363
1928______
O th e r13, 520
1926______
1927______ • 6,958
1928______
8,636
Woolen goods:
4,041
1926_________
141
1927_________
1928_________
223
All industry
groups:
1926 *___
1927____
1928____
i
total.
1
1
0. 33
2.31
. 23
1
1
0. 33 2.31
. 76
2
. 31
.16
3
.46 1.08
3
2
1
. 80 2. 73
3. 58 1. 85
1. 04 .31
.
76
.23
1
.15
1
.40 2.43
1 .40
3 3. 58
1. 1. 04
. 30
1.85
.31
4
2
.40 2. 37
1.03 6.19
21 2. 07
4 2. 06
1 1. 00
1.08
.98
.30
25
2. 47 3. 45
7.17
. 30
1
.30 1.81
12
8
1.04
2. 41
. 95
1. 10
. 64
12
9
3
1. 04 .64
2. 71 2. 91
.95 . 66
Ï0
7
. 53 3. 13
1. 71 10. 27
15
23
9
1. 20 1. 10
2. 20 2. 53
1. 65
.99
15
33
16
1. 65 .99
1.73 4. 23
3.91 12. 80
27
15
35
.67 3. 99
. 72 4. 31
1. 35 8.11
47
51
88
2. 17
2. 25
1.97
1. 70
1. 36
1. 38
115
62
2. 84 5. 69
2. 97 5. 67
3. 32 9. 49
.92
3
6
1
138, 763
34, 648
31,123
90
57
72
438
161
128
Grand total,
all indus
try groups:
1926 * ___ 991, 082
1927____ 1, 075, 282
1928____ 1, 138, 557
370
459
477
4, 090
3, 949
4,525
6 3. 09
1 1. 00
. 66
.49
. 66
1.50
.45
86
6
1
.49
.66
1. 50
.4 5
1
528
218
200
44, 041
5 7 , 072
62, 633
48, 501
64, 480
67, 635
_I......
1‘
Data for carriages and wagons, industry group, which has since been discontinued, are included in this
Accidents in the Oil industry in Rum ania, 1919 to 1928
following figures show, by results, the number of accidents
in the oil industry, including wells and transportation of oil,
T HE
during the decade of 1919 to 1928: 1
1 Rumania. Institutul de Statistica Generala a Statului. Statistica Minierà a Romàniei pe Anul 1928.
Bucharest, 1929, p. 266.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[64]
65
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
"
N U M B E R OF A C C ID EN T S IN T H E OIL IN D U STR Y IN RUM ANIA, 1919 TO
YEAR AND RESU LT
928 BY
Accidents resulting in—
'i ear
Temporary Permanent
disability disability
1919....... ............... ............
1920______________
1921_____________
1922____________
1923_______________
1924________
1925_______________
1926_________
1927________
1928_________ ____
555
519
787
919
937
1,005
1, 253
1,771
1, 852
1, 550
______________________
»
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[65]
177
239
81
72
109
81
115
76
197
65
Total
Death
A
OH
U
93 e;
¿Ou
oy
AoO
RA
0*1
100
69
89
94
86
792
993
1,127
1 ,1 1 0
1,186
1, 437
1,936
1,701
WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION
R e cen t Compensation R eports
Illinois
Department of Labor of the State of Illinois in its eleventh
annual report, for the year ending June 30, 1928, presents statisti
THE
cal tables showing the experience under the workmen’s compensation
act during 1927. The two tables following summarize the tables
found in the report. Table 1 shows the compensation paid during the
year, by extent of disability, industry, cause of accident, and location
of injury:
T a b l e 1 .— AM OUNT
OF CO M PENSATION PAID FOR S P E C IF IE D D ISA B ILITIES IN 1929,
BY IN D U STR Y GROUP, CAUSE OF A C C ID EN T , AND LOCATION OF IN JU R Y
Item
Death
PerPermanent manent
total
partial
disdisability ability
Temporary
total
disability
Temporary
partial
disability
$9, 600
295, 022
835,183
372, 915
19, 474
187,928
166, 340
13, 582
27, 595
95,332
16
5,107
$63
8 , 449
7,803
3, 608
55
2,854
1,381
380
1,112
24, 617 5,010, 097 2, 028, 094
24, 675
240, 059
854,318
4,971
8,360
935,292
35,535
89i 824
7,177
6 , 255
82,445
3', 073
13, 374
1, 634
1, 014
1, 002
19,325
' 153
1,976
10,827
38; 919
4 993
35,044
543,182
263, 475
48, 761
2i; 526
58, 998
531, 267
374, 337
362, 288
62, 740
808', 504
384, 209
26, 241
19; 553
12, 747
2, 295
26Í 720
3; 867
86 , 342
130,866
10, 790
5; 166
88 ', 823
398; 867
237, 244
183, 850
11, 801
526', 224
74, 425
3, 653
19; 258
16, 019
lb 273
49,595
7,131
10, 496
2, 068
8, 264
19, 350
27, 421
19, 282
5,647
40; 226
18, 932
972
379
105
162, 671
37, 303
16, 095
10,116
22, 588
214, 289
37, 867
99,166
25. 659
99; 044
13,488
633
7,520
7, 072
6, 502
552
134
1,029
521
1,319
2,682
Disfigurement
Not
otherwise
classifled
I n d u s tr y g ro u p
Agriculture and extractive industries__ $4, 426
215, 483
Mining and quarrying_______ ______
Manufacturing__ _____ __________ -- 263,877
Construction_______ _____ _________ 151, 563
9, 366
Communication. ______ ________ .
76, 570
Trade and finance_________
. ____
99, 184
Transportation and storage______
Professional service
________ _ 12, 040
7 , 000
Governmental service
Services, not otherwise classified. . . . . 44, 561
Industry, not otherwise classified____
3, 705
Industry,.not reported______ ________
Total_________________ ______ 887,775
$510 $24,134
2,6 8 6 1, 006,495
5,449 2, 118, 524
8 , 631 1, 031, 567
11, 874
2,451
356, 931
4,590 241, 035
38, 482
22,395
110
136,022
336
22,302
190
11
41
410
$597
129, 604
55, 391
29,188
$2, 767
236,100
222, 794
244,145
2 , 626
10, 375 72,998
8,767
43, 337
340
2,145
8 ; 234
50
5,367
18, 060
C a u s e o f a c c id e n t
Prime movers_____________________
Transmission _____________________
Working machines ______ _______
Machines other than working _ _
Hoisting apparatus_________________
Vehicles:
Steam or electric________ _______
Auto or animal . . . . . . . ____
Explosions
__ __
________
Electricity .. ___________ ____ _____
Fire or hot substances
__________ ____
Falls of persons
Stepping on or striking against objects..
Falling objects___ __________________
Cave-ins... _ _________ . ________
Handling objects_______________ . . .
Hand tools_______ ________________
Coworker________________________ _
A n im als_________ __________ . . .
Poisonous or corrosive substances
Gases or fumes
Flying particles, not otherwise classified
Natural causes _ _ ___________ _
Cause not determined_____________
All other causes................. ...................... .
10
3, 750
1 6 ,563
41, 499
190, 924
108, 541
53, 948
41, 789
33, 580
164', 966
23,895
33, 793
7, 680
53, 088
21, 954
1,339
9,484
3,851
12, 285
14, 916
10; 213
440
5, 400
4, 750
4L 241
Total................................................ 887, 775
66
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
750
2,170
416
660
495
263
395
30
57
2, 344
2,277
3, 966
3, 940
5; 476
2,304
18
28
1,112
3; 328
i; 320
105, 409
929
24, 617 5, 010, 097 2, 028, 094
24, 675
5,002
[ 66 ]
2, 615
382; 790
6 ,0 2 0
240, 059 854,318
—
67
WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION
1.—AM ° U N T 0 F COM PENSATION PAID FOR S P E C IF IE D D ISA B ILITIES IN 1929
BY IN D U STR Y GROUP, CAUSE OF A C C ID EN T , AND LOCATION OF IN JU R Y —Contd!
Item
Death
Per
Per
manent manent
total
partial
dis
dis
ability ability
Tem
porary
total
dis
ability
Tem
porary
partial
dis
ability
$5, 945
3, 002
3, 961
$60, 615
53, 211
32, 543
45, 573
305, 526
72, 111
73,189
26, 039
193, 296
108, 052
274, 870
2, 302
226, 991
370, 475
183, 271
$1, 228
2, 251
1,288
874
1, 909
5, 191
$32, 445 $133,148
19, 058
4, 616
89, 717 66,121
5,412
226,109
57, 778
12, 964
20, 986
50, 247
40, 535
11, 294
58, 302 43, 316
10, 392
75, 284
26, 893
109, 758
24, 617 5, 010, 097 2, 028, 094
24, 675
240, 059 854, 318
Not
other
wise
classi
fied
Dis
figure
ment
L o c a tio n o f in ju r y
Head, general-.,______________
Eye or eyes__________________
Face and neck_______________
T rank, general_______________
Thorax______________________
Abdomen___________________
Hernia______________________
Upper extremities, general_____
Arm_______ _____ ____ _______
Hand__________________ _____
Fingers, thum b______________
Lower extremities, general_____
Leg------ ------ -----------------------Foot________________________
Location not otherwise classified.
$161, 870
34, 976
7, 350
115, 990
51, 631
17,108
9, 396
10, 304
6 , 880
}9, 265
16,125
28, 534
408, 346
Total.
887, 775
75
174
2,135
906
440
3, 020
4, 959
$86, 790
463,311
50, 350
8 , 583
199,130
38, 491
15, 901
122, 673
575, 876
267, 316
1, 617, 554
3,487
585, 401
577, 715
397, 519
5,062
1, 629
596
221
444
1, 225
2,757
Table 2 classifies the accidents, by age and sex of the injured, and
by the extent of disability.
T able
2
.—N U M B E R OF ACC ID EN TS, BY AGE AND SEX OF T H E IN JU R E D
E X T E N T OF D ISA BILITY , 1927
AND
Permanent Permanent Temporary Temporary
Not other
total dis partial dis total disa partial dis Disfigure wise classi
ment
ability
ability
bility
ability
fied
Death
Age
Fe Male Fe Male Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Male male
male
male Male male Male male Male male Male male
14 years or under. _.
15 years_________
16 years____. . .
17 years_________
18 years________
19 years.________
20 years.. . . . . ..
21 to 24 years ___
25 to 34 y e a rs ____
35 to 44 years . __
45 to 64 years_____
65 years or over___
Age not reported...
Total. ____
1
2
2
3
36
106
2
2
3
4
7
38
78
89
90
17
18
1
349
5
1
i
1
1
1
160
4
7
4
5
194
197
1 033
2. 656
2, 606
2, 236
179
63
1
1
1
24
2
9,471
1
6
22
35
25
18
28
206
432
701
864
Q00
50 4 652
77 lo’ 800
82 9 400
41 8 ? 521
20
2
2
'7 4 4
4
1
2
44
99
98
111
3
5
104
?
226
19
58
41
37
441
289
204
10
12
4
1
363 37, 391 1, 644
170
125
9
24
2
3
1
9
33
47
51
279
653
618
438
26
9
2,198
2
11
3
2
6
A
10
10
7/ uk
4
11
8
3
9
235
9ÖA
9/1A
15
1
12
48
902
4
1
1
6
9
4
15
New Jersey
T he September, 1929, issue of the Industrial Bulletin, published
by the New Jersey Department of Labor, contains several tables
showing the compensation cases closed during 1928. The following
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[67]
68
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
table gives the number and cost of compensated accidents, by indus
try and extent of disability:
T able
1 —N U M B E R AND COST OF COM PEN SA TED A CC ID EN TS IN
GROUP AND E X T E N T OF D ISA BILITY
1928,
BY IN D U STR Y
All cases
Extent of disability
Industry group
Permanent
partial
Death or perma
nent total
Temporary
Total
N um compen'
ber
sation
Total
Total
Num compen
Total
Number compen Num
ber compen
ber
sation
sation
sation
Agriculture__ . . .
________
Clerical and professional service, care and custody of build
ings and grounds.. _______
Construction (includes shipbuilding) _____ _ Manufacturing_____ ______ Mining, metallurgy, and quarrying____________________
Trade.
................. _
Transportation and public
utilities__ ___________ - .
Miscellaneous occupations. . .
Total _______ ________
1 Includes 2 cases
2 Includes 5 cases
3 Includes 4 cases
6
i 13
2 92
3105
$14,015
79
$60, 222
40,387
179
361
$20,089
$94,326
446
111, 366
660
34,933
852
186,686
489, 218 1,626 1, 292,198
522, 447 3,345 1, 726,758
3, 756
8,167
267,117
392,253
5,474
11,617
2, 048, 533
2, 641, 458
4 13
11
85,472
48, 477
233
393
112, 869
175, 907
360
1,295
19, 855
58, 669
606
1,699
218,196
283, 053
2 84
8 15
429,845
52, 716
873
383
545, 274
221, 494
2, 689
1,242
159, 683
73, 214
3,646
1, 640
1,134, 802
347,424
1, 682, 577 7, 111 4, 246,088 18, 530 1, 025,813
25, 980
6 , 954, 478
6 339
of permanenttotal disability.
of permanenttotal disability.
of permanenttotal disability.
4 Includes
8 Includes
6 Includes
3 cases of permanent total disability.
1 case of permanent total disability.
20 cases of permanent total disability.
Table 2 classifies the accidents by cause :
T able 2
.—N U M B E R AND COST OF CO M PEN SA TED A CC ID EN TS IN 1928, BY CAUSE
Number of cases
Extent of disability
Total com
pensation
Cause
Total
Death or Perma
nent
perma
nent total partial
Tem
porary
M achinery__ __________
------- ------- -----Boilers and steam pressure apparatus. --------------Explosions, electricity, hot substances, and flames.
Falls of persons_____ -.- _ -------- --------------Falling objects not being handled by injured per
sons________ ____________ . ------------------------------Objects and tools being handled-. . .
Stepping on or striking against objects---------------Vehicles -.
__ ...........
- -----------------Poisonous and corrosive substances and occupa
tional diseases.. ___________ ____ _________
Miscellaneous.................. ...... ......................... ..........
3,615
39
1, 239
4, 393
>43
5
58
2 7i
1, 741
7
154
1, 217
1,831
27
1, 027
3,105
$1,199, 059
29, 655
492, 382
1, 696, 412
1,920
8,693
1, 789
2,448
2 33
3 15
46
606
2,125
1,281
523
1,321
Total-------------------------- ------------------------
25,980
1 Includes
2 Includes
3 Includes
5 cases of permanent total disability.
3 cases of permanent total disability.
2 cases of permanent total disability.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6 ,553
222
«75
3 17
16
657
1, 561
1,716
594, 378
1, 253, 405
211,057
964,946
70
312
436
993
217, 410
295, 774
6 339
7, 111
18, 530
6 , 954, 478
4 Includes 1 case of permanent total disability.
8 Includes 4 cases of permanent total disability.
«Includes 20 cases of permanent total disability.
[ 68]
69
W O R K M E N ’S CO M PEN SATIO N
Table 3 shows the cases of injury caused by specified poisonous and
corrosive substances and by occupational diseases:
T a b l e 3 .—N U M B E R A N D C O ST OF C O M P E N S A T E D C A S E S C A U S E D B Y P O IS O N O U S A N D
C O R R O S IV E S U B S T A N C E S A N D O C C U P A T IO N A L D IS E A S E S , I N 1928, B Y C A U S E
N u m b er of cases
E x ten t of d isa b ility
Cause
T otal
D ea th
Per
or per
m a
m a
n
en t
nent
partial
total
T em
po
rary
T otal
com
p en sa
tion
P o is o n o u s s u b sta n c e s
A rsenic_________________________________________ ____ ________
A ll other (not otherw ise classified, in clud in g gasoline fum es and
in d efin ite gases, p oisonous sub stan ces in w ater or materials
h a n d led )_______ ___________________________________________
D y e s and chem ical preparations of sam e, etc. (handling m a
terial) ______________________________________________________
Illu m in atin g gas (including coal g a s)_________________________
Poison iv y and other p la n ts_________ ____ ___________________
S ep tic in fection ____ __________________________________________
2
$32
46
64, 434
4
3
28
1
370
92
973
6, 510 s
C o r r o siv e s u b s ta n c e s
A cids (nitric, hydrochloric, sulphuric, carbolic, and picric)___
A lkalies (soda and p otash )____________________________ _____
C em ent b urns____________ ____ ______________ _______________
Lim e burns___________________________________________________
Irritant b ut not corrosive.____ ____________________ __________
125
48
15
60
26
1
_______
_______
_______
_______
17
9
3
13
1
107
39
47
25
35,153
7, 399
1, 428
14,861
1, 074
2,832
206
6,730
3,770
198
44
12
O c c u p a tio n a l c a u s e s
5
T o ta l____ ______ _______________________________
1 Inclu d es 1 case of perm anent total disab ility.
2 C ellulitis cases due to cuts and bruises from falls or h and lin g objects.
3 Includes 2 cases of p erm anent total d isab ility.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[69]
1
1
1
4
4
2
6
3
5
1
1
22
CO
A nthrax___________ ___ _________________ ______ _____
A rsenic______________________________________________
Carbon m on oxid e____________________________________
C om pressed air (b en d s)______________________________
Chrom e ulceration___________________________________
D u s t ______________________________ __________________
H an d lin g and preparing hides, furs, e tc_______________
H eat and ligh t (including heat from asphalt, not burns)
Lead p oison in g_______________________________________
B enzol, its hom ologues and d erivatives_____ _________
O ccupational a c tiv ity (cellulitis, e tc .)2. . . ____ ________
6
6
2
3
68
8
21
77
23,602
43,973
3,630
70
436
217,410
70
M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W
The cases involving penalty for illegal employment of minors under
16 years of age, i. e., payment of double compensation, are shown in
T able 4 :
T able 4 —N U M B E R A N D C O S T O F A C C I D E N T S I N V O L V I N G I L L E G A L E M P L O Y M E N T
O F M I N O R S I N 1928, B Y I N D U S T R Y G R O U P A N D C A U S E
[Cases aw arded double com pensation]
A ll cases
E x ten t of d is a b ility 1
T em porary
P erm an en t partial
T otal com
pensation
N u m b er
In d u stry group or cause
T otal com
pensation
N u m b er
T otal com
pensation
N u m b er
F e
F e
F e
F e
F e
M ale male M ale F e M ale m ale M ale m ale M ale m ale M ale
m ale
m ale
In d u s tr y g ro u p
M a n u fa ctu rin g -----------------------T ransportation and p ub lic u tilitlP .S
Trade
___ - - -Clerical and professional serv
ice, care and cu stod y of buildlings and grounds
T otal
- ----------- ---------
4
5
3
$428 $1, 203
107
1,627
1
9
$1,130
4
2
4
30
1
5
$1, 513
$428
$73
107
114
1
30
1
1
22
1
22
15
6 2,184 1,233
4
4 1,513 1,160
11
2
671
73
5
3
4 1, 626 1,171
279
2
62
2
1
3 1,294 1,130
130
1
30
3
2
1
332
149
41
1
89
1
4
1
4
4 1, 513 1,100
11
C a u se
M a c h in e r y .- -----------------Falls of persons
Objects and tools being h and led .
S tep pin g on or striking against
objects
_ __ __________
Vehicles
1YTiseell anoons
T o ta l. _____
1
5
1
- -----------
15
32
225
22
G 2,184 1, 233
1
32
32
136
22
2
671
73
1 N o fatalities reported.
M iners’ Phthisis in South Africa
problem of miners’ phthisis or silicosis in the gold mines of
South Africa has been so serious that it has been the subject of
T HE
numerous legislative enactments, the latest of which was the act of
1925, consolidating the previous legislation and making certain addi
tional provisions for beneficiaries and their dependents.
According to the report on miners’ phthisis in the 1929 issue of the
Official Yearbook of South Africa,1 there were 1,553 miners of an
average age of 48.4 years receiving compensation for disability from
miners’ phthisis on March 31, 1928. The amount of the allowances
during life averaged £12 9s. 9d. ($60.77) per month for the incapaci
tated miners, and additional allowances were paid for wives and
dependent children. Allowances were also being paid to 1,815 adult
dependents of deceased miners and 3,279 minor children. On March
31, 1927, a total of £9,113,313 ($44,349,938) had been paid to and in
respect of silicosis and tuberculosis cases under the miner’s phthisis
acts since 1911. During the period April 12, 1911, to March 31, 1928,
1 U nion of South Africa.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Official Y earbook, 1927-28.
170]
Pretoria, 1929, p p . 233-246.
71
WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION
a total of 14,356 persons had received awards for silicosis, tuberculosis,
or silicosis and tuberculosis combined, 3,343 (or less than one-fourth)
being in the anteprimary or earliest stage of silicosis.
The following table shows the number of cases and percentage of
deaths of miners who had received compensation for secondary sili
cosis or tuberculosis and silicosis, from August 1, 1912, to March 31,
1928:
N U M B E R OF CASES, P E R C E N T OF DEATHS, AND AVERAGE AGE AT D E A TH OF M IN
ERS SU F F E R IN G FRO M SECONDARY SILICOSIS OR SILICOSIS AND T U B E R C U L O
SIS IN SOUTH A FRICA FRO M AUGUST 1, 1912, TO M ARCH 31, 1928
Year
1912-13____________
1913-14____________
1914-15.
1915-16____________
1916-17____________
1917-18____________
1918-19____________
1919-20____________
1920-21____________
1921-22____________
1922-23________I ___
1923-24____________
1924-25____________
1925-26___________
1926-27__________
1927-28____________
T otal________
Born in South Africa
Born elsewhere
Number Number Per cent Average
of bene of deaths of deaths age at
death
ficiaries
Number Number
Average
of bene of deaths Per cent
at
of deaths age
ficiaries
death
419
214
132
57
104
107
54
43
62
70
81
137
151
195
167
219
109
52
72
55
87
61
54
37
52
60
51
62
63
30
7
100.0
86.1
2,095
1,071
102
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
52.3
50.9
51 0
54. 5
95.5
83.7
57.0
43.5
42.8
1, 213
923
819
614
67.5
66.5
46.6
45.7
350
260
304
304
142
93
113
109
234
226
251
226
142
82
87
66.9
86.9
82.6
74.3
83.9
85.7
63.0
45.3
41.7
15.4
4. 2
42.0
40.1
42. 6
43. 1
44.6
43.9
42.3
43.4
43.5
43. 2
44.1
40.4
48. 7
8
77.0
78.9
73.0
58.8
46.8
21.3
4.9
43.3
45.7
45.9
46.6
46.6
45.5
46.0
45.8
43.2
46.3
48.2
52.0
55.9
51.1
42.8
3,369
57.3
45.6
171]
111
165
156
188
163
5,003
86
81
97
73
40
100.0
8 8 .2
LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS
In ju n c tiv e Pow ers of C ourt Invoked to Curb S m a ll-L o a n s
B u sin ess
HE Supreme Court of Kansas in a recent decision (State ex
rel. Smith, attorney general, et al. v. McMahon et al., 280 Pa
cific Reporter, 906) held that a system by which usurious interest
was exacted from laboring men was not only illegal but a “ grievous
antisocial iniquity.”
The attorney general of the State of Kansas sought by court action
to stamp out the business of usurers who prey upon the poorer classes
of working people in the State exacting from them yearly rates of
interest ranging from 240 per cent to 520 per cent. Accordingly, a
petition was filed in the district court of Wyandotte County to sup
press the evil. Among the several allegations set forth in the petition
of the attorney general were the following: (1) That the usurers pur
posely selected poor and necessitous wage earners as their customers
for the purpose of compelling them to renew their usurious loans
from pay day to pay day, so that once obtained as customers they
would, for a long period of time, be compelled to pay the exorbitant
rates of interest; (2) that the borrowers were compelled to pay the
high rate and forced to sign the pretended wage assignments for fear
of losing their jobs; (3) that threatened garnishment disturbed the
borrowers’ peace of mind and jeopardized their standing in the eyes
of the employer, thereby depriving them of “ rights to peacefully fol
low their respective lawful occupations without annoyance or injury ” ;
(4) that the loan business carried on in the State was “ repugnant to
good conscience and good morals and against public policy,” and the
exaction of the excessive rate of interest was in direct violation of the
provisions of the law of Kansas.
The petition concluded by requesting that temporary and perma
nent injunctions be granted, restraining the usurers “ from loaning
money in small sums to laboring men at rates of interest in excess of
10 per cent per annum.”
The lower court denied the petition and the State of Kansas,
through the attorney general, appealed to the supreme court of the
State-. The contention of the loan agencies was that the exaction of
usurious interest was of no concern to third parties, even to the State
itself, and that if any of the borrowers were aggrieved they had a
plain and adequate remedy at law.
The State statute (R. S. 41-102) provided in part that any person
so contracting for a greater rate of interest than 10 per cent per
annum shall forfeit all interest so contracted for in excess of such 10
per cent. The attorney general maintained that the statute was
annulled by the money lenders and made ineffective until invoked
in some lawsuit. The wage earner, the State maintained, due to his
T
72
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[72]
LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS
73
condition “ has no time to attend court nor means to employ a
lawyer to invoke the defense to the usurer’s claim accorded by this
statute.”
The State’s right to maintain the suit was upheld by the court,
which stated that—
T h e long -co n tin u ed su b jectio n of h u n d red s of in d ig en t d eb to rs to th e usurious
exactions of d efen d an ts b y keeping th e m in fear of losing th e ir jobs if th e y should
have th e te m e rity to a sse rt th e rig h ts accorded th e m by th e beneficent s ta tu te s
of th is C om m onw ealth p resen ts a situ a tio n w hich can n o t be to le ra te d , a n d one
w hich q u ite justifies th e in s titu tio n of th is litig atio n by th e S ta te itself.
The court reviewed several cases in which it was held that the
State had the right to initiate litigation over matters primarily of
private concern but secondarily of far-reaching consequence to the
public, and Judge Dawson in his opinion said:
T h e co u rts are n o t helpless to p u t a sto p to such a nefarious business as t h a t of
which_ plaintiff com plains w hen th a t business h as reach ed th e w idespread p re v a
lence i t h as a tta in e d in th e p rin cip al in d u stria l com m u n ities of th e S ta te .
F ro m th e fo u n d atio n of o u r C om m onw ealth it h as been a m a tte r of civic pride
t h a t one of th is S ta te ’s p rim a ry concerns h as been t h a t th e p o o r m an shall h av e a
fair chance to b e tte r his m a te ria l condition. T o t h a t en d we h a v e m ad e th e
fam ily hom estead im m u n e to ju dicial process in in v itu m . T h e household goods
of th e fam ily, th e tools of th e w orkm an, a n d th e needful a g ric u ltu ra l c h a tte ls of
th e h u sb an d m an are generously exem pted from execution sale.
The court, continuing, said that precedents for the particular form
of redress sought by the State of Kansas to suppress the evil were
rare, but referred to a New Jersey case (State v. Martin, 77 N. J.
Law, 652), in which it was held that although the taking of usurious
interest was not a criminal offense in New Jersey, yet interest in
excess of 6 per cent per annum was forbidden and a loan office where
“ the exaction of such usurious interest was systematically practiced
was a disorderly house, for the maintenance of which the usurer could
be indicted and punished.”
After reviewing the Kansas statute prohibiting usury, the court
concluded, in part, as follows:
I t will th u s be seen t h a t th e ex action of usurious in te re st has been denounced
as unlaw ful a n d penalized b y o u r leg islatu re a lth o u g h it is n o t one of th e specific
offenses en u m e ra te d in o u r crim es act. I t is n o t only illegal, b u t i t is a grievous
an tisocial in iq u ity an d , w hen its p ractice assum es th e p ro p o rtio n s a n d prevalence
alleged by th e plaintiff, a c o u rt of e q u ity should n o t h e sita te to suppress
^
T h e K an sas s ta tu te does p ro h ib it u su ry a n d does prescribe p en alties (civil
penalties in u rin g to th e d eb to r), an d , th e p ractice of usu ry being unlaw ful in th is
S tate, upon sufficient ag g ra v a tio n it m ay be suppressed by in ju n ctio n .
The judgment of the district court was therefore reversed.
E m p loyer H eld L iable in D eath of E m p loyee R epairin g H is O wn
A u to m o b ile
HE Supreme Court of Nebraska in a recent decision (Lehmer v.
City of North Bend, Supreme Court of Nebraska, October 22,
1929) sustained a lower court decision awarding compensation to a
widow of an employee who was asphyxiated while repairing his own
automobile.
T
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David G. Lehmer for a period of 25 years was employed by the
city of North Bend, Nebr., as marshal and street, water, and sewer
commissioner, together with several other municipal employments.
On the morning of March 31, 1928, he was found dead in his garage.
From the facts in the case it appeared:
T h a t on said 31st d a y of M arch he w as going to a neighboring to w n in his
autom obile to o b ta in som e m edicine for his wife w ho, a t t h a t tim e, w as ill. H e
p rocured th e sam e, re tu rn e d , a n d a fte r a sh o rt tim e, w hich he d e v o ted to som e
household d u ties w hich his wife w as n o t ab le to perfo rm , he w en t to th e garage
for th e purp o se of ta k in g his a u to m o b ile th e re fro m a n d proceeding to m e e t an
a p p o in tm e n t concerning w hich his p resence w as necessary as a n em ployee in one
of th e d e p a rtm e n ts h ereto fo re specified. S h o rtly th e re a fte r i t w as discovered
t h a t sm oke w as issuing fro m th e garage a n d , u p o n in v e stig a tio n , he w as fo u n d
dead in th e garage w ith all th e evidence of h is h av in g been a sp h y x ia te d b y carb o n
m onoxide gas. T h e engine of th e c a r w as ru n n in g ; th e lig h ts w ere lit, th e cover
h ad been rem oved or tu rn e d b ack from th e engine, a n d pliers w ere n e a r a t h a n d ,
an d th e reasonable su p p o sitio n w as t h a t in an effo rt to rem ed y som e d efect in his
engine he h a d been overcom e.
His widow prosecuted her claim before the Compensation Commis
sion of Nebraska, but compensation was denied her. She appealed
to the district court, which held her to be entitled to compensation
from the city of North Bend at the rate of $15 a week for a period
of 350 weeks from the date of her husband’s death. The city
carried the case to the Supreme Court of Nebraska, assigning several
errors as a cause for reversal of the decision of the district court, the
chief of which was that Lehmer was not at the time engaged in the
business of his employer but was on his own place repairing the engine
of his own automobile, that he had not been authorized to use his car
in his daily work, that no contract for its use had ever been given by
the city, and therefore the city was not liable under the compensation
law of Nebraska.
The Supreme Court of Nebraska, after reviewing the evidence in
the case, held that it was clear that the employee had been using his
car for the benefit of the city, and on the morning of his death had
gone to the garage to get his car to perform a duty in line with his
work. The court said that: “ It makes no difference, from our view
of the authorities, whether it was an implied or expressed contract.”
After reviewing several decisions adopted by the court in the State
of Nebraska and in other jurisdictions the court concluded that the
cases were:
N o t only sim ilar b u t it en u n cia tes a definite pro p o sitio n t h a t if th e use of a
m achine w as for th e benefit of th e em ployer an d it w as used w ith th e know ledge a n d
con sent of th e em ployer, even w ith o u t a n y c o n tra c t as to its use, a n d w hile using
th is in s tru m e n ta lity a n d by it he w as in ju red , he w as in his m a s te r’s business
a n d could recover.
The supreme court also took occasion to remark in the course of the
opinion that in the type of case under consideration the workmen’s
compensation statute should be liberally construed in favor of the
injured party.
The judgment of the district court was therefore affirmed.
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COOPERATION
P rogress T ow ard F ed erated A ctio n by C o n su m ers’ C oop erative
S o cietie s
A T the recent meeting of the board of directors of the cooperative
x . league some interesting facts were brought out regarding the
progress which has been made toward the federation of the local
consumers’ societies in the United States.1 At the close of 1928 there
were in affiliation with the central educational body 140 societies.
In addition there are three district leagues. The Northern States
League has 88 affiliated societies (which have a combined member
ship of 50,000) and some 760 individual members. The Central
States League has 14 societies and 170 individuals in membership,
while the Eastern States League has 25 affiliated societies. If there
is no district league in operation in a given region a local society may
affiliate directly with the central league, but where a district league
has been formed the local society is expected to affiliate with it,
becoming also a member of the central league through the medium of
the district league.
There was formerly a league for the State of Ohio, but this was
dissolved in 1926, since which time there has been no federated
action among the cooperatives of that State. At the recent executive
board meeting mentioned above it was decided that the Ohio field
should be taken over by the Central States League, which will create
a special Ohio department. The societies in the district were to hold
a conference for this purpose in Cleveland on December 1.
Efforts are being made in Oregon and southern Washington to
form a district league there among the Finnish societies and those
run by the local granges.
The question of a national wholesale society was discussed at the
board meeting. There are now in existence four district wholesales
and one joint-buying organization. It was brought out that in
some instances they are buying their merchandise from identical
manufacturers, each wholesale having these goods packed under its
own label. The elimination of such duplication and the valuable
research work that could be accomplished through a central whole
sale were discussed as were also the commercial activities such as
insurance and publishing of publicity matter which could thus be
organized centrally. The directors agreed that central warehousing
will not be possible “ for many years.” It was finally decided that
a conference for a more thorough discussion of this subject should be
held in connection with the next cooperative congress, which will
take place late in October, 1930, at Superior, Wis.
Jl
1Cooperation (New York), November, 1929, pp. 202, 203.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Program of the Credit Union Movement
HE credit union movement has had a remarkable growth in
the United States during the past few years. To a large extent
this has been due to the activities of the Credit Union National
Extension Bureau, at Boston. The work of the bureau and the pur
poses and aims of the cooperative credit movement are described in
an article by the secretary of the extension bureau in a recent num
ber of the Review of International Cooperation.1
As the article explains, the bureau was established and financed
by Edward A. Filene, a merchant of Boston. The purposes of the
organization are (1) to promote credit union legislation in every
State whose population is large enough to warrant the effort; (2)
to assist in organizing credit societies as soon as enabling legislation
is secured; (3) to help the credit societies in the formation of State
leagues; and (4) to aid, finally, in the formation of a national league
when 15 State leagues have been formed.
Although the preliminary work has been financed by Mr. Filene,
the plan has, from the first, been that the whole movement shall
become self-sustaining.
Until the past few years, laws authorizing the formation of credit
unions were very few and not altogether satisfactory. Much edu
cational work has been carried on to acquaint the public and the
legislators with the purposes of the cooperative credit movement.
A “ standard” law was formulated and introduced into the legisla
tures of many States, and its passage has been obtained in 32 States,
which, according to the article, contain 80 per cent of the total
population. Eight of these laws have been enacted since January 1,
1929.
It is hoped that by December 1, 1929, the work will have progressed
far enough to concentrate attention upon the organization of State
leagues, preliminary to the final step to a national organization.
Most of the credit unions have been formed among groups which
already had some common bond, such as employment in the same
plant or membership in the same organization. Thus, some 40 socie
ties have been formed among the employees of the Rock Island lines,
each of which serves the railroad employees at a given point, such as
repair shop, terminal, etc. There are more than 200 such societies
in the Postal Service, and 60 or more among lodges of the Brotherhood
of Railway Clerks. At least three credit unions have been formed
within the membership of consumers’ cooperative societies (at Min
neapolis, Minn., Rock, Mich., and New York City). This, the writer
explains, was done “ with the thought in mind that the credit union
will specialize in the credit problems of the members of the society,
relieving the cooperative store of the problem of credit trading.”
The report concludes as follows:
T
T he second th o u g h t w hich n a tu ra lly p resen ts itself in connection w ith our
societies has to do w ith o u r possible c o n trib u tio n a t som e tim e to a su b s ta n tia l
consum ers’ cooperativ e m o v em en t in th e U n ite d S ta te s. E ach one of o u r socie
ties is developing from its ow n m em b ersh ip m en a n d w om en skilled in th e m a n ag e
m e n t of a cooperativ e c re d it society. J u s t how skilled th e y a re m a y be in d icated
by th e fa c t t h a t our societies o p erate u n d e r th e supervision of S ta te b a n k in g de1 Review of International Cooperation (London), September, 1929, pp. 341-344: “ The Cooperative
Credit Movement in America,” by Roy F. Bergengren.
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COOPERATION
77
p a rtm e n ts, as do com m ercial banks, a n d th e y h av e a n exceptionally fine record
for h o n est a n d efficient m an ag e m en t. I t has been m y lo t to organize m a n y h u n
d red co o p erativ e cred it societies, a n d to en jo y th e process of developing m en a n d
w om en w ho h av e d em o n stra te d la te n t ca p a c ity to m an ag e a co o p erativ e society
despite th e fa c t t h a t th e ir p revious experience h a d been in such w alks of life as
h ad p re v e n te d th e m from h av in g to do w ith th e m an a g e m e n t of a n y th in g m ore
im p o rta n t th a n th e m an a g e m e n t of th e ir in d iv id u a l earnings. N o t o nly a re we
developing personnel, b u t we are alread y conscious of th e fa c t t h a t th e g re a te st
problem w ith w hich we shall ev en tu a lly be c o n fro n ted will h a v e to do w ith th e
u tiliz a tio n of savings in ou r coo p erativ e groups in excess of w h a t th e y n eed to carry
on th e cre d it side of th e ir o perations. W hile t h a t p ro b lem does n o t p ress im m ed iatelv , y e t increasingly we have in o u r older a n d larg er societies to ta ls of
savings of m em bers n o t needed to ta k e care of th e ir cred it problem s.
C oop erative P u rch a sin g of G a so lin e and M otor Oil in th e
U n ited S ta te s
address delivered at the fifth annual session of the American
Institute of Cooperation, held at Baton Rouge, La., in July,
AN1929,
dealt with the development of the cooperative oil movement
l
in this country.1 Oil stations have been a feature of the cooperative
movement only since 1921, but have had a rather remarkable de
velopment in the eight years since the first one was started. Accord
ing to the speaker, such stations are now found in Colorado, Illinois,
Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, and the Dakotas, and
he estimates the total number a t some 400.
East of the Mississippi the associations generally operate on a co
operative nonstock basis but farther west most of them issue capital
stock. As in other types of cooperative societies, interest is paid on
stock at a moderate rate, and the surplus earnings above reserves and
depreciation are returned on patronage.
The speaker estimated the cost of establishing a bulk station at
about $1,500, the equipment including 2 or 3 twelve or fifteen thous
and gallon storage tanks on property with railroad sidetracks or lease,
a pump for unloading tank cars, a warehouse (for storing oils, grease,
etc., and providing office space), a tank truck, etc. Where a service
station is operated, the cost varies from $3,000 to $10,000 depending
upon the value of the land and the type of station. In the opinion
of the speaker, the society operating a bulk station should have capital
of at least $5,000.
The following five reasons are given for the rapid growth of coopera
tion in this field:
(1) Practically all farmers and a great many townspeople are
consumers of petroleum products.
(2) Only a small amount of capital is necessaiy.
(3)
Gasoline stations are easy to operate. It is pointed out that,
compared with most other businesses in which cooperators have
engaged, comparatively little skill or training is required for the
operation of an oil station. Previous experience in that particular
line is not absolutely necessary, though business experience of some
sort is an asset. “ The most important requirement * * * is
that he be a thorough-going cooperator.”
1 The Cooperative Marketing Journal (Memphis, Terni.), September, 1929, pp. 126-130; “ The Coopera
tive Oil Movement,” by Howard A. Cowden.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
(4) There is a wide margin between wholesale and retail prices,
so that a cooperative organization with a sizeable membership is in
a position to save its members a considerable percentage on their
purchases. The speaker emphasized that if a large proportion of
the consumers of the locality can not be secured as members, it is
inadvisable to start a station. “ It can be generally stated that a
company starting in business should be able to count on not less
than 15 gallons of gasoline or kerosene combined, for each dollar
of total assets, and approximately 45 gallons for each dollar of plant
investment.”
(5) The stations already in operation have had a remarkable suc
cess. “ From the very beginning cooperative oil companies have
been uniformly successful. We do not know of a single failure.”
One of the most successful companies is that of Greeley, Colo.,
which started in business in 1922 with 800 members and $4,000
capital. The membership has increased to more than 1,400 and the
capital to $14,000. The association has built up a surplus of $100,817,
while it has returned in dividends the sum of $285,967. The divi
dends returned for 1928 amounted to 26 per cent. “ This is an out
standing example, and the record made by it can not be duplicated
in many communities for the reason that the volume available is not
sufficiently large. We find, however, that in any community where
there is an average volume, a cooperative oil company can render a
very vital service to its members.”
Profits in one group of 19 companies averaged 11.7 per cent of
sales and in another group 11.6 per cent.
Central Purchasing Agencies
D u rin g the first few years each local association was buying its
supplies independently. Lately, however, several central buying
agencies have been formed, among which are the Illinois Farm
Supply Co., the Minnesota Cooperative Oil Co.,2 and the Union
Oil Co.
The Union Oil Co. has an authorized capital of $100,000, with
shares of $25 each, purchaseable by local associations and individual
cooperators. Its board of directors includes representatives of the
Missouri Farmers’ Association, the Farmers’ Union, and the Farmers’
Equity Union. The labor unions have also been asked to select a
board member.
The company is endeavoring to develop a chain of cooperative
associations, each of which will be a member of the central organiza
tion but will retain its autonomy. “ The principal features of the
program of the Union Oil Co. are: (1) A uniform brand name owned
by the cooperatives; (2) the handling of high quality, uniform
merchandise; (3) cooperative advertising; (4) cooperative buying of
merchandise; (5) cooperative buying of equipment; (6) organization
of new companies; (7) development of a national chain of cooperative
oil companies.”
A trade name and trade-mark have been adopted, and a distinctive
color scheme adopted for tanks, trucks, etc.
2 For
a description of these two companies see Labor Review, March, 1928, pp. 93, 94.
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WORKERS’ EDUCATION AND TRAINING
Problems and Trends in Industrial Education, 1926 to 1928
developments in the field of industrial education
in the United States in the biennium 1926-1928 are summarized
OUTSTANDING
in Bulletin, 1929, No. 21, of the Federal Bureau of Education,1from
which report the following data are taken:
1.
In 1926-1928 the total number of different specific industrial
courses which the public schools offered increased substantially.
Moreover, a disposition is shown to go even farther along these lines
to meet the requirements of industry and labor.
2.
There is an increasing tendency to consider vocational-industrial
training as a cooperative activity with industry—a work in which the
parent, the school, and industry have a vital interest. School authori
ties are aware of the importance of securing the sympathetic coopera
tion of both employers and employees in the working out of vocationalindustrial programs.
3.
A comparatively large development of the part-time program is
shown for the two years under review, part-time work, particularly
the cooperative type, being considered a highly effective training
method.
4.
In certain large municipalities vocational courses are being
organized with reference to housing and administration, according
to trades; that is, by the provision of separate trades schools, for
example, an automobile trade school, a printing-trades school, etc.
In other cities trade schools are being organized in which a variety of
unit trades are housed and taught under the direction of one principal.
5.
An increase in compulsory part-time school attendance laws is
reported, 31 States having passed legislation of this character.
6.
While there have been some studies in occupational levels, the
information on this subject is meager. Emphasis is laid on the need
for investigation to ascertain the occupational levels in the main
occupational fields for the purpose of throwing light upon requirements
for specific training and placement opportunities.
7.
Little or no progress has been made toward the solution of the
problem as to the character and amount of training which should be
made available for seriously retarded children. Studies covering all
of the principal occupational vocations should be undertaken in order
to discover fields of employment for such children after they have had
the required training.
8.
Improvement is recorded for the biennium in housing facilities
for all types of industrial work. In certain localities plans have been
definitely formulated for the improvement of the housing facilities
for part-time classes.
1 United States. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Education. Bulletin, 1929, No. 21. Industrial
education, 1926-1928, by Maris M . Proffitt, specialist in industrial education in the United States. Wash
ington, 1929, pp. 22-24.
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M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W
9. There is a growing recognition that the supervision of courses in
industrial arts calls for special qualifications and training.
10. There is an increasing conviction that the junior colleges
should give vocational terminal courses for certain positions in the
intermediate industrial occupational levels.
11. To secure a position as a teacher of industrial arts a person
must meet higher requirements than formerly in academic and
professional work and in practical training.
12. More schools are using the general shop with its various activi
ties as a type of organization for offering instructions in the field of
industrial arts in the junior high-school years.
13. According to reports from over 200 representative school
systems, the number of schools offering a course in occupations in
creased approximately 15 per cent in the biennium, 1926-1928.
14. Young people are going into full-time employment at a later
age.
15. There is tendency toward an increase in the number of schools
offering a course in home mechanics or some type of general mechanics
courses.
16. More girls are taking up work which will fit them to do more
effectively the mechanical tasks in connection with home and leisuretime activities. Training is also demanded which will enable girls
to operate and care for mechanical and electrical appliances for home
and leisure uses.
17. Model boat and airplane building projects are proving very
popular in junior high schools.
18. Instruction costs and the size of classes in shop courses in in
dustrial arts are subjects of study in various schools by persons who
have an interest in the progress of such education.
19. Teachers and supervisors in the industrial arts are taking an
attitude of intelligent questioning and experimenting toward the
use of tests for mechanical aptitudes.
20. During the biennium industrial arts and vocational-industrial
education teachers and supervisors showed a great deal of interest
in organizing and in promoting the usefulness of local and regional
professional-improvement clubs and associations and in the develop
ment of the various types of industrial education.
A p p lica tio n of P sych ology to B u sin ess and In d u stry
A T THE Ninth International Congress of Psychology, held in
New Haven in September, 1929, Walter Van Dyke Bingham, of
the Personnel Research Federation, New York, presented an appraisal
of industrial psychology in the United States in 1929. He reported
that about 1 per cent of the association’s members are devoting their
efforts, outside of universities, to the advancement of the application
of psychology to business and industry. The greater part of the
worth-while technopsychological work now under way in this country
is being done by those who have entered this field by way of engineer
ing or business management. Others have taken up such work after
advanced professional training in economics, sociology, physics,
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81
physiology, medicine, or law. Their psychology has been acquired
by experience on the job and private study.
There are, however, at least 60 psychologists in universities who
give instruction in industrial psychology to undergraduates in engi
neering and the liberal arts courses. Certain of these university
teachers also have outside contacts which furnish opportunities for
research and service in near-by industries. The following univer
sities are listed in the paper as carrying on psychological research of
significance to industry: Boston, Chicago, Columbia, George Wash
ington, Harvard, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, North
western, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Oregon, Stanford, and Yale.
Both inside and outside the universities some psychologists are
working to improve employment methods—a subject to which
psychologists in the United States have given special attention. The
United States Civil Service Commission’s research staff is “ setting
the pace” in this connection. The simplification of certain work in
the postal service and the development of new types of examination
for testing applicants for that service are cited. With reference to
progress in the development of psychological aids for selecting and
placing workers, emphasis is laid on the need of confronting the fact
that at present most executives do not consider the improvement of
employment tests as a major problem in industry in the United
States. Leaders in business are now more interested in such problems
as the following:
1. H ow can p a rtic u la r so rts of w ork be sim plified— m ad e less difficult irri
ta tin g , dangerous, or fatiguing?
2. How can the workers best be trained to do their work most easily and well?
3.
_H ow can tools a n d phy sical conditions be im p ro v ed a n d a d a p te d to p h y sp
ological a n d psychological req u irem en ts?
4. H ow can th e real w ork in te re sts of em ployees be d ete rm in e d so t h a t th e
m o st p o te n t in cen tiv es to good w ork m ay be used?
5. H ow can m an ag e m e n t in su re w holesom e p erso n al re latio n sh ip s of w orkm en
a n d supervisors a n d th e m axim um of good will am ong its personnel?
Among the recent experiments in applying psychology to industry
the effort to determine the factors influencing variation of output in
a manufacturing plant is cited. Almost every innovation made in
this plant, such as the inauguration of rest periods, changing the basis
of remuneration, etc., resulted in increased production. The factor
which outweighed all others, however, was apparently the response of
these girl employees to the active interest which the management
manifested in them and their work. A study of individual differences
m mo tormén in the matter of liability to accident on the Boston street
railways has led to developments and improvement by means of
which accidents have been reduced over 35 per cent as compared
with the previous 5-year average. Despite a number of recent
striking but rather sporadic_applications of psychology to industry
which might be reported, it is acknowledged in the paper here sum
marized that only in a slight measure and in restricted fields is
psychology assuming its responsibility as an aid to the improvement
oí management, labor conditions, and industrial relations. In closing
the author recommends in brief:
1. T h a t in d u s tria l psychology should focus on problem s th a t are v ita l now, in
an age of m ach in ery a n d of com m erce.
2. T h a t to do th is, psychologists m u s t know th e w orking w orld, o u tsid e th e
schools a n d th e la b o ra to ry .
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M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W
3.
T h a t th e re m u s t be p ra c tic a l a n d effective o rg an izatio n to th is en d . P ic
tu re , for in stan ce, a n A m erican in s titu te of in d u stria l psychology, a n a tio n a l
cen te r fo r p ra c tic a l psychological research in th e science of w ork, a n in s titu tio n
serving em ployer a n d em p lo y ed in th e com m on in te re st, a p lace w here able
you n g m en w ho h a v e a lre a d y learn ed w h a t th e u n iv e rsity la b o ra to rie s te a c h can
find th e ir in tern esh ip in technopsychology, in associatio n w ith m a tu re in v e sti
g a to rs a n d experienced m an ag e rs; a n in s titu te m a n n e d b y psychologists w ho see
th e g re a t o p p o rtu n ity fo r m olding th e ev o lu tio n of a n in d u s tria l age in th e
d irectio n of sa n ity , of en d u rin g satisfactio n s, a n d of good will am o n g all w ho
labor.
Workers’ Education in California in 1929
fifth year (1928-29) of workers’ education in California was
reported upon at the 1929 convention of the Federation of Labor
T HE
of that State, the activities being under the auspices of the joint com
mittee on workers’ education representing the Federation and the
extension division of the University of California.1
Of the 13 activities reported upon, 3 were courses of eight sessions
each given for Electrical Workers’ Local No. 18, of Los Angeles; 3 were
courses in the study of wages given, respectively, for Engineers’ Local
No. 72, of Los Angeles, Ornamental Plasterers’ Local No. 640, of San
Francisco, and Electrical Engineers’ Local No. 104, of Oakland; and
1 was a course of six sessions, on the social wage policy of the American
Federation of Labor, given for the Central Labor Council of Long
Beach.
Two summer schools were held, one lasting 10 days, at Neeley’s
Grove, on the Russian River, and the other, lasting 16 days, at Joywoods, Bodega.
Four week-end conferences were held, one of which dealt with the
problems of poverty, the second with the social wage policy of the
American Federation of Labor, the third with unemployment, and the
fourth with technological unemployment.
Workers’ Education in Oklahoma
INCE 1924 the extension division of the University of Oklahoma
has been cooperating with the wage earners of that State in the
development of a workers’ education program. The following brief
account of the progress of the movement is taken from the September,
1929, issue of the American Federationist. In the first year of this
cooperation classes were formed in Enid, Miami, Shawnee, and other
towns. Classes in foremanship, mechanical drafting, and other
vocational subjects received special attention. The work instituted
in these different centers was afterwards turned over to the publicschool authorities, the undertaking being supported and supervised
to some extent by the Oklahoma Board of Vocational Education.
In 1927, plans for a closer cooperation with organized labor were
perfected. On the invitation of the Oklahoma City Central Labor
Council, the dean of the university extension division offered, during
the first semester of the year, a course in labor problems during the
hour preceding the council’s weekly meeting, and during the re-
S
1 American Federation of Labor (California branch). Proceedings of the thirtieth annual convention,
held at Long Beach, Calif., Sept. 23 to 27, 1929. San Francisco, 1929, p. 25.
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[82]
W O R K E R S’ EDU CATIO N AND TRA INING
83
mainder of the year the representative of the university’s public
speaking department gave a course in public speaking. According
to the council’s officials, these courses stimulated to an unusual degree
the activities of the organization. The numbers attending weekly
meetings increased from 15 or 18 to 30 or 40, and the next year’s
attendance was reported good.
In 1928-29 the labor problems course was repeated; among those
taking it were bricklayers, plumbers, and painters. Courses were
also offered in social evolution and urban sociology. Upon the
completion of the new labor temple, it is planned to expand these
workers’ educational activities. The matter of appointing a com
mittee representing the wage earners has been discussed with the
Oklahoma Federation of Labor, such committee to cooperate with
the university in selecting the subjects for workers’ education courses.
While this educational program is under the auspices of unionized
labor, it is also proposed to interest the unorganized wage earners as
well. For the present, the organization of workers’ education will
be done by a member of the extension division’s staff. It is hoped,
however, that later on trade-unionists will be able not only to con
tribute financial^ to this organization work but also to aid in selecting
assistants for such task. _ As to meeting instruction costs, it has been
the practice for the university to pay one-half of the instructor’s
honorarium and for the study groups to pay the other half.
Attention is called to the fact that the workers express a wish to
study cultural subjects in sociology, ethics, philosophy, English, and
certain other non vocational fields. According to the dean of exten
sion, it is beliewed that there is a real opportunity in Oklahoma for
service in providing for the desire on the part of wage-earning groups
for participation in the larger intellectual and cultural fife of the
State.
Movement for Education of the People in China
MARCH, 1922, approximately 1,400 students had been recruited for a remarkable experiment in mass education in a small
BYProvince
in central China, and 80 volunteer teachers had been se
cured. Less than 3 years later 150,000 persons from 12 to 50 years
of age were studying in that Province alone, and early in 1929 the
number of students had reached more than 4,000,000, according to
Y u Chuen James Yen, a Yale graduate and the leader of this Chinese
mass-education movement. The following brief history of the
progress of the movement is taken from a recent article bv Mr.
Yen.1
Illiteracy in China
A l t h o u g h China had an elaborate educational system as far back
as 2000 B. C. and gave paper and the printing press to the world,
many millions, perhaps 50 per cent of the Chinese people, are illiterate.
I t is explained that this situation is due mainly to the existence of
two distinct Chinese languages, in which the same characters are
J o u rn a l of Adult Education, New York, February, 1929, pp. 35-40- ‘Forward four million! The
mass-education movement in New China,” by Yu Chuen James Yen.
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[83]
84
M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W
used—one a classical language and the other (known as Pai-Hua) the
simple language of the common people. For 4,000 years all literature
of China was written in the classical language. The use of this by
nine-tenths of the people is impossible, as proficiency in it demands a
lifetime of study. The difference between the classical language and
Pai-Hua is said to be as great as that between Latin and modem
English. Pai-Hua is used, the author estimates, by 80 per cent of
400,000,000 people in China and already has some literature. This
plain language, he declares, is the hope of China’s illiterate millions
who have no money to pay for education and are too busy to attend
schools.
Preparation of Textbooks
A t t h e t i m e the report upon which this digest is based was written,
a collection had been made of about 200 different types of publica
tions in Pai-Hua, among them novels, stories, magazines, business
letters, railroad notices, and official proclamations. More than four
years and a half have been spent in studying and analyzing these
specimens. Consideration has also been given to approximately
1,600,000 Chinese characters, with a view to deciding on a minimum
Pai-Hua vocabulary which every Chinese man, woman, and child
should learn. An attempt has been made to discard every unneces
sary character in order to save the student’s time. As a result, the
vocabulary of 40,000 Chinese characters has been cut down to 1,300,
which have been used in the preparation of a series of four reading
books of 24 lessons each. A busy man or woman spending only one
hour per day in the classroom can complete the first reader in 24 days.
This reader contains 300 of the most basic and useful Pai-Hua char
acters. The second reader can also be finished in 24 hourly periods.
In 96 hours a fundamental vocabulary can be acquired, at a cost of
12 cents or 3 cents per reader. As a supplement, however, to this
basic vocabulary, a pocket dictionary of some 2,000 additional
Chinese characters has been compiled to meet the needs of the average
writer. A student who has mastered the essential vocabulary and is
the possessor of a pocket dictionary is able to read any literature in
Pai-Hua that a citizen of the Kepublic is required to read.
Arousing the People’s Interest
C a m p a i g n s were organized to interest the people in mass education.
The importance of interesting the educated was recognized, as many
of them were not in favor of teaching the rank and file to read and
write. Others among the educated classes advocated teaching the
common people the classical language instead of Pai-Hua. These
objectors had to be converted to the scheme. An educational cam
paign was begun in a small Province in Central China. Posters,
mass meetings, and a parade of 5,000 persons were the means resorted
to for propaganda purposes.
College stu d e n ts, boys a n d girls, business m en, a n d lab o rers m arch ed th ro u g h
th e stre e ts, accom p an ied b y 50 d ifferent k in d s of C hinese b an d s, all p lay in g a t
th e sam e tim e. M en, w om en, a n d ch ild ren p o u red o u t of th e houses to see w h a t
th e noise w as a b o u t. T h e stu d e n ts in th e p a ra d e began to explain to th e people
on b o th sides of th e s tre e t as th e y w alked along. “ C an you read? If you can
n o t read, you are a b lind m an. If you are a blin d m an you o u g h t to com e to o u r
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[84]
W O R K E R S ’ EDUCATION AND TRA IN IN G
school to stu d y . We do n o t w aste y o u r tim e — one h o u r a d a v
w aste y o u r m oney— 3 cen ts a b o o k .”
85
We do n o t
Following these efforts, recruiting teams of college boys and o*irls
endeavored to persuade illiterates to enroll. As stated above^ by
March, 1922, approximately 1,400 students had been secured. After
4 months’ study 1,250 took a final examination and 967 passed. The
graduates had the degree of “ literate citizen” conferred upon them by
the governor, 5,000 persons attending the commencement exercises.
These and other successful experiments changed the viewpoint of the
scholars and gentry, and a mass education association was formed for
the Province as a whole. In the latter part of 1923 a national con
ference on mass education was held in Peking, 600 representatives
from 21 Chinese Provinces and special districts being in attendance.
A national association of the movement was then formed and at
present there aie bianch associations even m remote Provinces
including the northern plains of Manchuria. The number of students
has reached between 4,000,000 and 5,000,000, according to the latest
estimate. The writer declares that the educated Chinese men and
women now realize that in order to give their country its rightful
place among the family of nations her millions of common people, the
backbone of the nation, must be given a chance for education*and
citizenry. This realization has led many of the educated class to
become teachers. From 100,000 to 200,000 persons are reported as
teaching without pay.
Some Problems to be Solved
T h i s mass education movement is regarded by its leader as the
beginning of a new civilization in the Orient. Among the problems
confronting those engaged in this gigantic undertaking are the
preparation of men and women for the training of local supervisors,
the creation of a literature in the language of the common people,’
and the instruction of the farmers in rural economics.
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[85]
LABOR ORGANIZATIONS AND
CONGRESSES
Trade-Union Activities in the Electric-Power Industry
RECENTLY published article on trade-union activities in the
electric-power industry 1 traces the history of unionism in this
A branch
of industry, the problems to be met, and the tendencies in
organizing electrical workers as reflected in the progress of the Inter
national Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. The author groups the
wage earners in the electric-power industry into two broad classes:
(1) Those engaged in operation and maintenance, and (2) those en
gaged in construction. As the industry has progressed, the first class
of workers, notahly the linemen, who are both construction and op
erating workers, has become increasingly important. The question
of organization is then that of organizing the linemen rather than the
construction workers of the second class, who properly fall under the
jurisdiction of the building trades.
The International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, affiliated
with the American Federation of Labor, has jurisdiction over opera
tion and maintenance workers, such as linemen, cable splicers, meter
men, and trouble men. This union is the most influential in the
electrical industry, and the writer summarizes its influence on wages
and working conditions. Between 1903 and 1924, he states, the
union’s influence was strengthened and lowered periodically, following
to a large extent the peaks and troughs of the business cycle. When
in 1924 the union found wages and working conditions disadvanta
geous to labor because of the trend toward consolidation within the
industry, a stand for public ownership was taken. This phase lasted
until 1927, when President Green of the American Federation of
Labor announced that the union would not seek public ownership of
the electrical industry if it could secure recognition of its rights under
private ownership.
Negotiations with the National Electric Light Association followed,
out of which the author predicts that some national understanding
between central-station employers and the union will eventually
result. But he continues by pointing out that not all maintenance
workers who fall wuthin the jurisdiction of the union will be covered,
(1) because the union already has a membership largely composed of
linemen and wiremen to the exclusion of those workers who come in
more direct contact with consumers, and (2) because employers op
pose organization of workers who deal directly with consumers, on
the ground that such organization would destroy “ family spirit.”
1
Journal of Land and Public Utility Economics, November, 1929, pp. 363-369: “ Trade-union activities
in the electric-power industry,” by Charles F. Marsh.
86
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LABOR ORGANIZATIONS AND CONGRESSES
87
If organization of central-station workers does gain ground it will
be advantageous in that greater solidarity will result and the com
panies will gain the support of employees rather than their antago
nism. The author points out, however, that the proposed under
standing, even though opposed to strikes and recognizing the union,
might result in greater insecurity of employment if the present tend
ency to hire linemen on a temporary job basis grows. This problem,
he thinks, may be met by (1) budgeting work so that times of active
expansion will not be followed by inactivity, (2) developing unem
ployment insurance plans, and (3) increasing wages so that the worker
may save for periods of idleness.
In conclusion it is stated that the consumer is more interested in
continuity of electric service than in rates and that interruptions of
service have grown and will continue to grow less frequent as peace
ful methods of settling differences are resorted to. Other problems
of the industry must be so adjusted as not to be oppressive to the
consumer, the worker, or the employer.
T h ir te e n th In te r n a tio n a l Labor C on feren ce 1
SPECIAL session of the International Labor Conference was
held in Geneva, October 10-26, to consider questions related to
maritime affairs. Thirty-four States were represented at the confer
ence and a total of 267 delegates and advisers were present. The
agenda consisted of the following four items: Regulation of hours of
work on board ship ; protection of seamen in case of sickness (includ
ing the treatment of seamen injured on board ship); promotion of
seamen’s welfare in ports; and establishment by each maritime
country of a minimum requirement of professional capacity in case of
captains, chief engineers, and navigating and engineer officers in
charge of watches on board merchant ships.
The conference was called for the preliminary discussion of these
questions with a view to determining whether they should be the
subject of a second and decisive discussion at the next conference
and it was the decision of the delegates that all the questions should
be placed on the agenda of the next special maritime session to be
held at the conclusion of the regular session of the conference in 1930.
It was considered that these questions could be made the subject of
draft conventions or that in the case of the promotion of seamen’s
welfare in ports the question might be the subject of either a draft
convention or a resolution.
A
N a tio n a l C ongress o f th e F ren ch G en eral C o n fed era tio n of Labor
HE twentieth national congress of the Confédération Générale du
Travail was held in Paris, September 17-20, 1929.2 The congress
was attended by nearly 2,200 delegates, as well as by many guests
from other countries. The principal subjects dealt with by the con-
T
1 1nternational Labor Office. Ind u strial and Labor Inform ation, N o v . 4, 1929.
2 D a ta are from L ’Inform ation Sociale, Paris, Sept. 26, 1929.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[87]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
gress were the social insurance law, general social legislation, general
and technical education, and scientific management.
The resolution relative to the social insurance law which was passed
by the congress stated that the members were unalterably opposed to
all proposals to put the law into effect by degrees or to reduce or
limit the operations of the departmental funds. It protested against
any attempt to restrict the benefits of agricultural workers and stated
that there should be equality for all workers. To this end it was
demanded that the upper salary limit should be raised so as to admit
salaried workers now excluded. In regard to sickness and invalidity
insurance, a second resolution was passed calling for a reorganization
of the public health services of the country, with centralization and
coordination of these services.
The report of the committee upon social legislation was adopted
unanimously. The resolution called for the enactment into law of
various bills before Parliament, including one providing for an in
crease in the rates of compensation for industrial accidents and for the
extension of the law relating to occupational diseases to cover other
diseases than those caused by mercury and lead. It also dealt with
the subjects of compulsory conciliation in labor conflicts, the labor
contract, family allowances, and the provision of workers’ dwellings.
The position of the congress in regard to the reform of education
was the same as that of the preceding congress, which demanded an
entire reorganization of the educational system so that the children
of the working classes should have the opportunity to secure a higher
education. Technical and vocational education were declared to be
inseparable from the general educational system, and it was urged,
therefore, that the maintenance of such a service should be a function
of the Ministry of Public Instruction.
N The report of the committee upon production stated that rationali
zation in its industrial aspect was an attempt to stimulate production
within the industry by means of scientific management and in its
commercial aspect through the avoidance of useless competition and
the promotion of national and international trade combinations and
trusts. Industrially it was regarded as holding grave risks for the
workers, such as unemployment, speeding-up work processes, and
wage decreases, especially as in most instances the employers refused
all suggestions of the trade-unions looking toward the avoidance of
these dangerous consequences of the movement. The unions there
fore, the congress stated, should insist upon labor contracts carryingguaranties against these economic risks and should strive both for
a reduction in working hours and increases in wages commensurate
with the constant improvement in production in the various indus
tries. Labor should also claim the right to participate in the appli
cation of the new methods, so that the workers may benefit by the
increased production.
Other questions considered were the place of women in modern
industry, with particular attention to adequate rest before and after
childbirth, abolition of the night work of women, and control of
home work; and a solution of the problem of musicians and mechan
ical music.
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[88 ]
LABOR ORGANIZATIONS AND CONGRESSES
89
Labor U n io n M em b ersh ip in G erm an y, 1925 to 1928
HE membership of the General German Federation of Trade
Unions (Allgemeine Deutsche Gewerkschajtsbund) reached about
1,000,000 in 190U From that year on it showed a steady growth
up to 1913, when it was about 2,500,000. Although during the war
the membership fell again to about 1,000,000, after the war it rose
sharply, reaching nearly 8,000,000 in the period 1920-1923. From
1923 it dropped to about 4,000,000 in 1926. At the end of 1927 the
membership was somewhat over 4,400,000 and at the end of 1928
slightly over 4,800,0004
The number of member unions was 15,052 in 1927 and 13.810
in 1928.
The income and expenditures of the organization have been as
follows:
T
IN C O M E A N D E X P E N D I T U R E S OF G E N E R A L G E R M A N F E D E R A T I O N O F T R A D E
U N IO N S
[Conversions in to U n ited States currency m ade on basis of m ark =23.8 cents]
Incom e
Expenditures
Y ear
M arks
1 9 2 5 .._____ ___________
1926___________ ______
1927______________
1928_______________ _______
U n ited States
currency
148, 000, 000
148, 000,000
182,000, 000
222, 000, 000
$35,224, 000
35,224, 000
43, 316, 000
52, 836, 000
M arks
126, 000, 000
136,000, 000
130, 000, 000
189, 000, 000
U n ited States
currency
$29, 988, 000
32, 368, 000
30, 940, 000
44, 982,000
‘ A llgem eine D eu tsch e G ew erkschaftsbund, Jahrbuch, 1928, B erlin , 1929, p p . 196-202; and G ewerk
schafts-Z eitung, B erlin, J u ly 27, 1929.
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189]
LABOR TURNOVER
Labor tu rn o v er in A m erica n fa c to r ie s, N ovem b er, 1929
HE preliminary index of labor turnover in American factories for
November is here presented. The number of companies included
in this index now numbers over 450 and they have approximately
750,000 employees. Reports were received from 70 per cent of these
firms in time to be included in these preliminary figures.
It is the intention of the Bureau of Labor Statistics to present turn
over indexes for certain separate industries in about two months.
T
AVERAGE LABOR TU RN O V ER RATES IN SEL EC TE D A M ERICA N FACTO RIES *
T he rate is per 100 employees on the pay roll. The monthly rate is the rate for the calendar month. The
equivalent annual rate is the rate for the month expressed as an annual rate]
A.—M o n th ly R ates
Separation rates
Month
1928
January_______
February_____
M arch________
April_______
M ay_________
June. ___ ___
July_________ _
August________
September____
October----------Novem ber.. . . .
December_____
1.3
A v era g e..
2. 1
1.2
1. 7
2. 1
2.4
2. 2
2.3
2.7
3.3
2.7
2.1
1.7
Discharge
Lay-off
Quit
1929
2.3
2.4
3. 1
3.6
3.5
3.2
3.0
3.4
3.1
2.4
3 1 .6
Total
Accession
rate
1928
1929
1928
1929
1928
1929
0. 7
0.4
.4
.5
.5
.5
0.3
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
0.4
.5
2.4
3. 1
3.2
4.2
4.6
4.4
4.2
3.9
4.1
4.1
3.6
3 3.1
.6
.7
.6
.7
.6
.5
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.5
.8
31.2
.5
.6
.6
.5
.5
.5
.4
.5
.4
3.3
2.1
2 .8
3. 1
3. 5
3.2
3.2
3.6
4.2
3.6
2.9
2.5
1928
1929
1928
2 .8
5.0
4.4
5.2
5.8
5.1
5.0
5.2
4.6
4.9
3.9
3 1.9
2.4
2. 1
2.4
3.0
3.3
4.0
3.4
4.0
4.7
4.7
4.8
4.1
3.2
2 .8
3.1
3.5
3. 2
3.2
3.6
4.2
3.6
2.9
2. 5
1929
3.1
3.2
4.2
4.6
4.4
4.2
3.9
4.1
4.1
3.6
2 1.9
3.1
3.7
3.1
4
Net turn
over rate
2
IÎ.—E q u iv a len t A n n u a l R ates
Jan uary____
F eb ru ary___ __
March'. ----------A p r il___ _______
M a y ----------------J u n e . . -------. . .
J u ly ____________
A u gu st. ---------S ep tem b er_____
O ctober_______.
N o v em b er. ___
15.7
15.1
20.1
26.0
28. 2
27.1
27.2
31.9
40.3
31.9
25.6
20.1
A v era g e..
