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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C E R T IF IC A T E .
This publication is issued p u rsu an t to the
provisions of the sundry civil a c t (41 S tats.
1430), approved M arch 4, 1921.
A D D IT IO N A L C O P IE S
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
15 C EN TS P E R C O PY
S u b s c r ip t io n P r i c e , $1.50 P e r Y e a r
PURCHASER AGREES NOT TO RESELL OR DISTRIBUTE THIS
COPY FOR PROFIT.— PUB. RES. 57, APPROVED MAY 11, 1922
Contents.
Special articles:
Page
A century of im m igration________________________________________ 1-19
“ Fainily-w age” system in Germany and certain other European
countries, by M ary T. W aggaman, of the U. S. Bureau of Labor
S tatistics______________________________________________________ 20-29
In dustrial relations and labor conditions:
E leventh annual report of th e Secretary of L abor__________________ 30-32
Georgia— Negro m igration_______________________________________ 32-35
Prices and cost of living:
R etail prices of food in the U nited S tates_________________________ 36-57
Retail prices of coal in the U nited S tates_________________________ 58-60
Index num bers of wholesale prices in November, 1923_____________
61
Comparison of retail price changes in the U nited States and foreign
countries_____________________________________________________ 62-64
Philippine Islands—Wholesale prices of staple products and retail
prices of food in M anila, 1918 to 1922___________________________ 65, 66
Cost of living in foreign countries________________________________ 67-76
Wages and hours of labor:
Wages and hours of labor in sawmills, 1923_______________________ 77-80
Trend of prices of building m aterial, building wage rates, and cost
of living, 1913 to 1923________________________________________ 81,82
Austria— Wages in September, 1923_______________________________ 83-85
G reat B ritain— Com parative real wages in London and certain other
capital cities, 1914 and 1923___________________________________ 85-89
Poland— Vacations with p ay ______________________________________ 89-90
Tasm ania— Rates of wages and hours of labor, 1922-23____________
91
Productivity of labor:
Coal production in th e U nited States per man per day in 1919, 1920,
and 1921--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92-95
G reat B ritain— O utput and production costs in coal mines, second
quarter of 1923__________________________________________
95
Child la b o r:
Connecticut— Child labor brief of Consumers’ League_____________ 96, 97
M assachusetts— Study of newsboys in Springfield_________________ 97 , 98
Labor agreem ents, awards, and decisions:
The arbitration in the newspaper industry— M ilwaukee____________ 99-110
S treet railways— Boston_______________________________________ 110-113
Employment and unem ploym ent:
E m ploym ent in selected industries in November, 1923___________ 114-121
E m ploym ent and earnings of railroad employees, October, 1922 and
Septem ber and October, 1923________________________________ 122-123
Irregularity of em ploym ent in the coal industry_________________ 123-129
E xtent of operation of bitum inous coal mines, October 20 to Novem
ber 17, 1923_________________________________
130
R ecent em ploym ent statistics—
M assachusetts____________________________________________ 130,131
Ohio-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------131
Wisconsin________________________________________________ 13 1 , 132
G erm any—
Decree on raising of funds for unem ploym ent relief____________
133
D evelopm ent of industry, 1913 to 1922_____________________ 134-139
Russia— U nem ploym ent_________________________________________
139
South Africa—Shortage of native labor_________________________ 139,140
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in
IV
C O N T E N T S.
H ousing:
Page.
Standards for building trades apprenticeships--------------------------------141
Sweden—Housing situation in G oteborg---------------------------------------141
Industrial accidents and hygiene:
Conference on industrial accident rate s called by U nited States
D epartm ent of L ab o r_____________________________________ •_ 142-144
Record of industrial accidents in th e U nited States for th e year 1922,
by Carl H ookstadt, of th e U. S. Bureau of Labor S tatistics_____ 145-148
Coke-oven accidents in th e U nited States during 1922----------------- 148, 149
Accidents on steam railroads in the U nited States in 1922__________
150
Decline in tuberculosis death ra te ---------------------------------------------- 154-156
H ealth conditions among chemical workers, w ith respect to earnings.
W orkmen’s com pensation and social insurance:
Group-insurance plan of th e Southern Pacific Co---------------------------157
Recent w orkm en’s com pensation reports—
M assachusetts____________________________________________ 158, 159
South D ak o ta______________________________________________
159
Franco-Belgian and Franco-Luxem burg conventions relating to
social insurance_____________________________________________ 159-161
Labor laws and court decisions:
Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1922--------------------162
Laws providing for bureaus of labor statistics, e tc ---------------- _— 162, 163
Violations of injunctions in labor disputes---------------------------------- 163, 164
Conspiracy to interfere w ith interstate commerce___________ ____164, 165
Ohio— “ Lawful requirem ent” provision of S tate C onstitution____ 165-167
Strikes and lockouts:
Philippine Islands— Strikes in 1922----------------------------------------------168
Czechoslovakia— Settlem ent of national coal strik e______________ 168, 169
Cooperation:
W estern W ashington— Cooperative shingle m ills_______________ 170-178
Conciliation and arbitration:
Conciliation work of the D epartm ent of Labor in November, 1923,
by H ugh L. Kerwin, D irector of Conciliation_________________ 179-181
Im m igration:
Statistics of im m igration for October, 1923, by W. W. H usband,
Commissioner General of Im m igration________________________ 182-186
Im m igrant aid— National, nongovernm ental activities, by M ary T.
W aggaman, of th e U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics___________ 187-199
Mexico— Restriction on im m igration____________________________ 192, 200
Spain— E m igration statistics_____________________________________
200
What State labor bureaus are doing:
Florida_________________________________________________________
201
L ouisiana________________
201
M assachusetts________________________________________________ 201, 202
New Y ork____________________________________________________ 202, 203
Current notes of interest to labor:
G reat B ritain— M iners’ Welfare F u n d ____________________________
204
Italy — New educational and recreational m ovem ent for w orkers-----205
Japan— Chinese labor on reconstruction w ork-------------------------------205
Norway— Industrial standardization______________________________
205
Publications relating to la b o r:
Official— U nited S tates________________________________________ 206-208
Official— Foreign countries-------------------------------------------------------- 208-210
Unofficial______________________________________________________ 211-215
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
v o l . x v iii, n o .
i.
WASHINGTON
J a n u a r y , 1924 ,
A Century of immigration.
[F ro m E le v en th A n n ual R ep o rt of th e S ecretary of L abor fo r th e fiscal y e a r ended Ju n e
30, 1 923.]
NE of the prime factors in the molding of civilization since the
days when the first prehistoric man preempted for his dwell
ing the cave of the bear that he had killed has been the migra
tion of peoples. Throughout the ages, wherever a given race or people
lias set up a strong, prosperous, comfortable state of life there have
flocked the throngs of less advanced races seeking the ease of the
better civilization. There is no instance in all history since the
Goths, starving and in danger of extinction by their enemies, suc
ceeded in begging their way into the Roman Empire which does
not demonstrate that soon or late the immigrant people overthrows
the older civilization. This has not been accomplished by force or
by armed invasion. In almost every instance great civilizations have
perished through peaceful penetration of aliens who were admitted
to do the work of the community. In some cases they drifted in as
free labor, many entered as slaves, or as soldiery in the employ of the
higher civilization. In every case, however, these migrations have
resulted in the overthrow of the higher civilization by the infiltrat
ing aliens.
But few of these migrations of the past have been characterized
by great movements of population in short periods of time. Only
some 200,000 Goths were in the original group which the Emperor
Valens accepted as residents of Italy. There lias never been in the
history of all mankind a like movement of peoples of the magnitude
of the tide of immigration which has come to the United States
during the last century and a half.
The importance of the movement of aliens from all parts of the
world to the United States has impressed itself more upon the
American people in the last two years than at any previous period.
This country is the most extensive immigrant-receiving country in
the world. During some years we have received more aliens than
have all other countries combined. There was no Federal legislation
on the subject prior to 1820. Since that year, or in a little over a
century, we have received approximately 35,000,000 immigrants, who
have come from all parts of the globe. Nearly 10,000,000 of these
arrived during the past 15 years.
There has been considerable ebb and flow in the tide of immigra
tion in the century since we first began to count the numbers. Dur
ing the first year following the enactment of the law of 1820, 8,385
[l]
1
O
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2
m onthly
labor
r e v ie w
.
arrived. Of these, 6,024 came from the United Kingdom, 968 from
Germany, and 475 from other countries of northern and western
Europe.
Recently I had prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of this
department a number of tables and charts concisely and graphically
portraying the story of immigration to the United States during
the century just past. These tables and charts will be found at
pages 7 to 19 of this report. They constitute an interesting study
and are worthy of careful perusal.
It appears from these compilations that the number of immigrants
did not reach 100,000 in any one year until 1842, when 104,565 were
received, of whom 99,666 were from northern and western Europe.
This number included 73,347 from the United Kingdom, constituting
70.1 per cent of all immigration of that year. The next year (1843)
the number dropped to 52,496, but it then increased year by year to
427,833, in 1854. This wave of immigration brought 272,740 from the
United Kingdom in 1851 and 215,009 from Germany in 1854. In
1851, 368,565, or 97.2 per cent of all the 379,466 immigrants arriving,
came from northern and western Europe, and of these 345,222 were
from the United Kingdom and Germany. In 1854, out of the 427,833
immigrants 402,554, or 94.2 per cent, were from northern and western
Europe.
Immigration for 1855 was less than half of that of 1854, being only
200,877. From 1855 to 1864 the amount of immigration was small,
getting down to 91,918 in 1861, of which number 43,472, or 47.3 per
cent, came from the United Kingdom and 31,661, or 34.4 per cent,
came from Germany.
In 1865 another wave of immigration began to roll in which
reached a crest of 459,803 in 1873, with 166,844, or 36.3 per cent, com
ing from the United Kingdom and 149,671, or 32.6 per cent, coming
from Germany; 374,898, or 81.6 per cent, came from all of northern
and western Europe as a whole. The recession of the wave went
back to only 138,469 in 1878. This second wave brought in an ele
ment up to that time of no numerical importance—the immigration
from southern and eastern Europe. Not until 1871 did all of
the southern and eastern European countries together ^furnish as
many as 10,000 immigrants in any one year. In 1874 this new class
of immigrants numbered 24,584.
Another wave of immigration started in 1880 and reached a height
of 788,992 in 1882, with 563,213 coming from northern and western
Europe and 84,973 coming from southern and eastern Europe.
In 1886 immigration dropped to 334,203. In the next seven years,
1887 to 1893, it varied from a little above to a little below 500,000
each year, but changes were taking place in the class of immigrants
coming. In 1888 out of 546,889 immigrants 397,123, or 72.6 per
cent, were from northern and western Europe, and 141,281, or 25.8
per cent, from southern and eastern Europe. In 1892 out of 579,663
immigrants 300,792, or 51.9 per cent, were from northern and western
Europe and 270,084, or 46.6 per cent, from southern and eastern
Europe.
From 1894 to 1901 immigration was under 500,000 each year. The
year 1896 is important, however, in the story of immigration, be
cause in 1896 for the first time southern and eastern Europe fur-
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12]
A C E N T U R Y OF IM M IG R A T IO N .
3
nished more immigrants than northern and western Europe, 195,684
coming in that year from southern and eastern Europe and only
137,522 from northern and western Europe.
In 1901 out of 487,918 immigrants the northern and western
European immigration was down to 115,728, or 23.7 per cent of the
total, while the southern and eastern European immigration num
bered 359,291, or 73.6 per cent of the total. Each year from 1896
on southern and eastern Europe has produced more immigration
than northern and western Europe, save 1919, when fewer than 25,000
immigrants came from all Europe, and 1923, when the per cent
limit act was in effect.
In 1902 immigration went above the 500,000 mark and in 1907
it^reached the highest point in any year, 1,285,349, of which number
979,661,^ or 76.2 per cent, were from southern and eastern Europe
and 22^,958, or only 17.7 per cent, from northern and western
Europe. In each of the years 1905, 1906, 1907, 1910, 1913, and 1914
immigration was above 1,000,000 and did not drop below 750,000 in
any intervening year. The year 1914 saw the second highest point
in immigration, when the number coming was 1,218,480, of which
915,007, or 75.1 per cent, were from southern and eastern Europe
ami only 165,100, or 13.6 per cent, from northern and western Europe.
The World War reduced immigration from Europe to small numbers. The year 1917, however, brought in 105,399 immigrants from
British North America and 42,380 from Mexico, Central and South
America, and the West Indies.
The year 1920 started a new tide of immigration from Europe.
The total immigration that year reached 430,001, with 162,595, or
37.7 per cent, from southern and eastern Europe and 88,773, or
20.7 pei cent, from northern and western Europe, with the countries
of North and South America furnishing nearly all of the remainder.
The next year, 1921, brought 805,228 immigrants, including 520,654, or 64.7 per cent, from southern and eastern Europe, and 143,445,
or 17.8 per cent, from northern and western Europe. America, with
her five millions of unemployed in 1921, could not stand this oncom
ing flood of immigrants, which could only swell the number of un
employed, and the 3 per cent limit act was passed, going into
effect June 3,1921. This law, still in effect, applies mainly to Europe
but covers also Africa and northern Asia. The oriental countries-—
China, Japan, India, and others of southeastern Asia—remained as
they were under previous laws and treaties, and no numerical limi
tation was placed on immigration from our sister countries in
America.
The per cent limit act restricts the admission of aliens in any
year to 3 per cent of the number of foreign-born persons of such
nationality residing in the United States, as shown by the census of
In 1922 immigration numbered 309,556, with 138,541, or 44.8 per
cent, from southern and eastern Europe and 79,842 from northern
and western Europe. The year recently closed, ending with June,
1923, brought- 522,919 immigrants, with 156,879, or 30 per cent, from
northern and western Europe and 153,224, or 29.3 per cent, from
southern and eastern Europe, 117,011, or 22.4 per cent, from British
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[3]
4
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
America, and 82,961, or 15.9 per cent, from the southern American
countries, Mexico, Central and South America, and the West Indies.
I will not attempt to discuss the economic forces at work in Europe
and America which caused these waves of immigration during the
century—wars, political changes, economic changes, good times, and
hard times.
Attention is invited to the racial elements of immigration. The
figures quoted apply to the countries from which immigrants came.
Broadly speaking, the country of origin indicates the race and also
the birth, but there are notable exceptions.
The Hebrews are a race without a country, and so for years were
the Poles. The race element in immigration has been so important
that statistics as to the race of the immigrant were gathered in 1899
and have since been continued.
In the 25 years, 1899 to 1923, 16,929,187 immigrants came into the
United States, distributed by race groups as follows:
Races.
N um ber.
N orthern and western European races, including C an a d ia n s.....................................
F astern a n d southern European races, including H e b re w s.............................................
Southern A merican races_________ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
O riental races
....................................................................................................................
O ther peoples
........................................................................... ..........................................
4,861,419
11,081,057
500,413
323,592
162, 709
P er cent.
28.7
65.5
2.9
1.9
1.0
The races numbering above 300,000 immigrants each in the 25-year
period are:
N um ber.
Races.
English
........................................................................................................................
French
.................................................................................................................................
German
..............................................................................................................................
Irish
..................................................................................................................................
Scandinavian
....................................................................................................................
Scotch
..........................................................................................................................
Grnatian and Slovenian..............................................................................................................
Greek..............................................................................................................................
H ehrew
.................................................................................................................................
Tfahan
............. ..................................................................................................................
Magyar
..............................................................................................................................
Polish ...........................................................................................................................................
Slovak .
..................................................................................................................................
Mexican
..................................................................................................................................
973, 720
366,612
1,220, 987
766,398
915,330
379, 845
481, 242
495,211
1, 787, 886
3, 761, 777
484,585
1,464,003
531,388
359,417
Per cent.
5.8
2.2
7.2
4.5
5.4
2.2
2.8
2.9
10.6
22.2
2.9
8.6
3.1
2.1
The total in this 25-year period for the four oriental races—
Chinese, East Indian, Japanese, and Korean—was 323,592, or 1.9 per
cent of all immigration in the period.
Summarizing, there have been five fairly well defined waves of
immigration. The first, mainly British but also largely German,
reached its height in 1851 to 1854. The second wave, with a broad
and jagged crest, extended roughly between 1865 and 1875 and
was composed mainly of British and German immigration with a
little Scandinavian. The third wave, reaching its crest in 1882 but
also high in 1888 and 1892, was composed mainly of British and
German immigration, with quite a proportion of Scandinavian,
and, for the first time of any importance, of people from Italy, Aus-
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[4]
A C E N T U R Y OF IM M IG R A T IO N .
5
tria-Hungary, Russia, Poland, and oilier countries of south and east
Europe. Russia and Poland include many immigrants of the He
brew race. The fourth wave, also with a broad and ragged crest,
extends roughly from 1903 to 1914, with a few immigrants from
northern Europe entirely submerged in the total inflow from Italy,
Austria-Hungary, and Russia. The fiscal year ended June 30, 1921,
started a fifth wave of immigration that undoubtedly would have
been a completely overwhelming flood but for the percentage limit
act of 1921.
The classification of an alien as immigrant or emigrant depends
on his declared intent when he enters or leaves the country. That
immigrants do not always stay is shown by Table 4. From 1908 to
1923, 9,949,740 immigrant aliens came and 3,498,185 emigrant aliens
left the United States, making 35 per cent as many leaving as came
in the 16-year period. It should be observed that this period covers
pre-war time, war time, and post-war time.
The Hebrews, above all other races, come to stay; only 5 per cent
as many left as came. The Chinese occupy the other extreme; 10,914
more left than came.
The largest racial group in the table is that of the south Italians.
In this group there were 60 per cent as many emigrants as immi
grants in the period. The table shows that, as a whole, the northern
and western European races come to stay to a far greater extent
than do the southern and eastern European races.
The number of aliens deported and debarred from 1899 to 1922 is
shown in Table 5.
The statistics are presented in five tables and five charts.
Table 1 shows the immigration each year from 1820 to 1923 by
country of origin.
Table 2 shows, by years, from 182'0 to 1923, the total immigration,
and group totals for northern and western Europe, for southern and
eastern Europe, and for all other countries combined, together with
the percentage of immigrants falling each year within each of these
three groups.
Table 3 shows, by years, from 1899 to 1923, the immigrants of each
race, together with race group totals, following closely the classifica
tion used in Table 2. In studying these tables’ it must be borne in
mind that the country of origin—that is, the country from which the
immigrant comes—does not always indicate his race, nor does the race
of the immigrant always indicate the country from which the immi
grant comes. Figures are not available earlier than 1899.
Table 4 shows by race the immigration and emigration in the
period 1908 to 1923, inclusive.
Table 5 gives by race, from 1899 to 1922, the alien immigrants
admitted, and shows in comparison the aliens debarred and the
aliens deported. The aliens debarred are divided in two groups—
those debarred for physical, mental, or moral reasons, and those
debarred for all other reasons.
Chart 1 is drawn from Table 2 and shows the change year by year
from 1820 to 1923 in the total immigration, and the immigration from
the two principal regions, northern and western Europe and southern
and eastern Europe. In this chart the figures given in Table 2 have
been adjusted to show equivalent figures for a full year more or less
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[5]
6
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
than a year’s figures appeared in the table, and also adjusted to
distribute the immigrants of unknown country of origin under the
three known groups in proportion to the numbers reported for such
groups.
Chart 2 is drawn from Table 1 and shows the immigration year
by year from 1820 to 1928 coming from 10 of the principal countries.
In this chart no adjustment has been undertaken to distribute the
immigrants of unknown country of origin.
Chart 3 shows by years from 1899 to 1923 the extent of immigration
of all races combined, and for two groups, the first group constitut
ing the people of northern and western Europe and the second the
people of the southern and eastern European region.
Chart 4 is similar in form to Chart 2. It shows the immigrants
of the 10 principal races coming year by year from 1899 to 1923.
Chart 5 illustrates the nativity change in the population of New
England during the past half century. The chart shows for Con
necticut the growth of the population as a whole between 1870 and
1920, and the percentage of native and foreign born elements in each
of the two years.
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#
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A C E N T U R Y OF IM M IG R A T IO N ,
T able 2 .—IM M IG R A T IO N TO T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S FR O M N O R T H E R N A N D W E S T E R N
E U R O P E , S O U T H E R N AN D E A S T E R N E U R O P E , AN D O T H E R C O U N T R IE S , 1820 TO
1923.
[Figures for 1820 to 1910 are from R eport of Im m igration Commission, vol. 1, p. 66, a n d for 1911 to 1923 from
reports of Commissioner General of Im m igration. For 1820 to 1867 the figures are for alien passengers
arriving, for 1868 to 1903 for im m igrants arriving, for 1904 to 1906 for aliens a dm itted, a nd for 1907 to 1923
for im m ig ran t aliens ad m itted . In using these figures allowance should be m ade for “ Countries not
specified.” A slight revision has been m ade in th e im m igration figures in regard to M alta. Following
th e commission classification “ O ther E u ro p e” has been counted as “ O ther no rth ern a n d w estern
E u ro p e.” ]
N um ber from—
Total
num ber
Y ear ending— of
im m i
grants.
Europe.
South
N orth
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w estern.2 eastern.3
Total.
Per c e n t1 from—
O ther
speci
fied
coun
tries.
Europe.
O ther
Coun
tries
speci
fied
not N orth South
speci ern and ern and Total. coun
fied.
west eastern.3
tries.
ern .2
Sept. 30, 1820..
Sept. 30,1921..
Sept. 30, 1822..
Sept. 30, 1823..
Sept. 30,1824..
Sept. 30, 1825..
Sept. 30, 1826..
Sept. 30, 1827..
Sept. 30, 1828..
Sept. 30, 1829..
Sept. 30, 1830..
8,385
9,127
6,911
6,354
7,912
10,199
10, 837
18, 875
27,382
22, 520
23,322
7,467
5,656
4,186
3,726
4,530
8,170
9,232
16,241
24,451
12,286
7,174
224
280
232
290
435
373
519
478
278
237
43
7,691
5,936
4,418
4,016
4,965
8,543
9,751
16, 719
24,729
12, 523
7,217
301
393
305 2,886
379 2.114
382 1,956
560 2,387
808
818
832
254
585 1,571
2,099
554
3,302 6,695
2,298 13,807
92.4
90.6
87.3
84.7
82.0
87.0
87.2
93.9
91.1
77.6
75.4
2.8
4.5
4.8
6.6
7.9
4.0
4.9
2.8
1.0
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95.1
95.1
92.1
91.3
89.9
91.0
92.1
96.6
92.1
79.1
75.8
4.9
4.9
7.9
8.7
10.1
9.0
7.9
3.4
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24.2
Sept. 30,1831..
Dec. 31,1832 A
Dec. 31, 1833..
Dec. 31, 1834..
Dec. 31, 1835..
Dec. 31, 1836..
Dec. 31, 1837..
Dec. 31, 1838..
Dec. 31, 1839..
Dec. 31, 1840..
22,633
60,482
58,640
65,365
45,374
76,242
79,340
38,914
68,069
84,066
12,973
33,990
26,096
57,184
41,645
70,053
70,634
33,699
63, 533
79,932
66
203
3,015
326
342
412
405
371
615
194
1.3,039
34,193
29, 111
57, 510
41,987
70,465
71,039
34,070
64,148
80,126
2,197 7,397
2,877 23,412
3,286 26,243
2,786 5,069
3,343
44
831
4,946
3,641 4,660
3,001 1,843
3,627
294
3,822
118
85.1
91.7
80.6
94.8
91.9
92.9
94.6
90.9
93.7
95.2
.4
.5
9.3
.5
.8
.5
.5
1.0
.9
.2
85.6
92.2
89.9
95.4
92.6
93.4
95.1
91.9
94.6
95.4
14.4
7.8
10.1
4.6
7.4
6.6
4.9
8.1
5.4
4.6
Dec. 31, 1841..
Dec. 31, 1842..
Sept. 30,1843 5.
Sept. 30,1844..
Sept. 30,1845..
Sept. 30,1846..
Sept. 30,1847..
Sept. 30,1848..
Sept. 30,1849..
Dec. 31,1850«.
80,289
104,565
52,496
78,615
114,371
154,416
234,968
226,527
297,024
369,980
75,554
99,666
48,682
74,253
108,834
145,826
228,775
217,548
285,880
307,044
662
279
331
492
467
489
342
477
621
1,279
76,216
99,945
49,013
74,745
109,301
146,315
229,117
218,025
286,501
308,323
3,446
627
616
4,004
2,871
612
3,760
110
5,045
25
5,537 2,564
608
5,243
8,007
495
8,918 1,605
15,775 45,882
94.8
95.9
93.8
94.6
95.2
96.0
97.6
96.2
96.8
94.8
.8
.2
.6
.6
.4
.3
.1
.2
.2
.4
95.7
96.1
94.5
95.2
95.6
96.4
97.8
96.5
97.0
95.1
4.3
3.9
5.5
4,8
4.4
3.6
2.2
3.5
3.0
4.9
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
379,466
371,603
368,645
427,833
200,877
200,436
251,306
123,126
121,282
153,640
368,565
361,549
359,772
402,554
185,037
183,768
214,247
108,381
108,480
138,983
945
935
1,804
2,988
2,692
2,315
1,977
2,973
2,469
2,226
369,510
362,484
361,576
405,542
187,729
186,083
216,224
111,354
110,949
141,209
9,708
248
7,699 1,420
6,085
984
658
21,633
12,814
334
13,811
542
12,781 22,301
10,971
801
8,938 1,395
486
11,945
97.2
97.7
97.9
94.2
92.3
91.9
93.6
88.6
90.5
90.7
.2
.3
.5
.7
1.3
1.2
.9
2.4
2.1
1.5
97.4
97.9
98.3
94.9
93.6
93.1
94.4
91.0
92.5
92.2
2.6
2.1
1.7
5.1
6.4
6.9
5.6
9.0
7.5
7.8
31,1851..
31,1852..
31,1853..
31,1854..
31,1855..
31,1856..
31,1857..
31,1858..
31,1859..
31,1860..
11.3
380
1.6
88.7
91,918
79,752
1,448
81,200
10,338
87.1
Dec. 31,1861..
91.4
8.6
448
90.1
1.4
82,455
1,255
83,710
7,827
91,985
Dec. 31,1862..
6.5
92.7
.8
93.5
162,324
163,733
11,366 1,183
1,409
Dec. 31,1863.. 176,282
4.0
182,
809
94.8
1.3
96.0
193,418
2,424
185,233
7,626
559
Dec. 31,1864..
1.4
10.7
214,048
87.9
89.3
3,137
25,774 8,298
210,911
Dec. 31,1865.. 248,120
11.4
1.0
88.6
278,916
36,026 3,626
87.5
275,649
3,267
Dec. 31,1866.. 318,568
1.2
9.2
89.6
90.8
28,701 3,270
279,854
3,897
283,751
Dec. 31,1867.. 315,722
93.8
6.2
161
128,304
1,786
92.5
1.3
130,090
8,589
June 30,1868 6. 138,840
10.4
88.1
89.6
36,786
17
1.5
310,792
5,173
315,965
June 30,1869.. 352,768
84.9
15.1
318,792
328,626
58,550
27
82.3
2.5
9,834
June 30,1870.. 387,203
1 B ased on n u m b er reporting c o u n try of origin.
2 N orthern a n d w estern E urope comprises Belgium , D enm ark, France (including Corsica), Germ an
E m pire, N etherlands, N orw ay, Sweden, Sw itzerland, U nited K ingdom , an d “ other northern a n d w estern
E u ro p e.”
8 Southern a n d eastern Europe comprises A ustria-H ungary, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, Greece,
Ita ly (including Sicily an d Sardinia), Poland, Po rtu g al (including Cape Verde a n d Azores Islands), R u
m ania, R ussian E m p ire (including F inland), Spain (including C anary an d Balearic Islands), T u rk ey in
Europe, an d T u rk ey in Asia.
* 15 m onths ending Dec. 31.
6 9 m onths ending Sept. 30.
6 6 m onths ending June 30.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[7]
8
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW .
T able 2 .—IM M IG R A T IO N TO T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S FR O M N O R T H E R N A N D W E S T E R N
E U R O P E , S O U T H E R N A N D E A S T E R N E U R O P E , A N D O T H E R C O U N T R IE S, 1820 TO
1923—Concluded.
N um ber from—
Total
num ber
Tear ending— of
im m i
grants.
Europe.
N o rth
ern and
western.
South
ern and
eastern.
Per cent from—
Total.
O ther
speci
fied
coun
tries.
Europe.
Coun
tries
not N orth
speci ern and South
ern and T otal.
fied.
west eastern.
ern.
Other
speci
fied
coun
tries.
Ju n e
Ju n e
Ju n e
June
Ju n e
June
Ju n e
June
Ju n e
Ju n e
30,1871..
30,1872..
30, 1873..
30, 1874..
30, 1875..
30, 1876..
30, 1877..
30, 1878..
30, 1879..
30, 1880..
321,350
404,806
459, 803
313,339
227,498
169,986
141, 857
138,469
177,826
457,257
254,755
338,957
374,898
238,205
160, 099
104,077
87,388
86,689
115,682
310,624
10,394
13,198
22,646
24,584
22, 863
16,851
18, 810
14,930
18,608
38,071
265,149
352,155
397,544
262,789
182,962
120,928
106,198
101,619
134,290
348,695
56,116
52,487
62,099
50,422
44,460
49,022
35,632
36,835
43,500
108,499
85
164
160
128
76
36
27
15
36
63
79.3
83.8
81.6
76.0
70.4
61.2
61.6
62.6
65.1
67.9
3.2
3.3
4.9
7.8
10.0
9.9
13.3
10.8
10.5
8.3
82.5
87.0
86.5
83.9
80.4
71.2
74.9
73.4
75.5
76.3
17.5
13.0
13.5
16.1
19.6
28.8
25.1
26.6
24.5
23.7
Ju n e
Ju n e
Ju n e
Ju n e
Ju n e
Ju n e
Ju n e
Ju n e
June
Ju n e
30,
30,
30,
30,
30,
30,
30,
30,
30,
30,
1881..
1882..
1883..
1884..
1885..
1886..
1887..
1888..
1889..
1890..
669,431
788,992
603,322
518,592
395,346
334,203
490,109
546,889
444,427
455,302
472,734
563,213
449,179
380,728
288,402
255,483
353,688
397,123
332,618
286,147
55,816
84,973
73,408
72,958
64,681
74,061
129,349
141,281
102,765
160,659
528,550
648,186
522,587
453, 686
353,083
329,544
483,037
538,404
435,383
446,806
140,778
140,707
80,656
64, 808
42,192
4,586
6,999
8,424
8,974
8,434
103
99
79
98
71
73
73
61
70
62
70.6
71.4
74.5
73.4
73.0
76.5
72.1
72.6
74.9
62.8
8.3
10.8
12.2
14.1
16.4
22.1
26.4
25.8
23.1
35.3
79.0
82.2
86.6
87.5
89.3
98.6
98.6
98.4
98.0
98.1
21.0
17.8
13.4
12.5
10.7
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.0
1.8
June
Ju n e
Ju n e
Ju n e
June
Ju n e
June
June
Ju n e
June
30,
30,
30,
30,
30,
30,
30,
30,
30,
30,
1891..
1892..
1893..
1894..
1895..
1896..
1897..
1898..
1899..
1900..
560,319
579,663
439,730
285,631
258,536
343,267
230,832
229,299
311,715
448,572
317,834
300,792
234,356
148,714
141,499
137,522
90,118
79,113
89,947
103,719
230,739
270,084
194,968
128,338
111,610
195,684
131,011
142,948
211,838
324,943
548,573
570,876
429,324
277,052
253,109
333,206
221,129
222,061
301,785
428,662
11,676
267
5,233
8,509
5,427
10,061
9,703
7,238
9,713
19,897
70
8,520
5,173
70
217
13
56.7
51.9
53.9
52.1
54.7
40.0
39.0
34.5
28.9
23.1
41.2
46.6
44.9
44.9
43.2
57.0
56.8
62.4
68.0
72.4
97.9
98.5
98.8
97.0
97.9
97.1
95.8
96.8
96.9
95.6
2.1
1.5
1.2
3.0
2.1
2.9
4.2
3.2
3.1
4.4
Ju n e
Ju n e
June
Ju n e
Ju n e
Ju n e
Ju n e
Ju n e
Ju n e
Ju n e
30, 1901..
30, 1902..
30,1903..
30, 1904..
30, 1905..
30, 1906..
30, 1907..
30, 1908..
30, 1909..
30,1910..
487,918
648,743
857,046
812,870
1.026,499
1,100,735
1,285,349
782,870
751,786
1,041,570
115,728
138,737
203,694
217,530
263,039
215,863
227,958
178,138
147,664
202,349
359,291
475,019
486,554
625,291
617,931
821,625
555,638
773,168
717,391
980,430
808,856 1,024,719
979,661 1,207,619
523,516
701,654
514,717
662,381
739,154
941,503
12,898
1
23,349
103
35,396
25
39,612
90
45,908
161
43,004 33,012
22
77,708
81,199
17
89,356
49
100,024
43
23.7
21.4
23.8
26.8
25.6
20.2
17.7
22.8
19.6
19.4
73.6
75.0
72.1
68.4
69.9
75.7
76.2
66.9
68.5
70.9
97.4
96.4
95.9
95.2
95.5
95.9
94.0
89.5
88.1
90.4
2.6
3.6
4.1
4.9
4.5
4.0
6.0
10.4
11.9
9.6
Ju n e
Ju n e
June
Ju n e
Ju n e
Ju n e
Ju n e
Ju n e
Ju n e
June
30,1911.. 878,587
30,1912.. 838,172
30,1913.. 1,197,892
30,1914.. 1,218,480
30,1915.. 326,700
30, 1916.. 298,826
30,1917.. 295,403
30, 1918.. 110,618
30,1919.. 141,132
30,1920.. 430,001
202,768
161,533
183,257
165,100
80,380
52,772
39,963
12,988
18,055
88,733
572,218
774,986
570,130
731,663
896.553 1,079,810
915,007 1.080,107
121,082
201,462
147,369
94,597
93,513
133,476
18,118
31,106
6,591
24,646
162,595
251,328
103,562
106,494
118,059
138,237
125,207
151,426
161,850
79,465
116,440
177,971
39
15
23
136
31
31
77
47
46
702
23.1
19.3
15.3
13.6
24.6
17.7
13.5
11.7
12.8
20.7
65.1
68.0
74.8
75.1
37.1
31.7
31.7
16.4
4.7
37.9
88.2
87.3
90.1
88.7
61.7
49.3
45.2
28.1
17.5
58.5
11.8
12.7
9.9
11.3
38.3
50.7
54.8
71.9
82.5
41.5
805,228
309,556
522,919
143,445
79,842
156,879
520,654
138,541
153,224
140,999
91,148
212,801
130
25
15
17.8
25.8
30.0
64.7
44.8
29.3
82.5
70.6
59.3
17.5
29.4
40.7
49.8
39.2
89.0
11.0
Ju n e 30,1921..
Ju n e 30, 1922..
Ju n e 30, 1923..
664,099
218,383
310,103
T o ta l— 35,292,506 17,438,616 13,738,332 31,176,948 3,861,550 254,008
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[8 ]
9
A C E N T U R Y OF IM M IG R A T IO N ,
T a b l e 3 __IM M IG R A T IO N TO T H E U N IT E D ST A TES: 1899 TO 1923, B Y RACES.
G e n era l R a c e C la sses.
[For years earlier th a n 1899 figures are no t available.
E astern and
southern
E urope
(including
Hebrew).
N erthern
and
w estern
Europe.
Year.
1899........................................
1900........................................
1901........................................
1902........................................
1903........................................
1904.......................................
1905........................................
1906........................................
1907........................................
1908........................................
1909........................................
1910........................................
1911........................................
1912........................................
1913........................................
1914........................................
1915........................................
1916........................................
1917........................................
1918........................................
1919........................................
1920........................................
1921.......................................
1922........................................
1923........................................
Southern
American.
Oriental.
O ther
races.
All races.
100,187
116,454
128,924
162,840
236,105
247,066
288,295
269,936
281,322
233,235
209,418
276,272
269,701
232, 404
271, 419
253, 855
142,168
127,990
122, 927
42, 892
71,202
165, 871
206,995
129, 434
274,507
203, 890
314,071
348,100
464,795
589,708
532,969
705,475
801,054
956,019
512, 882
510,168
727,431
567,431
559,738
889,627
921,160
148,798
128,214
127,545
27,991
17,628
184,903
537,144
141,621
162,695
1,791
3,114
2,330
3,771
5,905
8,866
10,692
8,793
8,007
11,178
20,885
23,141
24,992
27,630
16,587
19,568
16,885
23,469
23,822
21,744
34,328
58,032
36,004
21,366
67,513
5,070
13,' 958
7,768
16,198
22' 880
20' 874
18,066
16,126
32,705
19! 417
5,464
6,369
6,407
7,978
10,576
11,619
11,306
11,184
11,031
11,954
11, 898
11,659
11,962
11,137
9,986
777
975
796
1,139
2! 448
3'095
3,971
4’ 826
7,296
6,158
5.851
8’, 357
10,056
10,422
9' 683
12,278
7' 543
7\ 969
10' 078
6'037
6,076
9,536
13' 123
5,998
8,218
311 715
448' 572
487’918
648' 743
857,046
812,870
1,026,499
l ' IOO! 735
T 285' 349
782, 870
751,786
1,041,570
878,587
838,172
1,191,892
1,218,480
' 326' 700
298' 826
295' 403
HO' 618
141,132
430,001
805,228
309,556
522,919
4, 863,419
11,081,057
500,413
323,592
162,706
16,929,107
N o r th e r n a n d W e s te r n E u r o p e .
U ni ted King dom.
Year.
1899...........
1900............
1901............
1902.........
1903............
1904............
1905...........
1906.........
1907............
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915............
1916...........
1917...........
1918...........
1919............
1920...........
1921............
1922............
1923............
T otal.
D utch
and
Flem ish. English. Irish.
1,860
2,702
3,299
4,117
6,496
7,832
8,498
9,735
12,467
9,526
8,114
13,012
13,862
10,935
14,507
12,566
6,675
6,443
5,393
2,200
2,735
12,730
12,813
3,749
5,804
198,070
10,712
10,897
13,488
14,942
28,451
41,479
50,865
45,079
51,126
49,056
39,021
53,498
57, 258
49,689
55,522
51,746
38,662
36,168
32,246
12,980
26,889
58,366
54,627
30,429
60,524
32,345
35,607
30,404
29,001
35,366
37,076
54,286
40,959
38,706
36,427
31,185
38,382
40,246
33,922
37,023
33,898
23,503
20, 636
17,462
4,657
7,910
20,784
39, 056
17,191
30,386
Scotch. W elsh.
Total.
1,752
1,757
2,004
2,432
6,219
11,483
16,144
16,463
20,516
17,014
16,446
24,612
25,625
20,293
21,293
18,997
14,310
13,515
13,350
5,204
10,364
21,180
24,649
15,596
38,627
46,168
49,023
46,570
47,135
71,314
91,858
123,806
104,868
113,102
105,001
88,351
118,736
125,377
106,143
116,658
107,199
77,865
71,302
63,851
23,119
45, 771
101,792
120,080
64,172
131,159
973,720 766,398 379,845
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,359
762
674
760
1,278
1,820
2,531
2,367
2,754
2,504
1,699
2,244
2,248
2,239
2,820
2,558
1,390
983
793
278
608
1,462
1,748
956
1,622
40,457 2,160,420
[9 ]
French.
G erm an.
Scandi
navian,
Norwe
gians,
Danes,
and
Swedes.
2,278
2,095
4,036
4,122
7,166
11,557
11,347
10,379
9,392
12,881
19,423
21,107
18,132
18,382
20,652
18,166
12,636
19,518
24,405
6,840
12,598
27,390
24,122
13,617
34,371
26,632
29,682
34,742
51,686
71,782
74,790
82,360
86,813
92,936
73,038
58,534
71,380
66,471
65,343
80,865
79,871
20,729
11,555
9,682
1,992
1,857
7,338
24,168
31,218
65,543
23,249
32,952
40,277
55,780
79,347
61,029
62,284
58,141
53,425
32,789
34,996
52,037
45,859
31,601
38,737
36,053
24,263
19,172
19,596
8,741
8,261
16,621
25,812
16,678
37,630
366,612 1,220,987
Total.
100,187
116,454
128,924
162,840
236,105
247,086
288,295
269,936
281,322
233,235
209,418
276,272
269,701
232,404
271,419
253,855
142,168
127,990
122,927
42,892
71,202
165,871
206,995
129,434
274,507
915,330 4,861,419
10
M O ÎsT H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
T able 3.—IMMIGRATION TO TH E UNITED STATES: 1899 TO 1923, BY RACES—Continued.
E a s te r n a n d S o u th e r n E u r o p e .
Bulgarian,
Dalmatian,
Serbian
Bosnian,
Croatian
and
and
and
Monte
Slovenian. Herzego
negrin.
vinian.
Armenian.
Bohemian
and
Moravian
(Czech).
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.....................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907........
1908.......................
1909.......................
1910.....................
........
1911
1912
...
1913.......................
1914.......................
1915.......................
1916.......................
1917...............
1918.....................
1919.......................
1920.......................
1921.......................
1922....................
1923.....................
674
982
1,855
1,151
1,759
1,745
1,878
1,895
2,644
3,299
3,108
5,508
3,092
5,222
9,353
7,785
932
964
1,221
221
282
2,762
10,212
2,249
2,396
2,526
3; 060
3,766
5.590
9.591
11,911
11,757
12;958
13; 554
10,164
6,850
8,462
9'. 223
8,439
11,091
9,928
1,651
642
327
74
105
415
1,743
3,086
5; 537
94
204
611
1,291
6,479
4,577
5,823
11,548
27,174
18; 246
6,214
15', 130
10,222
10,657
9,087
15,084
3,506
3,146
1,134
150
205
1,064
7,700
1,370
1,893
8,632
17,184
17; 928
30; 233
32,907
21,242
35,104
44; 272
47,826
20,472
20,181
39,562
18,982
24,366
42,499
37,284
1 942
791
305
33
23
493
11,035
3,783
4,163
367
675
732
1,004
1,736
2,036
2,639
4,568
7,393
3,747
1,888
4,911
4,400
3,672
4,520
5,149
305
114
94
15
4
63
930
307
571
6,097
12,612
9,999
13,868
18,864
10,157
17,012
14', 136
14,860
6,746
11,687
15,736
9,779
6,641
12,756
12,805
3; 4 72
5,649
5 ' 900
i; 867
968
1,510
4,233
2,506
3,087
2,395
3,773
5,919
8,115
14,376
12,625
12,144
23,127
46,283
28,808
20,262
39,135
37,021
31,566
381644
45,881
15', 187
26,792
25 919
2,602
813
13,998
31,828
3,821
4,177
Total..........
73,189
152,450
162,609
481,242
51,840
222,947
495,211
Year.
Year.
Hebrew.
Italian
(north and Lithuanian.
south).
Magyar.
Polish.
Finnish.
Rumanian.
Greek.
Russian.
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.....................
1908.......................
1909................
1910.......................
1911.......................
1912.......................
1913.......................
1914.......................
1915.......................
1916.......................
1917.......................
1918.......................
1919.......................
1920.......................
1921.......................
1922.......................
1923.......................
37,415
60,764
58,098
57,688
76,203
106,236
129,910
153,748
149,182
103,387
57,551
84,260
91,223
80,595
101,330
138; 051
26,497
15,108
17,342
3,672
3,055
14,292
119,036
53,524
49,719
78,730
101,662
137,807
180,535
233,546
196;028
226,320
286,814
294,061
135,247
190,398
223,453
189,950
162,273
274,147
296,414
57,217
38; 814
38,950
6,308
3,373
97,800
222; 496
41154
48,280
6,858
10,311
8,815
11,629
14; 432
12,780
18,604
14,257
25,884
13,720
15,254
22,714
17,027
14,078
24,647
21,584
2,638
599
479
135
160
422
829
1,602
1,828
5,700
13,777
13,311
23,610
27,124
23;883
46,030
44,261
60; 071
24,378
28,704
27,302
19,996
23,599
30,610
44,538
3,604
981
434
32
52
252
9,377
6,037
6,922
28,456
46,938
43,617
69,620
82,343
67,757
102,437
95,835
138,033
68,105
77; 565
128j 348
71,446
85,163
174,365
122,657
9,065
4; 502
3; 109
'668
732
2,519
21,146
6,357
13,210
96
398
761
2,033
4,740
4,364
7,818
11,425
19,200
9,629
8,041
14,199
5,311
8,329
13,451
24,070
1,200
953
522
155
89
898
5,925
1,520
1,397
1,774
1,200
672
1,551
2,608
3,961
3,746
5,814
16,807
17,111
10,038
17,294
18,721
22,558
51,472
44,957
4,459
4,858
3,711
1,513
1,532
2,378
2,887
2,486
4,346
Tota!...........
1,787,886
3,761,777
261,286
484,585
1,464,003
146,524
249,454
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[10]
11
A C E N T U R Y OF IM M IG R A T IO N .
T able 3 .—IM M IG R A T IO N TO T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S : 1899 TO 1923, B Y R A CES—Continued.
E a s te r n a n d S o u th e r n E u r o p e —Concluded.
Year.
R u th en ian
(R ussniak).
Slovak.
Syrian.
1899..........................
1900.........................
1901..........................
1902..........................
1903.........................
1904.........................
1905..........................
1906..........................
1907..........................
1908.........................
1909..........................
1910..........................
1911.........................
1912.........................
1913.........................
1914.........................
1915.........................
1916..........................
1917..........................
1918..........................
1919.........................
1920.........................
1921.........................
1922.........................
1923..........................
1,400
2,832
5,288
7,533
9,843
9,592
14,473
16,257
24,081
12,361
15,808
27,907
17,724
21,965
30,588
36,727
2,933
1,365
1,211
49
103
258
958
698
1,168
15,838
29,243
29,343
36,934
34,427
27,940
52,368
38,221
42,041
16,170
22,586
32,416
21,415
25,281
27,234
25,819
2,069
577
244
35
85
3,824
35,047
6,001
6,230
3,708
2,920
4,064
4,982
5,551
3,653
4,822
5,824
5,880
5,520
3,668
6,317
5,444
5,525
9,210
9,023
1,767
676
976
210
231
3,047
5,105
1,334
1,207
T o tal............
263,122
531,388
100,664
T urkish.
28
184
136
165
449
1,482
2,145
2,033
1,902
2,327
820
1,283
918
1,336
2,015
2,693
273
216
454
24
18
140
353
40
237
21,671
Portuguese.
Spanish.
Total.
2,096
4,241
4,176
5,309
8,433
6,338
4,855
8,729
9,648
6,809
4,606
7,657
7,469
9,403
13,566
9,647
4,376
12,208
10,194
2,319
1,574
15,174
18,856
1,867
2,802
996
1,111
1,202
1,954
3,297
4,662
5,590
5,332
9,495
6,636
4,939
5,837
8,068
9,070
9,042
11,064
5,705
9,259
15,019
7,909
4,224
23,594
27,448
1,879
3,525
203,890
314,071
348; 100
464,795
589,708
532,969
705,475
801,054
956,019
512,882
510,168
727,431
567;431
559;738
889,627
921,160
148,798
128,214
127,545
27,991
17; 628
184,903
537,144
141,621
162,695
182,352
186,857
11,081,057
S o u th e r n A m e r ic a n .
Y ear.
1899.......................................................................
1900...............................................................
1901.............................
1902............................................
1903...........................................................
1904........................................................
1905...............................................................
1908...................................................................
1907.....................................................................
1908.....................................................................
1909................................................
1910...........................................................
1911................................. .
1912............................................
1913........................................
1914............................................
1915.......................................................
1916.......................................................
1917................................................
1918........................................................................
1919...............................................................
1920...................................................................
1921.......................................
1922.......................................................................
1923........................................................................
T o tal.......................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W est
In d ian
(except
C uban).
M exican.
Spanish
American.
1,374
2,678
1,622
2,423
2,944
4,811
7,259
5,591
5,475
3,323
3,380
3,331
3,914
3,155
3,099
3,539
3,402
3,442
3,428
1,179
1,169
1,510
1,523
698
1,347
163
261
350
715
486
447
227
141
91
5,682
15,591
17,760
18,784
22,001
10,954
13,089
10,993
17,198
16,438
17,602
28,844
51,042
29,603
18,246
62,709
110
97
276
496
978
1,666
1,658
1,585
1,060
1,063
890
900
1,153
1.342
1,363
1,544
1,667
1,881
2,587
2,231
3,092
3,934
3,325
1,446
1,990
144
78
82
137
1,497
1,942
• 1,548
1,476
1,381
1,110
1,024
1,150
1,141
1,132
1,171
1,396
823
948
1,369
732
1,223
1,546
1,553
976
1,467
1,791
3,114
2,330
3,771
5,905
8,866
10,692
8,793
8,007
11.178
20,885
23,141
24,992
27,630
16,587
19,568
16,885
23,469
23,822
21,744
34,328
58,032
36,004
21,366
67,513
75,616
359,417
38,334
27,016
500,413
Cuban.
[11 ]
T otal.
12
m onthly
labor
r e v ie w
.
T able 3 .—IM M IG R A T IO N TO T H E U N IT E D ST A TES: 1899 TO 1923, B Y R A CES—Concluded.
O r ie n ta l.
Y ear.
Chinese.
E a st
In d ia n .
1899........................................................................
1900........................................................................
1901........................................................................
1902........................................................................
1903........................................................................
1904........................................................................
1905........................................................................
1906........................................................................
1907........................................................................
1908........................................................................
1909........................................................................
1910...............
.........................
1911........................................................................
1912........................................................................
1913........................................................................
1914....................
1915........................................................................
1916........................................................................
1917........................................................................
1918........................................................................
1919........................................................................
1920........................................................................
1921........................................................................
1922........................................................................
1923........................................................................
1,638
1,250
2,452
1,631
2,192
4,327
1,971
1,485
770
1,263
1,841
1,770
1,307
1,608
2,022
2,354
2,469
2,239
1,843
1,576
1,697
2,148
4,017
<465
4,074
15
9
20
84
83
258
145
271
1,072
1,710
337
1,782
517
165
188
172
82
80
69
61
68
160
353
223
156
T o tal..........................................................
54,409
8,080
Japanese.
'
K orean.
Total.
3,395
12,628
5,249
14,455
20,041
14,382
11,021
14,243
30,824
16,418
3,275
2,798
4,575
6,172
8,302
8,941
8,609
8,711
8,925
10,168
10,056
9,279
7,531
6,361
5,652
22
71
47
28
564
1,907
4,929
127
39
26
11
19
8
33
64
152
146
154
194
149
77
72
61
88
104
5,070
13,958
7,768
16,198
22,880
20,874
18,066
16,126
32,705
19,517
5,464
6,369
6,407
7,978
10,576
11,619
11,306
1<184
11,031
11,954
11,898
11,659
11,962
11,137
9,986
252,011
9,092
323,592
O th e r R a c e s.
African
(B lack).
Y ear.
1899................................................................................................
1900................................................................................................
1901................................................................................................
1902................................................................................................
1903................................................................................................
1904................................................................................................
1905................................................................................................
1906................................................................................................
1907................................................................................................
1908................................................................................................
1909................................................................................................
1910................................................................................................
1911................................................................................................
1912................................................................................................
1913................................................................................................
1914..............................................................................................
1915................................................................................................
1916................................................................................................
1917................................................................................................
1918................................................................................................
1919............................................................................................ .
1920................................................................................................
1921...................................................................................... .........
1922.............................................................................................. .
1923................................................................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[12]
Pacific
Islander.
O ther
peoples.
Total.
412
714
594
832
2,174
2,386
3,598
3,786
5,235
4,626
4,307
4,966
6,721
6,759
6,634
8,447
5,660
4,576
7,971
5,706
5,823
8,174
9,873
5,248
7,554
172
188
167
160
185
41
22
13
3
2
7
61
12
3
11
1
6
5
10
17
6
17
13
7
14
193
73
35
147
89
668
351
1,027
2,058
1,530
1,537
3,330
3,323
3,660
3,038
3,830
1,877
3,388
2,097
314
247
1,345
3,237
743
650
777
975
796
1,139
2,448
3,095
3,971
4,826
7,296
6,158
5,851
8,357
10,056
10,422
9,683
12,278
7,543
7,969
10,078
6,037
6,076
9,536
13,123
5,998
8,218
122,776
1,143
38,787
162,706
13
A C E N T U R Y OE IM M IG R A T IO N .
T able 4 .—IM M IG R A T IO N AN D E M IG R A T IO N , AN D N E T G A IN O R LOSS, 1908 TO 1923, B Y
RA CE.
[Figures for em igration are not of record for earlier period.]
Race.
A frican..........................................................................
A rm enian.....................................................................
B ohem ian an d M oravian (Czech)..........................
B ulgarian, Serbian a n d M ontenegrin...................
C hinese........................................................................
Croatian and S lo v en ian .............................................
C uban............................................................................
D alm atian, Bosnian a n d H erzegovinian.............
D utch and F lem ish ...................................................
E a st In d ia n ..................................................................
E n g lish .........................................................................
F in n ish .........................................................................
F rench...........................................................................
G erm an.........................................................................
G reek.............................................................................
H ebrew ................................... .....................................
Ir is h ...............................................................................
Italian (n o rth )............................................................
Italian (so u th )............................................................
Jap an ese.......................................................................
K orean..........................................................................
L ith u an ian ...................................................................
M agyar......... ..............................................................
Mexican........................................................................
Pacific Islan d er..........................................................
Polish............................................................................
Portuguese...................................................................
R u m a n ian ...................................................................
R ussian.........................................................................
R uthenian (R u ssn iak )......................................... ..
Scandinavian (Norwegians, D anes and Swedes)
Scotch...........................................................................
Slovak................. .........................................................
Spanish..........................................................................
Spanish A m erican......................................................
S y ria n ...........................................................................
T urkish.........................................................................
W elsh.............................................................................
W est In d ia n (except C u b an )..................................
O ther peoples..............................................................
N ot specified................................................................
Total.
i Loss.
76363°—24----- 2
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[13]
Im m i
gration.
E m i
gration.
N et gain.
103, 045
58, 606
77, 737
104, 808
36,693
225, 914
41, 439
30, 690
141, 064
6,123
706,681
105, 342
304, 240
669, 564
366, 454
958, 642
432, 668
401, 921
1,624, 353
125, 773
1,358
137, 716
226, 818
356,536
192
788,957
128, 527
95,689
210, 321
171, 823
448, 846
301, 075
225, 033
153, 218
30, 408
59,260
13,147
26,152
18,761
34,146
22,478
8,955
14, 951
92, 886
47, 607
114, 766
24,037
8,904
24,903
2,126
146,301
30, 890
62,538
119,554
168, 847
52, 034
46,211
147, 334
969, 754
41, 781
995
34,605
149,319
68, 713
58
318,210
39, 527
63,126
110,282
28, 996
97, 920
38,600
127, 593
61,086
11, 488
14,376
11,330
3,376
8,475
15,608
147,645
SO, 567
49, 651
62,786
11, 922
110, 914
111, 148
17,402
21, 786
116,161
3,997
560, 380
74,452
241, 702
550, 010
197.607
906.608
386,457
254, 587
654,599
83,992
363
103, 111
77,499
287,823
134
470,747
89,000
32, 563
100,039
142, 827
350,926
262,475
97, 440
92,132
18,920
44, 884
1,817
22,776
10,286
18,538
1 147,645
9,949,740
3,498,185
6,451,555
P er cent
emigra
tion is of
im m igra
tion.
22
15
19
89
130
51
58
29
18
35
21
29
21
18
45
5
11
37
60
33
73
25
66
19
30
40
31
66
52
17
22
13
57
40
38
24
85
13
45
46
35
14
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
T able 5 .—IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D A N D A L IE N S D E B A R R E D AN D D E P O R T E D ,
1S99 TO 1922, B Y RACES.
[Figures are no t available for 1923, or years prior to 1899.]
[Reasons for being debarred are as follows:
P hysical, m ental, and m oral reasons.— Id io ts; imbeciles; feeble m inded; insane or have been insane; epi
leptics; constitutional psychopathic inferiority; surgeon’s certificate of m en tal defect w hich m ay affect
alien’s a b ility to earn a living, other th a n idiots, imbeciles, feeble-minded, epileptics, insanity, or con
stitutional psychopathic inferiority; tuberculosis (noncontagious); tuberculosis (contagious); trachom a;
favus; other loathsom e or dangerous contagious diseases; surgeon’s certificate of physical defect which
m ay affect alien’s a b ility to earn a living, other th a n loathsom e or dangerous contagious diseases or noncontagious tuberculosis; chronic alcoholism; likely to become a public charge; paupers; professional
beggars; vagrants; c rim in als; polygam ists; anarchists or aliens, entertaining or affiliated w ith an organi
zation advocating anarchistic beliefs: p ro stitu tes and aliens coming for a ny im m oral purpose; aliens
who are supported b y or receive proceeds of p rostitution; aliens w ho procure or a tte m p t to bring in
prostitutes or females for a n y im m oral purpose; h ad been deported w ithin one year.
A U other reasons .—Contract laborers; assisted aliens; coming in consequence of advertisem ents; stowaways;
accom panying aliens (under section 18); u n d er 16 years of age unaccom panied b y pa re n t; unable to
read (over 16 years o f age): geographically excluded classes (natives of th a t portion of Asia and islands
adjacent thereto described i n section 3); u n d e r passport provision section 3; under provisions of Chinese
exclusion act; un d er last proviso section 23; w ith o u t proper p assport under S tate D epartm ent regula
tions; exceeded quota, act of M ay 19, 1921.]
Aliens de
barred for—
Race.
African (b la c k )...........................
A rm en ian ....................................
B ohem ian an d M oravian
(C zech ).........................../ ----B ulgarian, Serbian, an d Mon
tenegrin ....................................
Chinese............. ...........................
Croatian and Slovenian............
C uban...........................................
D alm atian, Bosnian, and
H erzegovinian............... ........
D utch a n d Flem ish...................
E a st In d ia n ................................
E nglish.................... ...................
F in n ish ................................. .
F ren c h ..........................................
G erm an ........................................
G reek............................. ..............
H eb rew ........................................
Irish ...............................................
Italian (north) ...........................
Ita lia n (s o u th )...........................
Japanese.......................................
K orean..........................................
L ith u an ia n ...............................
M agyar..........................................
M exican........................................
Pacific Isla n d e r1........................
P o lish ...........................................
Po rtu g u ese..................................
R u m a n ian ...................................
R u ssia n ........................................
R u th en ian (R u ssn iak ).............
Scandinavian..............................
Scotch...........................................
Slovak...........................................
S p an ish........................................
Spanish A m erican.....................
S yrian...........................................
T u rk ish ...... ................................
W elsh ..........................................
W est In d ia n (except C u b an )..
All other races............................
Total
Aliens aliens
D ebarred for—
Im m i
de
degrant
P h y si
barred
p
o
rt
aliens
au
cal,
and
Physi
ed.
ad m itted . m ental, other
de
All
rea
ported. m cal,
and
ental, other
m oral sons.
rea
and
reasons.
m oral sons.
reasons.
115,222
70,793
3,552
2,272
2,157
539
760
204
6,469
3,015
Total
de
De barred
p o rt
and
ed.
de
ported.
3.08
3.21
1.87
. 76
0.66
.29
5.61
4.26
146,913
858
117
360
1,335
.58
.08
.25
.91
860,716
50,335
477,079
74,269
5,735
2,151
4,824
429
3,351
5,793
961
136
632
3,337
713
87
9,718
11,281
6,498
651
.67
4. 27
1.01
.58
.39
11. 51
.20
.18
.07
6.63
.15
.12
1.13
22.41
1,38
.88
51,269
192,266
7,924
913,196
219,860
332,241
1,155,444
491,034
1,738,167
736,012
684,905
3,028,592
246,359
8,988
259,458
477,663
296,708
1,129
1,450,793
179,550
145,127
245,108
261,954
877,700
341,218
525,158
183,332
36,344
99,457
21,434
38,835
25,579
38,137
619
1,652
3,262
18,006
2,172
11,599
11,991
13,238
21,119
9,079
4,533
41,112
5,505
123
2,651
3,682
24,985
19
13,702
1,564
3,157
5,736
4,778
4,609
6,864
3,264
2,981
506
7,148
1,055
533
395
2,684
315
725
246
5,024
218
5,065
2,325
2,742
2,555
1,866
1,387
7,228
2,205
47
281
430
7,068
81
2,109
666
760
1,584
860
1,050
1,756
563
2,497
398
983
333
179
108
893
102
519
348
5,007
715
2,385
4.101
1,360
3,440
2,442
626
4,415
2,117
27
310
867
7,968
3
2,408
285
303
1,428
558
1,761
1,104
420
708
122
604
124
79
97
313
1,036
2,896
3,856
28,037
3,105
19,049
18,417
17,340
27,124
13,387
'6, 546
52,755
9,827
197
3,242
4,979
40,021
103
18,219
2,515
4,220
8,748
6,196
7,420
9,724
4,247
6,186
1,026
8,735
1,512
791
600
3,890
1.21
.86
41.17
1.97
.99
3.49
1.04
2. 70
1.22
1.23
.66
1.36
2.23
1.37
1.02
.77
8.42
1.68
.94
.87
2.18
2.34
1.82
.53
2.01
.62
1.63
1.39
7.19
4.92
1.37
1.54
7.04
.61
.38
3.10
.55
.10
1.52
.20
.56
.15
.25
.20
.24
.90
.52
.11
.09
2.38
7.17
.15
.37
.52
.65
.33
.12
.51
.11
1.36
1.10
.99
1.55
.46
.42
2. 34
.20
.27
4.39
.55
.33
.72
.35
.28
.20
.33
.09
.15
.86
.30
.12
.18
2.69
.27
.17
.16
.21
.58
.21
.20
.32
.08
.39
.34
.61
.58
.20
.38
.82
2.02
1.51
48.68
3.07
1.41
5. 73
1.59
3. 53
1.56
1.82
.95
1.74
3.99
2.19
1,25
1.04
13.49
9.12
1.26
1.40
2.91
3.57
2.37
.85
2.85
.81
3.37
2.83
8. 78
7.05
2.04
2.35
10.20
¡Including H aw aiian.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N um ber per 100 im m igrant
aliens a d m itte d of aliens—
[1 4 1
♦
A
Chart 1.—IM M IG R A T IO N TO T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S F R O M N O R T H E R N A N D W E S T E R N E U R O P E A N D S O U T H E R N A N D E A S T E R N
E U R O P E , 1920 TO 1923.
(C onsult p refatory a n d footnotes of T able 2.)
1820
1825
1830
1835
1840
1845
1850
1855
1860
1855
1870
1875
1880
1885
1890
1895
1900
1905
1910
1915
1920
1925
1,300,000 [----------- 1----------- i— - — i------------1------------- 1------------i------------1------------------------ ------------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ -----------------------1 — :------ ------------- ------------ ------------ 11,500,0001
A C E N T U R Y OF IM M IG R A T IO N .
[15]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1820
1825
1830
1835
1840
1845
1850
1855
1860
1865
1870
1875
1880
1885
1890
1895
1900
1905
1910
1915
1920
1925
U1
Chart 2 .-IM M IG R A T IO N TO T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S FR O M P R IN C IP A L C O U N T R IE S O F O R IG IN , 1820 TO 1923.
(Consult prefatory a nd footnotes of Table 1.)
U N IT E D
G ER M A N Y
K IN G D O M
,
---
100,000 200,000
-------- -------- (
100,000 200,000
-------- !---j
DEN M AR K
NO R W A Y
SW EDEN
100,000
B R IT i SH
NORTH
SOUTHERN
A M E R I C A A M E R IC A
100,000
25,000
5 0 .0 0 0
A U S TR I A -H U N 6 A R Y
GRESCt
1820
l
1830
184Ò
1850
(850
[16]
1860
1870
1880
1880
1890
1890
■FROM
1900
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1599TOVM91
INCLUDED
WITH
austria -hun
GARY, RUSS lA,
GERMANY
1900
1910
1920
>
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
1840
A C E N T U R Y OF IM M IG R A T IO N .
17
Chart 3.—IM M IG R A T IO N TO T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S O F N O R T H E R N A N D W E S T E R N
E U R O P E A N R A C E S A N D S O U T H E R N A N D E A S T E R N E U R O P E A N R A C E S 1899 TO
1923.
1895
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1900
1905
1910
1915
1920
1925
co
Ch a rt
4.—IM M IG R A T IO N TO T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S B Y P R IN C IP A L R A C E S, 1899 TO 1923.
SOUTHERN
YEAR
AMERICAN
RUS TRU
H E including
SIAN. NIAN
W EST
YEAR
1898
1900
1898
1900
1910
1920
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1920
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW ,
INDIES.
19
A C E N T U R Y OF IM M IG R A T IO N ,
m
C h a r t 5.—C H A N G E IN
P O P U L A T IO N E L E M E N T S IN C O N N E C T IC U T
1870 A N D 1920.
POPULATION - CONNECTICUT
1870
1920
#
PER CENT OF INCREASE FROM 1870 TO 1920 —
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
NATIVE 60R N, NATIVE PARENTAGE
4 0 .9
NATIVE BORN,-FOREIGN OR MIXED PARENTAGE 4 9 2 .2
FOREIGN BORN
231.9
[ 19 ]
BETW EEN
“ Family-Wage” System in Germany and Certain Other European
Countries.
By
of
the
U n it e d
M ary
T.
W aggaman,
States B u rea u
of
L abor
S t a t is t ic s .
rHILE at the present time industrial and economic conditions
in the United States are fortunately very different from those
in Europe, yet the development of the “ family-wage” sys
tem abroad as an outcome of the high cost of living should be of
more than academic interest in this country, because this recentiv
instituted method of wage payment seems to create new angles oi
vision relative to a number of industrial and labor questions that are
foci of discussion on this side of the Atlantic. As examples of such
questions one may cite the “ average ’ family, family budgets, the
living wage, the “ composite income,” the preponderance of children
iji tlio rural compared with, the urban population, mairied women m
industry, women’s dependents, equal pay for equal work, produc
tivity as a basis of wage fixing, and the limitations oi the national
income.
,
.
„
. ,
...
,
At the annual meeting of the American Economic Association at
Chicago in December, 1922, Prof. Paul II. Douglas, of the University of
Chicago School of Commerce and Administration, made the following
statement: 1
While believing firmly in th e living wage principle, I have come, w ithin the
last year, to doubt both th e practicability and, under present conditions, even
ilio desirabilitv of paying every adult male worker th a t which th e various expon e n ts^ fr th e s ta n d a rd ofliving’ advocate, nam ely, an am ount sufficient to mamtain the m an himself, his wife, and three dependent children below th e age of
fourteen I believe we shall have to abandon this as a uniform minimum standai d
for two reasons: F irst, because if would probably absorb too large a share of the
national income for industry to stand th e strain, and, second, because such a
family is not typical of actual w orkingmen’s families.
Although the view expressed by Professor Douglas is calculated to
raise a cloud of controversy, his conclusion seems to be particularly
striking in connection with the following resume _regarding family
allowance systems in Germany and other countries. The notable
progress of the movement for family wages m France and Belgium
was3summarized in the October, 1923, issue of the M o n t h l y L a b o r
R e v ie w .
Germany.
A LTHOUGH there are very few industries in Germany that have
instituted family allowances in all establishments, there are no
industries that have wholly ignored this method of payment, accordin«- to a study of collective agreements which was published m the
January 1, 1923, issue of the Reichsarbeitsblatt, the official organ of
the German Ministry of Labor. Some of the findings of this analysis
are here given.
i A m erican Econom ie R eview , N ew H aven, M ardi, ^ - S u p p l é m e n t P 111. DP^ S n ^
0Ceedin8S
o fth e 35th a n n u al m eeting of tire A m erican Econom ie Association, Chicago, l i i . , JJ écran d « , i v - a .
20
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[20J
‘ ‘ FA M IL Y -W A G E
77 SY STEM
IN E U R O PEA N C O U N T R IES.
21
In connection with family allowances the industries of Germany
may he ranged in three groups—Group 1, in which the family-wage system is seldom found. Among
these industries are the oils and fats and leather industries, the cloth
ing trades, shoemaking, hotel and restaurant operation, woodwork
ing, with the exception of sawmilling, and the art crafts. In the
collective agreements for the building trades, roofers are almost the
only workers for whom provision for family allowances is made.
Group 2, in which the family-wage system and payment by per
formance have about equal representation. The stone, clay, and
pottery trades, trade, transportation, and the food and drink indus
tries are included in this classification.
Group 3, in which the payment of family allowances is almost
universal. Foremost in this group is the mining industry, which not
only pays money allowances but also grants coal to its married
workers. In the machinery, chemical, textile, paper, wood pulp,
and cardboard industries family allowances are commonly granted.
Nearly all State and municipal employees, both manual and nonmanual, receive such grants, which are also frequently paid to
salaried employees in private industrial undertakings.
Methods of Payment.
Sometimes the family allowance takes the form of a higher wage
rate and at other times the form of a supplement to the basic wage.
The first and somewhat cruder scheme provides a higher compensa
tion for married workers, generally without regard to the number of
children they may have. This plan was followed in the collective
agreement for the German printing trade, in which there was a classi
fication of skilled workers according to their trade, local class, age,
and marital condition. In the agreement of December, 1922, the
weekly wage for married skilled workers in wage class C was approx
imately 4 per cent higher than that for single skilled workers in the
same class. In a Hamburg rubber factory single workers were paid
0.2 mark 2 less per hour than the married workers.
The so-called social wage is often paid in such a way that only the
younger married workers are better off than their coworkers of the
same age because, according to this scheme, beginning with a cer
tain age married and single workers receive the same compensation.
Several collective agreements provide the same basic wage for both
single and married workers, while the cost-of-living bonus varies.
For example, the collective agreement of December 1, 1921, for Berlin
belt and suspender factories made provision for a bonus of 25 per cent
for single and 50 per cent for married workers. As a rule, however,
under the family-wage system married workers do not receive higher
wage rates but grants supplementing the wage based on perform
ance. While these grants are sometimes based on a fixed percent
age of the wage of individual workers, they are much more frequently
granted in specific amounts, which in some collective agreements
vary with the local cost of living. Such family allowances generally
consist of two parts—a household allowance (Haustandsgeld ) and
an allowance for the children ( Kinder geld). In some collective
agreements only children’s allowances are provided.
2Owing to th e enorm ous depreciation of th e m a rk , no a tte m p t is m ade in th is article to show the
equ iv alen t in A m erican m oney.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[2 1 ]
22
M O N T H L Y LABOE R E V IE W .
A household allowance is granted a married worker on the ground
of additional expense. In cases where the wives are wage earners,
the allowances are reduced or not paid at all.
In some collective agreements widowers and divorced men are
given household allowances under certain specified circumstances.
Some single workers who are the support of their families also receive
family allowances. It has become necessary, therefore, in many
collective agreements to define in detail the term “ family.” To
avoid any doubling of allowances, most collective agreements grant
family allowances to single workers only when they are the sole or
main supporters of their families.
As indicated above, many establishments do not grant the house
hold allowance, but pay the allowance for children, including in
general adopted children, stepchildren, foster children, and illegiti
mate children. In most instances these allowances are granted only
for children up to 14 years of age, although some collective agree
ments provide that allowances be paid for children up to 17, 18, and
19 years of age, and in a few cases up to 24 years of age when such
children are to receive a higher education.
For the prevention of fraud in claims for “ superwages” a great
many collective agreements prescribe that the worker must prove his
statements regarding his family conditions, the form of proof required
in various provisions being the attestation of the commune.
In order to protect the family against thriftless and neglectful
fathers, a collective agreement for a foodstuff factory stipulates that
allowances shall not be paid to a worker who does not live with his
family or “ does not support his family, or does not manage his earn
ings economically, or withholds from his family a proper share of
his earnings.” In such a case the employer shall, on the motion
of the works council, take proper steps to have the allowances paid
direct to the mother or the children.
Children’s allowances are granted according to the number and
age of the children. In some cases the allowance for “ the individual
child decreases as the number of children increases,” on the ground
that the per capita expense is less for a large family. Other collec
tive agreements provide for an increase in the allowance rate with the
increase in the number of children. The following stipulations show
respectively these two methods of payment: According to an agree
ment of August 1, 1922, electrical workers in Dresden were to receive,
for the first legitimate child, 48 marks per week; and for subsequent
legitimate children, 34.7 marks per week. The family wage scale for
workers in the textile industry in Gladbach, Rheydt, and nearby
towns under an agreement of June 19, 1922, was 6 marks per day for
the first child; 7 marks per day for the second child; 8 marks per day
for the third child; 9 marks per day for the fourth child; and 10
marks per day for the fifth and each succeeding child.
The period which the family allowance covers is usually the same
as that for which the wage for performance is paid. In the greater
number of instances, therefore, this supplemental compensation is
granted by the hour, shift, day, or week, and for salaried employees
by the month.
In the cost-of-liying bonuses ( Wirtschaftsbeihilfen), which have
recently been so frequently granted consideration is always given
to the worker’s family condition. For example, in April, 1922, in the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[221
F A M IL Y -WAGE
SY STEM IX E U R O PE AX C O U X T R IES.
23
cigar industry lump-sum allowances of 300 marks were paid to single
foremen, 400 marks to married foremen, and 500 marks to married
foremen with children.
Workers who live at a considerable distance from their place of
employment are, as a rule, paid a sustenance allowance to meet the
expense of room and board. As married men in cases of this kind
also have to keep up their homes, they usually receive a larger suste
nance allowance than the single workers. For example, the suste
nance allowance of married tinsmiths, according to an agreement of
July, 1922, was 25 per cent higher than that for unmarried tinsmiths.
The collective agreement provisions regarding the rights of workers
to family allowances in connection with the amount of work performed
are of special interest. For instance, it is explicitly held in some of the
agreements that these family grants are part of the wage and as such
are paid according to the hours worked. Some agreements except
overtime in estimating the family allowance due a worker, while
other agreements take overtime into account. It is not a difficult
task to calculate the “ superwage ” on an hourly basis, but the matter
becomes somewhat complicated when allowances are fixed by the
day or week and questions of broken shifts or weeks have to be
dealt with.
In cases in which it has been agreed that the allowances are to be
paid by the day, such grants are usually made for each shift com
menced even if it is not worked in full. Under the collective agree
ment of July 13, 1922, for the Rhenish-Westphalian iron and metal
working industries, the number of computable shifts is arrived at by
dividing by 8 the aggregate hours worked during the wage period, a
remainder of four or more hours being regarded as a full shift. In
accordance with a collective agreement of December 3, 1922, in the
paper industry in Silesia, the per capita allowance was not to be paid
“ for those days on which a worker by his own fault misses more than
four hours.” When allowances are granted by the week and the full
time has not been worked, workers are usually paid for the actual
hours worked, the allowances being reduced one-sixth for each day
not worked.
The hiring and tiring of workers are frequently responsible for
incomplete weeks of service. The collective agreement of April 1,
1922, for the chemical industry in Hanover stipulates that a newly
employed worker shall receive one-sixth of the weekly allowance
for each workday begun. This provision prevents a man from getting
a double allowance when he changes his job.
A worker forfeits his claim to an allowance for a given week if
through his own fault he has remained away from his job two days
within the work week.
There are various regulations in regard to the payment of the family
wage in cases in which the worker misses time through no fault of
his own. Full allowances are ordinarily paid for holidays or for a
reduction in working time, an agreement in the textile industry of
May 4, 1922, even providing that these grants shall be doubled if
short time reduces the hours of labor per week to less than 33.
There are only a few agreements under which the amount of the
family allowance is reduced for time lost, but there are usually
limitations to the continuation of these grants during loss of time.
In illustration, one agreement provides that in the case of short-time
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[23]
24
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
employment “ family allowances shall be paid in full during the first
two weeks after the beginning of short-time work.”
Family allowances are also commonly paid when workers are on
their “ annual contractual leave with pay.” It is ordinarily provided
through collective bargaining that family allowances shall be paid
in sickness for a certain limited time, which ranges from 6 to 13 weeks.
In agriculture the higher compensation of married workers with
families takes the following five form s:3 (1) A higher cash wage
where no payments in kind are made; (2) higher cash wage with
the same allowance in kind as unmarried men receive; (3) higher
allowance in kind but lower cash wage; (4) higher allowance in
kind and the same cash wage; (5) both higher allowance in kind and
higher cash wages.
Wage Indexes of Married and Single Workers.
As illustrating the differences in compensation of adult married
and single workers in Germany under the social-wage system, the
following weighted index numbers of average weekly wage rates in
chemical factories and the metal trades are quoted from the March,
1923, number of Wirtschaft und Statistik, the official bulletin of
the German Statistical Office:
W E IG H T E D IN D E X N U M B E R S O F A V E R A G E W E E K L Y W A G E R A T E S O F A D U L T
M E T A L W O R K E R S IN 20 G ER M A N C IT IE S AN D C H EM IC A L W O R K E R S IN 15 G ER M A N
C IT IE S , A P R IL , 1922, TO F E B R U A R Y , 1923.1
M etal workers [1914=100],
Skilled w orkers.
Semiskilled w orkers. U nskilled workers.
M onth an d year.
Single.
A pril, 1922...........................................................
Ju ly , 1922.............................................................
October, 1922......................................................
D ecem ber, 1922..................................................
Jan u ary , 1923.....................................................
F eb ru ary , 1923...................................................
Married.2
2100
3600
12600
39700
65700
152300
Single.
2400
3900
13500
42500
70000
163000
2400
4000
13800
43500
71600
M arried.2
Single.
Married.2
2600
4300
14800
46700
76600
3100
5200
17900
55500
93000
216200
3400
5600
19300
59800
99700
232600
3400
5400
1S500
60600
96200
233500
3500
5600
19400
63500
100600
241300
3700
5800
20100
66000
104700
254100
Chemical workers [1913-14=100 ].
A pril, 1922...... ....................................................
J u l y , 1922............................................................
October, 1922......................................................
December, 1922..................................................
January, 1923.....................................................
F ebruary, 1923.................................................
2800
4500
15700
50900
80S00
193900
2900
4700
16200
52800
83800
203400
3200
5100
17900
58300
92400
221800
1F rom Monthly L abou R e v ie w , Ju ly , 1923, p p . 101-103.
2 The rates shown here for m arried workers include a fam ily allowance for wife a nd 2 children under 14
years of age.
Family Allowance Funds.
There are comparatively few family allowance funds in Germany,
considering the numerous trades and districts in which family wages
are paid. As the probable general explanation of the small number
of funds, it is stated that the great demand for industrial workers
has averted discrimination against married workers with big families.4
The German family allowance funds are usually local or limited
to a single employers’ association. The pharmacists’ fund, however,
8 M inistry of L abor Gazette, L ondon, M arch, 1823, p . 87.
4 M inistry of L abor G azette, London, M arch, 1923, 'p. 87.
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‘ ‘ FA M IL Y -W A G E ’ ’ SY STEM IN EU R O PEA N C O U N T R IE S .
25
established by collective agreement, includes the whole country and
is managed by a committee representing both employers and em
ployees. The following funds are entirely managed by employers:
Rhenish-Westphalian Cement Works, metal trades, manual workers
(Berlin) and nonmanual workers (Anhalt), and the textile industry
in the Thuringian and Barmen-Elberfeld districts. The employers’
assessments for these funds are based either on the aggregate number
of workers employed or—as this method proved unfair to establish
ments operating on short time—on the total pay roll.4
Labor’s Attitude on Family Wages.
*
Despite the extent to which the ‘ ‘ social wage ’ ’ system prevails in
Germany, it is stated in the Metallarbeiter Zeitung (Stuttgart) of
June 23, 1923 (p. 99), an important labor publication, that “ the
organized farseemg workers” regard this institution with suspicion.
Reports that family allowances are being used as strike preventives
do not tend to allay such suspicion. “ All allowances due for the
period from the first of a month up to the date of the calling of the
strike are generally declared forfeited.” Trade-unionists, according
to the above-mentioned source, “ demand a wage, collectively agreed
upon, sufficient to maintain a family and for the single worker to save
for the setting up of a household.” They advocate provision for the
added responsibilities of the married worker through tax exemptions,
education grants, school feeding, etc.5
In Germany, however, as in other countries, there is some division
in labor’s views on the social wage. While the married workers are
reported as finding family allowances helpful in meeting their ex
penses, the dread of being discriminated against in the future because
they are a bigger burden on business rather tends to offset the satis
faction derived from their extra remuneration.
In the Free State of Saxony 6 the social wage has been generally in
stituted only for municipal and State employees and in the mining
industry, the labor organizations, as a rule, being opposed to the sys
tem for fear it will lead in industrial depression to the dismissal of
married workers.
In 1921 the Christian trade-unions seemed rather to favor family
bonuses, regarding them as preferable to mothers’ pensions because
the workers through their unions are “ in a position to regulate in ac
cordance with the cost of living the basis upon which family or chil
dren’s bonuses are to be granted.” 7 The tenth congress of the Fed
eration of Christian Metal Workers of Germany which met at Fulda in
August, 1922, recommended “ that wages be based on workers’ output
and that supplementary family allowances be granted for the relief of
large families so long as the cost of living remains high.” 8
Austria.
rF H E Austrian law of December, 1921, regarding the abolition of
A State food subsidies, provided for universal family allowances.
Long before this date, however, employers in certain industries,
4 M inistry of L abor G azette, London, March, 1923, p . 87.
6M anagem ent an d A dm inistration, N ew Y ork, Ju ly , 1923, p p. 39-42. “ In d u strial governm ent through
collective agreem ents in G erm any,” b y E m il Frankel.
6 G erm any. Statistisches R eichsam t. Jahresberichte der G ewerbeaufsichtsbeam ten u n d Bergbehörden
für das Jah r 1922. Berlin, 1923, vol. 2, sec. 3, p. 124.
7M onthly L aboe R eview , October, 1921, p. 17.
8 Intern atio n al L abor Office. In d u stria l a n d L abor Inform ation, Geneva, Sept. 15, 1922, p. 8.
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M O N T H L Y LABOE R E V IE W .
among them engineering and metal working, had instituted a system
of allowances for dependent children. Although the greater part of
the above-mentioned act expired October 15, 1922, one of the remain
ing clauses provided for the continuance of the children’s allowances
until a children’s insurance act should be passed.9 According to
Industrial and Labor Information (Geneva) of February 16, 1923, the
Government ordered that these allowances, amounting to 1,155
kronen10 weekly per child, be paid up to June 30, 1923. It is reported
in the same publication that a bill proposing the establishment of a
system of children’s insurance has been submitted by the Social
Democratic Party in Parliament.
Family allowance funds have also been created in Austria, em
ployers paying into them assessments based on the number of mem
bers in their working force, whether married or single.11
Czechoslovakia.
IN Czechoslovakia some collective agreements, notably those in coal
* mining, contain provisions for the payment of children’s allow
ances.12
In conformity with a law passed December 20, 1922, the members
of the civil service force employed previous to January 1, 1923, are
entitled to allowances ranging from 900 to 1,500 Czechoslovak kronen
($182.70 to $304.50, par) annually for each child under 18 years of
age up to six children. If a child coming under the provisions of the
act has not completed his education the allowance may be granted up
to the age of 24. This law also empowers the Government to reduce
the children’s allowances in accordance with the decrease in living
costs.
Denmark.13
I TNDEP the law of September 12, 1919, married employees in the
Government service in Denmark receive a higher cost-of-living
bonus than single employees. These bonuses fluctuate according to
percentage changes in the cost of the family budget. Married work
ers’ bonuses increase or decrease by 54 kroner ($14.47, par) for each
full 3 per cent rise or fall in the cost of the family budget as compared
with its cost in July, 1919. Calculations are made every six months
to determine the amounts to be paid in such bonuses. The single
workers’ bonuses are 33 J per cent less than those of the married
workers. According to the latest computation the annual bonus for
married workers for the six months’ period October, 1923, to March,
1924, will be 594 kroner ($159.19, par) and for single workers 396
kroner ($106.13, par).
Finland.
’T'O HELP the married workers meet the burdens resulting from
the high cost of living a number of employers in Finland have
had recourse to the family-wage system, under which some of them
8 Ministry of Labor Gazette, London, March, 1923, p. 87.
18 Owing to the depreciation in the value of the krone the equivalent in American money is not here
given.
11 Deutscher Metallarbeiter-Verband. Metallarbeiter-Zeitung, Stuttgart, June 23, 1923, p. 99.
12 Ministry of Labor Gazette, London, March, 1923, p. 88.
13 Samvirkende Fagforbund. Arbejderen, Copenhagen, August, 1923, p. 35.
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‘1FA M IL Y -W A G E
’ ’ SY STEM IN E U R O PEA N C O U N T R IES.
27
have paid a fixed amount monthly for each member of the workers’
family, while others have made these grants for only the younger
dependent children. Family allowances have been reduced as wages
approached the level of living costs.14 Family allowances for Govern
ment employees in the city of Plelsingfors, for example, were scheduled
to be reduced by one-half in 1923 and thereafter discontinued.15
The Netherlands.
♦
j
nTPIE question of family allowances has aroused a great deal of
A attention in the Netherlands, being among the subjects discussed
by the Association for Political Economy and Statistics, the second
Christian social congress in 1919, the congresses of the Roman Catho
lic central works council in 1919 and 1920, the joint congress in 1921
of the Netherlands Federation of Trade-Unions (the “ modern” and
largest Netherlands trade-union federation) and the neutral Nether
lands General Trade-Union Federation, and at the 1921 congress on
social insurance.
The following account of the development of the movement for
family allowances in the Netherlands is adapted from a recent report
by Dr. A. M. Joekes, of the Ministry of Labor of that country.16
The principle of granting children’s allowances was first put into
practice in the Netherlands in the civil service, the system being
inaugurated for the post-office employees in 1912, then extended to
teachers, and in 1920 made to cover the whole civil service. “ For
the latter the allowance amounts to 2% per cent of the [employee’s]
salary for each child below 18 years of age, with a minimum of 50
guilders [$20.10, par] and a maximum of 200 guilders [$80.40, par]
per child per annum.”
Railway employees have also been accorded children’s allowances
by order of the Government, such allowances being regulated in the
same way as those granted to Government employees except that they
commence only with the third child.
The November, 1921, issue of Maandschrift, published by the Cen
tral Bureau of Statistics, states that children’s allowances have been
inaugurated for the employees and officials of the majority of the
municipalities and Provinces. This new method of wage payment has
also been established “ on a fairly large scale” in private enterprises.
However, the greater expense to employers who make such grants
and the possibility of discrimination against applicants for work who
are married or who have large families constitute, according to Dr.
Joekes, two difficulties in the way of the adoption of the system by
private employers. These problems have been partially solved by
regulating children’s allowances in collective agreements. Reports of
the Central Bureau of Statistics indicate that there were, at the
beginning of 1922, 49 collective agreements in the Netherlands which
included provisions in regard to children’s allowances. These agree
ments affected approximately 2,500 establishments and 61,700 work
ers.17 There were 26,000 workers in the mining industries who were
receiving allowances for their children.
14 Finland. Socialministeriet. Social Tidskrift, No. 7,1923, p. 423.
15 Finland (Helsingfors). Lonereglermg for Helsingfors stads befattningshavare. Helsingfors, 1922, p. 6.
16 International Labor Office. Industrial and Labor Information, Geneva, Aug. 3, 1923, pp. 13-20.
17 The total number of collective agreements in the country in January, 1922, was 702, which included
about 245,000 workers in approximately 20,000 undertakings.
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m onthly
labor r e v ie w .
By means of collective agreements and also through separate ar
rangements funds have been set up by certain undertakings, employers
contributing a stipulated percentage of their total pay rolls—usually
1 per cent. From these funds the workers are granted allowances,
ordinarily one guilder (40.2 cents) a week, for the third and each
subsequent child under the age of 14. There are already funds of
this character in the boot and shoe industry, the cigar industry, the
pottery industry in Limburg, the textile industry in Brabant, and the
baking industry in all sections of the country.
Besides the funds above referred to, the North Brabant provincial
government has taken measures for the creation of a children’s
allowance fund for the provincial and municipal employees within
that jurisdiction. The municipal government of Arnhem has also
instituted a children’s allowance fund for municipal employees, and
for private employees “ in so far as arrangements for this purpose
may be made with the fund.” Private establishments hacl not as
yet, according to Dr. Joekes’s report, embraced this opportunity,
as the same difficulties that prevented the adoption of the system
by them individually applied in connection with their affiliating
with a municipal fund. These problems, he declares, can only be
adjusted through the creation by law of a general fund for children’s
allowances for the Netherlands as a whole, for which all employers
must be assessed and out of which all workers with over a certain
number of children would be paid specified sums in addition to their
wages.
The question of a national children’s allowance fund was taken
up in the Second Chamber in 1921, with no practical results. In
May, 1923, the matter was again discussed in the First Chamber,
and the Minister of Labor, Commerce, and Industry reported that
a bill for children’s allowances had been drafted but its introduction
would be postponed until the industrial situation was more promising.
In the interim the payment of “ family wages” in private enterprises
will be left to be taken care of through the action of individual
employers, the provisions in collective agreements, and the creation
of private compensation funds.
Among those favoring the payment of children’s allowances are
the Roman Catholic and Protestant Christian trade-unions. The
non-Christian trade-unions take an unfavorable attitude on the
matter of “ family wages.” The 1921 joint congress of the Nether
lands Federation of Trade-Unions and the Netherlands General
Trade-Union Federation, previously referred to, at which 300,000
members were represented, adopted resolutions against the institu
tion of children’s allowances, three of the objections being that such
grants (1) reduce the general wage level; (2) militate against good
understanding among workers; and (3) tend to destroy the unity of
organized labor and aim to maintain existing inadequate wage levels.
Norway.
A CCORDING to an official report on wages for 1922,18 while the
cost-of-living allowance to commune workers was no longer
being granted by the majority of the municipalities, some of the
cities retained for the fiscal year 1922-23 certain family allowances.