25.8
26.7
31.0
36.8
43.3
40.8
39.5
35.7
38.4
38. 2
28. 5
3 19.3
8.5
7.9
8.4
7.1
8.3
7.5
5.9
5.1
5.0
4.7
4.8
4.7
6.5
4.2
4.7
5.7
5.5
5.7
5.4
5.0
4.8
6.3
9.4
3 14.6
3.6
4.6
4.3
5.1
5.0
4.9
4.9
5.3
5.3
5.3
4.9
4.4
4.8
5.3
6.0
6.7
6.9
5.6
6.2
5.8
5.3
6.1
4.7
3 3.7
27.8
27.6
32.8
38.2
41.5
39.5
38.0
42.3
50.6
41.9
35.3
29.2
37.1
36.2
41. 7
49.2
55.7
52.1
51.1
46.5
48.5
50.6
42.8
3 37.6
33.4
31.6
35.9
40.0
47.2
41.3
46.9
55.7
56.9
57.1
50.1
38.1
44.5
58.6
56.9
61.2
70.2
59.9
60.9
61.4
54.3
59.7
46.0
3 23.7
27.8
27.6
32.8
38.2
41.5
39.5
38.0
42.3
50. 6
41.9
35.3
29.2
36.2
41.7
49.2
55.7
52.1
51.1
46.5
48.5
50.6
42.8
3 23.7
37.1
1 Now numbering over 450, with nearly 750,000 employees. The form of average used is the unweighted
median of company rates.
2 Arithmetic sum of quit, lay-off, and discharge rates.
3 Preliminary, subject to revision.
90
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[90]
LABOR TURNOVER
91
Comparing November, 1929, with October, 1929, there was a
decided drop in the quit rate and the discharge rate, but an equally
decided rise in the lay-off rate. The total separation rate for Novem
ber expressed on an equivalent annual basis was 37.6 compared with
42.8 for October. The accession rate for November, 1929, was decid
edly lower than the October accession rate. In October the acces
sion rate was 46.0 and in November only 23.7. This is the first time
during the last two years that the separation rate has been higher
than the accession rate.
Comparing November, 1929, with November, 1928, the quit
rate falls from 25.6 in the former year to 19.3 for November, 1929.
On the other hand the lay-off rate increased from 4.8 to 14.6. The
total separation rate increased 2.3 points, but the accession rate falls
26.4 points.
The last issue of Turnover Talks sent out by the Metropolitan
Life Insurance Co. is reprinted herewith. It is a further discussion of
the standard procedure advocated by the Bureau of Labor Statis
tics for reporting labor turnover experience.
[Turnover talk by Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.]
A S T A N D A R D P R O C E D U R E — C o n tin u e d
In th e N ovem ber issue we discussed th e m eaning of “ q u its ,” “ disch arg es,”
an d “ lay-offs,” p a rtic u la rly w ith reference to th e com pilation of com pany d a ta
used in th e N atio n al Indexes of F a c to ry L ab o r T u rn o v er. T hese item s co n sti
tu te th e “ n u m e ra to rs” of m o st tu rn o v e r fractions. I t is th e “ d e n o m in a to r”
w hich we w ish to consider in th is issue.
We fav o r th e use of th e “ av erage n u m b er on p ay ro ll” ra th e r th a n th e “ a v e r
age n u m b er a t w ork.” I t is pro b ab le th a t an a b se n t em ployee is as m uch, if
n o t m ore, exposed to th e risk of te rm in a tio n as one activ ely a t work.
T he real questions involved m ay be s ta te d as follows:
H ow shall one arriv e a t th e average m o n th ly n u m b er on p a y roll?
Is th e m eth o d sim ple a n d p racticable?
Som e of th e possible m eth o d s are:
An average daily n u m b e r on th e p a y roll.
An average of th e n u m b e r on each of th e w eekly p ay rolls w ith in th e period.
An average of th e n u m b er on p ay roll th e first a n d la s t of th e m o n th .
T he p a y rolls are a p t to be “ p a d d e d ” w ith nam es of em ployees who h av e left,
an d unless these nam es are cleared a t fre q u e n t in te rv a ls th e “ d e n o m in a to r”
used in calculating th e various tu rn o v e r ra te s is larg er th a n it should be. T h e
effect is artificially to low er th e tu rn o v e r rates. F u rth e rm o re , a n y p a y roll
includes all em ployees who h av e been a t w ork for a n y len g th of tim e, how ever
short, during th e period. T his figure w ould th u s be larg er th a n th e a c tu a l n u m
ber receiving p ay for an y one day.
W hile it w ould be desirable to h av e each com pany re p o rt th e av erag e daily
n u m b er on th e p ay roll, it m ay n o t be p racticab le to urge all com panies to com
p u te th is figure.
I t is recom m ended, therefore, th a t each re p o rtin g com pany clear from its
p a y roll those no longer em ployed, th is to be done a t least tw ice a m o n th , b u t
preferably every week, an d , secondly, t h a t th e m o n th ly “ av erag e n u m b e r on
p ay ro ll” be com puted by th e m ost conv en ien t of th e m eth o d s ab o v e outlin ed .
In this, the concluding issue of Turnover Talks, the Metropolitan
Life Insurance Co., through its policyholders’ service bureau, wishes
to thank the many companies and individuals who, through their
friendly cooperation, have made it possible to establish National
Indexes of Labor Turnover. “ The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the
United States Department of Labor has developed these indexes
considerably since taking over this project last June. Without doubt
you will find it profitable to continue your cooperation with the Fed
eral Bureau.”
86046°— 30-
7
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[91]
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
S trik es and L o ck o u ts in th e U n ited S ta te s in N ovem ber, 1929
ATA regarding industrial disputes in the United States for
November, 1929, with comparable data for preceding months,
are presented below. Disputes involving fewer than six workers and
lasting less than one day have been omitted.
Table 1 is a summary table showing for each of the months—Janu
ary, 1927, to November, 1929, inclusive—the number of disputes
which began in those months, the number in effect at the end of each
month, and the number of workers involved. It also shows, in the
last column, the economic loss (in man-days) involved. The number
of workdays lost is computed by multiplying the number of workers
affected in each dispute by the length of the dispute measured in
working-days as normally worked by the industry or trade in question.
D
T a b l e 1 .— IN D U STR IA L D ISPU TES BE G IN N IN G IN AND IN E F F E C T AT E N D OF EA CH
M O NTH, JANUARY, 1927, TO N O V EM B ER , 1929
Number of disputes
Month and year
Beginning
in month
In effect
at end of
month
Number of workers in
volved in disputes
Beginning
in month
In effect
at end of
month
Number of
man-days
lost during
month
1927
Ja n u ary .____ ______________ _________
February____________________________
March
__________
_____ . . . ..
April_____________________________
M ay. ----- -- ---------------------------------June____ . . . . ---------------------------- July_________________________________
August___ ___ ____ . . . ----------- -September----------- --------------- . . . .. October. ------- -------- . . .. . . .
November. . ------- _. ------- ---- . . .
December______ ___. . . .. . ------- ..
1928
January__________ . . ----------- ------- February-------------------- --------------------March _. . . . . . . --------- . . . . . . -----April . ______ . . . . . ___-- . . . ..
M ay__________ . . . . . . - - . . . -------June . . ___
. . ___
. ...
July_________________________________
August . . . ___
_______ . . .
. .
September ....................... .....
...
October. ___ . . . .
. . . . ---N ovem ber..----- ------- . . . . . . .
Decem ber._________
. . . . ------1929
January ----------- ---------------------------February----------------- ----------------------March _ ...................
................
April..................... . . . . ------------ . .
M ay_____ __________. . . - - . . . ---------J u n e ______ . . . . . . ................... .. -July_________________________________
August________ . . --------------------- . . .
September------ ----------------- . . . -----October 1_______________________ _____
November 1----------------------------------------
63
53
58
58
51
54
5, 915
9, 756
13,142
202,406
22, 245
18,957
33, 994
8,150
12, 282
13,024
5,282
4,281
2,287
5,717
8,182
199,701
200, 702
196,323
199, 287
198,444
196,829
82,095
82,607
81, 229
58,125
115, 229
214, 283
5, 265,420
5,136,006
4,863, 345
5, 308,123
4, 999, 751
4,945, 702
2, 724,117
2,040,140
2,129,153
48
52
41
71
80
44
54
59
52
61
44
23
63
58
47
48
56
46
42
42
34
42
38
29
18,850
33,441
7,459
143, 700
15,640
31, 381
18,012
8,887
8,897
27, 866
37,840
5,172
81,880
103,496
76,069
129, 708
133, 546
143,137
132,187
105, 760
62, 862
41,474
38, 745
35,842
2,128,028
2,145,342
2, 291, 337
4,806, 232
3,455,499
3, 670, 878
3, 337, 386
3, 553, 750
2, 571, 982
1, 304, 913
1, 300, 362
991,238
45
48
77
103
98
69
74
34
34
42
52
73
71
75
55
62
50
55
14, 727
20,134
14,052
30,130
26, 220
19, 702
35, 900
25,138
19, 224
16, 302
12,130
39,484
40, 385
41,321
52, 292
58, 959
54, 584
21,872
8,123
8, 818
8,415
12,658
949,692
921, 583
1,094,161
1,429, 046
1,578,929
1, 526, 627
1,116, 557
380, 681
259, 410
291, 750
317, 846
37
61
74
87
107
80
65
57
57
50
27
28
68
95
65
45
i Preliminary figures, subject to change.
92
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[92]
18
45
67
88
88
116
93
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
Occurrence of Industrial Disputes, by Industries
T a b l e 2 gives, by industry, the number of strikes beginning in
September, October, and November, 1929, and the number of workers
directly involved.
T able
2 —
IN D U STR IA L D ISPU TES BE G IN N IN G IN S E P T E M B E R , OCTOBER, AND
NOV EM B ER , 1929
Number of disputes beginning Number of workers involved
in—
in disputes beginning in—
Industry
Septem
ber
Bakers.._ _________ _____
Building trades_____________ . . . ____
Chauffeurs and teamsters__________ . . .
Clothing________ _ _
_____ . _ _
Electrical and gas supply w o rk ers___ ..
Food workers______ _________
__.
F u rn itu re ___. . . __________
._ . . . .
Glass workers______________ _________
Iron and steel__________ _
_ ______
Leather______
___ __ ___ . . .
Longshoremen, freight__________. . . ..
Metal trades___________ . . . _____ _
M in e rs_________ _________ _ _____
Motion-picture operators, actors, and theatrical employees ______ ._
Oil and chemical workers__ _ _______
Pottery workers .. . ____________ . . . .
Printing and publishing___
___ .
Railway workers_________ _____ _ . _ _
Rubber___ ____ _.
Stationary engineers and firemen ___
Municipal workers__ __________ .
Teachers_____ _____ ___ ____
Textiles________ ____________ .
Other occupations______ _______
Total __
___ ...
_ _____
October
Novem
ber
Septem
ber
1
11
2,010
1
15
4
26
7
7
7
12
11
1
9
2
2
2
1
October
600
Novem
ber
278
10, 340
500
6,100
1,222
81
1, 620
2,359
4, 793
1,057
158
48
77
427
100
2
60
1
1
8
1
12
14
1
3
1
4
3,006
176
315
3. 573
347
20
1
12
1
1
53
1
1
40
75
14
26
30
1
1
1
765
12
1
36
1,060
40
5
1
11
1
6
1
618
85
1, 800
140
1,432
900
651
600
95
65
45
19, 224
16, 302
12,130
4
Size and Duration of Industrial Disputes, by Industries
T a b l e 3 gives the number of industrial disputes beginning in
November, 1929, classified by number of workers and by industries.
T a b l e 3 .—NU M BER 0 E IN D U STR IA L D ISPU TES BE G IN N IN G IN N O V EM B ER , 1929.
CLASSIFIED BY N U M BER OF W ORKERS AND BY IN D U STR IE S
Number of disputes beginning in November, 1929,
involving—
In d u stry
6 and
under 20
workers
B ak ers_______________
_________________
B u ild ing tra d es.. . . . ____ . . . .
______
Chauffeurs and team sters___
C lothing
....................................
Food workers
.
. . . ___ . . _
F urniture .
________ .
... .. . .
Iron and steel________
_ __________
M etal t r a d e s ___ _ __________ . . . . .
M iners . . .
. . . . .
___
P o tter y workers . . . . . . ________ __
T extiles
. ____________________ ______
Other o ccup ation s____ ________________ __
T o ta l_________________ . . .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4
1
1
1
1
8
[93]
20 and
under 100
workers
100 and
under 500
workers
1
2
4
1
2
1
1
2
1
3
2
i
2
1
1
1
1
2
17
500 and
1,000 and
under 1,000 under 5,000
workers
workers
1
2
1
3
12
1
5
3
94
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
In Table 4 are shown the number of industrial disputes ending in
November, 1929, by industries and classified duration.
T able
4 .—NU M BER
OF IN D U STR IA L D ISPU TES E N D IN G IN N O V EM B ER , 1929, BY
IN D U STR IE S AND BY CLASSIFIED DURATION
Classified duration of strikes ending in November
Industry
Bakers_______________
Building trades________
Chauffeurs and teamsters
Clothing______________
Furniture_____________
Iron and steel__________
Metal trades__________
Miners_______________
Pottery workers_______
Railway workers_______
Shipbuilding__________
Textiles_______________
Other occupations______
Total.
one- 1 month
One-half Over
half and and less
month less
than 2
than
or less 1 month months
2 months 6
and less
than 3
months
months 7 months
and less and less
than 7
than 8
months months
5
4
3
1
1
1
1
3
2
4
20
12
1
5
1
1
1
Principal Strikes and Lockouts Beginning in November, 1929
Cleaners and dyers, Chicago.— The Chicago Master Cleaners and
Dyers’ Association, representing 110 establishments, declared a lock
out on November 4 against their 2,500 employees, demanding that
they withdraw their union affiliation because of “ cooperative plants
financed and controlled by union officers and members, in competition
with employers recognizing union.” The workers, about two-thirds
of whom are females, are members of cleaners, dyers, and pressers’
union, Local No. 17742, affiliated with the American Federation of
Labor.
According to press reports, employees were back at work by
December 13 on the basis that prevailed before the lockout, “ with
points of difference to be arbitrated.” The most difficult problem
to solve is said to be a large cleaning and dyeing plant which the
union is erecting. The employers want this project abandoned.
Iron and steel workers, Pennsylvania.—A strike of 700 employees of
the Reading Iron Co. at Reading is reported to have been in effect
from November 12 to November 29 because of objection to the
1‘Bedaux system of computing wages.” Committees are to investigate
the Bedaux system.
Clothing workers, New Jersey.—The firm of William B. Kessler,
clothing manufacturer, of Hammonton, was affected by a strike of
approximately 550 employees of both sexes from November 12 to
November 16, to enforce demands for union recognition, a working
day of 8 hours (instead of 910, a 44-hour week, and 10 per cent pay
increase. These demands were allowed, except that pieceworkers
vere given an increase of 5 per cent and time workers an increase of
$1 a week, which also averages, it is said, about 5 per cent.
Millinery workers, Chicago.—A lockout of 1,500 millinery workers,
members of the Cloth Hat, Cap, and Millinery Workers’ Union,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[94]
IN D U ST R IA L D ISP U T E S
95
in Chicago, by the Millinery Manufacturers’ Association, is reported
to have begun on November 15, involving the question of open or
closed shop, the employers demanding that the workers sever their
union affiliation.
This dispute, it is understood, is still in progress.
Bituminous-coal mines, Illinois.—A strike of approximately 500
employees of Mine No. 14 of the Old Ben Coal Corporation at
Buckner began on November 19 because of grievances involving
working conditions and wage reductions. The mine, according to
press reports, has been operating under what is called the splitcrew system, whereby only one-half the force worked each week,
in order to afford more employment for miners. When the operators
announced that they had decided to work the underground men
half time and to reduce the wages of the surface workers, a strike
resulted, which ended with the resumption of operations on Novem
ber 25, under conditions which formerly prevailed.
Principal Strikes and Lockouts Continuing into November, 1929
N o n e of the strikes commented on in previous issues of the
Review continued into November, with the possible exception of
the strike of street-car workers in New Orleans, which was covered
in the December Labor Review.
Conciliation Work of the Department of Labor in November,
1929
By H
ugh
L. K
e r w in
, D
ir e c t o r
op
C o n c il ia t io n
Secretary of Labor, through the Conciliation Service, exer
cised his good offices in connection with 27 labor disputes during
T HE
November, 1929. These disputes affected a known total of 33,390
employees. The table following shows the name and location of the
establishment or industry in which the dispute occurred, the nature
of the dispute (whether strike or lockout or controversy not having
reached the strike or lockout stage), the craft or trade concerned,
the cause of the dispute, its present status, the terms of settlement,
the date of beginning and ending, and the number of workers directly
and indirectly involved.
On December 1, 1929, there were 44 strikes before the department
for settlement and in addition 16 controversies which had not reached
the strike stage. The total number of cases pending was 60.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
195]
CO
at
LABOR D ISPU TE S R E P O R T E D D U R IN G T H E M ONTH OF NOVEM BER, 1929
Workers
involved
Duration
Company or industry, and
location
Nature of
controversy
Craftsmen concerned
Present status and terms of settlement
Begin
ning
Controversy _ Miners ..
Heron Stove & Foundry Co.,
Chattanooga, Tenn.
Lathers, Chicago, 11! _ _
Lockout
Kraemer Hosiery Mills, Nazareth,
Pa.
Strike __
Molders
L athers..
________
___
Right to remove coal from
Bardyke mine through
Talleydale shaft.
Alleged discrimination____
Violation of agreement____
1929
Adjusted. Satisfactorily settled_____ Oct. 28
Unable to adjust...
_ _______ ____
Adjusted. International union to fix
terms.
Pending
__ ___________ ______
[96]
Asked union working conditions. So-called “ yellow
dog contract” at issue.
________________________
Proposed
business competi ___do
Cleaners
and
dyers...
Cleaners and dyers, Chicago, 111... Lockout __ .
tion between workers and
master cleaners’ organiza
tion.
Truck drivers, Cleveland, Ohio.-. Controversy. Draymen and drivers. Interpretation of contract Adjusted. Commissioner’s decision
as arbitrator accepted.
relative to wages.
Veterans’ hospital, North Chicago, Strike______ Building mechanics _. Nonunion labor__________ Pending
111.
___
do
_ _
Drivers
Membership in teamsters’
Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., Phil- Lockout
union.
adelphia, Pa.
Adjusted.
Allowed
8
-hour
day and
_
_
_do
___
__
Asked
$3
per
week
increase;
Express and truck drivers, New Strike
time and half for overtime.
8 -hour day.
ark, N. J.
Objection
to
Bedaux
system
Adjusted.
Returned
without
disReading Iron Co., Reading, P a__ ___ do______ Steel workers __ . ..
crimination; committee will arrange
of computing wages.
terms.
________
Restaurant workers, South Chi- .. _.do___ __ Restaurant workers _. Renewal of agreement_____ Unable to adjust
cago, 111.
Nonunion labor employed __ Pending ______________ _______
P. J. Walker, contractor, Los
__do
__ Bricklayers. . .
Angeles and Pasadena, Calif.
_ _do_ _______ _ __ Sympathy with bricklayers Adjusted. Returned by order of inShell Building, P. J. Walker, con __ do ____
ternational union.
on strike in Los Angeles
tractor, San Francisco, Calif.
and other California cities.
Berkshire Spinning Co., Anthony, ___ do______ Weavers__________ Cleaners discharged. Weav Adjusted. Compromise settlem ent...
ers requested to do their
R. 1.
own cleaning.
___ ___ ___________ ___
Truck drivers______ Working conditions_______ Pending
__do___
Kelly Contracting Co., Philadel
phia, Pa.
________________________
Hill Metal & Roofing C'o., Allen- ___ do______ Sheet-metal workers.. Renewal of contract; wages_ __ do
town, Pa.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
. Hosiery knitters.
Ending
1929
Dec. 1
Nov. 1 Nov. 5
Nov. 5 Nov.
Nov.
6
Di Indi
rectly rectly
230
120
27
20
300
6
150
Nov. 4
2, 500
150
C
900
Oct.
1 Nov. 7
Nov. 11
300
Nov. 12
(i)
--.d o ___ Nov. 29
225
75
__.do___ --.d o ___
700
20
May
8
Nov.
8
Nov.
6
200
75
200
Nov. 19
40
200
Nov. 2 Nov. 21
160
340
Nov. 14
50
14
Oct. 16
17
2
Nov. 13
M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W
Coal Bluff Mining Co., Terre
Haute, Ind.
_do_
Cause of dispute
Remington Typewriter Co., Ilion,
N. Y.
Frankford Elevated Railroad,
Philadelphia, Pa.
T h reaten ed Machinists and metal Dispute relative to union
strike.
polishers.
shop conditions.
Strike______ Painters__________ _ Nonunion men employed as
scrapers.
Union Steel Casting Co., Pitts- ___ do.
burgh, Pa.
Barrymore-Wilton Rug Co., Phil- ___ do.
adelphia, Pa.
Denbigh Hall Apartments, Wil
mington, Del.
Compressed-air and subway work
ers, New York City.
Millinery workers, Chicago,
111__
West P ark Silk Mill, Scranton,
Pa.
William B. Kessler, Hammonton,
N. J.
[971
Commission merchants, Newark,
N. J.
T otal________ __________
1 Not
reported.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Rug weavers......... .
Wages cut of 15 to 20 per cent
Painters___________ Objection to action of fore
man relative to clearance
cards.
_.doUnderground work Asked $10 per day for drill Pending.
ers.
ers; $6.50 for common labor
ers; 8 -hour day.
Lockout____ Millinery workers__ Dispute relative to open or
do.
closed shop.
Strike.........
Miners____________ Payment of union dues____ Adjusted. Strike called off and opera
tions resumed.
___ do______ Textile workers......... Alleged discharges for union Adjusted. Day workers did not strike.
affiliation.
Others returned.
___ do______ Clothing workers___ Asked recognition of Amal Unclassified. Recognition granted be
gamated Clothing Work
fore commissioner’s arrival.
ers’ Union.
.do.
Teamsters___ ____ _ Owners violated agreement _ Pending.
Nov. 20
Nov. 18
Nov. 18
244
2,000
150
300
...d o ___ Nov. 22
65
...d o ___ Nov. 27
150
Nov. 17
Nov. 30
20
Nov. 13
800
Nov. 15
1, 500
-..d o ___ Nov. 20
20,000
415
Nov. 19
Nov. 27
15
Nov. 12
Nov. 16
550
Nov. 21
100
10
—
50
8 , 739
24, 651
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
Hudson Coal Co., Parsons, P a __
.do.
Metal ehippers.. ____ Working conditions............
do.
Unclassified. Union scrapers em
ployed before arrival of commis
sioner.
Unclassified. Nearly all workers re
turned.
Adjusted. 10 per cent restored to
night'shift; 3 to 5 per cent restored to
other classes.
Adjusted. Satisfactorily arranged___
SO
-1
98
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
W ork o f U n ited S ta te s Board of M e d ia tio n , 1928-29
HE United States Board of Mediation was established by the
railway labor act of May 20,1926, as an independent Government
agency to handle labor disputes which the carriers and their employees
had been unable to settle. The annual report of the board for the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1929, shows that in this period the board
acted upon 129 cases. Forty-six were settled through mediation, 10
were submitted to arbitration, 37 were withdrawn through mediation,
6 were withdrawn without mediation consideration, and 30 were
closed by action of the board. Nine of the ten cases submitted to
arbitration had been concluded by the end of the year. Up to June
30, 1929, 428 cases involving rates of pay, rules, and working condi
tions had been submitted to the board and 385 had been settled.
Of the 43 cases which remained unsettled, 41 had been assigned for
mediation.
During the year the board received 37 applications for its services
in the adjustment of grievances which had not been decided by the
appropriate adjustment boards bj^ which they had been considered.
Of 69 such cases which had been received by the board since its
creation, 45 had been disposed of in the year ended June 30, 1929.
The accompanying table shows the number of cases handled dur
ing the year for each specified class of workers, and the number of
workers involved.
T
M E D IA TIO N AND A RB IT R A T IO N CASES, AND N U M B E R OF W ORKERS INVOLVED,
U N D E R RAILWAY LABOR ACT, JULY 1, 1928, TO JU N E 30, 1929
Class of employees
Automobile mechanics__________
Brakemen-------------------------------Clerical workers________________
Conductors____________________
Conductors, dining-car---------------Cooks, waiters, and pantrym en---Dock laborers__________________
Electrical workers______________
Engine service_________________
Engine and train service-----------Engine, train, and yard service---Express workers_______________
Hill trainm en__________________
Lighter captains_______________
Longshoremen_________________
Machinists and helpers--------------Maintenance of way employees----
Num
Num ber of
ber
em
of ployees
cases
in
volved
i
3
500
479
163, 734
197
103
1, 100
160
418
485
336
4
550
2
4
4, 200
1
300
1, 200
8
22
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
7
100
31
48,104
Class of employees
Marine em ployees---- -- . . -------Marine engineers__
- --- Masters, mates, and pilots--------- Pullman porters--- _ - -----Shop laborers
... ------Shopmen.
---_ ---- ------ -Signalmen. ______ - ----------- --Station, tower, and telegraph service
Steam and electrical engineers------Talleymen, truck loaders, and
truckmen
Teamsters and chauffeurs. _ _
Track laborers___ . . . ---- --------Train dispatchers------ -------- -----Train service - - ---- -- Yardmasters
..
..
-------
Num
Num ber of
em
ber
of ployees
in
cases
volved
i
i
4
150
265
765
10, 865
1
1
8
10
24, 704
1,402
14
8,210
1,000
1
10
1
2
1
100
17
4
2
475
2, 765
1, 349
46, 423
152
The favorable influence of the railway labor act in establishing
better industrial relations on the railroads of the country is pointed
out by the board in the following statement, quoted from its report:
I t is th e opinion of th e B o ard of M ed iatio n t h a t th e in d u stria l relatio n s b etw een
th e em ployees a n d c arriers com prehended in th e railw ay la b o r a c t a re m a rk e d by
m an ifestatio n s of good feeling, resp ect, a n d in te re st on th e p a r t of all th o se con
nected th erew ith . T h e com m on aim ap p e a rs to be a desire to w ork o u t problem s
on th e basis of p ro m p tn ess a n d fairness. T h ere seem s to be no o u tsta n d in g
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[98]
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
99
evidence of th e in jectio n of in d u stria l or com m ercial politics in th e tra n sa c tio n
of business betw een em ployees a n d em ployers so fa r as our b o ard th ro u g h its
p a rtic ip a tio n is able to observe.
M any of th e questions arising are, of course, difficult of se ttle m e n t, b u t th is
is n o t unlike situ atio n s noticeable in com m ercial tra n sa c tio n s generally. W hereas
em ployees a n d carriers m ay h av e a p p e a re d in th e p a s t to consider in d u stria l
relations on railro ad s as a th in g a p a rt from relatio n s in o th e r in d u s tria l lines a n d
so im possible of co m p arab ility , th e re a re a b u n d a n t evidences to -d a y of th e recog
n itio n of u n derlying principles, h u m a n a n d econom ic, w hich should a n d do b ear
on such relatio n sh ip in railro a d s as well as elsewhere.
E v ery com m ercial a c tiv ity h as its ow n p eculiar a n d specific ch arac te ristic s
an d problem s. Such h a v e to be a d ju ste d u ltim a te ly w ith a reco g n itio n of th e
p a rtic u la r featu res of each a n d ev ery com m ercial line of en d eav o r, w h e th e r th e
in d u stry affected is textile, m echanical, m ercantile, o r co n n ected w ith tra n s p o r
ta tio n . In each succeeding y e a r of th e th re e y ears d u rin g w hich th e railw ay
lab o r a c t h as been in force th e B oard of M ed iatio n h as n o ticed a c o n sta n t a n d
cu m u lativ e broadening of view p o in t as reflected by th o se re p resen tin g th e in te re sts
of em ployees a n d em ployers w ho com e u n d e r th e a d m in istra tio n of th e law.
W e feel t h a t th e re is s u b s ta n tia l w a rra n t fo r a n ackn o w led g m en t of a fu lfillm ent
in large m easu re u p to th is tim e of th e prophecies a n d assu ran ces m ad e b y th e
p ro p o n en ts of th e railw ay lab o r a c t in th e ir u tte ra n c e s to th e p ublic a n d to th e
C ongress of th e U n ited S ta te s as affecting th e co n sid eratio n a n d passage of th e
W atso n -P ark er bill, i. e., th e railw ay la b o r a c t. N ever in th e h isto ry of our
c o u n try h as railw ay tra n s p o rta tio n been m ore harm o n io u sly p erfo rm ed an d
con d u cted th a n now a n d nev er before so efficiently in th e in te re st of ev ery b o d y .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Î99]
CARE OF THE AGED
Care of the Aged in the United States
HE care of superannuates by means of either pensions or homes
for the aged forms the subject of a report just issued by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics as Bulletin No. 489.1
T
Homes for Aged
T h e bureau obtained data regarding 1,037 homes which are caring
for old people. These included 9 homes for soldiers or sailors, oper
ated by the Federal Government, 46 homes run by individual States,
102 supported by fraternal organizations, 444 maintained by religious
organizations, 38 run by organizations of various sorts, 33 run by
groups of particular nationalities, 5 trade-union homes, and 360
homes supported by the philanthropy of individual citizens of the
community or by money left under the terms of a will. These
1,037 homes for which data were obtained were caring for 68,659
persons, at an annual cost of $26,306,477.
On the basis of the homes reporting it is estimated that homes for
the aged in this country have facilities for caring for some 80,000
persons. This number does not include persons cared for in alms
houses, a study of which in 1923 and 1924 showed a resident popu
lation therein of 85,889 and an annual disbursement of $28,740,535.
Although most of the data were gathered by correspondence,
personal visits were made to 151 homes.
The study showed that, in general, homes for the aged are most
numerous in industrial sections and least numerous in the agricul
tural parts of the country. Some of the homes have been in existence
a long time. Three were found which were established more than
100 years ago, and more than a fifth of the total number have been
in existence half a century or more.
Not everyone is eligible to these homes: 59 take only men, 328
take only women, 39 take individuals of both sexes, and 608 take both
sexes and married couples as well. Also, membership in the group
which is supporting the home is often a requisite. Thus, the homes
of trade-unions and fraternal organizations take only members of the
organization; church homes usually require membership in the denom
ination. Residence requirements are common among the homes
supported by contributions from the community. In cases where the
home is supported by the proceeds of a legacy, the applicant must
fill the membership requirements laid down in the will of the founder.
Age requirements are also common, 60 and 65 years being the most
usual ages below which admission is denied.
1
Preliminary data from this study have been given in previous issues of the Labor Review during 1929
as follows: March (pp. 1 and 12), April (pp. 1 and 7), May (p. 92), July (p. 1), August (p. 10), and Septem
ber (p. 1).
too
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CARE OF THE AGED
101
In most instances the home contracts, for a flat sum, usually of
$300 or $500, to care for the inmate for the remainder of his life,
whether this be 1 year or 20 years. For this sum the resident receives
board, lodging, and laundry, in the majority of cases nursing and
medical care, in some instances an allowance for “ pin money,” and
also in some cases burial in the home’s burial plot.
Each incoming resident is accepted on probation for a period of
from three to six months. At the end of that time, if still acceptable,
the inmate becomes a life member of the home. If, however, the
applicant is found not to be congenial, or is a trouble maker, or is for
any other reason considered undesirable, he is dismissed and his
entrance fee returned, minus a small weekly charge for board and
room during the period of probation.
Once accepted, the inmate becomes eligible to all the privileges of
the home. All life residents are treated alike regardless of the amount
turned over to the home at time of admission, the only exception
being that those who had property in excess of the admission fee
often receive interest on the excess.
The guests are usually free to go and come as they please during
the day, though for safety’s sake they are often required to return
by a fixed time at night. Some of the homes have specified days
and hours for the reception of visitors but most of them are very
lenient in this respect. It is also a general practice to permit guests
to go away for extended visits to friends and relatives, their places
being reserved for them during their absence.
The homes are usually run by a board of directors which has full
powers, in most cases through committees. Actual management
is in the hands of the matron, and she holds the most important posi
tion in the home, from the point of view of the inmates. It was
found that, as a group, the matrons were of a type above the average,
being in a number of cases women of superior ability. The excep
tions were so infrequent as to be noticeable for that very reason.
Study of the homes leads to the conclusion that while the existence
of a good, live house committee of the board of directors is very
important, to a very much greater degree the success of the home and
the happiness of the residents depend upon the personality and
ability of the matron. The physical and mental well-being of the
residents are in her hands. It was therefore interesting to find
that in the great majority of the homes visited the matron had
succeeded in making the scene of her endeavors a real home.
Old-Age Pensions
E a r l i e r studies of the bureau have dealt with the subjects of
retirement systems for public employees (Federal, State, and munici
pal employees, teachers, policemen, firemen, etc.), and pension plans
for employees in private industry. Summary data concerning these
were included in the present report, as well as new data on public
old-age pensions in the United States, and on pension plans for min
isters of various denominations.
There are in this country many systems of retirement for super
annuates. Members of the military services of the United States
receive pensions from the Federal Government, and employees
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102
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
in the United States Civil Service have a contributory annuity
system of retirement. In six States private citizens who are in need
may receive an old-age pension, and State and municipal employees
are quite generally provided for by retirement systems. Teachers
form a class of public employees widely provided for, as also do police
and firemen. Also, teachers in universities and colleges may benefit
under the retirement fund of the Carnegie Institution.
Certain private agencies have made provision for their aged
employees. Pensions for superannuated clergymen are increasingly
prevalent. Many private industrial employers, including the large
railroads of the country, have adopted retirement plans of some sort.
Even a few of the fraternal organizations and a small number of the
trade-unions have pension plans.
To receive the annuity or pension, a certain age (usually 60 to 70
years) must have been reached, and a certain period of service or
membership (generally from 25 to 30 years) in the organization is
also required.
Retirement plans may be either contributory or noncontributory
on the part of the beneficiary. The Federal military pensions are
noncontributory, but the cost of the retirement system for Federal
employees has been largely borne by the employees themselves.
Eight 2 of the 10 States which provide old-age pensions for citizens
who are in need have systems by which the adoption of the plan is
optional with the individual counties and the whole cost is borne
by them. In the other two instances, the State bears part of the
cost (one-third in Wisconsin and one-half in California). All but 7
of the approximately 70 State and city retirement systems for public
employees (including teachers, police, firemen, and others) require
contributions from the employees. This is true also of the Carnegie
Teachers’ Insurance and Annuity Association plan. The cost of
the trade-union pension plans is, of course, borne entirely by the
membership, sometimes through the medium of a per capita tax
for this particular purpose, sometimes from the general funds of the
union, and sometimes (in those cases in which membership in the
pension plan is optional) only by the members of the pension system.
Industrial pension plans are divided as between the contributory
and noncontributory types.
Under the pension plans studied by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
annuities were being paid to 550,751 persons, of whom 468,471 were
receiving Federal pensions, 15,555 were receiving pensions from
individual States, 28,895 from municipalities, 922 from the Carnegie
teachers’ retirement fund, 11,306 from labor organizations, 14,806
from religious denominations, 152 from fraternal organizations, and
10,644 from private employers. Altogether the amounts spent for
annuities in one year by these agencies was $286,098,304.
^Colorado, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming.
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CARE OF THE AGED
103
T ra d e-U n io n A ction on O ld-A ge P en sio n s in 1929
HE subject of provision for aged members by means of homes or
old-age pensions continues to be of interest to labor organiza
tions. Up to the close of 1928, 11 international unions had adopted
an old-age pension plan for their members, while several others had
some sort of old-age benefit.
The American Federation of Labor in its recent convention recom
mended the enactment of State old-age pension laws which would
provide for a pension commission in every county and at least $300
per annum for beneficiaries, the age of applicants to be set at 65.
Trade-unions were, however, urged to be cautious in setting up their
own systems of pensions, because of the great and increasing cost.
The subject of care of aged members came up in the convention of
the Wood, Wire, and Metal Lathers’ International Union, held in
September, 1929. The pension as well as the advisability of establish
ing a home for superannuated members, had previously been the
subject of study by the executive board of the organization.
The board recommended to the congress that the pension be adopted,
to be paid at the rate of $1 per day to incapacitated members 65 years
of age and over who had been in continuous good standing in the
union for 25 years. The establishment of a home was thought to be
impracticable at present, because of the cost.
The convention, however, rejected the plan submitted to it and
voted that the whole matter should be submitted, by referendum
vote, to the membership. It directed that the referendum be carried
out during the month of December, 1929, all returns to be in by
January 15, 1930, and that the pension plan if carried, go into effect
not later than April 1, 1930.1
T
O ld-A ge an d In v a lid ity In su ra n ce for J o u r n a lists in Y u goslavia
HE act of September 25, 1926, which came into effect on January
1, 1927, established a benefit fund for the insurance of journalists
against old age and disability for work.2
The act applies to all persons permanently employed on newspapers
as editors, reporters, of draftsmen and for whom such work con
stitutes the principal means of subsistence.
T
Contributions
T h e employee’s contributions to the benefit fund are based upon
the years of service under the benefit scheme and are as follows: 2
per cent of the monthly salary for those with 1 to 10 years’ service, 3
per cent for those with 10 to 20 years’ service, and 4 per cent for those
with 20 to 30 years’ service; the maximum salary taken into account
for the purpose of insurance is 5,000 dinars 3 ($90). This contribu
tion is deducted from the salary each month. The newspaper pro
prietor contributes a similar amount for each journalist employed
1Wood, Wire and Metal Lathers’ International Union. Proceedings of the sixteenth convention, held at
St. Louis, Mo., September, 1929, pp. 57, 58, 154-161.
2International Labor Office, Legislative Series, 1926, SCS. 1.
3Exchange rate of dinar in October, 1929=1.8 cents (at par, 19.3 cents).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1031
104
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
by him, a month in advance; he is thus responsible for the contribu
tions of both the journalist and himself. An annual subsidy is made
to the fund by the State.
Until January 1, 1932, the contributions and subsidy are being
utilized to constitute an inalienable capital sum, into which the fol
lowing are also being paid: The benefit funds of the Yugoslavic
Journalists’ Association and a certain amount of its annual net income,
all endowments, donations, and gifts to the insurance fund, the
profits from entertainments organized by journalists or other persons
for the benefit of the fund, and the interest on the inalienable capital.
Benefits
F u l l benefits will not be paid until after the expiration of the
5-year transitional period, January 1, 1932, even in cases where the
journalist has completed 30 years’ service as a journalist. If a
journalist is obliged during this period to leave his occupation on
account of serious illness and to retire or accept an invalidity grant,
he will receive, up to 1932, not to exceed 1,200 dinars ($21.60) a
month; in case of his death during this period, his widow and children
receive not to exceed 800 dinars ($14.40) a month.
Superannuation benefits.—On the expiration of 10 years’ employ
ment as a journalist, under the insurance scheme, the insured is
entitled to a benefit equal to 40 per cent of the salary on which he
has made contributions to the insurance fund, the sum of 5,000
dinars ($90) being taken as the maximum amount for the purpose of
insurance. Thereafter, for each additional year of service the benefit
is to be increased by 3 per cent of the salary so that after 30 years’
service he receives the maximum benefit, not to exceed 5,000 dinars
($90). The full benefit is to be calculated on the average salary
during the last 10 years of service preceding retirement, except in
cases in which the salary has remained unchanged during the last
five years, in which case the insured is entitled to a full benefit of
the same amount.
A journalist may retire after 30 years’ service in journalistic
employment, his twenty-fourth birthday being reckoned as the initial
date, but he is not compelled to do so. He receives no benefit be
fore his retirement.
Invalidity benefits.—For invalidity during the first 10 years of service
the benefits are based upon the degree of disability for work, the
payments amounting to one-third, two-thirds, or the whole amount
of the salary received on the initial date of the disability. For
invalidity during the tenth to the thirtieth year of service, the benefit
likewise varies according to the degree of disability for work, but in
addition the insured receives half the benefit to which he is entitled
by reason of his length of service and the amount of his salary. For
total disability incurred during the course of the employment, the
journalist is entitled to an invalidity grant equal to his full salary,
up to the amount of 5,000 dinars ($90), as are also the dependents of
a journalist who dies in the performance of his duties, irrespective
of the length of his membership in the insurance fund.
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[104]
CARE OF THE AGED
105
Benefits for dependents.—A. married beneficiary receives a supple
mentary grant of 20 per cent of the benefit in respect of his wife and
5 per cent in respect of each child.
The widow of a journalist still in employment at the time of his
death receives a benefit equal to the retirement allowance to which
he would have been entitled and each of his children receives an
amount equal to 5 per cent of such benefit. The widow of a journalist
who was receiving benefit is entitled to one-half of his benefit, and
his children to 5 per cent of such benefit until they attain the age of
21 years, unless other provision is made for them earlier. A widow
loses her right to benefit on remarriage, but in commutation thereof
receives a sum equal to three times the annual benefit to which she
would have been entitled if she had not remarried. The children
continue to receive the supplementary grant even if their mother
remarries.
Administration
T h e journalists’ insurance fund is an independent organization
under the supervision of the Ministry of Social Affairs. It is man
aged by a committee consisting of three members of the Yugoslavic
Journalists’ Association, three members of the Newspaper Pro
prietors’ Association, and a representative of the Ministry of Social
Affairs; a member of the Yugoslav Skupshtina (Parliament), elected
by the committee, will act as chairman. The conduct of the business
is intrusted to a director appointed by the committee.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[105]
LABOR AGREEMENTS, AWARDS, AND
DECISIONS
Awards and D e cisio n s
R a ilw a y C le r k s o n N e w Y o r k , C h ic a g o & S t . L o u i s R a ilr o a d
N June 8, 1929, the New York, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad Co.
and the employees in clerical and station service of the Nickel
Plate district and Lake Erie & Western district, members of the
Brotherhood of Railway and Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers,
Express and Station Employees, entered into an agreement in con
formity with the provisions of the railway labor act to submit their
wage dispute to the decision of a board of arbitration.
The employees had requested a flat increase of 8 cents per hour for
all classes of employees affected.
The board of arbitration consisting of A. D. Peters, selected by the
carrier; H. F. Baldwin, selected by the employees; and Arthur M.
Millard, appointed by the United States Board of Mediation, made
its award on November 13, 1929. On the basis of pay in effect
October 31, 1929, the rates of certain groups of employees under the
Interstate Commerce Commission are increased as follows:
O
Per cent of
E m ployees in-—
increase
G roup 8 ______________________________________________
6
G roup 9 ______________________________________________
4
G roup 10____________________:------------------------------------5}£
G roups 11, 13, 14, 18, 33, 86, 100, a n d 101____________
5
G roups 105 a n d 106__________________________________
6
The award continues:
6. N o change is to be m ad e in th e ra te s of p a y for th e classes of em ployees
re p resen ted in th is h earin g com ing w ith in groups o th e r th a n as above d esignated.
7. I t is u n d ersto o d t h a t th e p ercen tag e ra te s of increases p ro v id ed fo r in th is
aw ard shall be ap p lied to all piecew ork a n d to n n a g e ra te s in effect on O ctober
31, 1929.
8. T he provisions of th is a w ard shall becom e effective on N ov em b er 1, 1929,
a n d shall co n tin u e in force for a perio d of 1 y ear from th e effective d a te thereof,
and th e re a fte r be su b ject to 30 d a y s’ notice by or to th e carrier, p a rty of th e first
p a rt.
A g r eem e n ts
C o l l e c t i v e A g r e e m e n t s i n F r a n c e i n 1928
number of the collective labor agreements reported to the
French Labor Bureau in 1928 is given in the Bulletin du Min
T HE
istère du Travail for April-June, 1929 (pp. 147, 148). The agree
ments, of which there were 99, were divided among the different in
dustries as follows: Agriculture, 13; food, 6; building, 11; wood and
106
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LABOR AGREEMENTS, AWARDS, AND DECISIONS
107
furniture, 7; hides and skins, 1; polygraphic industries, 11; metal
works and mechanical construction, 6; mines and quarries, 2; stone
and earth, 6; chemicals, 3; textiles and clothing, 14; transportation
and warehousing, 15; and miscellaneous, 4.
The information furnished the labor office in regard to the circum
stances giving rise to the agreements was incomplete, but in 44 cases
it was stated the agreements were concluded as the result of a strike.
The intervention of a third party was required in 54 cases, or more
than half of the agreements. In four of these cases the Ministry of
Labor appointed mediators, 24 cases were settled by labor inspectors,
and the remainder by justices of the peace, prefects, mayors, etc.
Forty-four of the agreements were between trade-unions and em
ployers’ associations, and 24 between union workers and employers
or groups of employers not belonging to an association. The major
ity of the agreements did not fix the duration of the agreement but
provided that notice should be given of intention to break it. Of
the agreements which specified the time during which they were to
remain in effect, one each had a duration of 6, 8, and 9 months, 11
were to last 1 year, 3 for 2 years, 2 for 3 years, and 1 for 5 years.
In 22 cases the agreements specified the method of application of
the 8-hour day; 63 established a minimum wage; 12, hourly wage
rates and production bonuses; 15, overtime rates; 6, traveling ex
penses; 6, family allowances; 5 each, regulation of vacations and
notification of dismissal; 6, apprenticeship; and 1, night work. Twenty
agreements established bonuses varying according to the official costof-living figures and 10 agreements established joint commissions
for the settlement of any disputes arising from application of the
agreement.
86046°— 30----- 8
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[107]
HOUSING
B u ild in g P e r m its in P rin cip al C ities, N ovem b er, 1929
ATA are shown below for building permits issued during
November in 285 cities of the United States having a population
of 25,000 and over. Comparative figures for October are also
given. This information is obtained from the local building officials
in the different cities. The States of New Jersey, New York, Massa
chusetts, Illinois, and Pennsylvania, through their departments of
labor, are cooperating in this work.
The cost figures as shown in these tables are for the cost of the
buildings only. No land costs are included. Permits are issued only
for buildings to be erected in the corporate limits of each city.
Table 1 shows the total estimated cost of new residential buildings,
new nonresidential buildings, total building operations (including
alterations and repairs), and families provided for in new buildings,
by districts, as shown by permits issued, together with the percentage
of increase or decrease in November as compared with October.
D
T a b l e 1 — E ST IM A T E D
COST OF N EW R E S ID E N T IA L BU ILD IN G S, NEW N O N R ESI
D E N T IA L BU ILD IN G S, AND TOTAL B U IL D IN G OPERATIONS IN C ITIES OF THE
U N IT E D STATES HAVING A PO PU LA TIO N OF 25,000 OR OVER, BY G EOGRAPHICAL
DIVISIONS
New residential buildings
Estim ated cost
Geographical division
October,
1929
New E ng lan d ...........
Middle Atlantic . . .
East North Central..
West North C entral..
South A tlan tic... . . .
South Central______
M ountain and Pa
cific..........................
Families pro
vided for in
new dwelling
houses
No
Oc vem
Novem
ber, 1929 tober,
ber,
1929 1929
New nonresidential
b u i l d i n g s , esti
mated cost
Total c o n s tru c tio n
(including altera
tions and repairs),
estimated cost
October,
1929
October,
1929
Novem
ber, 1929
Novem
ber, 1929
$7, 408, 950 $4, 999, 860
25, 374, 951 19, 797, 531
19, 661, 592 12, 617, 795
2, 680, 195 1, 910,075
3, 505, 689 2, 603,917
2,427, 549 1, 598, 509
797
2,875
3,498
742
710
850
709 $7, 280,162 $3, 644,963 $18,332,665 $10, 674, 991
2,840 41, 945, 605 40, 946, 215 77, 900, 417 74,181, 288
2,293 32, 996, 317 26, 773, 715 61, 585,141 43,197, 808
539 1, 993, 519 2, 448, 675 6 , 623, 841 5,991, 742
595 5, 658, 832 2, 662, 304 11, 906, 193 7,499, 336
614 3, 520, 278 2, 098, 017 6 , 858,439 4, 362, 387
7, 790,490
2,813
2,279
9, 559, 861
9, 658, 814
7,036, 491 22, 336, 825
17, 350,448
T otal. ............. 70, 618, 787 51, 318,177 12, 285 9, 869 103,053,527 85, 610, 380 205,543,521 163, 258,000
-27.3
-19.7
Per cent of change___
-16.9
- 20 .6
In the 285 cities from which reports were received for both October
and November there was a decrease of 20.6 per cent in indicated
expenditures. The estimated cost of the buildings for which permits
were issued in these cities in October was $205,543,521, compared
with $163,258,000 in November. Residential buildings decreased
27.3 per cent in estimated expenditures, comparing November
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HOUSING
109
permits with October permits, and new nonresidential buildings
decreased 16.9 per cent.
Families to be provided for in the new dwellings for which permits
were issued decreased 19.7 per cent, comparing November with
October. In these 285 cities 12,285 family units are provided in the
new buildings for which permits were issued in October and 9,869
family units in the new buildings for which permits were issued in
November.
Table 2 shows the estimated cost of new residential buildings, new
nonresidential buildings, total building operations (including altera
tion and repairs), and the number of families provided for in new
dwellings in each of the 285 cities from which reports were received
for both October and November.
Totals and percentages of increase or decrease in expenditures for
each class of building and in the number of families provided for are
shown by geographical divisions.
Reports were received for both October and November from 48
cities in New England, 66 cities in the Middle Atlantic States, 69
cities in the East North Central States, 23 cities in the West North
Central States, 31 cities in the South Atlantic States, 20 cities in the
South Central States, and 28 cities in the Mountain and Pacific
States.
New England States
P e r m it s issued in the New England States during November indi
cate a falling off of 41.8 per cent in estimated expenditures for all
building operations as compared with permits issued during October.
Indicated expenditures for both new residential buildings and new
nonresidential buildings decreased, comparing November with
October. The decrease in the former class of building was 32.5 per
cent and in the latter 49.9 per cent. The number of new family
dwelling units as provided for by permits issued in November de
creased 11.1 per cent as compared with those issued in October.
There was a decrease in indicated expenditures for total building
operations in Boston, but increases in both Hartford and Providence.
Reports were received from all New England cities except Ban
gor, Me.
Middle Atlantic States
I n t h e Middle Atlantic States more building was projected as
compared with October than in any other division. There was a
decrease in this division of only 4.8 per cent in total building opera
tions, comparing November with October. New residential building
decreased 22 per cent, new nonresidential building 2.4 per cent, and
families provided for 1.2 per cent.
There was an increase in building operations in two boroughs of
greater New York and a decrease in three boroughs. The increases
occurred in Brooklyn and the Bronx, and the decreases in Manhattan,
Queens, and Richmond. Philadelphia and Pittsburgh both showed
slight increases in indicated expenditures for building operations.
No reports were received from Chester, Harrisburg, Lebanon,
Reading, or Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[109]
no
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
East North Central States
As i n the New England and Middle Atlantic division, the East
North Central Division showed decreases for all classes of building
operations and in families provided for in November as compared
with October.
The decrease in indicated expenditures for total building operations
was 29.9 per cent; in new residential building operations 35.8 per
cent; and in new nonresidential building operations 18.9 per cent.
New family housing units decreased 34.5 per cent, according to per
mits issued in November as compared with those issued in October.
Large decreases in indicated expenditures were shown in Chicago,
Cleveland, Detroit, and Cincinnati.
No reports were received from Anderson, Fort Wayne, and South
Bend, Ind.; Battle Creek, Mich.; Lorain and Zanesville, Ohio.
West North Central States
I n t h e West North Central division there was a decrease of 28.7
per cent in indicated expenditures for new residential buildings, but
an increase of 22.8 per cent in indicated expenditures for new non
residential buildings, comparing November permits with October
permits. Total building operations declined 9.5 per cent and families
provided for 27.4 per cent.
Increases were shown in total building operations in St. Louis, St.
Paul, and Minneapolis.
Kansas City, Mo., was the only city in this district failing to report.
South Atlantic States
D e c r e a s e in indicated expenditures for building operations in the
South Atlantic division, comparing November permits with October
permits, were as follows: New residential buildings, 25.7 per cent;
new nonresidential buildings, 53 per cent; total building operations,
37 per cent; family housing units, 16.2 per cent.
There were large decreases in Washington, Richmond, and Atlanta.
Baltimore showed an increase, in comparing November with October
estimated expenditures.
No reports were received from Pensacola, Fla., Augusta and Savan
nah, Ga.; Wilmington, N. C.; and Spartanburg, S. C.
South Central States
T h e South Central division showed decreases in indicated expen
ditures in each class of building operations and for families provided
for. Permits issued during November indicate an expenditure of 36.4
per cent less in total building operations than the October permits
indicated in this district. The November permits issued for new
residential buildings show a decrease of 34.2 per cent compared with
the October permits. New nonresidential buildings decreased 40.4
per cent in estimated expenditures, comparing November with
October. During the same period there was a decrease of 27.8 per
cent in families provided for in new buildings.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[110]
111
HOUSING
There was a decline in the estimated cost of all building operations
according to permits issued in New Orleans, Dallas, Tulsa, Fort
Worth, and San Antonio.
No reports were received from Fort Smith and Little Rock, Ark.;
Covington and Louisville, Ky.; Baton Rouge, La.; Oklahoma City
and Okmulgee, Okla.; Chattanooga and Nashville, Tenn.; El Paso,
Galveston, Houston, and Laredo, Tex.
Mountain and Pacific States
T h e r e was a decrease of 18.5 per cent in new residential building
in the Mountain and Pacific division, comparing November with
October, Families provided for decreased 19 per cent. New nonresidential buildings showed a decrease of 27.2 per cent, and the total
of all buildings for which permits were issued decreased 22.3 per cent.
Decreases were shown in practically all the cities of this district.
Permits issued in Berkeley and Seattle, however, indicate a slight
increase in total expenditure for all building operations, comparing
November with October.
Schedules were received from all of the 28 cities in this district
which have a population of 25,000 or over.
T a b l e 2 . — E ST IM A T ED
COST OF BUILDING S FOR W HICH P E R M IT S W ERE ISSUED IN
PR IN C IP A L CITIES, OCTOBER AND N O V E M B ER , 1929
N e w E n g la n d S ta te s
New residential buildings
Families
provided
for in new
dwellings
Estimated cost
City and State
October,
1929
Connecticut:
Bridgeport.........
$88,400
Greenwich_____
900,000
H artford_______
40,400
Meriden__ ..
82,000
New Britain____
86 , 800
New H aven____
33, 500
New London___
51.000
Norwalk___ . . .
75, 000
Stamford_______
110 , 000
W aterbury__
97,000
Maine:
Lewiston_______
19,000
Portland______
84,200
Massachusetts:
Boston________
859, 500
Brockton______
63,000
Brookline______
442, 500
Cambridge_____ 1, 533, 500
Chelsea______ _
0
Chicopee_______
20,000
E verett________
17, 000
Fall River______
34, 400
Fitchburg_____
15, 500
Haverhill______
22, 700
Holyoke______ .
45, 400
Lawrence........ .
19, 500
Lowell_________
15, 300
L y n n .......... ........
79, 000
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
No
Novem Octo vem
ber, 1929 ber,
ber,
1929 1929
New nonresidential
b u ild in g s, e s ti
mated cost
Total buildings, esti
mated cost
October,
1929
Novem
ber, 1929
October,
1929
Novem
ber, 1929
$225,155
89, 380
935, 843
11. 185
11, 560
367,250
14, 200
31, 500
228, 445
91, 900
$204,133
1, 023,870
425, 613
112,015
131, 660
3, 376, 255
359, 910
176, 330
252, 940
217, 950
$413, 500
483, 385
1,274,608
107, 290
96, 541
1, 345, 675
82, 775
144, 525
342, 720
173, 900
3, 500’
7,775
30, 300
267,141
9, 500
149, 335
209, 680
6 , 755
24, 520
41, 590
11, 500
57,100
13, 300
12,050
3,750
6,795
3,054, 558
132, 645
498, 300
1, 746, 367
97, 020
68 , 350
271, 325
57, 635
28, 550
51, 525
138, 675
138, 340
35, 795
211, 630
952, 358
58, 370
136, 385
133, 545
14, 020
67, 750
34,000
18,815
10, 775
25,095
26, 970
21, 700
22,180
103, 370
$116, 600
345, 500
173,100
43, 250
57, 500
940,000
50, 500
96, 500
89, 700
61,000
22
7
5
13
16
15
$15, 219
90, 635
51, 794
8
18, 610
10
19, 015
7 3, 096,400
5
304, 300
14
70, 300
12
102, 790
12
48,800
50, 700
6,000
3
17
1
11
1, 800
111, 439
382, 300
35,800
113
86
6
6
2
0
2
1,115, 430
40, 015
18,175
48, 430
77, 950
35, 650
205,125
13, 625
9,745
6,445
6,500
16, 275
5,185
51,860
10
12
10
88,000
14
0
6
0
47,000
6,500
11,000
0
5
5
9
6,500
6,500
2
0
8 ,0 0 0
6
4,400
65, 900 )
26
19
15
41
4
3
7
7
4
17
0
1
2
0
2
1
13
[ 111]
1,100
2,750
8,615
8,960
112
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a b l e 2.—E ST IM A T ED COST OF BU ILD IN G S FOR W H ICH P E R M IT S W ERE ISSUED IN
P R IN C IP A L C ITIES, OCTOBER AND N O V EM B ER , 1929— Continued
N e w E n g la n d S ta te s — C o n tin u e d
New residential h uildings
Families
provided
for in new
dwellings
Estim ated cost
City and State
October,
1929
Massachusetts—Con.
M alden________
Medford... ___
New Bedford___
N ew to n ______
Pittsfield_______
Quincy________
Revere.- . ___
Salem. _______
Somerville_____
Springfield_____
T aunton_______
W altham______
Watertown_____
Worcester______
New Hampshire:
Manchester____
Rhode Island:
Central Falls___
Cranston_______
East Providence.
N e w p o rt______
Pawtucket_____
Providence_____
Woonsocket____
No
Novem Octo vem
ber, 1929 ber,
1929 ber,
1929
$41, 000
102, 500
$78,000
108, 600
23
8
24
18
0
0
0
0
421, 000
112 500
111 , 800
21 , 200
25, 800
20,000
50, 300
18,000
123, 800
112, 000
210,000
300, 500
119, 500
182, 900
17, 500
72, 500
22 , 000
151,400
7, 000
29,000
82, 500
167,050
40
18
18
7
6
4
11
4
30
23
42
29
23
48
4
18
5
32
2
5
18
24
New nonresidential
b u ild in g s, e s ti
mated cost
Total buildings, esti
mated cost
October,
1929
Novem
ber, 1929
October,
1929
$43,253
40, 790
10, 775
103, 187
56, 350
24, 855
2,825
19, 970
12, 595
64, 520
50, 391
118, 250
9,600
264, 834
$75, 555
22, 525
108, 775
60, 340
15, 375
26, 140
1, 600
15, 040
15, 735
304, 450
15, 055
22, 510
16, 550
100, 925
Novem
ber, 1929
$141, 506
150, 690
53, 225
568, 627
181, 205
163, 382
49, 780
133, 595
45, 778
226, 405
87,246
259, 400
128, 050
642,919
$160, 655
149, 255
122, 825
408, 863
185; 550
219, 353
30,700
133, 295
81,965
509, 495
31, 740
60, 960
138,100
394, 825
33, 350
23, 250
8
6
9, 117
9,485
54,619
43, 786
31, 500
242, 700
145, 500
312, 000
102, 800
327, 600
9, 000
43, 200
150,400
54, 800
115,000
117, 600
457,400
7,500
10
54
27
4
26
62
15
35
2
1
9, 450
53, 538
47, 635
237, 000
56, 350
419, 250
7,860
4,575
14, 965
157,400
6,800
62, 130
145, 950
16,925
102, 550
306, 388
213, 608
557, 550
186, 975
934,000
36, 335
48, 025
173, 565
223, 907
128,460
184, 255
958,200
38,125
Total________ 7, 408, 950
Per cent of change__
4, 999, 860
—32. 5
797
709
7, 280, 162
3, 644, 963
-49.9
18, 332, 665
10, 674,991
—41.8
$29, 500
296, 300
159,925
68,470
57,430
25, 820
38, 200
$36, 700
9, 650
18, 000
72,455
19, 650
153,245
252,000
$1, 480,191
308,150
223,185
271, 091
227,665
421, 284
204,200
0
0
11
3
28
96
—11.1
M id d le A tl a n t ic S ta te s
New Jersey:
Atlantic C ity___ $1, 353,185
Bayonne_______
4,000
Bloomfield_____
56, 700
74, 700
Camden_______
Clifton_________
156,000
354, 500
East Orange____
Elizabeth_____
166, 000
Hoboken_______
0
Irvington______
67, 000
Jersey C ity_____
240, 500
Kearny________
51, 500
M o n tc la ir.____
94, 500
Newark
314,100
New Brunswick.. • 37,800
Orange________
80, 000
38, 000
Passaic. . ____
Paterson
___
261, 600
Perth Amboy___
15, 500
131, 000
Plainfield______
T renton... ____
14, 500
Union C ity_____
121 , 000
West New York..
11,000
New York:
Albany________
325, 000
Amsterdam____
40, 000
Auburn ______
29, 000
Binghamton__
115, 300
Buffalo________
469, 500
Elmira_________
0
Jamestown_____
76, 650
Kingston..........
127,400
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$40,000
12, 500
94,000
77, 700
130, 200
28, 500
81,000
0
28,000
25,000
87, 000
43, 000
107,120
260, 000
225, 000
343, 500
66 , 550
12, 500
36,186
14, 500
6 , 500
9, 550
118, 000
15, 200
23, 700
27, 700
448,000
31,100
35, 000
9, 200
13
1
12
20
36
75
33
0
3
19
36
24
5
14
0
6
0
14
55
12
8
55
7
5
5
77
4
15
3
42
3
22
4
13
6
54
3
18
2
6
3
2
2
2
25
4
5
17
114
0
18
4
14
2
6
8
129
5
[ 112 ]
8
4
15,910
12,840
256, 390
193,815
14, 735
37,950
41,296
12, 343
346,407 2,191, 735
13, 700
9, 800
11,925
4, 850
1, 705, 725
37,700
44,182
110,749
109, 370
94,123
5, 300
5, 600
77,728
65, 728
38, 700
0
46, 500
10,900
101,425
613,990
69, 784
157, 261
1,063,125
75,915
134,075
1, 777,887
479,794
165, 220
174,758
121,486
181,155
69,140
$258,994
31,450
114,000
248,118
153,800
202, 525
333,000
53, 065
51,190
244,915
128,485
90, 603
2, 978,184
280, 975
256,858
407,989
169, 637
134,048
65, 246
121, 786
25,100
59,965
147, 450
6 , 800
9, 600
210,198
1, 754, 258
32,950
54,810
5, 540
552,240
49, 300
59, 745
364,104
2, 315,023
44,154
197, 770
29i, 575
235, 859
28, 900
214, 240
104,882
1, 357, 805
43,972
149,155
28,080
12, 607
12 , 200
183, 560
41, 598
766, 710
4, 555
104, 700
5, 850
20,666
113
H OUSING
T able
2
.—E ST IM A T ED COST OF BU ILD IN G S FOR W H IC H PE R M IT S W ERE ISSUED IN
P R IN C IP A L CITIES, OCTOBER AND N O V EM B ER , 1929— Continued
M id d le A tl a n t ic S ta te s — C o n tin u e d
New residential buildings
Families
provided
for in new
dwellings
Estimated cost
City and State
October,
1929
New York—Contd.
M ount Vernon...
N ew burgh.__ . . .
New Rochelle__
New York City—
Bronx______
Brooklyn___
M anhattan
Q ueens____
Richmond__
Niagara Falls___
Poughkeepsie___
R ochester_____
Schenectady____
Syracuse_______
Troy___ ____
Utica___ ______
W atertow n.. . . .
White Plains___
Yonkers ______
Pennsylvania:
Allentown_____
Altoona________
B ethlehem ____
Butler _______
E a s t o n ...____
Erie___________
H azleton.............
Johnstown_____
Lancaster
McKeesport____
New Castle____
Norristown_____
Philadelphia____
Pittsburgh_____
Scranton_______
Wilkinsburg____
Williamsport___
York_____ ____
$169, 000
12,000
No
Novem Octo vem
ber, 1929 ber,
1929 ber,
1929
$35, 000
6,000
16
156,400
15
996,100
3,453,950
9,093,000
1, 929, 500
497, 200
300, 000
120, 550
212, 725
200, 300
216,600
64, 300
47, 300
23, 700
126, 000
185, 800
924, 500
977,100
9,125, 000
2,409, 050
196, 300
47, 800
11,500
399, 200
72, 500
334, 300
38, 500
80,000
3, 500
104, 000
628, 500
188
420
362
405
155, 500
46, 450
40, 500
16, 000
34,050
140, 350
12, 500
31,100
139, 000
130,100
43, 300
20 , 000
1, 062, 000
655, 600
40, 075
47, 375
75, 091
35, 500
95, 500
47,400
3, 500
5,000
8,600
145,750
25
0
15, 300
30, 000
77,800
24, 300
61,000
578, 300
569, 000
21, 550
36,000
80,675
12, 500
1
1
11
2
176, 500
68
30
8
32
26
46
10
8
6
12
35
10
6
5
5
23
1
5
30
18
7
4
230
106
10
7
6
7
Total____ ____ 25, 374, 951 19, 797, 531 2,875
Per cent of change__
- 22 . 0
New nonresidential
b u i l d i n g s , esti
mated cost
Total buildings, esti
mated cost
October,
1929
Novem
ber, 1929
October,
1929
$130, 225
21,050
368,019
$39, 200
62,850
64,393
951, 375 5,656, 770
200
197 2,471, 985 7, 056,745
765 19,465, 950 11, 323,965
601 1, 916, 353 1, 688 ,949
38 1,149, 560
107,030
12
477, 671
163, 606
2
1,100
59,150
18
642,479
182, 250
34, 500
15
62,800
67
272,960
109, 645
7
4,919
60, 050
12
35,100
88 , 300
1
9, 675
75, 745
11
100, 375
188, 200
80
183,820
509,888
17
46,525
117, 900
31, 804
14,973
366, 725
11,410
104,900
2 , 750
7,648
6,800
58
134,155
40,150
0
7, 420
2,687
2
12,050
36, 510
6
8,250
3, 575
10
30, 810
6,195
5
143, 760
4, 855
11
14,380
25,819
122 6 , 380, 520 6 , 669, 250
103
603,392 1,908, 657
5
93, 805
140,425
6
8 , 000
3,150
19
8,848
15, 427
3
13,811
21,100
$833,400
39, 050
656, 544
Novem
ber, 1929
$92,250
81,050
259,478
2, 311, 920 6,901, 080
6, 841, 765
8 , 862, 685
31, 216, 015 28, 293,825
5, 340,473 4,416, 004
1, 734,682
363,114
877, 001
256,629
167,170
72, 900
986,799
698, 805
256,050
171, 525
615,865
777, 835
95,422
135,749
244, 600
272,100
44,959
105, 757
256, 345
325, 375
444,864
1,371,063
242,797
116,700
462, 235
59,323
300, 505
26, 757
102,815
188,410
187, 347
189, 255
61,740
7,929,060
2, 047,677
438, 372
62,400
94, 663
89,979
234, 699
74, 847
17,205
10, 950
21,077
207,035
9,463
82,935
67,825
94, 750
32, 595
142,651
7,967,315
2, 755,452
176, 225
73,160
137, 256
45,798
2,840 41,945, 605 40,946. 215 77,900,417
- 1. 2
-2 . 4
74,181, 288
-4 .8
10
1
1
1
122,100
1
E a s t N o r th C e n tr a l S ta te s
Illinois:
A lto n ____ ____
$34,872
Aurora. _____
66 , 200
Belleville_______
55,400
Bloomington___
66 , 000
Chicago________ 7,175,400
Cicero __ ____
51, 000
Danville..............
40, 300
D e c a tu r_______
166, 800
East St. Louis__
89, 800
Elgin__________
25,160
Evanston______
268, 000
Joliet__________
64, 500
Moline..... ...........
74, 000
Oak P ark____ _
98, 000
Peoria___ _____
182, 600
Quincy..... .........
89, 700
254,800
Rockford ______
Rock Island____
44,400
Springfield_____
69, 600
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$10 , 000
30,935
50, 000
82, 000
4,184,800
154, 200
12 , 600
25,800
64, 700
16,450
91, 000
19, 000
51, 500
74, 500
368,960
25,800
142, 500
94, 300
58,800
4
8
13
13
10
856
7
9
19
27
6
20
9
14
13
38
19
70
16
15
8
11
9
555
21
3
5
19
3
8
3
9
5
32
4
42
39
15
[113]
$19,165
$175
25, 670
210, 754
144, 215
87, 375
50, 500
5,300
15,945, 850 12, 291, 250
54,420
7, 710
97, 750
64, 000
154,515
513, 610
123,110
17, 475
70,405
25,950
35, 750
39, 000
297,100
464, 000
18,405
576,945
13,955
8 , 550
423,130
20,060
7,710
46,300
48,985
45, 500
11,155
120, 629
8,594
146, 485
$85, 809
124, 374
205,665
127, 500
23,629,030
119, 930
146, 050
339, 315
231,185
113,818
371, 000
399, 700
115,185
118,105
605, 730
101,210
359,460
441,044
119,929
$17, 575
254,050
137,375
87,300
16, 760, 680
167,075
84,100
559, 210
85,061
58, 320
167,500
508, 700
644, 239
92, 775
415, 275
88 , 725
235,910
326,418
221,176
114
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a b l e 2 . — E ST IM A T E D
COST OF BUILDING S FOR W H ICH P E R M IT S W E R E ISSUED
P R IN C IP A L CITIES, OCTOBER AND N O V E M B ER , 1929— Continued
IN
E a s t N o r th C e n tr a l S ta te s — C o n tin u e d
New residential b uildings
Estim ated cost
City and State
October,
1929
New nonresidential
b u i l d i n g s , esti
mated cost
Families
provided
for in new
dwellings
No
Novem Octo vem
ber, 1929 ber,
1929 ber,
1929
Indiana:
$15,100
$35, 250
E lk h a rt...............
76,900
28,400
E v a n s v ille ..___
83, 500
41,000
Gary__________
72,000
80,000
Hammond_____
242,300
Indianapolis. . . .
630,875
34, 300
0
Kokomo_______
8 ,000
28,000
______
Marion
15,317
11 , 621
M uncie.. _____
18, 500
37, 050
Richmond_____
35, 500
18, 500
Terre Haute . . .
Michigan:
14,000
16, 500
Bay City .........
Detroit________ 3,141,975 1,973,188
691, 788
238,126
Flint. __________
123,100
146,600
Grand Rapids__
27, 000
Hamtramck____
6,0 0 0
0
0
Highland P ark ...