18 N orw ay.
Statistiske Centralbyrâ. Ljfoninger, 1922, pp. 5*, 18.
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f a m il y -w a g e
”
SY STEM IN EU R O PEA N C O U N T R IE S .
29
For example, in Sarpsborg, family allowances of from 20 to 30 0re
(5.36 to 8.04 cents) per hour were paid to permanent road workers.
In Königsberg, commune workers were paid allowances of 300
kroner per year ($80.40, par) for a wife, 200 kroner ($53.60, par) for
the first child, and 120 kroner ($32.16, par) for each succeeding child.
In Fredrikstad a worker received 4 0re per hour (1.07 cents, par)
per child, beginning with the third.
As a result of the opposition aroused by the Norwegian Govern
ment’s proposal that the cost-of-living bonuses after July, 1923,
should be granted only to those who had not had their wages adjusted
since 1919, the Minister of State declared at a conference with repre
sentatives of the Government employees’ high-cost-of-living com
mittee that the Government would submit an amendment on appro
priating for the continuation of family allowances for the second
half of 1923, also for Government employees whose salaries had been
adjusted, but such allowances would be granted only to those hold
ing purely governmental positions. The Government, however, was
unwilling to propose basic allowances.
An appropriation of 10,000,000 kroner ($2,680,000, par) for family
allowances for Government employees was made by Parliament in
July, 1923.19
Other Countries.
Sweden.
family-wage system has also been inaugurated by some indus
tries in Sweden; for example, by private railways.20 In 1922
Swedish textile workers received a special family allowance up to 20
kronor ($5.36, par) per month.21
A collective agreement in the tobacco industry effective until
January 31, 1924, also provides for special allowances for wives and
children of family providers.22
Switzerland.23
A compensation fund has been established at Geneva by the Social
Welfare Federation of Catholic Employers (Caisse de Compensation
de l’Union Sociale des Patrons Catholiques) modeled after the French
scheme.
19 Arbeidernes Faglige LandsorgaDisation. Meddelelsesblad, Christiania, June-July, 1923, pp. 218,219.
20 Monthly L abor R eview , October, 1921, p. 19.
21 United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce special consular reports No. 84: Cotton
and cotton goods in western Sweden, by Walter H. Sholes. Washington, 1922, p. 30.
22 Sweden. Socialstyrelsen. Sociala Meddelanden, No. 5, 1923, p. 475.
23 Journal de Statistique et Revue économique suisse, No. 3, Bern, 1923, pp. 272-275. “ Zur Frage des
Familienlohns.”
»
76303°—24----- 3
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IN D U STR IA L R E L A T IO N S A ND LA B O R CO ND ITIO NS.
Eleventh Annual Report of the Secretary of Labor.
HE eleventh annual report of the Secretary of Labor, for the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1923, gives a detailed statement of
the activities of the various bureaus and divisions of the depart
ment with especial emphasis upon the problem of immigration. A
compilation of statistics, with charts, telling the story of immigration
since 1820 to the present time which forms part of the report will be
found on pages 1 to 19 of this issue of the M onthly L abor R e v ie w .
The work of the Bureau of Immigration has been reorganized
during the past two years in several particulars. Closer cooperation
between the bureau and the field service has been brought about
through readjustment of district boundaries and the organization
of a supervisory staff of immigration officers, which enables the
department and bureau to keep in direct and intimate contact with
the field service at all times. The method of deportation under
warrant proceedings has also been changed. Formerly deportees
were accompanied to the respective points of embarkation by immi
grant inspectors or others at a large travel and per diem expense,
while now individuals to be deported are taken from coast to coast
or from interior points to coast or border in groups at stated inter
vals, deportees from adjacent territory joining the party at the nearest
railroad point. The railroad companies have reduced rates for such
groups and furnish guards at their own expense, so that a very mate
rial saving has been effected and in addition the service of many
officers has been made available for more important work.
The Secretary’s Board of Review has been in operation since Jan
uary 1, 1922. It has proved to be of great value in the consideration
of appeals. Aliens are assured of a hearing before this board, where
they may be represented by counsel, relatives, or friends. Appeal
cases, warrant cases, Chinese cases, and other matters are disposed
of expeditiously by this method, as the recommendations of the
board and the decisions of the Secretary are usually made in such
cases on the day the record is presented.
The Board of Review has had 22,606 cases, involving 48,385 aliens,
submitted to it either for original hearing or for rehearing during the
last fiscal year. Of this number 3,184 requested and were permitted
to present oral arguments.
Problems connected with contract labor, with deserting alien
seamen, and with smuggling and surreptitious entry are of increasing
frequency since the present immigration law has been in operation.
The smuggling of aliens is said to be nearly as prolific a source of
revenue to those engaged in the traffic as is the bringing in of contra
band liquor and narcotics and has reached such proportions as to
challenge the immediate attention of Congress.
Both the quantity and quality of our alien population is of great
importance to the country. Approximately 14,009,000 foreign-born
T
30
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E L E V E N T H A N N U A L REPO RT OF T H E SECRETARY OF LABOR.
♦
*
31
whites are in this country, of whom less than half are naturalized
citizens, while nearly 23,000,000 more are of foreign-born parentage
or of mixed parentage, that is, one parent born abroad. The records
of the department show that the average alien remains in this country
10 years before he assumes the duties and responsibilities of citizen
ship. While the foreign-born make up 14.7 per cent of the popula
tion, they furnish 20.63 per cent of the inmates of jails, almshouses,
insane asylums, and other public institutions, and it is estimated
that slightly more than 44 per cent of the inmates of these institu
tions are either foreign born or of foreign stock. A classification of
the comparative intelligence of the total white and the foreign-born
populations of the United States based on the intelligence tests
applied to our soldiers during the World War shows nearly half of
our foreign-born white population classified as inferior or very inferior
in intelligence.
The Secretary points out the necessity for enactment of a complete
code with reference to aliens to take the place of the present so-called
quota law which will expire at the end of the present fiscal year. The
many difficulties in administering the immigration laws which have
been enacted over a period of many years and under varying condi
tions demand the codification and revision of these laws. If it is impos
sible to secure this reform in the time remaining, certain specific
amendments are advised. These include a penalty of fine or imprison
ment for unlawful entry, and deportation of alien seamen who abandon
their calling and take up residence in this country. It is also advised
that the law should be changed so that whereas it is now incumbent
upon the Government to show that an alien is deportable, it would be
necessary for any person arrested on the ground that he has entered or
been found in the United States in violation of any law thereof to
prove his right to remain in this country. Under the existing statute
aliens frequently refuse to testify in warrant proceedings, thereby
making it impossible to show that they have entered within the statutorjT- period.
The enactment of a comprehensive alien code, the main features of
which are as follows, is recommended by the Secretary:
Definite, clean-cut provisions as to citizenship, consistent w ith our laws on
im m igration and our national destiny.
The exclusion, as perm anent residents or im m igrants, of all nonnaturalizable
aliens of all races.
The requirem ent th a t aliens adm itted as exempts under our imm igration laws
m ust m aintain th eir exempt status while here, and m ust when th a t statu s is lost
either qualify as im m igrants under our imm igration laws, if of th e admissible
races an d classes, or depart.
Selection of im m igrants of the admissible races and qualified classes on th e
basis of our needs as a nation and economically.
Selection and inspection abroad sufficient to avoid th e return to th e land
whence they came of large numbers of prospective im m igrants after they arrive
a t our ports.
The annual enrollm ent of all aliens so long as they rem ain alien.
The deportation prom ptly of aliens found w ithin th e U nited States in violation
of our laws regardless of the length of tim e they may have been w ithin th e U nited
States.
The speedy and efficient Americanization of all naturalizable aliens w ithin our
gates and th e elim ination of those who can not be Americanized or naturalized for
any reason.
I am convinced th a t an alien code based upon these broad principles and care
fully fram ed would m ake for better aliens for America and a b etter America for
b oth aliens and citizens.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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32
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
Other Recommendations.
TTHE adjustment of minor disputes in the railroad industry has been
retarded, the report states, by the labor section of the transpor
tation act since its practical operation brings about unreasonable
delays and accentuates to the dignity of a contest petty differences
with regard to wages and working conditions. It is recommended,
therefore, that less complicated and cumbersome machinery should
be set up for the settlement of these disputes.
Extension of the activities of the department toward the improve
ment of working conditions is also advocated, at present these activi
ties being restricted by the lack of specific authority and by meager
appropriations. This is particularly apparent in the need for pro
tecting from industrial accidents the men, women, and children who
work, and it is recommended that as a preliminary step the depart
ment should be authorized “ to organize a thorough and complete
survey of industrial health and accident conditions in order that we
might have the necessary facts upon which to base an intelligent,
effective program of health conservation and accident prevention in
industry.” Provision for a study of seasonal employment is also
urged.
The enactment of Federal child labor legislation, the extension of
the maternity and infancy act to the island possessions of the United
States, reform in the procedure of the Federal courts in children’s
cases, and extension of the work the Woman’s Bureau is doing in
dealing with problems relating to the employment of women, are
other reforms which are urged upon the consideration of Congress.
Negro Migration from Georgia,
N July 4, 1923, a conference of negroes, made up of represent
atives from 103 counties of the State, met at Atlanta, Ga., to
consider the causes of the negro exodus and its possible
remedies. As a result of their deliberations the conferees issued an
appeal to the members of the legislature and to the white citizenry of
Georgia, signed by some 70 prominent members of their race, including
bishops, clergymen, educators, lawyers, doctors, business men, and
farmers. Earlier in the year, the City Club of Atlanta appointed a com
mittee to consider the same subject, and its report appeared early in Sep
tember. These two documents are to some extent complementary; they
agree as to what might be called the opportunity for the migration,
and to some extent as to the underlying and secondary causes, but
they differ widely in the emphasis given the several factors.
The appeal of the negroes takes the fact of the migration for
granted, but the report of the City Club committee devotes some
space to its extent and immediate effects.
O
The 1920 census gives Georgia approxim ately 1,250,000 negroes, of whom
probably not less th a n 500,000 were engaged in some sort of labor. I t is con
servatively estim ated th a t over 80,000 have left Georgia since Jan u ary 1, 1923,
and th e num ber will pass 100,000 before the year is out. Add to th is another
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NEGRO M IG RA TIO N EROM GEORGIA.
33
100,000 for 1921 and 1922, and we find the available negro labor supply has been
reduced two-fifths. The following figures complete th e picture:
1920.
N um ber of farms in Georgia__________________________
Num ber of negro ten an t farm s________________________
310,700
114,000
1923.
N um ber of farm dwellings v ac an t_______________ 1_____
N um ber of plows idle_________________________________
Labor shortage on farm s______________________________
46,674
55,524
71,000
* In 48 per cent of the counties, the exodus is increasing; in 11 per cent it is
unchanged, and in 41 per cent th e exodus is falling off. No figures are available
for industry or for house servants, though they have both been m aterially affected.
I t is estim ated th a t the money loss to Georgia agriculture will am ount to $25,000,000 for 1923.
The underlying cause of the movement, the City Club’s committee
finds, is economic. A great demand for workers in industrial centers
coincided with a serious depression in agriculture throughout the
cotton belt, and the negroes responded to the “ economic pull.” But
the migration from Georgia is admittedly very much larger than from
neighboring States—North Carolina, for instance; therefore there
must be local causes to account for the mass movement from Georgia.
As to these, the committee quotes five of the causes assigned by the
negroes themselves, namely: Low wages for farm labor, poor housing
conditions, bad working conditions on farms managed by overseers,
lack of educational facilities, and inequality in law enforcement.
The truth of these complaints is admitted, but they are dismissed
rather casually. As to the first three, agriculture in Georgia is in a
bad state, and under the conditions “ it was and is impossible to
raise the wages of farm labor and by the same token to improve the
living conditions.” Also, it is admitted that educational facilities for
negroes are poor, but it is stated that the same is true as to such
facilities for the whites. As to inequality in law enforcement, it
exists and is an element to be reckoned with, even deplored, but no
suggestions are made for altering the situation.
In general, the committee does not seem to contemplate any serious
attempt to check the migration. North Carolina, its report states,
“ has so changed conditions that migration has practically ceased,”
and “ individuals here and there in Georgia recognizing the need have
had no difficulty in holding their negro farm labor and their tenants,”
but for Georgia as a whole, the committee apparently anticipates
the continuance of the exodus until the demand for negro labor
elsewhere ceases, or the local supply is exhausted. As far as the
negro himself is concerned, the net result of the movement will
probably be beneficial.
Balancing the account for the negro who migrates, we find th a t he is adm irably
suited to industry, receives two to four tim es higher wages, enjoys b etter housing
conditions and superior school facilities; * * * As an industrial u n it the
negro becomes a producer w ith a definite purchasing power, in which capacity
he becomes more valuable th a n as an indifferent farm laborer living on th e bounty
of his landlord. And for the negro who remains a t home there m ust come an
increase in wage and slowly improving conditions. The net result for th e negro
can not b u t show a great advantage to his credit.
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
As to the State, it is a more difficult matter to balance the good and
evil, but apparently the committee feels that it, too, will benefit in
the long run. If there are no negro workers, a white farming class
must be established, who will demand and secure better conditions
and adopt improved methods, so that the whole agricultural situation
will be advanced. “ The race problem will be solved, the boll weevil
will disappear through diversification, and the vexing tax question
will become simpler by the creation of new wealth.”
As an immediate means of dealing with the situation, the committee
calls upon the City Club to create special committees to consider
carefully, first, whether the system of tenant farming is not largely
responsible for the volume of negro migration from Georgia, and
second, the antiquated tax system which aggravates both the agri
cultural and industrial conditions that make it possible “ for the labor
vacuum in the industrial centers to break down the economic structure
of this section.”
The negro conference took a far more personal view of the situation,
and definitely asked for an improvement in conditions that the
negroes might not be forced to migrate. They do not want to go,
they say.
W e a re k e e n ly se n sib le of t h e f a c t t h a t , a ll th in g s b e in g e q u a l, th e r e is p ro b a b ly
n o m o re s u ita b le p la c e to b e fo u n d in t h e w h o le w o rld fo r c o lo re d p e o p le t h a n
o u r o w n s o u th la n d . W e a re a lso a w a re of t h e f a c t t h a t e v e ry th in g m ig h t n o t
b e g a in to u s b y m ig ra tin g , fo r, b y so d o in g , t h e eco n o m ic, so cial, re lig io u s a n d
e d u c a tio n a l o rg a n iz a tio n s w h ic h w e h a v e b u ilt u p in t h e l a s t 50 y e a rs m a y be
g re a tly r e ta r d e d a n d , in so m e cases, th e ir p e rm a n e n c y t h r e a te n e d .
As to the causes for the migration, the conferees, like the committee
of the City Club, recognize the economic pull due to labor shortage in
industrial centers but they give far more weight to secondary causes.
Among these they list poor wages, poor housing, abuses due to the
overseer system of farming, inadequate educational facilities, the
Jim Crow law, inequality in law enforcement, the labor contract law
which renders possible the peonage system, mob violence, and
disfranchisement. As to all these conditions, they point out that
the negro’s lot is not only hard, but unfairly hard, and that while white
people may and do suffer from the ravages of the boll weevil, hard
times, antiquated tax systems, insufficient educational facilities, and
the like, the colored people in each case suffer from the same cause
plus definite discrimination against them, and in addition, they must
bear special grievous disadvantages which operate against them only.
Practically none of the ills from which they suffer are, in the opinion of
the conferees, inevitable. Agricultural wages and housing, they believe,
might be improved to the ad vantage of both the whites and the colored,
even in the present depressed state of agriculture. The abuses due to the
overseer system and the contract labor law are wholly remediable, and
their continuance is a real handicap to production. In educational
matters, the unfairness of the division of the State funds constitutes
a bitter grievance. Four-fifths of the public schools for colored
pupils must meet in churches and lodge halls for lack of buildings
and are wholly without equipment in the way of desks, blackboards,
maps, charts, and the like. High schools are almost lacking. “ There
are less than a dozen junior high schools for colored youths, and only
one with a four-year course, while there are more than 100 for whites.”
Even in training for their work the negroes are not given a fair show.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[34]
NEGRO M IG RA TIO N FR O M GEORGIA.
35
__ Although the negro performs 75 per cent of the agricultural labor in our State,
there is not a single first-class agricultural school for colored people in Georgia,
and only three of any kind, and these receive such small appropriations th a t
im provem ent upon w hat they are now doing is practically impossible; while
there are 12 for whites, one in each congressional district, aside from th e State
agricultural college.
They admit that the whole educational system of the State is
insufficiently supported, but claim that this does not justify devoting
practically all the funds set aside for higher education to the use of
the whites, while making little or no provision for the negroes. They
instance a recent appropriation of $750,000 for higher educational
institutions, of which $735,000 was assigned for the use of the whites
and $15,000 was devoted to institutions for the colored. Other
southern States do not practice such discrimination.
How does this $15,000 for the higher education of colored people in Georgia
appear compared to the N orth Carolina appropriation of $1,250,000, Louisiana
$500,000, Mississippi $400,000, Texas $500,000, and West Virginia $750,000?
«
Inequality in enforcement of the law is given as a potent factor in
bringing about migration. Too often, they say, the colored person
is made to feel that the law is designed for his punishment but not for
his protection. His life is held too cheap in Georgia. The labor
contract law works terrible hardship and injustice, but mob violence
is the most terrifying condition from which the negro suffers, and it
must bear the greatest responsibility for driving him away from
Georgia. “ No colored person, however honest, industrious, humble
and law-abiding, can possibly feel himself safe overnight. ” Worst
of all, it has led to a complete distrust of the intentions of the dominant
race.
The whole tru th is, and you ought to know it, th a t a very large percentage of
us have lost faith in either your willingness now or your intention ever to tre a t
th e colored people justly and to allow them to become a basic p a rt of our civili
zation. This faith restored by unm istakable evidence to th e contrary would in
finitely improve th e unsettled conditions among us.
As for disfranchisement, the colored people want the ballot as a
means of self protection. They deny that they have “ either ambition
for so-called social equality or desire for negro domination. ” What
they do want is justice and a fair chance for all, and they call upon
the members of the legislature and the white citizens of the State to
help them secure this end.
We challenge you to join us as Christian people in th e task of working out a
program of justice, equity, and Christian brotherhood, which shall include both
groups, each separate in his sphere, th a t shall guarantee to both th e fullest oppor
tu n ity to come into the heritage of th a t larger and purer life which bread alone
can not give, b u t which is so absolutely essential to a well-rounded hum anity.
*
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[35]
P R IC E S A N D C O S T O F LIVING.
Retail Prices of Food in the United States.
HE following tables are based on figures which have been re
ceived by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from, retail dealers
through monthly reports of actual selling prices.1
Table 1 shows for the United States retail prices of food, November
15, 1922, and October 15 and November 15, 1923, as well as the per
centage changes in the year and in the month. For example, the
price per pound of lard was 17.6 cents in November, 1922, 18.6 cents
in October, 1923, and 18.9 cents in November, 1923. These figures
show an increase of 7 per cent in the year, and of 2 per cent in the
month.
The cost of the various articles of food 2 combined show an in
crease of 4 per cent November 15, 1923, as compared with November
15, 1922, and an increase of 1 per cent November 15, 1923, as com
pared with October 15, 1923.
T
T able 1 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F S P E C IF IE D FO O D A R T IC L E S A N D P E R C EN T
O F IN C R E A S E OR D E C R E A S E N O V E M B E R 15, 1923, C O M PA R ED W IT H N O V E M B E R 15,
1922, A N D O C TO B ER 15, 1923.
[Percentage changes of five-tenths of 1 p er cent and over are given in whole num bers.]
Averag e retail price on—
A rticle.
U n it.
Nov. 15,
1922.
Oct. 15,
1923.
Nov. 15,
1923.
Cents.
Cents.
Cents.
Per cent of increase
(+ ) or decrease
( - ) Nov. 15,1923,
com pared w ith—
Nov. 15,
1922.
Oct. 15,
1923.
38.9
-3
+4
40.1
37.3
P o u n d ..............
Sirloin s te a k ..............
-4
33.1
+3
34.4
32.0
___do...............
R ou n d s te a k .............
2
28.9
28.3
+
3
27.5
___do...............
R ib ro ast....................
-2
+4
20.4
19.6
20.8
___do...............
Chuck ro ast...............
1
+
2
13.0
12.7
13.1
___do
...............
P la te beef...................
-1 2
-1 6
34.2
28.9
33.0
___do ...............
P ork chops.................
2
38.5
6
39.3
40.9
___do...............
B acon..........................
-2
-2
45.5
46.4
46.3
___do...............
H a m .............................
-2
0
35.8
36.5
35.8
___do...............
L am b, leg of..............
-1
-3
33.7
34.8
33.9
___do...............
H en s............................
0
-0 .3
31.4
31.4
31.5
___do...............
Salmon, canned, red
+
7
14.3
14. 1
+1
13.4
Q u a rt...............
Milk, fresh.................
0
12.2
+4
12.2
11.7
15-16 oz. c an ...
Milk, evaporated —
+5
+8
58.9
56. 2
54.6
P o u n d ..............
B u tte r .........................
+7
30.1
29.7
+1
28.1
___do...............
O leom argarine..........
+4
27.7
28.1
.+ 1
27.1
___do...............
N u t m arg arin e..........
1 In addition to m o n th ly retail prices of food and coal, th e bu reau secures prices of gas and dry goods
from each of 51 cities and for electricity from 32 cities. These prices are published a t q uarterly intervals
in th e M onthly L abor R e v ie w .
„
,
,
2 T h e following 22 articles, w eighted according to th e consum ption of th e average fam ily, h av e been
used from Jan u ary , 1913, to D ecem ber, 1920: Sirloin steak , ro u n d steak, rib roast, chuck roast, p la te beef,
pork chops, bacon, ham , lard, hens, flour, com m eal, eggs, b u tte r, m ilk, bread, potatoes, sugar, cheese, rice,
coffee, a n d tea. T h e rem ainder of th e 43 articles shown in Tables 1 and 2 have been included in th e w eighted
aggregates for each m o n th beginning w ith Jan u a ry , 1921.
36
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[36 ]
R E TA IL PR IC E S OF FOOD.
37
T able 1.—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F S P E C IF IE D FO O D A R T IC L E S A N D P E R C E N T
O F IN C R E A S E O R D E C R E A S E N O V E M B E R 15, 1923, C O M PA R E D W IT H N O V E M B E R 15,
1922, A N D O C T O B E R 15, 1923—Concluded.
Average retail price on—
Article.
Cheese...............................
L ard...................................
Vegetable lard substitute.
Eggs, strictly fresh...........
Eggs, storage......................
Bread.................................
Flour..................................
Com m e a l..........................
Rolled oats.........................
Com flakes.........................
W heat cereal.....................
Macaroni...........................
R ice...................................
Beans, n av y ...... ...............
Potatoes............................
Onions............................... .
Cabbage.............................
Beans, baked.....................
Corn, canned......................
Peas, canned......................
Tomatoes, canned............
Sugar, granulated............
T ea.................................... .
Coflee..................................
P runes................................
Raisins................................
Bananas.............................
Oranges............................. .
U n it.
P o u n d ............
........do............. .
........do............. .
D ozen............. .
....... do...............
P o u n d ............
....... do...............
....... do...............
....... do...............
8-oz. p a ck a g e .
28-oz. package.
P o u n d .............
....... do...............
....... do...............
....... do...............
___ do...............
___ do...............
No. 2 can.........
___ do...............
___ do...............
___ do...............
P o u n d .............
___ do...............
___ do...............
___ do...............
___ do...............
Dozen..............
. . . . d o ..............
All articles com bined 1.
<Tov. 15,
1922.
Oct. 15,
1923.
Cents.
Cents.
35.5
17.6
23.2
64.5
39.8
8.7
4.8
3.9
8.8
9.7
25.6
19.9
9.5
10.2
2.1
4.4
3.4
13.2
15.2
17.4
12,8
8.1
68.5
36.5
20.2
19.8
36.8
51.0
38.5
18.6
23.5
54.6
41.7
8.7
4.6
4.3
8.8
9.7
24.4
19.7
9.6
10.6
2.9
6.3
4.2
12.9
15.5
17.6
12.9
10.6
69.7
37.8
18.3
16.8
38.3
51.1
P e r cent of increase
( + ) or decrease
( —)N o v . 15,1923,
com pared w ith —
N ov. 15, N ov. 15,
1923.
1922.
Oct. 15,
1923.
Cents.
37.8
18.9
23.7
66.4
42.3
8.7
4.6
4.4
8.8
9.7
24.3
19.7
9.7
10.5
2.6
6.3
3.9
12.9
15. 6
17.7
12.9
10.3
70.4
37.8
18.0
16.4
38.6
49.0
+6
+7
+2
+3
+6
0
-4
+ 13
0
0
-5
-1
+2
+3
+24
+ 43
+ 15
-2
+3
+2
+1
+27
+3
+4
-1 1
-1 7
-2
+2
+1
+22
+1
0
0
+2
0
0
- 0 .4
0
+1
-1
-1 0
0
-7
0
+1
-4
0
-3
+1
0
-2
-2
+1
-4
+4
+1
1 See note 2, p. 36.
Table 2 shows for the United States average retail prices of specified
food articles on November 15, 1913 and 1914, and on November 15
of each year from 1918 to 1923, together with percentage changes in
November of each of these specified years compared with November,
1913. For example, the price per pound of pork chops was 21.5
cents in November, 1913; 21.8 cents in November, 1914; 43.3 cents
in November, 1918; 42.1 cents in November, 1919; 44.1 cents in
November, 1920; 32 cents in November, 1921; 33 cents in November,
1922; and 28.9 cents in November, 1923.
As compared with the average price in November, 1913, these
figures show the following percentage increases: 1 per cent in Novem
ber, 1914; 101 per cent in November, 1918; 96 per cent in November,
1919; 105 per cent in November, 1920; 49 per cent in November,
1921; 53 per cent in November, 1922; and 34 per cent in November,
1923.
The cost of the various articles of food combined showed an increase
of 44 per cent in November, 1923, as compared with November, 1913.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[3 7 ]
38
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW ,
T able 2 — AVERAGE R E TA IL PRICES OF S P EC IFIED FOOD ARTICLES 'AND P E R CENT
OF INCREASE OR DECREASE NOVEMBER 15, OF CERTAIN SPEC IFIED YEARS COM
PARED W ITH NOVEMBER 15, 1913.
[Percentage changes of five tenths of 1 per cent and over are given in whole numbers.]
Average retail price Nov. 15—
A rticle.
U n it.
P er cent of increase ( + ) or decrease
( - Nov. 15 of each specified year
com pared w ith Nov. 15, 1913.
1913 1914 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1914 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923
Sirloin ste a k ..............
R o u n d ste a k ..............
R ib ro a s t....................
Chuck ro a st................
P la te b e ef..................
P o rk chops.................
B acon..........................
H a m .............................
L a m b ...........................
H en s............................
Salmon, canned, red
Milk, fresh .................
Milk' evaporated---B u tte r .........................
O leom argarine..........
N u t m arg arin e..........
Cheese.........................
L a rd .............................
V egetable lard subs titu te .....................
Eggs, stric tly fr e s h ..
Eggs, storage.............
B read...........................
F lo u r...........................
Corn m eal...................
R olled oats.................
Corn flakes................
W heat cereal..............
M acaroni.....................
R ice.............................
Beans, n a v y ...............
P o ta to e s.....................
O nions.........................
C abbage......................
Beans, b a k e d ............
Corn, canned............
Peas, can n ed.............
Tom atoes, c an n e d . ..
Sugar, g ra n u la te d . . .
T e a ...............................
Coffee...........................
P ru n es .......................
R aisin s ......................
B an a n a s ....................
O ranges .....................
Cts. Cts. Cts.
...d o ...
. . .d o ...
.. . d o . . .
...d o ...
...d o ...
...d o ...
...d o ...
. . .d o .. .
...d o ...
. . .d o ...
Q u a rt..
(2)
Pound.
.. .d o __
...d o ...
. . .d o ...
...d o ...
.. . d o . . .
D ozen..
...d o ...
Pound.
.. . d o . . .
...d o ...
...d o ...
(3)
(9
Pound.
...d o ...
.. . d o . . .
...d o ...
. . .d o ...
...d o ...
(9
(9
(9
«
Pound.
...d o ...
. . . d o __
...d o ...
.. . d o . . .
Dozen..
Cts.
Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts.
40. 5 39.3 43. 5 35. 7 37. 3 38. 9
38.5 36.2 39.6 31.0 32.0 33.1
32.0 30.2 32.6 26.8 27.5 28.3
27.5 24.2 25.3 19.2 19.6 20. 4
21.2 17.3 17.7 12.8 12.7 13.0
43.3 42.1 44.1 32.0 33.0 28.9
58.3 51.0 53.0 39.7 40.9 38.5
52.4 50.5 57.1 45.7 46.3 45.5
35.1 33.4 37.1 30.6 35.8 35.8
39.3 39.2 42.9 35. 8 33. 9 33.7
131. 3 135.7 138.7 34. 3:31. 5 31.4
9.1 9.0 15.4 16.4 17.3 14. 3 13. 4 14. 3
36.8 15.1 13.3 11. 7 12.2
38.7 39.3 66.8 75.4 69. 4 53.1 !54. fi 58.9
43. 0 41.0 30.2 28.1 30.1
35. 8 35. 3 28.7 27.1 28.1
22.5 23.0 40.6 43.0 39.8 33.3 35.5 37.8
15.9 15.6 34.2 36.5 28.9 16.6 17.6 18.9
25. 4 25.5
22.8 23. 4
19.8 20.3
16.3 16.7
12.4 12.7
21.5 21.8
27.2 28.2
26.9 27. 4
18.5 19.2
20.6 20.6
+ 0.4
+3
+3
+2
+2
+1
+4
+2
+4
0
A ll articles combined 6.....................
+55 + 71 +41 +47
+ 59 +74 +36 +40
+ 53 + 65 +35 +39
+ 48 +55 + 18 +20
+40 + 43 + 3 + 2
+96 + 105 + 49 +53
+88 +95 + 46 +50
+ 88 + 112 + 70 +72
+81 + 101 +65 +94
+90 + 108 +74 +65
+53
+45
+ 43
+25
+5
+34
+42
+69
+94
+64
—1
+69 -H80 +90 +57 +47 +57
+2
+ 73 +95 +79 +37 +41 +52
+2
-2
+80 +91 +77 +48 +58 +68
+ 115 + 130 +82 + 4 + 11 + 19
37. 8 31.4 21.5 23.2 23.7
45.1 74.1 81.0 86.1 69.5 64.5 66.4 - 9
31.3 54.1 61.8 66.2 46.4 39.8 42.3 - 9
6. 4 9. 8 10.2 11.6 9.3 8.7 8. 7 + 14
3.7 6.7 7.4 7.3 5.1 4.8 4.6 + 12
3.3 6.5 6.6 5.9 4.2 3.9 4.4 + 6
9. 2 11. 5 9.7 8. 8 8.8
14. 1 14.3 11.9 9. 7 9.7
25. 2 30.4 29.7 25.6 24.3
19. 6 22.0 20.4 19.9 19.7
8.7 8.8 14.0 17.6 14.2 9. 4 9.5 9.7 + 1
16. ! 12. 3 10.1 8.2 10. 2 10. 5
1.8 1.4 3.3 3.9 3.3 3.2 2.1 2.6 - 2 2
4.0 6.9 4.3 7.5 4.4 6.3
4. 5 3.5 4. 6 3.4 3.9
17.0 16.5 13.9 13.2 12.9
18.9 18.3|l6.1 15.215.6
19.1 19.017.8 17. 4 17.7
16.1 13. 7i 13. 0!12. 8!12. 9
5.4 6.2 10.8 12.5 12.8 6.7 8.1 ¡10.3 + 15
54.5 54.7 67.9 71.3 73. 6169.0'68.5170. 4 + 0 .4
29.8 29.6 30.8 48.9 41.3 35. 6;36. 5 37.8 - 1
18.4 30.2 27.1118.920.2118.0
15.8 22. 7 32.3 26.1 19. 8 16. 4
39.9 46.6 37. 8 26. 8 38.6
. . . d o . ..
54.2 67.4 52.8 51.0 49.0
49.7
34.3
5.6
3.3
3.1
+59
+69
+62
+69
+71
+101
+ 114
+95
+90
+91
+ 49 +63
+ 58 +80
+ 75 +82
+ 103 + 124
+ 110 + 113
+73 + 40 +30 +34
+93 +35 + 16 +23
+ 107 +66 +55 +55
+ 121 +55 + 45 +39
+90 +35 +26 +42
+61 +102 +63 + 8 + 9 + 11
+ 83 +117 +83 +78 + 17 +44
+ 100 +131 + 137 +24 +50 +91
+25 +31 +35 +27 +26 +29
+ 3 +64 +39 +19 + 22 +27
+ 0.4 +75 +83 +84 +45 +38 +44
1Both pink and red.
215-16 ounce can.
38-ounce package.
428-ounce package.
6No. 2 can.
6See note 2, p. 36.
Table 3 shows the changes in the retail price of each of 22 articles of
food,3 as well as the changes in the amounts of these articles that
could be purchased for $1, each year, 1913 to 1922, and in November,
1923.
3
Although monthly prices of 43 food articles have been secured since January, 1919, prices of only 22
of these articles have been secured each m onth since 1913.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[38]
39
R E TA IL PR IC E S OF FOOD.
T able 3 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F S P E C IF IE D A R T IC L E S O F FO O D A N D A M O U N T
P U R C H A S A B L E F O R $1, IN E A C H Y E A R , 1913 TO 1922, A N D IN N O V E M B E R , 1923.
Sirloin steak. R ound steak.
Y ear.
R ib roast.
Chuck roast.
P la te beef.
P ork chops.
AverAverA verAverAverAverA m t.
A m t.
A m t.
age
A m t.
age
age
age A m t.
age
age
A m t.
re ta il for $1. retail for $1. retail for $1. retail for $1. retail for $1. retail for $1.
price.
price.
price.
price.
price.
price.
P er lb.
1913..................... $0.254
1914..................... .259
1915..................... . 257
1916..................... .273
1917..................... .315
1918..................... .389
1919..................... .417
1920..................... . 437
1921..................... .388
1922..................... .374
1923: N ovember .389
L bs.
Bacon.
P er lb.
1913..................... $0.270
1914..................... .275
1915..................... .269
1916..................... .287
1917..................... .410
1918..................... .529
1919..................... .554
1920..................... .523
1921..................... .427
1922..................... .398
1923: Novem ber .385
L bs.
P er lb.
L bs.
Per lb.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P er lb.
L bs.
L b s.
P er lb.
P er lb.
Qts.
P er lb.
L bs.
L bs.
P er lb.
[39]
P er lb.
L b s.
P e r lb.
P er lb.
30.3 $0.030
29.4
.032
23.8
.033
22.7
.034
14.3
.058
.068
14.9
.064
13.9
.065
12.3
17.2
.045
19.6
.039
.044
21.7
Tea.
P er lb.
Lbs.
3.4 $0.544
3.4
.546
3.3
.545
3.3
.546
.582
3.3
3.3
.648
.701
2.3
2.1
.733
2.8
.697
2.8
.681
.704
2.6
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.4
L b s.
4.8
4.5
4.9
4.4
3.1
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.9
3.0
3.5
B u tter.
2.9 $0.383
2.8
.362
2.9
.358
2.7
.394
2.1
.487
1.8
.577
1.6
.678
.701
1.5
2.0
.517
2.3
.479
1.5
.589
Corn m eal.
L b s.
P er lb.
8.3 $0.210
7.9
.220
8.3
.203
7.8
.227
6.4
.319
4.9
.390
5.0
.423
5.5
.423
7.0
.349
7.8
.330
7.7
.289
Per dz. D ozs. P er lb.
4.7 $0.345
4.6
.353
4.8
.341
4.2
.375
3.5
.481
2.7
.569
2.4
.628
2.2
.681
2.5
.509
.444
2.8
3.0
.664
17.9 $0.033
.034
15.9
.042
14.3
13.7
.044
.070
10.9
10.2
.067
10.0
.072
.081
8.7
10.1
.058
.051
11.5
.046
11.5
L bs.
L b s.
Eggs.
Flour.
L b s.
P er lb.
6.3 $0.121
6.0
.126
6.2
.121
.128
5.8
4.8
.157
3.8
.206
.202
3.7
3.8
.183
4.7
.143
5.1
.128
.130
4.9
6.3 $0,213
6.4
.218
6.8
.208
5.7
.236
3.6
.286
3.0
.377
.411
2.7
3.4
.447
5.6
.397
5.9
.360
.337
5.3
Coffee.
18.2 $0.298
.297
16.9
.300
15.2
.299
12.5
.302
10.8
10.3
.305
.433
8.8
.470
5.2
12.5
.363
.361
13.7
.378
9.7
L b s.
H ens.
B read.
11.2 $0,056
11.2
.063
11.4
.070
11.0
.073
9.0
.092
7.2
.098
6.5
.100
6.0
.115
6.8
.099
7.6
.087
7.0
.087
P er lb.
5.1 $0.160
.167
4.9
.161
5.0
.171
4.7
4.0
.209
.266
3.3
.270
3.1
3.0
.262
3.4
.212
3.6
.197
.204
3.5
3.7 $0.158
.156
3.7
.148
3.8
.175
3.4
.276
2.6
.333
2.1
1.9
.369
.295
1.8
.180
2.0
2.0
.170
2.2
.189
Sugar.
58.8 $0.055
55.6
.059
.066
66.7
.080
37.0
23.3
.093
.097
31.3
.113
26.3
.194
15.9
.080
32.3
35.7
.073
38.5
.103
L bs.
L ard .
Milk.
P er qt.
P er lb.
4.5 $0.198
.204
4.2
.201
4.3
.212
4.1
.249
3.4
.307
2.7
2.6
.325
2.5
.332
.291
2.9
.276
3.1
3.0
.283
H am .
4.5 $0,089
4.4
.089
4.3
.088
.091
3.9
3.0
.112
.139
2.8
. 155
2.3
2.4
.167
.146
2.9
3.0
.131
2.6
.143
Potatoes.
1913..................... SO. 017
1914..................... .018
1915.....................
.015
1916..................... .027
1917..................... .043
1918..................... .032
1919..................... . 038
1920..................... .063
1921..................... .031
1922..................... .028
1923: N ovem ber .026
L bs.
3.7 $0.269
3.6
.273
.261
3.7
3.5
.294
.382
2.4
1.9
.479
1.8
.534
1.9
. 555
.488
2.3
2.5
.488
2.6
.455
Cheese.
1913..................... $0.221
1914..................... .229
1915..................... .233
1916..................... .258
1917..................... .332
1918..................... .359
1919..................... .426
1920..................... .416
1921..................... .340
1922..................... .329
1923: Novem ber .378
Per lb.
3.9 $0.223
.236
3.9
.230
3.9
.245
3.7
.290
3.2
2.6
.369
.389
2.4
.395
2.3
.344
2.6
2.7
.323
2.6
.331
L bs.
L b s.
2.6
2.8
2.8
2.5
2.1
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.9
2.1
1.7
Rice.
Per lb.
33.3 $0.087
31.3
.088
.091
30.3
29.4
.091
17.2
.104
.129
14.7
15.6
.151
15.4
.174
22.2
.095
25.6
.095
22.7
.097
L b s.
11.5
11.4
11.0
11.0
9.6
7.8
6.6
5.7
10.5
10.5
10.3
MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW.
40
Index Numbers of Retail Prices of Food in the United States.
IN TABLE 4 index numbers are given which show the changes in
* the retail prices of each of 22 food articles,4 by years from 1907
to 1922, and by months for 1922 5 and for January to November,
1923. These index numbers, or relative prices, are based on the
year 1913 as 100, and are computed by dividing the average price
of each commodity for each month and each year by the average
price of that commodity for 1913. These figures must be used with
caution. For example, the relative price of rib roast for the year
1920 was 168, which means that the average money price for the
year 1920 was 68 per cent higher than the average money price
for the year 1913. The relative price of bacon for the year 1919 was
205 and for the year 1920, 194, which figures show a drop of 11 points
but a decrease of only 5 per cent in the year.
In the last column of Table 4 are given index numbers showing
the changes in the retail cost of all articles of food combined. From
January, 1913, to December, 1920, 22 articles have been included in
the index, and beginning with January, 1921, 43 articles have been
used.4 For an explanation of the method used in making the link
between the cost of the market basket of 22 articles, weighted
according to the average family consumption in 1901, and the cost
of the market basket based on 43 articles and weighted according
to the consumption in 1918, see M onthly L abo r R e v ie w for March,
1921 (p. 25).
The curve shown in the chart on page 42 pictures more readily
to the eye the changes in the cost of the family market basket and
the trend in the cost of the food budget than do the index numbers
given in the table. The retail cost of the food articles included in
the index has decreased since July, 1920, until the curve is brought
down in November, 1923, to approximately where it was in May,1917.
The chart has been drawn on the logarithmic scale,6 because the
percentages of increase or decrease are more accurately shown than
on the arithmetic scale.
* See n o te 2, p . 36.
6 F o r in d ex nu m b ers of each m o n th , Jan u ary , 1913, to D ecem ber, 1920, see M onthly L abor R eview
ior F eb ru ary , 1921, p p . 19-21.
6 F o r a discussion of th e logarithm ic c h a rt see article on “ Comparison of a rith m e tic a nd ra tio charts,”
b y L ucian W . Chaney, M onthly L abor R e v ie w for M arch, 1919, pp. 20-34. Also “ T h e 'r a tio ’ c h arts,”
b y Prof. Irving Fish er, rep rin ted from Q uarterly P ublications of th e Am erican S tatistical A ssociation,
Ju n e, 1917, 24 p p .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[40]
>
il
*
»
*
T able 4 . —IN D E X N U M B ER S SH O W IN G C H A N G ES IN T H E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S O F FO O D IN T H E
Y E A R S , 1907 TO 1922, B Y M ONTHS F O R 1922 AND F O R JA N U A R Y TO N O V E M B E R , 1923.
U N IT E D ST A T E S , B Y
[Average for year 1913=100.]
R ound R ib C huck P la te Pork B a
u t Cheese. Milk. B read. Flour. Corn Rice. P o ta Su
Lard. H ens. Eggs. Bter.
Y ear a n d m onth. Sirloin
steak. steak. roast. roast. beef. chops. con. H am .
meal.
toes. gar.
1913........................
[41]
1914..........................
1915..........................
1916..........................
1917..........................
1918..........................
1919..........................
1920..........................
1921..........................
1922: Av. for y e a r ..
Jan u a ry .........
F e b ru a ry . . . .
M arch.............
A pril..............
M ay.................
J u n e ...............
J u ly ................
A ugust...........
S e p te m b e r...
O ctober..........
N ovem ber__
December___
1923: Jan u a ry .........
F e b ru a ry ___
M arch.............
A p ril..............
M ay................
J u n e ...............
Ju ly ................
A ugust...........
Septem ber. . .
O ctober..........
N o v e m b e r...
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
71
73
77
80
81
91
100
102
101
108
124
153
164
172
153
147
139
139
141
143
148
151
154
154
152
151
147
145
146
146
147
149
152
158
161
162
162
158
153
68
71
74
78
79
89
100
106
103
110
130
165
174
177
154
145
136
135
138
141
146
150
153
153
151
148
144
141
142
141
142
145
148
155
159
159
159
154
148
76
78
81
85
85
94
100
103
101
107
126
155
164
168
147
139
135
134
136
138
141
142
144
142
142
141
139
138
139
139
139
140
142
145
148
147
148
146
143
100
104
101
107
131
166
169
164
133
123
119
118
121
122
124
126
127
125
125
124
123
121
123
122
122
123
124
128
130
130
131
130
128
74
76
83
92
85
91
100
100
104
100
106
130
170
167
151
118
106
106
106
107
107
107
107
106
104
104
106
105
105
107
106
108
105
105
104
106
105
108
108
107
105
96
108
152
186
201
201
166
157
138
140
149
157
164
161
164
167
173
174
157
140
140
137
135
135
143
142
149
153
175
163
138
74
77
83
95
91
91
100
102
100
106
152
196
205
194
158
147
139
140
144
147
147
150
150
150
150
151
151
149
147
146
145
145
145
144
145
145
146
146
143
76
78
82
91
89
91
81
80
90
104
88
94
102
97
109
142
178
199
206
181
181
164
173
185
188
191
193
194
189
180
177
172
169
168
167
167
168
168
169
171
172
173
172
169
99
93
111
175
211
234
187
114
108
97
101
109
107
108
109
109
109
109
111
111
111
110
110
110
111
109
109
108
108
113
118
120
100
100
81
83
89
94
91
93
100
102
97
111
134
177
193
210
186
169
173
173
177
177
177
173
168
164
164
163
159
158
162
167
168
169
170
166
163
162
164
163
158
84
86
93
98
94
99
100
102
99
109
139
165
182
197
148
129
145
140
92
92
97
99
104
108
130
157
187
193
161
134
112
100
102
103
108
120
141
158
192
85
86
90
94
88
98
100
94
93
103
127
151
177
183
135
125
118
120
120
118
117
117
119
115
122
133
143
157
154
151
150
150
136
131
128
135
144
147
154
87
90
91
95
96
97
100
100
104
105
117
150
162
193
188
154
149
149
149
149
145
139
141
143
144
145
154
161
166
169
170
168
164
161
163
164
164
167
174
171
100
99
102
125
156
174
188
164
147
153
148
146
143
140
140
144
146
147
149
151
154
154
154
153
153
152
152
153
154
157
158
161
100
100
125
130
164
175
179
205
177
155
157
154
155
155
157
157
157
155
155
155
155
154
155
155
155
155
155
155
157
155
155
155
155
95
102
109
108
102
105
88
92
94
95
94
102
104
126
135
211
203
218
245
176
155
148
155
161
161
161
161
158
155
148
145
145
148
148
148
145
148
145
145
142
136
136
139
139
105
108
113
192
227
213
217
150
130
130
130
130
130
127
130
130
130
130
130
130
133
133
133
133
133
133
133
137
137
140
143
147
100
100
100
101
104
105
119
148
174
200
109
109
107
107
107
108
109
110
110
no
no
110
109
109
109
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
109
110
119
105
111
112
10)
130
135
105
108
107
109
117
115
108
89
159
253
188
224
371
182
165
194
194
182
171
176
206
212
153
135
129
124
124
124
124
129
147
159
188
247
218
200
171
153
108
120
146
169
176
205
353
145
133
113
116
118
122
120
129
138
147
144
144
147
151
151
158
185
193
204
202
191
175
175
193
187
100
100
All
Tea. articles
com
bined.
100
100
100
101
100
101
102
145
158
122
121
120
119
119
120
120
121
121
121
121
122
122
123
124
126
127
128
128
127
127
126
126
127
127
100
100
100
107
119
129
135
128
125
126
125
124
124
125
125
125
126
125
125
126
126
126
127
127
127
127
128
128
128
128
129
129
82
84
89
93
92
98
100
102
101
114
146
168
186
203
153
142
142
142
139
139
139
141
142
139
140
143
145
147
144
142
142
143
143
144
147
146
149
150
151
R E TA IL PR IC E S OF FOOD.
1907..........................
1908..........................
1909..........................
1910..........................
1911..........................
1912..........................
Cof
fee.
to
T R E N D IN R E T A IL COST O F A L L A R T IC L E S O F FO O D , C O M B IN ED , F O R T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S , B Y M O N T H S, JA N U A R Y , 1914, N O V E M B E R , 1923.
[1913=100.]
m o n t h l y labor review
[42]
1914
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ft
1915
)
1916
>
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
R E TA IL PR IC E S OF FOOD.
43
Retail Prices of Food in 51 Cities on Specified Dates.
M
A VERAGE retail food prices are shown in Table 5 for 40 cities for
November 15,1913 and 1922, and for October 15 and November
15, 1923. For 11 other cities prices are shown for the same dates
with the exception of July, 1913, as these cities were not scheduled
by the bureau until after 1913.
r
ft
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[43J
44
M O N T H L Y L A B O E B E V IE W ,
T a b l e 5.—AVERAGE R ETA IL PRICES OF T H E PRINCIPAL
[The prices shown in this table are computed from reports sent m onthly to the bureau by retail dealers.
B altim ore, Md.
A tlan ta, Ga.
Article.
U nit.
c ts .
Cts.
Sirloin s te a k ......................
R o u n d s te a k .....................
R ib ro a st............................
Chuck ro a st___
P la te beef..........................
P o u n d ..........
........do............
........do............
........do ............
........d o ............
24.2
21.3
19.0
15.8
9.9
34.7
31.4
25.7
18.3
11.9
P o rk chops........................
Bacon, sliced.....................
Iia m , sliced.......................
L am b, leg of................... .
H e n s...................................
........do ............
........do ............
. . ..d o ...........
___.d o ............
........do............
25.0 32.9 33.0 28.3
31.1 38.1 36.5 35.4
30.8 46. 9 47.3 44.7
20.2 37.7 36.1 35.6
21.0 29.9 32.5 31.7
B irm ingham , Ala. j
N ov. 15—
Nov. 15—
Oct. Nov.
Oct. Nov.
Oct. Nov.
15, 15,
15, 15,
15, 15,
1923.
1923.
1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1913 1922
1913 1922 1923.
Nov. 15
Cts.
39.1
35. 8
30. 2
20.4
13.4
37.0 28.0 33.0 37.2
34.2 23.0 29.7 33.4
29.4 19.4 24.9 27.0
20.0 16. 5 19.5 22.1
13.3 10.0 12.4 13.6
31.9
36. 5
49.9
36.7
20.2 35.6
32.8
34.4
52.2
37.3
36.9
26.5
34. 1
50.7
36.9
35.4
23.0
34.0
32.0
21.9
19.3
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
18.2
21.5
27.5
18.0
26.2
Salmon, canned red ,
28.4 29.5 29.6
d o ...
Milk, fresh . . . .. .......... Q u a rt........... 10.6 16.7 16.7 16.7 8.7 12.0
11.3
13.6 14.2 14.0
Milk, e v ap o rated............. 15-16-oz.can.
B u tte r............... ............... P o u n d .......... 39.8 54. 6 57.3 58.6 38.4 59,. 2
25.7
30.8 33.4 33.4
Oleomargarine
.d o .........
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
36.1 35.0 22.8 35. 4
32. 5 31.4 21.3 32.7
27.5 27.3 17.5 28.9
20.8 20.4 15. 0 19.2
11.7 11.7 12.2 12.7
33.9
41.7
46.8
35.6
30.9
Cts.
36.8
32.7
27.0
21.9
13.4
33.1
40.0
46.4
39.0
32.0
31.0
40.0
46.2
39.5
30.6
30.5 30.2
26.6 26.5
14.0 13.0 10.0 19.0 18. 5
13.0 13.3
12.1 12.0
60.6 63.7 41.7 53.1 58.1
32.9 34.6
27.9 27.4
30.2
18.5
13.3
59.8
34.6
N u t m argarine
Cheese.................................
L ard .
.........................
Vegetable la rd su b stitu te
Kggs, stric tly fresh ..........
29.4
27.5 27.8 27.4
27.4 27.3 26.8
.d o .........
___.d o ............ 25.0 35.1 36.1 36.8 23.3 35.2 37.3 37.3 23.0 35.1
........do ............ 15.3 18.2 19.3 18.9 15.0 17.0 18.6 18.9 15.1 18. 0
21.5
22.4 23.3 23.5
21.7 22.1 22.7
........do ............
Dozen........... 40.0 51.8 43.8 56.7 45.9 68.7 52.6 66.1 39. 0 50.8
Eggs, sto ra g e...
B re a d ..
............... .
F lo u r ...
Corn m eal.........
R olled o ats...........
........do ............
P o u n d ..........
........do............
. . . .d o ...........
........do ............
32.0 32.4
38.0 37.4
18,5 IS. 7
20.0 20.3
45.2 60.0
40.7 39.3 40.6 33.1 36.-4 41.3 39.7 32.5 41.4 40.5 43.4
9.6 9. I 9.1 5.5 8.3 8.8 8.8 5.4 9.0 8.8 8.8
5.2 5.0 5.2 3.1 4.6 4.3 4.3 3.6 5.6 5.5 5.5
2.6 3.2 4.0 3.9 2.6 3.2 3.6 3.7 2.5 3.0 3.5 3.6
9.5 9.3 9.3
8.4 8.5 8.5
9.5 9.1 9.2
5.6
3.5
9.6 9.8 9.8
26.6 26.8 26.6
8-oz. p k g ___
Corn flakes..
W h eat cereal.
M acaroni..
R ic e .....................................
B eans, n a v y ............
28-oz. p k g .
P o u n d ........
....... do............
. . . .d o .........
P o ta to e s.............................
O nions__
Cabbage.......
..............
Beans, baked ..................
Corn, canned .
........do............
. .d o .........
__.d o ..............
N o. 2 can__
__.d o ............
Peas, can n ed__ .
Tom atoes, can n ed ...........
Sugar, g ra n u la te d ...........
Tea . __
Coffee..................................
__.d o ..............
18.2
........d o ...........
12.5
P o u n d .......... 5.7 8.5
........do ............ 60.0 88. 6
........do ............ 32.0 36.5
P ru n es__
R aisins__
B an a n a s............
O ranges..
........do ___
.d o ...
D ozen...........
__.d o ............
8.6
21.6 21.2 20.6
8.9 8.8 8.8
11.7 13.0 12.9
2.3
3.2
4.6
6.1
8.1
3.6
7.5
4.5 5.3 4.9
13.5 13.6 13.3
15.9 15.7 15.8
9.0 8.9 8.9
24.5 22.2 22.3
19.2 19.6 19.2
9.0 9.3 9.2 9.7
9.9 10.3 10.4
1.8
3.2 2.9
4.7 6.7 6.5
3.4 4.3 3.9
11.9 11.8 11.7
14.1 14.1 14.6
2.0
3.1 4.1 3.7
5.4 7.1 7.1
4.6 5.5 5.1
15.1 14.2 14.1
16.1 16.9 16.4
19.2 20.6 20.6
11.2 12.0 12.4
9.7 5.4 8.2 11.0 10.7
66.9 61.3 82.2 85. f 86.1
32.6 28.8 37.6 38.7 38.6
11.6
11.1 10.8
18.8
17.9
25.9
52.4
2.2
16.6
15.7 16.6
11.4 11.7
4.8 7.5 10.0
93.7 93.6 56.0 65.0 67.9
37.5 37.1 24.4 32.4 32.6
17.7 17.9
13.4 13.4
22.1 18.5 18.3
21.4 18.8 17.4
26.2 28.6 28.0
40.4 40.7 37.2
10.1 10.0 10.0
27.4 26.5 26.2
19.7 19.1 19.0
8.2 9.7 9.5 9.5
11.5 11.8 11.8
16.7
14.4
27.3
56.9
16.6
14.2
28.6
47.0
1
22.0 20.7 19.4
21.3 19.0 18.9
35.0 37.6 38.1
46.4 49. ( 38.8
1
1 The steak for which prices are here quoted is called “ sirloin” in this city, b ut in most of the other cities
included in this report it would be known as “ porterhouse” steak.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[44]
R E T A IL P R IC E S
O F FOOD,
45
A R T IC L E S O F FO O D IN 51 C IT IE S ON S P E C IF IE D D A TE S.
As some dealers occasionally fell to report, the number of quotations varies from m onth to month.J
Bridgeport,
Conn.
Boston, Mass.
Buffalo, N. Y.
Butte, Mont.
Charleston, S C.
........
j Nov 15—
1913
Oct. Nov. Nov. Oct. Oct.
Oct. Nov. Nov. Oct. Nov.
Oct Nov.
15,
15, 15, 15, 15,
15, 15, 15,
15,
15,
15,
1922 1923. 1923. 1922. 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1922. 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
1 34.0 1 61.7 1 63. 9
35.0 49.3 53.9
23.9 36.0 38.9
16.2 24. 4 26.2
15. 4 16.8
22.4 36.7
24. 6 38. 7
31. 0 51.5
20.5 39.3
24.3 4L 0
8.9
38.2
37.9
37. 7
53. 2
39.1
39.5
Cts.
1 62. 7
50.6
38.3
24.8
17.1
30.3
37.1
52.2
37.8
38.4
29.6 29.9 29.3
14.5 14.9 15.9
12. 0 12. 7 12.8
52.7 56.8 58. 4
28.3 30.2 31.8
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
47.3
40.1
35.7
26.3
11. 0
22.2
19.4
16.4
15.2
11.7
36.4
29. 6
27. 1
19. 8
12.0
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
28.0
24.6
22.9
16.5
11.2
28.0
24.1
22.1
15.8
10.0
27.0
23.5
21.5
15.4
10.3
Cts.
21.4
20.8
20.0
15.0
12.0
Cts.
33.2
30.9
26.8
19.8
13.4
Cts.
33.2
30.5
26.8
20.2
13.2
33.2
31. 4
26.4
20.2
14.5
34.5 35.9 30. 5 19. 8 34.1 37.2 29.5
45.1 45.1 44.1 21.2 35.2 32.7 31. 8
32.5
47.7
53.4
31.2
27.7
32. 8
48.2
51. 4
31.7
29.0
25. 8
47.7
51. 4
31. 3
26.4
25.0
26.6
27. 5
22.5
21.5
34.5
37.9
45.0
43.1
37.0
31.8
35.0
42.7
41.7
36.4
30.5
34.6
42 0
38 5
34:9
36.1
27.5 26.8
14.3 Ì2.0 18. 5 18.0
12.5
11.6 12.0
55.7 37.8 49.3 54. 7
27.6 29.0
26 8
18 0
12 O
55 2
29.0
48.3
41.3
36. 5
25. 9
10.6 11.5
Cts.
Cts.
39.0 36.7
32.6 30.8
28.3 28.1
21.1 20.9
12.4 12.1
43. 7
37.7
33.6
23. 9
52.9 51.2 51.4 26.3 46.9 46. 4 45.8
37.0 37.6 36.7 15. 6 30. 6 32. 1 30.0
39.1 39.9 38.5 20.0 34.7 35.4 34.1
33.3
14.0
11.5
52.6
27.0
29.6
15.0
12. 3
56. 5
28.3
30.1
27.4 27.1
15.0 S.Ò 14.0 13. 3
12 5
11.4 11.9
58.7 38.1 56.5 55. 5
28.8
27.3 28.3
25.0
35.2
17.5
23.0
87.5
26.3
39. 4
18.1
23.9
74.7
27.6 37.7 38.5
13. 8 I t. 2 14.3
11.8 12.3 12.5
60.3 54.3 56.3
29.1 30.0
Cts.
26.3
37.0
18.4
24.1
69.6 100.6
26.0
38. 4
19.3
24.8
78.6
27.1
38.8
19.9
25.1
97.6
27.0
26.9 27.4 28.0
39. 6 21.5 34.6 37.1 37.9
18.5 11.2 16.8 17.7 18.0
24.6
21.8 22.7 22.8
89.1 48.5 75.9 57.1 70.7
30.2
36.7
22.0
26.0
65. 6
32.7
38.8
21.2
25.6
62.8
35.2
0.0
3.6
3.5
45.8
8. 4
5.5
4.9
8.4
45.0
8.4
5.0
5.0
3.9
48.3 43.3 45.9 46.0 30.6 37.3 39.2 39.3
8.4 8.4 8.6 8.6 5.6 8.3 8.4 8.5
5.0 4.9 4.6 4.4 3.0 4.3 4.0 4.0
5.1 6.9 7.1 6.9 2.6 3.4 3.7 4.1
8.9 8.5 8.2 8.3
7.9 7.9 7.9
41.2
9.7
5. 5
3.9
6.7
40. S 42.1 33.5 34.5 38.3 38.0
9.6
9.7 6.4 9.5 10.2 10.2
5.1
4.9 3.7 5.9 5.8 5.7
4.0
4.2 2.6 3.0 3.5
6.9
6.9
9.5 9.4 9.3
10.0
25.9
23.7
11.1
10.3
9.5
24.8
23.1
10.6
10.3
9.6
24.5
23.3
11.0
10.3
11.9
28.8
22.5
9.6
9.3
12.1 12.1
27.9 27.9
21.0 21.0
10.1
9.8
10. S 10.8
2.2
4.5
14.4
18.5
2.6
6,7
5.0
14.7
19.3
2.6
6.5
2.2 3.2 2.9
4.4 7.5 7.4
3. 6
4.9
14.7 12.2 11.6 11.6
19.3 17.9 IS. 9 19.1
21.7
13.5
8.0
68.9
43.0(
21.2
12.4
10.9
70.1
43.2
21.3
12.2
10.3
70.2
43. 6
20.1
12.8
7.8
57.6
34.9
21.4
13. S
10.3
58.0
36.1
21.0
19.2!
47.5'
50.0j
IS. 8,
15.6
50.0 !
56. 8
17.9
15.3
41.7
50.9
19. 8
19.1
36.0
51.5
18.5
15.9
36.0
54.3
23.4
15.8
9.4
1.7
H
58.6
33.0
9.3
25.3
23. 9
10.3
10.5
9. 4
23.6
24.0
10.1
10.9
9. 4
9.2 9.1 9.1
23.6
25.3 23.8 24.1
23.8
21.7 21.5 21.7
9.9 9.3 9.0 9.1 9.2
11.1
10.3 10.5 10.8
1.8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4
10.0 9.9
25.0 24.7
20.2 19.8
6.8 6.8
11.8 11.9
1.8 2.2 2.4 3.1 2.8
2.0
5.4
5.1
5.0 6.3 6.6
3.6
3.1
3.8 5.0 4.4
16. S 16. 8
11.3 10.9 10.9
15.0 15.0
14.3 14.3 14.2
21.2
13.8
10.3 ’ ‘¿.'3
58.0 45.0
36. 6 29.3
16. 7
13.4
7.9
60.9
34.5
15.6
13.6
10.4
62.6
35.0
15.7
13.4
10.0
62.9
34. 8
16.0
15.0
12.5
82.5
45.5
17.3
15.3
38. 0
50.4
19.5
18.4
44.7
55.2
18.7
14.8
46.4
52.8
17.3 21.2 18.5 18.1
14.7 21.5 20.0 19.8
48.9 2 15.0 2 15.2 2 16.2
54.0 54.2 50.0 51.3
1
24-
10.0
25. 0
19.6
6.5
11.3
1.7 2.5 2.4
1.2
4.7 7.0 6.6
3.8
2.2 4.3 3.4
2.7
11.0 11.1 10.8 ' 17.5
15.0 14.9 14.9 16.1
4.8
2 Per p o u n d .
t G3G3°—
33.2
28.0 28.5 29.0
38.8 21.0 33. 6 36.1 35 4
21.9 15.0 18.8 19.3 20.1
26.2
21.3 22.2 23.2
72.9 40.0 44.0 44.2 49.5
[4 5 ]
16.1
14.7
9.9
79.0
45.8
16.0
18.5 18.1
15.0
10.4 10.6
12.5 "b'.Ò 7.7 10.2
82.5 50.0 71.4 70.7
45.6 26.8 32.4 32.5
20.6
19.4
33.3
35.4
18.1
16. 7
40.7
42.5
18.2
10.7
10.0
71.4
32.6
17.9
16.3
40.7
30.0
46
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W ,
T a b l e 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S
—
Chicago, 111.
Article.
Unit.
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Cleveland, Ohio.
Nov. RW
Nov. 15—
Oct. Nov.
Oct. Nov.
Oct. Nov.
15, 15,
15, 15,
15, 15,
1923.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1913 1922
1913 1922
1913 1922
Nov. 15—
Cts. C ts. Cts.
38.6
29.9
29.5
19.8
12.0
41.6
32.3
31.6
21.1
12.2
40.7
31. 7
31.3
21.0
12.5
22.7
20.7
19.2
16.1
11.5
32.0
29. 3
26.6
17.5
12.8
34.1
30.7
27.4
17.8
13.8
Cts.
C ts. C ts. C ts.
24.7
21.4
19.5
15.9
12.0
34.9
31.2
28.2
18.1
13.9
Cts.
Sirloin steak.................... P ound.........
Round steak.............. .... .......do...........
Rib roast..........................
.do_ .
Chuck roast..................... ....... do...........
Plate beef........................
.do_
25.0
22.4
18.6
17.0
12.6
33.9
28.1
24. 4
18.9
11.2
37.5
30. 9
25. 8
20.4
11.5
35.8
29.8
24.8
19.5
11.4
Pork chops................. .
. ..d o ...
Bacon, sliced................... ....... do..........
Ham, sliced.....................
do
Lamb, leg of.................... ....... do...........
Hens.................................
.do
19.3
32.4
32.3
19,3
17.4
28.9
45.9
47.7
35.4
30.7
31.7
44.8
49.0
36.4
32.6
25.2
43.7
48.4
35.9
30.0
19.8
24.6
28.5
17. 5
20.2
27.1
35.0
47.6
31.4
33.5
31.5
33.8
48.1
33.3
34,9
23.3
31.7
47.6
32.1
32.8
21.6
28.1
35.7
18.1
19.9
30.5
40.6
46.3
34.1
32.6
35.2
40.4
50. 5
34.4
35.5
29.2
39.4
50.1
32.6
34.2
32.0
Salmon, canned, red...
Milk, fresh..................... On art
8.0 12.0
10.5
MilkJ evaporated............ 15-16-oz. can.
B u tter....................
35.5 54.5
23.8
do
Oleomargarine................
33.4
14.0
11.5
54.3
26.1
33.9
27.9
14.0 8.0 12.0
11.5
11.0
58.8 38.2 54.5
26.9
28.7
28.1
14.0
11.5
54. 5
30,8
28 2
29 8
14.0 8.0 13. 0
11.5
11.3
59.2 40.7 59.4
31.6
28.5
29.4
14.0
11.9
57.5
30.3
29.2
14.0
11.7
62.4
30.8
Cts. C ts.
N u t margarine................
Cheese..............................
L ard....... .......................
Vegetable lard substitute
Eggs, strictly fresh.........
Cts. Cts.
22.4 25.1 26.3
26.9 27.6 28.5
26.0 28.6 29.5
....... do...........
....... do........... 25.3 37.4 40.1 40.7 21.0 35.4 39.0 38.1 24.0 33.9 36.2 37.3
15.0 16.8 IS. 2 19.0 14.2 15.7 18.1 18. C 16.3 18.0 19.0 19. 7
.do ..
22.1 24.5 24.1
22.8 24.4 25.1
23.5 24.4 24.7
.......d o ...___
Dozen.......... 39.8 60.3 49.8 65.0 44.3 63.7 47.0 65.4 50.0 75.5 59.7 74.8
Eggs, storage..................
.do ..
30.3 37.8 35.3 40.7 33.6 36.8 36.4 37.2 35.7 43.2 42.4
Breacl............................... P ound......... 6.1 9.7 9.7 9.8 4.8 8.4 8.4 8.4 5.6 7.9 7.9
F lour................................
do
2.9 4.2 4.1 4.1 3.3 4.6 4.4 4.4 3.2 4.7 4. 6
Corn meal........................
2.9 5.1 5.4 5.4 2.8 2.8 3.6 3.7 3.0 3.5 4.0
do _
Rolled oats......................
do
7.9 8.6 8.4
8.6 8.7 8.6
8.5 8.7
Com flakes............
W heat cereal................
28-oz. pkg
Macaroni.......................... Pound
Rice..............................
do .
Beans, n av y ................
.do
9.5
24.2
18.3
9.0 9.7
10.2
Potatoes.......................... .......do...........
Onions.............................
.d o ... .
Cabbage...........................
.do. .
Beans, baked.................. No. 2 c a n .. .
Com, canned...................
.do... .
1.7
9.1
23.4
18.2
10.1
10.6
9.2
23.3
18.3
10. t
10.6
1.7 2.4 2,3
4.1 5.8 Ô.0
3.3 3.5 3-7
12.7 12.9 12.8
13.7 15.4 15.2
9.4 9.2 9.2
24.7 23.5 23.3
8.8 16.5 16.6 16.5
8.8 9.4 9.5
9.5 9.8 9.3
1.9
2.1
4.5
3.4
11.5
13. 8
2.4 2.2
5.9 5.6
4.3 3.9
11.4 11.4
14.2 14.2
10.0 9 9
25.9 24. 8
20.5 20.2
9.Ò 9.0 9.5
9.7 9.9
2.0
46.6
7.9
4.6
4.2
8.8j
10.0
24.5
19.8
9.8
9.9
2.0 2.8 2.4
3.8 6.1 5.8
3.1 4.4 4.3
12.3 13.1 12.9
15.9 16.2 16.3
Peas, canned...................
Tomatoes, canned..........
Sugar, granulated...........
T ea...................................
Coffee...............................
.......do...........
15.5
.. ..d o .........
13.3
P ound......... 5.1 7.6
. .„do.__
55.0 66.6
. ..d o ... . . 30.7 34.8
16.8
14.2
9.8
72.7
38.2
16.9
14.1
9.4 5.3
72.1 60. C
38.0 25.6
16.4
12.3
7.9
69,3
31.8
16.9
12.5
10.3
72.2
33.1
16.9
17.1
12. S
13.6
10.2 5.4 8.1
72.2 50.0 68. 4
33.1 26.5 38.2
17.0
13. 8
10.6
67.7
40.4
17.1
13. 8
10.3
68. 0
40.5
Prunes.............................
Raisins.......................... .
Bananas..........................
Oranges............................
__ .do...........
.......do... .
Dozen...
.......do.......
19.2
17.1
37.7
56.1
19.1
17.3
38.9
56.1
19.4
19.9
38. 5
42.8
18.3
16. 7
45.6
46.7
19.0
16.4
45.0
41.8
19.0
17.0
53.8
52.3
18.9
16.2
56.0
51.7
20.6
20.8
37.5
57.9
20.0
20.3
44. 5
52.6
1 The steak for which prices are here quoted is called “ rum p” in this city, b u t in most of the other cities
included in this report i t would be known as “ porterhouse” steak.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[48]
47
R E T A IL P R IC E S O F FO O D .
O F F O O D IN 51 C IT IE S ON S P E C IF IE D D A T E S —Continued.
Columbus,Ohio.
Dallas, Tex.
Denver, Colo.
Detroit, Mich.
Fall R iver, Mass.
Nov. 15—
Nov. 15—
Nov. 15Nov. Oct. Nov.
Oct. Nov.
Oct. Nov.
Oct. Nov.
Oct. Nov.
15, 15, 15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
1922. 1923. 1923.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1923.
'1923.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1913 1922
1913 1922
1913 1922
1913 1922
Cts. C ts.
Cts. Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
32.8
29. 2
26.4
21.4
15.2
22.1
20. £
16. 7
15. £
9.9
28.7
24.1
21.2
16.1
9.7
30.7
26. 1
22.5
17.0
9.7
2S. 3
24.4
20.9
16.2
9.6
25. 6
20. 6
20.0
15.2
11.4
34.8
27.6
25.4
18. 1
11.6
38.6
30.6
27.1
20.4
12.2
36.4
29. 7
25.9
19.3
12.0
Cts.
Cts.
34.3
27.3
23.3
18.3
Cts.
55.7
41.8
26.4
11.9
61.0 58.4
44. 5 43.6
29.9 28.2
21 .
20.9
13.1 13. 4
31.9
37.9
50.0
41.3
28.7
29.8
38.0
50.0
41.3
29.7
20.4
28. (
29.2
15.2
18.5
31.1
44.2
51.7
34.2
28.0
31.5
43.3
49.7
34.8
29.1
27.0
41.8
49.5
34.5
26.2
19.4
22.3
27.0
15.1
19.2
31.9
41.2
48. 3
35.7
32.6
35.2
40.2
50. 3
37.3
35.5
28.6
38.7
48.4
36.7
33.5
23.3
25.7
30.4
19.3
24.6
34.3
37.9
46.5
38.9
42.2
34.2
36.5
47.8
39.6
42.6
29.6
36.1
46.1
38.9
41.8
32.4
13.0
11.9
55.3
28.8
32.4
31.1 30.2 30.2
34. 0
13.0 10.8 15.0 15.0 15.0 8.4 9.8
12.0
12.9 14.0 14. 0
11.6
59.9 40. Ò 53.2 56.8 58. 5 35.0 52.5
29.8
27.3 30.0 30.3
29.0
32 7
11.7
11.9
51.2
30.0
22 0
111 7 9. o'
12.0
57.0 37.1
31.4
13.0
11.2
55.4
27.5
15.0
11.8
56.5
29.6
14.0 9.0
12.0
60.2 36." Ó
29.6
30.3
14.0
12.
48.8
30.3
31.8
14.0
13.
54.
31.7
31.7
15.0
13.4
56.2
31.7
26.8
38.0
17.3
23.9
47.6
27.7
38.6 20. 0
17.9 16.8
24.0
68.9 40. Ô
31.3
28.3 29.0 29.6
26.3 27.5 26.8
31.3
38.3 26.1 37.9 39.7 39.6 22.3 35.5 37.2 37.3 23.6 35.5
22.7 16.0 19.6 19.4 19.5 16.4 17.1 19.0 19.7 15.3 16.6
20.6
24.2 21.3 21.9
22.9 24.1 24.3
23.0
49.1 45.0 59.7 47.9 60.1 4L 0 66.1 56.1 63.9 58." 8 93.1
28.3
39.1
18.3
25.3
78.5
29.0
39.0
18.8
24.5
94.3
37.9
32.7
27.7
21.3
13.0
40.7
32.4
28.5
21.8
14.2
23.6
21.0
20.1
16.4
15.0
34. 5
31.5
27.1
21.2
15.6
30.1
38.6
45.6
35.0
30.0
33.4
39.3
46.6
38.0
32.1
27.9
38.5
44.6
37.8
31.4
21.8
37.5
31.6
22. 5
18.4
33. 5
43.6
52.0
40.0
30.0
32.0
11.0
11.5
55.9
26.1
25. 3
35.6
16.0
22.3
67.1
29.4
35. 8
20.1
21.7
48.1
31.1
37.7
22.6
20.4
43.0
39.7 39.0 40.4 35.0 41.5 35.0 43.5 33.0 39.8 38.6 41.4 32.2
7.6 7.7 7.7 5.3 8.9 8.7 8.7 5.5 8.2 7.8 7.8 5.6
4.5 4.2 4.2 3.3 4.7 4.4 4.4 2.5 3.8 3.7 3.7 3. 1
3.0 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.5 4.0 4.3 2.6 3.1 3.3 3.5 2.9
9.5 9.0 9.3
10.4 10.7 10.9
8.7 9.0 8.8
9.5
26.1
19.3
10.4
9.5
Cts. Cts.
33.9
29. 8
26.4
21. 1
16.9
34.3
30.0
26.3
20.5
13.4
10.1
25.0
19.1
10.1
9.8
10.1
24.6
18.9
10.0
9.6
2.0 2.6 2.1
5. 0 7.0 7.3
3.8 4.6 4.6
13.8 14.0 13.9
12.7 12.9 14.0
... 11.8 11.0 11.0
25. 6
21.3
9.3 10.7
10.9
2.3
25.1 25.4
21.1 21.1
9.9 9.9
11.3 11.4
3.5 4.0 3.9
6.0 7.1 7.0
5.0 5.4 5.1
15.8 14.4 14.6
17.2 16.1 16.5
99
25.2
20.6
8.6 9.7
10.5
1.6
14.8
13.8
10.6
77.7
36.8
15.5
21.4
13.8
14.1
10.4 5.6 8.6
82.1 66.7 96.5
37.7 36.7 41.5
21.1
14.0
11.3
92.3
42.5
16.2
21.1
14.0
13.1
10.8 5.1 8.9
92.3 52.8 69.1
42. 7 29.4 35.9
21.9
19.7
38.2
49.6
20.9
17.6
40.4
51.8
20.0
16.5 ......
40. 5
47.6
20.0
17.5
34.0
55.0
19.1
17.4
34.0
54.1
16.5
13.2
11.3
66.5
36.5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[47]
1.7
1,4
A
fi
1.9
1.7
¿ 6 4.1 4.1
12.1 11.8 ìiTcv.
15.4 15.0 15.1 .
16.4
16.6
13.1
12.8
11.0 5.2 7.8
66.5 43.3 64.5
36.9 29.3 36.7
20.7 18.5 19.2
19.8 17.5 17.1
213.5 214.1 215.0
51.9 51.1 53.8
2 Per pound.
39.4 40.0 42.7 34.6 41.4
8.6 8.6 8.6 6.2 9.2
4.5 4.1 4.1 3.3 5.1
4.4 4. 5 4.7 3.6 6.6
9.4 9.0 «To'
9.2
9.9
9.2 8.9 8.9
24. 5
25.3 24.0 23.9
20.3
19.9 19.7 19. 5
9.9 8.4 9.1 9.5 9.8
11.7
9.5 9.4 8.8
1.8 2.6 2.4
3.9 5.2 5. 0
2.2 2.4 2.5
14.3 14.5 14.6
14.5 15.0 15.3
14.9
13.6
8.3
76.2
35.0
23.6
21.0
34.3
56.3
9.9
24. 5
20.7
9.8
12.3
20.0
20.4
18. 9
34.9
53.5
16.7
12.6
11.0
64.6
37.8
17.2
12.8.
9. 8 5.3
64.0 44.2
37.6 33.0
18.3 16.9 .
16.4 16.1 .
39. 0 35. 8 .
52.8 56.3 .
Cts.
45. 5 45.9
9.1 9.1
4.9 4.9
6.9 6.5
9.6 9.6
10.1
10.1
28.4
23.8
9.9
10.7
26.4 26.6
23.0 23.9
10.3 10.3
10.6 10.5
2.1
3.0
7.1
4.8
10.0
2.7
4.
3.7
12.9
15.5
4.5
12.
13.2
17.1 16.7
17.4
13.2
8.3
60.5
38.1
18.3
13.9
10.8
59.1
39.8
18.2
21.4
16.8 16.9
18.4 18.2
10.9 2 11.3
53.5 51.8
2 10.1
51.4
6 .8
17.9
13.6
10.6
59.3
39.3
M O N T H L Y LABOE R E V IE W .
T a b l e 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S OE T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S
H ouston, Tex.
[
Indianapolis, In d . ! Jacksonville, Fla.
Nov. 1 5 - Oct.
Nov.
Nov. Oct. Nov. Nov. T - Oct.i Nov. I
15, 15,
15, 15,
15. 15, 15,
1923. 1923.
1923. 1923.
1922. 1923. 1923.
1913 1922
1913 1922
A rticle.
U n it.
Sirloin ste a k ................................
R ound s te a k ...............................
R ib ro a s t......................................
Chuck ro a s t.................................
P la te beef.....................................
P o u n d ..........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
29.3 28.4 26.0 34.9
28.9 27.5 24.7 33.1
23.9 23.3 17.8 25.6
20.0 18.9 16.3 21.6
15.4 12 .9 13.9
38.1
36.2
25. 0
22.3
14.0
35.8 25. 6
34.6 21.2
25. 6 21.6
22.2 14.4
13.8 11.2
P ork chops..................................
B acon, sliced.............................
H am , sliced.................................
L am b, leg of................................
H e n s..............................................
........d o ........... 33.3 31.2 29.3 21 .5 31.1
........d o ........... 46.2 45.1 45.0 29.2 39.0
........d o ........... 47.5 45.0 45.4 30.3 49.0
........d o ........... 34.3 35.0 34.2 19.0 37.1
........d o ........... 31.1 32.8 30.7 19. 8 30. 4
32.9
36.8
50. 0
38.3
32.4
26.1
34.4
47.7
38.3
32.0
Salmon, canned, red .
Milk, fresh ...................................
M ilk, ev ap o rated ........................
B u tte r ...........................................
Oleomargar in e ..................
........d o ...........
Q u a rt............
L5-16oz. can.
P o u n d ..........
........d o ...........
30.5
15.8
12.4
53.4
33.0
30.4 29.9
15.3 15.3
N u t m arg arin e...........................
Cheese...........................................
L a rd ..............................................
\ 7pgpt.a lil p !arrj si 1bst it ut.p.
Eggs, strictly fresh..............
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
do. .
B ozen...........
29.5
35.1
18. 6
24.6
44.9
30.0
35. 7
20.7
17. 3
39.0
Eggs, s to ra g e ...
B re a d . . . .
F lo u r.............................................
Corn m e a l...................................
Rolled o a ts..
........d o ........... 38.5 35.4 40.0 35.8 38.7
P o u n d .......... 6.6 7.1 7.1 5.1 7.8
........d o ........... 5.1 4.5 4. 5 3.2 4.5
........d o ........... 3.3 3.9 4.0 2.6 2.9
7.8
........d o ........... 8.7 8.7 8.7
Corn flakes...................................
W heat cereal...............................
M acaroni. . . .
R ice.................
.....................
Roans, n a v y . .
9.7 S.7 9.7
8-oz. plcg---28-oz. p k g ... 24.8 24.1 23.9
P o u n d .......... 19.9 19.6 19. S
........d o ........... 7.7 7.7 7.9
.. .d o ........... 10.0 10.8 10.5
Cts.
29.3
27.8
23.9
19.4
14.4
Cts.
Cts.
12.8 12.8
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
33.5
27.7
26. 2
15.8
Cts.
33.9
28.9
26. 4
17.7
Cts.
34.1
28.5
26.8
17.6
10.8 10.1 10J3
24.0 33.5 30.6 29.1
30.9 37.9 35.0 34.:4
30.2 45.5 44.4 -45.5
21.6 34.8 35.0 34.7
24.6 34.0 34.4 35.1
37.2 36. 6 36.2
30.4 31.2 31.2
8.0 10.3 12.0 12.0 12.3 17.7 18.7 18.-7
11.5
11.7 12.8 12.8
11.6
11.7
54.9 57.3 37.5 54. 5 55. 7 58.3 39.0 54.1 56.0 59.2
29.9 28.6 30.2
27.3 29. 8 30.3
34.3 32.0
29.2 27.6 27/6
26.5 28.5 28.5
30.2
35. 7 21.3 36.2 37.7 37.2 22.5 35.0 35.5 35.1
20.6 15.0 15.2 16.8 17.2 15.7 17.5 18.6 18/9
21.7 23.3 22.6
22.7 24. 4 24.7
17.9
47.7 43.5 57.5 43.7 61.4 45.0 62.9 53.6 61/4
P o ta to e s....................................... ........d o ........... 3.4 4.1 3.7
6.3
O nions.......................................... ........d o ........... 5.3
Cabbage
.d o ........... 4.7 5.1 4.9
No. 2 c a n . . . 14.0 13.2 13.3
Beans, b ak ed ..........
Corn, c an n e d __
. .d o .......... 13.6 13.3 13.9
8. 5
4.3
3.5
7.7
40.5 40.0 42.5 40.0 38. 8
8.5 6.2 10. 6 10.3 10.3
4.4 3.7 5.6 5.3 5; 4
3.5 2.9 3.3 3.8 4.0
7.6
9.7 9.4 9.4
8.9 8.9 8.8
26.3 23.9 24.0
18.9 18.6 18.6
9.2 10.3 10.3 10.3
10.0 10.2 9.8
1.7
1.7 2.1 1.7
4.2 6.8 0.1
3.7 4.1 3.9
13.3 13.7 13.5
13.7 13.9 13.9
9.8 9.7 9.7
25.9 24.7 24 i 7
19. 3 19. 7 19.-1
6.8 8.9 8.9 9.3
11.3 11.3 11.2
2.5
2.7 4.2 3; 5
5.0 7.6 7.2
4.5 5.2 5.2
11.9 12.2 12.2
15.9 15.8 15.9
Peas canned . .
Tom atoes, c an n e d ..
Sugar, g ra n u la te d ................
T e a ...........
Coffee ..
___d o ...........
. __d o ...........
P o u n d ..........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
15.5
13.6
5.7 8.6
72.2 70.8 71.6 60.0 75.6
32.1 32.9 32.9 30.0 37.3
17.1
16. ( 16.0
10.5
14.0 14.2
11.0 10.4 5.9 8.0
77.1 77.6 60.0 83.7
38.5 38.5 34.5 37.9
Prunes
R aisins. _
R an an a s __
O ran g es.. . .
. . . .d o ..........
........d o ...........
D ozen...........
........d o ...........
21.1 17.2 18.0
19.5
17.7
31.4
49.4
18.7 17.8 17.3
12.0 11.8 11.8
8.1 10.0 10.0
20.5 16.8 16.8
31.3 33.2 30.5
48.5 44.0 42.6
21.4
21.4
28.7
49.3
18.9
17.6
31.1
48.6
16.8 17.2
11.1 11.1
10.8 10.7
86.8 88.5
39.1 39/3
21.0 19.7 18.9
20.6 18.3 18.2
30.0 34.2 33/3
30.6 49.3 31.7
1 T he stealc for w hich prices are here quoted is called “ sirlo in ” in this city, h u t in m ost of th e other cities
included in' th is rep o rt it w ould be know n as “ porterhouse” steak.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[481
49
R E T A IL PR IC E S OF FOOD.
O F F O O D IN 51 C IT IE S ON S P E C IF IE D D A T E S —C ontinued.
K ansas C ity, Mo.
L ittle Rock, j\rk .
Los Angeles, Calif.
Louisville, K y.
M anchester, N. H .
N ov.15— Oct. Nov. Nos .15—
Oct. Nov. Nov.15— Oct. Nov. Nov.15— Oct. Nov. Nov. 15— Oct. Nov.
15, 15,
15, 15,
15, 15,
15, 15,
15,
15,
1923. 1923.
1923. 1923.
1923. 1923.
1923. 1923.
1923. 1923.
1913 1922
1913 1922
1913 1922
1913 1922
1913 1922
O s.
24.6
22.3
IS. 1
15.6
Cts.
37.7 25.0
31.7 20. 0
25.5 20.0
IS. 1 16.3
11.1 10.6 13.0
32.2
29.3
25.9
18.0
13. 9
34.6
30.7
27.1
19.2
14.5
32.1 23. 9
29. 3 21.4
25.0118. 9
18.1 16.0
14.0 13.4
33. 9
28.3
28.7
18.3
13.3
34. 9
28.1
28. 0
17.8
34.9 23.0
28.1 20. 0
27.8 18.1
17.8 15.5
12.8 13.4 13.1
29.4
27.4
22.4
16.8
32.1
29.6
23.5
18.0
12.8 13.2
31.0
27.3
23.0
17.0
13.3
*34.8 *50.1
29. 5 41.6
20. 8 25. 9
18.0 • 20.8
14.7
20. S
30.9
28. S
18.3
15.8
29.8 30.7 24.7 21.0
43. 5 42.7 41.8 36.7
45.2 47.1 46.1 27.5
30.9 32.0 31.8 18. 8
28.3 28.3 28.5 18.8
33.9
42.6
49.1
35. 0
29.3
33.3
41.3
46. 7
36.7
28.7
30.3
39.7
46.7
37.9
27.3
26.0
33.5
35. 0
IS. 6
26.3
40.0
52.6
60.8
33.4
39.7
40.4
51.4
58.6
33.6
39.6
38.7 19.6
51.1 28.6
58. 7 29.0
33.7 18.2
39.9 23.0
28.7
38.4
41.7
33.6
28.1
22.9
32. S
39). 5
35.0
32.3
22.0 34.3 35.4
24.0 34.6 33.9
28.3 41.2 41.1
20.0 35.7 37.1
23.7 41.7 42.1
28.6
34.1
40.4
36.1
41.5
31.9 33.2 34.0
9.1 12.7 13.3 13.3 10.5
11.8 12.2 12. 2.
39.1 54.1 55.4 58.2 45. Ó
26.6 27.0 27.9
30.3
15.0
12.5
52.9
29.3
31.4
15.7
13.3
56.6
30.3
30.4
15.7 10. Ò
13.4
59.6 39.7
31.9
39.3
15.0
10. 8
55.4
32.2
38. 3
15.0
10.9
60.3
33.7
38.0
29.4 28. 8
15.6 8.6 12.6 13.0
10.8
11.6 12.3
61.5 40. C 56.1 56. 5
33.6
27.6 30.0
29.5
30.0 29.8
13.0 8.0 13.0 13.8
12.3
13.2 13.9
60.5 41.8 55.7 59.1
25.0
28.0 27.5
29.6
14.8
14.0
60.2
27.8
35.8
30.0
23.8
17.4
12.2 10.9
Cts.
Cts. Cts. Cts.
38.4
32.7
26. 3
18.2
Cts.
Cts. Cts. Cts.
Cts.
Cts. Cts. a s .
Cts.
Cts.