80, 500
90, 250
Jackson.. ____
23, 700
Kalamazoo_____
37,900
103,100
97,900
L ansing_____ .
42,950
Muskegon. ___
40, 200
109, 575
51,700
Pontiac________
3, 600
3, 000
Port H uron____
133, 750
92, 480
Saginaw_____ _.
Ohio:
227, 400
Akron
....
386, 650
13, 000
Ashtabula_____
0
168, 650
129,100
Canton ____
617, 600
Cincinnati . . . . 1,023,145
849, 500
575, 000
Cleveland-------237,900
C olum bus_____
316,100
25, 200
56,100
D ayton---- . . . .
192, 000
East Cleveland
0
Hamilton______
42,750
50, 550
Lakew ood_____
50, 500
61, 600
0
4,200
Lima----- -------Mansfield______
52,200
94,900
M arion________
3, 000
10,100
Newark................
14,000
34,400
Portsm outh____
5,900
7, 500
Springfield_____
22, 400
12,400
43, 400
40, 700
Steubenville . . .
189,400
92,950
Toledo___ _____
155, 350
Warren____ . . .
39, 400
Youngstown____
2
1,355,
800
0
Wisconsin:
13, 700
27,000
Fond du Lac___
48,100
Green Bay___ _
86 , 300
112,135
118,985
Kenosha_______
Milwaukee___
623,000
1,164, 600
Oshkosh_____ _
22 , 000
28, 200
283, 200
348, 950
R a c in e ._______
72. 700
Sheboygan_____
58,000
122,800
Superior_______
29,900
4
11
21
11
11
18
138
8
2
7
10
4
1
698
165
39
2
0
27
10
26
14
37
14
15
66
0
4
4
5
3
1
8
82
39
0
2
12
31
178
119
60
7
0
10
12
2
11
4
83
119
37
17
15
15
7
0
12
1
5
11
4
2
7
8
14
55
47
0
11
25
13
2 36
Novem
ber, 1929
Novem
ber, 1929
$34, 493
154,205
50,550
131,100
384,051
25,930
13,000
20,035
$3, 515
221,360
56,425
185,300
140,664
144, 215
82, 000
20, 340
21, 546
2 , 060
$95,759
251,302
152, 250
301, 500
1,139,072
64, 261
30,000
69,242
49,870
59,070
$34,121
265,885
159,600
299, 300
501,544
147, 520
117, 000
51,962
46, 690
22,876
32, 500
1, 639, 836
226, 309
82, 070
16,675
49, 090
103, 762
94,115
921,118
141,770
63, 931
132,000
157,811
41,410
6 , 767,971
2,130, 293
604, 370
38,550
99, 790
139,091
306,844
995,195
119, 523
723,895
7, 550
181,463
64, 736
4,880, 017
511,570
254, 705
43, 675
64,145
189,102
137, 506
1,033,848
196, 005
124, 786
135, 550
277, 329
700, 914 2,909, 569
35,955
2, 285
9,172
71, 548
2, 717,840
310, 510
975,800
2,161, 775
282,150
820, 700
496, Oil
95,917
128, 047
15, 300
509,894
3,475
437,770
10, 560
3,300
2,055
0
2, 725
22, 055
7, 500
11,375
11,510
12,800
9,125
12, 625
4,330
17, 700
2, 550
377.190
535,421
138,165
56, 725
2 125,615
0
1,147,769
41,010
258,233
4. 051, 595
5, 645,125
1, 316, 250
1, 006, 620
157,642
581, 728
71, 775
20,150
63, 525
17, 600
49,050
23, 700
34,980
65,050
915,646
328,905
3,155,864
19,185
157,897
1,105,430
1,805, 300
562, 700
210, 517
216, 335
57, 360
505, 805
9, 250
103,650
25, 255
28,485
17, 325
36,830
44, 900
520,120
98,415
2 1,493,335
8 ,200
15, 590
3, 760
1, 556,368
1,319,415
300,645
5,925
6
0
73,340
32,403
20
245, 075
• 7
21
745, 295
39, 590
13
556, 210
20
2
October,
1929
October,
1929
5
445
63
26
29
Total buildings, esti
mated cost
2 ,000
18, 688
0
5,120
27,000
110,162
1,819, 735
9,185
30, 810
4,360
2,080
36,380
137,843
178, 045
2, 320,848
56,175
493,471
118, 815
324,889
33, 270
90, 080
268,713
2, 918, 297
41,819
336,430
69, 970
287,670
T o t a l ...... ........ 19, 661, 592 12, 617,795 3, 498 2, 293 32, 996, 317 26, 773,715
-18.9
-34. 5
-35.8
Per cent of change__
61, 585,141
43,197, 808
-29.9
1 Not
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3
16
19
232
22
65
17
7
3
18
22
159
9
66
11
27
7, 705
41, 720
48,925
787, 206
31, 574
106,944
27,111
272,320
s Not included in total.
reported.
[114]
1
115
HOUSING
T able
2 .— E ST IM A T E D COST OF BUILDING S FOR W H ICH P E R M IT S W E R E ISSUED IN
PR IN C IP A L C ITIES, OCTOBER AND N O V EM B ER , 1929— Continued
W e s t N o r th C e n tr a l S ta te s
New residential buildings
Estimated cost
City and State
October,
1929
Iowa:
Burlington. _ ___
Cedar Rapids___
Council B lu ffs...
D av en p o rt____
Des Moines____
D ubuque. ____
Ottum wa___. . .
Sioux C ity_____
Waterloo_______
Kansas:
H u tch in so n ___
Kansas City _ ._
Topeka_____. . .
W ic h ita .._____
Minnesota:
D uluth________
Minneapolis____
St. Paul___ . ._
Missouri:
Joplin
Springfield_____
St. Jo sep h ___
St. Louis_____ _
Nebraska:
Lincoln________
Omaha__ . .
South Dakota:
Sioux Falls_____
T otal________
No
vem
Novem Octo
ber,
ber, 1929 1929 ber,
1929
64
447, 735
117,865
23,114
50, 543
68,750
55, 203
188, 525
509,145
489, 240
167, 465
49, 989
253,999
122
7
116
41
109, 570
225, 330
119, 534
6,795
320, 760
484,458
187,418
1,028,725
625, 662
96,382
1,298, 215
787,205
8
22
8
6
21
29, 025
112,110
19
25
41,700
26,000
61,805
32,100
71,800
375, 275
38, 200
43,100
21, 700
172,350
22
22
50, 800
472, 595
293,070
28, 000
481, 235
233, 640
12, 000
7
6
6
10
4
14
16
14
147
9
59
7
3
12
12
1
0
14
8
11
16
6
0
138
7
119
29, 725
18, 575
249, 677
3,000
27,335
8, 520
457,483
73,030
140, 000
41, 630
1,221, 403
16
29
17
40
228, 738
63,280
59,420
27,915
351, 573
702, 555
66, 650
17, 200
473, 500
72,100
13, 900
420, 500
105, 500
105, 000
42, 200
84,850
67, 500
34, 000
19
1, 910, 075
—28. 7
742
2, 680,195
$15,650
20, 665
5, 500
29,160
131, 582
1,255
N ovember, 1929
6,605
15,198
75, 605
80, 540
49,400
51,000
3,000
33,000
$7, 775
162, 500
13, 600
170,095
46,137
105,890
7,000
27, 360
33,460
October,
1929
147, 895
7,075
90,700
142, 800
27,950
24,000
44,400
60, 500
0
1
Novem
ber, 1929
$18,150
72,323
24, 800
89,875
253,947
15,431
5,000
190, 895
44,225
$2,400
28,800
10,000
October,
1929
Total buildings, esti
mated cost
$35,163
209, 813
61,600
283, 085
205, 408
146,283
31,000
117, 510
105,160
$24, 500
18, 550
21,000
New nonresidential
b u i l d i n g s , esti
mated cost
Families
provided
for in new
dwellings
10
539
—27.4
17, 000
30, 607
1,432, 749
*
109, 570
341,115
91,450
167, 700
54, 950
235, 200
1,993, 519
2, 448, 675
+22. 8
6, 623, 841
5,991, 742
—9. 5
S o u t h A t l a n t ic S ta te s
Delaware:
$279, 500
W ilmington.. ..
District of Columbia:
Washington____ 1,025,950
Florida:
62,350
Jacksonville____
M iam i_________
40, 650
St. P etersburg...
15,100
14,000
Tam pa________
Georgia:
306, 400
A tlanta________
18, 675
Columbus______
Macon_________
48,800
Maryland:
B a ltim o re.____
856,000
Cumberland___
7,500
Hagerstown___
17, 500
North Carolina:
2, 500
Asheville_____
Charlotte_____
136, 750
D urham _______
105,850
Greensboro_____
35, 800
Winston-Salem...
63, 720
South Carolina:
53, 700
Charleston_____
25, 900
C o lu m b ia ..___
Greenville______
33, 085
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$101, 500
623,300
18
156
$83, 630
$40,825
$985, 608
$192, 004
61
1,802, 529
260, 395
3, 036, 234
987,240
42, 745
255, 000
12,300
2,485
264, 440
335,957
109, 600
99, 045
165, 850
378, 617
56,100
41, 200
23
79, 900
35,000
23,400
15,800
23
6
37
5
9
4
9
8
140,180
172,525
69, 700
24, 770
88, 273
43, 625
1, 705
76
37
42
4
533, 885
17,610
9, 300
119,375
34, 285
14, 900
909, 744
45, 380
103, 001
258, 548
81,850
67, 786
939, 000
10, 300
24,400
180
200
1, 058, 700
10, 286
4, 220
572, 900
3,518
2,510
2, 684, 400
23, 515
23,720
2, 694,000
15, 693
27,060
2
10
11
8, 830
16, 560
33,462
587, 217
10, 645
38, 660
209,777
150,452
81,829
884,022
37.490
208,173
65, 212
656, 791
50, 695
6,850
3, 600
63,400
95,8Ò4
179, 265
58, 093
49,920
70, 960
137,960
17,150
130,108
28, 500
60,019
25,000
8,000
51,100
69, 650
10
3
2
5
3
5
44
1
10
36
17
17
9
7, 345
13, 765
1,800
32,585
802, 575
5
15
14
16,040
135, 500
16, 890
15
11
9
[115]
116
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
3.—E ST IM A T ED
COST OF BUILDING S FOR W H ICH P E R M IT S W E R E ISSUED
PR IN C IP A L CIT IE S, OCTOBER AND N O V EM B ER , 1929— Continued
IN
S o u t h A t l a n t i c S ta te s — C o n tin u e d
New residential 1>uildings
Estim ated cost
City and State
October,
1929
Virginia:
Lynchburg_____
Newport N ew s...
Norfolk. ______
P etersb u rg ____
Portsmouth____
Richmond_____
Roanoke_______
West Virginia:
Charleston_____
Clarksburg_____
H untington____
Wheeling______
Total buildings, esti
mated cost
October,
1929
Novem
ber, 1929
October,
1929
6
2
12
6
$20,440
1,707
68,938
166, 785
11, 650
246,859
32, 609
$2,125
2,174
169, 355
6, 250
750
127, 243
46, 860
$59,148
25,028
178,118
183,010
40, 588
543,186
151, 228
$37,915
21,485
196, 600
29,745
9,915
287, 069
75,140
7
3
3
7
73, 627
25, 605
40, 700
16, 077
25,425
15,340
156,330
18, 650
234, 942
31,230
66, 700
74,409
56,825
22,675
165,330
353,488
595
—16.2
5,658, 832
2,662,304
—53. 0
11,906,193
7,499,336
-37.0
No
N ovem- Octo vem
ber, 1929 ber,
ber,
1929 1929
6
6
8
3
2
$28, 050
6,950
24,900
12, 675
9, 900
69, 575
82, 009
$32,130
9,800
16, 200
18, 300
21, 607
15
18
74,200
20,100
25
0
New nonresidential
b u i l d i n g s , esti
mated cost
Families
provided
for in new
dwellings
2,000
66, 900
26,000
21, 700
4,400
9,000
27,300
T otal________ 3, 505, 689
Per cent of change__
2, 603,917
-25.7
6
3
5
0
6
4
710
Novem
ber, 1929
S o u t h C e n tr a l S ta te s
Alabama:
Mobile........... .
Montgomery___
Kentucky:
Lexington............
Newport_______
Paducah_______
Louisiana:
New Orleans___
Shreveport...........
Oklahoma:
Muskogee............
Tulsa...................
Tennessee:
Knoxville____ _
M emphis______
Texas:
Austin_________
Beaumont_____
Dallas........ .........
Fort W orth____
Port Arthur____
San Antonio____
Waco__________
Wichita Falls___
$33,929
35,250
$19,800
47,900
20
28
5
39
$3, 500
77, 350
$9,900
31, 700
$54,285
143,198
$54,800
123,090
80,200
6,600
23, 650
46,500
0
17
3
9
4
11,300
5
0
55,245
400
1,750
6,250
2,400
5,450
140,920
7,000
27,650
70,685
3,800
16,750
99,747
107,887
78, 900
33,086
33
47
21
146,850
20,250
121, 616
77, 391
362,917
186,179
277,492
182,155
8,400
430, 425
3,300
225,525
4
96
59
2
64,482
150, 903
690
348,545
77, 407
610, 590
6,090
604,975
69,861
273, 780
101, 625
230,100
66
30
24
69
38, 220
112, 515
86,880
39,390
116,878
507,681
207,486
343,491
138, 995
73,100
130,848
216, 962
78, 668
403, 730
58,867
156, 650
36,125
40,080
112,440
135,100
32, 600
394,245
48, 533
1,350
55
32
61
83
38
179
13
36
28
18
32
48
18
203
7
4
54,310
38, 371
1,362, 308
849,413
27,710
99,635
251, 866
165,200
38,788
122,665
313,240
736, 515
197, 908
167,107
1, 650,105
1,125, 722
229, 326
594, 830
321, 526
337,210
85,788
186, 701
526, 042
914,835
51, 401
565,150
93,004
48, 652
Total________ 2,427, 549
Per cent of change__
1,598,509
-34.2
850
614 3, 520,278
-27. 8
2,098,017
—40. 4
6, 858, 439
4,362,387
-36.4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
28
[116]
11,010
77, 620
38, 037
29, 930
117
HOUSING
T able 2
.—E ST IM A T E D COST OP BUILDING S FOR W H ICH P ER M ITS W ERE ISSUED
P R IN C IP A L CITIES, OCTOBER AND N O V EM B ER , 1929— Continued
IN
M o u n t a in a n d P a c ific S ta te s
New residential mil dings
City and State
October,
1929
Arizona:
Phoenix________ $142,384
Tucson________
73,442
California:
Alameda_______
66, 700
Berkeley_______
105, 525
Fresno------------74,100
Long Beach____
874,250
Los Angeles____ 3, 365, 812
744, 941
Oakland_______
Pasadena______
368, 995
Sacramento____
337,830
San Diego______
296, 460
San Francisco___
685, 302
135,800
San Jose_______
Stockton_______
25,500
18, 750
Vallejo_________
Colorado:
Colorado Springs.
9,000
Denver________
402, 950
Pueblo_________
28, 400
Montana:
B u tte_________
1,800
82, 000
Great Falls_____
Oregon:
Portland_______
532,400
Utah:
Ogden-------------11, 500
Salt Lake C ity ...
287,200
Washington:
Bellingham____
23, 300
E verett-----------19, 800
Seattle_________
686,450
112, 270
Spokane...........
Tacoma______ _
47,000
Total___ . .
9, 559,861
Per cent of change__
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
New nonresidential
b u i l d i n g s , esti
mated cost
Total buildings, esti
mated cost
October,
1929
Novem
ber, 1929
October,
1929
$128, 720
52,070
$24,715
41,590
$320,834
163, 455
$155,730
80,150
8
2,317
4,596
71,224
34, 600
63
53, 078
16,281
18
434, 735
565, 985
127
884 3,908, 655 2,828,872
229,489
152
561, 306
19
182, 439
63, 626
65
43,175
20, 895
498, 335
57
170,055
772, 925
285 1,316, 093
17,155
52,400
16
11, 175
10 22, 545
3
9, 900
30,433
81, 525
234, 897
195, 325
1, 357, 045
8,193,199
1, 454, 645
667, 899
457, 962
531, 990
2,424, 001
185, 785
105,898
35, 544
48, 579
280, 689
121,135
1,045,205
6, 679,288
773,437
220,251
381,240
794, 629
2,469,017
126, 710
37,335
45,442
Families
provided
for in new
dwellings
Estimated cost
No
Novem Octo vem
ber, 1929 ber,
1929 ber,
1929
$123,415
32, 600
69
21
21
33, 900
179, 550
38
65, 950
18
423, 050 339
2, 783,050 1,116
132
470,150
39
101, 825
317, 900
89
224, 050
70
1,459, 500 167
60, 700
36
5,450
15
4,780
6
5,000
5
122
8
0 1
1 7 8 ,0 0 0
17, 700
49
17
1
48
7
Novem
ber, 1929
15,290
386,150
7, 240
8,800
252, 300
200, 852
38,290
1,000, 450
97, 262
50,465
547,150
238,988
53,200
29
15
0
930
84, 685
36,800
27, 651
18,420
178, 350
46,349
96,266
369, 500
130
154
880, 400
286,120
1, 615, 585
895, 695
12,000
4
5
34
5,300
49,802
74, 650
57,105
61, 400
378,502
142,350
205,675
7
189
28
19
188
23
19
6
6
21,655
444, 540
303, 730
396, 421
86, 925
11,500
22,495
506,135
30,140
328,305
1, 228, 070
58, 085
509,245
559, 427
183, 735
25,030
40,605
1,245,150
130, 603
427,285
7,036,491 22,336,825
-27. 2
17,350,448
-22.3
119, 300
6,300
8,750
609, 520
67,350
58,000
86
11
7,790, 490 2,813 2,279 9, 658, 814
-18. 5
—19. 0
[1171
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
S alaries in th e P olice D e p a r tm en ts of P rin cip al C ities
N August, 1929, the Bureau of Labor Statistics sent questionnaires
to the police departments of all cities in the United States having
a population of 100,000 or over according to the latest census estimate,
asking for data as to the salaries of the employees, by occupation and
by grade. All but two of the cities made a report.1 As the police
departments of some of the cities have more complete organizations
than others, the occupations and official titles reported show consider
able variation.
Salaries reported by the month have been brought to an equivalent
yearly basis by taking twelve times the monthly rate; weekly salaries
have been multiplied by 52%; and daily wage rates have been multi
plied by 365 when there was no indication of less than full-time
employment. In a few cases hourly rates only were reported, and
in such cases the equivalent annual rates could not be computed since
no data were given as to the hours worked per day.
The data are presented in the following table, which is divided into
three sections (A, B, and C), each relating to a certain group of
occupations. Each city was requested to report for all occupations
in the department, and it is believed that fairly complete data were
obtained for the more important occupations shown in sections A
and B; it is evident, however, that the occupations shown in section
C were not fully reported by all cities.
Section A contains the population of each city, the salaries of the
superintendent or chief, secretary to the chief, chief clerk or secretary,
property clerk or storekeeper, chief of detectives, and the number
and salaries of assistant or deputy chiefs, inspectors, captains, lieu
tenants, sergeants, and patrolmen. In nearly all the cities included
in the study the population figures are estimates made by the United
States Census Bureau for the year 1928. In the case of cities for
which no estimates were made for 1928, the latest figures published
by the Census Bureau are given.
Some cities have several grades of patrolmen, based upon length of
service. Thus, Albany, N. Y., reported three grades of patrolmen;
the first-year men receive $1,700 per year, then they automatically
pass to the next grade and serve their second year at $1,800, and after
having completed their second year they enter the highest grade,
which pays $1,900 per year. While promotions are generally based
on length of service, there are a few cities which require mental and
physical tests and these are noted in the table. Patrolmen are often
detailed to other positions, especially in the smaller cities. These
details also are noted when such are reported.
Section B contains the number and salaries of mounted police,
motor police, traffic police, park police, captains of detectives, lieu
tenants of detectives, detective sergeants, detectives, policewomen,
and matrons.
Section C contains all of the occupations reported not included in
sections A and B.
I
1Data for the fire departments of these cities were given in the December, 1929, issue of the Labor Review
(PP- 124).
118
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 118 ]
SALARIES OF EM PLO Y EES IN T H E POLICE D E PA R T M E N T S OF CITIES OF 100,000 OR OVER
S e c tio n A
ity and
1208, 435
$4,500
Albany, N. Y___
120, 400
4, 000
Atlanta, G a___
255, 100
5,000 $3,066
Baltimore, M d .
830, 400 «10,000
? 5, 750
Akron, Ohio__
[119]
B irm in g h am ,
Ala.
222, 400
Boston, M ass...
799, 200 s 8, 000
7,000
1 143, 555
Footnotes on page 126.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5,500
Captains
1
i
4, 200
1
$2, 898
$3, 000
8
2,400
14
3,066
4
2, 592
3
15
2,448
2, 376
7
3
4,186
4, 095
4,004
3, 913
10
9
8
7
1
3,289
3, 218
3,146
3,075
3,003
65,175
3 $5,175
3, 450
2
1
$2, 400
0
3, 500
6
4
$2,898
0
2, 400
Lieutenants
Patrolmen
Sergeants
Prop
erty
Chief
Num
Num
Num
Num
Num
clerk or of detec Num
ber Salary ber Salary ber Salary ber Salary ber Salary ber Salary
store tives
keeper
$3,000
0
Inspectors
1
2, 920
1
1
11
4, 525
4,500
4,300
1
3, 750
26
$2,400
2,200
10
26
$2, 268
120
132
2,100
15
169
8
52
230
22
37
29
47
24
7
2,781
2,720
2, 660
2,599
2,539
2,479
3
2, 220
2
2,865
12 2, 220
2, 700
28
4, 000
3
42
2,725
2, 700
172
2,525
2, 500
6
3,300
15
3, 000
31
2,700
$2, 079
2,016
1,953
1,800
1, 900
1,800
1,700
2,100
10 2, 088
31 2, 016
1 1, 944
2, 392
2,340
2,288
2,236
2,184
2,132
1 2,080
1,999
1,950
59
51
1,820
89
1,920
22 1,860
17 1, 800
40
1,740
983 1
02 100
56 1
02, 000
192 101, 900
01,800
157 1
96 io 1, 700
141 101,600
193 2,300
4 2.200
46
63
51
90
114
620
278
Classification
0.
0.
0.
0
.
After 2 years.
Second year.
First year.
After 3 years.
Third year.
Second year.
First year.
After 30 years.
After 25 years.
After 20 years.
After 15 years.
After 10 years.
After 5 years.
3d to 5th years.
0.
Second year.
First year.
After 3 years.
Third year.
Second year.
First year.
After 5 years.
Fifth year.
Fourth year.
Third year.
Second year.
First year.
After 1 year.
First year.
119
B rid g e p o rt,
Conn.
5, 000
Assistant or
deputy chiefs
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Salary ofPopula
tion, 1928,
esti
mated by Super Secre Chief
Census intend tary to clerk
Bureau ent or chief or sec
retary
chief
SALARIES OF E M PLO Y EE S IN T H E PO LICE D E PA R TM EN TS OF CITIES OF 100,000 OR OVER—Continued
i_ ‘
to
^
S e c tio n A — C o n tin u ed
Assistant or
Salary of—
Captains
Lieutenants
Sergeants
Patrolmen
deputy chiefs Inspectors
Popula
tion, 1928,
esti
Prop
City and State mated
by Super Secre Chief
erty
Chief Num
clerk clerk
Num
Num
Num
Num
tary
to
Census intend
detec ber Salary Num
Classification
or chief or sec storeor oftives
ber Salary ber Salary ber Salary ber Salary ber Salary
Bureau ent
retary keeper
chief
Î3
O
Buffalo, N. Y__
555,800 5$7, 000 $3, 030
Cambr i dge,
Mass.
125,800
4, 500
Camden, N. .T.’L
135,400
4, 000
116,800
3,250
( a n io n ,
( )hio_
Chicago, 111
U
2,040
—
(12)
5, 220
6,000
2,700
t'land, <Olio. 1, 010,300
6, 440
3, 543
0 o 1u ni b u s ,
299, 000
3, 720
2, 580
Dallas,
217, 800
5, 030
2,760 1»2, 130
Oiiio.
T e x .'C __
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$3, 600
$4,500
(!2)
n 3,000
» 2 $5,000
2
$4, 500
$2, 400
413, 700
in e in n a I. i,
( Olio.
( ;ic\
3,157,400 HO, 000
(12)
2,480
5,300
2, 340
3, 300
u
1, 920
4,
n 7
1
1
7, 500
4, 000
3, 700
416
3,420
1
3, 360
$3, 030
9
3, 000
2
5
70 $2,550
10
—
—
14
$2, 550
3, 200
15
2, 220
2,700
3
2,250
2, 750
4,300
2,700
3,200
3, 300
50
4, 000
140
3, 200
599
2, 900
3
3,000
32
2,460
37
2,200
4,416
3, 783
20
3,543
61
2,746
126
2,614
8
1
2,880
4
2, 520
2, 400
3
2,340
4
2, 220
1
1
2,250
3
4
5
3
2,070
2, 040
2, 010
1,980
1, 950
1
15 3
19 2
17 8
«1
2, 520
31
2
2
1
2,220
2,190
2,160
10
834 $2, 250
18 1.950
182 2,190
1,983
15
18 ' 1,783
118 2.040
8 1,800
14 1,680
43
1, 560
1.500
40
46 2.040
8 1, 950
2 1,800
10 1, 700
2, 721 2, 500
243 2, 260
748 2,140
286 1,860
1,740
39
76
1,620
68 1.500
2, 420
1,146
0 2, 200
48 2, 070
0 1,800
1,920
275
21 1,860
1,800
27
1,860
5
1,830
7
14 1,800
19 1, 770
39
1, 740
5 1,620
5 1, 560
3 1, 500
13RO
After 1 year.
First year.
After 2 years.
Second year.
First year.
After 4 years.
Fourth year.
Third year.
Second year.
First year.
0 .
0 .
0 .
0 .
After 2 years.
Second year.
First year.
After 3 years.
T hird year.
Second year.
First year.
After 3 years.
Third year.
Second year.
First year.
After 2 years.
Second year.
First year.
After 25 years.
After 20 years.
After 15 years.
After 10 years.
After 1 year.
Fourth 3 months.
Third 3 months.
Second 3 months. .
j.
K
O
H
W
f1
«j
t-1
>
w
2
w
fo
H
"n
H
264, ¿00
4, 200
2, 160
1,920 » 3, 300
1, 920
17
26
2,280
___
2,460
1
20 1
21 3
«40
2,460
2,460
5; 000
4, 000
2
2, 220
3
2, 100
6
2, 040
6
3,480
83
2, 960
157
2, 710
2,220
040
1
2
2, 700
2,280
4
2,220
11
2, 100
4
2,160
4
1,920
2,100
1
2,430
2
2,160
2
2,040
7
2,400
4
2, 700
10
2,400
6
2, 250
3
3,300
1
3, 500
4
2,460
12
2, 340
9
1, 920
1
1
Duluth, M inn
2, 600
1, 500
2
2
2,700
1
%
After 1 year.
Second 6 months.
First 6 months.
After 3 years.
Third year.
Second year.
First year.
After 1 year.
First year.
First 6 months.
Second 6 months.
After 1 year.
After 4 years.
Fourth year.
Third year.
Second year.
First year.
After 3 years.
Third year.
Second year.
First year.
After 5 years.
Fifth year.
Fourth year.
Third year.
Second year.
First year.
117,800
4, 200
1 102, 053
3, 380
F a ll R iv e r,
134, 300
Mass.
Flint, Mich _ _ 148,800
4,000
1,278
5, 500
2, 700
F o rt W ayne,
Ind.
F o rt W o rth ,
Tex.
Grand Rapids,
Mich.
105, 300
3, 060
1,500
1
2,640
2
2,340
170,600
3,600
1,800
4
2,400
4
2,160
11
1,800
(2)
164, 200
4, 000
1,300
4
2, 200
5
2,056
12
1,975
Hartford, Conn.
172, 300
5, 500
2, 000
6
3, 050
5
2, 950
22
2,500
Houston, Tex _ i 138, 276
4,000
2, 340
2, 700
4
2, 220
1
1,920
10
1,890
382,100 4, 800
Ind.
Footnotes on page 126.
2,693
3,400
4
2,693
10
2,493
35
2,293
111
1,825
20 1,643 ( 2« ) .
26 1,551 C26).
200 24 2, 219 After 2 years.
38 24 2, 099 First 2 years.
(26)
70
(27).
(28)
50
F ).
140 1,470 After 18 months.
13 1,410 Third 6 months.
1, 350 Second 6 months.
13
12 1, 290 First 6 months.
246 2,026
1,980
23
1
2, 500
3,150
1,920
13 2, 400
3, 2C0
2, 525
1
1
( .2 )
3, 600
4
1
29 1
C
C
C
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2, 520
2,160
141
1,920
4 1,860
1,800
30
234 1,920
29 1,860
22 1, 800
25
1,740
74 1,920
0 1,740
596 2,000
100 2,100
2,500 2, 520
1,920
37
4 1, 800
5 1,800
5 1,740
4 1,440
31
1,740
4 1,680
4 1, 620
6 1, 560
46
1,920
3 1,860
3 1,800
3 1,740
2 1, 680
11 1, 620
146 24 2,008
29 241, 643
47 2,160
7 2,040
1,920
3
5 1,800
106 1,800
2,400
(2)
Reserves.
After 18 months.
Third 6 months.
Second 6 months.
First 6 months.
(2).
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
2,700
132,460
Erie, Pa__
[ 121 ]
6
2,520 5, 500
2, 400 » 5, 000
2,040
2, 520
2, 700
2, 220
El Paso, Tex
4
]
5, 000
3,900
3, 000
3,000
151,900 3, 220 1,620
Des M o in e s ,
Iowa.
Detroit, Mich__ 1,378, 900 « 8,000 6 4,000
7,500
116, 800
2
1
o
Denver, Colo . .
2, 040
O
O
184, 500 ! 4,000
05
Dayton, Ohio-.
to
SALARIES OF EM PLO Y EE S IN T H E POLICE D E PA R T M E N T S OF CITIES OF 100,000 OR O V E R -C ontinued
to
to
S e c tio n A — C o n tin u ed
Salary ofPopula
tion, 1918,
esti
City and State mated
by Super Secre Chief
Census intend tary
clerk
Bureau ent or chiefto or sec
chief
retary
Assistant or
deputy chiefs
Inspectors
Lieutenants
Sergeants
Patrolmen
Prop
erty
Chief
Num
Num
Num
Num
N um
clerk or of detec Num
ber Salary ber -Salary ber Salary ber Salary ber Salary ber Salary
store tives
keeper
140, 700 $4,800
Jersey City, N. J_
324, 700
6,000
K ansas C ity ,
Kans.
K ansas C ity ,
Mo.
118, 300
3, 600
$2, 400
391,000
5,000
2,400
2,100
2, 400 13 4, 200
30 1
K n o x v ille ,
Tenn.
105,400
3, 300
1,800
2,400
2,640
l
L ong B e a c h ,
Calif.
110, 700
4,500
2,700
2, 700
L os A n g eles,
Calif.
1 576,673
6,000
3, 60Ô
6 3,600
3, 600
Lowell, M ass... 34 110, 296
Lynn, Mass___ 105, 500
3, 500
3, 250
Memphis, Tenn.
190, 200
5, 000
Miami, Fla___
156, 700
5,000
$2, 582
$2, 281 13$3,391
4, 400
2, 900 >3 5, 100
1 $3, 391
1 $5, 500
3
12
4,100
2
2,800
1,800
7
3,000
1,800
4
2,244
$5,100
2,800
4 24$2,646
40
2
3, 200
2,400
7 24$2,373
15
3,000
12
2,160
37
2,100
3
4
1,980
1,848
18
10
46
38
703
202
53
24$2,109
24 2,062
24 2, 008
241, 916
2,500
2,150
1,980
After 15 years.
After 10 years.
After 5 years.
First 5 years.
4 years and over.
Under 4 years.
83
349
30
6
52
15
5
6
1,800
1,680
1,500
1,920
L800
1,710
1, 620
L560
1, 440
2.400
2,340
2,220
2,100
2.040
2.400
2,280
2,160
2.040
24 2, 190
2,000
1,900
1, 800
1,800
1, 500
1, 440
2,160
2. 040
(31).
After 6 months.
First 6 months.32
Reserves.
After 3 years.
Third year.
Second year.
Second 6 months.
First 6 months.
After 3 years.
Third year.
Second year.
Second 6 m onths.
First 6 months.
After 3 years.
Third year.
Second year.
First year.
8
2, 700
33 3, 900
13 4, 800
3, 300
2, 400
3, 360
1
3,600
1
3, 300
2
3,000
11
2, 700
1
1
5, 400
4,800
16
3, 600
32
3,000
141
2,700
1
1
3,165
2 , 850
2,615
8
9
2,465
2,250
2, 250
2
3
2,865
2,650
7
9
1
3« 2
3,900
3, 600
2
2,700
3
2,400
10
2,100
*
3
3,120
3
2, 760
7
2,520
Classification
96
0
20
6
10
1,582
90
139
117
126
97
9
2
(2)
(2)
(2)
71
0
After 2 years.
Second year.
First year.
(2).
(2).
(2).
After 2 years.
Second year.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
[122]
J a c k so n v ille ,
Fla.
—
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Captains
544,200
6,000
2,940
M in n e a p o lis ,
Minn.
455,900
5,000
2,400
139, 600
N a s h v ille .
Tenn.
473,600
Newark, N. J
New Bedford, 34119; 539
Mass.
New H av en ,
187,900
Conn.
4,200
1,920
6,000
3,850
2,002
6,000
1,200
2,400
New Orleans,
La.
6,000
3,699
2,949
3,699
2, 724
429, 400
N ew Y o r k , 6,017, 500
N. Y.
1
1
2,100
36 1
3,600
3,460
[123]
2,220
14
5
493
93
102
212
25
14
116
1,920
1,800
2,040
1,980
1,920
2,040
1,920
1, SOO
1,920
3,000
2,208
512
196
2,500
2,008
26
2,500
16
2,049
988
3,000
30
2, 190
252
9
27
30
0
412
0
0
8,830
331
1,018
1,943
3,021
119
36
44
246
20
23
25
44
5
57
13
14
24 2,108
24 1, 962
24 1, 916
24 1, 871
24 1,825
1,824
1,704
1,524
2,500
2,100
2,040
1,920
1, 769
1,890
1,740
1,620
2, 400
2,280
2,160
1,920
1, 800
900
2, 160
2,040
1,920
1,800
2,300
2, 200
2, 100
2,000
1,900
24 2, 008
24 1, 825
24 1, 643
1,400
1,800
1,920
2,040
10
2,820
7
2,670
59
22
2,320
2; 160
8
2,400
22
2,280
24
2,160
4
2,760
10
9
7
4,000
2,931
44
8
3,200
2,509
70
9
8
3,000
3,000
2,400
1
3, 600
3,900
2, 780
9
2
5,000
3,517
1
3,500
3,699
1
3,924
1
2,949
37 1
16
3,924
2,574
5,400
8
5, 800
24
36 22
5,400
5,000
100
25
4,500
3, 850
38 1
2,820
4
2, 520
3
3,600
7
3,000
31
2,640
4
2,280
l
2,160
7
1,980
7
2,640
3
2,520
21
2,400
4
3,200
9
2,800
27
2, .500
2
8,000
Norfolk, Va
184,200
4,000
1,980
2,400
2,200 lä 2,820
Oakland, CaliL.
274,100
5,400
3,000
2,760
2,640
Oklahoma City,
Okla.40
104, 080
3,600
Omaha, N eb r...
222, 800
4,500
Paterson, N. J — 144, 900
4,200
2,280
1
^
1
1
3,000
2,931
2,509
3,000
2,160 is 3,360
2,160
564
3,500
11
2,940
71
9
6
P h ila d e lp h ia , 2,064, 200
Pa.
5,500
673,800
5,000
Pittsburgh, P a .
F ootn otes on page 126,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2,600
3,000
« 3, .500
2
4,000
2,750
» 3, 300
1
3,600
6
38 1
3,000
3,000
60
2,550
6
2,700
204
47
2,460
46
29
15
2,250 3, 709
136
798
57
25
2,160
88
486
Second 6 m o n th s.
F irst 6 m on ths.
A fter 2 years.
Second year.
First year.
A fter 2 years.
Second year.
First year.
After 3 years.
T h ird y ear.32
Second y ear.32
Second 6 m o n th s.32
F irst 6 m o n th s.32
A fter 2 years.
Second year.
F irst year.
A fter 5 years.
fF ifth i Second half,
[y ea r j F irst half.
F ou rth year.
F irst 3 years.
A fter 3 years.
T h ird year.
F irst 2 years.
A fter 2 years.
Second year.
F irst year.39
V "7 -
A fter 3 years.
T h ird year.
Second year.
F irst year.
After 4 years.
F ou rth year.
T h ird year.
Second year.
F irst year.
A fter 2 years.
Second year.
F irst year.
Second grade.
F irst year.
Second year.
T h ird year.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
86046°— 30---- 9
M ilw a u k e e ,
Wis.
fcO
co
SALARIES OF EM PLO Y EES IN T H E POLICE D E PA R T M E N T S OF CITIES OF 100,000 OR OVER—Continued
to
S e c tio n A — C o n tin u ed
Salary ofPopula
tion, 1928,
esti
City and State mated
by Super Secre Chief
Census intend tary
to clerk
Bureau ent or chief or sec
retary
chief
Assistant or
deputy chiefs
•
Captains
Lieutenants
Patrolmen
Sergeants
Prop
erty
Chief
Num
N um
Num
Num
Num
clerk or of detec Num
ber Salary ber Salary ber Salary ber Salary ber Salary ber Salary
store tives
keeper
$3, 000 12$2,616 I3$3,744
Portland, Oreg. i 258, 288 $4,800
Inspectors
36 $2, 640
8
$3, 000
12
$2,640
25 $2, 496
171
16
3
15
0
0
286, 300
Reading, Pa___
115,400
2,400
Richmond, Va..
194,400
4,000
5,200
$1,820
1,976
1
$4,160
3,640
3,003
2,500
7 1
1
13
1, 560
«
9
3,003
11
2,500
37
2,318
1
2 ,100
2
1,860
13
1.S00
4
2,520
42
2 ,1 0 0
18
281
36
14
41
71
9
10
1,800
Rochester, N.Y_
328, 200
4,935
1,700
St. Louis, M o ..
848,100
6, 500
2,800
St. Paul, M inn. i 234, 698
4,000
2,475
2,196
2 ,1 0 0
2,400
2 ,1 0 0
4,500
1
3,675
2
3,150
8
2,835
8
2,625
22
1
4,500
1
4,000
18
3,420
31
3,000
135
1
3,255
44 1
2,400
2, 400
1,968
2,840
5
2,400
5
2,088
25
3
2,240
1
2 ,1 0 0
7
45 1
46 1
Salt. Lake City,
Utah.
138,000
San Antonio,
Tex.
San Diego, Calif.
318,100
3,600
1,800
119, 700
5,000
2,280
San Francisco,
3, 600
1,920
2,040
2,840
i
19
153
13
35
2,415 236
29
2,600 1,400
150
1,968
177
1,980
1,980
77
6
,585, 300
Calif.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
«
7,200 <3 2,400
1,2 0 0
2,280
2 ,1 0 0
3,600
3, 600
1,800
2,400
3, 600
47 1
1
1,620
3,600
1
4
1
3
2, 760
15
2,700
2,400
3,000
3, 600
6
41
2,640
3,000
3
1,800
9
2,460
84
2,640
3
62
52
7
18
17
965
$2, 232
2,160
After 30 months.
Fifth 6 months.
2 ,100
Fourth 6 months.
2,040 Third 6 months.
1,980 Second 6 months.
1,920 First 6 months.
2,099 After 3 years.
2,008 After 18 months.
1,916 Next 6 months.
1,825 First year.
1, 680 After 3 years.
1,620 Third year.
1, 560 Second year.
1,440 First year.
1,800 After 3 years.
1,680 Third year.
1, 560 First 2 years.
2 ,100
After 1 year.
1, 785 First year.
2,160
1,860 ( 4 3 )
1, 838
1,860
1, 740
1, 620
1, 500
2 ,2 0 0
2 ,100
1,980
1, 860
2 , 400
(«)
(«>
After 3 years.
Third year.
Second year.
First year.
g
o
-4
F
LABOR REVIEW
[124]
P ro v id e n c e ,
R .I .
Classification
144, 700
3,000
1,500
Seattle, Wash
383, 200
6,000
2,160
Spokane, W a s h
109,100
3,180
2,058
Springfield
Mass.
149, 800
5,000
1,950
2
Syracuse, 1ST
199,300
4,900
2,440
1
Tacoma, Wash
110, 500
3,000
T a m p a , F la
113, 400
4,500
2,700
Toledo, Ohio
313, 200
4,200
3,090
Trenton, N. J
139, ÒÒÒ 4,400
2, 600
Tulsa, O k l a
Utica,' N. Y
170, 500
104; 200
3 600
3,700
1oso
2,
Washington.
D. C.
552,000
6, 200
128, 500
504, 500
(3)
197,600
5,000
(«)
Y
2,640
3
2,400
4
2,220
14
2,120
62
10
2,640
33
2,400
386
52
27
9
1,800
1
3,420
8
3,000
1
2,190
3
2,190
3, 522
4
2,701
5
2,500
23
2,336
3,140
7
2,470
4
2,290
20
2,140
3
2,460
1
2,400
8
2,160
3,420
1,872
10
12
22
48
5
22
177
24
19
36
189
31
48
2
[125]
300
2,100 is2, 700
1
48
51
9
12
Mass.
Footnotes on page 126.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
After 2years.
Second year.
First year.
After 38months.
Next year.50
Next year.50
First 14 months.50
After 2 years.
Second year.
First year.
After 2 years.
Second year.
First year.
Reserves.
After 4years.
Fourth year.
Third year.
Second year.
First year.
After 2 years.
Second year.
First year.
After 3 years.
Third year.
Second year.
First year.
After 2years.
Second year.
First year.
After 5 years.
Fifth year.
2,200 Fourth year.
2,100 Third year.
2,000 Second year.
1,950 First year.
1,800
2,000 After 3years.
1,850 Third year.
1, 700 Second year.
1,550 First year.51
2, 100 After 2years.
4
3,090
7
2,880
20
2, 730
44
51
31
13
334
2,600
4
3, 600
9
2,800
9
2,650
99
2, 220
2,000 2,000
5
2, 220
1 2;600
3
2,400
7
13
2,100
2, 200
34
92
3
22
2,705
7
2,400
16
864
2,304
13
2,100
90
45
81
1,900 Second year.
1, 800 First year.
1, 752
2,750
21
2,550
265
2,190 After 1 year.
2,700
3, 300
1
w3,390
38 1
3,390
3,390
0
0
2
6
16
21
8
0
Del.
2,040
1,920
1,800
2,160
2,040
1,980
1,920
1,800
1,662
1,512
2,190
2,081
1,953
1,679
2,040
1,980
1,920
1,860
1,800
2,040
1,920
1,800
2,088
2, 016
1,944
1,872
2,400
2,160
1,920
2,400
2,300
3,700
(3)
2,190
(52)
1
1
3,812
3,500
(3)
2
3, 750
2
2
3, 562
15
3,000
4
2,604
6
3,250
3, 250
2
11
20
W AG ES AND H O U RS OF LABOR
Scranton, Pa_
1,916 First year.
to
Ox
SALARIES OF EM PLO Y EES IN T H E PO LICE D E PA R T M E N T S OF CITIES OF 100,000 OR OVER—Continued
tsD
S e c tio n A — C o n tin u ed
Assistant or
Captains
Lieutenants
Sergeants
Patrolmen
Salary of—
deputy chiefs Inspectors
Popula
tion, 1928,
esti
Chief Prop
City and State mated
erty
Chief
by Super Secre clerk
Num
Num Salary
Num
Num
Classification
or of detec Num
alary Num
tary
to
Census intend
or
sec clerk
ber
ber Salary ber Salary ber Salary ber Salary ber
or chief
store
Bureau ent
retary keeper tives
chief
121,300
$5, 500
Y oungstow n,
Ohio.
174,200
4,000
5 $3,800
$2, 280
1
$3,000
3
16 $3, 300
2,460
18 $2, 800
7
2,220
219 $2, 500 After 3 years.
17 2,300 Third year.
3 2 ,100 Second year.
3 1, 940 First year.
92 2,040 After 1 year.
12
[ 126 ]
1Census of 1920.
2Not reported.
3Lieutenant acts.
4And assistant chief of police.
6Police commissioner.
6Secretary to commissioner.
2Chief inspector.
8Served as clerk and later appointed patrolman.
9Captain acts.
10Patrolmen are furnished free equipment valued at $145, with yearly replacements
of about $50.
11Deputy commissioners.
12 Sergeant acts.
13Inspector of detectives.
14Men are allowed $50per year for uniforms.
15Inspectors of personnel.
13Assistant identification inspectors.
v District superintendents.
48 Men are allowed $25per year for clothing.
192secretaries to detective division.
2«Inspector of liquor and vice.
21District inspectors.
22Deputy chief of detectives.
23Roundsmen.
24365times daily rate.
28 Promoted on mental and physical tests.
26$5.59per day.
22Supernumeraries relief and extra service men. After 180 days of actual service go
to second class. Wait for vacancies to become regular patrolmen.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,800
First year.
28 $5.26 per day.
29 Major.
30 Inspector of insane.
31 Promotions to this grade are made for exceptionally good police work.
82 And a good record.
33 2 inspectors of detectives at this rate.
34 State census for 1925.
33 Deputy inspector of detectives.
36 Deputy inspectors.
32 Senior captain.
38 Inspector of traffic.
39 On probation one year, then promoted if physically fit.
40 Census estimate for 1924.
41 Promoted for seniority and efficiency.
42 Officers on pension or reserve.
43 Promoted on seniority and efficiency after 6 months when vacancy occurs.
44 Inspector of pawnshops.
46 Inspector of licenses.
48 Inspector of school police.
42 Inspector of amusements.
48 Confidential secretary to commissioners.
49 4 commissioners at this rate.
50 Must have efficiency rating of 85 per cent for promotion.
61 Promotions are made on January 1 following one year’s service.
62 Chief clerk acts.
88 Superintendent of public safety.
54 Police officer detailed.
° Including 13 detective inspectors.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Yonkers, N. Y__
S e c tio n B
Mounted
police
Motor police Trafile police
Park police
Captain of
detectives
Lieutenant of
detectives
Detective
sergeants
Detectives
Police women
Matrons
City and State
Num Salary Num Salary Num Salary Num Salary Num Salary Num Salary Num Salary Num Salary Num Salary Num Salary
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
Allantp., Ca
4 $2,100
16 $1,900
13 $1,900
2,100
20 2,100
24
64141
31
7
$1, 598
1,500
1
Baltimore, Md
$4,680
2
$2, 448
4
3,289
3, 218
3,146
3,075
11
5
5
[ 127]
Birmingham Ala,
B oslon M ass
Bridgeport, florin
Buffalo, N. Y
Cambridge, Mass
Camden, "M .T
Canton, Ohio
Chicago, 111
Cincinnati, Ohio
2,100
1, 800
2 1, 600
14
3
26
33
7
13
1, 920
2,100
2, 000
1,900
8 1, 800
5
1
, 700
1 1,6
00
18
214
15
62
26
8
1,920
2 ,1 0 0
2 ,0 0 0
1,900
1,800
1, 700
4
2,250
159
2,250 113
2 , 190
2,500 1,370
13
13
13
2, 500
1,980
l' 860
1, 740
1,620
294
63
2, 500
1,860
8
102
2,040
8 2,100
20 2,040
10 2,040
1
36
27
1, 740
1 $2, 781
2,720
1 2, 660
7 2,599
12 2,539
3
4
2,479
9
2,500
1
3
14
5
2,200
2,220
2,236
2,184
2,132
2,080
1,950
1
1 1, 820
32 2,220
5 $2,100
3
2
4
5
21
1, 740
2,236
2, 184
1,920
2,100
1
$1, 380
1
1,200
2,100
3
62
1
780
2,093
2,048
2
V
1,957
1,911
3
5
2,002
1,866
1, 820
1, 820
1, 600
3
3
1
1
1
3
1, 500
720
400
4
1
?2
1
1
1
1
3,300
2,030
3,000
3,200
2,700
11
2,280
3,000
3
3,000
1
2,750
6
3,900
24
44
5
2,700
2,490
2,550
1
1
2,500
2,500
75
4
19
9
2,370
2,190
2,220
2,250
11 2,300
2,200
2 2,100
2,190
2,100
5
30
2,500
34
33
1
2,610
1
2,190
1 2,160
1 2,130
2 2,100
28
2,040
2
1, 980
1,920
1, 890
1, 740
5
14
1023
1
1
1
5
1,200 tr1
1,121 W
960 O
2, 500 w
1,800
3
1
1,440
1,320
3
13
Columbus, Ohio
1,740
1, 740
2,100
1, 800
1, 700
1,600
2, 250
2,250
3
96
2
i 21
i 27
Cleveland, Ohio
Dallas, Tex
24
5
31
$2,400
2,400
2,268
1
1
2,420
2,070
1,920
1
1
3
W AG ES AND H O U RS OF
Albany, N Y
1
211
i 35
118
Akron, Ohio
8
2,008
1,800
1,680
Footnotes on page 130.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-4
l
i
SALARIES OF EM PLO Y EES IN T H E PO LICE D E PA R TM EN TS OF CITIES OF 100,000 OR OYER—Continued
to
00
S e c tio n B — C o n tin u ed
Mounted
police
Motor police Traffic police
Park police
Captain of
detectives
Lieutenant of
detectives
Detective
sergeants
Detectives
Police women
Matrons
City and State
Num Salary Num Salary Num Salary Num Salary Num Salary Num Salary Num Salary Num Salary Num Salary N um Salary
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
Payton Ohio
16
$1,920
31
2, 520
2
Í, 740
D ps Mninp.s Tnwa
Duluth, M inn_______
[ 128 ]
El Paso, Tex________
■piiTnf, TYTioh
Fort- W a y no Tnd
17
30
8
194
1, 920
1 ,920
2 ,520
17
1, 920
173
2, 520
5
1,800
6
1, 740
12
5
34
1,920
8 2, 008
2,160
5
3
7
4
2
5
10
11
1, 920
8 1, 825
1 ,740
1, 680
1, 620
1, 560
1, 920
8 2, 008
6
4
9
1, 800
2,093
24
15
15
3
26
87
1,860
1,825
8 2, 219
8 2,099
1,890
2,093
27
10
60
66
8 2, 219
8 2, 099
1,470
2,093
3
2
10
JaoV snnvilla F la
Jersey City, N. J — ..
31
2, 500
2
2,500
2 ,160
1,980
1,800
1,680
1, 500
i 31
12
57
2, 400
2 ,700
12
8 2 ,190
54
13 J
7
1
Kansas City, Mo
52
Long Beach, Calif---Los Angeles, Calif-----Lowell, Mass------------
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
2
( ll)
1
2 ,400
37
2, 500
1
1 ,800
1 ,680
38
1
2,4 6 0
1
2
2 ,4 3 0
2 ,700
s 2 ,190
12
$1,920
3 ,050
1
1
2 ,700
2,693
1
4 ,100
3, 600
1
1, 680
2
1, 740
2, 320
1
2
1
Î, 620
8 2, 008
2, 100
2
2
8 1, 095
1,200
21
2
7
1,860
1,825
8 2, 219
2
1
1, 825
2,000
1
1
1
1,500
1,643
U 1,023
14
4
2
2,026
s 1, 916
3
1
2,026
1,200
2,100
1
2,000
2
1, 500
4
1, 200
1
, 800
2,280
2,400
2,040
, fl6
1,460
2
2 ,280
1
1,051
2, 710
53
28
136
2,100
2,040
2,520
1
2 ,220
5
2 ,100
5
2,040
2
1,980
7
4
3
1,800
1,740
1, 680
22
8
2, 100
1
2, 700
5
9
2, 520
2 ,100
1
10
1
2,160
2,056
2,950
1
10
1, 975
2,625
3
2
36
2,493
2,738
3 ,200
1
55
1,890
2,293
16
3, 000
20
44
10
» 2,464
2,500
2,160
2
2,400
35
2,100
10
1,980
116
1
3.000
3 .000
11
2,046
2, 700
8 $1, 033
1,020
1,800
1, 740
1,764
1, 560
$1,920
1, 740
1,800
1,900
2,100
2, 220
1,800
72
11 8
2
3
3
3
12
1
1
1
a5
a2
“ 15
a 17
1
$2, 960
2, 520
2
14
$2, 280
61
2
0)
15
8 2, 219
8 2, 099
1,470
16
$2, 700
2, 220
$2, 520
1
Or^nd Rapids A/Tinh
Hartford, C onn.. . ___
Houston, T e x . ______
Indianapolis, In d — .
$1, 920
0)
3
18
2
1
2
1
1
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Denver, Colo____ Detroit, Mich_______
$1, 920
51
Lynn, Mass__
Memphis, T enn______
Miami, F la____ _ . . .
Milwaukee, W i s ____
Minneapolis, M in n .. _
Nashville, T enn______
4
Newark, N. J ____ ___
New Bedford, Mass__
New Haven, C o n n ___
New Orleans, La_____
New York, N . Y _____
4
2,040
2,500
Omaha, Nebr__
Paterson, N. J . _
Philadelphia, P a_____
Pittsburgh, P a_______
[129]
Portland, Oreg
3 2, 300
120 8 2,000
24
2,040
___
Providence, R. I
Reading, Pa
Richmond, Va
Rochester, N. Y _
St. Louis, Mo
18
6
2,099
2 ,1 0 0
0)
St. Paul, M inn
Salt Lake City, Utah
San Antonio, Tex _
17 1,960
35 1,800
2
2,000
1, 680
2,280
2j 840
2,040
2,260
15
21
25
116
40
21
2,000
1, 680
2,160
2,040
2,040
2 , 260
48
7
20
15 1
2, 500
2,008
2j108
2,574
449
18
1 60
2, 500
2 ,008
2 ,108
i 12
l 24
12
2,100
Seattle, Wash
0
Spokane, Wash
Springfield, Mass
(!)
Syracuse, N . Y
Tacoma, Wash
0
Tampa, Fla
Toledo, Ohio_____ - _ 0
Footnotes on page 130i
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
28
(0
2,040
1
1
71
3,320
3,300
2,760
2
2,820
3
4,000
12
1
4
3,000
2i 574
1
4,200
1
1
3,200
2; 800
3, 200
1
2,280
3
2,520
3
2,500
2
2,700
24
2
7
2, 100
2, 760
2 , 670
9
7
6
2 ,500
1
2,190
2
1
2,620
2 , 250
3,000
2,208
6
18
55
62
26
2,500
12
31
275
475
2,500
2 ,199
3, 500
2; 700
2, 040
2, 760
1, 980
1,860
2, 400
2,420
2 , 200
2,050
2,400
2,040
2,376
2,040
45
2, 376
15
2,099
47
2,099
6
6
1,680
30
0)
2 ,1 0 0
13 2
25
2, 378
2,318
1, 960
2,580
l j 860
1,800
2,460
14
2,040
0
0
7 1
2,520
3,570
3,420
1
1
3
2 ,1 0 0
2,992
3', 000
2,772
2,325
2,340
2,700
22
1,898
10
13 1
6
1,500
1
43
1,960
lj 680
lj 620
2
2,040
3,000
5,000
2,640
2,040
1
1
1
4
26
2 ,400
1
2,280
3,000
2, 316
2, 847
2,940
2 ,520
12
2,500
(9
(9
3
1
1
1
1
(9
3
3,090
(!)
1,800
1
1
2 ,1 0 0
10
i 60
(!)
0
0
1, 800
1
1
2
0
8
69
1,980
2,783
2,600
6
3
2,040
1, 800
12
66
2,460
2,760
40
2,400
3
2,740
20
1, 740
2,400
2 , 520
2, 400
2, 220
97
211
(!)
6
i 22
(i)
0
2,300
2,400
2,376
10
15 1
13 1
3
09
3
2,650
2,040
25
1, 200
2 ,700
30
28
0
5
1
3
48
20
San Diego, Calif
San Francisco, Calif
Scranton, Pa
1, 500
lj 800
21
16 38
16
9
43
19
30
50
46
29
10
40 2,160
20 2, 300
60 s 2,008
131
i 44
8 1,920
11 1, 800
17 2,160
33 2,300
450 8 2,008
25
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
3
1
1
1
86
24
2
12
2
2
2, 000
1,800
2,040
040
220
lj 920
2,500
2, 008
2 ,108
2 , 400
2,500
2 ,100
l ’ 920
lj 769
2,
2,
1, 500
2,000
1
1
1
10
3
2
20 14 1,840
1
l ’ 303
1
lj 200
lj 374
14
2
4
3
300
1,920
lj 520
1
1
2
24
17
2,400
i; 400
1, 350
l j 100
1,278
3
2,016
1
1
1,092
1,066
2
1, 200
l ’ 600
l' 380
lj 320
lj 517
5
1,416
2,318
7
2
1
2,232
2,040
2,002
8
1,800
1
1,440
20
2, 546
2
2 ,1 0 0
18
lj 800
2
11
(9
939
1, 500
' 720
900
2,040
1,320
4
38
1, 968
3
1, 608
3
8
2
1
1 ,0 2 0
3
1, 620
lj 620
3
6
23
1,980
1, 860
1, 740
1,680
lj 620
10
2,220
3
2,400
15
1,932
2,340
2,160
2,016
2,880
2,160
l', 452
2 ,190
2 ,040
2 , 040
lj 500
2 ,400
1,800
2,040
864
500
2,160
lj 452
20
18
15
18
8
1
2
2
1
1
4
4
4
3
1
3
3
4
3
3
7
1,440
10
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Norfolk, Va
Oakland, Calif ______
Oklahoma City, Okla..
9
15
12
48
59
6
1 ,1 0 0
1 ,2 0 0
1, 620
O
SALARIES OE E M P L O Y E E S OF T H E PO LICE D E PA R T M E N T S OF C IT IE S OF 100,000 OR OVER—Continued
CO
O
S e c tio n B — C o n tin u ed
Mounted
police
Motor police Traffic police
Park police
Captain of
detectives
Lieutenant of
detectives
Detective
sergeants
Detectives
Police women
Matrons
City and State
N um Salary Num Salary
Num Salary Num Salary N um Salary Num Salary Num Salary Num Salary Num Salary Num
ber
ber Salary ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
Trenton, N. J . . . ...........
Tulsa, Okla_________
Washington, D. C ____
Wilmington, Del
Worcester, M ass_____
Yonkers, N. Y_
Youngstown, Ohio___
25 $2,550
«32 2,160
2
1,752
4 $2,400
9 1,800
7 2 ,000
90 2 ,2 2 0
22
30
40
6
16
19
1,752
2,500
1 Patrolmen detailed.
2 Patrolmen detailed to plain-clothes duty after
5 years’ service.
3 Patrolmen detailed to plain-clothes duty after
3 years’ service.
4 Veteran sergeant.
« Veteran patrolmen.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
34
5
6
40
23
27
$2,400
1,800
1
1
$3,600
2 , 220
2
$2,900
1
1
2 ,0 0 0
2 ,1 0 0
1,900
1,800
1,752
2,190
2,500
2,040
1
1
3,500
2,400
« Colored.
1 Assistant chief of detectives.
3 365 times daily rate.
2 Bicycle police.
10 Plain-clothes officers,
n Under park board,
u And quarters.
5 $2,800
1
23
1
1
2,900
2,750
3, 500
2,400
2 ,220
50
2,350
3,000
2
2 ,100
3
2,550
2
3,000
3 $2,650
40 1, 980
2
$2,400
10
2,200
1
2 , 000
15
2, 340
13
2,004
2
12
12
2, 700
2,280
13 Sergeant.
14 Salaries range
3
2 ,002
1,500
from $1,740 to $1,940.
n Captain.
is Rank as inspectors.
n Allowed $30 per month for mount,
is Receives quarters and subsistence.
a Service requirements not reported.
1
$1,800
1,400
1,440
is 1, 320
3
3
1,308
1,500
3
1,600
1, 500
2
1
5
1
g
o
f
t-<
>
W
o
H
3
131
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
SALARIES OE E M PLO Y EE S IN TH E PO LICE D E PA R T M E N T S OF C IT IE S OF 100,000
OR OVER--Continued
S e c tio n C
Occupation, city, and State
Accountants:
Cincinnati, Ohio_________
Detroit, M ich......................
Adding machine:
Detroit, M ich_____ ____
Auto greasers and washers:
Chicago, 111_____________
Portland, Oreg...... ...........
Bandmasters:
Dallas, Tex A____ ____ ___
St. Paul, M inn__________
Bertillon operators:
Dallas, Tex_____________
Grand Rapids, M ich_____
New Orleans, L a________
Oklahoma City, Okla____
Omaha, Nebr___________
Pittsburgh, P a ...............—
St. Louis, M o___________
St. Paul, M inn__________
Bertillon operators, assistant:
Dallas, Tex_____________
New Orleans, L a________
Bindery workers:
Los Angeles, Calif_______
Boiler inspectors:
New York, N. Y _________
Bookkeepers:
Chicago, 111____ _________
Detroit, M ich__________...
Los Angeles, Calif_______
Bridge patrolmen:
Pittsburgh, P a .....................
Bus inspectors:
Portland, Oreg__________
Card punching machine opera
tors:
Chicago, 111_____________
Detroit, M ich................... .
Los Angeles, Calif_______
Carpenters:
Chicago, 111...........................
Detroit, M ich___________
Kansas City, M o .
Los Angeles, Calif.
Charman:
Lowell, Mass........
Chauffeurs:
Baltimore, M d__
Num
ber in
each
occupa
tion
1
1
1, 800
1,740
6
1
1 2,190
1,416.
1
1
2,400
2,088
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2 , 280
2, 056
3, 024
2, 280
2, 400
2,160
2,160
2. 040
3,420
2,400
1
1
1
2.130
1,860
2,574
1
960
2
2, 500
2
1
1
1
2,480
1,980
2, 040
2, 400
3
0
1,643
1
1
2, 100
1, 800
2
2
1
3
1,620
1, 980
1,680
1,440
2
2
2
2
1
2
i 4, 380
2,592
2, 520
2, 400
1.680
2, 294
1
1,564
7
4
18
4
Buffalo, N. Y ___
Cambridge, Mass.
Duluth, M inn___
Erie, P a________
Fall River, Mass.
Flint, Mich_____
1365 times daily rate.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2,460
3,480
1
1
1
Boston, Mass.
Salary
per
annum
2
1
1
1
2
26
9
9
2
3
9
Occupation, city, and State
C hauffeurs—Continued.
Hartford, Conn_____ . . . .
Houston, Tex___________
Kansas City, Kans______
Kansas City, Mo ________
Los Angeles, Calif._______
Lowell, Mass____________
Lynn, Mass______ _____.
Miami, F la ... _____ ______
Minneapolis, M inn_______
Nashville, Tenn . . .
New Bedford, M ass.. ___
New Haven, C o n n ____
New Orleans, L a___ . . .
Norfolk, Va------- -----------Omaha, N e b r ___ _
Paterson, N. J . ----Providence, R. I _____ .. _
Richmond, Va.
___ _
Rochester, N. Y. ----- .
St. Louis, M o. . ---- . . .
St. Paul, Minn . . . --------San Antonio, Tex___ . . .
San Diego, Calif.. . . . . . . .
Scranton, P a. . ------- -- _
Spokane, Wash . ____
Springfield, Mass________
Toledo, O hio..
.. .. . . .
Trenton, N. J . . . . . . . __
Utica, N. Y ------- ----------Wilmington, Del___ ..
Chauffeur-mechanics:
Lowell, Mass. . . .
Pittsburgh, P a ... . .
_
Chefs:
Flint, M ich___________
Los Angeles, Calif.. .
Chemists:
Los Angeles, Calif . . .
Cleaners:
Boston, Mass____________
Detroit, Mich ___ ______
New Bedford, Mass______
Pittsburgh, P a___ _____ _
Clerks:
Atlanta, Ga__________. . .
Baltimore, M d .. ______ _
Num
ber in
Salary
each
per
occupa annum
tion
6
3
31
10
16
11
1
6
6
2
31
5
2
24
22
6
12
8
22
9
60
57
22
6
4
1
5
28
1
9
3
21
1,200
2,040
1 , 800
2,008
12,108
1,824
1, 890
2,160
2 ,2 0 0
1, 825
1, 560
2 ,1 0 0
1 , 680
1, 838
1, 620
1,920
2,040
1,800
1,980
2,400
1,600
1, 752
3
1
2, 465
1, 692
1
2
1, 800
2,040
1
2,520
15
1
7
2
4
1
6
1
1
1
3
7
15
1
2,288
3
Boston, Mass___ ________
2. 236
1
2,184
1
2,132
2
2,080
1
1,950
1
1,820
1
1, 800
1
1, 700
2
1,600
3
2, 250
1
2,190
1
1,921
2
1,920
1
i 2, 008
1
2,160
2
2 Patrolmen detailed.
3 Sergeant detailed.
[131]
1$2, 219
1, 470
2,160
1, 800
1, 500
2,400
2,280
12,190
2 , 000
1 ,200
2, 520
1, 812
998
1 ,0 0 2
2 ,1 0 0
1, 560
2, 392
2, 340
2,310
2, 236
2,184
2,132
2 , 080
1,950
3,600
3, 500
2,600
2, 500
2,400
2,300
2 ,100
2 ,000
1,950
1,800
1,780
1,750
1,700
1,540
1,400
132
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
SALARIES OF E M PLO Y EE S IN T H E POLICE D E PA R T M E N T S OF C IT IE S OF 100,000
OR OVER—Continued
S e c tio n C — C o n tin u e d
Occupation, city, and State
Clerks—Continued.
Boston, Mass.—Continued.
Num
ber in
each
occupa
tion
1
1
3
Chicago, 111__________
1
2
2
i
2
3
6
1
3
Cincinnati, Ohio_____ _ _
Columbus, Ohio__ . . . . . .
Dallas, Tex
. ------. . .
Dayton, Ohio----- --- . .
Detroit, M ich---------------
1
1
4
2
1
5
1
9
Houston, Tex______
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
Hartford, Conn__
____
Jacksonville, F la___ ___ _
Kansas City, Kans_____
Kansas City, Mo________
1
1
5
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
20
29
Los Angeles, Calif_____ _
2
1
4
14
3
23
Lowell, M a s s ___________
Lynn, M a s s .___________
Memphis, T e n n _____ _ _
1
1
2
1
2
3
Miami, Fla______________
2
2 Patrolmen detailed.
3 Sergeant detailed.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2,120
2, 060
1 620
2 , 200
1, 830
1,710
1,860
1,800
2,100
1,920
1,680
1, 500
1,200
1,008
2,280
2.040
1,920
1,800
1,740
1,680
1, 669
1,460
1,147
3,000
1, 500
1,800
Nashville, Tenn . .
Newark, N. J . . . . .
$1,920
1,860
1, 800
1,680
1, 740
2,900
2, 500
2, 480
2,400
2 , 260
2 , 120
1,740
2
3
3
2
1
2
2
3
1
New Bedford, Mass______
New Orleans, L a______ _
3
4
41
3
2, 724
2, 574
2, 424
2,199
2,124
1,974
1, 899
1. 742
1, 980
b 620
1, 560
1, 500
2,420
2 , 200
2 , 000
1, 700
1,600
1, 500
1,350
1, 200
1,800
1,554
1,416
2,376
2,460
1,500
1,380
1,664
1, 274
1,157
988
1 , 800
1,800
1,680
1, 560
1, 020
1, 838
1, 728
1, 860
1,800
1,920
1,500
1,860
1,300
1, 200
1,150
2, 340
2,040
1 , 800
2 , 820
2, 730
1, 650
1, 500
1
2
3
7
10
28
Norfolk, V a. ___________
Omaha, Nebr . _________
Paterson, N. J ... . .
_ ...
Philadelphia, P a . _______
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
9
6
43
29
Pittsburgh, Pa.
________
Portland, Oreg_______ . . .
Providence, R. I
_______
Richmond, Va_. ________
St. Louis, Mo
. _______
St. Paul, M inn___ ______
San Antonio, T e x .. _____
San Diego, Calif___ ___
Scranton, Pa
---Seattle, W ash.. .
Springfield, M a ss____ . . .
2
2
1
1
22
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
6
25
57
7
i
i
2
3
3
1
3
1
2
Syracuse, N. Y
Tacoma, W ash..
Toledo, Ohio..
_______
. ______
_________
1
1
1
2
54
32
Washington, D. C ..
1
1
1
1
1
2
4 Captain detailed.
6 Lieutenant detailed.
[132]
Num
ber in
Salary
each
per
occupa annum
tion
2
1, 500
2, 580
2, 460
2,400
2, 340
2, 220
2,208
2,160
2,124
2,040
1,980
1, 920
1,860
1,740
1, 680
1, 560
1, 920
2, 700
2,320
1,920
1,800
1,825
1,643
2 , 200
1,500
1,920
1,680
1,500
2 , 282
1, 500
1 500
7
Clerks—Continued.
Milwaukee, Wis_________
1,000
i
i
i
3
5
23
Occupation, city, and State
850
3, 080
2 , 900
2, 720
2, 600
2, 480
1,020
2,010
1
1
Grand Rapids, M ich_____
$1,300
1, 280
1, 200
1
1
2
2
2
1
5
Erie, P a___ ___________ .
Fall River, M a s s . . . ____
Flint, M ich____ _
____
Salary
per
annum
2 ,100
,
1,860
1, 620
1,560
133
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
SALARIES OF E M PLO Y EES IN THE PO LICE D E PA R T M E N T S OF C IT IE S OF 100,000
OR OVER—Continued
S e c tio n C — C o n tin u ed
Occupation, city, and State
Num
ber in
each
occupa
tion
Clerks—C ontinued.
Washington, D. C.—Com ..
6
4
Youngstown, Ohio
Clerk-stenographers :
Columbus, Ohio...
Los Angeles, Calif.
Minneapolis, Minn.