30.1
33. 5
40.9
35.0
31.8
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
157.6 <56.5
44.2
28.4 27.7
22.6 21.9
16.0 15.1
28.6 29.4 28.9
27.0 27.8 28.2
28.9 28.9 30.4
26.0 26. S 27.0
23.3 20.7 21.0
22.0 36.1 38. 5 38.4 23.3 37.6 37. 7 37.9 19.5 37.4 38.6 38.9 22.5 34.0 36.7 36.6 22.0 35.7 37.6 37.4
16.4 17. 5 18.7 19.2 16.5 19.7 19.4 19. 6 18.1 19. 8 20.4 20.2 15. 3 15.6 17.4 17.4 15.8 17.4 18.8 18.8
24.3 24.1 25.1
22.9 21.2 21.2
23.6 23. 6 22.3
23.3 24.0 24.8
23.2 21.2 21.5
35.3 50.9 41. 1 56.9 37.5 45.5 41.5 49.3 58.8 64.8 62.1 65.4 4Î.3 54.1 41.0 59.9 60.0 85.2 67.7 82.2
32.5 37.3
6.0 7.9
3.0 4.5
2.9 4.4
8.2
38.9
7.9
4.2
4.5
8.8
38.3 38.3 42.1 37.0 43.8 42.7 45.6 35.0 38. 2
8.0 6. Ò 8.3 8.1 8.1 6.0 9.0 9.0 9. 0 5.7 8.8
4.2 3.6 5.3 4.9 5.1 3.5 4.9 4.6 4.6 3.5 5.1
4.5 2.8 3.2 3.6 3.7 3.4 4.5 4.4 4.7 2.4 2.6
8.6
10.2 9.8 9.3
10.2 9.9 9.9
8.6
9.8 9.8 9.8
9.9 10.2 10.2
9.9 9. S
26. 3 24.9 25. 2
26.3 25.1 24.6
24.2 23.5
21.2 21. 8 21.5
21.5 20. 3 20.3
10.0 16. 4
8.7 9.3 9.6 9.3 8.3 8.4 8.0 8.1 7.7 9. 7 10.2
.... 10.5 10. 5 10.5 . ... 10.7 10.7 10.4
9.2 9.8
2.0
8.4
5.0
3.3
8.3
36.7 40.0 42.5 44.2 47.0
8.4 5.9 7.6 8.4 8.4
4.9 3.4 5.1 4.8 4.9
3.5 3.4 4.6 4.6 4.9
8.5
8.9 8.6 8.6
9.6
23.6
16. 8
9.4 9.0 9.3
24.7 24.4 23.7
17.1 16.9 16.9
10,1 8.7 8.6 7.9 8.2
9.7
9.7 9.7 8.8
2.2
2.2 2.1 2.4 2.4 3.1 2.8 1.9 2.6 3.8 3.5 2.1 1.7 2.4 2.1
4.7 6.9 6.9 __
5.5 7.7 7.3
4.6 5.8 5.6
3.4 6.9 6.2
3.2 3.9 3.8
4.1 5.1 4.5
4.5 3.8 3.9
3.2 4.2 3.9
14.7 14.1 14.0 . ... 13.5 12.6 12.8
13.7 13.1 13.2
12.1 11.5 11.5
.... 13.7 14.0 14.3
14.9 15.3 15.3
16.1 16.5 16.4 . ... 14.1 13.6 13.6
9. 8 9. 8
26.1 24.1 24.3
24.5 24.5 24.3
8.8 9.2 9.0 9.3
10.2 10.3 10.1
1.6
1.9 2.4 2.3
3.9 6.5 6.3
3.8 4.5 3.9
15.1 14.4 14.4
17.6 17.3 17.4
15.5 15.3
13.1 13.8
5.7 8.4 11.0
54.0 80.5 80. 4
27.8 37.7 39.4
15.7
13.8
10.4 5.3
80.4 50. 0
39.4 30.8
18.6 18.5 18.6
13.1 12, 7 12.7
8.8 11.7 11.3 5.3
91.8 92.3 91.8 54.5
39.7 41,3 41.8 36.3
19.2
215.8
8.3
72.1
38.2
18.5
214.9
10.7
69.8
39.8
18.4
215. 1
10.5 5.3
70.1 65.0
39.9 27.5
20.4 21.1
318.1 320.7
5.3 8.2 11.1
72.4 72.7 72.7 47.5 57.7 57.7
35.2 36.0 36.0 32.0 39.2 39.5
....
....
__
—
17.5
17.7
20.9 19.3 18.6
22.9 19.4 18.4
19.1
19.5
413. 6
44.5
18.2
16.8
411.8
35.6
17.8
16.3
413.1
40.0
20.1 17.2 16.6
412. 8 __ Ü0.3 ■Ul. 0 <11.7
__
20.4 17.7
20.7 18.1
'■12. .5 m . 1
55.3 52.1
51.0 —
57.7 45,0 46.5 —
2 No. 2J can.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8 No. 3 can.
15.5 15.6 15.6
11.4 12.1 12.1
8.1 10.8 10.6
19.4 15.3 15.1
33.9 37.5 39.2
40.8 44.8 35.6
4 Per pound.
20.3
19.1
<10.1
54.1
17.8
15.6
<11.2
51.4
21.1
320.9
10.7
57.7
39.9
17.7
15.4
411.7
52.7
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW ,
50
T a b l e 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S
M emphis, Tenn.
M ilwaukee, W is.
M inneapolis, Minn.
Nov 15— O ct. Nov. Nov. 15— Oct. Nov. N ov. 15— Oct. Nov.
15, 15,
15, 15,
15, 15,
1923. 1923.
1923. 1923,
1923. 1923.
1913 1922
1913 1922
1913 1922
Article.
U n it.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
P o u n d ..........
___do ...........
........ do............
........do............
........do............
21. 0
20. 0
21.0
15.0
12.5
20.0
26. 8
22. 3
16.6
12.2
33.2
29. 6
24.3
18. 3
13. 8
33.2
28.4
24.4
18. 1
13.7
23.6
21.6
18.4
16.2
12.1
35.8
31.4
25.7
21.8
12.4
Cts. Cts.
Sirloin s te a k ......................
R ound ste a k .....................
IIib ro ast............................
Chuck ro a st.......................
P la te boot
...................
38.0
33.8
27.5
22. 7
13.5
37.1
32.1
26.8
21.7
13.2
20.0
18.7
17.7
15. 3
10.1
29.5
25.1
23.5
17.3
9.2
30.7
26.5
24.2
18.7
10.2
27.8
24.9
22.6
17.8
10.1
P o rk chops........................
Paeon, slieed.....................
H am , sliced.......................
L am b leg o f.....................
H e n s.. . . T...........................
........do ...........
........do...........
........do............
........do............
........do...........
20.5
30.0
29.0
20.0
19.5
28.3
38.3
46.2
36.6
29.4
28.1
36. 2
44. 3
34. L
28.8
25.0
35.6
42.5
34.5
28.3
19.6
27. S
28.2
19. 0
17.2
30.8
41.7
45.0
35.9
27.3
32.1
41.1
44.9
36.2
29.1
25.7
40.2
44.0
35.1
26.7
18.0
27.7
30.0
.14.6
16.4
29.8
44. i
44.4
31.7
26.2
30.6
40. 6
46.5
33.1
27.5
25.5
39.7
45.0
31.8
25.2
Salmon, canned, re d ----Milk fresh .........................
Milk evaporated ..
B u tte r................................
Ojeom argar in e
___.d o ............
Q u a rt........... 10. 0
15-16 oz. c a n .
P o u n d . . . . . . . 38.8
do...........
34.8
15. C
11.4
51.1
31.0
36.1
15.0
13.0
52.8
28.3
32.3
36.8
15. C 7.0 10. C
10. 9
12.8
57.4 36.6 54.8
25.0
29.3
34.4
11.0
11.6
53.5
27.5
39.0 36.6 38.3
34.5
11, G 8.0 11.0 12.0 12.0
11. 7
11.9 12.6 12.6
58.4 36.3 52.3 51.5 55.2
25.4 28.3 28.3
27.9
Nut. m a rg a rin e .
Cheese ............................
L a rd ....................................
Vegetable lard su b stitu te
Eggs, stric tly fresh..........
.d o ...........
26.5
........do............ 22.0 33.9
........do........... 15.6 16. 0
20.7
........do ...........
Dozen........... 38.0 43.6
25.0
36. 7
17.6
23. 2
41.1
24.2
24.8
35.9 22.3 34.3
18.2 16.0 17. 7
22.6
23.6
50.0 45. 0 56.7
26.5
37.0
19.0
24.2
43.9
27.4
25.0 26.3 26.0
37.2 21.3 33.8 36.0 35.9
19.2 15.6 17.0 18.2 18.3
24.6
24.3 25.3 25. 5
60.4 41.6 55.1 41.3 50.3
F.ggs, storage.....................
B read..................................
F lo u r..................................
Com m e a l.........................
Polled oats........................
........do........... 30. 0 39.0
P o u n d .......... 6.0 9.0
........do............ 3.5 5.3
........do............ 2.5 2.8
9. C
__d o .... . . .
38.5 41.2 33.0 36.4 38.2 38.6 31.6 36.0
9.2 9.1 5. 7 8.8 8.8 8.8 5.6 9.0
5.1 5.1 3.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 2.8 4.6
3.6 3.5 3.3 3.7 4.1 4. S 2.5 3.8
9.2 9.3
7.1 7.4 7.5
8. C
Corn flakes.........................
W heat cereal.....................
M a c a r o n i .......................
R ic e .....................................
Beans, n a v y ......................
8-oz. p k g ___
28-oz. p k g __
P o u n d ..........
........do...........
........do ...........
9.5 9.9 10.2
25.6 24.3 24.3
17.5 18.0 18.0
8.1 8.3 8.1 8. 1
10. 1 9.9 10.1
P o ta to e s.............................
O nions................................
Cabbage
............... .
Beans, b a k ed ....................
Corn, canned.....................
........d o ...........
........do...........
___do............
No. 2 c an __
........do ...........
2.0
2.4 3.3 3.3
3.8 5. i 5. i
2.6 3.6 3.1
13.1 12.8 12.9
14.3 14.9 15.0
Peas, c an n e d ...
17.4 17.3
___do............
Tom atoes, can n ed........... ........do ...........
12.3 12.6
Sugar, g ra n u la te d ........... P o u n d .......... 5. 1 8. 4 11 . 0
T e a ...................................... ........do............ 63.8 85.9 84. 2
37.4
Coffee.................................. ........do ...........
P ru n es................................
R aisins...............................
B an an as.............................
Oranges..............................
........do_____
........do...........
Dozen...........
........do............
i Whole,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
cm .
22.5
20. 1
32.2
47.8
1.7
17.5
12. 7
10.5
9.3
24.5
17.5
10.4
10.1
9.2
24.4
17.5
10.3
10.1
1.4 2.1 2.0
4. 1 6.3 6.3
1.6 2.4 2.4
11.1 11.7 11.8
14.9 15. 4 15.4
15.5
13.5
7.9
86.6 50. 0 68. 7
37.7 27.5 33.3
18.3 17. 8
18.0 17.1
36. 7
44. 8 38.7
2 No. 3 can.
9.0
24.5
17. 2
9.0 10.0
9.9
9.9
25.0
17.6
8.6 9.6
9.5
1.6
15.5 15.5
14.0 14.0
9. 5 5. 1
70.4 69.9 45. 0
34.3 33.9 30.8
10.1
20.6 18.9 18.3
18.4 16. 7 16.2
310.4 811.4 312.3
.....
54.5 54. 0 56.0
Per pound,
34.0 40.2
9.0 9.0
4.4 4.2
4.0 4.1
8.6 8.4
10.2 10.1
24.3 24.1
17.4 17.6
9.6 9.7
10.5 9.8
1.4 1.6 1.5
3.8 5.6 5.9
2.0 2.8 3.4
15.2 13.9 14.1
13.3 13.4 13.9
15.3
14.7
8.4
65.0
40.7
15.9
14.9
10.3
65.3
42.3
16.1
15.3
10.0
65. 7
42.2
21.2 19.1 18.8
19.9 17.6 17.2
312.3 313.0 312.4
58.6 52.0 53.2
51
R E TA IL P R IC E S OF FOOD.
O F FO O D IN 51 C IT IE S ON S P E C IF IE D D A T E S —C ontinued.
Mobile, Ala.
N ewark, N . J.
N ew H aven, Conn.
New Orleans, La.
New Y ork, N Y.
Nov Oct. Nov. N ov. 15— O ct. Nov Nov. 15— Oct Nov No\ .15— Oct Nov N ov. 15— Oct.
15. 15
15, 15, 15,
15, 15,
1922. 1923. 1923.
1923. 1923.
1923. 1923.
1923. 1923.
1923. 1923.
1913 1922
1913 1922
1913 1922
1913 1922
Cts.
Cts. Cts.
29.4
29.3
24. 8
19.6
15.7
31.5 32. 7
31.2 31.5
25.2 24. 5
20.2 19.8
15.2 15. 8
35.8
42.0
45.4
33.3
35.0
38.8
39.6
43.8
35. 0
35. 0
35.4
40. 4
43.3
35.0
34. 4
Cts.
Cts.
27.4
27.3
21.3
17.8
12.4
43.5 47.1 45.4 32.2 49. (
42.0 4-4.2 43.4 29.6 40.1
34.3 36.0 35.1 23. £ 34.5
22.1 25.3 25. ! 19.6 24.7
11.8 12.5 13.0
14.3
23.7
25.3
119.8
19.7
30.3
38.5
127.6
37.5
36.6
34.4 36.7
39.0 39.1
127.9 128.6
37.9 37.7
22.0 38.5 37.4
30.3 27.9 28.2
15.0 15. 0 20.0 9. Ò
12 6 12 , 8 12.8
56.3 57. 9 60.2 42. 7
30.2 30.0 30.3
27.5
35. 9
17. 4
22.7
46.1
#
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
53.8
43.1
36.4
27.7
15.3
53.2
43. ;
36.4
27.3
14.4
21.5
19. (
18. C
14.9
11.9
30.5
27.0
27.5
18.9
15.5
31.5 30.2 25.9
28.1 27.3 25. 4
27.5 27.2 21.3
20.1 19.3 16.0
15.5 16.0 14.5
23.0 34.3 35.8
28.8 41. S 40.3
•¿2.4 53.4 54.4
19.8 38.2 39.1
23.8 41.2 40.6
28.9
39.2
53.6
38.1
39.6
24.5
30.5
26.0
20.5
20.5
36. 1
41.1
44.1
39.3
36.3
35.0
40.0
43.6
39.3
36.5
Cts.
30.1
38.9
41.3
38.9
34.7
Cts.
34.5
37.7 42.0 41.5
29.2
16. C 9.8 14.0 15.0 15.0 9.0 15.0
12.4
11.6 12.1 12.3
11.0
55.9 38.1 53.1 54.8 57.3 39.9 57.4
32.0
28.8 30.3 30.6
28.5
29.3
15.3
11 . 8
56.5
29.7
29.8
15.0
11.7
60.4
30.0
27.6
38.7
19.1
24.6
65.9
27.6
39.3
19.3
25.0
82.2
27.3
40.2
18.7
24.4
68.9
27.3
27.0 28.5 29.0
27.7 28.4 28.6
40.8 23.5 34.4 37 5 37.4 21.9 36.1 36.3 36.3 20.2
18.9 15.7 17.2 18.2 18.8 15.0 16.8 17.7 17.9 16.2
24.8
22.1 23.1 23.1
22.8 22.1 21.8
81.5 59.7 87.2 74.2 89.0 41.3 42.8 42.7 44.4 56.1.
8.9 8.9 8.9
25. 4 23.5 23.3
9.Ó
21.2 21.0 20.9
9.0 9.4 9.7
9.7 10.9 10.7
9.4 9.6 9.5
24.8 23.4 23.4
22.3 22.8 22.3
9.3 10.2 9.8 10.0
9.7 10.3 10.4
9.5 9.5 9.4
24.5 24.0 24.0
9.5 8.9 9.0
7.5 8.8 9.2 9.1
10.3 10.0 10.0
24.6
20.3
8.0 9.2
10.5
1.8
2.1
5.0
3.5
2.9
6.7
5.3
2.2
2.3
.....
18.1 17.9 18.2
.....
17.3 18.0
11.2 11.9
7.7 10.1
49.5 54.9
23.0 35.9
21.2 20.7
*22. 5 22.1
5.2 7.9 10.6
54.9 55.0 56.9 57.2
36.2 33.8 38.4 40.3
20.8 18.6 18.0
21. 5 J6.7 167
26.9 30.0 29.4
41.0 44.2 36. 5
18.3
18.0
37.5
56.0
16.4
15.3
38.5
59.3
.....
2.2
5.2
4.1
3.7
6.5
4.9
11.0 11.1
3.2
6.5
4.6
11.1
14.4 15.5 15.2
16.5
15.8
39.5
55. 5
3.1
6.9
5.9
12.2 12.0 12.2
17.4
12.0
10.0
19.7
18.6
32.7
50.1
17.2
15.6
32.9
52.8
m
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
26.4
34.3
17.7
23.0
80.3
55.3 46.9 30.0 35.6 37.3 37.1 37.3 39.8
8.0 8.0 4.8 7.6 7.6 7.6 6.0 9.8
4.5 4.5 3.7 5.6 5.4 5.4 3.2 4.9
6.0 6.2 2.8 3.2 3.8 3.9 3.5 5.4
K7
2.8 3.1 3.0 2.7
4. 5 6.1 5.9
3.6 4.3 4. 4
12.9 11.9 12.0
14. 9 14.9 14.9 ........
15.9 15.8 15.5
12. 2 11.9 12.0 .....
8.4 11.3 10.3 5.2
76.3 75.5 76.7 53.8
35. 6 36.9 38.0 29.3
[513
42.6
41.2
36.5
23.0
18.4
31.6
36 6
50.6
35.3
35.0
27.3 29.5
25.5
37.4 37.8 24.8 36.7
18.3 18.4 16.3 17.4
20.0 20.3
22.3
48. 8 51. 4 67. Ó 83.4
9.4 9.3 9.1
24.2 23.5 23.4
17.5
Cts
36.5
38.3
51.7
35. 6
36.6
28.3
33.4
16.5 9. 0 15.0
11.9
11.3
61.5 36.3 49.2
30.0
29.3
20.1 19.4 19.2
8. 5 8.6 8. 5
12.1 11.0 10.4
21.8
44.3
42.8
36. 9
23.5
18.6
27.8 53.0
15.1 34.3
21.1 36.9
26.7
16.5
11.9
57.5
29.8
37.4 42.0 41.4 36.8 42.8 46.0 45.8 33.0 42.4
8.3 8.7 8.7 5.6 8.6 8.5 8.5 6.0 8. !
5. 2 5.1 4.9 3.6 ■4.8 4.5 4.6 3.2 4.8
3.1 3.7 4.1 3.6 6.2 6.4 6.6 3.2 5.7
9.0 8.4 8.9
XQ
8.2 8. 1 8.1
41.9
40.0
35.3
22.6 36.7
25.6 39. 8
29.6
16.5
11.3
58.2
29.0
34.6
16.0
12.5
54.8
31.8
Cts.
3.0 3.5 3.2
4.0 5.2 5.2
4.0 4.0 4.0
12.7 12.9 12.6
12.9 13.2 13.4
8.6
20.5
16.7 17.3 18.0
12.1 11.7 11.7
10.3 5.1 7.7 10.4 9.7 4.9
57.2 62.1 72.0 69.9 69.5 43.3
40.4 25.7 30.9 31.0 31.0 27.2
2 22.1
17.5
15. 4
33.5
48.5
21.2 19.4 19.4
19.8 16.3 16.0
25. 0 22.0 26.0
45.0 48.8 39.0
2.4
4.1
3.0
42.8 42.5
9. 6 9.6
4.6 4.5
5.4 5.6
8.9 8.7
22.7 22.7
20.3 20.0
9.5 9.5
11.7 11.8
3.4
6.5
5.4
3.4
6.4
4.4
12.0
11.6
11.8
14.4
15.4 15.4
16.3
7.7
50.1
33.0
17.2
11.5
9.9
57.8
34.5
16.8
11.3
9. 7
58.1
34.8
18.8
18.0
43. 5
60.8
16.1
15.5
43.3
57.8
160
15.4
42 4
61.3
11.0
52
M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW .
T a b l e 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S'-
Article.
U nit.
Peoria; 111.
- O m aha Nebr.
Norfolk, Va.
Nov. Oct. Nov.
15,
15,
15,
1922. 1923. 1923.
Nov. 15—
1913:
1922
Oct. Nov. Nov. Oct. N ov.
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
1923. 1923. 1922. 1923. 1923.
j
c ts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Sirloin s te a k .......................
R ou n d s te a k .......................
R ib ro a st..............................
Chuck ro a s t.........................
P la te beef............................
P o u n d ..........
........do............
........do............
. .. d o ...........
........do............
36.7
30. 8
30. 1
19. 5
14.4
41. S
35. 9
32. 8
21. 0
14.4
40.6
33.8
32.4
11.2
30. 9
29.8
23. 3
19.2
12.5
31. 9
29.6
11.1
36. 8
33.4
26.8
20. 7
10. 5
35. 7
32.1
25.6
20. 5
14.5
35.4
32.0
24.8
19. 4
10.7
33.7
32.3
23.6
21.1
25.9
23.1
20. 0
17.0
13.3
18.8
12.4
Pork chops..........................
Bacon, sliced.......................
H am , sliced.........................
Lam b, leg o f.......................
H en s......................................
........do............
........do ...........
........do............
___do .............
........do ............
31.2
37.3
40. 7
38.7
35.8
32.7
34.8
41.8
39.5
36.8
28.5
34.2
41.2
39.2
36.0
28.8
31.3
16. 7
16.3
31.3
45. 9
49.7
36.7
27.7
33. 3
45.0
49.4
36. 3
28.7
25.1
44. 4
48.2
35.6
27.6
30. 4
42.5
47.9
34. 4
27.6
33.1
41.4
46.1
34.8
29.8
25.9
40.4
45.4
35.6
28.1
Salmom, canned, re d ........
Milk, fre s h ...........................
Milk, e v ap o rated...............
B u tte r . . T............................
O leom argarine...................
........do............
Q u a rt............
15-16 oz. can.
P o u n d ..........
___ do............
29.1
17. 0
10.9
53.8
28.4
29.3
17.0
11 . 5
56. 5
27.5
28.6
17.0
11.7
57.3
28.3
33.0
33. 2
32. 2
32. 2
11.0
33. 4
12.3
33.1
8.7
12.1
10.6
11.8
11.6
12.0
11.6
12.0
53.9
29.2
51.5
27.7
53.3
27.9
57.3
29.9
N u t m a rg a rin e ...................
C heese...................................
I ,a rd ......................................
V egetable la rd s u b stitu te .
Eggs, strictly f r e s h ...........
.. .d o ...........
........do............
........do............
........do............
Dozen...........
26.6
33.7
16. S
21.9
•56.3
26. 8
34.0
17.5
18.3
50.1
26.8
33.9
17.9
18.4
55.7
Pggs, storage......................
B read ....................................
F lo u r.......... .........................
Corn m e a l...........................
R olled oats__
........do ...........
P o u n d ..........
........do ............
........do ............
___do............
38.4
42.8
7.8
3.6
7.8
3.8
7.9
44.3
7.9
4.4
4.2
Com flakes...........................
W h eat cereal.............
Macaroni..............................
R ice......................................
B eans, n a v y . . .
8-oz. p k g ___
2S-oz. p k g ...
P o u n d ..........
........do............
.d o ...........
9.4
25. 4
20. 2
9.9
9.7
9.3
23.6
19.4
9.9
10.3
9.3
23.6
20. 4
10.1
10.1
8.5
........do............
P o ta to e s. . .
O nions.................................. ........do ...........
.. .d o ...........
Cabbage. ..
B ea n sjb a k ed ................ ... No. 2 can —
.. .d o ...........
Corn, canned
9 9
4.7
3.7
10.5
14.6
2.8
2. 5
6.4
1.8
Peas, can n ed .......................
Tom atoes, can n ed .............
Sugar, gra n u la te d .............
Tea
...........................
Coffee....................................
........do............
___do............
P o u n d ..........
........do ...........
........do...........
18.7
11 . 1
7.7
77.1
37.3
9.9
81.5
37.4
81.4
37.1
P ru n es..................................
R aisins.................................
B ananas .............................
Oranges................................
........do............
........do............
Dozen...........
........do............
i
19.3
19. 1
33.2
45.1
17.0
15.6
36. 7
48.1
17.7
20.5 19.8 18.4 22.3 20.8 20.4
21.8 19.4 18.8 21.4 17.7 17.8
15.6
35.4 1'
* 11 .3 * 13. 2 * 12. 7 * 11.4 1 11.6 <12. 2
42. l i .......... 52.3 48.5 45. S 46.3 44.6 50.2
1
8.1
4. 8
6.3
4.6
9.8
15.5
18.2
10.8
21.1
20.2
22.6
37.0
11.9
50.9
29.3
12. 3
12. 0
50. 5
28.8
23.3
17.-7
27.6
34.4
18.9
24.3
45.0
28.6
36.8
19.5
23.8
39.0
28. 4
36. 5
19. 7
24. 5
48.8
26.9
36.1
17.2
24.4
55. 7
28. 1
37.5
18.3
24.4
41.5
28.1
37.6
19.1
25.0
50. 0
34.9
9.8
4.2
3.5
9.9
35.0
9.8
3.9
3.9
10. 1
40.0
9.9
3.8
4.0
36.3
8.5
4.8
3.7
40.8
10.2
8.8
35.0
8.4
4.5
3.9
9.1
9.6
25. 3
20.9
9.8
11 . 0
10.6
10.2
10.0
10.0
20.0
23. S
19.8
9.1
27.5
26.1
19. 5
9.5
9.9
26.3
19.8
9.4
10.3
1.6
2.0
4.1
43.3
30.0
2.7
2.7
8.1
2.8
9.8 . . . . . .
15.7
15.9
16.8
18.5
10.9
16.7
14.5
5.7
.56.0
30.0
8.6
76.5
39.9
24.2
9.4
20.0
10.8
9.9
10.4
5.7
3.5
15.3
16.3
1.9
5.8
3.4
15.1
16.7
1.7
4.7
3.2
13. 4
14.6
17. 4
14.4
10.3
75.4
41.1
17.2
14.3
9.7
75.1
40.8
17.0
14.4
11.0
8.8
61.1
36. 0
10.6
2.1
8.8
4. 5
4. 1
9.4
1.9
6.7
3.5
7.5
3.7
12.7
14.5
12.6
17.6
14. 1
10.9
61.0
36.6
10.8
14.5
17.7
14.1
61.4
36.9
1 The steak for w hich p rices are here quoted is called “ sirloin” in this city, b u t in m ost of th e other
cities included in th is rep o rt i t w ould be know n as “ p o rterhouse” steak.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
53
R E TA IL P R IC E S OF FOOD.
O F FO O D IN 51 C IT IE S ON S P E C IF IE D D A T E S —C ontinued.
P hilad elp h ia, P a.
P ittsb u rg h , P a.
P o rtlan d , Me.
P o rtland, Oreg.
Providence, R I.
Nov 15—
N ov. 15—
Oct. Nov. Nov. Oct. Nov.
Oct. Nov.
Oct. Nov.
Oct. Nov.
15, 15, 15,
15, 15,
15,
15,
15,
1923.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1922.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1913 1922
1913 1922
1913 1922
1913 1922
15—
as. as. as. as. Cts.
i 30.5 1 40.5 - 50.2
2o. 7 37. 0 40. 4
21.5 31.9 33. 5
IS. 0 19.5 21.1
12.0 9.9 10.5
as. as. as. as. as. as. as. as. as. as.
48.8
38.1
32. 8
20.7
10.2
27.3
24. 0
21.7
17.3
12.8
40. c
34.0
30. 7
21.4
11.5
44.3
36. 7
32. 5
22.4
11.6
43.2
35.3
32.2
22.1
11.4
22.5
30.4
29.8
20. 3
23.8
1 54.2 1 59.0 157.6
43.4 40.4 43.8
28.3 29.5 28.7
18.0 20.1 19.7
13.8 15.0 15.8
as. as.
as.
as.
22.9 27.7 27. 8 27.5 139 .S 160.4 169.9 1 70.4
21.0 25. 9 24. 6 24.5 21.0 47.8 49.3 49.5
19.1 24. 0 24.1 23.8 24.2 36.4
16.7 16.2 16.1 15.9 18. 8 20.1
16.3
13.5 12.1 11.7 11.4
37.9 37.8
27.0 27.7
17.9 17.4
34. 0
39.2
51.2
38. 0
38. 8
36.1
30.2
51.8
38.9
37.5
31.5
35.2
50.9
39.0
37.6
32.2
42.9
52. 8
38.1
39.0
35.3
41.0
53.8
38.6
40.6
28.5
40.0
53.0
37.2
40.0
35.7
37.8
50.2
36.3
38.1
37.1
36.3
47.3
37. 7
40.1
30.4
36. 7
45.6
36. 1
39.9
34.6
45.6
48. 6
31.8
30.7
32. 7
45.6
46. 5
32.4
31. G
30.7
44.7
46. 8
32.5
31.2
37.8
38. 0
52.8
40. 9
41.9
39.4
37.1
52. 3
41.0
41.8
31.5
37.1
52.9
40.3
40.6
27.4
8.0 12. 0
11.0
44,3 01.0
27.5
20. 2
13. 0
12.2
59.3
29.7
20.4
28.9
12.0 9.2 14.0
12.3
11.3
03.1 40.4 57.7
29.9
27.3
29.3
15.0
12.1
58.0
29.3
29.1
15.0
11.9
62.7
30.0
28.6
14.0
12. 7
55. 7
29.0
28.0
14.0
13.7
58.8
30.7
28.1
39.1
14.0 9.7 12.6
12.1
13. 7
60.3 40.4 53.9
30.7
29.1
35.8
13. 0
11.9
57. 7
31.0
35.0
32.0
13.0 9.0 15.0
11.9
12.2
55.9 38.4 52.7
30.0
30. 8
30.9
15.0
12.7
54.9
30.0
30.8
10.0
12.6
55.4
23.1
27. 2
25. 0 30. 0
15.5 10. 0
22.7
50.8 71.8
27.7
38.0
17.8
23. 7
57.3
27.8
26.3 27.0 27.5
38.5 24.5 36.0 38.3 39.4
18.2 15.7 10.1 17.7 IS. 4
22.8 24.2 24.2
24.1
74.3 46.3 63.1 55.4 70.2
28.3
35.4
17.9
24.1
.83.8
27.2
40.1
18.4
23.2
69.0
28.2
27.8
28.5 29.4 29.6
41). 3 20.8 37.9 39.3 39.3 22. 0 34.2
19.2 17.8 20.3 20. 0 20.1 15. 8 17.2
24.9 20.3 20. 3
23. S
23.3
86.4 55. Ô 59.4 57.7 00.7 63. Ô 88.0
28.3
36.6
17.8
24.6
78.1
29.2
36.4
18.8
25.0
91.5
22.5
20. <J
30. 1
is. s
23.1
21.4
30.3
30. 0
17.5
20.3
22.0
22.8
32.7
18. 7
25.0
34. 7 41.1 42.0 42.5 33.4 40.3 40.0 41.8 44.6 42.7 46.5 37.5 43.0 44.2 44.9 36. S 43.1
4.8 8.5 8.4 8.4 5.4 8.2 8.5 8.5 9.4 9.3 9.3 5.5 9.4 9.2 9.2 6.1 8. 7
3.2 4. S 4.6 4.0 3.2 4.7 4,4 4.4 5.0 4.5 4.5 2.9 4, 4 4.1 4.1 2.9 5.3
2.9 3.7 4.1 4.0 3.0 3.9 4.8 4.9 4.3 4.6 4.7 3.5 3.5 3.8 3.9 3.1 3.9
8.3 8.3 8.3
8.0 8.9 8.8 6.9 0.9 6.9
9.8 9.3 9.4
9.5
8.9
25. 0
21. 2
9.8 10.3
........ 10.0
2.3
.....
8.8
23. 7
20. 5
10.3
11.3
8.9
23.8
20.2
10.5
11. 0
9.4
25.2
20. 0
9.2 9,5
10.1
9.5
25.0
21.3
10. 0
10.3
9.5
24.9
21.6
10.3
10.3
9.7
25.9
23.4
10.4
10.8
9.7
24.0
23.6
10. 4
10.3
9.7
24. 6
23.6
10.6
10.4
11.1
28.3
16.3
8.6 10.0
9.2
11.4
20.3
18. 1
9.9
10.1
11.4
20.2
18.2
10. 0
10.0
9.9
20.0
22.0
9.3 9.7
10.3
9.8 9.8
24.1 23.8
22. 4 23.2
9.4
9.4
10.8 10.6
1.7
2.2
4.5
3.0
12.9
17.8
2.8
2.6
6.6 6.3
4.2
4.2
12.2 12.2
16.9 16.8
20.4 20.5
17.3 IS. S 18.8
2 22.0 2 22.3 ........ 3 15.8 3 10.9 316.8
10.9 10.3 6.1 8.4 10.5 10.4 5.6
57.5 58.5 55. 0 64.1 09.7 69.9 48. 3
41.4 41.8 35.0 37.5 38.8 38.8 30.0
19.9
13.7
8.0
58. 5
40.3
19.7 19.8
13.7 13.8
10.3 10.1
60.7 60.2
41.7 41.6
20.5
19,7
34.4
55.2
19.7
16.3
35.6
61.2
2.4 3.8 3.4 2.0 2.1 3.1 2.8 2.0 2.5 2.4 1.2 1.4 2.3 2.2
4.4 5.9 5.7 _
3.9 6.6 6.4 4.2 0.3 6.1
3. 5 4.8 4.8
3.4 4.5 3.8 __
2.2 3.0 2.8
3.5 4.7 4.4 2.5 3.0 3.2
11.9 11.2 11.2
12.7 12.8 12.6 15.3 15.7 15.7j.. . . . 17.3 15. 0 15. 0
14.9 14.7 14.4 ........ 13.9 15.6 15.7 15.9 10.2 15. 9
16.9 18.2 18.2
16.5 16.0
11,8 12.0
5.5 7.4 10. 0
54.0 59.0 59.2
24.5 31.1 31.7
17.9
19.0
31.9
40.0
15.7
)0 .2
34. 0
49.7
16.8
16.0
12.0 ..... 12.9
9.0 5.7 8.1
59.0 58.0 75.3
32.2 30.0 35.9
17.0
12.6
10.7
76.5
38.3
17.3 19.9
12. 7 2 24.1
10.3 8.4
75.8 56.0
38.4 40.4
20.2
19.2
44. 7
52.1
19.5
16.3
45. 3
58.8
19.7
10.2
45.9
55.5
15.6
15.2
35.3
48.9
2 No. 3 can.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.9 44.0
8.8 8.8
4.9 5.0
4.2 4.3
9.4
9.3
20.1 17.2 17.0
19.2 15. 4 1 5 .3 ........
U 0 .9 ’O 1.8 «12.1
55.3 54.4 49.7;........
3 No. 2% can.
[53j
14.0 10.7
IS. 8 10.1
4 14.5 415.6
50.3 49.9
11.3
14.9
416.7
50.8 ........
4Per pound.
18.7
15.8
37.6
56.2
M O N T H L Y LABOE REVIEW ,
54
T a b l e 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S
R ichm ond, Va.
R ochester,N .Y .
St. L ouis, Mo.
Nov. 15—
Oct. Nov. Nov. Oct. Nov.
Oct. Nov.
15, 15,
15, 15, 15, 15, 15,
1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1922. 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923.
Nov. 15—
A rticle.
U n it.
Cts.
Cts. Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Sirloin ste a k ................................
R ound ste a k __
..........
R ib roast,
Chuck ro a s t.................................
P la te beef .
.
___
P o u n d ..........
........do ............
........d o ...........
........do............
........do............
22.2
20.0
18. 9
15.9
13.2
36.9 39.4 39.3 36.8 40. 1 39. 5
32.6
34.3 31.2 34.0 33. i
29.0 30.9 29. 8 26.7 29.7 29. 0
21. 5 21.8 22.0 21.9 23.4 23.0
16.1
15.2 12.3 12.3 12.2
26. 6
23.6
20.1
16.0
12.4
34.4
31.4
27.2
18.4
12.3
35. 8
32.9
28.9
19.1
12.7
35.0
32.3
28. 5
18.8
L2.8
P o rk ch o p s.
Bacon, sliced . . .
H am , slic ed . . . .
Lam b, leg of..
H ens .
........do............
........do...........
........do............
........do............
........do............
21.2
27.2
25.0
19.3
19.5
33.5
37.9
41.0
43. 0
34.1
33.7
34.1
39.0
42.3
34.7
29.4
33.4
39.4
42.1
33.5
34.2
36.8
47.3
36.3
36.9
37.2
34.4
46. 4
36.8
37.9
32.8
34.0
45. 8
35. 8
37.3
17.8
25.8
27.3
18.3
16.5
28.4
39.3
42.1
33.3
28.3
30.5
39.7
44. 1
34.4
30.2
24.2
38.8
43.6
34.2
29.4
Salmon, canned, r e d ..
Milk, fresh.....
..........
Milk, evaporated
B u tte r...........................................
O leom argarine..
___
........do............
32.0
Q u a rt.......... 10.0 14. 0
15-16 oz. can.
13. 1
P o u n d .......... 41.2 58.3
........do ............
29.0
32.0
14. 0
13.6
60.3
29.6
32.0
15. 0
13.6
62.9
29.6
29.1
13.0
12. 0
53.0
28.7
28.9
13.3
12.1
56. 3
30.8
28.6
14.0 8.8
12. 1
58.8 38. i
31.6
32.1
12.0
11.3
57.7
26.4
31.8
13.0
11.5
58.2
27.7
32.7
13.0
11.3
62.7
28.5
N n t m argarine
Cheese..
...................
L ard .
........
V egetable la rd s u b s titu te ........
Eggs, stric tly fresh....................
. . .do...........
........do ........... 22. 8
........do ...........
........do............
D ozen........... 40.0
29.3
37.6
19.0
23.6
46,7
30.0
37. 5
19.1
23.8
58.5
26. 8
35. 8
17.5
22.5
77.4
28.4
38. 3
18.0
20.2
55.8
28.8
24.9 24.7 25.2
37.4 20.3 34.5 38.3 36.7
19.6 12.9 13.8 15.1 15. 8
20.5
22.2 24,0 23.8
70.5 38.9 56.3 42.9 59.0
Eggs, sto rag e..............................
B re a d ............................................
F lo u r.............................................
Corn m eal
...................
Rolled oats.
........do ........... 33.0 40.3 41.8 42. 6 39.7 38.8 42.0 32.5 36.8 35.8 39.6
P o u n d .......... 5.3 9.2 8.6 8.6 8.0 8.0 8.0 5.6 8.9 8.9 8.9
........d o ...........
3.2 5. 0 4.6 4.6 4.9 4.5 4.5 2.9 4.1 4.2 4.2
........do............ 2.3 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.8 4.7 4.8 2.5 3.0 3.8 4.0
8.2 8.5
........d o ...........
9.5 9.1 9.3 7.8 8.4 8.4
Corn flakes. . .
W heat cereal. . .
M acaroni. . .
Rice
Beans, n a v y ..
.............
.............
.............
........
............
9.8
........ 8-oz. p k g ___
26.5
............... 28-oz. p k g . . .
20.3
P
o
u
n
d
..........
............
........do............ 10.0 11.6
........do............
10.6
P o tato es..
........................... ........do............
O nions. . .
........................... ........do............
. ..d o ...........
Cabbage
No. 2 can__
Beans, baked.
........do...........
Corn, c a n n e d .
2.0
........do............
Peas, canned . .
........do............
Tom atoes, c an n e d ..
Sugar, gran u lated ...................... P o u n d .......... 5. 4
___do ............ 56. C
Tea ..
........do............ 27.4
Coffee..........
"Primes . .
R a isin s
B a nanas _
O ranges
27.6
36. 4
18. 1
23.5
61.4
........do............
.. ..d o ...........
D ozen...........
d o .. .
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
9.6 9.7 9.5 9.5
25.3 24.8 23.9 23.5
21.0 18.8 18.6 18.5
11. 1 9.4 9.5 9.7
11.4 10.2 10.8 10.4
2.7 3.9 3.4 1.4 2.3 2.1
5.3 7.5 7.5 4.5 5.8 6.0
3. 8 5.3 4.8 2.6 3.9 3.2
12.0 11.4 11.4 11.8 11.2 11.3
16.4
14.8 15.0 15. 1 15.9
8.9 8.9 9.0
24.2 24.2 24.1
20.4 20.0 20.0
8.1 8.7 9.3 9.3
9.8 9.9 9.8
1.8
2.2 2.6 2.5
4.3 5.8 5. o
2.6 3.6 2.9
10.9 11.1 11.1
14.9 15.3 15.3
19.0
12.2
8.2
79.1
35.7
19.5
12.0
10.6
81.7
37.8
19.7
11.9
10.3
81.7
38.1
19.0
12.8
7.9
61.4
34.4
19.1
12.4
10.5
62.5
35.3
19.1
12.4
10.0 5.1
82.5 55. C
35.0 24.4
16.4
11.3
8.1
66.8
34.9
16.5
12.0
10.6
69.7
36.5
16.7
12.2
10.0
69.7
37.0
22.5
20. 5
36.5
53. 2
21.2
16.9
39.2
52.3
19.4
15. 2
40.4
45.9
20.0
19.2
41.4
61.7
21.1
15.4
42.8
51.3
19.3
15. 0
44.0
55.0
21.4
18.5
31. 1
45.0
21.4
17.0
31.6
46.5
20.9
16.3
31.6
43.0
1 No. 2J can.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9.6
25. 5
21.1
11.0
11.4
Cts.
[54]
R E T A IL PR IC E S OF FOOD,
55
OF FOOD IN 51 CITIES ON SPEC IFIED DATES—Continued.
St P au l, M inn.
-J
-_
Oct. Nov.
Salt Lake C ity, U tah. San Francisco, Calif. Savannah y Ga.
N ov. 15—
Oct. Nov.
Scranton, Pa.
N ov 15—
Oct. Nov. Nov. Oct. Nov.
Oct. Nov.
15, 15, 15,
15,
15,
1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1922. 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923.
C ts .
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
Cts.
C ts .
C ts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
25.0
20. S
20.0
16.0
10.8
32.6
26.0
26.2
19.0
10.4
25.9
23.0
20.3
16.3
11.2
C ts.
22.4
20.0
19.0
14.5
12.5
26.5
23.7
20.8
16.3
11.7
C ts.
32.7
26.9
25.5
19.9
10.9
26.5
23.6
21.3
16.3
11.2
C ts.
34.0
29.3
27.7
21.3
11.5
29.9
27.0
28.2
17.8
14.9
31.0
27. 4
29.6
18. 5
14.3
30.6
27.7
29.6
18.3
13.9
28.7
24. 3
21.2
15.3
13.5
30. 4
25.4
23.3
15.0
13.2
C ts.
21.0
19.7
21.3
15.5
14.3
28.8
24.2
23.6
15.0
11.8
26.0
21. 5
23.0
17.6
11.9
47.0
37.5
35. 0
25.0
11.3
49.3 49.0
40.3 39.1
36.1 36.1
26.9 26.9
11.1 10.7
18.3
25.3
28.3
16.1
16.4
30.1
40.7
43.3
31.2
24.8
29.0
38.9
42.9
31.1
27.2
25.4
37.7
40. S
30.0
25.0
23.4
30.0
30.0
18.0
22.6
32.0
40.3
47.1
31.6
32.2
33.2
37.5
42.5
30.8
31.5
28.9
35.9
41.7
29.6
31.2
24.2
34.4
32.0
17.0
24.8
37.9
53.9
53.5
35. 5
42.3
38.5
51.2
53.1
36.6
39.8
38.5
50.6
52.9
36.8
42.5
31.0
36.8
39.2
39.2
32.3
29.3
34.2
37.0
36.3
34.2
26.7
33.7
35.0
36.3
31.8
21.8
27.5
29.3
18.7
21.0
37.3
42.5
54.4
43.0
41.5
39.1 33.1
41.7 41.1
53.8 53.2
45.2 45.2
41.3 41.8
35.2
7.8 11.0
11.7
35. Ó 50.9
28.3
34.4
12.0
12.1
51.1
28.6
34.4
32.9 34.7
12.0 8.7 9.0 10. C
12.5
11.2 10.9
55.1 39.2 53.1 52.9
28.9
34.4
28.2 27.2
10.0 io.o 11.5 13.0
11.1
10.6 10.9
57.0 40.4 56.8 60.9
28.8 28.6
26.6
14.0
10.9
61.2
28. 8
35.0
17.3
11.2
53.4
31,7
36.4
17.5
11.3
57.7
33. 2
37.1
36.4
17.5 8.8 13.0
11.3
11.8
60.5 37.1 50.7
33.6
27. 8
35.2 34.9
14.0 14.0
12.2 12.3
54.7 56.3
29.5 29.8
29.5
30.0 27.8 28.2
33.0 21.0 38.7 39.7 40.0
20.2 17.7 19.4 19.5 19.9
28.6
25.1 26.1 25.9
58.3 65.0 67.4 66.8 63.8
29.0
33.8
17.8
21.8
54.6
30.8
36.5
18.1
19.7
52.6
31.2
36.1 Ì8. 3
18.3 16.5
19.9
57.9 51.3
25.0
36.4
18.5
23.5
56.3
27.0 26.4
21. Ó 35.3 35.2
14.8 17.8 18.9
25.0 22.3
39.6 51.4 41.3
27.0
28.9
35.3 24.2 30.9
19.4 20.0 19. 8
21.6
26.4
51.4 46.7 54.3
28.1
32.2
20.2
28.4
55.0
23.5
33.6
17.9
23.4
71.1
C ts .
25.0
36.3
19.4
24.4
69.6
31.2 37.5 35.7 38.2 35.0 39.4 42.4 45.0 40.7 41.7 44.1 46.9 38.1 40.8 40.0 32.5 41.9
6.0 9.4 9.4 9.4 5.9 9.4 9.8 9.8 5.9 9.0 9.2 9.2 8.7 8.5 8.5 5.6 8.7
2.9 4.9 4.4 4.4 2.4 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.4 5.2 4.8 4.8 5.4 5.2 5.2 3.6 5.4
2.5 3.4 3.7 3.8 3.3 3.6 3.8 3.9 3.5 4.6 4.8 4.7 2.7 3.4 3.5
5.9
9.4 9.8 10.0
9.2 9.2 9.2
9.3 9.3 9.3 8.6 8.7 8.7
9.8
41.2 42.8
8.9 9.0
5.1
5.1
5.6 5.5
9.6 9.6
9.9
26.0
19.0
ÌÒ.Ó 9.5
10.4
10.1 10.1
25.6 25.4
22.6 22.5
9.6 10.0
12.4 12.3
1.4
10. 0
25. 0
18.8
9.5
10.9
10.0
25.0
18.7
9.6
10.5
1.3 1.5 1.5
3.3 6.0 6.3
1.8 3. 4 3. 0
14.7 14.2 14.2
14.2 14.6 15.0
16.1
14.3
5.1 8.5
45.0 64.2
35.0 40.7
16.5
14.1
10.5
67.1
40.4
11.7
25.6
20.7
8.2 9.1
10.0
1.3
2 Per pound.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11.1
25.3
19.5
9.0
10.4
1.2 2.2 1.9
2.9 4.7 4.2
2. 8 2.9 3.0
16.8 15.4 15.5
14.5 14.3 14.3
16.7
16.0
13.9
14.0
. 10.2 5.7 9.1
07.1 65.7 79.1
40.4 35.8 43.9
22.3 19.9 20.1
21.2 18.3 17.4
2 12.4 2 13.6 2 13.4
....... 66.2 57.7 59.1
11.5
24.9
19.2
8.8
10.6
15.4
13.4
11.0
82.1
44.1
10.7 10.4 10.4 9.0 9.1 9.1
25.2 23.0 23.0 24.9 23.5 23.6
13.9 15.3 14.9 17.6 17.1 17.6
8.5 9.2 9.2 9.3 7.8 8.4 8.4
9.2 9.7 9.7 11.0 11.6 11.5
9.8
26.5
23.0
8.5 9.7
11.2
1.9
1.8
2.6
3.2
3.2
3.9
2.2 2.9 2.8
6.2 7.0 6.7
4 5 4 «S 4 2
15.1 14.3 14.2 13.1 12.1 12.1
16.7 16.7 16.8 14.4 14. 8 14.9
15.5
17.4
13.4
114.3
11.0 5.4 8.2
82.8 50.0 57.3
44.8 32.0 35.7
18.1 17.3 16.5
18.8 15.7 15.7
2 14.5 2 15.8 2 16.3
43.1 41.4 40.0
3.5
4.0
19.2
18.9
37.1
53.8
17.3 17.3
114.4 1 14.3
10.3 10.2
57.5 58.1
37.4 37.9
16.3
14. 8
32.9
50.7
16.5
14.3
32.9
55.7
2.0
4.7
2 0
12! 9
16.3
2.9
6.3
2 fi
2.6
6.1
12.2
12.2
16.0
16.0
21
16.4 17.5 17.8
18.0
10.2 10. 6 . 10.6
13.0
7.7 10.3 10.2 5.6 8.1
66.8 66.9 67.6 52.5 59.0
33.4 35.1 35.4 31.3 38.3
18.4 18.4
13.1 13.2
10.5 10.3
60.7 61.1
39.7 39.7
20.5
19. 4
34.2
39.0
17.5
16.6
17. 8
16 4
35.0
53.7
35.0
17.0
15.4
37.5
42.3
16.1
15.2
38.3
35.3
19.1
20.2
32.7
54.8
52.6
56
M O N T H L Y LABOE R E V IE W .
T a b l e 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S O F FO O D IN 51
C IT IE S ON S P E C IF IE D D A T E S —C oncluded.
Seattle W ash.
Nov 15—
U nit.
Article.
1913 1922
Springfield 111.
W ashington, D. C.
Nov. 1 5 Oct. Nov.
Oct. Nov. Nov. Oct. Nov.
15,
15,
15, 15,
15,
15,
15,
1923. 1923. 1922. 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Sirloin s te a k ,....................
R ound s te a k .....................
R ib ro ast............................
Chuck roast ..
P la te beef...........................
P o u n d ..........
........do............
........do............
........do ...........
........do............
23.6
20.6
20. 0
15.6
12.8
29.2
25.7
23.9
16.0
12.7
31.3
26.4
24.'2
iß. 3
12.6
30.4
26.0
24.5
16.4
12.6
29.3
29. 7
21.7
18. 5
12.2
34.3
33.2
23.2
19.9
13.0
31.2
30.8
2!. 8
19. 3
12. 5
26.5
22. 5
21.0
17.6
12. S
42.3
35.0
33. 5
22.6
12.8
45.7
40.3
34. 4
24.0
13.2
44.1
37.9
34.3
24,1
12.9
P ork chops
Bacon, sliced.....................
H am , sliced.......................
L am b, leg of .................
H en s....................................
........do ...........
. . . . .d o ...........
........do ...........
........do............
........do............
24.0
32.0
30.0
18.4
24.2
35.9
49. 5
51.1
31.7
29.7
37. 4
49.0
51.0
32.6
30. 7
32.0
47. 5
51.0
32.7
30.1
30.6
39. 0
43.2
35. 6
29.7
31.4
39.9
46. 1
38. i
31.9
25.6
39.6
41. 3
35. 0
30. 9
21.4
26.4
31.3
19.1
21.3
35.4
40.1.
55. 2
41.1
38.7
37.2
37.0
54.7
41. 4
40.7
30.1
36.0
54.1
41.1
39.1
do
Q u a rt........... 10. 0
15-16 oz. c an .
P o u n d .......... 40. 8
...d o ___
31.2
13.0
li.O
54. 8
28. 5
30. 9
13. 0
10.9
56.9
30. 0
30.4
13. 0
11.0
56.9
30.3
33.6
11. 1
12. 3
56.3
28.1
34.4
12.5
12.9
55.7
29.3
34.4
28.8
12.5 9.0 14.0
11.4
32.9
59.6 40.3 56.9
27.0
31.1
28.4
1.4.0
12.3
58. 5
29.8
28.3
15.0
12.5
62.0
29. S
N u t m argarine
Cheese
L a rd __
Vegetable lard su b stitu te
Eggs, stric tly fre s h ..........
. . . . d o .........
........do............ 22. 8
........do............ 16.9
........do............
Dozen........... 59.2
28.9
35. 4
19.5
25. 4
60.0
29. 4
36.1
19.8
25. 7
61.5
29.6
36. 4
19.2
26.4
61.7
26.3
37.5
17.4
23.1
58. 5
2S.7
39.0
18.2
26.9
44.4
29.2
27.0 28.8
39.2 23. 5 37.7 39.4
18.8 15. 0 17. 5 19.0
23.3 24.2
26.3
61.2 47.9 69.0 55. 6
29.1
39.3
18.8
24.4
69.6
Eggs, s to ra g e ...................
B read ..................................
Flour
Corn m e a l.........................
Rolled oats
........do........... 37. 5
P o u n d ..........
........do ............ 2.9
........do............ 3.2
........do............
13.3
8.6
4.5
3.9
8.3
45.0
9.9
4.2
4.2
8. 3
46.3
9.9
4.2
4.3
8.4
39.1
9.5
5.1
4.2
10.1
36. 3
9.3
4.7
4.6
10.6
39.4 35.0 40.0 40.5 .44.9
9.8 5.7 8. 5 9.0
9.0
4.7 3.8 5.2 4.8
4.8
4.1
4.9 2.6 3.6 3.9
9.2 9.3
9.2
10. 1
11.7
20.9
18.0
10.8
9.4
11.6
24.6
IS. 3
11.6
10. 6
11.6
24.0
18.2
11.6
10.4
9.8
26.8
20.5
10.4
10.1
10.1
25.3
19.6
10.2
9.9
10.3
25.0
20.5
10.3
10.0
9.4
25.3
21.7
9.4 10.7
10.5
1.7
3.9
3.0
15. 5
16.8
2.4
4.9
2.2
4.8
3.2
15.4
17.6
1.9
4.5
3.2
13.7
14.3
2.1
6.8
3.6
13.0
14. 4
2.1
7.0
3.6
13.0
14,4
1.8
19.3 19.2
0 U 5.8
11.0 10.6
70. 4 73.8
38.6 39.0
17.9
14.5
8.8
72,6
36.3
17.4
14.7
11.6
77.4
37.5
17.4
14. 5
11.0 5.1
77. 4 57. 5
37.5 28.8
Salmon canned rod
Milk, fre s h .......................
Milk, evaporated
B u tte r
()1enma.rga.ri n e
Corn flake«?
8-07, pkg ..
W h e a t cereal..................... 28-oz." p k g . ..
M acaroni...
P o u n d ..........
Riee
........do............
B ea.n s n avy
___do ...........
P otatoes
Onions
Cabbage
B eans baked
Porn, eanned__
........d o ........... 1.4
.. .d o ...........
........d o ...........
No. 2 can
........do ...........
Peas canned ..
T om atoes, can n ed
Sugar, g ra n u la te d ...........
Tea ..................................
Coffee..................................
19.0
........do ...........
. . ..d o ...........
116.4
8.5
P o u n d .......... 6.1
........do............ 50.0 66.4
........do ........... 28.0 39.0
P ru n es
Raisins
B ananas
Oranges
....................... ........do ...........
........do...........
Dozen...........
........do............
15.4
17.5
U S.
18.1 16.2 15. 8 20.4 19.2 19.1
18.5 17.3 16.5 22.9 19.0 19.0
214. 2 215. 7 215. 6 212.0 212. 3 213. 0
51.3 51.6 57.3 51. 5 58.8
Cts. Cts.
9.5
24.1
21.1
10. 4
10.4
9.5
24.1
21.2
10. 3
10.3
2.6 3.6
4.8 6.9
3.7 5.5
12.0 11.6
14.7 14.9
2.8
6. 8
4.7
11.7
14.'9
16.0
11.3
7.7
75.2
34,6
15.4
11.6
10.3
75.9
34.9
15.4
11.6
10.0
75.9
34.9
21.9
20. 5
35.3
47.4
20.3
16.2
38.3
57.5
19.0
16.0
39.4
46.8
3 P er pound.
1 No. 21- can.
Comparison of Retail P ood Costs in 51 Cities.
6 shows for 39 cities the percentage of increase or decrease
T ABLE
in the retail cost of food7 in November, 1923, compared with
the average cost in the year 1913, in November, 1922, and in October,
1923. For 12 other cities comparisons are given for the one-year
and the one-month periods. These cities have been scheduled by
the bureau at different dates since 1913. These percentage changes are
7 For lis t of articles, see n o te 2, p. 36.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[5 6 ]
B E TA IL PR IC E S OF FOOD.
57
based on actual retail prices secured each month from retail dealers
and on the average family consumption of these articles in each city.8
Effort has been made by the bureau each month to have perfect
reporting cities. For the month of November 99 per cent of all the
firms reporting in the 51 cities sent in a report promptly. The
following were perfect reporting cities; that is, every merchant in
the following-named 37 cities who is cooperating with the bureau
sent in his report in time for his prices to be included in the city
averages: Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Bridgeport, Butte, Charleston,
Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Houston, Indianapolis,
Jacksonville, Kansas City, Little Rock, Louisville, Manchester,
Memphis, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, New Haven, New Orleans, New
York, Norfolk, Peoria, Pittsburgh, Portland, Me., Providence,
Richmond, Rochester, St. Louis, St. Paul, Salt Lake City, Savannah,
Scranton, and Seattle.
The following summary shows the promptness with which the
merchants responded in November:
R E T A IL P R IC E R E P O R T S R E C E IV E D D U R IN G N O V E M B E R , 1923.
Geographical division.
U nited
States.
Ite m .
Percentage of rep o rts receiv ed ......................
N um ber of cities in. each section from w hich
every rep o rt was receiv ed ...........................
N orth
South
A tlantic. A tlantic.
N orth
Central.
South
C entral.
W estern.
99
99
99
99
98
98
37
10
7
10
0
4
T a b l e 6 .—P E R C E N T A G E C H A N G E S IN T H E R E T A IL COST OF FO O D IN N O V E M B E R , 1923,
C O M PA R ED W IT H T H E COST IN O C T O B E R , 1923, N O V E M B E R , 1922, AND W IT H T H E
A V E R A G E COST IN T H E Y E A R 1913, BY C IT IE S .
Percentage increase N ovember,
1923, com pared w ith —
('it; .
N ovem
ber. 1922.
1913
A tla n ta .....................
B altim ore.................
B irm in g h am ...........
B oston.......................
B ridgeport...............
46
57
53
59
B uffalo......................
B u t t e .........................
C harleston...............
C hicago.....................
C incinnati................
58
C leveland.................
Colum bus.................
D allas........................
D enver......................
D etro it......................
F a ll R iv e r................
H o u sto n ...................
Indian ap o lis............
Jacksonville.............
K ansas C ity .............
L ittle R o ck ---------Los Angeles..............
Louisville.................
M anchester..............
M em phis...................
2
4
5
3
6
49
57
49
50
46
40
53
57
44
44
43
41
47
41
55
41
2
3
4
8
5
5
7
2
5
4
5
}
5
4
4
3
4
4
6
6
Percentage increase November,
1923, com pared w ith —
October,
1923.
1
i 0.1
1
3
1
i
2
0.4
i 0.2
2
1
1
3
1
2
i2
2
0.2
0.3
0.4
2
0.2
0.3
1
2
1
N ovem October,
ber, 1922,
1923.
1913
M ilw aukee...............
M inneapolis.............
M obile. . .
N ew ark.....................
N ew H a v en .............
New O rleans............
New Y o rk ...............
N orfolk___
O m aha......................
Peoria.........
P h ilad elp h ia...........
P ittsb u rg h ...............
Po rtlan d , Me...........
P o rtlan d , Oreg........
Providence...............
R ich m o n d ................
R ochester.................
St. Louis...................
St. P a u l__
Salt L ake C ity ........
San Francisco..........
S av an n ah .................
Scranton...................
S e a ttle .......................
Springfield, 111........
W ashington, D. C..
52
44
52
00
44
60
44
54
56
40
60
59
6
2
7
4
6
2
4
2
3
3
4
7
3
3
4
2
4
51
5
32
51
5
5
58
45
5
4
59
3
5
4
1
0
2
i
i
11
2
i 0.4
i 0.3
0.4
1
2
2
10.4
2
1
3
1
1
1
0.1
1 0. 1
1
11
2
0.1
iDecrease.
¡•The consum ption figure used from January, 1913, to D ecember, 1920, for each article in each c ity is
given in th e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w for N ovem ber, 1918, pp. 94 and 95. T h e consum ption figures w h ic h
have been used for each m o n th beginning w ith Jan u ary , 1921, are given in th e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w
for M arch, 1921, p, 26.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 57 ]
58
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
Retail Prices of Coal in the United States.«
HE following table shows the average retail prices of coal on
January 15 and July 15, 1913; November 15, 1922; and Octo
ber 15 and November 15, 1923, for the United States and for
each of the cities from which prices have been obtained. Prices for
coal are secured from the cities from which monthly retail prices of
food are received.
In addition to the prices for Pennsylvania anthracite, prices are
shown for Colorado, Arkansas, and New Mexico anthracite in those
cities where these coals form any considerable portion of the sales
for household use.
The prices shown for bituminous coal are averages of prices of the
several kinds used. The coal dealers in each city are asked to quote
prices on the kinds of bituminous coal usually sold for household use.
The prices quoted are for coal delivered to consumers, but do not
include charges for storing the coal in cellar or coal bins where an
extra handling is necessary.
T
A \ E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F C O AL P E R TO N O F 2,000 P O U N D S , F O R H O U S E H O L D
U S E , ON JA N U A R Y 15 A N D JU L Y 15, 1913, N O V E M B E R 15, 1922, A N D O C T O B E R 15 AN D
N O V E M B E R 15, 1923.
1922
1913
C ity, a n d k in d of coal.
Jan . 15.
Ju ly 15.
N ov. 15.
1923
Oct. 15.
N ov. 15.
U n ite d S ta te s :
P en n sy lv an ia a n th ra c ite —
$7.46
$15.53
S to v e ....................... ............................
$7. 99
$15.83
$15. 85
8.15
C h e s tn u t..... ........ ................................
7.68
15.52
15. 79
15. 82
5.48
B itu m in o u s.................................................
5.39
11.31
10.12
10. 05
A tlan ta, Ga.:
B itu m in o u s................... ..............................
5. 88
4.83
10.46
8. 21
8.25
B altim ore, Md.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
S to v e ..................................................
L7. 70
i 7.24
1 15.75
1 16.75
1 16. 75
C hestn u t...............................................
1 7.93
17.49
1 15.75
1 16.50
1 16.50
B itum inous.............. ..................................
11.00
8.40
8.15
B irm ingham , Ala.:
4.22
4.01
8. 36
8.31
B itu m in o u s.................................................
8.43
Boston, Mass.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove........... ..................... ...............
8.25
7.50
16.00
16. 00
16.00
C h estn u t...............................................
8.25
7.75
16.00
16.00
16.00
B ridgeport, Conn.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove....................................... ....... . . . .
16.13
16.00
16.50
C h estn u t..................... .........................
16.13
16, 00
16.50
Buffalo, N . Y .:
Pen n sy lv an ia an th racite—
S tove....................................................
6.75
13.24
13. 66
13.54
C h e stn u t........... ......................... . . . .
6.99
6.80
13. 24
13.66
13.54
B u tte , M ont.:
B itum inous................................... ..............
11.51
11.39
11.46
Charleston, S. C.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove.....................................................
1 8. 38
1 7.75
1 17.00
1 17.00
1 17.00
C h e s tn u t............................. ................
1 8.00
1 17.10
1 8.50
1 17.10
1 17.10
B Lum inous...................... ..........................
12.00
16. 75
1 6.75
12.00
12.00
Chicago, 111.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove......................................................
7. 80
8.00
16.08
17.00
17.00
C hestn u t................................................
8.25
8. 05
15. 85
17.00
17.00
B itu m in o u s.................................................
4.97
4.65
10. 83
8.77
8.75
C incinnati, Ohio:
B itum inous............................- ................ .
8. 58
3.50
3. 38
9.62
8.39
Cleveland, Ohio:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove...................... ............................
7.50
7.25
15. 88
15.48
15.48
C hestn u t.............. ..... ..........................
7.75
15. 88
7.50
15.48
15.48
B L um inous.............. ......................... .........
4.14
4.14
10. 53
9. 57
9.54
Columbus, Ohio:
B itum inous..................................................
9. 01
7.49
7.55
1 P er to n of 2,240 p o u n d s.
a Prices of coal were formerly secured sem iannually and published in th e M arch a nd Septem ber issues
of th e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v i e w . Since June, 1920, these prices have been secured and published
m onthly.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[58]
R E TA IL P R IC E S OF COAL,
59
A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F CO AL P E R T O N O F 2,000 P O U N D S, F O R H O U S E H O L D
U SE , ON JA N U A R Y 15 AN D JU L Y 15, 1913, N O V E M B E R 15, 1922, A N D O C T O B E R 15 AND
N O V E M B E R 15, 1923—Continued.
C ity, an d k in d of coal.
Dallas, Tex.:
A rkansas anthracite—
E g g .........................................................
B itu m in o u s..................................................
D enver, Colo.:
Colorado an th racite—
Furnace, 1 an d 2 m ix ed ....................
Stove, 3 a n d 5 m ix e d .......................
B itu m in o u s..................................................
D etro it, Mich.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove......................................................
C h estn u t...............................................
B itum inous..................................................
F all R iver, Mass.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove.... ..................................................
C h estn u t...............................................
H ouston, T e x .:
B itu m in o u s.............. ...................................
Indianapolis, In d .:
Pennsylvania a n th racite—
Stove......................................................
C h estn u t................................................
B itu m in o u s................................................
Jacksonville, F la.:
B itu m in o u s...............................................
K ansas C ity, M o.:
A rkansas an th racite—
F u rn ac e .................................................
Stove, No. 4 . .... ..................................
B itu m in o u s..................................................
L ittle Rock, A rk .:
A rkansas anthracite—
E g g .........................................................
B itu m in o u s................................................
Los Angeles, Calif.:
B itu m in o u s..................................................
Louisville, K y.:
B itu m in o u s.................................................
M anchester, N . H .:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove......................................................
C h estn u t...............................................
M em phis, Tenn.:
B itu m in o u s ................................................
M ilwaukee, W is.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove......................................................
C h estn u t................................................
B itu m in o u s..................................................
M inneapolis, Minn.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove.....................................................
C h estn u t...............................................
B itu m in o u s..................................................
Mobile, A la.:
B itu m in o u s.................................................
N ew ark, N . J..:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove...................... ...............................
C h estn u t..............................................
New H aven, Conn.:
Pennsylvania a n th ra c ite —
Stove......................................................
C h estn u t...............................................
New Orleans, La.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove......................................................
C h estn u t....................... ........................
B itu m in o u s..................................................
New Y ork, N . Y .:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove .....................................................
C hestnut.......................................... ..
N orfolk, V a.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove......................................................
C h estn u t................................................
B itum inous..................................................
2 P er 10-barrel lots (1,800 pounds).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1913
Jan . 15.
1922
Ju ly 15.
Nov. 15.
1923
Oct. 15.
Nov. 15.
$8.25
$7.21
$18.00
15.54
$17.25
13.79
$17.58
14.79
8.88
8.50
5.25
9.00
8.50
4.88
17.00
17.00
11.17
17.00
17.00
10.70
16.75
16.75
10.68
8.00
8.25
5.20
7.45
7.65
5.20
15.69
15.69
12.22
16.63
16.63
10.20
16.75
16.75
9.91
8.25
8.25
7.43
7.61
16.50
15.83
16.17
16.08
16.17
16.08
12.75
13.00
13.17
8.95
9.15
3.81
8.00
8.25
3.70
15.75
15.75
9.83
17.00
16.25
8.19
16.75
16.75
7.48
7.50
7.00
15.00
13.00
11.00
4.39
3.94
17.00
17.94
9.64
16.36
17.25
8.56
16.29
17.25
8.54
6.00
5.33
15.00
13.17
15.00
11.25
15.00
11.50
13.52
12.50
16.50
4.20
4.00
10.28
8.57
8.54
10.00
10.00
8. 50
8.50
17.67
17.67
18.00
17.50
18.00
17.50
2 4.34
2 4.22
9.46
7.45
7.45
8,00
8.25
6.25
7.85
S. 10
5.71
16.32
16.30
12.61
16.77
16.71
10.88
16.83
16.74
10.84
9.25
9.50
5.89
9.05
9.30
5.79
17.50
17.47
14.13
18.03
18.09
11.92
18.17
18.08
11,75
10.69
11.07
11.00
6.50
6.75
6.25
6.50
12.75
12.75
13.45
13.53
13.45
13.45
7.50
7.50
6.25
6.25
15.33
15.33
15.92
15.92
15.92
15.92
10.00
10.50
2 6.06
10.00
10.50
2 6.06
20.75
20.75
11.29
20.75
20.75
10.13
21.75
21.75
11.16
7.07
7.14
6.66
6.80
13.83
13.83
14.58
14.58
14.58
14.58
16.00
16.00
12.38
16.13
16.13
11.38
16.00
16.00
10.41
60
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
A V ER A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F COAL P E R TO N O F 2,000 PO U N D S, FO R H O U S E H O L D
U S E , ON JA N U A R Y 15 AN D JU L Y 15, 1913, N O V E M B E R 15, 1922, AN D O C T O B E R 15 AND
N O V E M B E R 15, 1923—Concluded.
1922
1913
C ity, and k in d of coal.
O m aha, N cbr.:
B itu m in o u s..................................................
Peoria, 111.:
B itum inous
- .........................
Philadelphia, P a.:
Pennsylvania an thracite—
Stove......................................................
C h e stn u t............................. ..................
P ittsb u rg h , Pa.:
Pennsylvania an thracite—
S to v e......................................................
C h estn u t................................................
B itu m in o u s. . . ........................................
P o rtlan d , Me.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove . .
......................................
C hestnut
P o rtla n d , Oreg.:
B itu m in o u s..................................................
Providence, R. I . :
Pennsylvania an thracite—
S to v e .....................................................
C h estn u t................................................
R ichm ond, Va.:
Pennsjd vania an th racite—
Sto v e......................................................
C h estn u t................................................
B itu m in o u s..................................................
Rochester, N . Y :
Pennsylvania an th racite—
C hestnut
.........................
St. Louis, Mo.:
Pennsylvania anthracite-—
Stove.......................................................
C h e stn u t................................................
B itu m in o u s..................................................
St. Paul, M inn.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove.......................... ...........................
C h e s tn u t..............................................B itu m in o u s..................................................
S alt Lake C ity, U tah :
Colorado an th racite—
Fumafift. 1 and 2 m ix e d ....................
Stove, 3 an d 5 m ix e d .........................
B itu m in o u s..................................................
San Francisco, Calif.:
N ew Mexico an th racite—
Ce rill os e g g .. . ................................
Colorado anthracite—
E g g .........................................................
B itu m in o u s..................................................
S avannah, G a .:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove
.............................................
C hestnut
B itum inous
Scranton, P a .:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove .....................................................
C h estn u t................................................
Seattle, W a s h .:
B itu m in o u s..................................................
Springfield, 111.:
B itum inous
........................
W ashington, D. C.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
S to v e ......................................................
C h estn u t................................................
Jan. 15.
J uly 15.
$6.63
$6.13
N ov. 15.
1923
Oct. 15.
Nov. 15.
$12.57
$10. 85
$10.86
7.63
6.35
6.33
i 7.16
i 7.38
1 6. 89
i 7.14
1 14.54
i 14.54
3 16.14
3 16.00
3 16.18
3 16.07
1 7.94
i 8.00
3 3.16
1 7. 38
i 7.44
3 3.18
i 17. 00
i 17.00
8.38
3 18.50
3 18.50
7.54
3 18.50
3 18.50
7.54
15.84
15.84
16.56
16. 56
16. 81
16. 81
9. 79
9.66
14.23
13.89
14.00
4 8.25
4 8.25
4 7.50
4 7. 75
< 15.50
4 15.50
4 16. 25
4 16. 25
< 16.25
4 16.25
8.00
8.00
5.50
7.25
7.25
4.94
15.50
15. 50
12.60
16.63
16.63
11.78
16.63
16.63
11. 70
13.45
13.45
14.10
14.10
14.10
14.10
8.44
8.68
3.36
7. 74
7.99
3.04
16.13
16.25
8.41
17.13
17.38
7. 26
17.13
17.31
7.26
9.20
9. 45
6.07
9.05
9.30
6.04
17.67
17.64
14. 26
18.15
IS. 09
12.37
18.14
18.09
12. 25
11. 00
11.00
5.64
11.50
11. 50
5. 46
20.00
20.00
9.47
17. 50
17.50
8.81
17.50
17.50
8.74
17.00
17.00
26. 75
26.50
26. .50
17.00
12.00
17.00
12.00
24.25
17.90
24.50
16.90
24.50
16.90
3 17.60
3 17.60
3 12.27
3 17. 05
3 17.05
3 11.90
3 17.00
3 17.00
3 12.02
4. 25
4.50
4.31
4.56
9. 78
10. 27
10.53
10.53
10.53
10.53
« 7.63
3 7. 70
« 10.21
s 10. 21
e 10.35
5.33
4. 53
4. 70
1 15.63
i 15.63
3 11.30
3 16. 20
3 15. 98
3 9.10
3 16.22
3 16.04
3 8.87
i 7.38
i 7.53
i 7.50
i 7.65
3Per to n oi 2,240pounds.
3Per 25-bushcl lots (1,900po u n d s).
.
.
, , ..
Most custom ers require binning or basketing
, ,, ,
.
A charge of 10 cents per ton or half ton is made.
4 Fifty cents per to n additional is charged for “ binning.”
th e coal in to th e cellar.
6A!1 coal sold in S avannah is weighed b y th e city.
T h is a d d itio n a l charge h a s b e e n in c lu d e d i n th e ab o v e pric es.
6Prices in Zone A. T he cartage charges in Zone A were as follows: Jan u a ry and J uly, 1913, ¡50.50; N ovem
ber, 1922 $1.25 to $1.75; O ctober a n d N ovem ber, 1923, $1.25. These charges have been included in the
price.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[60]
61
R E T A IL PR IC E S OF COAL.
Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices in November, 1923.
HE downward tendency in the general trend of wholesale prices
which became evident in October extended into November,
according to information gathered by the United States
Department of Labor through the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The
bureau’s index number, which includes 404 commodities or price
series weighted according to their commercial importance, declined
to 152 for November, a drop of 1 point from the level of the pre
ceding month.
Lower prices were reported for fuel and lighting materials, metals,
building materials, house-furnishing goods, and certain commodities
classed as miscellaneous. Bituminous coal, on an average, was
cheaper than in the month before, as were also Connellsville coke,
gasoline, and crude petroleum. Pig iron of all kinds showed decided
price reductions. Other commodities showing decreases were Port
land cement, southern yellow pine lumber, linseed oil, household
furniture, bran and mill-feed middlings, linseed meal, sole leather,
rubber, and wood pulp.
In the group of farm products price declines among grains, cattle,
hogs, hides, and poultry were more than offset by strong increases
among cotton and cottonseed, eggs, sweet potatoes, and hay, result
ing in a net increase of over 1 per cent. Cloths and clothing also
increased in price, due to the advance in cotton goods. Chemicals
and drugs averaged slightly higher than in October, while no change
in the general price level was shown for the important group of
foodstuffs.
Of the 404 commodities or series of quotations for which comparable
data for October and November were collected, increases were shown
in 177 instances and decreases in 128 instances. In 99 instances no
change in price was reported.
T
IN D E X N U M B E R S O F W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S , B Y G R O U P S O F CO M M O D ITIES.
[1913 = 100.]
1923
N ovem ber,
1922.
Group.
October.
F a rm p ro d u cts.................................
F o o d s.................................................
Cloths a n d clothing.........................
Fuel a n d lig h tin g ............................
M etals a n d m etal p ro d u cts...........
B uilding m aterials..........................
Chemicals an d d ru g s......................
House-furnishing goods.................
M iscellaneous....................................
A ll com m odities..............................
143
143
192
218
133
185
127
179
122
156
144
148
199
172
142
182
129
183
120
153
November.
146
148
201
167
141
181
130
176
118
152
Comparing prices in November with those of a year ago, as meas
ured by changes in the index numbers, it is seen that the general
price level has declined 2 \ per cent. Fuel and lighting materials
averaged 23^- per cent lower than in November, 1922, while building
materials, house-furnishing goods, and miscellaneous commodities
were slightly lower. In all other groups prices were appreciably
higher than in November of last year.
76363°—24-----5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[61]
62
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
Comparison of Retail Price Changes in the United States and Foreign
Countries.
^HE index numbers of retail prices published by several foreign
countries have been brought together with those of this bureau
in the subjoined table after having been reduced to a common
base, namely, prices for July, 1914, equal 100. This base was
•selected instead of the average for the year 1913, which is used in
other tables of index numbers compiled by the bureau, because of
the fact that in some instances satisfactory information for 1913 was
not available. For Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Great Britain,
Norway, Sweden, and the city of Rome, Italy, the index numbers
are reproduced as published in the original sources. With three
exceptions all these are shown on the July, 1914, base in the source
from which the information is taken. The index numbers for
Belgium are computed on April, 1914, as the base period, those
for Germany on the average of October, 1913, January, April, and
July, 1914, while those for Rome are based on the first half of 1914.
The index numbers here shown for the remaining countries have
been obtained by dividing the index for each month specified in
the table by the index for July, 1914, or the nearest period thereto,
as published. As shown in the table, the number of articles included
in the index numbers for the different countries differs widely.
These results should not, therefore, be considered as closely com
parable with one another. In a few instances, also, the figures here
shown are not absolutely comparable from month to month over
the entire period, owing to slight changes in the list of commodities
included at successive dates.
I
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 62 ]
m
*
63
com parison of retail price c h a n g e s .
IN D E X N U M B E R S O F R E T A IL P R IC E S IN T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S A N D C E R T A IN O T H E R
C O U N T R IE S .
[July, 1914=100.]
Y ear an d
m o n th .
U nited
States: 22
foodstuffs,
to De
cem ber, A ustralia:
1920: since 46 food
stuffs;
th a t tim e
30 tow ns.
43 food W
eighted.
stuffs;
51 cities
(variable).
W eighted.
F rance: F am ily
budget, 13 articles.
Belgium:
D enm ark:
G erm any:
56 articles C anada:
F am ily
F am ily
(variable); 29 food
food
Cities
over
food
59 cities. 60stuffs:
b u d g et;
10,000
budget;
cities.
N ot
5
persons.
population
P
a
ris
only
5
persons.
w eighted. W eighted. W eighted. (except W eighted W eighted.
Paris).
W eighted.
July, 1 9 1 4 ....
July, 1915___
Ju ly , 1 9 1 6 ....
Ju ly , 1917___
J u ly ,1 9 1 8 ....
Ju ly , 1 9 1 9 ....
100
98
109
143
165
186
100
131
130
126
131
147
1 100
100
105
114
157
175
186
100
128
146
166
187
212
100
3123
3 141
3184
3 244
»289
100
120
129
183
206
261
1920.
J u ly ................
A u g u st...........
S eptem b er. . .
O ctober..........
N o v e m b e r...
D ecem ber___
215
203
200
194
189
175
194
194
197
192
186
184
453
463
471
477
476
468
227
221
215
213
206
200
253
3 388
373
373
407
1921.
J a n u a ry .........
F e b r u a r y .. . .
M arch.............
A p ril...............
M ay ................
J u n e ...............
169
155
153
149
142
141
186
184
181
173
168
165
450
434
411
399
389
3S4
195
190
178
171
165
150
276
Ju ly .................
A ugust...........
S ep tem b er. . .
O ctober..........
N ovem ber. ..
D ecem ber___
145
152
150
150
149
147
161
158
154
149
146
143
379
384
386
391
394
393
148
154
159
236
149
148
1922.
Ja n u a ry .........
F e b ru a ry ___
M arch............
A p ril...............
M ay ................
J u n e ...............
139
139
136
136
136
138
142
140
141
143
146
146
387
380
371
367
365
366
149
143
142
138
138
137
197
J u ly ................
A ugust...........
S eptem b er. . .
O ctober..........
N o v e m b e r.. .
D ecem ber___
139
136
137
140
142
144
148
149
149
146
145
146
366
366
371
376
384
384
138
141
139
138
139
140
184
1923.
Ja n u a ry .........
F e b ru a ry ___
M arch.............
A p ril...............
M ay................
J u n e ...............
141
139
139
140
140
141
145
144
145
152
156
162
383
397
408
409
413
419
142
142
145
143
140
138
180
Ju ly ................
A ugust...........
S eptem b er. . .
144
143
146
164
165
161
429
439
453
137
142
141
188
i A pril, 1914.
*A verage for O ctober, 1913, J an u a ry , A pril, a n d Ju ly , 1914.
3Q uarter beginning m o n th specified.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[63]
3 450
490
426
424
*429
3 363
3 350
3 348
3 323
3 315
3 312
« 314
3 331
3 337
3 351
410
382
359
*
100
1267
1170
1166
1269
1343
1427
317
312
1423
1362
1352
1334
1320
1370
306
317
329
331
326
323
1491
1589
1614
1757
2189
2357
319
307
294
304
318
307
2463
3020
3602
4356
4680
5119
297
289
291
290
297
305
6836
9746
15417
26623
54982
80702
309
316
321
320
325
331
136606
318300
331500
350000
462000
934700
321
328
339
4651000
67048500
1730000000
393
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW ,
64
IN D E X N U M B E R S O F R E T A IL P R IC E S IN T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S A N D C E R T A IN O T H E R
C O U N T R IE S —Concluded.
Y ear a n d
m onth.
N eth er
Ita ly :
Great
New
South
N orw ay: Africa:
B ritain:
Fam ily
lands: 27 Zealand:
18
F am ily
food
21 food
food
food
59 food
food
stuffs;
budget;
stuffs;
stuffs;
stuffs;
600
5 persons; A m ster 25 tow ns. budget.
9 tow ns.
dam.
YVeighted. W
tow ns.
Rome.
eighted.
W eighted. W eighted. W eighted. W eighted.
4 100
95
111
137
203
206
6 100
258
262
267
270
291
282
100
Switzer
land: 9
Sweden: groups
of
21 articles;
food
44 tow ns.
W eighted. stuffs.
N ot
W eighted.
«100
7 107
« 111
e 124
«125
«136
100
s 124
s 142
177
268
310
7 100
7 119
7 140
319
333
336
340
342
342
e 178
297
308
307
306
303
294
246
262
178
175
169
169
167
166
334
308
300
300
292
290
7 166
283
262
253
248
237
234
243
237
234
231
212
210
185
184
184
173
159
154
164
163
161
156
152
150
292
297
290
2S8
281
268
8 136
s 128
232
234
228
218
211
202
214
209
206
200
198
192
469
463
446
455
455
454
152
154
148
141
140
141
147
145
141
144
145
143
257
245
238
234
230
227
121
119
119
121
120
118
190
189
185
182
178
179
1S9
179
177
167
158
157
180
175
172
172
176
178
459
463
472
482
477
476
144
144
145
148
141
142
144
141
139
139
139
138
233
232
228
220
216
215
116
116
117
119
120
118
179
181
180
178
170
168
158
158
158
157
160
160
1923.
J a n u a ry .........
F e b ru a ry ___
M arch.............
A pril...............
M ay.................
.Tune., ............
175
173
171
168
162
160
480
478
479
481
491
145
146
145
143
139
141
139
140
141
142
143
142
214
214
214
212
214
213
117
117
117
117
118
118
166
165
166
163
161
161
161
160
158
161
164
106
Ju ly .................
August,...........
S e p te m b e r...
162
165
168
140
141
143
142
143
145
218
220
218
116
115
115
160
161
165
164
162
163
s 160
210
100
112
119
127
139
144
318
322
324
341
361
375
217
219
223
226
220
208
167
171
173
177
176
179
278
263
249
238
232
218
367
376
386
432
421
409
199
200
199
193
189
186
S ep tem b er. . .
O ctober..........
N o v e m b er.. .
D ecem ber___
220
226
225
210
200
195
402
416
430
452
459
458
1922.
Ja n u a ry .........
F e b ru a ry ___
M arch.............
A p ril...............
M ay................
J u n e ...............
185
179
177
173
172
170
J u ly ................
A ugust...........
S e p te m b e r...
O ctober..........
N ovem ber__
D ecem ber___
July , 1914___
Ju ly , 1916___
J u l y , 1917
J u l y 1918
Ju ly ' 1 9 19....
1920.
J u ly ................
October
1921.
Ja n u a ry .........
F e b ru a ry ___
March
A pril...............
M ay__
.Tunc,
Ju ly ................
100
1321
161“
204
210
209
s Q uarter beginning m o n th specified.
4 Jan u ary -Ju n e.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6 Y ear 1913.
«Y ear.
[64]
279
289
« 151
7 Previous m onth.
«A ugust.
PR IC E S I N M A N IL A , 1918 TO 1922.
65
Wholesale Prices of Staple Products and Retail Prices of Food in
Manila, Î918 to 1922.
HE statistical bulletin for 1922, issued by the Bureau of Com
merce and Industry of the Department of Commerce and Com
munications of the Philippine Islands, contains data showing
wholesale and retail prices in Manila for the five-year period from
1918 to 1922. The table following gives the average and relative
wholesale prices of seven staple products in Manila for the five-year
period as compared with the cost of these articles in 1913:
T
A V E R A G E A N D R E L A T IV E W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O P S T A P L E PR O D U C T S IN M AN ILA
1913, A N D 1918, TO 1922.
[Cavan=2.13 bushels; picul=140 pounds; q u in ta l= 101.4 pounds; kilogram =2.2 pounds; peso=50 cents.
A verage prices for 1913= 100.]
1913
Article.
U nit.
R ice...................
M anila h e m p . .
Sugar.................
Coconut o i l . .. .
C opra................
Tobacco............
M aguey............
Cavan.......
P icu l.........
.. .d o ...........
K ilo g ra m .
P icu l.........
Q u in ta l...
P ic u l.........
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
A ver R ela Aver R ela A ver R ela Aver R ela Aver R ela Aver R ela
age tiv e age tiv e age tive age tive age tive age tive
price. price. price. price. price. price. price. price. price. price. price. price.
Pesos.
Pesos.
5.34
16.02
4. 79
.49
14.31
15.90
9.13
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
9.31
48.12
5.32
.485
12.12
29.13
18.38
174
300
111
99
85
183
201
Pesos,
13. 75
37.15
15.12
.568
18.64
42.62
12.20
Pesos.
258
232
316
116
130
268
134
14.00
38.67
23.99
.585
19. 90
39. 03
12.28
Pesos.
262 7.56
241 22.58
501 6.89
119
.311
139 9. 65
245 15.92
135 7.10
Pesos.
142 7.69
141 21.51
144 6.17
64
.285
67 9.66
100 11.21
78 7.61
144
134
129
58
68
71
83
66
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW ,
The following table gives the average and relative retail prices of
the principal food articles in Manila for the five-year period from
1918 to 1922. The index numbers, or relative prices, in this table are
based on the year 1913 as 100:
A V E R A G E A N D R E L A T IV E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F F O O D S T U F F S , IN M A N ILA ,
1918 TO 1922.
fL iter=1.06 quarts; ganta=2.71 quarts; ldlogram = 2.2 pounds; peso=50 cents.
for 1913=100.]
1918
Article.
Cereals and grains:
Coffee...................................
R ice......................................
Sea foods:
Crabs....................................
Shrim p s...............................
Fowls:
C hickens............................
D u ck s..................................
H e n s ....................................
R oosters..............................
W ild d u ck s.........................
F ru its:
B an an as..............................
C oconuts........................... .
L em ons...............................
Oranges, n a tiv e .................
P aw p aw s............................
M eat:
Beef, fresh...........................
Beef, frozen........................
P o r k .....................................
Vegetables:
E g g p la n t............................
Onions, B o m b a y ..............
P eas......................................
Peppers, re d .......................
Potatoes, Irish ...................
Potatoes, sw eet.................
Squash, re d ........................
Squash] w h ite ...................
T om atoes............................
Miscellaneous:
Condensed m ilk ................
Eggs:
Chinese.........................
D u c k ............................
N a tiv e ..........................
F lo u r....................................
Salt, w h ite ..........................
Sugar, b ro w n.....................
Sugar, refined....................
V inegar...............................
All articles com bined 1...........
U nit.
1921
1920
1919
Average prices
1922
A ver Rela A ver Rela A ver Rela A ver R ela A ver R ela
age tive age tive
age tive age tiv e age tive
price. price. price. price. price. price. price. price. price. price.
Pesos.
Pesos.
Pesos.
Pesos.
Pesos.
L iter........ 0.56
G an ta---- .41
187
186
0. 75
.60
250
273
1.04
.65
347
295
0.84
.37
280
168
0.67
.37
223
168
E a c h ........ .42
H u n d red . 2.53
840
192
.25
2.19
500
166
.31
2.86
620
217
.31
2. 77
620
210
.24
3.61
480
273
E a c h ........ .51
........d o . . . 1.61
........d o . . . 1.23
........d o . . . 1.04
........d o . . .
.70
134
105
173
137
88
.60
1.85
1.54
1.35
.81
158
121
217
178
101
.72
3. 02
1.60
1.49
1.39
189
197
225
196
174
.63
3.08
1.48
1.36
1.79
166
201
208
179
224
.54
3.10
1.33
1.18
1.69
142
203
187
155
211
H u n d red . 1.33
E a c h ........ .07
H undred. 1. 71
E a c h ........ . 21
.. .d o ......... .25
151
140
228
420
417
1.40
.08
3.04
. 10
.18
159
160
405
200
300
1.74
.12
4.02
.24
198
240
536
300
400
1.62
.08
2.82
.16
.28
184
160
376
320
467
1.26
.06
5.10
.15
.23
143
120
680
300
383
K ilogram 1.18
. . . d o ......... 1.03
.. .d o ......... 1.04
155
169
176
1.35
1.19
1.15
178
195
195
1.50
1.28
1.36
197
210
231
1.37
1.09
1.21
180
179
205
1.12
.92
.95
147
151
161
1.97
.27
.22
2.24
.22
1.17
.31
.27
1.49
394
180
100
320
183
71
182
169
131
2.14
.31
.20
1.91
.19
1. 87
.30
.34
2.16
428
207
91
273
158
114
176
213
189
2. 20
.38
.50
1.76
.25
2.32
.32
.31
2.14
440
253
227
251
208
141
188
194
188
2. 28
.33
.39
1.10
.20
1.74
.31
.33
1. 78
456
220
177
157
167
106
182
206
156
1.92
.28
.33
1.20
.19
1.69
.26
.32
1.58
384
187
150
171
158
103
153
200
139
C an ..........
.50
200
.52
208
.54
216
.51
204
.45
180
H u n d red .
.. .d o .........
. . . d o .........
L ite r........
.. .d o .........
K ilogram .
. . .d o .........
L ite r........