Newark, N. J _____
Philadelphia, P a __
Pittsburgh, Pa____
St. Paul, M inn___
Seattle, W ash_____
Toledo, Ohio_____
Trenton, N. J _____
Washington, D .O ..
Oompositors:
Chicago, 111_____________
Los Angeles, Calif_______
Minneapolis, M inn______
Cooks:
Kansas City, Kans......... .
Los Angeles, Calif_______
San Francisco, Calif______
Seattle, Wash___________
Corporals:
Columbus, Ohio_________
New Orleans, L a________
San Francisco, Calif______
Court officers:
Paterson, N. J ___________
Pittsburgh, P a ............ .......
St. Paul, M inn__________
Syracuse, N. Y .___ _____
Custodians:
Chicago, 111_____________
Detroit, M ich___________
1
1
3
4
9
13
67
3
3
11
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
15
3
3
2
3,285
2,451
2,400
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1,877
2,100
2,220
1,980
4
3
1
1
2,456
2,040
1,968
2,240
1
1
1
3, 600
2,460
2, 340
« 10
Occupation, city, and State
2,500
2,140
2, 400
2,000
Num
ber in
Salary
each
per
occupa annum
tion
Drillmasters—Continued.
St. Louis, M o__ ______
Drivers, chief:
Los Angeles, Calif_____ _
Electricians:
.. .
Chicago, 111______
Detroit, M i c h . . ___
Fall River, Mass_________
Flint, M ich________
Grand Rapids, M ich___
Kansas City, Mo_____
Los Angeles, Calif_______
San Diego, Calif_________
Yonkers, N. Y ___
Electrician’s helpers:
Detroit, M i c h ____ _
Elevator operators:
Boston, Mass____________
Detroit, M ich___ _ _ .
1
Oakland, Calif . . . ___
Pittsburgh, P a___
Emergency squad:
Dallas, Tex.. ___ ______
Engineers:
Boston, Mass___________
Kansas City, Mo ___
Los Angeles, Calif______
Pittsburgh, P a. . . . . . .
Engineers, building:
Portland, Oreg____. . . .
Engineer, chief, harbor patrol:
Baltimore, M d__________
Portland, Oreg________
San Francisco, Calif. . . . .
Engineers, chief operating:
Chicago, 111... . . . . . . . .
Engineers, station:
Chicago, 111_____________
Engineers, traffic:
Detroit, M ic h _____ . . .
Fingerprint experts:
El Paso, Tex____________
Los Angeles, Calif.. . . . .
Milwaukee, Wis_________
Paterson, N. J. _______ _
Portland, Oreg________ _
San Antonio, Tex__ _____
Firemen:
Baltimore, M d . . _______
1
1
1
1
«1,380
«1, 200
6 1, 020
6 900
12
1
140
2,300
2,124
1, 824
Boston, Mass__ ________
1
1
2, 760
1,860
Columbus, Ohio_________
1
1 1
4,500
2,400
Oklahoma City, Okla........
8 Marine.
9 Assistant.
[133]
$2,800
1
3, 600
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
71
1
1
3, 900
3, 660
3, 432
2 , 086
2,008
2, 340
2,008
1,852
2,184
2,503
2,280
3,300
2
2,344
5
1, 600
2, 520
1, 860
1, 620
1, 500
1, 920
1,416
1
4
1
7
3
1,200
2,040
1,899
2,580
15
15
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,740
1, 620
1, 500
28
48
129
12
Draftsmen:
Detroit, M ich___
Los Angeles, Calif.
Drillmasters:
Chicago, 111______
Kansas City, Mo..
° Including 4 part-time workers.
6 Also quarters and subsistence.
7 Auto electrician.
1,830
1,680
1, 560
1,500
1,260
2,040
1,800
2,780
2,480
1,900
2,034
1,758
1,848
1,699
1,860
1,500
2,400
2,000
2 ,200
Detroit, M ich___________
Doormen:
Bridgeport, Conn.
New Orleans, La..
$1, 500
1,440
1,380
1, 320
1,320
1
2
1
1
1
Dog catchers:
Chicago, 111_____________
Domestic attendants, house of
detention:
Washington, D. C_______
Salary
per
annum
1
3
3
18
1,740
1
1
1
1
1
1
2,700
2,150
2,100
3
1, 500
1, 800
1, 680
2.920
1
2,280
1
«1
5
3
2,014
1,890
1,845
2.400
2,232
2.400
1
5,580
2,100
1
60
1, 920
1
5.000
1
91
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
88
1
1
1
1
I
2,100
1,980
2, 520
2 , 100
2,420
2, 232
1, 680
1,743
1, 700
1,260
2.000
1 , 800
1, 700
1.920
1,620
1, 560
1, 800
1,200
134
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
SALARIES OF E M PLO Y EE S IN T H E PO LIC E D E P A R T M E N T S OF C IT IE S OF 100,000
OR OVER—Continued
S e c tio n C — C o n tin u e d
Occupation, city, and State
Foremen:
Kansas City, M o. _ _ ____
Gainewell operators:
Dallas, Tex---- ------ ---------Garage men:
Des Moines, Iowa_______
—.
Detroit, M ich_____
Duluth, M inn__ . . . _ _
Lowell, Mass. __________
Milwaukee, Wis . . . . . . . .
New Bedford, M ass____
Guards:
Columbus, Ohio ______ _
Kansas City, K ans______
Washington, D. C____
Handwriting experts:
Los Angeles, C alif... . .
Hostlers:
Baltimore, M d _______ _
Boston, M ass__ _________
Chicago, 111..
. _______
Detroit, M ic h .. ________
Indianapolis, Ind_________
Kansas City, M o ________
Los Angeles, C a lif____
San Francisco, C a lif .____
Yonkers, N. Ÿ ___________
Humane officers:
___ _
Flint, M ich____
Oklahoma City, Okla____
Identification bureau, assist
ants:
Duluth, M inn _____ ___
San Diego, Calif_________
Toledo, O hio.. _________
Identification bureau, chiefs:
Atlanta, G a. _________
Baltimore, M d ________ _
Chicago, 111 _
Cleveland, O h io _________
Duluth, M inn
________
Kansas City, Kans . . . ___
Knoxville, Tenn. _______
Los Angeles, Calif
. ..
Miami, F la.. --------------- .
Milwaukee, Wis_________
New Haven, Conn____. . .
Oakland, Calif_______ ..
San Antonio, Tex__
San Diego, Calif
____ _
Toledo, O hio.. . . .
Insect exterminators:
Chicago, 111____ ____ . .
Investigating assistants:
Washington, D. C _ _
.
.
Jailers:
Dallas, T e x _____________
Duluth, M inn____ .
El Paso, Tex__________ _
Num
ber in
each
occupa
tion
Salary
per
annum
Occupation, city, and State
3
$1,680
3
1,740
1
61
1
1
1
1
2 , 220
3, 400
1,920
2, 465
2,160
2,288
1
2
1,800
1,980
J ailers—Continued.
Oklahoma City, Okla
1
12 2
4
1
2,820
1
2
44 1
u1
H1
11
1,463
1, 300
628
614
601
1,600
1,800
1,620
1,800
1,310
1,080
1,320
2,160
16
3
16
1
17
1
10
7
1,800
1,800
1
1
1
2 , 280
1
10 1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1,620
3, 300
3,066
3,510
4, 000
3, 543
2 ,220
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2, 400
2,046
2,700
2,700
2,820
2,850
3,192
2,280
2, 640
3, 390
1
2,340
1
2 ,0 0 0
3
9
1,740
1, 920
1, 740
1, 680
3, 600
2,160
2
1
2
$1, 800
1, 500
2,160
2 , 100
883
1,316
1, 289
1,258
1, 229
1,199
1,170
1,800
1,600
1,740
1, 620
2, 400
2,304
1,538
3
13 1
13 2
13
2
13 2
13 9
13
Boston, Mass_______
2
1
34
46
9
Chicago, 111________
Detroit, M ich______
1
1
3
Fall River, M ass____
Flint, M ich________
Indianapolis, In d ___
Jersey City, N. J ___
Los Angeles, Calif___
1
7
13 12
2
1
10
1
1
Milwaukee, Wis____
New Bedford, M ass..
Oklahoma City, Okla
Pittsburgh, P a _____
Portland, Oreg_____
St. Paul, M inn_____
Scranton, P a _______
Trenton, N. J ______
2,1 0 0
1
1
4
3
Omaha, N ebr.______
Yonkers, N. Y _____
Janitors:
Atlanta, G a________
Baltimore, M d _____
1,200
1
Los Angeles, Calif. . . . .
3
Miami, F l a . . ___ _______
6 Batteryman.
« Public safety promoters.
d 365 times daily rate—employed June, July, and
Aiigust.
1 365 times daily rate.
3 Sergeants detailed,
if Lieutenant.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Number in
Salary
per
each
occupa annum
tion
Paterson, N. J _______ _
Juvenile bureau attendant:
Los Angeles, Calif_____
Juvenile officers:
Los Angeles, Calif—.......
Kennel men:
Chicago, 111___________
Laborers:
Baltimore, M d ________
1
42 5
6
8
6
2 ,1 0 0
7
2 ,1 0 0
«2
«1
1
2,280
2,124
2,420
1
1,440
1,800
1
2, 500
16 1
2 ,212
1
6
1
1
Chicago, 111---- -----Columbus, Ohio__
Detroit, M ich____
Duluth, M inn____
New Bedford, Mass
Pittsburgh, P a ------
2
2
1
1
10 1
15
Life guards:
Pittsburgh, P a-----San Diego, Calif----
10
1
Linemen:
Baltimore, M d ------
[134]
11 Half rate.
12 Assistants,
men.
1,900
1,380
1,320
1, 200
9
9
1« Foreman.
1,460
1,487
1,454
1,080
3
Yonkers, N. Y ________
Junior safety patrol director:
Detroit, M ich_________
is Females.
1,200
17
14 8
1
Washington, D. C___
14 Janitors and elevator
13 52j4i cents per hour.
1,2 0 0
1,190
1 1, 278
1,740
1,440
1, 500
1, 664
1, 529
1,492
1, 456
i 2,190
1 1,825
(16)
2 ,0 0 0
11, 460
1,430
1, 551
1, 460
d
1, 550
1, 620
2
1,380
1
2, 539
2
2, 2 0 0 r
T
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
135
SALARIES OF E M PLO Y EE S IN T H E PO LIC E D E PA R T M E N T S OF C IT IE S OF 100,000
OR OVER—Continued
S e c tio n C — C o n tin u e d
Num
ber in
each
occupa
tion
Occupation, city, and State
Linemen—C ontinued.
Baltimore, Md.—Con
2
2
5
Boston, M ass.. . _
1
Detroit, Mich_______
5
3
_.
10
Kansas City, M o. _ _____
Paterson, N. J ____ . . .
Seattle, Wash ______
3
5
3
w2
Yonkers, N. Y
___
Lineman’s helpers:
Detroit, M ich____ . . .
1
3
3
Linotype operators:
Los Angeles, Calif________
Machinists:
Baltimore, M d _________
Chicago, 111________ _____
San Diego, Calif.
Masseurs:
Detroit, M ich. . . _____
M atron, assistant:
Akron, Ohio _.
2,325
2,172
1,944
3
2, 659
18 1
13
2
2
1
91
1,993
1,732
3,900
1 4, 380
2,280
1,860
1
2 ,000
_
Mechanics:
Boston, M a s s _______ . _
Des M oines ,Io w a _____ ._
Detroit, M ic h .._ _
... _
Duluth, M i n n ..___
1
1 ,020
3
4
2 ,1 0 0
1
1
7
...
8
1
1
1
2
El Paso, Tex_______
Flint, M ic h .. _____ _
Miami, Fla .
Minneapolis, M inn.. __
New Orleans, L a ____
Paterson, N. J . _. _____
6
1
1» 1
Reading, P a ____ . . . _
San Antonio, Tex___
18 1
Trenton, N. J ___ . . .
«
3
1
2
Utica, N. Y __________
Washington, D. C
2C
Mechanics, auto:
Columbus, Ohio.
Dallas, Tex.. . . ..
Los Angeles, Calif.
Portland, Oreg . . .
Mechanics’ helpers:
Dallas, Tex.. ._
Indianapolis, I n d ___
Messengers:
Detroit, M ich .. . . .
Pittsburgh, P a ____
Washington, D. C
1 365 times daily rate.
®Assistant.
17 Helpers,
is Chief.
19 Master mechanic.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2
1
2
1
1
1
1,920
2,520
2, 304
2,244
2,280
2,040
2, 340
2, 340
2, 400
2 , 160
1,824
2 , 600
2, 300
1,500
2 , 280
2 ,1 0 0
3; 200
2, 750
2 , 000
1,680
1,460
20 1
1,2 0 0
l
l
2
1,830
1,770
2; 070
1, 860
2, 503
2 , 103
18
Occupation, city, and State
1
1
2 ,1 0 0
1
1
1, 380
1,310
1
1
1
1, 080
1, 536
1,440
ber in
each
occupa
tion
Moving-picture censors:
Chicago, 111_______
$2 ,100
2,050
2 , 000
2,300
2 , 000
3,540
2,940
1, 500
2,300
2,400
1,800
2,500
2
_____
Num-
Salary
per
annum
Moving-picture operatois:
Chicago, 111________
Multigraph operators:
Kansas City, Mo____
Los Angeles, Calif___
Night officers:
Pittsburgh, Pa______
Painters:
Boston, Mass_______
Chicago, 111________
Detroit, Mich______
4,373
1
1
1, 500
1,320
1, 416
77 16
1
1
1
2,000
4
6
3
2
- 4
4
27
6
1, 520
1,920
1, 740
2,160
1, 560
2,100
2, 400
2,040
1
1
2,640
2,460
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2, 760
2,100
1, 500
2,820
2, 700
2,100
2,700
2,100
2,000
1
2,324
1
6
1
1
5
2
5
1,500
1,200
3, 900
3, 540
2, 920
1, 005
1,060
21 j
Detroit, M ich_____
[135]
2
1,900
1 4, 745
3,000
2,625
2,400
2, 000
1, 920
2,160
2,503
1, 620
1,824
2,620
Kansas City, Mo__
Los Angeles, Calif...
Milwaukee, Wis..
Plumbers:
Chicago, 111_____
Detroit, M ich__
Kansas City, Mo.
Policemen, special:
Duluth, M inn__
El Paso, Tex____
Portland, O reg...
Poundmasters:
Chicago, 111_____
Dallas, Tex_____
20 Minor mechanic.
21 And fingerprint expert.
‘ Sign painters.
! P art time.
$2,880
2,460
2,160
2,040
1
Photographers:
Chicago, 111_______
Milwaukee, Wis___
San Francisco, Calif.
Seattle, Wash___
Utica, N. Y _______
Physical director:
New Orleans, L a___
Physicians:
Baltimore, M d____
1
4
1
2
1
4
«2
«1
4
2
1
1
2
Duluth, M inn____
Flint, Mich______
Los Angeles, Calif..
New Orleans, L a ...
Trenton, N. J _____
Parole officers:
Kansas City, Kans..
Patrol drivers:
Albany, N. Y _____
Birmingham, Ala....
Dallas, Tex_______
Miami, Fla_______
Reading, P a______
Rochester, N. Y___
San Francisco, Calif.
Scranton, P a______
Paymaster, assistant:
Detroit, M ich_____
Salary
per
annum
i
1
2
1
1 4,
745
3,432
1,920
6
2
1
600
1,200
1,860
1
2
3,200
1,740
136
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
SALARIES OF E M P L O Y E E S OF T H E PO LIC E D E P A R T M E N T S OF C IT IE S OF 100,000
OR OVER—Continued
S e c tio n C — C o n tin u e d
Occupation, city, and State
Poundmasters—Continued
Seattle, Wash________
Press feeders:
Chicago, 111-------------Pressmen:
Chicago, 111_________
Los Angeles, Calif-----Printers:
Baltimore, M d ---------Chicago, 111-------------Kansas City, Mo------Los Angeles, Calif------
Num
ber in
erch
occupa
tion
$1, 920
1,500
1
1
1,410
2,255
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
22 2
1
91
1
23 1
Los Angeles, Calif____
24 1
24 X
25 1
Process servers:
Miami, Fla------------------ —
Prohibition officers:
Knoxville, Tenn_________
Publicity division head:
Detroit, M ich___________
Repair men:
Boston, Mass____________
Chicago, 111--------------------Indianapolis, In d ------------Kansas City, Mo_________
Seattle, Wash____________
Repair men, foreman:
Chicago, 111_____________
Seattle, Wash___ ________
Scrub women:
Boston, Mass____________
Chicago, 111_____________
Detroit, M ich___________
Sealers of weights and measures:
Detroit, M ich___________
Occupation, city, and State
1
12 2
22 1
Probation officers:
Atlanta, Ga_________
Salary
per
annum
2,842
2, 346
2,190
1, 690
3, 285
1,944
3, 300
1,140
960
2, 220
2, 100
480
3,000
2.700
2.040
1,680
2,160
1,920
1,830
2, 520
1.900
1.700
1,824
1,430
1, 680
2.040
Secretary of police, assistant:
Cleveland, Ohio----------Secretary of traffic bureau:
Paterson, N. J _________
Sergeant a t arms:
Los Angeles, Calif-------Signal cablemen:
Detroit, M ich_________
Signal operators:
Boston, Mass_________
Los Angeles, Calif_____
Miami, F la.---------------Pittsburgh, P a ________
Reading, P a______
Signal trouble men:
Detroit, M ich_____
Stable foremen:
Chicago, 111_______
Detroit, M ich_____
New Orleans, L a._ .
Statisticians:
Detroit, M ich------Los Angeles, Calif..
Minneapolis, M inn.
Steamfitters:
Boston, Mass_____
Detroit, M ich_____
Stenographers:
Akron, Ohio--------Baltimore, M d -----Birmingham, A la...
Boston, Mass_____
2,620
3, 000
2,940
1
2
3
12 3
4
2,100
2, 700
2,160
2.040
1,692
1, 560
3, 252
3,340
2.040
1, 824
2, 700
3,000
2,160
1,700
3,432
1,320
2,158
1, 620
3, 400
1,620
1,320
1,900
1,600
1,510
1,460
1,400
1,260
1,160
2, 760
3,200
3, 080
2, 720
2,480
2, 360
1, 200
2,120
2, 580
2, 460
Buffalo, N. Y .
Chicago, 111—
1,100
1, 260
2, 760
Cincinnati, Ohio..
Grand Rapids, M ich--------
1,980
2,300
1.900
Dayton, Ohio___
Secretary to commissioner, as
sistant:
Baltimore, M d ---------------Secretary, assistants to:
Baltimore, M d__________
3, 225
Denver, Colo----Des Moines, Iowa
Detroit, M ich----
2, 100
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2,746
2 , 000
2, 520
2, 340
Secretaries to chief of detectives:
Kansas City, Mo________
Paterson, N . J ___________
Secretaries, correspondence:
Los Angeles, Calif----------Secretary to chief, assistants:
Los Angeles, Calif----------Milwaukee, Wis------------New Orleans, L a________
9 Assistant.
12 Assistants
Num
ber in
Salary
each
petoccupa annum
tion
2, 875
2, 750
2, 687
2 , 220
2,160
2.400
2,620
2,100
2,160
2.400
2, 520
3, 000
22 Apprentices.
2, 060
1.980
1,620
2,280
2.040
1,560
1,680
1, 140
1,080
1,920
1, 500
2, 820
2, 640
2, 460
2, 340
Duluth, M inn.
El Paso, T ex..
2s Colored.
2* Female.
[136]
1.980
1,896
1, 860
L 680
1,380
1, 500
25 Female assistant.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
137
SALARIES OF E M PLO Y EES IN T H E PO LICE D E PA R T M E N T S OF C IT IE S OF 100 000
OR OVER—Continued
S e c tio n
Occupation, city, and State
Num
ber in
each
occupa
tion
Stenographers—Continued.
Flint,. M ich....................
1
2
1
1
2
Fort Worth, Tex_____
Houston, Tex..............__
Indianapolis, In d ..........
Long Beach, Calif____
Los Angeles, Calif____
4
4
1
2
5
Memphis, T enn___
Miami, Fla..... ........
Milwaukee, Wis__
New Bedford, Mass.
New Haven, Conn..
New Orleans, L a__
Norfolk, Va_______
Oakland, Calif........
Omaha, N e b r......... .
Philadelphia, P a___
Portland, Oreg____
Providence, R. I ____
Rochester, N. Y ____
St. Louis, M o______
Salt Lake City, Utah.
San Francisco, Calif..
Spokane, Wash__
Tampa, F la...........
Toledo, Ohio____
Tulsa, Okla______
Washington, D. C.
Wilmington, D el..
Youngstown, Ohio.
Stock cutter:
Los Angeles, Calif.
Street markers:
Dallas, Tex______
Detroit, M ich_____ ____ _
Supervisor of telephones:
Cleveland, Ohio_________
Supervisor safety school patrol:
Trenton, N. J ___________
Superintendent of buildings:
Boston, Mass___________
Chicago, 111_____________
New York, N. Y _________
Trenton, N. J ___________
Superintendent of building
material:
Detroit, M ich___________
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
5
Salary
per
annum
$1, 920
1,500
1,620
1,500
1,380
1,310
1 2,008
2 , 220
2,040
1,920
1,740
1,800
1,800
2,040
1,456
1,144
1, 500
3, 000
1,500
1, 560
1, 320
2,160
1,800
1, 700
1,620
1, 500
1, 356
1, 260
1, 638
Occupation, city, and State
Superintendent of machinery:
Cleveland, O h io .___
Superintendent of machinery,
assistant:
Cleveland, Ohio . . .
Superintendent of police tailor
shop:
Cleveland, Ohio_________
Superintendent, repair shop:
Boston, M ass.._____
Superintendent, signal system:
Atlanta, G a___ ______
Boston, Mass__________
Chicago, 111._____ _______
Detroit, M ich______ _____
Fall River, Mass________
Grand Rapids, M ic h ... ..
New York, N. Y _________
Portland, Oreg_________
Seattle, W ash. _________
Syracuse, N. Y____
Toledo, Ohio..-_________
Surgeons:
Chicago, 111______________
Cleveland, Ohio_________
Columbus, Ohio
Denver, Colo.
Detroit, M ich. ___ _____
Duluth, M inn____
New Orleans, L a_________
New York, N. Y _________
St. Paul, Minn .. _______
San Diego, Calif____ _____
2,000
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1,700
1,800
1,260
3,000
2, 760
1,800
1, 512
1,800
1,320
1, 800
2, 300
1,476
1,380
1
1.929
1
1
2
f2
/2
1,620
1,500
San Francisco, Calif______
Trenton, N. J __________
Washington, D. C ____
Yonkers, N. Y ___________
Surgeons, chief:
Chicago, 111.___ ______
New York, N. Y ________
Switchboard operators:
St. Louis, M o___________
1
2,746
Tailors:
Boston, M a s s ..__________
Telephone operators:
Albany, N. Y __________
Atlanta, Ga_____________
1
2,800
Baltimore, M d ________
1
1
1
1
2,900
3,000
5, 000
2 , 628
Boston, Mass____________
1
1
Superintendent, criminal inves
tigations:
Cleveland, Ohio_________
1
Superintendent, civil investiga
tions:
Cleveland, O h io .................
1
1 365 times daily rate.
2 Patrolmen detailed.
9 Assistant.
12 Assistants.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C —Continued
1,200
2,220
2 ,1 0 0
3,420
2,820
Bridgeport, Conn___ . . . .
Buffalo, N. Y
....
Cambridge. Mass
Chicago, 111___ __________
Columbus, Ohio_________
3, 784
3,543
[ 137]
Dayton, Ohio___ _______
Denver, Colo___________
Des Moines, Iowa______ _
29 Emergency
27 Fire and police.
28 And signal operators.
f P art time.
Num
ber in
Salary
each
per
occupa annum
tion
1
$3,543
1
2,746
1
3, 543
1
2,2 0 0
1
1
1
91
1
1
1
1
91
1
1
1
1
2,400
3, 350
3,080
2 , 600
4.140
3' 000
2, 874
5, 300
3, 800
2, 400
3, 600
2, 540
2,730
16
2 ,1 0 0
2
1
2
91
12 2
1
1
27 6
1
1,860
3, 687
2 , 340
2 , 160
4, 740
i; 260
3', 199
4, 790
1 , 608
3j 900
1, 500
1, 200
600
2,400
1 , 200
2,500
3, 000
1
1
6 , 800
5
4
1,620
1. 500
1
2,0 0 0
3
1
1
1
23
3
26 1
l
23
2
1
28 1
28 g
28 11
28 4
l
2
1
25
21
2 113
5
1
1
23
28 6
3
3, 900
2 ,100
1,944
2, 236
2,184
2,132
2,080
1,800
1,600
1 ,200
2,250
2, 500
1, 680
1, 560
1, 380
1,920
1, 500
138
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
SALARIES OF E M PLO Y EE S IN T H E PO LICE D E PA R T M E N T S OF C IT IE S OF 100,000
OR OVER—Continued
S e c tio n C — C o n tin u ed
Occupation, city, and State
Num
Salary
ber in
each
per
occupa annum
tion
Telephone operators—Contd.
Duluth, M inn__ ________
Erie, Pa __ ____
__
Fall River, Mass_________
Flint, Mich
__
Fort Worth, Tex_________
Grand Rapids, M ich____
Hartford, Conn_________
3
3
2
1
3
3
1
3
24
25
21
Indianapolis, Ind ____
Jersey City, N. J _____ - Kansas City, M o ... -------Long Beach, Calif- _
Los Angeles, Calif________
3
13
4
35
Memphis, T enn_________
1
5
Miami, Fla__ - . --- — -Milwaukee, Wis_________
2
1
20
6
Minneapolis, M inn_______
Newark, N. «T _ _ _ _ _
New Bedford, Mass______
New Haven, Conn _
New Orleans, La_ _______
Norfolk, Va____________
Omaha, N eb r... ____ ___
Philadelphia, P a ---------- -Pittsburgh, Pa
_ _ __
Portland, Oreg-----------St. Louis, M o--------
5
3
4
6
3
3
23
4
1
5
4
43
3
4
---
San Antonio, Tex--------San Diego, Calif ____ ___
San Francisco, C a lif - ___
Seattle, Wash- ------_
Spokane, Wash ___
Springfield, M a ss________
Utica, N. Y
Washington, D. C________
6
3
3
2
2S 3
3
4
1
3
23
Wilmington, Del---- -----Telephone-switchboard men:
Detroit, Mich__ _ __ ____
Teletype operators:
St. Louis, M o__
Tinsmiths:
Detroit, Mich
Traffic chief:
Haiti more, M d
2 Patrolmen
9 Assistant.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,200
1, 500
1, 560
L 500
1,440
1,800
L 500
1,100
1,374
1|500
1,800
1,800
1, 206
1,620
1,356
Traffic chief—Continued.
New Orleans, La .
Paterson, N. J ___________
St. Paul, Minn
San Francisco, Calif_____
Traffic chief, assistant:
Cleveland, Ohio_______
Erie, Pa
New Orleans, L a_________
Paterson, N. J
Traffic sign caretaker:
Detroit, Mich_ _ _______
Utica, N. Y , __________
Truck drivers:
Dallas, Tex__ _____ ___
Detroit, M ich____
___
Turnkeys:
El Paso, Tex___ ______
Indianapolis, In d .,
Pittsburgh, Pa ____ __
Reading, Pa._ ________ __
Typists:
Cincinnati, Ohio_______ _
Detroit, M ich____
1,020
900
1,620
1,440
1,800
L 560
1, 284
1,100
2 , 000
1,620
1,560
1, 500
1,440
1,752
3, 452
1,020
1
2, 592
2 , 520
1
1
1
1
Num
ber in
Salary
each
per
occupa annum
tion
1,200
2,160
2,040
2,040
2, 500
2 , 008
1
i
detailed.
$1, 620
1,920
1, 278
lj 800
1 , 620
1,643
i; 669'
lj 564
2,093
3
29 2
29 2
Cleveland, Ohio.- - -_ -.Erie, Pa
Flint, Mich__ _
Indianapolis, Ind_-_ - -
Occupation, city, and State
3,289
3,146
4,416
2,430
2,400
3, 300
____
Los Angeles, Calif____- Portland, Oreg__ ______
Seattle, Wash____________
U tility men:
Portland, Oreg___ __ _
Veterinarian:
New York, N. Y _________
! Wagonmen:
Pittsburgh, P a ___________
W arrant officers:
Dallas, Tex . . . ___ Welfare officers:
Kansas City, K a n s ._____
Oklahoma City, O k l a . . __
l Window cleaners:
Pittsburgh, P a__ ______ Wiremen:
Detroit, M ich________. .
Women’s police bureau directors:
Cleveland, Ohio - ___
Toledo, Ohio. - - __
Women’s protective division
superintendent:
Portland, Oreg. ________
Tacoma, W ash.
_
2S And signal operators.
28 Sergeants assigned to traffic court.
[138]
1
1
1
1
$3,024
3, 200
2, 772
4,000
1
1
1
2 ,1 0 0
3
4
2
i
3, 784
2, 724
2,640
2, 420
2 ,100
2 , 200
4
3
1,740
2, 400
1
1
2 ,000
1
1, 500
2,093
2, 040
1,320
3
14
3
1
4
1
1
1
1
2
1
10
2
1,800
1, 800
1,320
1, 080
960
2 , 120
1
1,980
1, 740
1, 680
1,920
1,680
1 , 200
1, 560
1
4,000
66
2,040
3
1,831
3
1, 740
1
1
2 ,2 0 0
1,800
2
1,460
4
3,432
1
1
3, 543
2,730
1
91
1
3,000
2,496
2,160
139
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Recent Changes in Wages and Hours of Labor
NFORMATION received by the bureau regarding recent wage
changes is presented below in two distinct groups : Part 1 relates
to manufacturing establishments only, the data being reported direct
to the bureau by the same establishments that report monthly figures
regarding volume of employment; part 2 presents data obtained from
new trade agreements and other miscellaneous sources. Effort is
made to avoid duplication of data as between parts 1 and 2, but this
is not always possible.
I
Part 1. Wage Changes Reported by Manufacturing Establishments,
November, 1929
F o r t y - o n e establishments in 12 industries reported wage-rate
increases during the month ending November 15, 1929. These in
creases averaged 6.5 per cent and affected 2,287 employees, or 22 per
cent of all employees in the establishments concerned.
Nine establishments in four industries reported wage-rate decreases
during the same period. These decreases averaged 5.9 per cent and
affected 543 employees, or 10 per cent of all employees in the establish
ments concerned.
During the last ten months 408 car shops have reported wage-rate
increases made to more than 66,300 employees.
T a b l e 1 .— WAGE A D JU STM EN TS OCCURRING B E T W E E N OCTOBER 15 AND NOVEM
BER 15, 1929
Per cent of increase
or decrease in
wage rates
Establishments
Industry
Employees affected
Per ce nt of
emplo yees
Number
Total
reporting
number increase or
reporting decrease in
wage rates
Range
Total In estab
Average number
In all
lishments estab
reporting
lish
increase or ments
decrease in reporting
wage rates
In creases
Confectionery___________ __
Ice cream___________
Baking__________ ________ .
Cotton goods_______ ________
Rayon_____ _____
____ _
Foundry and machine-shop
products_____ . . . . . . _
Machine t o o l s . . . _______ . . .
Furniture . . . . . . . .
Printing, book and jo b .. . .
Printing, newspapers___ _ ..
Glass... _ _______
Car building and repairing,
steam-railroad________ . . .
287
326
680
485
13
2
1
2
1
1
7. 0-15. 0
3. 0- 5. 0
4. 5- 6. 2
7. 0- 8 . 0
7. 7
4.3
5.8
7.2
10.0
10.0
139
40
1,058
151
410
379
455
136
4
2
2
2
8
3
5. 0- 9. 3
5. 0- 9. 2
6 . 6 - 7. 0
5.0
2. 0 - 10. 0
8 . 0- 9. 3
6.5
7.6
6.9
5.0
4.0
91
24
74
26
373
8 .6
102
25
42
13
7
557
13
5. 0- 7. 5
6.9
1, 297
44
33
20
68
32
SO
8
100
58
7
6
(D
(9
(')
(>)
(')
(')
(1)
0)
0)
(>)
(1)
1
5
1Less than one-half of 1 per cent.
SG04G°— 30------ 10
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[139]
9.9
18
16
(9
5.0
5.0
10.0
6. 0 - 10. 0
10 .0
0 .8
400
48
i7
8
100
0)
0)
1
1
1
o
2
CO
326
1,058
410
647
O
Ice cream_______ . ________
Foundry and machine-shop
products__
. . . ___. . . „
Furniture
Brick. _
QO
D ecreases
53
(')
140
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Part 2. Wage Changes Reported by Trade-Unions, Etc., September to
December, 1929
T h e changes shown in Table 2 cover workers in various trade
groups. In the building trades changes ranged from 5 cents per hour
for carpenters in Worcester, Mass., and electrical workers in Detroit,
Mich., to 25 cents per hour for cement finishers in Kokomo, Ind.,
the majority receiving 12)2 cents per hour increase. In the printing
trades varying increases were reported, from 50 cents per week for
job compositors in Steubenville, Ohio, to $4 per week for job com
positors in Pittsburgh, Pa., the majority of changes ranging between
$2 and $3 per week.
T
able
2.—R E C E N T UNION WAGE CHANGES, BY IN D U STR Y , OCCUPATION, AND
LOCALITY
Rate of wages
Date of
change
Industry, occupation, and locality
Building trades:
Carpenters—
Holdenville, Okla_
____ - - _ _______ - --Worcester, Mass __ --- __________________
Cement finishers, Kokomo, Ind.—
Foremen _ ____
- __ ------------- _ _ _
__ __
_ __
Workmen
__ __ _____
Electrical workers—
___ . . . .
Detroit, Mich .
M ount Vernon, N. Y _
__ . __
Salem, Oreg-_ ..
---- -- - --_
Worcester, Mass-----------------------------------------Plasterers—
Oakland, Calif- _______ - - - ______Sheet-metal workers—
Memphis, Tenn - ___ ____ _______
Steam fitters, Chicago, 111-. ___ ____________ _
Chauffeurs and teamsters:
Truck drivers, Newark, N. J . . ___ - ______
P er hour
P er hour
$1.0 0
.85
$1. 12*$
.90
Oct. 28
_(To___
1.0 0
1.25
1.15
Sept.
Dec.
Sept.
Sept.
1
2
18
1
Oct.
Dec.
Oct.
. 90
1.30
1.40
0
1. 00
1. 12 *$
0
1.00
1
0
0
1
1
1.25
1. 62*$
1.37*$
1.70
Oct. 20
Chauffeurs, Philadelphia, Pa_-_ - -- -- _____
Clothing: Glove cutters, Gloversville, N. Y.—
Mocha, castor, or reindeer—
M en’s . ________________ __________________ Nov. 2
_do__
Women’s - ____ ______________________
M en’s washable mochas __________________ __ do__
Women’s washable m ochas_________________ __do__
Dipped grain, glace, all suede, etc.—
_ do _
Men’s- - _________
__Women’s______________________ __________ _ do. _
Pigskin—
_do_
M en's, _
- - - - - - - - do__
Women’s, ________ ________________ - ____
Real kid—
do_
Men’s_. -_________ _ _ . _____ ______
Women’s _____
-_ ___________________ __do___
Buckskin—
Men’s oil or alum dressed jacks _
_______ _ do_
Men’s oil or alum dressed deerskin- _________ ___do___
Women’s oil or alum dressed deerskin_ __ do___
All buckskins cutting 18 pairs or less of m en’s one- ___do___
clasp.
Grain deer of the venison nature
- _ ______
do
__do.
Combination 2 -piece glove
- _________ Boys’ gloves—
Imported or domestic kid or suede- _do_
Dipped grain leather _
. . . ____ ___ __do__ _
Mocha _________ _ _____ ____ _ _________ _-.do1 Not reported.
2 6 per cent increase.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
After
change
Sept. 1
Oct. 1
Nov. 18
[140]
Before
change
Hours per week
Before After
change change
48
48
0
0
0
0
44
48
44
44
1.25
P e r w eek
P er hour
P e r hour
42. 00- }
45.00
44
45
40
44
40
0
P e r w eek
( 42.00X 45.00
44
44
44
44
44
44
54
48
$0. 55
$0.65
P e r dozen
P e r dozen
$2.15
2 . 00
2 . 20
2. 05
$2. 30
2. 15
2. 40
2. 25
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
1. 95
1.80
2 .1 0
1. 95
60
60
60
60
2. 35
2 .2 0
6060
60
60
2 .1 0
2. 30
2. 25
60
60
60
60
2 . 20
2. 30
2. 15
2. 45
2. 35
2. 45
2. 30
2.60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
2 . 20
2. 35
3. 35
60
60
60
60
1.75
60
60
60
60
60
60
2 . 20
2.05
2.15
3. 20
1.65
1, 70
1.80
1. 80
1.90
8 Per day.
8 10
0
141
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
T able 2.—R E C E N T U NION WAGE CHANGES, BY IN D U STR Y , OCC U PA TIO N , AND
LOCA LITY —Continued
Rate of wages
Date of
change
Industry, occupation, and locality
Clothing: Glove cutters, Gloversville, N. Y.—Con.
Combination gloves—
Tilsbury’s with fourchettes, etc----------------Backs_________________________________
Kid palm, including fourchettes, etc----------Mocha palm, including fourchettes, etc------Buck or cabretta palm ___________________
Furniture:
Carpet sewers, New York C i t y Apprentices ____________________________
Journeymen -
Nov.
...d o ..
...d o ..
—do_—do._
After
change
P e r d o zen
P e r d ozen
$1. 25
1.05
1.35
1.40
1. 50
$1. 40
P e r w eek
P e r w eek
P er hour
P e r hour
00
P er day
Upholsterers, drapery hangers, etc., Washington,
D. C.
Motion-picture operators, actors, and theatrical workers:
Motion-picture operators, Fresno, Calif__________
Motion-picture operators, Springfield, 111--------- --Musicians, San Antonio, Tex----- ----------------------Stage hands, Buffalo, N. Y.—
Carpenters_______________________________
Electricians______________________________
Assistant carpenters-----------------------------------Property-m en------------------------------------------Flym en— ----------------------------------------------T hree regular grip s__________________________
Assistant property men------------------------------All extra m en__________________________ _
Front lights and bridge operators------------------Sunday performance......................... ............ ......
Printing and publishing:
Chicago, 111., job work—
Compositors, day______________________
Compositors, night-------------------------------Machine operators, day-------------------------Machine operators, night-----------------------Machinists, day -----------------------------------Machinists, night______________________
Danville, 111.—
Newspapers, day---------------------------------Newspapers, night___________________^-Pittsburgh, Pa.—
Job work, d a y ...---------------------------------Job work, night-----------------------------------Steubenville, Ohio, newspapers—
Foremen, day-------------------------------------Compositors, day---------------------------------Machine operators, day-------------------------Machinist operators, day-----------------------Foremen, night________________________
Compositors, night-------------------------------Machine operators, night-----------------------Machinist operators, night---------------------Steubenville, Ohio, job work—
Compositors, day______________________
Machine operators, day-------------------------Machinist operators, day-----------------------Compositors, night------------------------------Machine operators, night----------------------Machinist operators, night--------------------Waverly, N. Y., job work—
Compositors__________________________
Electrotypers—
Philadelphia, Pa., foundrymen and finishers—
D a y ...---------------------------» ------------------N ight________________________________
Sept. 3
$9. 20
$10. 55
P e r w eek
P e r w eek
Sept. 1
...d o ___
...d o ___
$72. 00
43.00
60. 00
$78. 00
50.00
62.50
Sept. 2
...d o ___
__-do___
...d o ___
.do___
57. 87
V)
60. 87
55. 50
55. 50
55. 50
55. 50
_do___
-do___
-do---_do----do----
0)
0)
0)
(!)
(')
«
0)
0)
44. 25
30. 50
« 5.00
^ 6.00
4 8 . 50
44
(0
(0
(>)
( l)
(>)
0)
(>
(>))
0)
0)
(>)
0)
36
Nov. 1
..d o ___
.-do___
..d o ___
..d o ___
_.do___
54.00
58.00
55.40
59. 40
55. 40
59.40
57.00
60.00
58. 40
61.40
58. 40
61. 40
44
44
44
44
44
44
Sept. 30
...d o ___
45.00
47. 00
46.00
48. 00
48
48
Nov. 1
...d o ___
46.00
49.00
50.00
53.00
44
44
Sept. 1
...d o ___
—do___
—do___
,_-do___
,._do___
...d o ___
—do___
0)
48.00
0)
0)
0)
55. 00
50.00
50.00
51.00
58. 00
53. 00
53.00
54.00
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
(>)
«
0)
0
(>)
44.00
44. 50
44. 50
45. 50
47.50
47. 50
48. 50
44
44
44
44
44
44
30.00
35.00
-do_do.
-do-do.
_do.
-do.
Nov. 1
Oct.
—do.
Sept.
...do—
—do—
8
(>)
57.00
60.00
$9. 08 V
8. 58j^
4 Per
[141]
40
$ 1.10
P er day
P er day
Pressmen, Cleveland, Ohio—
Foremen______________
Offside color men----------Journeymen___________
1 Not reported.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.65
1.65
1. 65
$24. 0030. 60
36. 0042.00
$ 1.
Before After
change change
1. 20
00Oct. 21 i( $24.
30.60
f
36.00...d o ___ I 42.00
Sept. 1
Sewing-machine operators, New Yrork City,
Before
change
I Hours per week
show.
57.00
65.00
P er day
$9. 58y 3
9.08 Vá
8 . 58H
142
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T able 2.—R E C E N T U NION WAGE CHANGES BY IN D U STR Y , OCC UPATION, AND
LOCALITY—Continued
Rate of wages
Date of
change
Industry, occupation, and locality
Printing and publishing—Continued.
Stereotypers, Memphis, Tenn.—
Journeymen_______________
Foremen__________________
Before
change
After
change
P e r w eek
P e r w eek
Oct. 1 $49.00
.-do___ ' 55.00
M unicipal workers:
Toledo, Ohio—
Garage, division of water—
Foremen___ ..
. __
___
Oct. 31
Assistant foremen.
. .
. ___
-.-do___
Auto repair m en .
do
Machinist helpers . _
. . . _______ ____
do
Filtration plant—
Machinists____ _ . . . ____
___
do
Painters
do
Truck drivers . ___ __ ____ _
___ ___do___
Teamsters—
Double__________________________
Single.__________________________
Garbage_________________________
Garbage, helpers..._______________
Miscellaneous: New York City, window cleaners.
..do.
..do.
..do.
...do.
Oct.
Hours per week
Before After
change change
$50. 00
57.00
44
44
44
44
44
44
P e r m o n th P e r m o n th
$ 200.
00
190. 00
185. 00
150. 00
1
$225. 00
215. 00
210. 00
175. 00
185. 00
180, 00
135. 00
210. 00
P e r w eek
P e r w eek
200. 00
155. 00
$30. 00
28. 50
33.00
30.00
45. 00
$34. 50
32.78
37.98
34. 50
48.00
1 Not reported.
W ages and H ours of Labor in O hio M in es an d Q uarries, 1928
following table gives the number of wage earners and office
workers in specified wage groups employed in and about coal
T HE
and fire clay mines and limestone and sandstone quarries in Ohio
in the week of greatest employment in the calendar year 1928.1
N U M B E R OF E M PLO Y EES R E C E IV IN G EACH CLASSIFIED W E EK L Y WAGE IN OHIO
M IN ES A N B QUARRIES FOR T H E W E EK OF G R EA TEST E M P L O Y M E N T D U R IN G 1928
$5 $10 $12
Un and and and $15
and
der un un un under
$5 der der der
$10 $12 $15 $20
$20
and
under
$25
$25
and
under
$30
$30
and
under
$35
$35
and
under
$40
463
95
351
210
163
270
Ü2
342
319
267
459 1,155 2, 533 2,667 2,266 1, 315
46 232 332 892 1,661
513
55 148 497 756 635 322
918
362
316
212 11, 907
113 4, 199
153 2,928
_______ 52 118 317 686 2,028 3, 920 4,876 4, 995 2,584 1, 990
762 22, 398
Industry and occupation group
$40 $50
and and
Total
under over
$50
C o a l m in e s
Wage earners:
Pick miners _______ . . . .
21 44
Machine runners and helpers _ _
6 10
Loaders (including drillers and
shooters). .
...
. . . . . 40 110 232
Inside day employees
___
3 35 10
Outside day employees_______ 9 16 21
Total __________
Office employees:
Male ___
Female_____ .
Total
___
____
...
.
____
_____________
Grand total_______ ______
105
21
458
35
1
3
3
3
9
1
1
6
8
6
5
18
7
21
4
21
2
27
1
4
6
9
2
14
11
25
25
23
28
56 194 326 688 2,042 3,931 4,901 5, 020 2,607 2,018
1,
575
27
1
131
44
28
175
790 22, 573
1 Ohio. Department of Industrial Relations. Division of labor statistics. Report No. 18. Statistics
of mines and quarries in Ohio, 1928. Columbus, July 15, 1929.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[142]
143
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
N U M B E R OF E M PLO Y EE S R E C E IV IN G EACH C L A SSIFIED W EEK LY WAGE IN OHIO
M IN ES AND QUARRIES FOR T H E W E E K OF G R E A T EST E M P L O Y M E N T D U R IN G
1928—Continued
$5 $10 $12 $15
Un and and and and
der un un un under
$5 der der der $20
$10 $12 $15
$20
and
under
$25
$25
and
under
$30
$30
and
under
$35
$35
and
under
$40
4
13
1
64
26
243
169
398
152
396
62
173
24
113
17
26
8
1 430
4
14
90
412
550
458
197
130
34
1,889
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
Total ___________________
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
11
Grand total ______________
5
15
91
414
551
459
199
131
35
1,900
27
9
30
300 1,821 1, 084
724
454
279
118
4, 846
1
1
1
3
2
3
IS
2
29
Industry and occupation group
$40 $50
and and
Total
under over
$50
F ir e -c la y m in e s
Wage earners:
Inside employees ___ ______
Outside employees_________ _
Total
__________________
Office employees:
Male . _______________ . . .
Female_________________ __
1
’ 459
4
L im e s to n e q u a r rie s
Wage earn ers________. . . _____
Office employees:
Male- _________ __________
Female_______ ____ _
Total
________ ________ _
7
14
6
15
17
10
23
8
21
4^
321 1,842 1, 111
755
479
299
147
5,031
73
83
1, 872
92
1,926
29
13 35
7
4 26
113
669
633
205
59
1
1
2
1
1
3
5
4
3
5
1
3
9
8
5 29
117
678
641
209
68
60
S a n d s to n e q u a r rie s
Wage earners __ _ ________
Office employees:
M a le ,___
Female
Total
-
__________
1
79
19
Days in Operation, and Working Hours
Coal mines.—In the calendar year 1928 the average number of
days worked by pick miners was 170; by loaders in machine mines,
168; and by employees of stripping machines, 219. According to
union agreements, the 8-hour day means eight hours of labor at the
usual working place exclusive of time for lunch, and exclusive of time
spent in going from the entrance to the mine to the working place
and back again. Generally speaking, this provision is applicable to
underground pieceworkers and day-wage workers, although some day
men have duties outside of the eight hours.
Fire-clay mines.—The days in operation for 112 mines in 1928 are
reported as follows:
D ays in o p eratio n :
Number of mines
U nder 100______________________________________________ 12
100 a n d u n d er 150______________________________________
9
150 a n d u n d e r 200______________________________________ 18
200 a n d u n d er 2 5 0 ______________________________________ 22
250 an d u n d er 300______________________________________ 40
300 a n d u n d er 314____________________________________
11
The weekly hours of labor in 62.5 per cent of the 112 fire-clay mines
were 48, while nearly 10 per cent of these mines worked less than 48
hours per week.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[143]
144
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Limestone and sandstone quarries.—The days in operation and the
weekly hours of labor for 122 limestone quarries and 42 sandstone
quarries are given below:
DAYS IN O PER A TIO N AND NORM AL HOURS OF LABOR P E R W E EK IN LIM ESTO N E
AND SANDSTONE QUARRIES IN OHIO, 1928
Number of quarries
Number of quarries
Days in operation
Normal weekly hours
Limestone
Sandstone
Under 100____ -- . .
100 and under 150_______
150 and under 200. ____
200 and under 250............
250 and under 300_______
300 and under 314__ ____
314 and over___________
18
23
24
31
12
9
5
6
6
8
5
11
6
Total_________ . . .
122
42
Limestone
Under 44. _
_
44 and under 48
48. .
Over 48 and under 54
54 and under 56
Over 56 and under 60
60
Over 60 and under 72____
Total
Sandstone
2
3
11
4
29
10
61
2
8
3
5
12
4
9
1
122
42
Vacations w ith Pay in France
BILL* to establish vacations with pay for industrial workers has
been before the French Parliament since 1926. A survey was
A made
in 1925 by the French Ministry of Labor of the extent to which
vacations were granted in industrial and commercial establishments,
and owing to the fact that the question is still actively before Par
liament, a second survey 1 has recently been made which shows the
present status of the movement as well as the progress made since
1925.
The present study shows that in 1928 there were 876 establish
ments, with a total of 52,760 employees, giving vacations with pay to
all or part of their employees, as compared with 628 establishments
with an average of 38,466 employees in 1925. The largest number
of vacation plans was found in the clothing industry, covering, in
1928, 281 establishments and 5,274 employees, while the next largest
group was the food industries (including manufacturing and com
merce), with 254 plans and an average of 12,170 employees. The
majority of plans were in force in small establishments, however, as
only 118 of the 876 establishments employed more than 100 workers.
Of this number, 10 employed from 500 to 1,000 workers and 9 more
than 1,000 workers.
The length of service required before eligibility for a paid vacation
was established was reported by 823 companies. Of this number,
138 granted an annual vacation with pay to all workers without regard
to length of service, while 642 required periods of employment vary
ing from 3 months to 2 years and the remaining 43 from 3 to 15
years.
Where the employees work on piece rates the payment is generally
based on the average rate for the year or for the last three months, or
in some cases the fortnight preceding or following the vacation. It is
the practice of some companies to give a special bonus to employees
at the time of their departure for their vacation, based on the length
1 France. Ministère du Travail. Bulletin, April-June, 1929, pp. 121-129.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[144]
145
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
of service of the employee, on the family responsibilities, or on
attendance.
As a result of the growing custom of giving vacations with pay, the
workers are beginning to demand vacations as one of the conditions
of employment. Thus, in 1926 there were 2 strikes in which the
granting of a vacation was among the claims of the strikers, in 1927
there were 4 such cases, and in 1928 there were 24. Fourteen of the
strikes in 1928 occurred in the metal trades and in six of these cases
the vacation was granted.
E a rn in g s an d H ours of Labor of M etal W orkers in S o u th
G erm an y, O ctober, 1928
HE Federal Statistical Office of Germany has recently published
the result of an investigation of actual earnings and hours of labor
of metal workers in south Germany, including Frankfort on the Main,
in October, 1928.1 This is the third installment of the official report
on the subject. The first installment covered the metal workers in
Berlin 2 and the second, those in Khineland-Westphalia.3 The third
installment covers 96 establishments with 67,050 workers in 5 tradeagreement districts and 11 localities, which is about one-fourth of
the trade-agreement districts, and 58 per cent of the metal workers
in the area investigated, excluding young workers.
Nearly one-half (31,876, or 47.6 per cent) of the metal workers
investigated were skilled workers, over one-fourth (17,292, or 25.8
per cent) were semiskilled, about one-tenth (6,757, or 10.1 per cent)
were male helpers, and 16.5 per cent were female workers.
About two-thirds (62.9 per cent) of the skilled workers were engaged
on a piece-rate basis, while 76 per cent of the male helpers worked on
a time-rate basis.
T
ACTUAL EA RN IN G S OF A D U LT M ETA L W ORKERS (MALES OVER 21, FEM A LES OVER
18) IN SOUTH G ERM A NY, IN C L U D IN G FR A N K FO R T ON T H E M AIN, IN OCTOBER,
1928
[Conversion into U. S. currency made on the basis of 1 mark (100 pfennigs) at par=23.8 cents]
Branch of industry and group of workers
T o ta l, a ll
Average hours
Average earn
Average ings per hour
per week
rate per
Average
Num
hour fixed
actual
by col Includ Exclud earn
ber of Includ
workers ing Over lective
ings
per
ing
ing
agree
over over week
over time
ment
time
time
time
b ran ch es
C e n ts
10, 366
Skilled workers, timework_______________
Skilled workers, piecework- ____ ________ 21, 510
Semiskilled workers, timework__
______ 6, 422
10, 870
Semiskilled workers, piecework _
Helpers, timework,— ________ ______ _ _ 5,143
Helpers, piecework___________________ - . 1,614
2,922
Females, timework— ____
, _ ____
Females, piecework________________ ______ 8,203
1 Germany. Statistisches Reichsamt. Wirtschaft und
2 See Labor Review, August, 1929, pp. 156-158.
3 See Labor Review, November, 1929, pp. 110, 111.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[145]
C e n ts
C e n ts
2
27.5
27. 1
48
20.5
1H
22.4
30.8
30.5
46
2
22.2
48
17.9
21. 8
1
20.4
27.6
27.3
45J4
2
19. 1
48
16. 5
18.8
24. 5
45
18.9
24.7
11HH
11.7
13.9
13.9
46H
44
13.4
17.0
17.0
Vi
Statistik, Nov. 1, 1929, pp. 877-880.
$13.19
14.20
10. 63
12. 48
9.16
11. 10
6. 42
7. 51
146
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
A.CTUAL EA RN IN G S OF ADULT M ETA L W ORKERS (MALES OVER 21, FEM A LES OVER
18) IN SOUTH G ERM A N Y , IN C L U D IN G FR A N K FO R T ON T H E M AIN, IN OCTOBER,
1928—Continued.
Branch of industry and group of workers
Average hours
Average
per week
rate per
Num
hour fixed
ber of Includ
by col
workers ing Over lective
agree
over time
ment
time
I r o n a n d s te e l g o o d s
282
315
259
562
223
269
44
164
49
45
49
47H
46
46)4
46%
48%
3
1%
3%
2%
23%
2
2%
2%
588
908
489
706
496
189
850
497
48
46%
49%
46%
48
46%
47%
45%
1%
%
2%
1
1%
3%
2,221
6, 504
1,608
2, 934
1,442
231
227
455
C e n ts
20.0
22. 2
18.0
20.2
16.3
19.1
12. 0
13.2
Average earn
ings per hour
Average
actual
earn
Includ Exclud ings
per
ing
ing
over over week
time
time
C e n ts
C e n ts
26. 6
28.7
23.3
26.0
19.3
26.2
14.0
16.0
26.3
28.3
22.9
25.8
18.8
26.0
13.9
15.9
13.02
12. 90
11.45
12. 35
8.86
12.13
6.57
7.79
1
19.5
22.1
17.0
19.3
15.2
17.6
11. 1
12.9
25.3
28.1
20.2
23.9
17.1
22.4
12.3
15.5
25.1
28.0
20. 1
23.9
16.9
22.3
12. 2
15.5
12.14
13.06
9.99
11.09
8.22
10. 42
5. 87
7.11
47%
46
48
46
48
44%
45
46%
2
13%
2%
1%
23%
1%
1%
1
20.6
22.0
18.4
20. 2
16.9
18.2
11.5
12.8
27.4
30.0
21.8
27. 3
19.6
22.3
12.9
15.2
27.0
29.6
21.3
26. 9
19.1
21.8
12.8
15.1
13. 04
13. 85
10.44
12.56
9. 39
9. 92
5. 82
6. 99
486
1,049
463
1, 129
260
51
27
136
49%
47%
49%
46%
48%
47%
44%
46%
2%
1%
2%
1
2%
2
1
1
20.2
22.8
18.1
21.2
16. 7
19.3
12.0
13.1
27.5
31.3
21.9
29.4
19.8
23.9
13.1
17.4
27.1
30.9
21.4
29.2
19.4
23.7
12.9
17.3
13. 60
15. 01
10.80
13. 60
9.66
11.38
5.84
8.12
161
197
32
40
69
49%
46%
48%
52
45%
3
2
3%
43%
2%
20.2
23.1
18.4
19.3
16.8
23.7
28.9
20.1
24.5
19.3
23.1
28.7
19.4
23.9
18.8
11.68
13. 42
9.77
12.74
8.80
3, 370
7,104
1, 732
2,746
1,159
453
335
296
46%
45%
47
44
47%
44%
42%
42%
1%
1
1%
%
1%
1%
%
0
20.3
22.8
18.0
20.7
16.3
19.2
11.6
12. 7
27.2
31.8
23.0
27.9
19.0
25.1
14.2
18.3
26.9
31.6
22.7
27.7
18.8
24.9
14.2
18.3
12.72
14.50
10. 78
12.28
9.04
11.08
6. 05
7. 81
Skilled workers, timework___ __________
2,474
Skilled workers, piecework . ___ ____ _ 3,800
Semiskilled workers, timework___
. . . . _ 1, 581
Semiskilled workers, piecework.. . __ _____
1,895
Helpers, timework
___________
1,194
Helpers, piecework.. .
...
. .
327
Females, timework . ___ _______________
963
Females, piecework . _______ . ____.
4, 752
48%
46
473%
44%
473%
43
45%
43
2%
%
1%
%
1%
%
%
%
20.9
22. 1
17.5
20. 1
16.8
19. 5
12.2
13.2
28.6
30.8
21.9
27.7
19.6
25.8
15.0
17.2
28.1
30.5
21. 5
27.4
19.3
25.6
15.0
17.1
13. 93
14.14
10. 50
12.25
9. 40
11.09
6. 87
7. 37
Skilled workers, timework
Skilled workers, p iecew orks. . .
Semiskilled workers, timework----------- ---Semiskilled workers, piecework--------Helpers, timework----------------------------------Helpers, piecework------- ---- -Females, timework------ -- -----------Females, piecework----- - ----------------------M e ta l goods
Skilled workers, tim ew ork ____________ --Skilled workers, piecework ----------------------Semiskilled workers, timework- _ . . _
Semiskilled workers, piecework- . . - ----Helpers, timework- - - ------------- ------Helpers, piecework--Females, tim ew o rk ------ __ ------- -Females, piecework
---- -M a c h in e c o n s tr u c tio n
Skilled workers, timework___ -----Skilled workers, piecework
- _Semiskilled workers, timework _ ----- -- . . .
Semiskilled workers, piecework
Helpers, timework.__ . . . _ _ _ . . .
Helpers, piecework _
_______
_ ...
Females, timework _ ----- -___ _____
Females, piecework __
. . . _ --------------B o ile r m a n u fa c tu r e
Skilled workers, timework__ ____ ________
Skilled workers, piecework _ ----- _ __ . . .
Semiskilled workers, timework _ ____ .
Semiskilled workers, piecew ork___ _ ____
Helpers, timework
____
___ __
Helpers, piecework. _ _
___ ___
_____
_
Females, timework_______ _ ___ .
Females, piecework___ ------- __________
S te e l c o n s tr u c tio n
Skilled workers, timework
Skilled workers, piecework
Semiskilled workers, timework __ _. ____
Semiskilled workers, piecework.
Helpers, timework_________ ___ __ . . . .
C o n s t r u c t i o n o f v e h i c le s a n d a i r c r a f t
Skilled workers, timework___ _________
Skilled workers, piecework
___ ..
Semiskilled workers, timework __ ___ . . . .
Semiskilled workers, piecework________
Helpers, tim ework... _ _______________
Helpers, piecework . . ___ ______ _____
Females, timework_.
_
__ _________
Females, piecework____ _ _
_________
E le c tr o te c h n ic a l in d u s tr y
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[146]
147
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
W ages in th e M in in g In d u stry in G reece in 1928
HE annual report of the Bureau of Mines 1 of Greece for the
year 1928 gives the total number of man-days worked in the
mines and quarries and the total amount of wages, from which the
following average daily earnings have been computed:
T
Cents
62.
48.
56.
73.
M etal m in es________
L ignite m in es_______
Sm elting a n d refining
Q u arries____________
9
3
5
0
59. 6
T o ta l
W ages in H un gary in S ep tem b er, 1929 2
T
HE following table shows average hourly wages offered in the
employment offices of Budapest during September of 1928 and
1929:
WAGES P E R HOUR IN S P E C IF IE D OCCUPATIONS
[Exchange rate of pengo=17.4 cents]
Average hourly wages during September—
Pengös
Tinners
Joiners
Tailors
Masons
_
Day laborers
Day laborers, female
Factory laborers
_
1929
1928
Occupation
- _______- - - ___ ___
—
_______ ____ _ ________
- ___- ___________ ____
__ _______ _ ________ _____
__ ____ __
- ___
____ -- - - _____________
____ ________
___ ___ - -
0.73
.72
.65
.96
.47
.47
.26
u. s.
currency
$0.13
. 13
. 11
.17
.08
.08
.05
Pengös
0. 77
.64
.56
.82
.46
.49
.25
u. s.
currency
$0.13
. 11
. 10
. 14
.08
.09
.04
D aily W ages in T okyo, J u n e , 1929
HE daily wages paid in various occupations in Tokyo in June,
1929, are given in the following table, which reproduces in part
a tabulation carried in the June, 1929, issue of the Monthly Report
on Current Economic Conditions, published by the Tokyo Chamber
of Commerce and Industry (pp. 11 and 12).
T
1 Greece. Ministère de F Economie Nationale. Direction du Service des Mines. Inspection des Mines.
Statistique de l’industrie minière de la Grèce pendant l’année 1928.
2 Hungary. Kôzponti Statisztikai Hidatal. Magyar Statisztikai Szemle. Budapest, Oct. 10, 1929,
p. 1127.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1147]
/ ,
148
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
DAILY WAGES IN VARIOUS OCCUPATIONS IN TOKYO, JU N E, 1929
[Conversions into United States currency made on basis of yen=43.9 cents]
Daily wage
Daily wage
Occupation
Yen
Textile industry:
Si]k filqtiiTP. rp.plp.rs fp.malp,
Cotton spinners, fem ale________
Silk throwers fp.nifllo
P o ttnri weavers fp.mn.lp
Silk weavers, female _______ _
Hosiery knitters, male. _
PTosierv knitters, fp.malp,
M etal industry:
Lathe workers________________
Finishers
Founders
Blacksmiths
Wooden-pattern makers
Stone, glass, and clay products:
Cement makers
Glass blowers_______ _________
Turners ( potter’s wheel
Brick makers
Tile makers
Chemical industry:
Drug makers
M atch makers, male _________
Match makers, female
Oil pressers
Paper industry:
Makers of .7apanese paper
Makers of printing paper
Leather industry: Leather makers__
Food industry:
Flour-mill w o rk ers________
Sake makers
Soy makers
Occupation
u . s.
cur
rency
1. 05 $0. 46
.64
1.45
.47
1. 06
.37
85
.70
1. 59
2. 32 1. 02
. 62
1. 41
3. 91
4. 41
4. 07
3. 76
4. 67
1.72
1.94
1.79
1.65
2.05
3. 02
2. 50
1. 77
1. 59
1. 82
1. 33
1.10
. 78
. 70
.80
2. 01
1.65
. 85
1. 91
. S8
.72
.37
.84
1 50
1. 87
3. 25
. 66
. 82
1.43
1.89
1. 60
2. 50
.83
. 70
1.10
Food industry—Continued.
Sugar-refinery workers . . . . . . . . .
Confectionery makers (Japanese
cake)_________ - _________
Canners__
_______________
Wearing-apparel industry:
Tailors_________ ____ _______ Shoemakers____________ ..
Clog makers________ _________
Building industry:
Carpenters_______ __________
Plasterers___________________ Stonemasons ________________
Bricklayers. . ___ . . . .
Roofing-tile layers . . .
Painters..
_____
Woodworking industry:
Sawyers (machine)
___
Joiners.
___
___
. .
Lacquer workers___
_____
Rope workers_____ ______
M at makers (Tatam i)________ .
Printing industry:
Type setters__________________
Bookbinders______ ___________
D ay laborers:
Stevedores.__ ________________
Day laborers, male ____ ____
Day laborers] female
______
Fisherm en... .. _________________
Domestic service:
Servants, m a le __ _ ________
Servants, female
______
Yen
u . s.
cur
rency
2. 39
$1.05
1.72
1.84
.76
.81
2. 90
2. 41
2. 25
1.27
1. 06
.99
3. 10
3. 67
4. 03
3. 57
3. 70
3.00
1.36
1. 61
1.77
1.57
1. 62
1.32
2. 85
2. 75
3. 00
1. 45
3. 37
1.25
1.21
1. 32
.64
1.48
3. 62
2.88
1. 59
1.26
2. 96
2.08
1. 16
2.16
1. 30
.91
.51
.95
1.16
1.11
.51
.49
W age R ates of Farm Laborers in Spain
STRIKE of farm laborers was imminent in the rich Antequera
section of the Province of Malaga, Spain, at the beginning of the
A grain
harvesting season this year, but was averted by slight wage
increases, according to a report from the American consul, Austin C.
Brady, at Malaga, Spain, dated August 16, 1929.
The temporary daily wage rates agreed upon are as follows:
G rain h a rv e s te rs __________________ ^ O . 62 T hreshing-floor la b o re rs________ $0. 40
. 40
T hreshing-m achine la b o re rs______
.70 Seed c o llecto rs________________
. 70
T hreshing-m achine fe ed ers_______
1.02 H a n d c u ltiv a to rs ______________
.7 0
S ta c k e rs_________________________
.62 B eet ro o t h a rv e s te rs ___________
.8 5
G rain b e a te rs ____________________
.62 Irrig a tio n te n d e rs (d a y )_______
Irrig
a
tio
n
te
n
d
e
rs
(n
ig
h
t)______
1.
07
M ow ing-m achine o p e ra to rs_______
.78
. 77
H a n d re a p e rs_______________
. 81 Irrig a tio n d itc h c lea n ers_______
. 70
C orn c u tte rs _____________________
.62 W a te r c a rrie rs_________________
In addition to the increased pay, an agreement was made by
which it was decided that definite wage scales for farm labor were to
be drawn up and definite regulations made for such work before
September 30, 1929. If the members of the committee of landowners and Workers charged with the preparation of the wage scales
and regulations are unable to agree on any details by that date, the
differences will be referred to the governor of the Province for
settlement.
1Conversions into United States Currency made on basis of exchange rate of peseta for August, 1929=
14.7 cents.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[148]
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
Summary for November, 1929
MPLOYMENT decreased 3.1 per cent in November, 1929, as
compared with October, and pay-roll totals decreased 6.8 per
cent, according to reports made to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
The industrial groups surveyed, the number of establishments
reporting in each group, the number of employees covered, and the
total pay rolls for one week, for both October and November, together
with the per cent of change in November, are shown in the following
summary :
E
SUM M ARY OF E M PL O Y M E N T AND PAY-ROLL TOTALS, N O V EM B ER AND OCTOBER,
1929
E m p loym en t
E stablishm en ts
Ind u strial group
P a y roll in one w eek
Per cent
of
October, N ovem ber, change
1929
1929
1. M anufacturing . . . _ . . . 12,655 3,538,701 3,387,035 i -3.6
2. Coal m in in g ___________ 1,464
334,691 +0.7
332,441
A n th racite_____________
B itu m in o u s___________
3. M etalliferous m in in g __
4. Quarrying and n o n n ictallic m in in g ______ __
5. Public u tilities_______ _
6. Trade_________________
W h olesale___ __________
R e ta il___________ ______
7. Motels_________________
8. C anning and preserving.
T otal______ ________
R
162
1,302
343
120,309
212,132
63,432
117,996
216,695
63,131
-1.9
+2. 2
+1.1
678
9,568
7,971
1,846
6,125
39,543
720,798
305,507
65,442
240,065
37,652
717,079
317,367
65,464
251,803
-4.8
-0.5
+3.8
1,86«
518
34,996
152,728
55,499
5,207,649
e c a p it u l a t io n
by
+ (2)
+4.9
N ovem b er,
Per cent
of
change
$97,420,897 $89,647,097
10,380,307
9,173,065
4, 667, 597
3, 506,875
5, 712, 710
5, 666,190
1,881,714
1,899,527
i -7.0
-11.6
-24.9
-0.8
-0.9
October,
1929
1,063.444
21,554,938
7,748, 128
1, 990,311
5, 757,817
33,586,966
1929
964,383
21,042,639
7,875,254
1,973, 549
-9.3
-2.4
+1.6
-0.8
919,375
5, 901, 705
3 2,575,427
626,115
+2.5
-0 .4
-31.9
143,572,582
133,785,694
-6 .8
- 3 .6
$12, 612, 750
44,121, 286
47,0 6 5 ,4 1 9
8, 361,482
10, 867, 722
4, 552, 425
4, 484, 860
3, 230,177
8, 276, 461
$11, 707,841
41, 693, 786
41, 962, 650
8,034, 424
10, 677, 768
4, 327, 066
4, 285, 976
3, 223, 775
7,872, 408
- 7 .2
- 5 .5
- 1 0 .8
- 3 .9
- 1 .7
- 5 .0
- 4 .4
-0 . 2
- 4 .9
- 3 .1
143,572,583
133,785,694
- 6 .8
151,775
36,863
-0 .6
-33.6
5,045,493
-3 .1
G e o g r a p h ic D
iv is io n s
GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION
New E ngland4____________
Middle A tlantic5__________
East North C entral8...............
West North C en tral7_______
South Atlantic 8___________
East South C en tral9_______
West South Central J°______
Mountain 11_______ _______
Pacific 12_...................................
2,387
6,121
8,345
4,046
4,2 5 2
2, 153
2,3 1 4
1,319
4, 059
492, 366
1, 484, 708
1, 575, 070
326, 362
506,028
223,885
188, 545
108, 458
302, 227
477, 268
1, 465, 700
1, 471, 249
320, 545
502, 527
221, 068
187, 464
108, 385
291, 287
All d iv isio n s...............-
34,996
5 ,207,049
5 ,045,493
- 3 .1
- 1 .3
- 6 .6
- 1 .8
- 0 .7
- 1 .3
- 0 .6
- 0 .1
1 Weighted per cent of change for the combined 54 manufacturing industries repeated from Table 2,
p. 153, the remaining per cents of change including total, are unweighted.
2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
3 Cash payments only; see text, p. 164.
4 Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont.