3.67
4. 67
5.33
. 15
.06
.23
.35
.03
158
156
160
300
300
115
113
300
5.16
6.426. 58
. 14
.04
.42
.35
.04
222
214
198
280
200
210
113
400
6.19
7.51
8.15
.14
.04
.74
.82
.05
266
250
245
280
200
370
265
500
4.90
6.02
6.86
. 10
.03
.37
.43
.03
210
201
206
200
150
185
139
300
4.37
5.44
5.87
.08
.04
.22
.36
.03
188
181
176
160
200
110
116
300
H undred.
K ilogram .
L iter........
H u n d red .
K ilogram .
S ack ........
E a c h ........
.. .d o .........
H u n d red .
163
198
240
203
1 Includes 5 articles of food peculiar to th e locality, in ad d itio n to those specified above.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 66 ]
195
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
67
Cost of Living in Foreign Countries.1
Index Numbers.
P TO December, 1922, the M onthly L abor R e v ie w kept its
readers informed on changes in the cost of living in foreign
countries by giving currently the most important data in
short articles dealing with each country separately. Also, figures
showing the trend of food prices in foreign countries have been'pub
lished quarterly. In order to show the international aspect of cost
of living in general rather more clearly, it was decided in December,
1922, to publish semianually a general survey and tables showing
the international movement. Tables of index numbers for different
countries since 1914 have been compiled and were published for the
first time in the December, 1922, issue of the M onthly L abor R e
v ie w .
In the following pages these tables have been brought up to
the latest date for which data are available. Since food indexes
have been published elsewhere in the R e v ie w , they are not included
here. The number of countries given in the different tables varies
according to the information available. Several countries publish
only an index number for food, while others omit clothing and
sometimes even rent.
The very fact that the new form of presentation suggests that the
index numbers are completely comparable internationally makes it
all the more necessary to insist on caution in using them for such
comparisons. Not only are there differences in the base periods and
in the number and kind of articles included and the number of
markets from, which prices are taken, but there are also many differ
ences of method, especially in the systems of weighting used. In
the December, 1922, issue of the R e v ie w (pp. 81-85) a short account
was given for each country of the scope of the index numbers and
the method of computation used.
U
* A 01? ? 116*1 fr<mi officiaIi md unofficial foreign publications nam ed as sources in the December, 1922 issue
of th e M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w (pp. 81-85).
’
’
B
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
68
m o n t h l y labor r e v ie w ,
T a b l e 1 .— IN D E X N U M B E R S O F COST O F L IV IN G IN V A R IO U S C O U N T R IE S , 1914 TO 1923.
[A = F ood; B = H e a t and light; C =C lothing; D = R e n t; E = C e rta in miscellaneous articles.]
Aus
B ul tra
garia lia
(30
(12
lo
lo
cali cali
ties), ties),
A,
A,
B.
B,
D.
G erm any.
New
Zea
land
(25
lo
cali
ties),
A, B,
D.
Can
ada
(60
lo
cali
ties),
A, B,
C, D,
E.
U nited
States
(32
cities),
A, B,
C, D,
E.
Of
ficial
(71
lo
cali
ties),
A, B,
C, D.
U nof
ficial
(B er
lin),
A, B,
C, D,
E .1
Po
land
(W ar
saw),
A, B,
C, D,
E.
B el
gium
(5961 lo
cali
ties),
A, B,
C, E.
Italy, A,
B, C, D,
E.
Greece
(101
France
(P a r
lo
is),
cali
A, B,
ties),
C, E . Rome Mi A, B,
lan.
E.
Year and
m onth.
Aver
age,
Aver
Aver
age,
age,
19091B01- =1911
100
1913
1910
= 100.
= 100.
1914.............
1915__
1916....................
1917.............
1918.......
1919....................
1920....................
1921....................
1922:
J a n u a ry . . .
F e b ru a ry ..
M arch........
A p ril..........
M ay............
Ju n e ...........
Ju ly . . . .
A u g u st___
Septem ber
O ctober. . .
N ovem ber.
December..
1923:
J a n u a r y ...
F e b ru a ry ..
M arch__
A p ril..........
M ay............
Ju n e__ _
Ju ly . .
A u g u st___
Septem ber
O c to b e r.. .
Oct.,
1913 = 100.
2 169
2 104
126
2 119
130
2 143
129
2 161
134
148 3 137 2 179
175 3 155 2 192
167 3 163 2 161
111
1612
8 2259 1
f 157 i 153
6 2365 } 152 1 156 ^ 150
2379 f
( 153 i 150
2455 1
( 152 i 147
2632 > 156 \ 152 i 147
2379
151 2 147
2444 )
( 15C ^ 147
2463 )■ 159 \ 150 7 149
2470 J
( 15C 7 149
f 149 7 149
2498 ]
1 158 1 149 7 149
{ 148 7 150
6 2643 1
1
> 159 1
(
6 2741 1
|
l 169 \
I
6 2631 J
148
148
148
149
150
151
151
152
7 151
7 151
7 153
7 151
7 149
7 148
7 147
7 150
7 150
2 103
2 105
2 118
2 142
2 174
2 199
2 200
11
2 174
13
20
166
24
29
34
38
41
54
78
133
170
446
685
167
167
221
Aver
age,
Aug.,
1913,
to
July,
1914
= 1.
Jan., Apr., F irst half, 1914=
1914 1914
100.
= 100. = 100.
11 2 iÜ73
11 3 25709
46883
48085
27 52358
32 58627
35 63914
41 68407
61 7879S
103 90800
164 10770C
261 128400
17100C
769 231000
19
22
112C
1290
2814
2643
2854
2608
2954
3816
4233
Ì7Ò
7650
8770
37651
32886
586045 590170
172 15000000 14837215
83657
169
1 From In tern atio n al L abor Review, Geneva.
2 December.
3 July.
* F irst quarter.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1913,
Jan.,
Apr.,
and
June,
1914
= 1.
352643
571255
761800
835100
946700
127800
2 109
2 122
2 lftl
2 238 3 286
« 238 3 188 3 280
453
379
387 ]
380 [
371
367
365 }
366 [
366
366 1
371 J
376 1
384 }
384 1
5 341 3 313 1 441
5 307 3 387 3 494
( 430
291 1 426
[ 415
f 420
302 i 427
[ 425
429
289 \ 431
] 437
f 444
300 \ 439
1 439
523
522
503
490
492
488
488
491
498
504
505
504
f........
383 ]
397 ]■ 324
408 J
1.....
(.....
409 I
413 1 334
419 j
1........
429
r.....
439 } 1331
(........
453 f
458
497
493
492
490
491
487
483
487
1914
= 100
100
121
167
289
382
341
359
421
“ Second quarter.
6 From L abor Gazette, London.
2 N ot including clothing or miscellaneous articles.
8 Million.
[68T
COST OF L IV IN G IN FO R EIG N CO U N TRIES,
T able l.- I N D E X
Y ear and m onth.
69
N U M B E R S O F COST O F L IV IN G IN V A R IO U S C O U N T R IE S
1923—Concluded.
’
South
Africa (9
localities)
Spain
(Ma
drid),
A, B
Ed
Aus
tria
(Vi
enna),
A, B,
C, D.
D en F in G reat
m a rk land B rit
ain
( 100+ (21
(620
lo
lo
cali cali lo
ties), ties), cali
A, B, A, B, ties),
C ,D , C, D, A, B,
E.
E. C,E.D,'
1914 1910 1910
=
100
=
100
=
In d ia Ire
(B o m land,
bay), A,
A, B, B,
C,
C, D. E.
Nor Swe
way den
(40
lo
cali- cali
ties), ties),
A, B, A, B,
C, D, C ,D
E.
E.
S
July, 1914=100.
100
N etherlands.
The
Hague,
A, B,
C, D,
Ed
Am
ster
dam ,
A, B,
C, D,
E.
D ec.,
M ar.,
1920
=
1914
1915.
1916.
1917.
1918.
1919.
1920.
1921.
1922:
J a n u a r y ...
F e b ru a ry ..
M arch........
A p ril..........
M a y . .. .. ..
Jun e...........
J u ly ............
A u g u st___
September.
O ctober. . .
November.
D ecem ber.
1923:
J a n u a ry ...
F e b ru a ry ..
M arch........
A p ril..........
M ay...........
Ju n e ...........
J u ly ...........
A ug u st___
September.
O ctober. . .
November.
3 100
3 146
3168
3 188
s 182
109
113
116
125
129
138
170
149
179
179
181
190
188
183
179
178
179
178
178
177
133
131
132
134
133
132
131
131
131
132
133
132
66900
77000
77800
87200
109300
187100
148 264500
593200
1130600
1036800
970100
937500
212
180
181
131
131
130
131
131
131
130
129
129
144
143
143
143
143
143
142
142
143
198
s 108
3 115
3 121
100.
1920
=
100.
8 100
3 100
3 116
s 125
3 136
s 148
3 155
3 180
s 182
3 203
3 211
3 208
3 262 3 911 3 252
u 9800 3 237 3 1139 s 219
945400
960100
1015100
1089700
1144000
1151300
1090300
1049600
1084100
1102700
1055
1102
199
204
1086
1087
1109
1138
1136
1137
1156
1150
1139
1133
1131
1129
1096
1075
1087
1090
1141
1From In te rn a tio n a l L abor Review.
2December.
8July.
0June-July.
10 M ay-July.
11 September.
12 June.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TO
1914
[69]
9 117
9 147
!» 190
9 253
12 275
12 302
12 302
s 186
3 190
3 177
192
188
186
182
181
180
184
1S1
179
178
180
180
173
165
165
162
163
163
165
164
165
162
160
161
178
177
176
174
170
169
169
171
173
175
175
156
155
190
155
153
151
153
154
181
2 139
H 166
3 219
3 257
3 270
3 236
12 95
I2 102
1297
216
191
266
195
185
93
255
87
190
189
249
190
242
180
186
90
80
82
79
63
78
81
84
81
80
81
183
240
177
239
174
232
177
70
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
T a b l e 2 .—IN D E X N U M B E R S O F COST O P H E A T AN D E IG H T IN V A R IO U S C O U N T R IE S .
1914 TO 1923.
Germany.
New Can
U nited
Zea
ada States
Of
land
Unof
lo (32
ficial
(4 lo (60
ficial
cali
cali ties). cities). (71 lo (B er
cali
ties).
lin).
ties).
Y ear and m o n th .
Aver
ag e,
19091913
1913=100
= 100.
Aver
age,
Oct.,
1913,
J a n .,
A p r.,
and
Ju n e,
1914
= 1.
2 96
a 101
s 101
96
3108
125
3124
1914.
1915.
2 99
1916.
2
1917.
2
1918.
2 147
7 151
2
154
3 157
1920.
7 185
2
191
3
1921.
7 208
2
194
3 181
A p ril.
May.
June.
201
193
185
183
181
O c to b e r.. .
N ovem ber___
D ecem ber___
1923:
Ja n u a ry __
F e b ru a ry ...
M arch.........
A p ril...........
M ay.............
Ju n e ........... .
J u ly ............
A u g u st___
Septem ber.
O ctober___
183
182
183
12
3 8445
7 296
7 13
2 15003
7 308
35868
39384
39363
176
191
190
187
189
191
190
189
185
182
182
183
184
184
186
200
252
508
1039
54200
62700
84900
100400
170600
228700
1612
1825 282600
4071
4035 399700
5529
186
6013 609200
5514
5445 712600
5694 753100
5785
10378
11730 1085500
36904
44910
890539 934611
'Ì 8 Ì 23300000
“ 5715
*isi
2 Ju ly .
3 December.
4 H eat; D ecember.
6 Light; December.
6 July; from Intern atio n al L abor R eview , Geneva.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
302
[70]
}
291
302
Ju n e, 1914
= 100.
317
6 115
0 129
« 182
6 302
2 220
«372
4 212
5 112
4 282
5 261
9 282
19 314
9 282
19 355
9 282
10 345
9 282
1611
9 282
10 292
9 282
10 292
9 282
10 266
9 282
10 266
9 282
10 271
9 282
10 290
9 282
10 327
9 282
10357
308
Unofficial
(23 localities).
4 188
5 185
10319
40118
46013
51100
59
77
161
Official
(33 localities).
2 220
5 110
1
Milan.
= 100.
s 164
195
Switzerland.
F ir s t h alf, 1914
= 100.
f 4 106
\ 5 118
' 4 150
5 118
4 247
5119
4 216
181
177
179
179
Ju ly ................
ISO
186
A u g u st..............................
190
S ep tem b er...
Jan
u a ry ,
1914
148
3
1919.
1922:
J a n u a r y ..
F eb ru ary .
M arch___
A ver
age,
A u
g u st,
1913,
to
Ju ly ,
1914
= 1.
Italy .
Po
land France
(W ar (P ar
is).
Rome.
saw).
2
6 387
899
2 210
220
553
191
218
530
187
215
530
187
214
530
183
212
530
180
207
515
177
204
515
177
203
515
176
201
515
176
201
519
177
203
519
178
204
519
534
548
548
517
520
528
528
528
530
179
176
177
177
177
178
179
177
177
177
177
204
204
206
207
207
208
208
208
208
7 Second quarter.
8 F irst q uarter.
9 H eat.
10 Light.
a M illion.
211
71
COST OF L IV IN G I N FO R EIG N C O U N T R IE S .
T able 2.—IN D E X N U M B E R S O F COST O F H E A T AN D L IG H T IN V A R IO U S C O U N T R IE S,
1914 TO 1923—Concluded.
Y ear an d m onth.
D en F in Great
Aus m
B rit In d ia
ark land
tria
ain
(Bom Ire
(100+
(21 lo (26-30
(Vi
bay). land.
cali
enna). locali
ties). ties).11 locali
ties).
Nor
Swe South
den
way
Africa Spain N ether
(31 lo (40 lo (9 lo (Ma lands
cali
cali
cali drid).1 (The
H ague)1
tie s).12 ties). ties).1
Ju ly , 1514=100.
1914...........................
1915............................
1916...........................
1917...........................
1918...........................
1919...........................
1920...........................
2 100
2 130
2 175
2 220
2275
2 292
2 563 2 1232
2230
1921...........................
1922:
Jan u a ry ............
2 401
2 1278
2 260
2 176
333
1263
223
172
1254
220
172
220
167
167
F e b ru a ry ..........
M arch...............
86000
A p ril.................
1248
215
M ay...................
1251
210
167
1275
205
167
1276
190
167
J u n e ..................
167000
Ju ly ...................
301
A ugust.............
1275
190
167
Septem ber....... 1265800
1251
190
167
O ctober............
1316
185
167
N ovem ber........
1344
188
167
1355
188
167
1360
188
166
D ecem ber......... 1350300
1923:
Ja n u a ry ............ 1418000
277
F eb ru ary .......... 1452700
1416
188
166
M arch............... 1510100
1484
188
164
A p ril................. 1521400
1497
185
163
M ay................... 1517100
1491
J u n e .................. 1436400
1509
J u ly ................... 1468400
A u g u st............. 1368900
282
163
185
163
1518
180
163
1522
180
163
S ep tem b er___ 1564600
O ctober............ 1566600
180
180
1314= 100
471
316
/ 14 518
\ lo 220
J 14 518
1 15 220
/ 18 337
1 17 277
/ 16 330
\ 17 276
f 16 326
221 < 17 250
1 18 214
/ 16 321
X 17 208
/ 18 308
\ 17 201
L16 306
211 f 17 201
1 16 214
/ 16 298
\ 17 199
/ 18 286
X 17 192
/ 16 281
1 17 188
/ 18 275
X 17 183
/ 18 275
\ 17 183
J 18 272
X 17184
202 / 18 271
X17 181
/ 18 271
X 17 163
/ 18 279
X17 168
j 18 283
X 17 177
/ 18 280
X 17 184
/ 18 279
X17192
; 18 280
X 17 194
/ 18 280
X 17 201
/ 18 288
X 17 198
3 168
13 240
2 286
2 326
2 TOO
2 111
2 115
2 198
2 121
} 2372
2 155
2 110
2 118
2 11 Q
2 147
2 179
2 185
} 2 264
j
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
18 83
192
82
} ..........
J
I
i
! ...........
j
196
176
} ..........
J'
1
190
1 .........
j
188
} ..........
\ ..........
}
185
183
/ .......
} ......
187
}
187
188
r} . . . .
191
186
\
/ .......
} 188
186
I
/ .......
\
.
190
j
194.
185
191
\ ..........
195
\ ...........
183
14 Coal, coke, wood, and petroleum .
15 Gas and electricity.
15 Coal, coke, an d wood.
17 Petroleum .
18 June.
[ 71 ]
2 190
207
1
I From Intern atio n al L abor R eview , Geneva.
s Ju ly .
3 December.
II F uel only.
12Figures for 1919-1921 are for June.
IS Septem ber.
D e
cem
ber,
1920
= 100.
72
T able 3 __IN D E X
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
NUM BERS
South
Africa
(9
locali
ties).
O F COST O F C LO TH IN G
1914 TO 1923.
1913-= 100
1Q14
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920 ..................................
1921.......................................
1922:
J a n u a ry .......................
Fehi’uary ...
March
.
..............
April ..
Ma y .............................
J u n e ...
Ju ly
A ugust
September
October
N ovem her
December
1923:
Jan u ary
F ebruary .
March
Apri 1
M
XTJLeay.
*j **...........................
June
Ju ly
Aup’u st
sje.pt e.TT)her
October
i 188
i 125
i 143
i 167
i 198
i 234
i 235
1 173
A verage,
Oct.,
A verage,
1913,
A ug u st,
J a n .,
1313, to
A pril,
Ju ly ,
and
1914=1.
Ju n e,
1914= 1.
1 101
1 105
1 120
1149
1 205
I 269
1 259
1 184
F ir s t half, 1914= 100,
3 296
4 485
4 353
2 13
2 11
1
l
183
176
179
172
173
171
169
172
167
174
167
175
170
177
Poland
(W ar
saw).
Janu
ary ,
1914=
100.
1 119
34
48
57
65
80
126
260
387
742
1161
1682
4164
4323
4182
5724
11995
66488
1089571
26500000
6 6160
1 December.
2 July.
3 F irst quarter.
4 Second quarter.
6 From In tern atio n al L abor Review, Geneva.
6 M illion.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
V A R IO U S C O U N T R IE S,
Ita ly .
G erm any.
C an- U n ited
ada
F rance
States
(60
Official U nofficial (Paris).
(32
locali cities).
Rome. M ilan.
(71
locali
(B
erlin).
ties).
ties).
Y ear a n d m o n th .
1910=
100
IN
[72]
60
I
l
)
[•
252
1
[
J
2004
3842 I
2583
2679 "I
6388 [
12631
44573
817664
18925926
f
312 }
1
f
315 1
1
f
326 ]
1
f
348 ]
{
356
1 162
1 211
1 261
1 350
2 466
2 495
2 284
2 221
6 651
2 512
1 17092
2 42643
470
464
464
464
511
511
511
505
505
505
481
481
563
563
596
596
596
621
621
621
629
629
645
645
81903
82800
96732
107868
112824
117800
122700
145100
183400
246000
356900
431500
653
653
653
653
604
596
596
596
596
736700
1113100
1380900
1380900
1670400
3175400
f...........
1............
f...........
365
1...........
C O ST O F L IV I N G I N
T able
3 .—IN D E X
NUM BERS
A us
tria
(V i
enna).
Y ear a n d m onth.
Czecho
slo
vakia
(466
locali
ties).
F O R E IG N
O F COST O F C L O T H IN G
1914 TO 1923—Concluded.
D en
m ark
( 100+
localities).
73
C O U N T R IE S .
F in
lan d
Great
B rit In d ia
a in (97 (B om
locali locali bay).
ties).
ties).
(21
IN
V A R IO U S
C O U N T R IE S ,
N or
w ay
(31
locali
ties).
Swe N ether
den
lands
(40
(T he
locali Hague).
ties).
Ire
land.
Decem
ber,
1920=
Ju ly , 1914=100.
100.
1914.
1915.
1916.
1917.
1918.
1919.
1920.
1921.
1922:
Jan u a ry .
F ebruary
M arch___
A pril.........
M ay..........
J u n e ..........
J u ly ...........
A ugust__
Septem ber
October.
Novem ber
December.
1923:
J a n u a ry ...
F e b ru a ry ..
M arch.......
A pril.........
M ay..........
J u n e ..........
J u ly ..........
A ugust___
Septem ber
O cto b er...
2100
2110
2007
142800
271200
1915900
1582900
1482100
1509200
1509200
1512800
1518000
1532300
1562400
1589500
1598100
1681900
2053
1960
1882
1813
1791
1736
1674
1614
1409
1219
1156
1107
1061
1064
1047
« 125
6155
2 160
2 190
2 260
2 310
2 3552 248
2 1049
2 1038
2 430
3 290
2 263
225
___
1096
1098
250
250
245
240
240
240
240
240
235
230
230
225
258
245
253
252
253
260
260
256
245
234
229
225
225
225
225
225
225
223
223
216
208
205
205
205
6 300
1102
.......
1098
1090
1093
1094
1089
1094
1093
1090
220
239
1090
1083
1079
1075
1072
1070
1065
1062
220
220
220
220
195 j
260'
189
249
’¿25'
210
242
184
222
"¿05'
237
180
203
232
199
230
*196*
173
227
177
6 j Une.
’ September.
[73]
2 285
2 310
2390
2 270
240
220
1 December.
2 July.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
^ 210
312
«388
«336
6 292
6 310
.......
217
___
___
___
___
___
1 160
0 200
"Ì94"
6 73
74
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W ,
T able 4 __IN D E X N U M B E R S O F COST O F R E N T IN V A R IO U S C O U N T R IE S, 1914 TO 1923.
Germany.
Italy.
New
South
ustra Zea Canada U nited
Africa Alia
(6
land
(60 lo States
France
(9 lo locali
(25 lo
(32
cali
Official
(Paris.)
cali
ties).
cali
ties). cities). (71 local Unofficial
Rome. Milan.
ties).
(B
erlin).
ties).
ities).
Y ear a n d m onth.
1914.......................
1915.......................
1916.......................
1917.......................
1918.......................
1919.......................
1920.......................
1921.......................
1922:
Ja n u a ry ........
F e b ru a ry . . .
M arch.. I ___
A pril.............
M ay..............
J u n e ..............
J u ly ..............
A ugust.........
Septem ber. .
O ctober........
N o v e m b e r..
D ecem ber...
1910=
100
1911=
100
103
100
99
100
4 108
4 114
4 120
1 120
114
108
108
110
114
122
133
140
1923:
Jan u a ry ........
F eb ru ary __
M arch...........
A p ril.............
M ay..............
J u n e ..............
J u ly ..............
A ugust.........
Septem ber..
O ctober........
124
1
^
145
19091913=
100
i 102
105
102 - 1 86
100
i 85
3 95
i 92
3 98
i 101
3 100
i 111
3 110
i 134
3 118
4 144
130
1
j.
148
130
l
149
134
[
150
134
"j
1
152
141
'i
j-
155
1913 = 100
141
2 100
2 102
2 102
2 100
2 109
2 125
2 151
2 161
A verage,
A ugust,
1913,
to Ju ly
1914 = 1.
161
161
161
162
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
162
163
Ì64
[741
58
113
181
216
301
714
4932
300000
54000000
1
3 1
3
)
J1
1
55
55
120
120
184
190
436
1782
65455
2 100
2 100
2 100
2 100
2 100
1100
1157
s 100
3 100
3 110
1
l
2
8
11
17
38
148
148
148
146
147
147
147
147
147
F ir s t h alf, 1914= 100.
2
2
2
146
146
145
145
145
146
146
147
147
147
146
146
1 Ju ly .
2 December.
8 Second quarter.
4 August.
6 First quarter.
6 From In tern atio n al Labor R eview , Geneva.
i March.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A verage,
O ct.,
1913,
J a n .,
A pr., a n d
Ju n e,
1914=1.
■j
l
j
l
f 157
140 i
157
1 157
( 157
j
157
160 ! 157
[ 157
175 \
157
j *157
f 157
180 \
157
[ 157
f
200 I
j
1
j
200 J
J
1
1100
1 100
6 108
1 139
184
184
184
208
208
208
208
208
208
208
208
208
208
208
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
75
COST OF L IV IN G I N FO R E IG N C O U N T R IE S .
T a b l e 4 .—IN D E X N U M B E R S O F COST O F R E N T IN V A R IO U S C O U N T R IE S , 1914 TO 1923—Con.
Y ear a n d m onth.
Den
Poland A ustria m ark
(W ar
(Vi
(100+
saw). enna). locali
ties).
F in
land
(21 lo
cali
ties).
J a n .,
1914=
100.
1914..............................
1915..............................
1916..............................
1917..............................
1918..............................
1919..............................
1920..............................
2 510
1921.............................. 1 1578
1922:
Jan u a ry ...............
7414
F e b ru a ry ............
7414
M arch...................
7414
A p ril.....................
7931
M ay......................
7931
J u n e .....................
8400
J u ly ......................
9700
A ugust.................
9700
Septem ber.......... 31400
O ctober............... 31400
N ovem ber..........
38600
December............ 38000
1923:
J a n u a ry .............. 76700
F e b ru a ry ............ 76700
M arch.................
76700
A pril..................... 126200
M ay...................... 126200
J u n e ..................... 126200
J u ly ......................
A ugust.................
Septem ber..........
O ctober...............
1 July.
Great
B ritain India
(22-30 (Bom
locali bay).
ties).
Ire
land.
Nor
way Sweden N ether
lo lands
(31 lo (40
cali
(The
cali
ties).
Hague).
ties).
Dec.,
1320=
100.
J u ly , 1914= 100.
i 100
i 100
i 102
1 105
i 108
i 113
i 130
i 141
141
1400
2100
155
3300
16600
16600
34600
34600
34600
34600
49000
49600
52400
52400
72400
155
160
i 335
1 553
118
145
603
603
155
603
603
754
767
798
810
787
795
795
155
155
154
153
153
153
152
150
150
804
804
804
804
804
948
971
971
150
150
150
150
2 December.
147
147
147
147
147
Ill
9 12.1
9 147
9 161
i 165
165
165
165
165
165
ia5
165
165
165
127
168
163
127
168
116
119
163
127
8 Septem ber.
9 109
163
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
2 108
8 112
l 112
1 120
1 110
i 155
173
le T
173
128
120
122
163
173
163
173
163
173
178
123
123
125
9June.
General Survey.
TN THE great majority of the countries covered by the pre
ceding table the cost-of-living figures show no important change,
but have moved much the same as in previous months. In Germany,
Poland, and Austria, countries with enormously depreciated currency,
the cost-of-living index numbers have reached fantastic heights.
This is especially true of Germany, where the monthly indexes are
quite inadequate, and the Federal statistical office is now publishing
weekly figures in order to give an idea of the movement of prices.
In September, 1923, the cost of living in Germany was fifteen million
times higher than in 1913-14. In Bulgaria, France, Italy, Norway,
tho Netherlands, and South Africa the cost of living has slightly
decreased in recent months, while in Belgium, Greece, Austria, Henmark, Finland, Sweden, Ireland, Great Britain, Canada, the United
States, Australia, and New Zealand it has increased slightly. In
India the cost of living has remained practically stationary.
The cost of heat and light has also varied little, generally speaking.
It has decreased in Italy, Great Britain, Sweden, Canada, the United
States, and India, and increased in Germany, Poland, France, Aus
tria, Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Spain. In Switzerland and
New Zealand there has been little change in the cost of heat and light.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[75]
76
M O N T H L Y LABOE R E V IE W .
The cost of clothing has shown an upward trend in most countries,
exceptions being Italy, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Great Britain,
Norway, Sweden, and the Netherlands, where prices have decreased
slightly.
Rents have gone up in practically all countries of the world with
the exception of India, where they have remained at the level of
previous months. Marked increases have taken place in France and
Sweden and in those countries in which restrictive rent legislation is
being gradually amended in favor of the landlords, as, for instance,
Germany, Austria, and Italy.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
m
»
[76]
W AGES A N D H O U R S O F LA BO R.
Wages and Hours of Labor in Sawmills, 1923.
D
URING the summer and early fall of 1923 a survey of rates
of wages and hours of labor was made by special agents of
the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 252 representative lumber
manufacturing mills located in 23 States. All data were copied
direct from the pay roils. The study covers 45,068 employees, or
approximately 15 per cent of the wage earners in the industry as
shown by the United States Census report of 1919.
The following table shows average full-time hours per week,
average earnings per hour, and average full-time weekly earnings for
11 selected occupations. All of the remaining employees are thrown
into one group designated in this table as “ other employees.”
Paralleling these averages the table shows index numbers for each
occupation except “ saw tailers, head saw,” and “ other employees.”
As the averages for the year 1913 are taken as the base or 100 per
cent in computing the index numbers, and as no data were obtained
for saw tailers and other employees for that year, no index numbers
can be given for them.
This table shows most clearly the change in hours and earnings
between the different years for which data were obtained. Prior to
1919 the average full-time hours per week were above 00 for every
occupation and hourly earnings show slight variations from year
to year. When 1919 is compared with any preceding year average
full-time hours and average hourly earnings show a great change.
In 1919 the average full-time hours per week for each selected occu
pation were less than 60, the highest being 57.8 for doggers. Average
earnings showed a large increase in every occupation. The extent
of these changes are best seen by the comparison of the index numbers
for the year 1919 with any preceding year.
In 1921 the average full-time hours remained practically the same
as they were in 1919, but average hourly earnings decreased in every
occupation except that of head sawyers on band saws. In 1923
average full-time hours per week remained at about the same level
as in 1919 and 1921, but average hourly earnings had increased to
such an extent that they were higher in all but three occupations than
they were in 1919 before any reductions had been made. When
average hourly earnings for 1923 are compared with 1921 every
occupation shows, a material increase, the greatest being in the
occupation of head sawyers on circular saws, whose hourly earnings
increased from 66.6 to 86.2 cents.
Average full-time weekly earnings followed very closely the trend
of average hourly earnings during the years 1921 and 1923 due to
the slight changes in average full-time hours per week.
76303°—24
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-6
[77]
77
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW ,
78
A V E R A G E F U E L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K , E A R N IN G S P E R PIO U R , A N D F U L L -T IM E
E A R N IN G S P E R W E E K , IN T H E L U M B E R M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R Y IN S P E C I
F I E D Y E A R S , 1907 TO 1923.
[1913=100.]
O ccupation.
A ver
age
N um N um
full
ber of
of tim
e
Y ear. estab ber
em
hours
lish ployees.
p er
m ents.
w eek.
A ver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
A ver
age
full
tim e
earn
ings
per
week.
In d e x num bers for—
F u ll
F u ll
tim e
E a rn tim e
hours ings per earn
per
hour. ings per
w eek.
w eek.
D oggers........................................
1911
1912
1913
1915
1919
1921
1923
273
331
334
345
136
261
238
852
973
939
1,099
471
904
1,008
61.5
61.4
61.2
61.3
57.8
58.1
57.6
$0.179
.181
.184
. 178
.358
.306
.343
$10.98
11.06
11.22
10.83
20.69
17.78
19.76
100
100
100
100
94
95
94
97
98
100
97
195
166
186
Setters...........................................
1911
1912
1913
1915
1919
1921
1923
301
331
361
348
141
279
251
714
780
782
687
311
673
706
61.3
61.3
61.0
61.2
57.0
57.6
57.0
.251
.250
.258
.239
.446
.412
.474
15.30
15.29
15.71
14.56
25.42
23.73
27.02
100
100
100
100
93
94
93
97
97
100
93
173
160
184
Saw yers, head, b a n d .................
1907
1808
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1919
1921
1923
34
34
34
203
243
2S8
288
286
120
251
230
71
69
69
429
508
561
554
572
249
527
529
60.8
60.8
60.8
61.2
61.2
61.1
60.9
61.0
57.5
57.8
57.0
.490
.481
.489
.543
.550
. 546
.557
.539
.768
.797
.883
29.79
29.24
29.73
33.18
33.61
33.47
33.90
32.75
44.18
46.07
50.33
100
100
100
100
100
ICO
100
100
94
95
94
88
86
88
97
99
98
100
97
138
143
159
88
86
88
98
99
99
100
97
130
136
148
Saw vers, head, e irc u ia .............
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1919
1921
1923
12
12
12
58
72
92
92
76
30
38
35
14
14
13
81
95
119
123
98
37
48
45
61.3
61.3
61.3
61.9
62.6
62.4
62.0
62.1
57.3
59.4
58.2
.545
.519
.525
.496
.504
.499
.513
.462
.748
.666
.862
33.41
31.81
32.18
30.66
31.42
31.03
31. 71
28.27
42.86
39.56
50.17
99
99
99
100
101
101
100
100
92
96
94
106
101
102
97
98
97
100
90
146
130
168
105
100
101
97
99
98
100
89
135
125
158
Saw tailers, h ead saw ...............
1921
1923
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1919
1921
1923
1911
1912
1913
1915
1919
1921
1923
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1919
1921
1923
276
252
5
5
5
52
66
71
71
81
34
61
55
98
138
138
152
67
145
131
41
41
41
245
299
361
361
348
140
278
252
586
677
6
6
6
64
74
79
80
93
46
82
80
149
197
192
215
111
239
259
79
78
77
585
684
751
754
756
314
727
738
57.7
57.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
61.4
61.6
61.7
61.4
61.8
56.2
56.8
56.1
60.7
60.7
60.7
60.9
55.2
55.8
55.7
60.7
80.7
60.7
61.2
61.3
61.2
61.0
61.0
57.5
57.5
57.1
.326
.364
.271
.256
.258
.309
.306
.307
.311
.289
.520
.4X2
. 584
.252
.254
.261
.240
.471
.463
.493
.254
. 246
.248
.255
.260
.262
.268
.252
.450
.437
.492
18.81
20.75
16.26
15.36
15.48
18.88
18.77
18.86
19.02
17.74
29.22
27.38
32.76
15.24
15.41
15.77
14.57
26.00
25.84
27.46
15.42
14.93
15.05
15.58
15. 86
15.97
16.28
15.32
25.88
25.13
28.09
98
98
98
100
100
100
100
101
92
93
91
100
100
100
100
91
92
91
100
100
ICO
100
100
100
100
100
94
94
93
87
82
S3
99
98
99
100
93
167
155
188
97
97
100
92
180
177
189
95
92
93
95
97
98
100
94
168
163
184
85
81
81
99
99
99
100
93
154
144
172
97
98
100
92
165
164
174
95
92
92
96
97
98
100
94
159
154
172
Saw yers, gan g .............................
Saw yers, resaw ...........................
E d g erm en ....................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[78]
98
99
100
97
184
158
176
-
97
97
100
93
162
151
172
W AGES AFTD H O U R S OF LABOR.
79
A V E R A G E F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K , E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , AN D F U L L -T IM E
E A R N IN G S P E R W E E K , IN T H E L U M B E R M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R Y IN S P E C I
F IE D Y E A R S , 1907 T O 1923—Concluded.
9
A ver
age
N um
full
b er of
tim
e
em
ployees. hours
per
week.
A ver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
A ver
age
funtim e
earn
ings
per
w eek.
In d e x num bers for—
O ccupation.
Y ear.
N um
b er of
estab
lish
m ents.
T rim m er operators.....................
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1919
1921
1923
37
37
37
228
228
316
346
345
139
277
252
72
68
72
503
485
511
538
564
273
530
504
60.7
60.7
60. 7
61.0
61.0
61.2
61.0
61. 1
57.3
57.0
56.9
$0.207
.196
. 197
.209
.211
.209
.217
. 203
.405
.380
.430
$12.56
11.90
11.96
12.71
12. 85
12.73
13. 20
12.34
23. 21
21.66
24.47
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
94
93
93
$95
90
91
96
97
96
100
94
187
175
198
$95
90
91
96
97
95
100
93
176
164
185
M achine feeders, planing m ill.
1911
1912
1913
1915
1919
1921
1923
178
253
253
269
120
149
143
1,156
1,548
1,531
1,679
668
831
900
61.3
61.4
61. 1
61. 2
56. 5
56. 4
57.6
.179
.181
.186
.176
.390
.327
.355
10.94
11. 07
11. 34
10. 74
22. 04
18.44
20.45
100
100
100
100
92
92
94
96
97
100
95
210
176
191
96
98
100
95
194
163
180
L aborers.......................................
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1919
1921
1923
41
41
41
245
299
361
361
348
111
279
252
4,097
3,662
3,910
20,327
26,784
29,365
28,835
36,569
15,542
27,967
25,316
60.5
60.6
60.5
61.3
61.4
61.5
61. 1
61.3
57.1
57.2
57.5
.183
.167
.171
. 166
.162
.164
.171
.157
.345
.285
.310
11.07
10. 12
10.35
10.12
9.91
10.03
10. 40
9.58
19. 70
16.30
17.83
99
99
99
100
100
101
100
100
93
94
94
107
98
100
97
95
96
100
92
202
167
181
106
97
100
97
95
96
100
92
189
157
171
O ther em ployees........................
1915
1919
1921
1923
348 16,513
(l )
C1)
279 12,552
252 •14,306
63.3
(l )
60.0
59.4
.214
(i)
.392
.417
13.44
(i)
23.52
24.77
FullF u ll
E a rn tim e
tim e
h o u rs ings per earn
per
hour. ings per
week.
w eek.
1 N o d a ta available.
The following table presents, by States, average full-time hours
per week, average earnings per hour, and average full-time earnings
per week for laborers and for head sawyers operating band saws.
These two occupations are given prominence in this article due to the
fact that one group represents a ylass of the highest skilled and highest
paid workmen in the industry, while the other consists of the great
mass of unskilled employees constituting about 56 per cent of the
total employees covered by this survey.
Out of the 252 establishments scheduled 230 reported head sawyers,
band saws, while the other 22 establishments reported head sawyers,
circular saws. The average full-time hours per week of head sawyers,
band, in 1923 ranged from 48 hours in Idaho, Oregon, and Wash
ington to 61.4 in South Carolina. The average for the 529 head saw
yers, band, in all States combined was 57 hours. Average earnings
per hour in this occupation ranged from 64.9 cents in Kentucky to
$1.154 in Oregon, followed very closely by Washington with an average
of $1.153. Florida was the only State east of the Mississippi River
where head sawyers, band, averaged more than $1 per hour. The
average earnings per horn for all States combined was 88.3 cents.
Average full-time weekly earnings for head sawyers, band, in 1923
ranged from $37.71 in Kentucky to $61.49 in Florida. Oregon
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[T9]
80
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW '.
with the highest hourly earnings had average weekly earnings of
„ $55.39, or $0.10 less than Florida, due to the difference in average full
time hours ppr week. The average for all States combined was $50.33.
Of the 45,068 employees covered in the industry, 25,316 are classed
as laborers. Their average full-time hours per week in 1923 ranged
from 48 hours in Idaho and Oregon to 60.7 hours in Georgia. The
average for all States combined was 57.5 hours, Average hourly
earnings of laborers show a wide range, the average in Georgia being
16 cents, while in Oregon it was 51.4 cents. The average for the 23
States combined was 31 cents. Full-time weekly earnings of laborers
ranged from $9.71 in Georgia to $25.63 in California, with an average
of $17.83 for all laborers in all establishments. The full-time weekly
earnings for the laborers in the State of Maine were closer to the
average than those of any other State.
A V E R A G E F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K , E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D F U L L -T IM E
E A R N IN G S P E R W E E K O F H E A D S A W Y E R S , B A N D , A N D O F L A B O R E R S , B Y ST A TES,
1923.
Sa vjyers, head, hand.
S tate.
A labam a...........
A rk an sas..........
California..........
F lo rid a .............
Georgia.............
Id ah o .................
K e n tu c k y ........
Louisiana.........
M aine................
M ichigan..........
M innesota........
M ississippi.......
M ontana...........
N o rth Carolina
O regon..............
P en n sy lv an ia..
South Carolina.
Tennessee.........
T e x a s................
V irginia............
W ash in g to n . . .
W est V irg in ia.
W isconsin........
Total —
N um ber N u m ber
of
of
establish employees.
m ents.
A verage
full-tim e
hours
p e r week.
22
31
37
24
8
21
17
34
14
18
27
37
14
26
30
10
13
22
23
22
43
18
18
529
60. 5
60.0
55. 3
60.4
58.8
48.0
58. i
CO. 1
57. 8
58.6
60.0
59.0
51. 9
60.8
48.0
60.0
61.4
58.4
58.7
58. 6
48.0
60.0
59.4
57.0
30.838
.823
.990
1.018
. 882
. 9.86
.649
.910
.697
.832
.871
. S67
1.017
.715
1.154
. 703
.848
.739
.862
. 686
1.153
.671
.754
1 .883
$50. 70
49.38
54. 75
61.49
51.86
47.33
37. 71
54.69
40.29
48.76
■52.26
51.67
52. 78
43.47
55.39
42. IS
52. 07
43.16
50.60
40. 20
55.34
40.26
44. 79
50.33
1,507
2,274
l'050
1,210
703
389
414
2,579
341
690
801)
1,970
429
1,261
1,194
208
679
849
1,347
684
3,058
532
1,082
25,310
60.6
00.1
oik 2
60.6
60.7
48.0
58. .5
60.4
58.1
58.9
00.1
59.9
50.9
60.3
48.0
60.0
60.4
58.5
59.8
59.9
48.1
60.0
59.8
57.5
$0.199
.240
. 456
.204
.160
.490
.272
.228
.300
.377
.394
.231
.473
.210
. 514
.400
. 106
. 261
. 256
. 242
: .499
.348
! . 351
,310
$12.06
14.42
25.63
12.36
9.71
23.52
15.91
13. 77
17.43
22.21
23.68
13.84
24.08
12.66
24.67
24.00
10.03
15.27
15.31
14.50
24. 00
20.88
20.99
17.83
,
12
16
9
13
6
4
12
14
S
6
4
9
4
20
8
5
6
16
8
11
21
9
9
230
A verage
earnings
p e r hour.
A verage
full-tim e
earnings
per week.
L aborers.
A lab am a................ ..................................................
California..................................................................
F lo rid a ......................................................................
Georgia......................................... - ..........................
Id a h o .........................................................................
K e n tu c k y ................................................................
L ouisiana.................................................................
M aine........................................................................
Miehigan..................................................................
M innesota
..........................................................
M ississippi...............................................................
M ontana
..........................................................
N orth C arolina.......................................................
Oregon
..............................................................
P en n sy lv an ia..........................................................
Sou tli C arolina.......................................................
Tennessee................................................................
T exas........................................................................
V irginia....................................................................
W ash in g to n ............................................................
W est V irginia.........................................................
W isconsin................................................................
T o ta l..............................................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
14
16
9
17
12
4
13
17
10
6
4
9
4
20
9
5
7
16
8
11
23
9
9
252
L80 ]
W A G E S A N D H O U E S O F LA B O R .
•81
Trend of Prices of Building Material, Building Wage Rates, and
Cost of Living, 1913 to 1923.
HE purpose of this article is to show in comparison the changes
in the cost of building material, building wage rates, and the
cost of living, from 1913 through the war period and down to
1923. The information is presented in the form of index numbers
/percentages) in which 1913 is the base year.
Wholesale prices of building material are available for each month
of the period. Union wage scales are available only as of May each
year. Cost of living figures are available as of December each year
down to 1918 and later semiannually or quarterly. The table follow
ing is abridged and contains index numbers for yearly averages or
for certain months.
The group of all “ building materials'’ includes all the major arti
cles entering into building construction. In addition to the index
numbers for building material as a whole, separate index numbers
are given for two of the principal articles in the group, lumber and
common brick.
Union wage rates obtain so generally in the building trades that
such union rates are here accepted as representative of building
wages. A composite figure is given for all building trades and for
two of the principal trades included therein; namely, bricklayers
and carpenters.
The cost of living figures include family expenditures for food,
clothing, housing, fuel and light, and miscellaneous items.
Quoting from monthly figures, only in part appearing in the table,
wholesale prices of building material went as low as an index of 88
in November and December, 1914, and January, 1915. From that
time on the trend was upward with slight recession in the fall of 1917
and in the winter of 1918-19, until in April, 1920, prices reached an
index of 300. In other words, the prices in that month were, on an
average, three times the prices of 1913. Lumber went higher than
the group as a whole, reaching an index of 373 in March, 1920. Then
came the rapid slump in prices, with building material as a whole
falling to 156 in August and September, 1921. Radical but not such
meteoric changes occurred in wage rates and in cost of living. Figures
for every month are not available, but it is believed that the index
numbers shown in the table fairly represent the changes in wages
and cost of living throughout the period.
Building has been active in recent years to catch up with the loss
of building construction during the war period, and there has been
a strong demand and at times keen competition for building labor.
Building wage rates as a whole in May, 1921, reached a rate twice
that of 1913. There was a slight recession in 1922 but in May, 1923,
building wages as a whole reached an index of 207 as compared with
100 in 1913, making the highest level on record. It will be observed
that neither bricklayers’ nor carpenters’ wages got to so high an index
in 1923 as the general level of all building trades. Certain other
building trades advanced above the general level for all trades com
bined. Wages of painters, stonemasons, building laborers, and
helpers for several of the different trades, had advanced beyond the
level of the group as a whole, steamfitters’ helpers reaching an index
T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-ESI]
82
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
of 240 in 1923. Cost of living reached its peak in 1920, the index
for June of that year being 217.
Tracing the movement through the period 1913 down to and
including 1920, it is seen that wages did not keep up with cost of
living nor with building material after 1915. In the three years
since 1920 wages have held above material prices and cost of living,
and building mechanics have had some chance to make up for the
adverse conditions in the earlier years.
In June, 1923, building material wholesale prices stood at an index
of 194, with lumber and brick, however, at 212 and 216, respectively,
the difference between the index numbers for these two items and for
the group as a whole being due to the greater decrease in the
price of other items within the group. In the same month cost
of living stood at an index of 170, and at practically the same date,
May, 1923, building wages had an index of 207, with bricklayers and
carpenters at 191 and 204, respectively.
IN D E X N U M B E R S O F W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F B U IL D IN G M A T E R IA L S, O F U N IO N
W A G E R A T E S P E R H O U R IN T H E B U IL D IN G T R A D E S , A N D O F COST O F L IV IN G ,
1913 TO 1923.
[B uilding m aterials an d cost of living, average for 1913=100; union wage rates, M ay, 1913=100.]
R ates of wages.
B uilding m aterials.
D ate.
All build
All b u ild
Brick, ing trades B rick
ing m ate Lum ber. common. com
layers.
rials.
bined.
Cost of
living.
Car
penters.
1913:
M ay ........................................
j 00
103
100
103
100
100
92
93
88
92
93
87
94
93
104
100
100
100
100
99
99
99
102
102
102
89
87
97
99
90
102
103
120
121
132
(02
101
108
108
105
125
108
157
159
158
135
139
144
132
129
139
113
172
170
177
157
157
176
173
194
126
201
173
189
248
2 )0
169
195
292
206
204
204
213
264
293
275
204
307
351
317
209
279
283
288
283
165
165
158
163
158
168
232
236
204
168
160
167
185
183
172
185
209
202
199
200
204
202
194
182
223
212
192
214
216
216
1914:
May
D p r.p .m h ftr
1915:
May ..
D pppm hpr
19 1 6 :
May
D ftfiftm h fir
1917:
A v fira g ft f o r y pp.r
May ...................
T)pc.p/m hp,r
1918:
A v e r a g e fo r y p a r
May
..........
D fip p .m h p r
1919:
Av e r a g e fo r y e a r
May
Ju n e
D ftP ftm b ftr
1920:
May .
June
D eeem ber
1921:
M ay............. '. ...........................
D ooom h er
1922:
A v e r a g e fo r y opr
M ay__
Ju n e
D opp/m h e r
1923:
May
ftp p tp .m h o r
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
103
103
i0 3
105
104
106
118
107
115
142
115
126
174
145
128
146
177
199
197
175
195
217
200
200
173
198
187
168
183
180
174
167
170
207
191
204
170
172
1
[ 82 ]
WAGES AND H O U R S OF LABOR.
83
Wages in Austria, September, 1923,1
OR some time past the adjustment of wages in Austria has pro
ceeded in general without friction. The tendency toward
stability of wages is becoming more and more pronounced.
Whereas until the spring of 1923 the monthly adjustment of wages
in accordance with the latest cost-of-living index number was almost a
universal practice in Austria, a noticeable change has since taken
place. Several industry groups—in particular, the important group
of the metal-working industries—have given up the sliding-scale
system and concluded collective agreements fixing wage rates valid
for several months. This change, which no doubt is connected with
the stability exhibited by the Austrian currency during 1923, gives
employers a stable basis for their price calculations and removes the
necessity of including in sales contracts a clause providing for an
increase in prices corresponding to any increase in wages which
may take place in the meantime, a reservation which, as experience
has shown, has frequently prevented them from doing business, par
ticularly with foreign customers. Judging from the most recent
wage agreements in the chief branches of industry, it is being increas
ingly recognized that wages can not be determined solely by reference
to the cost of living, but must also depend upon other factors, espe
cially the economic situation in the industry in question. A tendency
to recognize this began to be manifest in 1922, when the prices of a
number of products reached the world market price, and, as the
depreciation of the currency ceased, the conditions which had favored
export disappeared. During the depression which in several in
dustries then set in, the workers in a number of cases showed sufficient
appreciation of economic conditions not to press their claims to the
full increase due them under the sliding-wage system.
Whatever ground there may be for maintaining that under present
circumstances there is no longer any place for the sliding scale based
on the cost of living as a method of determining wage rates, it must
not be forgotten that during the period 1919-1922, when the Aus
trian currency was steadily depreciating, this system fulfilled its pur
pose by making possible the adjustment of wages to the depreciation
of currency without wearisome disputes and serious interference
with production.
According to a report of the Chamber of Labor (Arbeiterkarrmner)
of Vienna to the Austrian statistical office only slight changes in
wage rates took place in Vienna during the quarter ending Septem
ber 30, 1923. In two of the largest industry groups, the metal
working and textile industries, there was no change at all, and as
the cost-of-living index fell during the quarter this means that real
wages slightly increased. In the following table are shown the weekly
wage rates effective in September, 1923, in the principal industries
in the district of Vienna.
F
1 T h e d a ta on w hich th is article is based are fro m : A ustria, B undesam t fü r S tatistik , Statistische N ach
richten, V ienna, Oct. 25, 1923, p p . 149-151; In te rn a tio n a l L ahor Office, In d u stria l and L abor Inform ation,
G eneva, Sept. 21, 1923, p p . 31, 32.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[83]
84
M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW .
W EEK LY WAGE RATES IN VARIOUS OCCUPATIONS IN VIENNA, AUSTRIA, SEPTEM BER.
1923.
fit should be noted th a t the exchange rate of Austrian currency has been stabilized during 1923 at about
70,000 kronen for 81.]
In d u s try group an d occupation.
W eekly wage
rate.
W eekly wage
rate.
In d u stry group and occupation,
P rin tin g trades.
B u ild in g trades.
K ro n en .
K ronen.
M asons................................................
Laborers, m ale (over 20 years of
age)...................................................
Laborers, fem ale...............................
Scaffold b u ild e rs ..
P lasterers..
................................
C arp en ter forem en...........................
C arp en ters..
Pavers
Construction fo rem en ......................
P a in te rs ..............................................
413,760
334,560
227' 520
388,320
504,960
531,140
435,360
521,280
543' 060
439,680
Clothing industry.
C ustom tailoring:
M ens’ tailors, large establishm e rits...
Mens’ tailors, sm all establishm e n ts.......................
C utters, skilled..........................
C utters, b eg in n ers............ -. -.
R eady-m ade clothing:
C u tters an d fo rem en ................
Forew om en................................
T ailors..........................................
Prftssers.
Seamstresses (over 16 years of
age)............................................
M ens’ furnishings:
In d ep en d en t w orkers
O ther workers
483,210
342,250
622,300
427,490
303,744
200,448
282,000
265,776
181,344
211,506
158; 935
A rtificial flo w ers and feathers.
227,304
Fem ale w orkers:
Skilled..........................................
1ourney w om en..........................
U n sk illed ....................................
143,959
109,864
106,075
H a t factories.
H a tte rs, skilled, piecew ork............
Semiskilled w o rk ers...
Fem ale w orkers................................
350,000-520,000
231,000-360,000
146,000-235,000
Book an d job:
C o m p o s i t o r s , journeym en
(over 23y e ars of a g e ).. . . . . ;•
C o m p o s ito rs , jo u rn e y m e n ,
first y e a r..................................
U nskilled w orkers, single.......
U nskilled w orkers, m arried . .
Pressfeeders, single................ .
Pressfeeders, m arried ....... : . . .
U nskilled w orkers, fem ale___
Pressfeeders, cylinder presses,
fem ale......................................
Newspaper:
M akers-up, proof readers, and
pressm en, d ay w ork.............
M akers-up, proof readers, and
pressm en, nig h t w o rk . '. . . . .
Ad m en..................... ..................
Compositors, piecew ork..........
U nskilled workers, d ay w ork.
U nskilled w orkers, nig h t w ork
331, 200
324; 000
268,000
153,600
120,000
Skilled w orkers,'fem ale (over
17 years of a g e).....................
U nskilled w orkers, m a le .........
U nskilled workers, female
165,600
268,800
281,510-298,138
229,267-242,885
134,701-142,902
124,253-131,851
Glass works.
Blow ers, first year jo u rn e y m e n ..
Blowers, sk illed................................
Flask m akers, piecew ork...............
Glass c u tte rs ......................................
G lass cu tters, after 10 years...........
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
198,528
372,240
750,000
153,600
350,400
142,514
302', 775
171,837
332,099
66,140
177; 300
121,380
136,383
W oodw orker, skilled; carpenter,
piano m aker, upholsterer, bas
k et m aker, an d wood carver___
W oodw orkers,sem iskilled, m a le ..
W oodworkers, sem iskilled, female
W oodw orkers,unskilled, m ale___
W oodworkers, unskilled ,fem ale..
Leather in d u stry.
P a p e r industry.
537,314
443,477
500,000
349,541
387,115
Woodworking.
Skilled w orkers.................................
U nskilled w orkers............................
Skilled w o rk ers.................................
M achine h ands, sk illed...................
Sorters, fem ale..................................
484,215
Bookbinding.
Chemical industry.
153,600
188,169
Bookbinders, journeym en, first
y e a r.............................................. ..
B ookbinders, skilled........................
R ulers, journeym en, first y e a r . ..
R ulers, skilled..... ................, . .........
Unskilled workers, fem ale.............
Skilled workers, fem ale...................
U nskilled workers, m ale (under
20 years of age)................... .........
U nskilled w orkers, m ale (over 20
years of ag e)................................ ..
M atch factories:
Supervisors
.. ..
Skilled w orkers, m ale..............
Semiskilled workers, m ale__
M achine han d s, fem ale...........
U nskilled w orkers, fem ale___
Large chem ical works:
324,000
350,793
238,490
178,548
248,296
211,788
253', 141
83;139
374,448-397,536
267,168
232,224
250,032
189,552
352,585-390,450
341,589
Transportation.
351,188
311,060
280,248
Chauffeurs..........................................
Drivers, tw o horses..........................
Drivers, one horse............... ............
S h ip p in g and storage.
349,000
349,000
346,000
344; 000
W arehouse su p erin te n d en ts _____
Chauffeurs, a uto tru c k s ..................
Drivers, lo aders................................
W arehouse laborers........................
Bakeries.
M achine bakeries:
B ak ers..........................................
H elp ers..................... ..................
H a n d bakeries: B akers...................
367.777-372,229
211,171
367,223-368,881
.:
M eat packing
■
Sausage m akers, skilled w orkers..
Sausage m akers, unskilled.............
Cold-storage w orkers. . . . . . . . . . . . . }
[84]
433,900
4 0 7 ,4 6 7
412,078
85
W AGES AND H O U E S OF LABOE.
W E E K L Y W A G E R A T E S IN V A R IO U S O C C U PA T IO N S IN V IE N N A , A U S T R IA S E P T E M B E R
1923—Concluded.
In d u s try group an d occupation.
W eekly wage
rate.
In d u s try group a nd occupation.
F lour m ills.
A ssistant m iller, a n d chief engi
n eer...................................................
Mechanics, skilled............................
U nskilled workers, m ale................
U nskilled workers, fem ale.............
M etal-working industries.
K ro n en .
351,840-384,960
331,400-362,640
288,480-318,960
168,740-200,420
Tobacco industry.
U nskilled workers, female.............
Skilled w orkers, fem ale.................
U nskilled w orkers, m ale................
Forew om en, inspectors a n d m a
chine operators..............................
Steam ers, roasters, an d c u tte r s ...
M echanics, skilled............................
238,876
296.032
296.032
a30,132
351,898
365,948
Confectionery.
D e p artm e n t forem en.......................
Confectioners (over 24 years of age)
Skilled w orkers a n d d riv e rs ___
U nskilled workers (over 20 years
of age)...................................... .
U nskilled w orkers (u n d er 20
years of a g e )..................................
U nskilled w orkers, female (under
18 years of a g e ) ............................
W eekly wage
rate.
360,960
323,184
308,592
271,680
228,528
132,576
T u rn e rs...............................................
M achinists.........................................
T in sm ith s a n d black sm ith s..........
Die m a k e rs................................... .
T oolm akers........................................
Bronze w o rk ers................................
Semiskilled w orkers.........................
U nskilled w orkers, fem ale.............
K ro n en .
1 407,040
1380,544
1 393,792
1 407,040
1 429,120
' 331,968
1 296,640
1 194,480
Textile industry.
C otton spinners, tim ew o rk ............
C otton spinners, piecework............ I
C otton w eavers, tim ew ork..............!
C otton w eavers, piecew ork............ !
Passem enterie m akers......................!
K n itte rs a n d p rin te rs ...................... j
P rin te rs, h a n d ................................... :
M echanics, skilled............................. |
Juvenile w orkers (under 15 years \
of age)...............................................j
U nskilled workers, m ale................. j
U nskilled workers, fem ale.............. j
Semiskilled workers, m ale.............. i
Semiskilled workers, fem ale...........!
222,202
250.000
200,410
230.000
285,950
379,315
409,488
300,435
87,932
188,537
143,191
244,572
178,968
1 A verage earnings in large p lan ts. I n sm all p la n ts th e average earnings are from 15 to 20 per cent lower.
Comparative Real Wages in London and Certain Other Capital
Cities, 1914 and I923.1
NFORMATION is frequently sought from the British Ministry of
Labor on the question of how the wages of manual workers in other
countries compare with those in Great Britain, either generally
or with reference to a particular industry or occupation. In order
always to have on hand a ready reply to questions of this kind the
Ministry began in March, 1923, to compile a table comparing real
wages of typical trades in London with those of the same trades in
certain other capital cities. This table was first published in the
July, 1923, issue of the Ministry of Labor Gazette and has been brought
up to date in each subsequent issue of the Gazette. Since the cities
covered by the table include Ottawa (Canada) and New York the
table ought to he of interest also to American economists and statis
ticians.
I
Difficulties in Comparing Wages in Different Countries.
IN an article on “ International comparison of real wages,” which
* appeared in the February, 1923, issue of the Monthly L abor
R e v i e w (pp. 140-147), there had already been pointed out the
handicaps, problems, and pitfalls that await anyone desirous of
giving a conscientious answer to questions of the above order. The
Ministry of Labor Gazette says in this respect:
T l i a t s a tis fa c to ry re p lie s c an se ld o m b e g iv e n to q u e s tio n s of t h is s o r t sh o u ld
o c c a sio n l it t le s u rp ris e , fo r e v e n if t h e re q u is ite s t a ti s t i c a l d a t a w e re a v a ila b le —
w h ic h is se ld o m t h e ease— t h e p ro b le m o f c o m p a rin g th e a v e ra g e w a g e lev e ls of
tw o o r m o re c o u n trie s a t a g iv en tim e is v e ry e lu siv e a n d c o m p le x , if o n ly b y
i M inistry of L abor G azette, L ondon, Ju ly an d N ovem ber, 1923.
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L85]
86
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
reason of th e fact th a t it is approachable from either of two to tally different
points of view, leading to divergent and sometimes absolutely opposite con
clusions. T hus there are those who are interested in “ w ages” chiefly as an
elem ent in the cost of production, and those who are concerned w ith “ w ages”
only as constituting an essential factor in th e standard of well-being of th e m anual
worker. The form er wish to com pare th e labor costs^ of a given q u an tity of
work of a given quality executed under identical conditions in different coun
tries, e. g., th a t of hewing a to n of coal or laying a hundred bricks. _The latter
are concerned to com pare th e money incomes of th e workers in relation to their
cost of living, irrespective of differences in th e efficiency of labor. How divergent
th e conclusions draw n from these two m ethods of com parison m ay be is evident
from th e fact th a t com petent American economists are of th e opinion th a t in
th e U nited States th e average labor cost of a given volume of production is a t
least as low as in Europe, although the average income of th e working classes is
certainly higher in America than in any European country.
Method Used in Making International Comparisons.
purpose of making an international comparison of wages
FOR,thetheMinistry
of Labor uses the term “ wages” exclusively “ in
the sense in which it interests the manual worker, as being the
standard by which he measures the level of his own material well
being against that of other classes in his own country or that of his
own class abroad.”
The Ministry of Labor states at the outset that—
I t is not, and never has been, possible to obtain an absolutely valid comparison
between any two countries as regards th e level of m aterial welfare which their
respective wage-earning populations occupy a t a given tim e. For this purpose
it would be necessary to possess for each country statistics for com puting the
average yearly earnings of all wage earners (male and fem ale), w hether in factories,
mines, transport, commerce, public service, agriculture, or domestic service; and
th e average real value of those earnings (calculated from average retail prices in
term s of goods and services such as are ordinarily consumed in working-class
households in th e countries compared). Statistics so comprehensive are not
available in respect of any country. Even if th e inquiry were lim ited to a single
industry or craft, any effort to reach a tru e comparison would be barred by the
lack of wages d ata covering th e whole, or a sufficiently representative body, of
th e m anual labor employed in th a t industry or craft in each country. Suppose,
for example, it were desired to ascertain how bricklayers in th is country [Great
Britain] com pare a t the present tim e as regards m aterial well-being w ith men of
th e same trad e in Germany. Finding th a t there exist neither here [G reat
Britain] nor in G erm any d ata for com puting th e present national average money
earnings of bricklayers, one m ight be disposed to be content w ith d ata covering
certain typical urban areas only, say, London and Berlin, provided th e incomes of
all, or, a t any rate, of a representative sample of th e bricklayers in th e respective
cities were comprised in th e average. Here, again, th e way would be blocked
by lack of adequate statistical material. * * * I t would, in fact, be realized
in th e end th a t th e only line of incpiiry along which a solution of th e problem
could be approached w ith any prospect of success consisted in ascertaining, in the
first instance, th e tim e rates of wages a t which th e m ajority of bricklayers were
being paid, either under th e term s of collective agreements, or in accordance w ith
conditions tacitly recognized by employers or workers, or both, to be fair, op a t
any ra te current in the trade. The next step would be to ascertain w hat relation
th e money wage bears to the prices th a t bricklayers have to pay for th e things
th ey ordinarily consume.
The method used by the British Ministry of Labor in establishing
this relation aims at ascertaining the quantities of each kind of food
of working-class consumption that could be purchased in each capital
city at the retail prices there current with the wages payable for a
given amount of labor, measured in hours. The quantities so pro
curable were then expressed as index numbers, these being combined
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[86]
»
m
WAGES AND H O U R S OF LABOR.
*
•
87
to form an average for each trade considered. In the making of
these averages there is a choice between {a) taking the simple arith
metical mean of the index numbers of the various articles of food
(which is the same as assuming that all articles enter in equal pro
portions into the total weekly food hill of the worker), and (6) weight
ing the index number for each article by a figure corresponding to
the relative importance of that article m the weekly food bill of
British working-class families. The Ministry of Labor has thought
it best to present both kinds of averages, but in the present article
only the weighted averages will be shown.
The above method has been chosen as the most practicable because
it dispenses entirely with the use of data concerning pre-war purchas
ing power parities and their changes in the respective countries and
thus involves the least risk of error arising from the incompleteness
or other defects in the material which it is possible at any time to
collect from a number of different sources.
In order to secure the requisite material the Ministry of Labor
addressed a letter to the chief State or municipal authorities respon
sible for the collection of labor and other social statistics in the fol
lowing cities: Paris, Amsterdam, Berlin, Brussels, Christiania, Stock
holm, Copenhagen, Berne, Rome, Vienna, Prague, Warsaw, Madrid,
Lisbon, Ottawa (Canada), and New York.
With each letter were forwarded specially prepared tables showing
(1) the rates of wages payable to adult workmen in London under
collective agreements operative on March 1, 1923, in 22 selected occu
pations; (2) the number of hours constituting a normal working day
and week respectively in those occupations at that date; (3) the
average retail prices in London at that date of a number of articles
of food ordinarily consumed in urban working-class families in most
industrially developed countries. The statistical authorities in each
capital were at the same time requested to supply in return a table
containing parallel data, and to continue if possible the exchange of
similar returns with the British Ministry of Labor month by month.
In the case of those capitals from which no replies, or replies giving
partial data only, were received, the course adopted has been to
extract data and information from published official sources. This,
however, was impossible in the case of Berne.
On the basis of the information thus supplied it was first ascer
tained for each occupation what quantities of bread, flour, butter,
margarine, eggs, milk, beef (fresh and frozen), mutton (fresh and
frozen), potatoes, sugar, coffee, and tea could be purchased in each
capital city with the wages of 48 hours’ work. The quantities purchasable with the wages of the London workmen were then taken as
a basis and called 100, and a series of index numbers was computed,
which showed, in respect to each article of food taken separately, the
relative purchasing power, in London and in the foreign capitals under
comparison, of the earnings of 48 hours in each occupation. From
these figures the following series of weighted index numbers was cal
culated to show the relative purchasing power, in respect to all the
items of food taken together, of the earnings in each trade and capital
city represented:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[87]
88
M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW .
W E IG H T E D IN D E X N U M B E R S O F C O M PA R A T IV E R E A L IVA G ES IN C A P IT A L C IT IE S O F
V A R IO U S C O U N T R IE S , 1914 AN D 1923.
| London 100.1
in d u s try , occupation,
and date.
Am Ber B rus Chris- Mad New O t
Stock Vien W ar
Paris. Prague, holm . na. saw .
ster
rid. York. taw a.
dam . lin. sels. iania-
B u ild in g trades.
Masons:
. Mar. 1,1923..................
B ricklayers:
Mar. 1,1923..................
.Qot\+ 1 1Q92
C arpenters:
l\far 1 1093
Sept, i, 1923.................
Joiners:
R'*pt 1 JQ23
Plum bers:
Mm- 1 1G93
Snnt 1 1Q9X
P ain ters, general:
Mar. 1, 1923..................
pUvpt 1 1923
Laborers:
\ f ar 1 1923
Sept. 1, 1923.................
107
107
61
70
63
86
87
50
274
217
260
71
86
63
67
95
92
57
48
79
75
107
107
61
70
63
86
87
50
274
217
260
71
76
63
95
92
57
48
79
107
107
61
76
62
82
82
56
247
179
195
71
76
63
57
95
92
00
51
73
179
195
76
76
92
41
.86
85
107
107
53
73
82
82
63
116
107
54
64
80
82
52
242
200
208
70
76
122
106
57
65
52
91
91
55
260
175
178
75
80
68
80
112
107
65
54
83
79
67
53
108
107
50
161
138
88
95
67
71
112
108
61
51
84
61
62
57
61
86
118
116
M etal trades.
F itters:
Mar. 1, 1923................
Sopt 1 1923
.. .
Iro n xnoiders, hand:
\in r 3 1923
Sept 1 1Q93
P a tte rn m akers:
M ar 1 3923
1 1923
T urners:
Mar. 1, 1923..................
Sept 1 1923
Laborers:
Mar. 1, 1923.................
Sept 1 1923
10«
106
57
73
60
101
102
83
162
196
19(3
58
96
54
97
79
75
96
93
58
78
63
106
103
78
215
197
195
59
103
61
71
81
76
62
87
101
98
53
95
77
97
95
78
191
21!)
213
54
122
74
70
57
80
108
106
57
79
65
104
102
77
152
196
196
58
102
57
63
79
. 75
67
61
61
86
111
109
71
78
64
136
134
03
150
173
184
64
101
65
72
95
90
51
62
86
94
84
63
64
62
83
82
114
136
78
70
76
80
77
46
41
85
83
45
49
79
79
167
173
63
59
77
72
42
36
88
86
45
58
49
73
73
60
51
79
79
51
53
92
92
45
92
93
86
87
90
94
92
61
- Woodworking.
Cabinetm akers:
M‘ir 1 1923
gep{ f iQ23
P rin tin g trades.
Compositors, book and
job:
Mar i 1923
Sept 1 1923
Machine operators, book
a n d job:
1 1923
Qnrrf 1 1Q23
M achine tenders (machinists):
U or 1 1Q23
Sept 1 1923
Bookbinders:
Mar 1.1923..................
Sept. 1, 1923.................
General average:
1914
1921:
Mar. 1 ....................
Sept. 1 .................
85
83
92
92
45
57
57
70
70
64
62
59
78
184
153
159
62
175
188
63
63
181
217
209
58
62
62
219
180
174
182
182
186
183
190
1 Provisional figures.
1 B ased on prices and wages for th e first tw o weeks of the m onth.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
91
84
161
42
61
66
103
102
99
100
99
1 100
100
942
68
87
i 88
i 86
i 85
82
76
78
73
108
109
HI
142
72
36
108
109
75
73
37
35
117
122
84
74
69
08
67
: 67
65
77
74
87
■ 85
.83
84
86
88
84
93
55
43
47
50
. 47
85
101
98
96
76
2 91
2 91
W AGES AND H O U R S OF LABOR.
m
Iii presenting the preceding table the British Ministry of Labor
states with some emphasis that the index numbers shown in it afford
no absolutely safe basis for conclusions as to differences in the general
level of real wages even in the selected cities. For this purpose it
would be necessary to secure wage data for a much larger number of
occupations, including those in which women are largely employed.
Still less can the figures be accepted as accurately reflecting differences
in national real-wage levels. The most that can be claimed for them
is that they afford a rough indication of the differences that existed
on or about the dates to which they refer between the real-wage levels
of the selected categories of typical urban male labor in the various
capitals.
But even within this strictly limited field of application the accuracy
of the conclusions suggested by a comparison between the index num
bers for the various capitals might reasonably be challenged on a
number of grounds, according to the Ministry of Labor’s own
admission.
I t would be quite legitim ate, for example, to urge th a t the real value of a wage
can not be measured w ith complete accuracy by w hat it will purchase in th e form
of food alone, and th a t a t least the more im portant of the other factors in the
cost of living should also have been considered, more especially house ren t and
clothing. * * * Exception m ight also be taken to th e fact th a t throughout
the [M inistry of L abor’s] calculations it has been assumed th a t each article of
food accounts for th e same proportion of the to tal food bill of working-class
families abroad as it does in this country [Great Britain]— an assum ption which
is n ot w arranted by the facts. * * *' Finally, it m ight be objected th a t for
th e calculation of relative real wages as an index to relative m aterial well-being,
n o t rates b u t earnings should have been considered, since in using the form er'no
allowance is ma.de for irregularity of em ploym ent due to cyclical or seasonal
fluctuations of trade, to labor disputes, or to sickness or accidents. This, how
ever, is an objection to which all attem pts to compare, by means of wages and
price statistics, th e levels of m aterial welfare of the workers of any two countries
a t a given date m ust rem ain subject until some degree of uniform ity of practice
in th e collection, collation, presentation, and publication not only of statistics of
wages and prices b u t also of em ployment has been reached by agreem ent am ongst
the official labor statisticians of the various industrial States.
Vacations with Pay in Poland.
^B E Belgian Revue du Travail for October 31, 1923 (pp. 2189,
2190), gives an account of a Polish law dated May 16 which
provides for annual vacations with pay for employees in
industrial or commercial establishments and in public or charitable
undertakings.
Every person occupied at manual labor has the right to a vacation
of 8 days after a year of uninterrupted labor in the same establish
ment and to 15 days after three years’ employment. Young persons
under 18 years of age are entitled to 14 days’ vacation after one
year’s service in the same enterprise.
Intellectual workers are entitled to 14 days’ vacation after six
months’ service and to one month after a service of one year. Handi
craft trades which give employment to fewer than five workers are
not subject to the law unless they employ young people under 18 years
of age.
I
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[80]
90
M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW .
A decree of the Ministry of Labor has defined the provisions of the
law upon the following points: Workers employed in seasonal indus
tries which operate during at least 10 months of the year have the
right to leave with pay. As regards handicrafts, there is no necessity
to make any distinction if they employ five workers or less temporarily.
Workers in these enterprises have the right to vacation if at least
five workers have been employed more than half of the preceding
year.
Unless it is stipulated to the contrary in the labor contracts, the
employer is obliged at the expiration of the vacation to pay what
the worker would have earned if he had worked. The employer
can not refuse to pay the wages belonging to the person on leave even
if it can be shown that during this period the worker has been em
ployed in another enterprise.
The vacation lists are drawn up by delegates of the workers and
the management of the establishment. Modifications can not be
introduced without the consent of both parties.
As a general rule vacations can be taken during the course of the
entire year. Nevertheless, in the case of certain enterprises such as
those which repair agricultural machinery, construction industries,
food industries, commercial enterprises at watering places, etc.,
vacations can be arranged so that they will fall between October 1
and August 31.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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91
W AGES ANT) H O U E S OF LABOR,
Rates oi Wages and Hours of Labor in Tasmania, 1922-23.
HE following table is -compiled from the eighth annual report
of the Industrial Department of Tasmania for 1922-23, on
factories, wages boards, shops, etc. (pp. 21-29). It shows
minimum rates of pay and hours of labor per week during the year
ending June 30, 1923, in certain trades working under wage board
determinations under the wages boards act, 1920.
T
M INIM UM W A G E R A T E S F O R A D U L T S AN D H O U R S W O R K E D , U N D E R W A G E S B O A R D
D E T E R M IN A T IO N S IN TA SM A N IA , Y E A R E N D IN G JU N E 30, 1923.
[Shilling a t par=24.33 cents; penny=2.03 cents.]
O ccupation.
B akers:
F o rem en .......................
Single h a n d s ...............
O perative bakers or
p a s try cooks........... .
L a b o re rs.......................
Boot tra d e :
O peratives, m a le .___
O peratives, fem ale__
R ep a irers.....................
B rickm akers:
Reinforced cem entp ip e m a k e rs.............
P o ttery a n d p ip e
m a k in g ......................
B uilders a n d painters:
C arp en ters....................
B rick lay ers...................
P la ste re rs.....................
P a in te rs ........................
L ab o rers.......................
B utchers:
G eneral b u tc h e rs ........
A b atto ir h a n d s ...........
Cab d riv e rs..........................
C arters..................................
Coach builders:
Jou rn ey m en .................
Laborers, e tc ...............
D ressm akers, m illiners,
a nd g arm ent m ak ers__
E lectrical engineers:
Electric fitters.............
E lectric m echanics. . .
W irem en ......................
F orem en.......................
L aborers.......................
E ngine drivers (No. 2):
D rivers..........................
F irem en........................
C leaners........................
Engineers (mechanical)
and founders:
B rass finishers.............
L aborers.......................
M inim um wage
rate per week.
s
H ours
of
labor
per
week.
Flour millers:
Mill h a n d s ....................
Casual h a n d s ...............
F u rn itu re tra d e :
F o rem en .......................
Snindle m o lders..........
C ab in etm akers___ —
O ther a d u lt w o rk e rs..
H airdressers.........................
L aundry w orkers:
Forew om en..................
H ead iro n ers................
W asherw om en.............
P lu m b ers..............................
Sheet-m etal workers
and tin s m ith s ..........
F o rem en .......................
I P rin te rs:
1
A d u lts, m a le ................
A d u lts, fem ale.............
Q uarrym en:
F o rem e n .......................
|
Q u arrym en...................
L aborers........................
|
L im e bu rn ers............. .
Tailoring:
Class A, general tailoring, m ales or fem ales..........................
,1ourn ey w om en. ..
L adies’ tailoring,
m ales...................
L adies’ tailoring,
fem ales................
Ladies’ tailoring,
j ourney w om en..
Class B , ready-m ade
clothing, m ales or
fem ales.......................
Journeyw om en. . .
T a n n e rs.................................
T ex tile w o rk ers:
A dults, m ale.................
A dults, fe m a le ............
d
100 0
95 0
48
48
93 6
80 0
48
48
84 0- 93 0
28 0- 93 0
93 0
44
44
48
1 12 6- 15 6
48
s
Occupation.
d
1 12 6- 14 0
22
22
22
22
22
48
5
5
5
2
44
44
44
44
44
85 0
84 0-105 0
30 0- 42 0
74 0- 89 0
48
48
84
46-48
101 0
82 6- 87 6
48
48
22 6- 63 0
45
110
96
90
120 0-135
80
0
0
0
0
0
44
44
44
44
44
1 14 3- 16 9
1 14 1- 15 3
1 13 3- 14 9
48
48
48
1 14 0- 17 0
112 6- 13 9
48
48
1
1 P e r day.
2 P er hour.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[? 1]
M inim um wage
rate per week.
s
d
s
H ours
of
labor
per
week.
d
78 0 -120 0
22 0
88 0 -107
97
93
78 0 - 9 0
80 0 -100
0
0
6
0
0
45
30
36
22 0 - 2
0
0
0
9
48
48
48
48
48
48
49i
48
48
48
44-48
22 0 - 2 24
48
120 () 44-48
78 0 -120 0
45 0 - 6 0 0
22 0U
2 l 8U
2
1
21
21
65 0 - 9 0
37 0 - 7 5
42-48
44
4
10
7è
10
48
48
48
48
0
0
44
44
SO 0
44
75 0
44
37 0 - 44 0
44
65 0 - 7 5
37 0 - 4 0
81 6 - 9 5
0
0
6
44
44
48
78 0 - 8 2 0
35 0
48
48
PR O D U C T IV IT Y O F LA BO R.
Coal Production in the United States per Man per Day in 1919, 1920,
and 1921.1
REPORT of the United States Geological Survey, “ Coal in 1919,
1920, and 1921,” issued recently, completes its statistical
record of the coal industry for the fortieth year. The Geolog
ical Survey secures practically complete returns for these reports from
the commercial mines throughout the country, including all mines
that have an output not lower than 1,000 tons per year. It is
impossible to get complete returns from the numerous sporadic
mines and country banks, although during 1920 with the great
increase in spot prices, which stimulated the opening of thousands
of new mines, information was furnished which showed that a total
of 4,405 “ wagon mines” had shipped 4,513,000 tons of bituminous
coal during that year. For the same year 1,440 banks without
railroad connection were reported to have produced 420,500 tons.
The depression in the coal market in 1921 put the wagon mines
temporarily out of business, however, so that no attempt was made
to secure production for wagon mines and country banks in that year.
It has never been possible to secure statistics of the number of men
employed, average days worked, and similar details from these
mines, so that the statistics refer in the main only to the commercial
mines.
The standard unit of measurement used is the net or short ton of
2,000 pounds, but as Pennsylvania anthracite is mined and sold by
the gross or long ton (2,240 pounds) that unit is used in the part of the
report dealing with anthracite.
The total production for the three years included in the report re
flects the effects of the coal strike of 1919, the industrial boom of 1920,
and the collapse of the postwar boom in 1921. There was a total
production of bituminous coal and lignite and Pennsylvania anthra
cite in 1919 of 553,952,259 net tons, 658,264,932 tons in 1920, and
506,395,401 tons in 1921, a decrease of 23.1 per cent in 1921 from the
preceding year and a decrease in value from $2,564,185,000 in 1920 to
$1,652,288,600 in 1921, or 35.6 per cent.
The average number of men employed in 1919 was 776,569; in 1920,
784,621, and in 1921, 823,253, while the average number of days the
mines were in operation was 209, 230, and 173, respectively.
The average production per man for underground and surface
workers in bituminous mines in 1921 was 627 net tons and the average
per man per day 4.2 tons. There are various factors that tend to pull
down production, among which are frequent absenteeism of part of the
men supposed to be at work; unavoidable delays to which the under
ground men are subjected (such as waiting for mine cars); and the
A
JU nited States. D ep artm en t of th e Interior. Geological Survey. Coal in 1919, 1920, a nd 1921, by F. G.
Tryon an d Sydney A. H ale. W ashington, 1923. M ineral resources of th e U n ited States, 1921, P a rt II,
pp. 415-662.
92
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[9 2 ]
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P R O D U C T IV IT Y O F LA B O R .
leaving by the tonnage men before the mine shuts down for the day.
The average production per man obtained by including all classes of
workers is of value principally as affording a rough indication of the
units of labor necessary to raise a ton of coal and prepare it for ship
ment.
The following table shows the average production per man in each
State during 1921.2 Part of the difference in production in the differ
ent States may be accounted for by inequalities in the skill and dili
gence of miners in various parts of the country, but the greater part of
the difference in productivity per man is due to variations in the physi
cal conditions under which the work is done, especially the differences
in the thickness of the coal beds. The exceptionally large output in
I f ah is due in part to the favorable physical conditions in the mines,
particularly the thickness of the seams worked, and also to the fact
that during the depression coal was loaded underground every day in
some of the mines and the tipple was in operation only on alternate
days, so that the number of days worked wars understated and the
average daily production overstated.
COAL P R O D U C E D P E R MAN A N D A V E R A G E N U M B E R O F D AYS W O R K E D IN T H E
U N IT E D S T A T E S D U R IN G 1921, B Y ST A T E S .
State.
A labam a....................................
A rkansas........................
Colorado.........................
Illinois.................
In d ia n a .............
Iow a.....................
K an sas.......................................
K e n tu c k y ....................
M aryland.......................
M ichigan...............................
M issouri............
M ontana...............
New M exico........
D ays
rniiie
worked.
112
1G4
152
128
148
137
152
120
196
166
143
■150
Average
tonnage.
State.
Per
year.
Per
day.
487
340
628
729
622
398
422
625
392
516
415
654
536
2.93
3.03
3.83
4.80
4. S6
2.69
3.08
4.11
3.27
2.63
2.50
4.57
3.58
Days
w orked.
N o r th D a k o ta
O hio. . .
Oklahom a
Pennsylvania:
A n th ra c ite
B itum inous
Tennessee
Texas
U ta h ___
Virginia
W ash in gt o n
W est V irginia........................
W yom ing___
Average
tonnage.
Per Per
year. day.
194
134
141
813
617
380
4.19
4.69
2.70
271
567
609
431
336
922
628
560
715
849
2.09
4.03
2. SO
2.42
6.10
3.78
3.52
4.79
5.08
139
151
166
159
149
167
The production of bituminous coal per man during the last 32 years,
LS90 to 1921, has shown a decided increase. In 1890 the average
daily production was 2.56 tons and in 1921, 4.20 tons. The produc
tion of anthracite per man, on the contrary, is less than it was 10 years
ag°- A number of factors contribute to this result. In bituminous
niining these include increased efficiency of the individual worker, the
increasing use of mining machinery, and better mining methods. In
anthracite mining the difficulties have increased from year to year, as
the mines are getting deeper, thinner beds are being mined, and more
water has to be pumped. With the increase in the size of the mines
it takes more time for the men to get to the working face and the
increase in the value of coal has resulted in more complete extraction,
adding to the amount of labor per ton of coal raised, all of which has
operated to keep down individual production.
5 Forproduction in the years 1918,1919, and 1921), see Monthly L abor R eview , June 1922, p. 98.
76363°—24
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[93]
94
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W .
The following table shows the average daily output per man
employed in anthracite and bituminous mines, 1890 to 1921:
A N T H R A C IT E A N D B IT U M IN O U S
COAL PR O D U C T IO N
TO 1921.
PER
M AN E M P L O Y E D , 1890
B itum inous.
A nthracite.
Y ear.
1890..............................................................
1891..............................................................
1892..............................................................
1893..............................................................
1894..............................................................
1895..............................................................
1896..............................................................
1897..............................................................
1898..............................................................
1899.
...................................................
1900............. ...............................................
1901..............................................................
1902........................................................
1903..............................................................
1904..............................................................
1905..............................................................
1906 ...................
............................
1907..............................................................
1908..............................................................
1910..............................................................
1911..............................................................
1912..............................................................
1913..............................................................
1914..............................................................
1915..............................................................
1916..............................................................
1917..............................................................
1918..............................................................
1919..............................................................
1920..............................................................
1921............... .............................................
Men
Days
em
ployed. worked.
A verage
tonnage.
Per
day.
1.85
1.98
2.06
2.06
2.08
2.07
2.10
2.34
2.41
2 50
2.40
2.37
2.40
2.41
2. 35
2.18
126,000
126,350
129,050
132,944
131,603
142,917
148,991
149,884
145,504
12Q 008
144' 206
145,309
148,141
150,483
155,861
165,406
200
203
198
197
190
196
174
150
152
167,234
174,174
169,497
172,585
174,030
175 745
179679
176,552
159,869
154,174
147,121
154,571
145,074
159,499
2. 33
220
2.39
200
229
2.17
246
2.13
231
2.10
257
2. 02
2.06
245
2.19
230
253
2.16
2S5 1 2.27
293 1 2.29
266
2.14
271 1 2.28
271
2.09
166
196
116
206
200
215
Per
year.
369
401
407
406
395
406
365
351
367
402
398
464
279
496
469
470
400
512
478
498
524
485
520
505
504
548
1 646
1672
570
1 618
567
Men
D ays
em
ployed. worked.
192,402
205, 803
212, 893
230,365
244,603
239,962
244,171
247,817
255,717
97i 027
304’ 375
340,235
370,056
415,777
437,832
460,629
470 425
513^258
516,264
555,533
549,775
548,632
57] 882
583,506
557.456
561,102
603,143
615,305
621,998
639,547
663,754
226
223
219
204
171
194
192
196
211
204
234
225
230
225
202
211
210
234
193
217
211
223
232
195
203
230
243
249
195
220
149
Average
tonnage.
P er
day.
2.58
2. 57
2. 72
2.73
2.84
2. 90
2. 94
3.04
3. 09
0. 05
2.98
2. 94
3.06
3.02
3.15
3.24
0 On
3.29
3.34
3.46
3.50
3.68
3.61
3.71
3.91
3.90
3.77
3.78
3.84
4.00
4.20
P er
year.
579
573
596
557
485
553
564
598
651
710
697
684
703
680
637
684
769
644
751
738
820
807
724
794
896
915
942
749
881
627
1 H eavy w ashery outfit.
The average production of coal from deep mines per underground
worker is shown in the following table for anthracite and bituminous
mines from 1911 to 1921. This eliminates the errors due to inclusion
of coal from strip pits, dredges, and washeries, and the variations in
the number of workers who take care of the coal at the tipple or
breaker. In preparing this table certain estimates had to be made
of the division of workers above and below ground and of the pro
duction of strip pits in the years 1911 to 1913, but the probable error
caused by these estimates is so small as to have little effect on the
averages. In general there is much less variation in output shown
in the figures for underground workers than in those for all employees.
The average for bituminous coal shows a steady increase from 1911
to 1921, which amounts to 0.85 ton, or 21 per cent, while the average
for anthracite shows little variation.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[94]
95
P R O D U C T IV IT Y O F L A B O R .
COAL PR O D U C E D FR O M D E E P M IN ES P E R MAN E M P L O Y E D
D A Y W O R K E D , 1911 TO 1921.
*
-
Year.
1911.........................................
1912.....................................
1913.........................................
1914.........................................
1915.....................................
1916.....................................
A n th ra
cite.
B itu m i
nous.
N et tons.
N et to n s.
2.75
2.69
2.67
2.67
2. 78
2.74
U N DERGROUND P E R
Year.
4.01
4.24
4.16
4.28
4. 49
4. 57
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
A n th ra
cite.
B itu m i
nous.
N e t to n s.
N et tons.
2. 89
2. 94
2. 81
2.93
2.70
4.51
4.62
4.64
4.80
4.86
Output and Production Costs in British Coal Mines, Second Quarter
of 1923.
#
H P H E November, 1923, issue of the Ministry of Labor Gazette
2
(London) gives a summary (p. 400) of the output, costs of
production, and proceeds of the British coal-mining industry
for the quarter ending June 30, 1923, compared with the five preced
ing quarters. The statement relates to mines which produce about
95 per cent of the total quantity of salable coal mined in Great
Britain. The production costs, after deducting the proceeds of
miners' coal, amounted to 17s. 2.57d. ($4.19, par) per ton and the
credit balance averaged 3s. 2.64d. (78 cents, par) per ton. In three
of the coal-mining districts the costs exceeded the proceeds; in other
districts the credit balances ranged from Id. to 4s. 11.89d. (2.03
cents to $1.21, par) per ton. The number of workers employed during the quarter was 1,102,380
and the number of man-shifts worked 73,205,708. Based on the
tonnage of salable coal mined, the average output per man-shift
worked was 17.90 hundredweight, the average for the different coal
mining districts ranging from" 12.01 to 20.36 hundredweight. The
average earnings per man-shift were 9s. 9.77d. ($2.39, par), the
earnings varying from 7s. 6.73d. to 12s. 4.53d. ($1.84 to $3.01, par)
according to the district.
The following table shows the amount of coal mined, number of
workers, and output and earnings per man for the quarters ending
March 31, 1922, to June 30, 1923:
COAL PR O D U C T IO N , N U M B E R O F W O R K E R S , AND O U T P U T AN D E A R N IN G S P E R MAN
S H IF T IN B R IT IS H M IN ES, Q U A R T E R S E N D IN G M ARCH 31, 1922, TO JU N E 30, 1923.
[Shilling a t p a r=21.3 cents; penny=2.03 cents.]
Q uarter ending—
m
M ar. 31, 1922....................................
June 30, 1922....................................
Sepr. 30, 1922....................................
Dec. 31, 1922............................................................
Mar. 31 1923...................................................
June 30, 1923.............................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A m ount
of
salable
coal
m ined.
57,633,631
53,261,024
58, 717,767
64, 538,199
67,077,543
65,527, 464
1'95]
C redit ( + )
or
d eb it (—)
balance
p er ton.
s.
d.
+1
-0
+1
+1
+2
+3
1.62
0.17
1.00
6.39
5.32
2.64
N um ber
of
workers.
O u tp u t
per
m an
shift
w orked.
C w t.
1,020,207
1,025, 592
1,027, 853
1,068, 594
1,087,733
1,102,380
18.23
17. 80
17. 94
18.10
18.25
17. 90
Earnings
per
m an
shift
worked.
s.
11
10
9
9
9
9
d.
0.18
2.51
3.97
5.23
7.72
9.77
C H ILD LA BO R.
Child Labor Brief oi Connecticut Consumers’ League.1
NDER the State law of Connecticut children may begin work at
14 if they have completed the sixth grade in school, and are
physically fit. The recent shortage of adidt workers has led
to a marked increase in the employment of juveniles, the number of
children under 16 to whom work permits were issued having risen
from 4,662 during the year ending July 31, 1922, to 7,290 during the
eight months immediately following. Alarmed at this increase, the
Consumers’ League is urging that the educational requirements be
increased, thus indirectly raising the age for beginning work. Under
the Connecticut law, local school boards may raise the educational
standards, if they see tit, and the league urges that such action be
taken. It advises that no permit to work shall be granted to any
child under 16 years of age unless he has completed the eighth grade,
and it has issued a brief setting forth its reasons. There are grave
physical objections, it is pointed out, to the employment of children
under 16. The years from 12 to 16 form a critical period for both
sexes, during which there is need for special care and conditions
which can not be secured if the child is at work.
U
Monotonous, uninterrupted labor, w ith the stifling of the n atu ral play instinct
in hum an species of this age, w ant of education, w ant of proper environm ent for
th e development of a desirable character at this period of life, are all causes of the
degeneration of this class.
.
I t is contrary to th e rules of nature to confine those a t this age to long hours
of indoor employment. I t can not be done in the m ajority of cases w ithout
m arked detrim ent to the developm ent of the individual.
Again, it is pointed out, children under 16 are not fit for employ
ment, mentally or morally. They are immature, they lack judg
ment and concentration, they need watching all the time, and gen
erally they make unsatisfactory employees. Of 36 employers m
Hartford who were interviewed on the subject, 21 favored raising
the age to 16 years, 7 favored an eighth grade requirement, 5 favored
either the 16 year or the eighth grade requirement, 2 advocated a
change in the matter of vocational guidance or training, and only 1
thought the present law satisfactory.
An evidence of the unsuitability of children under 16 for work is
shown bv the high labor turnover among them. In 1920 the Con
sumers’ League made a study of the complete record of 253 child
laborers in the State, from which it appeared both that the turnover
was large, and that it was larger among boys than among girls. The
143 boys had held 357 positions, and the 110 girls had held 232 posi
tions, making a total of 589 positions for 253 children.
165 positions had lasted from 1 to 29 days.
164 positions had lasted from 1 to 2 m onths
141 positions had lasted from 3 to 6 m onths
76 positions had lasted from 7 to 11 m onths
43 positions had lasted a year or more.
A New H aven boy had held 11 positions in
anu a fraction.
and a fraction.
and a fraction.
a year and 5 m onths.
Statistical studies are quoted to show that the child who enters
industry at 14 is much less likely to develop a high wage-earning
1 T h e Consum ers’ League of C onnecticut.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P a m p h le t No. 13: C hild labor brief.
H artford, 1923.
C H IL D LABOE.
-
*
97
capacity than one who continues his education to a later age, and the
experience of other States is cited to show the advantages of enforcing higher requirements than the Connecticut law imposes.
I he arguments against raising the standard are discussed, and it
is pointed out that in the main they have little weight. The family’s
need for the earnings of the children is the plea most often heard, but
most of the investigations made have shown that such families are
few. and that those few are generally in such a condition that help
might better be obtained through other means than the employment
of children. Another objection sometimes urged is that children of
Id and 15 are often dissatisfied and restless if obliged to remain in
school, and not only get little good themselves from their compul
sory stay, but are a drag upon the other children. It is admitted
that this is sometimes so, but the responsibility for the condition is
attributed to the law itself.
The fact seems to be th a t from their fourteenth birthday on some children
seem to feel a relaxation in the State discipline, their interest in school work
steadily hags and finally reaches the point where their only wish is to escape from
school. The law w ith its unimpeachable authority has stepped in and interf ( red w ith their contentm ent and application in school. “ I t is alm ost impossible
to keep the boys in school after they are 1 4 ,” complained one m other. “ The law
says they7 are old enough to go to work, and they w ant to do it.”
A third objection sometimes heard is the expense involved in keep
ing so many more children in school. The brief dismisses this sum
marily, pointing out that the children will be so widely distributed
that no one city, school or room will feel an undue burden.
Finally, the brief urges that, the standard should be raised for the
sake of the future citizenship of the country.
Probably everybody will adm it th a t an educated electorate is best, th a t labor
could handle its problems w ith less suffering to the country if its conscience and
brain were b etter trained and w ith greater satisfaction to itself. Y et few realize
th a t th e im portant question of how much education our electorate shall have is
being decided largely by heedless children of 14 years; for, in a t least 75 per cent
of th e cases of child labor, it, is the child th a t decides th e question.
The caprice of a child is not the basis on which to build up a strong citizenship.
Study of Newsboys in Springfield, Mass.
r"|~'dtM bulletin of the National Vocational Guidance Association,
in its issue of November, 1923, contains the details of a
study of newsboys made in Springfield in the spring of 1922
by five students of Mount Holyoke College, in cooperation with a
field worker of the Massachusetts Child Labor Committee. The
inquiry covered 325 boys under 17 years of age, a more detailed study
of 113 of the number being made through personal interviews.
Under the Massachusetts law, boys under 12 years of age are not
permitted to sell papers. In Springfield, hoys between 12 and 14 may
sell outside of school hours between 6 a. m. and 8 p. m., and hoys
between 14 and 16 may sell from 5 a. m. to 9 p. m. A boy under 16
must secure a, license before selling, and this may be refused if the
attendance officer considers that the boy will be unable to do his
school work in addition to selling papers.
On the whole, the investigators concluded, the law was very
generally observed, the attendance officers and the police cooperating
to enforce its provisions. A few boys begin selling before they are 12,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[97]
98
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W .
but this practice seems likely to be stopped by the newsboys them
selves.
The boys are beginning to fear the overcrowding of their trade and to advocate
enforcement of the legal age on th a t account. At one of the meetings of the
Newsboys’ Club, after a discussion in which it was stated th a t there were too
m any boys on the street, it was proposed to “ run off” all boys selling w ithout
license.
The provision which prohibits selling after 8 or 9 o’clock at night
is difficult of enforcement, especially on Saturday night, and a num
ber of instances of its violation were found.
Over three-fourths of the boys studied were 13, 14, or 15 years old;
only 11.7 per cent were 12, and only 8.3 per cent were 16. Prac
tically four-fifths (79.3 per cent) had been born in the United States,
but more than four-fifths had foreign-born parents. Of the 113
boys of whom a more detailed study was made, 84 came from families
which were considered economically and socially normal, i. e., the
parents were living together and the father was employed. In the
remaining 29 cases there was some condition of abnormality, such as
the loss of one or both parents, or the father’s unemployment or
illness. Only six cases were found in which the boys wore the sons of
widowed mothers, and of these, “ in every case except one others
beside the newsboys were working.” The earnings were moderate,
being less than $4 a week in 60.2 per cent of the cases, and less than
$6 in 77.9 per cent. The majority (65.5 per cent) turned over their
earnings to their families, and most of the others used them for cloth
ing, savings, or to form a fund for their future education. Only nine
used them for spending money.
A study of court records covering a year showed that among the 290
newsboys studied who were 12 but under 16 years old, 5.2 ¿per cent
appeared as delinquents, while for the whole boy population in that
age group the percentage of delinquency was only 3.7 per cent. The
principal offense was breaking and entering or larceny, two-thirds of
the newsboy delinquents being charged with this. The other offenses
noted against them were truancy, receiving stolen goods, and viola
tion of a city ordinance. A study of the school records showed that
truancy was considerably more frequent among the newsboys than
among the general school enrollment, and retardation was unduly
prevalent, 21.5 per cent of the newsboys being behind their proper
grade, as compared with 14.2 per cent of the general enrollment. ^ It
is pointed out, however, that this may be affected by the fact that
so many of the newsboys were of foreign parentage and therefore
were at a disadvantage m school, quite apart from their newspaper
work.
Among the 20 boys who had native parents, only 3 were retarded. This is
practically the same rate of retardation as was found in th e general enrollment.
I t is therefore not safe to assume th a t the greater retard atio n among newsboys
is due entirely to th e occupation of newspaper selling.
The report closes with recommendations that the conditions for
granting licenses should be made stricter; that selling, even for boys
over 14 years of age, should be prohibited before 6.30 in the morning
and after 7.30 at night; and that the age minimum should be gradually
raised, with a view to eliminating young boys from street selling
altogether. Meanwhile, better enforcement of the existing law is
held up as the need for most cities of Massachusetts.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[98]
L A B O R A G R E EM EN TS, AW ARDS, A N D DECISIONS.
The Arbitration in the Newspaper Industry—Milwaukee.
HE 3-year working agreement entered into between the Mil
waukee newspaper publishers and Milwaukee Typographical
Union No. 23, expired on August 7, 1922, and both parties
requested that changes be made in the provisions of the new con
tract. Meetings between the publishers and the union for the purpose
of adjusting differences began on July 7, 1922. The first considera
tion of both parties was the negotiation of an arbitration agreement,
made necessary by the failure of the International Typographical
Union and the American Newspaper Publishers’ Association to
renew the international arbitration agreement which had expired on
April 30, 1922, and by the terms of which arbitrations had previously
been conducted.1 A local arbitration agreement was concluded on
August 8, and the matters in issue upon which the parties were unable
to agree were negotiated according to its provisions.
In order to determine which of the issues under dispute were
arbitrable a joint letter was dispatched to the president of the Inter
national Typographical Union and the chairman of the special stand
ing committee of the American Newspaper Publishers’ Association
for their joint determination, as provided for in the local arbitration
agreement. Upon receipt of their reply negotiations were resumed
and the contract was agreed upon, except for the issues to be arbi
trated.
In accordance with the provision of the local arbitration agreement
it devolved upon the union and the publishers each to appoint two
representatives to serve on the arbitration board, they in turn being
charged with the duty of selecting the fifth man, who should be
chairman with the duty of casting the deciding vote on all points at
issue. The first meeting of the four board members was held on
November 27, 1922, but they were unable to select the fifth member
and it was mutually decided to leave the selection of said member
to the president of the International Union and chairman of the
Publishers’ National Committee. Proxies appointed by these officials
to represent them in the matter were unable to agree, and the officials
themselves were present at the meeting on July 6, 1923, when the
controversy was finally adjusted by the appointment of Mr. M. S.
Dudgeon as chairman.
A year had elapsed since the beginning of the controversy, and the
time for the next wage adjustment had arrived. The union proposed
to withdraw its original proposition and submit a new one for the
consideration of the board. The publishers insisted upon arbitration
of the issues contained in the original proposal except for the wage
scale, contending that the contract agreed to in the preceding October
determining the issues to be arbitrated for the period 1922-1925 had
T
i F o r account of th is situ a tio n see M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , Ju ly , 1923, p p . 31,32.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[99]
99
100
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
provided that the wage scale only should receive consideration in
1923. It was finally agreed that the arbitration hoard should
determine the wage scale for 1922-23 on the basis of the original
proposals submitted in June, 1922, and a wage scale for the year
August 8, 1923, to August 7, 1924, on the basis of the new proposition
submitted by the union.
Following are the sections of the contract in dispute, together with
the proposed methods of disposal :
Schedu
le
of
I
ssues
to
be
D
e t e r m in e d
by
A
r b it r a t io n
.
S e c t i o n 6 . Journeymen (machine operators, machinists, ad men, head and
utility men, make-up men, correcting bank men and proof readers) shall be paid
at the rate of ---------- cents per hour for day work, and - — - — cents per hour
for night work.
The publishers’ proposition provides a wage of 83% cents per hour
for night work and 75 cents per hour for day work.2
The union’s proposition provides a wage of $1.10A per hour for night
work and $1 per hour for day work.3
Present contract provides a wage of $1.01 }i per hour for night work
and 93% cents per hour for day work.4
10. Regular working hours shall be fixed by the foreman betw een the hours
a. m. a n d ------------ p. m. for day work, and betw een the hours o f -------------- p. m.
a n d ------ a. m. for night work. Provided, further, the forem an shall have the
privilege of calling his force or any part of it to work at any tim e during the day
o r night period and the men shall not receive overtim e or extra pay unless they
work more than the regular number of hours for th at day or night. All the
tim e covered by this agreem ent belongs to th e office and em ployees shall (tem
porarily or permanently) perform any duties pertaining to work in th e composing
rooms assigned to them by th e foreman. Provided, however, when help is so
worked as to bring the starting tim e b e fo r e ------ a. m. or the quitting tim e after
•------ p. m. the morning newspaper scale shall apply for full tim e worked.
The publishers’ proposition provides for a night shift betw een the
hours of 6 p. m. and 6 a. m. and a day shift betw een th e hours of 7 a. m.
and 7 p. m.
The union’s proposition provides for a night shift betw een the hours of
6 p. m. and 5 a. m. and a day shift betw een th e hours of 7 :30 a. m. and
Sec.
o f -------- —
6 p. m .
The present contract provides for a night shift betw een the hours of 6
p. m. and 5 a. m. and a day shift betw een the hours of 7 :30 a. m. and
6 p. m.
S e c . 11. ------ hours, exclusive o f ------- m inutes for lunch, shall constitute a d a y ’s
or night’s work. Six days or six nights o f ------ hours shall constitute a w eek’s
work. Lunch tim e shall be designated by the foreman and shall not be paid for.
N o paym ent shall be made for holidays or any other day or days when no work is
performed.
The publishers’ proposition provides for a shift of eight hours, either
night or day.5
The union’s proposition provides for a shift of seven and one-third
hours night or day.8
The present contract provides for a shift of eight hours night or day.5
The publishers’ proposition provides for a lunch period of one-half hour.
The union’s proposition provides for a lunch period of forty minutes.
The present contract provides for a lunch period of one-half hour.
S e c . 12. Men working on afternoon papers with Sunday morning editions
shall be paid the regular night rate for - — - hours’ work on a second shift on
2 Or .$30 per week for d ay w ork a n d $40 for n ig h t w ork.
3 Or $48 p er week for d a y w ork an d $53 for n ig h t w ork for period A ug. 8, 1922, to Aug. 7, 1923; a nd $o5 for
day .work a n d $80 for n ig h t w ork for period Aug. 8, 1923, to Aug. 7, 1924.
1Or $45 per week for day w ork a n d $50 for n ig h t work.
5 Or 48 hours per week.
6 O r4 4 h o u rsp erw eek .
:
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LABOE A G R EE M E N T S, AWARDS, AND D EC ISIO N S.
101
Saturday night. In no instance shall work done during the regular Saturday
night shift be construed as overtim e.
The publishers’ proposition provides for a second shift of eight hours
on Saturday night.
The union’s proposition does not specify number of hours for a second
shift on Saturday night.
T he present contract does not specify number of hours for a second
shift on Saturday night.
S e c . 13. When necessary, owing to the exigencies of business, there may be
arranged a special shift of — — hours, extending from day to night, or from night
to day. Pay for such work shall be a t th e rate of -------- cents per hour.
The publishers’ proposition provides for pay at th e rate of 83^6 cents
per hour for a special shift extending from night to day, or from day to
pight.
The union’s proposition makes no such provision.
The present contract provides a rate of $1.0416 per hour for such a shift.
S e c . 1 4 . When the union is unable to provide sufficient com petent men, the
foreman shall have th e right to transfer men from night work to day work, or
vice versa, at his discretion, for such tim e as may be necessary. Compensation
for such work to be a t th e rate o f ------ cents per hour for night work a n d -------cents per hour for day work.
The publishers’ proposition provides for transferring men from night
work to day work, or day work to night work; the rate of pay to be either
the night or day scale.
T he union’s proposition does not cover such a. shift.
The present contract does not cover such a shift.
S e c . 16. Paym ent for overtim e shall be only for the actual overtim e worked at
th e rate o f ----------. The foreman shall receive overtim e at the option of the
employer.
The publishers’ proposition provides for overtim e at the rate of tim e
and one-half for th e actual overtim e worked.
T he union’s proposition provides for overtim e at the rate of tim e and
one-half on th e night shift and tim e and one-half on th e day shift up to
m idnight, after which double tim e is to be paid.
The present contract provides for overtim e at the rate of tim e and onehalf for the actual overtim e worked.
S e c . 19. Men called in on Sundays and holidays on which no regular editions
are published, to get out extra editions, shall be paid at the rate of double th e
regular scale for actual tim e worked. M en working on morning newspapers
shall be paid single price for a regular shift on Sundays and holidays. The
office to be entitled to the full number of regular hours on Sundays and holidays,
but wi 11’ keep men on holidays and during th e day on Sundays only long enough
to get out regular editions, except in emergencies. The term “ h olid ays” as herein
used, shall in c lu d e --------------------- --------------------- , or days celebrated as such, and
shall apply to evening newspapers only.
The publishers’ proposition provides for the following holidays: New
Year’s D ay, Fourth of July, Labor D ay, and Christmas D ay.
The union’s proposition provides for the following holidays: New
Year’s D ay, Decoration D ay, Fourth of July, Labor D ay, Thanksgiving
D ay, and Christmas D ay.
The present contract provides for the following holidays: New Year’s
D ay, Fourth of July, Labor D ay, and Christmas D ay.
S e c . 22. Em ployees shall be paid every week.
T he publishers’ proposition does not designate a. pay period.
The union’s proposition specifies pay every week.
The present contract does not specify a pay period.
S e c . 23. A m achine operator to be considered com petent shall set an average
of not less t h a n ------ read and corrected minion em s per hour, or equivalent
in other type.
The publishers’ proposition specifies a com petency requirement of 5,000
em s per hour.
\
The union’s proposition does not specify a com petency requirement.
The present contract specifies 4,000 ems per hour.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
S e c . 25. When any substitutes or extras are em ployed, whose com petency the
foreman shall not have opportunity to determ ine, th ey shall work by the hour
a t the regular scale rate until their qualifications have been dem onstrated. If
they prove incom petent, they m ay be removed and paid for the tim e put in
and no more.
T his section is proposed by th e publishers.
The union’s proposition does not cover this point.
The present contract does not cover this point.
S e c . 29. The publishers shall be entitled to one (1) apprentice f o r ----------.
The publishers’ proposition provides for one apprentice to each five
journeym en or fraction thereof.
The union’s proposition provides one apprentice to each five journey
men, but provides th at there shall not be more than eight (8) apprentices
in any one shop.
The present contract specifies one (1) apprentice to each five journey
men, but provides th at there shall not be more than eight (8) apprentices
in any one shop.
•
S e c . 51. It shall be unlawful for any member or members of M ilwaukee T ypo
graphical U nion N o. 23 to engage in a strike or boycott or create or encourage
directly or indirectly such a strike or b oycott against the party of th e first part.
It is further agreed th at the validity and execution of this section and scale will
not be dependent upon or affected by the obligation of either party to any other
person or organization.
This section was proposed by the publishers and covers points not
contained in the union’s proposition, or in the present contract.
In general the union brief sought to build up a case showing the
standard of living the workers hoped to enjoy, both as to wages and
conditions of work, and the necessity of granting that standard of
living, together with the reason why a refusal to grant these condi
tions would be unjust and a detriment to the workers. The pub
lishers adopted the definition of relationship between employer and
employee, as stated in the Mantón award,1 which they contended they
could "not put into effect because of union restrictions. “Are the
necessities of publication to be met,” they inquire, “ or are we to
adjust our requirements to the wishes of the union?”
The union based its demand for an increased wage scale largely on
the standard of living which the workers should enjoy, the ability
of employers to pay, and the lag in wage behind the cost of living
during the war period and since 1914. The publishers contended that
the high 1920 wage scale fixed by agreement without resort to arbitra
tion and the retention of the peak wage during the succeeding years of
decreasing cost of living compensated in full for the alleged inadequate
compensation prior to that time, and that wages should now7 be
decreased in accordance with the decrease in living costs since 1920.
The union argued for a decrease in hours on the ground of the
increasing strain of compositors’ work and the unhealthfulness of the
trade. They contended that decreased hours would not result in
decreased production, and further, that the record of production on
Milwaukee newspapers was high enough to warrant a reduction in
hours. The publishers took the ground that the necessities of the
industry demanded 8 hours’ work and called attention to similar
practice in the majority of other cities.
In the matter of a standard of competence (sec. 23) the union
argued that the employers’ proposed requirement would in effect
establish a deadline. Such a standard was considered unfair and
—
-----^—--- ——1 A w ard of H on. M. B. M antón in th e controversy b etw een th e New Y ork publishers a n d W eb
P ressm en ’s U nion, No. 25.
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LABOR A G R EE M E N T S, AWARDS, AND D EC ISIO N S.
103
impracticable because of the fact that an operator’s production is so
largely dependent upon the mechanical condition of his machine and
the degree of uniformity of and difficulty in deciphering the copy.
The union maintained that the foreman should be the sole judge of
the operator’s competency and that the publishers were then getting
an average production greater than that they were demanding.
Employers alleged that without a standard of competency the least
able man enjoys the same scale as that of the most competent one.
With respect to the ratio of apprentices, the union argued that to
increase the number would make it impossible for any apprentice
thoroughly to qualify as a journeyman printer at the expiration of
his 5 years’ apprenticeship, and further, tha t an increase in the number
was unnecessary, the logical solution of the alleged problem of
inadequate labor supply being the placing of “ journeymen learners ”
on the machine at a scale of wages of approximately one-half of the
prevailing wage. The agreement permits of this arrangement, and
there is no limit to the number of journeymen learners which the
publishers may employ. The conclusion is'that the “ publishers are
not primarily interested in developing competent printers but
desire to create a surplus of help at the sacrifice of competency.”
The publishers argued for an increase in the number of apprentices
on the ground of scarcity of workers and the economy possible by
the performance by an apprentice of work which would otherwise be
done by a journeyman at a journeyman’s wages.
With respect to the rate of pay for the “ lobster shift” (sec. 13)
the union argued:
The publishers,agree th at men working days who start before a certain hour
and quit after a certain hour are entitled to extra com pensation by th e paym ent
of the night scale. T hey agree th at m en working nights should receive higher
com pensation than men working days. They agree th at men working holidays
should be paid double price and men working overtim e should receive price and
one-half, bu t in the face of all this, th ey contend th at men working tfae m ost
undesirable shift of all, from the middle of the night into th e morning, should
receive no extra consideration. In our opinion if the publishers gave this m atter
enough consideration, even th ey would be convinced of the injustice of their
proposal.
The controversy over overtime (sec. 16) involved two questions:
(1) Whether the men should receive overtime on the basis of the
regular wages paid to them, or on the minimum scale; and (2)
whether the men should be paid at the rate of double time after
midnight. On the first point, it was contended by the union that
if a worker, because of recognized superior skill, is valuable enough
to the publisher to receive extra compensation during regular hours,
he is entitled to time and one-half on the basis of the wage he receives
when he is compelled to work overtime. On the second question it
was pointed out that such an occasion would usually arise only in
the case of the issuance of a special edition, when one or two make-up
men would be compelled to work until after midnight. “And a
special edition means an arrangement whereby the newspaper secures
an enormous amount of increased advertising. Surely, the few dollars
m overtime which one or two men might make would not materially
affect the increased revenue which the paper would enjoy.”
The publishers contended for the payment of time and one-half
for all overtime, on the ground of the prevailing practice in all
industries and of the additional expense of the double-time rate, and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W .
added ‘‘if the union fulfills its obligations by furnishing us at all
times with a sufficient number of men there will be little necessity for
overtime.”
Numerous exhibits, including statistics, opinion, and charts were
presented by both sides in support of their arguments. Limited space
forbids discussion of these exhibits and of the other points at issue,
important though they are.
The award of the arbitrator in the case follows in full, except for
the omission of five tables the conclusions for which were sum
marized by the board. Material added is indicated by brackets [ ].
F
in d in g s
of
A
r b it r a t o r s
.
(1) B u r d e n o f proof.- —In considering the issues before th e board, we have as
sumed th a t where any rule as to wages, hours, working or other conditions have
prevailed for some tim e, it should not be changed in th e absence of definite evi
dence th a t some injustice or wrong growing out of the rule may be corrected
and remedied by such change. In other words, we have placed th e burden of
proof on the p arty urging th a t the present order of things be changed. In apply
ing this rule we have found it necessary to peruse all of th e briefs, the exhibits and
the transcript of the proceedings, although we can not, of course, expressly refer
to much of the evidence th a t has been given consideration.
(2) S c o p e o f in v e s tig a tio n . — We can not find th a t th e evidence justifies th e con
tention advanced by counsel for the publishers th a t there was an understanding
a t the tim e of th e adoption of th e wage scale in 1920 th a t such scale was a final
adjustm ent to date of all wage controversies. N either is there any evidence th a t
there was anything in any of the prior negotiations which m any way raised this
presum ption of finality.
On the other hand, we do not deem it to be the proper function of this board to
fix wages and conditions in such a way as to endeavor to com pensate either p arty
for possible losses or deficits suffered prior to 1922.
We can not, therefore, agree w ith the publishers and assume w ith them th a t the
wages a t th e peak of th e cost of living in 1920 were both adequate and satisfactory
and should be consequently decreased to the same extent th a t living costs have
receded.
N either can we agree with the union th a t we are to fix a wage which will com
pensate th e printers for w hat they argue has constituted their financial loss due
to th e inadequacy of the wage for the period 1913—1922.
(3) S ta n d a r d o f liv in g . — We can not take the position th a t there should in no
event be any advance in standards of living. I t would, it seems to us, be neces
sarily inimical to the best interests of printers and publishers, as well as inimical to
th e best interests of th e general public, if the printers were faced by a stone-wall
principle th a t there m ust be no advance in their standards of living. The possi
bility of a reasonable advance in the standard of living of this group is, we believe,
absolutely essential to th e welfare of th e group itself as well as to th e welfare of
the entire industry, including th e publishers. The m ere fact th a t a certain wage
scale perm its such reasonable im provem ent in living conditions as comes to all of
us is not, therefore, necessary evidence th a t th e wage is too high.
(4) M o d e l b u d g e t. — We have considered w ith interest th e evidence and argu
m ents advanced by the union th a t wages should be so adjusted as to furnish each
Milwaukee newspaper p rinter w ith the means of providing th e item s listed in th e
budget, or th e equivalent of such items. I t occurs to us th a t no two men w ith
identical incomes and the same size families would purchase the same article nor
expend the-sam e am ount in support of their families, nor would th e two agree as
to w hat were the essentials. The so-called model budget is not a budget among
Milwaukee printers or others. I t is suggestive as to standards of living which
it m ight lie desirable for M ilwaukee printers to attain , b u t it is theoretical. On
the whole th e evidence has not convinced us th a t th e model budget should control
in arriving a t a conclusion as to wages which should prevail in Milwaukee.
This is not to be interpreted, however, as a conclusion th a t in th e ad ju stm en t of
wages we are n o t concerned w ith the cost of living as applied to a weighted budget
of commodities such as is used by the Labor Bureau and th e N ational Industrial
Conference Board in their statistical reports.
(5) C o m p a r is o n s . — I t seems im practical to segregate the needs of one group of
m en in one city for a certain period of tim e and arrive a t a conclusion as to w hat
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LABOR A G R EE M E N T S, AWARDS, AND D EC ISIO N S.
105
they ought to receive. The problem is necessarily, it seems to us, a relative one
and necessarily involves comparisons.
I t occurs to us th a t we can profitably make, among others, the following com
parisons:
(a) We can compare th e proposed wage scale w ith wages paid for similar
services in others of the larger cities.
(b) We can com pare these proposed scales w ith wages paid a t other
tim es, here and elsewhere.
(Taking into account in the comparisons m entioned in (a) and (6) the
varying factor of the cost of living.)
(c) We can com pare th e local scale and its trend over a period of years
w ith th e general trend of wages among newspaper printers and industrial
workers in general over a similar period.
(6)
A b i l i t y to p a y . — I t is necessary to consider such evidence as has been pre
sented as to w hether or not the newspapers which are parties to this arb itratio n
can pay th e different scales of wages suggested or the scale of wages found to be
otherwise desirable. I t is, of course, evident th a t a scale upon which the industry
can n ot continue to function and be reasonably prosperous would not be a wise
scale to adopt even from th e standpoint of the employee himself.
We find th a t th e union has introduced evidence tending to prove th a t the
newspapers, parties to this arbitration, are prosperous, are earning more th a n for
merly, and are able to pay th e scale proposed by the union. The publishers have
n o t elected to join issue w ith this contention. We find, therefore, th a t there is
no evidence th a t any scale proposed would cripple the industry or deprive the
owners of reasonable returns, and m ust therefore assume the ability on the p art
of th e publishers to pay the proposed scale.
F
in d in g s
of
F
act.
(1) C h a n g e s i n w age scale i n M i lw a u k e e . — We find in 1913 th e wages of the
printers in the Milwaukee newspapers were $23 per week for a 48-hour week;
th a t this wage rose in February of 1915 to $24; in March of 1916 to $26; in
September of 1917 to $27; in August, 1919, to $37; in August, 1920, to $45, a t
which figure the scale still remains; th a t this present weekly wage constitutes
substantially 93 f cents per hour.
(2) C h a n g e s i n liv in g costs a n d w a g es. — From 1913 to 1920, while the scale of
wages in Milwaukee was rising, living costs were also mounting, so th a t a t about
th e tim e the $23 of the 1913 scale had become the $45 scale of 1920 (an increase
of 95.6 per cent), the cost of a weighted budget of commodities supposed to
represent the needs of the average family had, under the figures compiled by the
Labor Bureau, risen 116 per cent.
The N ational Industrial Conference Board figures, which sta rt w ith th e cost
of living as of July, 1914, indicate th a t a t the peak the cost of living h ad increased
104.5 per cent.
We find, therefore, th a t th e purchasing power of a dollar of wages in 1920 was
less th a n half of w hat it was in 1913.
Using figures furnished by the D epartm ent of Labor and by the N ational
Industrial Conference Board, we have prepared a table which reflects the con
ditions as to wages and cost of living through a period of almost 10 years, from
1913 to 1923.
In this table will be found, opposite the various dates, the following d ata: In
the first column the money wages paid newspaper printers in Milwaukee; in the
second column the percentage increase in living costs for th a t period over the
living costs in 1913, Labor Bureau figures; in the third column the “real wages”
a t each date of the com putation, being based on the purchasing power of the
dollar in 1913, as compared w ith the purchasing power of the dollar a t th a t date;
in the fourth column will be given the percentage increase in living costs for th a t
date over the living costs in July, 1914, as given by the N ational Industrial Con
ference Board; in the fifth column will, be given the “real wages” under the N a
tional Industrial Conference Board figures, the com putation being based on the
relative purchasing power of the dollar a t the date given as compared w ith the
purchasing power of the dollar in 1914.
(The phrase' “real wages” has been thus defined: “ Wages estim ated,
not in money, b u t in their purchasing power over commodities in general.”—
C e n tu r y D ic tio n a r y , p. 6800. “ The rem uneration of the hired laborer
as reduced to the necessaries, comforts or luxuries of life.”— P a lg r a v e ’s
D ic tio n a r y o f P o litic a l E c o n o m y , vol. 3, p. 639.)
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
NOMINAL AND “ R E A L ” WAGES IN M ILW AUKEE, DECEM BER, 1913, TO JU N E, 1923.
B u reau of Labor
S tatistics figures.
N ational In d u strial
Conference B oard
figures.
N om inal
Real
Real
wages in
wages,
cent
Per cent
wages,
Milwaukee. ofPer
increase
based
of increase based u p
in living
upon
in living on purchas
costs over purchasing costs over in g power
pow er of Ju ly , 1914.
1913.
of July,
1913 dollar.
1914, dollar.
M onth.
December, 1913
Decem ber, 1917 __
December, 1918 ...............................................
1919:
M arch.
...................................................
D ecem ber.....................................................
1920:
M arch............................................................
J u n e ................................................................
J u ly ................................................................
N ovem ber.....................................................
D ecem ber.....................................................
1921:
J a n u a ry .........................................................
N ovem ber...................................................
D ecem ber.....................................................
1922:
M arch............................................................
J u n e ...............................................................
J u ly ................................................................
Septem ber....................................................
.....................
N ovem ber.................
D ecem ber.....................................................
1923:
M arch............................................................
J u n e ................................................................
___________________________ £ ___________
$23.00
27. 00
27.00
42. 4
74.4
$23.00
18.86
15. 48
27.00
37.00
99.3
18.56
116.5
17.07
37.00
37.00
37.00
45.00
45.00
ÍÓÓ. 4
22.46
45. 00
45.00
45.00
95.6
23.00
74.3
25.87
45.00
45.00
45.00
45.00
45.00
45.00
66.9
66.6
26.97
27.01
66.3
27.06
69.5
26.55
45,00
45.00
68.8
69.7
26.66
26.52
60.5
$16.82
94.8
18.99
104.5
93.1
18.09
23.82
63.0
27.61
54.7
29.35
56.6
28.93
58.4
28. 41
59.2
28.27
W hile this table standing alone should not be tak en as finally determining
th e wage scale, still it reflects some of th e facts we m ust face in coming to our
conclusions. By it, it will be seen th a t in June, 1920, when living costs were
near their peak, the $37 wage then being received had th e purchasing power th a t
only $17.07 w'ould have had in 1913. Living costs w ent up more rapidly than
wages and the printers, in common w ith all other Americans who received wages
or had static incomes, were suffering. The situation illustrates the principle
th a t wages can not and do not respond directly to the extraordinary fluctuations
in living costs. Soon after June, 1920, th e living costs began to decline, b u t it
was not until some tim e in th e m onth of January, 1921, th a t the $45 wages
which the printers were then receiving had a purchasing power equal to th e $23
which they had received in 1913.
I t will be seen th a t in 1922 living costs sank to their lowest point, and conse
quently the "real w ages” received were a t the highest. In June of th a t year
the $45 in nominal wages was the equivalent of $27.01 measured by the pur
chasing power of a dollar as it stood in 1913. Since then living costs have
again risen slightly b u t not wTith any speed or to any considerable extent. Ac
cording to the Labor Bureau reports, in June, 1923, th e $45 nominal wages had
the same purchasing power th a t $26.52 would have had in 1913. In other
words, in June, 1923, th e Milwaukee new spaper printers were receiving approxi
m ately 15 per cent more th a n they were receiving in 1913 so far as purchasing
powder is concerned.
T r e n d o f w ages, 1 9 1 3 to 1 9 2 3 .
The testim ony introduced by th e union and th e testim ony introduced by the
publishers are in substantial agreem ent as to th e general trend of wages, both
nominal and real, which have followed during th e ten-year period th a t we have
had under consideration.
The testim ony introduced by the union indicates thai; th e average weekly
money wages of newspaper printers in the largest 30 cities in th e U nited States
was, in 1914, $25.74 for a 46.3 average hour week (union brief, page 14, where
the hours, however, are not given); th a t in 1920 th e average was $41.50 per week
of the same length; th a t by 1923 the average was $47.50; th a t this latter figure
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107
is the average weekly wage in the 30 cities for the average week -of 46.4 hours,
or the equivalent of $49.08 for a 48-hour week (union brief, page 111); th a t the
$23 wage prevailing in Milwaukee in 1913 had risen to $45 in 1923, an increase
of 95.6 per cent; th a t the real wages or purchasing value of the money earnings
had risen from $23 in 1913 to $26.52 in 1923, an increase of 15 per cent. (Union
brief, page 110 .)
The testim ony introduced by the publishers does not deal directly with wages
of newspaper printers, b u t indicates th a t the average weekly money earnings
in all industries throughout the country had risen in May, 1923, to 1 i s per cent
over the earnings for July, 1914; th a t th e “ real earnings” or purchasing power
of money earnings had risen in May, 1923, to a point 36 per cent above the
July, 1914, level. (Publishers’ Exhibit J, Bulletin N. I. C. B.)
The chart filed by the publishers (Exhibit E, dated June, 1923) is helpful
b u t is difficult to use as a basis of exact com putation, since it is somewhat gen
eral in term s and it is not clear from it th a t any definite figures are given for
the trend of wages of skilled newspaper printers as distinguished from other
skilled workers in the newspaper industries. In other words, the chart is a chart
giving the trend of wages for the entire newspaper industry.
C o m p a r is o n s .
The arbitrator has felt th a t the situation calls for a study of the wages of
Milwaukee newspaper printers, as compared to the wTages of newspaper printers
elsewhere. * * * [A com parative study of wages in Milwaukee and 29 other
large cities showed th a t in 1914] when the Milwaukee wage was $23 for a 48hour week, the average for the larger cities was $25.74 for an average 46.3-hour
week—the equivalent of $26.68 for a 48-hour week or 15 per cent more than
the Milwaukee wage. The average hourly wage was 55.6 cents, as against the
Milwaukee hourly wage of 47.9 cents.
We find th a t in 1913 and 1914 the Milwaukee weekly wage thus computed
was $3.68 under the average; the Milwaukee hourly wage 7.5 cents per hour
under the average for th e large cities.
M ilw a u k e e 1 9 2 3 wages c o m p a re d to w ages h i o ther c itie s .
[A comparison of figures presented to the board] showing wages in 1920 and
in 1923 in all the cities of the' U nited States having over 200,000 population
excepting only A tlanta and New Orleans * * * indicated th a t the average
hourly wage in all these cities outside of Milwaukee is $ 1 .02i; th a t this is a
rate which yields $49.08 for a 48-liour week w ithout allowance for overtime;
th a t the present hourly wage in Milwaukee is 94 f cents — 85 cents under the
average; th a t the present weekly wage in Milwaukee is $4.08 under the average
computed for a 48-hour week.
* * * As this table includes three m etropolitan cities of over a million
inhabitants, some cities much smaller than Milwaukee, and some cities on the
Pacific coast where living conditions are very different, [it was considered] fairer
to omit these classes of cities.
We therefore prepared a table w ith a list of 16 cit’es, from which New York,
Chicago, and Philadelphia are om itted on account of size, from which all Pacific
coast cities are om itted on account of different conditions, an d from which all
cities under 250,000 inhabitants are omitted.
The hourly rate in the 16 cities rem aining is $ 1 .02^ 6; a rate th a t yields $49.05
for a 48-hour week.
In order to test the m atter further, we have dropped out of this list of 16
cities all A tlantic seaboard cities, leaving only 11 cities, all having over 200,000
inhabitants and less than 1 ,000,000 and all being situated in w hat m ight be
term ed the Middle States. [The 11 cities were St. Louis, Cleveland, P ittsburgh,
D etroit, Buffalo, Cincinnati, Minneapolis, K ansas City, Indianapolis, Denver,
and Rochester.]
The result shows th a t the average wage in these Middle State cities is $1.00r7x
per hour, a rate th a t yields $48.30 for the 48-hour week.
We find th a t the situation is reflected in the following sum m ary expressed in
term s of hourly wages:
In 30 cities (all over 200,000)_______________________________________ $1.02x
In 16 cities (250,000 to 1,000,000, om itting Pacific coast cities)__________ 1 .02-pg
In 11 Middle S tate cities (all cities in th a t region except Chicago)
1 OOvV
In M ilwaukee_______________________________________________ , 93f
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m o n t h l y labor r e v ie w .
We are therefore forced to the conclusion th a t th e wage of newspaper printers
in Milwaukee is and for some years has been less th an th e average in other
large cities in the country, no m atter how these cities may be grouped.
C o st o f liv in g i n M ilw a u k e e .
In seeking to find a reason for this persistent low wage scale in Milwaukee,
we have made a careful exam ination of th e testim ony and have compiled such
figures as were available bearing upon cost of living in M ilwaukee relative to the
cost in other cities. [Food costs only were available and a table was prepared
showing a comparison of food costs in Milwaukee w ith th e average cost of food
for the U nited States. This comparison indicated th a t so far as food is con
cerned, m ost of the staple articles are slightly below th e average in Milwaukee.
Coal, on th e other hand, is higher th a n the average. We have no figures upon
clothing or rent.]
I t can be fairly concluded, however, from the evidence th a t living in Milwaukee
is somewhat cheaper th a n in the average city in th e U nited States, a condition
which m ay possibly be an explanation in p a rt of the fact th a t th e scale of wages
in Milwaukee, both in newspaper printing and some other trades, are below the
average in the U nited States.
C
o n c l u sio n
.
As to wages (sec. 6) we have concluded, therefore, th a t th e present Milwaukee
wage of $45 for a 48-hour week (931 cents per hour) represents an advance of
15 per cent in “ real wages” over the wages in Milwaukee in 1913.
(It happens th a t this 15 per cent increase in “ real wages” places the
1923 Milwaukee wage alm ost exactly on a par w ith the average of “real
wages” in other cities in 1913.)
We also conclude th a t the present Milwaukee rate is so far below the 1923
average in other large cities th a t it now constitutes underpaym ent; th a t a just
wage for the year beginning August 8, 1923, would be for day work $47 per week,
97H cents per hour; for night work $52 per week, $ 1.08| per hour.
This is a ra te still substantially below th e average, b u t one possibly justified
by living and working conditions in Milwaukee.
' We further conclude th a t no change should be m ade for th e year beginning
August 8, 1922.
Section 6 of th e te n tativ e contract should, therefore, be completed by writing
into the spaces left blank in th e te n tativ e d raft th e figures as indicated above.
S e c. 1 0 o f te n ta tiv e c o n tra ct. — There is nothing in th e evidence showing th a t a
continuation of th e present practice as to w hat constitutes day and night hours
would inflict any great injury upon any of th e parties. They seem to be reason
able hours and in the absence of more conclusive evidence we m ust conclude
th a t they should not be changed.
S e c. 11 o f te n ta tiv e c o n tr a c t .— The arbiter has in m ind th e evidence of the
experiences which have dem onstrated th a t a reduction of excessive hours to
shorter hours does not necessarily decrease th e output. M ost of these demon
strations have occurred where th e hours to be reduced have considerably exceeded
eight hours; we know of no definite dem onstration of th e effect of reducing hours
below eight in such industries as are before us for consideration. The reduction
of weekly hours below 48 has generally been in industries where i t is possible to
make up 44 hours, or thereabouts, by five full days plus a sixth short day. Such
an arrangem ent is m anifestly impossible in the newspaper printing industry.
There is some doubt as to w hether reducing th e period of labor each day by a few
m inutes would result in a saving of physical and nervous energy such as occurs
where it is possible to give a half day off each week. While conditions in the
Milwaukee newspaper shops m ay not be actually ideal, we can not conclude
th a t working conditions in newspaper offices in this State, where working con
ditions are subject to rigid inspection by S tate authorities, are so bad th a t an
8-hour day is necessarily detrim ental to health.
An inspection of all reports available suggests th a t elsewhere the newspaper
industry has found it difficult to reduce hours per week, since reports indicate
th a t upon th e average newspaper printers are, in th e large cities a t least, working
as m any hours per week as they were ten years ago.
H aving in mind, therefore, these uncertainties and the difficulties of the
situation and acting upon the principle heretofore suggested th a t the burden
of proof is upon the party seeking to change th e existing order, w e m ust decide
th at the w eight of evidence does not justify a change and conclude th at the
present practice of an eight-hour day m ust be continued and the rule as to tim e
for the lunch periods remains unchanged.
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LABOR A G R EE M E N T S, AWARDS, AND D ECISIO N S.
109
o f ten ta tive ■c o n tra ct.
This section m ust be completed by th e insertion
of the figures found in the foregoing portions of this decision: to wit, eight hours
■iff * i
ls th e decision of the board th a t this special shift extending from
night to day or day to night shall be a shift of seven hours a t a wage of $1 2344
per hour.
5
21
S e c. 14. The regular day and night scale should be w ritten in section 14 as
sn th e present practice.
S e c. 1 6 . The present practice as to overtim e should be continued— tim e and
one-half to m idnight and double tim e thereafter for day workers; tim e and onehalf for all overtim e for night workers, on wages received..
S e c. 1 9 . The present practice indicates th at Decoration D ay and Thanks
giving D ay have becom e days upon which there are regular editions of the daily
papers. We cannot find in th e arguments or evidence sufficient reasons for
changing this practice and do not feel justified in penalizing the publishers by
im posing upon them the paym ent of extra compensation for those working on
those days.
S e c. 2 2 . We believe th a t there are valid reasons why weekly pay days should
continue to_ prevail as they have prevailed in ac tu a rp rae tic e, not only in th e
newspaper industry, b u t in m any other industries and we conclude th a t pro
vision for such weekly pay day should be w ritten in th e contract.
S e c . 2 3 . There is no competency requirem ent in th e present practice except
as a test for a learner and there seems to have been no dem onstration of the
necessity for including in the contract any other competency requirem ent.
Section 23 of th e contract should, however, be rew ritten to continue th e require
m ent of an average of not less than 4,000 read and corrected minion ems per
hour or equivalent in other type for such learner.
S e c. 2 5 . There is no evidence th a t any hardship has been imposed on any of
th e parties to this controversy by the existing rule as it has been interpreted
and adm inistered by those concerned, and the present rule should, therefore be
continued, and the proposed section 25 should therefore be om itted fro m ’the
contract.
Acc. 2 9 . E vidently the training of apprentices has been given much thought
and suitable apprenticeship courses have been provided. The system seems
calculated to produce skilled workmen of intelligence.
There were indications in the evidence and argum ents, however, th a t the
printers fear th a t if there were too m any apprentices engaged, th e atten tio n
given to each would be unduly lessened. There were also indications th a t the
printers feared th a t it would prove undesirable if more apprentices were educated
than could readily obtain employment. An analysis of the figures in evidence
indicate, however, th a t th e apprentices now perm itted to be employed in the
three establishm ents which are parties to this arbitration could be considerably
increased w ithout any danger whatsoever th a t there would be any surplus of
trained journeym en.
The three offices parties to this arbitration employ approxim ately 200 men
and are limited to 8 apprentices each, a to ta l of 24~ for th e three offices. It
would seem th a t the industry, both employer and employee, as well as th e public,
would be best served by providing an apprentice system which would annually
supply the num ber approaching the num ber of journeym en who normally drop
out of the industry each year. We can safely estim ate th a t 8 to 10 men drop
out of the list of 200 journeym en employed by the three offices. On the other
hand, the apprentice system, as it is conducted in these offices, can not possibly
supply more th a n 5 men each year and probably could not supply over 4, since
upon the average only one-fifth of th e 24 will finish their apprenticeship in
any one year.
If each office was allowed a maximum of 12 apprentices, instead of 8, th e rule
th a t there could be only 1 apprentice to every 5 journeym en being retained,
th e to tal num ber of apprentices emplojred would be 36, and th e maximum
num ber of apprentices graduating into journeym en each year could not exceed
‘ it would probably never exceed 6. This would only slightly increase th e num
ber of finished workmen, b u t 12 more boj’s would be given th e opportunity for the
excellent training provided in th e system. A rule which provides such a num ber
of graduated apprentices would in no conceivable way imperil th e interests of
th e printers themselves.
Section 29 should therefore be draw n so as to perm it one apprentice to every 5
journeym en, b u t should provide th a t no shop should have over 12 apprentices.
S e c. 5 1 . The evidence indicates th a t both parties to this arb itratio n have been
inclined to live up to the spirit as well as the letter of their agreements, and we can
70303° —24——8
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
not conclude th a t the provision such as is included m this section is necessary
in order to continue the good relationship prevailing between th e parties. On
th e other hand, we are inclined to think th a t to seek to incorporate th e proposed
section 51 into the agreem ent m ight lead to confusion as to interpretation and to
possible antagonism and we therefore conclude th a t it should be om itted.
The foregoing findings and conclusions of the arbitration, including 11 type
w ritten pages, w ith contract attached, constitute th e decision of th e arb itrato rs
upon the issues formed between the Typographical lm o il h o . 23 and the pub
lishers of th e Journal Co., th e Evening Wisconsin Co. and th e bentmel Co.
D ated a t Milwaukee, Wis., this 8th day of October, 1923.
Street Railways— Boston.
M ESSRS. G. L. Mayberry, James H. Vahey, and Charles W.
IV1 Mulcahy, acting as arbitrators in the case of The Boston Elevated
Railway Co. v. The Amalgamated Association of Street & Electric
Railway Employees of America and Division 589 thereof, handed
down their award on October 15, 1923. The award is as follows.
The arb itrato rs nam ed in your agreem ent of August 6 , 1923, having con
sidered the m atters subm itted to them , have embodied their decision m the
following report:
.
,, ,
f
To avoid any m isunderstanding, we wish to say a t th e outset, th a t so iar
as it has seemed desirable to sta te th e reasons for th e decisions reached, they
are th e views of th e chairm an of th e board, in some of which th e other members
do not concur. The signature to this report of any other m ember of th e board,
therefore, is n o t to be understood as implying anything more th a n his acqui
escence in th e result.
,
, ••
Although the arbitration agreem ent subm itted five questions for decision, it
has become unnecessary to consider the fourth and fifth, and th e first three
only are dealt w ith in this report.
, ,,
, M
The first question is “ W hat rates of wages shall be paid to all of th e employees
of th e com pany who are members of th e association?”
The parties "have agreed th a t in dealing w ith this question th e arbitrators
need only determ ine th e m axim um basic wage to be paid to motorm en and
conductors of th e two-men surface cars; and th a t when this is determ ined in
th e form of cents per hour, th e parties themselves will be able, according to
some rule of percentage or addition which they have adopted, to determ ine all
th e other rates of wages involved in th e arbitration. While th e chairman is
som ew hat skeptical as to th e exact equity of results to be obtained by th e apphcation of either m ethod to each of th e m any kinds and grades oi labor involved,
th e board willingly adopts th e suggestion of th e parties.
T he present maximum basic wage of motorm en and conductors of two-men
surface cars is 61 cents an hour, for an 8-hour workday.
I t is guaranteed to
every m an who is on d u ty eight hours, w hether he is actually v oi king all the
time" or not I t is not th e highest rate the com pany has ever paid. From
M ay 1 1920, to June 30, 1921, th e rate fixed by a m ajority of a board of
arbitrators of which th e la te Jam es L. D oherty of Springfield was chairman,
was 70 cents an hour. I t was gradually reduced to th e present ra te by voluntary
agreem ent between th e com pany and th e union. The last of these agreements
expired July 1 of th e present year. In agreeing upon these reductions the
men seem to have taken into consideration both th e falling off in living costs
and adverse financial conditions. Probably a powerful incentive in bringing
about these agreements is to be found in the adm irable spirit of cooperation
• which has existed between th e m anagem ent and the men, and to which both
have given th e m ost cordial testim ony.
The men now ask th a t this wage be increased 30 cents, or to a total of
cents an hour. In support of their claim they urge th a t th e present tren d oi
wages throughout th e country is upw ard; th a t costs of living, which fell off during
the period of business depression, are again advancing; th a t reasonable standards
of living for laboring men are higher th a n they have ever been before; th a t the
closer studies of economic conditions th a t have been m ade in recent years indi
cate th a t th e m aintenance of this higher standard is wise as well as ju st; th a t
they ask no more th a n others are receiving in com parable em ploym ents; and
th a t the outlook for improved financial conditions justifies their dem and for
more generous treatm en t.
[110]
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LABOR A G R EE M E N T S, AWARDS, AND D ECISIO N S.
*
1X1
The com pany, on the other hand, denies th a t the increase dem anded by
the men is reasonable or practicable. In support of its contention, th e company
urges th a t wages have more than kept pace w ith th e increased cost of living;
th a t the reductions of wages since 1920 have been proportionately much less
than the_ falling off in living cost; th a t in m any com parable occupations the
wages paid are lower th a n these men are now receiving; th a t little dependence
is to be p u t on theoretical budgets prepared to show costs of living; and th a t
any large in c r e a s e s th e present wages would tend to throw an unfair burden
upon those who ride on th e cars and upon taxpayers who, under th e present
law, must^make up any deficit th a t results from the operation of th e road.
Both views have been urged w ith great force and skill by th e arbitrators
who represent the com pany and th e men, and there is so m uch of tru th in each
contention th a t it is no easy task to find their proper resultant.
At the hearing the men produced a carefully prepared budget in which they
set out, item by item, th e things they deemed necessary for th e reasonablv
comfortable support of a family for one year, w ith the present m arket cost of
each item. Probably there was no one present who would n o t be glad to see
them have everything th a t was there enum erated. I t would be hard to find
fault Avith any specific item. Yet the aggregate am ount of this budget would
call for wages obviously m uch higher th a n th e business of th e com pany could
reasonably be expected to stand.
The only practicable rule to be followed in these arbitrations seems to be to
come as near as possible to doing substantial justice, having regard both to the
reasonable requirem ents of th e men and th e financial condition of th e com pany’s
business. I t is of the very essence of a wage arbitratio n th a t it should seek to
determ ine the fair shares of labor and capital in their joint product. This is
especially true in th e case subm itted to this board. The Boston Elevated Bailwav is being operated by a board of trustees appointed bv th e governor. The
road is practically under public control. The sta tu te contem plates th a t the
public shall be furnished service a t cost. The arb itrato r who represents the
com pany is undoubtedly right in his contention th a t th e issue is betw een the
employees on the one hand and on the other hand the riding public and th e tax
payers, who m ust pay th e bills. Clearly it was not the purpose of this im portant
experim ent in public operation of the road th a t either should unjustly profit a t
th e expense of the other. I t is for us to determ ine how far we can go, w ithout
throw ing an unjust burden upon the public, in meeting the creditable desire for
a b etter standard of living on the p a rt of a body of employees whose efficient and
faithful service and hearty spirit of cooperation are adm ittedly a valuable asset
of th e company.
Certain aspects of the problem present little difficulty. I t would probably be
unfortunate for all concerned if we adopted a standard of wages th a t would
necessitate an increase of fares beyond the pfesent 10 cent rate. I t is not believed
th a t th e increase granted in this aw ard will have th a t result. On th e other hand,
there seems to be little justice in dem anding an im m ediate retu rn to old prices
for transportation when every other product of hum an industry has increased in
price. I t seems clear also th a t the fixing of wages on a fair and somewhat per
m anent basis ought to precede, rather than follow, reductions in fares, in order
th a t all the elements of the problem m ay be known when reductions are under
consideration.
One would be blind to the obvious tendencies of recent tim es if he did not
observe the m arked disposition to tre a t labor w ith greater liberality. Labor is
no longer regarded as a mere commodity, to be bought a t th e lowest com petitive
price. The old idea of an irrepressible conflict between labor and capital is losing
its prestige, and giving way to more enlightened thought. I t is to be hoped th a t
the earnest study of economists m ay ultim ately provide us w ith a rule th a t will
settle all difficulties. To-day every step th a t promotes harm ony rath er than
discord, th a t encourages cooperation, th a t substitutes arb itratio n for th e strike,
ought to be m et in a liberal spirit. Especially is this so when th e employer is a
public or quasi-public body.
We wish to m ake it clear th a t the decision we have reached is not governed by
any rule th a t requires a wage adjustm ent to m eet a mere increase in th e cost of
living. In th e opinion of a m ajority of the board such a rule would not justify
the increase granted. I t would be a m isinterpretation of this decision to a tte m p t
hereafter to say th a t th e scale should move up or down according as th e percentage
of living cost should rise or fall. We have taken into consideration not merely
the cost, bu t also the standard of living.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
The things th a t have had especial weight in this decision are (1) th e scales of
wages now paid by public bodies in com parable em ployments, such, for example,
as police and fire departm ents, (2) th e wages paid in com parable private occupa
tions, particularly th e building trades, (3) th e m ost reliable studies of family
budgets regarded by economists as tending to fix w hat is known as th e American
standard of living, and (4) th e wages fixed for certain street railways in two ot
th e largest cities in th e country, Chicago and New York.
Taking all th e foregoing m atters into consideration, th e board is of the opinion
th a t th e circumstances justify a retu rn to th e ra te fixed by th e D oherty award m
1920, and accordingly grants an increase of nine cents an hour over th e present
rate of 61 cents, and fixes th e maximum ra te of wages for motorm en and con
ductors of two-men surface cars a t 70 cents per hour for an eight-hour workday.
The second question subm itted to us is “ W hat of differential above th e rate
of wages aw arded to m otorm en and conductors of surface line cars shall be paid
to operators of one-man cars and busses?” A t th e request of the parties the
arbitrators viewed th e work on two of th e one-man car lines. The view showed
th a t there is a wide difference in th e am ount of work required of th e operator on
th e different lines. This difference is chiefly due to th e fact th a t on some lines
th e operator is required to collect fares, m ake change, an d issue transfers, while
on others, which run into term inals, where fares are n o t collected on the car,
he has no such work to do, except as to a very small num ber of local rideis.
1 he
chairm an is of th e opinion th a t in those cases where th e operator m ust collect the
fares, m ake change, and issue transfers, th e present differential of 8 cents per
hour is inadequate; and if it were possible to increase it as to those lines only,
he would be inclined to do so. B u t the difficulty is th a t, in answer to his in
quiry, both, sides agreed th a t it would not be practicable to have two separate
rates for one-man cars, and it is necessary to consider w hat ought to be done
for th e service as a whole. The testim ony is th a t a t th e present time about 25
per cent of th e runs are m ade by one-man cars, b u t in 80 per cent of the one-man
car traffic, collection of fares on th e car is not required. Statistics show th a t on
street railways where th e one-man cars are in use th e differentials v aiy from 2
cents to 8 cents. No com pany pays more th a n 8 cents. _ Only four companies,
of which th e Boston E levated Railway is one, h a \e a differential as high as 8
cents. I t should be borne in m ind also th a t the one-m an car operator is given,
in common w ith other carmen, th e increase of 9 cents an hour granted by this
award. U nder all these circum stances it does n o t seem to us th a t we would be
justified in raising th e differential as to all th e operators of one-man cais on the
line; and we accordingly say in answer to the second question th a t th e differential
shall rem ain a t the present rate of 8 cents an hour.
The th ird question subm itted to us is “ W hether a shorter work-day shall tie
established for all of th e members of th e association for work on Sundays and
holidays, an d if so w hat th a t shorter workday shall be?”
I t became evident a t th e hearing th a t th e m anagem ent of th e road was th o r
oughly in sym pathy w ith th e desire of th e men for a shorter w orkday on Sundays
and were prevented from granting it only because of th e great expense it would
throw upon th e com pany. The board is satisfied from th e testim ony th a t it
would n o t be justified in p u ttin g this additional burden on th e com pany a t this
tim e, however w orthy th e object m ay be. I t also believes th a t th e m atter
should be th e subject of further negotiations between th e com pany and th e men,
for th e purpose of seeing if th e desired object can n ot be accomplished b \ one
men m aking some concessions and assuming a p art, a t least, of th e burden. \\ t,
therefore, feel bound to answer th e th ird question in th e negative. _
This aw ard shall become effective as of July 1, 1923, and shall continue in force
until July 1, 1924. T he men will be entitled to receive back pay a t th e rate
hereby established from July 1, 1923, to be paid by th e com pany w ithin two
m onths from th e date hereof.
.
Should any question arise between the parties as to th e meaning ot any ot tne
provisions of this aw ard it is understood th a t they will be referred to th e board
for determ ination.
. ,
, ,,
, „
.
, ,
The rates established by this aw ard as carried out through all grades and classes
of em ploym ent are shown in the attached schedule.
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LABOR A G R EE M E N T S, AWARDS, AND D ECISIO N S.
July 1, 1923,
to
Surface lines: M otormen and conductors:
July l, 1924.
F irst three m onths of service_____________________________ ______ _ $0.57
N ext nine m onths of service_________________________________
.63
T hereafter___________________________________
.70
Rapid tran sit lines: M otorm en:
.71
F irst year of service___________________________. _______________ _
T hereafter___________________________________________
.72
R apid tra n sit lines: G uards:
F irst three m onths of service______________________
.57
.63
N ext nine m onths of service_________________________________
T hereafter__________________________________
.70
One-man car operators and bus drivers [in addition to regular ra te ]____ _
.08
Snow work— tim e held or worked— conductors, motormen, and guards [in
addition to regular rate ]_________________________________ _________ ,
Conductors, motorm en, guards, gatem en, collectors, train clerks when
instructing learners [in addition to regular rate]________________ _____
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[113]
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. 121
E M P L O Y M E N T A N D U N E M PLO Y M E N T .
Employment in Selected industries in November, 1923.
T H E Bureau of Labor Statistics received reports concerning the
volume of employment in November, 1923, from 7,430 repre
sentative establishments in 51 manufacturing industries, covering
2,483,431 employees whose total earnings during one week in Novem
ber were $66,503,144. The same establishments in October reported
2,496,724 employees and total pay rolls of $67,451,442. Therefore,
in November, as shown from these unweighted figures for 51 indus
tries combined, there was a decrease of 0.5 per cent in the number of
employees, a decrease of 1.4 per cent in pay-roll totals, and a decrease
of 0.9 per cent in average weekly earnings.
An unweighted chain index of the number of employees reported
during the last six months reads: June, 100; July, 98.2; August, 98;
September, 98; October, 97.8; and November, 97.3.
Comparing data from identical establishments for October and
November, increases in employment in November are shown in 25
of the 51 industries and increases in the amount paid in wages in 18
industries.
The increases in employment were over 2 per cent in only lour
industries, automobile tires leading with 2.9 per cent, and rubber
boots and shoes, agricultural implements, and slaughtering and meat
packing being the other three industries.
The four industries showing the greatest decreases in employment
were the seasonal ones, women’s clothing (8.4 per cent), millinery
(6.7 per cent), brick (4.6 per cent), and men’s clothing (4.4 per cent).
The decreases in the machine tools, baking, and steam fittings
industries also were 4 per cent or over.
Steel shipbuilding shows the largest increase in amount of pay
roll, 9.1 per cent, followed by slaughtering and meat packing, auto
mobile tires, and agricultural implements.
The largest decreases in total wages were 17 per cent in the women’s
clothing industry, 8.6 per cent in the shirt industry, 8.4 per cent in
the millinery industry, 8.3 per cent in petroleum refining, and 7.1
per cent in the men’s clothing industry.
Considering the industries by groups only three groups as a whole
show increased employment. These are the paper, tobacco, and
miscellaneous industries groups. The remaining nine groups all
show small decreases except the iron and steel group, 2.2 per cent;
stamped ware, 3.6 per cent; and the chemical group, 1.6 per cent.
Seventeen of the 51 industries in November show increased per
capita earnings over the preceding month, as compared with 42 in
October, 39 in September, 25 in August, 10 in July, 23 in June, and
36 in May.
For convenient reference the latest figures available relating to all
employees on Class I railroads, excluding executives and officials,
drawn from Interstate Commerce Commission reports, are given at
the foot of the first and second tables.
114
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[114]
EM PLO YM EN T
COM PA RISO N
AND
U N EM PLO Y M EN T.
OP E M PL O Y M E N T IN ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S
W E E K IN O C TO B ER A N D N O V E M B E R , 1923.
N um ber on p a y roll
E stab
lishm ents
In d u stry .
*
*
,
F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts :
Slaughtering and m eat p a c k in g ...
Confectionery and ice c re am ............
Flour..................................
B aking.................................................
Sugar refining, n o t including beet
su g ar.............................................
T extiles a n d th e ir p ro d u c ts :
Cotton goods........................................
Hosiery a n d k n it goods.....................
Silk goods.............................................
V oolen goods......................................
C arpets.........................
Dyeing a n d finishing te x tile s ..........
Clothing, m e n ’s ..................................
Shirts an d coilars................................
Clothing, w om en’s ..................
Millinery and laco goods...............
Iro n a n d steel a n d th e ir p r o d u c ts :
Iron a n d steel.........................
Structural iro n w o rk .................
Foundry a n d m achine shop produ e ts ...............................
H a rd w are ...................
Machine to o ls.........................
Steam fittings and steam and hot
w ater heating a p p a ra tu s...............
Stoves....................................
L u m b er a n d its re m a n u fa c tu re s:
Lum ber, saw m ills...................
Lum ber, m illw ork.................
F u rn itu re ..................
L e a th e r a n d its finished p ro d u c ts :
L eath er..................
Boots an d shoes, no t including
ru b b e r...............................
P a p e r a n d p rin tin g :
P ap er and p u lp .............................
P ap er boxes.........................
P rin tin g , book and jo b ..............
P rin tin g , new spaper.............
C hem icals a n d a llied p ro d u c ts :
C hem icals.....................
F ertilizers.................
Petroleum refining..........
S ton e, clay , a n d g lass p ro d u c ts :
C em en t......................
B rick and tile ..........
P o tte ry .............................
G lass................................
M etal p ro d u c ts , o th e r th a n iro n
a n d steel:
Stam ped and enam eled w are___
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu re s:
Tobacco, chewing and sm o k in g .. . .
Tobacco, cigars and cigarettes__
V ehicles fo r la n d tr a n s p o r ta tio n :
A utom obiles........................
Carriages and wagons.......................
Car b uilding a n d repairing, electricra ilro ad ..............................
Car building and repairing, stoamra ilro ad ...........................
M iscellaneous in d u s trie s : •
A gricultural im p le m e n ts............
Electrical m achinery, apparatus,
and supplies..............................
Pianos and organs.............................
R u b b er boots and sh o es..................
A utom obile tir e s ................
Shipbuilding, ste e l..........
Railroads, class I | 0c(;_ ^
84
145
287
260
ONE
October,
1923.
Per
cent of
Novem- change.
ber, 1923.
+ 2 .2 $2,285,096 $2,413,866
-1 .4
418,873
'416; 405
-3 .4
418,164
397,919
- 4 .1
918,801
921,956
+ 5.6
- 0.6
-4 .8
+ 0 .3
11
9,300
9,184
-1 .2
292,402
273,377
—6.5
273
237
211
160
21
67
206
89
161
73
162,698
70,226
55,199
58,748
20,715
25,804
52,932
23,916
15.576
11,494
165,352
70,949
54,648
59,441
20,769
25, 782
50,592
23,929
14,275
10,725
+ 1.6
+ 1 .0
-1 .0
+ 1.2
+ 0 .3
- 0 .1
-4 .4
+ 0.1
-8 .4
-6 .7
2,786,011
1,151,569
1,182,493
1,394,833
585,950
594,971
1,332,071
373,430
439,748
245,316
2,790,156
1,165,874
1,130,774
1,368,851
583,780
584,834
1,237,219
'341; 239
365,184
224,616
+ 0.1
+ 1-2
- 4 .4
- 1 .9
-0 .4
- 1 .7
—7.1
-8 .6
-1 7 .0
- 8 .4
190
135
245,810
17,924
241,478
17,617
-1 .8
-1 .7
7,504,086
501,001
7,299,665
' 485; 550
-2 . 7
- 3 .1
596
37
155
175,461
24,971
19,385
171,205
24,160
18,550
-2 .4
-3 .2
-4 .3
5,280,625
617,265
535,582
5,069,702
598,120
514,302
-4 .0
- 3 .1
-4 .0
114
83
34,064
16,841
32,691
16,887
-4 .0
+ 0 .3
1,028,051
477,977
973,115
473,006
- 5 .3
-1 .0
244
192
255
74,908
26,548
41,987
73,898
26,531
42,123
-1 .3
-0 .1
+ 0 .3
1,566,726
671,137
1,003,690
1,567,268
672,850
1,005,124
(1)
+ 0 .3
+ 0.1
129
26,117
26,325
+ 0 .8
673,410
666,915
1C9
81,765
81,407
-0 .4
1,814,573
1,744,345
-3 .9
181
1-14
209
172
51,407
15,959
26,445
39,448
51,050
16,049
26,764
40,001
-0 .7
+ 0 .6
+ 1.2
+ 1.4
1,328,162
324,846
896,880
1,486,880
1,308,280
327,540
895,786
1,498,809
-1 ,5
+ 0 .8
- 0 .1
+ 0 .8
91
111
63
17,440
8,664
46,838
17,757
8,375
45,657
+ 1.8
-3 .3
-2 .5
471,901
164,142
1,502,828
469,436
154,982
1,377,670
-0 .5
-5 .6
-8 .3
73
313
48
140
23,358
27,036
11,965
35,566
23,594
25,805
11,814
36,117
+ 1 .0
- 4 .6
-1 .3
+ 1.5
699,235
713,436
321,189
904,854
692,125
676,638
324,475
926,914
-1 .0
—5, 2
+ 1.0
+ 2 .4
—1. 0
38
14,947
14,404
- 3 .6
331,587
325,955
-1 .7
32
169
3,860
32,569
3,840
32,995
-0 .5
+ 1.3
61,461
619,117
59,024
621,588
-4 .0
+ 0 .4
207
33
280,060
2,147
281,484
2,179
+ 0 .5
+ 1.5
9,860,832
47,985
9,847,340
47,579
- 0 .1
—0.8
174
18,621
18,710
+ 0 .5
552,135
560,916
+ 1 .6
307
171,797
168,364
-2 .0
5,193,187
5,035,141
—3.0
76
20,503
20,979
+ 2.3
545,015
566,378
+ 3 .9
129
23
10
69
34
104,633
5,792
19,441
34,160
25,634
106,219
5,878
19,925
35,140
26,076
+ 1.5
+ 2 .5
+ 2 .9
+ 1.7
2,946,495
175,918
514,234
990,365
704,907
3,011,319
176,752
510,837
1,032,436
769,212
+ 2 .2
+ 0 .5
-0 .7
+ 4 .2
+9.1
1,929.493
1,'920,'057
1923
1 Increase of less th a n one-teutli of 1 per c e n t.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
95,303
20,589
15.321
34,524
D U R IN G
A m ount of p a y roll.
Per
cent of
October, N ovem- change
1923.
ber, 1923
93,290
20,873
15,866
36,016
115
[115]
*
-0 .5
2 248, 178 782
2 263' 953,990
2 A m ount of pay roll for one m onth.
+ 6.4
m o n t h l y labor r e v ie w .
116
Reports are available from 3,283 establishments for a comparison
of data between November, 1923, and November, 1922.
These reports from identical establishments in the two years
show an increase in the 12 months of 6.5 per cent in the number of
employees, an increase of 15 per cent in total wages, and an increase
of 8.1 per cent in average weekly earnings.
Twenty-seven of the 43 separate industries show increased em
ployment, while 33 show increased pay rolls.
The greatest increase in employees in the year was 217.7 per cent
in the pottery industry, which industry was in the midst of a strike
in 1922. The automobile, electrical machinery, pianos, and iron
and steel industries show increased employment, ranging from 26.8
per cent to 11.5 per cent.
The potteiy industry shows an increase of 276 per cent in total
wages paid, while 11 other industries show increases of from 15 to
34 per cent.
The one large decrease in both employees and their earnings ap
pears in the automobile tire industry.
Considering the industries by groups, 8 groups out of 12 show
increased emplovment in the 12-month period, and 9 show increased
pay roll totals—the vehicles, stone, clay, and glass, and iron and steel
groups leading in both classes. The textile group shows a decrease
in employment of 1 per cent, with an increase in wages paid of 3.1
per cent. The leather and tobacco groups and stamped ware show
decreases in both employment and earnings.
COMPARISON OF EMPLOYMENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHM ENTS DURING ONE
W E E K IN NOVEMBER, 1922, AND NOVEMBER, 1923.
In d u stry .
A m ount of pay roll.
N um ber on p a y roll.
E stab
Per
lish
cent of
m ents. N ovem N ovem change. N ovem
N ovem
ber, 1922. ber, 1923.
ber, 1922. ber, 1923.
F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts :
87,693
79
Slaughtering a n d m eat p ack in g ---5,597
43
Flour ...................................................
137
23,513
B ak in g ...................................................
T e x tile s"a n d th e ir p ro d u c ts :
137. 104,815
C otton goods........................................
44,923
133
Hosiery^and k n it goods.....................
115
37,095
Rilk goods
.................................
45,664
93
W oolen goods.......................................
18,828
20
Carpets ..............................................
16,466
27
ByeinP’ and finishing te x tile s..........
37,541
C lo th in g monks
__ ....................
109
02
20', 116
Shirts and dollars .............................
77
8,552
Clothing, women’s
...................
2,549
15
M illinerv and lace goods...................
Iro n a n d stee l a n d th e ir p ro d u c ts :
175,060
129
Iro n an d ste e l.......................................
F o u n d ry a n d m achine-shop prod
89,273
184
ucts .....................................................
15,972
20
H ard w are..............................................
6,891
23
Stoves.....................................................
L u m b er a n d its re m a n u fa c tu re s:
54,811
183
Lum ber, saw m ills...............................
17,274
122
Tipmbftr, mi 11w o r k .............................
18,665
93
F u rn itu re .
............. ....................
L e a th e r a n d its finished p ro d u c ts :
26,200
120
L eather ................................................
Boots a n d shoes, n o t including
68,780
121
ru b b e r................................................
1 Increase of less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 116 ]
93,854
5,397
25,544
Per
cent of
change.
+ 7 .0 U , 996,816 «2,375,640
148,047
153,933
-3 .6
696,854
606,297
+ 8.6
+19.0
- 3 .8
+ 14.9
102,773
44,159
37,472
47,132
19,790
16,023
35[315
19,516
8,346
2,552
- 1 .9
-1 .7
+ 1.0
+ 3 .2
+ 5.1
- 2 .7
-5 .9
-3 .0
-2 .4
+ 0.1
1,771,333
768,621
736,956
1,012,560
508,246
367,153
977,739
283,228
252,038
52,788
1,787,476
794,496
790,509
1,113,103
560,525
368,939
938,266
283,818
241,744
57,644
+ 0.9
+ 3 .4
+ 7.3
+ 9.9
+ 10.3
+ 0.5
- 4 .0
+ 0.2
- 4 .1
+ 9.2
195,134
+ 11.5
4,860,443
5,920,089
+ 21.8
98,105
17,104
6,500
+ 9 .9
+ 7.1
—5.7
2,449,795
356,019
192,308
3,044,496
440,756
190,952
+ 24.3
+23.8
-0 .7
57,998
17,565
18,673
+ 5.8
+ 1.7
(>)
993,880
403,983
450,970
1,199,213
456,331
469,945
+ 20.7
+ 13.0
+ 4.2
24,984
- 4.6
614,823
637,170
+ 3 .6
68,587
- 0.3
1,540,194
1,491,953
- 3 .1
117
E M P L O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T .
C O M PA R ISO N O F E M P L O Y M E N T IN ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S D U R IN G
W E E K IN N O V E M B E R , 1922, A N D N O V E M B E R 1923—Concluded.
Industry.
P ap er an d printing:
N um ber on pay- roll.
A m ount of p a y roll.
Per
E stab
lish
cent of
N ovem
m ents. N ovem N ovem change. N ovem
ber, 1922. ber, 1923.
ber, 1922. ber, 1923.
ONE
P er
cent of
change.
Paper and p u lp ...................................
P aper boxes..........................................
P rin tin g , book and jo b ......................
P rin tin g , new spapers.........................
108
00
83
88
34,339
10,457
15.355
23,870
34, 701
10,768
16,132
25,824
+ 1.1
+3. 0
+ 5.1
+ 8.2
$841,421
218,867
524,549
861,204
$895,526
234,905
565,847
965,175
+ 6 .4
+ 7.3
+ 7 .9
+12.1
C hem icals.............................................
F ertilizers.............................................
Petroleum refining.............................
31
24
30
10,117
2,567
37,224
10,159
2,599
37,581
+ 0.4
+ 1.2
+ 1.0
244,216
41,084
1,135,539
266,578
46,493
1,119,825
+ 9 .2
+ 13.2
-1 .4
B rick a n d tile ......................................
P o tte ry ..................................................
Glass.......................................................
139
23
91
12,010
2,330
26,325
+ 8.5
13,026
7,403 + 217. 7
-2 .0
25,809
289,550
54,984
630,210
365,987
206,756
680, 770
+26.4
+276.0
+ 8 .0
Stam ped and enameled w are...........
13
6,054
5,587
-7 .7
139,905
132,725
- 5 .1
Tobacco: Chewing and s m o k in g . ..
Tobacco: Cigars and cigarettes.......
9
103
1,449
24,513
1,499
23.747
+ 3 .5
- 3 .1
23,710
455,894
27,310
437,971
+ 15.2
-3 .9
A utom obiles........................................
Carriages an d w agons........................
Car b uilding and repairing, steamrailro ad ..............................................
110
15
161,374
1,570
204,662
1.471
+ 26.8
-6 .3
5,414,882
35,765
7,160,220
34,344
+ 32.2
-4 .0
102
69,855
74,413
+ 6 .5
1,987,443
2,262,508
+ 13.8
A gricultural im p lem en ts..................
Electrical m achinery, apparatus,
a nd supplies ........................................
Pianos and organs.......................... ...
A utom obile tir e s .................................
Shipbuilding, ste e l.............................
55
18,391
18,393
(*)
455,597
506,069
+ 11.1
78
8
58
13
67,685
3,039
35,522
12,393
79,862
3,400
28,571
11,626
+ 18.0
+ 11.9
-1 9 . 6
-6 .2
1,691,758
88,387
996,517
341,429
2,272,940
109,030
829,386
379,419
+34.4
+23.4
-1 6 .8
+ 11.1
Chemicals an d allied products:
Stone, clay, and glass products:
M etal products, other th an iron
and steel:
Tobacco m anufactures:
Vehicles for land tran sp o rtatio n :
Miscellaneous industries:
„
. ...
15. 11922
Railroads,
Class lt |f 0Oct.
c t 15'
9 2 3 ........j............
1,788,406
l] 920] 057
1 Less th a n one-tenth of 1 per cent.
+ 7 .4
2 248,872,684
2 263,953,990
+ 6.1
2 A m ount of pay roll for one m onth.
Per capita earnings increased in November as compared with Octo
ber in 17 of the 51 industries here considered, steel shipbuilding
leading with 7.3 per cent, followed by baking, 4.7 per cent, slaughter
ing and meat packing, 3.4 per cent, and pottery, 2.3 per cent. The
greatest decreases were in the women ;s clothing and shirts and collars
industries, 9.4 per cent and 8.6 per cent, respectively.
Comparing per capita earnings in November, 1923, with those in
November, 1922, increases are shown in 38 of the 43 industries for
which data are available. The greatest increases were 18.5 per cent
in steel shipbuilding, 18.3 per cent in pottery, 16.5 per cent in brick
and tile, and 15.6 per cent in hardware. The decreases, all compara
tively small, were in the following industries: Cigars, flour, boots
and shoes, petroleum, and women’s clothing.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
>117]
m o n t h l y labor r e v ie w .
118
C O M PA R IS O N O F P E R C A P IT A E A R N IN G S -N O V E M B E R , 1923, W IT H O C T O B E R , 1923,
K
A N D N O V E M B E R , 1923, W IT H N O V E M B E R , 1922.
In d u s try .
Shipbuilding, stee l................ .
B ak in g ............................................
Slaughtering an d m e a t packing
P o tte r y .................... .....................
Stam ped and. enam eled w a r e ..
A gricultural im p le m e n ts..........
L u m b er, saw m ills......................
A utom obile tir e s .....................
Car b uilding a n d repairing, electricrailroad ..............................................
G lass.......................................................
Confectionery an d ice cream ..............
E lectrical m achinery, ap p aratu s,
a n d supplies......................................
M achine to o ls.......................................
L u m b er, m illw o rk..............................
H ard w are...............................................
H osiery an d k n it goods..................... .
P a p e r b o x e s.......................................... .
F u rn itu re .............................................. .
B rick an d tile ....................................... .
C arpets................................................... .
P rin tin g , n ew spapers......................... .
A utom obiles......................................... .
P a p e r a n d p u lp ................................... .
Tobacco: Cigars a n d C igarettes....... .
Iro n a n d ste e l....................................... .
Pianos an d organs............................. .
Car b uilding a n d repairing, steamrailro ad ............................................... .
P e r cent of
change, No
vem ber, 1923,
com pared
w ith —
O ct.,
1923.
Nov.,
1922.
+ 7 .3
+ 4.7
+ 3 .4
+ 2.3
+ 2.0
+ 1.6
+ 1.4
+ 1.3
+ 18.5
+ 5.8
+ 11.2
+ 18.3
+ 2.8
+ 11.1
+ 14.1
+ 3 .5
+ 1.1
+ 0 .9
+ 0 .7
+ 10.2
In d u stry .
P er cent of
change, No
vem ber, 1923,
com pared
w ith —
O ct.,
1923.
+ 0 .7
+ 0 .4
+ 0 .3
+ 0 .2
+ 0 .2
+ 0 .2
-0 .2
-0 .6
-0 .6
- 0 .6
-0 .7
-0 .8
-0 .9
-1 .0
-1 .0
+ 13.9
-1 .1
+ 6 .9
+ 11.1
+15.6
+ 5.1
+ 4 .3
+ 4.2
+ 16.5
+ 4 .9
+ 3 .6
+ 4 .3
+ 5 .3
-0 .9
+ 9 .3
+ 10.3
P rin tin g , book a n d jo b ........................
Stoves................................ ......................
Steam fittings a nd steam a nd hotw ater heating a p p a ra tu s .................
S tru ctu ral ironw ork.............................
C otton goods..........................................
F lo u r— ...................................... - .........
D yeing an d finishing te xtiles............
F o u n d ry a nd machine-shop prod
u c ts ..................... .................................
L e a th e r....................................................
M illinery a nd lace goods.....................
C em ent.....................................................
Carriages and w agons..........................
C hem icals................................................
F ertilizers...............................................
Clothing, m e n ’s ...............................—
Woolen goods........................................
Boots a n d shoes, ru b b e r...................
Boots an d shoes, n o t including ru b
b e r ......................................................
Silk goods........................... .................
Tobacco: Chewing and sm oking. . .
Sugar refining, n o t including beet
su g ar...................................................
Petroleum refining.............................
Shirts an d collars................................
Clothing, w om en’s .............................
-1 .3
- 1 .3
-1 .4
-1 .4
-1 .5
- 1 .5
N ov.,
1922.
+ 2.7
+ 5.3
-
1.6
+ 2.9
- 0 .3
+ 3.3
-
1.6
+ 13.1
- 1 .7
-1 .9
-
2.0
+ 8.6
+9.1
-2 .3
-2 .3
- 2 .3
-2 .9
-3 .0
- 3 .1
+ 11.8
+ 2.0
-3 .4
-3 .4
-3 .5
- 2 .9
+ 6.2
+ 11.4
—
-
5.3
6 .0
8.6
- 9 .4
+ 2 .5
+ 8.7
+ 6 .5
- 2 .3
+ 3.3
- 1 .7
Reports as to operating time in November were received from 6,129
establishments. A total of these reports from 51 industries shows
that 77 per cent of the establishments reporting were on a full-time
schedule, 21 per cent on a part-time schedule, and 2 per cent were not
in operation. This is a decrease of nearly 4 per cent in full-time
operation, as compared with the October report.
More than one-half of the 77 per cent of the 6,129 establishments
working full time also reported full-capacity operation, about onethird reported part-capacity operation, and the remainder failed to
report as to capacity operation. This is a slight gam in the fullcapacity report over the October statement.
Tbe iron and steel industry reports show a decrease of full-time
operation from 68 per cent in October to 58 per cent in November,
and a decrease of full-capacity operation, among those establishments
operating full time, from 46 per cent in October to 39 per cent in
November.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[U S ]
+
119
E M P L O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T .
The following table expands the full-time reports in about one-half
of the industries:
E stab lish m en ts rep o rt
ing full tim e—
In d u stry .
F lour....................................
C otton goods.....................
Hosiery a n d k n it goods..
Silk goods...........................
W oolen goods....................
Men’s clothing...................
W om en’s clothing............
Iron an d steel....................
F ou n d ry a n d m achineshop p ro d u c ts................
M achine tools.....................
Saw m ills.............................
F u rn itu re ...........................
L eather...........................
Boots a n d shoes................
A nd
full
ca
pac
ity .
A nd
p a rt
ca
pac
ity .
B ut
not
ca
pac
ity .
59
157
70
41
69
49
19
37
34
27
46
66
S3
34
20
48
11
29
32
4
9
17
26
10
104
213
148
111
111
100
65
95
158
25
140
94
16
47
187
76
15
33
43
25
68
19
31
53
22
20
413
120
186
180
81
92
E stab lish m en ts report
ing full tim e—
In d u stry .
To
tal.
P ap er an d p u lp ................
Paper bo x es.......................
Book an d iob p rin tin g ...
F ertilizers...........................
C em ent................................
B rick....................................
P o tte ry ................................
G lass....................................
Cigars a n d c ig a re ttes___
A utom obiles......................
Steam -railroad ear building a n d rep airing..........
A gricultural im plem ents.
Electrical m achinery, app a ra tu s,a n d supplies..
A nd
full
ca
pac
ity.
A nd
p a rt
ca
pac
ity .
B ut
not
ca
pac
ity.
46
56
57
10
48
126
23
52
41
68
16
25
51
34
7
30
11
30
38
47
9
28
36
3
8
34
8
16
25
19
71
109
144
47
63
190
42
98
104
134
165
8
15
23
36
20
216
51
34
40
27
101
To
tal.
F U L L A N D P A R T T IM E O P E R A T IO N IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN
_____________________________________ N O V E M B E R , 1923.____________________________
E stab lish m en ts report
ing.
In d u stry .
E stablishm ents re p o rt
ing.
Per
Per
cent cent
oper Per
Total. aoper
tin g a tin g cent
full p a rt idle.
tim e. time.
F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d n e ts:
Slaughtering a n d m eat
packing........................
Confectionery and ice
cream ...........................
F lour................................
B a k in g ............................
Sugar refining, n o t ineluding beet su g ar. . .
T extiles a n d th e ir p ro d u c ts:
C otton goods..................
H osiery and k n it goods
Silk goods.......................
W oolen goods................
Carpets............................
D yeing an d finishing
te x tile s.........................
Clothing, m en’s.............
Shirts a n d collars..........
Clothing, w om en’s .......
M illinery and lace
goods............................
Iro n a n d steel a n d th e ir
p ro d u c ts :
Iron an d steel.................
Structural iro n w o rk . . .
F oundry and m achineshop p ro d u c ts ............
H a rd w are .......................
Machine tools.................
Steam fittings and
steam an d hot-w ater
heating a p p a ra tu s __
Stoves..............................
L u m b er a n d its re m a n u fa c tu re s :
Lum ber, saw m ills........
L um ber, m illw ork........
F u rn itu re .......................
L e a th e r a n d its finished
p ro d u c ts :
L eather............................
Boots a n d shoes, no t
including ru b b e r.......
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
58
90
10
115
248
195
82
42
87
16
57
12
10
70
30
270
178
185
144
14
79
83
60
86
20
16
39
22
14
62
150
54
91
68
67
93
71.
32
32
6
25
52
71
29
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
164
114
58
89
32
11
10
529
37 .
138
78
86
87
21
14
13
1
102
72
74
72
26
28
216
151
213
86
89
85
11
9
15
3
1
94
86
13
1
132
70
30
1
In d u stry .
P a p e r a n d p rin tin g :
P ap er an d p u lp .............
P a p e r b o x es...................
P rin tin g , book and io b .
Prin tin g , n e w sp a p e rs..
C hem icals a n d allied
p ro d u c ts :
C hem icals. . .
F ertilizers............... ..
Petroleum refining.......
S to n e, clay, a n d glass
p ro d u c ts :
C em ent............................
Brick a n d t i l e ...............
P o ttery . .
C lass. _
M etal p ro d u c ts o th e r
th a n iro n a n d steel:
Stam ped arid enam eled w are...............
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu re s:
Tobacco, chew ing and
sm oking.......................
cigarettes. T.................
V ehicles f or la n d tr a n s p o r ta tio n :
A utom obiles...................
Carriages and w agons..
Car building a nd rep a i r i n g ; e le c tric railroad
Car building an d repairing, steam-railro a d ........
M iscellaneous I n d u s trie s :
A gricultural i m p l e m e n ts ...........................
E lectrical m achinery,
a p p aratu s, and snpplies........................ 1..
Pianos an d organs........
R ubber boots and shoes
A utom obile tires...........
Shipbuilding, steel........
[119]
P er
cent
oper
Total. a ting
full
time.
P er
cent
oper P er
cent
a ting idle.
p a rt
tim e.
136
124
170
125
52
88
85
100
46
12
15
2
66
106
37
85
44
81
11
51
19
5
5
64
277
43
127
98
69
98
77
2
23
2
10
30
80
20
32
63
37
126
83
11
167
27
80
70
20
30
146
99
1
261
83
16
62
82
18
105
19
7
57
27
96
100
100
53
74
4
47
26
8
13
7
1
120
M O N T H L Y LA BO R R E V IE W .
No general rates of wages movement appeared in any one industry
during the month ending November 15, although some increases
were reported by establishments scattered through 34 of the 51
industries here considered. These increases affected comparatively
few employees in any one industry except in the hoot and shoe and
steam-railroad car building and repairing industries.
The increases, reported by a total of 112 establishments, averaged
6.5 per cent and affected 15,225 employees, or 47 per cent of the
entire number of employees in the establishments concerned, and 1
per cent of the entire number of employees in all establishments
in the 51 industries covered by this report.
Considerable numbers of wage-rate increases have been reported
each month of 1923, increasing rapidly each month from January to
May, when 1,279 were reported, and then decreasing to 147 in October.
During these months decreases in rates were reported by from 1
to 9 establishments only, each month, but in November the decreases
totaled 32 in 11 industries. Thirteen of these were in the iron and
steel industry and affected 2,517 out of 9,010 employees in the 13
establishments. Altogether in the 11 industries 5,il4 employees
out of 33,918 were reduced as to rates an average of 6.6 per cent.