5 New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania.
6 Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin.
7 Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota.
8 Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Vir
ginia, West Virginia.
s Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee,
w Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas.
Ji Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming.
12California, Oregon, Washington.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
The retail trade, bituminous coal, and metalliferous mining groups
each showed increased employment in November over October, while
wholesale trade showed practically unchanged employment; the four
remaining groups reported decreased employment.
Each of the nine geographic divisions showed decreased employ
ment and earnings in November, the greatest declines (6.6 per cent
in employment and 10.8 per cent in employees, earnings) occurring
in the East North Central division, which is most affected by any
change in conditions in the automobile industry. The Pacific
division reported a falling off of 3.6 per cent in employment and 4.9
per cent in pay-roll totals and the New England division a decrease
of 3.1 per cent in number of employees and a drop of 7.2 per cent
in pay-roll totals.
For convenient reference the latest data available relating to all em
ployees, excluding executives and officials, on Class I railroads, drawn
from Interstate Commerce Commission reports, are shown in the
following statement. These reports are for the months of September
and October instead of for October and November, consequently the
figures can not be combined with those presented in the foregoing
table:
EM PLO Y M E N T AND PAY-ROLL TOTALS, CLASS I RAILROADS
Employment
Industry
Class I railroads_________________
Sept. 15,
1929
Oct. 15,
1929
1,730,840
1,732,858
Per
cent
of
change
+0.1
Amotint of pay roll in
entire month
September,
1929
Per
cent
of
October 1929 change
$239,975,829
$255,617,115
+6.5
The total number of employees included in this summary is
6,778,000, whose combined earnings in one week amounted to more
than $193,000,000.
1. Employment in Selected Manufacturing Industries in
N ovem ber, 1929
Comparison of Employment and Pay-Roll Totals in Manufacturing Indus
tries, October and November, 1929
MPLOYMENT in manufacturing industries decreased 3.6 per
cent in November as compared with October, while pay-roll
totals decreased 7 per cent. November is customarily a month of
declining employment, but the decrease shown in this instance is
larger than in any of the preceding years covered by this bureau’s
survey. Pay-roll totals were further decreased by the observance of
armistice day and election day during the period covered by pay rolls
reported.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ weighted index of employment in
manufacturing industries for November, 1929, is 94.8 as compared
with 98.3 for October, 1929, and 95.4 for November, 1928; the weighted
index of pay-roll totals for November is 95.1 as compared with 102.3
for October, 1929, and 96.1 for November, 1928. The monthly
average, 1926, equals 100.
Only 2 groups of industries, paper and tobacco, showed increased
employment in November, with increases of 0.6 and 1.2 per cent,
E
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TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
respectively. The remaining 10 groups showed decreased employ
ment, the vehicle group decreasing 9.3 per cent, followed by the
leather group with a falling off of 4.8 per cent in number of employees.
The automobile industry, which in the three preceding years has
shown declines of from 8.1 to 9 per cent in employment in November,
reported a decrease of 17.3 per cent in number of workers and 22
per cent in pay-roll totals. The automobile-tire industry decreased
13.6 per cent in employment and 17.9 per cent in employees’ earnings.
Decreases of over 5 percent in employment were registered in icecream,
sugar, woolen, women’s clothing, millinery, cast-iron pipe, stoves, millwork, boots and shoes, brick, and carriages. The iron and steel indus
try decreased 1.7 percent, the cotton goods industry 1 per cent, and
foundry and machine-shop products 3.4 percent in employment.
Employment in rayon plants increased slightly, while radio-manu
facturing establishments reported a loss of 26.6 per cent in employ
ment and 37.7 per cent in pay-roll totals.
This report represents 12,596 establishments (exclusive of rayon and
radio establishments; see note 2, page 152) in 54 of the chief manufac
turing industries of the United States. These establishments had in
November 3,338,260 employees, whose earnings in one week were
$88,639,037.
T
1.—COM PARISON OF E M PL O Y M E N T AND PAY-ROLL TOTALS IN ID E N T IC A L
MANUFACTURING ESTA BLISH M EN TS IN OCTOBER AND N O V EM B ER , 1929, BY IN
D U STRIES
able
Industry
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s __
Slaughtering and m eat pack
in g ..-----------------------------------C onfectionery________________
Ice cream ______ ______________
F lour________________________
B a k in g ______________________
Sugar refining, cane__________
T e x tile s a n d t h e ir p r o d u c t s ___
C otton goods________________
H osiery and k n it goods______
Silk goods___________________
W oolen and w orsted goods___
Carpets and rugs____________
D y ein g and finishing te x tile s ..
C lothing, m en ’s _____________
Shirts and collars____________
C lothing, w om en ’s __________
M illin ery and lace g ood s_____
I r o n a n d s t e e l a n d th e ir p r o d
u c t s ___________________________
Iron and steel________________
C ast-iron p ip e _______________
Structural ironw ork_________
F o u n d ry and m achine-shop
p ro d u c ts..____ _____________
H ardw are___________________
M achine to o ls_______________
Steam fittin gs and steam and
hot-w ater heatin g apparatus.
S toves_______________________
Number on pay
Amount of pay roll
roll
(1 week)
Estab
Per
Per
lish
cent of
cent of
ments October, Novem change October, November, change
1929
ber, 1929
1929
1929
1,849
230,367
224,957
0)
$5,936,505
$5,751,362
200
287
326
340
680
16
2,174
485
347
287
187
33
111
312
117
208
87
81,155
38,064
11,916
16,429
71,488
11,315
628,645
213, 072
102, 966
66,009
64,112
27, 764
32,457
64,362
22,023
23, 768
12,112
81, 508
36, 383
10,822
15, 972
69,663
10, 609
616,301
210,871
102,395
65,098
60, 902
27, 547
31,941
62,171
21,951
22, 224
11,201
+0.4
-4 .4
-9 .2
-2 .8
-2 .6
-6 .2
0)
-0 .6
-1 .4
-5 .0
-0 .8
-1 .0
-3 .4
-0 .3
-6 .5
-7 .5
2,125,153
692, 504
385, 701
453,940
1,930, 749
348,458
12,470,375
3,361, 948
2,067, 086
1,401,303
1,454, 795
725, 280
807,814
1,407, 725
358, 697
613,898
271,829
2,137, 922
647, 261
354,008
424,862
1,881,123
306,186
11,710,947
3,198,824
2,021, 757
1,314,933
1, 297,327
713, 501
752,807
1,292,046
357, 595
524,346
237,811
+0.6
-6 .5
-8 .2
-6 .4
-2 .6
-12.1
(>)
- 4 .9
- 2 .2
- 6 .2
-10.8
-1 .6
- 6 .8
- 8 .2
-0 .3
-14.6
-12.5
1,920
205
39
174
732,579
279,025
11, 913
30,008
712,449
274,288
11,113
29,131
0)
-1 .7
-6 .7
- 2 .9
22,935,092
9,039, 410
283, 845
935,455
21,348,987
8,413,387
257,237
871,994
(0
-6 .9
-9 .4
- 6 .8
1,058
72
151
283,471
32,573
41, 789
273,894
31,444
40, 626
-3 .4
-3 .5
- 2 .8
8,814, 585
862,474
1,381,050
8, 247,323
812, 956
1,295,285
-6 .4
-5 .7
-6 .2
-
1.0
0)
104
32,223
32,012
977,831
-0 .7
903, 923
-7 .6
117
21,577
19,941
- 7 .6
640,442
546,882
-14.6
L u m b e r a n d its p r o d u c t s _____
1,395
247,301
238,110
5,696,631
5,258,169
0)
0)
.Lumber, sa w m ills___________
651
144, 571
140,522
-2 .8
3,086,588
2,917,946
-5 .5
L um ber, m illw ork ___________
334
33,155
30, 907
814,621
-6 .8
711,055
-12.7
F u rn itu re____________________
410
69, 575
66, 681
-4 .2
1, 795, 422
1,629,168
-9 .3
i The per cent of change has not been computed for the reason that the figures in the preceding columns
are unweighted and refer only to the establishments reporting, for the weighted per cent of change, wherein
proper allowance is made for the relative importance of the several industries, so that the figures may
represent all establishments of the country in the industries here represented, see Table 2.
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T
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
C O M P A R IS O N O F E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y -R O L L T O T A L S IN I D E N T I C A L
MANUFACTURING E S T A B L I S H M E N T S I N O C T O B E R A N D N O V E M B E R , 1929, B Y I N
D U S T R IE S — C ontinu ed
a b l e 1 .—
Number on pay
Amount of pay roll
roll
(one week)
Estab
Per
Per
lish
cent of
cent of
ments October, Novem change October, November, change
ber, 1929
1929
1929
1929
Industry
441
Leather and its products ___
Leather__ ___________ . . . _
128
313
Boots and shoes___________
Paper and printing__________
1,231
209
Paper and pulp__________ .
Paper boxes___ . . . . . . . ..
178
379
Printing, book and job. ---455
Printing, newspapers_______
390
Chem icals and allied products.
141
Chemicals______________ .
175
Fertilizers______________ _
74
Petroleum refining _______
Stone, clay, and glass products. 1,010
no
Cement _______________
647
Brick, tile, and terra cotta___
P o ttery....................... ............
117
136
Glass......... ............. ......... ......
Metal products, other th an
224
iron and steel. . ____
__
71
Stamped and enameled ware. _
Brass, bronze, and copper
153
products... _____________
237
Tobacco products___
______
Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff.
26
211
Cigars and cigarettes _____
Vehicles for land transportatio n ___ . . . . ._ __________
1,263
Automobiles______________
215
51
Carriages and wagons . . . __
Car building and repairing,
electric-railroad.. . . ____
440
Car building and repairing,
557
steam-railroad......... .............
M iscellaneous industries__ ..
531
82
Agricultural implements____
Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies . . . .
190
Pianos and organs______ . . .
69
Rubber boots and shoes_____
12
Automobile tires _________
36
Shipbuilding. ________ ____
83
Rayon 2________ ____ ______
13
Radio 2___________ ______
46
All industries . . ___ .
R
143,356
27,281
116,075
313,177
60,082
21,070
44,054
86,971
106,369
39, 566
10, 949
55,854
130,278
23,450
42,047
19,830
44,951
136,545
26, 743
109,802
212,925
59, 562
21,178
44, 977
87,208
104,679
38, 632
10,576
55,471
126,376
22, 587
39,474
20,113
44,202
0
-2 .0
-5 .4
(')
-0 .9
+0.5
+2.1
+0.3
0)
-2 .4
-3 .4
-0 .7
0)
-3 .7
-6 .1
+1.4
-1 .7
$3,282,642
717,431
2, 565,211
7,245,015
1,673,384
496,157
1,532, 577
3, 542,897
3,206,872
1,120, 042
208, 912
1,877, 918
3,403,898
697,104
1,029, 949
501,205
1,175,640
$2,750,576
677,124
2,073,452
7,202,845
1, 641,491
490, 447
1, 533, 405
3, 537, 502
3,120,602
1,101,130
197,131
1,831, 341
3,251,121
654, 336
951, 561
497, 010
1,148,214
0
- 5 .6
-19.2
(0
- 1 .9
- 1 .2
+0.1
- 0 .2
0
- 1 .7
-5 .6
- 2 .5
(0
-6 .1
- 7 .6
-0 .8
-2 .3
53,654
17,837
52,133
17,884
0
+0.3
1,457,553
427,296
1,299,208
384, 721
0
-10.0
35,817
65,021
34,239
65,843
-4 .4
0
1,030,257
1,111,842
914,487
1,110,553
-11.2
0
8, 227
56,794
8,438
57,404
+2.6
+1.1
139, n o
972, 732
131,101
979,452
- 5 .8
+0.7
561,767
392,141
1,543
492,292
324,451
1,399
0
-17.3
-9 .3
18,331,665
12,941,283
34,857
15,413,118
10,088, n o
31,127
0
-22.0
-10.7
28,828
28, 903
+0.3
907,603
900,893
- 0 .7
139, 255
437,187
27,828
137, 539
404,436
28,120
-1 .2
(>)
+ 1.0
4,447, 922
12,342,807
816,042
4,392, 988
11,420,609
804, 063
- 1 .2
0
-1 .5
228, 017
7,136
18, 556
49, 986
37,134
21,199
37, 331
220, 583
7,160
17, 749
43, 200
38,849
21, 358
27,417
-3 .3
+0.3
-4 .3
-13.6
+4.6
+0.8
-26.6
6,977, 368
227,029
458, 529
1,418,848
1,123,001
453,491
868,499
6,616,919
221, 047
439,295
1,165, 556
1,165,669
467,290
540, 770
- 5 .2
-2 .6
-4 . 2
-17.9
+3.8
+3.0
-37. 7
0
97,420,897
89,647,097
13,655 3,538, 701 3,387,035
e c a p it u l a t io n
by
(0
G e o g r a p h ic D i v i s i o n s
GEOGEAPHIC DIVISION 3
New England.. _____________
1,491
412, 227 399,179
Middle Atlantic________ . . . . . 2,904
965,819 944, 381
E ast North Central. _____ . . .
3,124 1,194, 980 1, 094, 906
West North C e n tra l_____ _____ 1,137
183, 502 178, 539
South Atlantic _ ___ _____
1, 616 352, 013 349, 372
East South Central.. _ ___ . .
632
137, 404
134, 238
West South Central__________
724
113, 507
111, 490
M ountain____________ ..
229
33,842
33, 881
Pacific_______________________
798 145, 407
141,049
All divisions____________ 12,655 3,538,701 3,387,035
-3 .2 $10, 356,162
- 2 .2 28, 270, 595
- 8 .4 36, 467, 531
-2 . 7 4, 767,869
-0 .8
7, 091,857
-2 .3
2, 664, 660
- 1 .8
2, 725, 874
+0.1
958, 451
-3 .0
4,117,898
97,420,897
0)
$9, 524, 035
27,054, 958
31, 679, 015
4, 515, 817
6, 929, 586
2, 505, 249
2, 557,158
943, 008
3,938, 271
89,647,097
1
- 8 .0
- 4 .3
-13.1
- 5 .3
-2 .3
- 6 .0
-6 . 2
-1 . 6
-4 . 4
(0
T h e per cent of change has not been com p u ted for th e reason th a t th e figures in th e preceding colum ns
are u n w eigh ted and refer on ly to th e estab lish m en ts reporting, for th e w eigh ted per cent of change, w herein
proper allow ance is m ade for th e relative im portance of th e several in d u stries, so th a t th e figures m ay
represent all estab lish m en ts of th e cou n try in th e industries here represented, see T a b le .
T h e rayon in d u stry w as surveyed for th e first tim e for th e J a n uary-F eb ru ary com parison, and th e
radio in d u stry for th e M arch -A p ril com parison, and, since th e data for com p u tin g relative num bers are
n ot y e t available, th ese industries are n ot in clud ed in th e b ureau’s indexes of em p lo y m en t and pay-roll
totals. The total figures for all m anufacturing industries given in th e tex t, p. 150, do n ot in clud e rayon
or radio.
See footnotes 4 to 12, p. 149.
2
2
3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[152]
153
TREND OF EM PLOYM ENT
T able
2
.—P E R C E N T OF CHANGE, OCTOBER TO NOVEM BER, 1929—12 GROUPS OF
MANUFACTURING IN D U STR IE S AND TOTAL OF ALL IN D U STR IE S
[Computed from the index numbers of each group, which are obtained by weighting the index numbers
of the several industries of the group, by the number of employees, or wages paid, in the industries]
Per cent of change,
October to No
vember, 1929
Per cent of change,
October to No
vember, 1929
Group
•
Number Amount
on pay of pay
roll
roll
Food and kindred products___
Textiles and their products___
Iron and steel and their products________ _____________
Lumber and its products_____
Leather and its products
Paper and printing__________
Chemicals and allied products..
-2 .5
-2 .4
-3 .1
-7 .4
-2 .9
-3 .7
-4 .8
+0.6
-1 .8
-6 .9
-7 .9
-16.0
-0 .5
-2 .3
Group
Number Amount
on pay of pay
roll
roll
Stone, clay, and glass products.
Metal products, other than iron
and steel.
.
...
Tobacco products
________
Vehicles for land transportation.
Miscellaneous in d u stries.____
-3 .2
-4 .6
-3 .0
+1.2
-9 .3
-3 .7
-10.9
+0.1
-11.8
-5 .7
All industries____
—3.6
—7.0
_ _
C o m p a r is o n o f E m p l o y m e n t a n d P a y - R o l l T o t a l s i n M a n u f a c t u r i n g I n d u s
t r i e s i n N o v e m b e r , 1929, a n d N o v e m b e r , 1928
T h e l e v e l of employment in manufacturing industries in Novem
ber, 1929, was 0.6 per cent lower than in November, 1928, and em
ployees’ earnings were 1.0 per cent lower. This is the first month
since September, 1928, that employment has fallen below the level
of the same month of the preceding year, while pay-roll totals were
lower than the level of the same month of the preceding year for the
first time since August, 1928.
Five of the 12 groups of industries and 23 of the 54 industries had
more employees at the end of the 12-month period than at the be
ginning, the outstanding increases having been in shipbuilding, elec
trical machinery, petroleum refining, and machine tools. The great
est decreases in employment over the year interval were registered
in automobiles, which showed a drop of 23.1 per cent; automobile
tires, which decreased 20.9 per cent, and in pianos, millwork, and
cement.
Five of the nine geographic divisions made gains in employment
over this year period, while four divisions showed decreased employ
ment, the largest decrease (5.9 per cent) occurring in the East
North Central division.
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154
M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W
T able 3 .—COM PARISON OF E M PL O Y M E N T AND PAY-ROLL TOTALS IN M A N U F A C
T U R IN G IN D U STR IE S, N O V EM B ER , 1929, W ITH N O V EM B ER , 1928
[The per cents of change for each of the 12 groups of industries and for the total of all industries are weighted
in the same manner as are the per cents of change in Table 2]
Per cent of change
November, 1929,
compared with
November, 1928
Per cent of change
November, 1929,
compared with
November, 1928
Industry
Industry
Number Amount
on pay
of pay
roll
roll
Food and kindred products.
Slaughtering and meat
packing_______. . . _____
Confectionery___________
Ice cream_______________
Flour___________________
B aking.. _______________
Sugar refining, cane_______
-0 .5
+0.4
+0.9
-2 .1
-1 .4
(!)
+0.1
-5 .3
+1.1
-0 .9
-0 .4
+1. 2
+1. 3
-6 . 6
-1 .4
-3 .3
+7.3
-0 . 2
-6 .2
+3.2
-4 .0
-7 .0
+ 10. 1
-2. 2
-10. 1
+4.9
-1 . 1
+ 1.2
+0.2
-4 .8
-3 .9
-9 .6
-3 . 7
-0 . 1
-4 . 7
-9 .6
+ 1.9
-0 .9
-2 .4
+5.4
-0 .5
-5 .4
-1 . 1
+1.1
+5.9
-3 .0
+15.6
+5.9
-5 .8
+9.4
-1.1
-2 . 7
-2 .0
-7 .2
Lum ber and its products__
Lumber, sawmills_______
Lumber, millwork.. . . .
Furniture____ _________
-4.1
-4 .9
-12.8
+1.5
-5 .0
-4 .6
-15.1
-2 .4
Leather and its products___
Leather_________________
Boots and shoes__ _______
+5.5
+3. 6
+6.3
+3.2
+8. 1
+3.6
Paper and printing___ _ . . .
Paper and pulp
Paper boxes.. 1 ____ _____
+2.5
H-0 5
+2. 7
+4.9
-f-1 9
+0.9
Textiles and their p roducts..
Cotton goods... ________
Hosiery and knit goods___
Silk goods__________
Woolen and worsted goods..
Carpets and ru g s.. _ ____
Dyeing and finishing textiles__________________
Clothing, men’s __________
Shirts and collars_________
Clothing, women’s___ ____
Millinery and lace goods__
Iron and steel and their
products_______________
Iron and steel . . . ____. . .
Cast-iron pipe___________
Structural ironwork. . . . .
Foundry and machine-shop
products______________
H ardw are.. . _______ ____
Machine tools______
_.
Steam fittings and steam
and hot-water heating
___
apparatus_______
Stoves. ____________ _. .
R e c a p it u l a t io n
Number Amount
on pay of pay
roll
roll
Paper and printing—Contd.
Printing, book and job___
Printing,, newspapers
+4.5
+3.5
+7.4
+5.6
Chemicals and allied products
Chemicals
FertilizersPetroleum refining______ .
+6 9
+0. 3
—0. 3
+18.9
4-7 4
+0* 9
—4 0
+17.8
Stone, clay, and glass products
Cement
Brick, tile, and terra cotta. Pottery
Glass.I_________________
—3.6
—10 0
-6 .9
—1. 3
+5.0
—6 4
—91
-9 .6
+1 4
+0.9
Metal products, other th an
iron and steel
Stamped and enameled
ware___________
__ __
Brass, bronze, and copper
products________ ___
Tobacco products
Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff
Cigars and cigarettes___ _
Vehicles for land transportation
Automobiles.-. _________
Carriages and w agons____
Car building and repairing,
eleet r ie-rai 1road
Car building and repairing,
steam-railroad- - ______
M iscellaneous industries .. .
Agricultural implements__
Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies...........
Pianos and organs
Rubber boots and shoes__
Automobile tires__ ______
Shipbuilding _
All industries
G e o g r a p h ic D
by
GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION 2
New England___________
Middle Atlantic_________
East North Central______
West North Central______
South Atlantic__________
East South Central______
1 No change.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-4 .5
-14.2
0)
-10.4
-6 .1
-14.9
-3 .0
+0.3
—5 9
-2 .5
—5 0
+0.7
—10 1
- 2 3 .1
-5 .2
H9
-26.4
-4 .3
+0.5
+1.2
+3.6
+10.4
+15.9
-0 .4
+17.4
-4 .2
+21.6
—17 1
-4 .7
-20.9
+34.3
+21.9
-1 .2
-29. 0
+42.3
-0 .6
-1 .0
+ 6 .0
+ 1 .6
- 1 .0
+9.1
-
- 1 .0
iv is io n s
G E O G R A P H IC D IV IS IO N —COntd.
- 1 .6
+ 3 .4
-5 .9
+2.2
- 0 .3
+0. 7
-3 .5
+4. 1
- 1 0 .8
+6. 1
+ 0 .6
- 0 .4
West South Central________ .
M ountain. _. . __ __________
Pacific______ ______________
All divisions.
2 See footnotes 4 to 12, p. 149.
[1 5 4 ]
.6
+ 2 .7
- 0 .1
155
TREND OF EM PLOYM ENT
P e r C a p it a E a r n in g s i n M a n u f a c t u r i n g I n d u s t r i e s i n N o v e m b e r , 1929
P e r c a p i t a e a r n i n g s of employees in the combined 54 manu
facturing industries in November, 1929, were 3.7 per cent lower
than in October, 1929, and 0.4 per cent lower than in November,
1928.
T able 4 .—COM PARISON OF P E R CAPITA EARNINGS IN MANUFACTURING IN D U S
TR IES, N O V EM B ER , 1929, W ITH OCTOBER, 1929, AND NOV EM B ER , 1928
Per cent of change
November, 1929,
compared with—
Per cent of change
November, 1929,
compared with—
Industry
Industry
October, Novem
1929
ber, 1928
Ice cream___________________
Chemicals_________
_____
Rubber boots and shoes
___
Slaughtering and meat packing.
Car building and repairing,
steam-railroad_______ ____ _
Shirts and collars___ ____ ____
Baking_______________ _____
Cigars and cigarettes _______
Printing, newspapers_________
Glass___ .
____________
Carpets and rugs.. ____ _____
Shipbuilding..
__________
Car building and repairing,
electric-railroad___ . . . . . .
Paper and pulp_____________
Carriages and wagons________
Brick, tile, and terra cotta.
Hosiery and knit goods_______
Paper boxes. _______ __ . . .
Petroleum refining.. ________
Electrical machinery, appara
tus, and supplies
________
Printing, book and job_____
Confectionery. ____________
Fertilizers... _______ _______
Pottery__ __________________
Hardware. _____ _ ______
Agricultural implements__ ..
... ...
C e m e n t__
Lumber, sawmills . _________
Cast-iron p i p e ______ _______
+1.1
+0.7
+0.2
+0.2
+1.2
+0.6
+3.6
+0.4
0)
(i)
_(2)
-0 .4
-0 .4
-0 .7
-0 .8
-0 .8
+6.4
+0.1
+1.3
+3.4
+2.2
-4 .1
+1.8
+5.8
-1 .0
-1 .0
-1 .5
-1 .6
—1.7
-1 .7
-1 .8
+0.5
+1.5
+1.4
-2 .9
+2.5
-1 .9
-0 .8
-2 .0
-2 .0
-2 .2
-2 .3
-2 .3
-2 .4
-2 .5
-2 .6
-2 .7
-2 .9
+0.2
+3.1
+1.1
-3 .2
+2.4
-3 .0
-4 .1
+0.8
+0.5
+1.5
October, Novem
1929 ber, 1928
Pianos and organs............... ......
-3 .0
Foundry and machine-shop
p ro d u c ts ................. ........
-3 .2
Machine tools_______________
-3 .5
Flour. .. _____________
-3 .7
Leather. __ ______
___
-3 .7
Cotton goods . . ___________
-3 .9
Structural iro n w o rk ._______
-4 .0
Automobile tires. _________
-4 .9
Silk goods.. ____ ________ _ -4 .9
Clothing, m en’s ____________
-5 .0
Dyeing and finishing textiles. .
-5 .3
Furniture __________ ___
-5 .3
Iron and steel_____________ _ -5 .3
Millinery and lace goods____ .
-5 .4
-5 .8
Automobiles. ____________
Woolen and worsted goods___
-6 .1
-6 .3
Lumber, miilwork___________
-6 .3
Sugar refining, cane. . ___ .
Steam fittings and steam and
hot-water heating apparatus..
-7 .0
Brass, bronze, and copper prod
-7 .1
ucts __________________
S toves______________ _
-7 .6
Chewing and smoking tobacco
-8 .1
and snuff. . __ _________
-8 .7
Clothing, women’s _________
-10.2
Stamped and enameled ware..
-11.6
Boots and shoes.. _________
+1.1
+0.1
-10. 3
-2 .6
-3 .7
-0 .4
i No change.
AH industries___ _____
-3 .7
+0.1
-5 .3
+1.0
+4.1
-3 .8
-4 .3
-10.3
-1 .8
-4 .9
-8 .6
-3 .9
-4 .3
-5 .8
-4 .5
-4 .3
-2 .9
-1 .1
-1 .4
-9 .1
-4 .5
2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
In d e x e s o f E m p lo y m e n t a n d P a y -R o ll T o ta ls in M a n u fa c tu r in g I n d u s tr ie s
I n d e x n u m b e r s for November, 1928, and for September, October,
and November, 1929, showing relatively the variation in number
of persons employed and in pay-roll totals in each of the 54 manu
facturing industries surveyed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
together with general indexes for the combined 12 groups of industries,
appear in Table 5.
86046°—30----- 11
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[155]
156
M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W
T able 5.—IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T AND PAY-ROLL TOTALS IN MANUFACTURING
IN D U STR IE S, N O V EM B ER , 1928, AND S E P T E M B E R , OCTOBER, AND N O V EM B ER ,
1929
[Monthly average, 1926=100]
Employment
1929
1928
Industry
Pay-roll totals
1929
1928
Novem Septem Octo Novem Novem Septem Octo Novem
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
....... ...........
95.4
99.3
98.3
94.8
96.1
102.6
102.3
95.1
Food and kindred products.-.
Slaughtering and meat pack
ing—
Confectionery . . .
Icecream _ -------------Flour . . _________ ______
Baking______________ . . .
Sugar refining, cane____ __
101.9
102.1
104.0
101.4
102.3
105.3
106.0
102.7
100.9
108.4
83.5
103.5
102.4
95.9
100.6
99.8
102.5
106.4
104.4
89.5
101.4
90. 6
106.5
105.2
96.8
101.8
106.1
82.3
103.5
102.5
90.8
103.3 i
106.4
84.0
104.2
103.0
96.9
104.2
102.0
103.3
115.0
106.5
92.1
103.8
112.7
91.2
112. 6
107.1
103.0
104.4
105.4
83.7
105.4
104.3
90.5
Textiles and their products__
Cotton goods______ _____
Hosiery and knit goods__ . .
Silk g o o d s_______ __
Woolen and worsted goods
Carpets and rags
_
. . .
Dyeing and finishing textiles.
Clothing, men’s.. _ ______
Shirts and collars. ______ __
Clothing, women’s .
____
Millinery and lace goods___
Iron and steel and tlieir prod
u cts. __ ____ _______ ____________
Iron and steel _________ _
Cast-iron pipe. .
Structural ironwork . . .
Foundry and machine-shop
products.. ________ _____
Hardware______ __________
Machine tools___ . . . . . .
Steam fittings and steam
and hot-water heating ap
paratus _____ __ . __
________________
Stoves
97.2
97.0
95.6
96.9
99.8
104.9
101.9
89.0
94.1
106.2
88.7
97.1
94.0
100.6
98.1
97.4
103.8
100.8
95.3
93.9
102.8
94.0
98.2
94.8
103. 2
98.1
98.5
109. 1
102.4
93.3
94.6
108.1
92.2
95.8
93.8
102.6
96.7
93.6
108.3
100.8
90.1
94.3
101.1
85.2
96.5
96.3
101.0
97.6
99.9
101.7
106. 7
81.3
94.4
102.9
86.6
97.8
91.2
106.3
100.6
98.1
99.2
100.0
92.0
91.5
108.7
93.2
100.0
94.2
113.7
101.8
100.7
108.4
103.5
85.2
94.6
114.9
89.5
92.6
89.6
111.2
95.5
89.8
106.7
96.5
78.3
94.3
98.1
78.3
94.8
93.1
75.9
98.5
100.7
96.3
81.8
107.7
99.5
93.9
79.4
106.9
96.6
92.3
74.1
103.8
97.7
97.6
73.5
104.3
104.2
101.7
83.3
112.1
104.4
99.1
80.3
113.1
97.2
92.3
72.7
105. 4
95.6
91.5
114.2
105.7
92.2
134.9
104.7
92.0
135.8
101.2
88.8
132.0
96.8
94.3
125.6
108.1
93.4
143.9
109.5
94.2
146.5
102.5
88.8
137.4
79.4
95.2
77.2
97.1
79.1
100.2
78.5
92.6
78.1
94.2
78.2
93.4
82.8
102.3
76.5
87.4
Lum ber and its products____
Lumber, sawmills _____
Lumber, millwork________
Furniture________________
90.0
88.1
85.4
98.4
91.4
89.0
84.1
102.1
89.6
86.2
79.9
104.3
86.3
83.8
74.5
99.9
92.0
89.7
85.2
103.6
94.9
92.6
85.8
105.6
94.9
90.6
82.8
111.5
87.4
85.6
72.3
101.1
Leather and its products
Leather. . . . .
_____ _
Boots and s h o e s._____
88. G
90.9
87.8
98.4
95.3
99.2
98.2
96.2
98.7
93.5
94.2
93.3
78.6
87.8
74.5
100.7
97.6
101.6
96.6
100.6
95.5
81.1
94.9
77.2
Paper and p rin tin g.. ______
Paper and p u lp .. . . .
___
Paper boxes__________ . . .
Printing, book and job. . . .
Printing, newspapers____ .
101.2
95.5
101.4
99.5
107.4
102.9
96.2
99.0
105.6
108.9
103.1
96.9
103.6
101.9
110.9
103.7
96.0
104.1
104.0
111.2
103.4
97.0
111.2
99.4
110.2
107.7
98.5
108.0
108.3
113.9
109.1
100.7
113.5
106.7
116.6
108.5
98.8
112.2
106.8
116.4
Chem icals and allied products.
Chemicals________________
Fertilizers . . . . . . ______
Petroleum refining ________________
8tone, clay, and glass prod
u c ts .. __ ___ _________
Cement __
. . .
Brick, tile, and terra cotta..
P ottery. ______________ __
Glass____________________
Metal products, other th an
iron and steel_____________
Stamped and enameled ware.
Brass, bronze, and copper
products___________ ____
Tobacco products___
._
.
Chewing and smoking to
bacco and s n u f f __ __ _____
Cigars and cigarettes_______
94.4
102.7
88.9
86.1
101.6
103.6
90.9
102.7
102.8
105. 6
91.7
103.2
100.9
103.0
88.6
102.4
97.2
106.8
91.0
88.4
105.2
106.0
92.3
106.6
106.9
109.6
92.6
106.7
104.4
107.8
87.4
104.1
89.2
86.6
84.3
96.6
92.0
90.5
84.2
87.3
92.7
97.4
88.8
80.9
83.6
94.0
98.3
88.0
77.9
78.5
95.3
96.6
90.6
85.4
82.5
92.5
98.5
89.6
87.3
82.4
91.1
100.6
88.9
82.6
80.7
94.5
101.7
84.8
77.6
74.6
93.8
99.4
97.8
90.6
96.2
89.7
96.3
90.3
93.4
90.6
106.2
94.0
100.6
89.3
102.3
93.6
91.1
84.2
100.8
101.2
99.3
95.9
99.1
97.0
94.7
98.2
110.2
99.3
105.1
98.6
105.7
99.5
93.8
99.6
93.7
102.1
89.3
96.7
85.9
98.4
88.2
99.5
88.7
100.7
86.8
100.0
89.5
100.7
84.3
101.4
General index
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_
1
1
[156]
1
. 0
157
TREND OF EM PLOYM ENT
T able 5 .—IN D E X E S OF EM PLO Y M E N T AND PAY-ROLL TOTALS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G
IN D U STR IE S, NO V EM B ER , 1928, AND S E P T E M B E R , OCTOBER, AND NO V EM B ER
1929—Continued
’
[Monthly average, 1926=100]
Employment
Industry
1928
Pay-roll totals
1929
1928
1929
Novem Septem Octo Novem Novem Septem Octo Novem
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
Vehicles for land transporta
tio n ______
Automobiles.
.
Carriages and wagons______
Car building and repairing,
electric-railroad____
Car building and repairing,
steam-railroad______
M iscellaneous industries
Agricultural implements.
Electrical machinery, appa
ratus, and supplies...
Pianos and organs___
Rubber boots and shoes___
Automobile tires___
Shipbuilding ____
95.5
111.5
80.6
99.9
115. 7
85.0
94.7
103.7
84.2
85.9
85.7
76.4
97.5
111.4
86.7
104.8
117.0
92.2
100.7
105.1
92.9
93.3
88.8
82.0
83.0
92.2
91.5
92.4
92.7
93.4
95.1
94.5
82.7
94.0
111.7
86.5
114.7
109.2
86.8
113.1
110.1
85.7
108.9
111.2
86.5
91.9
116.0
93.2
96. 7
115.1 114.4
108. 1 112.8
95.5
107.9
111.1
100.6
80.6
104.0
103.9
82.6
127.3 126.5
65.4
66.6
103.3 103.5
102.3
95.1
105. 8. 106.0
122.3
66.8
99.1
82.2
110. 9
101.6
83.1
104.3
102.1
80.2
130.8
63.6
109.0
92.9
110.6
123.8
66.5
103.0
72.5
114.1
130.6
68.3
107.5
88.3
109.9
. Table 6 shows the general index of employment in manufacturing
industries and the general index of pay-roll totals, by months, from
January, 1923, to November, 1929.
Following Table 6 is a chart which represents the 54 industries
combined and shows, by months, the course of pay-roll totals as well
as the course of employment. It includes the years 1926 and 1927
as well as 1928, and January, February, March, April, May, June’
July, August, September, October, and November, 1929.
T able 6 . —G EN ER A L IN D E X E S OF EM PLO Y M E N T AND P A Y -R O L L T D t a t q
M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U STR IES, JA NUARY; 1923 TO NO V EM B ER
IN
[Monthly average, 1926=100]
Employment
Pay-roll totals
Month
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
106.6
108.4
110.8
110.8
110.8
110.9
109.2
108.5
108.6
108. 1
107.4
105.4
103.8
105. 1
104.9
102.8
98.8
95.6
92.3
92.5
94.3
95.6
95.5
97.3
97.9
99.7
100.4
100.2
98.9
98.0
97.2
97.8
98.9
100.4
100. 7
100.8
100.4
101.5
102.0
101.0
99.8
99.3
97. 7
98.7
100.3
100. 7
99.5
98.9
97.3
99.0
99.5
98.6
97.6
97.0
95.0
95. 1
95.8
95.3
93.5
92.6
91.6
93.0
93.7
93.3
93.0
93. 1
92. 2
93.6
95.0
95.9
95.4
95.5
95. 2
97.4
98.6
99. 1
99.2
98.8
98.2
98.6
99.3
98.3
94.8
95.8
99. 4
104.7
105.7
109.4
109.3
104.3
103.7
104.4
106.8
105.4
103. 2
98.6
103.8
103.3
101. 1
96.5
90.8
84.3
87. 2
89.8
92.4
91.4
95.7
93.9
99.3
100.8
98.3
98.5
95.7
93.5
95.4
94.4
100.4
100.4
101.6
98.0
102.2
103.4
101.5
99.8
99.7
95.2
98.7
99.3
102.9
99.6
99.8
94.9
100.6
102.0
100.8
99.8
97.4
93.0
95.0
94. 1
95.2
91.6
93. 2
89.6
93.9
95. 2
93.8
94.1
94. 2
91.2
94.2
95.4
99.0
96.1
97.7
94.5
101.8
103.9
104.6
104.8
102.8
98. 2
102 1
102.6
102.3
95.1
Average.. 108.8
98.3
99.2 100.0
9G.4
93.8 ‘ 98.0 104.3
94.6
97.7 100.0
96.5
January_____
February____
M arch______
April. . . . . __
M ay________
June________
July________
August______
September___
October.. . . .
November___
December___
1Average for 11 months.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 157]
94.5 1101. 2
158
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
MANUFACTURING
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
INDUSTRIES.
MONTHLY INDEXES,
MONTHLY AVERAGE.
[ 158]
1926-1929.
192,6 = 100.
159
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
Force Employed and Time Worked in Manufacturing Industries in November,
1929
T e n t h o u s a n d f i v e h u n d r e d a n d f o r t y - o n e establishments in
the 54 manufacturing industries reported as to force employed in
November, 1929, and as to working time of employees. Thirty-eight
per cent of the establishments had a full normal force of employees,
61 per cent were working with reduced forces, and 1 per cent were
idle; employees in 79 per cent of the establishments were working full
time, and employees in 20 per cent were working part time.
The establishments in operation had an average of 89 per cent of
a full normal force of employees who were working an average of 97
per cent of full time, these percentages indicating a decrease of 3 per
cent in average force with a decrease of 1 per cent in average working
time as compared with October.
T
7.—P R O PO R TIO N OF FU LL NORM AL FORCE E M PLO Y ED IN MANUFACTURING
IN D U STR IE S IN N O V EM B ER , 1929, AND PR O PO R TIO N OF FULL T IM E W ORKED BY
E M PLO Y EES
able
Operating establishments only
Establish
ments re
porting
Industry
Total Per
num cent
ber
idle
Food and kindred products---------- 1,577
153
Slaughtering and meat packing---246
Confectionery------ -------------------248
Ice cream________ ____ _ _____
304
Flour_________________________
613
Baking_______________________
13
Sugar refining, cane-------------------
1
(>)
2
0)
(>)
1
1
1,775
Textiles and their products-.^
440
Cotton goods..- --------------------304
Hosiery and knit goods--------------253
Silk goods-------- -------------------169
Woolen and worsted goods---------25
Carpets and rugs----------------- --103
Dyeing and finishing------------ ----213
Clothing, m en’s-----------------------85
Shirts and collars................... ........
117
Clothing, women’s_____________
60
Millinery and lace goods________
Iron and steel and their products.- 1,708
166
Iron and steel__________________
33
Cast-iron pipe------------------------153
----------Structural ironwork--Foundry and machine-shop prod954
ucts------- -- ------------------- --55
Hardware _ _________________
142
Machine tools.. _______
____
Steam fittings and steam and hot101
water heating apparatus_______
104
Stoves _______________________
Lumber and its products. _______ 1,234
586
Lumber, sawmills____ ____ _____
Lumber, millwork ________ ____
290
358
Furniture___________ __________
Leather and its products_________
Leather. _ _____
_________
Boots and shoes____
_______
* Less than one-half of 1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
388
116
272
Per cent of
establish Average
Per cent of
ments in per cent establishments Average
of full
per cent of
which
operating
time
full normal
with—
employees
force em
worked— worked
by em
ployed in
establish
ployees
in estab
ments
Part operating
Full Part lishments Full normal
time time operating normal
force
force
2
1
2
1
1
0)
4
3
«
1
1
0)
(9
(9
[ 159]
89
92
76
88
83
97
62
11
8
23
10
17
3
38
98
100
96
99
97
100
93
38
48
29
11
38
51
15
61
52
70
87
62
49
85
90
91
87
67
91
97
80
76
70
86
81
70
80
53
74
85
82
77
23
28
14
17
29
20
47
23
14
17
23
95
94
98
96
94
96
91
96
99
96
96
41
38
46
47
30
44
35
46
58
33
26
58
60
54
51
69
56
65
52
41
66
74
89
. 86
97
91
82
104
87
84
105
88
79
70
62
33
84
29
34
64
16
95
93
75
99
39
28
6
43
60
68
91
57
90
86
72
96
71
69
90
29
31
10
95
95
99
38
35
68
62
32
91
87
126
58
57
42
43
93
90
36
38
64
02
83
94
73
72
66
80
27
27
34
20
96
96
94
98
32
30
20
44
68
69
80
56
84
83
70
95
71
83
67
28
17
33
93
97
91
47
41
50
53
59
50
94
86
96
160
T
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
7.—PRO PO R TIO N OP FU LL NORM AL FO RC E E M PLO Y ED IN MANUFACTURING
IN D U ST R IE S IN N O V EM B ER , 1929, AND P R O PO R TIO N OF FU LL T IM E W ORKED BY
E M PLO Y EE S—Continued
able
Operating establishments only
Establish
ments re
porting
Industry
Total Per
num cent
ber
idle
Paper and printing---------------------Paper and pulp------------------------Paper boxes___________________
Printing, book and job--------------Printing, newspapers-----------------
923
172
149
307
295
Chem icals and allied products-----Chemicals_____________________
Fertilizers_____________________
Petroleum refining---------------------
2G1
89
136
36
Stone, clay, and glass products----Cement_______________________
Brick, tile, and terra cotta----------Pottery___________________ ____
Glass.......................... ........ ...............
827
93
523
100
111
Metal products, other th a n iron
and steel_______________________
Stamped and enameled ware------Brass, bronze, and copper prod
ucts.................................................
Tobacco products........................... —
Chewing and smoking tobacco and
snuff-------------- ---------- - .............
Cigars and cigarettes..........- ............
0)
1
3
5
1
1
188
56
Per cent of
Per cent of
establish Average
per cent establishments Average
ments in
per cent of
of full
operating
which
full normal
time
with—
employees
force em
worked— worked
ployed in
by emestablish
ployees
ments
in estab
Part
Full Part lishments Full normal operating
time time operating normal
force
force
92
87
90
91
98
8
13
10
9
2
99
98
99
99
100
56
42
56
49
70
44
57
44
51
30
100
94
99
105
104
87
93
79
100
13
7
21
98
98
97
100
21
39
6
31
79
61
94
69
82
97
52
88
83
94
81
77
93
13
6
15
22
6
98
99
97
96
100
25
22
19
39
44
71
78
76
60
55
84
79
79
95
91
74
79
26
21
96
96
37
45
63
55
90
90
73
27
96
34
66
90
202
2
66
32
95
46
52
100
23
179
2
57
67
43
31
94
95
48
45
52
53
90
102
81
56
57
19
44
40
97
90
93
28
27
15
72
73
83
81
77
55
85
15
99
43
57
92
87
13
99
19
81
85
25
28
97
97
44
30
55
67
95
102
132
Vehicles for la n d tra n sp o rta tio n ... 1,086
157
Automobiles___________________
47
Carriages and wagons----------------Car building and repairing, elec
369
tric-railroad----- ---------------------Car building and repairing, steam513
railroad_____________________
(>)
2
372
69
1
3
74
70
145
52
8
34
64
13
2
77
73
63
47
89
23
27
25
53
9
97
96
97
90
99
54
29
63
18
56
46
71
25
82
42
104
83
95
83
83
All industries............................. 10,541
1
79
20
97
38
61
89
M iscellaneous industries--------------Agricultural implements------------Electrical machinery, apparatus,
and supplies_________________
Pianos and organs............................
Rubber boots and shoes------------ Automobile tires_______________
Shipbuilding...........................- ........
1 Less than one-half of 1 per cent.
2. E m p lo y m e n t in C oal M in in g in N ovem b er, 1929
MPLOYMENT in coal mining—anthracite and bituminous com
bined—showed an increase of 0.7 per cent while pay-roll totals
decreased 11.6 per cent. The pronounced decrease in earnings in
November was due largely to the observance of armistice day,
election day, and some church celebrations which occurred during
the period covered by the pay rolls reported.
The 1,464 mines reported had in November 334,691 employees
whose earnings in one week were $9,173,065.
E
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[160 ]
161
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
Anthracite
I n a n t h r a c i t e m i n i n g in November there was a decrease of 1.9 per
cent in employment and a decrease of 24.9 per cent in pay-roll totals.
All anthracite mines reported are in Pennsylvania—the Middle
Atlantic geographic division. The details for October and Novem
ber are shown in Table 1.
T
1 .—
able
COM PARISON OF EM PLO Y M E N T AND PAY-ROLL TOTALS IN ID EN T IC A L
ANTHRACITE MINES IN OCTOBER AND N OVEM BER, 1929
Number on pay roll
Geographic division
Mines
October,
1929
Middle A tlantic 1______ _
162
Per
cent of
November, change
1929
120, 309
117,996
-1 .9
Amount of pay roll
(1 week)
October,
1929
$*, 667,597
Per
cent of
change
November,
1929
$3,506,875
-24.9
1 See footnote 5, p. 149.
Bituminous Coal
E m p l o y m e n t in bituminous coal mining increased 2 .2 per cent in
November as compared with October, while pay-roll totals decreased
0.8 per cent, as shown by reports from 1,302 mines in which there
were in November 216,695 employees whose combined earnings in
one week were $5,666,190.
Substantial increases in employment were shown in each geographic
division for which bituminous mining is reported, and increased
earnings were reported in four divisions. In the remaining four
divisions, the greatest decrease in earnings (8.8 per cent) was shown
hi the East North Central division.
Details for each geographic division except the New England
division, for which no coal mining is reported, are shown in Table 2.
T
able
2
.—COM PARISON OF EM PLO Y M E N T AND PAY-ROLL TOTALS IN ID EN T IC A L
BITUMINOUS COAL MINES IN OCTOBER AND NOV EM B ER , 1929
Number on pay roll
Geographic division 1
Per
cent of
change
November,
Mines
October,
1929
New England___________ .
Middle Atlantic - _________
East North Central__ _____
West North Central_____
South Atlantic
.................. ..
East South Central________
West South Central________
M ountain____________ __
Pacific____________________
All divisions_________
408
182
53
294
215
32
106
64,161
31, 486
5,260
49, 082
42,163
2,884
15, 459
1,637
302
212,132
12
1,
1929
1 See footnotes 4 to 12, p. 149.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 161 ]
Amount of pay roll
(1 week)
October,
1929
Per
cent of
November, change
1929
65, 383 +1.9 $i, 720, 952 $1, 737, 606
32, 040 +1.8
908, 244
828, 446
5,495 +4.5
135, 069
132, 027
49, 882 +1.6
1, 288, 994 1, 319, 694
43, 203 +2.5
962, 484
915, 606
3,177 +10. 2
73,085
84,163
15,859 +2.6
561, 082
588, 747
1,656 +1.2
62,800
59,901
216,695
+2.2
5 ,712,
710
5 ,6 6 6 ,19ft
+1.0
-8.8
-2.3
+2.4
-4.9
+15.2
+4.9
-4.6
- 0 .8
162
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
3. E m p lo y m en t in M e ta llifero u s M in in g in N ovem ber, 1929
ETALLIFEROUS mines in November showed an increase in
employment of 1.1 per cent, while pay-roll totals decreased 0.9
per cent. The 342 mines covered had in November 63,131 employees
whose combined earnings in one week were $1,881,714.
Details for each geographic division from which metalliferous
mining is reported are shown in the following table:
M
COM PARISON OP E M PLO Y M E N T AND PAY-ROLL TOTALS IN ID E N T IC A L METAL
LIFEROUS MINES IN OCTOBER AND N O V EM B ER , 1929
Number on pay roll
Geographic division1
Mines
October,
1929
New England_____________
Middle Atlantic_____ ____ .
East North Central________
West North Central________
South Atlantic __________
East South Central________
West South Central_______
M ountain________________
Pacific____________________
All divisions. _____
Per
cent of
November, change
1929
Amount of pay roll
(1 week)
October,
1929
Per
cent of
change
November,
1929
6
48
56
983
13,191
8,507
980
13, 281
8,278
-0 .3
+0. 7
-2 . 7
$28, 566
364,411
255, 107
$27, 355
365, 676
238, 576
-4 . 2
+0.3
-6 .5
12
70
133
17
3,927
4,493
29, 595
1, 736
3,932
4,814
30,091
1, 755
+0.1
+7.1
+ 1.7
+1.1
84, 344
123, 908
985, 857
57, 334
85,286
121, 217
985, 664
57, 940
+1.1
-2 . 2
- ( 2)
+1.1
342
62,432
63,131
+ 1 .1
1,899,527
1,881, 714
-0 .9
1 See footnotes 4 to 12, p. 149.
2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
4. E m p lo y m e n t
in
Q uarrying and N o n m e ta llic
N ovem ber, 1929
M in in g
in
MPLOYMENT and pay-roll totals in this industrial group as
a whole decreased 4.8 per cent and 9.2 per cent, respectively, in
November as compared with October. The 678 establishments
covered reported 37,652 employees whose combined earnings in one
week were $964,383.
Details for each geographic division are shown in the following
table:
E
COM PARISON OF E M PL O Y M E N T AND PAY-ROLL TOTALS IN ID E N T IC A L QUARRIES
AND NONMETALLIC MINES IN OCTOBER AND N O V EM B ER , 1929
Number on pay roll
Geographic division1
Estab
lish
ments
Per
cent of
November, change
1929
October,
1929
Amount of pay roll
(1 week)
October,
1929
Per
cent of
change
November,
1929
New England. ___________
Middle Atlantic —_ ____
East N orth Central-- _____
West North C e n tra l______
South Atlantic . _____
East South Central—. ....... .
West South Central____
M ountain________________
Pacific___________________
105
97
207
68
96
47
29
7
22
5,851
6,821
11,455
3,077
6,267
2,886
2,142
74
970
5,449
6,722
10, 403
2,787
6,233
2,858
2,142
87
971
-6 .9
-1 .5
-9 .2
-9 .4
-0 .5
-1 .0
(2)
+17.6
+0.1
$178,434
203,446
356, 824
76,975
112,210
50,642
54,352
1, 779
27,782
$159,620
191, 865
302, 698
70, 333
*106,975
44,728
56.708
1,961
29,495
-10.5
-5 .7
-15.2
-8 .6
-4 .7
-11.7
+4. 3
+10.2
+6.2
All divisions___ ____
678
39,543
37,653
-4 .8
1,062,444
964,383
-9 .3
1 See footnotes 4 to 12, p. 149.
2 No change.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 162]
163
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
5. E m p lo y m en t in P u b lic U tilitie s in N ovem ber, 1929
UBLIC UTILITY companies reported a decrease of 0.5 per cent
in employment in November as compared with October and
decreased pay-roll totals of 2.4 per cent. The 9,568 establishments
reporting had in November 717,079 employees, whose combined
earnings in one week were $21,042,639.
Details for each geographic division are shown in the following
table :
P
COM PARISON OF E M PLO Y M E N T AND PAY-ROLL TOTALS IN ID E N T IC A L PUBLIC
UTILITIES ESTA BLISH M EN TS IN OCTOBER AND N O V E M B ER , 1929
Geographic division1
New England. ___________
Middle A tlantic. _________
East North Central
______
West N orth C entral... ___
South Atlantic - _________
East South Central____ ____
W est South Central________
M ountain________________
Pacific___________ ________
All divisions _
_ __
Estab
lish
ments
Number on pay roll
Amount of pay roll
(1 week)
October,
1929
October,
1929
Per
cent of
November, change
1929
Per
cent of
November, change
1929
393
1,500
1,704
1,618
835
726
1,032
577
1,183
43,264
211,571
185, 500
76, 075
56.042
22,057
42,871
17, 667
65, 751
42, 613
211,688
184,124
75,864
54,977
21,848
43,047
17, 707
65,211
-1 .5
+0.1
-0 .7
-0 .3
-1 .9
-0 .9
+0.4
+0.2
-0 .8
$1,414,360
6,629,520
5, 741,617
2,079,090
1, 547,742
525,694
1,068,106
484,663
2,064,146
$1,394,926
6, 540,322
5,590,184
2,028,515
1,502, 759
508,851
1, 027,855
478, 556
1,970,671
-1 .4
-1 .3
-2 .6
-2 .4
-2 .9
-3 .2
-3 .8
-1 .3
-4 .5
9,568
720,798
717,079
-0 .5
21,554,938
21,042,639
-2 .4
1 See footnotes 4 to 12, p. 149.
6. Employment in Wholesale and Retail Trade in November,
1929
MPLOYMENT in 7,971 establishments—wholesale and retail
trade combined—showed a gain of 3.8 per cent in November
as compared with October, and a gain of 1.6 per cent in pay-roll
totals. These establishments had in November 317,267 employees
whose combined earnings in one week were $7,875,254.
E
W h o le s a le T r a d e
E m p l o y m e n t in wholesale trade alone remained practically un
changed in November as compared with October, while pay-roll
totals decreased 0.8 per cent. The 1,846 establishments reporting
had in November 65,464 employees and pay-roll totals of $1,973,549.
Details for each geographic division are shown in Table 1.
T able 1.—COM PARISON OF E M PL O Y M E N T AND PAY-ROLL TOTALS IN ID E N T IC A L
WHOLESALE TRADE ESTA BLISH M EN TS IN OCTOBER AND N OVEM BER, 1929
Geographic division1
New England__________ __
Middle A tlantic__________
East North Central________
West North Central _____
South Atlantic ___________
East South Central________
West South Central_______
M ountain_________________
Pacific... _________ _
_
AH divisions. ____ ..
Estab
lish
ments
Number on pay roll
Amount of pay roll
(1 week)
October,
1929
October,
1929
157
323
249
217
273
65
203
65
294
3, 768
10.141
14, 532
12, 660
4, 341
1,977
5, 676
1, 753
10, 594
3,783
10, 277
14, 282
12, 741
4,468
1, 960
5, 589
1, 728
10, 630
+0.4
+1.3
-1 .7
+0.6
+2.9
-0 .6
-1 .5
-1. 4
+0.3
1,846
65,442
65,464
+ ( 2)
1 See footnotes 4 to 12, p. 149.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Per
cent of
November, change
1929
Per
cent of
November, change
1929
$107, 201
318,447
442, 749
362,198
126, 075
56,844
164, 000
58, 678
354, 119
$106, 673
322,143
437, 397
360, 256
126,884
56, 632
157, 624
57,281
348, 659
-0 .5
+1.2
-1 . 2
-0 .5
+0.6
-0 .4
-3 .9
-2 .4
-1 .5
i, 990,311
1,973,549
-0 .8
2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent
[3631
164
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Retail Trade
E m p l o y m e n t in retail trade in November continued the upward
seasonal trend which began in September.
Eight of the nine geographic divisions showed increased employ
ment while all divisions showed increased pay-roll totals. The
Middle Atlantic and the New England divisions reported increases
in employment of 12.4 and 9.5 per cent, respectively; the West
North Central division alone showed a slight decrease in number of
workers.
The 6,125 establishments from which reports were received had in
November 251,803 employees whose earnings in one week were
$5,901,705.
Details by geographic divisions are shown in Table 2.
T a b l e 2 . — C O M P A R I S O N O P E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y -R O L L T O T A L S I N I D E N T I C A L
RETAIL TRADE E S T A B L I S H M E N T S I N O C T O B E R A N D N O V E M B E R , 1929
N u m b er on p a y roll
G eographic d ivision 1
E stab
lish
m en ts
Per
cent of
N ovem b er, change
October,
1929
1929
A m ou n t of p a y roll
(1 w eek)
October,
Per
cent of
N ovem ber, change
1929
1929
N e w E n glan d _ . ...........................
M id d le A tla n tic .. . _________
E a st N orth C entral__________
W est N o rth C en tral_________
South A tla n tic . . . ______
E a st South C en tral__________
W est South C en tral_________
M o u n ta in ____ _______________
P a c ific .._____ ________________
90
319
2,362
654
906
366
109
71
1,248
13,268
47,462
81,272
22,182
20,495
6,207
8, 346
3, 594
37,239
14, 527
53,331
82,845
22,085
21,898
6,253
8,596
3,684
38,584
+9.5
+12.4
+1.9
- 0 .4
+6.8
+0.7
+3.0
+2.5
+3.6
$332, 590
1,244,173
2,039,345
463,909
455,410
121,239
161,857
70,126
869,168
$341, 931
1, 311, 929
2,048, 688
468,877
468, 676
124,511
165,462
72,187
899,444
+2.8
+5.4
+0.5
+1.1
+2.9
+2. 7
+2.2
+2.9
+3. Û
All divisions_________
6,125
240,065
251,803
+4.9
5,757,817
5,901,705
+2.5
1 See footnotes 4 to 12, p . 149.
7. E m p lo y m e n t in H otels in N ovem ber, 1929
MPLOYMENT in hotels decreased 0.6 per cent in November
as compared with October and pay-roll totals decreased 0.4 per
cent. The South Atlantic and South Central divisions reported
increased employment in preparation of the opening of southern
resort hotels, and the two West Central divisions also reported gains
in number of employees. The remaining five divisions showed
decreases in employment, the largest of which (7.9 per cent) occurred
in the New England division.
Per capita earnings, obtained by dividing the total number of
employees into the total amount of pay roll, should not be interpreted
as being the entire earnings of hotel employees. The pay-roll totals
here reported are cash payments only, with no regard to the value of
board or room furnished employees, and of course no satisfactory
estimate can be made of additional recompense in the way of tips.
The additions to the money wages granted vary greatly, not only
among localities but among hotels in one locality and among employees
in one hotel. Some employees are furnished board and room, others
are given board only for one, two, or three meals, while the division
of tips is made in many ways.
E
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[164]
165
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
Per capita earnings are further reduced by the considerable amount
of part-time employment in hotels caused by conventions and ban
quets or other functions.
The details for each geographic division are shown in the table
following :
COM PARISON OF E M PLO Y M E N T AND PAY-ROLL TOTALS IN ID E N T IC A L H O T E L S
IN OCTOBER AND NOV EM B ER , 1929
Number on pay roll
Geographic division 1
Hotels
October,
1929
Per
cent of
change
November,
1929
Amount of pay roll
(1 week)
October,
1929
Per
cent of
change
November,
1929
New England____ ____ ____
Middle A tla n tic ______ ____
East North Central________
West N orth Central________
South Atlantic- __________
East South Central . . .
West South Central___
M ountain____ ______
Pacific____________________
116
335
338
210
176
64
105
103
353
10,512
45,664
34, 603
13,532
12, 722
5,739
8,230
3,906
17,820
9,685
45,217
34,473
13,680
13,036
5,915
8,426
3,793
17, 550
-7 .9
-1 .0
-0 .4
+1.1
+2.5
+3.1
+2.4
-2 .9
-1 .5
$166,602
814,236
618, 532
198, 667
192,912
76,329
110,358
67,633
341,697
$153,852
802,137
622,151
202, 514
195, 703
78,159
114,202
64,275
342,434
-7 .
-1 .5
+0.6
+1.9
+1.4
+2.4
+3.5
-5 .0
+0.2
¿ill divisions_________
1, 800
152,728
151,775
-0 .6
2,586,966
2,575,427
-0 .4
1 See footnotes 4 to 12, p. 149.
8. Employment in Canning and Preserving in November, 1929
HE usual late fall decreases in the canning and preserving in
dustry continued in November, each geographic division report
ing large decreases in both employment and pay roll. A falling off of
33.6 per cent in number of employees and 31.9 per cent in earnings
for the industry as a whole was shown in November.
Keports were received from 518 establishments having in Novem
ber 36,863 employees with pay-roll totals of $626,115.
The details for each geographic division are shown in the table
following.
T
COM PARISON OF E M PLO Y M E N T AND PAY-ROLL TOTALS IN ID E N T IC A L C A N N IN G
A N D P R E SE R V IN G ESTA BLISH M EN TS IN OCTOBER AND N O V EM B ER , 1929
Number on pay roll
Geographic division1
New England_____________
Middle A tlantic. _______
East North Central____ ..
West N orth Central _____
South Atlantic___ _______
E ast South C entral.._______
West South C entral.. ____
M ountain________________
Pacific____________________
AH divisions________
Estab
lish
ments
Per
cent of
change
November,
1929
October,
1929
October,
1929
Per
cent of
November, change
1929
35
67
131
33
56
26
10
28
132
3,476
11, 777
8,051
1.567
5,066
1, 525
396
2.568
21, 073
2,032
9, 725
4,895
1,076
2, 661
855
183
1. 555
13, 881
-41.5
-17.4
-39. 2
-31.3
-47.5
-43.9
-53.8
-39.4
-34. 1
$57, 401
223, 754
126, 166
22, 598
52, 522
10,189
3, 320
41,908
381, 517
$26,804
198,596
88, 395
17, 509
27,491
8,044
1, 587
32,096
225, 593
-53.3
-11. 2
-29.9
-22. 5
-47.7
-21. 1
-52. 2
-23.4
-40.9
518
55,499
36,863
-33.6
919,375
626,115
-31.9
1 See footnotes 4 to 12, p, 149.
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Amount of pay roll
(1 week)
[165]
166
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
E m p lo y m e n t o n C lass I S tea m R ailroads in th e U n ited S ta te s
HE monthly trend of employment from January, 1923, to
October, 1929, on Class I railroads—that is, all roads having
operating revenues of $1,000,000 or over—is shown by the index
numbers published in Table 1. These index numbers are constructed
from monthly reports of the Interstate Commerce Commission,
using the monthly average for 1926 as 100.
T
T able
1.—IN D E X OF E M P L O Y M E N T ON CLASS I STEAM RAILROADS IN T H E
U N IT E D STATES, JANUARY, 1923, TO OCTOBER, 1929
[Monthly average, 1926=100]
Month
1923
Ja n u ary .. ______________ . . .
February.
_____________
March. . . .
. . . . . . . . ...
April______________ . _____
M ay_________ ____________
Ju n e... ____________________
July_______________________
August___ . . .
.. .. . . . .
September
_.
. . . _ __
October_____ . . . __ . . . ____
Novem ber... . . . . .
. . .
D ecem b er__ _. ____ _____
Average________
.. . . .
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
98.3
98.6
100.5
102.0
105.0
107.1
108.2
109.4
107.8
107.3
105.2
99.4
96.9
97.0
97.4
98.9
99.2
98.0
98. 1
99.0
99.7
100.8
99. 0
96. 0
95.6
95.4
95.2
96. 6
97.8
98.6
99.4
99.7
99.9
100. 7
99. 1
97.1
95.8
96.0
96.7
98.9
100.2
101.6
102. 9
102. 7
102.8
103.4
101. 2
98. 2
95.5
95.3
95.8
97.4
99.4
100.9
101.0
99.5
99.1
98.9
95. 7
91.9
89.3
89.0
89.9
91.7
94.5
95.9
95.6
95.7
95.3
95.3
92. 9
89. 7
88.2
88.9
90.1
92.2
94.9
96.1
96.6
97.4
96.8
96.9
104.1
98.3
97.9
100.0
97.5
92.9
193.8
i Average for 10 months.
Table 2 shows the total number of employees on the 15th day each
of October, 1928, and September and October, 1929, and pay-roll
totals for the entire month of each month considered.
In these tabulations data for the occupational group reported as
“ executives, officials, and staff assistants” are omitted.
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[166]
167
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
T able
2
.—E M PL O Y M E N T AND EARNINGS OF RAILROAD E M PLO Y EE S—OCTOBER
1928, AND SE P T E M B E R AND OCTOBER, 1929
[From monthly reports of Interstate Commerce Commission. As data for only the more important
occupations are shown separately, the group totals are not the sum of the items under the respective
groups]
Number of employees at
middle of month
Total earnings
Occupation
October, Septem October,
1928
ber, 1929
1929
Professional, clerical, and general.
Clerks..
__________________
Stenographers and typists______
M aintenance o f way and structures.. . . . ______ _________
Laborers, extra gang and work
train. _. ___________ ______
Laborers, track and roadway
section_____________________
M aintenance o f equ ip m en t and
stores______ _ . . . _____ _____.
________
Carmen. ____ _
M achinists... _______________
Skilled trades helpers ._ _____
Laborers (shops, engine houses,
power plants, and stores).____
Common laborers (shops, engine
houses, power plants, and
stores)____ _______ _________
Transportation, other th a n train,
engine, and yard_____________
Station agents_______ . . . . . .
Telegraphers, telephones, and
_________
tow erm en...
Truckers (stations, warehouses,
and platforms)______ _____
Crossing and bridge flagmen and
gatemen. ________________
Transportation (yard m asters,
sw itch tenders, and hostlers)__
Transportation, train and eng m e .. _. ---------------------------Road conductors_____ _______
Road brakemen and flagmen___
Yard brakemen and yard helpers_ _ _ _______ _ ________
Road engineers and m otorm en...
Road fireman and helpers______
October,
1928
Septem
ber, 1929
October,
1929
371, G39
155,876
24,617
372, 437
154, 600
24, 850
372,941 $40, 050, 604 $39, 363, 958 $40,709,515
155, 147 21, 968, 354 21, 106, 291 22, 085, 797
24, 818 3, 238,176
3,193, 815 3, 292,332
438, 803
402, 241
453,681
41, 725, 293
42. 214, 702
69, 543
87,306
81, 638
5, 763, 648
6, 750, 927
6, 707, 698
222, 863
232, 462
228, 267
17,171, 642
16, 390, 390
17, 441,311
459, 513
101, 313
55, 255
100, 844
454, 628
100, 115
54, 318
101, 408
458,844
101, 585
54,836
102, 243
64, 378, 254
16, 206, 075
9, 332,469
12, 076, 028
61, 951, 080
15, 645, 676
8, 915, 507
11, 882, 283
67,407,210
17, 221, 723
9, 851, 455
13, 035, 641
37, 700
36, 909
37, 383
3, 704, 820
3, 502, 330
3, 722,157
52, 450
52, 421
52, 634
4, 523, 663
4,152, 445
4, 555,917
301, 641
29, 729
199,430
29,335
200,489
29, 253
26, 111, 229
4,858, 529
24, 949, 515
4, 611, 218
26,128,121
4, 821, 716
44,182,951
23, 472
23, 309
23. 351
3, 722, 700
3, 585, 440
3, 731, 051
36, 920
35,166
36, 849
3, 752, 076
3, 359, 200
3, 766, 873
20, 995
20,672
20,470
1, 626, 232
1, 596, 378
1, 595, 565
33,100
21,860
21,945
429,695
4, 320, 331
4,406, 704
333,903
36,661
73,157
320,254
36, 309
71,427
325,958
36, 689
72, 221
73,825,123
9, 332, 925
13,845, 762
67,176,243
8, 975, 789
13, 040, 228
72,782,614
9, 604, 812
14,123, 331
53, 797
43, 595
44,056
53, 880
42, 897
43, 290
55, 542
43, 434
43, 693
10, 638, 575
13, 040, 992
9, 629, 269
9,811, 474
12,108, 676
8, 912, 909
10, 800, 526
13,028, 731
9, 583,407
All em ployees___ __________ 1, 707, 59C 1, 730, 840 1,732,858 248, 520, 198 239, 975, 829 255,617,115
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[367]
168
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
C h an ges in E m p lo y m en t and Pay R olls in V ariou s S ta te s
T
HE following data as to changes in employment and pay rolls
have been compiled from reports received from the various State
labor offices:
P E R CEN T OP CHANGE IN E M P L O Y M E N T AND PAY ROLLS IN S P E C IF IE D STATES
M o n th ly -period
Per cent of change,
October to Novem
ber, 1929
Per cent of change,
September to Octo
ber, 1929
State, and industry group
State, and industry group
Employ
ment
Employ
ment
Pay roll
Illinois
M a ry la n d —Continued
Stone, clay, and glass prod
ucts___________________
Metals, machinery, and con
veyances--------------- ------Wood products___________
Furs and leather goods------Chemicals, oils, paints, etc. Printing and paper goods---T extiles.-----------------------Clothing and m illinery------Food, beverages, and tobacco.
Miscellaneous------- -----------
Metal products, other than
iron and steel
-----------Tobacco products----- --------Machinery (not including
transportation equipment).
Musical instruments _____
Transportation equipment - _
Car building and repairing...
Miscellaneous____________
-1 .9
+5.0
- .5
+2.0
-2 .5
-2 .2
-2 .8
+3.0
-3 .4
-8 .1
-7 .8
+2.8
+5.4
- .7
+1.9
+• 4
+6.1
-15.6
-4 .3
-6 .4
All manufacturing-----
-1 .9
+ .8
Trade, wholesale and retail...
Services-------------------------Public utilities----------------Coal mining--------------------Building and contracting----
+3.5
+ .8
- .5
+5.1
+10.0
+1.0
-7 .8
-1 .6
+34.5
+18.7
All nonmanufaeturing.
+1.3
+2.6
All industries—......... .
- .8
+1.5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-10.8
+ .6
+ .5
-3 .5
—21.5
-1 .4
+1.4
-2 .7
- 7 .9
-25.0
+• 6
+5.8
All m anufacturing___
-2 .2
-3 .7
+9.0
+ .4
+ .5
+. 7
+6.8
-6 .2
+7.1
+• 4
+5.7
+3.7
-8 .8
-3 .5
Employment—index
n u m b e r s (19191923=100)
Septem
ber, 1929
October,
1929
M a ssach u setts
Iowa
Maryland
Food products_______
Textiles__ ________ _
Iron and steel, and their
products._________
Lumber and its products__
Leather and its products—
Rubber tires----- ------ ------Paper and printing----------Chemicals and allied prod
ucts __________________
Stone, clay, and glass prod
ucts_________ ___ ____
-4 .4
+ .4
Retail department stores___
Wholesale establishments
Public utilities . . . _____
Coalmines ____ _________
H o tels_____________ _____
Quarries................... ...............