W A G E A D JU S T M E N T S O C C U R R IN G B E T W E E N O C T O B E R 15 A N D N O V E M B E R 15, 1923.
E stab lish
m ents.
In d u stry .
Total
num
ber
report
ing.
A m ount of
increase.
N um
ber
re p o rt R ange.
in g in
creases.
Em ployees affected.
In es In all
tablish estab
A ver nTuotal
m
ents lish
m
age.
m ents
ber. report
in g in report
creases. ing.
P e r ct. P e r ct.
P er ct. P e r
F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts :
6.0
185
1
9.9
F>1anght,cring and m eat packing - .....................
84
6
9.7
5-10
6.8
32
Confectionery a n d ice c ream .............................
145
i3
................. .................................
Fl m]r
287
(2)
17.4
Rnkin g
_ .........................................................
7.9
112
260
6
4.3-15
11
Sugar refining n o t including beet sugar........
(2)
T ex tiles a n d th e ir p ro d u c ts :'
5.0
475
100. 0
1
5
Cotton goods........................................ ...............
273
81
21.9
6- 8
6.5
2
TTosiery and k n it goods......................................
237
5-20
9.5
64
18.8
211
2
Silk goods................................................. ...........
160
T\Tnri| en good S - ______ _________ ____ ____
(2)
21
C arpets
.......................... .........
(2)
U yeing and finishing te x tile s.........................
67
(2)
5.0
200
1
5
100.0
206
Clothing, m en ’s...................................................
Shirts and collars............. .................................
89
(2)
12.4
34
2
34.3
Cl othin g worn en *s............... ...............................
161
10-13
50
21.6
1
5.0
5
73
M illinery a n d lace goods....................................
I r o n a n d stee l a n d th e ir p ro d u c ts :
82
1- 4.5
2.3
524
54.8
190
Iron and steel........................................................
1.8-12
9.1
22
17.1
4
135
S tructural iro n w o rk ......................... .................
45
1. 2-10
8.0
277
26.5
Foundry and m achine-shop p ro d u c ts ............
596
37
TTard w are ..........................................................
(2)
24
5-15
9.2
9.7
6
155
M achine tools........................................................
Steam fittings an d steam and hot-w ater
9.6
40
62
11.3
114
7-14
heating a p p a ra tu s ............................................
7.3-10.5
66
11.8
9.3
83
3
Stoves. .7 .7 .! .........................................................
1 Also one establishm ent reduced th e rates of 10 of its 26 employees 14 per cent.
s No wage changes reported.
8 Also th irteen establishm ents reduced th e rates of 2,517 of th e ir 9,010 employees 5.4 per cent.
4 Also one establishm ent reduced th e rates of all of its 362 employees 3 p e r cent.
6 Also tw o establishm ents reduced th e rates of 100 of th e ir 601 employees 9.1 p e r cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 120]
ct.
0.2
.2
.3
.3
.1
.1
.4
.2
.5
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
4
#
121
E M PLO Y M E N T AND U N E M PL O Y M E N T .
W A G E A D JU S T M E N T S O C C U R R IN G B E T W E E N O C T O B E R 15 A N D N O V E M B E R 15 1 9 2 3 -
Concluded.
Establishments.
In d u stry .
L u m b er a n d its re m a n u fa c tu re s:
L um ber, saw m ills...............................................
L um b er, m illw ork.............................. ...............
F u r n itu re ........................... ..................................
L e a th e r a n d its finished p ro d u c ts :
L eath er.................................................. ................
Boots an d shoes, n o t including ru b b e r.........
P a p e r a n d p rin tin g :
P aper a n d p u lp ....................................................
P aper b o x es.. i .....................................................
P rin tin g , book an d .job....................................]
P rin tin g , n ew spapers.........................................
C hem icals a n d a llied p ro d u c ts :
Chem icals..............................................................
F ertilizers............................................................ ’
Petroleum refining..............................................
S to n e , clay , a n d g la ss p ro d u c ts :
C em ent....................................................................
B rick an d tile .......................................................
P o ttery ....................................................................
G lass........................................................................
M etal p ro d u c ts , o th e r th a n iro n a n d steel:
Stam ped a n d enam eled w a re ...........................
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu re s :
Tobacco: Chewing a n d sm oking.....................
Tobacco: Cigars a n d cigarettes........................
V ehicles fo r la n d tra n s p o r ta tio n :
A utom obiles..........................................................
Carriages an d w agons........ ................................
Car building a n d repairing, electric-railroad..
Car building an d repairing, steam -railro ad ..
M iscellaneous in d u strie s:
A gricultural im p lem en ts....................................
Electrical m achinery, ap paratus, a n d sup
p lies......................................................................
Pianos a n d organs...............................................
R ubber boots a n d shoes....................................
A utom obile tires..................................................
Shipbuilding, steel....... ......................................
T otal
num
ber
re p o rt
ing.
Amount of
increase..
1
244
192
255
N um
ber
rep o rt
in g in
creases.
R ange.
In es
ta blish
A ver nTuotal
m ents
m
age.
ber. report
in g in
creases.
In all
estab
lish
m ents
report
ing.
P er ct.
P er ct.
Per ct.
5
129
169
1
«8
5
5-11.1
5.0
10.8
48
3, 640
8.1
92.9
.2
4.5
181
144
209
172
2
6
■4
9
1.2- 7.5
5-15
3-15
3.5-12
7. 5
10.2
4.5
8.0
455
121
166
265
96.2
13.5
16.6
13.4
.9
.8
.6
.7
91
111
63
(2)
»1
(!)
g
8.0
54
100.0
.6
9.7
17.4
10.0
10.0
235
53
75
75
54.9
88.3
18.9
100.0
1.0
.2
.6
.2
•
13
5-10
2
io 2 16. 7-20
1
10
1
10
38
10.1
7.0
2.9
119
85
184
0.2
.3
.4
5-10
7.6
53
6.4
.4
1
n 2
13
5-17
6. 2-16
3.3-12
11.5
15.9
3.9
5
907
6,309
16.6
51.0
70.9
.2
4.8
3.7
4- 9
4.4
190
30.0
.2
(2)
(D
207
33
174
307
(2)
76
(2)
129
23
10
69
34
(2)
(2)
(12)
[121]
16.6
6.3
26.2
4
32
169
4
o
s No wage change reported.
e A lso tw o establishm ents reduced th e rates of 600 of th eir 673 employees 6.3 per cent.
’ Also one establishm ent reduced th e rates of all of its 22S employees^5 per cent.
8 Also tw o establishm ents reduced th e rates of 487 of th eir 707 employees 7.2 per cent.
» Also four establishm ents reduced th e rates of 28Î of th e ir 398 employees 12.1 per cent.
!» Also four establishm ents reduced th e rates of 219 of th e ir 407 employees 10.3 per cent.
11 Also one establishm ent reduced th e rates of all of its 84 employees 16.2 per cent.
12 Also one establishm ent reduced th e rates of 275 of its 284 employees 10 p er cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P er ct.
1-12.5
5-10
1-10
73
313
48
140
»2
Em ployees affected.
122
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW ,
Employment and Earnings of Rnilroad Employees, October,
and September and October, ¡923.
¡
922,
l-IE following tables show the number of employees and the
earnings in various occupations among railroad employees in
October, 1923, in comparison with employment and earnings
in September, 1923, and October, 1922.
The figures are for Class I roads—that is, all roads having operating
revenues of $1,000,000 a year and over.
r
C O M PA R ISO N O F E M P L O Y M E N T AN D E A R N IN G S O F R A IL R O A D E M P L O Y E E S IN OCTO
B E R , 1923, W IT H T H O S E O F O C T O B E R , 1922, AN D S E P T E M B E R , 1923.
[From m o n th ly reports of In te rsta te Commerce Commission. As d ata for only the m ore im p o rtan t occu
pations are show n separately, th e group totals are n o t th e sum of th e item s u n d e r th e respective groups.]
P ro fe ssio n a l, clerical, a n d
general.
M onth and year.
Clerks.
Stenogra
phers and
typists.
T otal for
group.
M aintenance of w a y a n d
stru c tu re s.
Laborers T rack and
(extra gang roadw ay
section
and work
laborers.
train).
T o tal for
group.
N u m b er of em ployees at m iddle o f m o n th .
O ctober, 1922................................
Septem ber, 1923.........................
O ctober, 1923................................
164,397
174,964
175,914
24,033
25,571
25,609
285,266
290,416
291,287
226,845
233,818
228,215
407,860
450,013
436,865
$3,831,748 $15,784,900
5,980,632 17,029,412
6,015,073 18,211,912
$35,657,215
40,772,647
42,864,033
51,466
74,385
68,124
T otal earnings.
O ctober, 1922................................ $20,605,382
Septem ber, 1923........................... 21,629,854
O ctober, 1923................................ 22,738,837
$2,807,650 $37,757,909
2,986,370 37,950,677
3,103,484 39,429,403
M ain ten an ce of e q u ip m e n t a n d s to re s.
Carmen.
M achinists.
Skilled
trad e
helpers.
Laborers
(shops,
enginehouses,
power
plants,
and
stores).
Common
laborers
(shops,
enginehouses,
power
plants,
and
stores).
T otal for
group.
N u m b er o f em ployees at m iddle o f m onth.
October, 1922................................
Septem ber, 1923..........................
O ctober, 1923................................
125,805
141,001
138,559
56,682
68,392
68,902
122,668
135,009
133,302
45,887
49,553
49,696
56,105
65,829
66,503
520,765
595,327
593,569
Total earnings.
O ctober, 1922................................ $20,765,615 $11,452,518 $16,243,265
Septem ber, 1923......................... 19,458,019 10,526,313 14,203,125
O ctober, 1923............................. 20,935,821 11,502,523 15,326,916
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 122]
$4,621,983
4,716,493
4,961,730
$4,854,316 . $78,102,944
74,759,081
5,238,170
5,822,654
80,400,878
123
E M P L O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T .
C O M PA R IS O N O F E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N IN G S O F R A IL R O A D E M P L O Y E E S IN OCTO
B E R , 1923, W IT H T H O S E O F O C T O B E R , 1922, A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1923—Concluded.
T ran sp o rtatio n other th an train and yard.
M onth an d year.
Station
agents.
Telegra
Truckers
Crossing
phers, tele (stations, and bridge
phones,
ware
flagmen
and
houses, and
and
tow erm en. platform s). gatem en.
T otal for
group.
T ran sp o r
ta tio n
(yard
m asters,
switch
tenders,
and
hostlers).
N u m b er o f em ployees at m iddle o f m onth.
O ctober, 1922............................
Septem ber, 1923.........................
O ctober, 1923...............................
31,201
31,707
31,602
27,431
27,764
27,815
39,657
42,922
43,792
21,740
23,244
23,126
212,664
219, 866
220,437
24,844
26,473
26,493
$1,492,663 $25,230,742
1,737,391 25,509,245
1,736,764 26,855,991
$4,484,836
4,615,490
4,703,169
Total earnings.
O ctober, 1922..........................
Septem ber, 1923.........................
O ctober, 1923............................
$4,692,738
4,618,540
4,821,707
$4, 044,161
3,922,366
4,073,195
$3,634,832
3,845,102
4,292,380
T ran sp o rtatio n , train and engine.
R o ad con
ductors.
Road
brakem en
and
flagmen.
Y ard
brakem en
and yard
helpers.
R oad en
gineers
and motormen.
R oad fire
m en and
helpers.
T otal for
group.
N u m b er o f em ployees at m iddle o f m onth.
October, 1922........................
Septem ber, 1923.......................
O ctober, 1923........................
36,947
39,510
39,761
77,459
81,681
82,744
51,083
55,289
56,502
45,158
47,901
48,166
47,351
50,135
50,344
325,373
347,398
351,406
$9,185,168
8,858,100
9,516,936
$65,863,498
64,566,592
69.700,516
T otal earnings.
O ctober, 1922.........
Septem ber, 1923. .
October, 1923..........................
$9,064,550 $13,917,359
8,850,029 13,341,784
9,465,028 14,446,810
$8,724,018 $12,369,598
8,803,820 11,994,790
9,615,411 12,874,683
irregularity of Employment in the Coal industry.
NE of the series of studies of the United States Coal Commission
relating to different phases of the coal industry deals with
irregularity of employment in bituminous and anthracite coal
mines. The opportunity for employment offered to coal miners is a
matter of vital interest to them and is of importance also to the
general public. To the miner each day lost, either through failure
of the mine to operate or because of absence on his part, means a
definite lowering in his standard of living, while if the wage rate has
been made high enough to compensate for a certain amount of lost
time it means an unnecessarily high cost of coal to the consumer.
O
Bituminous Industry.
/ \ FULL-TIME year in the bituminous coal industry may be con
sidered as 308 days, allowing for 52 Sundays and 5 holidays.
The average number of days worked by bituminous mines during the
last 32 years has ranged between 149 and 249 days. The average for
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M O N T H L Y LABOE R E V IE W .
the 6 years ending in 1921 was 214 days, and for the entire 32-year
period, 213 days, or about 70 per cent of a full-time year, so that
while some years have been better than others, on the whole there has
been no tendency toward improvement throughout this time.
The average, however, does not give any real idea of the oppor
tunity which the more than 600,000 bituminous miners had of work
ing. ' In 1920, when the average number of days worked by the mines
amounted to 220, about 53 per cent of the employees were in mines
that worked between 220 and 300 days, while of the remainder about
13 per cent were employed in mines that worked between 200 and
220 days, 9 per cent in mines that worked 180 to 200 days, 10 per
cent in" mines that worked between 160 and 180 days, 7 per cent in
mines that worked between 140 and 160 days, and 9 per cent in mines
that worked less than 140 days. What really happened was that 91
per cent of the employees were scattered at almost uniform working
intervals between a lower limit of 140 and an upper limit of about 308
days, while 9 per cent were employed in operations which were highly
irregular. Throughout the period for which these data were avail
able—-1913 to 1921—there was practically the same lack of uniformity
in working time as shown for 1920. In every year, therefore, the
average is an artificial product; that is, an adjustment between the
figures for mines which are running fairly continuously and those
which work with every degree of irregularity, rather than a figure
which is representative for any large body of mines.
The average of days worked, on the other hand, usually understates
the actual number of days of operation of a majority of the mines, as
from 5 to 10 per cent of’the mines commonly operate so small a part
of the year that the average for all mines is brought at least 8 or 10
days below the median. The average also includes all mines which
begin or cease operations within a year, still further reducing the
average, so that it is considered justifiable to add from 8 to 10 days
to the calculated average, making the corrected number of days of
average operation 223 instead of 214. The emphasis must be placed,
however, not on any one number of days of operation but on the ex
treme variation in days of operation.
. . .
This variation in the operating time of different mines is of great
importance, as it makes it impossible to establish any one wage rate
which would fairly compensate all miners for time lost by their mines,
and it also suggests that there must be much irregularity which could
be eliminated by better organization and management of the industry.
Except for nation-wide strikes which tie up the entire industry,
such as the one in 1922, neither strikes nor the matter of unionization
or lack of unionization are of major importance in the regularity of
mine operation. The outstanding contrasts in regularity of mine
operation are not between the union and nonunion fields. In years
of abnormal conditions, such as 1921, when the coal industry suffered
severely from the business depression, the number of days worked by
mines falling within the same limited area appears to have been con
siderably affected by the union or nonunion status of the mines. This
was probably due to the fact that nonunion operators could make
drastic cuts in wages whereas the union operators could not. A com
parison of the days worked in 1921 by union and nonunion sections
of Tennessee and West Virginia, where the two groups are in close
contact, shows that the nonunion mines experienced a very consider-
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E M P L O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T .
125
able advantage in the number of days worked. A comparison of
union and nonunion mines not within adjacent areas, but in the
great producing sections of the country, however, showed that for the
country at large this factor was not of great importance and was
secondary to the character of the coal market in each of the producing
regions.
Before the war agreements between the union and the operators
were made every even year, and the limited extent to which strikes
resulting from failure to reach agreement affect mine operation is
shown by a comparison of the average days worked in the even
years 1910, 1912, and 1914, with the odd years 1911, 1913, and 1915.
The average for the country in the even years was only three days less
than that in the odd years. The reason for the small effect which such
stoppages have is found in the slackness of operations usual in the
mining industry, which makes it possible to make up such losses in
operating time before the end of the year.
Large mines show more regular operation than do small mines, due
largely to the better marketing facilities of the larger mines and their
connection frequently with steel or other industries. Mines supplying
railroads have a great advantage in this respect over other mines, par
ticularly in years of depression.
Workers’ Attendance.
The employees in bituminous mines may be divided into two major
groups: The tonnage men, including pick miners, machine cutters,
and loaders, who do the actual mining and who form about 60 per
cent of the total number of employees; and the day men, who maintain
the mine, run its transportation system, etc.
Day men have opportunity to work when the mine is not in actual
operation, and as a consequence there is a large amount of overtime
worked by them. Because of the extent of overtime work it was not
possible to determine from the data the extent of absenteeism among
this class of workers when the mine was running, but it was generally
conceded that it was not great and that it was more than counter
balanced by work performed when the mine was not in operation.
In union mines in 1921, 69.5 per cent of the day men worked more
days than did their mines, 84.7 per cent approximately as many or
more days, and 15.3 per cent less than the full time; while in non
union mines 65.4 per cent of the day men worked more days than
did their mines, 80.2 per cent approximately as many or more days,
and 19.8 per cent definitely less. In 1920, 73.5 per cent of all day
men tabulated worked more days than did their mines, 81.2 per cent
approximately as many or more, and 18.2 per cent definitely less.
Pick miners and loaders are practically always on a tonnage basis
and machine cutters usually are, although occasionally they are on a
day rate. These tonnage men have few opportunities to work except
when the mine is running, although the exceptions may become
important in the case of machine miners and of men working in
mines which run half the year or less. Pick miners and loaders
usually work by themselves and with little supervision, so that they
have a large degree of personal liberty and can leave the mine or be
absent more or less at will.
The attendance of these workers was computed on the basis of
starts worked by the men compared with starts worked by the mine,
76363°—24
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M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW .
and while this is not exactly the same as per cent attendance it is
believed to be not far from it. As attendance was computed on the
basis of the number of days in each pay-roll period on which each
miner loaded one or more cars of coal, the amount of absence may
be obscured by men going in to work on days when the mine itself
is not running and thus canceling tiie record of an equivalent amount
of absence, and perhaps even showing overstarts._ It may be a
question, too, whether, if many men go in to work, it should not be
considered that the mine is really in operation even though the tipple
is not running.
In the years 1920 and 1921 very little difference was shown in the
percentages giving the ratio of man-starts to mine-starts. In 1921
the average of attendance rates of all tonnage men was 89.8 per cent;
of pick miners, 88.4 per cent; of machine cutters, 98.3 per cent; and
of loaders, 89.5 per cent. Little difference was shown in the ratios
of man-starts to mine-starts between union and nonunion mines.
While these figures, as already explained, somewhat overstate the
actual attendance on days of mine operation, the ratio of man-starts
to mine-starts is well in excess of 85 per cent.
A miner’s absence from work may be voluntary or involuntary.
Involuntary absence includes such causes as working places being
out of condition, lack of mine cars, etc., while much of the voluntary
absence includes the involuntary element, since absence due to
injury, illness, and other circumstances outside the individual’s
control are classed as voluntary. In regard to the question as to
whether or not miners wish to work a full year, it is believed that the
figures give a decisive answer, as very little falling off in attendance
is shown for those mines in which operating time approaches a full
year. The attendance in mines showing the best operating time is
less than 5 per cent below the average for all mines. It seems prob
able, the report states, that actual attendance does decline as the
number of days of operation increases but that this decline is very
small. Largenumbers of men in mines of the highest working time
have an attendance per cent practically the same as the average for
their occupation throughout the country.
Opportunity for Collateral Employment, and Loss of Employment.
I t lias been shown that while there is great diversity in the number
of days worked by different mines the average number of days in
which there is an opportunity to work is about 223. For workers
in such a mine the unemployment amounts to about 85 days or
more than one-fourth of a year. While no statistics are available
as to the extent to which miners are able to earn money at other
occupations, field investigators of the Coal Commission were instructed
to secure as much information as possible in regard to collateral
employment.
From all that could be learned it would seem that there are some
instances where a considerable number of miners have outside work,
such as farming during the summer months, but taking the country
as a whole there is little opportunity for other employment, nor is
much advantage taken of such opportunities as do exist. In esti
mating the opportunity of miners to supplement their income by
outside work it must not be forgotten that a mine reported as operat-
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E M P L O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T .
127
ing 223 days works on a larger number of calendar days, as a mine
“ day” is a full-time day, ordinarily of 8 hours, and may consist, for
example, of 4 hours’ work on two separate days. Furthermore, idle
days of a miner are not commonly grouped in periods of any length,
but are usually scattered a few days at a time over a large part
of the year, and if a mine is running a miner can not be absent for
any considerable period without losing his working place. In 1921,
when the average days were less than half of a full-time year, prac
tically half of tlie 1,929 bituminous mines tabulated worked during
every pay-roll period of the year. Mining properties are largely
situated in the mountains, and there is usually very little work out
side of mining available even if the opportunity to~ work steadily at
other work existed. Except for a few relatively unimportant fields,
in the West where mine operation is so irregular that work at mining
in the winter and at farming in the summer has gained some foothold,
the miners on the whole stay by mining throughout the year.
Complete loss of employment which comes from discharge or lay
off is a rather remote contingency in the mining industry, and in
general the miner has a greater security of tenure than the factory
worker. A mine in a period of depression does not usually lay off
or reduce its force; it simply shuts down for a time and then resumes
operations. In spite of the depression in 1921 the total number of
miners (663,754) was larger than in any preceding year, and although
it was estimated at the greatest period of unemployment that there
were from 140,000 to 180,000 out of work, most of these men still
considered themselves coal miners and returned to work as soon as
the mines reopened after the depression.
Anthracite industry.
Opportunity to Work.
TN CONTRAST with the intermittency of employment in the bitu1 _minous mines, irregular operation in anthracite mines no longer
exists in serious form, although 20 years ago it was considerably
greater than in the soft-coal industry.'
In the anthracite industry a full-time year is considered to be 304
days, allowance being made for 52 Sundays and 9 holidays. The
average number of days worked in 1918 was 293, and in i920 and
1921,271 each. In 1921, 67 per cent of the anthracite miners were in
collieries which operated as many as 270 days; 59 per cent in col
lieries that operated as many as 280 days; 40 per cent in collieries
operating as many as 290 days; and 6 per cent in collieries which
operated as many as 300 days. Making allowance for the few
collieries working only a fraction of the year, which pulled down the
average, a more typical figure for 1921 would be 285 days.
The collieries are classed, for statistical purposes, as railroad com
panies, large independents, and small independents. An attempt was
made to determine to what extent the time lost by anthracite mines
is due to seasonal fluctuations. It was found that in 1921 there
was very little seasonal variation in mine operating time. The
independent collieries reached a rather low point in August, but the
lowest point reached by either the railroad or independent collieries
was in December.
The average hours per start worked by the collieries was 7 hours
and 52 minutes, or approximately the 8-hour day. Breaker time,
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
in the anthracite mines, does not, however, accurately measure
either the time actually worked by the men or their opportunity to
work. Day workers work on days when the breaker is not running and
sometimes bvork longer than the breaker on days when it is in opera
tion. Contract miners generally work the same number of starts
as the mine or a few less, but in nearly all collieries they sometimes
work on days when the breaker is idle either at getting out coal, in
preparation for mining, setting timbers, etc., or as company men at
day work.
Day men work so much overtime that it was impossible to de
termine with any degree of accuracy the amount of absence not
counterbalanced by overtime among them; moreover, absence among
them is not regarded as a serious problem. Among contract miners
the attendance per cent in 1921 averaged 90 for contract miners, 86
for contract miners' laborers, and 92.7 for contract loaders in the
few mines which have them. The weighted average for all tonnage
men was 89 per cent, and the absence rate, therefore, was 11 percent.
Hours of Labor.
The anthracite mines have been on a basic 8-hour day since 1916,
though an analysis of the full-time day of 44,003 company men in
April, 1923, showed that 907 men, or about 2 per cent of the company
men, had a full-time day in excess of 8 hours. Of these 907 men,
156 had a full-time day of 9 or 9^ hours; 57 a full-time day of 10
hours; 59 a full-time day of 11 or 11^ hours; and 635 a full-time day
of 12 or more hours. The majority of those on the longest hours
were watchmen, though there were 83 power-house engineers and
123 stablemen working 12 hours or over.
Although there is a lack of comprehensive information in regard
to the hours actually worked by the contract men, the following
conclusions have been drawn from the studies of the commission,
the records of one company which had accurate records on this
subject, and data obtained by the United States Bureau of Labor
Statistics in January, 1921:
1. There is considerable variation in the hours worked by contract men in
different collieries and sometimes on different days in th e same colliery. The
average for th e highest of the 14 collieries was 1 hour and 50 m inutes more than
for the poorest—the poorest being lower th a n usual because it was pay day.
The average for th e highest of the six collieries of one com pany whose figures
were tabulated for an entire year was 43 m inutes more th a n for th e lowest.
2. In m ost collieries there is a scattering of men who come out in th e morning.
Those who come out very early usually come out because of some difficulty in
mining. After 11 o’clock some come out who consider th a t they have finished
for the day.
3. In most, though not all, collieries men begin to come out in considerable
numbers following 1 o’clock. This keeps up throughout th e afternoon until the
last come out a t about 3.30, or sometimes a little later.
4. The average hours worked (including tim e for lunch) is, in th e case of
contract miners, about 7 hours or a few m inutes over; th e average tim e in the
mine, 7^2 hours, or a few m inutes over. These averages include both those who
leave early in th e morning and those who stay until th e last. From frequency
tables worked out for some, b u t not as yet for all, of th e collieries, it appears th a t
the m ost common working day a t th e face is 7 or 7p2 hours, half of th e men
falling w ithin this range and being about evenly distributed; and th a t th e most
common period spent in the mine is 7L j or 8 hours. These figures are all for
contract miners.
5. Often th e contract m iner and his laborer come out together, b u t some
tim es the laborer works longer, so th a t his average hours are slightly longer.
[128]
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E M P L O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T .
129
The Bureau of Labor Statistics figures showed the laborer as working about
12 or 18 m inutes longer. The company whose collieries were tab u lated for 1921
showed the laborers as averaging 34 m inutes more. The 14 collieries checked
in June gave the laborers an average of 5 m inutes higher th a n th e miners.
Variation in Number of Employees During Year.
A study, by occupational groups, of contract employees and day
men in 40 railroad collieries and 48 independent collieries shows the
proportion which the number of employees in any given month in
1921 bore to the number of employees in the month of maximum
employment for each occupational group. In the case of the rail
road collieries there was an increase in the course of the year of more
than 10 per cent in the number of contract miners, while contract
miners’ laborers increased by almost two-thirds. There was also
a small increase in the number of inside day men, but a 15 per cent
decrease in the number of outside day men. Among the independents
there was some fluctuation in the number employed, but nothing
which showed any definite employment trend.
The increase in the number of contract men, especially laborers,
was without doubt influenced by the unemployment in other indus
tries in the latter part of 1921, but on the whole there is evident a
complete absence of any employment changes which could be con
sidered as seasonal fluctuation.
Relationship of Growth of Coal Industry to Days Worked.
|N THE bituminous coal industry there is an evident correlation
. between production and days worked between any two consecu
tive years, particularly in the last dozen years. When this rela
tionship is traced over a period of years, however, it is shown that a
permanent increase in tonnage has not produced a permanent im
provement in days worked. The number of days worked rises and
falls with production but at an ever-widening distance. In the
decade 1890 to 1899 and again in the decade 1900 to 1909 the demand
for coal increased to an extent that would have wiped out all intermittency of employment if the mine running time had shown a
corresponding improvement. The first of these decades showed an
improvement over the whole period of only 8 days while the second
showed a falling off of 25 days. The increase in the demand for coal
between 1910 and 1918 would have given more than 300 days’ work
to the mines as they were developed in 1910, but the highest level in
this period was 249 days in 1918, and in 1920, with almost as large a
production, an average of only 220 days was reached. The growing
spread, therefore, between millions of tons produced and average
days worked is due in large measure to the opening of new mines and
the employment of larger numbers of workers. The 30 per cent
idleness in the bituminous industry, then, is not due to a lack in the
demand for coal as even greatly-increased demand might leave the
situation no better.
In the anthracite mines in the country there has been a constant
and steady increase in the average number of days worked. There
have been slight recessions caused by wage controversies, industrial
depressions, etc., but in every case except the war peak the number of
days worked has promptly returned to and exceeded its former level.
With a few minor exceptions, since 1911 the number of days worked
has increased even more rapidly than the number of tons produced.
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M O N T H L Y LABOE R E V IE W .
130
Extent of Operation of Bituminous Coal Mines, October 20 to Novem
ber 17, 1923.
ONTINUING a series of tables which have appeared in previous
numbers of the M onthly L abor R e v ie w , the accompanying
table shows for a large number of coal mines in the bituminous
fields the number of mines closed the entire week and the number
working certain classified hours per week from October 20 to No
vember" 17, 1923. The number of mines reporting varied each week,
and the figures are not given as being a complete presentation of all
mines, but are believed fairly to represent the conditions as to regu
larity of work in the bituminous mines of the country. The mines
included in this report ordinarily represent 55 to 60 per cent of the
total output of bituminous coal. The figures are based on data
furnished to the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the United States
Geological Survey.
C
W O R K IN G T IM E IN T H E B IT U M IN O U S CO AL M IN E S IN T H E U N IT E D STA TES,B A W E E K S ,
O C TO B ER 20 TO N O V E M B E R 17, 1923.
[P repared b y th e B ureau of Labor Statistics from d ata furnished b y th e U nited S tates Geological Survey.]
Mines—
N um
ber of
W eek
mines
re
ending—
p o rt
ing.
Closed
entire
week.
No.
2 307
2 383
2 343
2 ,365
Nov. 10.
Nov. 1 7 ... 2,332
Oct. 20 .
Oct. 27..
672
726
717
768
747
W orking IVor king W orking
W orking 8 an d less 16 and
24 a nd
less th a n th a n 16 less th a n less th a n
8 hours.
24 hours. 32 hours.
hours.
P er No.
ct.
29.1
30. 5
30. 6
32.5
32.0
57
56
56
50
65
P er No. P er No.
ct.
ct.
2.5 201
2.3 199
2.4 229
2. 1 178
2.8 230
8.7
8. 4
9. 8
7. 5
9.9
312
337
338
354
351
P er No.
ct.
13. 5
14. 1
14. 4
15.0
15.1
362
346
314
317
336
W orking W orking
40 a nd
32 and
less th a n less th a n
40 hours. 48 hours.
W orking
full tim e
of 48
hours or
more.
P er No. P er No. P er No. P er
ct.
ct.
ct.
ct.
15.7
14. 5
13.4
13.4
14.4
301
312
262
264
258
13.0
13.1
11. 2
11.2
11.1
237 10.3
218 9. 1
217 9. 3
240 10. 1
228 9. 8
165
189
210
194
117
7.2
7.9
9.0
8.2
5.0
Recent Employment Statistics.
Massachusetts.1
HERE was some improvement in the labor market of Massachu
setts in October, 1923, as compared with the previous month,
according to the records of the four State employment offices,
although the situation was not quite so favorable as it was in October,
1922. The total number of persons placed by the above-mentioned
offices in October, 1923, was 3,383, an increase of 6.7 per cent over the
preceding month. The number of persons called for in October,
1923, was 4,067, or 3.1 per cent more than in September. The
aggregate number of persons placed by the four offices in the first
10 months of 1923 was 35,265, or 9.8 per cent over the record for the
corresponding period in 1922, while the number of persons requested
by employers for the first 10 months of 1923 was 44,685, an increase
of 5.5 per cent as compared with the number called for in the first
10 months of the previous year.
T
i Inform ation received from M assachusetts D ep artm en t of L abor a nd Industries, N ov. 30, 1923.
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E M P L O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T .
The number of persons on the pay rolls of 787 establishments in
October, 1923, was 228,494, an increase of 1.8 per cent as compared
with the number on the pay rolls of these same establishments in
September.
In the six principal industries, however, which normally employ
almost one-half of the wage earners of Massachusetts, curtailments
were quite pronounced. In the cotton-goods industry 22 reported
normal full-time operations and 22 less than normal schedules.
Other industries reported operations as follows:
Establishm ents on
norm al
schedules.
Establishm ents on
less th a n
norm al
schedules.
. . . 37
24
. . . 41
7
9
43
17
21
5
5
Ohio.
r~PHE following data on the activities of the State-city employment
1 service of Ohio for November, 1923, were furnished by the
department of industrial relations of that S tate:
R E C O R D S O P P U B L IC E M P L O Y M E N T O F F IC E S IN O H IO F O R N O V E M B E R , 1923.
Group.
Males, skilled, unskilled, clerical, an d professional.
Fem ales, domestic, in d u strial, clerical, an d professional
F a rm a n d d airy ................................
T o ta l...............................
A ppli
cants.
H elp
w anted.
32,966
13,913
471
13,439
7,925
494
13,109
7,739
445
11, 815
6,719
375
47,350
21, 858
21,293
18,909
Referred. R eported
placed.
Wisconsin.1
THHERE was a reduction from 82,059 to 80,605 employees, or about
1.8 per cent, in Wisconsin manufacturing industries from Septem
ber 15 to October 15, 1923. The total pay rolls, however, showed a
gain from $1,990,482 to $2,019,286, or 1.4 per cent, and average
weekly earnings increased from $24.26 to $25.05, or 3.3 per cent.
The losses and gains from October, 1922, to October, 1923, in number
of employees, total pay rolls, and average weekly earnings in various
industrial and nonmanual groups are given in the following table.
1W isconsin.
In d u stria l Commission.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W isconsin L abor M arket, Madison, O ctober, 1923.
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132
M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW .
P E R C E N T O F C H A N G E FR O M O C T O B E R , 1922, TO O C T O B E R , 1923, IN N U M B E R O F
E M P L O Y E E S , T O T A L A M O U N T O F P A Y R O L L S , AN D A V E R A G E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S
IN ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN W ISC O N SIN .
P e r cent of change in—
K in d of em ploym ent.
P er cent of change in —•
A ver
N um
b er of A m ount age
em
of pay weekly
ploy
earn
roll.
ees.
ings.
K ind of em ploym ent.
B uilding construction........
A ver
age
weekly
earn
ings.
M a n u a l —C oncluded.
M anual.
Logging..................................
Mining....................................
Stone'crushing and quarry in g ...................................
M anufacturing.....................
Stone an d allied ind u strie s.......................
M etal...............................
W ood...............................
R u b b e r...........................
L e a th e r..........................
P a p e r..............................
Textiles...........................
F o o d s ............................
L ight and p o w e r..........
P rin tin g and publishing................................
Laundering, cleaning,
and dyeing.................
Chemicals (including
soap, e tc .)...................
N um
ber of A m ount
em
of p ay
ployroll.'
ees.
+ 15.0
+34.3
+ 12.8
-3 . 3
+ 7.7
+10. 7
+ 18.6
+ 14. 6
+ 10. 2
+ 2 .9
+ 11.2
+ 8.1
+ 27.2
-3 .2
+ 6.5
d~o. 8
+ 7.7
-8 .2
+ 6.6
+ 23.8
+ 23.8
+36.8
+ 3 .7
+ 12.4
+ 3 .6
+ 23.0
+ 6. 4
+ 3. 6
+ 11.3
+ 14.6
+ 7.6
+ 7.1
+ 5. 5
- 2 .1
+ 14.1
+15.9
+ 8.3
+ 10.0
+ 1.6
+ 15.2
+ 29.4
+ 12. 4
+ 2.9
+ 5 .3
-1-2.3
- 2 .0
-2 4 .5
H ighw ay constru ctio n ___
R ailroad c onstruction........
Marine construction, e tc . . .
Steam railw ay s....................
Electric railw ays.................
Express, telephone, teleg ra p h ...................................
W holesale tra d e............... ..
H otels and re sta u ra n ts. . . .
-i. i
+ 26.2
+ 8. 4
-8 .7
-7 .2
+ 81. 4
+ 2. 1
+ 5.3
—1.8
+ 43.8
5.8
+ 15.3
-7 .0
+ 18.3
+ 9.9
-4 .2
+ 15.7
+ 2.9
-2 .2
+ 8.2
-1 . 2
+ 8.5
+ 3.6
+ 3.6
+ 9.2
N on m a n u a l.
M anufacturing, mines, and
quarries.............................. + 4.5
C o nstruction........................
C om m unication................... + 7.9
W holesale tra d e ...................
—.3
R etail trade—sales force
o n lv ..................................... + 6.3
Miscellaneous professional
- .t
services..............................
H otels and re s ta u ra n ts ..
- 2 .3
+ 4.5
+ 4.0
1.7
+ 7.9
The 10 public employment offices of Wisconsin placed 11,937 per
sons during the four weeks of October, 1923, a gain of 12.9 per cent
as compared with the record for the preceding month, hut a decrease
of 11.5 per cent from the October, 1922, figures. From September to
October, 1923, there was a considerable reduction in the demand for
common labor for building construction, highway construction, and
farming. In the latter month, however, increased numbers of men
were requested for logging and transportation lines.
In the calendar year 1922 the public employment offices of Wis
consin placed 113,665 persons. The gross amount expended by the
local governments where the offices are located was $14,945.82, or an
average of 13 cents per placement. The expenditure of the State
was $46,996.17, or an average of 41.3 cents per person placed. The
Federal franking privilege and supplies furnished by the Federal
Government probably saved the local administrations $5,500.
The public employment offices charge no fees either to workers or
employers. Had the persons placed by these offices paid fees equiva
lent to those charged by private employment agencies, such fees
would have approximated $370,000, according to the following
estimate:
112,003 m anual workers, tradesm en, etc., a t $3 per placem ent_______ $336,009
1,662 clerical and professional workers a t $20 per placem ent_________
33,240
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
369,249
[132]
E M P L O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T .
133
German Decree on Raising of Funds for Unemployment Relief.1
NE of the first acts of the German Federal Government after it
had been granted extraordinary powers by the law of Octo
ber 13, 1923 {Ermächtigungsgesetz), was the issuing of a decree
on October 13, 1923, changing the method of raising funds for unem
ployment relief.
The principal provisions of the decree, briefly summarized, follow:
In principle, four-fifths of the costs of unemployment relief within
the district of a public employment office, and the cost of maintenance
of the office, shall be borne equally by employers and workers, while
one-fifth will he met by the commune which established the employ
ment office. All workers who are liable to compulsory sickness in
surance under the workmen’s insurance code or to insurance against
sickness in a miners’ fund, as well as their employers, are required to
make contributions to the funds for unemployment relief. The
amount of these contributions is to be fixed by the administrative
committee of the public employment office in fractions of the con
tributions to sickness insurance. The contributions shall be so fixed
as to cover four-fifths of the cost of unemployment relief in the dis
trict of the employment office, but not to exceed 20 per cent of the
contributions for sickness insurance. The contributions for unem
ployment relief are to be paid at the same time as the contributions
for sickness insurance, the sick funds to remit the former without
delay to the commune administering the public employment office.
The communes shall contribute to the unemployment fund onefifth of the costs of unemployment relief in their districts, but not
more than one-fourth of the combined contributions of employers
and workers. On resolution of the communes concerned, the dis
tricts of several employment offices may be combined into one un
employment insurance fund.
if the maximum contributions of employers, workers, and com
munes temporarily fail to cover the expenditures for unemployment
relief in districts with extraordinary serious unemployment, a subsidy
may be granted by the Federal and State Governments to cover the
deficit, but not until at least two weeks’ contributions have been
paid by employers and workers.
The administrative committees of the public employment offices
shall, as far as possible, make the granting of unemployment relief
conditional upon the performance of some kind of public work
which may be offered to the unemployed. If no work of this kind
is available, unemployed persons under 18 years of age shall receive
aid only on condition that they attend general educational or voca
tional training courses or schools.
The kind, amount, and duration of the unemployment relief are
to be determined by means of decrees issued by the Federal Minister
of Labor after consultation with the administrative council of the
Federal employment service (Reichsarbeitsverwaltung) or with a
committee formed from among its members. Within the limits
set by such decrees the administrative committee of each employ
ment office shall determine the form and extent of unemployment
relief to be granted to the unemployed within the district.
The decree became effective on November 1, 1923.
O
1 G erm any, B eichsarbeitsverw alt'ing, R eichsarbeitsblatt, Berlin, Nov. 1, 1923, p. 704.
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[133]
134
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
Development of German Industry, 1913 to 1922.1
B
EFORE the war the German Federal Government made an indus
trial and occupational census about every 12 years (1882, 1895,
and 1907) which gave an accurate picture of the development
and state of economic life in Germany. This census covered not
only industry, the handicrafts, commerce, and home work, but also
agriculture and forestry, building and transportation, household
work, the professions, and salaried private and public employees.
Owing to the high costs, such a census could not be carried out after
the war, and will probably not be made for several years to come.
The only recent statistics available from which to draw conclusions
as to the effect of the war and the post-war period upon German
economic life are those compiled annually by the factory and mine
inspection services of the various German States and published in
their annual reports (JahresbericJite der GewerbeaufsicJitsbeamten und
Bergbehorden) . These statistics do» not, of course, give such a com
prehensive picture as the industrial and occupational censuses. As
a rule, they cover only industrial establishments subject to inspection;
that is, establishments employing at least 10 workers or operated by
motor power.
In the following table these statistics are reproduced in summary
form. They show for the years 1913, 1917, and 1919 to 1922 the
number of establishments, adult male and female workers, and
juvenile workers of both sexes in the various industry groups. It
should be noted, however, that the statistics compiled by the factory
inspection services are not strictly comparable, as the services of
the individual States do not use an exactly uniform method in obtain
ing data. For 1913, 1919, 1920, 1921, and 1922 the statistics are
complete, but for 1917 no data were obtained for Alsace-Lorraine,
Baden, and Hesse. It has also been impossible to calculate with
absolute accuracy the losses in establishments and workers caused
by the transfer of Alsace-Lorraine, Posen, east Upper Silesia, part
of West Prussia, and other territory, yet, broadly viewed, the follow
ing table gives a fairly accurate picture. The figures for “ all industry
groups’7include, beside those given for specified industries, data for
bakeries and small painters and interior decorators.
1 T he d a ta on w hich th is article is based are from : G erm any, R eichsarbeitsverw altung, Reichsarbeitsb la tt, B erlin, O ct. 1, 1923, p p . 406"15—
411^; rep o rt from th e A m erican consulate a t B erlin d ated O ct. 17, 1923.
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[134]
E M P L O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T .
135
N U M B E R O F E S T A B L IS H M E N T S AND O F W O R K E R S IN G ER M A N IN D U S T R Y , 1913 TO
1922, B Y IN D U S T R Y G R O U P S.
N um ber of workers.
Year, an d in d u stry group.
N um ber
of estab
lish
m ents.
Males
over 16
years.
Females
over 16
years.
3,019
2,355
2,616
2,983
3,057
3,017
831,943
660,246
784,896
936,758
983,376
883,440
10,188
50.940
36,971
26,333
20,875
9,424
33,219
875,350
46,347
757,533
40,716
862,583
41, 997
1,005,088
39,219 1 1,043,570
32,923
925,787
1,256
1,296
1,320
1,575
1,588
1,643
301,758
259,673
284,383
290,587
303,164
299,287
5,781
60,728
18,954
18,250
15,261
10,638
13,897
29,360
17,324
13,390
11,463
10,708
321,436
349,761
320,661
1 322,233
329,888
320,633
21,708
15,718
15,502
15,437
16,217
16,661
537,089
156,080
287, 859
342,575
387,016
442,882
72,590
60,362
59,510
68,712
75,114
89,795
37,929
23,298
22,512
24,010
25,088
29,799
647,608
239,740
369,881
435,297
487,218
562,476
48,625
44,345
51,074
55,939
61,296
66,191
1,528,573
1,346,074
1,494,783
1,653,633
1,733,419
1,940,557
156,635
681,510
282,193
273,300
254,294
324,128
168,380
240,454
196,935
192,204
191,912
217,177
1,823,588
2,268,038
1,973,911
2,119,137
2,179,625
2,481,862
2,911
3,014
3,029
3,188
3,310
3,322
145,944
221,738
176,730
207,558
203,764
225,015
26,749
183,373
48,428
43,408
41,944
49,720
7,875
24,891
10,447
8,194
7,812
8,811
180,588
430,002
235,605
259,160
253,520
283,546
1913.............................................
1917..........................................
1919 .........................................
1920 .........................................
1921 .........................................
1922 .........................................
3,776
3,279
3,623
3,749
3,932
3,982
69,866
47,026
75,128
81,955
87,236
87,787
9,079
16,958
14,105
13,867
14,948
16,840
2,874
3,883
2,726
2,256
2,525
81,819
67,867
i 91,957
98,078
104,396
107,152
1913........................................
1917..........................................
1919 .........................................
1920 ...............................
1921 .....................................
1922 .........................................
69,314
53,516
54,255
55,487
60,679
63,129
512,350
155,355
260,835
326,066
385,516
456,271
721,867
484,208
492, 772
577,594
662,437
810,362
152,985
69,965
72,262
85,804
99,826
123,893
1,387,202
709,528
825,869
989,464
1,147,779
1,390,526
4,391
3,831
3,974
4,119
4,244
4,993
115,071
52,570
87,098
103,486
110,550
125,053
64,757
68,296
65,340
69,022
70,103
85,679
19,186
21,207
16,216
15,290
14,328
17,833
199,014
142, 073
168,654
187,798
194,981
228,565
3,163
3,014
3,268
3,356
3,626
4,055
91,534
39,885
64,916
71,275
83,673
103,337
21,432
35,871
25,840
24,799
30,137
42,045
7,836
7,186
5,037
4,686
6,073
8,071
120,802
' 82,942
95,793
100,700
119,883
153,453
33,723
31,349
35,429
38,651
41,421
43,997
382,751
179,316
323,371
353,399
370,659
416,990
36,320
74,302
55,435
52,293
52,081
65,594
34,752
35,848
36,047
39.819
44,432
52,070
453,823
289,466
414,853
445,511
467,172
1 534,663
Children
Total.
Mining:
1913.............................................
1917.............................................
1919 .........................................
1920 .........................................
1921 .........................................
1922 .........................................
Iron a n d steel in d u stry :
1913..................... : ......................
1917.............................................
1919 .........................................
1920 .........................................
1921 ........ ................................
1922 .........................................
Stone a n d earthenw are:
1913.............................................
1917.............................................
1919 .........................................
1920 .........................................
1921 .........................................
1922 .........................................
M etal w orking a n d m achinery :
1913.............................................
1917.............................................
1919 .........................................
1920 .........................................
1921 ............... .*.......................
1922 .........................................
Chemical in d u stry :
1913.............................................
1917.............................................
1919 .........................................
1920 .........................................
1921 .....................................
1922 .........................................
Illu m in an ts, soap, fats, oil, etc.:
Textiles an d clothing:
Paper:
1913.............................................
1917.............................................
1919 .........................................
1920 .........................................
1921 .........................................
1922 ..........................................
L eather, h air, bristles, an d rubber:
1913.............................................
1917.............................................
1919 ..........................................
1920 ..........................................
1921 ..........................................
1922 ..........................................
W ood w orking an d brush m aking:
1913...............................................
1917...............................................
1919 ..........................................
1920 ..........................................
1921 ................................ : ........
1922 ..........................................
1 T his is not th e exact sum of th e item s b u t is as given in th e report.
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2,212
136
M O N T H L Y LABOE R E V IE W .
NUM BER OF ESTABLISHM ENTS AND OF W O R K ER S IN GERMAN IN DUSTRY, 1913 TO
1222, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS—Concluded.
N um ber of workers.
Year, a n d in d u stry group.
Foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco, etc.:
] 913 ..........................................................................
1917
......................................... - ..........................
1919
..................................................................
1920..............................................................................
1921
........................................................................
1922..............................................................................
Cleaning (laundries, etc.):
1913..............................................................................
1917..............................................................................
1919
.
.......................................................
1920 ...........................................................................
1921
.
......................................................
1922
.
..........................................................
B uilding trades:
1913
.....................................................................
1917
........................................................................
.....................................................................
1919
1920
.......................................................................
..........................................................
1921
.
1922 ............................................................................
P rin tin g trades:
1913
......................................................................
1917
.....................................................................
1919
.....................................................................
1920
......................................................................
.....................................................................
1921
1922..............................................................................
AH in d u stry groups:
1913..............................................................................
1917..............................................................................
1919..............................................................................
1920.......................................... ...................................
1921..............................................................................
1922..............................................................................
N um ber
of estab
lish
m ents.
Males
over 16
years.
Females
over 16
years.
C hildren.
Total.
97,985
89,269
87, 782
89,907
97,623
101,002
467,849
250,875
305,645
330,335
373,216
392,555
191,721
216,203
182,391
204,158
234,302
250, 703
54,348
48,794
37,772
38,717
45,889
48.056
713,918
515, 872
525,808
573,210
653,407
691,314
4,302
4,142
4,171
4,193
4,234
3,966
13,064
6,835
9. J06
9,132
9,627
8,771
39,596
31,547
35,742
30,438
29,352
25,799
2,923
2,972
2,615
1,972
1,811
1,588
55,583
41,354
47,463
41,542
40,790
36,158
14,221
9,987
10,926
11,666
12,637
13,214
262,886
89,116
165,015
177,657
215,702
264,440
703
6,522
2,364
1,472
1,530
1,723
13,303
7,149
8,358
9,715
12,018
16,213
276,892
102,787
175,737
188,844
229,250
282,376
8,912
8,095
8,271
8,401
8,540
8,577
134,197
61,821
106,651
115,837
122,669
124,203
45,437
51,219
46,372
49,805
52,231
60,169
20,663
19,339
17,119
15,376
14,494
14,247
200,197
132,379
170,142
181,018
189,394
198,619
324,524
274,528
286,946
300,434
324,169
339,041
5,409,546
3,545,181
4,442,072
5,015,196
5,384,340
5,783,711
1,405,621
2,038,993
1,372,010
1,458,224
1,559,289
1,846,947
571,006
585,562
487,064
494,550
517,778
584,964
7,386,173
6,169,736
6,301,146
6,987,970
7,461,407
8,215,622
1
The outstanding facts revealed by the statistical data in the
preceding table are briefly analyzed below by industry groups.
M ining .—The number of mining enterprises in operation in 1913,
1921 and 1922 shows little change. In 1922 their number was
but two less than in 1913. The figures for 1917, 1919, and 1920
are considerably lower. It should be borne in mind, however, that
about 200 mines, which employed 40,000 workers in 1913, are located
in Hesse, Baden, and Alsace-Lorraine, and that figures for these
territories are missing in the statistics for 1917. When the Saar
district went under French control about 28 mines, with 44,000
miners, were lost. In 1922, through the transfer of east Upper
Silesia to Poland, the number of German mines was reduced by 60
and that of miners by 120,000. The occupation of the large Ruhr
mining district by France and Belgium has, moreover, made it
impossible to give correct statistics for 1922. The statistics in the
preceding table show, as might be expected, an increase^ during the
war in the number of female workers employed in mines, and a
rapid and progressive decrease in their number in post-war years.
Iron and steel industry .—Data for Baden, Hesse, and AlsaceLorraine were not available for the year 1917. Alsace-Lorraine
alone employed in 1913 approximately 65,000 workers in these in
dustries. In 1922 the number of establishments in operation was
1,643, as against 1,256 in 1913 and 1,588 in 1921. The total number
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[136]
E M P L O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T '.
137
of workers employed in each of these three years shows little change
in spite of the adoption of the three-shift system in place of the former
usual two-shift system. This stability of the number of workers em
ployed reflects not only the loss of the iron and steel industry in
Lorraine and east Upper Silesia but also a lessened demand for
structural steel.
The effect of the war upon this industry group manifests itself
in the much smaller number of male workers over 16 years of age and
in the phenomenal increase in the number of female and juvenile
workers in 1917.
Stone and earthenware.—In the industries comprised in this group
(quarrying, stonecutting, brick works, cement works, potteries,
glass works, etc.), the number of workers decreased during the war
to about one-third the pre-war number. The recovery of these in
dustries after the war was generally very slow; ouly earthenware
and porcelain factories have experienced a fair revival.
Metal working and machinery .—It is apparent from the table
that the metal working and machinery industries have prospered
since the war. The number of establishments in operation in 1922
was 36.1 per cent greater than in 1913 and 8.0 per cent greater than
in 1921. Further, the number of workers employed in these indus
tries has steadily increased since the war. In 1922 the number of
workers employed was 2,481,862, as against 1,853,588 in 1913 and
2,179,625 in 1921.
In view of the importance of these industries to a nation engaged
in war, it is not surprising that the number of female and juvenile
workers employed in them in 1917 was much greater than before the
war. In 1917 the number of female workers was 681,510 and that of
juvenile workers 240,454, while the corresponding figures in 1913
were 156,635 and 168,380, respectively. After the war the number
of female and juvenile workers decreased steadily until 1922, when
there was again an increase in the number of both. The total
number of workers (adults and juveniles of both sexes) increased
steadily after the war. This increase in the number of workers is
largely due to the fact that before the war most of the plants operated
on a shift of 10 or more hours, while since 1919 a large number of
enterprises have worked two shorter sh ifts.
The machinery industry has profited since the war by a stream of
orders from industrialists who found it necessary to replace worn-out
equipment. Other business resulted from the post-war development
of the electrical industry, from efforts to restore the railroads to
their pre-war efficiency, from the increasing demand for automobiles
and agricultural machinery, and from the reconstruction of the
German merchant marine.
Chemical industry .—Owing to the large role played by chemical
warfare in the World War the chemical industry became one of the
most important industries and the number of workers employed in
it increased from 180,568 in 1913 to 430,002 in 1917. The number
of female workers rose from 26,749 in 1913 to 183,373 in 1917. After
the war the chemical industry greatly reduced the number of em
ployees, but since 1919 there has been a slow increase in the total
number of workers, which in 1922 was 283,546, as against 180,568 in
1913.
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138
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W .
Illuminants, soap, fats, oil.—In this industry group there was a
decrease during the war in both the number of establishments in
operation and the number of workers employed. Since 1919 both
have increased from year to year, in 1922 the number of establish
ments in operation being 3,982 and the total number of workers
employed 107,152, as against 3,776 and 81,819, respectively, in 1913.
Textiles and clothing.—The figures for 1917 indicate plainly, in
spite of the missing data from Baden, Hesse, and Alsace-Lorraine,
which territories had 4,500 establishments and 140,000 workers in
1913, how seriously these industries were affected by the war, the
total number of workers having decreased from 1,387,202 to 709,528.
After the end of the war there was a gradual steady recovery, and in
1922 the total number of workers employed was 1,390,526, or nearly
the same as in 1913, although the number of establishments had
decreased by about 6,200.
Paper.—The paper industry suffered less from the war than other
industries. The war brought a demand for paper products to be
used as substitutes for certain textiles. There was also a strong
demand for paper bags for sand, paper for posters advertising war
loans, paper and cardboard for food tickets, and paper as a substitute
for leather belting. In 1920 exports picked up and the industry
enjoyed increasing prosperity until the fall of 1922. In 1922 there
were 4,993 establishments in operation which employed 228,565
workers, as against 4,391 establishments and 199,014 workers in 1913.
Leather, hair, bristles, and rubber.— ATthin this group the rubber
industry suffered most during the war as a consequence of the block
ade. The group as a whole, however, did not suffer materially in the
war years and has made a speedy recovery since 1917. Compared
withd.913 the group had in 1922 28 per cent more establishments, and
the number of workers employed had also increased 27 per cent.
Woodworking and brush making.—The table shows a notable in
crease in the 'industries within this group. In 1922 there were in
operation over 10,000 more establishments than in 1913, and the
number of workers had increased by nearly 18 per cent. The wood
working industries picked up rapidly after the war. The large num
ber of post-war marriages caused a lively demand for furniture; saw
mills were busy because the coal shortage caused a demand for wood
as fuel. Sash and door factories, however, did not recover as rapidly,
owing to lack of building activity, and employment was also poor in
box making and cooperage.
Foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco, etc.—The industries within this group
suffered more from the scarcity of materials during and after the war
than any other industry group. That the group has not yet recov
ered from the effects of the war is indicated by the fact that in 1913
it employed 713,918 workers and in 1922 only 691,314, and this in
spite of a shorter working day. The number of establishments
increased from 97,985 in 1913 to 101,002 in 1922, but this was due
to the fact that in post-war times a number of very small establish
ments’ that would otherwise not have been included in the statistics
of the factory inspectors had introduced operation by motors.
Cleaning.—The decrease in the number of laundries and other
cleaning establishments and in the number of workers employed in
them is probably due to the fact that owing to the high prices charged
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EM PLO Y M EN T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T .
139
for washing and cleaning many households now do their own washing
and cleaning.
Building trades.—The retrograde movement within this group is
largely due to the stoppage of building activity brought about by
restrictive rent legislation.
Printing trades.—The printing trades have not yet fully recovered
from the effects of the war. The most noteworthy fact is the large
increase in the number of female workers in this industry group.
Their number has risen from 45,437 in 1913 to 60,169 in 1922.
A ll industries .—If to the figures for all industries covered by the
preceding table there be added figures for bakeries and small painters
and interior decorators, the total number of workers decreased by
1,200,000 in 1917 as compared with 1913, and that of adult male
workers by over 1,800,000. This decrease in adult male workers
was partly offset by an increase of about 600,000 in the number of
adult female workers. After the war most of the female emergency
workers were discharged, and in 1919 the number of adult female
workers was even lower than in pre-war times. In 1920 and 1921
their number increased gradually, and in 1922 adult female workers
formed over 22 per cent of the total industrial working force as
against 19 per cent in 1913. The number of juvenile workers shows
only a slight increase in 1922 over pre-war times. The increase in
the number of establishments in 1922 over 1913 is due to the fact,
already mentioned elsewhere, that a number of very small establish
ments that would otherwise not be subject to factory inspection have
in recent years introduced operation by motive power.
Unemployment in Russia.1
F LATE, unemployment has greatly increased within the entire
territory of the Soviet Republic. Hitherto unemployment has
been confined chiefly to the industrial centers—Moscow, Petro
grad, Kharkof, and the Don district—but recently the unemploy
ment problem has assumed a serious character in the provincial
towns also. On September 15, 1923, the last date on which the unem
ployed registered at employment offices were enumerated, the total
number in the Soviet Republic was 2,496,500. The great majority
of the unemployed are skilled workers of the textile industry and
miners. The unemployed unskilled workers have largely gone to
the rural districts and therefore no longer register at the employment
offices. It is stated that the funds appropriated by the State for
unemployment relief are exhausted, so that the feeding and housing
of the unemployed has to be greatly restricted.
O
Shortage of Native Labor in South Africa.
ACCORDING to a joint report of the secretary to the American
/ A trade commissioner at Johannesburg and the American consul
at Port Elizabeth (Commerce Reports, Oct. 15, 1923, p. 143),
there is an increasing shortage of native labor in the Rand.
1 W irts c h a fts d ie n st, H a m b u rg , O ct. 19, 1923 p . 974.
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[ 139 ]
140
m o n t h l y labor r e v ie w .
Increasing shortage of native labor in th e Rand has lowered th e production
of several mines—the Crown mines, which have th e largest o u tp u t on th e Rand,
and th e Simmer and Jack mines finding it necessary to close down over week ends.
A slight im provem ent was noted in [the supply of] native labor, 167,600 being
employed in the gold mines a t th e end of August, an increase of 1,167 over July.
More Portuguese natives are being recruited, b u t th e mines are still short some
15,000 workers of this class.
The failure to obtain sufficient natives has adversely affected th e em ploym ent
of whites, no t only in th e mines b u t in certain other industries. Prem ier Smuts
recently announced th a t th e G overnm eiit was spending £16,000,000 [$77,864,000,
par] on reproductive works, such as railway construction and afforestation—for
the relief of white unem ploym ent. Although wages of 9s. to 10s. [$2.19 to $2.43,
par] a day are offered, it has been difficult to induce men to leave th e tow ns for
th e country, necessitating th e em ploym ent of natives. At present 1,400 men are
employed on railway construction and, in addition, a num ber are engaged in the
construction of 35 grain elevators which are being erected by th e Railways and
H arbors A dm inistration in various p arts of the country.
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[ 140 ]
HOUSING.
4i
Standards for Building Trades Apprenticeships.
CONFERENCE of delegates, representing the various interests
concerned in the building industry, called by the Federal Board
for Vocational Education, met in Washington on November 15,
to consider the problem of securing and training apprentices. The
meeting was not open to the public, but according to the bulletin
of the Cleveland Building Trades Employers’ Association, emphasis
was placed on the necessity of organizing apprentice training on a
national scale. To accomplish this, it was agreed, certain standards
must be adopted, and any plan failing to measure up to them must
be considered unsatisfactory. The following standards met with
general approval:
1.
A representative committee is essential to determine the need
and supervise training.
2. Evening schools are less desirable than day schools.
3. Cooperation of public schools is essential.
4.
Adequate incentives should be provided with guaranties through
joint action of employers, such as: (a) Continuous employment;
(b) guaranty of opportunity to become a craftsman; (c) guaranty
of opportunity to secure training in technical phases of the trade,
drawing, mathematics, sciences, etc.; and (d) elimination of inter
mittent employment after apprenticeship.
A
Housing Situation in Goteborg, Sweden.
CONSULAR report from Goteborg, Sweden, dated October 26,
1923, states that the city of Goteborg has voted 4,298,400
kronor ($1,151,971, par) for the construction of new homes,
of which 1,000,000 kronor ($268,000, par) represents a loan to private
builders of dwellings for the “ own-your-own-home ” movement. It
is estimated that, exclusive of the loan to private builders, the amount
set aside will build 453 apartments. At present, hundreds of families
are housed in schoolhouses and similar structures.
A
9
76363°—24—
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[141]
141
INDUSTRIAL, A C C ID EN TS A N D HYGIENE.
Conference on Industrial Accident Rates Called by United States
Department of Labor.
CONFERENCE on industrial accident statistics was held in the
office of the United States Commissioner of Labor Statistics,
December 3 and 4, 1923. This conference was called by the
Secretary of Labor for the purpose of working out specific plans for
obtaining the necessary exposure, or number of man-hours worked,
so that accident frequency and severity rates may be determined.
Invitations to attend this meeting were extended to representatives
of 12 of the more important industrial States and several other
agencies interested in accident prevention. The following eight
States were represented at the meeting: Maryland, Massachusetts,
Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and. Wis
consin. In addition, the United States Bureau of Mines, the United
States Interstate Commerce Commission, and the National Safety
Council were officially represented.
A
Purpose of the Conference.
X H E primary purpose of the conference was to urge upon the
several State accident commissions and labor departments the
desirability of securing the man-hour exposure records necessary for
compiling accident rates for the more hazardous industries.
A recent study by the Department of Labor has disclosed that
there occur annually in the United States under normal industrial
conditions approximately 21,000 industrial accidents resulting in
death and 1,500,000 injuries resulting in disability of more than one
week. Reports indicate that the number of accidents this year will
be greater than ever before. This toll of industrial casualties goes on
year after year. I t was felt that a material reduction in the number
of accidents could be effected and the installation of more effective
safety methods and the stimulation of accident-prevention work on
the part of not only State accident commissions but also individual
employers and employers’ organizations made possible if the various
industrial States would undertake—
1. To obtain a complete record of tabulatable accidents from a
reasonable number of selected typical establishments, by depart
ments, in the principal hazardous industries in these States.
2. To obtain the number of man-hours in such establishments,
by departments.
3. To compute accident rates for such industries, by departments,
from such data.
4. To furnish the rates so computed to the United States Bureau
of Labor Statistics to enable it to compile national frequency and
severity rates by industries and departments.
Why Accident Rates are Necessary.
ENT rates are necessary for several reasons: (1) They
measure accurately the hazards and danger points in industry
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[142 J
IN D U S T R IA L A C C ID E N T S A N D H Y G I E N E .
143
and serve as a guide to the safety engineer and factory inspector in
their accident-prevention work. (2) They furnish a yardstick
whereby the effectiveness of safety work may be measured. With
out such rates the safety engineers and factory inspectors have no
accurate way of ascertaining where and to what extent their work
has been effective. In many States no reliable accident statistics
are available to the factory inspection department and in practically
no State are accident rates available. (3) They stimulate interest
and competitive effort in safety activities between different plants
in the same industry or between different departments in the same
plant. Practically all of the firms or organizations which have
materially reduced their accident cost are those which have been
vitally interested in accident statistics and have computed accident
rates. It is generally admitted that the accident statistics published
by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics for the iron and
steel industry were in a large measure responsible for the very
effective accident-prevention work carried on by this industry. The
same has been true of the Portland cement industry, the rubber
industry, the wood and metal working and other industries for which
accident rates have been computed under the supervision of the
National Safety Council. In nearly every case the compilation and
publication of accident rates has stimulated effective accidentprevention work. In the iron and steel industry, during the last
10 years, fatality rates have been reduced 50 per cent, the frequency
rate for all injuries 44 per cent, and the severity rate 34 per cent.
In the agricultural machinery manufacturing industry during the
past 10 years the accident frequency rate has been reduced 73 per
cent and the severity rate 42 per cent.
Action Taken at Conference.
INASMUCH as the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, the
A United States Bureau of Mines, the United States Interstate Com
merce Commission, and the National Safety Council were already
compiling rates for certain industries, it was agreed that the industries
selected for accident rate compilation should be distributed as
follows:
I.
S tate industrial commissions and labor departm ents are to com pute rates
for—1. Building erection.1
2. T ransportation and public utilities.
(a) Street railway’s.
(b) Electric light and power.
3. M etal products.
(a) Foundries.2
(b) Locomotives.
(c) Engines.
(d ) Agricultural machinery.
(e) M achinery, heavy (not otherwise classified).
(/) M achine shops (not otherwise classified).
1I t w as recom m ended th a t rates for building erection be tak en up w ith th e construction companies
by th e S tates, w ith a view to in terestin g these companies in lurnishing th e necessary d a ta to th e States,
or in u n d ertak in g th e com pilation of rates them selves.
2 A n u m b er of th e larger foundries hav e for a n u m b er of years been reporting th e ir experience to the
B ureau of L abor Statistics a n d accident rates hav e been com puted by th e bureau as a p a rt of its accident
statistics in th e iron a n d steel in d u stry . I t was agreed th a t th e B ureau of L abor Statistics w ould furnish
to th e several States th e nam es of th e com panies reporting to it so th a t th e States need not request these
companies to furnish th e sam e d a ta to them . I t was fu rth er agreed th a t if th e S tates desired to include
those foundries reporting to th e Federal B ureau, th e la tte r w ould relinquish them .
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144
M O N T H L Y LA BO R R E V IE W .
I. S tate industrial commissions and labor departm ents are to com pute rates
for— Concluded.
4. Wood products.
(а) Sawmills.
(б) Planing mills.
(c) Furniture.3
5. Vehicles.
(a) Railroad cars.
(b) Carriages and wagons.
6. Boots and shoes.
7. Textiles.
(a) Cotton.
(b) Woolen and worsted.
(c) Silk.
id) K nit goods.
8. Paper and pulp.
9. Flour and grist.
II. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics is to com pute rates for—
1. Iron and steel (crude products).
(a) Blast furnaces.
(b) Steel works.
(c) Rolling and tube mills.
(d) Iron and steel fabricating.
(e) Wire.
2. Shipbuilding.
(а) Steel.
(б) Wood.
3. Slaughtering and m eat packing.
I II. The U nited States Bureau of Mines is to com pute rates for—
1. Mining.4
(a) Coal, bitum inous.
(f>) Coal, anthracite.
(c) Metal.
id) Quarry.
IV. The U nited” States In tersta te Commerce Commission will continue to
secure d ata from which accident rates may be com puted from railroads, sub
divided into train service, m aintenance of way and track service, car shops,
locomotive building, and machine shops.
V. The N ational Safety Council is to com pute rates for 5—
1. Vehicles.
(a) Automobiles.
2. Stone products.
(a) Cement.
insurance of Uniformity in Accident Statistics.
IN ORDER to insure uniformity in the accident statistics to be
* compiled by the States and other jurisdictions, it was agreed that
the committee on statistics of the International Association of In
dustrial Accident Boards and Commissions should prepare the neces
sary standard classifications and formulate uniform methods and
definitions for the use of these jurisdictions.
3 U nder fu rn itu re is to be included th e m anufacture of wooden furniture and th e combined wood and
m etal furniture b u t excluding th e m anufacture of m etal furniture alone.
4 U n til recently th e B u reau of Mines has compiled only fa ta lity ra te s for coal m ines, obtaining the
nu m b er of fatalities from S ta te m ine inspectors an d th e exposure from th e Geological Survey. I t has
now u n d ertak en to o b ta in direct from th e m ines th e exposure a n d th e n u m b er of b o th fa ta l an d nonfatal
accidents. I t was agreed th a t th e B u reau of M ines w ould fu rn ish th e several States th e nam es of these
m ines now reporting to th e Federal b u reau w ith th e u n d erstan d in g th a t th e States w ould urge other
mines to rep o rt a n d furnish sim ilar d a ta to th e U n ite d States B ureau of Mines._
6
T he N ational Safety Council, th ro u g h its several sections, has been com piling accident rates for a
nu m b er of other industries, such as m etal products, wood products, rubber goods, etc. I t was agreed
th a t a cooperative arrangem ent should be w orked out a t a special m eeting of the N ational Safety Council
sections, to be held in New Y ork C ity, Jan . 19, 1924.
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IN D U S T R IA L A C C ID E N T S A N D H Y G I E N E .
145
Record of Industrial Accidents in the United States for the Year 1922.
B y C a r l H o o k s t a d t , o f t h e U . S. B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s .
r l^ H E United States Bureau of Labor Statistics has undertaken to
publish annually a record of the industrial accidents in the
United States as reported by the several States. An article
bringing together the industrial accident statistics in the United
States up to and including 1921 was published in the December, 1922,
issue of the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w .1 In the previous compilation
the accidents reported by the several States were not classified accord
ing to severity, except by separation into fatals and nonfatals. In the
present article an attempt has been made to classify the accidents by
severity, although this separation is far from satisfactory. Some of
the States could furnish only the total number of fatal and nonfatal
accidents, including in the latter all permanent and temporary dis
abilities. Other States published only their compensable accidents,
the waiting period ranging from three days to two weeks. Still
others gave only the number of agreements or claims and did not
state whether or not these included all compensable accidents. Con
sequently it was difficult, if not impossible, to arrange the accident
data into a comparable severity classification. However, wherever
it was at all possible to do so, an attempt was made to classify the
data by severity in order that the statistics of the various States
might be made more comparable. Accidents resulting in no dis
ability were eliminated whenever possible.
It should be strongly emphasized that this is not a complete record
of the number of industrial accidents which occur annually in the
United States. The data should therefore be used with caution. In
general it might be said that the accidents here recorded are only
those which come within the scope of the workmen’s compensation
acts, and not always even all of these, but in no State does the com
pensation law cover all industries and employments. Agriculture is
exempted in every State except New Jersey; nonhazardous industries
such as mercantile establishments, domestic service, and the profes
sional and clerical occupations are excluded in practically one-half of
the States; and interstate railroads are not subject to State laws,
and consequently most of the accidents sustained in this industry
are not included in the record here given. Six States have no work
men’s compensation laws at all.
The following table shows the number of industrial accidents as
reported by the various jurisdictions for the year 1922. The data
were taken from the published reports of the several States, or were
furnished to the Bureau of Labor Statistics upon special request.
1A more elaborate p resentation oí the same d a ta was published as B ulletin 339.
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146
N U M B E R O F IN D U S T R IA L A C C ID E N TS AS R E P O R T E D B Y T H E S E V E R A L S T A T E S , 1922.
Slonfatal accidents.
State.
For
year
end
ing—
5,769
'406
231
30
Per
ma
nent
T otal
num ber. total
disa
bil
ity.
5,538
'376
[146]
Arkansas............. - Sept.30
6
6
California.............. Dec. 31
Colorado..............- Nov. 30
C onnecticut........- Oct. 31
83,954
12', 859
30,311
708
155
91
83,246
12) 704
30)220
D elaw are.............. Dec. 31
District of Columbia.
F lorida................ .
Georgia................- Dec. 31
2,048
19
2,029
17,018
100
16,918
Id ah o .................... O ct. 31
Illinois................... Dec. 31
3,983
46) 772
44
534
3,939
46)238
In d ia n a .................
Iow a..................... .
K ansas................ .
K entucky.............
Louisiana............Maine............. ..
Sept. 30
J une 30
Dec. 31
June 30
38,802
11, 487
7,595
18' 611
198
77
Dec. 31
60
60
M aryland............M assachusetts....
Michigan............. M innesota........... .
M ississippi..........-
Oct. 31
J une 30
__do___
. . .d o __
33,493
51,105
123
306
a 33
113
20,110
31,571
86
8 62
4
Per
m a
nent
partial T otal
disa num
bility. ber.
358
5,176
S tat
utory
w ait Accidents included in
ing
data.
period,
Over Over 1 1 week 2 weeks 1922
2
and
and (days).
weeks. week. under. under.
Temporary disability.
5,176
1 4,046
52
1,977
61C
4
470
16,444
3,065
7
16
237
8,041
3 695
38 181
38,604
11,410 ........
8 18)549 8 4
2 8,658
1,367
13,379
1 Q88
1,707
38,181
3 609 4 37,995
8 18,416 8 19,579
7 142
8 311
7,367
18,234
2 474
s lO) 768
31,458
6
12
1,226
1 147
?726
32,917
9 9 698 10 23, 219
49) 569 23,976 32,549 17,020
18 924 9,250 13 400
5 434
30,720
9) 806 20)914
33,370
50) 799
20,077
3
4
4 893
7)466
Missouri................
M ontana............... ,1une 30
3,368
51
3,317
3
76
3,238
1 059
N ebraska............- Dec. 31
N evada............... - June 30
13,932
1,401
52
21
13,880
1,380
3
116
i,2 6 i
568
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2,179
757
•
504
Rem arks.
14 Over 14 days’ disability.
14 C a u s i n g t i m e loss
(mines oniy).
F atal (coal mines on ly ). No compensation act. D ata furnished b y U . S. B ureau of Mines.
7 T abulatable.................... D ata ta k e n from press notice.
Causing
tim
e
loss...........
10
7 1 day *¡3 disability or D ata in p a rt furnished by special
over.
re quest!
14 Causing tim e loss........... D ata furnished by special re q u e st.
No compensation or accident reporting law.
Do.
7 Involving tim e loss or W aiting period reduced from 14 to 7
days Aug. 16, 1922.
medical aid.
7 Clausing tim e loss...........
O ver7'days’ disability. D ata furnished by special request.
Fiscal year ends June 30.
7 1 day’s disability or over
14 .. .d o ..............................
7 Causing t ime loss...........
7 1 d ay’s disability or over
7
No accident statistics available.
7 Fatal _
D ata furnished by special request.
N onfatal accidents not available.
3 Causing tim e loss...........
10 T abulatable....................
7 Causing tim e loss__
D ata furnished by special request.
7 ........d o ...............................
No compensation or accident reporting law.
No compensation act. No statistics
published and none received in
, response to letter of inquiry.
14 Involving tim e loss or
medical aid.
7 Causing tim e loss........... D ata furnished by special request.
7 T abulatable....................
#
r
»
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W .
A labam a............. . Dec. 31
Arizona............... - Nov. 30
Total
num ber F a ta l
of acci acci
dents. dents.
«
New H am p sh ireNew Jersey ........ New Mexico.........
New Y o rk ..........N orth C arolina.. -
Aug. 31
June 30
O ct. 31
June 30
910
36,573
463
293,844
36,327!
452!.
1,198
Ohio......................- ...d o __
O klahom a...........- Aug. 31
108,824
26,080
Oregon.................
P e n n sy lv an ia...
June 30
Dec. 31
17,589
146,255
R hode Island
South Carolina
Sept. 30
South D a k o ta... Tennessee...........
T exas...................
U ta h ....................
Virginia...............
W ashington.......
3,282
June 30
18,624
Dec. 31
95,323
Aug. 31
8,457
June 30
6,589
. ..d o ...
13,305
Sept. 30
June 30 i4 18,680
25
289
14 227
3,257
18,557
95,109
8,388
6,564
13,016
14 18,453
W est V irg in ia...
W isconsin...........
22,439
15,852
443
156
21,996
15,696
W y o m in g .-........ Dec. 31
U. S. Em ployees’ . ..d o ...
C om pensation
Commission.
1,231
12,351
Vermont............
T o ta l.. . . .
1,157
1,191 .
108,148!
26,080
142
1,890
17,447
144,365
10
434
23,453
68,045
'225,799
467
25,636
« 3,458
1,304 ii,699
i4 1,139 1417,293
16,951
14,122
21,181
14,122
1,069
11,569
4,961
1,069
7,333
4,230
1,307,073 « 7,947M , 005,282
1 N onfatal claims for p erm anent disabilities and tem porary disabilities of over 10 days.
2 10 days and under.
3 Loss of m em bers.
4 Probably includes some deaths and p erm anent disabilities.
5 A greements (or awards or claims) and probably includes some deaths and perm a
n e n t disabilities.
e A pproxim ately.
7 Includes also p erm anent to tal disabilities.
8 Agreements.
* Over 3 days.
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21,061
5 16,556 6 78,767
9 3,772 10 4,495
4,549
5 2,015
11,699
h 5,831 14"ii,462
8,267
790
1,567
70,600
16,471
12 86,197 2 57,998
151
24,519
1,198
12,070
665
u 37,548
9,165
Do.
Over 14 days’ disability.
Do.
T abulatable....................
Causing tim e loss........... Coal m ines only.
1 d ay’s disability or over
No compensation or general accident
reporting law.
Involving tim e loss or 1,145 awards.
m edical aid.
........d o ...............................
Causing tim e loss........... F a ta l accidents n o t covered by com
pensation act. D ata furnished by
special request. Published re p o rt
gives 25,636 as to ta l n u m b er.
D
ata furnished b y special request.
T abulatable.....................
2 days’ disability or over N um ber of accidents com pensable
under th e compensation act are as
follows: F a ta l 1,565, p e rm anent
to ta l 58, perm anent p a rtia l 1,115,
tem porary total over 2 weeks
32,035.
D ata furnished by special request.
Causing tim e loss.
No compensation or accident report
ing law.
Causing tim e loss...........
........d o ...............................
1 day’s disability or over
T abulatable....................
1 d a y ’s d isability ...........
Over 7 days’ d isab ility .. D ata furnished by special request.
Involving tim e loss or
m edical aid.
Do.
........d o ...............................
Over 7 days’ disability. Accidents also tabulated by calendar
year.
........d o ................................ Awards.
T abulatable................... Fiscal year ends June 30.
i° 3 days and under.
n Claims filed including perm anent disabilities.
12 Over 10 days.
18 Includes perm anent disabilities.
D ata for 9 m onths; fiscal year changed in 1922. Figures for compensable cases
indicate aw ards.
^
j
15 Does not include d a ta for New Y ork for w hich separate figures for fatal and
nonfatal accidents were unobtainable. F or the year 1921 the num ber of fatal
ities were 1,710, nonfatalities 292,781.
«A p p aren tly incorrect b u t so reported.
IN D U S T R IA L A C C ID E N T S A N D H Y G I E N E .
[147]
N orth D a k o ta... - June 30
10,030
M O N T H L Y LABOE R E V IE W .
148
Inasmuch as the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes
annually the number of accidents in the iron and steel industry,
the Bureau of Mines those in mining and similar industries, and the
Interstate Commerce Commission those occurring in connection with
the ©Deration of steam railways, it was thought desirable to include
these accidents in this article. " It should be pointed out, however, that
the accidents in iron and steel, mining, quarrying, etc., are included
in the data in the previous table as reported by the States, whereas
probably most of the accidents on steam railroads are not so included.
TOnTTSTRT AL ACCIDENTS IN IRO N AND STE EL , MINES, QUARRIES, METALLURGICAL
WORKS COKE OVENS!AND ON STEAM RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES DURING
THE CALENDAR Y EA R 1922.
__________________________
Number of accidents causing—
Industry.
Death.
Iron and steel.........
Coal mining......... .
Metal m ining..........
Metallurgical works
Quarrying...............
Coke ovens..............
Steam railroads----
236
1,979
341
45
132
29
1,657
Temporary
disability'.
Perma Perma
nent
nent
partial
total
dis
dis
ability. ability.
Over 2
weeks.
1878
232,120
231
76
377
35
6,510
1,625
2,142
387
9
2
20
1
Total.
2weeks
and
under.
19,330
4,975
9,300
1,287
33,234
(3)
26,424
6,723
11,971
1,739
1 118,854
1Includes perm anent total disabilities.
2Includes all tem porary disabilities.
,
^
s Only fatal accidents in coal mines are reported to the Bureau of Mines.
4 The 117,197 nonfatal accidents include only those resulting in disability of over o days.
Coke-Oven Accidents in the United States During 1922.
HE annual report of the United States Bureau of Mines analyzing
the coke-oven accidents in the United States during the
calendar year 1922 is published as Technical Paper 349.
The report states that accidents at both beehive and by-product
ovens during the calendar year 1922 resulted in a lower injury rate
than for 1921; the fatality rate at beehive ovens was lower than 1921,
but that at by-product ovens was slightly higher. Reports received
by the Bureau of Mines from operating companies showed that the
fatality rate for beehive ovens was 1.66 per 1,000 full-year workers
(equivalent 300,000 shifts) as compared with 1./6 in 1921) the injury
rate was 98.28 as against 118.52. At by-product ovens the fatality
rate was 1.57 as compared with 1.09) the injury rate was 92.15 as
against 137.50. In this comparison the figures include all injuries
that resulted in disability for at least one day.
The reports for 1922 covered 26,867 beehive ovens and 7,249
by-product ovens that were operated all or part of the year. The
number of men employed at both classes of ovens was reported as
19,278, an increase of 19 per cent over the previous year) the total
shifts worked by all employees numbered 5,470,939, an increase of 32
per cent) and the average number of workdays per man during the
year was 284, as compared with 257 days in the preceding year.
The number of accidents at coke ovens for each of the seven years,
1916 to 1922, classified by type of disability, is shown in the following
table:
T
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[148]
IN D U S T R IA L A CCID EN TS AND H Y G IE N E .
149
NUMBER AND CLASSIFICATION OF IN JU R IES AT COKE OVENS, 1916 TO 1922.
Character of disability.
1917
1916
F atal....................................
Serious (time lost more than 14 days):
Permanent disability—
Total.......................................................
P artial....................................................
Others...........................
Slight (time lost 1 to 14 days, inclusive)..........
Total injuries.............................................
Total fatalities and injuries.....................
45
1918
76
2
686
1919
73
2
53
2
1921
1920
1922
49
17
29
1
73
969
6,748
121
4,468
72
735
5,904
790
3,118
3
76
722
2,614
24
318
1,511
35
387
1,287
5,237
5,282
6.713
6,789
7,792
7,865
4, 031
4, 084
3,415
3,464
1,853
1,870
1,710
1,739
Men employed..................................................... 31,603
32,417
32,389
28,741
28,139
16,204
19,278
81
9
The following table shows the number of men employed, the num
ber of fatal and nonfatal injuries, and the fatal and nonfatal accident
rates during the years 1916-1922.
NUMBER OF MEN EMPLOYED AT COKE OVENS, FATAL AND NONFATAL IN JU R IES,
AND FATAL AND NONFATAL ACCIDENT R A TES, 1916 TO 1922.
Num ber
killed.
Men employed.
Year.
Actual
number.
1916..............................................................
1917...............................
1918........................
1919..................................................
1920...............................
1921...............................
Average for six years.....................
1922......................................
Num ber injured.
Per
Equivalent
1,000
in 300-day Total. 300-day
workers.
work
ers.
31,603
32,417
32,389
28,741
28,139
16,204
34,119
35,595
35,476
27,674
29,921
. 13,868
45
76
73
53
49
17
28,249
29,442
19,278
18,236
1.32
2.14
Total.
Per 1,000
300-day
workers.
1. 92
1.64
1. 23
5,237
6.713
7,792
4,031
3,415
1,853
153. 49
188. 59
219.64
145.66
114.13
133.62
52
1.77
4,840
164. 39
29
1. 59
1,710
93. 77
2. 06
The following table shows the number of fatalities and injuries at
coke ovens and rate per 1,000 300-day workers for the year ending
December 31, 1922, by causes:
NUMBER OF FA TA LITIES AND IN JU R IES AT COKE OVENS AND RATE P E R 1,000 300-DAY
W ORKERS, 1922, BY CAUSES.
Killed.
Cause.
Rate per
Number. .
Cars, lorries, and m otors...........................
Railway cars and locomotives..............
Coke-drawing machines...............................
Electricity........................................
Falls of persons............................................
Hand tools.................................
Suffocation from gases...........................
Burns..............................................
Gas explosions...............................................
Dust explosions...........................................
Falling objects...................................................................
Nails, splintres, etc................................
Run of coal or coke............................................................
Others.....................................................................
T otal.........................................................................
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Injured.
[149 ]
1,000
300-day
workers.
Rate per
Number.
1,000
300-day
workers.
8
1
1
0. 44
146
.05
. 05
.28
70
25
247
149
3
.17
. 11
.05
. 11
240
17
5
225
46
19
493
3.84
1.37
13.54
8 17
44
13.16
.93
. 28
12.34
2. 52
1.04
27.03
1.59
1,710
93.77
4
5
2
2
21
29
.22
. 11
20
8
8.01
1.10
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
150
Accidents on Steam Railroads in the United States in 1922.
TATISTICS of accidents on steam railroads in the United States
in 1922 are presented in Accident Bulletin No. 87 of the Inter
state Commerce Commission. Under the commission’s rules,
railway accidents are divided into three main groups: Train accidents,
train-service accidents, and non train accidents. The commission
defines train accidents as those arising in connection with the opera
tion or movëment of trains, locomotives, or cars that result in damage
to equipment or other railway property in excess of $150. Trainservice accidents are defined as those arising in connection with the
operation or movement of trains, locomotives, or cars that result in
reportable casualties to persons, but not in damage to property in
excess of $150. Non tram accidents are defined as those not caused
directly by the operation of trains that result in reportable casualties
and include accidents occurring in machine shops, etc. Fatal acci
dents are defined as those in which death occurs within 24 hours after
the accident.
The following table shows the casualties to persons on steam
roads in the United States for the year ending December 31, 1922:
S
CASUALTIES TO PERSONS ON STEAM ROADS IN TH E UNITED STATES, 1922.
Class.
Employees,
including
those not
on duty.
Passengers.
persons
Persons car Other
(trespassers
ried under
and nontres
contract.
passers).
Total.
I n Killed. In Killed. In Killed. In Killed. In
Killed. jured.
jured.
jured.
jured.
jured.
256
Train accidents.......................
Train-service accidents........... 1,042
359
Nontrain accidents.................
1,737
30,697
84,763
Total............................... 1,657 117,197
96 2, S48
104 3,305
559
3
15
10
2
2.53
54
84
398 4,274 8,667
110 1,464
96
416 4,922
5,435 43,067
474 86,882
203
27
747
4,438 10,215
6,325 134,871
6,712
Decline in I uberculosis Death Rate.
A N ADDRESS by Dr. Louis I. Dublin before the nineteenth
annual meeting of the National Tuberculosis Association1
shows the extent of the decline in the death rate from tuber
culosis in the past 20 years and discusses the causes underlying this
decline and the prospects for the future control of the disease.
In 1900, the first year for which there are reliable statistics on
tuberculosis for any large part of the United States, the death rate
was 195.2 per 100,000 of population. Ten years later the rate in
the same geographical area, that is, the original registration States
and the District of Columbia, had dropped to 164.7, a decrease of
15.6 per cent, while in 1920 the rate was 112, or a reduction of 42.6
per cent in the 20-year period. In 1921 the rate had fallen still
further to 94.2 per 100,000.
Accurate mortality records have been kept since 1911 of a
group of about 15,000,000 working people insured in the industrial
department of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. In 1911 the
i Dublin, Louis I.: The Causes for the Recent Decline in Tuberculosis and the Outlook forthe Future.
New York, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 1923.
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[ 150 ]
IN D U ST R IA L A C C ID EN TS AND H Y G IE N E .
151
mortality rate from tuberculosis per 100,000 insured persons was
224.6. In 1921 the tuberculosis rate had fallen to 117.4 and in 1922
to 114.2, a decrease of 49.2 per cent between 1911 and 1922. In the
first six months of 1923 the records show a decline of 5.3 per cent
among white and of 2.4 per cent among colored policyholders from
the figures for the same period in 1922.
The improvement in the death rate from tuberculosis recorded in
these two groups means that 100,000 fewer persons are dying each
year from tuberculosis in the United States than would have died if
the rate of 20 years ago still prevailed, which, the writer says, justi
fies his statement that ‘The decline in the death rate is the most
outstanding item in the tuberculosis problem.”
Students of the problem hold two opposing views or theories as to
the reason for this decline. The first view, and the one most generally
accepted, is that the improvement in the tuberculosis death rate in
the past 20 years is due to the general improvement in the welfare of
the mass of the population, and that this improvement is due, in
the main, to activities within human control. In view of the fact
that a large proportion of the population is exposed to infection, and
that those who develop tuberculosis, and later die are those who have
not sufficient resistance to overcome the disease, a program of general
education of the public was developed. This was based upon a
knowledge of personal hygiene designed to teach individuals how
best to strengthen their resistance to the development of active
symptoms of the disease. The campaign against tuberculosis, there
fore, aimed at finding the large number of persons who had contracted
the disease and instituting curative measures as well as preventinosuch persons from infecting others. A definite and active program
was worked out which included the building of sanatoriums for the
care of early cases and of other institutions for the care and segrega
tion of more advanced cases; the establishment of tuberculosis clinics,
and the training of many physicians in the technique of diagnosis of
the disease.
The aim has been constantly to improve the status of human beings,
and while the importance of the constitutional factor in contracting
the disease has been recognized, the endeavor has been to make the
best of the constitutional equipment of the individual and to improve
undesirable conditions of the organic and physical environment.
Therefore when such an important reduction is shown in the ravages
of the disease, those who have been active in developing the woiddwide measures toward cure and prevention naturally claim that a
measure of the decline may be credited to them.
The_ theory held by the opposing group minimizes the importance
of environment in the control of tuberculosis and stresses the fact that
the decline in tuberculosis began in the early part of the nineteenth
century, preceding by many years the present methods used in the
fight against the disease. This group, while admitting the univer
sality of infection, insists upon the importance of the genetic or
inherited constitutional factors and claims that those who become
victims of the disease are a special group whose constitutions have
doomed them in advance. They believe that the tendency to tuber
culosis is inherited like other physical characteristics and that the
environment, mode of life, and efforts to avoid infection or to build
up individual resistance can have little effect upon the general situa[151]
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152
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
tion. The improvement in the mortality rates from this disease they
believe then is due to a natural selection which has left us with a
more immune and resistant population.
These two theories are examined by the writer in the light of the
statistical data available, with the view of determining how far they
agree with or are controverted by the mass of facts. The geograph
ical variation in the death rate from tuberculosis is the first fact that
favors the theory that environment and care affect the incidence of
tuberculosis. While tuberculosis is present in rural sections of the
country, it is much more prevalent in the cities. The death rate
from tuberculosis varies greatly also in the different States, the rate
per 100,000 ranging from 37 in Nebraska to 141 in Delaware, with
some States such as California and Colorado showing even higher
rates, due largely to the migration of tuberculous persons to those
sections. In almost every instance, too, the rate for the urban areas
is materially higher than for the rural areas, and this in spite of the
fact that most of the sanatoriums and hospitals for the tuberculous
are located in the country and the deaths that occur there are charged
to these divisions even though many of the patients are city residents.
The reason for this the “ environmentalists,” as the writer calls
them, believe to be the more generally healthful living and employ
ment conditions of the country as compared with the city, where there
is greater housing congestion, carrying with it more liability to infec
tion, employment in industries which are frequently distinctly haz
ardous to health, and where the people are in general poorer and less
well supplied with good food and fresh air. The difference in the
rates between the various cities and States is explained in much the
same way, as the places which have the lowest rates are often those
which excel in efforts to provide adequate facilities for the care of the
sick and for the education and protection of those who are well.
The “ geneticists,” or those who believe the deciding factor is the
inherited constitution of the individual, have not made much of the
fact of geographic variation, since to do so they must argue that the
differences in the death rates represent innate differences in the
population of the different sections, a difficult point to make as
there is no reason for supposing that there are such differences in
our races and populations as this theory would indicate.
A marked difference exists in the death rate of the two sexes and
between the different age groups. Mortality from tuberculosis is
much higher among males than among females. In the period from
1911 to 1920 the death rate of white males among the industrial policy
holders of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. was 36 per cent higher
than among white females, and among the colored, the mortality of
males was 8 per cent greater than that of females. These rates vary
at different age periods, there being little difference between the
sexes up to the age of 10, but after that time and up to the age of 25
the mortality rate among females is higher, while beyond the age of
30 the rate for females drops rapidly and throughout the rest of life
remains below that of males. The white male rate is highest at about
the age of 42 years, when it is 477.2 per 100,000, and the white female
rate is highest at about 27, when it is 240.2 per 100,000. These
differences are explained by those who hold to the theory of environ
ment by the different physical conditions surrounding the life of men
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[152]
IN D U S T R IA L A CCID EN TS AND H Y G IE N E .
^
153
and women, the improved mortality rate among women as age
advances being due in large part to the more sheltered life the ma
jority lead, and their better habits and care of themselves.
The mortality figures by race show a decided immunity on the part
of certain races, such as the Jews and Italians, while the Irish show a
peculiar susceptibility to the disease, but even this proved constitu
tional factor which is in favor of the genetic explanation of the disease
has been shown to be capable of modification, as the rates among
Jews and Italians vary according as they live in highly congested
areas or in sections where living conditions are more favorable. It
is entirely possible, therefore, for any people to modify a natural
tendency to a high or low rate by the development or neglect of the
safeguards of hygienic living.
Different economic levels show sharp differences in mortality rates.
The rate for industrial policy holders of the Metropolitan Life Insur
ance Co. between the ages of 15 and 74 is 157.4, while among policy
holders in the ordinary department it is 68.4 per 100,000. The
economic status clearly influences the incidence of tuberculosis except
in the period of childhood and adolescence, when the rates for the
children of working people are slightly lower than those for the same
age groups of the general population. It is evident then that the
higher rates among the working population may be ascribed in large
measure to the strain of modern industry, improper or inadequate
diet, poor housing, and lack of proper medical care.
A study of the rates among occupational groups shows that those
engaged in agriculture have the lowest rate and that there are 26
occupational classes that show a mortality rate almost four times as
great as farmers, while very high figures are shown for workers in
occupations exposed to inorganic dust, such as file makers, cutlers
and scissors makers, and tin miners, the last having a rate 12 times
that of farmers. In general it has been considered that the highest
tuberculosis rates in industry are found among those exposed to
mineral and metallic dust, while certain occupations which involve
exposure to organic dusts also have a high frequency. The occu
pation, however, is not the sole factor, since the mode of life and
home environment of the workers also enter into the situation.
The recent changes in the tuberculosis death rate have not affected
all elements of the population equally, since among the group of
industrial policy holders the rate for white males has declined 55 per
cent in the period 1911-12 to 1921-22 while that for white females
declined only 41.5 per cent. Among white males the decline has
been greatest between the ages of 20 and 45, the period which
originally showed the highest rates.
There is no evidence to show that there has been any improvement
in the last decade in the racial constitution of the people and even
the eugenists point out that, if anything, there has been deterioration
owing to the decline in the birth rate of the most favored classes and
the extensive immigration of less favored people. The general status
of the great mass of the people since the war has shown, however, a
remarkable improvement through the betterment of the conditions
under which they work, shortened hours of labor, and increased
earnings.
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[153]
154
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
I t is estimated, that in the past 10 years about 800,000 persons
have been cared for in the tuberculosis sanatoriums throughout the
country. Approximately 600,000 of these persons are still alive,
which is estimated to mean a saving of 6,000 lives annually. In
addition the large colonies of tuberculosis patients who receive the
same type of care that is given in the sanatoriums would increase
this number materially although it is impossible to estimate the
number thus saved. The good results achieved by sanatorium care
are capable of further extension, the writer believes, through greater
cooperation with diagnostic and social service agencies with a view
to bringing to their service a larger number of incipient cases. There
is also a field for further development of sanatorium and bed facilities
over many large areas of the country which are now inadequately
provided for.
Based on the general trend of the last 20 years and modified by the
trend of the last five years, the writer estimates that by the year
1930 the tuberculosis death rate will not be more than 50 per 100,000.
That this figure is not too optimistic is shown by the fact that New
Zealand and Australia have already attained this rate, while three
States in this country had rates below 50 in 1921 and two were
below 40. The'rate may easily fall below this point in the near future
if, as is possible, some effective biological or other new method is
discovered for the treatment or prevention of this disease.
Healtli Conditions Among Chemical Workers, with Respect to Earnings.
rlp H E results of physical examinations of men employed in various
occupations in the general chemical industry made in 1916-17
by officers of the United States Public Health Service are
given in Public Health Reports, October 5, 1923 (pp. 2320-2322).
Examinations were made of 916 men, 629 of whom were married
and supporting one or more dependents. This group of married men
was classified according to income in order to show the relation
between size of income, certain physical measurements, and certain
diseases and defects. No attempt was made either to confirm or to
disprove the conclusions which have been drawn from similar studies,
the report containing only simple statements of certain conditions
found among this particular group of wage earners.
The income range is not large and the differences noted in the
study are, for the most part, also small. The group is divided into
those whose weekly incomes come within the classes, $16 and under
$20, $20 and under $25, and $25 and over, while the number of per
sons in each group is 291, 230, and 108, respectively. The average ages
of the three groups range very closely around 35 years. The majority
of these men were Americans; Poles and Slavs, with a few Italians,
were the principal other nationalities represented.
The following table shows by income classes, certain physical
measurements, economic and vital facts, and the rates per thousand
for heart disorders and pyorrhea:
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[ 154 ]
m
155
in d u s t r ia l a c cidents AND H Y G IE N E .
R E L A T IO N O F C E R T A IN P H Y S IC A L M E A SU R E M E N T S , D IS E A S E S AN D V IT A L A N D
ECONOM IC FA CTS C O N C E R N IN G C H EM IC A L E M P L O Y E E S TO IN C O M E.
•
Men exam ined.
Incom e group.
All groups....................................
A ver
age
right
hand
dyna
m om
eter.
Aver
age
vital
capac
ity.
Cubic
inches.
N um
ber.
A ver
age
age.
291
230
108
35.07
35.04
34.99
$861
1,069
1,341
Inches.
9.3
9.2
9.7
K ilo
meters.
2.25
2.30
2.50
40.0
40.8
43.5
224
234
238
629
35.03
1,017
9.3
2.30
40.7
231
~d
816 to 819.99 per w eek............................
820 to 824.99 per w eek................................
S25 and over per w eek..................................
A ver Aver Aver
age
age
age
yearly hours
chest
earn w orked expan
ings. per day sion.
Children.
Aver
age
num
ber
born.
$16 to $19.99 p er w eek.......................
$20 to $24.99 per w eek.....................
$25 and over per w eek...................
A ll groups......................................
Average n u m
ber of—
R ates per
1,000.
Per
Aver
cent Rooms Persons
age
H eart
born
per
num
per
dis
who person.
bed
ber
orders.
are
still
room.
living.
living.
P yor
rhea.
3.05
2. 57
2.43
2. 35
2.21
2.09
77.3
85.6
86.0
1.04
1.18
1.38
2.63
2.31
2.25
82
52
46
460
417
203
2. 81
2.25
80.1
1.16
2.46
65
400
This table shows that the groups are about the same average age
and work about the same length of time each day. The occupations
are not seasonal, so that there is no unemployment to be charo-ed
against any group.
The.dynamometer readings, chest expansion, and vital capacity all
increase as the incomes increase. With the increase in income the
number of children born and the number still living decrease, while
the percentage of children born who are still living increases with
income. From this it appears that a child belonging to the betterpaid group has a better chance of living than a child in the group of
more poorly paid workers. The number of rooms per person in
creases and the number of persons per bedroom decreases with in
crease in income. There was found to be an average of nearly five
rooms for the average sized family of a little over four persons and an
average of 1.6 bedrooms. The congestion was slightly higher than
this in the lower income group and a little lower in the better paid
group. Heart disorders and pyorrhea, which both showed high
incidence among the poorest paid workers, decreased as the income
increased.
In this study, then, chest expansion, dynam om eter readings, vital capacity,
num ber of rooms per person, and per cent of children still living all show a direct
correlation w ith income, whereas the num ber of children born, num ber of chil
dren living, num ber of persons per bedroom, cases of pyorrhea, and of heart
disorders all show a negative correlation w ith income.
&
There seemed to be no relation between the size of income and such
physical conditions or defects as overweight and underweight, hernia,
defective vision, defective hearing, defective teeth, tuberculosis, bad
posture, and diseased tonsils.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[155]
156
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
The report calls attention to the fact that results of this kind are
open to at least two entirely different interpretations unless further
analysis is possible. It is quite possible that instead of the low
salary being the cause of poor physical condition a man’s physical
impairments and other unfortunate circumstances take away his
energy and thus work to keep him out of the higher income groups.
A case in point is that of heart disorders, which occur among rich
and poor alike, so that it is possible that a bad heart condition may
keep a man out of the better-paid groups by limiting his earning
capacity. Lack of income also makes it impossible for the em
ployee to take care of physical ailments which require money for
correction.
As both of these forces operate at all times, sufficient data and
careful analysis are necessary in order to draw definite conclusions.
For this reason the study makes no claim other than that of relation
ship between size of income and the items enumerated, and the facts
are submitted only as one more contribution to the subject of income
and its relation to physical measurements and disease.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[156]
W O R K M EN ’S C O M PEN SA TIO N A N D SOCIAL
IN SU RA NCE.
Group-Insurance Plan of the Southern Pacific Co.1
GROUP life insurance policy amounting to about $100,000,000
has
'or by the Southern Pacific Co. for the
benefit of its 90,000 employees. The plan covers, in addition
to the employees of the Southern Pacific Co. and subsidiaries, a num
ber of proprietary companies. Under the group-insurance law,
acceptance by 75 per cent of the eligible employees is required before
it can be put into effect, and it is expected that this provision will
have been met, so that the insurance can be made effective, by
midnight of December 31, 1923.
The plan includes all employees having at least six months’ service
with the company. Such employees will receive $250 life insurance,
the premium on which will be paid in full by the company. At the
expiration of one year’s service the amount of free insurance is in
creased to $500, at which figure it remains as long as the employee
remains in the service of the company.
An opportunity is given to employees one year or more in the service
to purchase additional insurance up to $3,000, the amount taken
out by any individual depending on the monthly rate of pay. The
total monthly cost to employees of the additional insurance is 70
cents for each $1,000 of additional insurance, the difference between
this amount and the actual cost being borne by the company. The
free insurance given by the company will be without medical exami
nation, and if the employee takes out additional insurance within
the prescribed period no examination will be required, although after
that time one may be called for. It will not be required, however,
when the increased insurance is taken out because of an increase in
the wage rate. If an employee’s wages are reduced the amount of
insurance will remain unchanged.
In case either sickness or accident results in permanent total
disability before an insured employee reaches the age of 60, no further
premium will be collected, and the total amount of insurance will be
paid in a series of monthly installments. In the event of the death
of such an employee any unpaid installments will be paid in a lump
sum to the designated beneficiary.
The company may, at its option, continue the insurance for a period
not exceeding 90 days in the case of employees who are temporarily
absent from service through no fault of their own, and in the case of
unavoidable absence because of sickness or accident the insurance
will be continued. Employees retired on a pension before the effec
tive date of the plan will be treated as actual employees in regard to
the free insurance given by the company, and employees retired on a
pension after the plan becomes effective may retain both the free
and additional insurance carried by them, without change of rate.
The group-insurance plan does not in any way affect the rules
and regulations of or the benefits resulting from the present Southern
Pacific hospital service and pension system.
1 R ailw ay Age, New York, Nov. 3, 1923, pp. 827, 828.
76363 °— 24----- 11
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[157]
157
158
m onthly
la bo r
r e v ie w
.
Recent Workmen’s Compensation Reports.
Massachusetts.
HE tenth annual report of the Department of Industrial Acci
dents of Massachusetts (formerly the Industrial Accident Board)
reviews the experience under the workmen’s compensation act
for the year ending June 30, 1922. There were reported to the hoard
during the year 139,611 industrial injuries, of which 51,105 were tabulatabie injuries, distributed as follows:
T
D eaths-------------------------306
Perm anent to tal disabilities------------------------------------------------4
Perm anent partial disabilities----------------------------------------------- 1,226
Tem porary to ta l disabilities—
Over 2 weeks_________________________________________ 23,976
Over 1 to 2 weeks_______________________________
8,573
1 week and un d er_____________________________________ 17,020
However, of the 51,105 tabulatable injuries reported, only 46,407
were insured cases—i. e., cases in which the employer bad accepted
the compensation act. Of the 306 fatal accidents reported, 61 were
noninsured cases.
The total compensation and medical cost under the act during the
year, as reported to the Industrial Accident Board by the insurance
companies and the State government with its political subdivisions,
is shown by the following table:
C O M PE N SA T IO N COST IN M ASSA C H USETTS F O R Y E A R E N D IN G JU N E 30, 1922.
T o tal am ount.
Type of p ay m en t.
M edical........................................
F a ta l............................................
N o n fatal......................................
Tota]
$1,974,747
723,105
3,352, 300
6,050,152
Average per
case.
$21
2,928
127
The number of tabulatable injuries, classified by industry and ex
tent of disability, is shown in the following table:
N U M B E R O F T A B U L A T A B L E IN J U R IE S IN M A SSA CH USETTS F O R T H E Y E A R E N D IN G
JU N E 30, 1922, B Y IN D U S T R Y A N D E X T E N T O F D IS A B IL IT Y .
[Figures in parentheses represent p e rm an en t to ta l disabilities.]
A ccidents resulting in —
D eath and
an en t Tem porary
perm an ent P erm
to ta l
p a rtia l
to ta l
disability. disability. disability.
In d u stry .
T extiles.........................................................................................
T rade
...................................................................................
Iron a n d ste e l.......................................................... „................
T ran sp o rtatio n , road, e tc ....................................... ................
B uilding tra d e s ........ ................................................................
L e a th e r. .....................................................................................
F ood..............................................................................................
L u m b er........................................................................................
Service........
.................................................
P ap er . .
.....................................................
T ransportation, w a ter..............................................................
P rin tin g .........
............................................................
M etals...........................................................................................
Telephone a n d teleg rap h........................................................
Chem icals.....................................................................................
E x p ress........................................................................................
A g ricu ltu re..............
.......................................................
Clay, glass, stone.......................................................................
Professional.................................................................................
C lothing.......................................................................................
M inerals.......................................................................................
L iq u o r..................................................................... ....................
Miscellaneous tra n s p o rta tio n .................................................
Miscellaneous in d u stries..........................................................
T o ta l..................................................................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[158]
25
35 (1)
25
75
37
8
6
12
11 (1)
7
2
2
1
3
7
1
6
2
5
1
2
1
32 (2)
308 (4)
215
88
224
56
67
101
40
106
23
61
5
26
29
2
8
11
6
4
2
3
2
3
144
1,226
8,874
6,397
5,763
5,777
4,611
2,929
1,880
1,539
1,543
1,364
615
558
549
558
503
494
382
362
296
269
134
112
77
3,983
49,569
Total.
9,114
6,521
6,012
5,908
4,715
3,038
1,926
1,657
1,578
1,432
622
586
579
563
518
495
399
370
305
272
139
115
80
4,161
51,105
w o r k m e n 's
c o m p e n s a t io n
and
IN S U R A N C E .
s o c ia l
159
The report of the board contains comparative statistics covering
the past ten years’ experience under the compensation act. The
following table shows the number of injuries reported and the com
pensation and medical benefits incurred during each of the years
1913 to 1922:
NUM BER
O F IN J U R IE S A N D
C O M PE N SA TIO N COST IN
1922, B Y Y E A R S .
M A SSA C H U SET TS 1913 TO
T a b u latab le injuries.
Y ear.
1913..................
1914..................
1915..................
1916..................
1917..................
1918..................
1919..................
1 9 2 0 ...............
1921.................
1922..................
T otal
num
ber re
ported.
90,168
96,891
94,967
135,720
174,372
170,718
178,084
193,600
155,554
139,611
T o tal
num
ber.
F atal.
53,267
52,430
49,758
68,180
78,789
77,505
67,240
65,488
53,313
51,105
474
509
370
463
481
438
356
376
296
306
Benefits incurred.
Per
P er T em po
m a
m a
Com pensa
ra ry
n en t n en t total.
tion.
total. partial.
7
20
25
17
21
17
7
10
6
4
1,457
1,136
938
1,353
1,684
2,177
1,750
1,611
1,371
1,226
51,329 11,263,185.40
50,765 2,065,502. 46
48,425 2,250,679.00
66,347 3,252,146.97
76,603 3,321,562.47
74,873 3,627,996.57
65,127 4,045,142.01
63,491 4,658,633.69
51,640 4,027,189,44
49,569 4,075,405.34
Medical.
Total.
$414,195.42
556,250. 45
587,769.99
834,804. 52
1,053,303.72
1,019,518.84
1,174,618.73
1,602,057.74
1,639,670.4,9
1,974,746.85
$1,677,380.82
2,621,752.91
2,838,448.99
4 , 086; 951.49
14,380,866.19
4,647,515.41
5,219,760.74
6; 260,691.43
5; 666,859.93
6,050; 152.19
1N ot th e exact su m of th e item s b u t is as given in th e rep o rt.
The report also contains statistical tables showing the accidents
classified by cause, sex, age, wage groups, location and nature of
injury, conjugal condition and dependency in fatal cases. I t also
includes a study of uninsured fatal cases, showing the amount of
settlement and the amount of compensation which would have been
received under the compensation law.
South Dakota.
TT1E sixth annual report of the South Dakota industrial commis1 sioner reviews the experience under the workmen’s compensation
act for the year ending June 30, 1923. The report states that the
number of employers carrying workmen’s compensation insurance
increases each year and practically all employers of any size have
elected to come under the act. The number of accidents reported
during the year was 3,473, an increase of 191 over the previous year.
The number of fatal accidents, however, decreased from 25 in 1922
to 18 in 1923. The amount of compensation benefits paid during
the year was $233,587, of which $167,595 was paid for disability
compensation and $65,992 was paid for medical and hospital service.
h ranco-Belgian and
Franco-Luxemburg Conventions Relating to
Social insurance.1
A CONVENTION concluded between France and Belgium Novem^)Gr
1921, assuring equality of treatment for the nationals
of the two countries in regard to the laws under which relief
is granted in cases of sickness and for other causes, was ratified by
the French Senate July 12, 1923, having previously been adopted by
1 B ulletin d u M inistère d u T ravail, July -A u g u st-S ep tem b er, 1923, p p. 335-337.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[159]
160
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
the Chamber of Deputies. An identical convention between France
and Luxemburg was signed January 4, 1923, and ratified July 11 by
the Chamber of Deputies.
The convention between France and Belgium provides that
nationals of either country who, because of physical or mental sick
ness, pregnancy, or childbirth, or for any other reason, are in need
of help, of medical care, or any other assistance whatever, will, within
the territory of the other contracting State, be treated in the applica
tion of the insurance laws on an equality with the dependents of the
latter State, either at home or in charitable (ihospitaliers) establish
ments. The nationals of either country will have the right in the
other country to family allowances which are in the nature simply
of assistance, if their families reside with them, but not to those which
are in the nature of direct encouragement of the national birth rate.
The cost of assistance undertaken by the State in which, the per
son receiving assistance is residing will not under any circumstances
be paid for by the National Government or any of the political sub
divisions or public institutions of the country to which such a person
belongs except in cases where he has not resided in the country the
required length of time.
The country in which persons requiring assistance reside shall pay
the cost of assistance, without reimbursement, when it necessitates
the support either at home or in hospitals of old people, the infirm,
or incurables who have resided in that country continuously at least
15 years. This period will be shortened by five years when it is a
question of invalidity resulting from one of the occupational diseases
included in a list to be agreed upon by representatives of the two
countries concerned.
Sick persons, insane, and all others needing assistance (not including
old people, the infirm, and incurables) who have had a continuous
residence of five years shall be cared for by the State in which they
reside. In regard to the treatment of sick persons, the worker who
during this period has resided in the country at least five consecutive
months each year will be considered as having been a continuous
resident. For children under 16 years of age it is sufficient if the
father, mother, the guardian, or the person who has charge of them
fulfills the above conditions as to residence.
In the case of persons needing assistance whose residence in the
country does not meet the above conditions, a delay of 45 days is
provided for, after which the country to which such persons belong
is required either to have them returned home'or to pay the costs of
treatment in the country in which they are residing. The cost of
assistance shall not be repaid in cases of acute illness, except in
cases of relapse, and in maternity cases. Repatriation will not be
required in the latter case nor when special assistance is granted to
large families. The procedure and the conditions under which
persons shall be sent back to their own country shall be agreed upon
by the two Governments.
The two Governments agree to see that in localities where there is
a large number of workers of the other nationality there shall be
provided the means and resources of hospitalization for sick or
wounded workers and their families. The fees imposed upon
employers or agreed to by them shall not have the character ol
special taxes upon foreign labor.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 160 ]
w o r k m e n ’s
c o m p e n s a t io n
and
s o c ia l
in s u r a n c e
.
161
When medical treatment at home, in hospitals, or infirmaries is
provided at the expense of the employers, the workers shall have the
right to such care without any repayment on the part of the State.
The repayment which may be demanded from the home State in the
case of persons whose length of residence fails to meet the require
ments shall not be so demanded when the said costs are paid by
the employer voluntarily or by virtue of an agreement included in
the labor contract, or when they are paid by a beneficial society or
in any similar way.
France and Belgium agree to receive their nationals, old people of
more than 70 years, infirm, insane, children found or abandoned,
and similar cases, of whom one or the other State shall require the
repatriation, with vouchers for their support, the consent of the
State being necessary in each particular case. In all these cases of
assistance the high contracting parties agree not to make any claim
for the costs of assistance for a period of 60 days previous to repatria
tion and to pay the expenses of returning such persons to their
homes as far as the limits of the country in which they reside.
Charitable and social welfare organizations among the French in
Belgium or among the Belgians in France, and mixed associations in
either country, which are constituted and function according to the
laws of the country, shall possess the rights and opportunities which
are assured to French or Belgian associations of the same kind.
All difficulties connected Avith the present convention shall be
adjusted through diplom atic channels. In case agreement cannot
be reached in this way, recourse m ay be had to arbitration. The
question of arbitration AA7ill be the m atte r of special arrangem ent.
The convention becomes effective, upon ratification, for the period
of a year, and will be renewed by tacit consent from year to year
unless it is denounced, in which case denunciation must be made
three months before the expiration of the year.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
LABOR LAWS A N D COURT DECISIONS.
Decisions oi Courts and Opinions Affecting Labor, 1922.
HE annual bulletin (No. 344) on decisions of courts and opinions
affecting labor, issued by the United States Bureau of Labor
Statistics, presents for 1922 some 275 cases, covering the usual
range of legal determinations, but with an unusual number of im
portant decisions. The child labor tax law, by which Congress un
dertook to regulate the employment of child labor in the States, was
declared unconstitutional as an encroachment upon an exclusively
State function—the same criticism as was found fatal to the earlier
law attempting the same end by a restriction of interstate commerce
in goods made by child labor. The minimum wage law of the Dis
trict of Columbia, applicable to women and children alike, also an
enactment of the Federal Congress, suffered the same fate of judicial
extinction, but on the ground that it was in violation of the consti
tutional provisions guaranteeing freedom of contract.
The jurisdiction of the Railroad Labor Board, created by the
Esch-Cummins Act, received its first authoritative determination,
the Supreme Court sustaining a decision of the United States Circuit
Court of Appeals, which held that the labor board was within its
rights in resisting the position taken by the Pennsylvania Railroad
Co. as to the formation of representative bodies of employees for the
consideration of working conditions. Another interesting decision
upheld the “ service letter” laws of Missouri and Oklahoma, setting
at rest a point on which State courts had diametrically differed as to
the power of the State to require employers to give discharged work
men a statement of the cause of their discharge.
Another decision by the Supreme Court that gave rise to extended
and vigorous discussion, was that in what is known as the Coronado
case, in which it was held that labor organizations are responsible
for the activities of their members carrying on strikes in accordance
with the resolves and under the direction of the organization itself.
Other decisions cover a wide range of questions arising under the
compensation acts of the various States, construe the maritime law
in its relation to other laws, the status of collective agreements, the
use of the injunction in labor disputes, the remedy available for em
ployees in interstate commerce, and numerous other cases involving
the construction of statutory enactments in the various fields to
which the recent developments in labor legislation have extended.
T
Laws Providing for Bureaus of Labor Statistics, Etc.
HE Federal Government and practically every State of the Union
have provided by law for the establishment of a bureau, de
partment, or commission charged with the administration of
labor laws and the duty of investigating and reporting upon various
matters of interest to labor. The agency created may consist
T
162
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 162 ]
LABOR LAW S AND COURT DECISION'S.
163
simply of one or two individuals of a limited range of activities, with
a small appropriation and correspondingly small effectiveness in
their field, or of an organization of several hundred (more than 700
in New York), charged with a wide range of duties and powers, and
having a correspondingly influential position in the industrial activi
ties of the State.
A convenient handbook of the laws providing for such agencies
has been issued by the Bureau of Labor Statistics as its bulletin No.
343. This gives the text of all the laws, including most of the legis
lative changes made during the legislative session of 1923, and, where
available, a brief statement as to the personnel of the agency.
Violations of injunctions in Labor Disputes.
cases have been recently reported in which the United
States Circuit Courts of Appeals have rendered decisions sustain'^
ing judgments of contempt for violations of labor injunctions.
The earliest one was by the Circuit Court of Appeals of the Fourth
Circuit, the court sitting at Lynchburg, Va. (Taliaferro v. United
States, 290 Fed. 906.) The case arose out of a strike of railroad shop
employees in the city of Clifton Forge, Va. The shops of the Chesa
peake & Ohio Railroad Co. employed a considerable number of men,
whose strike activities were such as to lead to the issue of an injunction
prohibiting annoyance, insult, or interference with workmen in the
company’s employment, or seeking to enter it. The injunction ran
against the unions, their officers, agents, members, and any and all
persons conspiring or associating with them.
Taliaferro was a barber in Clifton Forge, operating a shop near one
of the entrances to the railroad company’s yards, and many of his
customers were employees of the company. Naturally, and entirely
within his rights, he was in sympathy with the strikers, though he had
no direct material interest in the controversy. Striking unionists had
brought him a placard on which were the words, “ No scabs wanted in
here,” the letters being sufficiently large to be readable at a distance
of from 50 to 100 feeL Complying with their request, he hung this
card in the window facing the street, so that those using the highway
could hardly avoid seeing it. United States deputy marshals told
him that in their judgment such a display of the sign was a breach of
the order of the court as to annoyance, insult, etc., and asked him to
take it down. He refused to do so and was subsequently served with
a copy of the injunction, but still claimed the right to display the
card on his own premises. The trial court found him guilty and
assessed a fine, to reverse which judgment he sued out a writ of error.
The court of appeals sustained the action of the court below, saying
that to admit Taliaferro’s claim that he could do what he pleased within
the boundaries of his own property would admit the display of “ the
most libelous, obscene, blasphemous, or otherwise offensive posters.”
The intent of the display was to insult plaintiff’s employees, and by
acting at the request of the strikers he had associated himself with
them in forbidden acts of intimidation and insult.
The other two cases were before the Circuit Court of Appeals of the
Eighth Circuit, arising out of the same railroad strike as above, as it
T
hree
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 163 ]
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W .
164
developed in the western district of Missouri. In this case a workman
who had continued in the employment of the railroad company during
the strike was assaulted, beaten, robbed, and threatened with hang
ing, though he told them that he had left the service of the company
and was on his way to Kansas City, Mo., from the town of Slater,
where he had been employed. The injunction as to interfering by
violence or threats of violence with persons who are employed or
desire to be employed by the company was held to apply to the
assailants, even though the workman had left the employment, since
the effect of the assaults on the workman would be to intimidate
others so as to prevent their accepting employment with the company,
as well as to affect his own future conduct. (Winkle v. United States,
291 Fed. 493.)
The third case was brought in the same court and on the same date
as the above, and involved the same general circumstances. Work
men employed by the company were induced to enter an automobile,
driven to a remote place, beaten on their naked backs with switches,
and further threatened and abused, all in. violation of the injunction
issued by the court for the western district of Missouri. ^ A defense
offered in this case was that the court was without jurisdiction, since
the offense took place in the southern division of the western district
of Missouri, so that the district court of the western division of that
district could not take cognizance of the case. The court denied this
claim, holding that jurisdiction existed, since the contempt was di
rected against the court of the western district, even though the acts
were committed in the southern division.
Defendant McCourtney offered the defense that he himself was not a
striker, and took no part in the acts of violence. The evidence
showed, however, that he was a taxi driver, and was engaged by the
other defendants to drive them out into the country where, as they
told him., “ they wanted to do a little picketing." The facts were
submitted to the jury, which found that he was a participant in the
guilt of the party, inasmuch as he knowingly drove the car for the
assailants and was associated with them in the acts which were in
violation of the injunction. (McCourtney v. United States, 291 l ed.
497.)
Conspiracy to Interfere with Interstate Commerce.
for July, 1922 (pages 147-152),
contained an account of the decision ofMhe Supreme Court
of the United States in the case of the United Mine Workers
of America v. Coronado Coal Co., decided June 5, 1922. It w~as
held that unincorporated labor organizations are liable in damages
for the acts of their members performed in accordance with the
official resolutions and purposes of the organization; but as the
action in this case was against the national association, and respon
sibility could not, under the evidence, be charged against this organi
zation, the case was dismissed. In so doing a judgment for damages
secured by the coal company was reversed.
The Coronado Coal Co. thereupon renewed its endeavors to recover
damages against the union, making the district organization the
defendant. The action was based on the Sherman antitrust law,
T
H E M onthly L abor R e v ie w
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[164]
LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS.
165
the ground being taken that there was in the conduct of the union
a conspiracy to interfere with interstate commerce. Judge Pollock,
before whom the case was tried in the United States District Court
for the Western District of Arkansas, granted a request by the
defendant for a directed verdict releasing it from liability in the
case. Judge Pollock recounted the incidents leading up to the
events on which the action was based. One Bache, an experienced
-mine operator, managing a number of mines, decided to change at
least one of his mines from union to nonunion operation. I t was
evident that he knew that this would result in trouble, as he took
steps to protect the nonunion miners in their work. The union
element was dominant, and determined to prevent nonunion opera
tion, “ and one thing led to another down there in that valley until
matters almost too horrible to relate transpired; arson, murder, and
the most heinous crimes on the calendar were committed.” For the
deaths and destruction of property, “ whoever were guilty of them,
by all reason, ought to have been justly dealt with,” including
participants and those encouraging or abetting them.
However, the entire purpose of the conduct was found to be the
prevention of the operation of the mine as a nonunion mine, with
out regard to what disposition might be made of the product. “ While
I think the conspiracy, at least to a certain point, is amply estab
lished, I do not think that there is evidence here that it was the
direct purpose to interfere with or monopolize interstate commerce.
It was for a different purpose, and that was a mere incident to it.”
Under these instructions the jury, as a matter of law, brought in
a verdict for the defendants, the plaintiffs taking an exception.
As the matter stands, there was full recognition by the court of the
criminal and destructive acts by the union, and an acceptance of
their liability therefor as determined by the Supreme Court in the
opinion above referred to; but inasmuch as the operation of coal
mining was held not to be in itself an interstate transaction, and as
the effect on such commerce was only incidental, the plaintiffs’
contention in this case could not prevail. (Coronado Coal Co. v.
United Mine Workers of America, transcript of instructions by Judge
John C. Pollock, October 27, 1923.)
“Lawful Requirement’’ Provision of the Ohio Constitution.
AN ARTICLE in the M onthly L abor R e v ie w for January, 1923
(pages 181 to 186), discussed certain decisions by the Supreme
Court of Ohio as to the effect of safety legislation. The
constitution as amended in 1912 authorized the enactment of a
compulsory compensation law, and the establishment of a State
fund supported by contributions which employers were required to
make, and the taking away of rights of actions of employers and
employees. However, there was reserved the right of action for
damages where injury or death resulted “ from the failure of the
employer to comply with any lawful requirement for the protection
of the lives, health, and safety of employees.” In the cases cited in
the article referred to, suits for damages were refused on the ground
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that the statutes on which the action was based did not establish
specific lawful requirements within the meaning of the constitution,
a majority of the court holding that compensation was the exclusive
remedy. The cases were American Woodenware Manufacturing Co.
v. Schorling (1917), 96 Ohio St. 305, 177 N. E. 366; Patten v. Alumi
num Castings Co. (1921, rehearing 1922), 105 Ohio St. 1, 136 N. E.
426; and Toledo Cooker Co. v. Sniegowski (1922), 105 Ohio St. 161,
136 N. E. 904.
There were vigorous dissents by a minority of the judges in all
these cases, and the Schorling case had been, cited as supporting
opposite conclusions of the courts below.. The contention, of course,
was as to the relative authority of the industrial commission and the
courts in determining the right of recovery for accidental injuries
under the circumstances. The latest adjudication of the disputed
point was made by the supreme court of the State in October, 1923,
adhering to a determination made at an earlier date. In this case
(Ohio Automatic Sprinkler Co. v. Fender, 141 N. E. 269), the majority
opinion was shifted, and a statutory requirement that owners and
operators of shops and factories “ shall make suitable provision to
prevent injury,” and thereunder that “ they shall guard all saws,
woodcutting, wood-shaping, and all other dangerous machinery,”
was held applicable to the case in hand, so as to sustain a suit for
damages.. Hannah Fender, plaintiff above, was employed by the
company named, as an operator of a punch-press machine, and
suffered an injury resulting in the loss of a portion of her left thumb.
This injury was said to be due to the absence of any guard or safety
device such as would have prevented the machine from repeating
and coming in contact with the person of the operator.
The trial court was said to have determined that the machine in
question was not dangerous, but the supreme court decided that
upon the evidence before it, it “ could take judicial notice that it
was dangerous.” There was also evidence that there was no safety
device to prevent it from “ tripping ” ; also that a device to prevent
such tripping was at the time of the injury known to the trade.
This left the only point in issue the question of whether in failing to
guard a dangerous machine the employer had violated a lawful
requirement. The trial court had directed a verdict for the defend
ant company, presumably on the authority of the cases named above.
As to this the court in the present case stated that they had “ been
recently decided by a bare majority of this court,” so that it was
incumbent upon the court to consider the question on its merits.
The Schorling and other cases were thereupon reviewed, following
which cases involving similar principles under the laws of other
States were cited, showing that statutory requirements had in these
cases been upheld as applicable. The court then took up its discus
sion of the case in hand and reached the conclusion that the language
of the section above quoted enjoined upon employers and operators
a mandatory duty and embodied “ an authoritative and imperative
command.”
The term “ lawful requirement” as used in the constitution was
declared by four members of the court, three dissenting, to mean
“ statutes and ordinances, lawful orders of duly authorized officers,
specific and definite requirements constituted by law, and laws
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167
embodying in general terms duties and obligations of care and
caution, and further includes requirements relating to safety of the
place of employment and to the furnishing and use of devices, safeguaids, methods, and processes designed for the reasonable protec
tion of the life, health, safety, and welfare of employees.” It was
said to be impossible to specify what must be done “ with every
bolt, bar, belt, pulley, dynamo, and press—with every kind of
machine, place, or condition, existing in his factory.” The purpose
of the law was said to be not payment for injuries or the giving of
money, but the safeguarding of the health, strength, and vitality of
the employee. This purpose would be nullified by declaring such
statutes as that relied upon in the present case to be too general to
constitute a lawful requirement statute. The minority position of
the earlier cases named was, therefore, made the majority opinion,
though again a “ bare majority,” and it was declared that the doctrine
announced in the Schorling case, etc., “ is not the law,” and those
cases were overruled.
It is difficult to say that this finding by four judges against three
would be any more an established doctrine or accepted as res judicata
than that which had prevailed, by an identical majority, for the five
years preceding. However, this question is rendered academic by
the action of the people of the State in adopting at the time of the
election held November 5, 1923, an amendment to the constitution
by which the right to sue was abolished and the compensation pro
vision was declared to be “ in lieu of all other rights to compensation,
or damages, for such death, injuries, or occupational disease [affecting
employees], and any employer who pays the premium or compen
sation provided by law, passed in accordance herewith, shall not be
liable to respond in damages by common law or by statute for such
death, injuries, or occupational disease.” The amendment further
provides for the setting aside of a separate fund for the investigation
and prevention of industrial accidents and diseases. The board is
given full and final authority to decide as to whether or not accidents
or diseases resulted from the failure of the employer “ to comply with
any specific requirement for the protection of the lives, health, or
safety of the employees.” If such cause is found to have existed, the
board is to add to the compensation award made in the case not
more than 50 nor less than 15 per cent of the maximum award
established by law for the injury or disease; and if the compensation
is paid from the State fund the negligent employer’s premium is to
be increased so as to recoup the fund in the amount of such additional
award.
Having been adopted, this amendment becomes effective by its
terms on January 1, 1924, thus ending a long and vigorously contested
legal struggle. The result was obtained by the combined efforts of
employers and employees, the conclusion having been arrived at that
the best interests of both parties would be served by the establish
ment of a rule of law that would put an end to litigation and eliminate
the uncertainty which affected both parties as to their rights and
liabilities under a system of alternative recourse.
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ST R IK E S A N D LO C K O U TS.
Strikes in the Philippine islands in 1922.1
CCORDING to the Bureau of Commerce and Industry of the
Philippine Islands there were 24 strikes, affecting 14,956
L workers, in the islands in 1922. The cause of 68 per cent of
the total number of strikes during the five-year period 1918 to 1922
was demands for higher wages.
The following table shows the number of strikes and strikers and the
average number involved in each strike during the period 1918 to 1922:
A
N U M B E R OF S T R IK E S A N D S T R IK E R S IN T H E P H IL IP P IN E IS L A N D S, 1918 TO 1922.
Strikers.
Year.
1918.......................................
1919.......................................
1920.......................................
1921......................................
1922......................................
N um ber of
strikes.
84
67
68
35
24
N um ber.
Average
per
strike.
16,289
4,150
11,139
19,782
14,956
194
62
164
565
623
Settlement of Czechoslovak National Coal Strike.
ACCORDING to a report of the American consul at Prague, the
ZA Czechoslovak national coal strike which began on August 20,
“*■ * 1923, has been settled. The men returned to work on October
8, 1923, after agreeing to accept the Government’s terms.
The strike was originally caused through the high prices of coal in
Czechoslovakia and the inability of the operators to compete with
the mines of England and other countries. In her endeavor to achieve
a favorable balance of trade Czechoslovakia was largely depending
upon her exports of coal. The high price of coal was blamed on the
high cost of labor, high Government taxes, and high freight rates.
On August 15 the operators announced that miners’ wages would be
reduced 30 per cent, beginning with August 20, 1923. The miners
at once retaliated with a statement that the cost of living in Czecho
slovakia had not materially decreased, and that the Government was
not reducing coal taxes; and that it was, therefore, unfair that the
entire burden should be placed on their shoulders. The Government
finally offered to reduce coal taxes 10 per cent and suggested that the
miners accept an 18 per cent reduction in pay. This proposition was
rejected by the miners. However, because of the fact that their
funds were exhausted, the miners, after seven weeks of idleness, were
forced to accept the terms offered by the Government. At a con
ference which was held at the Ministry of Public Works on October 6,
1 P h ilip p in e Islands. D ep artm en t of commerce a n d comm unications, bureau of commerce and
in d u stry . S tatistical b u lletin of th e P h ilip p in e Islands, 1922. M anila, 1923, p . 37.
168
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169
1923, the minister requested both the miners and operators to accept
the following conditions:
Wage contracts to be concluded in all mining districts and to be
effective until May 31, 1924; reductions in pay to vary between 9 and
13 per cent, according to the cost of living 'in the various districts;
operators not to punish nor discharge miners on account of the strike;
miners to be called to work as soon as the conditions of the mines
permit. The men were ordered to return to their work on October
8 and 9, and for those residing in the more remote districts the time
for resuming work was extended to October 11. The miners in all
districts agreed to sign new collective agreements on October 23.
According to an estimate made by the Narodni Listy the loss in
production during the strike amounted to 180,000 tons of black coal
and 221,000 tons of brown coal, valued at 507,000,000 crowns
($102,718,200, par). The loss in wages amounted to approximately
134,000,000 crowns ($27,148,400 par). In addition to these losses
in production and wages, many of the mines suffered severely due
to flooding and other causes.
It is believed that, unless the cost of living in Czechoslovakia is
materially reduced and steady work is guaranteed to the miners, in
May, 1924, a more serious strike may occur. The miners realize that
they have lost the strike, but the continued high cost of living or a
falling off in the number of working hours may result in renewed
trouble before the expiration of the newly concluded agreement.
_It is stated unofficially that one result of the strike will be a reduc
tion of approximately 4.50 crowns (91.4 cents) per quintal (220.46
pounds) of coal. This reduction, brought about by the reduction
in miners’ wages and Government taxes, will be very beneficial to
manufacturing industries throughout the Republic. Many factories
in Czechoslovakia had closed down completely during the strike
because of the lack of coal, and many others had closed down before
the strike, because the high cost of coal prevented them from com
peting successfully with foreign countries.
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C O O PE R A T IO N .
Cooperative Shingle Mills in Western Washington.
HE cooperative operation of shingle mills in western Washington
has been a development of the past 10 years in the lumber
industry of the State which has been watched with interest by
both owners and employees. The study1 of which this article is a
summary deals with the problems of the shingle industry as illustrated
by the experience of these so-called cooperative mills in their relation
to the economic history of the shingle industry and the general
industrial life of the Northwest. It having been found impossible to
use the records of the mills in a systematic way, the study was carried
on largely by means of personal interviews by the investigator with
men connected with the cooperative mills either as workers or execu
tives and with other persons familiar with different phases of the
subject.
Although the mills, which have been purchased and operated by
the workers, are regarded by them as genuine examples of producers’
cooperation and are also so classed by the industry at large, this
view is not justified in all cases, as features and practices were dis
closed by the study which are opposed to genuine cooperative prin
ciple.
According to the Fourteenth Census of the United States, the lumber
industry in the State of Washington stood first in the number of
establishments, the number of workers employed, the value of the
products, and the value added by manufacture. At that time the
average number employed in the industry was 53,393, or 40.2 per
cent of the total number of workers in the State, and there were 1,130
establishments making lumber and timber products as against 4,918
manufacturing establishments in all industries.
The shingle industry in Washington has always been of importance
as a branch of the lumber industry, and the production has been
larger than that of any other State for every year since 1899. While
by far the greater number of the establishments producing shingles
also produce lumber, there were 449 establishments manufacturing
shingles exclusively in 1919 which produced about 63 per cent of the
total quantity manufactured in the United States. Mure than onehalf of these exclusive shingle mills were located in Pacific coast
States, which are the main shingle-producing regions because of the
particular adaptability of western cedar, which furnishes about threefourths of the total cut. In the Puget Sound region the shingle
industry is quite distinct from the lumber industry, more than twothirds of the shingle output in this region coming from mills manu
facturing shingles exclusively.
The supply of raw material as estimated by the Forest Service in
its report on timber depletion made in 1920 puts the amount of
standing timber in western Washington and Oregon at 49,000,000,000
T
1 W est Coast L um berm an, Seattle, May 1, M ay 15, a n d Ju n e 1, 1923.
of w estern W ashington,” b y W illiam A. Spencer.
170
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COO PERATION.
171
board feet, while the West Coast Lumbermen’s Association estimated
the same year that it amounted to 45,000,000,000 board feet. The
amount of red cedar in British Columbia is estimated by the same
association to amount to 77,019,000,000 board feet. The red cedar
in the United States is seldom in pure stands but is mixed with other
timber, while in British Columbia the stands contain more straight
cedar. Cutting the other woods in answer to the demands of the
market made large quantities of cedar available and lumber mills
which were built close to the raw material installed machines for
cutting shingles. These mills are known as combination mills,
while mills manufacturing only shingles are known as straight mills.
General Conditions of Shingle-Mill Operation.
'T H E amount of capital required in the shingle industry is small
1 and in general the equipment is not elaborate although the ex
tensive development in the Puget Sound region has necessitated
some special kinds of equipment. There are various types of shingle
machines in use but the saw is the important part of the machinery
as the grain of red cedar is alternately hard and soft and an ordinary
saw will not stand up under the severe use required in cutting this
wood. The saws for this work are made of the best steel and are
tempered at the proper tension for the speed at which the machine
will operate. The work of the saw filer is especially important,
therefore, and he is frequently the best mechanic about the mill.
The dry kiln is also part of the mill operation and it is only occa
sionally that a small mill is now without one. The kilns present a
distinct fire hazard because of the danger of overheating or the
necessity for leaving partially dried shingles in the kiln when the
mill is closed down. In addition to the dry kiln there are other
conditions about the mill which increase the fire hazard, such as
the frame structure, dust, and the large amount of easily inflammable
waste. This increases the cost of insurance and requires the presence
of a watchman when the mill is not running, adding to the expense,
so that the overhead is felt to be excessive especially during periods
when the mills are closed down.
In addition to the technical problems of production there are
certain problems connected with the marketing of the product.
These include: (1) Seasonal fluctuations in demand for the product,
caused by the partial or complete discontinuance of building opera
tions in many sections during the winter months and necessitating
close downs among the shingle mills which may last from one to
two months or even longer. These close downs form one of the most
serious problems of the operators since some of the items of over
head go on and there is greater deterioration of plant than when the
mill is busy. I t has been estimated that the mills operate on an
average 217 days per year. (2) Problems of transportation, par
ticularly car shortages and the transit car, i. e., a car shipped before
a sale has been made, the shipper hoping that he can effect a sale
before the car reaches its destination, where, however, it is possible
to reconsign it. Even with an unfavorable market transit cars are
common, and this custom of shipping has often had serious results
for the small producer. (3) Competition, principally between the
red-cedar industry and firms manufacturing shingles from other
woods or making shingle substitutes. The competition from the
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
172
British Columbia shingle producers, which has always been active,
may also be expected to continue as the timber cut there is increasing.
Conditions Leading to the Establishment of Cooperative Mills.
T H E first cooperative shingle mill was organized in 1910. The
workmen concerned in this first venture do not appear to have
been inspired by any particular examples of cooperation, since it is
doubtful if there was any other cooperative concern in existence
in that section of the country at that time. The peculiar conditions
prevailing in the industry, however, seem to have been responsible
for the organization of the first group, and the movement developed
largely without relation to similar activities elsewhere, although the
leaders have been in touch with the cooperative movement in the
country as a whole.
Among the factors which have contributed toward the formation of
cooperative mills are unsettled market conditions, the seasonal
character of the industry, and the dangerous nature of the work.
As would be expected, the cooperative ventures are found in the
so-called straight mills which are frequently small concerns rep
resenting only a small outlay of capital rather than in the combination
mills which are nearly always large establishments representing large
investment. In the small mills the pressing need is usually for work
ing funds rather than fixed capital.
The unsettled market conditions have in some instances had the
effect of making the owners willing to shift part of the risk to the
workers. The seasonal character of the market caused violent
fluctuations in demand so that during the boom periods there was
much overbidding for men with a consequent shifting of workers from
one locality to another to get the benefit of higher wages. This
resulted in an unstable labor force and the payment of higher wages
during these seasons than the industry could pay as a regular practice.
In slack seasons the mills were closed down and the workers were
out of a job, so that although a few of the commercial mills were able
to keep their crews together, the typical shingle-mill worker has been
a transient. These periods of activity followed by periods of de
pression have resulted in hard, keen wage bargaining with little con
sideration shown on either side, and the losses which the alternate
periods of prosperity and depression caused both owner and worker
have prevented any basis of mutual understanding.
Establishing a mill on a cooperative basis, therefore, presented
certain advantages to both owner and employees. To the owner it
offered a steady income from royalties or purchase payments instead
of the fluctuating income due to unstable labor costs and markets,
freedom from labor disputes and from care as to the waste of logs and
the neglect of machinery, saws, tools, and equipment. To the
worker, cooperation offered a possibility of more stable employment
and a share in the profits of the enterprise.
Development of Cooperative Mills.
'"THE first cooperative shingle mill, the Mutual Mill of Marysville,
was taken over by the workers in the plant in the sprilig of 1910.
The owner had decided not to operate the mill that season and urged
the crew, which was composed of good workmen, and men either
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COO PERATION.
173
with a little property or good enough standing to be able to secure
indorsers for their notes, to take it over. The crew, which numbered
about 25 men, raised the $8,000 necessary to start operations in
various ways, and leased the mill for a year on a royalty basis of 10
cents a thousand. The owner was to keep up the insurance and pay
the taxes. The mill was incorporated by the crew in order to avoid
organizing on a partnership basis with its unlimited liability. The
mill was operated for three months, but a fire starting in an adjoining
mill spread to it and burned all the plant except the boiler house,
engine room, and kiln. Following the fire the crew scattered and
went to work in other places, but in the final settlement it was found
that their original investment was intact and there was sufficient
profit to declare a dividend of $40 per share. As there was a general
feeling of satisfaction over this result the men decided to purchase
the site and put up a new mill. For this purpose a fund of $15,000
was raised; that is, $600 for each man. Not all of the original crew
went into this new venture, but new men were found to take their
places. The project was completed during the fall of 1910 and the
following winter, part of the crew working on the construction of
the mill. The new concern incurred heavy debts in starting but
these were paid off within two years. There were some difficulties
among the stockholders after the mill got out of debt, and at the
present time there are but five of the original stockholders with the
mill. The employees now number 32, and of these 25 are stock
holders. Shares which originally cost $600 have been sold as high
as $1,800.
The organization of the Olympia Shingle Mill parallels in some
respects the experience of the Mutual Mill. The Olympia Mill was
organized and incorporated in 1915, and at the time of organization
was closed down. There had also been a dispute between the owner
and the employees over the discharge of one of the men. As a result
of the unemployment, the men, who were residents of the town, were
unable to pay their debts to the local merchants. The money to take
over the mill was secured on the notes of the men, which were in
dorsed by the business men of the town. The original number of
stockholders was 21, and the mill was first leased and then purchased
by the crew. The mill was not in good condition at the time of pur
chase but has since burned and has been replaced by an up-to-date
building.
This mill has been one of the most successful of the cooperative
mills. The stock, which was originally $150 a share, has increased
greatly in value, and one share was sold for $3,800. The stockholderemployees at times have received more than $100 a week. The by
laws of this concern originally provided that only men working in
the plant could be stockholders and that all stockholders should work,
but at present the crew numbers 29, while only 18 are stockholders.
The mill is now valued at from $80,000 to $100,000.
Most of the mills which have been turned into cooperative organi
zations were idle at the time or were not financially successful, and
in several cases the owners of the mill have taken the initiative in
having it organized on a cooperative basis. Several of the mills,
including the Everbest mill at Everett and the Quality mill at
Edmonds, were taken over bv the workers after the labor troubles
of 1915-16.
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
Present Status of Mills.
- cooperative mills are united in a central organization, The
Mutual Timber Mills (Inc.), which includes 18 shingle mills and
3 lumber mills. These mills have 97 machines, 7 of which are used
in two shifts. There are other cooperative mills not included in
this association which have a varying number of stockholders. The
Olympia Veneer Mill is perhaps the largest of these independent
mills, having 125 employees, all of them stockholders. This mill,
in which the force is made up of Finnish workers, has made a practice
of paying all the employees at the same rate with the exception of
the manager and the office employees.
Internal Organization.
The mills are incorporated, however, with but one or two excep
tions, under the general law, as there is among the leaders of the
movement a feeling of distrust toward the present cooperative law.
They feel that this law was passed as a sop to the cooperative move
ment by those really opposed to it, and they also consider that the
general law confers greater powers. The cooperative law also requires
that more elaborate accounts shall be kept and that all earnings
above a dividend of 8 per cent on stock shall be divided among
the workers as a bonus, stockholders to receive double the rate of
nonstockholders. This share of a nonstockholder must be computed
even though he should work as short a time as one day. Such re
quirements are felt as a hardship, especially when the office force is
not skilled.
The consequence of incorporation under the general law is that the
distinctive cooperative features appear in the by-laws of the mills.
The by-laws of the Olympia Shingle Co., which were carefully worked
out, serving to a large extent as a model for other mills, provide that
there shall be an equal number of shares of stock for each stockholder;
there shall be an election in the case of a new stockholder; that each
stockholder shall have only one vote; and that all stockholders must
be employees of the company. The question has been raised in
connection with the last point as to whether all employees in turn
must be stockholders, but it would not be possible under the general
corporation law to require this. Some of the more recent organiza
tions provide that any stock which is for sale shall be offered to the
stockholders at the same price as has been bid by any nonstockholder.
There are other points which are usually included in the rules of
the organization, but which are not essential. These relate to the
scale of wages, which may be the union scale, and may in some
cases be reduced if approved by two-thirds of the stockholders;
assessments on stock payments, which may be taken out of wages;
and the fixing of the minimum number of stockholders and conditions
of employment. One mill, recently organized on a cooperative basis,
requires that in case anyone desires to sell his stock it must first
be offered to the other stockholders. It also provides for the purchase
of an employee’s stock in case of disability or death and provides that
wages may be withheld, on a two-thirds vote of the stockholders, in
order to furnish working capital.
In addition to the usual officers, there is usually a manager, who
may also be a foreman, bookkeeper, log buyer, or salesman, or
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COO PERATION.
175
who may perform the duties of several of these offices. Rotation
of the stockholders in the offices is frequent, with the exception
of that of the secretary, which is usually permanent. Occasionally
rivalries and suspicions spring up; these are most likely to occur
between the sawyers and packers and the other members of the crew.
The sawyers and packers not only work together, but they are on a
piece basis, while the other employees are not; so that the interests
of the two groups are not identical. In one mill, where the sawyers
were the dominating group among the stockholders, it was reported
that because work on certain grades brought good wages to the saw
yers, only these grades of shingles were made, although there was a
poor market for them.
Meetings of stockholders are held at frequent intervals and as the
stockholders and trustees all work in the plant it is an easy matter
to call special meetings. One of the mills has stockholders’ meetings
quarterly and newTbusiness is in order only at the annual meeting.
The infrequency of the meetings has been a source of friction in this
mill. One mill pays a bonus for attendance at the meetings because
leaders in the movement generally feel that some such measure is
necessary to get the men to take an interest in the affairs of the
organization and to regard themselves as something more than mill
workers.
Discipline is usually in the hands of the manager who frequently
performs the duties of a foreman and is the leader in the event of
any emergency. In the majority of cases the workers engaged in
these enterprises have been union men, though they usually drop
their union membership when they become stockholders.
Administrative Problems.
The purchase of these mills has usually been effected without
the payment of a large sum of money. At the Everbest Mill in
Everett the men paid $1,000 in cash and agreed to put the same
amount in material used for repairs, and in addition were to do the
repair work. Another mill was purchased with an initial payment of
$5,500 and subsequent monthly installments. This has been a
common way of buying the mills and usually the contract stipulates
the minimum monthly payment which must'be made. The men are
generally required to keep up the insurance for the one selling the
property.
I t is more difficult for the men to obtain working capital than to
secure title to the mill. The logs are the largest item of expense and
the concern just organizing on a cooperative basis finds it a very
difficult matter to raise enough cash for a supply of logs to begin on,
so the men may have to take severe cuts in pay or to mortgage
property they may own.
At times, in order to secure funds from a bank or other lender, a
•wage lien waiver has been signed by those of the crew who are stock
holders. This gives the one who lends the money first claim on the
shingles manufactured by means of this advance. Other supplies
do not form so large an item as do the logs. The Mutual Timber
Mills, the central organization of the cooperative mills, assumes some
of the responsibility in connection with the business with bankers and
other creditors.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[175]
176
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
While the office details may be attended to by one person who has
other duties, such as foreman, log buyer, etc., the majority of stock
holders, being millmen, are likely not to appreciate the importance
of proper accounting and of efficient marketing of the product. _ This
frequent lack of a qualified person to take charge of these details has
been a drawback to the successful operation of the mills. The item
of depreciation is often neglected entirely and this is of real importance
in an industry where the speculative interest is as great as in the
shingle industry.
The mills when first organized include all or nearly ail the em
ployees as stockholders, due to the need for working capital, but after
the mill has become a success this reason for having all workers as
part owners no longer exists. If a worker drops out and the worker
taking his place buys his stock, no new capital is brought to the
enterprise; and if the mill is making a good profit the remaining
stockholders can keep this profit in their own hands by buying m
this stock as a group or through purchase by some individual among
them. Often, even where the members would prefer to have a new
man buy stock and are ready to offer him opportunity^ to ao so,
they have to take him on as an employee because of his lack of the
necessary money.
_
.
,
At the present time there is no cooperative mill m which all the
workers are stockholders, although there are two in which only one em
ployee is not a stockholder, and one mill where all but two employees
hold stock. In a number of cases, however, consolidation has gone
so far that the mills can hardly be classed as cooperative in any sense.
One large cooperative mill was recently sold to a well-known shingle
producer, the crew remaining as employees under the new manage
ment. The Mutual Mill of Marysville, the first of the cooperative
mills, now has 15 stockholders but there havn been a number of
changes in ownership. There is a possibility that the growingstrength and leadership of the central office may check the tendency
to concentration of ownership.
Opposition to the Mills.
KJOT much information is available as to the form that opposition
to these mills has taken, though there was a feeling among
other operators that the cooperative mills were unfair as competitors,
inasmuch as they are in operation at times when other mills must
remain idle, pay more for their logs, and sell their shingles cheaper
than the commercial mills. Some hostility has been shown to the
cooperative mills by the commercial mills within the grading associ
ation. There has 'been no discrimination shown, however, in the
shingle market as in general shingle brokers are indifferent to the
source of supply. In some communities there has been opposition
to the mills when they were starting which has been shown by
refusal of credit and in other ways.
. .
There has been complaint by the_ workers, also, of discrimination
on the part of loggers. One dealer in logs stated that stricter terms
were fixed in sales to cooperative mills than to other buyers because
it was felt that the financial standing of cooperative mills was not
good. As the mills become established, however, there is a tendency
for the opposition and discrimination to become less.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[176]
COO PERATION.
177
Marketing Problems.
4
ATTENTION has been called to the various difficulties met in
marketing the product of the shingle mills and to the need for
central organization. The uncertainty of the market and the im
portance of the shingle broker have also been pointed out. In the
marketing field the most important factor still is the shingle broker
or wholesaler, upon whom the producer relies to take the product
as fast as it is manufactured. The broker in turn frequently sells
to other wholesalers, usually those in the East. There are among
the commercial mills two associations, the Shingle Branch and the
Kite-Grade Association, which have worked, among other things,
for the standardization of the product. The Rite-Grade Association
sets up certain standards as to grades and the mills joining the asso
ciation are obliged to manufacture in conformity with these standards.
The service is open to a limited number of mills, which have the right
to use the association trade-mark, and the membership is restricted
in order that there shall not be an overproduction of shingles bearing
this mark. An inspection service is maintained and the surplus
from the fees charged for this purpose is used in advertising. There
are 10 cooperative mills belonging to the Shingle Branch and two
which are members of the Kite-Grade Association.
Central Cooperative Organization.
♦
IN ORDER to deal with selling problems two cooperative central
“ organizations have been formed, the first of which became in
active and. was abandoned. The second, the Mutual Timber Mills
(Inc.), was organized in 1921 and incorporated with a capital stock
of $4,000. This concern has sold the entire output of four or five
of the cooperative mills and part of the output of some of the others.
The volume of business on the basis of the August, 1922, sales is
about $150,000 a month. Although some system for the handling
and equitable distribution of orders among the various mills will
have to be worked out, nothing has so far been done, since the problem
has not become pressing, there having been a fairly satisfactory
balance between orders and the capacity of the plants,"
There is needed about $100,000 to carry the* volume of business
done by the Mutual Mills. The wholesalers usually expect five days
from delivery in which to make payments, and the distance from
the eastern markets makes the element of time an important factor.
The Mutual Timber Mills has borrowed extensively from its member
firms and has been able to secure loans from the bank in Cleveland
operated by the railroad brotherhoods, which it regards as a very
valuable connection.
The central office has also been active in organizing new coopera
tive mills and has helped in the reorganization of those which have
become involved in difficulties. Other activities suggest themselves,
such as the cooperative purchase of supplies by which considerable
economy can be effected, and the institution of an accounting service.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[177]
M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW .
178
Conclusions as to the Value of Cooperative Mills.
tendency which has frequently been evidenced by cooperative
productive organizations to revert to control centered in the
hands of a few is brought out by the writer in his summing up of the
study. The conclusions he has reached as a result of the investigation
are as follows:
HPHE
1. These cooperative mills have not existed for a long enough period to justify
any final valuation of their success or worth. While th e oldest mill has been
in existence 12 years, the next oldest has existed half of th a t time, and many
of th e others for much shorter periods.
2. There are factors in the shingle industry itself th a t point to a decline there.
The principal one is the lack of m arketing ability on the p art of shingle producers,
particularly in meeting the com petition of p aten t roofing. The development
of this group of cooperative mills m ay be checked by disasters th a t may come to
the industry as a whole.
3. The unfavorable conditions which confronted th e labor force m m any
shingle mills up to the boom period of 1918 was one of th e m ost im portant pre
disposing factors th a t led to the setting up of these mills. Such labor conditions
were not peculiar to the shingle industry. Another very im portant factor was
th e relatively small am ount of capital needed in order to operate a shingle mill.
4. Personal factors have played a p a rt in the development of these mills.
5. The possibility th a t these mills will furnish examples of industrial enterprises
organized on noncapitalistic lines is remote. There is too strong a tendency for
stockholders to dispose of their stock to the more aggressive of their fellows in
th e enterprise and for a relatively small group to rem ain in control. The forces
counteracting this tendency do not m anifest great vigor except as such counter
acting forces exist in th e machinery of the central office.
6. There have been developed in the mills from among the crews some leaders
and managers of ability. The question arises whether this discovery of new
groups of entrepreneurs is not the m ost im portant phenomenon th a t th e economist
may observe in this movement. This discovery of new leadership, particularly
as it is inspired w ith altruistic motives, is of interest also to th e student of social
reform.
, , ,,
7. The development of the central offices now under way promises to be the
most im portant incident connected w ith the movement. Such a type of central
organization m ay prevent the mills from becoming merely joint-stock enterprises
whose original stockholders were workers, and may aid in holding these concerns
to something more nearly the original purpose. The new ventures of the central
organization may take those in the movement, especially th e leaders, into quite
unexpected lines of activities. I t seems probable th a t th e future development
of some Federal agency will be more significant th an th a t of th e constituent
mills.2
2Since th e article under review was w ritten , one or tw o of th e cooperative m ills have burned, and, due
to th e present depression of th e shingle m arket, these m ills are being closed out.
.
T h e depression th a t faces th e shingle in d u stry has been a long and serious one. D uring th e early p a rt of
N ovem ber, 1923, practically all th e shingle m ills in w estern W ashington (including th e cooperative mills)
w ere closed. T n e sole encouraging feature, indeed, th a t th e present outlook holds w ould seem to be the
fact th a t th e available su p p ly of shingles is becoming smaller.
A t th e tim e th a t th e article was w ritten there was a m ovem ent u nder w ay for th e M utual lim b e r Mills
(Inc.) to acquire stum page. T his advance, however, was effected through the organization of a separate
com pany, incorporated in W ashington about a year ago, un d er th e nam e of th e M utual Logging & Milling
Co., b u t now know n as th e M utual Logging Co. I t is authorized to have considerable capital stock, and is
licensed in B ritish Columbia as an “ extra-provincial com pany.” T he adverse shingle m ark et has also
affected th e m ark et for cedar. T his has m eant a struggle on th e p a rt of those interested in th e new concern;
and m an y difficult situations have been m et only b y th e m ost heroic persistence and activity. Well-wishers
of th e enterprise hope th a t th e m ost strenuous days are drawing to a close, and there are indications th at
th is is th e case.—A u th o r’s note.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CO NCILIATIO N A N D A R B ITR A TIO N
Conciliation Work of the Department of Labor in November, 1923.
By
H u g h L . K e r w i n , D ir e c t o r o f C o n c il ia t io n .
HE Secretary of Labor, through the Division of Conciliation,
exercised his good offices in connection with 35 labor disputes
during November, 1923. These disputes affected a total of
26,393 employees. The following table shows the name and loca
tion of the establishment or industry in which the dispute occurred,
the nature of the dispute (whether strike or lockout or controversy
not having reached strike or lockout stage), the craft or trade con
cerned, the cause of the dispute, its present status, the terms of set
tlement, the date of beginning and ending, and the number of work
men directly and indirectly affected:
T
L A B O R D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O P L A B O R
T H R O U G H IT S D IV IS IO N O P C O N C IL IA T IO N , N O V E M B E R , 1923.
C om pany or in d u stry a n d location.
P en n sy lv an ia Coal Co.:
E w en Colliery, P ittsto n , P a . . .
No. 9 m ine, P ittsto n , P a ..........
M odern F o u rth V ein Coal Co., Jasonville, In d .
B uilding m anagers, Chicago, 111........
N ature of
controversy.
Craft concerned.
S trike.......... M iners.
........do......... ........do..
Controversy ........do..
Present
status.
Cause of dispute.
U nion a c tiv ity ............ A djusted.
Wages; conditions___
Do.
Placing of 2 drillers...
Do.
........d o ......... Elevator operators Asked 15 per cent in
crease.
N ewspapers, Ashville, N . C ................ S trik e.......... News w orkers........ W age dispute; com
p a n y refused to ar
bitrate.
U n ited R ailw ays Co., Providence, Controversy T raction w orkers.. A sked 19 cents per
R . I.
hour increase, etc.
B utchers, W ashington, D . C............ . T hreatened B utchers...........
R enew al of agree
strike.
m ent.
Tailors, W ashington, D. C . ............... S trik e.......... Tailors...............
Wages; asked 25 per
cent increase.
N orthw estern Electric Co., P o rt ........do.......... T raction w orkers.. Asked increase............
lan d , Oreg.
P an ara B ros., New Y ork C ity ........... ........do......... B athrobe m akers. A sked wage increase..
G. Colombo, New Y ork C ity ............. ........do ..........
. .d o ..................... Asked increase and
conditions.
P ennsylvania and Hillside coal com ........do .......... M iners..............
Wages; conditions___
panies, P ittsto n , Pa.
L adies’ tailors, P hiladelphia, P a ___ Controversy Ladies’ tailors.
44 hour w eek—$4f
per week.
E u rek a Coal Co., Mine No. 1, Don- ........do.
M iners..............
Conditions; 1 dis
wood, W . Va.
charge.
E lks B uilding, Indianapolis, I n d ___ Strike.
Iron an d steam fit Jurisdictional disput
ters.
D ry Dock, Galveston, T e x ............... Controversy M achinists.............. O vertim e ra te s..........
B a rn e tt & P lo tk in Co., New H aven, S trik e......... Tobacco strippers. B ad w orking condi
Conn.
tions.
Longshorem en, Mobile, A la .............. ........d o .......... Longshorem en___ Wages: w orking con
ditions.
Pacific Mills, Dover, N . H .................. T hreatened T ex tile w o rk e rs ... R eported wage c u t..
strike.
F o rt S m ith Spelter Co., F o rt Sm ith, ........d o ......... R efinery w orkers.. D ischarge of 10 m en.
A rk.
Consolidated Coal Co., an d Davis S trik e......... M iners..................... Signing of c o n tra c t..
Coal Co., M aryland and W est V ir
ginia.
Gold beaters, New Y ork C ity ............
.do.
Gold beaters .
(9 ..............................
R ock Ledge Co., Paterson, N . J ........
.do.
W eavers........
A sked increase, piece
w ork, etc.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[179]
Do.
Pending.
Do.
Do.
A djusted.
P ending.
Adjusted.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Pending.
A djusted.
Do.
Pending.
A djusted.
179
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
180
D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S D A P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R
T H R O U G H IT S D IV IS IO N O F C O N C IL IA T IO N , N O V E M B E R , 1923—C ontinued.
tabor
Com pany or in d u stry a n d location. ¡ cj^troversy.
S trik e ......... P a tte rn m akers.
Overcharge for do
m estic fuel.
Local conditions (ab
sence from work
for b urials).
Wages; 8-hour d a y . .,
P rin te rs ...............
Wages; asked increase
H a tte rs ...............
Violation agreem ent;
factory closed.
D ull business............
E ureka Coal Co., M ine No. 5, Don- Controversy M iners.
wood, W . Va.
___ do..
D o................................................................. do
H asse P a tte rn Co., D etroit, M ich—
M athews Press a n d F ranklin Press, ....... d o .........
D etroit, Mich.
Portis B ros., Clucago, 111................... . L o ck o u t__
Indiana F o undry Co., Muncie, I n d .. S trik e.......... M olders...............
R om berg Hosiery Mills, M iddletow n, ........d o .......... K n itte rs ............
P a.
K ingston Coal Co., E dw ardsville, ........d o ......... M iners................
Pa
Cond'e-Nast Publishing Co., Stam ........d o ......... Compositors, pressm en.
ford, Conn.
Bookbinders, Scranton, P a ................. Controversy B ookbinders..........
A thletic Club a n d b an k building,
Indianapolis, In d .
Threatened
strike.
B uilding tra d e s .
B akers, Springfield, Mass.................... Controversy B ak ers.................
P ennsy lv an ia Coal Co.:
É w en Colliery, P ittsto n , P a . .
No. 9 m ine, P ittsto n , P a ........
M odern F o u rth V ein Coal Co., Jasonville, In d .
B uilding m anagers, Chicago, 111.........
Term s of settlem ent.
To board of U . M. W . of A.
for trial.
To d istrict board for settle
m ent.
Men placed satisfactorily
Received $15 p e r m o n th in
crease.
N ew spapers, A shville, N . C................
U nited R ailw ays Co., Providence,
R . I.
B utchers, W ashington, D . C ...............
Tailors, W ashington, D . C................... All received 15 p er cent in
crease.
N orthw estern Electric Co., P o rtlan d ,
Orçg.
P a n a ra B ros., New Y ork C ity ............ 10 per cen t increase (part),
$3 per week to others; 44ho u r week.
G. Colombo, New Y ork C ity ............. ___ d o ......................................
Pennsylvania a n d Hillside coal com R etu rn to w o rk......................
panies, P ittsto n , Pa.
L adies’ tailors.
L adies’ tailors, P hiladelphia, P a —
E urek a Coal Co., M ine No. 1, Don- M iners..............
wood, W . Va.
E lks B uilding, Indianapolis, I n d . . . W ork aw arded to steam
fitters.
D ry Dock, G alveston, T e x ...............
( l ) ...............................
B arn ett & P lo tk in Co., New H aven, Strike off; no den n ite term s.
Conn.
Longshoremen, Mobile, A la............... Men to re tu rn if can be
placed.
Pacific Mills, Dover, N . H ...........—
F o rt Sm ith Spelter Co., F o rt Sm ith, R ecognition allowed ; no dis
crim ination. Check-off ef
A rk.
fective.
Consolidation Coal Co., an d Davis In te rn a tio n a l officers settled
m a tte r.
Coal Co., M aryland a n d W est V ir
ginia .
Gold beaters, New Y ork C ity —
R ock Ledge Co., P aterso n , N . J ........ Mill closed; m en to re tu rn a t
same ra te w hen business
w arrants.
i N ot reported.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ISO]
Do.
Do.
U nable to
adjust.
Do.
Pending.
U nclassi
fied.
A djusted.
Bonus; shortage of
m aterial.
W orking conditions
(gangway).
A sked increase a nd
shorter hours.
A sked $4 per w eek in
crease: shorter hours
Jurisdiction—s h e e tm etal workers or
carpenters.
0
Do.
U nable to
adjust.
U n c lassi
fied.
A djusted.
Pending.
) .............................................
Men involved.
D uration.
C om pany or in d u stry a n d location.
Present
status.
Cause of dispute.
Craft concerned.
Begin
ning.
Ending.
D i
rectly.
1923.
Oct. 30
1923.
Nov. 3
1,510
90
Oct. 31 . .. d o .......
1,650
100
Oct. 19
1
Nov. 2
23
........
0)
44
(>)
Oct. 30
Nov. 1
0)
Oct. 18
2
Oct. 29
Nov.
0)
In d i
rectly.
320
350
12
0)
500
450
80
Oct. 30
Aug. 22
Sept. 6
. .d o ....
N ov. 1
Nov.
5
35
30
10,000
Oct. 10
0 )
Nov. 8
Nov. 22
1
15
Sept. 12
Oct. 10
75
75
Nov. 9
Nov. 10
Dec. 9
N ov. 30
24
50
Oct.
Dec.
0)
6
1,500
N ov. 15
N ov. 1
Nov. 28
1,500
175
150
A pr.
1
N ov. 19
2,400
3,100
1
N ov. 26
200
100
60
(')
N ov.
6
181
C O N C IL IA T IO N AND ARBITRA TIO N .
L A B O R D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R
T H R O U G H IT S D IV IS IO N O F C O N C IL IA TIO N , N O V E M B E R , 1923—Concluded.
D u ra tio n .
Com pany or in d u stry a n d location.
Men involved
Term s of settlem ent.
E ureka Coal Co., Mine No. 5, Don- Conditions satisfactorily arwood, W . Va.
ranged.
D o........................................................ Decision of a rb itrato r a,ocepted.
Hasse P a tte rn Co., D etroit, M ich___ Company refused m ediation.
M athews Press an d F ran k lin Press, Com pany refused dem ands;
D etroit, Mich.
refused to m ediate.
Portis Bros., Chicago, 111......................
Indiana F o u n d ry Co., Muncie, I n d . . Men em ployed elsew here___
R om berg Hosiery Mills, M iddletow n, Bonus continued; am ple
Pa.
m aterial supplied.
K ingston Coal Co., Edw ardsville, P a . R eturn; still th re a te n to
strike.
Conde-Nast Publishing Co., Stam- N onunion shop; no reinford, Conn.
statem ents.
Bookbinders, Scranton, P a ..............
44-hour week allowed; withdraw dem and for wage increase before Commissione r’s arrival.
A thletic Club a n d b an k building. Agree to finish w ith o u t furIndianapolis, In d .
th e r dispute.
B akers, Springfield, Mass................. .
T o ta l.......................................
Begin
ning.
Ending.
1923.
Oct. 15
1923.
N ov. 22
Di
rectly.
In d i
rectly.
1
60
Aug. 14
54
20
Nov.
N ov.
32
19
8
5
Oct. 11
Sept. 1
Nov. 7
Nov. 12
46
25
21
0)
Nov. 23
711
1
102
50
130
200
N ov. 19
0)
Nov.
0)
Dec.
1
2
Nov. 28
25
50
150
0)
21,337
(I)
5,056
1 N ot reported.
On December 1, 1923, there were 47 strikes before the department
for settlement and in addition 14 controversies which had not reached
the strike stage. Total number of cases pending, 61.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
tisi]
IMMIGRATION
Statistics of Immigration for October, 1923.
B y W. W. H
usban d
, C o m m is s io n e r G e n e r a l o f I m m ig r a t io n .
HE following tables show the total number of immigrant aliens
admitted into the United States and emigrant aliens departed
from the United States from July to October, 1923. The tabu
lations are presented according to the countries of last permanent or
future permanent residence, races or peoples, occupations, and States
of future permanent or last permanent residence. The last table
(Table 6) shows the number of aliens admitted under the per cent
limit act of May 19, 1921, from July 1 to November 21, 1923.
T
T able 1 .—IN W A R D A N D O U T W A R D P A S S E N G E R M O V EM EN T, JU L Y TO O C T O B E R , 1923.
D epartures.
A rrivals.
Period.
1923.
J u ly ..................................
A u g u st............................
Septem ber......................
O ctober...........................
Im m i
grant
aliens
ad
m itted .
Non
im m i U nited Aliens
E m i
Total
States
grant
grant
de
arrivals. aliens.
aliens citizens barred.
ad
arrived.
m itted .
Nonem i
grant
aliens.
U nited Total
States depar
citizens.. tures.
85,542
88,286
89,431
88,028
13,039
13,688
18,221
15,490
20,637
33,510
51,894
27,553
2,899
2,804
2,331
3,094
122,117
138,288
161,877
134,165
8,041
6,489
6,073
7,291
14,213
12,267
10', 245
18,356
39,898
27,744
16,025
18,104
62,152
46,500
32,343
43,751
T o tal..................... 351,287
60,438
133,594
11,128
556,447
27,894
55,081
101,771
184,746
'Ta b l e 2 __LA ST P E R M A N E N T
R E S ID E N C E O F IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D AN D
F U T U R E P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D D U R IN G
O C T O B E R , 1923, A N D FR O M JU L Y TO O C T O B E R , 1923, B Y C O U N T R IE S .
Im m igrant.
C ountry.
A lb an ia.........................................................................................
A u stria ..................
................................................. .......
B elg iu m .......................................................................................
B u lg a ria ......................................................................................
Czechoslovakia...........................................................................
D e n m ark .....................................................................................
E sth o n ia .......................................................................................
F in lan d .........................................................................................
F ran ce, including C orsica.......................................................
G e rm a n y .....................................................................................
G reat B rita in an d Ireland:
E n g la n d ...............................................................................
Ire la n d ...................................................................................
S co tlan d ...............................................................................
W ales.....................................................................................
Greece...........................................................................................
H u n g a ry .......................................................................................
Italy"(including Sicily a n d S a rd in ia)..................................
L a tv ia ...........................................................................................
L ith u an ia .....................................................................................
N etherlands.................................................................................
N o rw ay ..
...........................................................................
P o la n d ...
....................................................................
Po rtu g al (including Azores a n d Cape Verde Isla n d s)___
R u m a n ia ......................................................................................
182
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October,
1923.
Ju ly to
O ctober,
1923.
28
831
347
106
2,490
613
57
661
1,105
12,218
194
4,248
1,317
392
9,045
2,416
204
2,905
3,691
39,128
4,788
3,780
7,119
319
766
858
7,216
278
479
714
1,240
5,446
'531
2,267
18,065
13,576
25,225
1,140
3; 272
3,251
29,455
965
1,624
2,696
7,692
18,662
2,058
7,557
E m igrant.
October,
1923.
21
19
50
23
153
8
14
155
77
465
113
95
5
757
44
2,309
1
42
30
71
195
257
120
Ju ly to
October,
1923.
69
83
218
61
627
192
3
138
491
415
2,026
618
393
24
2,310
219
7,741
49
189
147
296
1,241
1,328
432
IM M IG R A T IO N ,
183
T a b l e 2 .—LA ST P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D A N D
F U T U R E P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D D U R IN G
O C T O B E R , 1923, A N D FR O M JU L Y TO O C T O B E R , 1923, B Y C O U N T R IE S —Concluded.
Im m ig rant.
C ountry.
October,
1923.
R u ssia ...................................................................................
Spain including Canary a n d Balearic Is la n d s)..................
Sw eden..............................................................
Sw itzerland.................................................................................
T u rk ey in E urope..................................................
Y ugoslavia........1 ........................................................................
O ther E u ro p e..............................................................
T otal E u ro p e ..................................................................
C hina.................................................................................
J a p a n ............................................................................................
In d ia .......................................................................
Syria, Palestine, a n d M esopotam ia.....................................
T urkey in A sia...........................................................................
O ther A sia...................................................................................
T otal A sia........................................... ...........................
Africa............................................................................................
A ustralia, Tasm ania, and New Z ealand.............................
Pacific Islands (not specified)...............................................
C anada a n d N ew foundland. . ...............................................
C entral A m erica........................................................................
Mexico..........................................................................................
South A m erica...........................................................................
W est In d ies.................................................................................
O ther co u n tries..........................................................................
G rand to ta l............................................... .....................
M ale..............................................................................................
F em ale.........................................................................................
1,946
117
2,650
711
25
758
28
60,492
823
264
16
522
799
30
2,454
87
84
2
15,858
127
6,131
873
1,911
9
88,028
50,783
37,245
Ju ly to
October,
1923.
9,806
488
13,702
2,781
1 157
2,129
181
229,022
3,616
1,730
83
1,893
1,991
156
9,469
705
405
28
65,095
891
32,660
4,276
8,714
22
351,287
212,117
139,170
E m igrant.
October,
1923.
Ju ly to
October,
1923.
32
278
52
36
241
68
288
125
277
307
916
309
127
47
6SI
15
21,712
1,014
698
52
223
117
32
2,136
48
175
8
995
214
827
430
1,349
7,291
5,368
1,923
27,894
19, 083
8,811
185
5,607
263
245
15
59
20
11
613
10
62
T able 3 — IM M IG RA N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D TO AN D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D
FR O M T H E U N IT E D ST A TES D U R IN G O C T O B E R , 1923, A N D FR O M JU L Y TO O C TO B ER ,
1923, B Y R A CES O R P E O P L E S .
Im m ig ran t.
Race or people.
October,
1923.
African (black)...........................................................................
A rm en ian ....................................................................................
B ohem ian an d M oravian (Czech)..................................... ..
B ulgarian, Serbian, an d M ontenegrin.................................
Chinese.........................................................................................
C roatian a n d Slovenian...........................................................
C u b an ...........................................................................................
D alm atian, B osnian, a n d H erzegovinian...........................
D utch and F lem ish ............................ .....................................
E a st In d ia n ................................................................................
E n g lish ........................................................................................
F in n ish ......................................................................... ..............
F rench..........................................................................................
G erm an........................................................................................
G reek............................................................................................
H ebrew ........................................................................................
Ir is h ..............................................................................................
Italian (n o rth )..........................................................................
Italian (so u th )...........................................................................
Japanese......................................................................................
K o rean .........................................................................................
L ith u a n ia n .................................................................................
M agyar.........................................................................................
M exican.......................................................................................
Pacific Islander..........................................................................
Polish...........................................................................................
Portuguese..................................................................................
R u m a n ia n ..................................................................................
R u ssian ........................................................................................
R u thenian (R u ssn iak )............................................................
Scandinavian (Norwegians, Danes, and Swedes)............
Scotch...........................................................................................
Slovak ..........................................................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 183 ]
1,390
435
1,193
360
353
603
85
42
1,157
13
10,672
654
3,563
14,700
803
8,315
6,281
1,927
5,609
211
5
360
1,179
5,992
3,046
579
187
1,483
229
4,945
9,135
962
Ju ly to
October,
1923.
5,798
2,092
3,792
1,059
1,829
1,844
736
164
4,481
55
40,670
2,633
14,952
49,424
3,442
30,794
23,244
6,550
24,117
1,514
27
1,303
4,366
31,801
6
12,706
2,543
915
6,323
879
25,904
33,661
4,272
E m igrant.
October,
1923.
Ju ly to
October,
1923.
71
8
155
197
255
6
71
20
91
24
687
15
155
138
748
20
135
64
2,263
243
2
43
42
284
430
16
613
697
988
14
320
83
391
56
2,932
155
506
635
2,315
70
699
324
7,466
690
10
222
224
797
201
275
121
48
1
166
135
8
1,268
1,381
428
372
2
929
522
72
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW ,
184
T able 3 __IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D TO A N D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D
FRO M T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S D U R IN G O C T O B E R , 1923, A N D FR O M J U L Y TO O C TO B ER ,
1923, B Y R A CES O R P E O P L E S —Concluded.
E m igrant.
Im m igrant.
Race or people.
October,
1923.
Spanish
.
............................................................
Spanish A m erican.
............................................................
Syrian. .
...........................................................................
........... ..................................................................
T u rk ish
W elsh . . .
....................................................................
West, Tn d ian (ex cep t, Oi iban ) .................................................
O ther peoples.............................................................................
Total
.
.....................................................
Ju ly to
October,
1923.
October,
1923.
Ju ly to
October,
1923.
328
255
185
48
359
292
93
2,008
J.254
971
257
1,439
997
465
353
91
52
21
11
40
31
1,194
331
215
148
34
226
119
88,028
351,287
7,291
27,894
T able 4 __ IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D TO A N D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D
FR O M T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S D U R IN G O C T O B E R , 1923, A N D FR O M JU L Y TO O C TO B ER ,
1923, B Y S T A T E S O R T E R R IT O R IE S .
Im m ig ra n t.
State.
October,
1923.
89
25
1,552
19
6,265
224
1,720
93
210
455
96
137
102
6,425
771
542
226
91
145
778
448
6,960
7,192
1,271
86
630
190
334
39
427
5,051
139
24,303
56
148
3,799
62
579
7,787
45
966
19
136
58
3,051
113
308
294
1
1,987
298
1,233
53
88,028
A la b am a ....................
A lask a.......................
A rizona.......................
A rk an sas....................
C alifornia...................
Colorado.....................
C onnecticut...............
D elaw are....................
D istrict of Columbia
F lo rid a.......................
Georgia.......................
H a w a ii........................
Id a h o ..........................
Illinois.......................
In d ia n a .......................
Io w a............................
K an sas........................
K e n tu c k y ..................
L o u isian a...................
M aine..........................
M aryland...................
M assachusetts...........
M ichigan....................
M innesota..................
M ississippi................
M issouri......................
M o n tan a.....................
N eb rask a....................
N e v a d a ......................
New H a m p sh ire ----New Jerse y ................
New Mexico..............
New Y o rk ..................
N orth Carolina..........
N o rth D ak o ta...........
O hio............................
O klahom a...... ...........
O regon........................
P en n sy lv an ia ............
Porto R ico.................
Rhode Is la n d ............
South C arolina..........
South D akota............
T ennessee.................
T exas...........................
U ta h ............................
V erm o n t.....................
V irginia......................
V irgin Isla n d s..........
W ash in g to n ..............
W est V irginia...........
W isconsin..................
W yom ing...................
T o ta l................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[184]
July to
October,
1923.
261
108
5,990
88
24,203
794
7,177
314
826
1,755
247
758
485
26,651
3,119
2,084
841
268
541
3,436
1.707
27,849
28,228
5,772
292
2,392
873
i,390
146
2,400
18,596
428
90,663
174
1,075
14,425
274
2,501
29,170
110
3,881
97
611
225
20,267
627
1,036
1,029
3
8,274
1,183
5,327
316
351,287
E m igrant.
October,
1923.
3
5
28
1
645
12
134
July to
October,
1923.
36
82
6
15
15
342
83
31
12
3
33
10
34
658
265
58
5
31
21
20
7
12
268
5
2,628
4
11
381
6
36
682
17
96
1
3
3
200
28
10
9
22
29
137
6
2,062
64
573
3
143
505
32
78
42
1,379
241
94
47
12
164
33
131
2,693
933
239
17
145
61
59
18
23
1,087
22
10,563
36
44
1,194
21
115
2,508
81
481
6
28
18
514
83
27
86
137
88
62
9
7,291
462
256
246
31
27,894
185
IM M IG R A T IO N ,
T able 5 — IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D TO A N D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D
FR O M T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S D U R IN G O C T O B E R , 1923, AN D FRO M JU L Y TO O C TO B ER ,
1923, B Y O C CU PA TIO N S.
’
Im m igrant.
Occupation.
October,
1923.
Professional:
A cto rs......................................................................
A rchitects................................................