October to November, 1929
Food and kindred products. .
Textiles_________________
Iron and steel works_______
Lumber products_________
Leather products_______ ...
Paper products, printing,
and publishing__________
Patent medicines, chemicals,
and compounds_________
Stone and clay products____
Tobacco and cigars_______
Railway-car shops------------Various industries..............
All industries__
Pay roll
-4 .4
+1.1
-2 . 5
—7. 5
+4. 6
+ 7
0
1Q
+2 5
—1 1
-1 . 7
-2 . 6
-3 .6
+ .7
-4 .9
+4.4
-4 .3
-. 1
-6 .3
-12. 1
-1 .6
-7 .8
-, 2
-28. 1
+9.3
-2 .9
-4 .9
-10.0
+6.9
+1.7
Boots and shoes---------------Bread and other bakery
products_______________
Cars and general shop con
struction and repairs,
steam railroads. .
-----Clothing,
m en’s
and
women’s________ _____
Confectionery.. _________
Cotton goods __________
Dyeing and finishing textiles.
Electrical machinery, apparatus and su p p lies____
Foundry and machine-shop
products... . .
-----------Furniture___________ _____
Hosiery and knit goods-------Jewelry__________________
Leather, tanned, curried and
finished
___ ______
Paper and wood pulp. ---Printing and publishing___
Rubber footwear__________
Rubber, goods, tires, and
tubes
_____
Silk goods
___ __
Textile machinery and parts
Woolen and worsted goods..
[ 168 ]
All industries_______
71.3
69.3
110.9
109.8
69.9
70.5
88.8
96.2
55. 5
99.4
89.7
99.0
54. 7
101.7
109.7
109.2
73.9
107.3
71.9
105.8
75.3
112.6
75.3
11.7
88.4
93.1
111.4
98.0
89.7
94.7
114.5
97.8
81.9
89.6
59.1
79.1
80.2
91.2
59.0
78.1
79.8 )
79.6
169
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
P E R C E N T OF CHANGE IN E M P L O Y M E N T AND PAY ROLLS IN S P E C IF IE D STATES—
Continued
M o n t h ly p e r io d — C o n tin u e d
Per cent of change,
September to Octo
ber, 1929
Per cent of change,
October to Novem
ber, 1929
State, and industry group
State, and industry group
Employ
ment
New Jersey
Food and kindred products..
Textiles and their products
Iron and steel and their
products-------- ------------Lumber and its products___
Leather and its products___
Tobacco p ro d u cts________
Paper and printing________
Chemicals and allied prod
ucts___ ____ __________ _
Stone, clay, and glass prod
ucts_______________ ..
M etal products, other than
iron and steel. . . . . . . . .
Vehicles for land transpor
tation
_________
Miscellaneous....................... .
All industries............
New Y ork
Stone, clay, and glass______
Metals and machinery_____
Wood m anufactures.. . .
Furs, leather, and rubber
goods__________________
Chemicals, oils, paints, etc...
Paper________________ . . .
Printing and paper goods___
Textiles___ ______________
Clothing and millinery____
Food and tobacco____ _____
Water, light, and power____
All industries................
-13.3
+5.1
+1.7
+3.1
- .5
+5.2
+4.5
~K 9
+12.6
- .9
+9. 2
+7.0
- .4
_ 7
- 1 .2
+1.5
+ 15.7
-11.1
- .6
- .7
-3 .6
-1 .0
+ 1.5
-0 .7
- .4
+ .3
-1 .6
-1 .0
+1.0
+ .2
+ .4
- .4
+2.4
+3.8
(>)
+ .2
+ .3
+ .4
-2 .4
+ .2
- .8
(>)
+3.6
-4 .1
-1 .1
+ .6
- .8
- .7
+22.0
+15.0
+6.2
-16.4
-2 .6
-2 .7
-30.7
+3.5
-4 .7
-10.1
+3.6
-9 .4
-27.6
+4.2
+8.4
-7 .9
-5 .5
- .2
- 7 .2
-22.3
+1.0
-13.9
+24.7
+37.1
-17.4
+4.8
-4 .8
+ .5
Printing: Job work________
Public utilities:
Steam railway shops___
Street railways________
Water, light, and power.
Stone, clay, and glass:
Brick and tile_________
Cement and plaster__
Crushed stone . _____
Glass manufacture_____
Textiles and cleaning:
Textile manufactures___
Laundries, etc_________
Woodworking:
Sawmills__ _______ . . .
Millwork, etc—- ______
All in d u stries....... ......
-0 .3
+6.9
- .0
+2.4
-3 .4
+26.4
+3.8
+16.3
- .7
-5 .7
-10.3
-3 .8
+3.6
-5 .6
-22.2
- 5 .0
-4 .4
-1 .1
-4 .8
-3 .1
- 4 .8
.0
+ .3
- 6 .0
-2 .8
- 2 .0
In d ex n u m b e rs
(1923-1925 = 100)—
employment
October,
1929
November, 1929
P ennsylvania
Metal products___________
Transportation equipm ent-..
Textile products__________
Foods and tobacco____ .
Stone, clay, 'and glass products______ _ ------------Lumber products______ ..
Chemical products________
Leather and rubber produ cts..
.
-------- -Paper and printing________
All manufacturing___
95.1
80.3
104.7
104.5
92. 4
2 76.9
104.8
104.9
84.9
81. 3
105.9
82.2
78.0
106.3
104.6
97.4
105.0
97.7
96.8
95.1
Pay roll
Metal products___________
Transportation equipment—Textile products__________
Foods and to b acco _______
Stone, clay, and glass produ c ts ... _______________
Lumber products___ ______
Chemical p r o d u c ts .............
Leather and rubber products.
Paper and printing________
1Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Pay roll
O k la h o m a —Continued
-15.8
+ .4
October to November, 1929
O k lah o m a
Cottonseed-oil mills...........
Food production:
Bakeries.. ___________
Confections___________
Creameries and dairies...
Flour mills___________
Ice and ice cream______
Meat and poultry...........
Lead and zinc:
Mines and mills____
Smelters______________
Metals and machinery:
Auto repairs, etc_______
Machine shops and foun
dries_______________
Tank construction and
erection_____________
Oil industry:
Producing and gasoline
manufacture... ____
Refineries____________
Employ
ment
Pay roll
[169]
All manufacturing___
2
104.3
83.3
116. 1
108.6
99.5
2 77.8
113.5
105.2
84.4
86.0
117.6
111.6
115.4
80.6
82.1
116.0
107.0
115.1
104.3
100.4
Preliminary figures.
MONTHLY LABOR, REVIEW
170
PER CEN T OF CHANGE IN E M P L O Y M E N T AND PAY ROLLS IN S P E C IF IE D STATES—
Continued
M o n t h ly p e r io d — C o n tin u e d
Per cent of change,
September to Octo
ber, 1929
Per cent of change, j
September to Octo
ber, 1929
state, and industry group
State, and industry group
Employ
ment
Employ
ment
Pay roll
Pay roll
W isco n sin — Continued
Wisconsin
M a n u a l —C ontinued
Construction:
Building.........................
Highway....... .................
Railroad,....... ..........- —
Marine dredging, sewer
digging.......................
Communication:
Steam railways........ ......
Electric railways. _.------Express, telephone, and
telegraph----------------Light and power--------------Wholesale trade...... ........ ......
Hotels and restaurants------Laundering, cleaning, and
dyeing...... ..........—..........—
M anual
Logging...................................
Mining:
Lead and zinc------------Iron.............. ....................
Stone crushing and quarry
in g --......... -------------------Manufacturing:
Stone and allied indus
tries___________ ____
M etal..................... - .......
Wood________ _______
Rubber________ _____
Leather______________
Paper-----------------------Textiles______________
Foods---- ------ -----------Printing and publishing
Chemicals (in clu d in g
soap, glue, and explo
sives).................
+11.7
-15.2
-2 .5
-1 .6
+4.8
+15.5
-2 .6
+ .8
-1 .7
+9.0
All m anufacturing-
+ .4
+6.9
-1 .9
+1.3
+2.4
-3 .3
- .3
+2.9
- 6 .3
+ .8
+2.7
+10.5
+9.1
+2.9
+4.9
+4.4
+3.7
-2 .4
+1.4
+5.8
-7 .9
-9 .3
+4.2
-3 .2
-42.7
-47.3
+ .6
+ 4 .9
+8.9
- .9
-1 .4
-2 .7
-3 .6
0.1
-
-.5
+ 10.8
+ 1.8
+4.3
' —
1.2
-1.9
N onm anual
Construction------------- -----Communication---------------Wholesale trade---------------Retail trade—sales force only.
Miscellaneous professional
services_________ ____
.0
.0
+ .3
.0
-7 .7
+4.0
-6 .3
+1.3
-.4
+ 1.2
Y e a r ly p e rio d
State, and industry group
Per cent of change,
October, 1928, to
October, 1929
Employ
ment
State, and industry group
October,
1928
P ay roll
California
Stone, clay, and glass prod11 fits
- - ___ _______
Metals, machinery, and conLeather and rubber goods...
Chemicals, oils, paints, e t c ..
Printing and paper goods.....
Clothing,
millinery,
and
Foods, beverages, and tobacco--------------------------Water, light, and power----Miscellaneous..................... .
All industries________
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Employment—index
n u m b e r s (19251927=100)
+0.8
+3.2
+12.6
-8 . 3
-14.8
+3.6
+8.0
-1 .8
+16.1
-4 . 0
-23.5
+6.5
+6.6
- .4
+5.3
+5.5
+1.2
+15.8
+36.3
+4.4
+2.6
+19.4
+43.0
+7.3
Illinois
Stone, clay, and glass products
________________
Metals, machinery, and conWood products... ................
Furs and leather goods------Chemicals, oils, paints, etc—.
Printing and paper goods---Textiles
________
Clothing and m illinery------Foods, beverages, and to
bacco__________________
All manufacturing___
Trade, wholesale and retail..
Public utilities-----------------Coalm ining--------------------Building and contracting---All industries____ ____
[170]
October,
1929
120.2
89.3
109.7
79.1
103. 9
124.9
116. 5
101. 6
61.9
115.4
77.6
104.6
99.9
99.2
101.4
78.9
90.7
95. 9_
68.6
139.2
60.8
140. 4
102.0
96.2
103.8
90.6
106.9
79.1
93.4
102.5
171
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
P E R CE N T OF CHA NGE IN E M PL O Y M E N T AND PAY ROLLS IN S P E C IF IE D STATES—
Continued
Y e a r ly p e r io d — C o n tin u e d
Employment—index j
n u m b e r s (1919—
1923=100)
State, and industry group
Per cent of change,
Novem ber, 1928, to
Novem ber, 1929
State, and industry group
October,
1928
October,
1929
Employ
ment
M a ssach u setts
O k lah o m a—Continued
Boots and shoes__________
Bread and other bakery
products_______________
Cars and general shop con
struction and repairs,
steam railroads_________
Clothing, m en’s and wom
en’s. ________ ________
Confectionery__________ _
Cotton goods....... _ _ ......
Dyeing and finishing textiles.
Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies____
Foundry and machineshop products________ . .
Furniture_______ ________
Hosiery and knit goods____
Jewelry_______________ __
Leather, tanned, curried,
and finished... _________
Paper and wood pulp______
Printing and publishing___
Rubber footwear__ ____
Rubber goods, tires, and
t u b e s . _______________
Silk goods_________ ______
Textile machinery and parts.
Woolen and worsted goods..
All industries________
New York
71.1
69.3
104.8
109.8
70.0
70.5
94.0
101.8
54.3
101.6
89.7
99.0
54.7
101.7
111.2
109.2
67.0
107.9
69.6
108.0
75.3
112.6
75.3
111.7
83.8
91.7
108. 7
100.9
89.7
94.7
114.5
97.8
89.5
104.3
47.7
80.6
80.2
91.2
59.0
78.1
78.8
79.6
Lead and zinc:
Alines and m ills..Smelters______________
Metals and machinery:
Auto repairs, etc_______
Machine shops and foundries_____
______
Tank construction and
erection. . . . . . . . . .
Oil industry:
Producing and gasoline
m anufacture... _____
Refineries. _____ . . . _
Printing: Job work________
Public utilities:
Steam-railway shops
Street railways . ____
Water, light, and power.
Stone, clay, and glass:
Brick and tile__ _ _ ._
Cement and plaster.
Crushed stone_________
Glass manufacture .
Textiles and cleaning:
Textile manufacture. __
Laundries, etc_______ _
Woodworking:
Sawmills.. . . . ______
Millwork, etc__ _ ___
All industries...
+64.2
-22.6
+31.7
+25.7
+12.8
+11.2
+23.9
+15.2
+13.0
+14. 7
-1 .0
+12. 1
+20.6
+14.7
+4.1
+2.6
+89.2
+7.6
+31.6
+85.2
-5 .4
-7 .8
+308. 8
-13. 5
-4 .6
- 6 .5
+144. 1
—20.5
+8.5
+13.9
+10.2
+9.8
-7 .9
-11.2
+18.7
-20.9
+17.9
+19.4
Index numbers (19231925=100)—employment
Employ
ment
November, 1928
Pay roll
j
-1 .4
+8.1
-3 .3
-0 .7
+8.4
+ .6
+6.4
+8.7
+2.1
+4.3
+2.4
+4.2
-4 .7
-6 .3
+4.4
+10.6
+3.4
+7.0
+4.0
+3.3
-2 .5
-4 .8
All industries________
+4.4
+5.4
November, 1928, to
November, 1929
O k lah o m a
Cottonseed-oil mills _______
Food production:
Bakeries ___________
Confections______ .
Creameries and d airies..
Flour mills___________
Ice and ice c r e a m .____
M eat and poultry_____
+1.0
-0 .9
+33. 1
-12. 9
+14.3
+18.2
-11. 9
+4.9
+17.7
-12. 0
+30. 2
+13.4
+2.8
+4.9
-12
November, 1929
P ennsylvania
Metal products___________
Transportation equipm ent. .
Textile products__________
Foods and tobacco__ . . __
Stone, clay,and glass products.
Lumber products_________
Chemical products ______
Leather and rubber products.
Paper and printing________
All manufacturing__
88.8
73.7
97.5
99.8
81.8
80.7
97.5
95.3
93.9
92.4
1 76.9
104.8
104. 9
82.2
78.0
106. 3
105.0
97.7
87.8
95.1
Pay roll
Metal products____ ____ _
Transportation equipm ent. _
Textile p r o d u c ts ..._______
Foods and tobacco...
Stone, clay,and glass productsLumber products___
Chemical products.
. .
Leather and rubber products.
Paper and printing________
1 Preliminary figures.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
... .
+6.2
-19.4
Per cent of change, 1
October, 1928, to
October, 1929
Stone, clay, and glass______
Metals and machinery_____
Wood manufactures. . ___
Furs, leather, and rubber
goods________________
Chemicals, oils, paints, etc...
Paper______________ ___
Printing and paper goods___
Textiles...... ...........
Clothing and millinery____
Food and tobacco_________
Water, light, and power____
86046° — 30-
Pay roll
[1711
All manufacturing___
95.0
74.6
105.4
100.9
84.1
91. 5
105.3
94.1
109.8
99.5
177.8
113.5
105.2
80.6
82.1
116.0
107.0
115.1
91.5
100.4
172
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
U n em p lo y m e n t A m on g O rganized B u ild in g -T ra d es W orkers in
M a ssa c h u setts
ATA on unemployment among organized building-trades work
ers in Massachusetts, issued by the State Department of Labor
and Industries, show an increase on October 1 over several preceding
months. On October 1 there were 14.9 per cent of the membership
unemployed as compared with 12.9, 12.4, and 12.0 per cent, respec
tively, at the beginning of July, August, and September. The figure
for October 1, 1928, was 17.2 per cent.
The highest percentage of unemployment occurred among the
lathers (28.1) and the bricklayers, masons, and plasterers (23.0)
and the lowest percentage among the electrical workers (3.3) and
sheet-metal workers (4.7). The figures for the other occupations
ranged from 10.1 per cent to 18.3 per cent.
The following table shows the percentage of unemployment among
organized building-trades workers in Massachusetts, by cause, from
January 3, 1928, to October 1, 1929.
D
P E R CEN T OF
A A ^ A i T J 18™
.BY CAUSE
ORGANIZED BUILD IN G -TRA D ES W ORKERS U N E M PL O Y ED IN
8 0 N S P E C IF IE D DATES, JANUARY 3, 1928, TO OCTOBER 1 19»
*
*
Cause of unemployment
Date
Jan. 3..
Feb. L.
Mar. 1.
Apr. 2-.
M ay 1June 1-.
July 2__
Aug. 1_
Sept. 4.
Oct. 1_.
Nov. 1.
Dec. 3..
Lack of
Sickness, Unfa
work or Strike or accident,
vorable
mate
lockout
or'old
weather
rials
age
Other
reasons
All
causes
1928
Jan. 2__
Feb. 1.
Mar. 1.
Apr. 1..
M ay 1.
June 3_.
July 1 Aug. L
Sept. 3.
Oct. ! ..
1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
20.8
27.4
28.9
26.9
22. 2
16.9
12.8
11.3
14. 1
15.3
17.8
21.6
24.7
31. 1
29.9
24. 2
18.5
12. 7
10.4
10. 1
9.6
12. 1
0.8
.1
.2
.2
.2
4.0
.1
.2
.1
0
.1
0
.2
.1
0
0
0
.9
.3
.1
.4
2.1
1. 7
1. 7
1. 7
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.9
1.9
2. 5
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.4
(i)
3.4
.2
3.4
.1
.1
.3
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.3
.2
.1
.3
.1
0
0
0
.1
0. 2
(l)
(l)
0
.2
.1
.1
(i)
0
(i)
.2
27.3
29.4
34.1
28.9
24.1
22.9
14.6
13.2
15.8
17.2
20.1
23.7
27.5
34.3
32.9
27.9
21.5
15.5
12.9
12.4
12.0
14.9
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES
R etail P rices of Food in th e U n ited S ta te s
HE following tables are compiled from monthly reports of actual
selling prices 1 received by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from
retail dealers.
Table 1 shows for the United States retail prices of food November
15, 1928, October 15 and November 15, 1929, as well as the percentage
changes in the year and in the month. For example the retail price
per pound of potatoes was 2.2 cents on November 15, 1928; and 3.8
cents on October 15 and November 15, 1929. These figures show
an increase of 73 per cent in the year and no change in the month.
The cost of various articles of food combined shows an increase of
1.6 per cent November 15, 1929, as compared with November 15, 1928,
and a decrease of 0.46 per cent November 15, 1929, as compared with
October 15, 1929.
T
T able 1 —AVERAGE R E T A IL PR IC E S OP S P E C IF IE D FOOD A R T IC L E S AND P E R
C E N T OF IN C R EA SE OR D E CREA SE N O V EM B ER 15, 1929, CO M PA RED
O CTO BER 15, 1929, AND N O V E M B ER 15, 1928
W ITH
[Percentage changes of five-tenths of 1 per cent and over are given in whole numbers]
Average retail prices on—
Unit
Article
Nov. 15,
1928
C e n ts
49.1
43.4
36.3
29.7
Oct. 15, Nov. 15, Nov. 15,
1928
1929
1929
C e n ts
50.3
44.5
37.0
30.0
C e n ts
49.3
43.8
36.3
29.4
pirlnin steak
Pound steak
Pib roast
Chuck roast
Plate beef
Pound
_ __do
__do
_ ______ __do
__.do
___
___
Pork chops
Pacnn sliced
TTam siiced
T-amh
TTens
_ ____ __ __do
_
__ _ __ do
_ __do
_do
_____
_ ____ __ _-do
___
___
_ ___
_ ___
___
35.7
44. 5
54.6
38.0
38.0
38.9
43.7
55. 1
38.5
38.4
35.8
43.0
53.9
37.9
37.7
_ do ___
Salmon canned, red
M ilk, fresh
_ ____ _ _ Quart__ _
16-oz. can _ ..
M ilk evaporated
___ _
Pound___
Putter
____
Oleomargarine (all butter substi- __ do____
tutes).
Cheese
_____ __ do ___
_ do _
Pard
_ _
__do ___ _
Vegetable lard substitute
Dozen.
_
Eggs strictly fresh
Pound ___
Pread
__
32.3
14.3
11.4
58.3
27.6
31.9
14.4
55. 7
27.0
31.9
14.4
10.5
53.5
26.9
38.5
19.1
24.8
59.3
9.1
37.9
18.3
24. 7
58.0
8.9
37.8
18.0
24.6
63.3
8.9
PIour
Corn me.a.l
5.1
5.3
8.9
9.5
25.5
5.2
5.3
5.2
5.4
____
_ _ ______ ___ do
_ __ _
___
_____
__ __do ___
______________ ___ do. ____
8-oz. p k g ___
__ _ __
Wheat cereal,---------- - -- ------- 28-oz. p k g ____
"Rolled oats
Corn flakes
20.8
Per cent of increase
(+) or decrease
(-) Nov. 15,1929,
compared with—
21.0
10.6
8.8
9.5
25.5
20.8
8.8
9.5
25.5
Oct. 15,
1929
+0.4
+10
-1
0
+0.3
-3
-1
-1
-1
+1
-8
-8
-0.3
-2
-2
-2
-2
-1
-8
-2
-2
-2
-2
0
0
-1
-4
-0.4
-3
-2
-6
-1
+7
-2
+2
+2
-1
0
0
-0.3
-2
-0.4
+9
0
0
+2
0
0
0
i In addition to monthly retail prices of food and coal, the bureau publishes periodically the prices of
gas and electricity for household use in each of 51 cities. At present this information is being collected m
June and December of each year.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 173]
173
174
T
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
1 . — AVERAGE R E T A IL P R IC E S OF S P E C IF IE D FOOD A R TIC LES AND P E R
C EN T OF IN CREA SE OR D E CREA SE N O V E M B ER 15, 1929, CO M PA RED W ITH
OCTOBER 15, 1929, AND N O V E M B ER 15, 1928.—Continued
able
Average retail prices on—
Article
Unit
Nov. 15,
1928
Oct. 15,
1929
C e n ts
C e n ts
Macaroni
____ ___
Pound
Rice _______________ ________ ____ do
Beans, navy _______________
_ _do_
Potatoes
__________ _ __
__do
Onions________ _ __ do
19. 7
9.8
12. 5
2. 2
6. 5
19. 7
9.7
14.2
3.8
5.3
Per cent of increase
(+) or decrease
( - ) Nov. 15,1929,
compared with—
Nov. 15, Nov. 15,
1929
1928
Oct. 15,
1929
C e n ts
19. 7
9.7
13. 7
3.8
5.0
0
-1
+10
+73
-23
0
0
-4
0
-6
Cabbage,
______ _____ _ _ _ ___do
Beans, baked,
___________ _ No. 2 can
Corn, canned,
, ________ _ . ____ do
Peas, c a n n e d ,____
____ do
4.3
11.7
15.9
16.7
4. 5
11.7
15.8
16.7
4.2
11.7
15.7
16.6
-2
0
-1
-1
-7
0
-1
-1
Tomatoes, canned _ ____ _
Sugar____
,
T ea________ , ,
. ,
CoSee ____ . . .
11.9
6.8
77.4
49. 7
12.6
6.7
77.6
49.1
12.6
6.7
77. 5
48.3
+6
-1
+0.1
-3
0
0
-0 .1
-2
14.0
12.0
33.7
56.5
17.1
12. 2
32.4
44.9
17.9
12.4
32.7
43.0
,
,.
. _ _do
Pound
___ do
__ do
P ru n e s ._______ __________ . . . . _ _ _do_
Raisins ____________ _________
_do
Bananas__ _____________________ Dozen
Oranges_____ ___________ ..
_ __ do
Weighted food index. . . . ________
+28
+3
-3
-24
+1.6
+5
+2
+1
-4
-0.46
Table 2 shows for the United States average retail prices of specified
food articles on November 15, 1913, and on November 15 of each year
from 1923 to 1929, together with percentage changes in November of
each of these specified years, compared with November, 1913. For
example, the retail price per pound of butter was 38.7 cents in Novem
ber, 1913; 58.9 cents in November, 1923; 48.9 cents in November,
1924; 59.7 cents in November, 1925; 55.7 cents in November, 1926;
56.4 cents in November, 1927; 58.3 cents in November, 1928; and
53.5 cents in November, 1929.
As compared with November, 1913, these figures show increases of
52 per cent in November, 1923; 26 per cent in November, 1924; 54 per
cent in November, 1925; 44 per cent in November, 1926; 46 per cent in
November, 1927; 51 per cent in November, 1928; and 38 per cent in
November, 1929.
The cost of the various articles of food combined showed an increase
of 52.3 per cent in November, 1929, as compared with November, 1913.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[174]
175
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES
T able 2.—AVERAGE R E T A IL PR IC E S OP S P E C IF IE D POOD A R T IC L ES AND P E R C E N T
OF IN C R EA SE N O V EM B ER 15 OF C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D YEARS CO M PA RED W ITH
N O V EM B ER 15, 1913
[Percentage changes of five-tenths of 1 per cent and over are given in whole numbers]
Per cent of increase Nov. 15 of each
specified year compared with
Nov. 15, 1913
Average retail price on Nov. 15
Article
1913 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929
C ts .
C ts .
25.4
22.8
19.8
16.3
12.4
C ts .
C ts .
Sirloin steak..pound..
Round steak___do___
Rib roast______do___
Chuck roast___ do___
Plate beef_____ do___
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
38.9
33.1
28.3
20.4
13.0
38.7
32.9
28.2
20.4
13.2
40.3
34.4
29.5
21.6
14. 1
40. S
35.5
30. 2
22.7
14. 7
43.5
37.8
31.9
24.5
16.2
49. 1
43.4
36.3
29. 7
20.8
49.3
43.8
36.3
29.4
20.8
53
45
43
25
5
52
44
42
25
6
59
51
49
33
14
61
56
53
39
19
71
66
61
50
31
93
90
83
82
68
94
92
83
80
68
Pork chops____ do___
Bacon, sliced___do___
Ham, sliced____do___
Lamb, leg of___do___
Hens_________ do___
Salmon, canned, red
__________ pound..
Milk, fresh___ quart.Milk, evaporated
. . . . . 16-ounce can..
B utter______ pound..
Oleom argarine (all
butter substitutes)
_____
_ pound..
Cheese________do___
Lard_________ do . . .
Vegetable lard substitu te_____ .po u n d ..
Eggs, strictly fresh
______ dozen..
Bread_______ pound..
Flour_________ do___
Corn meal_____do___
Rolled oats... do. . .
Corn flakes
.8-ounce package..
Wheat cereal
.28-ounce package. _
M acaroni____pound
Rice__________ do___
Beans, navy___ d o ...
21.5
27.2
26.9
18.5
20.6
28.9
38.5
45.5
35.8
33.7
31.6
40.1
47. C
35.4
34. 5
37.5
49. 2
53.5
38.4
35.8
39.3
51.0
58.4
37.9
37.1
36.3
46.3
53.0
37.6
35.6
35. 7
44.5
54.6
38. 0
38.0
35.8
43.0
53.9
37.9
37.7
34
42
69
94
64
47
47
75
91
67
74
81
99
108
74
83
88
117
105
80
69
70
97
103
73
66
64
103
105
84
67
58
100
105
83
31.4 31.7 36. 4 34. 7 34.8 32. 3 31.9
9. 1 14.3 13.8 14.3 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 57
52
57
55
56
57
58
12.2 11.0 11.6 11.4 11.5 11.4 10.5
38. 7 58.9 48.9 59.7 55. 7 56.4 58.3 53.5 52
26
54
44
46
51
38
29. 2 30. 2 31. 2 30. 1 27.9 27.6 26.9
22.5 37.7 34. 7 37.4 36.9 38.6 38.5 37.8 68
15.9 18.9 22.4 23.3 21. 1 19.5 19. 1 18.0 19
54
41
66
47
64
33
72
23
71
20
68
13
33
55
39
42
37
59
64
65
40
68
82
71
33
68
73
65
24
66
64
68
19
63
55
71
27
59
58
74
25.5
19.7
9.7 11
13.7
21
31
30
20
13
11
22
189
122
67
22
111
63
35
64
22
39
72
31
41
70
33
42
60
26
42
67
24
42
62
23. 7 25. 5 25.8 25.6 25.1 24.8 24. 6
49. 7
5.6
3.3
3. 1
66. 3 68. 1 69.4
8.7 8.9 9.4
4.6 5.4 6.0
4.4 5. 1 5.3
8. 8 9. 1 9. 2
66. 0
9. 4
5. 7
5. 1
9. 1
9.7 10. 7 11.0 10.9
24.3
19.7
8.7 9.7
10. 5
24.4
19. 6
10.5
10.1
61. 7 59.3
9.3 9. 1
5.4 5. 1
5.2 5.3
9.0 8.9
9. 7 9. 5 9. 5
25.2
20. 5
11.4
9.9
25.4
20.1
11.3
9. 3
25.5
20.0
10.4
9. 5
P o ta to e s...____do___ 1.8 2.6 2.2 5.2
Onions................do___
6.3 5.1 5. 7
Cabbage______ do.
3.9 3.7 4.2
Beans, baked
. . . . . No. 2 can _
12.9 12. 6 12.3
Corn, canned__ do . . .
15.6 16.6 17.1
Peas, canned ...d o . .
17. 7 18. 3 18. 1
Tomatoes, canned
_____ .. do___
12.9 13.6 12. 9
Sugar, granulated
----- ---------- pound.. 5.4 10.3 8.8 6.6
T ea__________ do___ 54.5 70.4 73.5 75.7
Coffee________ d o ... 29.8 37.8 49.0 51.2
Prunes. .............d o ...
18.0 17. 2 17.2
4.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
4.8
3. 7
Raisins. _____ do
Bananas.. . . . . dozen _
Oranges___ ...d o .. .
63.3
8.9
5.2
5.4
8.8
25.5
19. 7
9.8
12. 5
2.2 3.8 44
6. 5 5.0
4.3 4.2
11. 7 11. 5 11. 7 11. 7
16. 3 15.7 15.9 15.7
17. 3 16. 6 16.7 16. 6
12.1 11. 8 11.9 12. 6
7. 1
77.1
50.8
16. 5
7.2
77.5
47.8
14. 1
6.8 6.7 91
77.4 77.5 29
49.7 48.3 27
14.0 17.9
16. 4 14. 8 14.2 14. 6 13. 8 12. 0 12. 4
38.3 37.3 34. 7 34.9 34.4 33.7 32. 7
49.0 48.9 65. 5 55.1 53.2 56. 5 43.0
All articles combined L
44.0 43.1 59.3 54.2 49.1 50.0 52.3
1 Beginning with January, 1921, index numbers showing the trend in the retail cost of food have been
composed of the articles shown in Tables 1 and 2, weighted according to the consumption of the average
family. From January, 1913, to December, 1920, the index numbers included the following articles: Sirloin
steak, round steak, rib roast, chuck roast, plate beef, pork chops, bacon, ham, lard, hens, flour, corn meal,
eggs, butter, milk, bread, potatoes, sugar, cheese, rice, coffee, and tea.
Table 3 shows the trend in the retail cost of three important groups
of food commodities, viz, cereals, meats, and dairy products, by years,
from 1913 to 1928, and by months for 1927, 1928, and 1929. The
articles within these groups are as follows:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
U75]
176
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Cereals: Bread, flour, corn meal, rice, rolled oats, corn flakes, wheat
cereal, and macaroni.
M eats: Sirloin steak, round steak, rib roast, chuck roast, plate beef,
pork chops, bacon, ham, hens, and leg of lamb.
Dairy products: Butter, cheese, fresh milk, and evaporated milk.
T able 3 .—IN D E X N U M B E R S OF R E T A IL COST OF CEREALS, MEATS, AND DAIRY
PRO D U CTS FO R T H E U N IT E D STATES, 1913 TO N O V EM B ER , 1929
[Average cost in 1913=100.0)
Year and month
1913: Average for year__
1914: Average for year__
1915: Average for year__
1916: Average for year__
1917: Average for year__
1918: Average for year__
1919: Average for year__
1920: Average for year__
1921: Average for year__
1922: Average for year__
1923: Average for year__
1924: Average for year__
1925: Average for year__
1926: Average for year__
1927: Average for year__
J a n u a ry --._____
February______ _
M arch. . _________
April_______ ____
M ay______ _____
June___
____
July______________
August____________
September________
October _____
November__
December__ _ . . .
Cereals Meats
100.0
106.7
121.6
126.8
186. 5
194.3
198.0
232.1
179.8
159.3
156.9
160.4
176.2
175.5
170.7
172.8
172.7
172.1
171.7
171.6
170.7
170.6
171.2
170.6
170. 5
169.8
168.6
100.0
103.4
99.6
108.2
137.0
172.8
184. 2
185.7
158. 1
150. 3
149.0
150.2
163.0
171.3
169.9
168.1
167.6
168. 5
170.6
170. 7
168.3
169.3
171.0
173.0
173.7
169.9
168.1
Dairy
prod
ucts
100.0
97.1
96.1
103.2
127.6
153.4
176. 6
185.1
149. 5
135.9
147.6
142.8
147. 1
145. 5
148.7
151. 4
151.8
152. 2
150.8
145.3
143. 7
143.9
144. 5
146.6
149.4
150.2
152.8
Year and month
1928: Average for year—
_
January____
February__
___
March __April _________ _
M ay_____
___
•June___ _________
July______________
August______
__
September-- _____
October-November-- ___ „
December
1929:
January— _ _____
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
nvp.mber
Cereals Meats
Dairy
prod
ucts
167.2
168.0
168.0
166.8
167.2
168.3
169.8
169.3
168.2
166.7
165.9
165.3
164.2
179.2
168.3
167.8
167. 1
170.3
175.4
177.7
184.4
189.5
195.8
188.9
184.9
179.1
150.0
152. 2
150. 7
150. 7
147.8
147. 3
146. 1
147.1
148.3
151.2
151. 1
152.5
153.5
164.1
164.1
164.1
164.1
163.5
163.0
163. 5
164.7
165.2
163.5
163.6
180.9
180.3
182.8
187.5
191. 2
192.4
195.9
196.0
194.2
189.2
184.2
151.9
152. 6
152.4
148.9
147. 5
146.8
146.8
147.1
148. 1
149.3
147.0
I n d e x N u m b e r s o f R e t a i l P r ic e s o f F o o d i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s
I n T able 4 index numbers are given which show the changes in
the retail prices of specified food articles, by years for 1913 and 1920
to 1928,2 and by months for 1928 through November, 1929. These
index numbers, or relative prices, are based on the year 1913 as 100
and are computed by dividing the average price of each commodity for
each month and each year by the average price of that commodity
for 1913. These figures must be used with caution. For example,
the relative price of sirloin steak for the year 1928 was 188.2, which
means that the average money price for the year 1928 was 88.2 per
cent higher than the average money price for the year 1913. As
compared with the relative price, 167.7, in 1927, the figures for 1928
show an increase of 20}£ points, but an increase of 12.2 per cent in
the year.
In the last column of Table 4 are given index numbers showing
changes in the retail cost of all articles of food combined. Since
January, 1921, these index numbers have been computed from the
average prices of the articles of food shown in Tables 1 and 2, weighted
according to the average family consumption in 1918. (See March,
1921, issue, p. 25.) Although previous to January, 1921, the number
of food articles has varied, these index numbers have been so com2 For index numbers of each month, January, 1913, to December, 1927, see Bulletin No. 396, pp. 44 to
61; Bulletin No. 418, pp. 38 to 51; Bulletin No. 445, pp. 36 to 49; and Bulletin No. 464, pp. 36 to 49.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[176]
177
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES
puted as to be strictly comparable for the entire period. The index
numbers based on the average for the year 1913 as 100 are 160.5
for October, 1929, and 159.7 for November, 1929.
The curve shown in the accompanying chart pictures more readily
to the eye the changes in the cost of the food budget than do the
index numbers given in the table.
T R E N D OF R E T A IL P R IC E S OP FOOD
[1926=100]
JAM. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP
BY YEARS,
OCT
MOV. DEC.
NU M BERS OF R E T A IL PR IC E S OF P R IN C IP A L ARTICLES OF FOOD
TO 1928, AND BY MONTHS, JANUARY, 1928, T O N O V EM B ER , 1929
1913, 1920
[Average for year 1913=100.0]
Year and
month
Sirloin Round Rib Chuck Plate Pork
steak steak roast roast beef chops Bacon Ham
Hens
Milk Butter Cheese
1913_____
1920_____
1921_______
1922_____
1923______
1924______
1925______
1926_______
1927________
1928______
100.0 100.0
172.1 177. 1
152.8 154.3
147.2 144.8
153.9 150.2
155.9 151.6
159.8 155.6
162.6 159. 6
167.7 166.4
188.2 188.3
100.0
167.7
147.0
139.4
143.4
145. 5
149. 5
153. 0
158. 1
176.8
100.0
163.8
132.5
123.1
126.3
130.0
135.0
140.6
148.1
174.4
100.0
151.2
118.2
105.8
106. 6
109. 1
114. 1
120.7
127.3
157.0
100.0
201.4
166.2
157.1
144.8
146.7
174.3
188.1
175.2
165.7
100.0
193.7
158.2
147.4
144.8
139.6
173.0
186.3
174.8
163.0
100.0
206.3
181.4
181.4
169.1
168.4
195.5
213.4
204.5
196.7
100.0
209.9
186.4
169.0
164.3
165.7
171.8
182.2
173.2
175. 6
100.0
187.6
164.0
147.2
155.1
155. 1
157.3
157.3
158.4
159.6
100.0
183.0
135.0
125.1
144.7
135.0
143.1
138.6
145.2
147.5
100.0
188.2
153.9
148.9
167.0
159. 7
166.1
165.6
170.1
174.2
1928: January..
February. _
March____
April_____
M ay_____
June _ . .
J u l y . . . ___
August___
September.
October__
November.
December..
174.8
176.4
176.8
178.3
181. 5
186.6
195.7
200.8
203.9
198.0
193.3
189.8
173. 1
174.4
175.3
177.6
181. 2
186. 5
196.9
202.2
205.4
200.0
194.6
191.5
165.2
167.2
167.2
168.7
172.2
175.3
181.8
184.8
188.9
185.9
183.3
180.3
158.8
160.6
161.3
163.1
166.3
172.5
180.6
185.0
190.0
188.8
185.6
181.9
142.1
144.6
146.3
147.9
150.4
152.9
157.9
162.0
170.2
171.9
171.9
168.6
149.0
140.5
136. 2
149.0
168.6
165.7
177.6
190.0
211.0
179.0
170.0
149.0
165.2 192.2
161.9 190.3
159.3 187.7
158.9 188. 1
159.6 190. 3
160.0 192.2
162.6 198.5
185.9 204.5
168.1 208. 2
167.8 206.7
164.8 203.0
160.4 198. 5
172.8
174.6
174.6
177.0
177.0
174.2
172.3
172.8
177.9
177.9
178.4
177.9
160.7
160. 7
159.6
158.4
158.4
157.3
158.4
158.4
159.6
159.6
160.7
160.7
150.9
147.0
149.6
143. 9
142.6
140.7
141.8
144.7
150.4
150.1
152.2
154.8
177.4
177.4
174.2
172.9
172.4
172.4
173.3
173.8
175.1
175.6
174.2
174.2
1929: Jan u ary ..
F eb ru ary ..
M arch____
A pril... _.
M a y .......
June_____
J u ly ...___
A u g u st.....
• September.
O ctober....
November.
190. 6
188. 2
188.6
192.9
198. 4
201.6
206.7
206.3
202.8
198.0
194. 1
191.0
188.8
189.2
194.6
201.3
205.4
210.8
210.8
206.7
199.6
196.4
180.8
178.8
179.3
183.8
187.9
189.9
192.9
191.9
189.4
186.9
183.3
181.3
179.4
180.0
184.4
190.0
191.9
195.6
194.4
191.9
187.5
183.8
170.2
167.8
167.8
170.2
174.4
176.0
177.7
176.0
175.2
173.6
171.9
153.8 159.3
157.1 158.2
167.6 158.9
176.7 160.4
179. 5 160.7
179.0 162.2
188.1 164. 1
192.4 165.6
193.8 164.4
185.2 161.9
170.5 159.3
184.0
186.4
190.1
196.2
198. 1
193.9
187.3
185.0
184.0
180.3
177.0
160.7
160.7
160.7
159.6
159. 6
159.6
160.7
160.7
160.7
161.8
161.8
150.7
152.7
152.5
145.7
142.3
140.5
139.4
140.5
143.1
145.4
139.7
173.8
172.9
172.9
172.4
171.9
171.9
171.5
171.0
171.9
171.5
171.0
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 177 ]
200.0
199. 6
201. 9
203.3
204.8
205. 6
209.7
211. 2
209. 7
204.8
200.4
178
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T able 4 .—IN D E X N U M BERS OF R E T A IL P R IC E S OF P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L ES OF FOOD
BY YEARS, 1913, 1920 TO 1928, AND BY M O NTHS, JA N U A RY , 1928, TO N O V EM B ER , 1929—
Continued
A ll
a r ti
c le s 1
Y e a r a n d m o n th
L ard
E ggs
B read
F lo u r
C o rn
m eal
R ic e
P o ta
to e s
Su g a r
T ea
C o fîee
1913 __________________
1920 __________________
1921____________________
1922 __________________
1923 __________________
1924 __________________
1925
_________________
1926 __________________
1927 __________________
1928____________________
100.0
186. 7
113.9
107.6
112.0
120.3
147. 5
138.6
122.2
117.7
100.0
197.4
147.5
128.7
134.8
138.6
151. 0
140.6
131.0
134. 5
100.0
20 5 .4
176.8
155.4
155.4
157. 1
167.9
167.9
166.1
162.5
100.0
245.5
175.8
154.5
142.4
148.5
184.8
181. 8
166.7
163.6
100.0
216. 7
150.0
130.0
136.7
156.7
180.0
170.0
173. 3
176.7
100.0
2 0 0.0
109.2
109.2
109.2
116. 1
127.6
133. 3
123.0
114.9
100.0
370. 6
182.4
164.7
170. 6
158.8
2 1 1 .8
288. 2
2 2 3 .5
158.8
100.0
352.7
145.5
132.7
183. 6
167.3
130.9
125.5
132. 7
129.1
100.0
134.7
128.1
125.2
127.8
131.4
138.8
141.0
142.5
142.3
100.0
157.7
121.8
121. 1
126.5
145.3
172.8
162.1
165.1
100.0
203.4
153.3
141.6
146.2
145.9
157.4
160. 6
155. 4
154.3
1928: J a n u a r y ____ _____
F ebruary- . . . . . .
M arch .
A p r i l .. .
------ . . .
M a y ----------------------J u n e _______________
J u l y _______________
A u g u s t . . -------------S e p t e m b e r ___ _____
O cto b e r .
-----------N ovem ber . . ..
D e c e m b e r _ -------
119.6
115.8
112. 7
112.7
114. 6
115. 2
116.5
118.4
122.2
123.4
120.9
118.4
162.0
124.9
107.2
103.8
108. 7
112.5
120. 6
130. 4
146.1
157.4
171.9
169.3
164.3
164.3
162.5
162. 5
162. 5
164.3
164.3
164. 3
162. 5
162.5
162.5
160. 7
173. 3
160.6
160. 6
173.3
173.3
160.6
163. 6
176. 7
169.7 - 176. 7
172.7
176.7
176.7
169.7
163. 6 176. 7
176.7
160.6
157.6
176.7
154.5
176.7
176.7
154.5
117.2
117.2
116.1
114.9
114.9
113.8
114.9
113.8
114.9
113.8
112.6
113.8
176.5
176.5
2 0 0.0
205.9
194. 1
170.6
135.3
129.4
129.4
129.4
129.4
129.4
129.1
129. 1
129. 1
129. 1
130.9
132.7
132.7
129.1
127.3
125. 5
123.6
121.8
142.3
142.1
142.3
141.9
141.9
142. 1
142.3
142.3
142.3
142. 5
142.3
142.1
162.8
163.1
163.8
164.1
164.4
165.1
165.1
165.8
166.1
166.4
166.8
166.8
155.1
151.6
151.4
152.1
153.8
152.6
152.8
154.2
157.8
156. 8
157.3
155.8
1929: J a n u a r y .
... „
F e b r u a r y ________ __
M a r c h .. .
. _
A p r il. __ . -----------M ay.
... . . ...
J u n e _______________
J u l y _______________
A u g u s t ___________
S e p t e m b e r .. ............
O cto b e r
. . .
N ovem ber
117.1
116.5
116.5
117.1
116. 5
115.8
115.8
116.5
117. 1
115.8
113.9
146.7
142.3
1 2 2.0
106.4
112.2
120.0
127.8
140.0
153. 6
168.1
183.5
160. 7
160.7
160.7
160.7
160.7
160. 7
160.7
160. 7
160.7
158.9
158.9
154.5
154.5
154.5
154.5
151. 5
148.5
151. 5
157.6
160. 6
157.6
157. 6
176.7
176.7
176.7
176.7
176.7
176.7
176. 7
176.7
176.7
176.7
180.0
112.6
112.6
112.6
112.6
111.5
111.5
111.5
112. 6
111.5
111.5
111. 5
135.3
135.3
135.3
135.3
158.8
182.4
229.4
2 3 5.3
229.4
2 2 3.5
2 2 3.5
121.8
120.0
118.2
116.4
116.4
116.4
116. 4
120.0
121.8
121.8
121.8
142.5
166. 1
142.6
166.1
142.6
166. 4
166.4
142.6
142.6
166.1
142.5
165.8
142.3
165.8
165.4
142.5
142.6
165.1
142.6 »•164. 8
142.5
162. 1
154 6
154.4
153.0
151.6
153.3
154.8
158.5
160.2
160. 8
160. 5
159.7
122 articles in 1913-1920: 43 articles in 1921-1929.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
in . 1
179
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES
T able 5.—A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R I C E S O F T H E P R I N C I P A L A R T I C L E S O F F O O D I N 51
C I T I E S , N O V E M B E R 15, 1928, A N D O C T O B E R 15 A N D N O V E M B E R 15, 1929
fE x a c t c o m p a riso n o f p r ice s in d iffe r en t c itie s ca n n o t b e m a d e for s o m e a r tic le s, p a r t ic u la r ly m e a ts a n d
v e g e ta b le s , o w in g t o d iffe r en ce s in tra d e p ra ctices]
1929
803
85
03
»o'
1929
OO
1929
03
49.1
44.1
36.1
30.2
a s.
a s.
50.7
45. C
37.5
31.2
48.8
43.8
36.6
29.4
O s.
Plate beef_____ do___
Pork chops____ do___
Bacon, sliced___do___
Ham, sliced____do___
19.6
33.9
42.5
56.3
20.6
36.4
39.5
56.8
21.0
35.0
39.2
55.0
Lamb, leg of___ do___
Hens__ _____ d o ...
Salmon, canned, red
— .............. .pound..
Milk, fresh___ q u art..
Milk, evaporated
-------- 16-ounce can..
B utter____ pound.
O leo m arg arin e (all
butter substitutes)
---------------- pound..
Cheese . . _ do . . .
Lard____ _____do___
39.1 41.9 41.1 36.3 37.7 37.2 42.4 41.7 42.8 38.8 38.2
36.9 38.7 36.7 40.3 40.1 39.4 34.5 35.3 35.4 40.7 41.1
34.8 33.9 33.3 28.9 28.6 28.4 33.8 33.3 31.6 31.3 31.2
16.5 16.5 17.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 18.7 16.7 17.0 15.8 15.8
13.8 12.3 11.6 11.1 10.2 10.1 12.1 11.5 11.2 11.7 11.0
59.4 57.2 55.8 60.5 58.5 57.3 59.1 57.0 56.0 59.3 56.9
21.2
33.4
39.1
55.9
a s.
Nov. 15
a s.
>
a s .
a s.
a s .
a s.
a s.
46.2 5 0 . 2 51.0 5 0 . 8 i 76.2 1 76.5 1 73.5
43.0 4 2 . 6 44.0 43.3 60. f 60.7 59.3
35.5 34.5 36.9 36.3 44.8 43.4 42.4
29.0 28.7 29.9 29.3 34.4 34.9 33.9
21.0
33.4
38.8
54.6
18.6
34.1
43. i
53.3
20.3
36.1
41.8
55.0
20.1
34.4
40.0
54.7
23.3
38.3
43.0
59.6
22. 5 21.1 22.3 23.3 23.3 19.8 21.5 22.0 25.5
54.2 58.2 59.0 57. 1 62.7 51.5 53.0 63.5 81.5
10. 2 10. 1 8.6 8.5 8.5 9.9 9.9 9.8 8. 6
6.4 6. 2 4.7 5.1 4.9 6.5 6.3 6.2 5.4
Corn m eal____ do___ 4.4 4.5 4.2 4.2
Rolled oats____ do___ 9.5 9.5 9.5 8.0
Corn flakes
— 8-ounce package.. 9.8 9.8 9.8 8.6
Wheat cereal
..20-ounce package.. 26.7 27. 2 27.5 24. 2
M acaroni... .p o u n d .. 21.8 21.4 20.9 18.9
Rice..
._ . . do. __ 9.5 9.7 9.4 8.7
Beans, navy___ do___ 14. 1 15.6 15.5 12. 1
35 48
Onions____ _ do.
8 .6
C a b b a g e ________ d o ____
5 .0
B ean s, baked
------ ------N o . 2 c an . 11.8
C orn , c a n n e d ___ d o ____ 17.9
P e a s , c a n n e d ___ d o ____ 20.9
T o m a to e s , c a n n e d
.N o . 2 c a n . . 11.7
S u g a r -------------- p o u n d . _
7 .4
T e a ........................... d o ____ 106. 4
C o ffe e _______ . . d o ____ 52. 2
P r u n e s __________ d o ____
R a is in s
bo
B a n a n a s . . . .d o z e n .
O ran ges_________ d o ____
21.7
38.2
40.2
56.8
a s.
>
o
£
22.5
42.3
42.2
57.7
23. 1
38.6
41.1
57.8
O
57.5
52.5
43.1
36.4
17.9
37.8
49.8
57.9
a s
C ts
17.2
40. 5
46. 9
57.5
16 5
36 9
47 6
57.3
59. 5
53. 0
43. 5
36.7
58 5
53. 0
41 0
35.5
38.0 38.1 39.1 38 4
40.4 41,5 41.4 40.9
32.0 31.0 80 7 30 9
15.8 16.0 17.0 17.0
11.1 11.6 10.8 10 5
55.0 58.5 55.8 54.6
28.4 29.2 28.8 27.6 26.6 26.9 31.6 30.7 30. 7 29.3 29.0 29. 2 25.2 25.8 27.0
36.9 35.9 35.1 37.1 36.5 35.7 38.2 36.2 36.1 40.6 40.0 40.2 43.4 43.
5 42.1
18.9 18.2 17.3 17.6 17.0 16.3 18.7 18.2 17.4 18.9 18.2 17.9 18.2 17.4 16.5
Vegetable lard substitute_______ pound.. 22. 2
Eggs, strictly fresh
___________ dozen.. 54.1
Bread_______ pound.. 10.8
Flour_________d o ...
6.7
Potatoes______ d o .. .
48.0
44.6
36.2
29.8
lO
Oct. 15
a s.
45.7
42.1
36.2
28.5
o
£
1929
85
Nov. 15
Oct. 15
a s.
>
Oct. 15
Sirloin steak ...p o u n d ..
Round steak___do___
Rib roast........... do___
Chuck roast___ do___
>
Nov. 15
o
£
>
O
IO
Bridgeport,
Conn.
03
Nov. 15
1929
Boston, Mass.
Oct. 15
lO
O
O
CM
05
rH
Birmingham,
Ala.
Nov. 15
Article
Baltimore, Md.
Oct. 15
Atlanta, Ga.
15.2
13. 2
28.9
36 .7
4. 1 4.0 4. 1 4. 1 4. 1 7.0
8.2 8. 1 9.9 9.7 9.5 9.0
8.8
8.9
24.4
18.8
9. 1
14. 1
24.3
18.9
9. 1
13.3
9.8
25.3 26.1 25.4 25.4 25.4
78. 2 83. 6 83.7 74.8 80. 5
8.8 8.8 8.8 8. 8 8 8
5.7 5.6 5.2 5.5 5.3
6. 5 7.0
8.5 8.6
7. 2 7. 0 7 1
8.4 8.2 8.2
9.8
9.4
9.4
9.3
9.3
9.5
9.3
9.2
27.2 27. 1
18.3 18.1
9.4 8.9
13.1 15.3
27.1
18.4
9. 1
15.3
25.0
21.3
10.8
12.1
25.0
21.4
10.5
13.6
25. 2
21.8
11.0
13.3
24.3
22.3
10.9
12.3
24 1
22. 0
10. 1
14.5
24^5
21. 1
9. 7
14.3
44
1.7
4. 1 3.9
3.4
7 .5
4 .8
4.6
6 .6
4. 1
4.5
5 .5
4 .2
3. 6 3.7
1.9
6 .7
4 .9
6 .4
4 .7
2.0
7 .3
5. 1
3. 3
7 .4
5 .1
5. 1
5 .4
34
6 .9
5 .1
4 .7
4 .9
4. 7
4 .6
11.6 11.2 10.8
17.9 17.4 1 6 .2
19. 2 18.7 14.7
10.9
17.0
15.1
10.9 11.7 11.5 11 .2
17. 2 16. 9 17. 1 16.3
14.8 19.5 19. 2 18.6
12.7
17.6
19.8
7 .5
5 .0
5 .3
3 .9
4 .9
5 .0
12.6 12.5 11. 6 11. 9 11. 6
17.4 17.8 19. 2 17. 8 17. 6
19.8 20. 1 20 .6 18.9 17.7
12.3 11. 7 10.8 10.6 10. 6 10.7 11.8 11. 6 13 .0 13.5 14. 1 13. 6 14. 3 13 .9
7 .2
7 .3
5 .8
6. 1 5 .9
7. 1 7 .0
6 .9
6 .4
6 .8
6 .5
6. 7 6 .6
6. 6
103.4 103.4 73 .0 73. 2 7 3 .8 9 7 .8 94. 4 94 .3 72 .5 74 .5 77. 5 61. 0 57. 2 56. 4
51. 1 4 9 .4 4 4 .9 45 .3 44 .3 5 1 .5 51 .9 50 .8 53.8 5 2 .4 5 2 .4 47 .7 4 7 .2 4 4 .7
19. 1
14.4
28.3
3 7 .5
18.5 11.7
14.3 10.8
27 .5 24. 0
3 2 .6 5 0 .4
16.0 16.4
11.0 11. 1
24.7 23 .9
4 3 .0 42 .3
16. 2
13 .0
37 .7
48 .7
19.8 20.3 13.6 16.3
13.2 13.0 11.3 11. 1
3 5 .7 3 5 .6 4 4 .2 3 9 .0
4 4 .0 3 9 .2 6 1 .9 5 3 .9
17.4
11. 5
3 9 .0
46 .7
15.3 16 .0 17. 7
12.5 12.3 12. 5
3 4 .2 3 1 .3 31. 0
69 .5 5 5 .2 5 2 .8
• \ T 5 e ?teak, for w h ic h P rices are h ere q u o te d is c a lle d “ s ir lo in ” in t h is c it y , b u t in m o s t o f t h e o th e r c itie s
in c lu d e d m t h is rep o rt it w o u ld b e k n o w n as “ p o r te r h o u se ” s te a k .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 179]
180
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
5.—AVERAGE R E T A IL P R IC E S OF TH E PR IN C IP A L A R TIC LES OF FOOD IN 51
CITIES, N O V E M B ER 15, 1928, AND OCTOBER 15 AND N O V EM B ER 15, 1929— Continued
T able
C ts .
»0
1929
OO
<N
1929
OO
s
>
o
£
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
iO
CT>
to'
1929
>
o
£
Nov. 15
Oct. 15
C ts .
c\|
05
Oct. 15
>
o
OO
Nov. 15
C ts .
1929
Cincinnati,
Ohio
Oct. 15
C ts .
(M
05
Chiqago, 111.
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
54.6
45. 8
41.3
34.5
45.4
42.3
37.0
28.4
C ts .
C ts .
21.4
34.3
48.4
55.8
21.9
32.2
40.4
53.9
22.5
38.9
38.8
54.8
22.5
33.4
39.9
53.0
Nov. 15
Nov. 15
C ts .
OO
Charleston,
S. C.
Oct. 15
Oct. 15
1929
Nov. 15, 1928
Article
Butte, Mont.
Nov. 15
Buffalo, N. Y.
t>
o*
£
C ts .
C ts .
21.0
38.6
48.9
55.1
Sirloin steak...pound-.
Round steak___do___
Rib roast______do___
Chuck roast___ do-----
47, 5
41.0
35.5
30.7
Plate beef_____ do----Pork chops____ do___
Bacon, sliced__ d en ...
Ham, sliced____do___
19.9
37.7
41.2
52.9
Lamb, leg of___d o .__
Hens_________ do----Salmon, canned, red
_______ pound..
Milk, fresh___ quart..
Milk, evaporated
_____ 16-ounce can..
B u tter. . . ..p o u n d ..
O leom argarine (all
butter substitutes)
__________pound
Cheese________do___
Lard__________do___
Vegetable lard substitute.
__ pound..
Eggs, strictly fresh
___________dozen..
Bread_______ pound..
Flour_________ do___
33.4 34.6 33.7 36.7 37.7 37.3 44.0 43.0 42.0 38.0 38.0 38.4 38.8 39.4 39.4
38.8 38.5 38.1 31.9 32.9 32.6 37.7 37.4 38.0 39.2 39.6 37.6 38.4 38.4 38.2
51.2
43.9
36.8
31.5
50.2 .35.9
42.8 33.8
36.6 31.9
31.6 25.0
20.3
42.0
40.9
54.3
20.2
37.8
40.5
53.1
17.7
35.0
50.4
55.0
38.1
35.0
31.0
26.0
35.7
34.5
31.0
26.0
36.2
34.6
29.1
25.2
17.5
38.9
48.8
56.7
17.0
35.9
47.9
55.4
18.2
35.0
37.8
47.1
38,5
38.1
31.9
25.3
20.4
35.2
39.3
48.5
38.8
38.5
32.2
25.3
20.7
35.0
38.9
48.2
55.6
45.8
41.3
34.8
20.6
35.0
47.7
55.6
53.4
46.4
41.0
34.3
46.9
43.7
37.8
29.2
45. 5
43.2
37.6
28.8
30.7 29.7 29.7 32.0 30.9 31.3 29.2 29.7 29.7 34.6 32.8 33.1 31.3 29.7 29.5
14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 18.7 19.0 19.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0
11.1 10.2 10.1 10.8 10.4 10.4 11.8 10.1 10.0 11.3 10.4 10.2 11.3 10.6 10.5
58.9 55.8 53.1 56.4 55.7 55.5 56. 2 53.7 52.3 57.0 53. 5 50.9 60.0 57.2 54.2
27.7 26.2 25.9
28.9 27.9 27.3 26.9 26.4 26.2 28.9 27.6 27.8
39.8 38.9 39.0 38.2 36. 1 36. 1 35.2 34.8 34.7 43.8 42.0 42.0 39.8 38.1 38.5
18.1 17.3 16.9 22.0 21.0 20.9 18.9 18.9 18.8 19.3 18.2 18.1 18.4 17.8 17.2
25.5 24. 7 24. 5 30.6 30.9 31.0 21. 7 20.8 20.9 26.1 25.6 25.6 25.6 26.2 26.2
62.5 62.2 67.6 57.5 60.0 61.6 56. 5 53.7 57.1 58. 6 56.9 63.6 57.9 55.7 66.3
8.7 8.3 8.3 9.8 9.8 9.8 11.0 11.0 11.0 9.9 9.7 9.7 8.5 8.7 8.7
4.6 4.9 4.7 4.9 5.0 5.0 6.7 6.5 6.5 4.5 4.6 4.7 5.5 5.5 5.4
Corn meal___ .d o ..
5.1 4.9 5.1 6.4
Rolled oats____ do___ 8.8 8. 7 8.7 7.0
Cornflakes
...8-ounce package.. 9.2 9. 1 9.0 10.5
W heat cereal
..28-ounce package.. 24.9 24.8 24.8 28.1
Macaroni. ...p o u n d -. 21.2 21.3 20.8 19.9
Rice . _ ______ do___ 9.4 8.8 8.8 11. 1
Beans, navy___ do___ 12. 1 14.4 13.6 11.5
1.9
6.8
3.8
6.1
7.8
10.3 10.3
28.1
19. 9
11.0
13.3
28.4
19.9
11.0
13. 1
3.7
4.5
4.6
3.3
4.3
4.7
4.0
9.2
4.1
9.3
4.0
9.3
7.0
8.4
6.2
8.1
9.9 10.0 10.0
9.3
8.9
25.4 25.2 25.2 25.3 24.3
18.7 19.2 19.2 18. 9 18.3
6.8 6.8 6.7 10.4 10. 5
14.3 15.3 15.1 12.4 13.9
6.4
8.1
4.6
9.0
4.8
9.0
4.8
9.0
9.1
9.6
9.5
9.6
24.3 24.9 24.9 24.8
18.6 18.5 18.6 18. 8
10.6 9. 5 9.9 10.0
13.4 12. 5 13.5 12.6
Potatoes
___ do___
Onion_________do___
Cabbage______ do___
Beans, baked
________ No. 2 can..
Corn, canned__ do___
Peas, canned___do___
Tomatoes, canned
. _____ No. 2 can.
Sugar ____.pound..
T ea___ _______do . . .
Coffee________ do___
12.4 13.7 13.9 12.8 12.4 12.4 10.2 10.1 10. 1
6.3 6.4 6.3 8.0 7.7 7.6 6.4 6. 5 6.4
68.1 67.9 68.1 82.6 82.2 82.9 82.4 81.2 81. 2
47.6 47.6 46.7 55.5 55.0 54.0 46.9 46.9 46.4
13.8 13.5 13.4 12.7 13. 5 13.1
6.7 6. 5 6.5 7.2 7. 1 6.9
69.2 68.2 68.2 80.0 80.2 80.2
47.6 47.1 46. 1 46.3 45.1 44.5
P ru n e s.............d o . . .
Raisins. . . . . .d o ...
Bananas_____ dozen..
Oranges_______ do___
13.9
11.5
40.9
61.5
15.4
12.2
38.9
58.4
1
3.2
6.1
4.1
6.4
8.1
3.2
5.4
3.7
1.5
5.8
3.5
4.2
6.5
5.0
4.3
5.6
4.8
2.1
6.4
4.3
3.7
5.3
4.9
3.7
5.3
4.8
2.3
6.3
4.4
4.0
5.4
4.8
4.1
5.3
4.4
10.5 10.3 10.2 13.7 13.7 13.7 10.2 10.8 10.6 13. 1 12.4 12.4 11.2 11.5 11.4
15.8 15.6 15.6 15.0 14.3 14.3 14.2 14.6 14.4 15. 5 15.3 15.3 15. 5 15. 5 15. 5
16.0 15.7 15.4 13.8 14.3 14.3 16.2 15. 9 15.8 17.0 16.3 16.3 16.6 16.7 16.5
17.3
12.0
41. 1
44. 5
17. 7 14. 5 15. 7 17.3
12.3 13.8 13.4 13.2
42.1 213. 0 2 14.3 2 13.9
47.7 61.2 49.3 48.3
Per pound.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.6
7.2
5.3
[ 180 ]
12.2
10. 2
27.5
27.9
17.0
10.6
26.3
35.7
17.8
11.6
27.8
33.6
17. 7
11.7
38.3
51.2
19.0
12.0
39.4
49.0
14.2
12.4
40.6
52.7
18.4
12.1
37. 5
50.2
18.2
12.4
36.4
47.0
181
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES
T able 5 —AVERAGE R E T A IL PR IC E S OP T H E P R IN C IP A L A R TIC LES OF POOD IN 51
CITIES, N O V E M B ER 15, 1928, AND OCTOBER 15 AND N O V E M B ER 15, 1929—Continued
1929
05
805
in
in
T—1
o>
£
>
o
1929
as. as. as. as. as. as. as. Cts. as. as. as. as. as. as.
Nov. 15
o>
8
Detroit, Mich.
Oct. 15
o>
1929
Nov. 15
n
Denver, Colo.
Oct. 15
o
in
Nov. 15
>
GO
<N
05
8
Oct. 15
Oct. 15
in
1929
Dallas, Tex.
05
Nov. 15
1929
8T>
C
Nov. 15
Article
Columbus,
Ohio
Oct. 15
Cleveland,
Ohio
45.3
40.4
33.5
30.3
47.5 46.5
41.9 40.8
34.5 ! 33. t
30.9 30.2
48.6
43.2
38.7
33.0
49. t
45.2
40.0
32.2
48. i
44. t
38.2
31.5
44.5
40.7
36. i
31.4
47.7
45.6
36.6
30.5
46.9
45.6
37.3
30.3
40.7
37.2
30.4
26.2
42.1
37.4
30. 1
26.1
38.9
35.5
29.5
24.9
51.0
42.8
37.4
30.5
52.1
43.3
38.1
30.4
50. 3
41. 9
38. 3
30.3
Plate beef_____ do___
Pork chops____ do___
Bacon, sliced___do___
Ham, sliced____do___
20.2
34.6
42.5
55.3
20.7
38.4
41. 6
55.3
22.8
33.5
44.8
53.3
23.6
36. £
45.2
53.6
23.7
34. C
44.4
52.7
24.0
37.7
47.1
57.7
24.6
38.2
41.4
57.1
24.6
37.5
41.5
55.4
17.3
34.3
43.0
53.3
17. 1
38.4
42.2
53.3
16.9
34.6
40.7
52.2
19.8
37.3
46.0
59.7
20. 7
40.6
43.5
58.8
20.6
37. 2
43. 5
58.2
Lamb, leg of___ do___
Hens—.............. _do___
Salmon, canned, red
....................-pound-.
Milk, fre s h __ quart-.
Milk, evaporated
-------- 16-ounce can..
B u tter______ pound-.
O le o m a r g a r in e (all
butter substitutes)
-. -----------pound _
Cheese________ do___
Lard—. ......... . —do___
Vegetable lard substitute
___pound..
Eggs, strictly fresh
----------------dozen _
B re a d ______ pound
Flour_________ do___
36.3 36.9 35.8 43.7 45.8 44.2 45.6 43.6 43.7 34.7 36.1 34.8
38.9 38.6 36.5 38.5 39.2 40.0 35.1 34.2 33.4 31.5 31.3 29.8
31.8 32.4 32.1 35.0 32.9 32.8 34.7 34.1 33.5 32.7 33.2 32.7
13.7 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 12.0 12.0 12.0
11.2 10.3 10.1 11.5 10.6 10.5 13,9 12.7 12.7 10.7 9.9 9.9
60.5 57.1 54.3 58.2 54.6 51.3 58.8 56.0 53.3 53.5 49.3 47.0
Sirloin steak --p o u n d ..
Round steak___do___
Rib roast______do__
Chuck roast....... do___
21.4
33.2
40.5
53.3
28.5 28.4 28.1 27.4 26.5 26.8 28.7 28.8 27.8 25.0
39.4 40.3 40.7 36.9 37.2 37.2 38.2 37.8 36.6 39.5
20.2 19.4 19.3 17.2 15.7 15.1 20.9 21.3 21.7 19.3
26.4 26.3 26. 3 27.8 26. 7 26.2 23.3 22.0 21.1 21.1
39.2 37.5 36.9
39.5 40.6 38.0
30.3 31.4 31. 6
14.0 14.0 14.0
11.1 10. 3 10. 5
58.5 54.8 51.3
24.5 24.1 26.4 24.7 25.3
39.0 38.9 38.9 39.3 39.4
18.4 18.3 18.9 17.9 17.6
20.9 20.2 26.3 25.8 25.6
62.6 61.9 69.1 51.2 51.8 58.0 53.8 52.3 55.6 56.8 53.3 57.8 59.3 57.3 61. 7
7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7. 7 9.3 8.9 8.9 7.7 7.6 7.6 8.2 8.1 8.1
5.2 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.9 4.9 5.3 5.2 5.2 4.0 3.9 3.9 4.6 4.9 4.9
Corn meal_____do___ 5.4 5.7 5.4 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.6 4.6 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.6 6.0 6.1 6. 2
Rolled oats____ do___ 9.0 8.7 8.9 9.3 9.3 9.0 10.1 10.0 9.8 7.6 7.6 7.5 9.1 9.2 9.1
Corn flakes
.-_8-ounce package.- 9.8 9.6 9.6 9.6 10.2 10.0 10.1 9.9 9.8 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.4 9.6 9.5
Wheat cereal
_ _28-ounee package.. 25.8 25.3 25.3 26.7 26.6 26.5 27.6 27.2 27.0 24.6 24.6 24.6 25.9 26.3 26.4
Macaroni ___pound-- 20.6 20.3 20.4 20.4 20.0 20.0 20.7 21.2 20. 5 19.8 19.4 19.4 21.2 20.9 21.1
Rice
_______ d o ..
9. 5 10. 5 10.4 11.0 1 1 . 1 10.9 11.9 11.0 10.8 9.1 8.9 8.7 1 1 . 1 10. 5 10. 6
Beans, navy___ do___ 12.3 14.7 14.3 12. 5 13.6 13.2 13.3 15.3 14.9 11.7 13.1 12.4 12.2 13.6 12.6
P o ta to e s___..d o .
2 .2
3.9 3.7 2.0 3.7 3.7 4.3 5.2 5.3 1.7 3.0 3.2 1.5 3.3 3.2
Onions________do—
6.6 4.6 4.1 6.8 5.5 5.0 7.6 7.3 6.8 4.8 4.4 4.2 6.3 4.0 4. 0
Cabbage ____ do___ 4.4 4.6 4.0 4.4 4.5 4.3 5.5 5.9 5.4 2.8 3.5 3.8 3.3 3.7 3.6
Beans, baked
------- —No. 2 can.. 12.0 11.8 11.7 11.8 10.9 10.9 12. 6 13.2 12.5 11.5 11. 6 11.5 11.9 11.1 11.5
Corn, canned__ do___ 16.4 16. 5 16.3 14.3 14.1 14.1 18.4 17.8 17.0 13.7 14.1 14.3 15.8 14.7 15.2
Peas, canned___do___ 16.8 17.2 17.0 14.8 15.3 15.1 22. 5 22.0 21.7 14.9 15.3 15.6 16.2 15.3 15.7
Tomatoes, canned
- _____ No. 2 can.
13. 5 14.5 14.3 12.8 13.2 13.2 12.3 13. 5 13. 1 11.6 12.9 12.8 12.6 12.4 12. 2
Sugar. _____ pound.
7.2 7.2 7.2 7.4 7. 2 7.2 7.5 7.2 7.0 7.4 7.4 7.2 7.0 7.0 6. 9
T ea__________ do___ 80.7 82. 5 81.7 86.5 85.6 85.6 104.8 103.8 100. 5 70.0 68.7 68.7 74.3 72.1 72. 1
Coffee. ______ do___ 51.6 51.2 49.5 49.6 49.0 48.7 59.4 58. 5 57.4 50.1 50.1 49.6 48.8 48.5 47.6
Prunes________do —. 13.9 17.4 18.4 16.2 16.5 17.3 17.2 20. 1 19.8 14.3 19.6 19. 7 14. 5 17.4 19.1
R a is in s.._____ do___ 12.3 12.3 12.4 11.3 12. 5 12. 5 14.4 13.6 13.3 10.8 12.1 12.7 11.8 12.3 12.6
Bananas_____ dozen __ 29.9 2 9. 7 2 9. 8 38.0 36.3 38.8 34.0 33.3 33.3 10. 9 211.1 11. 6 36.0 35.0 34.0
O ra n g e s...___ do___ 58.1 56.4 50.0 56. 6 48.6 46.0 60.8 45.9 41.5 61.1 37.2 35.8 68.5 46.3 44.3
2Per pound.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[181]
182
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T able 5 .—AVERAGE R E TA IL PR IC E S OF T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L ES OF FOOD IN 51
CITIES, N OVEM BER 15, 1928, AND OCTOBER 15 A N D N O V EM B ER 15, 1929—Continued
>
O
5
fc
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
3 70.3 3 72.6 3 71.8
56.5 57.5 56. 6
39.8 39. 7 39. 1
29.9 32.0 31.6
17.8
39.9
38.6
55.1
18.4
35.3
38.2
52.4
0
38.9
38.2
30.2
24.9
21.2
34.4
41.8
49.1
803
»o'
£
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
42. 7
41.5
33. 1
26.3
>
0
40. C
39.6
30.8
25.0
46.9
44.4
34.9
30.8
22.5
35.9
40. 6
50.8
22. 1
33.6
42.4
55.6
1929
C ts .
49.5
47.6
34.7
31.7
»o'
1929
803
»O
£
6
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
>
0
48.5
46.3
34.3
30.9
39.1
34.6
30.3
23.9
20.9
35.1
40.0
53.2
15.3
30.9
40.0
48.6
»o'
1929
>
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fc
Nov. 15
C ts .
Sirloin steak...pound..
Round steak ..d o ---Rib roast______do___
Chuck roast___ do___
»o'
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03
Kansas City,
Mo.
Oct. 15
fc
»O
1929
Oct. 15
o
05
Nov. 15
>
OO
Jacksonville,
Fla.
Oct. 15
»o'
1929
Indianapolis,
Ind.
Nov. 15
00
<N
05
Oct. 15
Article
Houston, Tex.
Oct. 15
Fall River,
Mass.
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
48.8
44. 3
35.7
28.4
48.4
43.3
34.6
28.2
20. 5
38.0
43.0
51.6
20.7
35.0
42.2
50.5
41.8
36.8
32. 5
26.0
40.2
35.5
32. 1
25.7
17.4
33.5
37.2
49.1
17.2
31. 6
37.7
48.6
0
47.5
42.1
33.3
27. 5
Plate beef_____ do___
Pork chops____ do___
Bacon, sliced__ do___
Ham, sliced____do___
18.8
36. 2
42.0
52.6
Lamb, leg of___do___
Hens_________ do___
Salmon, canned, red
______ ____ pound..
Milk, fresh___ quart .
Milk, evaporated
____ 16-ounce can..
B utter______ pound _
O leom argarine (all
butter substitutes)
----------- .pou n d ..
Cheese________ do
do. .
L ard. ___
Vegetable lard substi- tu te ... . . . .po u n d ..
Eggs, strictly fresh
. . . ____dozen. _
Bread_______ pound..
Flour_________ do___
41. 5 43.6 42.4 32.2 37. 1 32.9 40.4 41.7 40.8 38.0 37.5 36.7 33.7 35.1 36.0
44.0 46.3 45.4 37.0 39.0 37.2 41.3 41.6 40.6 35.9 36. 2 36. 6 33.8 34.3 33. 7
22.7
36.4
40.0
51.5
21.5
38.0
40.9
56.2
20.3
33.6
43.0
51.3
34.4 33.0 33. 5 31.0 30.2 30.2 33.6 34.9 33.6 31.9 30.0 29.1 35.4 35.3 35.3
14.7 15.0 15.0 15.2 15.0 15.0 13.0 12.0 12.0 20.3 20.3 20.3 13.6 13.0 13.0
12. 6 11.8 11. 5 11.4 10. 1 9.8 10. 5 10.0 10. 1 11. 7 10.2 10.1 11.3 10.3 10.2
57.3 56.4 54. 1 56.6 54.2 52.7 58.0 55.6 53.8 56.9 57.2 52.8 56.6 53.3 49.7
27.4 27.0 26.5 24.6 25. 5 25. 4 28.6 28.4 27.9 30.1 28. 1 27.3 25.3 25.0 24.9
41.8 41.6 41. 7 33.7 33.2 33.4 42.9 40.8 40.4 35.1 33.9 33.9 36.8 37.8 37.8
18.6 17.4 17. 3 19.8 20. 9 20.3 17.4 16.6 15.8 19. 3 18.2 18.1 18.9 18.1 17.7
26.9 26.9 26.4 16. 5 16.5 16.3 26.9 26.8 26.8 21. 7 21.8 21.8 26.4 25.9 25.8
80.7 75.8 78.9 45.4 47.1 54.3 51.6 54.4 58.7 66.0 58.5 61. 7 49.4 47.0 54.8
8.8 8.3 8.3 8.0 8.2 8.2 7.9 8.0 8.0 10.1 10.0 10.2 9.6 9.2 9.3
5.6 5.6 5.6 4.9 4.9 4.9 5 .2 5.2 5. 1 6.0 6.0 5.9 4.8 4.9 4.8
Corn meal_____do___ 7. 1 6.7 6. 7 4.3
9.5 9.4 9.4 8.5
Rolled oats____ do..
Corn flakes
__ 8-ounce package.. 9.8 9.7 9.7 8.9
W heat cereal
_.28-ounce package. . 25.0 24.8 24.6 25.2
M acaroni____pound.. 23. 7 23.3 24.5 18. 5
Rice. _______ d o .. . 10.8 10.8 10.7 7.0
Beans, navy___ do___ 1 2 .6 13.8 13.5 12.3
4.3
8.5
4.4
8.3
4.1
8.2
8.9
8,9
8.9
25.3
18. 1
7.3
14.7
24.9
18. 1
7.3
14.4
26.0
18.8
10.9
12.8
5.0
5.2
5.9
5.0
4.8
5.1
1.8
6.4
4.2
4.6
8.8
4.4
8.8
4.3
9.4
4.2
9.2
4.2
9.2
5.3
8.9
5.3
9.2
5.4
9. 2
9.3
9.5
9.6
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.7
9.6
25.3 25.3 24.7 25.1 25.1 27.1 27.2 27. 5
18.7 18. 7 18.8 18.4 19.0 2 0 .0 2 0 .0 19.8
10.4 10. 1 7.4 7.3 7. 1 9.3 9.8 9. 7
13.8 12. 5 13.2 14.7 14. 1 12.7 14.6 13.3
Potatoes_____ do . . .
Onions________do___
Cabbage______ do___
Beans, baked
____
No. 2 can..
Corn, canned__ do___
Peas, canned__ do___
Tomatoes, canned
________No. 2 can..
Sugar ______ pound..
T ea__________ do .
Coffee.......... ...... do___
12.5 12.7 12.6 9.9 10.6 10.3 12.6 14.2 13.9 11.1 9.7 9.7 11.3 12.8 12.8
6.8 6.4 6.4 6.7 6.6 6 .6 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.0 6.6 6.8 7.2 7. 1 7.0
58.8 59.1 59.1 85.7 86.4 87.4 83.9 89.8 89.8 97.4 95.7 95.7 92.4 90.3 89. 6
50.6 50.1 49.5 44.4 44.2 43.5 47.9 48. 1 48.4 48.3 47.2 46. 7 52.6 51. 5 50.5
Prunes_______ d o ...
Raisins_______ do___
B a n a n a s.____dozen
Oranges_______ do___
14.1
12.8
29.3
49.8
1.9
7.6
5.8
3.7
4.9
5.0
3.6
4.7
4.7
3.6
6.7
4.8
3.9
5.5
4.8
3.6
5.6
4.6
3.0
7.9
4.7
4.4 4.3
6.8 6.0
4. 5 4.4
1.6
7.4
3.8
3.8
7.0
4.4
3.8
6.1
4. 1
12.6 12.5 12.6 10.9 10.7 10.7 10.3 1 1 .1 11.0 10.8 10.5 10.5 12.3 12. 6 12.4
16.5 16.4 16.4 14.4 14.5 13.9 14.0 14.1 14.6 18.0 17.0 17.2 14.8 15.5 15.3
19.1 18.4 18.4 14.8 15.5 15.3 14.8 15.0 14.8 17.2 18.8 18.3 14.9 16.6 16.6
14.7
12.1
2 8. 7
46.6
17.0
12.9
29.0
43.2
13.0
10.8
27.1
51.9
16. 7
10.7
25.4
34.1
17.3
10.6
26.1
32.8
16.5
13.8
29. 5
52.2
20.8
14.0
30.6
45.2
21.3
14.2
31.3
42.0
15.2
12.7
31.7
29.2
16.5
12.4
27.5
45.0
17.5 13.9 19.8 21.0
12.7 12.4 13.5 13.4
27.5 210. 9 210. 6 210.7
33.7 64.3 38.6 36.1
2 Per pound.
3 The steak for which prices are here quoted is called “ rum p ” in this city, but in most of the other cities
included in this report it would be known as “ porterhouse” steak.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1 8 2 ]
183
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES
T able 5.—AVERAGE R E TA IL PRICES OF T H E P R IN C IP A L A R TIC LES OF FOOD IN 51
CITIES, N O V EM B ER 15, 1928, AND OCTOBER 15 AND N O V EM B ER 15, 1929—Continued
C ts .
46.8
38.7
35.4
27.3
45.6
38.2
35.2
27.1
42.9
38.3
31.8
26.7
18.1
43.6
51.4
68.4
18.4
42.9
49.9
66.9
21.7
31.3
44.6
50.4
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
>
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C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
AO'
>
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<M
05
1929
o>
£
Nov. 15
C ts .
o
fc
IO
1929
Oct. 15
C ts .
O
00
<M
05
Memphis,
Tenn.
Nov. 15
>
£
AO
1929
Manchester,
N. H.
Oct. 15
C ts .
8C5
Oct. 15
C ts .
1929
Nov. 15
o
&
>
00
CT>
Oct. 15
1929
Louisville, Ey.
Nov. 15
o8>
o'
Oct. 15
Article
Los Angeles,
Calif.
Nov. 15
Little Rock,
Ark.
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
AO*
Sirloin steak, .p o u n d ..
Round steak___do___
Rib roast........... do___
Chuck roast___ do___
44.1
39.6
35.6
28.5
Plate beef_____ do___
Pork chops____ do___
Bacon, sliced__ do___
Ham, sliced........do___
21.3
33.4
44.4
52.9
Lamb, leg of___ do___
H en s............ ...d o ___
Salmon, canned, red
..................... pound..
Milk, fresh... q u art..
Milk, evaporated
_____ 16-ounce can..
B utter. . . pound.
O leom argarine (all
butter substitutes)
__________ pound..
C heese_______ do___
Lard.............. ...d o ___
Vegetable lard substitu te_______ pound..
Eggs, strictly fresh
................... ..dozen..
Bread___ ...p o u n d ..
Flour_________ do___
39.4 40.8 39.0 38.0 37.6 37.2 38.4 38.3 37.0 37.3 38.8 37.5 36.0 39.6 37.6
31.0 31.4 31.0 47.1 45.6 45.7 37.3 37.1 37.3 42.1 43.6 43.2 33.7 34.5 34.4
32.6 31.6 35.3 29.9 30.7 30.0 30.5 30.7 30.3 30.2 30.3 30.8 33.4 34.4 34.4
14.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
11.8 11.2 11.1 10.0 9.8 9.8 11.8 10.7 10.6 12.7 12.1 12.0 11.5 10.5 10. 6
56.1 54.9 54.2 58.6 57.6 56.8 59.2 56.2 54.8 59.1 56.1 53.8 57.7 54.5 53.8
Com meal_____do___
Rolled oats____ do___
Corn flakes
— 8-ounce-paekage..
Wheat cereal
..28-ounce package..
Macaroni____pound . .
Rice__________ do___
Beans, navy___ do___
47.2
44. C
37.8
30.9
24.8
34.8
45.2
51.5
46.7
44.6
36. 7
29.6
45.1
38.5
35.9
27.9
22.6
34.5
44.7
51.0
20.8
42.8
51.7
69.1
45.0
40.5
34.2
27.3
43.6 >63.1 >64.9 >63.3
39.1 53.8 53.0 51.3
32.7 34.2 35.4 33.6
26.3 30.2 30.6 28.8
22.2
35.4
43.5
49.5
21.8
30.9
42.5
49.1
22.2
35.8
38.5
47.4
22.3
39.4
37.3
47.2
21.1
34.7
37.0
45.4
48.7
45.9
35.1
28.9
22.4
32.9
36.4
52.5
48.9
45.1
34.4
28.8
22. 5
34.5
36.0
53.9
48. 2
44 8
34 7
29.2
22 4
33 6
35.1
52.6
27.1 25.1 24.9 25.6 24.1 23.8 27.6 25.9 25.6 27.1 27.0 27.0 24.4 26.3 25.0
36.8 35.3 36.4 38.4 38.7 38.3 38.0 37.2 36.7 39.1 38.4 38.4 35.8 35.2 35. 2
20.1 19.5 19.0 20.9 19.2 19.2 18.7 17.8 17.2 18.3 17.9 17.5 16.4 15.5 15.1
20.9 21.0 21.1 24.1 24.3 23.7 26.9 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.1 26.0 21.7 22.1 22.0
48.5 50.8 55.3 59.9 58.8 58.9 49.5 51.3 61.0 69.9 70.8 77.5 47.1 46.4 50.8
9.3 9.5 9.5 8.6 8.5 8.5 9.2 9.3 9.3 8.7 8.1 8.1 9.5 9.2 9.2
6.0 5.9 5.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 6.1 6.0 5.7 5.0 5.3 5.3 6.0 5.9 5.9
4.1 4.2 4.3
10.6 10.6 10.5
5.9 5.7
9.9 10.0
5.7
9.8
9.4
9.5
9.4
9.5
27.3 27.3 27.3 25.0 25.1 25.2
20.3 20.3 20.1 18.1 17.9 17.8
7.7 8.8 8.0 10.1 9.6 9.5
13.1 15.0 14.2 12.1 13.3 13.1
26.5
18.8
10.6
12.8
27.3
18.4
10.0
14.2
2.1
7.1
4.4
3.9
5.6
4.3
9.8
9.8
9.8
4.0
8.4
4.2
8.4
5.3
8.6
5.4
8.4
5.5
8.3
3.8
8.9
4.0
8.9
4.0
8.8
9.5
9.1
9.1
9.3
9.8
9.7
9.7
26.5 25.4 25.6 25.6 25.5 25.8 25.8
18.7 23.2 23.2 23.4 19.5 19.4 19.1
10.1 9.0 8.8 8.8 8.3 8.7 9.1
12.7 12.2 13.9 13.4 12.4 13.8 13.5
Potatoes______ do___
Onions__ ___do___
Cabbage______ do___
Beans, baked
________No. 2 can..
Com, canned__ do___
Peas, canned___do___
Tomatoes, canned
_______ No. 2 can..
Sugar_______ pound..
Tea______ ____ do___
Coffee.......... ...... do___
10.4 13.5 13.3 114. 9 414. 9 414. 6 11.0 11.4 11.4 12.4 12.9 12.5 9.9 11.1 10.9
7.4 7.4 7.4 6.4 6.4 6.3 7.4 7.3 7.3 6.8 6.9 7.0 6.8 6.8 6.8
104.9 107.5 103.4 74.9 73.6 72.2 93.8 92.0 91.2 65.6 63.4 60.8 97.6 95.6 95.2
54.6 54.1 53.9 54.0 53.2 52.4 51.6 49.8 48.7 51.6 50.4 49.9 48.9 48.3 48.3
Prunes........ ...... do__
Raisins_______ do .
Bananas_____ dozen..
Oranges_______ do___
15.0
14.0
2 9.1
58.0
2.9
7.6
4.8
4.3
6.4
5.3
4.1
5.5
4.5
9.4
4.0
8.7
2.5
5.5
5.3
4.1
4.4
4.8
3.9
4.3
4.5
3.7
5.0
4.6
1.6
6.8
4.4
3.2
5.1
4.0
3.3
4.8
4.0
3.0
6.3
3.8
4.0
5.3
4.1
4.1
5.1
3.8
11.6 12.3 12.3 11.3 11.8 11.9 11.2 11.3 11.4 13.2 13.7 14.0 11.3 11.8 11.6
15.8 16.8 16.5 16.0 15.5 15.0 15.1 15.0 15.2 16.0 16.4 16.2 14.4 14.7 14.7
18.3 18.2 17.7 17.1 16.7 16.4 15.5 15.1 15.0 17.2 17.6 17.5 15.0 15.7 15.7
18.3
14.2
2 9.3
43.8
18.6
14.3
2 9.5
43.0
13.0
10.2
2 9.3
53.0
18.8
11.2
2 8.9
47.4
18.7 16.0
10.9 12.1
2 9.5 210.1
49.4 45.9
17.1
12.5
2 9.9
40.8
17.9
13.1
2 9.9
40.6
13. 1
11.7
2 9.2
58.3
15.5
11.3
2 7.4
47.6
16.3
11.2
2 8.9
46.6
14.1
13.2
2 8.7
40.5
15.1
12.5
2 8.3
37.3
16.0
13.5
2 8.5
39.2
>The steak for which prices are here quoted is called “ sirloin” in this city, hut in most of the other
cities included in this report it would be known as “ porterhouse” steak.
2 Per pound.
4
No.
can.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[183]
184
5.—AVERAGE R E TA IL PR IC E S OF T H E P R IN C IP A L A R TIC LES OF FOOD IN 51
CITIES, NO V EM B ER 15, 1928, AND OCTOBER 15 AND N O V EM B ER 15, 1929—Continued
able
00
CT
M
C
>
»o'
O
O
CM
05
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
47.0
43.4
33.6
31.9
45. 8
41.6
32.9
30.9
41.6
36.6
31.6
27.7
19.9
37. 5
44.3
50.0
19.4
32. 1
43.7
49. 1
18.3
35.8
47.0
52.8
C ts .
»o'
fc
Oct. 15
C ts .
C ts .
>
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
>
o
O
O
CM
05
1929
Nov. 15
C ts .
C ts .
>
o
O
O
CM
05
1929
Oct. 15
£
Nov. 15
»0
o
£
£
>
o
1929
Oct. 15
1929
New Haven,
Conn.
1929
.»o'
£
Nov. 15
00
05
•o'
Newark, N. J.
Oct. 15
Mobile, Ala.
Nov. 15
Minneapolis,
Minn.
Nov. 15
Article
Milwaukee,
Wis.
Oct. 15
T
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
>
o
Sirloin steak_-pound..
Round steak___do___
Rib roast______d o ...
Chuck roast.......do___
44.9
40.4
33. 6
31.3
Plate beef_____ do___
Pork chops____ d o ....
Bacon, sliced__ do___
Ham, sliced____do___
20.4
33.8
44.8
50. 8
Lamb, leg of___ do___
Hens_________ do___
Salmon, canned, red
_______pound-Milk, fresh., .quart-.
Milk, evaporated
_____ 16-ounce can...
B utter.
__ pound-.
O leom argarine (all
butter substitutes)
__________ pound __
Cheese________do___
Lard_________ do___
Vegetable lard substitu te ...
_ pound .
Eggs, strictly fresh
--- . .dozen
Bread ______pound
Flour_______ do___
38.5 38.8 37.7 33. 6 34. 2 33.7 43.3 44.0 44.2 39.3 39.0 38.2 39.3 40.4 39.7
34.0 32.9 32.0 33.9 34.5 33.3 33.0 35.0 35.8 39.4 40.0 39.0 42.1 43.7 42.6
33.0 35.2 35.0 35.3 34.6 35.5 31. 6 30.8 30.4 30. 1 28.7 29.3 33.5 32.0 32. 1
11.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 17.0 17.0
11.1 10. 5 10.4 11.7 11. 1 10.8 11. 3 10. 1 10. 2 11. C 10.4 10.2 12. C 11.5 11.5
56.0 53.3 49.7 56.0 52.8 49. 3 57.9 55.0 53.8 60.4 57.3 54.8 57.9 56.4 56.1
19. 1
37. 1
46.2
52.8
42. 6
38.6
33.7
28.6
42.8
42.0
32.2
26. 7
19.0
34.8
45. 5
51.6
22.4
36. 1
43.3
50.9
44. 1
42.3
34.8
28.8
21.3
36.3
39. 5
48.9
43.9
41.7
33.9
28.3
54.8
52.5
41.3
33.3
21.1
31.9
39.0
50. 0
20.5
37. S
44.6
55.6
53.7
50.3
40.6
32.3
19. 2
39.4
43.3
55.6
52.6
49.8
40.4
33.2
18.9
36.4
43.0
53.8
64. 1
53.7
42.8
35.4
20.2
37.5
46.0
60.5
65.0
55.2
43.1
34.7
19.9
41.1
46.0
61.0
63. 5
53.8
42.6
34.4
18.6
37.6
45.6
59.3
20.7 26.6 26.5 26.4 25.3 25. 7 30. o 27. 1 27. 2 30. C 30.9 30.9 29. 1 28.3 29.1
37.6 36.7 36. 6 37. 1 38.3 37.0 36.6 34.7 34. 2 40.6 41.5 41.3 41.6 41.6 41.6
19.3 18.4 18.3 19.7 19. 1 18.6 18.3 18.4 17.4 19.9 19. 1 19.0 19.2 19.0 18.9
26.3 26.6 26.6 26.7 26.6 26.3 20.0 19.9 18.8 25.5 24.9 24.8 25.9 25.4 25.4
56.6 50.5 58.2 46.4 47.4 57.1 53.0 48.6 51.6 69.9 71.2 73.7 80.7 76.2 79.5
8.7 8.5 8.4 8.9 8.9 8.8 10.1 9.9 9.9 9.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.6 8.6
4.4 4.7 4.6 4.6 5.0 4.9 6.0 5.8 5.7 4.8 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.3
6.2
8.1
6.2
8.1
5.6
7.8
9.2
9.4
9.4
9.6
24.6 24.9 24.7 25.4
17.7 17.7 17.6 18.0
10.3 9.9 10.2 9.3
12.9 14.1 13.5 13.3
1.5
5.6
3.1
3.4
5.0
4.0
5.7
8.0
4.0
8.5
4.0 3.9
8. 1 8.1
6.7
8.1
9. 7 9.4
9.2
8.9
8.8
24.9
18. 1
10.2
14.4
25. 1
17.8
10. 1
14.0
3.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
5.0
3.4
6.8
9.3
6.5
8.6
6.5
8.6
8.9 10.0 10.0 10.0
6.9
9.2
25.0 25.0 24.3 24.6 26.6 26.6 24.8 24.3
21.3 20.9 20.6 21.5 21.3 21.3 22.4 22.1
8.4 7.9 7.5 9.5 9.3 9.6 10.4 10.2
12.2 14.5 14.4 13.1 15.2 14.9 11.9 14.1
6.9
9.1
24.4
22.0
10.3
13.9
Potatoes_______do___
Onions________d o ...
Cabbage ______ do___
Beans, baked
---- -- - .No. 2 can..
Corn, canned__ do___
Peas, canned___do___
Tomatoes, canned
------------ No. 2 can .
Sugar_______ pound .
Tea__________ do___
Coffee___ ____.d o___
11.6 11. 2 11.1 12.0 12.5 12.1 10.5 11.0 10.6 11.0 10.8 10.7 11.9 12.3 12.3
16.2 16.2 16. 2 14. 8 14.8 14.9 14.8 14.2 14.4 16.9 16.1 18.1 18.1 18. 5 18.5
15.9 15.8 15.8 15.0 15.0 15.3 15.9 15.6 15.4 17.1 16.7 16.7 21.1 21.0 20.6
13.2 14.1 14. 1 12.8 14.0 14.2 10.3 11. 1 10.9 10.8 11.1 11.2 13.3 14.3 14.3
6.5 6.6 6.6 6.9 7.0 6.8 6.9 6.7 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.7 6.8 6.8
68.8 70.0 68.5 68.9 68.8 69.3 80.8 78.6 78.6 57.8 57.9 58.2 60.3 59.1 59.1
45.0 46.2 45.9 53.8 53.5 52.0 48.8 47.9 48.0 49.3 48.6 47.7 51.9 50.5 49.8
Prunes________do___
Raisins________do___
Bananas____ dozen..
O ranges............ do___
13.7
12.6
29.7
64.3
16.9
12. 7
29. 6
44.9
3.3
4.7
3.7
1.3
5.6
2.6
5.8
7.9
05
OO
5.8
8.1
GO
Corn meal_____ d o ...
Rolled oats . . . do
Corn flakes
---- 8-ounce package
Wheat cereal
--_28-ounce package..
Macaroni __.p o u n d ..
Rice____ ,_____ do___
Beans, navy___ do___
43.0
39. 6
34.2
29.6
18.5 15.1 17.9 18.7
12.7 12.3 12.9 12. 9
29. 7 210. 6 210.4 211.3
45.9 61.3 40.5 39.7
2 Per pound,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[184]
3.0
6.3
4.8
12.8
10. 7
24.2
48.4
4.2
4.8
4.9
13.5
11. 1
21.0
35.9
4.3
4.4
4.4
15.9
11.3
19.0
33.0
2.3
7.2
5.1
13.3
11.8
36.3
60.9
4.1
5.0
4.8
16.5
11.7
36.3
61.5
4.0
5.4
4.5
17.4
11.4
38.8
51.5
2.1
6.8
5.2
14.4
12.9
34.1
67.1
3.8
5.7
5.8
16.3
12.7
33.7
52.5
3.8
5.5
5.4
17.1
12.6
33.7
53.7
185
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES
5.—AVERAGE R E T A IL PRICES OF T H E P R IN C IP A L ARTICLES OF FOOD IN 51
CITIES, N O V E M B ER 15, 1928, AND OCTOBER 15 AND N O V EM B ER 15, 1929—Continued
able
£
>
O
£
OO
1929
OO
<M
Gì
Gì
»o'
»o'
t>*
£
O
1—
4
>
O
£
1929
Nov. 15
>
o
1929
Peoria, 111.
Oct. 15
o’
o
fc
to'
T—1
Nov. 15
»o
00
CM
Gì
Omaha, Nebr.
Oct. 15
»o'
1929
Nov. 15
GO
<
N
Gì
Nov. 15
8
Norfolk, Va.
Oct. 15
1929
Gì
Oct. 15
Article
New York,
N. Y.
Nov. 15
New Orleans,
La.
Oct. 15
T
Cts. as. as. as. as. as. as. as. as. as. as. as. as. as. as.
43.3
38.6
35.5
25.7
44.5
40.2
37.6
27.0
45.3
40.3
37. C
27. 1
53.9
50.9
44.9
31.4
54. C
50.6
43.6
31.4
52.7
49.8
42.7
30.7
47.2
41. 5
39. C
28.1
48.8
42.9
38.1
28.9
47.1
41.1
40.0
25.6
46.9
44.1
32.4
29.3
47.9
44.7
34.0
30.0
45.5
43.8
33.6
28.8
39.7
38.8
31.3
27.9
41.4
41.2
31.3
28.2
40.9
40.3
30.4
27.8
Plate beef_____ do --Pork chops____ do___
Bacon, sliced___do___
Ham, sliced___ do___
22.5
36.3
44.4
51.5
23. 2
37.8
43.5
53.6
23. 1
35.3
42.7
52.5
26.4
39.9
46.4
58.8
25.8
41. C
45.1
58.4
25.4
38.3
44.8
57.3
20.9
32.9
42.8
47.2
21.1
37.4
40.8
46.0
21.1
34.8
41.8
45.6
18.7
34.8
45.2
53.4
19.8
36.6
45.3
53.4
19.1
33.6
44.0
51.8
19.7
31.9
43.8
49.2
19.2
33.8
43.6
50.9
19.3
32.4
42.7
49.1
Lamb, leg of___ do___
Hens__________do___
Salmon, canned, red
~ ________pound...
Milk, fresh___ quart-Milk, evaporated
____ 16-ounce can.Butter
- -pound .
O leo m arg arin e (all
butter substitutes)
_________pound-Cheese.............--do___
Lard__________do___
Vegetable lard substitute-----pound..
Eggs, strictly fresh
-. ________ dozen.Bread_______ pound-.
Flour. .............do____
38.4 38.7 38.5 37.3 36.9 36.6 40.3 39.2 40.8 36.8 37.0 36.5 38.5 42.1 42.1
37.1 39.4 37.5 39.8 40.0 39.2 38.0 38.6 39.6 32.0 33.2 31.8 34.4 34.4 33.0
Sirloin steak.-.pound-.
Round steak___do___
Rib roast______do___
Chuck roast___ do___
35.9 35.0 35.2 30.8 31.2 31.2 35.4 33.0 33.3 34.1 33.9 34.1 33.8 32.7 32.5
14.0 14.0 14.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 11.3 11.3 11.3 13.0 13.0 13.0
11.0 10.1 10. C 10.9 10.2 10.3 11.5 10.3 10.4 11.4 10.3 10.3 11.2 10.1 10.0
58.6 57.5 55.6 59.4 57.1 53.5 60.6 57.9 56.8 54.1 50.3 47.3 54.4 50.5 47.3
28.6 28.1 27.9 28.5 27.9 28.5 26.1 26.6 26.3 26.8 26.0 26.0 28.0
38.9 36.8 36.8 41.3 41.6 41.1 35.0 35.3 35.1 36.4 35.4 35.8 36.5
18.7 17.9 18.3 20.1 19.3 18.8 18.8 18.0 17.6 20.3 19.3 18.8 18.8
20. 3 20.4 20. 3 25. 7 25.6 25.4 21. 7 21.1 21. 7 25.2 25.6 25. 1 27. 6
27.5 27.5
35.6 35.8
18.0 18.1
27.0 27.9
47.6 50.9 55. 1 74.5 72.0 75.6 62.9 57.4 63.3 42.8 44.8 50.6 49.8 48.8 57.4
8.9 8.9 8.8 8.6 8.7 8.7 9.9 9.3 9.3 9.6 9.2 9.2 10.0 10.0 10.0
6.6 6.6 6.6 4.8 5.1 5.0 5.4 5.5 5.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.7 4.9 4.9
Corn meal____ do
4.3 4.3 4. 1 6.6 6.6 6.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.9 5. 0
Rolled oats____ do___ 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.5 8.7 8.7 8.8 8.6 8.6 10.3 9.7 9.5 8.6 8.6 8.6
Cornflakes
. - . 8-ounce package.. 9.6 9.6 9.4 8.9 9.0 9.0 9.7 9.7 9.6 10.1 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.5 9.5
Wheat cereal
-.28-ounce package._ 24.6 24.9 24.9 24.6 24.3 24.2 24.9 24.9 24.9 27.6 27.9 27.6 25.8 25.7 25.7
Macaroni ...p o u n d _ 10.5 11.2 11.2 20.7 20. 7 20.5 19.0 19.1 19.1 21. 1 21.0 20.8 18.8 18.7 18.7
Rice ________ do. __
8.5 8.6 8.8 9.7 9.6 9.5 10.7 10.0 10. 2 10.9 10.2 10.0 10.0 9.2 9.2
Beans, navy___ do___ 11.4 13.5 13.2 13.2 15.1 15.3 12.3 13.8 13.5 13.3 13.8 13.4 12.4 13.6 13.4
Potatoes ____ do___
Onions...............do___
Cabbage.
-.d o ___
Beans, baked
. ------ No. 2 can..
Corn, canned__ do___
Peas, canned___do___
Tomatoes, canned
---- -- -_.No. 2 can
Sugar__ _____pound
Tea . ________do.'. _
C offee.-........... .d o___
10.9 11.7 11.6 11.7 11.2 11.3 10.1 9.7 9. 7
6.1 6.1 6.0 6.0 6. 1 6.1 6.7 6.5 6.5
80.9 83.3 83.6 67.2 68.4 68.5 94.7 93.3 93.3
35.0 35.6 35.5 45.4 44.6 44.1 51.0 49.4 48.8
Prunes___ ____do___
Raisins. ____ do _.
B ananas.. . -dozen.Oranges.
. . .d o .- ..
13.8
10.2
17.9
51.7
3.1
5.3
4.7
4.2
4.4
4.3
4.3
4.4
4.4
2.5
6.6
4.7
4.4
5.7
5.0
4.2
5.4
4.9
2.1
7.0
4.7
4.5
5.4
5.0
4.5
5.2
4.8
1.5
6.1
3.6
2.9
5.0
4.6
3.1
4.9
4.5
1.6
7.1
4.2
3.5
5.9
4.1
3.4
5.9
4.1
11.1 11.0 11.2 11.6 11.6 11.5 10.7 10.4 10.0 13.1 13.4 13.1 10.2 10.2 10.3
15.6 15.6 15. 5 14.7 14.8 15.1 14. 7 14.8 14. 8 15. 7 15.8 15.8 14.8 14.1 13.9
16.4 15.9 15.9 15. 1 15.2 15.3 17. 7 17.5 17.8 15. 5 15.2 14.9 17.5 17.0 17.0
17.6
10.7
15.0
45.8
18.9
11.3
17.0
39.6
12.9
12.0
39. 1
67.3
16.5
12.2
37.0
59.8
16.9
12.4
39.6
58.8
a Per pound.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1 8 5 1
13.7
11.8
32.1
59.5
14.3
12.3
31.7
48.5
13.4 14.6 14.3 12.4 13.4 13.4
7.1 7.0 7.0 7.5 7.4 7.3
77.0 81.4 80.0 66.0 63.7 64.2
53.6 53.6 53.6 49.4 48.4 47.7
15.7 14.5 17.6 18.4
12.0 13.3 13.3 13.4
32.5 211. 2 211. 1 211.7
49.8 56.1 35.2 31.9
14.9 18.8 18.6
12.1 13.0 13.5
2 9.8 210.0 210. 1
54.3 40.1 39.3
186
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a b l e 5 . —AVERAGE
R E T A IL PR IC E S OF T H E PR IN C IP A L A RTICLES OF FOOD IN 51
CITIES, N O V EM B ER 15, 1928, AND OCTOBER 15 AND N O V EM B ER 15, 1929— Continued
>
o
£
4O
-S
O
1929
Nov. 15
1929
to
Oct. 15
O
O
O
<N
O
s
Portland,
Oreg.
Nov. 15, 1928
>
1929
Portland, Me.
Nov. 15
8OS
Nov. 15
>
o
fc
Nov. 15
to
1929
Oct. 15
805
Article
Pittsburgh,
Pa.
Oct. 15
Philadelphia,
Pa.
Cts. as. as. as. as. as. as. as. as. as. as. as.
Sirloin steak________ ___
pound.. 162. 8 163. 8 ‘63. 4
Round steak,.. _____ _ _ _ do ___ 49.0 49.8 50.0
Rib roast . . . . ___
____do____ 42.5 43. 5 42.2
Chuck roast___________ _____ do___ 35.4 35.1 33.5
55. 6
40.9
40.9
34.8
56. 2
42. 9
40.9
32.6
53.4 467. 5 171. 2 WO. 5
45.0 51. 2 57.2 53.8
38.5 36. 1 37.7 37.8
31.4 27.7 28.5 28.4
36.2
34.6
29.6
25.2
37.4
36.3
30.8
25.4
37.3
35. 4
30. 5
25.3
Plate beef ______ . _ __ ___ do __
Pork chops________ . . . . _ _._do ___
Bacon, sliced__ _ . . . __ __ __do
Ham, sliced____________ _____ do___
20.0
37.8
42.7
58.4
19.9
42.3
42.3
57.1
19. 1
38.7
42.1
55.9
21.8
36.3
48.3
00.5
20.1
41.6
46.9
60.5
19.6
36.0
46.4
57.4
25.9
38.0
42.0
53.8
26.9
41.6
39.1
55.3
25.6
37.0
38.7
51.8
19.6
34.6
51.6
54.7
20. 1
38.6
51. 6
55.9
19.3
36.9
51.3
54.4
Lamb, leg of_________ . . _____ do___
Hens ______________ _ _
do ___
Salmon, canned, red. . _____ do___
Milk, fresh......... ............. ____ q u art..
40.6
41.9
29.3
13.0
40.3
41.5
28.8
14.0
40.1
39.9
29.4
14.0
40. 5
40. 2
30.0
15.0
41.1
47. 1
29.8
14.0
39.8
46.4
30. 1
14.0
37.8
41.9
30.7
15.0
38.2
43.5
30.4
15.0
37.8
42.3
31.1
15.0
35.9
35.3
32.4
12.0
34.6
36.2
33.0
12.0
34.3
36.3
32.8
12. 0
Milk, evaporated........... -.16-oz. can..
B utter____ . . . _ . . . __ . . ..pound.
Oleomargarine (all butter substitutes)
_______. . . _____________ pound..
Cheese__ _____________ _____ do___
Lard__________________ ....... __do___
11.3 10.7 10.5 11.0 10.5 10.3 12.3 11.5 11.6 10.1 10.1 10.1
01.8 57..8 55.6 00.8 57.7 54.3 59.5 57.3 55.9 59.2 57.9 55. 6
29. 5 28.1 28.4 28. 5 27.7 27. 7 26.9 26.9 25.6 26. 1 26.3 25.8
42.8 42.8 42.8 41.9 40.4 40.6 39. 5 38.6 38.7 38.5 38.3 38.3
18.0 17.5 17.2 19. 2 17.9 17.5 18.7 17.8 17. 2 19.6 19.0 19.1
Vegetable lard substitute. ___ pound.. 25.2 25. 1 25.1 27.8 26.8 27.0 26.0 25.7 25.7 28.4 28.4 28.5
Eggs, strictly fresh ____ ___ dozen. 60.4 03.8 69.0 60.6 60. 7
Bread. . . . __________ ___ pound . 8.3 8.3 8.3 9. 0 8.8
Flour_________________ _____ do___ 4.7 5.0 4.8 4.7 5.1
Corn meal___ _________ _____ do___ 5.2 5.7 5.9 6.0 6.2
64.8 74. 8 69.2 75. 1
8.8 10. 1 9.0 8.9
5.0 5. 1 5.3 5.2
6.7 5.3 5.3 5.3
54.4 53.9 57.6
9.3 9.3 9.3
4.7 4.9 4.8
5.6 6.1 6.0
Rolled oats____________ _____ do___ 8.3 8.2 8.0 9.1
Cornflakes______ 8-ounce package.. 8.9 8.0 8.6 9.8
Wheat cereal ___28-ounce package.. 25.2 24.8 24.7 24. 0
Macaroni______________ ___pound.. 20.3 20.5 20.6 22. 7
9.0 8.9 7.8 7.6 7.6 10.4 10.0 10. 1
9.8 9.6 9. 4 9.8 9.8 9.6 9.6 9.6
24. 9 24.9 25.8 25.8 26.0 26.6 27.0 27.0
22.6 22. 6 22. 9 23. 5 23.5 18.3 18.3 18.5
Rice_____ _ _ _______ _____ do_ _ 10. 5 10. 2
Beans, navy_________ _____ do___ 11.8 15.2
Potatoes_____________,. _____ do___ 2. 2 4.5
Onions________________ _____ do___ 6.4 4.7
10. 7
13.9
3.8
5.7
Cabbage______________
Beans, baked__________
Com, canned.................
Peas, canned._________
10.4 11. 1
13. 2 12.4
3.8 1.8
5.3 6.3
11.3
14. 7
3. 5
4.6
11.0 10.2 10.2
14.2 12.8 14. 0
3.4 2.1 3.8
4.4 5.0 3.7
_____ do___ 4.9 4.4 4.2 4.5 5.1 4.7 3.6
..N o. 2 can.. 11.3 10.7 10.6 12.9 12. 5 12.3 15. 2
_____ do___ 15.4 14.8 14.9 16. 3 16.2 16.0 14.4
_____ d o .... 15. 5 15. 5 15. 9 17. 1 16.8 16.5 18. 2
3.5
15. 7
14.2
18. 1
3. 1
15. 5
14.4
17.9
10. 2 11. 1
14.3 12. 3
4.4 2.0
4.5 7.1
10.2
13.8
3.8
3.4
3.8 3.2 3.4
12.7 13.3 13.3
17.9 18.8 18. 3
17.0 17.3 17.9
Tomatoes, canned______ _____ do___ 11.8 12. 1
Sugar.. _____________
pound.. 0.2 6. 1
Tea______ . . . . ______ ___ _ _do___ 70.4 73. 2
Coffee . ____ _______ _____ do___ 44.2 43.5
12.4
6. 1
72. 8
42.8
12. 5 13.3 13.4 11.8 13.3 12. 5 415. 6 415.9 116. 1
7.0 7.0 7.0 6.6 6.6 6. 5 6.6 6.9 6.8
82.3 86. 1 87.8 62.4 61. 5 61. 5 78.0 77.8 77.8
49.7 49.8 49.3 53.2 52.3 51.9 53.3 53.0 52.0
Prunes_____________ .. ______do___
Raisins_______________ _____ do___
Bananas______ _ ___ . . . ..dozen.
Oranges_______________ _____ do___
16. 2
11.8
29.7
45.6
14.1
11.9
39.6
56.4
12.2
11.2
30.2
55. 2
15. 1
11.8
29.4
45.4
17.7
12. 5
37.7
49. 2
18.6 12.4 15.9 16.7 13.8 14.3 13.7
12. 7 11.2 11.4 11.3 10.6 12.2 13.0
37.3 211.0 210.4 210.8 210.5 210.5 211. 1
44.7 65.3 50.7 51. 2 57.9 31.6 31.7
1The steak for which prices are here quoted is called “ sirloin” in this city, but in most other cities in
cluded in this report it would be known as “ porterhouse” steak,
2Per pound.
4No.
can.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1861
187
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES
5.—AVERAGE R E TA IL PR IC E S OF T H E P R IN C IP A L A R TIC LES OF FOOD IN 51
CITIES, N O V EM B ER 15, 1928, AND OCTOBER 15 AND NO V EM B ER 15, 1929—Continued
able
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
51.5
45.1
36.8
30.2
50.1
44. C
36.8
30.2
48.6
43.5
36.9
30.3
1929
00
CM
05
»o'
>
O
&
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
47.1
40.7
35.5
31.9
49.9
43.5
36.5
32.2
48.4
42.6
36.3
30.7
46.1
44.3
36.5
29.6
1929
£
Nov. 15
180.8 181.2 180.0
58.2 59.7 59.5
44.8 44.8 44.6
36.4 36.7 36.5
00
CM
2
St. Louis, Mo.
Oct. 15
C ts .
>
O
6
Rochester,
N. Y.
Oct. 15
C ts .
1929
Oct. 15
___ pound..
_____ do___
_____ do___
_____ do___
o>
£
00
CT
M
C
>
»o'
Nov. 15
Sirloin steak__________
Round steak___________
Rib roast_____________
Chuck roast___________
1929
Oct. 15
00
CM
05
»©
Article
Richmond,
Va.
Nov. 15
Providence,
R. I.
Nov. 15
T
a s .
C ts .
a s .
C ts .
46.8
45.6
36.7
29.5
46.3
44.4
37.0
29.3
>
o
Plate beef_________ ____ _ _ __ do. _
Pork chops____________ _____ do___
Bacon, sliced___________ _____ do___
Ham, sliced____________ _____ do___
25.6
40.7
41.7
57.3
27.8
43.6
41.7
58.2
28.3
38.6
40.6
55.8
22.1
35.9
40.3
45.7
23.5
38.9
40.1
45.3
23.0
36.1
38.9
42.9
19.4
37.8
39.6
53.0
19.9
43.1
38.4
54.2
19.4
38.2
37.8
52.7
21.2
33.2
41. C
53.2
21.9
36.0
41.9
54.1
22.1
33.1
40.6
54.3
Lamb, leg of___________
H ens_________________
Salmon, canned, red____
Milk, fresh____________
39.8
42.9
32.1
15.7
40. 1
42. £
30. 8
15.8
39.9
42.7
30.8
15.8
44.4
35.9
33.3
14.0
44.7
35.5
32. 1
14.0
44.1
35.6
31.5
14.0
36.5
40.9
31.8
13.5
36.7
41.0
30.8
14.0
35.0
39.9
31.2
14.0
35.9
35.0
32.7
13.0
37.6
35.6
32.5
13.0
37.8
34.9
32.2
13.0
_____ do___
_____ do___
_____ do___
____ q u art..
Milk, evaporated _ ___16-ounce can,_
B u tte r ______ ______
. .pound.
Oleomargarine (all butter substitutes)
----------------- ----------------- pound._
Cheese________________ _____ do___
Lard__________________ _____ do___
Vegetable lard substitutes. _____ do___
Eggs, strictly fresh_____ ___ dozen..
Bread ........ _ ________ ___ pound .
F lo u r ________________ _____ do___
Corn meal_____________ -------do-----
11.9 11. 1 11.1 12.3 11.8 11.8 11.5 10.5 10.5 10.8 9.7 9.6
57.3 55.8 54. 2 61.7 57.8 54.7 57.7 54.5 52.8 59.9 56.6 54.7
26.9
33.4
18.6
26.6
78.9
9.0
5.3
5.0
25.1
38.6
17.6
26.0
76.9
9.0
5.6
5.1
29.9
36.9
18.6
25.8
54.4
8.7
5. 5
5.3
5. 1 4.9
25.2
38.8
17.1
26.2
75.6
9.0
29.5
36.4
17.7
25.4
51.7
8.7
5.5
4.8
29.5
36. 1
17.0
24.9
58.0
8.7
5.3
4.8
28.7
39.9
18.1
26.0
69.3
9.1
5.0
6.3
27.3
38.2
16.8
25.9
64.0
8.3
5.1
5.9
26.9
38.2
17.0
25.4
69.1
8.3
5.1
5.9
Rolled oats____________ _____ do___ 9.0 8.8 8.9 8.6 8.7 8.9 9.2 8.6 8.4
Corn flakes. _ _____ 8-ounce package.
9.4 9.3 9.4 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.2 9.1 9.2
Wheat c e re a l..___28-ounce package
24.8 24.8 24.8 26.0 25.9 25.9 25.7 25.0 25.1
Macaroni.. __ _ _ __ ----- pound.. 22.8 23.0 23.0 20.2 20.6 20.6 20.5 19.9 19.9
Rice____ . _ __________ _. _ .do _ _ 10.1 9.8 10.0 11.2 11.0 10.9 8.9 9.1 9.1
Beans, navy___________ _____ do___ 12.9 14.0 13.8 13.3 14.4 13.4 12.1 14.2 13.5
Potatoes___ ___________ _____ do___ 1.8 3.3 3.4 2.4 4.4 4.2 1.5 2.9 3.0
Onions________________ _____ do___ 7.0 5. 1 5.2 7.2 5.2 4.2 6.0 5.1 4.2
27.4
37.4
16.0
25.3
52.3
9.4
5.0
4.3
25.8
35.8
15.1
25.5
49.3
9.1
5.0
4.7
25.5
35.8
14.4
25.2
57.1
9.1
4.9
4.6
8.1 8.0 8.1
9.0 9.4 9.5
24.7 24.3 24.3
20.1 19.7 19.7
10.0 9.7 9.6
12.3 13. 3 13.1
2.0 3. 9 4.0
6.5 5.6 5.4
Cabbage_____________ _____ do___ 4.8 5.0 4.6 4.9 4.5 4.3 3.2 3.0 2.7 3.5 3.9 3.8
Beans, baked__________ ..N o. 2 can.. 11.2 11.6 11.6 11.1 11.4 11.4 10.7 11.0 10.8 10.4 10.6 10.4
Corn, canned__________ _____ do___ 17.3 16.6 16.6 15.7 15.4 14.9 16.6 16.0 15.5 15.4 14.9 14.4
Peas, canned___________ _____ do___ 18.3 17.9 17.9 17.8 17.9 18.0 17.7 17.4 17.2 14.7 14.9 14.9
Tomatoes, canned______ -------- do___ 12.9 13.5 13.0 10.9 11.5 11.5 14.4 15.8 15.4 10.9 12.4 12.2
Sugar... ___ . . .
---- pound.. 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.8 6.6 6.6 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.8 6.8 6.8
Tea________ _ ___ .
___ do___ 60.4 59.8 59.4 91.9 94.5 94.5 72.8 73.9 72.8 75.7 73.1 73.3
C o ffe e ..___ _. ..
_____ do___ 52.3 52.1 51.1 47.7 48.0 47. 1 49.1 45.5 45.1 46.9 46.2 44.7
Prunes________________ -------- do___
Raisins___________ ____ ____ do.. _
Bananas____ _____
..dozen..
Oranges_______________ ......... .do___
13.5
12.7
33.6
61.1
15.5
11.7
31.4
56.3
16.2
12.0
32.5
54.9
15.1
11.8
36.4
48.4
16.7
12.1
33.1
40.5
18.1
12.5
33.8
39. 1
14.4
12.7
31.5
64.1
16.1
12.4
30.7
54.0
18.6
12.5
31.3
52.1
15.0
11.3
32.3
49.2
18.7
12.3
30.8
45.3
19.0
12.2
31.4
43.6
1 The steak for which prices are here quoted is called “ sirloin ” in this city, b ut in most of the other cities
included in this report it would be known as “ porterhouse” steak.
86046°—30----- 13
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1187]
188
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T able 5 .—AVERAGE R E TA IL P R IC E S OF T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L ES OF FOOD IN 51
CITIES, NO V EM B ER 15, 1928, AND OCTOBER 15 AND N O V E M B ER 15, 1929—Continued
Nov. 15
Oct. 15
Nov. 15, 1928
Nov. 15
1929
as. Os. as. as. Os. as. as. as. as. as. as. as.
38.7
41.9
36.6
33. 7
27.9
43.0
38.1
34.4
28.6
41.4
39.3 37.9
36.4 37.7 37.7 36.7
33.4 29.6 32.5 31.4
27.8 26.2 26.9 26.2
Plate b eef_____________ ___do. .
Pork chops_____ ________ ...d o .. _
Bacon, sliced_________
. ...d o ___
Ham, sliced_______ __________do _.
17.9
32.6
43.6
49.7
18.3
35.2
42.8
49.2
18.3
31.2
41.6
46.7
19.2
36.0
45.4
56.3
20.3
40.5
45.2
58.8
Lamb, leg of.. _____________ do----Hens----------- --------------------- do----Salmon, canned, red---- ----------- do----____________ quart.
Milk, fresh ...
Milk, evaporated____ 16-ounce can..
B utter___ . . .
__________ pound..
Oleomargarine (all butter substitutes)
___________ __ __ ____ ..p o u n d ..
Cheese.. . . . . . . . . .
________ do___
Lard _. _ __ . _______
____do----Vegetable lard substitute______ do___
30.6
31.9
36.1
12.0
11.9
53.8
31.7
33. 6
36.8
12.0
11.0
52.3
30.9
31.9
36.4
12.0
11.0
49.4
36.8
35.2
33.2
10.0
10.2
54.2
24.1
37.2
19.4
28.1
23.5
35.7
18.8
27.0
23.6
35.5
18.3
27.3
25.5
31.5
21.7
29.5
Sirloin steak____ __________ pound.
Round steak__ ______________ do___
Rib roast ____
_________ do----Chuck roast_________________ do-----
1929
Oct. 15
Nov. 15
Nov. 15, 1928
1929
Oct. 15
Nov. 15, 1928
1929
Nov. 15
Article
Oct. 15
Nov. 15, 1928
City, San Francisco, Savannah Ga.
St. Paul, Minn. Salt Lake
Utah
Calif.
41.2
40.1
36.9
27.2
40.2
38.5
35.4
24.5
39.8
38.0
35.2
24.5
40.5
34.5
32.3
23.4
42.8
37.2
32.4
25.8
41,1
36.7
32.4
25.2
19.4
39.5
44.5
56.8
21.8
41.9
56.5
62.8
19.2
42.3
56.5
63.8
19.3
4L 5
55.8
62.9
19.8
30.0
39.6
45.4
2L0
32.6
38.5
47.0
22.3
31.7
38.0
45.0
37.4
35.0
32.2
10.0
10.0
53.0
36.0
34.8
33.2
10.0
10. (]
51.4
39.7
43.5
28.9
14.0
10.0
58.8
38.9
42.8
29.8
14.0
9.9
58.1
38.8
43.5
29.6
14.6
9.9
58.41
39.0
32.0
33.1
17.0
11.3
59.4
38.3
36.3
33.1
18.6
10.2
54. S
37.8
33.4
33.1
18.0
10.1
52.4
30.3
29.6
19.9
29.5
30.6
29.8
19.3
29.5
25.3
40.7
23.1
27.3
24.9
41.1
22.5
27.8
24.9
41.1
22.3
28.3
30.3
35.2
18.4
16.9
30.6
33.5
18.5
15.5
30.0
33.0
18.8
15.2
Eggs, strictly fresh__________ dozen.. 48.0 46.3 50.9 49.9 55.7 58.1 55.5 59.0 59.3 58.6 58.5 59.8
Bread________ ________
..p o u n d .. 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.1 9.3 9.3 10.6 10.6 10.4
Flour_______________________ do----- 4.7 5.0 5.0 3.7 3.7 3.7 5.4 5.2 5.1 6.5 6.3 6.2
Corn meal___________________ do----- 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.9 6.0 6.0 7.3 7.1 7.2 3.7 3.7 3.6
Rolled oats__________________ do___
Corn flakes______ .8-ounce package..
Wheat cereal. . . . 28-ounee package
Macaroni______
.
. .pound..
Rice.. . . . . . . . _
. . . .do___
Beans, navy_________________ do----Potatoes_____________________do----Onions___________ _
____ do____
10.1
10.1
26.3
18.6
10.9
13.1
1.2
5.7
9.9
10.1
26.0
18.7
10.3
14.5
2.7
5.1
10.0
10.0
26.2
18.7
10.4
14.3
2.8
4.4
8.6 8.4 8.4 10.1 9.7 9.8 8.4 8.6 8.6
10.2 9.8 9.7 9.7 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.6 9.6
25.5 25.4 25.1 25.1 25.4 25.3 24.4 24.1 23.7
19.7 19.9 19.6 16.3 16.2 16.0 17.8 17.4 17.9
8.7 9.4 9.4 9.3 9.8 9.8 9.0 8.8 8.7
10.7 12.4 12.1 11.5 13.8 13.6 13.5 15.4 15.0
1.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 4.3 4.3 2.9 4.3 4.3
4.4 3.9 3.1 4.9 4.4 4.3 7.3 5.9 5.7
2.8 3.8 3.1 2.9 3.2 3.2
Cabbage. . . . —. . ___ __do..
5.1 4.9 4.3
Beans, baked____________ No. 2 ean.. 13.6 14.0 13.7 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 12.6 12.6 11.8 10.8 10.8
Corn, canned____ . . . . __
d o __ 15.1 15.1 14.9 14.3 13.8 13.8 17.5 17.1 17.3 15.1 15.0 15.1
Peas, canned.. . . . . . .
..... do___ 14.9 14.9 14.8 14.6 15.0 14.9 18.0 17.9 17.6 16.3 16.6 17.0
Tomatoes, canned-------------------do___ 14.4 14.8 14.7 413. 9 414.1 413. 5
Sugar... _ .
- - - - - - - pound
7.0 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.2
Tea_________________________ do----- 66.7 72.7 72.7 85.4 .84.7 84.7
53.4
53.3 52.9 54.3 54.7 55.1
C o f f e e ..___ __________ . do---P ru n e s_____________________ do----R a is in s ._______ . . . ______ do . . .
Bananas___________ ______.dozen..
Oranges___ _ . . . . . ________ do ..
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
14.1 17.5 18.1
13.9 13.9 14.2
no. 3 no. 8 *11.2
64.9 40.7 40.4
13.0
12.1
*13.1
55.9
14.8
12.2
m .6
36.3
[ 188 ]
415. 9 416. 0 10.0 10.0 9.9
6.5 6.4 6.6 6.6 6.3
74.4 74.1 77.6 81.2 82.5
52.7 52.1 46.8 44.9 44.9
11.5
10.3
30.2
57.6
15.0
10.8
30.0
35.9
15.7
11.8
*11.4
36.2
4 No.
s Per pound.
414. 7
6.3
71.5
54.3
2 )6
can.
15.6
10.9
30.7
35.3
13.6
11.8
30.0
42. 1
17.8
11.7
31.0
39.0
18.0
12.5
31.1
36.3
189
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES
5.—AVERAGE R E TA IL PRICES OF T H E P R IN C IP A L A RTICLES OF FOOD IN 51
CITIES, N O V EM B ER 15, 1928, AND OCTOBER 15 AND N O V EM B ER 15, 1929—Continued
able
Sirloin steak _______ __ -. ..p o u n d ..
Round s te a k ____ ___
_do___
Rib roast_______ _____ ______ do___
______ d o ...
Chuck roast________
Cts. as.
a s .
8
03
o>
5
1929
Nov. 15
o
Nov. 15
>
1929
Oct. 15
icT
1929
Nov. 16, 1928
O
CO
^l
05
W ashington,
D. C.
Oct. 15
Seattle, Wash. Springfield, 111.
Nov. 15
1929
Nov. 15
Article
Oct. 15
Nov. 15, 1928
Scranton Pa.
Oct. 15
T
as. as. as. as. as. as. as. as. as.
63.5
52.5
44.8
36.2
64.0
54.6
42.2
35.8
61.2
53.0
41.7
35.6
Plate beef____
. . . .. _____ do___
Pork chops.. - - - - - - - _____ do . . .
Bacon, sliced_____ . . _ ___do _ _
Ham, sliced__ -------- ______ do . . .
20.6
38.3
48.6
59.3
20. 1
44.3
47.4
61 7
__ do.. _
Lamb, leg of____ _ . . .
Hens . -. --. - - - - - - ___ __do.__
Salmon, canned, red___ ______ do___
Milk, fresh _ .
.
___ ...q u a r t.-
43.6
44.5
34.4
13.0
44.0
44.5
33.3
14.0
Milk, evaporated.. . . 16-ounce can..
B utter______ ________
.pound..
Oleomargarine (all butter substitutes)
_____ ___ . . . __ _ . . .
.pound _
uneese_______________ ______ do___
Lard. ______
___
__ ___do___
Vegetable lard substitute ______ do___
11.9 11.4 11.4 10.3 10. 1 10.1 11.9 10.8 10.6 11.9 11.0 11. 0
59.5 56.7 56.0 58.7 56.8 54. 4 56.9 53.7 51.7 60.8 57.8 55.7
26.0
38.8
20. 1
26.0
26.8
38.4
19.4
26.6
41.5
37.5
34.1
26.9
43.8
38.9
34.3
26.5
43.4
38.5
34.4
26.7
43.9
42.5
31.5
29.1
41.8
42.3
32.9
28.5
41.3
41.3
32.1
28.7
55.6
48.9
39.5
33.4
56.3
50.1
39.4
33. 1
52.9
46.7
38.1
31.5
20.6
40.7
46.9
59.1
20.9
37.4
56.2
60. 7
21. 1
41.2
54. 0
60.0
20.6
40.8
53. 1
59.0
21.6
31.6
43.6
50.9
20.7
35.5
42.7
50.5
20.9
30.6
41.6
47.3
22.1
36.1
41.4
58.8
22.1
40.4
43.1
58.3
19.6
36.6
40.1
57.1
43.6
44.3
33.2
14.0
37.4
35.9
33.7
12.0
36.5
35. 5
33.8
13.0
36.6
36.3
32.8
13.0
39.0
33.0
34.3
14.4
40.4
34.0
34.1
14.4
39.4
33.7
34.0
14.4
39.4
41. 7
31. 1
15.0
39.7
41. 6
30.1
14.8
38.1
40.3
30.6
14.8
26.8
38.9
19.4
26.4
25. 1
35.7
20.3
27. 1
25.0
35. 5
19.4
26.6
24.7
35.5
19. 7
26.5
28.8
37.2
19.3
27.8
28.1
37.0
17.6
27.4
27.3
36.5
17.1
27.4
Eggs, strictly fresh_____ _____ dozen.. 68.5 66.8
Bread___ _______
pound . 10.0 9.8
Flour________________ ______ do___ 5.5 5. 7
Corn meal _ . . . . . . . _ _ ..do __ 7.6 7.6
Rolled oats___________ ______ do___ 9.8 9.9
Corn liakes
_ _ ___8-ounce package._ 9.9 9.8
Wheat cereal_____ 28-ounce package
25.6 25.5
Macaroni. ___________ ____ pound.. 22.5 22. 7
9.9 8.7 9.6 9.6 10.0 9.5 9.5
9.8 9. 7 9.9 9.8 9.8 9.5 9. 5
25.5 26.7 26.6 26.4 28.8 27.1 27.1
22.5 17.9 17.5 17.0 19.0 18.9 18.5
Rice . . .
_______
.do . . . 10.4 9.8
Beans, navy.............. ...... ______ do___ 12. 1 14. 8
Potatoes______ ____ __ ______ do___ 1.8 3.8
Onions
_ ___
. . do___ 5.9 5. 1
10.1 10.6 10.0
14. 1 12. 5 14.9
3.6 1. 7 3. 2
4.7 5.5 3.7
9.8
5.6
7.7
______ do___
--------- do___
____ dozen..
--------- do___
9.7
4.7
6.2
9.7 10.0 10. 1 10. 1 8.9 8.9
4.7 4.8 4.7 4.7 5. 5 5.6
6.3 4.8 4.8 4.8 5.1 5.0
9.1
9. 4
25.0
22.0
10. 2
13.0
1.6
6.8
10. 1
13.8
3.7
4.9
26.3
39.5
16.8
24.6
3.3
3.5
4.3
3.5
4. 8
14.0 16.6 17.8 12.8 16.5 16.8
12.4 12.2 12.3 11. 2 10.9- 11.2
30. 4 30.0 28.8 2 11.0 10.1 2 10.5
64.9 49.4 46.9 58.8 35.4 34.0
14.2
12.3
2 9.6
66.4
17.3
12.8
2 9.5
45.6
19.5
12.3
29. 3
44.5
14.9
13.2
32.5
49.7
3.6
3.5
8.9
5. 3
5.0
9.0 8. 7
9.1 9. 1
24.4 24. 4
21.6 21.6
9.9 11.0 10.9 10.7
13.4 12.9 13.7 13.3
3.6 2.6 4. 2 3.9
4.5 6.7 5.4 5 . 2
4. 4 4. 3
11.4 12.4 12. 4 11.1 11.0 11.0 10.8 10.9 10.6
18.2 17.6 17.0 15.0 14.9 15.0 15.2 15.2 15.6
18.3 18. 2 17.7 15.9 15.9 16.1 15.0 16.4 16.6
13.3 415.8 416.3 416.2 14. 0 14.9 14.4 10.5 10.4 10.5
6.7 6.6 6.6 6.5 7.4 7.1 7.0 6.4 6.4 6.3
65.7 78.0 79.7 78.0 83.5 82.7 83.1 95.2 91.0 90.8
49.4 52.3 51. 2 49.5 51.7 51.4 51.6 48.1 46. 2 45.2
2 Per pound.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9.6
4.7
5.9
10. 1
14. 1
3.3
3.4
Tomatoes, canned. . __ ____ do _ _ 12.7 13.3
Sugar_________
--_ -.pound.. 6.8 6.7
T ea...
----- .do___ 68. 1 66. 1
Coffee____
_____ .do____ 51.2 49.6
26.5
39.9
17.2
24.6
70.9 53.9 59.0 58.8 49.6 46.9 58.9 64.1 61.7 67.7
Cabbage______________ --------- do___ 4.3 3.9 3.4
Beans, b a k e d ................. ...N o . 2 can.. 12.0 12.2 12.2
Corn, canned_________ --------- do___ 17.3 16.9 16.8
Peas, canned__________ --------- do___ 17.8 17.5 17.8
Prunes__ ____ ______
Raisins______ ______
Bananas_________
Oranges..
27.1
40.8
18.1
24.3
* N o . 2^2
[1S9]
can.
16. 6
13.3
30.5
46.9
18.4
13.3
30.5
41.3
190
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
C o m p a r i s o n o f R e t a i l F o o d C o s t s i n 51 C i t i e s
T a b l e 6 shows for 39 cities the percentage of increase or decrease
in the retail cost of food 3 in November, 1929, compared with the
average cost in the year 1913, in November, 1928, and October, 1929.
For 12 other cities comparisons are given for the 1-year and the
1-month periods; these cities have been scheduled by the bureau at
different dates since 1913. The percentage changes are based on
actual retail prices secured each month from retail dealers and on
the average family consumption of these articles in each city.4
Effort has been made by the bureau each month to have all sched
ules for each city included in the average prices. For the month of
November, 99.2' per cent of all the firms supplying retail prices in
the 51 cities sent in a report promptly. The following-named 41
cities had a perfect record; that is, every merchant who is cooperating
with the bureau sent in his report in time for his prices to be included
in the city averages: Baltimore, Boston, Bridgeport, Buffalo, Butte,
Charleston, S. C., Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Dallas,
Denver, Detroit, Fall Fiver, Houston, Indianapolis, Jacksonville,
Little Bock, Louisville, Manchester, Memphis, Milwaukee, Minne
apolis, Mobile, Newark, New Orleans, New York, Norfolk, Peoria,
Pittsburgh, Portland, Me., Providence, Richmond, Rochester, St.
Louis, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Savannah, Scranton, Springfield, 111., and Washington.
6 . — PE R C E N T A G E CHANGE IN T H E R E T A IL COST OF FOOD IN N O V EM B ER ,
1929 CO M PARED W ITH T H E COST IN OCTOBER, 1929, N O V E M B ER , 1928, AND W ITH
T H E AVERAGE COST IN T H E YEAR 1913, BY CITIES
T a b le
City
Percent
age
decrease
Novem
ber, 1929,
compared
with
Novem October,
1929
ber, 1928
Percentage increase
November, 1929,
compared with—
1913
Atlant.a,
Baltimore
Birmingham.........
Boston
Bridgeport,
Buffalo
Bnt.t.p
Charleston, S. C_ —
Chiefly
Pinrinnati
P level and
PolnTnhns
Dallas_________ TJenve.r
TJetroit
Fall Biver
Hon at,on
TncLimnnolis
lliuictiiainnio _____ —
Jacksonville-------TYans^s P ity
Little Pooh
7,ns /Angeles
7 ,onisyille
Nj an ch ester
]Vremphis
M ilw au k ee.-------
60. 3
63. 6
62.4
62.6
64. 7
62.4
70. 5
66.6
54. 5
57.8
42.5
64. 7
58 3
.57 6
47.6
57.1
54 3
49 ! 7
57. 0
57 5
52. 3
62.6
1 1.2
2. 6
.8
1.4
.4
1.2
3.1
2.5
1.8
3.6
.5
2.3
1 1.3
1. 2
1.5
.4
2.3
3. 3
1.3
3 .7
3 0
.5
1 .2
1.1
.5
3 .3
1.9
1.6
2.1
2.1
.3
.6
1.2
2.1
0.0
.1
1.5
.8
1.0
.7
1.0
.9
.6
1. 5
1.2
.6
.6
1.1
.6
.3
2.3
1.2
City
Minneapolis_____
Mobile___ ____
Newark____ _ New Haven— New Orleans_____
New York- ____
Norfolk__________
Omaha
_ ... Peoria__ _____
Philadelphia. ___
Pittsburgh____ __
Portland, M e____
Portland, Oreg---Providence___ R ich m o n d ____
Rochester________
St. Louis________
St. Paul Salt Lake City----San Francisco____
Savannah________
Scranton — ___
Seattle. ___ ___
Springfield, 111____
Washington____
1
Percent
age
Percentage increase
November, 1929, decrease
Novem
compared with—
ber, 1929,
compared
with
Novem October,
1913
1929
ber, 1928
60.2
54.9
63.9
58.8
63.6
51.7
63.9
60.7
48.4
62.6
64.6
63.0
39.6
58. 9
68.8
53.3
65.1
4.2
! 2.0
1.2
1. 9
2.0
1.3
1.0
1.8
3. 2
3.1
0.0
hi
2.6
.9
.6
1.1
2.9
2.5
2.5
2.0
.7
2.4
2.9
2.7
1 1.1
0.4
.9
.8
.4
.3
1. 0
0
.4
.2
.7
1.2
.8
.4
1.0
1.3
.4
0
1.0
.6
.2
1.6
.7
.9
.2
2.1
1 Decrease.
2 Increase.
s For list of articles, see note 1, p. 175,
.
.
...
4 The consumption figures used from January, 1913, to December, 1920, for each article m each city are
given in the Labor Review for November, 1918, pp. 94 and 95. The consumption figures which have been
used for each month beginning with January, 1921, are given in the Labor Review for March, 1921, p. 26.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[39 0 ]
191
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES
Retail Prices of Coal in the United States 5
fT ^H E following table shows the average retail prices of coal on
X November 15, 1928, and October 15 and November 15, 1929,
for the United States and for each of the cities from which retail
food prices have been obtained. The prices quoted are for coal deliv
ered to consumers, but do not include charges for storing the coal in
cellar or coal bin where an extra handling is necessary.