C lergy...................................................................................
E d ito rs ...............................................................
E lectrician s.............................................
Engineers (professional)...............................................
L aw y ers...........................................................
L iterary a n d scientific persons.......................................
M usicians...................................................................
Officials (G overnm ent)....................................................
P h y sician s......................................................
Sculptors a n d a rtis ts ..............................
Teachers...................................................
O ther professional..............................................................
T o tal................................................................................
Skilled:
B akers.....................................................................
B arbers and hairdressers.....................
B lacksm iths....................................
B ookbinders...................................................
B rew ers....................................................
B utchers.................................................
C ab in etm a k e rs...............................
Carpenters a n d j oiners...........................
Cigarette m a k e rs......................................
Cigar m akers.........................................
Cigar p ack ers. . ........... ................
Clerks' a n d acco u n tan ts..........................................
D ressm akers........................................
Engineers (locomotive, m arine, and statio n ary ). .
Furriers a n d fur w orkers...........................................
G ardeners.........................................
H a t and cap m a k e rs.....................................
iro n and steel w orkers.................................
Jewelers....................................
L o ck sm ith s.......................
M achinists..............................
M ariners...................
Masons.............................................
Mechanics (not specified)........................
Metal w orkers (other th a n iron, steel, and tin ).
M illers.........................„.............
M illiners...............................
M iners.....................................................
P a in te rs an d glaziers............................
P a tte rn m a k e rs................................
P h o to g rap h ers..............................
P la ste re rs...................................................
P lu m b ers....................................
P rin te rs...............................................
Saddlers an d harness m a k e rs.....................
Seam stresses.............................................
Shoem akers...................................................
S to k ers................ ............................................
S to n ecu tters.....................................................
Tailors............................................................
T an n ers an d c u rrie rs....................................
Textile workers (not specified)..........................
T in n e rs ..................................................................
Tobacco w o rk ers...................................................
U pholsterers............................................................
W atch a n d clock m a k e rs .........................................
W eavers an d sp in n ers...............................................
W heelw rights.......................................................
W oodworkers (not specified).....................
O ther skilled..........................................................
T o tal..........................................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[185]
E m igrant.
Ju ly to
October,
1923.
October,
1923.
Ju ly to
October,
1923.
109
57
184
3
480
689
24
90
218
46
162
48
374
584
496
203
872
21
2,048
2,631
103
376
799
221
524
179
1,722
1,896
4
30
1
7
6
19
9
6
18
29
22
7
171
3
25
118
18
22
35
57
36
15
137
161
3,068
12,091
169
827
547
359
470
35
]
363
75
1,872
7
31
7
3,149
507
628
36
145
20
9
10
68
67
31
i
5
5
50
34
22
205
1
70
851
1,904
1,402
1,893
152
21
1,438
271
8,438
30
145
14
11,854
2,174
2,123
188
608
184
4,961
228
1,994
3,372
4,223
3,045
4,351
666
313
385
4,199
1,951
225
244
363
1,090
807
173
1 35fi
2 , 910
428
348
4,139
126
271
401
20
195
338
1,726
79
324
3, 096
20, 567
81,186
1,311
69
547
792
1,049
655
1.095
165
64
96
1,164
427
51
61
80
264
220
47
388
747
103
77
1,124
39
73
90
4
61
89
424
18
2
33
19
87
6
2
1
10
10
4
20
28
12
19
1
16
76
8
1
1
2
3
35
1
2
30
1
26
l
394
52
26
4
35
1
30
8
i
91
102
80
5
51
316
31
]
4
9
33
18
q
128
2
6
148
4
1
2
3
3
168
15
62
535
2,363
186
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW ,
T able 5 .—IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D TO AN D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D
FR O M T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S D U R IN G O C T O B E R , 1923, A N D FR O M JU L Y TO O C T O B E R ,
1923, B Y O C CU PA TIO N S—C oncluded.
E m igrant.
Im m igrant.
Occupation.
October,
1923.
Miscellaneous:
A gents...................................................................................
B ankers.................................................................................
D raym en 7hackm en. an d tea m ste rs..............................
F a rm laborers.....................................................................
F arm ers................................................................................
F ish erm en ............................................................................
TTotel keepers ....................................................................
L ab o rers...............................................................................
Mann fart, 1irers.....................................................................
M erchants an d dealers......................................................
S e rv a n ts................... - ..........................................................
O ther m iscellaneous..........................................................
T o ta l..................................................................................
No occupation (including women a n d children^.............
G rand t o ta l......................................................................
255
24
216
3,452
2,301
249
18
11,004
100
1,464
8,574
2,997
30,654
33,739
88,028
J u ly to
O ctober,
1923.
1,032
89
913
15,448
9,128
990
82
51,388
325
5,467
29,646
13,464
127,972
130,038
351,287
October,
1923.
10
9
4
19
181
4
6
3,540
8
227
182
375
4,565
2,022
7,291
Ju ly to
October,
1923.
42
35
16
96
598
16
10
11, 712
25
736
680
1,747
15,713
8,991
27,894
T a b l e 6 .—ST A T U S O F T H E IM M IG R A T IO N
O F A L IE N S IN T O T H E U N IT E D ST A TES
U N D E R T H E P E R C EN TU M L IM IT ACT O F MAY 19, 1921, AS E X T E N D E D B Y PU B L IC
R E S O L U T IO N N O . 55, S IX T Y -S E V E N T H C O N G R ESS, A P P R O V E D MAY 11, 1922, JU L Y 1
TO N O V E M B E R 21, 1923.
C ountry o r region of b irth .
A lb a n ia .................................................................
A rm enia (R u s sia n )...........................................
A u stria ..................................................................
B elgium ................................................................
B u lg a ria ................................................................
Czechoslovakia....................................................
D anzig...................................................................
D en m ark ..............................................................
E sth o n ia ...............................................................
F in la n d .................................................................
F lu m e ....................................................................
F ran c e ...................................................................
G e rm a n y ..............................................................
G reat B rita in a n d Ir e la n d ..............................
Greece....................................................................
H u n g a ry ...............................................................
Ic e la n d ..................................................................
I ta ly .......................................................................
L a tv ia ...................................................................
L ith u a n ia .............................................................
L u x e m b u rg .........................................................
N e th erla n d s........................................................
N o rw ay .................................................................
P o lan d ..............................................................
P o rtu g al...............................................................
R u m a n ia ..............................................................
R u ssia ...................................................................
S p a in .....................................................................
Sw eden.................................................................
Sw itzerland.........................................................
Y u goslavia..........................................................
O ther E u ro p e ......................................................
P a le stin e ..............................................................
S y ria ......................................................................
T u rk ey ..................................................................
O ther A sia ...........................................................
A frica.....................................................................
E g y p t....................................................................
A tlan tic I s la n d s .................................................
A u stra lia ..............................................................
New Zealand an d Pacific Isla n d s ..................
T o ta l..........................................................
M axim um
m o n th ly
q u o ta.
58
46
1,468
313
61
2,871
60
1,124
270
784
14
1,146
13,521
15,468
613
1,149
15
8,411
308
526
19
721
2,440
6,195
493
1,484
4,881
182
4,008
750
1,285
17
12
177
531
19
21
4
24
56
16
71,561
A d m itted
N ov. 1-21,
1923.
2 58
9
842
2311
47
2,485
57
378
37
709
5
538
9,737
2 15,468
2 613
632
5
6,589
253
494
2 10
676
1,429
5,628
2 493
1,371
2 4,881
2 182
1,029
700
815
. 214
29
2 174
2 530
2 16
2 20
22
7
40
2 10
57,303
A nnual
quota.
288
230
7,342
1,563
302
14,357
301
5,619
1,348
3,921
71
5,729
67,607
77,342
3,063
5', 747
75
42,057
1,540
2 ,629
92
3,607
12,202
30,977
2,465
7,419
24,405
'912
20,042
3,752
6,426
86
57
882
2,654
92
104
18
121
279
80
357,803
A dm itted
J u ly 1 to
N ov. 21.
283
77
4,809
1,563
287
12,185
277
2,963
'332
3,811
58
3,517
44,910
77,340
3,061
3,995
17
35,908
1,259
2 ,462
84
3,538
9,323
26,924
2,465
6,800
24,405
910
15,987
3,700
3; 581
82
57
882
2,654
92
104
18
103
255
73
301,151
B alance
for
y e a r .1
(3)
148
2,466
(3)
3
2,027
21
2,637
1,003
94
7
2,126
22,399
(3)
(3)
1,693
58
5,514
248
137
(3)
32
2,788
3', 593
(3)
451
(3)
(3)
4,011
23
2,726
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
16
13
(3)
54.234
1 A fter all pending cases for w hich quotas have been g ranted, a n d adm issions u n d e r th e act d u rin g the
c u rre n t fiscal year, have been deducted from th e a n n u a l quota.
2 M onthly q u o ta e x h au sted . T h e balance of th e q u o ta no t y et show n as a d m itte d are pending cases for
w hich q u o tas bav e been g ranted.
8 A n n u a lq u o ta ex hausted.
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Immigrant Aid— National, Nongovernmental Activities.1
B y M a r y T . W a g g a m a n , o p t h e U . S . B u r e a u o p L a b o r S t a t is t ic s .
HE so-called 3 per cent quota law which at present controls
immigration will expire by limitation on July 1, 1924, and
there is prospect of extended discussion in the sixty-eighth
Congress over the various ramifications of the immigration problem.
A review of some of the activities in behalf of the aliens who have
already been allowed to enter this country is therefore not inop
portune.
r
In this article a brief account is given of the immigrant aid work,
exclusive of wholly religious ministrations, for 1922 or the early part
of 1923 of 20 national, nongovernmental agencies. There are, of
course, other national, religious, patriotic, and social welfare bodies
not included in this report that are carrying out programs or have
recently formulated programs in behalf of the foreign born in the
United States. It is thought, however, that the following com
pilation from data furnished by officers of the agencies covered, is
of considerable interest not only because it correlates, though some
what loosely, the activities of a substantial number of important
immigrant aid organizations but because it suggests possibilities of
greater development and further coordination of these nation-wide
forces.
T
Religious Bodies other than Jewish.
Congregational Church American Missionary Association.
(Correspondence Office, New Y ork C ity.)
HTHE activities of the American Missionary Association of the Con
gregational Church consist largely of school and church service
for the backward people of the United States. The organization,
however, in its Pacific coast district has an oriental mission depart
ment with 26 paid and 50 volunteer workers. Their activities in
clude the protection of Chinese from extortion by Chinese “ tongs,”
and the conducting of free employment bureaus in connection with
Chinese and Japanese churches, of night courses in English, and of
schools for Chinese and Japanese children. The homes of orientals
are also visited for the purpose of giving medical advice and other
counsel and help. Practically all the funds for this relief work come
from Chinese and Japanese sources. In 1922 the number of Chinese
directly served by the department was 840, and the number of
Japanese, 1,480.
Disciples of Christ, United Christian Missionary Society.
(H eadquarters, St. Louis, Mo.)
The United Christian Missionary Society has four missions for
immigrants, the social work of which is summarized below:
E The Service for New Americans, New York City and vicinity,
had m 1922, 9 full-time, 10 part-time, and 25 volunteer workers.
Protection is given both to newly arrived Russian immigrants and to
resident immigrants and jobs and homes are found for the former
I? v, SJ ric! A articlcs on im m igrant aid in th e U nited States, th e tw o previous ones
h a \ mg been published in th e F eb ru ary and A ugust, 1923, issues of th e Monthly L a b o r R eview .
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M O N T H L Y L A B O E R E V IE W .
immigrants. There are classes in English and citizenship for adults,
and classes in cooking, sewing, dramatics, music, etc., for children.
Through written propaganda and the activities of the community
house, endeavors are made to interpret the immigrant’s life to the
native born and the native American’s life to the immigrant.
This mission also extends its services to Albanians, Austrians,
French, Germans, Hungarians, Italians, Poles, Rumanians, Slovaks,
Spaniards, and Ukranians.
2. Brotherhood House, Chicago, 111., has 13 paid and 22 volunteer
workers. It protects foreign widows from exploitation, children
from harsh treatment, and men from oppressive employers; does
employment agency work on a small scale; finds better homes for
immigrants; conducts a kindergarten, classes in cooking, sewing,
English, craftwork, dramatics, music and folk dances, open forums,
lectures, moving pictures, recreation clubs for boys and girls, play
ground and street games, ball games, excursions, picnics, fellowship
suppers, and. mothers’ clubs.
The Brotherhood House and the other Chicago center, chiefly
concentrated on church work, include in their activities Bohemians,
Bulgarians, Czechoslovaks, English, Gypsies, Greeks, Italians, Irish,
Jews, Lithuanians, Negroes, Poles, Russians, and Serbians.
3. The Broadway Christian Church and Community House m
Cleveland reported three paid employees and five volunteers doing
welfare work for the Bohemians and Poles. A friendly center for
individuals and families is maintained; clubs, gymnasiums, and
classes for young people are conducted; and aid is given them in the
selection of jobs and occupations.
4. The Christian Mission of the Coke Region with headquarters in
Republic, Pa., reported four paid employees and a varying number
of volunteers engaged in immigrant welfare work among Assyrians,
Bohemians, Croatians, Germans, Italians, Poles, and Serbians. Free
libraries, industrial classes, and relief work were among the services
rendered.
Methodist Episcopal Church Woman’s Home Missionary Society.
(A ddress of B u reau of Im m igration, P h iladelphia, P a.)
The Woman’s Home Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal
Church has a membership of 445,000 and has been caring for immi
grants for the past 35 years. Its immigration bureau, which employs
seven paid workers and has hundreds of volunteers, had an appro
priation for the year ending July 31, 1923, of $11,074. Immigrant
homes are maintained in East Boston and New York City and the
bureau is also represented at the Angel Island (Calif.) Station. In
East Boston a worker from the home goes to meet incoming ships
and spends part of every day at the wharf. The home provides
incoming aliens with clothing, looks after their baggage, and endeavors
to locate friends and addresses.' In some cases days and even months
elapse before the persons to whom the new arrivals were planning
to go can be located. A nominal board is charged during their
stay in the home.
The workers employed by the bureau are continually called upon
for relief for immigrants in pitiable circumstances. Assistance is
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189
also given in housing families and securing positions for heads of
families, women and girls. While the agency has inaugurated no
regular classes, the life in the immigrant home is regarded as “ an
education in American ways of living” and it is hoped to make
these institutions “ centers of Americanization and Christian
influence.”
In addition to the appropriations for the bureau of immigration
already referred to, the Woman’s Home Missionary Society’s appro
priations for the last fiscal year included, among numerous other
items, $58,782 for Spanish-American work in industrial and day
schools at Albuquerque, Tucson, Los Angeles, and Porto Rico, and
a settlement in El Paso; $9,985 for a Chinese home in San Francisco;
and $20,820 for Japanese and Korean homes located respectively
in San Francisco, Los Angeles, Seattle, and Honolulu.
There is a considerable amount of social service done at the so-called
missions for the foreign born. For example, there is a community
center in Berwick, Pa., under the Woman’s Home Missionary
Society’s Bureau of Anthracite Slavonic Work, and the Italian mis
sion at New Orleans known as “ Neighborhood House” conducts
boys’ and girls’ clubs, sewing classes for older girls, social evenings,
and mothers’ meetings.
National Catholic Welfare Council Bureau of immigration.
The National Catholic Welfare Council,3 operating under the
Catholic Hierarchy of the United States, conducts a bureau of
immigration which maintains a national office at Washington, D. C.,
and branch offices at New York, Ellis Island, Philadelphia, Seattle,
and El Paso.
In 1922, this bureau which covers all nationalities in its activities,
had enrolled 14 whole-time paid employees (including 3 secretaries
and clerks) for immigrant welfare work. Thirty-two diocesan
organizations of the country also had employed social and charity
workers part of whose time was devoted to immigrants. Moreover,
in the dioceses many volunteers are engaged in activities in behalf
of immigrants, which are largely carried on at the request of the
National Catholic Welfare Council and as follow-up work on cases
referred to them by the national or port offices of the National Catholic
Welfare Council Bureau of Immigration.
Prospective immigrants to the United States are protected and
assisted in Europe through representatives of the National Catholic
Welfare Council abroad and through the cooperation of European
Catholic welfare agencies. The bureau also has foreign correspond
ents in Canada and Mexico.
The personal needs and requests for help of immigrants arriving
at the ports of entry are given attention by the workers of the bureau
which enlists the aid of local Catholic social agencies for the protec
tion of immigrants en route to their destination in the United States
and after their arrival at such destination.
Efforts are rarely made by the bureau to place alien newcomers
and the few exceptional efforts in this connection have practically
all been made at the request of Federal officials. Follow-up corre
spondents, however, are earnestly requested to aid the new arrivals
in securing better economic conditions.
3 Now th e N ational Catholic W elfare Conference.
7G3G3°—24------13
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190
The “ Civics Catechism” and “ Fundamentals of Citizenship”
published by the National Catholic Welfare Council are distributed
through diocesan and local organizations to immigrants who wish to
study these pamphlets. The “ Civics Catechism” is printed in the
following languages with the English version in parallel columns:
Arabic, Bohemian, Croatian, French, German, Hungarian, Italian,
Lithuanian, Polish, Portuguese, Rumanian, Slovak, Slovenian, and
Spanish.
Alone, as well as jointly with other organizations interested in the
welfare of immigrants, the bureau exerts its influence to secure
decisions and legislation making for the more humane treatment of
these aliens.
Under the auspices of the National Catholic Welfare Council
investigations concerning emigration have been made in Austria,
Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Holland,
Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Rumania, and Yugoslavia, but no
immigrant surveys are being carried on at present except by diocesan
or local agencies.
The bureau plans both to intensify and expand its present activi
ties, special mention being made in this connection of the prospec
tive development of follow-up work.
National Women’s Christian Temperance Union Americanization Department.
(Central office, Upland, Ind.)
The National Women’s Christian Temperance Union has a mem
bership of 500,000. The immigrant welfare work of the organiza
tion is done by the department of Americanization which has a
national director. Each State, county, and local community organi
zation also has a superintendent of Americanization. The national
director’s plans are carried out through the various subordinate
units. She also represents the national body in all the cooperative
activities with other organizations doing similar work.
A large part of the department’s work is with immigrant mothers
who are unable to attend the public school classes. The union
enlists woman volunteers who call on these mothers and become
their friends. A correspondence course has been prepared for these
volunteer agents.
The union has also aided in financing the founding of 13 centers
in strategic localities where Americanization work was greatly
needed. In some places, for example, Flint, Mich., the community
chest has taken over the work. In Kansas City and Seattle the
community chests bear part of the expense of the union’s centers,
The national W. C. T. U. and State W. C. T. U. have each paid $600
to inaugurate the work in each case, while the local union pays the
balance.
.
In addition to keeping a full-time paid employee at Ellis Island,
the national department is responsible for the salaries and^ expenses
of two young woman field workers who visit the States. The length
of time these agents stay in a given locality is arranged for by the
respective State superintendents.
The union’s service is extended to all nationalities except in some
cases in which a division of labor has been effected; thus, in Boise,
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Idaho, the W. C. T. U. work for
The relief extended by the W. C.
the particular community’s need.
0 - $13,634 in Americanization work
Island.
191
aliens is confined to the Japanese.
T. U. to immigrants is adapted to
In 1922, the national union spent
which included its service at Ellis
Protestant Episcopal Church Department of Missions.
(H eadquarters, New Y ork C ity.)
A,
The department of missions of the Protestant Episcopal Church
has a foreign-born Americans division engaged mainly in religious
work. It cooperates, however, with the social service department of
the church and with the Brotherhood of St. Andrew and the Girls’
Friendly Society, the latter organization having recently appointed
a national secretary as an outcome of conferences with the division.
A follow-up system has been established which it is proposed to
carry out “ in cooperation with the other ‘Protestant’ agencies,” the
financing to be done by the various national boards. A city mission
agent at Ellis Island, employed on part time under the home missions
council, has, with the assistance of the division office, put the plan
into successful operation. This system is expected to result in the
adequate following up of the Anglican immigrants as well as Armenian,
Greek, and Russian immigrants whose national authorities request
that agents interest themselves in these newcomers.
The division has effectively influenced immigration legislation and
has been consulted by officials of the United States Immigration
Service and the State Department as well as foreign ambassadors
and various important private organizations.
Among the literature prepared and issued by the division is a
handbook entitled “ Foreigners or Friends,” particularly designed for
the requirements of study classes. A pageant, “ Friends Wanted,”
has been edited by the division and the commission on pageantry.
Young Men’s Christian Association’s International Committee.
(H eadquarters, New Y ork C ity.)
The international committee of the Young Men’s Christian asso
ciation reported the North American membership of that organization
as approximately 1,000,000. The immigrant aid work is done by
the industrial department. In 1922 there were 250 full-time and 250
part-time paid immigration and emigration welfare workers and
approximately 2,500 volunteers. There are over 2,000 branches of
the Y. M. C. A. doing more or less work among immigrants of all
nationalities. The.character of this work is set forth by the asso
ciation in the following outline:
A c tiv itie s o f th e Y o u n g M e n ’s C h r is tia n A s s o c ia tio n i n b e h a lf o f e m ig r a n ts a n d
im m ig r a n ts .
(a )
In countries from which em igrants come and a t frontier towns—
1. The “ Y ” gives reliable inform ation in cooperation w ith G overnm ent
officials.
2. Assists in cases of personal need incident to the emergencies of travel.
3. Gives letters and cards of introduction which em igrants may present to
Y. M. C. A.’s in cities of destination.
4. Helps protect them from those who would prey upon them.
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M O N T H L Y LA BO R R E V IE W .
( b) A t ports of em barkation—1. The “ Y ” prom otes all of the above activities.
2. Com municates w ith relatives about em igrants in trouble
3. Cares for people in illness and distress.
4. D istributes helpful booklets.
5. Aids in w riting letters, sending telegrams, etc.
6. Teaches English in em igrant hotels.
7. Provides wholesome recreation, games, lectures, and entertainm ents.
8. Arranges trips to places of interest.
9. Assists in necessary shopping and money exchange.
10. Comforts those who are rejected.
(c) On shipboard—
1. The “ Y ” promotes m any of the above.
2. Organizes the social, recreational, and religious activities of th e passengers.
3. Provides classes and lectures about th e country of destination.
4. Cooperates w ith steam ship officials in every possible way.
(d) At ports of entry—
1. Continues th e service already indicated.
2. M eets and advises those bearing introductions from European secretaries.
3. In some po rt cities guides people safely to railroad train s or destinations.
4. Explains innum erable things which newcomers do n ot understand.
5. Helps in cases of trouble, lost baggage, lost relatives, etc.
6. Gives letters and introduction cards to inland associations.
(e) At final destinations—
1. M eets im m igrant trains and helps people to locate relatives and friends
in some cities.
2. Organizes nationality com mittees to welcome and assist imm igrants.
3. H elps those who present cards of introduction from European secretaries,
and other im m igrants to find themselves.
4. Organizes advisory councils of business and professional men to advise on
legal, medical, and other m atters.
5. Prom otes classes in language study, citizenship, and m any technical
subjects.
6. Gives lectures on m any different themes.
7. Holds entertainm ents, concerts, song contests, etc.
8. Does practical religious work w ithout proselyting.
9. Organizes meetings and socials w here_native and foreign born can meet
in fellowship and better understanding.
10. Affords opportunity for athletic games, play, and other physical recrea
tion.
11. Campaigns for thrift, health, gardening, right living, etc.
12. Develops and affords opportunity for expressing th e best th e foreigner
has to contribute to American life.
13. Helps Americans to understand and appreciate foreigners.
14. Gives a higher conception to “ A m ericanization.”
15. Is a friend in need.
♦
The Y. M. C. A. also reported that it was conducting local industrial
and immigrant investigations in various cities and establishments.
The secretary of the industrial service movement stated that the
organization was planning not only to continue its present work
among the foreign-born but to enlarge these activities.
Young Women’s Christian Associations of the United States of America (National Board) National
Department on Work for Foreign-born Women.
(H eadquarters, New Y ork C ity.)
The membership of the Young Women’s Christian Association is
reported as approximately 613,200. The national department on
work for foreign-born women functions under the national board
and includes the United States branch of the International Migration
Service Bureau which has headquarters in London. International
institutes or foreign community centers in 48 cities in various parts
of the country are under the supervision of this national department
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193
whicli had, in 1922, 234 paid employees engaged in immigrant wel
fare work embracing all nationalities settled in the United States.
Each institute has a local volunteer committee in addition to the
volunteers who teach and organize clubs. The number of these un
paid workers ranges from 10 to 20 in each center.
The national department also does the general national and field
work in the organization of international institutes and for the study
of methods of approaching and working among foreigners has
produced: A handbook of racial backgrounds (4 series); Folk songs
of many peoples (2 volumes); Foreign folk festivals (1 volume); and
the teaching of English to foreign-born women.
The foreign vocational guidance bureau is conducted by the depart
ment. This bureau trains and places ‘‘nationality” workers in social
service, especially for international institutes, gives particular atten
tion to educated foreign women’s vocational problems (for instance
those of Russian refugees), and secures fellowships “ for second
generation immigrant girls in schools and eolleges.”
The International Migration Service Bureau has five offices, one
at the national board’s headquarters in New York City and others
connected with the United States immigration stations. This service
solves problems for individuals at four ports of entry and does inter
national migration case work in cooperation with social agencies,
cases being taken up by the national headquarters, which involve
connections with two or more bureaus in foreign countries. In a
12-month period the cases of 2,078 individuals with problems of an
international nature were taken up.
Local international institute workers visit newly arrived foreign
women and girls to help them adjust themselves to their American
surroundings and to shield them from exploitation. There were
8,477 new recorded cases in 1922 of “ individual services leading to
medical aid ” and 4,359 new cases in connection with legal aid.
International institutes do not carry on employment bureaus but
as these institutes are so well acquainted with foreign communities
in the United States they are often in a position to recommend immi
grants for various occupations, especially for work requiring foreign
experience and equipment. According to the annual reports for
1922 there were 2,954 “ new recorded cases of employment.”
The international institutes have been pioneers in the demon
stration of educational methods adapted to foreign-born women,
making a special endeavor to reach women remote from the appeal
of evening schools and Americanization classes. Small groups of
women whom tradition influences to remain at home have been
gathered together in tenement houses for instruction. The inter
national institutes have succeeded in mustering classes for education
departments and school boards. The national department for
foreign-born women also has an educational secretary who spends her
time in research and experiments in adapting educational methods to
foreign women’s needs. The translation service bureau of the
department has issued booklets, leaflets in different foreign languages,
and releases for publication in the foreign language press, which were
prepared with a view to contributing to the education of women not
well acquainted with the English language or with United States
customs, laws and institutions, child hygiene, etc. Based on annual
reports for 1922 from 41 institutes, the number of recorded classes
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194
in English was 347 with 5,375 students enrolled and the number of
other classes 250, with 3,753 enrolled. The classes in English are
conducted only where the local education board has made no pro
vision for such classes or for foreign women beyond the reach of such
provision. The executive of the national department for work with
foreign-born women is planning to improve and extend its activities
along present lines.
Other services rendered by the organization include interpreting,
the solution of domestic difficulties caused by inequality in adaptation
of the members of the family to their new surroundings, and pro
moting social gatherings for' the purpose of bringing into contact
native and foreign-born groups.
A secretary of the national organization is in Europe visiting ports
and emigration centers and investigating the methods of protective
agencies which handle migration problems.
Jewish Organizations.
American Jewish Committee.
(H eadquarters, New Y ork C ity.)
CCORDING to the report of its acting secretary, the American
Jewish Committee is “ interested merely in legislation which
affects Jewish immigrants.” This organization lias issued various
publications dealing with immigration, the passport question, and
other matters bearing closely upon Jewish rights.
A
Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society of America.
(H eadquarters, New Y ork C ity.)
The Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society of America
has approximately 125,000 members and 70 paid workers. In
addition to its central office in New York City it maintains branch
offices in Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, San Francisco,
Seattle, and Washington, D. C.
The purposes of the organization are to facilitate the legal entry of
Jewish immigrants into this country, to direct them to their respective
destinations, to conduct information bureaus, to take proper steps
to deter ineligible Jews from emigrating to this country, and to
cultivate American ideals in newly arrived Hebrew immigrants.
The society also serves other races and nationalities if requested to
do so.
Within the year covered by the report to the March, 1923, meeting,
nearly 192,000 persons were served at the society’s main building in
New Work City. The work of the branches and bureaus in other
cities would swell this individual service to approximately 250,000.
The society’s bureau at Ellis Island “ was in touch with 20,114
Jewish immigrants,” 18,092 of whom were admitted after a special
hearing. Of 2,130 cases of appeals taken 1,553 were granted and
463 rejected. The remaining 114 were pending at the close of the
calendar year 1922.
The Washington, D. C., bureau of the organization handled not
only the appeals from Ellis Island but cases of Jewish immigrants
ordered excluded at other United States ports of entry, 80 per cent
of such appeals being sustained. This bureau also rendered personal
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service to visitors coming to the capital on immigration matters
and matters concerning their relatives in foreign countries.
Through the follow-up bureau of the department for work in
foreign countries 32,100 tracers were received for the purpose of
finding relatives in America, 18,725 of whom were advertised for
and the remaining number reached by direct correspondence. Each
of these cases meant th at the relative here was again brought into
communication with his or her people abroad.
The society is planning to establish an immigrant bank under the
supervision of the New York State Banking Department in order
to insure the safe transmittal of immigrant funds and to make
available “ a more complete service” to immigrants here and their
relatives abroad.
Council of Jewish Women.
-
(Headquarters, New York City.)
The Council of Jewish Women has 200 sections, with 50,000 mem
bers in the United States and Canada. In 1922 the society’s national
department of immigrant aid and Americanization had 102 paid and
607 volunteer workers among Jewish immigrants from practically
every European country and also Asia Minor. During the year, in
addition to visits paid to immigrants’ homes, the special attention
given to work for bonded immigrants and the provision of recreational
facilities, employment was obtained for 1,220 persons, legal aid for
447, and medical service for 470. The names, addresses, and leading
facts regarding 16,582 persons met at entry ports were forwarded to
the council’s sections in various parts of the United States and Canada.
In connection with this protective work, recreational centers, vaca
tion homes, kindergartens, day nurseries, settlement houses, homes
for immigrant girls, clinics, a kosher camp, and citizenship bureaus
were conducted.
The department entered 3,789 persons in night schools, 1,203 in
day schools, and 758 in settlement classes ; held 154 classes in English
with 2,879 pupils, 36 commercial and industrial classes with 337
pupils, and 37 citizenship classes with 2,493 pupils; instruction was
given at home to 220. A bureau is maintained at national headquar
ters to furnish advice and information with reference to the immigrant
aid and Americanization work being done.
Among the publications of the department are “ The Immigrant,”
sent to 1,050 subscribers in 1922 both here and abroad, and “ What
every emigrant should know,” printed in English and Yiddish and
widely distributed. The department also gathered together and
distributed to the council’s sections leaflets and pamphlets of munic
ipal, State, Federal, and social organizations. A legislative bureau
at headquarters issues information concerning proposed and pending
legislation relative to immigration and naturalization matters.
Jewish Welfare Board.
(Headquarters, New York City.)
The Jewish Welfare Board promotes the establishment of Jewish
centers and assists in planning and carrying on the work of such
centers. A very considerable proportion of the board’s constituent
societies do citizenship work, a number of them organizing and con-
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ducting English classes for foreigners. Broadly speaking, the whole
program of these constituent bodies tends to promote good citizen
ship, the civic side of Jewish center work being always in evidence.
Furthermore, it is reported that these centers, being conducted for
all the various elements that make up the Jewish communities,
“afford a sympathetic medium for the transition of the foreign born
to an intelligent understanding of American citizenship.”
Books, pamphlets, circulars, and plans for citizenship activities,
for conducting English classes for foreigners and civics classes, are
available for member societies at the library of the national office.
The board also publishes bulletins in which are given material and
suggestions for programs suitable for celebrating the principal civic
holidays.
Hfe
Patriotic Associations.
National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Americanization Department.
(Vice chairman’s office, Kalamazoo, Mich.)
E National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution
is continuing its aid in the preparation of the foreign born for
naturalization, and its occupational work for immigrant women at
Ellis Island was being well developed at the time report.was made to
the 1923 convention. Also, the society has secured pupils for night
schools in 26 States, taught the foreign born in 31 States, and sup
ported night-school teachers in 20 States. . . .
The grand total expenditures for Americanization work for the
year preceding the last annual meeting was $63,535.11—$22,000 more
than the amount reported at the 1922 congress. Among the items
included in the later budget were $3,304 for the Schauffler Training
School, $10,947 for the American International College, and $710 for
the Neighbors’ League of America.
The individual work of local chapters can not, of course, be taken
up in detail. Among these activities, however, may bo mentioned
the visiting of foreign-born women in their homes, especially in illness
and other troubles, obtaining books in foreign languages for public
libraries, interesting night-school pupils in use of public libraries,
maintaining playgrounds in immigrant neighborhoods, assisting in
kindergartens for the children of the foreign born, giving a carnival
of nations program for aliens, conducting a baby clinic for foreign
mothers, and furnishing a complete kitchen equipment at a public
school for inspection by foreign women.
National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution.
(Office of secretary-general, Buffalo, N. Y.)
The National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, with
a membership of 20,000, has a national committee on Americaniza
tion and aliens, and a branch society in every State which more or
less actively promotes interest _in improving citizenship and in
bettering the conditions of aliens in this country. No paid employees
are reported on immigrant welfare work, but the number of volunteers
is said to be impossible to estimate.
The society also has legislative committees which aim to secure
better immigration and naturalization laws.
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I M M IG R A T IO N .
»
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197
Through the naturalization courts members of this organization
teach the duties and responsibilities of citizenship, including a
knowledge of the United States Constitution and respect for the flag.
They conduct night schools, educate the workers in industrial estab
lishments by means of lectures and in other ways, and cooperate with
local bodies doing similar work such as the chambers of commerce,
boy scouts, etc.
American Legion National Americanism Commission.
(Headquarters, Indianapolis, Ind.)
The American Legion has 800,000 members and more than 11,000
posts. Its National Americanism Commission with 10 paid and
1,360 volunteer workers is making earnest efforts to impress upon
aliens of all nationalities as well as foreign-born citizens of the United
States the principles and ideals upon which the Government is based.
The commission strives to find suitable jobs for immigrants when
they are unemployed and upon occasions offers necessary relief.
Three surveys were being carried on in the spring of 1923, namely,
on the alien and drug traffic, the illiterate alien, and the alien and
crime.
Miscellaneous Agencies.
foreign Language information Service.
(Headquarters, New York City.)
♦
rTTIE Foreign Language Information Service employed 55 paid
1 workers in 1922. Its function is primarily educational, namely,
to acquaint the foreign-born peoples of the country with matters
concerning the Government, laws, and institutions of the United
States, and by the publication and dissemination of correct informa
tion to clear away the misapprehensions and prejudices of the native
born which stand in the way of the immigrant’s “ becoming an
integral part of our national life.” In 1922 this service was distribut
ing daily releases to 750 foreign-language newspapers in this country,
which cover 16 of the most important immigrant groups—Czech,
Danish, Finnish, German, Hungarian, Italian, Jewish, Lithuanian,
Norwegian, Polish, Russian, Slovak, Swedish, Ukrainian, and Yugo
slav (Slovene and Serbo-Croat), and reach over 12,000,000 readers.
In this_way immigrants were told of the numerous opportunities in
the United States for adult and workers’ education, including farmers’
institutes, and of the resources of the public libraries of the country.
Other releases explained the income tax, showed how savings could
be invested in Government securities, warned against swindling
schemes, etc. Material on American farming methods and on help
to be obtained through the Department of Agriculture was made
available to over half a million foreign-born farmers. Foreign-born
miners were instructed in accident prevention and told what is beingdone by the Government to prevent fatalities in mines. Personal
health and hygiene were treated in 400 articles, while other articles
dealt with postal regulations, immigration legislation, public lands,
child care, etc.
A pamphlet on “ How to become a citizen of the United States”
has been prepared by the Foreign Language Information Service,
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
describing each step in the naturalization process with facsimiles of
principal forms required and an appendix on the Constitution,
Government, and history of the United States. This publication is
printed in English, Czech, Slovak, Jewish, and Polish; mimeographed
copies in various other languages are available.
In connection with its informational activities for the native born
the service publishes a monthly bulletin, “ The Interpreter/’ a
semimonthly digest of the foreign-language press, and special articles.
Through these media the organization reaches over 900 Englishlanguage newspapers, all the United States Government departments,
numerous social agencies and libraries, 250 colleges and universities,
and more than 1,000 individuals interested in immigrant problems.
The service maintains contacts with a large number of the 300
national and 40,000 local foreign-language organizations, furnishing
them with special data. The office in Washington keeps in close
touch with the United States Government departments and bureaus,
and takes up for individual immigrants questions relating to immigra
tion, naturalization, homesteads, mothers’ pensions, workmen’s com
pensation, and other problems. In 1922 over 10,000 individuals and
agencies appealed to the organization for information and assistance.
specialized immigration information service” which cooperates
with the United States Bureau of Immigration and Ellis Island is
another feature of the organization.
immigrant Publication Society, Incorporated.
(Headquarters, New York City.)
The Immigrant Publication Society, Incorporated, is a nonsec
tarian, nonpolitical national body, the almost exclusive function of
which is to publish and furnish information mainly for libraries for
use with immigrants. The books already issued by the society have
“ proved conspicuously popular and successful with the foreign born
for whom they were intended.” The following are some of their
titles: “ Immigrants’ guide to the United States;” “ Makers of
America;” “ Immigrant and library: Italian helps;” “ Foreigner’s
guide to English;” “ Library work with the foreign born;” “ Bridging
the gulf;” and “ Winning friends and citizens for America.”
The society has also established an advisory and information
service on educational work with the foreign born, hlundreds of
libraries and numerous schools in the United States are using the
publications of the society. The expenses of the organization are
paid from membership dues and voluntary contributions, and the
small profits from the sale of publications.
National Association of Travelers’ Aid Societies.
(Headquarters, New York City.)
The National Association of Travelers’ Aid Societies lias no special
division for immigrant welfare work but on May 1, 1923, had agents
of its local bodies assigned to Ellis Island, on the piers at all entry
ports of the United States, and at the railway stations in 157 cities.
There are also some 450 volunteer “ cooperating representatives’
who have indicated their willingness to meet travelers at the request
of a travelers’ aid society. These agents at the ports of entry dis
tribute the newcomers through the channels of the organization.
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IM M IG R A T IO N .
199
Local travelers’ aid societies refer newly arrived foreigners to the
proper local agencies, according to the special problems to be met
and the facilities available for solving such problems.
The work of the association with immigrants includes all nationali
ties. The federated body states that “ as the recognized nonsec
tarian agency for service to travelers” it “ believes it is better fitted
than any existing agency to work out a national plan for the better
distribution of immigrants, acting in close cooperation with the
[United States] Commissioner of Immigration and through its local
affiliations.” In this connection the association reported that it was
endeavoring to strengthen the activities of local travelers’ aid societies
by the expansion of its national field service and “ will be prepared
to cooperate fully when the time is ripe for better coordinated effort.”
In 1922 fifty of the travelers’ aid societies dealt with about 14,000
immigrants. The New York society, which was not included in the
50 societies referred to, extended its services to more than 27,000
persons on the docks and at Ellis Island.
North American Civic League for Immigrants.
(Headquarters, Boston, Mass.)
The North American Civic League for Immigrants was “ organized
to defend immigrants and resident aliens against the design of the
unscrupulous, and to interest them in the requirements of American
citizenship.” In 1922 it had over 40 paid and a large but varying
number of volunteer workers. Their activities include the protec
tion of alien arrivals from the docks to and in colonies, the instruction
of and service for aliens through already established agencies, the
creation of information bureaus, and the employment of interpreters,
relief workers, and lecturers. The league also renders a public
service through its interest in immigration legislation. A special
committee is concerned with industrial communities.
All nationalities come within the scope of the work of this organi
zation, which has offices in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia,
and a corresponding secretary in Baltimore.
People’s University.
(Headquarters, Chicago, 111.)
The People’s University has 21 volunteers engaged in immigrant
welfare work which consists in the giving of public lectures to Lithuan
ians in various parts of the United States on preventive medicine,
sanitation, hygiene, and civics. The audiences for the 130 lectures
in 1922 in various parts of the country ranged from 70 to 500 people
per lecture. It is hoped to extend the lecture tours to include the
little Lithuanian settlements in the coal regions.
Mexican Restriction on immigration.
RECENT communication from the United States consul at
Laredo, Tex., states that the Mexican immigration authorities
at Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, are requiring aliens enteringMexico
in search of employment, or to take jobs already secured, to have 200
pesos ($99.70, par) in addition to their transportation expenses to
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the point of destination. It is reported that this requirement was
issued by the Mexican Department of the Interior (Departamento
Gobernación) under date of October 31, 1923.
Emigration Statistics of Spain.
RECENT communication from the American consul at Las
Palmas, Canary Islands, states that according to a report of
the Spanish Superior Council of Emigration 32,032 persons
emigrated from Spain during the first six months of 1923, which is an
increase of 13,549 over the number emigrating during the same period
in 1922. This increase indicates that the emigration for the entire
year of 1923 will exceed that for the years 1921 and 1922 combined.
Forty-six per cent of the emigrants (14,868) left for Argentina, 45
per cent (14,372) went to Cuba, 1,939 to other South American
countries, 718 to Mexico, and the rest to other countries.
According to the council, the most important factor in the increased
emigration is that emigrants are not returning in the usual proportion.
During the first six months of 1923, 17,873 returned, which is a
decrease of 10,370 from the number returning during the corre
sponding period of 1922.
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[200]
WHAT STA TE LABOR BUREAUS ARE DOING.
Florida.
rT H E imperative need for legislation in keeping with Florida’s in1 dustrial progress is stressed by the labor inspector of that State
in his biennial report for 1921-1922. The need for a more adequate
labor information agency under the direction of a commissioner is
also emphasized. Bequests for industrial and labor data are received
from various parts of the country which the inspection department
is unable to meet. Upon his personal visits the inspector found in
the principal cities of the State which are rapidly developing into
industrial centers only a few violations of the child-labor law among
the various business establishments and factories which it was
thought might possibly be disregarding the provisions of such law.
It has been the policy of the inspector to adopt a conciliatory rather
than a harsh attitude toward offenders in this matter.
Louisiana.1
Louisiana Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics will soon
uegin its annual survey of the industries of the State, exclusive
of the sugar industry. The results of the survey are to be compiled
in an industrial directory. Louisiana has over “ 2,000 industries and
places of manufacturing ” and the commissioner of the bureau states
that he is delighted with the hearty and prompt cooperation his
office has received from the employing interests.
Massachusetts.2
Textile Investigation.
report of the commissioner of labor and industries of Massa
chusetts on his investigation of the textile industry of that State
and the Southern States has been submitted to the governor and
council. It is pointed out in the summary of this document that
there has been a much more rapid increase in the manufacture of
cotton and in the number of spindles operated in the Southern States
than in Massachusetts, but at the present time the competition
between the Massachusetts cotton mills and those of the Southern
States is confined principally to the spinning of yarn and the manu
facture of coarse and medium-grade cotton goods.
The advantages of the southern mills are lower wages, less expen
sive motive power, newer mills and machinery, longer operating
hours, freedom from restrictive laws, nearness to raw material, and
lower taxes and freight rates. On the other hand, the maintenance
of mill villages is an added cost in the textile industry of the South.
U nform ation received from th e commissioner of labor and in d u strial statistics of Louisiana, Nov. 15,
1923.
8 Inform ation received from th e M assachusetts D ep artm en t of Labor and Industries, Nov. 30, 1923.
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202
M O N T H L Y LA BO R R E V IE W .
The report also takes up the following subjects: Wage comparisons
for Massachusetts and southern cotton mills; labor legislation relative
to the textile industry in the States included in the survey; owner
ship of cotton spindles in the cotton-growing States; production costs
of identical goods in Massachusetts and southern mills; and relative
cost of living in the States in which the investigated establishments
are located.
Inspection Work.
The following listed activities are reported in connection with the
inspection work of the department of labor and industries for Octo
ber, 1923:
Inspections made:
M ercantile establishm ents
M echanical establishm ents
Building operations__________
2 ,6 0 5
1 ,5 9 2
398
Total
Iteinspections
Industrial accident, cases investigated
Occupational disease, cases investigated.
Orders issued:
E m ploym ent of women and children.
Industrial health __________s________
Industrial safety __________________
4 ,5 9 5
1 ,1 6 1
83
Total.
Licenses for home work granted:_________________________
Prosecutions in stitu te d __________ _______________________
Verdicts of guilty secured_______________________________
A m ount paid in wages after com plaint to D epartm ent of
Labor and Industries
1 ,9 9 2
147
73
54
22
1 ,0 0 4
400
588
$ 1 ,5 1 3 .9 1
Veterans’ Employment Bureau.
The quarters of the American Legion employment bureau have
recently been transferred to the State employment office at Boston.
A new veterans' annex will be conducted in connection with the State
employment office, which is under the direction of the department
of labor and industries.
New York.
annual report of the industrial commissioner of New York for
the year ending June 30, 1922, contains a brief statement regard
ing the work of the division of aliens, which emphasizes the need for
the enlargement of such activity.
In the year 1922, 309,556 immigrant aliens were admitted to the
United States, of whom 91,543 entered New York State with the
intention of taking up permanent residence there, and of the total
number admitted to the whole country, 209,778 passed through the
New York port.
A “ bureau of industries and immigration” was created in 1910 in
the State department of labor but was abolished by law June 30,
1921. The division of aliens has been endeavoring to keep up with the
complaints of foreign workers in cases of fraud and other matters
involving exploitation, but with only three investigators and two
stenographers it is impossible to handle the problem for the entire
State.
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♦
W H A T STATE LABOR BU REA U S ARE DOING.
0
203
Recommendation is made in the report that the legislature take
note of the fact that the prosecutions of foreign corporations in New
York State reveal that in 90 per cent of these outrageous swindling
cases aliens are the victims; that it is always too late to prove the
requisite “ intent7’ which the present law demands; and that New
York outranks any other State in the Union as a “ happy hunting
ground77 for bogus oil, film, shipping, and other unreliable enter
prises. ^ Without an adequate appropriation or statutory power of
inspection the present division of aliens is unable to cope with the
evil. Meanwhile, the constant exploitation of the helpless can not
but injure the State which “ fails to realize its obligations in this
respect.77
The division must of necessity restrict its work to office complaints
and their investigation.
The number of licensed lodging houses for immigrants has been
reduced 50 per cent since the inspection of such houses was trans
ferred from the division of aliens. This decrease is attributed to
“ lack of inspection and following up renewals and new places.77
Under the amended law there has been no inspection of private
banks or employment offices placing aliens, but adjustments have
been effected involving over $24,000. These settlements were made
not only for immigrants but also for other workers.
*
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[2 0 3 ]
C UR R ENT NOTES OF INTEREST TO LABOR.
Miners’ Welfare Fund of Great Britain.
'TTIE English Mining Industry act which went into effect on August
A 16, 1920 (see Monthly L abor R eview , November, 1920, p. 201),
contained a stipulation that 1 penny per ton of output must be paid
into a fund which should be used to improve the social condition of
colliery workers. A report published in Welfare Work (London),
for November, 1923, states that by September 30, 1923, this fund
amounted to £1,766,693 13s. 9d. ($8,597,615, par). On this date,
£574,563 19s. ($2,796,115, par) had been paid from this fund to
separate mining districts to be used for welfare purposes, leaving a
net credit to the fund of £1,192,129 14s. 9d. ($5,801,499, par).
Some part of this has already been allocated to the districts, but has
not yet been paid over.
For the purposes of this fund, the mining regions have been divided
into 25 districts, each under the control ol a local committee, and to
these the grants from the fund are made by a central committee,
which is appointed by the board of trade. The districts have very
generally shown themselves anxious to make use of the fund to
improve local conditions.
Of th e 25 districts, only Lancashire and Cheshire have failed to apply for
grants. This is due to th e effort which was m ade by th e district welfare com
m ittee to utilize the fund for the purpose of augm enting th e wages of miners
working oil short tim e. This proposal was turned down because it was contrary
to the intention of the act, and also to th e best interests of social welfare develop
m ents w ithin th e area concerned, and throughout th e industry as a whole.
An analysis of the purposes to which grants made up to the end of
1922 were to be applied shows that seven-tenths of the total allocated
was to be used for recreation, one-fifth for health, and the remainder
for education and administration expenses. Recreation is defined
as including institutes, parks, playing fields, pavilions, games, equip
ment and colliery bands, while health included not only medical and
nursing services, hospitals, convalescent homes, ambulances and the
like, but also aids to cleanliness, such as pit-head baths, _drying
rooms, slipper baths, and washhouses. Some large undertakings are
planned under this head.
The m ost costly and am bitious d istrict scheme is th e convalescent home in
Ayrshire. Tw enty thousand pounds [ $ 9 7 ,3 3 0 , par] is to be spent in th e purchase
and equipm ent of a house, and £ 3 0 , 0 0 0 [ $ 1 4 5 ,9 9 5 , par] is to_ be invested to produce
in perpetuity an income equal to half th e cost of th e institution. 1 he other
half will be contributed by the workmen by means of a levy.
The educational schemes have usually been plans for helping
research students, but some of the districts have wished to extend
mining schools, and others “ in conjunction with the Workers’
Educational Association have started courses of lectures on subjects
of general cultural value. ” The central committee itself has allotted
£10,000 ($48,665, par) from the general fund to assist^in research
work concerning explosives in mines and £12,000 ($58,398, par)
for research in regard to safety lamps and coal-dust dangers.
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C U R R E N T N O TES OF IN T E R S E T TO LABOR.
205
New Educational and Recreation Movement for Italian Workers.
0
"THE secretariat of the Confederation of Italian Fascisti TradeUnions ( C onfederazione dette C orporazioni S in d ic a li F asciste)
has sent a communication to this bureau stating that, with the object
of uplifting the working classes socially, the confederation has
decided to give its formal endorsement to a new movement called
“ Dopolavoro” (leisure hours), which is intended to develop and
effect a national program of educational recreation and instruction
for the moral and physical elevation of the Italian workers.
The “ Dopolavoro ” centers, which are already functioning suc
cessfully in various Provinces in connection with the Fascisti tradeunions afford the workers an inducement to keep away from saloons
and to devote their spare time to such lines of recreation and sport
as are recognized to be the most suited for improving their physical,
intellectual, and moral state. In conformity with the above decision
there has been created at the headquarters of the Confederation of
Fascisti Trade-Unions in Rome a central bureau for the Dopolavoro ”
movement, with the object of organizing and developing this move
ment on a national scale.
Chinese Labor on Japanese Reconstruction Work.
A CCORDING to the Japanese-American Commercial Weekly for
December 1,1923, the lack of skilled labor to carry on reconstruc
tion work in Tokyo, Yokohama, and the districts which suffered
from the earthquake has resulted in a request of the Japanese authorities that Chinese laborers should be sent to Japan to assist in the
work of rehabilitation. This request, which was transmitted through
the Japanese consul at Mukden, has been complied with by the
Chinese authorities. It was stipulated among other conditions that
an allowance of 150 yuan ($80.23, par) should be paid the family
of each laborer going to Japan, the work should not be compulsory,
all Chinese should be returned upon the completion of the work for
which they were engaged, and in the case of death of any of the
laborers compensation of 800 yuan ($427.91, par) should be paid.
Industrial Standardization in Norway.
A CCORDING to Commerce Reports of November 12, 1923, “ work
in all industries and trades in Norway is to lie standardized.”
The Norwegian Industrial Association recently formed an organiza
tion of efficiency experts to make a survey of the employees of the
entire country and to standardize the grades of work. The committee
for handling the standardization work is now practically complete.
I t is expected that at least three years will be necessary to complete
the work incident to the plan. The financing of the work presents
the greatest difficulty, the amount needed being estimated at 60,000
kroner ($16,080, par) per year of which the association will contribute
services to the extent of about 15,000 kroner ($4,020, par). The
Government has agreed to give 15,000 kroner if the remainder is
subscribed by private interests, such as industrial and trade
organizations.
7 6 3 6 3 ° — 24-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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[2 0 5 ]
PU B LIC A TIO N S R E L A T IN G T O LA B O R .
Official— United States.
F
l o r id a
.— L a b o r
in s p e c to r .
B ie n n i a l
rep o rt,
1 9 2 1 -1 9 2 2 .
T a lla h a s s e e ,
192 3 .
4S p p .
C ertain d ata tak en from this report are published on page 201 of this issue of
th e M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w .
M
a s s a c h u s e t t s .—
D e p a r tm e n t o f I n d u s t r i a l A c c id e n ts .
A n n u a l r e p o r t f o r the y e a r
e n d in g J u n e SO, 1 9 2 2 .
B o s to n , 1 9 2 3 . 1 0 8 p p .
P u b lic D o c u m e n t N o . 105.
A sum m ary of this report is found on pages 158 and 159 of this issue of the
M
L
onthly
abor
R
e v ie w
.
------D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r a n d I n d u s t r i e s .
D iv is io n o f S ta tis tic s . A n n u a l rep o rt
o n th e s ta tis tic s o f labor, f o r the y e a r e n d in g N o v e m b e r 3 0 , 1 9 2 2 . [B o s to n ,
1 9 2 3 .1 ] [ V a r io u s p a g in g .] P u b lic d o c u m e n t N o . 15.
This volume consists of three p arts which have already been published sepa
rately: P a rt I, Tw enty-first annual directory of labor organizations in M assa
chusetts, 1922 (issued as Labor Bulletin No. 138); P a rt II, Tw elfth annual report
on union scale of wages and hours of labor in M assachusetts, 1921 (issued as
Labor Bulletin No. 137); and P a rt I II, Population and resources of Cape Cod
(issued as a special report).
—— ---------------- T w e n ty -s e c o n d a n n u a l d ire c to ry o f labor o r g a n iz a tio n s i n M a s s a
c h u se tts, 1 9 2 3 .
fB o sto n ? ] 1 9 2 3 . 5 6 p p . L a b o r b u lle tin N o . 139.
This publication contains th e following four divisions: (1) N ational and
international organizations; (2) State, district, and trad e councils; (3) Central
labor unions and local councils; and (4) Local trade-unions.
N
ew
Y o r k . — D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r .
A n n u a l re p o r t f o r th e 1 2 m o n th s e n d e d J u n e
30, 1922.
A lb a n y , 1 9 2 3 . 1 9 3 p p .
L e g is la tiv e d o c u m e n t ( 1 9 2 3 ), N o . 2 8 .
This report is divided into seven parts, consisting, respectively, of th e reports
of th e industrial commissioner, th e bureau of inspection, th e bureau of work
m en’s compensation, the S tate insurance fund, the bureau of industrial relations,
and th e bureau of research and codes, and opinions of th e attorney general
construing labor laws.
D ata from th e section on industrial relations, concerning conditions of aliens,
are published on pages 202 and 203 of this issue of th e M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w .
P
I s l a n d s . — D e p a r tm e n t o f C o m m erce a n d C o m m u n ic a tio n s .
B u rea u
o f C o m m erce a n d I n d u s t r y .
S ta tis tic a l b u lle tin o f the P h i l i p p i n e I s l a n d s , 1 9 2 2 .
M a n i la , 1 9 2 3 . x x i , 1 2 9 p p .
C h a rts.
h il ipp in e
Figures on wholesale prices of staple products and retail prices of food in
M anila, and on strikes, for th e period from 1 9 1 8 to 1 9 2 2 , taken from th is report,
are given on pages 6 5 and 1 6 8 of this issue of th e M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w .
The report also contains, among other data, statistics of m igration of Filipinos,
labor accidents, 1 9 1 8 to 1 9 2 2 , and average daily wages for various dates from
1 9 0 3 to 1 9 2 2 .
D a k o t a .— I n d u s t r i a l C o m m is s io n e r .
e n d in g J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 2 3 . [P ierre?] 1 9 2 3 .
S
outh
L
abor
S i x t h a n n u a l re p o rt f o r th e 12 m o n th s
32 pp.
A sum m ary of this report is given on page 169 of this issue of th e
R
e v ie w
.
206
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[2 0 6 ]
M
onthly
207
PU B LIC A TIO N ’S R E L A T IN G TO LABOR.
T e x a s .— B o a r d f o r
V o c a tio n a l E d u c a tio n .
c e r n in g v o c a tio n a l a g r ic u ltu r e i n T e x a s .
B u ll e ti n o f g e n era l i n fo r m a t io n co n
A u s t i n , 1 9 2 3 . 51 p p .
B u ll e ti n 1 5 4 .
The bulletin gives an outline of vocational education in Texas, including courses
qualifications and salaries of teachers, equipm ent of schoolrooms, a list of the
necessary apparatus and supplies; th e opportunities of th e agricultural high
school for com m unity work; and a list of services perform ed by agricultural
teachers fo r individuals in th e different counties.
W e s t V i r g i n i a .— C h ild W e lfa r e C o m m is s io n .
i n g ?]
1922.
L a w s g o v e r n in g th e c h ild ,
\W h e e l
15 pp .
This report gives a brief sum m ary of all the laws of the S tate relating to those
under 21 years of age.
U n i t e d S t a t e s .— D e p a r tm e n t o f C o m m erce.
e a rly p a r t o f 1 9 2 3 ).
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 3 .
C o m m erce yea rb o o k, 1 9 2 2 (i n c lu d in g
v iii, 6 9 2 p p .
This is the first issue of a yearbook which the D epartm ent of Commerce plans
to publish regularly. Its purpose is to furnish an au th o ritativ e review of eco
nomic conditions throughout th e world from th e point of view of American
industry and commerce. The yearbook reviews the general conditions relative
to production, em ployment, imm igration, wages, and prices. The principal
industries are reviewed in detail and a sum m ary is given of tran sp o rtatio n and
communication, finance and banking, and the foreign trad e of th e U nited States.
Economic d ata are given also for foreign countries.
------ ------- B u r e a u o f S t a n d a r d s . H o w to o w n y o u r h o m e. A h a n d b o o k f o r p r o s
p ective h o m e o w n e rs.
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 3 .
v ii i , 2 8 p p .
This handbook covers a num ber of points on which a prospective home owner
may be glad to receive advice or inform ation. The discussion covers th e ad v an
tages of home owning, th e relative m erits of buying and building, factors to be
considered in deciding on location, cost in relation to income, and points to bear
in m ind when looking over a house w ith a view to purchasing. The am ount
which m ay safely be p u t into a home is discussed, and methods of financing are
gone into carefully. M aintenance costs and expenses of house ownership are
given full weight. A very useful feature is a table showing income, value of
home, and typical annual expenses for house and lot, arranged w ith reference to
different incomes and different initial paym ents.
------ D e p a r tm e n t o f th e I n te r io r . B u r e a u o f M in e s . C oke-o ven a c c id e n ts i n the
U n ite d S ta te s d u r in g th e c a le n d a r y e a r 1 9 2 2 , b y W i l l i a m W . A d a m s .
in g to n , 1 9 2 3 . 3 7 p p .
T e c h n ic a l P a p e r 3 4 9 .
W a sh
A sum m ary of this report is given on pages 148 and 149 of this issue of the
M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w .
-------------- G eo lo g ica l S u r v e y .
C o a l i n 1 9 1 9 , 1 9 2 0 , a n d 1 9 2 1 , b y F . G. T r y o n a n d
S y d n e y A . H a le .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 3 .
M in e r a l re so u rce s o f th e U n ite d S ta te s ,
1921, P a rt I I , p p . 4 4 5 -6 6 2 .
A sum m ary of this report is given on pages 92 to 95 of this issue of the
M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w .
------ D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r .
E le v e n th a n n u a l re p o rt o f th e S e c r e ta r y o f L a b o r, f o r
th e fis c a l y e a r e n d e d J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 2 3 .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 3 . v, 1 4 9 p p .
A sum m ary of this report is given on pages 30 to 32 of this issue of th e
M onthly
L a b o r R e v ie w .
------------- - B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s .
D e c is io n s o f c o u rts a n d o p in io n s a ffe c tin g
la b o r, 1 9 2 2 , b y L i n d l e y D . C la r k and, D a n ie l F . C a lla h a n .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 3 .
x iv , 421 p p .
B u ll e ti n N o . 344• L a b o r la w s o f th e U n ite d S ta te s series.
A s u m m a r y o f t h i s b u l l e t i n is g i v e n o n p a g e 1 6 2 o f t h i s i s s u e o f t h e M o n t h l y
L a b o r R e v ie w .
----------------- -— L a w s p r o v id in g f o r b u r e a u s o f la b o r s ta tis tic s , etc.
1923.
iv , 1 7 0 p p .
B u ll e ti n N o . 3 4 3 .
W a s h in g to n ,
L a b o r la w s o f th e U n ite d S ta te s s e rie s.
A sum m ary of this bulletin is given on pages 162 and 163 of this issue of the
M onthly
L abor
R e v ie w .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[207]
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
208
U nited States.—F ed e ra l
B o a r d f o r V o c a tio n a l E d u c a tio n
E ffe c tiv e n e s s o f voca
tio n a l e d u c a tio n i n a g ric u ltu re . W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 3 . v, 6 3 p p . B u ll e ti n N o . 82 .
A g r ic u ltu r e series N o . 13 .
.
A study, based on replies to questionnaires addressed to schools giving courses
in vocational education in agriculture, giving data as to the growth of this kind
of education, number of students taking it, work done by students after leaving
school, and the like. R eplies showed th at the number of students taking such
work has increased tenfold since the passage of the Sm ith-H ughes Act, and th at
from 60 to 75 per cent of those who had taken one or more years training m
agriculture before leaving school were engaged in agricultural work at th e tim e of
the inquiry
The author feels th at the statistics show th is kind of education has
been effective in increasing th e number of those taking up farming, but also con
siders th at this study is only a beginning and th a t much more research should
be undertaken in order to find out how the vocational courses can be m ade most
useful.
____ I n te r s ta te C o m m erce C o m m is s io n .
B u r e a u o f S ta tis tic s .
C o llis io n s , d e r a il
m e n ts , a n d o th er a c c id e n ts r e s u ltin g i n i n j u r y to p e r s o n s , e q u ip m e n t, or
ro a d b ed , a r is in g f r o m the o p e r a tio n o f s te a m ro a d s u s e d i n in te r s ta te co m m erce,
1922.
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 3 . 1 0 6 p p .
A c c id e n t b u lle tin N o . 8 i .
A summary of the accident statistics contained in this report is found on page
150 of this issue of the M onthly Labor R eview.
Official— Foreign Countries.
Australia.—
[D e p a r tm e n t o f the T r e a s u r y .] I n v a li d a n d o ld -a g e p e n s io n s . S ta te m e n t f o r th e 12 m o n th s e n d e d J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 2 3 .
M e lb o u r n e , 1 9 2 3 . 1 0 p p .
Gives statistical data as to number and disposition of claims handled during
th e year, number, age, sex, and conjugal condition of pensioners, average am ount
of pensions, cost of adm inistration, and th e like. On June 30, 1923, the to tal
number of old-age and invalid pensioners in th e Commonwealth was 147,453,
which was 261.69 per 10,000 of th e population. The to ta l am ount paid m pen
sions and to hospitals and asylum s for m aintaining pensioners was £5,424,016
($26,395,974, par), and expenses of adm inistration for the year were £87,910
($427,814, par). This am ounted to a cost of £ 1 12s. 5d. for each £ 1 0 0 expended
on pensions and m aintenance.
_________ M a t e r n it y a llo w a n c e s.
S ta te m e n t s h o w in g n u m b e r o f c la im s g ra n te d
a n d re jec te d y e x p e n d itu r e y a n d co st o f a d m i n i s t r a t io n d u r in g the tw elve m o n th s
ended J u n e 30, 1923.
M e lb o u r n e , 1 9 2 3 . 3 p p .
During the year ending June 30, 1923, the to tal am ount paid in m aternity
allowances was £688,435 ($3,350,269, par), the to ta l number of claims being
137,687. The cost of adm inistration was £16,008 or £ 2 6s. 6d. to every £100
paid in allowances.
---------- ( Q u e e n s l a n d ) . —
1923.
D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r .
R ep o rt fo r
B r is b a n e , 1 9 2 3 . Jj6 p p . A . 6 4 - 1 9 2 3 .
y e a r e n d ed J u n e
SO,
During the year, 46,008 persons registered at the labor exchanges as applicants
for work, and 14,298 were sent to em ploym ent. Railroad, coach, or steamer
fares am ounting to £5,373 18s. 4d. ($26,152, par) were issued to 6,663 persons
to enable them to reach places where work was promised them or there was a
prospect th at they m ight find it. Of this am ount about 60 per cent was returned
after em ploym ent had been secured. The report points out th a t there is still a
scarcity of dom estic labor “ but recent am endm ents of the industrial arbitration
act, making it now possible for the conditions of dom estics to be governed by
industrial award, w ill no doubt tend to make the calling more a ttractive.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[208]
P U B L IC A T IO N S R ELA TIN G TO LABOR.
( T a s m a n i a ) . — G o v e r n m e n t S t a ti s t i c i a n .
[H o bart?] 1 9 2 8 .
V a r io u s p a g in g .
A u s t r a l ia
22.
209
S ta ti s t i c s f o r th e y e a r 1 9 2 1 -
Contains the statistics of th e census of 1 9 2 1 (including occupations), a n d
additional data concerning th e Government, trade, production, finance, civil a n d
social institutions, and th e like. Statistics of interest to labor, given under the
above heads, include retail prices, rents, labor legislation, wages, etc.
------ I n d u s t r i a l D e p a r tm e n t.
w a g es b o a rd s, sh o p s , etc.
91
E ig h th a n n u a l re p o rt, f o r 1 9 2 2 - 2 3 , o n fa c to r ie s ,
H o b a r t, 1 9 2 3 . 8 5 p p .
( N o . 24•)
D ata on wages and hours of labor, taken from this report, are given on page
of this issue of the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w .
C a n a d a .— D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r .
O tta w a , 1 9 2 8 .
82 p p.
H o u r s o f labor i n C a n a d a a n d oth er c o u n tr ie s .
W a g e s a n d h o u r s o f labor re p o rt, N o . 5.
The actual number of wage earners em ployed for a day of eight hours in
Canada is not known, but according to reports made by employers th e follow ing
conclusions m ay be drawn relative to hours of labor in th e Dom inion: T he eighthour day prevails in trades in which the workers are strongly organized ; for exam
ple, in mining, railway transportation, and building and printing (except in
small tow n s). Among the manufacturing industries on an eight-hour schedule are
the clothing factories in the im portant markets. In other factory trades there
is som e variation in hours with the size and geographical position of th e estab
lishm ent. Generally, th e large establishm ents have a short day. The longest
hours are worked in Quebec and the m aritim e Provinces, and the shortest in
British Columbia.
—------ ( O n t a r i o ) . — D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r .
1928.
T h i r d a n n u a l re p o rt, 1 9 2 2 .
T o r o n to ,
88 pp.
------ D e p a r tm e n t o f M i n e s .
T h i r ty - fir s t a n n u a l re p o rt.
V o l. X X X I , P a r t X , 1 9 2 2 .
T o r o n to , 1 9 2 3 .
I l l pp.
T his report contains statistics on m ine accidents in Ontario for 1921.
F rance.—
C o m m is s io n S u p é r ie u r e de la C a isse N a tio n a le d es R e tr a ite s p o u r la
V ie ille s s e . R a p p o r t s u r les o p é r a tio n s et la s itu a tio n de cette c a isse , 1 9 2 1 .
P a r is , 1 9 2 3 . 1 1 0 p p .
This report of the superior commission of th e N ational Old-Age R etirem ent
Fund contains an account of th e operations of th e fund during 1921 and of its
financial situation at th e end of th at year. The last section of th e report deals
w ith the application of the law of 1910 relative to pensions of workers and
peasants.
Great Britain.—
D e p a r tm e n t o f O verseas T r a d e . R e p o r t o n e co n o m ic c o n d itio n s
i n F ra n c e , to M a r c h , 1 9 2 8 , by J . R . C a h ill. L o n d o n , 1 9 2 3 . 1 3 0 p p .
This report by the commercial counsellor of the British E m bassy in Paris
shows conditions in France as late as March, 1923, w ith respect to reconstruction
of devastated areas, trade policies and volum e of trade w ith other countries,
industries and production, and labor questions. The résum é states th a t France
is in a strong economic position w ith her industrial population fully em ployed
and the output in m ost fields of production lim ited only by the lack of workers.
------ R e g is tr y o f F r ie n d ly S o c ie tie s.
S ta ti s t i c a l s u m m a r y s h o w in g the o p e r a tio n s
o f b u ild in g so c ieties [1913 to 1922]. L o n d o n , 1 9 2 3 . 2 p p .
A sum mary dealing w ith building societies in England, Wales, and Scotland,
showing th at while th e number of such societies reporting decreased from
1,551 in 1913 to 1,180 in 1922, the membership of the societies rose during the
sam e period from 617,423 to 826,136. The am ount advanced on mortgages
during the year rose from £9,131,017 ($44,436,094, par) in 1913 to £22,686,574
($110,404,212, par) in 1922, an increase of 148 per cent; during th e sam e period
th e increase in expenses of m anagem ent was only 70 per cent, such expenditures
rising from £398,343 to £677,986 ($1,938,536 to $3,299,419, par).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
210
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
Great Britain (I reland).—
D e p a r tm e n t o f A g r ic u ltu r e a n d T e c h n ic a l I n s t r u c
T w e n ty - fir s t a n n u a l g e n e r a l re p o rt, 1 9 2 0 - 2 1 .
D u b lin , 1 9 2 2 . v i , S 3 7 p p .
tio n .
Gives details as to th e funds of the departm ent, th e various institutions co
operating, and its operations in connection w ith agriculture, technical instruction,
the training of teachers, and the like.
I nternational Labor Office .—
h o u r s o f la b o r.
R e p o r t o n m e th o d s o f s ta tis tic s o f w a g es a n d
G eneva, 1 9 2 3 . 6 8 p p .
This report, prepared for the International Conference of Labor Statisticians,
reviews the objects of compiling statistics of wages and hours of labor; the
sources of inform ation, collection, classification, and com putation of wage data;
and comparisons of wages. The statistics of hours are also discussed in relation
to production, labor conditions, and em ploym ent. The appendixes give descrip
tions of the m ethods of compiling wage statistics in different countries, of wage
censuses, and the measurem ent o f changes in th e cost of living as a basis in
adjusting wage rates and as a factor in the calculation of changes in real wages.
------ R e p o r t o n s y s te m s o f c la s s ific a tio n o f i n d u s tr ie s a n d o c c u p a tio n s .
1923.
G eneva,
75 p p .
This report was drafted for presentation to the International Conference of
Labor Statisticians. It contains a general discussion of the problem and a scheme
of classification, and the appendixes contain plans of system s in use in different
countries.
N orway.— R ik s f o r s ik r in g s a n s ta lte n .
1923.
83 pp.
S y k e fo r s i k r in g e n f o r àret 1 9 2 2 .
N orges o fß sielle s t a t is ti k k , V I I , 94-
C h r is tia n ia ,
R eport by the State Insurance In stitu te of Norway on sickness insurance in
Norway in 1922. Contains information on membership of sick funds, 1912 to
1922, sickness, 1917 to 1922, expenditures and incom es of sick funds in 1922,
etc.
Spain.—
C o n se jo S u p e r io r de E m ig r a c ió n .
L a m ig r a c ió n e s p a ñ o la tra n so c e á n ic a
en 1921.
M a d r id , 1 9 2 3 . 2 2 6 p p .
B u ll e ti n s N o s . 1 2 0 a n d 1 2 1 .
This report presents statistics of Spanish emigration and im migration during
the year 1921, in which period 62,479 people em igrated and 76,439 im migrated.
Em igration figures reached the peak for 1921 in the m onth of October when
8,794 persons left Spain. The largest number of persons who im m igrated dur
ing the year 1921 was 16,252 in July. Of those em igrating, 35,606 left for Argen
tina, 19,427 for Cuba, 2,068 for M exico, 598 for the U nited States, and the
others to other Central and South American countries. Of those im migrating,
50,238 cam e from Cuba, 13,514 from Argentina, 9,245 from the U nited States,
620 from M exico, and the others from other Central and South American
countries.
Sweden.— S o c ia ls ty r e ls e n .
1923.
Y r k e s in s p e k tio n e n s
verksa m h et
dr
1922.
S to c k h o lm ,
109 p p .
Report of activities of factory inspection service in Sweden in 1922.
Switzerland.—
r ic h t, 1 9 2 2 .
V e r b a n d S c h w e iz e r is c h e r A r b e its ä m te r .
Z u r ic h , 1 9 2 3 . 4-9 p p .
A c h tz e h n te r G esch ä ftsb e
The annual report of the Federation of Swiss Public E m ploym ent Offices for
the year 1922. In the year under review there were affiliated w ith the federation
14 cantonal and 12 m unicipal em ploym ent offices. These offices received 395,000
applications for em ploym ent and placed 85,700 applicants for work in situations.
The corresponding figures in 1921 were 294,174 and 66,489, respectively.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[210]
*
211
P U B L IC A T IO N S R E L A T IN G TO LABOR.
Unofficial.
American Bankers’ Association.
C h in a : A n e c o n o m ic s u r v e y , 1 9 2 3 .
C o m m is s io n o n C o m m e r c e a n d
[N ew Y o rk] 1923. 40 p p .
M a r in e .
This pam phlet, compiled m ainly from docum ents and publications collected
by the D epartm ent of Commerce, gives a brief survey of present econom ic con
ditions in China. It takes up the resources of the country, industrial develop
m ent, C hina’s foreign trade, and foreign rights and interests in China.
Bloomfield & Bloomfield.
E m p lo y e e v a c a tio n p la n s .
A su rvey by I n d u s tr ia l
R e la tio n s , B lo o m fie ld ’s L a b o r D ig e st.
B o s to n , 1 9 2 3 . 2 3 p p .
This study sum marizes th e plans for vacations w ith pay of 121 firms, giving
the length of vacations and th e length of service required before em ployees are
eligible for vacations. The sum mary table gives the plans for executives and
office forces, and the factory em ployees separately, as m any of th e plans listed
do not include the factory force. Brief statem ents relating to the individual
firms, showing the number of em ployees, the percentage affected by the plans,
and other details, are given.
Boeckel, R ichard.
181
L a b o r ’s m o n e y .
N e w Y o r k , H a r c o u r t, B ra c e & C o., 1 9 2 3 .
pp.
A m ost interesting account of the growth of labor banking and the reasons
therefor, together w ith the author’s ideas of the p otentialities to labor and th e
public generally.
C assel, Gustav.
{ L td .) , 1 9 2 3 .
T h e th e o r y o f so c ia l e c o n o m y .
2 vols.
London,
T.
F is h e r
U n w in
The author has discarded the “ old theory of value as an independent chapter
of econom ics,” basing his study instead on a theory of prices as the foundation
of economic theory, and the aim has been “ to treat th e economic relations of
a whole social body as far as possible irrespective of its extension, its organiza
tion, its laws of property, e tc .”
C onnecticut Consumers’ League.
pp.
C h ild
labor
b rie f.
H a r tfo r d ,
1923.
22
P a m p h le t N o . 13.
A brief summary of this pamphlet is given on pages — and — of this issue of
the Monthly L abor R eview.
D ublin, Louis I. T h e c a u se s f o r th e recen t d e c lin e i n tu b e r c u lo sis a n d th e o u tlo o k
f o r th e f u tu r e .
N e w Y o r k , M e tr o p o lita n L i f e I n s u r a n c e C o ., 1 9 2 3 .
31 p p .
A digest of this address, which was delivered before th e annual m eeting of the
N ational Tuberculosis Association at Santa Barbara, Calif., June 20, 1923,
appears on pages 150 to 154 of this issue of the M onthly Labor R eview.
E ye Sight Conservation Council
Y o r k , T im e s B u ild in g , 1923.
of
America.
11 p p .
E y e te s ts i n i n d u s t r y .
B u l l e t i n 3.
N ew
This bulletin was prepared for the purpose of assisting commercial or indus
trial establishm ents to establish visual tests as a regular procedure, it havin g
been estim ated from careful investigations th a t fully 66 per cent of em ployees
have defective vision. The bulletin gives directions for nurses, em ploym ent
managers, etc., in the conduct of visual acuity tests of em ployees.
H ertz, P aul and Seidel, R ichard.
A r b e its z e it, A r b e its lo h n u n d A r b e its le is tu n g .
T a ts a c h e n iib e r d ie S o z ia lp o litis c h e u n d v o lk e w ir ts c h a ftlic h e B e d e u tu n g d es
A c h ts tu n d e n ta g e s i n D e u ts c h la n d u n d i n A u s la n d e .
B e r li n , 1 9 2 3 .
168 p p .
The above volum e was w ritten under th e auspices of th e General Federation
of German Trade-Unions in defense of the eight-hour day and gives facts as
to the socio-political and economic significance of the eight-hour day in Germany
and in other countries. After describing the struggle for th e eight-hour day
in Germany and elsewhere it shows how the hours of labor are regulated by
various collective agreements and how these agreements adjust the hours of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 211 ]
M O N T H L Y LABOE E E V IE W .
212
labor to the requirem ents of industry, agriculture, mining, and th e railroads.
I t then proceeds to show th e results of shorter hours of labor in th e past and
th e effect of the legal introduction of th e eight-hour day upon production. This
is followed by a discussion of th e present G erm an legal regulation of th e hours
of labor and of th e bills on th e same subject now before th e Reichstag for enact
m ent. O ther chapters of th e volume deal w ith th e influence of social and po
litical conditions in G erm any upon production and w ith th e causes of th e present
falling off of production. Being w ritten from th e trade-union viewpoint th e
volume of course strongly objects to any nullification of th e eight-hour day by
law or otherwise.
H offman, 0 . A r b e its d a u e r u n d g ew erb lich e P r o d u k tio n D e u ts c h la n d s n a c h d e m
W e ltk r ie g e . S tu ttg a r t, 1 9 2 2 . x i , 191 p p .
s c h a f t f u r so zia le s R e c h t, 8 . H e ft.)
(S c h r i ft e n d er D e u ts c h e n G esell-
A contribution, w ritten from th e em ployers’ point of view, to th e controversy
over th e desirability of th e eight-hour day in G erm any under present conditions.
Reviews th e historical developm ent of th e dem and for shorter hours of labor,
gives the reasons advanced in support of this dem and, and describes th e favoiable
and unfavorable results of th e shortening of th e hours of labor before th e war.
P a rt I I deals w ith th e voluntary and legal introduction of th e eight-hour day
in G erm any in 1918 and w ith th e influence of th e eight-hour day in th e subse
q uent four years upon production, capital, prices, and th e labor m arket. P art
I I I discusses th e unfavorable economic situation of Germ any caused by the
loss of th e w ar and th e reparations imposed by th e tre a ty of Versailles, and the
consequent necessity of increased production which, in th e au th o r’s opinion, can
be secured only through longer hours of labor. 1 he au th o r adm its th e desir
ability of the eight-hour day from a social point of view, b u t contends th a t a t
present if is a luxury which th e nation can not afford until it has rehabilitated
its finances.
H oxie, R obert F ranklin.
* D . A p p le t o n & C o ., 1 9 2 3 .
T r a d e - u n io n is m i n th e U n ite d S ta te s .
x x x i x , 4 6 8 p p . S e c o n d e d itio n .
N ew
Y ork,
In order to tak e account of th e developm ents of th e postw ar period this second
edition of Professor Hoxie’s study of trade-unionism contains a supplem ent on
“ Recent tendencies in th e American labor m ovem ent,” outlining th e effect of the
w ar on industry and labor, w ith an additional bibliography.
K ulemann, W.
275 p p.
D ie G e n o ss e n s c h a ftsb e w e g u n g .
I . B a n d : G e sc h ich tlic h er T e il.
B e r lin , 0 . L i e b m a n n , 1 9 2 2 .
x,
The first volume of a handbook on th e cooperative m ovem ent by th e author of
th e well-known work Die Berufsvereine (occupational organizations). The present
volume, which is devoted exclusively to th e history of th e cooperative movement,
describes th e developm ent of cooperative societies in G erm any, G reat Britain,
France, Belgium, th e N etherlands, Switzerland, Spain, Italy , A ustria, H ungary,
D enm ark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Russia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Rum ania,
Greece, th e U nited States, and Japan, and also th a t of th e In tern atio n al Coopera
tive Alliance in London and of th e Internation al Federation of A gricultural
Cooperative Societies. Since th e author has relied chiefly upon G erm an sources
in th e com pilation of th e present handbook, he has given more space to th e history
of G erman cooperative societies th a n to th a t of societies of other countries.
L a n d s o r g a n is a t io n e n
i
Sverge.
B e ra tte lse over v e r k s d m h e t 1 9 2 2 .
S to c k h o lm ,
.
The above report for 1922 of th e N ational Federation of Trade-U nions in
Sweden states th a t 3,099 wage m ovem ents took place during th e year, of which
697 resulted in stoppages of work. A to ta l of 316,417 workers were involved,
252 989 of whom were trade-union members. Strikes caused a loss of 1,200,667
w orking-days or about 64 per cent of th e 1,871,472 days lost through labor
disputes.
1923.
222 pp.
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[212 ]
P U B L IC A T IO N S R E L A T IN G TO LABOR.
*
Collective agreem ents concluded during the year num bered 1,549, and involved
161,650 organized and 36,516 unorganized workers. A t th e end of th e year there
were 1,820 agreem ents in force, covering 228,874 workers.
An account of th e trade-union membership was published in th e September,
1923, issue of th e M onthly Labor R eview, pages 168, 169.
Medical R esearch Council [Great Britain]. S e c o n d re-port of the m i n e r s ’
n y s ta g m u s c o m m itte e .
}
213
L o n d o n , 1923.
33 pp.
A sum m ary of th e first report of this com m ittee was given in th e July, 1922,
issue of th e Monthly Labor R eview (pp. 140, 141). The present rep o rt deals
w ith th e extent of incapacity resulting from m iners’ nystagm us and w ith th e
relative im portance of errors of refraction in cases of this disease. The results of
analyses of official reports on frequency and severity of sym ptom s of nystagm us
show an apparent increase in th e disease. The cases m ay be divided in to two
classes—severe cases which are recognized as incapacitating and cases in which
th e psychological element largely predom inates. M ost cases are only partially
incapacitated and are benefited physically and psychologically by suitable work.
Only a few exceptional cases w ith short mining experience should never retu rn to
work below ground. The report on the relative im portance of errors of refraction
is based on special tests of 130 men and on a study of nystagm ic cases reported on
com pensation records. Although there was a slightly higher percentage of
refractive errors in miners th a n among ordinary workmen, it is stated th a t these
defects have no effect w hatever upon th e incidence of m iners’ nystagm us or upon
the age a t which incapacity from the disease commences.
Milner, Viscount.
Q u e stio n s o f the h o u r.
L o n d o n , R o d d e r & S to u g h to n , 1 9 2 3 .
173 pp.
A collection of five essays on The afterm ath of war, Towards peace in in dustry,
The policy of labor, Economy and taxation, and Our undeveloped estate.
*
C o n f e r e n c e o f S o c ia l W o r k .
P ro c e e d in g s a t th e 5 0 th a n n iv e r s a r y
s e ss io n , h e ld i n W a s h in g to n , D . C ., M a y 1 6 - 2 3 , i 9 2 3 .
C h ica g o , 1 9 2 3 . vi,
566 p p .
N a t io n a l
The m ain subjects for the seven division meetings of this session were: H ealth,
industry, law and governm ent, the church, the home, th e school, and public
opinion. Among th e m atters discussed in th e meeting on industry were th e
social aspects of th e labor m ovem ent and social standards in industry, including
wages, hours, sanitation, safety, child labor, the statu s of social insurance,
progress of labor legislation for women, case ivork in industry, social research
in industry, industrial technique and social ethics, and recent industrial investi
gations. In certain of th e other division meetings considerable atten tio n was
given to th e psychological side of social problems.
N ational F ederation
of General Workers [Great Britain]. R e p o r t o f th e
e xe c u tiv e co u n c il a n d p ro c e e d in g s o f th e s ix th a n n u a l g e n e r a l c o u n c il m e e tin g ,
1923.
London, 1 9 2 3 .
1 6 4 PP-
Among other m atters of general interest th e council passed a resolution declaring
against any scheme for unem ploym ent insurance by separate industries. “ I t
declares th a t any such scheme would throw th e heaviest burdens upon occupa
tions least able to bear them , would place in a favored position th e trades not
burdened w ith severe unem ploym ent, and would evade th e obligation of national
responsibility for adequate support to th e unem ployed.” One of th e argu
m ents advanced against such unem ploym ent insurance was th e burden which
would be throw n upon th e worker in th e casual trades. In these th e wages are
usually low to begin w ith, b u t as unem ploym ent is frequent and severe, th e
insurance contributions would necessarily be high and th e unem ploym ent benefits
would probably have to be low, whereas in the prosperous trades, where wages
are good already, th e reverse conditions would obtain.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[2 1 3 ]
214
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
A nother resolution protested against the hardship involved in basing the
am ount of com pensation an injured w orkm an m ay obtain upon his average
weekly wages for th e p ast 12 m onths. In the present period of depression and
unem ploym ent, a m an m ay be out of work for m onths together, w ith th e result
th a t his average weekly wage sinks disastrously. The resolution was passed
unanimously, th e council considering it unjust “ th a t during abnorm al periods
like this a m an who m et w ith an accident which is to disable him for th e rest
of his life should have to p u t up w ith a m ere p ittan ce because, owing to no fault
of his own, his wages are low owing to the short tim e when he meets w ith the
accident.”
P i g o u , A. C.
E s s a y s i n a p p lie d e c o n o m ic s.
L o n d o n , P . S . K i n g & S o n { L td .),
1923.
v ii, 1 9 8 p p .
A collection of papers on economic subjects which have appeared in various
English journals a t different periods. I t includes such subjects as em ployers’ and
economic chivalry, long and sho rt hirings, unem ploym ent, a m inim um wage for
agriculture, trad e boards and th e Cave com mittee, prices and wages from 1896 to
1914, eugenics and some wage problem s, th e concentration of population, some
aspects of th e housing problem, and several essays on exchange and th e use and
exchange value of money.
Ross, E dward Alsworth. T h e so c ia l re v o lu tio n i n M e x ic o . L e w Y o r k , C e n tu r y
C o ., 1 9 2 3 .
176 p p .
This sociological study of Mexico contains a chapter on th e Mexican labor
movem ent, its growth, outlook, and possibilities. Concerning article 123 of
the constitution of 1917 th e author says: “ Mexican labor has been given a
charter of rights such as no other labor ever had. Every device th a t has found
favor anyw here is here.” He sums up this chapter as follows: “ The labor
m ovem ent beyond the Rio G rande is, on the whole, norm al and healthful.
* * * Dangerous tendencies, instead of growing, will slowly disappear, as
Mexican labor registers economic and social progress and comes to feel itself
strong and secure.”
Scott, Walter D ill, and Clothier, R obert C. P e r s o n n e l m a n a g e m e n t —
p r in c ip le s , p ra c tic e s , a n d p o in t o f v iew .
x x ii, 643 pp.
C h ica g o , A . W . S h a w C o., 19 2 3 .
The principles of personnel m anagem ent as they are in practice in industry
to-day form th e subject of this book. The authors have draw n on their extended
experience in connection w ith th e com m ittee which classified and placed men in
the arm y service during the war and upon their industrial experience before
and since th e war. In addition to a very complete study of th e varied aspects
of personnel m anagem ent, m uch m aterial of a practical nature, such as th e series
of tests designed for rating applicants for different kinds of work, is included.
There is a comprehensive bibliography and the appendix contains a discussion
of the experim ental development of the graphic rating method, a plan of ap
prentice training, a bibliography on labor turnover, and briefs of various articles
dealing w ith th e com pilation of labor turnover and typical reports and surveys
of industrial relations in different companies.
Seager, H enry R ogers.
& C o ., 1 9 2 3 .
P r in c i p l e s o f eco n o m ic s.
x x , 6 9 8 p p . 3 d e d itio n .
N ew
I
o rk ,
H en ry
H o lt
The th ird edition of this work brings up to date th e more im portant changes
in governm ental policy which have resulted from th e war and th e subsequent
reconstruction period. There is also considerable revision and expansion of
other sections of the book, particularly the p a rt dealing w ith practical economic
problems. This includes four new chapters on th e tax system of th e U nited
States, profit sharing and cooperation, social insurance, and socialism.
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[2141
$
215
PU B L IC A T IO N S R E L A T IN G TO LABOR.
Wiggins, J ames E dley.
H . K e r r & C o .,
1923.
W o r k e r s ’ n o n p r o fit
pp.
co o p era tives.
C h ica g o ,
C h a rle s
122
Gives the author s ideas of ‘ now the real producers of w ealth m ay cooperate
in the exchange of their products on a basis of economic justice—th a t is to say,
exchanging value for value w ithout any charges for interest or profit.” Contains
plans which, in th e w riter’s opinion, “ are workable under th e present form of
society, for the organization of various cooperative enterprises— markets,
cannery, hotel, coal-mining, stores, farming, etc. Unlike th e proponents of
consumers cooperation, th e author takes th e position th a t “ th e place to sta rt
organizing is a t the source of production,” and for this reason th e m arket is the
m ost im portant factor in his scheme, the cooperative store being looked upon
as really unnecessary w ith a good m arketing system, and cooperative credit
being dismissed w ith th e statem ent th a t w hat the workers need is to “ get away
from credit as far as possible.”
Zentralverband D eutscher K onsumvereine.
1923.
2
vols.
Ja h rb u ch ,
1923.
H a m b u ra
y’
Yearbook of the Central Union of German Consumers’ Cooperative Societies
for 1923. Contains detailed statistics of various phases of th e cooperative
m ovem ent in Germany.
o
♦
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