In addition to the prices for Pennsylvania anthracite, prices are
shown for Colorado, Arkansas, and New Mexico anthracite in those
cities where these coals form any considerable portion of the sales
for household use.
The prices shown for bituminous coal are averages of prices of the
several kinds sold for household use.
AVERAGE R E T A IL PR IC E S OF COAL P E R TON OF 2,000 POUNDS, FOR HOUSEHOLD
USE, ON N O V EM B ER 15, 1928, AND OCTOBER 15 AND N O V EM B ER 15, 1929
1928
City, and kind of coal
United States:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove—
Average price________
index (1913 = 100)_____
Chestnut—
Average p r ic e ___. . .
Index (1913 = 100) ___
Bituminous—
Average price_________
index (1913=100)_______
Atlanta, Ga.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes.
Baltimore, Md.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove________________
Chestnut___________ .
Bituminous, run of mine—
High volatile__________
Birmingham, Ala.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes.
Boston, Mass.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove
. ____________
Chestnut___ . _ ____
Bridgeport, Conn.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove_________________
Chestnut_____________
Buffalo, N. Y.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove. ___ ________ _
C hestnut___ _________
Butte, Mont.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes.
Charleston, S. C.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes.
Chicago, 111.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove. ................... . . .
C hestnut_________ ____
B itu m in o u sPrepared sizes—
High volatile________
Low volatile. ..............
Run of mine—
Low volatile......................
Nov.
15
1929
1928
City, and kind of coal
Oct. [ Nov.
15
15
$15. 38 $15.31 $15.31
199. 1 198.2 198.2
$15. 06 $14.98 $14. 98
190. 3 189.3 189.3
$9. 07 $8.98
166. 9 165.3
$9.00
165.6
$7.97
$7.78
$7.80
<•16. 00 14.25
«15. 50 13. 75
14.25
13.75
8.00
7.89
7.82
7. 64
7.61
7.62
16. 25
16.00
16.00
15.50
i6.oo
15.50
15.50
15. 50
15.50
15. 50
15.50
15.50
14.02
13. 54
13. 76
13.31
13.77
13.32
10. 93
11.14,
11.17
9. 67
9. 67
9.67
16. 90
16. 45
16.85
16. 40
16.85
16.40
8.53
11.85
8. 42
12. 35
8.45
12.35
8. 25
8.25
8.25
Cincinnati, Ohio:
Bituminous—
Prepared sizes—
High volatile________
Low v o la tile ..- ____
Cleveland, Ohio:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove__________ _. . . .
Chestnut___
______
B itum inousPrepared sizes—
High volatile________
Low volatile_________
Columbus, Ohio:
Bituminous—
Prepared sizes—
High volatile________
1
Low volatile _______
Dallas, Tex.:
i Arkansas anthracite—Egg..
Bituminous, prepared sizes.
Denver, Colo.:
Colorado anthracite—
Furnace, 1 and 2 mixed __
:
Stove, 3 and 5 mixed___
Bituminous, prepared sizes.
Detroit, Mich.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove .. ___________
f
Chestnut_____________
Bituminous—
Prepared sizes—
High volatile________
Low volatile................ .
Run of mine—
Low volatile_________
Fall River, Mass.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
!
Stove________________
C hestnut.. __________
Houston, Tex.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes.
Indianapolis, Ind.:
Bituminous—
Prepared sizes—
High volatile________
Low volatile_________
Run of mine—
Low volatile...... ...........
1929
Nov.
15
Oct.
15
Nov.
15
$5. 57
7. 79
$6. 05
8.38
$6.20
8. 63
15. 35
14. 97
15.22
14.80
15.22
14.80
7.26
10. 03
7.10
9. 96
7.05
9.97
6. 11
8.25
6.13
8.44
5.95
8.31
15. 75
13.08
15. 50
12.83
15.75
12.83
16.00
16. 00
10. 57
14. 75
14. 75
10.31
14. 75
14. 75
10. 34
16.00
15. 50
16.00
15. 50
16. 00
15. 50
8. 27
10.16
8. 46
10. 27
8.39
10. 36
8. 00
8.00
8.00
16. 50
16. 25
16. 50
16. 25
16. 50
16.25
13. 00
12.20
12. 20
6.46
9.00
6.31
9.04
6.20
9.04
7. 00
7.25
7. 25
° Per ton of 2,240 pounds.
*>Prices of coal were formerly secured semiannually and published in the March and September issues
of the Labor Review. Since June, 1920, these prices have been secured and published monthly.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
U 91]
192
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
AVERAGE R E T A IL PR IC E S OF COAL P E R TON OF 2,000 POUNDS, FOR HOUSEHOLD
USE, ON N O V EM B ER 15, 1928, AND OCTOBER 15 AND N O V E M B ER 15, 1929—Continued
1928
City, and kind of coal
Nov.
15
Jacksonville, Fla.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes_$12. 00
Kansas City, Mo.:
Arkansas anthracite—
Furnace.. ____________ 12.70
Stove No. 4. ____ _ .. 14. 33
Bituminous, prepared sizes- 7.28
Little Rock, Ark.:
Arkansas anthracite—Egg-- 13. 50
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 9.80
Los Angeles, Calif.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 16. 25
Louisville, Ky.:
Bituminous—
Prepared sizes—
High volatile____ ____ 6.65
Low volatile...... ............ 9.25
Manchester, N. H.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove________
____ 17. 25
C hestnut______ ___ . . . 17. 00
Memphis, Tenn.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 7.41
Milwaukee, Wis.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
S tove.. . _____________ 16. 30
Chestnut ._ __________ 15. 90
Bituminous—
Prepared sizes—
High volatile ________ 7.80
Low volatile______ _ 11.08
Minneapolis, Minn.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove. . . . . . . . . . .. 18.28
Chestnut----------- --------- 17. 90
Bituminous—
Prepared sizes—■
High volatile . ____
10.94
Low volatile____ __ 13. 50
Mobile, Ala.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 9. 69
Newark, N. J.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
14.00
Stove
.
.
.
13. 50
Chestnut.
___ _ .
New Haven, Conn.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove___ ___________ 14.90
Chestnut . . . _________ 14.90
New Orleans, La.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 10. 21
New York, N. Y.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove. ._ ..
. . -------- 14. 75
Chestnut.
. . . . . . . 14. 25
Norfolk, Va.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove . . _________ .. 15.00
Chestnut ____________ 15.00
Bituminous—
Prepared sizes—
High volatile---- ------7.88
Low volatile_________ 10.50
Run of mine—
Low volatile_________ 7.00
Omaha, Nebr.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 9.56
Peoria, 111.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 6.88
Philadelphia, Pa.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove.. ______________ 114. 57
Chestnut_____________ 114.11
1928
1929
Oct.
15
City, and kind of coal
Nov.
15
$13. 00 $14. 00
12.45
13. 58
7.28
12. 45
13.58
7.23
12. 50
9. 55
13. 50
10.00
16. 50
16.50
6. 66
9.00
6.66
9.00
17.00
17.00
17.00
17.00
7. 37
7.39
16.29
15. 84
16. 30
15. 85
7. 71
10. 96
7. 68
10.99
18.30
17.85
18. 30
17. 85
10. 53
13.65
10. 52
13. 65
9. 37
9. 50
13.95
13. 45
13. 96
13.46
14.96
14.96
14.96
14. 96
10.64
10.96
14.54
14.04
14. 54
14.08
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
7.38
9.00
7.25
9.00
6.83
6.83
9. 67
9.61
6.67
6.72
U5.00 115.00
114. 50 114. 50
Nov.
15
Pittsburgh, Pa.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
$15.00
Chestnut___ . . . _
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 5. 30
Portland, Me.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
16.80
Stove___ _________
Chestnut ___________ 16.80
Portland, Oreg.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 13.15
Providence, R. I.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove___ _________ . 216.00
Chestnut . . . ____
2 16. 00
Richmond, Va.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove _______________ 15.00
C h e stn u t____________ 15.00
Bituminous—
Prepared sizes—
High volatile. ---- . . .
8.63
Low volatile_________ 9. 78
Run of mine—
Low volatile___ ______ 7.50
Rochester, N. Y.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove.. . ._
. . . ------- 14.69
Chestnut. . . -------- 14.19
St. Louis, Mo.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
S to v e.._ ________ ___ 16. 65
C hestnut... ____ . .. 16.40
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 6. 21
St. Paul, Minn.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—•
Stove__ _________ . . . 18.30
Chestnut ______ _____ 17.90
Bituminous—
Prepared sizes—
High volatile________ 10.71
Low volatile___ ___ 13.50
Salt Lake City, Utah:
Colorado anthracite—
Furnace, 1 and 2 m ixed.. 18.00
Stove, 3 and 5 mixed.
18.00
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 8.24
San Francisco, Calif.:
New Mexico anthracite—
Cerillos e g g __ .
26.00
Colorado anthracite—
Egg---------------------------- 25.50
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 17.25
Savannah, Ga.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 310. 62
Scranton, Pa.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove------- ------------------ 10.53
C h e stn u t_____________ 10. 33
Seattle, Wash.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 10.48
Springfield, 111.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 4.24
Washington, D. C.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove______________ .. 115.63
Chestnut___________ _ 115.13
Bituminous—
Prepared sizes—
High volatile_________ 19.25
Low volatile_________ U1.42
Run of mine—
Mixed. ____________ 1 7.63
1929
Oct.
15
Nov.
15
$15.00 $15.00
5. 36 5.29
16.80
16.80
16.80
16.80
13. 38
13.46
216.00 216.00
215.94 216. 00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
8.38
9.11
8. 38
9.11
7.25
7.25
14.75
14.25
14. 75
14.25
16. 65
16.40
6. 76
16. 65
16.40
6. 69
18.30
17.85
18.30
17.85
10.28
13. 65
10.26
13.65
18.00
18.00
7.93
18. 00
18.00
7.93
26.00
26. 00
25.50
17.13
25.50
17.13
310.14 310. 44
10.28
9.92
10.28
9.92
10.68
10.68
4.34
4. 34
115.73 115. 73
U5.23 115. 23
1 8.63 1 8.63
111.42 H1.42
i 7. 75 i 7.75
1 Per ton of 2,240 pounds.
2 The average price of coal delivered in bin is 50 cents higher than here shown. Practically all coal is
delivered in bin.
8 All coal sold in Savannah is weighed by the city. A charge of 10 cents per ton or half ton is made. This
additional charge has been included in the above price.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[192]
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES
193
Comparison of Retail-Price Changes in the United States and
in Foreign Countries
principal index numbers of retail prices published by foreign
countries have been brought together with those of this bureau
T HE
in the subjoined table after having been reduced, in most cases, to a
common base, namely, prices for July, 1914, equal 100. This base
was selected instead of the average for the year 1913, which is used
in other tables of index numbers of retail prices compiled by the
bureau, because of the fact that in numerous instances satisfactory
information for 1913 was not available. Some of the countries shown
in the table now publish index numbers of retail prices on the July,
1914, base. In such cases, therefore, the index numbers are repro
duced as published. For other countries the index numbers here
shown have been obtained by dividing the index for each month
specified in the table by the index for July, 1914, or the nearest
period thereto as published in the original sources. As stated in the
table, the number of articles included in the index numbers for the
different countries differs widely. These results, which are designed
merely to show price trends and not actual differences in the several
countries, should not, therefore, be considered as closely comparable
with one another. In certain instances, also, the figures are not
absolutely comparable from month to month over the entire period,
owing to slight changes in the list of commodities and the localities
included on successive dates.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[193]
194
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
I N D E X N U M B E R S OF R E T A IL P R IC E S IN T H E U N IT E D ST A T ES A N D IN O TH ER
C O U N T R IE S
C ountry... United
States
Number of
localities.
Canada
51
60
Commodi
ties in- 43 foods
cluded...
Den
mark
Finland
France
(except
Paris)
France
(Paris)
Germany
Entire
country
100
21
320
1
71
29 foods
Foods
36 foods
13 (11
foods)
13 (11
foods)
Foods
Czecho
Belgium slovakia
59
(foods
29 foods 56etc.)
Govern
C o m p u t Bureau Depart Ministry
Central
ment
inistry M inistry
Indus Office of Statis
Bureau of M
ing agen of Labor ment of of
try
and
Statistics
of Labor of Labor
Statistics Labor
Statistics
tical
De
cy—
Labor
partment
Base=100.. Ju ly ,1914 July, 1914
1924
Jan
Apr
July
Oct
1925
Jan
Apr
July
Oct
1926
Jan______
Apr
Ju ly _____
Oct
1927
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
M ay ___
June
July _____
Aug __
Sept
Oct
N o v ..
Dec
1928
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
M ay
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
1929
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
M ay
June
July
Aug
Sept_____
April,
1914
January- August, J u ly ,1914 October,
July, 1914 July, 1914 June,
19131914
1914
J u ly ,1914
146
138
140
145
137
134
139
480
498
493
513
836
829
837
877
200
151
148
156
138
145
142
141
147
521
506
509
533
899
901
916
875
210
161
159
154
157
157
153
149
147
527
529
637
705
854
832
876
888
159
156
153
150
150
152
155
150
149
151
153
153
153
153
151
149
146
145
146
147
147
146
148
149
151
755
770
771
774
776
785
790
787
794
804
809
812
914
914
915
923
931
949
962
919
910
907
905
913
156
152
148
148
149
150
149
150
151
154
153
154
152
151
149
147
146
146
145
146
149
150
152
152
152
813
811
806
807
805
811
811
819
825
834
845
852
913
910
901
905
908
928
943
943
928
907
900
905
152
151
151
150
148
150
151
155
157
157
152
150
151
148
147
147
148
157
157
856
859
862
860
864
867
874
879
889
900
911
913
901
906
907
925
900
886
194
215
177
152
153
152
152
153
146
147
150
149
1089
1035
1052
1156
376
380
360
383
127
123
126
134
1130
1137
1145
1165
408
409
421
433
137
144
154
151
480
503
574
624
143
142
145
145
592
585
581
580
589
580
557
539
532
520
500
523
151
152
151
150
151
153
157
150
151
152
152
153
530
522
524
532
546
557
2 111
2 110
2 111
2 115
2 119
2 121
162
151
151
151
151
152
154
156
153
152
152
153
2 122
2 122
2 123
2 125
2 127
2 127
2 123
2 123
2 122
153
156
159
154
154
154
156
155
154
1090
1085
1105
1126
1092
1095
1086
1069
1058
1072
1102
1159
1146
1156
1175
1171
1126
1112
1123
1119
1113
1126
1155
1191
1174
1183
1194
1186
1156
1141
1135
1118
1104
1103
1116
1131
1128
i 503
i 523
i 610
i 647
586
572
553
526
522
530
536
562
576
583
2 In gold.
i For succeeding month.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Federal
Statis
tical
Bureau
[194]
195
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES
IN D E X N U M BERS OF R E TA IL P R IC E S IN T H E U N ITE D STATES AND IN O THER
C O U N TR IE S—Continued
C ountry-.
Italy
Nether
lands Norway Sweden Switzer United
King
(The
land
dom
Hague)
Number of
localities _
foods
Commod 20and
ities in
char
cluded-- coal
C o m p u t
ing agen
cy—
M inistry
of Na
tional
Economy
Base=100.
1913
Foods
31
49
33
Foods
50 (43
foods, 7
fuel and
light)
Foods
Central Central
Bureau Bureau
of Sta of Statistics
tistics
1921
July,
1914
630
South
Africa
India
(Bom
bay)
Aus
tralia
New
Zealand
9
1
30
25
21 foods 24 foods 17 foods
Office
Labor
of Cen- Labor
Social
Office Ministry sus and Office
Board (revised)
of Labor Statis(revised)
tics
July,
1914
July,
1914
July,
1914
1914
July,
1914
46 foods
and
59 foods
groceries
Bureau
of Census and
Statistics
Census
and
Statistics
Office
July,
1914
July,
1914
1024
Jan __ _ _
Apr_____
July-------Oct
527
527
538
556
3 82.5
3 81. 7
3 80. 8
3 82.3
230
240
248
264
163
159
159
172
173
169
170
174
175
167
' 162
172
120
122
117
120
154
143
151
156
155
150
148
146
150
150
148
145
1925
Jan______
Apr.
_
July_____
Oct______
609
606
605
645
3 80.2
3 86. 7
3 81. 3
3 79.3
277
276
260
228
170
170
169
166
172
169
169
168
178
170
167
172
120
124
120
119
152
153
152
148
148
152
156
157
147
149
151
155
1926
Jan . Apr
_
July------Oct___
658
633
645
662
3 76.6
3 80. 1
3 73.5
216
198
198
191
162
158
156
157
165
161
159
160
171
159
161
163
116
119
117
120
151
150
155
153
155
163
159
153
154
151
149
147
1927
Jan.
Feb
M ar.
A pr.. . .
M a y . ___
J u n e ___
July
- _
A ug... - .
Sept ___
<>ct .
N o v .. . .
Dec.
629
615
610
606
599
558
540
582
525
530
534
534
180
177
173
169
169
172
175
175
174
173
171
171
156
153
151
151
150
151
151
152
156
155
155
154
158
157
156
156
156
157
157
157
159
159
161
160
167
164
162
155
154
154
159
156
157
161
163
163
116
117
118
119
121
120
119
118
117
119
119
119
155
152
152
151
150
151
154
155
151
148
147
149
158
153
151
151
152
153
152
155
157
159
157
155
148
146
146
145
145
145
144
144
143
143
144
146
170
170
171
171
172
171
173
170
164
163
161
161
153
153
154
154
155
157
157
156
155
153
152
151
159
158
157
156
156
156
157
156
157
158
158
158
1,62
159
155
155
154
156
157
156
156
157
159
160
119
118
118
119
120
118
116
115
115
115
115
115
151
146
142
140
144
142
143
142
141
142
144
145
154
152
153
154
154
154
152
150
150
150
150
152
147
145
145
144
146
147
147
147
147
149
150
152
158
157
158
156
156
156
157
161
160
150
151
152
150
149
149
151
151
151
157
157
156
154
154
155
155
156
158
159
156
157
150
149
147
149
153
154
115
115
117
118
119
118
116
115
146
146
146
145
143
144
145
146
146
161
161
160
162
160
161
160
161
162
149
148
146
147
148
147
146
146
147
1928
Jan
F eb_____
M ar.
Apr.
M a y . . __
J u n e ... ..
Ju ly . ___
A u g .___
Sept . _
Oct___
Nov_____
Dec_____
531
529
522
522
529
533
516
520
526
536
555
564
1929
Jan _____
F eb_____
M ar.
Apr____
M ay____
June____
Ju ly _____
Aug_____
Sept ____
565
565
571
566
563
564
558
76.3
77.0
76.5
79.5
81.6
79.4
76.2
75.5
76.0
72.3
74.5
8 Second month following,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 195]
196
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices in November, 1929
URTHER recession of the wholesale price level is shown for
November by information collected in leading markets by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of
Labor. The bureau’s weighted index number, with prices in 1926 as
100, stands at 94.4 for November compared with 96.3 for October, a
decrease of nearly 2 per cent. Compared with November, 1928,
with an index number of 96.7, a decrease of 2% per cent.is shown.
Based on these figures, the purchasing power of the dollar in November
was 105.9 compared with 100 in the year 1926.
Farm products again showed a pronounced price decline, due to
decreases for grains, cattle, hogs, sheep and lambs, poultry, cotton,
oranges, lemons, flaxseed, hay, onions, potatoes, and wool. Eggs,
on the other hand, continued steeply upward.
Among foods there were decreases reported for butter, fresh and
cured meats, lard, corn meal, coffee, and sugar. The decrease in
the group as a whole was 2% per cent.
F
T R E N D OF W HOLESALE PR IC E S
[1926=100]
Hides and skins declined sharply from October prices, while leather
declined somewhat. Boots and shoes showed no change, with other
leather goods slightly lower.
Prices of cotton goods averaged lower than in the preceding month,
as did also raw silk, worsted yarn, burlap, manila hemp, jute, and
Mexican sisal.
Fuel and lighting materials were mostly stationary in price, with
advances in refined fuel oil offset by declines in gasoline.
In the group of metals and metal products there were slight price
declines in steel plate, scrap, and sheets, also in pig lead, lead pipe,
bar silver, pig tin, and slab zinc. The composite price of automobiles
also was somewhat lower than in October.
Among building materials lumber and paint materials declined,
while Portland cement advanced slightly. Practically no change was
reported for brick, structural steel, and other building materials.
Chemicals and drugs as a whole showed a minor decline.
No change in the price level was reported for the group of house
furnishing goods.
In the group of miscellaneous commodities, there were decreases
for cattle feed, crude rubber, and automobile tires, while paper and
pulp was stationary.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[196]
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES
197
Raw materials, semimanufactured articles, and finished products,
considered as a whole, all were cheaper than in October. Nonagricultural commodities, also, as a group, declined in price.
Of the 550 commodities or price series for which comparable infor
mation for October and November was collected, increases were
shown in 51 instances and decreases in 196 instances. In 303 instances
no change in price was reported.
Comparing prices in November with those of a year ago, as measured
by changes in the index numbers, it is seen that hides and leather prod
ucts, textile products, and fuel and lighting materials were consider
ably lower, and farm products, foods, and chemicals and drugs were
somewhat lower. Minor price increases are shown for metals and
metal products, house-furnishing goods, and miscellaneous commod
ities, no change being recorded for the group of building materials.
IN D E X N U M BERS OF W HOLESALE PRICES, BY GROUPS AND SUBGROUPS OF COM
M O DITIES. (1926 = 100)
November,
1928
Groups and subgroups
All commodities_______
Farm products_____________
Grains__________ ______
Livestock and poultry___
Other farm products____
Foods_____________________
Butter, cheese, and milk—
M eats_________________
Other foods____ ________
Hides and leather products___
Hides and skins_______ _
Leather________________
Boots and shoes_________
Other leather products___
Textile products____________
Cotton goods___________
Silk and rayon__________
Woolen and worsted goods.
Other textile products____
Fuel and lig h tin g -__________
Anthracite coal__________
Bituminous coal_________
Coke___________________
Manufactured gas____ ____
Petroleum products______
Metals and metal products___
Iron and steel___________
Nonferrous metals_______
Agricultural implements__
Automobiles_____ _____ _
Other metal products_____
Building materials__________
Lumber________________
Brick________ ____ _____
Cement________________
Structural steel__________
Paint materials__________
Other building m aterials...
Chemicals and drugs_________
Chemicals______________
Drugs and pharmaceuticals.
Fertilizer materials_______
Fertilizers______________
House-furnishing goods______
Furniture_______________
Furnishings_____________
Miscellaneous_______________
Cattle feed..____ _______
Paper and pulp__________
Rubber________________
Automobile tires_________
Other miscellaneous______
Raw materials______________
Semimanufactured articles____
Finished products___________
Nonagrieultural commodities...
96.7
101. 6
94. 6
100. 6
104. 8
100. 1
109. 7
108. 7
91. 0
115. 5
130.0
118.8
108.9
108.4
96.1
101.2
83.7
99.9
85.8
84.4
91.2
93.6
84.9
93.5
75.5
101.7
96.1
97.9
98.8
108.7
96.9
96.0
92.7
92.3
94.6
97.0
88. 2
105.7
96.0
102.3
70.9
94.1
97.6
96.4
95.3
97. 1
80.0
137.8
88.8
37.9
58. 1
98.5
96.2
96.9
97.2
95.4
i Data not yet available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1 9 7 ]
October,
1929
96.3
103.9
99.1
98.8
108.9
101.2
106.2
106.7
95.8
110.5
117.9
114.2
106.1
106. 6
92.7
99.0
79.3
96.2
80.0
81.7
91.2
92.0
84.4
93.1
70.8
103.6
96.8
104.2
96.1
109.9
98.6
97.8
96.3
90.6
85.6
97.0
101.1
105.6
94.2
100.4
70.7
90.1
97.4
97. 1
96.7
97.4
81.3
130.4
87.9
40.7
55.1
108.4
97.1
97.9
95.8
94.3
Purchasing
power of
November, the
dollar
1929
November,
1929
94.4
105.9
101.1
98.9
94.9
105.4
93.7
106.7
108.1
92.5
98.8
101.2
. 103.7
96.4
102.5
97. 6
94. 5
105.8
108.4
92.3
109.3
91.5
113.3
88.3
106.1
94.3
106. 1
94.3
91.5
109.3
98.1
101.9
77.0
129.9
95.7
104.5
76. 1
131. 4
81.7
122.4
91.2
109. 6
92.0
108.7
84.4
118.5
(>)
70.9
141.0
102.3
97.8
96.5
103.6
102.4
97.7
96.1
104. 1
108.0
92.6
101.4
98.6
104.2
96.0
92.4
108.2
90.5
110.5
86.6
115.5
103.1
97.0
97.8
102.2
105.4
94.9
94.0
106.4
100.0
100.0
70.6
141.6
89.9
111.2
97.4
102.7
97.1
103.0
96.7
103.4
97.4
102.7
80.1
124.8
124.1
80.6
87.9
113.8
34.5
289.9
55.0
181.8
108.6
92.1
94.8
105.5
95.6
104.6
94.2
106.2
92.6
108.0
COST OF LIVING
Living Standards on the Farm
1929 report of the United States Secretary of Agriculture
contains a section relating to the standards of living among
T HE
farmers in the United States. During the past eight years the De
partment of Agriculture had made several studies of the subject,
and the report states that while the data at hand do not “ permit a
thoroughgoing comparison between farm standards and city stand
ards, much has been learned about the living standards of certain
groups of farmers.” “ It has been demonstrated, for example, that
family-living standards are deficient on a large proportion of the
small farms in the country. That is an important fact necessitating
remedial action, for small farms are relatively more numerous than
is commonly supposed. In 1925, when the average number of acres
per farm in the United States was 145, 38 per cent of all the farms
were under 50 acres and 60 per cent were under 100 acres.”
“ Family-living standards are of course not low on all small farms.
Many small farms devoted to varying types of agriculture produce
net incomes equal to the average on larger places. It is nevertheless
true that a majority of the small farms in the United States are lowincome-producing and low-value farms. Such farms in 1925 were
estimated to be worth, for land and buildings, less than $4,000 on
the average. A considerable proportion had a value of $2,000 or
less. Many small farms have poor soil and difficult surface condi
tions. Probably nearly 40 per cent of the country’s farm population
lives on small farms of poor and difficult land, on a standard of living
far below what is common on large farms.
“ Farm families belonging to this low-standard group are numerous
in nearly all the States. How to improve their condition is a com
plex problem involving economic, social, and human factors. It is
not primarily a question of tenancy versus ownership, nor a question
of cropper cultivation versus cultivation by hired labor, though these
elements may be present. Land-tenure conditions as a criterion for
high or low standards of living may sometimes be overemphasized
at the expense of more important factors. The first step toward
improvement must be a correct analysis of the problem.
Side-Line Occupations Off the Farm
“ O n m a n y small farms only about half the cash income of the farm
family comes from the farm business. The remainder is earned by
the operator or by members of his family in occupations off the farm.
In addition to the cash income obtained from the farm and income
obtained in outside occupations, the small farm itself furnishes food,
198
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[198]
COST OF LIVING
199
fuel, housing, etc. But all these sources combined commonly do not
provide a satisfactory living. Often the difficulty is increased by
the farm operator’s pessimism as to the possibility of getting more
income from the farm itself. He is not generally as cpiick to take
advantage of scientific methods as is the larger farm operator. Yields
per acre, per cow, per hog, or per hen on the small farms of the
United States average lower than on the larger farms, whereas in
certain European countries the opposite is the case. Too often,
moreover, the economic efficiency of the farm family is impaired by
lack of adequate opportunities for education, recreation, and the
preservation of health.
“ Further study of the small-farm problem as a whole is urgently
necessary. A rough classification of such farms seems practicable
and indicates the application of different remedies in different situa
tions. (1) We may distinguish small farms whose earning power can
not be materially increased through soil improvement or improved
management. (2) There are numerous small tenant or cropper farms
which form parts of a large holding or plantation. Often the soil of
such farms can be improved materially and their production increased
by efficient centralized supervision. (3) There are many small farms
operated by their owners, the soil of which could be materially im
proved and upon which a better farm practice would bring much better
returns. Then there are small farms that furnish a fair living place
and some food, fuel, and other necessities, while permitting members
of the farm family to work at outside jobs.
Different Remedies Required
“ T h e s e different kinds of small farms obviously call for different
means of increasing their power to furnish a satisfactory standard of
living. Farm management and marketing methods should be adapted
specifically to each type. I t should often be possible to encourage the
development of rural industries adapted to the part-time employment
of the small operator and his family. In certain areas where the
economic operation of small farms is impracticable, State agencies
should discourage the small farm. On the other hand, it is well to
recognize that a place exists for the small farm providing a lower all
round income than the larger farm usually produces, since many
families may do better on such small farms than they would anywhere
else.
“ Effective action to raise living standards on our small farms is
necessary, not only in the interest of the farm people immediately
concerned, but in the interest of the Nation. These farms are a
source of population as well as of food supply. They send then- sur
plus population to the towns and cities. Hence the entire Nation
suffers when living conditions on the small farm make it difficult to
rear and educate young people adequately there. Not agriculture
alone, but our entire national life stands to benefit from whatever
may be accomplished toward the establishment of a satisfactory
standard of living on the small farms.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Problem of Feeding the Wage Earners in Russia
URING the last two years the problem of feeding the wage
earners in the Soviet Union (U. S. S. R.) has become so acute
that a number of attempts have been made to ease the situation
through various regulative measures, especially in industrial centers.1
In November, 1928, the central executive committee of the Com
munist Party recommended a policy of strict economy in the con
sumption of cereals. This recommendation was heeded by the Soviet
Government, and various measures were applied to conserve the food
supply of the population at the beginning of the winter of 1928-29.
As the collection of grain was too slow to provide a sufficient supply
of bread, for the city and town population, efforts were made to reduce
the consumption of bread by reducing the baking of bread by 4 or
5 per cent in the cities and towns in December, 1928. This measure,
however, failed to produce the expected results. Therefore, at the
beginning of 1929 the authorities issued 1,500,000 bread-ration books
in Leningrad. In February, 1929, the Moscow Soviet issued regula
tions to govern the distribution of bread to wage earners’ families
on presentation of ration books and its sale to other families at higher
prices; the ration books were issued on March 15, 1929.
As bread is baked and sold exclusively by the cooperative societies,
the distribution of ration books was intrusted to these societies.
Nearly 1,000,000 books were issued and the number of inhabitants
covered was over 2,000,000. Every wage earner’s family was entitled
to a ration book.
In the cities and towns the wage earners are divided into two
groups, manual workers and brain workers (salaried employees).
A manual worker is entitled to a ration of 800 grams (1.76 pounds)
of bread a day, and members of his family not engaged in physical
labor are entitled to one-half of that amount. In the villages, in the
rural districts, manual workers are entitled to three-fourths of
that amount. Members of workers’ families, members of collective
farms, agricultural workers, working peasants, and craftsmen on a
small scale in the rural districts are entitled to 300 grams (0.66 pound)
each per day; subject to approval of a special local committee, doctors,
agronomists, and teachers are entitled to 400 grams (0.88 pound)
each per day.
Persons who are not regarded as wage earners and have no vote are
not entitled to ration books and can not obtain white bread except at
a very high price and after the requirements of the wage earners have
been met. Such persons may not buy more than 500 grams (1.10
pounds) at a time.
As a result of such measures, the baking and sale of bread was
considerably reduced. The amount of bread sold in Moscow was
763,200 kilograms (1,682,093 pounds) on March 15, 1929; 728,000
kilograms (1,604,512 pounds) on March 16, 1929; 640,000 kilograms
(1,410,560 pounds) on March 17, 1929; and 398,400 kilograms
(878,074 pounds) on March 18, 1929. The introduction of ration
books led to a considerable reduction in the consumption of bread in
other large towns, too, and though the grain supply of the State and
D
1Sovetskaia Torgovlia, No. 26,1929; Economicheskaia Zhizn’, Oct. 8, 1929, Pravda, June 27, 1929, quoted
by the International Labor Office in Industrial and Labor Information, Nov. 18, 1929, pp. 252-255.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 200]
COST OF LIVING
201
cooperative societies was still inadequate to meet the situation, the
town population could be supplied with bread without interruption.
The average ration varied widely from place to place. In the Moscow
area alone the wage earner’s ration was 800 grams (1.76 pounds) in
June, 1929; at Tula three-fourths, and at Kaluga one-half of that
amount.
Sugar is also supplied on a ration basis. The ration per person
per month amounted, in Moscow and Leningrad, to 1% kilograms
(3.31 pounds); in other cities and towns to 800 grams (1.76 pounds),
and in villages, from 150 to 400 grams (0.33 to 0.88 pound).
Distribution of meat was put on a ration basis in Moscow on Sep
tember 20, 1929, every manual worker being entitled to 200 grams
(0.44 pound) a day and other workers to one-half of that amount.
Ten days later the same meat rations were introduced in Leningrad.
Eggs and tea also are rationed in Moscow.
The inadequacy of the food supply is explained by the soviet
authorities on the ground of a poor harvest in some parts of Russia
in 1928 and defects in grain collection and distribution.
The agricultural products for consumption in cities and towns and
also for export in some instances are collected by the soviet special
agencies from the peasants by various methods. A large part of the
grain and other farm produce is purchased at the prices fixed by
the Soviet Government and a small part from the soviet and collective
farms (called “ sovkhozy” and “ kolkhozy”). These are large-scale
farms organized and run by the soviet authorities. Peasants are
either hired or work on shares on these farms.
All the steps so far taken for conservation of food supply appear
to be inadequate. In order to increase production the soviet and col
lective farms are to be rapidly augmented and developed. As regards
the peasants, a contract system is to be introduced, by which the
producer is given loans and certain privileges, for which he under
takes to cultivate a certain acreage of grain or vegetables, to breed a
certain number of cattle, and to hand over the surplus of his produce
to the cooperative societies.
As to the general collection of produce, the object is to secure
direct deliveries to the agents of the commissariat of trade or the
cooperative societies. In exchange the commissariat of trade has
proposed to increase the deliveries of manufactured products to the
rural districts.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 201 ]
IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION
Statistics of Im m igration for October, 1929
By
J. J. K
unna,
C h ie f S t a t is t ic ia n U n it e d
I m m ig r a t i o n
States B u reau
of
October, 1929, 26,740 immigrant aliens were admitted
to the United States, a decrease of 1,280 as compared with the
D URING
preceding month. The number of emigrant aliens leaving the coun
try in October to make their homes abroad again was 4,907, or 243
less than for the previous month.
The latest figures show an increase in the outward movement of
American citizens, practically all of whom were going abroad for a
short visit. During the four months from July to October last,
216,086 United States citizens left for foreign shores, as against
195,534 for the corresponding period of last year. The major portion
of these were tourists leaving via the port of New York for European
points.
The number of immigrant aliens entering this country from July 1
to October 31, 1929, was 97,606, an average of 24,401 a month.
Nearly 85 per cent of the arrivals by water came in at New York,
53,745 immigrants being admitted at that port during the four months
and 9,550 at the other seaports, while 34,311 entered over the inter
national land borders, 28,078 from Canada and 6,233 from Mexico.
Three-fifths, or 58,893, of the immigrants for the same four months
settled in the North Atlantic States, New York, with 31,952, receiving
nearly a third of the total, but Texas, instead of being in the runnerup position as it was a year ago, has dropped down to the eighth
place, receiving but 3,409. This is due to the large decrease in immi
gration from Mexico, only 6,233 entering across the southern land
border during the past four months as compared with 19,011 for the
same period a year ago.
About 1 out of every 6 of the immigrant aliens admitted during
the four months from July to October last was a skilled worker and
about 1 out of every 14 gave his occupation as that of common laborer.
While the former maintained the same ratio as for the corresponding
period a year ago, there was a proportionately big drop in the latter
class. The number recorded this year as skilled workers was 17,002
and as common laborers 6,735, while 10,711 were servants, 6,287
were in the professional or commercial class, 2,906 were farmers,
5,170 were farm laborers, and 2,653 of the miscellaneous classes.
Immigrants listed as having no occupation, being mainly women and
children, numbered 46,142.
As to the sex of the immigrants for the said four months, the
females were somewhat in excess of the males, the numbers being
51,510 and 46,096, respectively; 17,732 were children under 16 years
of age and 23,529 were from 16 to 21 years, while the largest group,
202
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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203
IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION
or 46,594, ranged in age from 22 to 44 years, and 9,751 were 45 years
and over. As to the conjugal condition of these immigrants, 62,810
were recorded as single, 31,231 were recorded as married, and 3,565
as widowed or divorced.
INW ARD AND OUTW ARD PASSENGER M O V EM EN T FRO M JU LY 1 TO OCTOBER 31,1929
Inward
Outward
Aliens
Aliens
de
de
Aliens departed
barred Aliens deported United
ported
United
States
from
from
citi
States
enter
land
zens Total ing 2
citizens Total ing i Emi NonNon
Immi immi
emi Total de
grant grant
grant grant Total arrived
parted
Period
July, 1929____
August, 1929--.
September, 1929
October, 1929...
20,068
22, 778
28, 020
26, 740
15, 749
19, 007
28, 517
26, 072
35, 817 37, 636 73, 453
41, 785 70, 783 112, 568
56, 537 85, 946 142, 483
52, 812 47, 757 100, 569
T otal___ 97, 606 89, 345 186, 951 242,122 429, 073
847
802
719
659
5,086
5, 571
5,150
4,907
23, 084
23, 723
21, 398
19, 597
28,170
29, 294
26, 548
24,504
56, 339
70, 551
49,429
39, 767
84, 509
99, 845
75, 977
64, 271
1,261
1,411
1,205
1, 600
3,027 20, 714 87, 802 108, 516 216,086 324, 602
5,477
1 These aliens are not included among arrivals, as they were not permitted to enter the United States.
2 These aliens are included among aliens departed, they having entered the United States, legally or
illegally, and later being deported.
R e so lu tio n for U n ifo r m ity in M igration S ta tistic s
HE International Statistical Institute which met in Warsaw in
August, 1929, adopted a resolution referring to migration sta
tistics which reads as follows : 1
T
T h e various classes of e m ig ran ts should be distin g u ish ed on a u niform system .
In view of th e difficulties w hich are still en co u n te red in m o st co u n tries in th e com
p ilatio n of sta tistic s of te m p o ra ry em ig ratio n or im m ig ratio n , it w ould be wise
to consider only p e rm a n e n t im m ig ratio n or e m ig ratio n w hen dealing w ith m ig ra
tio n statistics. I t w ould be very d esirable th a t provisions re la tin g to th e regis
tra tio n of persons d ep a rtin g or arriv in g should, in principle, be uniform . F o r th e
co m p ilatio n of sta tistic s of m ig ratio n m ovem ents, it is desirable to in tro d u ce
uniform id e n tity cards w ith a fixed qu estio n n aire. Officials of re g istratio n
offices should fill up these cards or cause th e m to be filled up by em ig ran ts a n d
im m ig ran ts a n d send copies of th e m to th e h ead of th e c e n tra l sta tistic a l office
of th e ir co u n try . I t w ould be desirable t h a t th e n a tio n a l sta tis tic a l offices should
m ake th e ir com pilations in accordance w ith a u niform p ro g ram an d on th e basis
of d etailed an n u a l tab les a n d ab rid g ed m o n th ly tables.
T h e m eeting in s tru c ts th e re p o rte r to co n tin u e his stu d y of th e q u estio n a n d
to su b m it a n o th e r re p o rt a t th e n ex t session, due reg ard being h a d to th e resu lts
w hich m ay be achieved by th e n ex t m ig ratio n conference a t G eneva.
A c tiv itie s of th e New York S ta te D ivision of A lien s, 1928
HE division of aliens of the New York State Labor Department
expanded its work 91.3 per cent from 1924 to 1928.2 Lack of
statutory powers and an inadequate staff, however, are a serious
handicap to the office in dealing with employers who owe wages.
In 1928 the sum of $36,396.55 was collected in wages, $250 in con
nection with exploitations and fraud, and $425 in lodging-house license
fees, a total of $37,071.55.
T
1International Labor Office. Industrial and Labor Information, Geneva, Oct. 21, 1929, p. 121.
2 New York. Department of Labor. Annual report of the industrial commissioner, for the 12 months
ended December 31, 1928. Albany, 1929, pp. 216-219.
86046°— 30
14
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
A tabulation of the work for the calendar year 1928 shows 447 wage
eases brought over from 1927, 2,042 new wage cases received, and
1,784 cases closed. In addition there were 8 cases of fraud brought
over from 1927, 12 new cases of fraud received, and 3 cases closed. A
very substantial number of the cases handled involved less than $10,
and the amounts involved in some complaints were less than $1.
Success is reported in the prosecution of 38 cases in the courts of the
State. In addition to its 137 recorded cases in 1928, involving the
giving of advice and information, the division has advised employees
in bankruptcy matters, has made contacts with receivers in bank
ruptcy, and has urged early action in such cases.
The investigation of labor camps and dockyards has taken up a
great deal of the time of the division’s field workers. The serious
conditions disclosed indicate that it is imperative that regular investi
gations, covering every section of New York, should be made.
Immigrant lodging houses throughout the State should also be
investigated, in the opinion of the report. The division was instru
mental in having one lodging house closed which was unfit for human
habitation. Many complaints are made to this agency regarding the
exploitation of aliens at docks, piers, railroad terminals, etc. The
report states that immigrants are charged exorbitantly for railway
and steamship tickets, for transportation to and from terminals, for
exchanging their money, for board and lodgings, and for even the
smallest service rendered them. Some of the State labor departments
have immigration bureaus or divisions for the study of immigration
problems. “ There is no State in the Union that requires this more
than the State of New York,” according to the director of its division
of aliens, who declares that over 25 per cent of the immigrants landing
in this country make New York City their residence. The director
recommends the expansion of the present division in order that the
alien problem may be competently studied.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[204]
PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR
Official—United States
K e n t u c k y .— B u reau
of A griculture, L abor, a n d S tatistics.
D e p a rtm e n t of L abor.
B u lle tin N o . 3 5 : T h e elder w o rk e r; re stric te d e m p lo y m e n t, a n n u itie s , r e lie f, by
J o h n W a lk e r R o g ers. L o u is v ille , 1 9 2 9 . 4 5 p p .
R eview s th e general situ a tio n as reg ard s th e older w orkers in in d u stry , and
sum m arizes th e findings of surveys of various agencies. Also gives th e resu lts of
an in q u iry directed to 612 large in d u stria l firm s in K e n tu c k y . Of these, 316
re tu rn ed rep o rts. Of th e firm s rep o rtin g , 10 dism iss w orkers w hen th e y reach
th e age of 45 years; a n d 18 refuse to hire new em ployees who are o v er th a t age,
while 27 set o th er age lim its. Of those who se t a definite age lim it for new
em ployees, 14 did so because of th e cost of group in su rance, 3 because of pension
plans, 4 because of increased w orkm en’s co m pensation cost, a n d 15 for other
reasons. In 171 firm s th e older em ployees are sh ifted to less ex actin g task s,
b u t 145 firm s m ake no such provision. R ecords of age are k e p t by 153 firms.
T he re p o rt sta te s th a t th is in q u iry "in d ic a te s t h a t while in K e n tu c k y th e
situ a tio n has n o t y e t becom e acu te, since K en tu c k y is n o t p rim arily an in d u strial
S ta te w here co m p etitio n is severe, t h a t large n u m b ers of w orkers a re affected.
T his im plies a fu tu re th r e a t w hich m ay la te r becom e a c u te .”
N e w Y o r k .— D e p a rtm e n t
of L abor. A n n u a l re p o rt o f the i n d u s t r i a l c o m m is s io n e r
f o r th e 1 2 m o n th s e n d ed D ecem b er 3 1 , 1 9 2 8 . A lb a n y , 1 9 2 9 . 2 7 0 p p .
\
B rings to g eth er th e rep o rts of th e various b u reau s a n d agencies of th e d e p a rt
m ent. T he re p o rt of th e division of aliens is review ed in th is issue.
O h i o .— D e p a rtm e n t
of In d u s tria l R elations. D ivision of L a b o r S ta tistic s. R e
p o rt N o . 17 : U n io n sca le o f w ages a n d h o u rs o f labor i n O h io o n M a y 1 5
1 9 2 9 . C o lu m b u s , 1 9 2 9 . 45 PP-
T his p u b licatio n contain s d a ta g ath ered from 16 of th e p rin cip al cities of th e
S tate. T he ra te s of wages a n d w orking h o u rs are given for th e various o ccu p a
tions in th e bakery trad e s, building tra d e s, m e ta l trad es, p rin tin g trad es, a n d
m iscellaneous tra d e s a n d occupations.
-----------• R e p o r t N o . 1 8 : S ta tis tic s o f m in e s a n d q u a r r ie s i n O h io , 1 9 2 8 .
C o lu m b u s , 1 9 2 9 . 6 2 p p .
D a ta on wages an d hours of lab o r from th is p u b licatio n are given in th is issue.
of M ediation. A n n u a l re p o rt, f o r th e fis c a l y e a r e n d e d
U n i t e d S t a t e s .— B oard
J u n e 30, 1929.
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 9 .
48 pp.
R eview ed in th is issue.
------ B ureau of Efficiency.
to O ctober 3 1 , 1 9 2 9 .
A n n u a l re p o rt f o r the p e rio d f r o m N o v e m b e r 1, 1 9 2 8 ,
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 9 . 2 3 p p .
C overs, am ong o th e r th in g s, th e b u re a u ’s ac tiv itie s in reg ard to th e in tro d u c
tio n of labor-saving devices in several G o v ern m en t d e p a rtm e n ts or offices, th e
m a tte r of group life insurance for F ed eral em ployees, v a lu a tio n of th e proposed
re tire m e n t schem e for em ployees of th e P a n a m a C an al a n d of th e P a n a m a R a il
road Co., co ntinued w ork in reg ard to efficiency ra tin g s of G o v ern m en t em ployees
in general, salary survey of p ositions in th e F ed eral field services, etc.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[205]
205
206
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
U n i t e d S t a t e s .—
c u ltu re , 1 9 2 9 .
D e p a rtm e n t of A griculture.
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 9 .
R e p o r t o f the S e c r e ta r y o f A g r i
112 pp .
T he section on living sta n d a rd s on th e fa rm is rep ro d u ced ip th is issue of th e
L ab o r R eview .
-------------- T e c h n ic a l b u lle tin N o . 1 0 1 : A g r ic u ltu r a l s u r v e y o f E u r o p e : S w itz e r la n d ,
by A sh e r H obson.
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 9 .
6 4 PP-, U lu s.
C ontains a review of a g ric u ltu ra l conditions in S w itzerlan d . Since, how ever,
ag ricu ltu ral cooperation is a n o u tsta n d in g ch a ra c te ristic of Swiss ag ric u ltu re ,
m ore th a n half of th e re p o rt is d ev o ted to th e v arious phases of fa rm e rs’ cooper
a tio n ; th e d a ta are for th e m o st p a rt as of 1920.
------ D e p a rtm e n t of L abor. S e v e n te e n th a n n u a l re p o rt o f the S e c r e ta r y o f L a b o r ,
f o r th e fis c a l y e a r e n d ed J u n e SO, 1 9 2 9 .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 9 .
105 pp.
R eview ed in th is issue.
------ ------ B u reau of Im m ig ratio n .
1929.
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 9 .
A n n u a l re p o rt, fis c a l y e a r e n d ed J u n e SO,
280 pp.
-------------- B ureau of L ab o r S tatistics.
1929.
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 9 .
A n n u a l re p o rt, fis c a l y e a r e n d ed J u n e 3 0 ,
31 p p .
----------------------B u ll e ti n N o . 4 8 9 : C a re o f aged p e rso n s i n the U n ite d S ta te s .
in g to n , 1 9 2 9 .
W a sh
3 0 5 p p .; illu s .
P relim inary d a ta from th is re p o rt were given in various issues of th e 1929
L ab o r Review , as follows: M arch (pp. 1 a n d 12), A pril (pp. 1 a n d 7), M ay
(p. 92), Ju ly (p. 1), A u g u st (p. 10), a n d S ep tem b er (p. 1). T he p re se n t issue
contains a general review of th e findings of th is stu d y .
----------- ----------- B u ll e ti n N o . 4 9 7 : W a g e s a n d h o u r s o f la b o r i n th e lu m b e r i n d u s t r y
i n th e U n ite d S ta te s , 1 9 2 8 .
W a s h in g to n . 1 9 2 9 .
77 p p ,
T his re p o rt w as su m m arized in th e L ab o r R eview fo r D ecem ber, 1928 (p. 179).
----------------------- B u ll e ti n N o . 4 0 8 : W a g e s a n d h o u r s o f la b o r i n th e boot a n d shoe
i n d u s t r y 1 9 1 0 to 1 9 2 8 .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 9 . 9 5 p p .
S um m arized in th e L ab o r R eview for D ecem ber, 1928.
--------------B u reau of N a tu ra liz a tio n .
1929.
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 9 .
A n n u a l re p o rt, fis c a l y e a r e n d e d J u n e 3 0 ,
4 4 VP-
---------------------- N a t u r a l iz a ti o n , c itiz e n s h ip , a n d e x p a tr ia tio n la w s.
re g u la tio n s .
W a s h in g to n , J u l y 1, 1 9 2 9 .
116 pp.
N a t u r a l iz a ti o n
---------------C h ild ren ’s B u reau .
30, 1929.
S e v e n te e n th a n n u a l re p o rt, fis c a l y e a r e n d e d J u n e
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 9 . 5 3 p p .
------------- W om en’s Bureau.
1929.
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 9 .
E le v e n th a n n u a l re p o rt, fis c a l y e a r e n d e d J u n e 30 ,
27 pp.
T he rep o rts of th e v ario u s b u re a u s of th e D e p a rtm e n t of L ab o r fo r th e y ear
ended Ju n e 30, 1929, are covered in th e review of th e S e c re ta ry ’s re p o rt in th is
issue.
------ D e p a rtm e n t of th e In te rio r. B u reau of E d u c a tio n . B u ll e ti n 1 9 2 9 , N o . 2 1 :
I n d u s t r i a l e d u c a tio n , 1 9 2 6 - 1 9 2 8 , b y M a r i s M . P ro ffitt, s p e c ia lis t i n i n d u s t r i a l
e d u c a tio n .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 9 . 2 4 VP( A d v a n c e s h e e ts f r o m th e b i e n n i a l
s u r v e y o f e d u c a tio n i n th e U n ite d S ta te s , 1 9 2 6 - 1 9 2 8 .)
D a ta from th is re p o rt are p u b lish ed in th is issue.
O fficial— F oreign C o u n tries
A u s t r a l i a .— B u reau
of C en su s a n d S tatistics.
th e S ta te o f T a s m a n i a f o r th e y e a r 1 9 2 7 - 2 8 .
T asm a n ia B ranch.
H o b a r t, 1 9 2 9 .
S t a tis tic s o f
[ V a r io u s p a g in g .]
P a r t V c o n tain s figures show ing n u m b e r of v ario u s classes of land, w orkers, a n d
P a r t IX , d a ta on frien d ly societies.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[206]
PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR
207
E s t o n i a .— B u reau
C en tra l de S ta tistiq u e . A n n u a i r e de la s ta tis tiq u e ag rico le,
218 pp.
( T a b le s i n E s t o n ia n a n d F re n c h .)
T his yearbook co n tain s sta tistic a l in fo rm a tio n in re g a rd to a g ric u ltu re in
E sto n ia in 1928, includin g w ages of fa rm h ands.
1928.
T a l l in n , 1 9 2 9 .
G e r m a n y .— R eichsarbeitsm in isteriu m .
J a h r e s b e r ic h te der G e w e rb e a u fs ic h ts b e a m
te n u n d B erg b eh ö rd en f ü r d a s J a h r 1 9 2 8 . B e r lin , 1 9 2 9 . 8 vols.
C o n tain s a n n u a l re p o rts of in d u s tria l a n d m in in g in sp ectio n in v ario u s G erm an
S ta te s in 1928, including in d u stria l accid en ts, diseases, a n d s a n ita ry a n d o th e r
lab o r conditions in th e e stab lish m en ts of v ario u s in d u stries, m ining, etc.
------ S tatistisch es R eichsam t.
S ta tis tis c h e s J a h rb u c h f ü r d a s D e u tsc h e R e ic h , 1 9 2 9 .
[ V a r io u s p a g in g .] C h a rts.
B e r lin , 1 9 2 9 .
C o n tain s sta tistic a l in fo rm atio n in re g a rd to th e G erm an R ep u b lic fo r 1929,
including Avages, em ploy m en t, an d o th e r lab o r conditions.
In d u s tria l H e a lth R esearch B oard. R e p o r t N o . 5 7 : F u r th e r
e x p e r im e n ts o n th e u se o f s p e c ia l sp e c ta c le s i n v ery fin e p ro c e sse s, b y H . C.
W e s to n a n d S . A d a m s .
L ondon, 1929. 27 pp.
G r e a t B r i t a i n .—
T he beneficial effects of th e use of special eyeglasses in th e relief of e y e stra in
by persons engaged in very fine w ork h as been show n b y p rev io u s stu d ies carried
o u t b y th e R esearch B oard . T h e p re se n t stu d y shoivs th e fu rth e r im p ro v e m e n t
w hich ta k e s place w hen th e glasses proAÛde su itab le co rrectio n fo r th e s tra in on
th e m uscles of convergence a n d accom m odation. Of th e 28 w orkers u n d e T
o b serv atio n p ra c tic a lly all, even th o se Avith n o rm al vision, show ed a n im p ro v e
m e n t in efficiency.
G r e e c e .— M inistère
de l ’E conom ie N atio n ale. D irection du Service des M ines.
Inspection des M ines. S ta tis tiq u e de l ’in d u s tr ie m in ie r e de la Grèce p e n d a n t
V année 1928.
A th e n s , 1 9 2 9 .
1^8 p p .
T he an n u a l re p o rt of th e G reek m in e inspection service. D a ta on av erag e
daily w ages of m ining em ployees, ta k e n from th e rep o rt, are given in th is issue.
I t a l y ( M i l a n ) . — Ufficio del L avoro e della S ta tistic a .
A n n u a r i o sto r ic o -s ta tis tico , 1 9 2 4 e 1 9 2 5 .
M i l a n [n. d.]. [ V a r io u s p a g in g .]
T he 4 5th biennial volum e of sta tistic s issued by th e sta tistic a l office of M ilan.
A m ong th e tab les p resen ted are those relatin g to p o p u latio n , prices, w ages an d
lab o r, in surance, a n d cooperation.
N etherlands
( A m s t e r d a m ) . — B u reau A-an
G em een te A m s te r d a m , 1 9 2 8 .
F re n c h .)
S ta tistie k .
A m s te r d a m ,
1929.
S fl
S t a tis tis c h J a a r b o e k der
pp.
f i n D u tc h a n d
C o n tain s sta tistic a l in fo rm atio n in reg ard to th e city of A m sterd am , including
lab o r conditions.
P o l a n d .—
Office C en tral de S ta tistiq u e .
P o lo n a is e , 1 9 2 9 .
W a rsa w , 1929.
A n n u a i r e s ta tis tiq u e de la R é p u b liq u e
663 p p .
T he y earbook co n tain s sta tistic a l in fo rm atio n in re g a rd to th e R ep u b lic of
P oland in 1929, including social insurance, u n em p lo y m en t, a n d o th e r lab o r con
ditions.
R u m a n i a .—
M inisterul In d u strie! si C o m ertului. In s titu tu l de S ta tistic a
G enerala a S tatu lu i. S t a tis tic a M i n ie r a a R o m â n e ie i p e A n u l 1 9 2 8 . B u c h
a rest, 1 9 2 9 .
271 p p .
C ontains sta tistic a l in fo rm atio n in reg ard to th e m ining in d u stry , including
accidents in th e oil in d u s try , w hich a re sum m arized in th is issue.
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1207]
208
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
U n i o n o f S o u t h A f r i c a !-— Office
P re to r ia , 1 9 2 9 .
of C ensus a n d S ta tistic s.
O ffic ia l y e a r bool&!
1196 pp.
C h a p te r V of P a r t I deals w ith lab o r a n d in d u stria l conditions, such as w hite
an d n a tiv e lab o r a n d e m p lo y m en t, w ork of em p lo y m en t exchanges, la n d se ttle
m en t a n d colonization schem es, conciliation, la b o r organ izatio n s, ap p ren ticesh ip ,
lab o r legislation, etc. C e rta in d a ta from th is ch ap te r, on la b o r conditions and
on m in ers’ p hthisis, a re given in th is issue of th e L a b o r R e v i e w .
U n official
F o u n d r y m e n ’s A s s o c i a t i o n .
T r a n s a c tio n s , V o l. X X X V I I : P r o
ceed in g s o f th e t h ir ty - th ir d a n n u a l m e e tin g , C h ica g o , III., A p r i l 8 to 11, 1 9 2 9 .
C h ica g o , 1 9 2 9 . 751 p p .; d ia g r a m s , U lu s.
A m er ic a n
Included in th e su b jects discussed by speakers a t these sessions were th e tr a in
ing of ap p ren tices a n d th e tra in in g of forem en.
B u r t t , H arold E r n e s t .
A p p le t o n & C o., 1 9 2 9 .
P sy c h o lo g y a n d i n d u s t r i a l e fficien cy.
3 9 5 p p .; d ia g r a m s .
N ew
Y ork, D.
T he a u th o r holds t h a t psychology is d estin ed to p lay a n increasingly im p o rta n t
p a r t in m aking th e w orld a b e tte r place b y aid in g n o t only in g e ttin g th e rig h t
person on th e rig h t jo b b u t enab lin g him to do t h a t jo b in th e m o st effective w ay.
B.
G r u n d r is s der
S p r in g e r , 1 9 2 9 . 3 9 8 p p .
C h a jes,
B e r u fs k u n d e
und
B e r u fs h y g ie n e .
B e r lin ,
J u liu s
C ontains a n outline of occu p atio n s a n d o ccu p atio n al hygiene in G erm any.
A b s tr a c t o f P u b lic a tio n N o . 3: A
su r v e y o f s ta tis tic a l d a ta o n m e d ic a l f a c i l it i e s i n the U n ite d S ta te s , b y A lt o n
P eeb les.
W a s h in g to n , 9 1 0 S e v e n te e n th S tr e e t N W ., 1 9 2 9 . 14 p p .
C o m m it t e e o n t h e C ost o f M e d ic a l C a r e .
T his re p o rt shows th e a p p ro x im a te n u m b e r of physicians, d en tists, nurses, a n d
o th er groups d irectly or in d ire c tly engaged in th e care of h e a lth in th e U n ite d
States, as well as th e ca p a c ity of th e various ty p e s of h ospitals, a n d th e n u m b er
of clinics, h e a lth centers, a n d o th e r in stitu tio n s m a in ta in e d by p ublic a n d p riv a te
organizations. T he s tu d y show s th e u n eq u al d istrib u tio n of phy sician s th ro u g h
o u t th e c o u n try a n d th e grow ing te n d en c y am ong th e m to locate in th e larg er
cities.
E d e n , S ir F r e d e r ic
M orton.
T h e sta te o f the poor: A h is to r y o f the la b o rin g
cla sses i n E n g la n d , w ith p a r o c h ia l re p o rts.
(A b r id g e d a n d e d ite d b y A . G. L .
R o g ers.)
L o n d o n , George R o u tle d g e & S o n s { L td .) , 1 9 2 8 . 3 8 3 p p .
T h e s ta tis tic a l m e th o d i n e c o n o m ic s a n d p o litic a l scien ce:
A tre a tise o n th e q u a n tita tiv e a n d i n s t it u t io n a l a p p r o a c h to so c ia l a n d in d u s t r i a l
p ro b le m s.
N e w Y o r k , H a r c o u r t B ra c e & C o., 1 9 2 9 . 521 p p .
F lorence, P. Sargant.
L ’in d u s t r i e des r u b a n s de so ie e n F ra n c e.
d u R e c u e il S i r e y , 1 9 2 9 . 2 9 6 p p .; c h a rts.
G u itt o n , H e n r i.
P a r is ,
L ib r a ir ie
A s tu d y of th e silk -rib b o n in d u s try of S t.-E tie n n e a n d its vicin ity , w hich is th e
cen te r of th is in d u s try in F ran ce. T he p a rtic u la rs of th e tech n ical, econom ic,
a n d social o rganizatio n of th e rib b o n in d u stry are covered an d th e conditions of
its fu tu re d evelopm en t discussed.
H ubert, R ené,
et L e pr o u s t , R e n é .
a p p lic a tio n (5 a v ril 1 9 2 9 — 5 fé v r ie r
2 U pp.
L e s a s s u ra n c e s so cia les. I : L a m is e en
1 9 3 0 ).
P a r is , L ib r a ir ie D a llo z, 1 9 2 9 .
T he com plex provisions of th e F ren ch social insurance law of A pril 5, 1928,
a n d th e a d m in istra tiv e reg u latio n s of M arch 30, 1929, are co o rd in ated an d
in te rp re te d in th is tre a tise .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[208]
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PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR
A n e x p e r im e n ta l in v e s tig a tio n o f rest p a u s e s .
8 4 p p .; c h a rts.
(A r c h iv e s o f P sy c h o lo g y , N o . 9 0 .)
N e w York,
M anzer, C harles W .
1927.
T he effect of re st;p au se s u p o n m u scu lar w ork w as th e su b je c t of experim ents
in w hich th e persons assisting carried o u t c ertain rh y th m ic a l m u scu lar m ovem ents.
T he resu lts seem ed to show t h a t w ork w ith tire d m uscles is w asteful of m u scu lar
energy an d t h a t short, fre q u e n t rests in th e k in d s of w ork stu d ie d m ad e for
g reater efficiency in m u scu lar w ork th a n did long, in fre q u e n t rests.
C. A n c i e n t c a r p e n te r s ’ tools.
H is to r ic a l S o c ie ty , 1 9 2 9 . 3 2 8 p p ., ill u s .
M ercer, H enry
D o y le s to w n , P a ., B u c k s C o u n ty
T his book is a description a n d discussion of th e c a rp e n te r’s tools as w ell as those
of th e lu m berm an, joiner, a n d cab in e tm ak er, w hich were in use in th e eig h teen th
c en tu ry . M ost of th e specim ens w ere collected in th e U n ited S ta te s, chiefly in
P ennsylvania, b u t th e y re p re se n t “ long-existing ty p e s of w orld-w ide use, b ro u g h t
th ith e r by th e colonists.” In fa c t, according to th e a u th o r, “ a large p ro p o rtio n
* * * h av e rem ained unch an g ed in c o n stru ctio n since R o m an tim es. T h ere
fore, th e y are of fa r m ore ex ten d e d in d u s tria l in te re st th a n th e w oodw orking
m achines of to -d ay , w hich, d esp ite th e ir econom ic im p o rtan ce, h av e a t m o st
only been w ith us for a b o u t a h u n d re d y e a rs.”
P u b lic e d u c a tio n a s a ffe c tin g
N e w Y o r k , 2 4 7 P a r k A v e n u e , 1 9 2 9 . 61 p p .
N a t i o n a l I n d u s t r i a l C o n f e r e n c e B o a r d ( I n c .) .
th e a d ju s tm e n t o f y o u th to life .
T h e m a jo r su b jects discussed in th is volum e are : T h e d ev elo p m en t of p ublic
ed u cation a n d its v ita l issues, th e criticism s a n d accom plishm ents of pu b lic e d u
cation m ethods, proposals fo r research, a n d th e o rg an izatio n of research in to
problem s of ed u catio n al a d ju stm e n t.
P atterson,
S. H
oward.
B o o k Co. ( I n c .) , 1 9 2 9 .
S o c ia l a sp e c ts o f i n d u s t r y .
5 3 9 p p .; ch a rts.
N ew
Y o r k , M c G r a w - H ill
In te n d e d as “ an in tro d u c to ry survey of a n u m b er of social pro b lem s of in d u s
tr y ,” including social u n rest, im m ig ratio n a n d th e su p p ly of labor, w age theories
an d th e course of real wages, sta n d a rd s of living, lab o r legislation, collective
bargaining a n d lab o r organizations, p ersonnel a d m in istra tio n , p ro fit sharing,
cooperation, etc.
W h arto n School of F in an ce a n d Com m erce.
In d u s tria l R esearch D e p a rtm e n t. R e s e a r c h s tu d ie s V : A n e x a m in a tio n o f
P e n n s y l v a n ia , U n iv e r s it y o f .
e a r n in g s i n c e r ta in s ta n d a r d m a c h in e -to o l o c c u p a tio n s
H . L a r u e F r a in .
P h ila d e lp h ia , 1 9 2 9 . 8 5 p p .
in
P h ila d e lp h ia
by
An exam ination of earnings in seven standard m achine-tool occupations in
Philadelphia to determine the relation of certain variable factors to wages.
The data on the subject of the relation of length of service to wages, brought
out by this study, were given in the M onthly Labor Review for October, 1929
pp. 17-25.
P h ila d e l ph ia
C hamber
of
C ommerce.
S u b co m m ittee to In d u s tria l R e la
tions C om m ittee.
R e p o r t: P r o g r a m f o r th e r e g u la r iz a tio n o f e m p lo y m e n t a n d
th e decrea se o f u n e m p lo y m e n t i n P h ila d e lp h ia .
[ P h ila d e lp h ia , 1929.] 40 p p .
W il l ia m M a r t in .
V o c a tio n s : T h e w o rld ’s w o rk
B o sto n , H o u g h to n , M i f f l i n C o., 1 9 2 9 . 3 8 2 p p ., illu s .
P roctor,
and
i ts
w o rk e rs.
T h e g re a te r p a r t of th is volum e is d ev o ted to descriptions of v arious callings
by w hich th e gainfully occupied w orkers in th e U n ited S ta te s e arn th e ir living.
T he m a terial has been p re p a re d w ith a view to assisting yo u n g persons in th e
choice of a fife career. T h e book is a d a p te d to th e needs of te ac h ers of lifecareer, v o catio n al civics, or v o catio n al classes.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[200 ]
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
R e g io n a l P l a n o f N e w Y o r k and
its
R e g io n a l su r v e y , V o l. V I I :
N e w Y o r k , 19 2 9 . 3 6 3 p p .; p la n s ,
E n v ir o n s.
N e ig h b o rh o o d a n d c o m m u n i t y p la n n in g .
d ia g r a m s , U lu s.
T his re p o rt contain s m onographs dealing w ith th e neighborhood u n it, su n lig h t
an d d a y lig h t for u rb an areas, a n d problem s of plan n in g u n b u ilt areas.
R ussell
S age
L ib rary . B u ll e ti n N o . 9 7 : C o o p era tive h o u s in g
N e w Y o r k , 1 3 0 E a s t T w e n ty -s e c o n d S tre e t, 1 9 2 9 . J) p p .
F o u n d a tio n .
(,s u p p l e m e n ta r y lis t) .
B ibliography on co o p erativ e housing su p p lem en tin g a form er one published as
B ulletin No. 73.
J oseph L yons.
B u s in e s s sta tis tic s : A book o f cases a n d
N e w Y o r k , M c G r a w - H il l B o o k Co. { I n c .) , 1 9 2 9 . 5 2 4 p p .; ch a rts.
m a te r ia ls .
Sn id e r ,
Includes ch ap te rs on prices of com m odities a n d cost of liv in g , a n d c o n stru ctio n
of index num bers.
S o c i e t y . S c ie n t if i c m a n a g e m e n t i n A m e r i c a n
H a r p e r & B r o s ., 1 9 2 9 .
J 79 p p .; d ia g r a m s , illu s .
T aylor
T okyo C ham ber of C om m erce and I n d u stry .
T okyo, 1929.
in d u s tr y .
N ew
Y ork,
A n n u a l s ta tis tic a l re p o rt, 1 9 2 8 .
238 pp.
In a d d itio n to in d u strial, com m ercial, a n d financial sta tistic s, re ta il a n d w hole
sale prices an d wages fo r th e city of T okyo, th is volum e includes c e rta in sta tistic s *
concerning th e econom ic conditions in th e E m p ire as a whole.
D e b a t e r s ’ A n n u a l . C o n stru c tiv e a n d r e b u tta l sp eech es d e liv ere d
i n d ebates o f A m e r i c a n colleges d u r in g the college y ea r, 1 9 2 8 - 2 9 .
N ew Y ork,
I I . W . W i ls o n C o., 1 9 2 9 . J d J p p .
U n iv e r s it y
D ebates included th e su b jects of w om en in in d u stry a n d in sta llm e n t buying.
V o ca tio n a l S e r v ic e f o r J u n io r s
tem b er, 1 9 2 3 - S e p te m b e r , 1 9 2 8 .
(N ew Y ork
C it y ).
N e w Y o r k , [1928?].
W a l t e r s , S ir
F iv e y e a r re p o rt, S e p
60 pp .
J. T u d o r .
T h e b u ild in g o f tw elve th o u s a n d
E r n e s t B e n n { L td .) , 1 9 2 7 . 3 8 , x c v iii p p .; p la n s , U lu s.
h o u se s.
London,
An acco u n t of th e co n stru ctio n of 12,000 houses for w orkers, by a cooperative
organization of large E nglish em ployers. In clu d es 97 floor p lan s of th e houses,
as well as p lates show ing th e la y o u t of th e several com m unities b u ilt.
T h e o r y o f the lo c a tio n o f in d u s tr ie s .
C h ica g o , U n iv e r s ity o f
C h ica g o P r e s s , 1 9 2 9 . 2 5 6 p p .; c h a rts.
{E n g lis h e d itio n , w ith in tr o d u c tio n
a n d n o tes b y C a rl J o a c h i m F r ie d r ic h .)
W eber, Alfred.
A nalysis of th e facto rs involved in th e locatio n of in d u stries. C o n tain s a
c h ap te r on " L a b o r O rie n ta tio n ,” including a n analysis of lab o r costs a n d of
th e law of lab o r o rie n ta tio n .
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o
[210 ]
@FedFRASER